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Mapa, plataa. charta. etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaure arm filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left 'o right and top to bonom. as many frames ss required. The following diagrama illuatrata the method: Lea cartaa. pianchaa. tableaux, etc.. peuvent itro f ilmis k dee taux da rMuction diffiranu. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itra reproduit en un soul clicha. il est films a partir da Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche * droita. at de haut en baa. an pranant la nombre d'imagea ndcaaaaire. Lea diagrammea suivants illustrant la mathoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 4^ CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY H» WAT.HON URIFFIN Publi.hMl by authority of Sir GEORGE E. FOSTER, K.G.M.G., Minlttcr of Trad* and Commerc*. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE OTTAWA loin 87195—1 Ottawa, November 1, 1915. Sir GEowiK E. Fostkr. K.C.M.G., Minister of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. Canada. Sir,— I have tlie lionour to submit herewit ' " Canada the Country of the Twentieth Century," a description of the Dominion of Canada pre- pared according to instructions for the purpose of giving business men who have never visited the Dominion a comprehensive but epitomized review of its agricultural, forest, and mineral resources, its industrial and commercial development and its geographical relation to the markets of the world. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, Watson Griffin. 87195— IJ REFERENCE. For summary of >■. ,ntoiits, ^Piipral index and location of maps in this volume, see page 255 and following pages. 3:n37 i t t M p I R E c e\a n %' T^^'t t r-- THE WORLD OS MERCATORS PROJECftON n m- N AMERICA! ■ ■ ■» e*» (TA**'" Gm^f'Mphtrm Bfmnch JOO BO rt r- 1 %£.-■ "f e 3 Chapter I. THE COUNTHY OF THE TWENTIETH CEHTUBT. The Doiiiiiiicn of Caiinda pxtoiidiuR frum tlio Atluiitic ocenii to the Pneifto and from the Uiiitud Stute* buuiidury to the Arctic ocean, includes the whole northern half of the continent of America, excepting the terri- tory of Alaska at tlio extreme northwest corner, the British colony of Newfoundland Island, and a narrow strip of the T^brador coast which U under Newfoundland j.irisdii'tion. It has an area of 3,729,665 square miles of land and water without includin^r any tidal waters excepting the section of the St. Lawrence river between the SaRuenay river and the foot of lake St. Peter. The area of Canada is about the same as that of Europe. There is sumo ditfereiice of opinion among authorities regard- ing the exact location of the boundary line between P)urope and Asia and the area of Europe is variously estimated at from 3,570,000 square miles to 3,98S,500 square mile;. The area of the I'nited States, excludiufr tiie territory of Alaska, is 3,02(),7s!( square miles, and including Alaska is 3,813,189 squure miles, a little less than that of Canada. The continent of North America extends into the tropics and nearly half of it lies farther south than Europe. The most northern sectir)ns of the Uniteil States and tho southern districts of (^mada lie with:n the same degrees of latitude as the cninitries of southern Euroj)e. The most southern land in Canada is Pelce island in lake Erie, in latitude N. 42° Ifi'. about the same latitude as tho Italian island of Pianosa. The northwest corner of the Canadian Yukon territory is in 70° north latitude, and some of the Canadian i.slands in the Arctic ocean to the northeast are in a little higher latitude. Mackenzie bay, at the mouth of the Mackenzie river, in tho Canadian Northwest Territories, is in about the same lati- tude as the White sea. There is continuous railway connection through Canadian territory from the city of Sydney, in tlie province of Nova Scotin, to the city of Vancouver, in the province of Uritish Cdhimbia, a railway distance of 3,S83 miles without any break except'-ig Canso „trait, across which trains are ferried. The distance by rail ai vntcr from Sydney to Dawson City in the famous Klondike gold coun' of the Canadian Yukon territory is .1,383 miles. From a commercial point of view the geographical situation of Canada is remarkable. Reaching out in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, much nearer to both Europe and Asia than the United States, it seems destined to be the world's liiehway for travellers and for goods requiring fast transportation. Well constriictcd transcontinental railways offer pverj' modern eonvenitucc and comfort to travellers from ocean to ocean. While Canadian railway trains can approach much nearer to Europe than (■.\>AIIA TIIK llll NTHV <•►• TIIK TWKNTIKTII CKXTI MV. a 6 s .9 I s s CAXAUA Tit : for.N'TIIY OF TIIK TWKXTIKTII J'KXTITIIY. '» thiiM- iif the I'liiti-)! Stiiti-H. liirKi- <><-<'iiii vtvM'U from Kun>|N> it» u|> tlu> St. Liiwri'iiri- rivir ovit imii< Ib'ntiMifiU mili-'i into Uk" interior of tin- oi»iiiitry for over iv<- eoniniiinieiilinn in 'iiniiner lietwcrii the sen and th<' i-entral provinee*, whih- the \Ve»t ean l>i- ri'iiehiil I'.v wa.v of lluiUon ntniit and the va^t interior waterit of IhKJMin lia.v, although navigation of the strait in olntrueted hy tlontinu iec for tia' (ireater iMirt of the year. Tliere are prreat hilie* and rivers in the West whieh afford means of internal eominnnieation in siinnner for a vast area of eoiintr.v, while Itritish ('iilutnhia ha^ also n nnniher of naviirahle rivers, uial its i-xtensiv" eiast niHiundM in (jrent harhours. \ (rrent part of the An-tie coast is usually ohstrnetcd by ice, hut there is reason to U'lieve that eomniuni<'ation coiihl lx> mnintnined Iwtween the moutli of the Mai-kenzie river and the Pm-ifie ocenn hy way of Dehrini; strait for a eonsideralilc portion of the .year. Xavijration on the interior WMtirways is nhstrueted in nuniy phiees hy waterfalls, Imt short canals overcona' the dittieidty and the waterfalls afford eleetri<' lipht and power for trai'tion and niannfacturiiiK purposes. Canada alrcad.v l.as an extensive system of ennnis nnd others are projeetec winds must he taken into consideration. Thus while the clinuit<- of north- western Kuni|H' is nioderuted hy the (iulf Stream the Arctic current chills the coast of T.ahrailor, hut oidy a sun 11 portion of British North America suffers from this disadvuntafre. The greater part of Canada is partien- lurly favouriKl hy locjd surroundiiiffs, which c-an liest he explain<'e the climatic conditions of the old land fresh in the memory nearly all agree that the cold of Canada in winter is far less disagreeable than that of the British Isles. Oenerall,v the tenii)eratures aro lower iu winter and higher in sununer than in the sam;- latitudes of Europe, hut this is not the case along the Pacific seaboard, where the winters are milder than in the same latitudes of Europe, the warm water.i of the Japanese current liaving an influent>e U|)on the climate of the Pacific coast exactly opposite to that of the Arctic current upon the climate of Labrador. CANADA TIIK ndXTIIY oK TIIK rWK.NTIETU CKXTUUY. CAJtADA TIIK « Edward Ixliiiid, Kiiva Hontia and Xt>w BruiiHwick; Cen- tral Caimdu iiirludiiiR Qurbtf and Ontario; thi> I'rairi« I'rovinivit iiicludiiiK Manitoba. Haitkatchcwan and Athrrta; tho Pacific coant pri>vinrf< of BritiHli Culumbia; tho Yukon Toritory tn tho north of Rritinh Coliinihlu; and tht< Xorthwcut Territorio«, north of the Prairie Provinoon. TMK IMII'I LATIOX *>r of imnii- grants was lAM.^il, no thut inoludinir tho natural iiioroHM' of iiopulution by exee** of hirthii ovor doathii tho population of Canada wa« upwariU of eight millioiiH at tho close of tho year 11U4. The ixipulutinn by provinii's in 1911 wa«: Ontario. 2.523.274: Quolioo, 2.0O:i.2.T' • Vova Sootin. 4f)2,.l:iH; New Brunitwick. 351.8H0 ; Prince Edward Inland, 0... Manitoba. 4.'>.').614; Baxl^atchowan. 492.4.12; Al>M>rta. a74.M:); liritiith Columbia. .11)2.480; Yukon, 8,612; Northwont Torritorii>g, 1H,4'*1. Ovor »7 por cent of Mic popu- lation were Europeans or of European dowent. Thotie of Britinh ori({iii uumlM>rcd 3 R»<1.985 and tliow of French oriirin. 2.0.->4.H90. Thow of Fn-nch origin are largely coiiceiitrateat facility and in the cities ami towns a large percentage of tl'cm sin-ak English fluently. Tlic dosi-en«lcnt8 of tho aborig- inal inhabitants of Canada are known as Indians. They nunilN>repuliition of Canada in 1913 including those of mixed bloored 17.437. while there were 17.312 (.'hincse, 4.738 Jaiuinese, 2,342 East Indians and l.dHl Turks. CANAIU AND THE I'XITED STATES. As Canada and tho United States lie alongside each other from the Atlantic ocean to the I'ucific it is interesting to note some of the iiii|>ortant differences between them. The coost linos of the United States are much straighter than those of Canada, having comparatively few indentations. Tho Canadian coast linos on both oceans aliound in gulfs and bays which make feeding and breeding places for fisl, and afford havens for fishermen, griving Canada the most extensive sea fisheries of any country in the world. Excepting the great lakes, which arc shared in common by the t a-o coun- tries, the United States has very few lakes. Canada has almost innumer- able lakes well supplied with tish. The great lakes which carry a large part of the commerce of both nations have their outlet through the St. • OARAM TH« COrSTKY »9 TIIK TWRNTIRTII CBSTVIIY. Lawfemw rirtr, ninninc for ovw ■ thouMnd milM ihrotwh Canada Mora it mwhtm the o.wcr» and the nnitral pmrincca tUt have no ooai aia aafweialljr iavoured ai regard* cheap bydn>-elcctric power, which has Mmetimea been called " white coal " owing to the white foam on the waterfall* and rapid* from which the power i* generated. N««rly the whi>le of the western half of the United Bute* i* rery highly derated. A ■cieutiflc writer comparing the general altitude of the WcKtcrii 8tate« with tltat of Europe deacribed the Weatem Bute* a* a huge knob on the face of the earth. Thi* high elevation i* one reaaon why aectioiiii of the WcMtem Htatcn much farther imuth than the ino*t aoutheni countries of Eun>|)e often have »evtro winter weather. The elevation of the itatm bordering on Western Canada i* much lower than that of the atate* juat ■outh of them and after the Canadian border i* cronied the country *lopc* steadily northward to the Arctic ocean. THE cot JtTIIV or TH» TWRNTIKTII '^ VTt-IIV. It ha* been *aid that Canada will \k the country of the twentieth cen- tury just a* the United State* wa* the country of the nineteenth century M regard* rapid incnvse of popuktion and development of natural reaource*. Jn the year 1810 the population of the United States wa* 7,239,881 a* com- pared with Canada'* population of 7,206,648 in 1911. The population of the United Bute* at tlie clone of thu last century wa* over 75,000,000. There i* reason to believe that Canada's population will be seventy-five millions long befo»e the closo of the twentieth century. In the early days of settl<>mei:t in the United States the population of the British Isles and continental Europe was very much less than now and the emigration from those coun- tries was necessarily less than at the present time. Emigrants from Europe liad to cross the Atlantic m slow-going sailing vessels whereos thc.7 now have the accommodation of fast steamships. The United States had no well-settled neighbouring country from which to draw settlers. Canada received from the United States in 1914 over 107,000 settlers and as the Kreat Republic to the south of Canada becomes more densely populated the inHux of American settlers looking for new opportunities in the Cana- dian land of promise will steaJily increase. IMMIORATIOX or CANADA AND Till! I'NITED STATES. The total immigration of Canada was 402,432 in the year 1913 and 384,- .H7.1 Jr. IP.I. ii war :iut until the year 1S42 that immigration to lL« Tluited State* pa**ed the 100,000 mark. In no year prior to 1850 did it reach 300,- CANADA THK CXirMTHY or TIIK TWRMTimi IKMTIMV. ft 000. A very imall number of immivniiita arrived in tho United Htate* dnrini the flmt qunrter of the ninetenntit cvnlurjr. In thu year l>^i!i tite immiiiranU nunilM>n>d 10,1B9. Ihirin* th« iipst Hve yoan the annual ininii- ipratian averaipnl m,5H7. For the lait wven depadea of the ninctrvnth ivii- tury the imminnition wa« a* folkiw* : — lUI-ti4* :.tMM IS4I-IIM 1.7U.J5T ll»|.|IM 2.&TTM» IMI.IIT* 1>T«.«» ltTl-U>» J.ait.tll ilIt-t«M t.UiMt li*l-t*t(. 1,I44.4S« l>uriiiK ihv ton yoarn endliiir with ltM4 tlie total imniiKration to Can- nda wa« ijaVtJW ai (■oin(mml with it.5T7/iM) arrivinK in the Unitwl Stute* duriiw the dc<*a pndiiig with IH'O, wh<>n the United Ktat'>« had a iwpulation of SHiaaM,:!?! the imniiicration wa* over liAO.UM) lena than the inimiRration to Canada duriiiR the decade ending with 11)14. when tlie impulatioti nf (^anada did not exceed nine million*. For the dtn-aih' <>nd- iiW with INMI, wnen the population of the Unitnl Htatea wur .10,155,7^3, the imniiKnition to the United Statcn uverairod only 2M,i:(0 niore annually than the Canadian averoffe for the ten yearn "nding with 1914. ThpM> iiKuren have great limiifioance in conKidering the probalilo growth of Canada during tlie twentieth century. The development of the United States in the nineteenth century wait regarded a* more marvellouK than that of any other country in the world'., hiitory, but the jiercentagc of growth of Canada aince the lieginning of the twmtieth century h»» Im-cu far greater than that of tlie Uni^■,15.'>.7»4.1. the imports were valuo-1 at ♦<5«7,0.'>4,71«, as compared with Canada's imports of 8e92.0n2,.in2 in tl.o fiscal year 1013 and « were in 1913, when the combined yield of wheat, oats and barley was about three times as great as it was in the y.-ur 1900, The production in 191.T was as follows : — IIU.slll-lx. '?''"■•" 231.717.000 "'•■'''' 404.«(i9.nn« ™"''''-^' 48. 319.000 J?''",- ■ • 2,300.000 Buckwheat 8,626,000 Indian coin 16,772,600 In the year 1!»14 the field crops were valued at $6.38,,')80,.10n. This amount represented the yield of .l:t.43fi,0(J0 acres. The total land area of the 0rta, it.OOO.OOO acres in New Brunswick and .5,000,000 acres in Nova Scotia. With a view to ensurini; a future supply of timber, maintaining sources of w«ter supply and i)rotecting wild animals and birds from extermination, l.Vi.SJW.O.I.^ acres of lands have been set aside as permanent forest reserves, including 107.997,51.'? acres in Quebec province, 14,4.*K),720 acres in Ontario, and 2.474,240 acres in British Columbia under control of the provincial governments and 27,931,482 acres in the four western provinces under Dominion control. On the eastern slope of the Kocky mountains in Alberta there is a reserve of ll,r>56,,320 acres, which will be of immense value in preserving the sources of many rivers whi<'h flow through the groat Western Plain, The Forestry Branch estimated the value of forest products in the year 1914 at $170,072,000, approximately. THE VALIE 0¥ THE FISHERIES. The future value of the fisheries will depend largely upon the amount of capital invested and the number of men employed in catching, curing Jind preserving fish. The value of fish and marine animals taken during the fiscal year 1914 amounted to $;i.3,207,748. SKINS AND FUltS OF WILD ANISIAiSV According to the census of 1911 the skins and furs of wild animals killed in Canada in 1910 were valued at $1,927,4.50, the animals killed including 121 badgers, 859 black bears, 55 brown bears, 21 grizzly bears, 28 white bears, and 3.54C bears not specified, 24,895 beavers, 2,082 caribou, 735 coyotes, 2.720 deer, 1,018 elk, 52,072 ermine (weasels), 3.429 fishers, 46 black foxes, C blue foxes, 1,C;M cross foxes, 9,010 red foxes, 475 silver foxes, 2,343 white foxes, 3,475 foxes not specified, 01 grampus, 8,159 lynx, 31,437 12 CAXAKA TItF. Cor.NTItY OF TIIK TWK.NTIKTII CK.NTIHV. martens. 45,97;i minks, 2.336 moose, 38 musk-ox, 915,744 muskrats, 5,721 otters. 22 pnnthers, 3,879 'rnbhits, 5,042 raccoons, 14,081 skunks, 282 sd furs exported were valued at $11,550. These figures would indic.^to that there has been a large increase in the production of furs since 1910, although it might be supposed that with the rapid settlement of the country the production of furs would decrease. However, there are still vast areas of Canada untouched by settlement. The setting aside of extensive areas of lands as forest reserves is having an imimrtant effect in conserving wild animals. It is exiiected that the production of furs bred in captivity by fur farmers in Prince Edward Island and other provinces will in a few years greatly increase the quantities of furs which Canada has for export, but as yet there is such a demand for animals for brcediMir jiur- poses that the sale of skins is not large. MIXKHAL HKSOIHCKS. The mineral resour<'t>s of Canada have scarcely been touched as yet. The greater part of the Dominion has never been spected '\ven in the older districts very little development work has » done. The Canadian Geological Survey and the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines have done valuable exploration work. They have a numl)er of very capable men at work and their reiwrts are of great value in forming an estimate of the mineral resoun-es of the Dominion, but the country is so vast that they can thoroughly exanune only small portions of it and at best they can do little more than dcscnl)e surface indications. The real value of mineral deiiosits can usually only be determined by costly development work which must be left to the enterprise of capitalists. In the past Canada has lacked capital and this has retarded the development of mineral resources. However it has been established In-yond doubt that Canada has in the province' of Ontario the most valuable nickel deiwsits known to exi.st anywhere in the world, that the largest aslwstos mines known are in the Canadian province of Quebec and at present supply the greater part of the world's consump- tion of asbestos, that tlie amber mica deposits of Ontario and Quebec are very extensive and arc the only large supplies of this mineral known to exist outside of Ceylon, while Canada already ranks third among the silver pro- ducing countries of the world, the out. . . of silver for the last five years being 157,122,302 ounces valued at $88,705,072. The production of silver in 1914 was 27,892.805 ounces valued at $15,288,324. Canada has alwavs been a producer of gold. The smallest output in any one year since coiifedera- tion was in 1892 when the production was 43.995 ounces valued at $907,001. Ihe largest production in any one year was 1,350,000 ounces valued at $2,,908.1.-.3 in the year 19(K) when Klondyke gold minMig reached its climax Jn 1914 the production was 773,178 ounces valued at $15,983,000, the value of gold iToduc-ed in Canada in 1914 being $(i95,000 greater than the value of silver produced. The total production of gold in Canada for the 48 years from 1807 to 1914 was 15.354,493 ounces valued at $;!10.7«0 110 CA.NAII.V TICK C'orXTUY OK TliK TWKXTIKTII < EXTIKV. ]3 ilKTALS KKCIIVKKKI) KHOM CANADIAN ORES. No Statistics siiuwiiiK the total value of mineral produftion in Canada are available. Statistics collected liy the Jlines Branch of the Department oi Mines show the quantities and values of metals recovered from Canadian ores, hut the refining of nickel and copper and to a lartte extent the lead and zinc has lieen done in the United States. The following table shows the quantities of metals recovered from Canadian ores in 1!(14: — ^°^..^.17.»37 Nickel ox Idt' ll,g 3!i2,.'il2 Cobalt oxide '..]bs. 899!o27 Cobalt material, mixed Colialt and nickel oxidta llm. 2.079.001 Copper Ihg. 7.-..73.';.9fiO ^'^'"1 11)8. 36,337.765 Zinc orcH tons. 10,S93 Sm.dl quantities of platinum, palladium and molybdenum were also recovered from C«i idian ores. The quantity of ziiu; recovered from the 30.893 tons of ore is not stated. The quantity of iron ore exported was 60.410 tons while !),'),744 tons of pi|{ iron were made in Canada from Can- adian ores. >:OX- METALLIC MINERALS. The ipiantities of non-metallic minerals produced in l!tl4 were as fol- lows accordiuK to tlie statistics of the Mines Branch: — Actlnollte tons. Araenious oxide tons. Asbestos tons. Aabestir \ ]'_ . Itons! Chromite tons. Coal tons. Corundum tons Feldsiiar '.'. . '. '' .'. !!ton»! Fluorspar tons. Graphite ,on,. Graphite artlticiii] 'ona. Grindstones ". tons' Gypsum ".■.'.'. .. .'.tons. Magnesite tons. Manganese tons. Mica Mineral pigments — Barytes tons. Ochres tons. Mineral water Natural gas yf ft Peat. .tons. Petroleum ^^Plg Phosphate tons Pyl'es "..'■.:'.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.' .'.'tons! Quartz tong Salt - tons. Talc tons. Trlpollte tons. 119 1.7.17 96..'i42 21,031 13B 13,637.529 .1 4 8 18.060 Nil. 1,647 617 3.976 516.880 358 28 612 5,890 1,692,504 685 214,805 954 228,314 54,148 107,038 10,808 650 14 CANAI>A TUE COUNTRY OF THE TWKNTIETII CENTURY. 8TRICTUHAL MATERIALS AND CI.AV PUODL( TS. The quantities and values of structurol nmteriaU and . produced in 1914 were as follows according to the statements Branch : — Cement, Portland •"'»■ Clay products — Brick, common •^o- preased ^O' paving ^°- moulded and ornamental ... No. Fireclay and fireclay products . . . . No. Fireprooflng and architectural terra cotta Kaolin ton*- Pottery Sewer pipe Tile, drain ^°- Lime •>"» Sand lime brick No- Sand and gravel Slate s(iuarea Stone — Granite Limestone Marble Sandstone • ■ ■ Quantity. 7.172,480 487,513,762 93,634,858 2,707,000 l..''>r>4,496 7,028,582 70,650,030 1,075 Hay product! of the Mine* Value. % 9,187,924 3,653,861 1.115,556 49,627 23,592 107,568 405,543 10,000 35,.171 1,104,499 366,340 1,360,628 609,515 2,505,310 4,837 2,176,602 2,672,781 132.533 487,140 CA\.M)1AV MAMF.UTIBING ISPfSTRlES, The manufai'turing industries of Canada are making such rapid progress that the latest statistics available, those of the census of 1911, give an inadequate conception of the amount of capital invested in manu- facturing and the value of the products at the present time. The census figures were as follows: — [ndustriex (Jrouiied. Food products Textiles . . . Iron and steel pruduct* Timber, lumber and re-nianufactures Leather and its finished products Paper and printing Liqiioi 9 and beverages Chemicals and allied products Clay, glass and stone pnKlucts Metals and metal products other than steel, Tobacco and its manufactures Vehicles for land transportation Vessels for water transjKirtatitm Miscellaneous industries .land tiades Establish- ments. No. 6,!)85 1.444 824 4,ilf)9 SIN) 773 200 178 771 341 173 465 172 1,011 423 Capital Invented. IS.'), 044,528 108,7H7,4W 123.S6',319 25»,88R.715 48,7«8,803 62,677,612 4.'«,237,757 26.0-36,12» 45,)«it,f)07 67,'..'W,640 21.«69,fl36 49,.'«»7,096 10,351,763 235,148,103 ll,120,4a"» Value of Products. Totals 19,21f i 1,247,583,609 245,669,321 135,902,441 113,640,610 18t,6;tO,S76 62,850,41Ss 4«,4.">8.0.')3 28,936,782 27,798,833 25,781,860 73,241,796 2.'>,32!t,323 69,712,114 6,575,417 10».618,rj60 14,829,741 1,U>5,9:5,639 It is noteworthy that the value of one year's manufactured products is very nearly equal to the total amount of capital invested. CANADA TIIK ("r.NTHV OF TIIK TWENTIETH CE.NTITUY. 15 EDUCATIOXAL IN8TITITI0X8. Education is under provincial control and in every province there is n system of free public schools, hifth schools, iiornuil schools, and uni- vcrxities. Visitors to Canada are always impressed with tho fine school buildings in every city, town and village, and even in the rural districts. The newest settlements are supplied with pood schools. There are twenty- one universities in the Dominion. The standard of education in law and medicine is very high in all the provinces. The I'niversity of Toronto and McGill University, Montreal, may bo said to rank among the world's Kreat universities. They are especially noted for their applied science and medical courses. Their chemical, metallurgica!, mechanical and elec- trical equipment is unsurpassed in America, and the instruction in an'hi- tecture, civil engineering, mining engineering, electrical engineering, analytical and applied science is very thorough. The Royal :Military College, Kingston, Ont^irio, gives a very complete course in engineering and all branches of military science; a number of its graduates have distinguished themselves in the British army. Tlie newly-estaiilished Royal Naval College at Halifax is intended to serve tiie same purpose in training naval officers. In Kingston, Ontario, there is a School of Alining. The technical education of industrial woriiers was for a long time neglected, but in recent years important advances have been made. Toronto has now one of the largest and best equipped technical schools in America, with branches in different parts of the city. Technical and industrial schools have been established in a lu... t manufac- turing cities of Ontario, and recent legislation in . ^. i.ice provides for technical courses at the high s<'hools. In Nova s'coi . . besides the Nova Scotia Technical College at Halifax there are technical schools in Truro, Amherst, Yarmouth, New Glasgow, and Sydney, and a number of conl mining schools. The great French Canadian Universitv of Laval which lias colleges in both Montreal and Quebec city, not onlv has a high standing in the teaching of languages and law, but maintains polvtech- nical schools m both cities. Montreal has also a technical high school ^\innipeg there are two technical schools. A Royal Commission ion (..M.rnment expenditure for the encouragement of technical schools lliere are a number of commercial sch- out the Dominion. In ap,H)iiited by the Dominion Government to investigate the whole quest n ..*!.„."!.?. ^"""^JT '■''^''"t'-^ """'« n ■•f'Pfrt recommending a lai ... t ....__ , ., ouragement of technical scho( liools in cities and towns through ACRICILTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPKBIMEXTAL FARMS. The Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph has now an international reputation and there are students in attendance not onlv from ever>- province in the Dominion but also from many other countries. Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, is anotiier groat agricultural scbool. It 13 incorporated with McGill University. Montreal. There is a very good agricultural college at Truro. Nova Scotia. Tho ;\r.-iiiitaba 1 rov.ncial Agricultural College in Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan Prov- 87195 — 2 r IG C.VXAItA THE ColTXTin OF TIIK rWKNTIETU CKXTfRT. I iiieiiil AKri'-ultural Colli-Kt- nt Soskiitoon (live inatniPtion in nil hriinchpti of iiRru'iiltiirnl si'ionri'. All tlu'M? atirioulturiil collcgOH hnvc InrRC pxprri- iii(>iitiil furins in ionno<'tioii with th<>ni. The Dominion Department of Aurioulturo maintains the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawii, main hraneh farms at Kappan in Xova Seotiii, near the New Urunswiek boumlary, at Brandon in Mnnitolia. at Iiiiliitn llealu. . . Bnni)ii^ I'rovinciale dn Canada. I 'nion Hank of Canaila. Canadian Hank of Conimt-rc*" .. Royal Hank of Canada I)oniinion Hunk Hank of iluinilton Standard Hank of Canada Kani|U« d'liochelag^t Bank ,II0() 2,onu,(iO(' N.IHIO.OOO 3.'|,(NNI,UIIU 25,flfH),(l0ll io,o<),(XN), 0(1(1 .^nou.duu 1,000,000 Caiiital 8ulwcril»ed. 16,000,000 2,734,70(1 U..'i00,000 4,H(i6,li(i6 .\0(JO,(HIO 4,(iOU,(XIO 2,00(1,000 7.000,0(KI 1,000,000 5,000,000 l.'>,000,000 ll,.'>(iU,000 0,000,000 3,iH»>,nn 3,(100, OGO 4,000.000 4,000,000 7,000,000 2,000, 0(« 2,Mi2,400 l,2N6,40O 632,200 188,K66,666 I14,422,.3(i(i 113,!)7K,472 n3,227,<»4 Capital I'aid l'|.. 1(1,000,000 2,7;«4,«ao 8,500,("'0 4.N(Ml,(IH0 5,000,000 4,00((,(KI0 2,000,(NIO 1,000,000 5,000,000 u,ooo,ooo ll,5A0,Cu0 0,000.000 3,000,000 .1,000,000 4,000.000 4,(NI0.00O 7,000,000 1,!)4.'>,2(M) 2,K>N,.'W!( 1,197,237 316,100 R»4ierve Kiind. a l«,fl( (0,000 178 l,:)0H,6.->.'> 57 12,000,(Hii) 172 3.017,.00,0(JO 124 4,000.000 123 !t,7(K),0(KI i:<(i 4,750,000 !W 7,(I0(I,0(I() 120 6>m,(mi 47 iri0,ooo 113 300,000 40 12,\000 14 3,192 The charu-red banks are united ii> an a.-nir.v. Th.' ttriiw 'Mln-ator M<>iitri>iil." "Omatpr Wiiiiii|M>K." " Gn>utM ami tho xuburbnii towim whii-h arn nM-rely nulKrowtliK of the • Itii-H. The Huliurliuii pxtPimioiiH of the rity of Montreal on tin- iMliiiio|iulation of o.er 1(K).0«)0, while tho towiin of St. I.am- Ix-rt and Loniriieuil on the opponite shore of tho St. fjiwrenee river arc mere re»i |n>|iuIoii« MiburJM. Tonnito hax annexed all itH important Huburlw. but there nro several nintiKUoiiH villane* Htill outnide the limits. A c-ordinu tr) tho esti- mate of eity assessors in 11H4 Toronto's |Mi|mlation was 470.144. but aeeord- inv to the estimate of the Toronto City Pire<-tory for lltl.'S it was r).'(4,000. Montreal City (IrfHtfr MoiitriNil , . .. Toronto WInnliii'K • Ireatfr Winnlpw. . .. Vancouver (lr«at»r Vnnrouvt^r . . Hnmllton. ont nttnwn, Ont guelM-p City. Qu.-. . . CalKary. Altn Kilmonton, Alta Vlolorltt, H.C ft. John, N.B lnt Sydni-y, N..S Hull, gue Kingston, Ont Three Ilivera, Quf. . . Herlln, Ont Kherbrooke, Que Brandon, Man Fort William. Ont. . . I'ort Arthur. Ont «t. Citharlms, ( )nt. . . .St. Thomas. Ont New WHstminatfr, H.C. • ■ilnrc Hay, .V.S Stratford. Ont h, Ont .Moncton, N.B Sault 8te. Marie, Ont. Chatham, Ont (iait, Ont Charlottetown, P.K.I. . Niagara Falls, Ont. . . Census IDOI. 2«7,730 CfnsuN IDII. 47(»,«!iO 2nti,04n 43,340 37)I,.'>3II 13)1,0311 37,010 ri2,«34 ri»,»2li «*,840 4,3»3 2,«2« 20,»1» 40,711 37,»7« 40,832 2,24» 113 lii,«l!) 1,S58 11.23» 12,1 S3 »,"09 13,8»3 17,9«1 9,»St 9,''47 l!,7r.5 .'>,A20 3.«33 3,214 9,9 4 « 11,48.''i n,t9» fi.9l.'i 9,9.i9 !t.S5fi 9,02R 7,lfi9 9.0I!8 7,8«« 12.080 5,702 100,401 87,0)12 78,710 43,704 24,900 31,880 42,S11 48,300 48,819 30,213 12,004 23,132 13.823 18,380 17,829 17,723 18,222 18,874 13,891 l.'>,188 le.ios 13,839 18,449 11,220 12,484 14,0ri4 13,199 1A,.^82 12.948 14,579 11,345 10,984 10,770 10,299 11,198 9,248 Kfftimnti' for 1915. 817,000 717.000 534,000 212.889 273,047 108,110 197.283 102,000 ini,79.-i 100.000 ".'..OOO 59,339 80.000 58,000 58,358 55,000 50,000 35.000 28.389 23,000 20.853 32,993 22,000 20,357 18,874 20,000 19.058 19,310 18,000 27,178 18,335 17.298 17,029 17,198 17.000 17,500 16,799 15,000 12.397 12,714 12,000 12,000 12.000 R.MI.W.WS .VXD STK.V.MSMIf LINKS. All settled parts of Canada can be eonveniently reached by railway and steamship lines. At the end of .lune. 1914, Canada had 3M55 miles of completed steam railways and 8,591 miles under construction. Includ- CA.NADA TlIK <<>C\NrilY "K TIIK T W K N r I KT It rK-NTIKV. 21 iiiK doublf triirk*, .viird trnckiiKf iiikI lUliiiv* tlu* totwl niilciiKf (■<>in|ilrU*«l u'HH 4*l,4tl.'> iiiilfK. In lulilitioii ti> t\w KtcHiii rnilwH.vit then- wi'n> :J.)NM> niil lit vUfti'ir ruilwuy*. Till" I>i>iniiiii>ii (iiivfniniciit iiwi4» thi- Iiiti>r('(iliitiil rnilwii.v, and tlip IIuiImiii Uuy riiilwuy. The Iiiteri-oloninl ruilway pxti'iiils from th«' Atluptic iHirtu iif llulifiix, St. .loliii, Sydiwy niid North Sydney tn Mont- real, with '■' tny lirnnch lini'H to ditfrrrnt piirtx of Nova Scotiti and N'i'W llr The total inili'atTf i» l,4H|i. mill' liidlnK '1:! milcR li'twn'fi Windiuir Jnnctiori and Wlndwt, N'.S., npcrutiii liy the Dominion Athuifii- Railway iindir loaw. TIhti- arc in ailditioii alN>ut \»-2 mili-n of KidiiiRA and H|iur>i and i>\IM inilm of thr main line in dotd>l<> tracki'd. Thi> I'rinrc Kdwurd NIand railway hati a total Icntrl'' of 27.'ii niihw. KxIlmmI- in» fnmi Ti({ni>ih to (liorKt'towii and from harloftotowi- to Murray HarlMMir, with hriini-iit'K to Soiiriit, KIniira and Vi\\»>. TraveriH'. it mtvph (■very part of thi- ixland province. The National 1 'an-aontin'-ntnl railway i>4 the (Jovt rnnifiit stvtion of the (iraiid Trunk Pacific railway. It cxtindii from Moncton, X.B., to I>'vi», opposite (iucU"!" city, and from Qmbcc city to \Viiini|iCK. where it connects with the Crand Trunk Pacific line from Winniicif to Prince Kuiiert on the Pui He cottnt, .vhich i* opcratinl ly the (Jrand Trunk Pacific Kailway Company. When the Kn-at QueUi- IridKc \» completed »i-roH» the St. Lawrence the National Tranticonti- nental will cross it. The total mileairc from Moucton to WiimiiH'B in i,W)4 .".2 milcH, includiuK the Qm'lxv hrUlgi', which will Im- 11 milo in leiiKth, whih- the (irand Trunk Paiific k-twwn \Vinni|)»v and Prince Ilnpert is 1.T4.1 miles in lenuth. The (tovcrnnient li-iises from the Ornnd Trunk Pacific Railway n branch line coniic<>tinK Port Arthur on laki- •Superior with tlio Xniioaal Transcoiitineufil railway. At Moncton the Notiotuil Transfontinental railway makes connection with the Inter- colonial railway lines running to St. John and Halifox. The Hudson r.ay railway \uider cc, struct ion will extend from Port Nelson on Hudson hay t4) the I'as on the Suskutchcwan, o distance of 41s miles. Th(' Ontario (iovernineiit owns and operates throuKh a conunissi .n a railway ;i.'14 miles lonp, cxtendinK from North Hay to Cochrane on the National Transcontinental railway and passinir thri>u(ih the fununis Cobidt silver district. The Canadian Pacitii- Railway Company, includiiifr lines owned and leased,^ < trols a niiliajrc of U»,.'.h.'. miles in Canada. The Canadian Pacific's transcontinental line extends from St. .lohn, N.H., to Vancouver, H.C.. a distance of .•5.:iT<(-7 miles. For a distance of nearly 17V miles this' Caimdian Pacific line runs across a section of the state of Maine that juts into Canada, and this fact has often been made the foundation for statements to the effect that the Canadian winter \miU in the Maritime Provinces cannot be reached by railway from the central provinces of Canada without passing throuRh the United Stotes. Shortly after the outbreok of the Ocrman war a statement that C.inadian soldiers would be unable to reoch Atlantic ixirts by railway bwituse they would not be allowed to pass through the United States was published in many coun- tries. As a niatU-r of fact there are three all-(^inadian railway routes between Quebec province and New Brunswick, viz., the Intercolonial rail- r 22 CAMAliA TIIK ful'.NTIIY itV TIIK TWK.NTIKTII «KXTl'KY. wuy, till- Nutioiiiil Trunai'Diiiiiii-iitiil ruilwn^, nii St. John. Tho |)in Atliintic niilwuy in Xovn Scotia now belong* to the ('nnii*idc>« 707 niilc* of doiil.lc truck and 1.2'i4 miles of yard track* and nidinK". inakinjr a totnl of .'.,4JW..1I> milm. The Orand Trunk and Canndlan Pacitlc UailwayK own cxtcn»ivp mile- nuen in thi' Fnitod Statiit. Both these Canadian railways run throuffh train* from .Montreal to Cliicnit,, l,y way of ToMnlo. Tlw Canadian Northern had in 11)14 about 4,nikI miles in the four western provinces, while in Ontario and (Jiiehee the lines owneii and crn provinces has tho option of going all the way by rail or breaking the monotony of the journey by a steamship trip a<-ross tho areat freshwater seas, lake Huron and lake Superior. There i-r- ,>i' ,-. lines of .♦.uiiers making connection with all tlic important lake ports. Passenger steamers run daily from Toronto to the Niagara river, whrro vhey nmko connection with Niagara Falls by electric railway. A visitor mH.^ crns.i tho lake to Niagara and returii from Niagara Falls to Toronto by railway. Comfortable passenger steamers run from Hamilton and Toronto through lake Ontario and down the St. I^wrence river to Montreal, passing the Thousand islands and running the famous T^chine rapids. Pleasure trips may be taken on small steamers running on the Ottiiwa river and through the Rideau • aiud, river and pretty lokes. From Montreal passenger steamers run down tho St. Lawrence to Qnebe|:mhY oK Tilt; TW>,XTI>.TII IKNTI'MV, 2» ihcru ur<> Kh'Rmi'rn ruiiiiinir nii many of the nitvifralilp liikm ftiitl riviT* in tho interior, whilo thiTP art' rfsiilnr line* nf iitrHiiMT* riinninir from Viin- iiiiivi'r ami Vii'tnrin to all itnportiiiit iNiiiitu hIomk tlii> I'lic-irif riiii«t of i'nniitln nnil the I'nititI Stati»«. While nmiiy of the uteanwrn plyiiiK on the lakw nml rivcm of rniiuiin (•i4rry Ixith III xU th< lurRo nuniU |l|i >.v<>«l rill I'nirorK lively in the trannportation of fniffht. The fait that T, .lyr.l.r^' tnn« ol fri'iirht iiaKiMtl thruiitrh ('ii<:uilian ranalii in 11114 ix an indii'iitiim of thf ini|Hirtnnro of Canadian wator traffii-, hut vt>r>- liirin- i|unntitii'H of (cihhU carriod on lake and river Ktranirrii etion of wttlnl Canada it make* UKO of lake ntPumerH verj- extensively in the tranH|i..rtation of urain and other freiifht during the waiuin of luke naviKation. It »ro«'»« to the eX|N'nM' of eonstruetinn Kreat grain elevator* at Fort William and (!eors.'ian Uav port* and the (Train i* tramiferred from ear* to elevator* and from ehvator* to *teani*hip« at Fort William, to l«" earried airo** the lake* to (JeorKian Hay |H.rt* where it i* attain traiiHt'erred to railway ear* runninjr down to Montreal. All thi* ex|)<'n*e of tran*-*hippinir (train i* eonnidered worth while in onler to take advanta(te of the wafer route hy whieli frei(tht ean lie tran*ported no mueh more cheaply than liy rail. The other railway* foUow the same poliey havin(t their own elevotor* and *hip*. There am exaet reeord* of Canatia'* trade with other eountri' * for overy year *i nee eonf^leration and the fi(fure!i *how extraordinary pro(tre**, hut there i* no n-eord of the interprovineial 'rade, which make* up the (treat hulk of frei(flit earrii-d on the railway* and wafirway* of Canada. Some idea of the immensity of thi* interprovineial trade eiin ho ohtained by eomparin(f the total produi-tion of farm produet*. fi*h. fore*t prmluet* and manufa-ture* with the ex|iort* of aueh produet*. As nearly ever>- Can- adian province is lar(ter than imiK)rtant countries of Kuro|)e to show the real husiiiess activity of the Canadian people as compared with Kuronean nations it would bo ne<-e**ary to add the intcrprovincinl trade to the <; itside trade. DKTAII.Kn INfOIIMATIOX. Detail* rrsons eighty years and over, 1,202 ninety years and over and 33 one hun- dred years and over. The annual death rate among all classes is verv low 1 ho climate is as favourable to live stock as to men. The managers of the leading cloth factories and knitting mills of Canada agree that the finest wool produced in Canada is grown in the Jfaritime Provinces and espcciallv in the province of Nova Scotia. The fact that the resources of the Maritime I rovmces have been comparatively neglected while other parts of the con- tinent have been developed should not be a reason for discouragement regarding the future of these provinces. The British Isles were undeveloped and had but a small iK.pulation at a time when some o; the countries of continental Europe were rich and populous centres of industry and com- merce. A WATEIi KOLTE TO THE WEST. The long railway distnnce from the Maritime Provinces ti Western Canada has been a seriojs handicap and consequently the manufacturers of these provinces have been at a disadvantage in competing with those of Ontario and Quebec for the trade of the rapidly growing West. 28 CANAKA TIIK COI'MitY OF TIIK TWKXTlKTIi rESTUtty. In ihsou9sni(r the iH)ssil)ilities of tlio iiaviKiitioii of Hudson strait and I'uy the only thouirht in the West l.a» been that it wonUl bo a short route between England and Western Canada, but if naviBntion of the strait and bay should prove to l«> safe and -ertnin for even three months of the year, larfte ships runnintr from St. ,Iohn aiul Halifax to Port Xelpon, the t.Tnnnns of tlie Hudson Bay railway now Mug construeted by the ("ann- dian (ioverninent, could lay down poods from Xova Scotia and New IJrunswick m the heart of Western Canada at comiM.rativelv low cost for transportation. ADVANTAdKors (IK.IHMtAPIIIC \l, SITr ATlnX. The advantageous pcoRrapliieal situation of the Maritime Provinces of (an,nda for commercial purposes will be understoo.l when Ifalifa-x and ^t. .John, th.. leading seaports, are cmparcd with Liverpool as regards distances fr,.iii the leading markets of the world by water routes for full- lH)were 5.7.'il 1,810 1,900 1 2.001 2.290 2.42.'i 1.614 2,308 4,!I68 10.289 12.428 12.89!t 12.319 3.82!) 11,439 13,803 5,603 13.0(H> 6.444 10,018 12,490 10,764 12,710 11,732 11,060 6,484 14,574 9,277 4,475 2.(i85 2.785 2.665 ^6I7 ?.761 .1,."t63 Miles fnmi St. .I ,. Bueniw Ayre«, Argentine. Kmcston, .Famaics. Barbados. B.W.I. Portof H|iain. Trinidad, (ieoriretown. Britixh Guiana. Vera Cruz, .\Iexico. Havana. Cuba. C<)l(>n, Kntrance to Panama Canal. Valiiaraiso, Chili. Melbourne, Au.Htra1ia. .VIelbounie, AiiHtralia. Mellwume, Australia Mellioume, Australia. VVellinirton, New Kealaiid. Wellington. .New Zealand. Wellington. New Zealand. San FranciHco, Cal. San FranciMco, Cal. Vanomver. B.C. V'okdhama. .Ta|>an. Yokohama. .Tapan. Vladivostd the C'aiuidiau confederation. Stretehin^ across the front of the Kulf of St. Lawrence it almost makes a lake of it for the strait of IJelle Isle between Newfoundland and Labrador is only ten miles wid(> at its narrowest part, while the strait of Cahot, separatinjr N<'wfoundland fr-.oi Cape Breton in Neva Scotia, is fifty-six miles wide at its narrow, st point, and the distaniK' from I'ort-aux-Bas(|ue, the western terminus of the Newfoundland railway, to Sydney, ('ai«' Breton, is 11(( miles. New- foundland tnis an area of 42,T;!4 .s(|nare miles, vith an extreme lenjith of about lilT miles from north to south and about :tl(i miles from east to west. The jrreat m,i.iority of the i)opulation are sui)poried directly or indirectly by the fisheries, but there are vast forests, and lumberintr oi)era- tions are carried on quite extensively, while the mnn\ifacture of wood pulp ami papei is becoming on important industry. Very little explora- tion work for minerals has been do , but qiiite important eopiHT deposits liavo been discovered, coal of prood ..".ality in rather thin seams has been found, and iron ore is shipixnl in hirne quantities to the iron and steel works (if Nova Scotia'. Very little attention has been devoted to farminp and a very small area is under cultivation, but it is believed that there i' a trrciit deal of land suitable for Rrowinfj oats, barley, potatoes and other vesetables. The climate is not very severe in winter, the ther- mometer .seldom poinp below zero, while the summer ti'uiperaturea usually ranRe from 70 to SO dejrrees. The Newfoundland Oovernment has juris- diction over n little corner of Ijibrador fronting f>n Belle Isle strait and a narrow strip of its Atlantic seaboard, the total area beiufr abo\it 120,0(V) square miles. The population of the colony was S.lS.fiTO accordinfr to the census of li»ll. The capital and commercial centre of the island is St. John's on the east coast. It is only 1,930 miles from Liverpool. i f .V ■ 30 CANADA THE COUXTIJY OF TIIK TWK.VTIETII CKXTURY. A Prince Edward iHland (ann. A Prince Edward Island blacic fox. s- CANADA TMK rol'NTIIY OF TIIK T WKNTI Kill < KM! IIV. :tl Chapter in. THE PROVINCE PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. PriiK-e Edward Islaiid, the smallest i-roviuce of the Uominion, lies at the mouth of the gulf of St. Lawrence and is separated from the mainland ot iNew Urunswiek and Xova H.-otiu by Morthumherland strait. It is 150 ip.les ui length, varies in width from four to thirty miles, and has an area ol 2,1S4 square miles or l,:iy7.!»!»l a.-res. nearly all of wl.ieh is suitable for cultivation, but it is estimated that only a little more than half of this area 19 actually under cultivation in field crops. Any one who drives through the island along the conntrv roa.ls must be impressed with the ai.iK-arance of prosi.erity and comfort evervwhere J he farms are neat, dean and well cultivate.1, the houses comfortuble and liomelike; hedges are more common than in any other part of Canada ami tverything looks wonderfully fresh am' grwn except when covered with the whiteness of winter snows. The soil of fields and roadways is red and contrasts strongly with the green of the grass, trees and hedges and even with tlie green of the growing grains and ve;retables. Prince Edward island is distinctly a fanners' and fishermens' prov- ince, ihe island has no mineral resources. Cot " is believed to e.xist at o very great dejith, but the cost of getting at it woulu be so great as to make mining uni-roHtable in com|K;tition with the coal of Nova Scotia under present coimIiIioi.s. There are few mannfa.-turing industries and those that do exist are closely related to farm production and the fisheries, such as the preimration of condensed milk, iK)rk packing, starch manufacture from potatoes, and the canning of lobsters. The fisheries are important. Lobsters and oysters are the greatest source of revenue but large catches of cod, hake, haddock, herring and mac- kerel are made. 1 here are 210 lobster canneries in oj)eration inthisprov- The climate is healthy and agre.al.le. The atmosphere is clear, fogs being seldom experienced. In January and February, the coldest months the thermometer sometimes registers as low as fifteen degrees below zero for a few hours at a time, but such cold is exceptional, the average of all temperatures during January and February for .seven vears being neirlv seventeen degrees above zero. The soil of Prince Edward Island is naturally very fertile, and the farmers bc'lieve that when exhausted by over-cropping a good dressing of the mussel mud formed by the decay of oyster, clam and mussel shells in all the bays and river mouths has a marvellous effect in restoring fertility In winter dredging machines are placed on the ice in the bays and dig up the mud for use as a fertilizer. However, with a view to protection of the oyster beds the Provincial Government has made regulations providing that no digging shall be done within 200 yards of a live oyster bed and then only when a fishery inspector's permit is given. 87195—3 a2 <'ANAI>A TIIK CorXTIIY OF TIIK TWK.XriK.TII < KMI IIY. ill ([IK 1? OutH, iHitutiK's mul hii.v arc tho inuitt iiii|N>rtniit cropM. but sniull <|uiiiiti- tit'!* of wlii'ut, IdirU'.v, biickwlii'iit, Im-uiis hikI ih-iw an- ppxluo'il. A|>|ilrr<, plum.s ami I'luTrics, currantx, ({"K'^'lt'rrit'x, nixplM-rricH and utrawlHTric^ arc Hiicccsxfiill.v irriiwii, hut the majority of tlic farmcri* pay little attciitinn to fruit KrowiiiK. Fl I! KAII . i.\(i. liut tiio most iiitcrc:'tiiiK feature of I'riiiee Kiln'uril l.^laiiil farming ut the pr<.'!>ctit time i.i the hriH'diiiK of fur-lH>ariiiK aiiimal» ami eH|M-eialiy Hilvei- hlack foxe.H. Some years aRo two farnier.i in the northern part of the ishinil notiuK that the fur of the I'rinei- Ktlward Inland nilver hiaek fox eoin- mandcd hiRher prices than any other fox fur on the Ij):idon market entered into u partnership to hri-ed foxes in captivity. The stock was hred fri'u Prince Edward Island wild foxes caught in traps and held in <'aptivity in wire enclosun-s. The cxpcrinicnt provetl n (jfeat success; the jiclts sold at prices ranKiiiK from lM(K> to t|i:;,(KM( each, seldom sellinpr for h'ss than $."iO<) n [iclt, and the two pionwrs amassed lartjc fortunes lieforo the nature of their enterprise lH!canie widely known. Their exanipU^ was followed hy others und it was soon found that more money could Im> made in selling pups for breediuB purjioses than in selling; the i)olts. The demand for silver fox pui)s became so jfreat that the price steatlily increased, and at the time tlie (treat war brf)ke out five months' old silver fox pups of the l>est Prince Kdwnrd Island stock were selling nt from fli.fXK) to $10,000 jM'r pair and ohi stock of provetl fe<'uiidity realized as much as $;l;'i.(MK) j)er pair. When the i>ups could be hoUKht at from $1,000 to $4,0(K) ]h'T pair a number of farmers started fox ranches, but when the price went up above $10,(MM) it became imirossihle for the onlinar.v farmer to individuall.v hii.v foxes. Then it occurred to some one to orjfanize joint stock comiianics for fox breediuR puriK)ses. In April 1!(14 there were in Prince Kdward Island 104 limited liability joint stock companies that had lK>en organized for the purpose of breeding fur-hearing animals chiefly silver black foxes. These companies had an authorized capital of $:U,:J;!2,T0en pros|M'rous. They had large sums of money in the saving banks and the huge dividends paid by some of the comi)anies induced general invc-tment in stoi'k of fur-farming com- panies. Besides the joint stock companies about three Inindred individual farmers are registered us having ranches for breeding fur-hearing animals. Karakul sheep, from which the famous Persian lamb skins are obtained, have been imiwrted into Prince Edward Island hy soiue of the fur farmers and are now l)eing succi'ssfully bred in the island. The breeding of red foxes, crosses between silvers and reds, blue foxes, minks, otters and skunks is being inidertaken in some cases h.v farmers who cannot afford to pa.v the high prices demanded for silver fox breeding stock. Breeders of skunks cut out the scent glands wl^en the animals are about two months old, thus removing all possibilit.v of disagreeable odour. Very few silver fox pels have lieen sold in Prince Edward Island in recent years owing to the great demand for breeding stock, but it is genornlly agreed that as the silver foxes on the ranches are rapidly incrcas- 11 ■HI M • ANAliA TIIK (1.1 \HiV UK |IIK TWI.VTIKTtl CKNTIIIV. '.]:] i'lK th.' iii.liiMr.v will „. ,|,,wii t,. a |).lt U*i* in n IVw v.nr*. Tlip rnl- .•iilath.M l„,« |„.,.i, nia.l. tli.it if tl.o pri.r.s slmul.l k.'.'p up l,.i,« ,.,„.mkIi to <-ua\>\v III.' hiriiKTM i„ vvt Imm'U tin. m..|i,.v tl.ry Imv.. iuv.Nt.'.l in )„x Impil- !'.'•'""■•'■ ''•' 'iltfr.vnrcl uuikr p.Hcl prntits nii.iiiK -ilvrr Ic.x.s for prlt« il tin- iriiv ot p,.|t- .liniil.l fnll ii. !..«• «, ^i.Mv (lollnrn. Mr. .1. Wnlfrr Joiu.H who wiis .-,.l,vtr.l liy tUr ('illiiirh h,.|ow tlio pr..s,.,.t avoraj?.. ro^t of f.c.linif foxrs iu Priuco lvlwar.1 Islaii.l. So,,... ..f II,.. I.r....,l..r, ..stnnat.. that it .-nsts th..,„ fifty .h.ljars a y..ar t,. f I „ pair A II,.. pr..s,„| t,,,,.. th„ „v,.raB.. pri.-,. of wil.l silver fox skius i„ L,.,„lo„ .- a H.u two h,„„|r,Ml .lollars. a„.l for ra.nh fox..s .u.'h as ar.. fouu.l will, tho iMst r:M.,,.h,.rs tw..lve l,u.„lr..,l .lollars. Wil.l .ilver fox .ki„s nr.. not .frosT.'wV'T '" I i\'"' frv'm;a\y shot. ,.|u.wo.I. ,„a„„l...I an.l poorly .ir.s,..|. wl„|.. ,an..ho.l fox..s nr.. usually kilh^d «l,c.|, th..ir fur is i„ prime ..n.lil.on. Jl... h,«h..st pr,..o ..v.r pai.i at th.. I^,„do„ sah-s f.,, „ silver lox sk.n was ^,^m. It ,s said that this skin was sold by a Paris fir^ $'Sr' ,';.>;"' l^,'"'"", >•-'»•"■•' /■^1"-.<1. Th.. „..xt hiKl,..st prin^ was f-.."(». and halt a d..z..u hav s,.l.l for *->.:,m) or „,or... all hoini: fron, , •,. " ".,"''' '■■ " f"'' 'I"" 'li'''I i" -I" s Kavn..r-, ra„..|, at K'il fcc,;.;!.;:!" ''"'■ *"■ ''"■ """'■' ""^ ''"^•'- * ^"">- •-■"" '••■f- Pri,,oo E,lw«rd Fslan.l fur l,r,H..h.rs .-laiin that th.. .-liniato of th.- island .s rnoro favoural.I.. to f.,x..s than any oth..r known ]o,.ality. and t "v Z I . 'a'T;;'" ";;' '" '•■•""•'■. ^''--l t^'-l «l^i- at tl,;, L„„do., anlZ sai..s as proof of thoir .•ontt-ntion. of tlfl'TTT .'-".'"'"J !^'""'''^ <':;'"'P1- is being f,.li.,w..d in other provine.-s "t the I). n„n,on. I p to April, ]()14. Xovo .Seotia ha.l issued f ,r fann- niK por,n,s to 20.;; individ,n,ls, :l.; partnerships an.l •) joi t st k c n - P..n.e3. wh,le 40 jo„t stock fur fannin,^ .-..npanies l.a.l be.'ri> ,.o L e 1 n ho „rov,„..e. At the san,e date 40 joint sto,.]: fur farn,?nreo , p , . hnd been ,neorporate.l in X.w Urnnswiek. and 27 in.livi.lual fnrZs .,^.1 ro,...>yed per,n,ts to ensape in f„r farming. I„ Quobee provreo for fnr...,,,^, permits had been issued to 21 firms an.l omp„,,ie o'tari had m, .neorporate. f„r farnin.,, eon.panies „t that ti.ne ,t h,.?e we TO fur farmers re^-stered in that province. I„ Alberta nine f r farm' THE TOWNS OF PHIXfK EDWATin ISt.Wn Charlottetown. the eapit.il of r,in,... E.lwar.i Island, is a handsome 34 CA>AI>A TIIK mUMHY <>F TIIK TWRSTIKTII CKNTl'KY. ill the ifiilrn whiTi- nil tin- iniblic liiiiiilinirR nri- coiwciitriitpil. It liii* a fiiU' imrlH)iir Uiit it is Hiinctiiui'* lilnrkci! li.v ici' in wiiitiT. Tli- i>o|>iiln- tioii i* tiiM>ut U'.tKM). Tin- next liiw-'t town in Siimmtr*iopu- hitiiHi of ulxMit :!.»». Oiip of tlio n»i*oti of I'riiifH' Eilwnnl Inliind i» its iittrni-fivrni'«« for • iimnipr toiiristr<. T\w Imthinp Iwiii'Iick iiri' oupprinlly fine. TIIK lliri I.ATION OK TIIK IXI.AM). The popniutioii of I'riuce Kdwunl l»liin(l ut iho consiii of 11(11 wni r.C.T-iH, tlmt is 4:.'!»1 iht Biiiiiiri- niilo, while the populution of the wlmle Dnininion was only l-!»:l ikt sqiuirc mile. Hut while Prince Kilwiird Uhiiid seeniH (piite densely ix>puliit«>d emnpiired with the whole Dominion of Ciinndn, tho i>opiilatioii h not deiine eonipared with thnt of many other eonntrie!<. Tho :«tuto of Khn.le Island, with an area of 1.24S wimire iniled eoinpured with Prinee Kdwurd Island's area of 2,1H4 nqnare niiUs, hiid a population of .'«42,<1!>4 at the last eensns. Rhode Island is a mainifaetur- iiiK state, hut we may compare PriiK-e KdwanI !slanrht miles. Terminals are now beins constructed at Tormentine and Carleton Point, and it is exix-eted that tho ferry will be in operation in the season of 1916. The ferrry has be«'n specially designed to meet winter ice conditions. It will run continuously tliroughout the year and it is believed that it will be nearly as effective as a tunnel wo\ild be in maiiitninin(? constant communication In'twecn the island and the mainland. A branch of tho Intercolonial railway known as the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island railway runs from Sackville, N.B., to Capo Tonncntine and will Coiuit-et with the car ferry. !» fur C-rftjr.^A,-;, **^*ieA f"^ I CA^TADA TIIK COUNTKY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTUKY. 35 Chapter IV. THE PKOVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. The province of Xovn Scotia is 3.SC miles in length hy from fifty to one hundred miles in width with nn area of 21,008 square miles and extends from the forty-third to the forty-seventh parallel of latitude. It consists of the peninsula of Nova Scotia, connected with New Brunswick hy the istlimus of t'hiKiiccto, and the island of t'aiw Breton, which is separate*! from the mainland of the province by the narrow strait of Canso. Cape Breton Island has an extreme Icnsth from north to south of 110 miles, its greatest breadth being 87 miles, and its area is 3,120 square miles. Cape Breton is not only surrounded by the sea, but has the sea inside of it, for the beautiful salt water lakes of Bras d'Or may be regarded as merely arms of the sea with which they are connected at the northeast by two natural channels, while at the south St. Peter's ship canal connects them with St. Peter's bay. Nova Scotia is almost as large as Belgium and Holland combined which together have over twelve million people. Belgium with an area of 11,37.3 8(iuare miles has a iM)pulation of over seven millions and Holland with an area of 14.C13 square miles including the Zuider Zee has over five million people. As regards climate, natural resources and accessibility Nova Scotia com|)arcs very favourably with Holland and Belgium. The State of ^Fas- sachusetts has an area of only 8,266 square miles as compared with Nova Scotia's 21,068 square miles. Massachusetts has no coal and the only impor- tant minerals are granite and limestone; the local fisheries are not especi- ally valuable; the area of fertile soil is not extensive, some sections being rocky while sandy wastes are common; yet Massachusetts owing to the development of manufactures has a population of nearly three and a half million jieople compared with Xova .Scotia's population of 492,3.38 in 1911. The most northern part of .\'ova Scotia is several degrees farther south than the most southern point of the British Isles. The most southern i)oint is farther south tlian Marseilles, France. Halifax, the capital of the i)rov- ini-e. is in latitude 44° 26' 11" N.. almost the same latitude as Genoa, Italy, which is 44° 24' 16" N. Owing to its almost insular position and perhaps to the influence of the (iulf Stream, which flows not far from its southern extremity, the «-limHtc is more modi'rate than that of the ncighl)ouring state of .Maine. Extreme colli is seldom experienced in any part of the province, but the northern comities are more exposed to the influence of the Arctic current flowing througli Belle Isle than those of the south and along the Bay of Fundy. Thus AnnaiJolis township is seven or eight degrees warmer on the average thiin the counties in Cape Breton and along Northumberland Strait, five or six degrees svarmer than Halifax and Colchester counties and three or four degrees warmer than the famed country of Evangeline along the Basin of 30 CAXAUA TIIK COI-XTHV OF TlIK TWK.XTIKTII CKXTntY. A Nova Scotia Farm. iS'*"*^i(*' The Public (iardeiis, Halifax. ■''«; CANADA THE lOlXTIiY OK THK T WKNTIK Til CKNTrKY. n: Miiias. Yuriiioutli, the most wiutluTii county, hns wry mild winters. According to tliu nietcorolotfical records ut Yarmouth town for a |)criod of seven years the minimum tcmiH-ratures averaK<'d in January and Ki'hniary la'; March .»■»>"; April i'l(!°; May W : June :!si^ July and August 42°; Septcmher ;>7"'; 0<'tolMT i'Si'°; Xovcmher ls-4": Decemlier ."> i.'". The average of all temperatures for seven years was in January and Fcliru- ary L'r)-4°; March ilt-.")' : April :)s.:,° ; May 47.1° : June r.-il"; July and August 59S°; Septemher m-J°; Octoher 4"(i'; Xoveniher 40-2°; Decem- ber 30)>'. The average maximum tenu»'ratures for seven years wt're: In April o!)-4°; May ti7-'.t°; June 7");}"; and August 771°; Septem- ber 7i';>'; ()ctot>ei 07°; Novemk'r 58-C°. The atmosphere of Yarmouth is moist and the summer temperatures arc much h)wer than those of the Annapolis Valley. In Sydney, I'ape Breton, at the north end of the prov- ince, the thermometer sometimes touches thirteen 1k>1ow zero, the average for January and February for seven years being lSi» cK-grees al)ove zero, while at Halifax alniiit half way U'tween Yarmouth and Sydney, the great- est degree of cold experienced in nn average winter is between six and seven degrees below zero, tlie average of all ti^mperatures at that i)oint dur- ing iTanuary and I'"ebr\niry for seven years being ti'2 degrees altove zero. The winters of Xova Scotia are short, but in the northern counties the spring is long and bac' ward owing to the chilling influence of the ice that drifts through Belle i.-le. This is es|M^cially true of the island of Cape Breton, which is besieged with drift ii-c every spring. A CliKAT APri-K col NTKV. The garden of Xova Scotia is in the Anpajjolis and Cornwallis valley, a district about eighty miles long and from four to twelve miles wide, pro- tected from the summer fogs of Fundy and the chilling ocean windi by two ranges of hills known as the Xorth and So' th Mountains. Tho Xorth Mountains skirt the south shore of the Bay of Fundv from Briar Island to the Basin of Minas terminating in a bold bluff culled Cape Blomidon. On the other side of Minas channel the rang<> is continuiHl under the name of the Col)e(iuid ^lountains, acting as a shield against the cold winds com- ing from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the spring. The Anmipolis Valley is famous for its apiiles wbii-h connnand the highest prices in the London market. While the climate and soil seem particularly adapted to the pro- duction of ai)ples they are also favourable to grapes, i)ears, |>lums, cherries, melons and tomatoes and even peaches are successfully grown. King's <'ounty, the scene of Longfellow's " Kvangcline," is also a great apple pro- ducing district. Although not quite so warm as Amuipolis township it is c(]ually fertile and the dyked lands are as productive now after centuries of tillage as when they were cultivated by the simple Acadians. In a good year Xova Scotia produces about i,~'tO,()iH) barrels of apples and the annual production is likely to greatly increase. At present most of the apples are grown in Annapolis and King's counties, but the government of the province is showing by means of model cichards in other counties that apples can be successfully grown in any part of the province where the soil is suitable. Even in Annapolis county there is a large area of land suitable for growing apjilcs not yet occupied by orchards. The Secretary 38 CAN-ADA THE COl'XTRY OF TlIK TWKXTIETII CENTUBY. *Th« r. •"'' !f *'•*' ^'■''^""* "^ ^"'■'- '^"^t'" ""id i" W« last report- The n^08t nnportant .novemont among the fn.it growers of Nova Seo"a dunng the pa.t few years has been the organization of eo-oporative fruit companies of wh.ch there are now thirty-two distributed all along the iTne rom W .ndsor to the western border of Annapolis county. Nearly all thlse ocacompan.os have been ^mbine,l into a central company know^n "Tl e United iru, Compan.e^' The United Company will handle npproxinmtHv noted that the Ur.ted Fruit Companies handle the pota oes as well a, tto apples grown by the members. »U ^"*''\ ''''"'"'«« bordering on the Basin of Minas, and those lying Fxcentfnrv ^r''"" ""'} ^ ''"'^ "« ""^ «Rriouit„r«l distrk^ Excepting 1 nrmouth none of the counties along the Atlantic eoast are generally well adapted for agriculture, although they cont^iin smaU t „c s o excellent farming lands and no doubt some of the land now e nlidered msnited for cultivation could be made prodiu-tive under a svstem of scientific farming. Very 1 ttle wheat is now raise.! in Xovn Seoiia The chief field erops are oats, hay. buckwheat. p,.t«t.,..s and other v^ab es ^ova Seotu. does not equal Princ-e Edward Island in the produT- Im of cheese, but surpasses it in the production of butter and cnnd.ns,..! n.ilk The fine quality of the wool produred in Xovn Scotia has alr.ndy be n referred to and the natural conditions of the province are v,.ry f. 'mm.ble not only for sheep but all kinds of live stock. l"»oural.le .NOVA SCIITIA KoriKSTS. It is estimated that fully two-thirds of the area of Xova Scotia is cither eover,Kl with forest growth or consists of burncl over fore«T a ,, ! more suitable for reforestation than for any other use. Tlu' re^^s "f N bcotia include spruce, hemlock-, white pine, birch, I alsam, fir, m"pl bt* red pine, oak, aspen poplar, balsam poplar, Cottonwood xq/laTj 4 pi^e Island about fourteen million cords, a total of about sTnooftf^ 7, acres on the mainland and about 195,968 acres in Cane Bretnn t!i i However there are large areas of knd .^ovcred wit , ^;^''*°n/«la"d. be large enough for sawing before many yeal' '"""' ''"'' ''"" *'" I • AXADA '-.iK (OIXTIJY OF THE TWKNTIETII CE.NTUKV. .19 TlIK flftllMIIKS OF KOVA SCOTIA. AlotiK Nova Scotiii's niiicli indented sea coast are the brccdintr and feeding grounds of countless millions of fish. There are many proni'crous fishing villages and the fishermen form one of the most influentinl ele- ments of the community. Full details are given in Chiiptcr XIII, devoted to tho fisheries of Canada. TIIK foAL OK NOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia has tho only coal yet discovered on the Atlantic sen- board of America. The coal is bituminous, of good quality, some of the seams being pMrticularly suited for steam-making and for the manufac- tvire of coke for blast furnace use, while others are better adapted to the production of gas. There arc extensive beds of coal with seams of great thickness on both the eastern and western coasts of Cape Breton Island, in the central county of I'ictou and in Cumberland county at the extreme west of the province. Alining operations are carried on in each of these sections, so that there aro mines convenient not only to all parts of the province of Nova Scotia but also to Prince Edward Islanil and New Rrunswick, while in summer shipments can be made from all the mines by way of the St. Lawrence river to the province of Quebec. During the year int.'! the production of coal in Nova Scotia by counties was .'>,.''i94,192 tons in Cape Breton count.v, 70.'?,.')S:J tons in Pictou county, 021,804 tons Ml Cumberland count.v, and 284.274 tons in Inverness county, a total of :.2n.'i.!)1.3 tons, of which 3,.'M1,76S tons were consumed in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, 21fl,.''>44 tons in Newfoundland, 2,t9.S.228 tons in Quebec province. 21..391 tons by time chartered boats, 234,177 tons for unnkering, 468,ni)0 tons in the United States, and the remainder in other countries. MANIKACTI RIXO IxniSTRIKS. The sales of Nova Scotia coal for consumption in the province of Nova Scotia have increased 86 per cent within ten years. This great increase in local consumption is due to the recen. development of manu- facturing industries. Not many years ago the province had very few nmnufactnres. Now there are about 1,.'>(X) manufacturing establishments with nearly .W.OOO employees. Among the articles manufactured are boots and shoes, cotton piece goods, sheetings, shirtings and bag cloths, cotton sail ducks, ounce duck, belting and horse duck and papermakers' felt, knitted underweiir, pure wool textiles, including fine tweeds, dress goods, blankets, hats and Ciips, saddlery and harness, trunks, pulp and paper, sashes, doors, and nil kinds of interior and exterior woodwork and builders' supplies, church, school, bank, office and househ.ild furniture, pianos, coffins, refined sugar, biscuits] chocolate and confectionery, condensed milk, pig-iron, steel ingots, blooms and billets, steel rails, steel rods, steel plates, shapes and bars, bar iron, wire nails, bolts, nuts, rivets, railway spikes, screws, rifle sights, taps, dies, tools and oil tempered springs, stoves, ranges, furnaces, steel bridges' and general structural steel, engines and boilers for industrial works, marine engines and boilers, marine gasoline engines, ships' tanks and 40 CAXAhA IHK COfXTUY „F TIIK TWK.NTIKII, rEXTI'MV. (I :' '• "."'■'^'^ *."''"• •'"■"♦'>"<■''. sinks. 8uli.lmte „f ammonia and otlu-r fertili < Al'K IIMKTOX AX IIION AM» STKKI, ( KXTHE. IJritUh' ,u'!I!!"'' "^ "T ""^r*":'^ '^ ""^ nmnnf„,.t„Po .,f iron an.l .t.-I. J«riti>h Mu-i^i.^s ,n suppl.v.n^' fo.'njfn murijots with iron an.I ^tM h,„ hoJn Wiv .l.,o to ,lu. faot that the rnit.-d Kin^.lon. u/d !^t,fsiv ■ .,, H " "f coal and iron or. elo.,, to the soahoard nn.l «,uld ^-t s u 1 es 1 , n™ s,,,.i „5 ^t.l r!,,;,,,"'' '•"""'""« '"'">■■ i«i-«'"« lo I1.0 r„.';if ,>i;'"T" '". T -' ^""-'™ -kraL:r ;r,',i"^^^^^^ ?»'.11::t;;h;Lr&—r.t^trk';"— '^r:- - CANADA TIIK corNTUY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII CEXTritY. 41 wliifh all the tlomi'stic iron coii-iuniod in the MuMt furniiccs of the rniti'd Stiiti'H iit traM»|N>rU'«l Ih not Icsm than 4(M) niilci*, and the nvoraKo distance over wliich tlic fui'l tliat is ujmkI to sniolt it is transitmrtod not h'ss than L' mill's." Tho '• >n used in tho Pittsliur^ district has to b»' hrouKht from tlie mines of Xortlicni Michigan and Jlinncsotn by rail to a Lake Siiiicrior port and there loaded on vessels, after which it must Ih* carriitl through Lake SuiK-rior. the Sault cunal, lake Huron, lake St. I'lair. the tortuouit channel of the Detroit river and finally throUKii lake Krie to Ch'Vcland and other lake |H»rts, when- it is transferred to railways aiiain to 1)C transported to the furnaces. This makes four handlings of the ore in trnns|Hirtntion from the mines to the furiuKfS. When the iron and stiH-l is maik- at Pitts- liurff it has to go by rail to Philadelphia. ;i.">4 miles; to Xew York, 445 miles; to Boston, C75 miles; to Buffalo, rJTO miles. The only blast furnaei's of the fnittnl States that have their raw materials dose toBethi-r are in the Southern States. Of these the most favourably h»cated are those of the Birmingham district i'l Alabama, where fuel and ore are ver>' i-lose toirether. However, the Alabama furnaces are far from the IcadiuK markets both of the United States and other countries, and the fveiuht rates on the pin iron and ste«>l must lie added to the cost of production. The nearest si-ajiort is Mobile, 276 miles by rail from Birm- inffhani, the i-entre of the iron district. It is ."$49 miles by rail from Birm- ingham to New Orleans, 44.S miles to Savaninih, 476 miles to Charleston, 766 miles to XewiHirt News, H(H mih-s to Baltimore, 1S55 miles to Phila- delphia and 704 mih's to Pitt burit. The British blast furmu-es at one time used only local ores, but nov very larjte quantities of ore ore im|Hirteriod the mines in this country have Wn worked. The output of black band ore in Scotland has Imhmi de<-reasin(f for.vears ])a.st I'.nd the (jreater l)ortion of the pi){ iron now made in that district is from foreign ores. Cleveland, which has In-en one of tlie most proliric districts in the country, h ' now b,>en worked nearly fifty years, and the lx>st ore haviuK h«'en taken ou. we may soon have to fall back on the poorer and consequently costlier Kinds. It has U-on known for some time past that the best hematite ores in the Billma district in Northern Spain are fast deterioriatiiipr and if we have to fall back on tho poorer qualities, those contnininR a lowrr percentage of iron, they will be more costly, owinp to the proportionately Krcater cost of carriage h.v sea." The supplies of eoal and limestone for the Cajie Breton blast furnaces are close at hand, but the iron ore is brought from Groat Bell Island in Conception Bay off the coast of No«-foundland almut 400 miles from Sydney harbour. English mining engineers have estimated that there is enough ore in the areas already opened up by the Dominion Steel Company 42 • ANAI.A TIIK (..rNTHY OK TIIK TWI-NTIKIIf .KN TIHY. ii 'I if ■;: to g»i.,. y u plant larKur than that now in oxi»t..n«» at Sy,h,ov for ov.t a humlr..d ,o«,« and there are outer aroa. l..l„„Kin„ to the o.Zpa v w. Lh .f ho «.„n» are c-ont.nuou* a. h «up,K.«.| would in th.-ir npi„i„„ ^My yield a niuoh larger quantity of ore than the areas now iM-ing work^ T he ore hu„ a goo"y !>»« all its iron and steel works concen- trated at the Sydney water front, the Nova Scotia company manufactures I'Tif/'.- ;••""'"' J ;*-'»' "•'ts in Cape Breton, its steel works for le highly hnished products being at New Glasgow in Pictou county In 1913 itM iiT'i^s''" '" ^"''" ^""'^ ^^ **■** «>n,panie8 486,962 tons of BV-nioniCTS FROM tOKK OVKNS. W ^'^" ''"'"'"*'"» '•"«J "'to coke for use in the blast furnaces at Sydnev b.v-prod..ct ovens «re used, and in addition U. obtaining large quantities T Icre IS a good market for the sulphate of ammonia on the sugar plantn- t m,s of the West Indies. From the tar by distillation pitch, light voh. ti?e oils, creosote, carbolic acid and benzol are obtained. THE IIARBOLRS OF SYDNEY AND LOI ISBl RO. It is an extraordinary fact that the harbours of Sydney and Loiii.- burg. winle more than 2,200 miles nearer to Liverpool than Mobile a id New Orleans, the nearest ports to the southern blast furnaces are at the same time about iiOO miles nearer to Per„ambu.-o, Kio Ja e ro LiTBuelos Ayres and about 900 miles nearer to Cape To;,., South Africa Ham oZt '^^"*»>. A"'-;-> li- far to the east of North A„..rioa. while New -niUsf t "'"""-■ °T"- ^^''""''''' «'''P^ f'"-" southern ports of th^ of the W ;' r"!'"'.*f'^«/ •J'-^-t 'oute because they have to steer clear of the West India islands. Cape Breton, jutti.ig 4 eastward into the :V So";;; irt."^"- *° " ''--' "-« '^"- --^ ^- ^ east lit; w— n TANAHA TIIK J-OCNTKY l>K THE TWKNTtKTH CENTI'HY. 43 And thf Kiilf of Mexico [lorta ore not the only onp» ovit whii-li Ciipe Breton ports iiove an lulvantairo. The whole Atlantic const of the I'liitcd States sloth's iiwu.v towiinl the southwest, nml Siivniinnh, Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York arc so fur to the west of the dire<'t routes from Sydney and F^mishurir that the Cuiie Breton ports allhoiiirh farther north, are nearer to the i^hief towns of .South America and Afri<'a as well as to every part of Kiiriii)e. The most Mistern |»iint of South America is Pernamhueo. All vessels iroinK south of that imint to Rio .laiu'iro, Buenos Aires, or other pnrts on the east side of South America must puss it. The following tihles of distances in nautical miles will shov. the (treat udvantaBe that Sydney has over all .American ports for trading with (Jreat Britain and other coun- tries of Europe, South America and Africa. Fr>m Syfliifv Hnrliinir: — Via C»|« Kacr anil North nf In-lmii]. I'll Cap.' Koceand Sfmth of Irflanil Ni.w Orleailfi. Mobilf Havaiiiiah . . . CKarlfNton NewjKirt News Baltininn' , _[] Philaitxlphia ' ' New Vork Miles to Liv«r|xae Town. e,57.J 7,347 7,2!lt 6,MiU fl,(t2H •i,7M)) Sydney river tci tin- iMitrr t>iitriiiiri.' of Sydm-y liiirlHiiir \* ii dii i.f alHuit "•■veil iiiilrK. OwiiiK to tlu' filet (liiit the i-entrill portimi of the idd town of Sydney i« oituiiled on the Sydney river, where it flown into the hnrhoiir of Sydney, mid Im-i'iiiiih' thin river frei'zen in winter the iin|ir<'V'uiiy on Sydney hurhour are ulNiiit n mile farther out than the mouth • ■i the river, and in any ordinary winter xteaninhips would i>eldotn have any ditfieulty in ri' vicinity of [^.nishnrtr at the same time that the appriMichcs to Sydney harbour are blocked with ice, a> the wind must blow from a different direction to briiitr the ice near Ijiiiisbnrjf, so that one harbour or the other can always Ih> reached, and with Murconi signal stations in oixTation vessels should never suffer much delay as the two harbours are not far apart. Lonisburg harlHiur, while not so capacious as Sydney harbour, is sutliciently roomy for id! commer- cial puri>oses. The d<'pth of water at the pier of the Dominion Cool ('ouipany is :V2 feet and the treiural depth of the ship channel is from an to t!(i feet. Situttteasy of ace'ls trading between EuroiK> and the gulf and river St. Lawrence, Sydney ond North Sydney are the more convenient iwrts for coaling, but for vessels trading lietween jwrts of the United States nnd J^urope or bi'tween South America and Europe, Louisburg is more conven- ient. It is particularly worthy of note that it lies half way between Europe nnd the .shipping ports of the Southern States, so that a steamer with cot- ton, etc., from New Orleans or .-.thfr southern imrts can carrj- a much larger cirgo by taking half the necessary coal at the port of departure nnd reiilnc- ing it by the other hnlf obtained at T^)ui»burg. ,1 CANADA TIIK roU.NTKr OF Tllf: TWK.VTIKTH CK.\ Tl IIV. 45 NOVA liroTU IK'iV OKKH. If ull the iron oro (k>|ifl ut mio ixiiiit thfrc w.>ul*it>t there are very extennive. The ore ix reii hematite ecintainiuK a (rood |>ereentaKe of iron rather U'mh in phoxphomux hut not very hivh in xulphur. 'I'he plant of thix mini hux a ihiily isipueity of l.tHHl tonx and xhippinff faeilitiex have iH-en pn.vi(l..<| at Port Wade. X.S., with a doek-loadinn eapaeity of J,(mki tonx iKr hour. The Lomlonderry iron ruiiKe in Coh-hexter eounty extenilx for many mih-x anunty, hut ax no devch)pment work has lieen done thix ix uneertain. If the iron ore de|N>xitx at Arixain xliould prove to Ik' extenxive, of (fiKid (luahty and »ux Breton. It ix iH^.xxil.le that hhist furnac-x may yet Im; loeatJ^J in the vuinity of I'i.tou harUmr, usin^ I'ietou .-oal and drawing ore sup- plies from I'ietou county. Arixaiit and ixThaps Xew Brunxwiek and Xew- foundlnnd. Kxeept in the pax«> of xorn." small iKX'ketx the iron on-s of .Vova Seotia are too hiph in phosphorons to make Hesxenier pic iron. They are usually low in sulphur, hut Xova Seotia eoal ix eoinmonly somewhat hitth in sul- phur. Air. J. K. W(«..limin, » mining eiijfine<-r who has pr.pures,ts couhl he profitably opened." Mr. J. E W.xKlman suirwests that Parrshoro. a p-irt on the Basin of M mas would Im- a favourable location for ni, iron and st.H'l phnit of larire 8,/c. He says that ores .-ould 1m> .-onveniently brouKht to Parrshoro from the whole western ColH^nuid raiipe. from the Torbrook and Clementsiwrt mn.es ,n Annajmlw c.,„„ty „„d from the ranR.-s i„ Colcheter and Hants counties: for flux limestone could be obtained in the vicinity of Windsor and anchorite from the J^mdonderry range, while coal from SpritiBhill 46 CAKAIIA TUB »UL N THV Of THK TWK.XTIKTII CEMTI'RY. wuuld lwv«' 11 rail Imul of -J', niiliv (•it it ili>wii irriuic. Tho tlinUiKt* by rail from til" TorljMok iron iiiiiiii< to 1'. rl Wmlo, tlii' s|ii|>|iiitir port in 4i'J niili** wliilf I'lirt WikIi" iit 77 iiiilf* li.v wutrr from Pitrrsboro. Iron ami -ttcl jiro- ilitctil lit I'ltrrsliorii foulil U. niiiv(>ni<-ntly ilistri^utpil to nil |>art» of Novii Siiitirt HMil New llruifavvli-k. Tin iliHtiiiK-i' '\\ wHtcr froi" l'urr»U>ru to St. John, N.Ii.. iit »-2 mile*. laiUJ IS Nov* M-oTiA. Till' itrliin>l ••ount.v. Vii-toria i-ounly, Iiivorn«'>«< cduiity uikI ('u|h' Breton county. At preiteiit the annual out)iiit in vnlurtl nt iilioiit half a million dollarM. OrcN of nmiiKunexe hnve Ufit found in ('a|Ht lircton iHiunty, Iliiiitii county and Colchenter county. l>c|Miiiii)f coiinly. hut how extensive the deixisits are is not known. There ari' indi iitions of Kruphite in (iuyslMiroiiRh, Colchester and KinK'>* counties, hut no de|Misits of commercial importance Icive yet b«'eii recorded. Cop|x>r sulphides have liecn diseoveretl at a numlK-r of jHiints, hut no iinportiint prodnciiiK mines have lieen developed. There iiic some iirKentifcrouA (ralena deiiosits in Cajie Breton county near F'ast I'ay and Musiiuodohoit. hut they have only l«-en worked inter- iiiitteiitly and tlnir value is uni-ertain. Antimony eoneeiitrates are ohtained in small ipiaiitities at West (lore in Hants county. Tin ore has Ixi'ii found near New Ross, Lunenhiirn county, and ffeolo- (fieal exjMTts have reiiorted rather favourably, hut no development work has l)een done and it is not known whether there arc sufficient quantities to he of eommerieal value. Millstone prit is <|Uarried in Pietou county and manufactured into prindstones of excellent ffrades, raiifrini; in size from very small stones to those used for the RriiuliiiK of wood pulp which weigh about 2 J tons each. Trifw-lite r.r i!ifii--'ri:i! f-arth is fi-Hiid m Viotorin, liiverm-Ks ;int! Ctiui- herland counties, but tlie only place where it is being taken out is nt Bass Iiiver lake in Cumberland county. CANADA THE COCVTHY or IMK rWKNTirTII < KMI HV, |7 I'urtliiiiil ci'Mii'iit JK iiiuiiiirurluri'il I null l)la»t fiiriuin. .\ng ni S.v.lnc.v. Firifliiy Miitiil.l,. for tti.- imiiiufii.tiir.. .,f tlrrhri.'k hn* hni, fM,:ii,| ,it nliulH-iiiii-iiiIti'. in limits cniinty. Ciriinif.. u <|iitirri<.| nriir Mnlifiix, iiii.l .it Xi.-tnii in Auiiii|M.|is .•mint.v. \.Ty Hii,. „iii.Ut f„r l.'iil.liiitf p., I !..,«(■:* nrr i|.iiirri.-.l in Ciiinix.r iiiiHI tiiiil ri'tnu I'oiintiK. Si.ft sprinir. Imiv,. I „ f„„:i,l j„ Aiili .-..iii-li. Fiiv.rii.-*, Cmh,!,, rliir..: ami lliiiil* .■..iinti,-. |,ui „„ ,,||, Mipt .-.-..iii. t.. Inivr Ih rti mn f,. utili,,. them. TIM. . ns tlK M.M.IPkX'. '"' i'y "( Miilifax is the ciipilul of \„vu Smtiii. tlir -.-iit i,( \Uv rrovuioial iinivi.rsit.v. I>iiih<.ii,ii. VMvgo, with ntfllint.-.l ...liic.tioiml i„Mi- tu.iH, iiiid tiic ohi.'f niilitHry iiii.l iiavnl (.tali.m of Canaihi. It-. . ,*.m1..| rixHiK luKh ahovo thf. .-it.v is aliiH»t a* fanioim a- that of Q,i,.l,..p, l,„t it 18 oii|,v oiiP of a iiiimU r of strorw fortifieatioiiH that ooinmaiul the city and inrhour. llowwor, Halifax onv* \u in rtaii.v clii.riy to iu niaKiii'fi.viit liflH'.iir ami roiuniaiidinif KroKraiihinil situation, whirh nial<.. it tlit ■mliinil laiuliMp pja.-o for pass..i.»,r,, hound from Ki.ror* to all part* ..I flir North AniiTiran ,.„„tin,.nt. Tho rity is huilt on a |K-ninsiila h.tw, . • tW harhour ot Ma hf„x and a Unntiful inlet of the «■« known as tl .\ortliw.-t Arm. Ifalifax hnr'«..ir is six mile, lonff. from one mile to » •mi.' and a .piarter wide and vory di*p. It is oonnfietod hy a pns-ago a qmirfer of a m.lo wide, known ait tho Narrows, with Bedford Hiisin. a deep land loeked hay. six miles long hy four miles wide. The entranee to the harhour is wide, deep and free from currents. Tho tide rises „„lv from four to SIX feet. At tho front of the hari-o.ir i, .MacXah's island. 2. 1 v\ K«>"Krar.I.iea miles nearer to Liverpool than Xew York i«. tha f the fas „,. mi, vesiM-U wh.ch run from Liverpool to Xew York nu.de Halitax a pi.rt of ..,11 before goi,« to Xew York inst..a.l of poi,,^ .Hroc to New iork. tho only tune lost would be that occupied in going in and mi of the harhour ami .iischar^in. car.o. while passen.erT and m"". ••ould b.> .arned by rail to all the important eommereial centres of America. in.ludinK Xew YorP i„eh, before the .hip wo.ild rcS Xew p...... arriving in x;w ^^T^rio ^ . 'o^ tJ'i;!^,,:;'':;:;;'" V^^'f":,! vrr"^ >^;""d for Chicago landed at Halifax M^Lr^'Zt'L^ - nm ,i i hose who landed at Halifax t ,„k the train f,,r the w", ^t .io- at Halifax «re r'^.r. hut Ihe Caldt. Oo^Cm^'^t' e^ Xbl'rtt construction of new terminals, which will make itTnTofTc V=t ^^" "iJl 48 CANAllA TIIK COlNTIiV DT TlfK TWKNTIKIII iK.NrrifY. CAXAF.A TI,K CorxTUY OK T.ll; TWK.NTIETI. CKNTniY. 49 ^.I.mro with a opti of n on "0 . ';"," " '"" "''"' "^ "'"'"* ""'■ ""'« .ravine ,M, „,j,i,,„; Z Xa twrrV;;'^':''; '^'"; ""''f- poscl to extend it nn.l ,„ako i» th -.r- ' ' r, '"!"-'• ^^ '-^ '"•"■ Am fitv l!m;ti if i .• "• ■•'"i'i">-'li not n.Ivanta,^>s of r, ax . lo r '"T"*'"" T' •"'•"■'' "' '"l'" Tho already boon nlVo to Tl ";.':" "":""f-;""'-f: i-l-tri,. l.avo ...d liartmouth/in.ui J" . w" """''"' '/ """"^♦'■■'- '" ""lifax works, ootton n il " r .i Mv ' . " T."" "'^'"''^' «t^"«ive cordaRo boots an. sh.; Ml,;" ;,'l.n e '';•'"'"' '" 'T'" "'"' ^'"oko'tacks hnildin,. papers fei.r. nt .'• T' i'"""^^'^^- ^""fi"*-' and ".nnnfartl.red at B rtmo ,', ' 1 ' •"""'^'"''- ''^■"*''^- "*'■■ ^hn skates i;fi if on 1 Kit TOWNS OK \o\ A ScriTIA. 10.1 '^''^T'V'", *'"'"' "■■'■'"" "'"■' '■«'""•'•• ''"'I n l"'pnlatio„ of ITOOO in 1011, wlule .North S.v.hu.y ha.l r.,41^, Sv.lnev Vines "l-O I •! -n nver n, Pieto,, eonnt.v. is the hoadnnarters of th xZ' "".*''%^f1 Ifl^. 50 CANADA THE fOl'.NTISY OF THE TWEXTIKTH CEXTURY. A bit of Halifax city. i Halifax harbour from the citadel. fA.NAl.A IIIK l„r.NT„Y OF TI.K T WK.Nr.K-.lt . KXTtRY. M of I'i..tou, not...l for its H,.o l.arl„„.r ,^ 'it! I "S'^!:::r v"" takeii. „n,l somo of tl... I-.Lt in. , t.; . i' ''" "'" '■'"'"'' "^"^ Apple bIorologicii] records for a period of seven years the minimum tem|K>ratures of St. John averaged: In January and February -14-5° ; March -;M° ; Ajtril K! .-." ; May 30- 1° ; June 39!)° ; July and August 44-6°; September 351°; OctoW 25 8°; November 10-6°; December -10°. The averat;e of all ti'miM-ratures for seven years was in Januarv and Febru- ary 17!)°; March 2C 4 ; April .S7-3°; May 47"; Juno 501°; July and August «0-4°; September 54-4°; October 45-2°; November 361°; Deccm- lier 24;5°. The average of muxii.iuni temi^ratures for s«>ven years was: In April (10-7°; May 69-5°; June 77-5°; July and August 83-8°; Septem- l>er 75 3°; October 631°; Novt'Uil)er 56-9°. At Fredericton, the capital, not far from the centre of the i)rovincc, the greatest degree of cold in an average winter is bctwren 25 nnd 2(? degn-cs iiclnw xorn, the average of all temperatures during January and February for seven years being between A* 1 "■'^.tt.rXf NEW Bl f ^»*Tr*^""^ ff«^-#»»»/-» Br^-l*- *=•**«» ■i CAJfADA THE COCNTRY OF THE TWK.NTIETII CESTUKT. 53 12 mid i;J dvgTLvrt ubovc zero, while ot BatliuMt on the bay of Chnlour tha greutfst doKrue of cold in an average winter i» 2l' di-unts k-low zero, and tlio avoniKo of all ti'ni|>truturc» during Januory and fVLniury for soveu years was alH>nt one degree lower than that of Fredorieton. B\Y OF FLXDV TIDKS. The •n..st in.portant «..ufront of New Bru.iMviek is along the hoy of t undy. for this great inland »ea givcM the provinee a winter ,K.rt whi.'h ig alway. oynni. 1 he hay of Fnndy. whieh ahno-t c-„„,,,!etely «.,.«r«te« Nova 8,-,nm and .\ew Brun.wek ... noted the «orld over for itn iKculiar tidc^. wh.el. are generally Hupix.sed to !« even more extraordinary than they really or.-. I hey „ro often »aid to rise a* high as seventy fwt. whereas' offieial re.-ords show that they nev.T exc-eed fifty-five feet at any in.int and do not average more than thirty f«.t. The highest rise Is along the Chignccto Jstlin.uH and in the Basin of Aliims on the Novo Seotiu side. At St John the winter port of New Brunswiek, the spring tide is twenty-seven feet and tlie neap tide twenty-thn-e feet. The great tidal waves, rushing up the roek- bound hay turn inward wherever they find an oiRMiing made hv a river, and as<.end its ehminel un.ler the name of ti.le bores. »o that in' Nova Seotia rner liods. whi.-li ordinarily eontaiii nothing hut rivulets, are full of woter or flood tide. On the New Brunswiek side the rivers. In-ing mu,h more important, do n..t dwindle to rivulets when the tide is out. hut there is u very great differenee in the volume of water near their mouths at high ond low tide.s. When the tide is out vast muddy flats arc left bare, and it is onl.v during spring tide thot they ore entirely eovennl. Thousands of aere. of these marsh lands near the river mouths. Inith in Nova S.-otia and New Brunswiek have been reelaimed by .lyking. and the land thus made avnil- oWe for agriculture is of extraordinary fertility, produeing astonishing erops for .years withont manure. The alluvial mud is sometimes carried to the uplands to be used as manure. NEW BRUNSWICK'S CHEAT ItlVEliS. The most notable feature of the provinee of New Brunswick is ita extensive system of navigable rivers. The chief of these is the St. .Tohn vhieh IS navigable for large steamers as far as Frderieton, the capital of the t.rand Fa Is. 2:;o miles from the sea. It receives a nunilK-r of navigable tributaries, mchuhng the Tobi.,„e. Madawaska. Aroostook. IcSk Nashwnnk. Orom.K-to. Nore,.is 1 Kennel,e,.c„sis rivers. T,, the Inyci the harbour of St John it eontrocts and passes botwt.>n two perpendicular rf ffs only three hundred feet apart. About a mile above the harbour of St, John a ledge of rock stretches across the river forming a dnm and a waterfall which under ordinary circumstances would necesJtate Z Tn- struction of a catial. but a sort of natural lock is formed by the tides -Tr so that there is a fall inward instead of outward, and at half tide during !h th rise and fall the water in the gorge is level with the harbour and ves^ «!s can pass through in safety. One of the most important tributari J of 64 CAXAUA THE COUSTBY 0» THE TWKNTIETII CESTCBT. Somw on the St. Ji>hn Rivrr near FreHsriuton. A New Brunnwick Kami. ( A\.»I.A TliK I..IMIIV UK TMK TWK.MIKTII i>,\||||>. .-,.-, tilt- St. John river ix tlu- Kennplnvfani*. whii-li in )t)«.ut im mil.-, n, Ictiuth nii.l I- very »l.|,. i„ it, lowi-r r.-...-!..,.. U..m,1,., ,(,0 St. J..|i„. tli.. I.nv ..f y»u.\y rf.i.iv.-H tlio wut.r- of th.- St. Croix, th- IVtit<-,Hii,,.. „n.| a imiihIht of Mnall.-r nvor., TIh- otl...r im|>ortiiut rlvrs ,.( tli,. pr..* in.-.- „r.. tl... .Mir,,- iniHii. Ki.|,ilm<-to, anil .\.|.i*i.|uit. .miit.viiiK i.,).. ihi- «ulf .f St. I4iwr»-ii<'.., niul tli<< KfttiKou.li.-. rtowiiiK itito tin- Uiy of Chulfur. K.x..-|.tiii« fhr St Croix, whi.h ix oiil.v iiuviKHl.lr f..r Kixtcoii tniU from \t* mouth .,11 „. iint ot rapi.ls, all tlu«- riv.rn an- iiaviBal.lo f..r many mll.-i anh- timt at M.ni.- future tiino all tlir iiii|H.rliint riv.T-. of tho pn.viiKT will U' conii.Ttcl. making a m'twork of walirway!*. In thr southtti'stfrn part of tin- provin.v an- a numU'r ,.< Miiall riv.THwitli many luki' I'Xpn'isloiiM. Tin: I.AKIS OK VKW tlKI <«Ull K. X. w llriinswi.'k has no inrjri" lakes Imt there an- many bmiutifiil little lakr.s wbleh afToi'il oppurtiMiilien for hontinir and ti-hinj.'. The Inrire.t lake of the provinee i« (;r,nd lak... whi.'h i>. itl mihs h,n>r. ahout .'. mil.-,* wide .It it:i widest part and ha-- an an-a of 74 >.i|iiari> miles. Crand lake i« r.mneet.d with tin- St. .luhn ri^er hy the .Ieni,eK elmnnel. three mile, in lotiKth. BKll F.AHM l.ANtt-. Th.re are IT.OlO.lrtn n.-res of Iniid in the proviiMv, nml it Inw been e.-tinmted l.y experts that over thirteen million acres ar.' suitable for aRii- <'iiltiire. Of the remainiuR neieuBe a eotisidf t.) llie Cr..wn and ran be obtained bv xttlers as free grants. While there is niueh (food fiirin land in every county the eountios having the InrRest an-as of f.-rtile laud are Carleton, Victoria. JIadawa.ska. UcstiKoiiehe, Kiiips and (^leen's. The recent construction ot railways has made much of this bind that was formerlv inaccessible available f,r settlement. The rivers of Xew ISrunswiek run throuKh tracts of b.w-lymg alluvial land of remarkable fertility, sometimes extend- in,' for miles back fr.mi the river, but jrenerally less than a mile wide I hose b.w lands, which are enlled intervals, arc partly covered with wat.T 111 the .sprnift. Without d.vkintr and without manure thcv produce ^reat iitii>ii i« iiow U-iiMr iHiiil tii fruit itniwiiitf. >ii(l vi-ry HiM" iiiii'liw. it'iif" Kiiil pluiii- nn- iirmlm-i'il, while the »inall<>r fruit* •Ufh lilt I'lu-rrifn, miiilMTricH, bin, klnTrifn iiihI l>liii'lN'rri«*«, aw raiM-fl in Itirjff iimiiitilii-w- Thrri' iin un-Hl ll^■ll»r «'<-ii in tlit- AiiiiuihiIIx Vullf.v i>f Novn Kiiitiu, hut miiiiv '>f llif fnriiMr« havi- xinail orclmnU, miil «Bi'X|KTt hiirticultiiri-it* Iwvo tkHilarfd lliiit ni'arly i-vi'ry i«irt nf the i>r i>h«ut »,|i|ili> tro'i*. New Urtiimwick Mfiiiji tn Im- iHir'i<*ulurl.v adnptpfl to dair>')iiR • III H<-|K> niid the (laiitorii Staton. Tlio ri>|Nirt of tin- i'X|n'rt i-onnniiwioiii'r* apjiointiHl I'v thn Doiniiiion Minii't. r of AKrii'ultiir<< to iiivPMtijjatK coiKlitioiiii affwfiiiu tho »\uh-\i industry =ii Cuiimla ntt'rr<"«l to New Hruiii«wii-k ax a "ofiuiitry with hijjh. rnllinff hills anil wcll-wutontl iwnturpit (irrowiiiir vari mi* kind* of nhnrt, nwwt, natural Brann and whit* cloror upocially ailaptml for iih«Hi>." NKW Hid NSUICK riMIIKRIKK. TIh) fhihfricii of Nt>w liruiiHwick kivo uniployinciit tu a lurin! iiuinlier of jM-opIt) all aloiiK th<> t-oaKtit of the proviiiiv, tho HhH caught iiii-luM> fiitheriiii will lie found in Chapter Xlil, devoted to the tinherie* of Canada. The riverx and lakes of New Bruns- wiek are faiiMtux for their xalnion and tniut, whieh annually attract many sportHmen from the Unittxl Sttitc-s and tho L'nitcil Kingdom. llfNTINO "iHOtNtW. The huntinif Kroundu of New Urunnwick alno attract many s|>ort*- nien. An a nitult of the Kame protection laws, rooow', carilxiu, and dcor have K^-atly increamnl in numbers, and it is claimed that there is more big (lanie to tho square mile in this province than in «ny other part of Anjerica. THE FORESTS OF NEW BBI'SSWICK. Tho trooa of Now Brunswick include spruce, white pine, hemlock, bidsam tir, birch, ce is now al>out ten times as great as the cut of pine. roAL, IRON AND LIMESTONE. Aceonling to geologists there are possibilities of eoul discoveries in portions of nine counties of New Brunswick, viz.: Gloucester, Northum- berland, Westmoreland, Albert. Kent, Queens. Kings. Sunbury and York. canaoa tiik coustky or thk twkstiktie ckxtrnr. 57 but U.^ M'Mu, m far .li»ouvi.rt,l «« v..r>- thi„ ™..i,.,«r..d witt. th««,. of IS<.»» Sc.,ti«. Tlw it)al i« bitmnin.M.i. U-ing «i..,iUr 1,1. -luulity to Xo»« ^^„^m ,^«U, At p'.^ni iho ..t.l.v |.r.Klu.,i„ff ,„i,„., „„, i„ ,1,^ vicinity at Or.ii,.l 1 ,k,. in gu,v.,. .-..nnty an.! Hnnbury .•»,.nty. wh.rr .m,,l i, c,ti».«t.d ury m.«rl,y Hat. an.l he ,,u.t« ..|„«! tu tlu- .urfa.t.. Th«rt, „r,. two «..a.n. m.,,.,1 ..„.. from -M .....Ih-. to a4 in.-lM-H and th« otlu-r fr,nm « in,!,,.* to 10 in.' u-« tl....k In »,any ,,I«..o. ||r, two m^n.H an- ...,ly u;^mu.^' nm.. m th- J)r,imn.ond on th. Ne,,i«,uit river whi.h i8 «1U.,,..,I t,. prn,|.,.o l.rXM. ,o„« ,..r .luy. Then- .- „ railway about 17 ,„iu" lonir ,onMeer metallic content of 50 r. pet .vnt. In C^arlet.m eoo th«»ro i» iron oro of pood quality whi.-h wan !iin<>lf *< not m-.-m to have lieen awrrtai ' ■ exploration work has btn^n done in the i>rovinee of .N m x,-. ., ■ quite possible that very extensive deposits of iron i:>.iy j. ;, Limei.tut 25 miles from Fredericton and three miles from the ht. John river. Th.^ Canadian Antimony Company have a small reduction plant there. Ihere is also antimony in King's county. toiie. tliOM. tU 1 r I ) f.8 CANADA TIIK COrXTKY OF TlIK 'CWKNTIETH CKXTUHT. Muiiy siiiiill (loiioriitK of copiicr have Won found in different parts of the provihi-e, but none of them have been considered sufficiently larifo to be worth worl(inK. New BruiiHwirk is not a producer of either irold or silver altliouKh small quantities of Rold have been found in the washings of some of the rivers. There are indications of lead in different parts of the province, but no im|>ortaiit de|Mmits have Wmi found. I'yrrhotiti's coiitaininK small quantities of nickel are found near St. Stephen. (irnphitc exists in the counties of St. John, Charlotte, Kintrs and West- morland, but the extent of the dc|M*sits is unknown. The St. John county deposits were worked on u siniiU scale for some .vears, but working is said to have been abandoned on account of water frettinK into the shaft. Grindstones are manufn<'turefi at several jioints in Westmorland count.v, (iloucester comity and NorthuniU'rliind county from the millstone grit ((uarried in the neiKlilsiurhi«id of the works. O.vpsum of very fine qunlity is mined in Albert, Victoria, St. John, Westmorland and KiuKs counties, the most extensive deposits worked iH-ing tliose in the vicinity of llillslmrouKh in Albi-rt county, where there arc seven erland and Westmorland and the bricks lire nianufactunni quite extensively. The shale overlying the coal measures in the (irand Lake district which has to l)e removed in mining the coal is very suitable for the manufacture of highly finished facing brick, sewer pijie, mantels, and other vitrifiinl pro- ducts. It takes a very fine gla;!e and U'conies extremely bard. Treated in a dilferent way it al mines, but Mr. J. Keele of the Canalite or infusorial earth have Imvu found cov- eting the lied of tlii' I'ollet Uiver lake and I'leasant lake in King's county. Kx|M'rinicnts have shown that fine paints can Im> made from the stilmite di'lMisits of Prince William, the chalcocite deposits at Dorchester in West mi>rland that large quantities of such mineral pigments are obtainable in various parts of the I'rovince, furnishing materials for an ini|H>rtant paint industry. CANADA THK lOliNrUY OF TIIK TWKXTIKTII CKMIKV. .'lO NATURAL 0A9 AND «ll.. ^" '^"'"!.r""'*> "l""" '''c^cn ""li-s from Moi cton and in the adjoin- ing imrt of Wostniorluml munty tliore U uti exu-n»ivc rux fiold. Tlu-re aro alrnuy n large nun r <.f TO.-.-prodiirin„ w.-Ils nnd now wells are b.-inK drilled I he ,ity „f AI,.n,ton is supplied with Ka» f-.r IIkIiI and power from thrs,- wells. I',.tn.le„n. is also W\„g pumiK-d in this looalifv ... small quant.fes. I here an- exte.isive l.e.ls of oil-|,e,.rin« .hal.s in l.oth Albert a.id \\ estmorlai.d eount..-s. and it is proposcHl to establish a i.la.it for tlu- extraet.on of oil from these shales. It is believed that a plant hav...K a capacity of treating I'.l.iH. tons of shale per dav will yield approxnnaU-ly m,^m b„1I„„8 of erude oil daily. The oil i, of L.,d quality. " ■Jpil III III TIIK CITV AM) JIIHT OK ST. .lollN. f ./'^'•^•'"'"'L *'"-".""■"■ •'" °f ^'"W Ur.'nswick, is situated at ti.e mouth 01 the ht John river, wliieh with its lake expansions and numerous afflu- ents, makes a 1 tlu- .enlral and northw,.steri. <-ounti.>s of the provi.ice tributary to the e.ty during the season of inland naviKation. The ic€ whieh forms in the river St. John is held ba.-k by the Narrows above the city and the liigh tides make it impossible f..r iee to form in the harbour Itself at any sw.son of ti.e year, so that the harbour is not only never frozen over but it has never bee.. obstru.-t«l by floati.iK iee at any ti..,e fluring the whole history of tlie port. A glanec at the map will show that the harbour or bay of St. John .s quite ext_ens.ve, being well protc-ted on the east by eape Mispe,- and on the southwest by a breakwater and Partridge islan.l. but the shipping facilities of the port of St. John are eoneentrated aroun.l two in.ier har- bours, haeh of these inner harbours is about two miles long and alnrnt three-quarters of a m.le wide. Owing to ti.eir shape they have Ih-c,. com- pared to horseshoes bringing good luek to the city that is growing around then.. The or.g.nal e.ty of St. John was built on a narrow „e,.k of land 1 .tw,..., the old harlmur of St. John and (Vurteuey bay. whi.-h was then qu.te shall..w at low t.de. but recently Courteney bay has Uhmi dredged b.v the ( anad.an (.overnment and it is now know., as the Eastern harbour of St Join,, wh.le the obi harbour is calbnl the Western harbour. The < anad.an 1 neifie railway which has for a i.umk-r of years made St. John Its chief Atlantic port, has its terminals on the west side of the western harbour; the Government railway system has terminals oi. Imth bar- Tlure has always Won rivalry between Halifax and St. John for the ,"",'"■ "^' '■'J'".!!": '*''"*^' I""'* "^ ^""'"^»' As the commerce of Canada .levvlops the facilities now being provided at In.th ports will be required. Halifax has the advantage of being nearer to Kngl„„d than St. John, but St. .loh.i has the advanti.ge of being nrarer the centre of Tamula. Halifax m'.ir «»* 1*1 ",' •'"■'■"'*,■' '"':•""♦''«'•'' f'" '»'<• '""-li»K of passengers nnd i.ai s, S . Job., claims that the shorter railway haul to the west makes . ::: rr l""l u"" "^i"*''! r*""' '"■■ f""'""'"- ^he Canadian Pacific Ka.l«ay chose St. .Tohn as its Atlantic ,K,rt because it is the nearest onen winter port to Central and Western Canada. The ocean ^f fTm I CO fAXADA IllK (DrXriSY (IF Till-; rWl-NTlKTII (K.NTIMJV. (Vntreiit w<>«tiin li:itl>iinr, St. .liihii, N. It. A lilt III tht' Imlniui friiiit. St. .luliii. N.lt. CANADA TIIK C.IXTRY OF TIIK TWKNriKTII CENTIRY. 61 Livorp,,..! to St. J„l,n U „vop 20.) g..o«rnpl.ie..l milo. ln„„or tha., to snort, r tl mn to Bo.ton nn.l ,ii.o„t ir,(l ,„il, . sli.,f|,,r than to Portlaml nnio,. 1,0 d.stanoo fr,„. FI„lifnx to M,utrva\ by tl>o sa,,,.- ro„t.. bcina ...S nnlos Rv the Infr-oloMial railway tl.o .lista.HV fro,,. S, r.llrto Mn . ' ■"• *•"" ^'"""''1 Trn„sro„fi„o„tal railway o„Iv ro.uW Mo,„.,o,. ..„„„eot.o„ with St. .I„l,„ a„.l llalifax l,.!,,,. umU- I, v l,o 1 ,or- .v^o,,,a fro,,, MoMcton Tho .lista-.-o fro,n St. .Toh„ to QuX ,■ X fioin n 1..S fro,,. Ilnl.fax l.y the same roi.to. I.ut it is ox.Kvf.Ml that a sl,ort HH. w.l 1,.. ..„„s,r,„.to.l to St. Joh,, f,-om son>e ,„.i„t o„ tho Tra,,.",, tna.ntal ra,Iwa.v. w ,...h will ,.o„si,lorahly re.l,„.o tho ,lis,.„.v b.n v s John n„.l Q,,..h,.o ...ty. Tho ao,„al di.tanoo fron, Liverpool ,„ ,1,. \ ,^. -n. ..t.os of I)..,ro,t „.„I Chi.-ap. ami all tho I'nito.l States u tli. w,s, n.1 ,,orthw..t of then, is lwe..ty.fo„r n,iles loss l.y way of St. .To than h.N way of Now 'iork. The oxp<,rts through tho port of St John wore nearly s,x- ,.,„. as ,.r..at in l!.i;t ns they wore in lsV..l. In 10 4 1, ro was a sl,,h, f., l„.,,.off ,.„t the exports were „ho„t five time, s "r t L IMMi As roBards the safety of the ro„to to St. .Tohn thronirh the I. v ( 1-an.Iy. statisties ,.vep.red 1„- ,1.,. St. John Ro.ri o Trade fMr" 10 4, w,th a total .onMa..e of 42.no.,,j„o tons .....erinp the port of St .To, the oasualty averapro was o„lv .(»;!:! ,.f o„o ....r eont Tl,i ,. .' -v..rod all ,„isha,.s as f„. .,. ...,.,. s,.,.,e. .Ji s^.^s^!' ,.,,;; ::!Z':l of the „.„to to St. .Tol.n ,|,ro„;rh the U.v of Fnn.lv The 1 „v (V A not only .i.. Vow I^, i..,. .,.., „„ r,.,,,,.,; ri^v.^ , .e !t '^S Atlant.c but plae,.s St. .To|„. i„ „ ,„.«e f.,,,„„,,j,,„ siu.atio ^r "r.t ^i V f b !'"• ->v..nt..,..o„s Pr..„.r,,pbieal .-ituatio,, whieh St. John o. JO , for the dovel„p„,..„t of tra.l.. with tho ontsid.- woM „.,,< .hown he , abb. of distances in ( bapl.T IT. Tho tern.inal faeil , e a o . i, « .nfnnally improved as the |..,si„ess of th.. port imTonses \7nr .Z h,. west s,. le of the ,.ld harbonr is e.p.i„pe,l w th ei^b b.,..:' . I,b ran^mj, ,„ l.^nKth from 000 to TOO feet with .34 f,..t of wa ; , [.^^ f oas Ihinnit 'nTr" t" i."-"-"'"^ "^ "''^""- «''""- "-"""'''o ;e? ' '"-i-r •-"-=' -"=-=^-; '=^ tion a br.'akwater a mile r.,,,] a .piarter b.nsr a ,lrv ,lo,.L- 1 fji ( ., \ OTIIK.R Towns oi- vfw mil ash inc. Frederi.-ton. tho eapi.al of \e„. nrn.,swi,.k and s..at of tbe Provin.Mal ht. .John. It has w,do streets and many hon..tif„l rosi.loneos. Tts indu«- 02 CAXAI>A TIIK COlXTItY OF THE TWKSTIETir rKXTl'lIV. ii: Hridge over reveniug fftllti, St Jfihn Rivir. C.P.R. deep w»tcr piers and elvratur, St. Jolni. N.B. «A.VAUA T,.K rol-.V-ruv .,r t.,K TWKNT.KTH CKNTt«V. fi3 l-'.|mln.i..n wa, II ;uTn 19 1 «nH I. Transcontinental railway*. It, itH .M...rn,.H. to tiJ C of^^^" 'c r !!• '*' ?••""'■"* '"'•'^"y ^«-i'i«i«'. «- in tlu. ..niKlLi' i^riikX To"r "" "'""•''""* """"'y "^ "«»""> i>.K .it.v. Chatham a,7x I !L t Vo JTTk "" '"T'*""' '"""''^"^•t"- Wondsto..k with 3.«56. rompl,,.Ilto,rwr i " 7 sV«t ^^ "'^ o"*"* ■"« Sa.-kville with 2.03» eiti.ons in loll '''"■" '"*'' -•''•'«• ""<» The twii harbourx nf St. .T„|,n. S7193- 64 CAWADA TllK COUNTRY 0» TUK TWKSTIITH CKNTUBT. H V ' I 5- 'ij - * W.- I[ CAXAIU TIIK ...1 NTNr .., Tll>; TWK.NTIKTII . KXTI-KV. fl5 Cbaptir VI. THE PlOVWCl OF QUUEC. Atl«nti.. B,..l ^1, w«l.r llLl- ■ '•»»""■•••'" """"y " I'"" "f tl- gu.4«v ..Itv ,..„ „rk- L . ^'""""*' ■*"'"» thirt,-,ix mil,., u-iow TIIK 8T. UWRrxCI mVKR. ..i J';;r^.;,r,::"a,ir t^rtr ^"•r '■ '™" "■'■«'• K>it; Miir to the nuiriiotiiiv hpl i>vi»l tn ko .i._ i . . . "•rm, Th« ,K...k. of ,1... .liviA^l m.;un a n r. k '^r' 'i^*' '" *''" ''•"'•'■ ITIM— <1 1 'i I iii 66 CANADA THE COUNTRY 0» THE TWENTIETH CENTUHT. CANADA THE (.OU.ViRY OF THE TWKXTIKTIl CK.NTUKY. 67 About 00 uules below Quebec city, the St. Lawrence river contracts and the mountains trend away to the nortli and south, leaving a fertile alluvial valley stretohinK to Montreal. Above Quebec the river is generally about two nnles wide, but Bometimes rontruets to one mile, while here and there It expands to a greater width than two miles. While Hie general depth of the river is from 45 feet to 100 fwt to a point about 43 miles above Quebec city and 30 to 50 feet from there to Montreal there r.re a number of shoal places and to enable modem ocean vessels to reach Montreal it has been neces.'ary to dredge channels through these shoals. The longest shoal is where tae river exjiands to form lake St. Peter which is nine miles wide twenty miles long and has a general depth of from eleven to eighteen feet' with a few deep jkioIs. It is seventy years since the dredging of a channel through the shoals was hrst begun and it did not reijuire to be very deep to accommodate ocean going vessels of that day, but as the size of ocean vessels has increased the channel has been deepened and widened. Now ships drawing thirty feei of water can go up to Montreal at extreme low water. The intention is tu eventually have a channel nowhere less than 35 feet deep. The whole St Lawrence channel is splendidly equipped with buoys and lights, so that navigation is very safe. The character of the river bottom is such that when the channel is once made It is permanent and there is no difficulty in keeping it always clean and clear. The season of navigation on the St. Lawrence varies somewhat in dif- ferent years. A record of the opening and closing of navigation at the city of Quebec for one hundred and one years from 1814 to 1914 inclusive shows that the earliest date for the opening of navigation for ocean vessels was April 9, and the latest May 11, while the earliest closing was November 21 and the latest December 13. The opening of navigation is very seldom later than the la.st week of April. ^ At Montreal the record does not extend over so long a period but for o6 years from 1879 to 1914 inclusive the earliest opening of navigation for river craft was March 31, and the latest May 5, while the earliest closing of navigation was December 2, and the latest the end of the first week in January. The earliest date for the arrival at Montreal of the first vessel from sea during the same period of 36 years was April 11 and the latest March 6, while the earliest date for the last departure of vessels for the sea was November 20 and the latest December 4. But many people believe that the season of navigation might easily be extended. The river below Quebec city is open throughout the vear but navigation is somewhat obstructed in winter by floating cakes of ice and along the south shore ice forms in all the harbours. On the north shore for gome reason the water is more salt than on the south shore, and the prevail- ing winds being from the north, what ice forms in winter usually drifts over to the south shore; but the Intercolonia' railway runs along the south shore and the channel on that side is better lighted and buoyed, so that it 18 usually taken by vessels. In the gulf of St. Lawrence navigation seems to be most liable to obstruction in the early spring, when the ice in Uie many bavs .-ilong the coast breaks up and floats out, Between Quchcc citv and Mntitrcal the 08 CANADA THE COUNTKY OF THE TWKNTIETU CENTURY. Some of Montreal'a gre»t elevators. CANADA THE roUN-TKY OF TlIK TWKXTIKTH CEXTUBY. »i9 channel does not freeze until an ice bridge is formed by jams of flout- ing ice from the lakes above or from alciK t..c shore. It has been argued that by means of cribs in lulte St. Louis above Montreal, an ice bridftc could easily be formed at the bcginninK of the season, which w„ul.l pre- vent the lake ice coming down to the harbour, and that if the lake i.'e were kept back there would be little difficulty in keeping the channel open below Montreal with ice-breuKing vessels. JIany other plans have been proposed but there is little likelihood that ocean vessels will ever run to Montreal throughout the vear, although the season of navigation mav be prolonged for ."ievoral weeks. OTHER HIVKItS (IK (^IKUKr. Besides the St. Lawrence and its greatest tributary the Ottaw.i, which, forming the boundary between Quebec and Ontario for many miles, cannot be included among the rivers belonging exclusivelv to Quebec, this province has 18.5 other rivers with an aggregate length of over 15,995 miles, without including any of the rivers of T'ngava, north of the East Main river. Because of the numerous rapids very few .f these rivers are navigable for long distances, but the rapids do not offer any serious obstacle to floating timber, and they furnish a great nuniUr of water-powers for manufacturing purposes. The Ottawa, St. Maurice, Yamaskn, St. Francis and Richelieu are navigable for many miles. THE LAKES Of (JIKBEC. The lakes of Quebec have never all been named or numbered. There are a very large number of small lakes. Many of them are merely expan- sions of the rivers, others are river reservoirs receiving the waters of a number of small rivers and emptying them through one larger river into the St. Lawrence or one of its tributaries, or sometimes into one of the rivers flowing toward Hudson bay. Jfany of the small lakes are noted for their benity. The two m )st important lakes in the old province of Quebec are lake ^^fistassini and lake St. John, out of which flows the Saguenav river. THE CLIMATE OF QlEbr.C. A territory so vast in area of course has a varied climate. At Mont- real, according to the meteorological records for a period of seven years the greatest degree of cold experienced during January and February of an average winter is -22-6°: March. -S 0° ; April, 135°; June, 45-4°: July and August, 4rt. 9°; September, 30.. 7° ; October, 25 1'' ; November, 8°, and December, -14°. The average of all temperatures for seven years wa3 in January and Februar.v, 11-4°; March, 20-9°; April, 37-8°; May, S°; June, 64-9°; July and August, 67-4°; September, 57-3°; October! o"; November, .32-2°; December, 17-7°. The average maximum tem- perature for seven years was in April, 676°; May, 77-9°; June, 85-3°; July^and August, 85.5°; September, 79-6°; October, 68°; November' 59-4 . In Quebec city the greatest degree of cold experienced during the months of December, January, February and March is between one and two degrees lower than in Montreal. The average of all temperatures during January and February is several degrees higher than in Montreal, bi't in all the other months the average temperature is several degrees ■ i 7C CANAPA THE t'OVNTUY 01' TIIK TWKNTIKTH CKNTURY. lower than at Montreal, and tlio season without frost is nearly three weeks shorter. The lake St. John district affords a very good illustration of the fact that climate depends more upon local influences than upon latitude. Althoufh about one hundred miles north of Quebec city, ifc temperatures average several degrees higher and the summer is several weeks longer. There is « large area of good farm land in this district. Ill the vicinity of lake Timiskaming, on the boundary of Ontari ibout three hundred miles northwest of Montreal, the climate is about the same as at Quebec city. Explorers report that on the slope toward James bay the climate is better than immediately south of the watershed and that a great deal of land is suitable for cultivation. As regards the climate, soil and natural r-^sources of Ungava, almost nothing is known. The fisheries are undoubtedly rich, fur-bearing animals are supposed to be numerous, and there are believed to be valu- able minerals, but little can oe said about a country the greater part of which has never ' en visited by explorers. FARMING IN QIEBEC. The section of the province bordering on the lower St. Lawrence, partly owing to its mountainous character and partly to the influence of the Arctic current, flowing through Belle Isle, has a rather severe cliriiate and is not generally well suited to agriculture. The mainland northeast of Anticosti island is little better than Labrador. Antieosti itself is believed to possess considerable areas of good land. West of that the climate is better and there is a good deal of fertile land in the valleys. The islands in the river west of Anticosti are all fertile. The isle of Orleans, a little below Quebec city, has always been noted for its grapes. The best agricultural region of the province is the fertile valley extending on both sides of the St. Luwrence river from Montreal to Quebec city and reaching as far east as Kamouia^ka on the south shore, with an area about the same as that of Holland. The greater part of the present population of the province is conccntrrted in this valley. Throngh- out the St. Lawrence valley apples, pears, plums and cherries are grown, while grapes are produced in the open air as fs.- west as L'Islet, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, 70 miles northeast of Quebec city, and even peaches are being successfully grown in a small area in the south- western end of the valley. Large quantities of strawberries, currants, gooseberries and other small fruits are produced. It was once a great wheat region but comparatively little wheat is grown now. Great quan- tities of oats, hay, clover and potatoes «re produced, and a considerable acreage is devoted to barley, buckwheat, rye, Indian com, peas and beans. A small quantity of flax is grown. Nearly every farmer in Qv.ebec prov- ince grows a little tobacco and there are a few large plantations. About ten million pcunds of tobacco are grown annually in this province. Very small quantities of hops are grown. A large proportion of the farms have groves of sugar maple trees and considerable quantities of maple sugar are produced, the sap flowing freely in the early spring when there is frost at night and bright sunshine during the day. 11=; CANADA THE Cot XTIIV OF TirK rNVKXTIKTII CKXITIIY. 71 The province of Quel)ec lias aohiev-d marked success in dairying and there .» room for gi.at expansion of this industry. Good grazing hind wate^d by springs, streams and hikes, abounds almost everywhere from lake St. iranc.8 to the extremity of Gaspe. It is not and never can be a ranch country; the snow lies too deep in winter, but nearness to the mar- kets of Europe as well as to those of industrial Canada largely offset the cost of winter feeding and housing. Dairy farming is now attracting special attention, and in the district between the St. Lawrence river and the United States boundarj-, commonly known as the Eastern Township, there are already many fine herds of cattle with some of the best bloo,l in America. Quebec ranks second among the provinces of the Dominion ii, the production of butter, cheese and condensed milk. THE t-ORESTS or QUEBEC. Estimates regarding the extent of the forest resourc-es of Quelle do lu /."u "f" " "^''^y ^^^^ territory of Ungava. but it is not considered that the forests of that territory are very extensive. The forestry experts of the Quebec Government estimate that the forests of the old province of Quebec contain 50,000,000,000 feet board measure of white and red pine, 120.000,000,000 feet of spruce and balsam fir. 100,000,000,000 feet of pulp' Mood and 35,000,000,000 feet of hard wood, birch, maple, etc., I'OfKMinflO- 000 f^t of cedar, a total of 330,000,000,000 feet board measure. The for- ests of the province are divided into five classes according to their tenure: Forests leased a» timber limits 44 inn nnn Forests not In timber limits Tsooonon Private forests RnKn Forests on lots under location ticket.. iinnnnn Township forest reserves loMOO settle^J^-ril!** ^'"■^*' ""^ ''V!""; *''''''^' "'"J «.igniories. lands sold to settlers by the government and lands granted to railways in aid of their valley of the St. Lawrence and are usually divided into small properties, seldom exceeding 50 acres with the exception of railway lands and a few large seign.oral domains. The public forests not under licen.s,- are gcncrallv farther back from the St. Lawrence than those under license, some of the.n being north of the height of land which divides the waters flowing into the bt. Lawrence from those flowing toward Hudson bay. No cutting has ever been done in these vast forests, but they have often been ravaged l.^ Urc- Ihey are now under the direction of the forest service of the province ...id ... future measures will be taken to prevent fires so far as possible. The forests on lots under location consist of lots of 100 acres each sold to set- tlers at from 30 to 60 cents per acre on condition of performing certain settlement dut.es. Settlers patents are not issued until five years after the date of sale and in the meantime the settler is obliged t build a house and barn, clear not less than three acres and not more tha; ve acres a....ually and cultivate the land he clears. When these conditioi arc complied with the settler is given full possession of the lot and the portion of it that remains uncleared is included among the private forests. The township 72 CAXAUA TIIK fOr.NTHY OF TICK TWENTIETH CE.NTIUY. forest reserves oon»ist of laiids in certain townships which Ixmuk considered more suitable for ix-rmancnt forests than for cultivation have lieen set aside as forest reserves in statistical reports. Among the trees of Quebec province arc spruce, white pine, hemlock, birch, balsam fir, basswood, red pine, mnpli', ct-dnr. iish, elm. Bsjicn |Hi|>lnr. balsam poplar, cottonwood i>oplar, beech, tamarnck, jack pine, oak, butter- nut, cherry, hickory. The cut of spruce exceeds that of uU other woods. Next in order come white pine, hemlock, birch and balsam fir. NO CUAL IN qi^EBEC. Geologists say tliat no coal will ever be found in the province of Que- bec south of the lieiKht of land which divides the waters flowing toward Hudson bay from those flowing into the St. Lawrence river. There are possibilities of coal discoveries north of the height of land. Peat nf good quality abounds, being widely distributed throughout the province. QUEBEC IHON ORES. Xo vtry large bodies of good iron ore have been proven to exist in the province of Quebec, although there are widespread indications of iron, but it is possible that extensive beds of iron ore may yet be discovered or that some of the known deposits now regarded as doubtful may prove to be of great value. There is some reason to believe that there may be extensive iron ore deposits along the Oatineau river in Hull township, Ottawa county, within a few miles of the city of Ottawa. Many years ago three mines were opened in what is known as the Hull range, viz., the Forsyth, Baldwin and lawless mines. From the Forsyth mine 8,000 tons of ore were shipped to Cleveland, r^hio, between 1854 and 1858, averaging it is said over 60 per cent in metallic iron. The ore was magnetite, low in phosphorus and sul- phur. Shipments ceased because supplies of ore more conveniently situ- ated for transportation to the Cleveland market were discovered. Mr. Fritz. Cirkel, M.E., of the Dominion Department of Minee, who recently made a report covering 147 pages on the deposits along the Ottawa and Oatineau rivers, thinks it probable that there may be a large body of ore in the For- syth, and says that while the Baldwin deposits seem to be more irregular and to consist largely of pockets, the quantity of ore exposed, although scat- tered, is of 8u£Scient importance to justify mining operations on a large scale. Of the Lawless mine, he says that no solid ore bed of iiny extent cnn be seen on the surface, but there are some pockets of very good quality. He states that the principal constituent of the ores of the Hull iron range is magnetite, intermixed at some places with hematite and associated with a gangue material, and that they contain from 5.3 per cent to 67 per cent of metallic iron, the highest percentages being obtained from magnetite ores free from hematite. The ores are very low in phosphorus. Sulphur is present in the form of pyrites and is in some c-ases confined only to the edges of the deposit. Mr. Cirkel believes that in actual mining thess parts of the deposits can be passed by or the i)yritc8 can be eliminated by cobbing. The iron-bearing area is estimated as having approximately a length of 6,800 feet, while the width ranges from 40 feet to 100 feet. The deposits are numerous in the eastern portion of the range, but thin out in the rxtrpmc western portions. Tii the township of Templeton. near CAXAKA TIIK lor.NTKY OF Till. rWKNTIKTII < KNXrHY. "3 the b....iul«r.v ..f Hull township, i, the Hay.MK-k initio, whore in April. 1H7.J. ruthcr rxtoiisiv.- mining o|K.r.ition>. wore boBuii and continued f..r Kvcral .voars Mr. C'irkol reports that all the dop<«itg he oxami.ied m far a» surface in.l.rat.ons ro arc of liniito.1 extent, but he think* it possible tlint large .,re b.,dies may bo found in the iioiKhbourhood. The Ifnycock oro IS hematite, boi.iR sometimrs an admixture of ma(?netite. and sampU^s taken from a number of pits indioato that it has a high pereentaRe of iron, beinpr low in both phosphorus and sulphur, but high in titanic acid, llierc are sovvral other iron ore deposits in the vicinity which apin-ar to be of much the same character. There are many small outcrops of both magnetite and h raatite in the difTerent townshipg bordering on the Onti- neau nvor, but the value of the deposits cannot be determined without developmont work. The Bristol iron mines are in the township of Bristol county of Pontiac. about two miles north of the Ottawa rivor and a little over four miles from the Wyman station on the Canadian Pacific railway. JJetween 1885 and 1888 shipments of iron ore were made from this miiio to 1 oiinsylvania funiaces. but no mining has been done since. Samples of ore analyzed show that it is high in metallic iron, very low in phos- phorus, somewhat high in sulphur and contains a very small percentage of titanic acid. The ore is a mixture of crystalline magnetite and hema- tite of varying proportions. This ore might have to be roasted to reduce the sulphur content. The Bristol iron-bearing formation has an approxi- mat length of L.-iOO feet and an approximate width of 50<) foot An examination of the abandoned mine showed that in the main shaft a deptti of 200 feet had been reached and the ore there was still continuous. In another place a depth of 75 feet was reached and the bottom was still good ore. There are a number of deposits of iron ore tlirouBbout the county of I'ontiao. Some of them are evidently poor in quality and limited in extent. Others make a better showing, but onlv dovelopnient york would prove whether they are of any value or not. On Calumet island, in the Ottawa river, both magnetite and hematite ores have been Hut no development work has bwii done and the quantity of ore iin. An analysis of homatite ore showed it to be very low in .sphorus and sulphur, but it contained a small percentage of *■■ Md. There are large supplies of limestone within easv reach of .. ore deimsits along the Ciatinoau and the Ottawa rivers." and there „. I nuiuber of waterfalls not far distant from which electric power could oe obtained. It has been suggested that these ores might be smelted by electricity. In Orenville township of Argenteuil countv, about half- way between the cities of Montreal and Ottawa, are iron deposits which have been talked of for years, but little development work has been done. J here are a number of deposits of magnetite, but no large bodies of ore have been proven. Other iron or« deposits which have been favourably mentioned in Dominion Ooveriimont geological reports, but which may be described as "not proven" are the St. Jerome mine, in Terrebonne; ' the Boniface mine, in Shawinigan; the Leeds mine, in Leeds, and the Shor- brookc mine, in Ascot. It is estimated that there are many millions of tons of iron magnetite sands containing a high percentage of iron along the north shore of the St. Lawrence at Moisic, Mingan. yata»l.kwhn. and other places in the i'fr 74 OANAPA TMK Cor.NTHV OF TIIK VWK.NTIK.TII IKNTURT, l\ n X CANAIIA Tllh: riilMi;^ OF nil. l\v^^^l^|■|| 'i'li.-,(...l ...wily for ..... i,. n..u.m. I,t..,....„.. w,.l.. „„t i„j.,ri,.,„ t,. ir,„. .„ ,..l„l,ur „„.l ,,|,.„. Ii.l t> of I... ,r..., ».,xp..r.„ ,.,, „.,l,.r .lir....,io„ „f ,1,., I,.,,,.;,.';,,,, y, , >.|..r..n...„ hav,. ,l..„..,„„n.t 1,.., l,v „...,..- ..| tl..- Sw...|i.h Oro„.|„l .,.,.«,...♦... ...p.. ra.or. „...! l,ri„.,. .,i„^ ,.,„..,,i„... „„ ,,,.., „.,. ^.^ ,>,' abl. lur „.,. „. ,l,p ,l,..t f„r„a.... .,...1 tl...t ,,i«.ir„„ .,f „.,H.ri„r .n.alitv ..... iH. n.a,...fn..tured .n.m tl...«. briq,.ott..H. Th..r,.ar..a r.umlJof .I..,k^ ' ff « .... or.. „. the St. Lawro,...o vulley ron.arkaol.v fr.... fron. -ulph.ir . , ''"'-'■'"■"","'"' 7"" « - -" •r....nt..Rr of titunium tl.ut it Z 1 1 reffttr.l,.d as ,MlvnntaKeo..8 rath.-r th«„ inj.irious. Dr. Eugene Hnai.c.! nlly f. .....1 at tl.o present t.n.o, „,.,! it i, p.,.sil.l.. to obtain ore whi.-h In. Wn .lopo„to.l , „ri„K tho h..t ten or ,w,.,„y year.. The ro..k" are h.i ferr„g„.o,.s and the ,r,.n is ,II...,1v,mI fro„, th..,n bv the aot.on o th. S wa er e..n.„.ninK or„ani.. aei.l.s re,,.lti„^ fron. .leeayed vcgl, . The rnn th.., dissolve,! is trnnsfonn,..! int., Halts ..f the pro^.x" e. Thos^ n>neral..cd waters «tr..an. d .«•,. from the hill., in,., the vall.4 nd i. S h.k..s where the pr.,t..x..le salts ....rrie.l by ,l.e ,h.eomp..se.I vegeta on float on the s.irfaee of the wat.r a,..l are aete,l ..pon by the oxygen of he atmosphere, wb.eh ..n.vert« the pr..t..x,de into the inLluble™ ide of .ron. By a natural neretionnry proeess. tho iron oxidcM fom TZ cnk^ aZIu ,V '%""""*'""«>?• Vvn-v,, .s so rnpi.l that son.e of the lake b.d deposit, which have b.Helt.ng of iron by electricity should ever become an eco" suce^L in T^:T" "'V^' ""'* *""■"* "^'"^ «'•'« "« f"°' Quebec povin^wi ts numerous water-powers generating electricity n.-'ght become an hn ..r tant centre of iron manufacture. "^^ome an niii>or- There are believed to be importar.t deposits of iron in Ungava. both o„ l.e mainland and along ,e eoast ..nd geologists think coal may ah^ S'abo.t't^'^^r'^ '^ """"■** ""*'^P'°"=^ ""«•'-« definite ca^ t stated about its mineral resources. 76 CANADA TIIK COUNTIT 0» TIIK TWKXTIETH CKXTrBY. CAMADA TirE •'..IXTKY or TIIK TWKXTIKTII CFX Tl I.V. 77 •WIIKMoH IN likKAT (JDAMii,. Tli« H.bc.to. .k.,...lt, „f the |.r.,vi,„.c of y,H.U.o aw ,1... ,„„„ j,,,,,,,. ':,v ''.'^"'■"■^ ""**''^'"'' ""' ''"-y •"" »""• " piv • Kh" -. 7, , t .« th« a.b«.to. for the ,„„rka.. Tho :ru:r p o, T- L. ' ' '.: rs; bT, r«'"r^ '»'»><"" .•3.'««>.000 «..n.rUi„K to the Ia«t re,.'r JLmZ Brnnoh of tho Do.n.n.on Dc,«rt...fnt of Mine and i,,.-luL « wirv r " v of «r..fo. .rom the lung 8bml cud. .,be.to* v.lucd .. $:..« ". r t . d « ' to tho .h.,rt.>t mill «bfe valued at only two or thrc« .Ml«r' .Ir m Ih a.be.t.c u«Hl for wall placer and valued at from ^r^Jut^VlZ Z ">». OTIIKH MINiJKALN IN QUKBEC. Ill the Ea,tt.„. To«vn.hi|« many .nrnll depo-it. of ,,,,,,..r huI U Ac.ord.«K to the l«.t re,K,rt of the Mine. Branch tho quantity of ... Z rrr '"* '' "" •■'■'a:;:'"" '""""'''• I" '»«' "«''"ty °' Sherbr-Kl: Z„ are thr,., active n,.ne«. The nulphur cont.nt of the ore whieh rui s ov, r IS ,«Br c^nt u utd.z.Kl for the manufacture of .ulphurk- acid and the ■. Zr U then recovered from tho residue, by .melting. Small quant ies r^old and silver ore also recovered from these ores. «"»'""'»^ K"l»»>« Riviiire au Lievre, two tributaries nf the Ottawa, there arc extensive deposits of amber mica or phlogopite 78 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURT. Place d'Arnic-H, Montreal. Near Montrear& financial centre. CANADA THE COUNTKV OP T„K TWK.VT.KT.r CK.VT.KV 79 ^^e:S.^:^ZiZ7Z:r:r''^^ '" t"'"^"' ---""'- There „. the only amber mica found i™oS '*.'?*"*=*" "^ ** ^" «« known There are lar^e quant irn -ir"*!*'"* out«ide of Ceylon. Labelle and ArKc-nteuT Tho 1 ^.'l'"'''''''**' '" *•>« """"t'*^ of Ottawa seminated flakes'whth ofte^fom'a £r"" ']'"'^'" ^''^ '°™ "^ ^t' her of mill« have been oZatTin ♦!.* T/*'""*''^^ °^ *•>« '"^k. A num- Canadian Geological Sn^'^rSo'^j;: „ thT' ^'- ^^ -^^^ ^"'« "^ *»-« deposit, and the method of treltmerS th n"*** "'^'"'t'K«tion of these clearly established that the JShe oVth:»^"J' "' '"1'°'**^ »''"* '' •"'^ be«n constructed mills is eminCuly stable tr!^" "'''"' *'*''**^ '" "'"P^'ly " usually applied with the exLS If tV "".'""T *" '"*''*^^ K«P'"te county. '"^ relieved to be important in Brome Posed^t Sent; '^'""'^ ^'"^ "« "«»'«»"- dePO-ts which are sup- St.lItrncrriv:::%tir£%:lrotTLre:'H'^ *" ^"^^ ■'"-'• "^ ^-e «..d deposits in Nicolet county orthc 1^ »T '"/*^^ ""entities are dug also being worked. ^ '^ "PP"'"^ '"^« "' the St. Lawrence ar^ or a?«^:tet%°rU!;Srtherii,rorB"'?^ ."^ """""' ^'•-^'-« of Ottawa. The deposits «^ exte,^^ "e bu Jr J"?'"""u '" **•" *"«"«»"P because the cost of extractio^was fould t„ LT V -^T *""' "'™"^* '^^''^^^ phosphates of Florida and Trn^I " Jl^ ' 'i*'' 1° ™'"'^*« ^^■'^ the steam shovels. Tennessee which can be cheaply mined with AmhSf ll^lS^r^ ■;: -^-- n..lity is obtained near St. Rcmi de buii£ •;'S.;San^r;:^.;;: Irf'^"^ '- ^-V'' »"-•-• ^he it is used for a variety „? pu",!', ''''•' '""'"'»""'*<"' "^ Hmestone and The ciment plants near M„ntrcnl and at Trnll „ , , ,• clay materials. "' """ "■"' 'of-al liinrsti.ne and N.\Tl'R.U, '''^\ ^— i =r — 1 i " . i .- " mwmm: 1 II i-z ■■ rrn . ■■ -r^ 1* -!«»_.__ ! i § ■a I SO S "a a I I I 5 I f-ii CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTUKY. 81 outbuilding, near the river 12 so thaTth"'; """1 "'"^ ''""*''* ""<^ miles along the rivers lookinrnlt ♦ ru /"'" •""'*'"*' «»'etch for «8 the rivers of re province ...ri''!u •"'"t'""°"« villages and just these straggling fa™ vX'at c^rtaTn * -'r '""""i ""*. '"»" '''''^-"•- «<> with varied industries '*'"** ^"J"'"'' """^ l^^o^e towns THE CITV OF MOXTBEAL. islanfafitVand^W f^^'T?", "' •?""'«'''• '^ '-"^-'J - «« of the St. LawrenL and Ott/w •" ''^''* ,'?•'-« ^i^*'. at the confluence from the ocean iTs harbour ^anrreSK'^*''''"^'' '•°"' ^*«'"*'' «""'■" lake St. Louis and t^LrL^ Tilttir*' "T^ T^*'^' ^'■*"''«' i-apids, down which the Stv sf r ' """? the famous Lachine Lachine canal connectrthTTake wis, ^eTT "Y*'"^"*^' •""* '^ scries of canals which ennWet^! ""^^.^J harbour, being the last of the rapids of the S? W^^ S Tt (r"".**"^ ^'^"' '"''*« *" «^«d the they transfer the r caZes to tht n?. *^' V'*T °^ ^°«*'«'''' '^ere the island of MontreaS „ hill knl'"'''' m ^'"^ '" *^ ''^'"'^ °f city of Montreal was buT' " •"'"^r "' ^°""* ^y"'- ""^ the old Lawrence and Mount Royal the T''^ "^ *«"-''f \l'etween the river St. a public park! but now tlfe citv ;/ ^/, """* "l^^''^ ^"^ "■''''"ed for MontLl'is n ?a" tuSe N «" IT± TT.f"? T '""^ '"'""''• city of St. John. N B and in «hnnt L' ^* *'\ ^'!'*''" •""^'' *•««» the Venice, which is in Mtude 45» 25'°58*' n' """ '"*''"'''" "^ *''« "'^ "^ for ilTndtz ttcrit'tisf:*'"^ '"^'j '^ *•'•' --'"- "•"- of which the St Wence L r ''^.'•«'"^"'»'e'-ed that the great lakes. United States, so that the sJes of the A • " 'T"" ^""»'>'' ""-^ '^e those l.kes are to some :.:^tl^ia,:^-'' '''''' "-''^ "" Tnnf "alTlhe' GrLS'^TtnTpLrl t |""'"'-'/-'«- «. Grand addition to their CanLim, lil ""''^ays. and these railway, in States. ^tretSbg'ort'ch" iTaXth r-'' "'1""'" '" ^'^ '^"'*^ central and western stnt^, \^T- T -f' '"'^"'•tant ce.itres of the these railways is merel/in traX W„ )t ^"''"™'i traffic carried by it all adds to the i^taLe of Monttrra ""T' T^ '''''''' ^*°*'^ uting centre. Here a^e located the ^n?- f" ""''"'■^ ""'' '''''*''*- way systems and thousands !f .£17 ^P""-*""* <•«"• «hoP« of the rail- headquarters of the CanadiL Norttr^^^^^^ "' '""^°^*'^- ^•'"« *he is its most important seaport ^"' "" '" ^°'""'0' ^f^ntreal ComSit^p^L^rbv"' t"??"""^"^ ■» »°"«J °* Harbour million dollars haTSy1ee„ex?enr/" ^"^T"''".*- Twenty-five harbour facilities, and in Toifthe nil ^ Providing the most modern an additional sum of n ne miHion dolZ f"" f"'"'"'"^"* ^oted as a loan the port is growing «o r"S thtU :yt r"""- ^he trade of 8719B-8J • " ^^ "ecessary to annually i 82 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CEXTDBY. b I I ■J fir ■■ CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURT. 83 teL'r mSlkHr"-"''''"- ^,"^"'"u'""^ '^' accommodatioa for ocean .rrain\°andTed at tip t'T"' «--ain Port of America, the nu«ntities of 8Tam_handled at the lendinfi- ports ben.g „s follows during the season of Montreal.. .. Bushel*. New York.. ".."..';. 75.08.-i.432 Baltimore S4,5S2.I!tO OalveRton 45,000,000 New Orleans.. .. 35.S21,506 Philadelphia 34,624,000 Boston .' 23,294, 2.'i2 Portland '.'. 16,555.340 St. John, N.B. . . 9,500,000 Newport News.. ..".."■,.■ 6,269,000 ■p, . 2,326,620 Of £Z!itrTu:\T:\'' -""'-."ir-^'^ """-"^ «' *•>« p^^t of vessels arriv ng at ihe L J/r'Tu "^ "-"^i'-*'' *""'• The number 25.000. with a tonnage I? l7(^S! t ""V^ ^'^^""^ '" ^"^^ ^"^ arriving in Liverpoof dnrin! ■ j""^' ^'?"' *'"' "•"""" "^ vessels twice as great as the "• -"^ " "•"" ' '"""*''' "'"" ^'''^ *•""' months' naviatL whie theV'""" '" ^'""I""' '" " P*'""'' "^ --n great. The Sh'ofitJll »"">."''''•''■'''• " ""'" """•« ♦'"•" *•"«'<' as In 1905 theS'ge LfoTl72?r7rs\"^^^^ ^^"^ is. re.narkable. tons in 1914. The inlan.l vl. I • • ' ^* ''°'"P"''ed with 9,044.457 with a tonnage of 6 288 L"-"^^"'"'' "' '""*''"' """''"""' ''•'''' inees number^ a-ell^STtorgel^f^Stlr ^'^ '^"'''""^ ^'- pingl^oSeVb/rrL'd" watr'anTaToh'*^ 'T^' ^'*"«*'-' ''« ^'^'P' its facilities for convenkitTy bringfnf in r'l tT". "'"''l' "' "''" "« Provinces and the Fnitod S at^'s offer «re„f "I .'^ ^"™ **■" ^^nntime According to the Domi^tn Vn^us onMMhrnT/:-'""^''^ "'■^'«- was 470,480, but its growth since then hJl P°P"lat'on of Montreal to the estimate of the ciy clerk bas^ on the'c^T T^ """^ "'^^'^'^'^ in 1914. Outside the oitv limit, «,«= i I* '^''''ctory it was 617.000 if annexed to the citv^M™ tea wnl'"' '^''"'°"' '"''"'''"" *°""^ ^^^'^^ about 717,000. '■»'o»treal would increase its population figures to THE CITY OF QUEBEC. 84 CANADA THI COl'NTUY 0» THE TWENTIKTH CENTUnT. crate power fur manufacturing purposes. With the completion of the St. Lawrence river bridge and the operation uf the National Transcontinental railway Quebec city's railway communication with the Maritime Proviuceo, the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia will be grently improved. Que- bec has a fine harbour and the terminal and elevator facilities are adequate for a considerably larger shipping business than the port at present enjoys. As Canada grows in population and commercial importance it may be expected tliat Quebec city will get its share of the shipping trade. It has always been an important centre of the timber industry. The extension of the season of navigation at Quebec would be less difficult than at Montreal end it is probable that navigation could be maintained for nearly nine months of the year. The population according to the Dominion census of lUll was 78,710. In 1915 the city assessors estimated it at 100,000. SMALL CITIES OF QUEBEC PROVINCE. At the census of 1911 Hull, a thriving lumbering and manufacturing city on the Quebec side of the river directly opposite the capital city of Ottawa, had a population of 18,222; Sherbrooke, the central market town of the Eastern Townships with a number of manufacturing industries sup- plied with electric power from the St. Francis river, had 16,406; Three Rivers, a thriving manufacturing and shipping centre at the confluence of the St. Maurice river and the St. Lawrence river, 70} miles below Mont- real and 21 miles from the great Shawinigan electric power plant, had 13,691; Valleyfield, on the upper St. Lawrence, noted for its cotton mills had 9,449; St. Hyacinthe, a manufacturing town on the Yamaska river in the Eastern Townships, had 7,797; Sorel, at the mouth of the Kiehelieu river, with a Dominion Go' ernment shipyard and three other shipyards chiefly used for repairing river vessels, had 8,420; Levis, opposite Quebec cit,y 7,452; Thetford Mines, 7,201; Joliotte, 6,345; St. Johns, 5,903, and Chicoutimi, 5,880. Some of the suburban cities around Montreal are larger than any of the towns mentioned, but they are merely outgrowths of the metropolis. Chiter basin, Quebec Harbour. CANADA THE COHNTHY OF TIFE TWKNTrETH CESTIBY. 85 Chapter 711. THE GREAT LAKES AHD CAHAI8. One of the most notable features of Canada is its sj-Htcm of river rcser- kke3 which form the southern boundary of the province of Ontario and hare the.r out et m the St. Lawrence river. The St. Lawrence proper ma, be sajd to begin at Montreal, the head of navigation for oc^an ves^l, "ut Ontarr«."HTt ^"\'*K- '""'"' «!»«whe,e in the wiidernes. of northern 2^^rX H ? firs big r^rvoir is Nepigon. a large lake of pure blue water the outlet of which is Nepigon river flowing into the second reservoir. ht^T?nTJ;'°s; ?^"^r' '""'"''•"« '«^« ^•*''''^'"'' ^^^^^ ««• 'tolly within «nH V. r 1 ^*' r"", ""S '*^^" '""'•' reservoirs between lake Nepigon r«k«?t rr"',T-=i.^''f,^T"°'"' '"•'« ^""'" '"'''»<1'°« Georgian^y, tn!~„r„'""^n^"!r"' ^"""'^ ""* **"*• ^"'t"' States, while the othe^ two are wholly m Canada. The great lakes between Canada and the United States, which form rL. ^^ Superior has an extreme length of 400 miles, an extreme width «fdVh!^i"o. ^f "*" ^"f'' "*'**"* '^"^^ °' 280 miles, an extreme *tTs^t^ jI: 'v ■"!: °* ^^•^"'^ '^"'"* '^'*«' "»«' « """"""^ depth ^h/w s^ 1 "^ '^.'r ^''*'*'"* ^*"«*'' °* 240 miles, an extreme ^Jfeet w^il^'l V n f '• °* ^-'^ T"" """*« •""* '^ '"«^"™ depth of 270 feet, while lake Ontario's greatest length is 190 miles, ita greatest width ""'««' 't» "f 7^00 square miles and its maximum depthToO fit At Sault Ste. Marie the level of lake Superior is 591 feet above the St Lawrence at Montreal and the water reaches the lower level by one great fall on the Niagara river between lakes Erie and Ontario and a series ol ofcana"! ''*' ^"'** "^^'"^ necessitated the construction of a number A GREAT INTERIOR WATERWAY. The St. Lawrence system including the gulf, lakes, river stretches and :C'"r P/°T'de8 "continuous navigable inland waterway extending from the strait of Belle Isle to Duluth. a distance of 2.339 statute miles from th" Atlantic ocean. The distance to Port Arthur on Thunder bay at the head of navigation on the Canadian side of the lake is 2,217 statute miles, while the distance to Chicago is 2 243 statute miles. In this great waterway there are .4 miles of canals with 49 locks. From Montreal to Fort William at the nead of Canadian lake navigation the distance is 1,214 statute miles r9,« *?? to Chicago, 1,240 statute miles, and the distance to Duluth i,9>>t) Statute miles. in |i I : I 86 CANADA Till COCNTHY OF THE TWKNTIETII CENTURY. Steamship AuiniboU (3,8H0 tona) pauing through Sault Ste. Marie Caiial. '^''r^ '"^^ P««»in(t through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal. Some of the freight boats paning through th « canal have a registered tonnage of 6,000 tons. CANADA THK O.r.VTHY OF THE TWENTIKTH CENTUBY. 87 H..^'" *'"'* S*"- M«"« ">P>d». on the St. Mary', river between L.lcr. Super^, and Huron, are avoided by « canal 7.0«7 fL in kSXtwi^ having reflri«tf>red tonnaiie« of 32(M2fl1ft tl^l a Y\\^^'^^ Vf^^^vU, srm.m tons pa^ Zoi'i^TJ::: ^I'^^s^t^r: f havmg registered tonnages of 25,1)74,441 ton* and fSt » '*' 'z.\T!'St *-/«-• *--?h ttv^ia'^oVri-Tur-rtt iaketnX's.nat%[;:r.:i:rs.'cirr^^^^ Frio Ti,» V ^ 1. '*"• ""'•' '^'- «-M>r, the Detroit nver and Like cana « are the Oalopn. 73 tailes long with thre^lockr he Rar^de Plat nS null's lonK with two beks: the Farr.in'a PnJ^t ii .;"" ""P»°e riat, be overo...ne by seven lift locks, each having a lift Tf 4^* f^t ' Th^ I ) i ii 88 CAKAIIA Till COUIfTIlT 0» THE TWKNTlETIt CEXTCRT. A typioal ihip t>( th«- inlaad UIcm, 3,H)6 ton*. Shipping fruit »t Sftrnia. River St. Cliiir. CAXAIIA TIIK lUlXTHr or TlIK TWKNTIKTH CKXTUKT. 80 wut..r ii. the l«k.* Tl.e width of ,l„. ...iwl at the bottom will bo 'MO feet Jor tho ,,rt^.ut the cmml fHrh.,. will b.. ..xcvafnl to a .lopth of 2:. f.^-t o.ay. bu ..II .tructur.., w.ll l,e .u„k to the :K^foot .Icpth. m, that the .anal CM U, d«,i.cne. at nny ..,.,„. .lul.. by the ,impl,. pr-K-.,. of ,lr..,l«i„„ at h.. rearhc.. h... .anal will hav.. groatcr .linu....io„, tha,. aMToU,' tanmluu ...n.l. W ...,.„ i, ...,.np|..,r,l th- larKr-t lako v.wU will U, lake Ontario whor,. th.-.v will lu.v tr«,.,f..r thi-ir oarRot^ f„ ,m»ll.r Te.^1. runnn... through the St. I^awrenoe canal, to Montreal untTlthl vZ'Tl 7»"1 •""■ ''"''"•f"''> "» «>"'.v I'r'.l.al.ly will 1 vnnt.iallv. From lake Ontario to a ,K„„t a little below Cornwall the St. Uwr^noe flow, U.tw«.„ (ana, a n„, ,h.. I'„it..l Stat... but from that ,K.int to h^ iM>« tho jtrPHt rivor i* oiitirt'ly in Cuiia.la. OTTAWA RIVKR CANALM. .iK.ur-5()"'.SJ'i'"""''\ '•'.""• "*'■ ?"'"r""^ '" *»'" """"«• « «"•"' "v.T ward in an irwRulur eounw, with ..umeroua rapid* and w-veral lake cxi>un- ..onn before reaehu.ff lake Tin.i.kan.ing. out of whieh it flown .ontl.war.!. ap runnu.K down betw^n th,' ...ovin.-eH of O .t..rio and Qucb,^. ioi„H the St. I4,wr..„..e at th.. i-lan.l of Montr...!, at the head of whi-'h J-xpandH ,„to the lake of Two Mo,„.,„i„, „„d th. .. divi.l.-H into ,hr«. branol^.. one u,..t.n{i w.th the St. Lawroneo to form lake St. Uuu, while ynting enter the S . Uwr..neo at the foot of Montreal inland, i'he ( tawa nver below lake Tin.i.kuming has an ordinary width of about half a m.le, but often wi.lem. to n..«rly a mil.>. an.l ha» « nnn.lK-r of lake expansions where it beeonien of .till gr..«ter width, while it o....a.ionaIIy extract, to a wi.lth of a quarter of .. mile. Many .tretohes of the river ar« so deep that gre,.t oecan vessels could float easily, but in some places he r.vcr would r..qu,re dn-dginf? to make it a.-oommodafe even the v.snels that navigate the great lak..,. uhil .„al. an.l dam, are requirecl at certain pointn on a.-count of the rapids and shallow places. The volume of water u always gr.-at eiiough to «,.,.ommodnte large VHsels provided it are the St. Anne, lock, and the Carillon an.l (ir,.nville oanal,. which are respectively. J of „ mile. 5 of a mile an.l .-.? miles in length. Th-re i, „ depth ot mne feet of water o„ the ,ilU of the Ir-k. of these canals. The C^nllon dnm. wliK-h .3 2.400 f.^, i„ lo„gth and 12 f...t high. w«, built across the nver to increase the depth of water in the Carillon eanal. It M L • ""^ **"■ '^"*"' '"' **"= "*■«'' t'*" ^«-t nt n P^int six III! H" aOO\ p IT* PROPOSED OTTAWA AND (iEORGIAN BAY CANAL. r;.JZ';rr"^ years the construrti,.n of „ c,,„al to connect the Ottawa river with Georgian bay has been talked of. The h.a.l of Oeorgian bay 1. less than 123 miles rom the Ottawa river. Between th.-m stretch the French and Pickerel rivers, lake Xipissing. Trout h.ke. lake Talon, and the Matt.wa nver. the watershed between the waters flowing into n.nrgia„ bay and thos^ flowing ...to the Ottawa river being only about a* milJ^ 90 CillAUA THIS COVifTKT OF TIIK TWKKTIKTH ('RNTVKY. •cr<)M. 8oine yearn ago (JoviTiinK-iit f>ngiiff>t>r» miidi* • turvey of th« route and reported that a waterway with a depth of 29 feet at lowMt watw could be provided from OforRinn bay tal at a cott of about DM hundred million dollar*. The diitauce from 0«orfian bay to Uont- real harbour by the rouU- aurvejed would be iiU mileo, while from Fort William to Montreal the diitanee would be 934 milea, aa compared with WIT miles by the great lakea and 8t. Lawrence rl»er rout*. From Mont- real to Bault 8te. Marie the diitince would be 861 itatute miles, •• c«m- parMl with 800 milea from Buffalo to Aault Ste. Marie. Thui ocean veaieli at ^onUreal would be aimcxt ai near to the west at the Eric oanal boato •t Buffalo are. Montreal and Chicago would be brought within 078 m'lea of each o'her, ai compare.1 with 1.248 milea by the preaent route. Of the 440 mik.. of projectod narigation it ii eatimated that only .18 milea would be entirely artlfloial, but many itretohet of lake and river navigation wou d have to be improved. Only 27 locks would be required. The locks would be 650 feet long and 68 feet wide, with a depth of 22 feet of water on the ailU, so that the system would accommodate veaaels of somewhat eater sue than the largest now imsKing through the 8ault canalii. The I i" J / "■▼Wation in the shortest season would be 211 day*. At the island of Montreal one plan provides for a route through lake 8t. Louis and a canal paralleling the Lachine. Another plan takes the waterway down the nver course at the back of the island of Montreal and makea connection with the St. Lawrence about 17 irilcs below the harbour of Montreal. WATB8WAV FROM MONTREAL TO KIW TORK. The greater part of lake ChampUin is in the United SUtes, but iU natural outlet is the Richelieu river which joins the St Lawrence 46 statute miles below Montreal. The other end of lake Champlain is oonneoted by the Champlain canal with the Erie canal at a point seven miles above where the Erie joins the Hudson river at Albany. A vessel drawing 61 feet of water can go from Montreal to New York by this route, taking the St. Lawrence to Sorel, pasHing along the Richelieu to St. Ours lock, through St. Ours the Richelieu river. Chambly Basin and the Chambly canal to lake Champlain and thence by way of the Champlain canal, the Erie canal and the Hudson nver. a distance of 487 miles from Montreal to New York ns compared with 533 milts from Buffalo to New York by the Erie canal. Throughout the ttreater part of lake Champlain the depth of water is over 100 feet and in some places is 400 feet deep. The state of New York is now enlarging the Champlain canal to a depth of 12 feet and one section has already been completed. It has been suggested thot Canada should con- struct a canal of the same capacity from Longueuil opposite the city of Montreal to the Chambly canal and enlarge the Chambly canal to 12 feot, greatly shorteni..^ the water distance from Montreal to New York. A survey for such a canal was made a number of years ago. and it was claimed that it would be easy of construction. Another canal route surv-yed about the same time was from Caughnawaga on lake St. Louis to the Chambly canal, and It was stated that the distance from Montrei.1 tf Vew Yorl* by this route would be 394 miles. Cargoes could be transhipped from lake vessels to Champlain canal boats at Montreal just as they are traushipped from lake CASAIU TIIR roirjTTIIY or TIU TW»;>TIKril . KNTIBY. »1 VM«>U U, Erie raiml boau at Buffalo. 0( .vune anvthhic ii.i.n,U #„. .hipm^nt .or. the Atlantic would b-, tran.f.rr^^o Sn v^ '."Sol, intentate traHi.- and the |.^.|«,rtlo^l <.f wwu-rn /.kkJ produrti riNiuircd for coM.uinptio„ ,„ X„w York and nuighbourinir eitu^ i.\Zdil» h.o^.i«. tioii with the (Htawa and Ocorgian bay waterway would furni.h a murh 'andTi; EHe^'ar" """""*" """" '••"" •'"' '""'" '' -' "'«"«"'" TH« uincAi; t.tXAL ivancif, 1 L ?»"." """""'' "! '""* **""*" •'•• "♦«•*• "»er ""d the lower end of ± t . H ';' "■ " ""'•* "' •'^•" '•''"• -""^ "' ^^'"^ di^hZ^Zr water. ..to he K,d,.au riv,.r emptying into the Ottawa riVer at Ottawa city w^^ the other^.„.,,ty .nto lake Ontario at Kington through the fver SriJJ By .-..nnert.ng and improving the«, two river .y.t«L. continuou 'na^Jfa.' ^«n for b.M.t. drawi,« five feet of water ha. been o-.ubli.hed l^'w^. Slr^ -"y ,••"» K'''K-to„. a di.tan<-e ..f 126* mile.. O,. ..ne ourtages aggregating six and a half miles in length, the total distance between the lakes being 119 miles, including portages. From the head of Rainy lake to the northwest angle of the lake of the Woods, a distance of 104 miles, there is uninterrupted navigation for large vcsels, except at Fort Francis near the outlet of Rainy lake, where a canal 800 feet long to overcome the Kettle Falls was cut through the solid rock some years ago, but the construction of the lock gates was deferred and the work has never been completed. The Winnipeg river connects the lake of the Woods with lake Winnipeg, but navigation is obstructed by rapids and waterfalls. A system of caiinis connecting the natural waterways along this route and surmounting rapids would give a continuous navigable waterway from lake Superior to lake Winipeg, and the western rivers which flow into it. Barges might bo loaded all along the Saskatchewan and Red rivers, transferring their cargoes to lake vessels at Fort William. There is no likelihood of the construction of such a canal system in the near future, but when Canada has twice its present population it may be undertaken. RIVERS FLOWINO INTO .lAMES DAY. Lac des Quinze, one of the lake expansions of the Upper Ottawa river is not far from the height of land on the other side of which lies lake Abitibi. Between Lac des Quinze and Abitibi stretch several small lakes and rivers, having a total length of about 66 miles, and the watershed between the two systems is only one mile wide. The Abitibi river carries the outflow of lake Abitibi down to James bay at Mooi«> Factory, meeting there the Moose river which has two branches, the Matagami, flowing out of lake Kanopamissic, and the ilissinibc flowing out of Inkc IVIissinibic. Luke iSt. Joseph's outlet, the Albany river, empties into the bay at Fort Albany in latitude X. 52° 8'. The Albany river has several tributaries with numer- ous lake reservoirs and these approach so close to both Long lake and lake Xepigon that it would not be diflicult to make connection with lake Super- ior, but no canal projects will be undertaken in this northern part of Ontario until Canada's |)opulation is vastly greater than it is to-day. Besides tiiese Ontario rivers James bay also receives from the west the Attahpiskat river, and from the Quebec side the East Main river and the Rupert river, lake Mistassini's outlet. tTames bay is about 300 mile- long and is so slinllow that exccptinii a channel down its centre the niiuldy bottom may be touched with an onr by a person rowing in a small bout when almost out of sight of land, while it is almost free from saline matter owing to the vuliime of fresh water poured into the bay from the great rivers thot empty into it. CANADA THE COL'NTRY OF TlIK TWKNTIKTII CENTUKY. 93 Faotoi' f^nr «"J','"?', '".'". '"V-thward like a river from near M,h,«3 rmy is a low, l,.voI swunipy l.a.,n. bounded by distinct v.-ins of hard rooks of a mm ll f • '•"•" """" r""''"''"^ " '"'"' "■''''■h ''"^ the reser^.^ir rind whnrwhf '"" "T*^ ""/•"' ""■•«•'-' «•-.- of Ontario's lu.i«ht of of wl.rpf, fl ZT '"T """" ^"'^ ^■"'' " ''""^' ^"""y »'^'""«'' tl'e centre of winch flowed a preat r.ver oarrryinK the waters „f the lake to Hudson bay and re..e.v,„K on its way several larRe tributaries. Su.-h a lake bur^t" H.^ from .ts hounds and sprea.lin^ over the valley ,o the north of it would form the shallow, nu.ddy James bay. (Iraod Trtink Railway cur ferry cro»»ing r*ke Ontario from CoUmri, to Kovheiitvr. 94 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWEXTIETTI CENTURY. IX 'I.' 1. '.f 1 I"! i/jv wt^as CANADA Till OOCWTRT 0» THK TWENTIETH OENTUBT. 05 Chapter VIII. THE PBOyniCE OF OHTAXIO. The province of Ontario it the section of the Diminion lyina between the grea mtern.tional lake, and Hudwn bay. It "rj. froS^ Zl::.'Ztl,,'LfZ^ *° ^ eastern l^uudary of Ma'niiZ .^ water a total nfX/^" "t* °^^"** '"'^ ^^'^''^ ••!"«" «"«• «>' Tan I'tatl ^1 v^ ' l*^""i* ""'f.' ^ ^""^"'y *» '"'»« « the Ameri- can atatea of Maine, New Hampahire. Vermont, Mawachugetta Rhod. Sit Vi»rr or*' ?7 ^"'^^^^ '''^'' Maryland. KnaVlSJ Weat V»g,m«, Ohio Indiana and Michigan might be cut out of its land area an ff'T^-* are where there are many thour«lTf /*"" Hamilton and Niagara growing areas areSnuallyexfendn^rth: '"f.''' '"'^''"^- '^^^ ^-'^ lands formerly devoted"" grairSwi?.«nH '*"*''f? '^V'"'^ "f Ontario, with orchards. Ontario f^merraT 1 t^ ^^'T"' ^"."'''"^ ^'"» "'«"t«l entirely to grain groSan^rrLiZ-./T''^ *'«''' '""•J" 8l"'o«t still produ^l. bu^ gTair grow Thas to T' "^ ''''"'*• ""*''• «"'» ^'«'l«y ««> Browing and dairy K^ Ontario W, ^^ "'*?"'.k'^«'» P'aoe to fruit cheese. DuringThe fou'i^n ye "'LdS w.uTm'r'^ ''™'"'"^'"" ''' production of cheese was 136.047.890 powids '"'"™*'^ ""'"''' TIIK DISTHICT OF ALGOMA. and SLSLrtS'iteZ '^ ""'r^'"^ "^ *''« '"''« "' ^^e Woods lake Superior to the height ofl^ndrt ^""'"T ^"''^ ^^^ «"'°« "^ has often been descrS bv s„lJ ■ i""^ "' ^^^ ^'s*""" ^i«'"ct. and «Kion. which nmTt alSs p'^ove^.fr """"'Z "? " *°'t'''*^- '-k^ tral Canada and the Xortrwes?TratrtTn::r""'f^^ "^f"'" ^'"«'" <=«"■ viewed from a steamship or from* LT '"'''^ "'"^ worthless, whether throughout this region are Numerous ZH T^' ''".',""' ^^ ''''"'^'J- »>"' the rough winds by the Xh Z^d Jckv\^7'''°;'""«y«' ^''""^^d from ing rivers and pretty lakes ffZ/vj' """^ ''°*'"^ ^y swift flow- small there is not much good lanTina^v ""**":• t'' '^'"^ ^""^^^ being probably millions of acres available for 'T-T T' "l"' "^"'^'"*''" **>"« ""-o Port Arthur, but the greater part of thi,^l"*-n" ^""T ^'^'"''"'^ «"d !;!' 08 CANADA TIIK COlfXTBT OV THE TWKNTIKTII CKNTIIIV. r.WAKA lll>; ( MiMliV Ml- IIIK I \VK\ri> III I ►IMI IIV. 00 fi.n'»(. iir.' |ir.i|H.rl.v |>r.ii...-t..| tlic.v liiii.v Ih' niiiilc t.i vi.l.l ,i lnrifr rrvriiiir 1" th.. i.mviii.v. In III,, vii-init., „( I'l.rt Arlliiir iiimI iiI..iiu tlir Ifniuv riv.T uiiil iiUuit till' liiki' of tli<> WihmU thiri- iirr liiriri' fnicti c.t' f. rtilr IhikI, «t Mill IN llll; lliH KH. Itiit tic wniltli cif till' Al«..iii]i ili-triit i- in tlir ruck- nitlirr lli m in thii soil, for tlicri' i* rcii.ini to Ulicvc tlint it U oiif of ilic richest niincnil ili-lric|» r.f the w.tIiI. (In at (Ji.i.mri. - of nickel, c. piicr, I'mt ninl irolil liiivi' iilrcidv l)ccn iimiIc. ,inniiill |i:irt of the ili- lict hii- I n thorouiihly |iro.|.ci toil. Tin: \ciiiTiiKiiv wii.ni KM >< c.i om \in.>. 'I'lic coiintr.v north of the lieiKht of hinil U alnio-t ji c.>ni|>leti' wihloriiess. 'I'lie (Jriinil Trunk I'ncitic niilway nnil the ( anailiun Norlln rn niilwii.v have rccentl.v hecn cin-trncti il thnoiiih it, liit the .ictlleinen! of the eonntr.v ha« hiinlly hecnii. I'lic Ontario (ioverimieiit has huilt a rail- way from .North liny, at the heail of l;ikc Nipi>-in>f. to Co.liri on the CiraiKl Tiunk I'aeitic, ami »ittl nt is exteinlimr iilontr tlii" niilwa.v. Kxi'loriiiir partiis -cut oni l.y the Ontario (ioveriiinei.t have iiiailo favonrahle report-'. A »nniiiiary of thi-e report* i-^iicd hy tli. F'rovlncial (iovcrninent says: " 'I'lii' results of these extensive explorations as (|ct:iileil ill the elahorate reports sent in hy ti.e surveyors, the Ininl ami tiinher estimators ami the ircoloirists have fully jii-titied the ino-t sanyniiie expec- tations ill ri'Knrd to the nutiirul wealth ninl fertility of Northern Ontario. It has Im'cii e-lalilisheil hcyoiid rontrovir-y that in the eastern I'art of tho territory north of the heijfht of hind there is an immensi' urea of oxeclleiit fitfricidtiiral land, iiiiparcntly ci|nal in fertility to any in older Ontario with nn eipiahie and tcnipi rate cliniale and nn al nndai'.'c of Wood mill Water. The iireat clay licit comprises mi area of nl ica«t i'-l..MK» si|uare miles, or ]5.tl»0,()0<) acres. This iilniost unhrokcii stretch of p.iod farmim; hind is m ,ly thrce-ipinrtcrs as cicat in extent .is 'lie whole scttleil inirtion of the province south of fieorfc'ian hay. lake .VipissinK and the p>encli and ilattaua rivers. The region is watered hy the Afooso river, flowinif into .lames hay, and its trihiitarie, the Ahitihi. Mattanatni. and Missinihe, and hy the All. any and its trilnitaries. the Menoirami and Otroke. Kach of these rivers is over ."(M) niilcs in lent-'tli and thiy ranpn in width from IMM or |(«l yards to n iiiih-. They arc fed hy num.rons smaller streams and tlicsc in turn drain iMimherless hikes of hirircr or smaller size, so that the whole country is oiio network of waterways with loiiif stretches fit for naviuaticin. The sicat area of water siirfac Iso iissnres the country nfrain>t the protracted dronphts so often experienced in some countries." IN Ol.n ONTMIIO. (icoh.uist possihlc that i There are extcii>-iv( say that coal will never he found in old Ontario, hut it i« 111 may lie discovered in the nor, hern part of the province. |'e:it heds hoth in Ohl Ontario and N'ew Ontario. At present Ontario is nlinost entirely dependent on the T'nitel States for poal. ns Xova Scotia coal poes no farther west than Cornwall. Some of the mine operators ..f Xova Scotia helicve that if the Ottawa and Oeor- 100 CANADA THE IHt'STIIT OF TIIK TWrffTIKTII CKKTVIT. CAMAtIA Tll« r«>V?ITBt OW TH« TWRXTIRTII CRKTriT. 101 gian Hay iiiiiiil wiru nitintrucii-*! mul the Mt. I,iiwn.|..|. runnU •■iiliirK<>d tlipy I'oiilii loy ilowii cuiil nl nil |«.rt« i>f Ontiirio tMirik>riii|| on tlu- great lake* Mill OiNireiiiii buy. ■Hon oHKh ill' iiM .MKi, Imii ore i» found over wide urea*. ,ii Froiitfiiuo, Ijmiirk, K<>iifr<>w, I^hIi, llHRtinK", IVtrrlKtmiiBh iiikI lliilihiirton i>ounti«'«, in tlip iiutirn part of Old Ontnrio. Imt i.io.t of the diponit* nrp now Ixliovcd to l« moril.v p«H'kcU. I»ro»|Hit..r« liitvi- Ihih tiMi rtiid.v to iioxiinii' llnit whi-n Kivoral dciMMiU of ore are found in line with euoh other tlii-y tnuKt be out- I'ropg of the i«uim> ore IkhI. Th.rt' iit>|M>ar to Ih- u Kwat iiiimlN>r of •. iMnitn dc|M«iti4, niiin.v of thnni ii.ntiiininjr oon«ii|iTnliln (|uantitieii of orr l>iit h« yet no very fXfi'nsive Unly of k.hhI ore hiiH U-i'u proven to exiitt in thiit l>«rt of Ontario. However, tiu- «ountr>- la* never In-en thoMuirliiy proa- liectetl ntui very little develo|inient work hno Immii done. Muir.ietit.n iire mow comnioii than hemnlilei.. Hog ore in re|iortei| to exint in l^innrk county. Coiiiiderable qiiantitie* of both magnetite and hematite iron ores Were ihipiied to the I'niti-d State* a niinilN-r of yearn aiio. and very favoiir- alilc re|Hirt» of the iiuality of xnuu- of the oren were revived from tho rtnielting i-ompanijit. but when the great iron ore be»l* on the Miehigan »hore of lake Superior w.re iliHcovereil thcw eai.tern Ontario mineii were abandoned. It i» ditficiilt now to awertain what wa« proven by the»e old- time mining oin'rationt. It i» certain that in some eased the nnalyiea »howed the ores to bo high in iron, low in both phoi.phoru!i and tiiilphiir and free from titanium, but in other eawii the onntained rather high p»'reentage» of nulphur, phosphorim or titanium. Some of tho deposits seem to be irregular in quality, inferior ore b«'ing found in close proximity to first-elass ore. It would probably be eiU. The Belmont mine near Cordova mines, Hastings county, is said to have a large quantitv of mag- netite oro averaging a little over r,\ p,.r cent of metallic iron. The mine has recently been reopened and shipments are being made to the blast furnaces of the Huffalo Tnion Furnace Company at Buffalo and to the blast furnace at Port Colborne, Ont. Farther north in Ontario iron ore has been found at many points from Jakes Timagami and Timiskaming to Sault Ste. Marie, but no imiwrtant iron ore bodic" have been proven to exist in this region east of Sudbury. ill 102 CANADA TIIK C(1'-\|!!Y (IF TIIK 'rWI-.NTI KTH i»{0 of Srllwodd iji the tdwiisliip of III I! 1- \\\i' V Oi tiilkod of Moose Moiiiitiiiii iron niiiKC wliic'li proinirtt's li \ i. ,, rjio (luimtitu'S of low jjrade nmniietitc. Hy crusliirifr the ore fine ., .1 imssiiiK it tliroiiKli a (iroiidnl luadnetite separator a c'oiK ciitric is evolved with a liiKh iierci'iitatte of iron and very low in both Iihosphorns and snlphnr. A lartfe modern (Irondal eoneentratinjf and hriiiuettinj; plant with a eapacity of hiK) tons of erude ore per day has heen installed. Cheap eleetrie power is olitained from a waterfall a few miles away. A branch ■•f the Canadian Northern railway earries the ore from the min<'s to Key Harbonr on (leorniau bay. The Atikokan iron ranjfe on the line of the Canadian Vortheru rail- way about 130 miles west of Port Arthur is believed to contain hirjie per cent to -75 jier cent and o.xpel tlie mois- Viiro from the ore and it is claimed that the cost of the iiroeess is only 10 cents per ton. The Mi<'hipicoten mining district takes its name from the ilichipi- coteu river, which empties into a lar({e and beautiful bay of the same name on the north shore of lake Superior, directly opposite the Manpiette iron district on the ^lii'liijran side of the lake, where nearly all the iron ore used in the blast furTiirccs of the northern states is mined. Several deposits of iron or(! have been discovered in the Michipicoten district. The ore varies in (pudity, some of the dciMisits lieinii low in both phosphorus and suljihur Biid containing a ImkIi iiercentaKe of iron, but the liifih (trade deposits suit- nlile for \ise in a Ticssemcr furnace aiipoar to 1hi limited in quantity so far as yet discovered. The deposits of non-I?essemer ore s(>cm to be much more extensive and millions of tons of red hematite averajiiiiK T)") ]Md. Uoth these mines are operated by the Aljroma Steel Company, a subsidiary company of tlie lake Superior Corporation at Sault Sfe. Marie THE GKEATKST NICKEI. MIXES IX THE WORLD. Ontario has in the Sudbury distri<'t the greatest nickel mines in the World and supplies over two-thirds of the world's consumption of nickel. Dr. A. V. (Vdeman has preimred for the Canadian Department of Mines a very interesting report of over 200 pages describing the nickel deposits of the Sudbury district frun which the following information is condensed. The town of Smlbury, from which the mining region takes its name, lies about 35 miles north of Cieorgiati bay. It may he reached from Montreal hy a journey of 4;if) miles westward on the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway or fron: Toronto by a journe.v of 2fiO miles north on the Canadian Pacific railway or the Canadian Northern railwa.v. The nearest nickel mines are alxjut two miles to the north and three miles to the west. The smelting is mostly done at Copper Cliff, a short distaiiro from the town of Sudbury. C.WAh.V TlIK COUXTItY OT TIIIO T \V I- .\ T I KT 1 1 rKNTiltY. 103 Tlic iiii'kcl H'^ioii lins sliiirpl.v tlrtiiuMl ncdlotfical lioiiiiiliirics, all tin- ore di'po.-iits Ix'iiij,' coiiiu'c-ti'd witli a hIiikIo Krciit slirrf of criiptivi' nick, routilily liout-sliHiwKl, ImviiiK its iiiti-rior filled with st'diiiiciitar.v mi-ks. Tho Imsiii :s ;>() miles loiiff and l(i miles wide aiid the kiiowii ore deposits are all either HJoiitr the eosit8 arc not distril.nte •,,. fformly aroinid tlu' basin. There are rieh portions separate. Alonp a somewhat irregular line of :!;! miles on tho so Cieni Miar);ii; ,.( t,e niekel hearing eruptive ceventeen mines have i)rodu • 'd nivkel ore ami ..ithin two or three miles to the soutli of it ten otlur . ine have liieu .'orked. While some of the deposits apiK'ar to he poi'ket; • . -t uv . nun oer of extensive bodies of ore. It is helieve.".(l si|uare miles, divided anion»; twenty-four townships of the regular si/e and shape. Mining has taken phn'i' in ei(fht of these townships, while important ore (h'posits are known to exist in several others. The Sudbury ores are sulpliides, eoi^tainin^ on the avi'ratre about 4."> jkt rent of iron, about ItO'.t per cent of niekel, i>12 i)er cent of copper and small (luantities of cobalt, trold. silver, platinum and palladium. Hessemer liii-kel copper matte contains from L'A ounces to 7 ounces of silver, « Oi> oun<'<> to ;! ounce of ^ohl and 017 to <)■,", ounce of platininn ami i>alhulivnn per ton. The iron content of tin- ore is thrown out and wasted in the smcltiufr process, the aim hclnf,' to produce a nickel-copper matte suitable for ship- nient to the refineries in the State of New Jersey and in \Vali>s. The Sudbury ores all contain lar>re (juantitics of sulphur and the first process to which they are subjecte iH>r cent of nii'kel and copper, of which less than half is eopper. In the roasting proi'css the sulphur thrown oflF is entirely wasted. It destroys all vcfjetation in the nei»rhbourhood. In the year l!M:l the mine owners valued the nii-kcl-copper matte as it was shipped abroad for refining at *7.(l7(!.!t4.".. After refining the niekel alone was valued at .l!14.'.l(i;!.(i:',i'. ami the copper at over f:i.!l.-.0,nar Sclireiber on the Canadian Pacific railway has been reported. Small (|uan- tities of nickel ore are found in the Cobalt silver ores. Larpe riunntities of Canadian nickel have been used in makiiif; nickel steel for armour plate of warships. Xi<-kel steel is also much u.sed in tho manufacture of motor ears. It is coming into use for structural steel in bridjfe buildini; as it has lieen found that steel containing from 2J to 3J per crnt of nickel has gii-aler tensile slreuKlh and greater elasticity than tho ordinary structural steel. Another alloy of nickel is known as Moiiel 104 CANAHA TIIK (•(llXriiY OF TlIK T\V KXTIKTir CKXTfltY. i-i Yonge Htreet, Toronto. ( AXADA IIIK < <)1 xrliV OF TlIK TWEMIKTII fK.N TIHY. I or. nictiil. It ( |•c.llsi^-ts (,f from Oi' to 72 iM>r cent «t iiicko] with tlio bnlanoe coi)- por. oxci'pt for tri Muff <[muititios of iron, siilplnir and oirlKm. Tlio alloy can 1)0 prodwi-d limctly from tho iiifkcl-coiiper inatto at a cost not greatly cxcccclinp that of cop|HT. It is silver white, takes a brilliant polish, which slowly tnrns (fre.vish on exposure, melts at l:!.j()° C, has tlie same spocitic gravity as copper and can he cast or rolled and treated in various ways like copper or steel, hut is distinctly stroiipcr than ordinary steel or thaii man- ganese hronze. It has been suntfested that iron kit.'lien utensils minht be made clean, white and untarnislmble by plating them with nickel. OTIIEIt COI'PKH RKAItINd OIIKS. Besides the coi>per which is associated with nickel in the Sudbury dis- trict and near Matlieson eop|ior suli)hides have lioen found in tho North Ilastings, Parry Sounil, Timiskaming and TimaRami distri<-ts, and in tho section west of Port Arthur, but their extent and value is •.niknown as tiiere has been no development work. Small quantities of native copper have been fo\nid on the shores of lake Superior, hut as yet not in economic pian- tities. Between the Sudbury district and Sault Ste. Mario ah)ng tho north shore of lake Huron and extending northward for forty miles is a district in which many discoveries of low grade copjier ores have b<>on made. It is believed tliat there are large quantities of copper ore but no economic method of concentration has been introduced and all the mines that were opened have suspended operations. The Bruce j>nd Walker mines in this district were at one time much talked about. Large quantities of ore were taken out. Tn the year 1913 with the oxcoi>tion of three tons all the copper produced in the province came from the nickel ores of the Sudbury mines end the Alexo mine. TIIK fOBAl.T SII.VKK MIXK.S. Next to the famous Klondyke gold discoveries in tho Canadian Yukon the niost sensational mi>w-il discovery of Canada was made in the year 1003 in the district < ' kaming a little to the west of lake Timi'ska- ming, where extensi\ ,. of silver-cobalt ores containing an extra- ordinarily high perec. silver were found. During the first ten jears that the mines wc _• worked 185,5(K),000 ounces of silver were taken out. Many mines were opened and a number of comimnies were formed some of them paying very large dividends to their stockholders. 1 he total dividends declared by these mining companies from the beginning of op(>ra- tions in 1!)04 until the end of 1913 amount 1 to !f;48,922,i;tO. The ores con- taining phenomenal (luantities of silver have been depleted in some of the mines, and (.res of lower grade are being worked, so that to i)roduce the same od from Cobalt contain on the average 3-20 per cent of cobalt, 1-47 per cent of nickel a. d 14-2S jier cput of arsenic. Some of the ores contaiTi much larger quantities of cobalt and it was the original discovery of ores remarkably high in 100 CANADA THE lOfXTKY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII iK.NTIIiY. tH--ii I cobalt tlmt gnve the iinnic to tho diMtrict. The sinelting companies that buy the ore from the oiKTutor.t of silver mines usually pay nothing for the cohiilt. niekel and arsenie and an e.-:act record of the production of cobalt is not obtainable, but it is estimated that from the opening of tho mines to the close of lilllJ U'tween sixteen and seventeen million pounds of cobalt were taken out. This is believed to be sreater than the cobalt production of all other countries, hut he world's consumi»tion of cobalt is not (rreat. Ifowever, Dr. Herbert T. Kalmus, who recently <-ons one-fourth the weight of cobalt as com|>ared with nickel is requiretl. Dr. Knlnuis says that no nickel solution begins to compare with solution XIII H for the range (>f work which it will do and for the extreme h-'-rb current densities at which it will oi)erate. and that it is ))ossiblo to get a plate in five minutes or less with solution XIII li which will stand bending tests and will ! uff as satisfactorily as a plate which has taken one hour from the usual ni<-kel- plating baths. The cobalt plates take a very high i>olish with a beautiful lustre, which although brilliantly white possesses a slightly bluish cast. The director of the Mines branch believes that as a result of these dis- coveries there will soon bo a large demand for cobalt for electro-plating. The nuantity of refined arsenic produced in 1913 from tho silver ores of the Cobalt district was estimated to be i.',150,T.")8 pounds. Silver has been found at a number of other points in northern Ontario, but the production outside of 'le Cobalt district was valued at oidy about »i2.'),000 in 1913. Many years ago silver was discovered in large quantities on a tiny island about !)0 feet square in lake Superior near Thunder Cape. Wien the mine was abandoned in 1884 work had been carried on to a depth of 1,160 feet and it is estimated that silver to the value of $3,500,000 had been extracted. THE POKCUI'IXE (JOI.D DISTIIICT. The output of gold in the province of Ontario for the year 1913 was 220,837 ounces, valued at $4..')5S,518 of which $4,294,113 represented the production of the Porcupine lake district about 120 miles northwest of the Cobalt silver district. The first important discoveries of gold in this dis- trict were made in 1909 and there are now seven mines producing gold. There are also gold producing mines at Kiikland, Swastika and Larder lakes in tlie district l)etween Cobalt and Porcupine lake. Gold is produced in small quantities in tho Parry Sound district, in the district north of lake Huron, at Michipicoten near tho iron mines and in the vicini*, of Shebandowan lake, Sturgeon lake and the lake of the Woods. In south- eastern Ontario gold has been found in Petorborough. Hastings, T.ennox and Addington cou.iMes. Recently sensational discoveries of gold have CANADA THE CIIIXTTIY OF THE TWKXTIKTII CENTfliY. 107 been reported n few niili-i from Kowknsli, on the lino of the Xntional Trnnscontinental raihvn.v, in Northern Ontario, h\it tlie extent of the deposits is uncertain. SALT IN OSTAHIO. Salt of superior quality is produced in Huron, Rruoc, Middlesex, Ijjnibton and Essex counties in the southwestern peninsula of Ontario, the principal plants being located at Windsor, Sarnia, Sandwich,, GodoriiOi, Clinton and Kincardine. Salt beds have Imvu proved to underlie a terri- tory 2,500^ square miles in extent fronting on the shore of lake Tluron between Kincardine and lake Erie and reaching inland at its ^.reatost breadth to a distance of about 40 miles. In some cases the water naturally in filtrating through the rock salt produces a brine whir-h is pumiied up, but in many cases it is necessary to pour water itito bore-ho'es sunk to the salt beds and pump it up again after it has dissolved the salt, forming a brine. Samples of salt produced at Ooderich, Ont., have been compared with samples of rock salt of Cheshire, England, the most productive salt field of Great Britain. An anlysis of this English salt taken from a report to the British House of Commons showed that it contained eleven times more impurities than the Canadian salt contains. The purity of the Ontario salt makes it particularly suitable tor ibe manufacture of caustic soda and bleaching powder. OTIIEB SIIXEHALS OF ONTARIO. Amber mica is found in many localities of eastern Ontario in a district having an area of about 900 square miles. There were eight mines producing small quantities of mica in 1913, the most important being in Fronteuac county. Graphite mines are being operated at Brougham in Renfu'W county, Cardiff and Monmouth in Hastings county, and North P'lmsley in Lanark county. The graphite is prepared for the market in mills located near tiie mines. The quantity produced is not large. Small quantities of lead are being niiiiod in Fronteuac county. There is a large body of tab; near Madoc, in Hastings county. Three mines are in operation, with griiulitig mills near the mines, and 17,S88 tons of ground talc were produced in 191.3. Corundum of fine quality has been discovered at a number of points within a belt about seventy-five miles long extending through Ilaliburton, Hastings and IJenfrew counties. The production in V.nn was 2,3.')4,000 pounds. Clnys or shales suitable for the manufacture of brick., pottery, tiles, sewer pipes, etc., are widely distributed in tlie province. Limestone is abundant in southern Ontario. Granite is quarried in Hastings, Leeds, Muskoka and Parry Sound; marble in Hastings and Lanark; sandstone in Carleton, Halton and Peel; trap rock in Peter- borough county, near Bruce mines, on the north shore of lake Huron, and in the vicinity of Thunder bay; while slate has been found near New Liskeard in the Nipissing district. High grade feldspar is produced in Fronter.... county. The whole product of the mines was formerly shipped to pottery works in Oliio and 11 108 CANADA THE COUXTRY OF TIIK TWKNTIETIi CEXTUHY. Queen »treet Toronto. Richmond street, Toronto. C'A.NWI.A TIIK CorMlfV OF Till; TW INTI KTU t'ENTruv. ]0 dc|Misit of flllor^pllr iins hion di-covrnd in lliistinif-i oonntv near Mndoc. Tlierc! are a niinibor of important pvrites d4posits in IfastinK^ eonntv and scv.ral mines are l.einp f.perate.l. Tlu.v are also fonn.l in many loeal'i- ties north of lake Superior and are heinn mined in the Miehipieoten district. Part of the ore is used in Mdpliiirie acid plants in the province ami part exporte.l to the Tnited States. The output in I'.U.'J was 71 fi-'O tons. (i.vpsum deposits .f very fine quality are worked in Haldimand county, along the Imnks of the (iraiid river. The production in lid:! was 40,.'ifam( ton county, the Tilbury district in Kent county, and the Onondaga district in Hr.ni.t county. Oil was first discovered in Lambton county in l.^tW and 110 CANADA THE COl'NTRY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTH CKMl'KY. the prodiii'tioii of nil luis ciintiuuril cvi-r siiifc. Tlif Rrcatost prndiirtion of thi' Ontario welts was in 1N05, when tho output whh about KIO.OOO barrels t>f oil. In liMIl the production was oidy 22ti,10.'> iMirrels. There are five eompiinie* retinius Canadian ernde oil. one in Sariiia, two in I'otrolen, one in Wallaeeburjr, and one in Toronto. Owins to the decline in the production of enide oil the roKninft coniimnies arc importing con- siderable quantities of crude oil from the United States, TlIK FOHKSTS OK ONTARIO. Tho province of Ontorio extends over so many dcRrceg of latitude that it possesses a K^cat nniny kinds of trees. According to rciMirts from saw-niills published in the lost report of the Dominion Forestry Uranch, twenty-five kinds of trees were cut in the saw-mills of the province, includ- ing white pine, red pine, hemlock, spruce, ma|>le, elm, birch, jack pine, basswood, eedar, beecli, ash, oak, balsam fir, tamarack, aspen poplar, balsam poplar, Cottonwood poplar, chestnut, hickory, butternut, cherry, black gum, walnut, tulip, sycamore, sassafras, willow, and ironwood. Tho wood most largel.y cut into lumber in this province is white pine; hemlock cornea second, red pine third, spruce fourth and maple fifth in quantities cut. The late Mr. Aubrey White, for many years Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests iii the province of Ontario, stated in a paper read before the Forestry Association in 1904 that the province of Ontario had 20,000 square miles of timber subject to license within the older part of the prov- ince, south of the Mattawa river, lake Xipissing, French river and Georgian bay, most of these timber limits being along the Ottawa river r.nd its tribu- taries, the rivers flowing into Georgian bay and lake Huron and the Trent river system. He estimated the quantity of red and white pine still stand- ing on these licensed lands at 7,000,000,000 feet lioard measure of which he thought about two-thirds was white pine. He did not estimate tho quanti- ties of other kinds of timber, but said there were immense quantities of spruce, hemlock and jack pine. In northern Ontario between the height of land and tho great lakes he estimated that there were or unlicensed lands iy,500,000,000 feet of white and red pine, probably two-thirds white pine, besides great quantities of spruce, hemlock and jack pine. North of the height of land he said there were enormous qu.'IM|,Y .,K TIIK rw-KNTIKTII •""' the (>ana.^aM li.n. "" t.U^ '^U .I i't ""; 'T "' "•'"""'" ' '"' and th.. proximity of ^r,.,t wl ! «'tu.. >o.. lU h.„. railway facilities industrial pur^l maL t „ I" :'^''"" "'•'"■''" '■'"""" "^""'''"' """'" ^"' indu.tri../ A^^di ; . ,cc.ri Jim ';,:'■''•''';' /-' 7""f""t--i"« S7.T,n and U.e pro,.uH. of ils'^lZi^ l " i^:" I,;;;,: """^" ""^ ton yoarn. 1„ v.Hi a.-eordln^ t tl ^ •*';."" """'"* "^ 1""1'^ Por rent in '""''*"- river, ina.v Ik,- regarded as imrt of f -it . J ' '^ " "**"■ ^^'^ O"""" point of view If he^ml 1 . I'" " '■•""'""'•^•'"l «"10 were valued at ^.'-..-..l'^ ' « 't "'•.'„ '"""'' '^"""'^ *''« ^^^ tion at 102.000 i„ 1914 In ^o,^..* venr, / '"""^,^*«"%'"?"""'ted the popula- of the lJnitemportant industries Situated 43.5 nilSrtm ^C ta,l ^^ =^'"^^^^^^ T "'"""*""• excellent shippiup facilities bv Lth t l f ""''"V"'"'" Toronto with iron. Niagara Fall and frrnl^Vrelrltrdn f "f ^''"'*."« "?-' wells in the vicinity it is f«vnn,„Ki , » /i , "«'"'''»' Rag piped from of raw inateria from\^^e uTed Stl'r f°[/l^« --mbling of all kinds ...anufaeture into finTshed products " ' "'" "' ^""^ ^""'"^'' -^^ *»>-' The city of London, Ontario, has the great di«advantnm, of »1«. Lcng compared with the world's metropolis because of Ttsnf^e 1 T from .me^to time been pro,.sed to substitute a distL:!.; Cardia. nat! 112 ( WAK.V IIIK lOIMllV (IK rilK TWKMIKIII 1 KMI UY. •ANAI.A IIIK ,..IM„v OF TIIK rWKMiKii, . KMi |,v, I l;t tow I b«'tH-, !"'r~ti;:rta';::::r;;r;" r'-;"', ■;■■■' '• '■ ■•■" ■ ' i^ -!l:i''^::f. '(:::;:'^,::'r::,r;''"''^ 'r- ■' " '" "■• • • tl.t. i,rn,l„..t., „( i,, f„,.n,ri.r ' .r ,"' ''.'■"''•"•""" '" l"M.nInti.,„ <':M,a.liu.. ..i.v. A V ' ,. , "; :"'""."'"" • ^( "H.v ,.,l,„r :;;i '"^ "^•: ' ^i/:::;"«:;:r:":.; .. Vn ^;;r"!:?';; r ;;^i; ^";;- V.':' s!:r:j'.::s: T::,;':;!;r'"r' "'"'- ""--> — 'f.- « 21.201 i„ 1914. „s .. tiMntr U *; •*'".V^- '" ^'""- T^'"' I-'l-latiun w„« tant education r.;..'^ S^.^lZ P ""'"■■ ' 'V'"'^"'" '* "" """■■'• canal is n„„.,,|..t...| ?. | h .^ V , "" ""' '■"''"•»■"■"»•"* "f tl>.. Wollnn.l port, ns tI,o l.r,t I. :':,:m """'"■ " -'••V '•>"Pnrtant transl.ip„,o,.t tranship tlu-ir ..ar., , < « , ,"i"":i ''';"" .'^"'" "«■ """- '"'^'■^ '""1 of water wluH, ..„, rnn l/ro H . St ""^ '"." """■" "'"" ' » ^'^'t Kidoau river, lak./a . ,: v '^V ?"""" """"'" '" •^'"'""•"'- The ure steanlers. ' "'"" "'""" "' »'"^ I>">ninion for small iatior^:M.S'';;,;;;;:;;i"';; ':f ;'•'"" "'.'i^' "■"' ^^'="-''>'' -"■ " ."-m.- val„e.l at $0..>,;,M>8 . nd \ V teH " ". '""""♦'"•»""- i» 1»10 was of Onlf. whi..h i onl feVmi"" t" "n"'',' " ''"7' ^''""•""'' ^l- -i,,- nn cleetrie railway, lla/a';;;:;;^. T", ^l I'^^'l^.^'-^;:-' ^'^ ^^ ^^ .'Oiler lie I.etwe en' T^ 1 n nV :i; '' Tr"',- '""'"^ "^ ''^'^*'*"' "'"' 'f'^- Prosto.u Ilespeler an 1 f ,It are . ^1 1' *'"; '"""'• ^^'"♦^^^'""- Ti-rlin. .TOW eventually int^ n l^ri 1 ~ Tr''" •' '"' *'"-^' "'" "'^'''•^ <" ins to the eensns of IDIl ,! V",- ,'!"■"• J""" P"l"'lation aeeord- 42.000 at the end „finit ' ' "'"' " "^'^ <-fimate,i to be over in ^::t2l::i:T:z UV'- '" ;■'" "■"■ « """"'"*•- "^ ^"•-'"^ 8719S-8J '•' '''^' ■'*"■■ ^ '■^'""'"t^^ P'"<'i"-od mannfaetnred Ill * vNAiiA iiii-: lui'.Niiiv '»K rill. iwiNiiKMi <>Nir»v. TIti' (iiirc, lluitultuii, Oitt. Jamti* Mrtf-t, Ilaiiiilunt, Out. Mf r.\NAri.\ TMH I'til V'lllY UK TWKMIKHI < fMiitv. ! i:, B.....I- v„l„..| „. ♦T..i!...,::.'wi i„ ,!Mo. (i,„.|,,i. i, k,„.„„ f,„ „,„, „. ,., , ,^ itii Krciil inrriciilturiil roWciif. „ ^^'''")""-- >< I«i''l' "M.i Wnlk.nill,. „„ ,1... C. |i„„ .i.l.. .,( ,1,., .•r...e nv.r .,,,,,„.i,„ ,1... „|.y of iKtroit. „r.. likrly to .Lv..!,,,, i,„„ „„ Iho rpult of tl... ..,t..Mi.|„m.Mf of » ,„.ml,..r of l„r«.. In.lu.tri.-. j,. l:,10 «n,.Nor „lonr |.ro,|,„...,l i|.:i,T71.:(m; wortl, „f ninniifm l„r.,l « |,. St. ratl.nrin.... w|,i,.l, ..winjr to it- „..„rn«,M to Xuignn, Kail- U* unii.ii.illv rhoap rlortrtp pow.r. Ini.l „ population of U'.4s» j,, iftij ,„„| pr,« .,..., I maMMfa,.t,>rr,l koo.I, val,....l „t PWVJt: : it ..latio,," «„. 1..-IW. „ lOU ,,rcordin« to flu. nty n.-r.^or'n oMiinatr. St. Tbo,„a. with M populnt.o,, o, Wy i„ I'.ll a.Hl a„ ...ti,„ato,| pop„l„tio„ of 1T,0.», i„ 1.M4 producoil iiiaiiufnotiir.Ml (tomli valiir.l nt i|n.:,7;),M> in l!t1o Stritfor.l will. ..population of liM»4.! in 1!.|| a n ,..timat...l |K.p..lation of IT r.. of }ort \\.ll.,n„ was Iti.l'.i. a,„l that of Port Arthur 11.2i.. T„ 1.M4 II.,. ...ty as.,.sH,r* ,--.ti.uat...i thr p,.p„lali f F,,rt William ;>t -'7 I7(! ....,1 that of Port Arthur at )>,:;.'.-,. Th,. position of th.-,. ,.i,i,, nulla.. th.-n. tl„. iran.l.r point h-tw-..^.. h.k.. :.u,| rail tran-portali,,., in tl„. tratlic h-tw.....j KaM.rn an,| \V,.,.,.ru (V.uuln. ||,.r.. are h-.at.,! .1,,. ^naf-t Km.., .. ..vators .., tho w.,rl,l. In l!.l.. ,1,,. valur of ,na„ufa,.|ur...l pro,|u,.t. ol the two t,.wns wa< only *l.:,07.7.;.-.. hut a .n.n.h.-r of i.np,.rtn.,t i,..lu.- tnnl plant, huvo s,,,.... I,,..,, ...tahli,la..| th-Tc. Ch-ap ,.|,...tri,. powor i. ol.ta..,ahl,. fro... th,. Kakalnlu, watorfall. an.l th.. f„,.iliti..s for a-,.,uMi„tf raw inat,.nals nr.. a.h.urahl... whil. the railway freight rat.'s for th,. -hip- nn^nt of n.anula,.tur,.,! pro,lu,..., i„ ,1,,. w,.,t..r.. prov nr.. favourahl.. S.-.ull Ste. M,.r.... Ontario, popularly known as tl... (•..un.lian Sa.ilt „wi„K t.> Its ch.ap ..l,.,.tri.. pow..r a.nl stn,t,.tri,. position on th,. trr.at S,..ult .aual otffrs man: dv«..ta..',.s to mannfa<.tur(.rs. It is not.,! for its Inrno st..rl work.s n.id lis pulp and paiM.r in.lustry. Its nia.i.ifa,.|iir..,l pro-lmts „.,.„. valued at »l,002.s;il i„ 1910. The popuhiti.... of Snult Sfo. Mari.. was lO.'.tM 111 llllO nn.l was estiniatc.l to h<. li>.:i!(7 in 1!M4. Tl.,. t,.wu of A.nurara Falls. whi..l. had a population of n,:!i'(( in lUll n.id was ostimat,.d to have UAW .n 1!tl4. has a ...imh, r of important nuuinfa.turin? i.ulus- tr.».« r.in hy elertr.,. pow.T. Bollovill... liro.-kvill... Wondst,..k ai.,1 Sar.iin e.n.1. hn.l nearly lO.(MH) inhal.ita.,ts in liHO. whih. \,,rth Hav 0,hawa nnd L'olliuRwood had each ov.r 7.IH(0. I.in,ls„.v. Orillia. Cornwall linrri.- .Smiths Falls, Kenora. Pcn.broko. W.lla.ul. P,.rt Hop., an.l ('obo.,rff ranRrd in populi.lio.i Iro... .".00,1 to 7.i'«>i. ll*i es granted tr railway comonnics. ''^^f^^Hrf^ ■^\ \ Inrm la»n in Oiitariii. ' 118 CANADA THE COUXTIIY OF THE TWENTIETH CESTCRY. ^AwBW*. Chapter IX. THE WESTERir PLAIH. » .J^^ ''."'■'■.r^ Canada extending from the western boundary of Ontario to the Rocky Mountains and from the United States boundary to the Arctic ocean has been known by different names in the course of its history. For a long time it was generally known as the Hudson Bay territory, but was sometime^ called Prince Rupert's Land and often referred to as the Great Ix)ne land. After it became part of Canada it was known for a number of •^'TYw.f."",^ '"■,*''.''*"*• ^" '^^''t y««'^ 't '"'*' ^-'^ inore frequently called Western Canada, although this name should properly include British Columbia. Ferhapa the moat appropriate name is the Western Plain of Canada which distinguishes it from the mountainous province of British Columbia. Politically the Western Plain has been subdivided into the three Prairie Provnices, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the North- west Territories. Each of the Prairie Provinces extends from the United States boundary to the GOth parallel of latitude, while the Northwest Terri- tories include the wnole of the Western Plain north of the 60th parallel of latitude. * THREE GREAT RIVER SYSTEMS. f),« l^^ Western Plain has three great river systems with lake reservoirs, the Nelson and Churchill rivers draining into Hudson bay and the Mac- kenzie draining into the Arctic ocean. Besides the rivers included in these three systems there are the lakes and rivers which empty their surplus waters into Chesterfield Inlet at the northern part of HudLn bay. the mos important of which are the Thelon. Dubewnt and T.'azan rivers, and the livers emptying into inlets of the Arctic ocean, the largest of which are the Backs and Coppermine rivers. The chief reservoirs of the Neison system are lake Winnipeg, lake Winnipegosis and lake Manitoba, which receive the waters flowing from the western prairies through the channels ?L W- -^ ^S^S' ^-1: A-^^'"il>"i"'' n"d other rivers as well as those of the A\innipeg and English rivers coming from the lake of the Woods and lake beuL The Nelson river carries the surplus waters of these la! ^t- "'w^ 1UA.H VliiaT^"1« iHi ^^gigmi CANADA THE COU.NTIIY OF THE TXVENTIETU < K.NTIRV. 119 J-innip..g. The Il«l rivor risinp iu the United States fl.,wH northward to coming 450 miles from the west. Lake Winnipeg, having an area of 9,459 square miles, lake W ■mi- pegosisjiaving an area of 2.086 square miles and lake Manitoba with an area of 181. square miles are all long and narrow, and extending from north to •outh provide navigable waterways for long distances in pro,H,rtio„ to their area. Steamers run from Winnipeg along the Red river and through lake Winnipeg to the rapids of the Saskatchewan a distance of 28fi miles Th.- a little dredging would make it possible for steamers to run from Winnipeg to Prince Albert. Battleford and Edmonton on the north Saskatchewan Saskatoon on the south Saskatchewan, and Brandon on the Assiniboine Uowover the prairie rivers although long are neither wide nor deep and will never accommodate largo vessels. The Nelson is n large river but at present is only navigable for about sixty miles from its mouth owing to rapids. The upper part of it near lake Wiunipag is a series »f small lakes Tvhicn are sometimes regarded as extensions of lake Winnipeg. Tlio Haves mer rising in a small lake near lake Winnipeg and emptying into Hudson bay near the mouth of the Nelson river although not so great a river as thn Nelson IS navigable for a much greater distance. It has been much used by th^Kudsons Bay Company in transporting goods from Il.xlson hnv to lake Winnipeg. A short portage separates the upper waters of the Haves mer from the upper waters of the Nelson. At Hudson bav the Nelson and Ilayes rivers form an estuary and York Factory is on a tongue of land between them. The Churchill river has for its reservoirs a host of lakes large and small extending acr- the country almost as far as lake Atha- baska, including among othi n lake. Granville lake. Reindeer lake lake la Ronge Isle la Crosse laK . !o lake. Clear lake and lake la Lochc! I'ort Churchill at the mouth of tlu v r has a good harbour and the river IS navigable for a number of miles. THE MACKENZIE SYSTEM OP RH ER.S AXD LAKES. The Mn.kenzie is almost as great a system of lakes and rivers as the St Lawrence. Its first reservoir is the Lesser Slave lake out of which flows the Lesser Slave river emptying into the Athabaska river, which rising in of 765°mfleT"A VilT ^^t"^''' '"*" l?*^" Athabaska after a winding course of <6o miles. A little to the west of lake Athabaska is lake Claire about the same size as lake St Clair which lies between lake Huron and lake Eric the three lakes being connected by very short rivers. The Great Slave rive^ connects lake Athabaska with Great Slave lake, out of which flow.s the Mackenzie proper to the Arctic ocean. Inking joined at Fort Simpson by he Liard piver from British Columl ia, and receiving still farther north the outflow from Great Bear lake. The chief trihutar^of the M«c"en ^ Z Peace river, which rising in the mountains of British Columbia makes co„! nection with the lower end of lake Athabaska by means of the Quatre IZf^uTi' " u''";* '"■" '""""'« ^"^^ ^t^e«n lake Claire and SSat if?"' T "';^'"" 'T'^' *•"« '=''''"'' P"* °f •*« -ate- into Oreat Slave nvcr by an ther mouth, twenty-five miles below. In the spring 120 CAXAI>A THE COf.VTBY OF TIIK TWKXTIF.TIf OEXTrRY. when the Peace river is high, the water runs out of the Quatre Fourchea river into the lake; in the guninipr, the water runs out of the lake into the river. From its mouth to the Itocky mountains, a distance of 740 miles steamboat navifration on the Peace river is only interrupted even at low water by rapids or waterfalls in two places, having an aggregate length of .">J miles. At ordinary stages of the water the only obstruction to naviga- tion is Vermilion falls or rapids above which the river is navigable for about r>50 miles. The Peace river has four important tributaries, the Finlay, 250 miles long the Parsnip, 145 miles long, the Smoky. 245 miles long, and the Little Smoky, 185 miles long, but the Finlay and the Parsnip, as well as the upper reaches of the Peace, are in the province of British Columbia. There are several smaller tributaries navigable for short distances. The Mackenzie proper is 1,037 miles long, with an average width of about one mile and a quarter, and there appear to be no obstructions to navigation throughout its course. In some places it is over two miles wide. A little south of Fort Simpson the river narrows and for a distance of 70§ miles is only about half a mile wide. This part of the river is sometimes called the Narrows, but is more commonly known as "The Line, because men rowing up the river sometimes attach a line to their boat at the Narrows and walk along the bank pulling the boat up stream 111 preference to rowing against the swift current. Above Fort of Good Hope for a distance of about seven miles the Mackenzie river runs between high wolls -' rock called the Ramparts. At the upper end of the Ram- parts the river narrows to a width of about five hundred yards and its depth IS about three hundred feet. It gradually widens to a mile at the lower cud of the Ramparts. Just below Fort McPherson the Mackenzie IS divided by islands into four channels through which the waters of the river run to the Arctic ocean. The Hudson's Bay Company has for a number of years run steamers from Fort Smith on the Great Slave river to Fort JfcPherson, a distance of 1.273 miles. Going down stream the trip ,s made in a little over five days. Going up it takes about nine davs. Ihe captain of one of the Hudson's Bay Company steamers stated some .vcars ago that the shallowest water anywhere in the Mackenzie river channel was 11 feet deep. By dredging a few shoal places the depth could be increased. It has boon estimated that the ^^fackenzie and its tributary rivers without including the lake reservoirs of the system furnish over ^,m) miles of novigation for stern-whoel steamers. Great Bear lake has an area of 11,821 square miles. Great Slave lake an area of 10,719 square miles, lake Athabaska, 2,842 square miles, lake Ckire 404 square miles and Lesser Slave lake 480 square miles, a total of 26,266 squore miles, as compared with 17,705 square miles, the combined area of lake Ontario lake Erie and lake St. Clair. On the Great Slave river above Fort Smith navigation is obstructed by rapids for about sixteen miles. On the Atha- baska river rapids interrupt navigation for about 6C miles above Fort Mcyurray. Above these rapids there is navigation on the Athabaska for small steaniors for many miles. During a period of sixteen years the records at Fort Gorman, in latitude about 65°, showed that while small quantities ot ice sometimes formed in the river early in October the earliest date at which the river was closed by ice was* November 2 and t'AXAIU THE <'orXTRV OF TIfE TWENTIETlf CENTURY. 121 tho lutcst, XovemlKT 18. The earliest date at whiih the ioe broke up was May 9, und tlie latest, Afay 24. At Fort Simpson, in latitude 61° 52', the eoriicst drift iee during a period of ten years' observations was on October 11, while tie earliest date at whieh the river was closed by iee was Novem- ber 17 and the latest was November .TO. The earliest date at whieh the irth of the OOth parallel of latitude to Selwyn lake, where it turns southward to Wollaston lake, from whirli it runs westward again to tho headwaters of the Churchill river. This height of land, although the elevation is not great, separates the waters flowing into Hudson bay from those flowing into the Mackenzie system of lakes and rivers or directly into the Arctic. At Melhye portage, where the height of land separates the headwaters of the Churchill river from the Clearwater river, whieh flows into the Athabaska, there is a hill rising about one thousand feet above the general elevation of the portage from which n view is obtained of the Clearwater Valley, described by Sir .Tohn Franklin, Sir Getrge Simi)8on, Sir Alexander Afackenzie, Sir Oeorge Back and other famous explorers as one of the most enchanting natural land- scapes in the world. THREE XATIHAL SlBDinslOXS. The vast Western Plain which is drained by these great systems of rivers and lakes has three great natural subdivisions, the Prairies, the Forest Region, and the " Barren Lands." The Prairie region lies between the United States boundary and the 54th parallel of latitude, sloping grad\ially eastward from an elevation of over 3,500 feet in the foothills of the Rocky mountains to an elevation of about 800 feet in the valley of the Red river. There is also a steady slope northward, but the eastward slope IS a little more pronounced and directs the course of the rivers toward Hudson bay. Throughout the Prairie region there are trees in many spots along the banks of rivers and on the low hills that rise from the plains in some pliices, but the prairie country as a whole is almost treeless ex -ept in the northern part where there is a park-like country hoving many groves of trees with wide, open spaces between them. This park country may be regarded as the borderland between the Prairie and the Forest region. The Forest regiim includes the districts lying within the basins of the Churchill and Mackenzie river and lake systems and the country extending east and northeast of lake Winnipeg to Hudson 1 y. .Tubt as in the Prairie region there are small tree-covered areas, so in . le Forest region there are small prairies. The district known as the "Barren Lands" lies east of the waU'rshed of rivers flowing into the Afackenzie system of lakes and rivers and extends from about the 60th parallel of latitude to the Arctic ocean. It is drained by a number of rivers flowing into Hudson bay And by the Coppermine and Backs rivers emptying into the Arctic ocean. As will be explained more fully in the chapter on the Northwest Territories, several well-known explorers are of the opinion that the so-called " Barren Lands " are wrongly named. 122 CAXAOA THE COUXTBY OF THK TWKNTIETII CENTUKY. TIIK lUMO.N BAY RAILWAY. Thn prmrio country ig fust becoming a network of railwi.ya, but a» yet the forest belt i» almost without ruilwuys. A (iovernment railway is being built from the Pas on the SaHltutchewan river to Port Nelson, n distaiite of 418 niilos. in response to a l«„g cherished desire of the western settlers for a short route to Europe. It is a remarkable fact that Port ISeUon IS nearer to British ports than New York is, the distance from J ort iNcLon to Liverpool being 2.0fi(5 miles, as eomnnred with 3,04.1 miles from ^ey, \ork to Liverpool. It is evident that if Hudson bar and strait were ....vigable throughout the year the whole export nn.l import business ot the \\e8tern Plain of Canada would take that route. Unfortunately the ico conditions in Hujson strait arc very unf.vourable to navigation .luring the greater part of the year. Commander A. P. Low of the steam- ship .\eptune, commissioned by the Canadian flovemment to study navi- gation conditions in Hudson buy and Hudson strait, said in his i«port:~- '• Hudson bay and Hudson strait do not freeze solid, but are so covered with masses of Hoating ice as to be practieallj- unnaviguble for at least seven months in the yej.r. The ice does not Wgin to melt until well into the month of June, and is not sufficiently melted for safe navigation with ordinary steamers until the middle of July. Xo ice is formed in the strait and bay sufficiently heavy to obstruct ordinary navigation until the latter part of November, but towards the close of this peri.Ml there is danger from the early passage of the northern pack across the mouth of the strait and also to a much lesser degree from the ice from Fox channel partlv closing the western entrance to the strait. The period of safe navigation for ordinary iron steamships through Hudson strait and across Hudson bay to I ort Churchill may be taken to extend from the 20th of July to the Ist of November. This period might be increased without much risk by n week in the beginning of the season and by perhaps tw,. weeks at the close. Commander Low selected Port Churchill as the terminus of the Hudson Bay railway, but Port Nelson was finally chosen. The conditions as regards navigation are practically the same. *■-— ■-■■ - Ss ~^y. --'-^pMirwir^^-fT' ■• ^i^^ ISS yet t bt'ini diittH iPttli XoU I'ort frmi WtTIl >.f tl the (liiri •hip Kiitii with m^vc the I onli mid part frim nn m.f mt,,, ..lt.,B..th..r nppropri...... Jlowovor. .H uriy tho wh.-le population of the thr-f provii.ocH i. i., th.- pruirio country south of thf 51th pBrniJ,.). Mniiitobn h.u nn nn>a of S51,83l' «,»an^ .nilo,. S.uknt.-h.w.iu a.'.l.TOO »quui ,.,.lc8 ,wi.l Alberta l!5.-..:'«r. «nu««. mil..s, a totul of Tn-i.hlT «|uiire tZ- I • "•!:'^\l"-"'^'"'r «"mhiiic,l li„v,. „ „r..Hl.r .m-.i than lli,. .tat... of Mi.hiKH.,, n.Iinna. Krntucky. lllin.,i», Wisconsin. Minnesota. I„wn. M..9;mn. North Dakota. South Dakota. XeJ,rn«k« a...l Kansa, ,,,„.l,in,..| Manitoba i« larger than Oennany. Tl,.|Kiuin. Holland ai.^l S«i(/,.rland .■.,.n- b.ne.1; ,n area as gnat an AuHtrin-IIunKarv .nnild i .■ taken out of SaHkat.ho- wau u.,d 10.400 wiuare miles would remain; Alb,.rta rould ^ive away St »«5 square nules and still have an area as large as Italy. <;«•.-... Monten.Kro ^ervm. Kumania and Bulgaria .ndon; Edmonton, the car-ital of AllK-rta Is. .W 3.T is in about th. same latitude as Manchest.-r. England- while Dunvegan in the Peacv Kiver country. N. 50' is in al-ot the same latitude as Dundee, Sf Hud son bay and Huds.m strait in the winter and spring and this offsets the higher clevntion. In Alberta the influence of the warm Chinook breezes 124 C.WAKA THE rOI'.VTllY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTIl CENTURY. Kx|H'riniental Kami, Brandon, Manit4»ba. I>rivrn:ijr, Expcrimrntal Farm. Brandon, Khiiuiiix Imw lrf«!« will giun on the Fniriv. CANADA TIIK lOU.NTItV OK TIIK TWKXTIKTII CKNTIKV. 12: coiiiiiig throuKh pnssi-s of thn Kocky niouiitniiiit is often full. Those \Vi\rin winter winds melt the snow in a marvellously short time so that it selilom lies lonjt on the ground and cattle are aide to feed on the prairie all winter. Coniparint; .Manitoha and Alberta it may he said that the winters are a little eoldiT and steadier in !Manitolia and the summers n little warmer, hut the ditfereni-e is not great. Saskatchewan has very iruieh the same climate as Manitoha and in lioth of these provinces tho winters are less chantjeahle than in AllxTta. The larnc lakes of Manitoha have n moderating; influence on tlie climate. Saskatchewan an° X. latitude to fiO" N. the northern seetions woidd he nmch eohler tlian the southern, hut the elevation decreases so steadily from south to north that the higher altitude is offst^t hy the hiwcr elevation and there is very little difference in climate. Tiius while tlie elevation is :l,427 feet at Calpiry in southern AUxTta it is only (500 fiH't at the extreme rorth of the jjrovince of All>erta. Edmonton in latitude X. !>!i° 3;{' is l,2lj!> feet lower than Calgary in latitude X. .51° 2'; Dunvegan on the Peace river in latitude .Ifi" X. is 2,0!M> feet lower than Calgary, while Fort Vermilion (■n the Pea<-e river in latitude .58° 24' is 2,4.54 feet lower than Calgary, and J'ort Smith on the Slave river at tlie northern !>f>undary of the provini'o over 2,800 feet lower. However a great i)art of the Pence river country has n much higher elevation than the river valley, which is not very hroad. 'J'he great plateau through which the river flows is from TOO to 1,000 fiH't higher than the level of the river. As we proceed north heyond the hoiin- .lary of AUx-rta into Mi:» Xorthwest Ti-rritories the altitude continues to (lecrcnse. A good illu-tration of the di'i-reasing altitude may he found in the levels of the Mackenzie system of h ' " reservoirs. Lesser Slave lake has an altitude of l.SltO feet, lake Athah; -ka nn altitude of fiOO feet. Croat Slave lake an altituih- of fiiO feet and (ireat Bear lake an altitude of ;!'.•! feet. TMK COMINfi OI-' TIIK SI'MINO. Till' spring Howcrs and tiic hiids of deciduous trees appear as early north of (ireat Slave lake as at WiMniiHg or St. Paul and earlier along the Peace and I.iard rivers and some of tlie minor aHIiicnts of the great Mackenzie river. l'rofes>or Macoiiii, the eminent hotanist. who made a careful ^tiidy of this northwestern eoiintrv, said that the sjiring hegins in the Peace Kiver distrii't and advani'cs southeast at the rate of 2.'iO mih s per day, and that winter hegins in .Manitoha and goes northwestward at the same rate. Many reasons have liecn assigned for the warm r^uinmers in the far northwest. The elevation of the country is thousands of fee t lower than at the Vnited States houndary. The British Coliinihia moun- tains are much lower at the north and there a 'e many passes in them through which come warm Chinook hr(>ezes from the Pacific, while the many lakes in the north favonrahly atTi'ct the temperature, and in the summer there is almost no night there. An American writer has calltKl all Canada "Daylight Land" because of our long summer days. The title seems npi>r-''l>risite to niiy on,-. o..minj; from tht^ Southi-rn St;itc> to Smilli- western Canada; it is more apt when we reach the prairies of M^initoba, 126 CAXAl.A TlIK („,M„Y OF T.IK TWK.Nr.KTII CEXriliV. Wheat Fann mar Ertmont.! lAXADA TIIK COUNTUY OF THE TWKXTIKTII CKXTUIIY. V2~ iSaskiitclii'Wiiii iiikI Albprtii; hut iiiust live in the vnlUy ,,f the l\\wc rivor fn.tn tlio tir^t of April to tlir cikI of ScptemlxT to ronlizc that Caiiii.lii i-s imliH'd •• Dn.vlJKlit r.aiul." Hut wliih" there are hxiB days in summer there are lonjr ninlifs in midwinter and temperatnre-i .-.omJtimes register very h,\v. Yet even in the winter there is very Iitth> darkness, for when the moon is not shininjr tlie l)riniant northern li^lits nsnallv make the iiislit hrijjht. K\RMIN(; IN NoKTIIKASTKliN MANITOBA. It will he noted that the far northwest owinn to h.eal inllnenees is wanner than the far northeast in the same latitude, hnt the lonK siinmiir art of this forest '"h would be well suited f,.r afrrieultiire if cleared. He .•sfiinat.d that this 1,,'lt Would average about ■iiK) miles wide from north to -^outh. He sai.l that everywhere in travellintr through it there was abundant evi- dence of ricli vejretation. and wh.Tever any kind of ajrrieulture had been iitt things do not crow i: winter. He thou^iht tliat anythinsr jrrown in the prairie countrv farther south would jrrow there. :Mr. Frank Crean. V.K.. another explorer, refer- ring to n trip throiifrh northwest Saskatchewan in lOd'^. says: "The first frost resistcred by my thcrinonieter wns on October 2. when the thermo- meter fell to 24 depr-es Fall. I was at .Methye portage, latitude X. ,-.(!' .Ifi' on September 17. and the potato tops were not frozen in the least The garden was also quite unt.>u.hed. \or had I seen anv frozen vepet.-.bleg on the wa.v up. The lakes bejran to freeze on Oc-tober 20. but remained open for perhaps two weeks, the weather turniiifr quite mild affain " In anotlur report of explorations in the same district the followinp var Mr Crenn said: " T-t^tuce and radishes in fourteen davs uraw fr.-^m'fhe ^,-,^i to a si^e fit for table use. On Sunday. .Tuly 14, I saw some radishes one and n lialf mehes in diameter, fourteen days' (rrowth."' 8719.>— 9 128 CANADA THE COUXTHY OF TlIK TWKXTIKTII CEN TUKT. Main Htn^t, ^^'MiniiH*(^. •t Comer Purt>f(e Aveuue and Main itreet, Winnipeg. CANADA TIIK llUXritY <»F TIIK TWK.NTIETIl t KXTIIiV. 120 TIIK (;RK.\T II\KII WMKAT IIKI.T. Tliere is liiiiil rii(iii;;li in ihf uri^it liiinl wlioiit belt of the prnirie oouiitr.v Wfst of tlio llv>\ river mid liikr Winiiiiiojr to produco n v.r.v Ihiki' proiHjrtioii of tile world's |)rcs(nt dtiiiiiiiil. Xciirl.v the wliolc iirra of tliosp vast priiirics is suitnlilo for wlinit trrouintr. Siiciititif uRricultiirists su.v tlint this is tlio larircst I'ontimioiis expanse of rich soil on the Aineriean PontiTient. In addition to a rich lop soil there i> a deep snlisoil eontainiii); great stores of nitroBen. pliospliorie ai'id and pota«li. so that without the im' of fertilizers niau.v erops ean he taken off the land in si >s-i althouKh they point out that even sueh fertility wmild he exliau-ted in course of time if the farmers eontiniied to jirow iiolliiiiB I'ut wheat as many "f them are doinp. However, niixe' farminir with rotation .nO0.0nO acres. ^ In the year l!ti:! there were 10,036,tK)O acres In wheat. :<.:9-2,ii»r.:?.nOO bushels of wheat, 242,413.000 bushels of oats and .'11.000.000 bushels of barley. Suppose that thirte<-u times the acreage f.f 101.1 were devoted to each of the crops prrown tliat year it would require 24fi.4!>r),(i0(l acres, not niiieh more than half the total area of the thr<>e prov- inces, and if the yield per acre were the same as in lOi:) we would have 2."2n.4(Mi.(KM) bushels of wheat. :t.l.51.3(!!t.fKH) bushels of oats and 40:i.:sO.- fKX) bu-hels of barley, In'sides immense quantities of rye. flax, mixed grains, hay, clover, alfalfa, fodder corn. peas, potatoes and other vejfctaliles. In Oetolier 1914 the International Institute of Afrriculture announced its estimates of the world's production of wheat, oats, and barley to be as fol- lows : Wheat 2,697,000,000 bushels, oats .'?,286.000,A INK (III NI'ltY i>K INK TWK Nl I KT II . liiit till' lii'-t priHif nf tlii' i|ii:ilit.v of tlii^ wliriit \-< it- lii>rli stniiiliii^ ill ill! Ii'tiilinu' iimrkrt* <■(' tin- wnrlil wlirri' it is p'liiTiilly kimwti uiiiliT flic niiliif of Miiiiitiiliii wlnNit iiwiiiii In tlic fiK-t tluit Mmiitolm wiis flic first iif flic western iirnviiiccs opcncil to scttlciiiciit. Flour iiiiiilc froiii this wliciit <-iiiiiiot lio cxi-cllcd in lircnil niiikinu. l«iif if \* not siiifiilitc for liisi'iiit nmniifiK-tnrc. Tlic liisciiit nmnufiK'turcrs of Wiiiiii|HV use Ontiirio Hour which is parficularl.v suited to liisciiit nianiifiictiirc. TliKKS (illoW WKI.I. Il\ TIIK I'KMIIIKs. The Forestry Bnuu'h nf fhc Doniinioii Di'imrtnicnt of the Interior is omleavouriiiK to encoiiruKc the fanners to plant fri'cs on flic prairies. The last reiMirt of the Director of Forestry stafcil that in the previous year 2,"ii'.i:!r) trees were (listrihutcil to fanners. What may he a< niplishcil in firrowiii); frii's on the prairie is particularly well illiistrateil at the Doniiiiion ExiHTiinciital Farm at nraiulon. Manfitohii, iiml in the city of lininilon itself, where all the resiilentiiil strii'ts are liniil with hcaiififiil -hade frees. Not y\\ii\ IIMII.K To Kill IT TKKK.s. 'I'l liniatc that produces the finest wheat in the W4irld is not favour- iihle to fruit trees. However with Rrcat care certain hardy viirietii-s of apples I'an he pro.liu-cd in some se<'tions. There arc wild plums in Maiii- tohu; a numU-r of the trees were |iliiiited on the Dominion Kx|M'rimental Farm in Tirandoii some years ajro and there is now n fine orchard. Tlio plums, which prow aliundantly, arc small hut of tine flavour. Hhick and nil currants, rasplicrrii's and strawlierries prow very suoeessfully. iiiiiiKSTKii i.wns. At one timi! it was supposeil that extensive areas in southern Saskat- chewan and Allierta were too arid for farminp. and would never In; useful except as cattle ranches. Some of these lands have jirovcd to he well adap- ted to farniiiip even without irripation, liut extensive tracts have Ihm-u hroupht under cultivation as a result of irripation works ciinstriicfeil h,v the Caiindian I'acifie Railway Company and other companies. The irripated land has proved to lit> as fertile as other sections of the prairie and pros- perous farms have taken the place of cattle rniK'hes. CUM, IN TIIK I'HMIIIK IMIOVINCKS. Lipiiite of rather poor quality is found in the Turtle 'Mountain district of southwestern Manifoha coverinp an area of about 40 miles long and 20 miles wide. While small (iiiaiititics of this lipnite have hcen mined no niin- ing ojieratioiis on an extensive scale have ever been inidertaken. There are extensive lieds of jieat in Manitoba. In the Souris district of sonthcrn Saskatchewan there is lipnite of better quality, bepinninp a little west of the Manitoba boundary and extendinp alonp the United States frontier for about ITiO miles with an averape width of about 25 miles from south to north. There are a numlier of small coal mines near Estevan in this dis- trict and the present onnunl output is about 200,000 tons. There are Wlieved to be deposits of lipnite extending almost completely ocross the southern part of Saskatchewan from Estevan to Alberta. In the eastern part of the province of Alberto, both in the southern and northern districts i:;2 CA.VA.,A THE CorxrilY OF TIIK TWKXTlKTIf CENTURY. The •hopping centre, Bruiclini. MaiiitoU. CANAIi.V TIIK (iilMllY (IF IK TWKMIK.TII CKNTniY. 133 thero nrp cxti'iiitivL' (li'|M)!ine loeiilitiiM. It him Ixvii eotinmted tlint there ore 400,«K)0,(KN) toiH of unthriKite lonl nml 1,-.'0<),000.(H)() tons of wift cool in the basin of tiie raseaile river. 'I'lie total areas of known eoal ileiMisits in the province of Allx-rta ineliiiliiiK iiiithrni-ite. I.itnniiiions ami sinii-hituniinous eoiils have UiMi e^.tiiiiatiil to iinihrlie :10.(KI0 «|uare miles of tlie provinee. Tlie priii- eipal miniiiK leiitres of seini-hituiiiiiious coal are ahmir the Belly river lietwiH-n l4>thliriilKe ami Meilieino Hat. and in the vieiiiit.v of tho eity of Ediiionton. The prineipal mines of hituminous eoal U-iiiK o|M'rated iiro nloiiK the line of the Crowstiest hraiieh of the Caiindian rneific railway a little east of the British CoUimhia iMiumlary, wliile the anthraeito mims are near Caninore and Flankhead on the main line of the Canadian Paiitie railway. I{ees ..f Caiiiida have demon- stratisl that elicap i*>wer e produeer trials with lijrnites and lijfniti ills of low ealorifie values, (iood results were obtained in every ease, the (f.is Is'iiit.' of Intth eah>rifie value and uniform in .piality. It is U-lieved that in distri.ts where water iH.wer .aiinot Ih> e. mieally develo|M.d elii-trie enertiy .an Ik' iren- erated from those liunites ami distributed to towns some distiin.-e from the mines. iiTIIKII MIXKHM.S IN TMK I'll.MHIK I'lloVlSCKS. Cold ill small .|oiinlilies has been found along the Peace and I.iaid rivers and their tributaries, but there have been no preat dis.'overies of Kold iinywb.rr in the Prairie I'n.vim-es. While indications of silver have been reportcMl at various points in northern Manit^iba, Saskatcbewiin and Alberta, it has not yet been foiind in e.'onomie (luaiitities. The fact tb.it the population of the Prairie Provinces is not yet great enonsh to justify the manufacture of pig-iron and steel, and the pre;it distiiiKC from i.ny outside iron-making centre where iron ores could be gold )nis privenled any systematic search for iron ores, but explorers have reiH'Vt si miipy imlieations of the existence of deposits of hematite, limon- ite and clay in.iistnne in the northern part of Miinitnba. Saskatchewan nii'i .Vllierta. Indications of copper, galena, mica niid gypsum have Is-en reported in Ml itbeiistern Mauitolin. Marble of high grade is found on Marble island in lliidson bay, and there is also marble at Churchill. Limestone y {fund in a number of localitii>s in Manitoba, and there are said to be very large quantities near 1-e Pas. Xickcl deposits are reported in the vicinity of lao La Uonge, in northern Saskatchewan, and coal is snid to 134 .AXADA TMK , ofN r,,V OK T.IK TWK.VTIKT,, . KX TL'IIV. Hearth utrwt, Hpgina, Sn.k»tchr Kl-vcntl. AveniK.. R.^i,u.. S«JtKch«w.„. OAXAIi.V THR ColNTItY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTM TKNTI IIV. 1.1" liuv (' liifii w miiiir • liny viiliir li-trirt. If tl piiiiii tl HTc lire liiiih.v .tl 'f lrnp|M•r^, I. ill iir iiiiiitrii iiirlliiTii |iiin iif Sii-I;iiti liiwiiii, liiil tliiT>> i- little rinl kii.iHliiJB.- of iirt' lire li.(iii> -nrtm' r'ln ,1 -liMr flic iiiiiiiriil ri'»inirrp« III all tlircr I'niirii' I'mviniT- tl ■'tiililr fur tht' iiiiiiiiifiirtiiri' nf iMiililiiii.' hriik-. mihI ticri' iirr ii iiuiiilrr Ml ilrpiinitii thiif mil Im" iitilixi'il fiT tlic iiiiiiiiifai'tiirc .'I m'wit |ii|"- miil ilrniii til«'s. T(i ilcwrilf in ilctiiil nil tin iliixisit- in tlii- « iili if lirrii woiili rfiiiiirc a liirirc vuliiiiii'. Any om. -iin-i illy intor '-ti'il in llir •.iiliji.-t ..f I'liiy* nnil clnilrd iiiiiy olitjiln ifcliiilnl iiil'iiriiiMli'>n liy ■'on'iiltinif llir rr|>.irt "11 the "Cliiy and Slinl" I>i|mi.iI< f tlic Wi'-tiTii I'rovinii-." in tti MiiiimiM, i-iivi'rinir Mhi ,iaifr-. iircpi fcir till' ('iiiiiiiliiiii (i irn' I tfii-iil SiifMy liy Mr. lloinrii'li Rii'< iinil Mr. .Iii«i|i|i K.cl. Ili.H.vrr. it tuny In' M"t«<| that wliiti- iiiiil iiTi'S ••lay* of truly n frarliry I'lmriii'trr in- !■ a1 aliiinilaiiPi' in tlir I>irt llilU. wiiitli of tlif rity ..f Mon-i-jaw. Sii-kati'licwan. A^wH'iatpd with tliriii urn I'liiy !-liiilf« i>f lnwi-r rt fraftoriiii'-«, and liy iij-inu proper niixtiire« of the ditTerent lied-. Hnliri'k. iirrsseil liriek. -eWer pipe al st< tin newnrr ran Lll b<^ all" .Vt the city of Medieine IFiit, .\llirlii. and le iieiuhlMiiirinp town of Kedelilf. 'Ijiy prodin-ts are ImIiil' niiinnfai-tiiri d on ignite an extensive «eale. In Miflieiin- lint, rartheinvare iMit-. eroek«, deiiiijohii'i and ornaiiiental tlower pi't< are inadi' from ii iiiixtnr •t einy anil ^p<«l■alH rhy. l4UrKe (.rypsuin dc|Kwit-i are reiK.rfiHl near the iiioutli ..f the I'eaeo river ill northoni .Mhert i. In the vieinity of the Slave nnd .\tliiilKwka rivi r« tlnTi' are many «alt water sprinjrs and \vitiieiiM> before a eommitli f the Komiiii n Senati' reported larire ipnintities of roek -alt in the vieinity of Fort MeMnr.ay on the Allial>a! Tllll V U'l.iri' llfiMkillt. Wllr III Ultll II nil- till- ihitw nirl up likr tln.'M' ..I Imril -i>ii|i. Wlirii \\,.rkiil in tin IihihI ii Ui'iuiii * NiftiiH'ii mill limy !«• iiiMiililnl liki- |iii«t,v iiml i. i|iiit)' l.rilllc In ii lin- I iutilti*. I'liniiiiK lor w.Mii' till!)' with ii •iiiukv II.iiih' iiiiil rr.'' Mr. Wyiitt Mnliiilni, rcfxirtinir In tin- (>i>( Ik lull 111-, irmii U" I.. Jl'ii iirt, jiii'l iillliiiiiKh tlwy linvi y c*).! •il it llll. lici'ii fliiiiiil'il tliiit tl»->- ilintriliiilioii of nt Itii.i* l.rnK) »|iiiirf riiil.-«." Mr. U. (i Mi-ronmll, in n r<'|><»rt t>< llio «ir,il Siirv.y, iilliT .ii'-rriltiiiK tli<'«i> tar »iiinlx iii of rnoniioui) iMint, »i\y- "Till' ■'■.iniiK'ri'iiil mliir uf tin- tiir «iin(l» llii'tii^elvro n* rxixw.il nt till -iirfii.r i* lit |.rr«.'iif nii.Mrtniii. Init llif iiIiiiikIiiiki' i.f thr iniil<>riiil »inl ttii- liii/li ixTciilinr.. ,,f liitiiiiK'ii wliich it rout lii,- iinikc it prnlMililt- that it iiiity in fniiirr l»- utilixnl T if varimi. |mr|M«m. Aitioiiir tin- iimh tl. ttliii'h it i ,i whi.h ..••.•iiri. ip the ii<'i»rlilM,nr!iortH nm] fn-HHl int.. I.rii|ii<'tti>« f..r fii t tliftt l,;i< Livii tiik.'ii in th.'ic fa ii« tiir «iiimI» hiis Ihtii ilnr t.. til.' |,.li..f that fhir.' iniiiit !.. iii|.... <,«• .|niii.tili. .f f. h •■ lav I... 111. !.J .Vlll 1||> . .Irill.'.l wi,h- Innn -.iii.wl.ir.' Uinath tlii-ii., l.iit wh, ilnr ilii rrali?(.| iir n..t niiiuin* tn \to s. <'ii. '^cviml vvill mil ri'Niilt-. I'»;TII.»I.KIM in AI.BKIiTV There an- |N'tr.ileuiii spriiip'. at Hcveriil |Miints in (.r.iit Slin.> lako n.'ar the Mlii.ro. Till; .lil .•..inoH u|i to the lurfaee of the wat.r. At viiri.m.-^ poiin* nioiig the IVaer- river there are iii.li.'atioii.i ..f ..il. (il■o|..^ri^t!^ »ay that tlw' pr..>prH>t4 of iin.lintr hir(r< .|naiitities of oil in northern .\ll..rtii iir.' v.-ry KihkI. In the I'iiii'lier er«'k di.stri.'t in !..>iilherii All>i'rta v.uthwi «t ..f the town of .Mael.Ki.l oil liii« Ikh'ii »tru.'k in several pln.'es and it is elaiin..! that a fcri'iil oil tielil exi.st!. tliori'. i.iit the pr.«lu.'tion of .lil hai Iki'Ii miiiuiI up t.> the pr.-»ent lini.'. A f.'W inili'« -..luth of the .'ity of Califiiry a lijrht ..II nUnit !•(» iHT eont HUM. lino Iiiim U'en struek; a niiiiilM'r of welU are \f\uii Uireil anil gruat exin'i'tiilioni liav.' I..'.'n ar..!!-.-.!. WTI liM. .as l\ TIIK niMlilK eii.i\ l\l I «. Ill ilrilliii): for oil ii.'iir the nioiitli of the I'eliean river, ii trilnitary of the .Vtlial.;iskii. -II. -Il a li.'.-vy llovv ..f ini. was >lrii.-k iit a .l.'ptli of s.'" f.^t thai the roarini; ..f it ■-..til.l Ih> liearil tliriv inil.'s away, and the work of drilling; for ..il had t.. 1h' aluindon.'.l. Xatnral ^as springs liav.- Imh-h found at a ininilM'r of iK.ints on I he I'ea.-i and Atliiihaska rivers. There is a pro- dii.'tive K'lis w.'ll near W.'tiiskiwin alM.ut -to inil.'s south of Kdiiioiiton and j;as is ri'iH.rtiil to have Imi'ii -triiek at Totield on the (iranil Trunk I'uoitic railway. In southern Alln^rta thir.- ar.' prodiielive iras weijs nt a nninli.r i.f jMiints ill a wi.lc .listriet of whieli the eity of Medieino Hat is the centre. Jn iMedii'ine Hat its.'lf tile wells yiel.i larjre .iuaiititi<;s of ({as supplyiiiK the town with lijrht ami fni'l iM.tli for d..niesti." and industrial pur|Kisos. At B.)\v ishiii'l. 10 mil.'. \ve>t ..I Medieine lliil. there nr.' a iMinil.er of pr.idue- tivo wells from which jras is pi|MKl to ('iil);nry. I.ethl.ri.l)r.' and otli.T towns. 138 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTir CF.XTUHY. IIIkIi -tm-t, .\l..ii»..l»», S,i.kutcli.«..,i. .M;.iM »trf.-t, M,»w.|„„, S.i,k«tcl„ CANAIIA TIIK COlNTItY OK TIIK TWK.NTIKIII f'K.NnitV. i:J9 (ic(il(iKintM nay tliiit tlicri' iiro iKiKHiliilitifs of KiuliiiK luitiiriil ix»* iit ninny Iiciiiits ill Snskiiti-lit'WiiM tiiid Miuiitolm liy f tlic Wi'sti-rii I'laiii liiii* often Ut-ii swept by fire owliift to tlie cun-lessiic'ss of liKliua.s anil traders, uiiil I'onscHiuently only a small |>ro|Nirtion of the trees are very olil. It is only in placet) where trees liavo e-eain-d tlie ravages of fire that an idea ean be formed of the ]iossibilitics of growth. It is tile general opiiiiim of explorers that if there had never been any fires the greater part of the forest belt would lie covered with good sized trees. There are enornioiis i|uantitics of timber larije enough for piilpwood or for fuel, hut conipiiratively small ipiiiiitities hirifi> I'lioiigh for siiw-niill pnriH».K's. The iloniinatiiiK trws are spruce and jack pine, but there are also considerable <|iiantities of tamarack, |Kiplar and bin-h. Uev. John Seinniens, a missionary who s|pcnt some time in the Iturnt- wood Kiver district northeast of lake Winniiieg. wrote reganliiiK the tim- ber: " I have cut tiinlHT as large as two feet in iliameter at tlie butt and fifty feet in height, but this is exci'ptional. Fnuii ten to fifteen inches near the ground is a U'lter estimate of the average size of the trees." The Ven- erable Arehdeacoii McKay, who as a missionary travelle l,a Koiigi', and that the logs averageiided for mih's. Sir (ieorge Simpson, the famous explorer, eam|H'd one night in the valley of the Clearwater river under a tree which he desi-riln-d as measuring three yards in girth at five feet from the ground. Mr. Fred. S. Ijiwreiiee gave evidence iM'fori' a Committee of the Dominion Senate that in the valley of the Peace river he bad seen many spruce trees three feet in diameter ami had measured one four feet four inches in s Uvan and iiltliongh a great deal of the timlier has lieen cut and fires have done some damage iln'y still haven considerable quantity of standing tiniber. They have all bi'i'ii set aside as (iovernment forest reserves. There is also a swninp forest rcMTve. Tlit se (iovernineiit foii>trv ri'«irvi« Imvc liccii dc-cribcd a- follows by Mr. I{. II. Caiiipliell. D iiiion Uirci'tor of p'orestry : "Turtle Mountain Forest IJeservc lies ali. ig the International boundary and has till area of (i!»,!lL'0 ai-res elevated from '.'OO to COO feet above the aurroiiiirisiii|; 082,400, ncrt's tlir Uiirk M.niiituin Forest reserve, roiiiprisiiifi Hs7,li-0 neres. mid tlie INireiipiiir' Knre-t reserve, eeiiiprisiiDf T.V.".e forest reserves ma.v he made of ureal value. He sa.vs: " The investi(tatiois we iiave im.d.! of the rate of growth of timher in the province of Manitoha cmnpare iivour- ahl.v with the rates of growth in Kuro|H>an countries, such as (Jeruuiny, France, and Sweden, where forestr.v is heiuK practiced protitalil.v. The rota- tion or the period reer acre up to ns hiffh as l.OIK" feet board measure. If only a product!. ph of KM) feet board measure jier annnni were reached in the present Kiiliotr MnnnlaiM, Puck Atonntain. and Porcupine Hills reserve- in Manitnlic tln' iiu'irreeate area of which is 2.41.5.*«40 acres, it would mean an annual int .; L'4l..'>84.fK)0 feet board nii'asure, a cut equal to that of Manitoba. Saskatchewan :md AllM-rta at the present tinii'." In southern Manitoba in the river valleys tlwre are a few elm, oak, basswood and white cedar trees of fair size. In southern Alberta near the Hritish Colninbia li<>nndary the Douglas fir grows wi'll. In the year 1!M:! tifty saw-mills in Manit^iba cut «4.fi17.O0O feet of spruce. 2.Ts;i,»lOO feet of ja<-k pine. 2,172.000 feet of tamnrai-k, 2,0««.000 feet i>f aspen poplar, 2()'<.0<»0 feet of balsam poplar, 27,000 fe<»t uf bireh, .•t..*»,i f,H.t of oak. 1.000 feet ..f cedar and 1.000 feet of elm. In SasI at- li Willi twenty-live saw-mills cut 112.7,50.000 feet of spruce, 1,S1:{,000 feet of tamarack. 20ti,0<>0 feet of jack pine, and 31,00o feet of aspen poplar. In .Mberta f.irty s.iw-mills cut tI,7ii4.(K)n feet of spruce, 2,237,000 feet of JMck pine. JOl.dOo f..,.t of |).,ii>rlas tii. 7i!.00ii feet of tanuirack, 70,000 {,ft of balsam poplar. .Itt.ltOO feet of asi-en poplar. 2.",IM)0 feet of birch. WOMlKRFl I. (;R,1WTII i iF IITIKS oK TlIK I'l.AIN. Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, situated at tin- cciiHuence of the IJeil and As-iniUnia' rivers, claims the tith> ''(iateway City of the Western I'hiin." Kvery railway i tinir the eastern and \ve>tcrn provinces passes through Winnipetf and all the preat railway lines luive made it their western heailqnarters. It is now the worhrs prcatest primary (rrain market, handlimr more crain than the lartrist irraiii centres of the I'liited State-;. It 111- always been the chief wholesale dislribiitin)? centre of the Prairie Provinces, and since cheap dec-trie jH.wer has been secured from the Winnipc): river it has beciniic an importan' niannfactiiriiiff ccntn-. There are now over 4(H'> faitori,- einployins over 2i>.ii!iO hand-, and the 112 • AX.VKA THE CDtTN TRY OF llic; TWK.NriKTII CK .NTIIIY. ■1mi»-r »v,.i„ie, ftlmonton ill «A.\All.\ IIIK inlVIKY OK TIIK TWK.VTIKTII C'KXTIItV. ic: uiiiiiial i>iit|itit uf iimiiiit'iii-tiiri'd jriiixlH U valued nt hvit titty iiiillinii d illnrs. The ri'iiiiirkiil>li> ndvniiliijrt's wliicli \Viiiiii|»>K Piijuys in tiio posnf». In the ten years endiiitr with ItlU the value r.f huildinirs eon- stnietol in Winnipes.' was *lL's.0(i4..V.i.-.. an annual averaire of $l-2.«-2iI. !.-.!». Tn the year 1000 the Winnipeg eje.-tric street railway earried .•!.i'..'i:W p.issenjrers; in the year I'.M I it carried .".>*. l-'.t.ff>T pas-enners. Hrandon. on the .\ssinil.oine river. V» niih's w,-t of \Vinni|M>fr hy railway, is the s<'cond eity of Manitoha. ami is likely to I nie an important nianufae- turinir and distrihutinir eentre owing to its eentral situation iu the prov- inee of Manitoba and its ('.veHent railway fa.'ilities with tlie Cjinadian I'aeitie. thc> Catuulian Norlheru. the (iraiid Trunk I'aeih.' and the Creat Xorlhern railways tril.ut.iry to it and n nunilier of hraneh line* radiatin:.' into the rieh fariniu« country that ^nrrounds it. firanilou is noted for its two ureat aununl exhihitions. kimwn ns the Interprovineial Suiuiner Fair and the Mrandon Winter Fair and Live Sto-k Show, whieh attract visitors from all parts of Western rainula. It has devoted more attention to triH- culture' than any other city of the western plain ami nil visitors are impressed with its homelike appearance, nrnndon's population was in.'i.in at the .•ensus of Iftll. and is now estimated to Im- almut H.IIOlt. I'ortapre la I'rairie. .'if, uiiles west of Winnipetr. is al-o an important rail- \vay centn". Tt- popuhition was r..Sn2 aepordimr to the eens\is of lit! I. The Pns. the startinp point of the (•overnment Ilud-ou Hay railway, and Tort Xelson. it* terminns, m.-iy become important towns In the future. Rc-sina. tl;c> capital of Saskatchewan. Hrst appear* in tl ensus returns in 1001 with a population of 2.240; in lllll the popidati.m was •■'.0.21.x and in lull it was estincatwl to he 4.''..00(). The city of Mooseiaw. Sa>k:itc-hewan. had a popcdatiou "f l.S.'-.S in 1001; iu 1011 the popuhilion v»as 1.XS2:!. and it was , -.timated to Ih- 2:?.l>tM1 iu 1014. Saskatoon, another Si.skatehewan eity. has had a phcMcmenal frrowth; the populatitoii was ll:'. in lOni and 12.004 in 1011. .vliil. it. was estimated to be 2.-..min i„ 1011, l>nn.-<. .\lbert. at the meeting iilace of tlie North Saskatchewan and South Saskatc-hewan rivers, had a population of l.Ts.l in 1001 nud fl.2."4 in 1011: it was estiiuated to l)e idi.- I 10.000 iu 1014. f'aljiary. Alberta, had a populatioti of 4.:!!f.' in lOol : in 1011 the population was 4:!.704 and in 1014 it wa* cstinuited to be 7.%.000. Kdni-.n- ton. the e-apital of Alberta, had a populatio,, ,,f 2.r.2(i in 1001- iu 1011 the '" 'nfi'"' "'^'-^ -»-!"X'. iind iu 1014 it was estinuitecl p. be .lO.IiliO. Menli cine TTat. in south.Tn AlbcTta. bad a )Mipidation of l..-,T0 in liio] ,,,,,1 .-,«()<) in 1011, while it was estimated to l>e U'.fHM) i„ litl I. I^tlibrids..." in southern Alberta, had a p.ipulatiou of 2.072 in lOOl and '•.ci.-.O i,, 1011 end It has jrr,,wn rapidly sin.v the ewisiis. Many other .iiwll t..wns ami Milages h.iv sprung up from lb.- vacant prairies within th.^ last t.-ii vears. fii tlmlklll^' of the- future p..ssibi|iti..s of tb.' prairie, .•ific. the vaHt '•"'"•"^ "♦ '•' ""'O- tributary t.. them and the inimlx-r of larjn' cities that c..vist Ml KuroiK. .nid ..veil In fb.' I'uited .States within an fH,H«l area I' list Ih' taken inio coii-ide ration. 144 CANADA THE CUUATHV OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII CK.NTfllT. Chapter ZI. THE ROHTHWEST TEKKIT0RIE8. Ill the I'otlltMl parts of Ontario iiiid Quflx'<' did sittlir* sii.v that niiiny di»friitg in which sumnior frosts nro never oxpiricii 1 m.w wen- fornurly "juit.. Iiiil.le to sunimor frosts, ami tli.-y attrihiito tl linntrn to improvid •Ir,mi,i8,.. In distri-ts of soiitl«-rn Mnnitobii. wh.rc tlir cirly srttl.r- oft.'ii lo>t tliu:r crops tliroii)rh summer frosts, no sii<-li trouble is now cx|Mricnccd 111 these Miinitobii districts the Iniids did not r.'.|iiire droinnBe. hut many fnrniers believe th.it the jrnneriil cultivation of the soil by openinB it up to th,. snii mid the iiir warins it They say that the cultivated soil receive* and stores heat ,liiriii«r the b.nir. hot sninnier days, and in the cool niRhts the Lent rndintcs from the soil, thus prcv.ntinu blifrhtinff frosts. There IS very liftU' (h.nbt that wIk-ii the section- ..f Ontario and Quebec Ivinff l«;t»-e.-n the Ifeifrlit of Land and Jam.* bay and on tlie oast and west sides ot .lames bay and the northern half of Manitoba. Saskatchewan and Al Hrta have been tlMinMiRhly dr.iined and brought nnd.>r cultivation there will be a great improvement in climatic conditions so far as they affect aKri.Miltnre This is true also of a large ,«.rtion of the Northwest Terri- tories whu-h lie to the north of the 00th parallel of latitude. In fact at some of the Hudson s Bay Company posts in these territories the cleariuc reduced to cays of twenty-four hours at each place. Ottawa would hav,. sev,.ntv-Kvn days and five hours of full sunli«ht: Fort Simpson. eightv-niMe davs eleven hours: Fort Good Hope, ninety-nine days, twenty-two boo,.; „nd 1 ort Mel herson, one huiidrcl ami nine days. twenty-o„.. hours during the four months. * V yA JfC i i I - ^ ^IC^ V ^ / -1^^ ^- % S^W v. ^■fW)^ ...... ^ k L- •w ^ tnitJi XOKTH WEST TERKITORLES , .^••B^'l •1'^^^' I t »' c i: it ii a II nl 'I rf .^/ fir ^^ ^V' --?- ^\.. an $ Jo i 5i M rt ! ^ T// IF I '/H ) ' f.,1. -.^ ,/=^--' :*^ "Tv-^ ^f tv ' 4 si i 1 J '^1 ! Ii: \' Ji '-4 CANADA THE C 'MTUT or TIU: TWrNTIITH rfNTIKV. IIS Followiiiir ID tlic ciiiniMriiHiii ..f tin- numU-r »i hour* of siinliiihl :~ MmjX ■liinv t . June 31 •I'lly 1 AllKimt 1 AiHCiMl HI Mhv. •IllIM" , .Inly AiivwI. t^tillMl*- III Kirn HiinliKlil. Iliniro Huiiliiilit. Ti>(»b «)lla»» HiniiMifi •(■-•I ll.>l»-. M>Phr».«l «V»i' Hl'ftf' W |«^ 67 HI' M. N. M. M. H. >. H. W. M in IHtKk 17 •« i; :i» in iti l» .Kt 31 iH -.'4 o» in -ki 11) II 33 4M -.'1 00 msi IIIU3 39 •« :.M <■) 14 113 IHM IN W IU34 n» It m \lMi 14 14 HtHim. H fnr u qiiiility of soil i* pi>nririio nt lon-t ni« fur liiu'k from tho Mrrnm «» till' W0.11U cxtoiiil. Thi- oxtciit \* »nid to viiry frmti twinty to forty mih-s oil thi' eii>t siilo, whoro no Htrt-nm tlowx in. Imt wlicrc tlitrc nro j>trrnnii> th.' distniKO \* miicli (jrratrr, ns the timUr follow* tlii' viilliy». IJcyoml tlio frinBi' of tiinlKT wo oomo to tlio no-.nilli'd harrcii IniiiN, on whiili nothins Imt niiww* and liohrns (jrow and which, i-xiTpt ns tho paMtiirnpi' of the nin!.k-o.x and a fow other animaU. nro jrintii-ally ihcIi s*, ho far a^ known lit present. On the west side of the riv.r .ne wood* extend to the timlier line on llie niountainn. Assuminir the limitH to U- a* above, the nrei of the fertile noil can readily be foun I. S|NakinK only of that jxirtion ol Mackenzie basin extendintf from Athal.aska hike to the Aretie ucian. Wo have a strip of land nine hundred ami forty miles ImiK and «omelliiii|r 1 viT sixty wide. This (tiveg in round numbers sixty thousand square niilrs of land, the airriiiiltiiral eapahillties of whii-h we may reasonably di-eu-s. 1 tliink the abovi area ii less tlian tliat aetually wooded, but on the w.-.t side much of the .surface is pMbably at aiieb an elevation, beiuK mar the untains, as to Im' outside the limits of coir ('iseiissiim. Thioretieally, the pointH involved are the prevalent temptratures during the jrrowinjr lu.inth.s. the period of vegetation and the duration of sunshine." Mr. Oj-'ilvie .stated that when he was at WriRley. latitude fiH" X., 011 Aiijfiist 1."., the jc.plf were (ratheriuK bluelM-rries. then fully ripe and as larce and well flavoiinil as they are in Old Ontario. TJi|)e strawberries were found oil Aujmst it ninety miles b«dow this, and raspberries soon afterward. AlK)ve Fort Wriyliv wild (Tooseb. rries and both red and blaek eurrnnts were found in abiindanee. some of the small islands beinc literally covered with the hushes. The Kooseberries were large and well tlavoiire.! and the currants eompure>. Fort Mel'lierson is tlie most northern of ..\c llndson's Bay Coinpany posts. WhHe tlie siininier (hiys are very long ami usually warm, severe frosts occasionally come even in midsummer, and snowstorms have sonietiincs been exiH>rieneed in July, but the snow quickly melts and does not seem to do any harm to vegeta- tion. It is pointed out that even in southern latitudes of the I'nitcd States hailstorms are not unknown in summer. However, the elimate at Fort MePherson cannot 1 e rcRnrdcd as suitable for apriculture. At Fort Oood Hope, in latituJe \. fit!" ]C', fourteen miles soith of the Arctic circle, a variety of veRotables are grown. In his book entitled " In Search of a I'olnr Continent," Mr. Alfred II. Harrison says: "On .Tuly 2,'> we arrived it Fort Oood Hope. I was pnrticularl.\ impressed here by the .hardens which I visited. They produced fine crops of nearly every kind of vegetables that we grow at home, T did not, indeed, see either i)cas or beans, but I noted how very fine the potatoes and cabbages were, as also the onions, btet root, lettuces and turnips. We took some of these vege- tables on board and they tasted every whit as good as tlicy looked." rollKSTS IN TIIK KAR XOIITll. Mr. Elihii Stewart, formerly superintendent of forestry, testified before a committee of the Dominion Senate that he thought the tree growth extended ten degrees farther north in the Mackenzie River basin than in Labrador. Aspen poplar, white poplar, balm of Oilead and birch grow as far north as Fort ilcPherson, in latitude BT" 2C', the natives at Fort MePherson making their canoes out of birch bark. Even in the delta of the ifackenzie, north of Fort MePherson, the islands are heavily wooded. The birch trees about the delta of the Mackenzie attain a size from 12 to IC inches and are used at Fort MePherson in building log houses. Mr. Malcolm Macleod, testifying before a committee of the Dominion Senate in 1888, said: "As to the wood of that far north I would observe that it is remarkably hard. I have a pair of snowshoes of peculiar shape made right and left of birch for frames, like iron in texture, and though perhaps about a hundred years old, perfectly sound." In the vicinity of Fort Confidence, at the northeast end of Rear lake within the Arctic circle. Dr. T. it. Rell found many fine siiecimens of trees. Sir John J'ranklin, who was at Fort Franklin at the southwestern end of Rear lake in 182."i, said that while the trees were generally small " a few of the better grown measured from four to five feet in girth and more than fifty to fifty-five feet high.'" Mr. E. A. Preble, of the United States Riol(igi<'al Survey, explored the country surromuling Rear lake. According to his report the southern and '.•estcrn shores are well wooded, while the northern and eastern shores are more thinly forested, but he says the country at some distance inland is better wooded. Most of the trees seen at the south of Rear lake were spruce. In exposed situations they seldom exceeded a foot in diameter with a maximum height of forty feet, but in more favourable situations he found trees two feet in diameter. Xear Fort Franklin nearly all the large trees have been cut down for building purposes and few trees over nine inches in diameter are seen. It 'cems to lie generally agreed that in the far north the largest trees are I i II 148 CANADA THE COUNTIIY OF THK TWKXTIKTII CKXTIHY. ii.ar tho rivers. U.it there has heeii little exploration of the coiintry at a distaneo frotn the rivers. KISII AND GAME IX THE MACKKXZIE BASl.V. All the lakes and rivers of the Mackenzie basin abound in fish. Moose e,.r.bou mountain sheep and a variety of fur-bearing animals are plenti- r : • !\. I ? ,''"^'n«'S8 of fur farming were introduced in this district the value of the fur exports might reach enormous figures. Even under pres.^ut condition, it is estimated that the fur shipments of the Mackenzie basn. are worth between two and three million dollars annually. THE BARREX LAXDS. T^e title •'Uarre.i Lauds" was long ago given to the treeless country ^ast of the watershed ot the Mackenzie system of lakes and rivers and extending generally from about the 60th parallel of latitude to the Arctic of 2 «o r"^^ 7r "y'^f'^bay the treeless lands extend a little south vlllev T^^ 'rfr' ''^. '«*'*";'«' -hn« f«'tl'er west and especially in the valley of the Ihelon river the wooded lands extend considerably farther north than the 60th parallel. The Thelon river is described by J W Tyrrell as navigable for river steamers and other boats of lightdraught aU the way from Hudson bay to the forks of the Ilanbury, a distance of 550 miles, excepting perhaps two rapids on the river above Baker lake where some improvements to the channel may be made." This river rises a httle north of the 60th parallel of latitude and flows northward to eoTi- sideraby bcvond the eah parallel before turning eastward toward Cheste - Tllt^A 'Z^Y'"^': '*"*^^ **>"* « '""'•^ or less continuo;,s bolt of spruce borders me Thelon river as far north as 64° :«)'. The n gion known as the " Barren Lands" being exposed to the cold winds bbwi ,g off the ice-fields of Davis strait and nuds,.n strait, the season of vegeta- tion IS much shorter than i„ the same latitude of the ifackenzie Uiver basin. In the short summers these lauds are clothed with n wealth „f flowers of many hues. At all seasons of the year they furnish sustenance for countless millions of caribou or reindeer, which never have any diffi! tti 'V'T" r* *; ;'"'' Tf""' "' '^' ^""^f"" '« •!«»•* in winter. In his book, "Sport and Travel in the Northland of Canada." Mr. David Hanbury says: "No land can be called barren which bears wild flowers in profusion, numerous heaths, luxuriant grass in places up to the knee u"i\-*T*^/! nioss and lichens. It is barren only in the sense that it s destitute of trees, hence the name ' Dechin-u-le ' (no trees\ which is he Lidian name for it." Other explorers have expressed the opinion that the name "Barren Lands" is a misnomer. Yet it seems to be generally agreed that outside the southern half of the valley of the Thelon rivor the whole region is unsuitable for agriculture, because the summer season without frost is too short to mature crops. If the summers were long probably the greater part of the "Barren Lands would be found suitable for agriculture, although some sections are too rocky for cultivation and would never be of value unless they contain minerals. As regards the winter climate. Mr. ,T. B. Tyrrell has CANADA TIIK tol'NTItY llF IK TVVKNTIKTII IKXTIHY. 149 Hindu a comparison of the winter tfnipernturos of the " Hiirren Lands " with those of northern Siberin, and Ims arrived at the eonclusion tlnit no seetion of these lands has winters as cohl as some soetions of Siberia that are now inliabited. lie says tlio mean winter temperature of tlie Siberian town of Vakiitslv, with a population of S.dfM). is lower than that of any plaee in the Canadian " llarren Lands." This is important. iM'eaiisc it shows that if means of livelihood can bo found for a considerable popula- tion in the Canadian " IJarren Lands" the elininte is not too eold for habitation. Indeed some of the <'xplori'rs and traders who have wintered in the '' Harren Lands'" say '.h- t the steady eold and the clear, pure, dry atmosphere of the winters are very enjoyable. The remarkable claim lias been made that owiiiR to the fact that the maRiietic pule is located in the Canadian iiorthland there is somethinjr iieciiliarly enerfiizinR and health giv^nfr in the climate. The question arises, if the " Barren T„1 view and photoifrapl, the bands of deer whiel. ..vere 8tnlever.vwh.ro about me. After the slaughter of the first day vie ..„rr>ed no r.tes w.th us. but anned nnl.v with mora walked to and fro .rough the herd eausn.R little m.,re alarm than 'K f"<-tories eould Ik- estab- l..h."">• "*■•'">• hax stated that a musk-ox whieh he helped o kill weighed fourteen hundred pounds dressed and the robe rneasured hfte»„ feet from nose to rump. The meat of the musk ox is not o palatable ns that of the reindeer, but the meat of a well-fed eow i s "J o be very good. The meat of the musk-ox eould at least be u^ by fu,*^ farmers m feed.ng other fur-bearing animals, and the robe of thTmusk-ox Fl R-F.\RMING IX THE " BARREN LAXTW." The people of the fertile province of Prince Fdwni-.l T=l ,„a u an example in fur-farming that will be fonoZl i.i 1L IS ^'''^'h^S can be no doubt that all through the -'Barren L.nds " the eSe is well suited to fur-bearing animals. The old method of h-,.,t;.,„ -i i • , will be abandoned «nd fur-farming wH become ge era Tb f '""T^' niiantities of furs will be produce'd thanZrerbr^d wJ„t.b::*o" trtr^of"izt""'^" '" ''-''"^ ^"^-'-^^- -i-i-:nd;':tHn"g THE FISHERIES OF THE RAIiREX LANDS. iisb ^'i;« "7«'-.^'"%>«ljes "nd rivers of the "Barren Lands," are full of COePER IX THE FAR XORTH. «t..t«!?1; ?■ ^' ^'"'"•" "■''"'" ^'"^*°'" "^ **>« Canadian Geological Survey stated before a committee of the Dominion Senate in 1888 that there was CANADA THK inlNTlIY uK TIIK TWKNTIKTK rKXITItV. ir.l every rcuson to iH'liovf tliiit flio rucks iiloiifi tlii" ("oiiiKTinitio rivor wore im rich ill popper a* those in the loke Superior distrii't of Miehiiran. Mr. J. B. Tyrrell reportiiip on tlii> copper jiossiliilitirs of tlio fur north, snici: " Tlie coi)i>er-l)enriiiK rocks \vo\il(l socin to extcnil alonf; tlic Arctic const, Ixitli enst Biid west of C'opiicnnino .cr for iilKHit five hiinilred miles in nil and prol)- bW.v mnn.v of the smnllcr islands off the const nre also of the same rocks. and the total area of these rocks undouhtcdl.v ainr>unts to nmn.v thmisandii of S(|uare miles. Coinpurinf; the enrl.v accornits of the ocenrrencc of native copper on hike Superior with the nc<'ounts wlii<'h we now possess (if the copper on roppermine river, nnd consi(h'rin(r the enormous extent of the jiorthcrn deposits we hnve reasonnlile Krounds for ho)ie tiiat hcfore many years the Cointermine area will produce as much copper ns is now mined in northern Michigan." The Eskimos of the far north all hove spear nnd arrow heads, ncef the Arctic near the coast. OTHER MIKER.XI.S IN TIIF. HEOIOV. So little real exploration for any minerals has Im^u done that it is impossible to speak very definitely of the genernl mineral possibilities, but geological experts of the Canadian Geolopical Survey have expressed the opinion that the rocks in the countr.v back of Chesterfield are similur in character to the Huroninn rocks of Ontario which hnve yieldi'd such rich results in copper, nickel, silver and (told. Coal of good quality is said to j'xist on some of the northern islands. A BlX)K OK GHEAT VAI.IK. Any one who wishes to have full information regarding the Northwest Territories of Cunada and the undeveloped northern regions of llanitoha. Saskatchewan and Alberta should obtain from the Railway Lands Branch of the Canadian Department of the Interior a cojty of Lieut. -Col. Ernest J, Chamliers l>ook entitled " The Unexploited West," a volume of nearly four hundred large pages containing nn admirable compilation of information about these northern regions. i:>2 CANADA THE COUNTHr OF TlIK TWKNTIETII CE.XTUBT. I^nlce Helena ami Mmint Robwm. ^^ .-vy* 1 1 1 "jm^m^^M^ML Banff Hotel, Canadian National Park. 1" */ ■;^,«-..^^,^_ .j*R 'f . /--I.- \ i/" .*■ f. k^-ft- -"Xm^^j^-f^isM': I f' i I .- * ^^-*»=.. -^ :.$0i .^^ ».•■•« % ■■■f '. M;\ •V-y.-irw- ^ iO MftI*- ; !■ f S J • CANADA ril»: mU.NTnV OK TIIK rW> XTIKTII IKNTIMIV. 1.-.:) Chapter XII. BBim.: COLUMBIA ASD TRZ TtTKOlT. The |iriiviiifu ■>( Hritiith Culiinibiii i* the winiilcrliiiiil of ('iiiiiiiln. Within itx l><>uiiiliiri( .< uru ni|)r>(Jucp that cuiinut bv fiii..id <-lm>whi>rt'. It* lufty iiii»w-cu|i|K.>ii tiKiuiituiuH, lovi-ly vullvy*, prrtty lukuM, and iiiiirh iiidoiiti'ii ('uu^t, eumtiiue ti> niako it imMt attractive tu touriHtx, and itx natural ri"iK>urc<- iprfur jfri-ut imluifnimiti to I'apitaliiitii, while for (>rdinHr>' itcttleri with little or no i-uiiital there are undlexx (ipitortunitieii. Kxti'iidinif from the AVeHtern I'luin of Canada to the Pacitii! iH^-an, and from the I'tiitPil Stateit lH>undary to the tldth imraMel of latitude it iH lM>und'jd on the north hy the Yukon Territory of Canada. A inirmw strip of the northi'rn I'naxt extending ai* far south a» latitude N. 54" .'>'' belouKH to Alaska, nnd is known as the Alaskan Pan> . ' ile. The area of British Coiumliiii is Xt^>,n6!i s<|uuro milex. Thirty-neve.; ihouMnd wiuare mile* niiKht be taken away from it and it would Btill be larger than the three I'aeitic c-oast states uf the American Union, California, Oregon and WaNhiugton. British Colum- bia is lHr:-er th«u the United Kingdom, Franee, Belgium and HiHand com- bined. The Yukon Territory belongit to the same I'eographieal division of Canada as British Columbia. Combined the:- have an area of (562,0.11 square miles, and are equal to the combined area of the United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium. Switzerland, Oermany, Denmark and Swc miles long and from 40 to «) miles 'iJe, hav- ing a>. area of al>out 20.< Of) si|uarr miles. This island forming r • ill ,lgii Quteii Charlotte islands extend from latitude North 51" .I.V to l^ititude -th 5t' X'; having an area of ;},7>*0 scjuare mib-s. Texada, Puni-c*-: Uoyal, Pitt, Banks, Porcher, Oosehen, MoCauley, Hunter. Arittazi' "■ a. id Hawkcsbury iiilanua are of respectable size, and there are many ot'-'s. Thp combined urea of all the British Columbia islands ■• , 'd be great i.i-.gh to make an important province even if there were 'i^ nainland. 'v ancouver island nlone is more than nine times as large as cli? province of Prince Edward Island, and more than sixteen times as large as the state of Klinde Island. If Vancouver island were as densely populated as Rhode Island it would have a iiopulation of nearly nine million people. Its climate is milder than that of Rhode Island. It has large areas of good land, immense deposits of first-elass eoal and great quantities of good timber, while the fisJ-eries of the surrounding waters are of great value. 11 I I n r n i t k fi '^ ,1 , li k i\ ! k m u^ 154 CANADA THE COUNTKY OB THK TWKNTIETIt CENTURT. CANADA THE COlMUY OF TIIK TWKXIIKTII CKXnitY. l.).> TMK MOINTAINS OF IIIIITISM CHHMHIA. Tlie Olympian mountains rise out of the ocean in Vancouver and Queen Charlotte islands, while on the mainland there are the Rockies, the (told and the Coast ranjres with long plateaus In-twivn them. The fiold rantje is a broken mass of mountiiins, known in different parts of its length as the Purcell, Selkirk, Columbia, Cariboo, Omenica, and Cassiur moun- tiiins, but the name Gold range is sometimes esi>eciall.v applied to the Col- umbia mountains. The mountains of the interior Rradvndly slope north- ward and trend to the west, finally l)ecoming merged in the Coast range so that there is a wide plateau in the northern interior. The highest peaks are near the headwaters of the Bow, North Saskatchewan and Athabaska rivers, culminating in Mount Brown with a rcpntes in length, but at certain points continuous navigation is interrupted by rapid descents and narrow canyons, through which the rivers rush. The lakes are all long, narrow and deep, while the principal rivers arc noted for their peculiar bends, flood illustrations of this peculiarity are found in the Kootenay and Columbia rivers, which run around the part of the Gold range known as the Selkirks. The TTpiier Kootenay river, coming down from the Rocky mountains, reaches the valley and becomes navigable just one mile away from the Tipper Columbia lake. The level of the Columbia lake is ten feet lower than that of the Kootciuiy river, and the watershed bet veen them is a level, gravel flat, having a gradual slope to the lake. Under such circumstances the river might be expected to flow into the lake, but instead of doing so it turns south, r\nip down through the valley between the Rockies and the S«'lkirks, crosses the inter- national boundary, bends around the mountains, turns north again and re- entering Canada, flows up the Lower Kootenay valley between two arms of the Selkirks and terminates in the beautiful Kootenay lake, ninety miles in length. The elevation of the Lower Kootenay valley is only l.T.'iO feet abov. the sea, being about 000 feet lower than the Fpper valley, and directly opposite the point where the Kootenay river should have joined the Columbia in the first place it flows out of Kootenay lake through a narrow gorge twenty-five miles in length and enters a third valley SCO feet liwer down, there joining the Columbia, which has reached the s-ame place after making a long nortliwanl bend around the Selkirk mountains. The united rivers then cross the international boundary and flow to the Pacific through American territory. In smnmer the Kootenay is navig- able for small steamers throughout its course in the valleys, except at its pouthcast^^rn bend in the T'nited States, where there is n one mile portage to overcome rapids. From Bonner's FeiTy, about ten or twelve miles south 156 CA.NAr.A THE COCNTKY OP THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. A street cunier, Vancouver, B.C. Granville utrect. Vam-niivrr, B.r. ■I CAXAPA THE C'OL'XTRY OF THE TWENTIKTH CENTl'IlY. 157 of the inteniatidUHl boundary, to Kootcnay lake, a distaiioe of eighty mill's, the river is from six hundred to seven hundred feet wide, witli an average depth of forty-five feet, and there is not a phiee in it where tlic largest ocean vessels could not float with ease. The great bend of the Columbia is made unnavigable by oanyons, but steamers run from Golden city, on the Canadian Pacific railway, to the lower Columbia lake, and a little improvement in the channel between the two lakes will euable sffamers to reach the head of the Upper Columbia lake. From this point to the Kootcnay river a short canal across the low watershed will ensure continuous navigation for 250 miles, and if the American Ciovernment would construct a canal one mile in length at the southern bond of the Kootcnny, there would be coiitin\ious navirratiou for steamers from Oolden city to the Kootenay lake, a distance of over 400 miles. In the Lower Columbia valley the Columbia, with its Arrow lake expansions, is navigable for many miles. The Fraser river, rising farther north in the same plntenu as the Columbia, bends around the Caril)oo mountains and flows down to the Pacific between the Gold and Coast ranges. It is now navigable by large ocean vessels as far as New Westminster, fifteen miles from its mouth, and river steamers ascend as far as Yale, 110 miles from the mouth. Above Yale there are several stretches of navigation, separated from each other b.V narrow canyons, in<'losed between precipitous mountaii\s, through wlii<'h the river rushes in foaming torrents. At (Jod's I>ock (jate the river con- tracts to a width of ten feet, and of course the current is of extraordinary force. There does not «piM>ar to be room lietween the mountains to con- struct canals around these torrents, and it is altogether improbable that continuous navigation can ever U' secured. However, engineers employed b.V the Dominion Government after a careful survey estimated that in many of these canyons obstructions can be removed which will widen the channel, and that by an expenditure of $200,000 navigation for steamers can be secured from a point 110 miles above Yale to Cottonwood canyon, a distance of 210 miles. The principal tributary of the Fraser river is the Thompson, which with its lake reservoirs Kamloops and Shuswnp, is navigable for many miles. Other important tributaries of the Fraser are the Stuart and Nechacko. Stuart lake. Tacla lake, Babine lake, Francais lake, Ootsabunkat lake and other lakes furnish long strrfches of naviga- tion in the central and northern interior of the province. The Parsnip river, the upper branch of the Peace river, rises in Summit lake, near the bend of the Fraser, and there is only a short portage between it and the Fraser. Boats carrying five or six ton i have been taken all the way up the Fraser, carried across the portage and floated down to the Peace river and up its tributary river, Omeniea. The Parsnip and Peace rivers, although rapid streams in the mountains, are said to be navigable for stem-wheel steamers for several hundred miles before the descent to the plains is made in a series of rapids extending for about eighty milf '. the total fall being about one thousand feet, after which the river flov.p slowly for 740 miles to the Mackenzie as already described. There are many navigable rivers in the north, including the Skeena and Stickren rivers, which empty into the Pacific, and a number of long ones which are tributary to the Yukon river. 158 CAXADA THE COUXTUY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. As the mountains extend along the coaat, the various inlets rany be included in the mountain navigation. The coast navigation may best be described in the words of Lord Dufferin. who said: "Such a speotacle as Its coast line presents is not to be paralleled by any country iu the world. Day after day for a whole week in a vessel of nearly 2,000 tons we threaded nn interminable labyrinth of watery lanes and reaches, that wound end- lessly 111 and out of a network of islands, promontories and peninsulas for thousands of miles, unruffled by the slightest swell from the adjoining ocean, and presenting at every turn an ever-shifting combination of rock, verdure, forest, glacier and snow-capped mountain, of unrivalled grandeur and beauty. When it is remembered that this wonderful system of navi- giition, equally well adapted to the largest line-of -battle ship and the frailest canoe, fringes the entire seaboard of the province, and communi- cates at points sometimes more than one hundr»d miles from the coast, with a multitude of valleys stretching eastward into the interior, while at the same time it is furnished with innumerable harbours on either hand, one IS lost m admiration at the facilities for intercommunication which are thus provided for the future inhabitants of this wonderful region." So we may truthfully say that Canada's " sea-of-mountains " is navi- eable, but nevertheless navigation is of such a local character that the province was entirely isolated from the rest of the Dominion until the Can- adian Pacific railway went through. For many years the Canadia.. Rockies were considered impassable, but eleven passes have now been discovered and explored, the highest being the South Kootenay, with an elevation of 1,100 feet at the international boundary, and the lowest the Peace Biver pass, with an altitude of 2,000 feet, in latitude .56 degrees north. THE JAPAN CURRENT. The warm Ja;-?-.a current, the Gulf stream of the Pacific ocean, has a very important influence both on the climate of British Columbia, and on the transportation problem. Bending somewhat after the fashion of British Columbia rivers which flow north and then south, the Japan current flows northward from Japan and then across the Pacific towards Alaska, on Hear- ing which it bends south, flowing down the coast of British Columbia and gradually cooling off, so that when it reaches the state of Oregon it has become quite cold. This remarkable current flows so swiftly toward Canada that even vessels bound from Japan to San Francisco save time by following It instead of taking the direct route. This is perhaps the one exception to the rule that any two sides of a triangle are together greater than the third Bide. It might be supposed that ships from the Pacific ports of Canada would have this current against them in going to Japan, but owing to its northern bend the erect sailing course between Canadian ports and Japan does not he in its way except when passing through it as it flows along the Canadian const, so that while Canadian ships can save time by following the current in coming from Japan it does not retard them in the least when they are going the other way. THE CMMATE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. The climate of all the British Columbia islands and the coastlands is greatly affected by the warm water of the Japan current and the winds iSlBIBHH CAXAIIA THE COUSTHV OF THE TWKXTIKTII CENTUHT. 159 that blow off it, so that the winturs are very mild and moist. Snow seldom falls and when it does come never stays long. Soft, warm, moisture laden winds also blow up the long inlets of the sea, which extend many miles inland and along the river valleys, losing their moisture as they go inland, but retaining sufiicient heat to greatly moderate the climate of the central and northern plateaus. The most northern islands and the mainland coast opposite them have a milder climate than Scotland, while the climate of the southern mainland coast and Vancouver island resembles that of the south- western counties of England. At New Westminster at the mouth of the Fraser river according to the meteorologicjii records for seven years the lowest temiieraturo in January of an average winter is 17-4°; in March, 27-6°; April, 31-3°; June, 44'9°; July and August, 45-7'; September, 41-2°; October, 20-8° ; November, S:5-2°; December, 18-6°. The average of all temperatures in January and February is SS-B"; March, 40°; April, 48-2°; May, 54-3°; June, 58-3°; July and August, 62°; September, 56°; October, 481°; November, 40-5°; December, 34-5°. The maximum temperature is 70° in April; 78-3° in May; 81-2° in June; 857° in July and August; 7^ 1° in Soptcmbor; 67-2" in October and 54-4° in November. Observations for seven consecutive years showed that the rainfall in January including snow reduced to water averaged 8 16 inches; February, 71 inches; March, 6-27 inches; April, 2-92 inches; May, 3*o inches; June, 2-32 inches; July, 1-78 inches; August, 1-96 inches; September, 3-44 inches; October, 5-7 inches; November, 6 95 inches; December, 9-48 inches, making a total annual precipitation of nearly 60 inches, including snow which seldom falls. This may be taken as a fair sample of the ' iimate of the southern coast of the mainland. The southeastern portion of Van- couver island has about the same temperatures, but the rainfall is consid- erably less, while along the western coast of Vancouver island and all along the northern mainland coast the rainfall is much greater. The plateau bt.ween the Gold and Coast mountain ranges has about the same annual temperature as the coast in the same latitudes, but the extremes of heat and cold are greater, while the climate is very dry. In the higher plateau betweer. the Gold range and the Rockies the climate is colder, approximating to that on the eastern slope of the Rockies. In some parts of this plateau rain falls almost continuously in summer, and the snowfall in winter is very heavy, while in other sections of the same plateau it is comparatively dry. For example the upper valley of the Columbia near the bend has n very great rainfall, but in the vicinity of the Columbia lakes, the rainfall docroasos, and the upper Kootenay valley in the same plateau has a dry climate. British Columbia furnishes many examples of the fact that altitude has as much effect upon climate as latitude. Above an elevation of 6,000 feet in British Columbia snow falls cvcrj- month of the year, so that the high peaks are always capped with snow, and magnificent glaciers can be seen at various points along the transcontinental railway lines. NATURAL RESOURCES. Owing to the mountainous character of the country the area of agricul- tural land is small in proportion to the size of the province, but there are 87195—11 160 CANADA THE COUNTMY OF THE TWENTIETH CEXTUHT. valleys as well as mountains and even a small proportion of so great a whole IS equal to the agricultural area of some important countries. There are millions of acres of arable land, while the area suitable for pasturage is immonsc. British rolunil.ia has uiidnubtedly tlie largest forests of first- class timber in North America. Almost every known mineral has been dis- covered m this province. Oold has been found in many of the rivers and streams and placer miners have taken out many millions of dollars worth of go d. while quartz mining is now Wing prosecuted on an extensive scale, hilver, copper and lead are found in large quantities in various sections while coa of high quality is widely distributed both on the mainland and on the islands and important deposits of iron ore have been disi-overed. The wea til of British Columbia's fisheries cannot be estimated. Salmon swarm along the coast and ascend the river in myriads, climbing over rapids and waterfalls and swimming through the torrents of t'.,e canyons, to be caught «00 miles in the interior. Black cod, herrings, halibut, sar- dines, anchovies, smelts, shad and oolachan abound along the coast, oysters thrive and there are many whales, while in the interior of the pn.vincc stur- geon, trout, pike perch and white fish as well as salmon are numerous in the rivers and lakes. A MAM FACTl'HIXO PHOVIXC'E. The farms, the forests, the mines, and the fisheries of British Columbia y/ill give employment to a large population, but one of the most important industries of the future will probably be manufacturing. With numerous water-powers, great supplies of coal, all the metallic minerals, and immense torests of the finest timber, no country is better suited for iron-making and wood-working industries, while the climate is especially adapted to the manufacture of textiles. It is well-known that a moist climate is most favourable to the successful manufacture of the finest grades of cotton and woollen goods, and there are many points along the coast admirably suited to textile manufacture. Immense areas of land are suitable for sheep raising. Raw cotton can be imjK,Tted from the southern states, Brazil, Aus- tralia or India, and wool from New Zealand. ]l \^ 1 THE OEOORAPIIK AL SITUATION. The geographical situation of British Columbia is most favourable for trade with all the countries of the Pacific and Indian oceans. A British manufacturing establishment with a large trade in the east by establishing a branch m Vancouver could save over 6,800 miles of carriage in shipping goods toJapan or Siberia, over 5,000 miles in shipping to Shanghai, China, over 4.000 miles in shipping to Hong Kong, about 4,900 miles in shipping n° ^^""i^ °l^' /«'.?■«'» '°'>« >" shipping to Sydnr.. Australia and nearly 1,000 miles in B:..pping to Singapore. There are first-olass harbours all along the Pacific coast of Canada and the climate 18 so mild that none of them are ever troubled with ice at any season of the year, but to show the advantageous situation of British Col- umbia It will be sufficient to give the distances from Vancouver, the ter- mmus of the Canadian Pacific railway and Prince Rupert, the terminus of CANADA THE COl-XTKY OF THE TWKXTIKTII CEXTURY. 101 the Grand Trunk Pacific railway to some of the important trade centres compared with thi- distanvoi from San Francisco, as shown in the foUow- inK taUcs: MilM from Vancouver. Miln fnini Miltm from I'lince Kiiprrt. Han KnnciiiCfi. To. 4,280 3,815 I 4,536 Yokohama, Janm. 4,352 X,Ka t,m; Vlwlivnatuck, Kuwia. (r)f.,865 (.) 5,400 B,«4!» H.in){Kontf, China. (.i)«.(t3ll I (..)8,7!« ((,)«. 4Scimens from UIK) to 700 years old. The Douglas fir sometimes towers to a height of iMM) fwt with a diameter of 15 f«"t, but such trees are exceptional. However, trees 2M) feet hijjh and 10 feet in diameter are often s«'cii and it commonly readies a heiuht of 180 feet with a diameter of four to five feet, the trunk beiiiK struiitht and dear of brunches for upwards of one humlrcd feet. In the interior of the province the trees are not so larite. The wood is of jjreat value ^or structural purposes whih- the bark i^. useful in tanning. Tests made by railway engineers to ascertain the relative value of I>ouk1u» tir and oak for the buildinjr of railway cars showwl that the Douglas fir would withstand a greater strain than the oak. Next in importance to the Douglas fir is the ri-d cedar which rivals it in size. It grows in all parts of the provime, lint the largest trees are found in the coast districts where the Douglas fir thrives best. There are several varieties of sprui-e in the province, the most valuable being the J'icea SitthensiH sometimes called British Columbia spruce, •ometimes Menzies spruce, which thrives in the humid atmosphere of the north Pacific coast and the islands. The Engdmann spruce -rows t-xten- sively in the interior. Hemlock grows abundantly along the coast e8i>eeiully in the north, end in those sections of the interior where the rainfall is heavy. In Quetm Charlotte islands and other islands adjacent to the northern coast the Douglas fir, so abundant in Vancouver island, does not grow, but there are large quantities of red cedar, spruce and heudock, while the yellow cedar or yellow cypress seems to thrive better in Queen Charlotte islands than in any other part of the province. The yellow cedar resembles the red cedar in general appearance and size. It produces a wood of fine grain with a beautiful sulphur yellow colour, which is ei sily worked, takes a high polish and is very durable, but requires to be w-jU seasoned before use to prevent shrinkage. The British Columbia larch, which is very plentiful in the higher alti- tudes and in the northern part of the province has been descrilx-d as similar in apiK-arancc to the eastern balsam, but nmch larger both in girth and height. It has a fine grain, is tough and durable, stains well and takes a beautiful finish. The wood of the British Columbia Broadleaf maple owing to its curly appearance when cut is in demand for panel work. Tlu^re are many other varieties of trees, some of which produce good woods. Among others of commercial value are the western yellow pine, lodgepole pine and balsam fir, black cottonwood. aspen poplar, white fir, western white pine, white spruce, red alder and garry oak. As the finest forests of British Columbia are on the islands and near the coast, while the coast is indented with nuiiierous inlets of the sea extending far inland and receiving the waters of many rivers, the cost of KI4 CANADA Tlt> tnt'NTIty or TIIK TWKXTIETI. CKNTIRT. Fruit farming in the Ukraaffan Valley, ac. CAXAI>A TirK lOlNTKY or TIIK TWKSTIKTU C. VTIHY. lfl:> gottiiiR out tho timbw is low mid th«« fwiliticm for itit n\>nm\ i>n4c ■bly uiic<|unlli-( the interior «r»' iiot no an-.*i»il>U' for *hip- im-iitit ovirw-nn, but tlnw will U< n nmrki-t in tlm Pniirif Provinr.ii for the tiniU-r cut by tho interior mill*. . „ ■ i /^ » i • Tho iharuHcriMtKit of the mutt ini|iortant wood* of UritiKli t ohinilim an «U*.'(l by tho ihicf fon^Kter of the provinre will Ih> fount! in ('hu|>ler XVI on Fonitt PriKliiftn nml \V(hhI Miinufiiftiirti*. KMIMIMt IX HHITIHII COI.I MItlA. Tlif una of lantU Huiti-blt- for iiKritiilturf ix rtdiiftMl by moniitnin* on tho iitliimU o>t well n» on tlio nuiinluiul, but nt-vorthilfsH thoro nro ixttn- •ivf a.rimin'* of Rootl hintU in V, 'ivt-r i»lmul. Qiitft. Chnrlotto i»bm.l» and mmo of 'ho dinallfr islinida. me wttlfintnt ..f thi'«o islaii.l IiiikI- ■■" well na tho*(^ of the narrow -.trip of niainliind ttrriu.ry b.'w.vM tho I'oa-t raiiBo and the fiou»>horo and tho rivor valloyn noar tho niHiuliind ooaot. bus boon Brtutly rotartltd by tho font of oioarinR owinir to tb. iloiiw for. •^I8 anil tho enonnoiii *he of tho trtou when undorttikon by imlividiial farm.rs. Thi* work oan be done much more cheaply when conducted on ii birtfo scale by ccnpunios hnvinff Btunipinjj machinery, and arrunilcniciil» liiivo been matlo to deal in tbi* way with some extensive aiitl well lociitcd mil- way lands in Vancouver island after the v.duablo timber has been ti.Uen off! The beautiful farms and rich Rarilons that may Ix' seen n. ar the cily of Victoria on Vancouver island, and ab.ntr the lower rcuchis nf the Knistr -iver on tho mainland, furnish good oxnniph-s of the character of tiicso lands when cleared. However some of the garden lauds ulonn tho lower Frasor were rocovorod fro.n tho rivor by dykiujf. The moist mibi clinuito of tht islands and tho castlantls althoujrh most favoiirabb- to uartleus mid small fruits ir not so suitable for the UMWth of apples and poaches as tho dry bolt of the interior, where these fruits are grown to iierfoctici- in tho irriirattnl lands. Tho districts in Vuncouvcr island that have been i biired and brought under cultivation oear a remarkable rosemblanet> to the r mil districts of Kngland. The interior valley extending from the rnitetl States Isiundiiry to the Big Tloso, grains, fruits and vegetables." The greater part of this valley retpiires irrigation to produce the best results, but as water is easily obtainwl from the rivers and lakes and the cups of tho neighbouring hills, irrigation is not costly, llemarkable success has boon achieved in fruit growing, and tho acreage of fruit trees is increasing very rapidly. Fruit grown in this valley has won many gold medHis at exhibitions in England, tho I'nited States and ("onada. Apples, lieaches and prunes of the finest quality are now extensively produced, and i -■-■i :f 111 ~- ] ,. ; , t , 1 1 160 CA>-»,u riiK roDXTnv or run twumtikth .kx TITHV. Htwting » f.rni »t Uk« K.thlyn in N,»th«m Briti.1 iiih Culumliia A whe.t fan., i„ Bulkl.y Riv„ Valley. Nurthem Briti.h Clumbi.. CAXAOA TIIR COlISrilY OW TIIK TWKSTIKTH CK JlTl "Y. 107 while gr«|K.' gruwiiiB liii« not Ik-ph utijt-rtukpii t« the "nmc cxtiiit it hii« hven provt-n that tho Ixxt \nrii» roii be Kruwn. Thoro iirt> h number of mitall rivim and Mr* in tliii. Brt-iit valhy. ca'-h huvinu it* own ■nmll valley with pt-ciiliur .hanirti-riiiti.-. TIk- lawnt tfuitpri-uiiilinit flip Arrow Inkin, Ki«>ti- nay lake ninl tho H.mth Coliinibiii rivir. Th.- Kn«t Ki>otcniiy ai^tm-t hiiviiiK • hiuhcr elcviition iit not n* fuvouriihip to fruit, hut thf hiinli.T variftii's of apploi do wrll. , „ .- n i Explorntioii pnrtii'* nut init liy tlic Onind Trunk PnrifiP Hnilwny Company hiivp ro|H>rto.l vrry fnvounilily .11 thp Koil nnd climntii- ri.ndi- tiona in tho dintri' U drninod hy tli« I ppcr FraMir river, tho Xe.hi«'ko river. Emlako rivei. ()of»a liikr iind Kriinrioi* hike. iMmpiiriiiu th.«' ili"- triet* to Bouthorn Mi"hiiriui, -uiithcrn Onliirio nnd wi-tirn Xiw York in clininto, nnd dcsrriliiiiK tlieni n* po-x.'.^iiiif Inrifr iinu* of frrtili- «oll. It i« utated that thf few wttlfrs already in the valley* of tin- KitKumiriduni, IjikeW and Copiter rivem have had (irent Mieeenn in irrowiuK apple-, in^iir* and plums. Of the valhy of the Hulkl.y river, a trll.ut.ify of the Skeeiin flowinu north hitw.H'n al.out .'.1° and .V,° north hititu.l. . it \* wiid in the Grand Trunk I'neifie report: "The ilinratie eonditioiis nrc approxinuitcly the mime a* those of north.Tii New York or eastern Ontario. The eountry in uenernlly oiH'n or nearly m. iin.l tlu-re i» a ...ntiniioiis lelt of txtremely fertile land some fiftefii to twenty niilen wide exfendiiuf from Hums hike to Morieetown. a di»tiiiue of approxiinattly eighty miles, the elevation above sea-level k-iiiK fn.m 1.^.%0 feet to 2.30rt feet. The eonditions art- parallel with those where the finest apple* and plums arc prodiued." It has been noted that in the northern part of the provinee the moiin- tuins of the interior trend westward and J0..1 the Coa«t range, so that there it a broad plateau hi-tween the Koeky mountains and the Const ranne, a great part of which is U-lieved to be suitable for agrieulture. The trees are oomparatively small and flic forest not so dense, so that the eo>t of clearing is not great nr>d in some parts there are Miite extensiv.' prairies. IIow much of the land is suitable for culfivafiou is a nintfer of eonjecture. as there has been no s-.-ttlement and very little ear •ill explora- tion. Prof. John Ma<'o«n estimated tliat there were millioi f aerea of hind in this north eounfry as suitable for wheat giowi g as the best lands of the great western plain. It is worthy of note tlint wiiile the farms of the .estern plain are seldom smaller than KM) aeres and often miieh larger, th" farms of Ttritish Columbia arc nearly all small. Twenty aeres is considered a ginid-sized fruit fi'.riii. Thus when ail the iigriealtiiral laiu' in the sniall valleys of southern and <-ciitral Hritish Colunioia is oeeupied by gardens and fruit farms the farming pi>puktion will be larger than the areas of similar size in the great western plain. The fertile valb^ys of nritish C.ihimbia have the advantage of sub- lime scenery. There are mountains in sigiit everywhere and many beautiful Likea and rivers. The numerous mines in the surrounding hills, the M 168 CAXAKA TIIK COlNTItY OF TIIK TWK.NTlKr II CK.NTLKV. it CAXAKA TIIE COfNTIiY OK 'rllK. T\V KNTI KI'll ( KXTrtlY. Klft luiiilipr camps mid ttin siiw-mills criiito ii fine locul market, mid thiTc will ulwa.vs li<. a iiiarU.'t in tlii" pri'at wlwat holt t<) the cast for the fruit net coii!tiinic(l ill the local niarkefs. HJdTISlI t()l.rMlll.\'s lOAl, FiKi.ns. So larnc u portion of British Columhia has ncviT hecii prospected that the extent of the coal de|«isits is not known, hut the discoveries already made show that no part of the province is far distant from dciwsits of pwd coal. The following description of British t'olunihia's known coal nioasures is given hy Dr. Eiigeno Ilaunel. Director of Mines, in his last reiK)rt on tho Economic Minerals of Canada: "In British Columhia there are three main districts in which coal miniiiK operations arc licing actively i)nrsued. These are the (Jrowsnest Pass region in the eastern part of the i)rovincc; the Nicola Valley district, in tho central part; and the east coast of Van- couver islanil. The Crowsnest I'ass coal field is situated immediately west of the summit of the Uocky mountains, in (.'rowsnest pass. It is all included within the iirovince of British Columhia. ex.-opting a small iM>r- tion in the immediate vicinity of the pass which crosses the water- shed into the provini'C of Alherta. Tho Crowsnest hrancli of the Canadian I'acilic railway crosses the northern part of the coal field, and skirts its western edge for a distance of i'.') miles. The rocks of the coal Held arc of cretaceous age. Mr. James McKvoy has made an approximate estinialo of the total availahle coal in this field. By taking the area covered hy the coal liioasuros as hoiiig i':iO square miles, and assuming a workahle thickness of coal seams of 1n. one colliery has been already opened and has made small shipments of lignitio coal; but the area of this field is groat— iirob- ably nearly 50 square miles— so that there apipoars a tortuiiil,y lliut M;\cral other mines will eventually be oijencd up. Jn the Tulamix^n valley, near 170 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWK.NTIETII CENTrHV. l?ll Si;f.l'?,n7'*n**'' ^.?:'"'"''''' ^""' ""'' ^"•'^ C^^P-'y « endeavouring to open up a colliery; there are some yery promising outcropo. etc hiirh un ,n Gran-tc creek and Collins gulch, but, the long tunnel wh^h th^'compnny IrkJhr *°r* ^he coal at depth has not. as yet, been successful in cut^ ,"g vorkable coal. Mr. Camneil. of the Geological Survey, estimates this bush! to have an area of about «ve square miles. The Nicola Valley coal field is ZandnSu'^ . as extensive as the Crowsnost field, or the Vancouver sland field, it is yet of great economic im|x)rtance. It stands mid-wav between them hence the coal of the Nicola valley is manifestly destined tL nnrfL^'" ! '" « ^n^jderaWe part of central British Columbia. In the northern interior there is another prospective field which attracts great iiiterest at present, owing to its proximity to the line of the Grand Trunk thrVlwl. V^l «"^'- '^r^ ^n^fuct^l through this district. This is the lelkwa \ alley field, m the northern part of British Columbia. Some of these areas are of considerable extent, and several have been proved to con- tain coal of good quality and in beds of workable thickness. The character of the coal vanes from a bituminous to a semi-anthracite. About 140 niUes by trail north from Hazelton near the head-waters of the west fork of he horco",rfield" r^^"' T- *'"u°^ ^"^ P'"'"'^' ''»°-" «« the Ground- hog conl field. This coal is anthr.oite or semi-anthracite in character ITJ'Z"''' ""^r u""' '"•' d^-'^'oPments it would seem that thUcoai fidd would prove to be one of the most important developments that "ho province has seen for many years. The field is, as yet. only slightly devel- oped, and. If but a fraction of its present promise is fulfilled, itis l^u.id to have a wonderfully stimulative effect upon the future of the province The centre of this field lies approximately in 56° 45' north latitude, 128° 15' nof a °tW ?'■ """■ ^T t""^^"^ "' 1903. though its full extent was not at that time recognized. More recent explorations have shown the field to extend m a northwesterly direction about 75 miles, and to have a width in places of about 30 miles. The rocks in which the ^oal occurs have £n mssed as of cretaceous age. Vancouver island has been the seat of a coa" mining industry since 1836, which in recent years has not only supplied a local demand but has been largely exported, to the state of California The ofTTnd t1 "^^' """ ^'"« ""P'°''"^ "'^ «'*"''t'^ °" the east coatt t!n!f fipIH T*'r/i" '""'"'"r """y ^ ""*"""y <^i^ided into two dis- t^rf f 4 ' ^'P«™*«1 h> a gap of 12 miles of crystalline rocks in the dis- ^nl\l \^'"^^- It """i*^"™ "'"' '^ "*" ^^°'"'"' ««W, and the souther i one the Nana.mo field Another field, until recently quite undeveloped exists in the vicinity of Suquash, about 125 miles to the north. Seven^^-' iSvil^ .; ^ w'' °* *•"" ^""°"' ^™«' "'though each has its own individual characteristics, are. as a whole, much alike, and furnish a bit., minou, «,al o fair grade, the amount of fixed carhop in thetsJ qua y ZTrtZ ? ': '." ""'r'*"*' ""'^ '''' ^"^'^'^^ °f ««h from 5 to 10 p r cent Ihe most striking feature of the seams is their great variability in thickness and character. The thickness varies from a few inches to over 80 feet, sometimes within a lateral distance of lc«. than 100 f^t Coalk also tound in the Queen Charlotte islands, the most important il-Wmg CAXADA THE COt'XTKY OF fllE TWEMIETII CESTUKY. 171 area known in this group of islands being that found in a development of cretaceous rocks on Graham island, the most northerly island of the gri)\ip. In this field, coal outcrops have been located in several places between the Skidegato channel and Ynkoun lake in the interior of the island. In the Peace Kiver valley extensive coal fields are located and partly prospected, but these are as yet far from transportation. Near Bear lake and river tributaries of the Fraser river near its most northerly head, and near the located line of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, a coal areo is being devel- oped which, according to recent reports hos considerable promise and, btnng near the railway, assumes importance." IKON OBE AND I.I.MESTOXK. On the mainland of British Columbia iron ore deposits have been reported at many points, including among others Kamloops, Kitcliener, Bull Run and Bermis, but no development work has been done, and there is no information available regarding the extent and character of the deposits. On both the east and west coasts of Vancouver island and on the smaller islands between Vancouver islaiid and the mainland there nro many deposits of iron ore, some of which art merely pockets, but accord- ing to a report made by Mr. Einar Lindeman, for tlio Mines Branch, Department of Mines, there are deposits of magnetite which appear to be of economic importance in the following localities: In the valley of the Gordon river, a few miles from Port San Juan, on the west coast; at several places in the vicinity of Barcloy sound, on tu west coast; at Head bay, Nootka sound, on the west coast; at Klaanoh river, a few miles from Alert bay, on the northeast coast; in the vicinity of the Quiusam river, a tributary of the Compbell river which flows into the gulf of Georgia; and on Texada island between Vancouver island and the mainland. All these deposits are high in iron, very low in phosphorus and rather high in sulphur, but the sulphur could be roasted out. There are very large supplies of good limestone both on Texada island and Vancouver island, while none of these iron deposits is far distant from the coal mines of Vancouver island. OTHER .MIXERALS IN BRITISH CULl'MBIA. From 1802 to 1913, inclusive, British Columbia rpf^d'ieed 6,742,798 ounces of fine gold. The production in 1913 was 297 + • ounces of fine gold. Prior to 1890 nearly all the gold was taken out by plocer miners. The Fraser river, Cariboo, Quesnel and Cassiar districts were in turn famous for their gold production. There is still quite a large production of gold from the placer and hydraulic operations in the Cariboo, Quesnel, Omineea and Atlin districts, but in recent years lode mining has been responsible for the greater part of the output. The most productive gold mine is at Hedley, in the Similkameen district. There are a number of gold mines in operation in the Nelson district, at Paulson and Long lake, on Bridge river, on Princess Royal island, Moresby island, and on Taku arm, Atlin lake. Nearly all the copper ores of the province are auriferous, and many of them contain a combination of gold, silver and copper. The output of silver in 1913 was 3,312,343 ounces, while the 172 CANADA THE COUNTHY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Orand Trunk Pacific Dcx;k, Printe Rupert. Prince Rupert, British Columbia. CANADA THK (.'OUXTKY OF TlIK TWKXTIKTII CKXTrilY. 173 annual average for the ten years ending with 1013 was 2,"94,ir»l o\inci's of silver. The silver of liritisii Coliinibia enniea eliiefly from the argen- tiferous galena ores. Dr. Eugene Hnanel sn.vs of the silver-hearing gtilena ores of T^ritish Columl)ia ; ''There are a few produeing mines in tiie Sheep Creek ilis- triet, south of Xelson, hut tlie largest uuniher of mines are loeated in the Ainsworth aiul Sloean distriets. The Sandon-Silvertiui eanips espeeially are showing prom'se, development at depth having heen very satisfaetory. The ores are argentiferous galena and tetrahedrite, with native silver and sometimes gold, argentite, zinc hleiule, ete., in veins y he said of the (Ireenwood eamp. Tlie West fork of the Kettle river will iirobaldy add some shipiHTs to the list with the opening of traffic on the Kettle Valley railway, ami the Canadian Northern railway may provide shipping faeilities for the silver-lead pro- perties of the \orth Thompsou River valley. West of Prineeton in the Similkameen, at Leadville, there ar<' some properties, and on the <'oast Portland Canal distriet is another silver-lead produeing area. Shipments have already l)een made from several mini's in the n<'ighliourhood of ITazelton on the Ske<'na river. Development has been going on quietly for several years awaiting the advent of transportation, and with better faeilities shipnu'uts may be expeeted to inerease rapidly. The lead ores of British Columbia are nearly all shipped to tlu' smelter of the Consoli- dated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail, wliieh operates in eonnee- tiou there with an elei'trolytie lead refinery, tiie prixluets of whieh are refined gold, silver, and U ad, eopper sulphate and antimony. A few of the coast ores find their way to American smelters." The quantity of lead ))rodueed in Uritish Columbia in 19i;i was 3",626.t<9r-bearing minerals have been found in a great many loealitiea in British Columbia, both in the interior aiul on the eoast and the islands along the eoast. Xew discoveries may 1k> expected from time to time. Dr. Eugene Ilaanel states that the eopper-bearing minerals are usmilly ehalcopyrite or bornite, or both. These may occur alone, but usuall.v they are found in association with other minerals, the commonest of which are pyrrhot'te, magnetite, i)yrite, mis|)ickel, and oecassionally blende and galena. The principal districts in which important discoveries ha\e been made are in southern British (\ilumbia, in the West Kootenay and ICam- loops districts and in the Coast distriet at a number of points along the mainland, and on Vaneouover island and on -ome of the coastal islands. The most important active prod\ieiug mines are at Rossland, at Phu'iiix, and at Motherlode in the interior, and at Britannia or Howe sound, Texn da island, and (>ranby bay on the coast In the Bossland ores gold is the mo.st valuable constituent, the gold content varying from 0-4 ounces to about 1-5 ounces per ton, the silver from 0-3 to 2-5 ounce-- per ton, while tho copper content runs from 0-7 per cent to about 3-."i per cent. The deposits of copper-bearing ores in the Boundary district range in size from small lenses less than 20 feet in tJiickness and 100 feet in length to huge ore bodies, one mine at Phtrnix having a thickness of 12.5 feet, a known width of 900 feet and a length of about 2,500 feet. The average il 174 CANADA THE COtJXTBT OF THE TWENTIKTH CENTUIIY. ore oontaing from 1-2 to 1-6 per cent of copper with ab^iit one dollar in gold and silver per ton. The most imfiortant producing mines arc in the vicinity of Phn-nix, and at Deadwood, about four miles from Phirnix. The deposits of copper ores at Howe sound are believed to be very large, and extensive development work is in progress. They contain small quan- tities of gold and silver. The deposits of copper ores near GranSy bay, about 110 miles from Prince Rupert, have been proven to be very impor- tant. The copper ores of the Rossland district are smelted at Trail, form- ing matte containing copper, silver and gold, which is sent to the United Stotes for refining. The copper ores of the Boundary district are smelrod nt flrand Forks and at Greenwood. There is also a copper smelting plant at Ladysmith, on the east side of Voncouver island, and a very large and c-(inipletely equipped smelting plant recently commenced operations at Anyox. on Oranby bay. British Columbia's cpper production amounted to 4f>,701,j79 pounds in 1913. Most of the British Columbia galena ores are said to contain enouph zmc blende to make its recovery a matter of great importance. In 1913 American smelting works received from British Columbia 7,074 tons of zinc oonccntratps, containing 5.940,727 pounds of zinc. Discoveries of tin have -en reported in several localities, but nothing very definite is known about them. Some of the British Columbia silver- lead ores contain small quantities of antimony. Discoveries of mercury Imve been reported at Field in the mountains and at Sechart on tlie west coast of Vancouver island. Small quantities of mercury were mined some .years ago at the western end of Kamloops lake. Tungsten has been reported in a number of localities, but tlie value of the deposits is not known. Small duantities of platinum have been recovered from many of the gold placer deposits. CITIES ASD TOWNS OF DRIT181I COLUMBIA. Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, is on Vancouver island in latitude >T. 48° 24' 33", a little farther south than Paris, which is in lati- tude X. 48° 50' 13". It is one of the most beautiful residential cities in Canada and has a delightful climate. Apart from its importance as capital of the province it has the whole island of Vancouver directly tributary to It, and when the great natural resources of the island are developed Victoria will become a great commercial centre. Its population was 31,660 in 1911 and has had a rapid growth since the census. Esquimalt, three miles from \ ictoria and connected with it by electric railway, is an important naval station and has a remarkably fine harbour. The city of Vancouver is not on the island of Vancouver, but is the mainland terminus of the Canadian Pacific railway. It dates its existence from the year 1885, and when the hist Dominion cen.xus was taken in 1911 had a population of 100,401, while north Vancouver on the opposite side of the harbour had 8,196. Since the census the growth has been largely m the suburbs. Ocean vessels in the harbour of Vancouver are 2,895-2 miles by tho Canadian Pacific railway from ocean vessels m the harbour of Montreal and 3,376-8 miles froia the h.-.rbour of St. John, the Canadian Pacific Atlantic port during the winter months when St. Lawrence navigation is closed. The distance from New York to Vancouver is just 48 miles longer than from New York to San CAXAIIA THK t'OU.NTIIV OF TIIK TWKNTIKTir CKXTrilY. 17.'> FraneiHPo by tlip Mluirttitt ro\tff niul tlio oloviitions nncl (friulos on the Caimdinn route ciimpun' favournlily with those on the Amcrii-nn route, while the traveller hound for Adiii in 2sH miliM neiiri'r to Yokohama, 205 miles nearer to VladivoHtoek und 40!) miles nearer to Hong Kong when ho reaehex Vaneouver than he would Ikj at San FrnneiHco. Van- eouver is in latitude X. 4!l'' 10' 41". The new port of Prinee Rupert, the terminus of the Grand Trunk Paeific railway, is situnteil on Kaien island near the mouth of the Skeena river in latitude N. 54° 10' 30", over five hun- dred miles north of Vaneouver, but a little farther south than Belfast, Ireland. Prinee liupert is even nearer to Asiatic ports than Vaneouver as already shown in tables, but it is 2opu- lation of 8,300 in 1911, while Xelson in the Kootcnay district had 4.470. There are a numl)er of other small towns which promise to become impor- tant in the future. THE YUKON TERRITOUV. The Yukon Territory became famous during the latter part of the nineteenth century owing to the great rush of gold seekers to the Klon- dike region. From 1885 to 1913. inclusive, the Yukon Territory- produced 7,369,979 ounces of fine gold. The greatest production was in the year 1900 when 1,077,553 ounces of gold were produced. It decreased steadily after that until 1907, when the output was only ]."i2,381 ounces. Since 1907 there has been a gradual but steady increase owing to the introduction of improved machinery, and in 1913 the output was 282,838 ounces of gold. The Yukon Territory has also been a steady producer of silver for some years past and the output in 1913 was 87,020 ounces. Extensive coal beds have been discovered and small quantities of coal have been mined for local use. There are indications of a number of other economic minerals. The area of land suitable for agriculture is not great atid the summers are so short that the territory will never be important as a farming country. Yet vegetables have been grown for local use and if the mining ix>pulation should ever become large considerable quantities of vegetables might be grown in the long days of the short summers. Raspberries, black and red currants and cranberries grow wild in abundance. There is a good deal of timber suitable for firewood, but very little ^'ge enough for building or manufaci,.- .ig. It is a fine game country, moose, caribou and mountain sheep being numerous, while there are a large number of fur animals. 87195—12 170 <'.\NAI>A TIIK rorXTIIY OF TUK TWKNTIKTII fKNTI'UV. CAXAKA TIIK Cur.NTIIY i)V TIIK TWKMIKTII CKMI IIY. 177 Chapter XIII. THE nSHERIES OF CANADA. Nnturt- hiH ciiilowcit ('niimlit witli iiiost cxti'iisivo tishcrips. Tlu> Ioiik Ponst line mill tlio mimiToua Imys, inlets oixl hnrlioiirs on flu- Atlantic nn«l I'licitic ncoiins, the (riilf prepared for market, and whether fish are t.i U- sold fresh or preserved by dryintr. sniokinp, pieklinff or eaiuiimr, it must he evident that they are in better condition for human food when prepantl and packed soon after beiuff eantrht than if they must be transported lontr distances by the fish- ing vessels. Mr. .T. ,T. ("owie. of the I)i'partmcnt of Marine and Fisheries, has explaini>il one of the aiUantaiies of in-shore fisheries as compared with deep-se.i fisheries at a distance troin the fishinir scttleuients as follows: "Cod that is split on bourd of a dec|)-sea vessel is lieavily salted in order t(p preserve it duriiij,' the fishing vovane, which sonictimes lasts a couple of months, ami hcintr so tborouchly imprepuatcd with salt it does not make Rood dried fish, but is apt to bi •ome slimy when trans|Mirted to hot elinuites. On the other baud iu-sbore fish are landed daily, split and placed in salt for a short time only, then dried. The curing is, therefore, due li'ss to the salt than to the action of the sun and air, so that fish cured in this manner may be safely exported to hot climates and stored there without deterioratinp." Canada employs eiuht men in the in-sbore fisheries for one employed ill the deep-sea fisheries, but even the Canadian deep-sea fi,heniicn. One cla»ii i>f fiiibprmeii catch bait which t\wy im>1I tu other liRhcrnu'M. During thi- coil-tiMhinB season on the Atlantic seaboard the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries provides a syftein of daily tclegraiihic bait reports, liiillt'tint arc posted up at a nunilH>r of portn und publiithiMl in all the daily papers, notifying masters of Hshing vemteU fmui day to diiy where buit supplies arc obtainable, so that iiintead of hunting for buit they know juHt where to go for it, and a fl«N't of t^Hhing ventieU will often diitpateh one vemtel to buy bait enough for a number, ho that tishing run go on without interrup- tion. This telegraphic service is giving great satisfartion. CONNRRN ATmN OF riMIRRIEB. The word " incxhau«tible " was at one time greatly overwnrked in Canada. The people were told so freciuently that they hud inexhauntible fisherioH, inexhauiitible forest?, inexhaustible mineraU and soil of inex- haustible fertility that wasteful niethmls were eneoiiraged, but in recent years the various departments of the Cniuidian novemment nave inaugu- rated campaigns of education regarding the importance of cons<>rving the natural resources of tho country. The Fi«heriei< Branch of the Depart- ment of Marine and Fi»hcrie« is doing excellent educational work, and not only have regulations been made to protect the fiKlipries against wo»te- ful methods of fishing but a number of fish hatcheries have been estab- lished, with most gratifying results. During the fiscal year 1014 there were distributed from these hatcheries 713,910,.'JO4 lobsters, 2S5.nOO,000 whitefish, 117,168,900 Pacific salmon, 19,8.''>t.S;m Atlantic salmon, 25,707.588 salmon trout, 1,721,010 speckltHl trout, 1,02n,.5(iO shad, and small quantities of other fish. The placing of these fry in the waters has a n-niarkahle effect in preventing depletion of the siippply of fish. This work is being extended every year and is certain to produce most important results in ♦he conservation of the Canadian fisheries. TIIK PRKSEXT VAU E OF TUfc FISHERIES. The potentiol value of Canadian fisheries cannot be meosured by the present annual catch, as all the fisheries experts who have studied the question ore of the opinion that the Canadian fisheries industry may be very greatly expanded. According to the last report of the Fisheries Bronch of the Department of Marino and Fisheries, the total value of all kinds of fish, fish products and marine animals taken by Canadian fisher- Jien during the year ended March 31, 1914, amounted to $.3.1,207,748, of which $29,472,811 is the value of sea fish and $3,734,9.'!7 the value of inland fish. These figures represent the value of the fish as prepared for market whether fresh, smoked, dried, canned or pickled. The number of men engaged in fishing was 71,770, while 2fl,803 persons were emp'oyed on shore in conneries, freezers, fish-houses, etc. The sen fisheries snvr ejnplnymriit tn Rfl,tSfi persons on s«l and =horp and inland fisheries to 12,183 persons. CANADA TIIK fulNTBY OK TIIK TWKXTIETII CKSTl'RY. 170 Tht< fiilldwiiiK tiibl*> nliDWit t)i)< qiiuiitity anil valiip of the chirf kindt of fioli Iniidi'il iliirini; the Hscnl yi0 4,710,0113 Cod l««,459.inn n 1,171.12* H.illlmt :.'..i!n3,iiiin 2 0]«,4no Mai'kirvl 2l,ril4.:oo 1.2«0.31« Whltrnah 13,7!i«,7()« »:9,9lll Haililock 4n,riil.1,3a0 *4t.rilt HmHlta II.K72,«00 «10,l»2 Trout 7,31 ■ 400 dll.fllS HanllniH 14.13 jO *1»,M» Hako Hiiil t'Uik 35,3r>f,«00 490,>7» Plfkerrl «.lrtO.30O 449,r>3S IMk* «,4i)2,r.ftn S72,I«IH Polluck iri.n«!(,4no ih7,721 Oy»t»lii :,»ll2,80n 173,7r.3 Clamii and <|UBhHURa Imrnla 121,Si;i lOD.llli TIIK WKUillT OK KISIl. In ciiiixideriiiK (invcrtiiiii !it ittntiHticM of the tiitiil pati'h of variouK kiiidx ."f fish an compnnMl with tlio i|U'..niity iimrkcti'd it iiiunt Iw noted that thn woiglit of tlie frcwh fi»h • .iiiKht is greatly rtiliutHl l>y tlie proppsses of clcan- iiiK, dryiiifr. Pto., in |>ri'|inrntioii for market. In M>nio cam-it Ihhips arc removed. This is the reason why the quantities of fisli markett^d apjiear no mueh U'ss than the quantities eaught. For instniiPe a fresh eaught cod weighs twice us inni-h us a green 8altesh suhnon to iiroduec one 4H jiound case of Panned salmon, while 125 pounds of fresh snlnmn are required to pmduee one liundrrdweight of dry-siiltcd, l.'.O poiiiids of fnsli to produee one hundretlweight mild eured or one hundredweight of pickled sal- mon and 170 pounds of fresh to produce one hundredweight of smoked sal- mon. Two hundred pounds of fresh lobsters are r€>quire,l to prodiuv one 48-pound ease of panned lobsters. It takes ITO pounds of f'esh herring to produce one hundr'^dweight of dry shUimI herring, 2(H) pounds to produce one hundredwt'ighi of sinokeil herring and 3()0 |iounds to produce one barrel of pickled herring. The term green-soltetl is applied to fish vhat have been salted but not drieil. The term dry-salted is upplie|ie |iu. I«-iimIIv nhiiitHHl In Imrn-U «f 200 |m>uiiiIm cnch. ' A (iovrHNMKNT HHASn. Ill oriliT to €'ii<'h. tho IK>|>nrtm<>tit of Miiriiiu nikI Ki»li.>rii-ii |iu« n-iviitly iiiu rtKuliitioim tiroviilinir for (Jov.Tiiim-iit iii>|NH-tioii miil LraniliiiK. Iim|K>itioii in not «-om|mli«.r.v, but uiiy iwi-kor wiiihitii; to have the (lovuriiiiH-iit brand <-an do i«. by iiimplyiint with thu nirulutioim wliii-h rwiuiro tbit the (i»b «hall Ui rbinii-.l nnd picklwl in Hfru|>ub>u>* ur-i-ordunre *itb offlcml iiiHtruotioiii. nnd iwcki-d in bnrnU. hnlf-lmrn>lit or other pnck- agUM c-oiiHtrmlvd in c-onformity with Oov«>rnim>iit HiMH-ifiintion*. In8|NHtnrs arc obliued to o|i.ni n (frtuiii i^-nvntnjjo of the barn-U or other |)u<-kiiKva lubniitti'd for brnndinK »nd i-nrcfully pxiimiiio ponti'iits, tbi- iiwiwH-tor* to Ktltit the oiiL>« to lie o|n>ncHj. The Oovernnii.nt brnnd in not only n Kuur- anteo of «,ualify. but Rhowx the vrndo of Huh and datu of pnokiiiK. It i« Mieved that the»e rciruhitioiiH will have thi' effi-ct of gn-ntly improviiiK the quality of pi»-kled «»h a» delivered to the eoimumor for while iimiH-rtion and branding are not conipuUjry buyent are likely to demand ti*b thut have pn*»ed (Joveriinient ini.|KM-tion. The c-liief trouble in the iwxt Iiuh bi^n that barrels were often uw-d that were not nuitable for transportation to distant iiiarketit and the flsh were danuiKiil in truiwit. The (lovernmeut has oIko established n systeni of inH|HH!tioii for emi- ning fartories to ensure sonitary eon.litions and see that no uiiwjund fish •re canned. 8AI.M0N riKIIEUIES. The f.sh whieh ranks first in market value is the salmon. There are a number of varieties of salmon in Canadian waters. The Atlantic salmon bearing the sc-ientific name of salmo salar, is found in the Maritime Prov- inces and Quebec along the Atlantic ond gulf c-oosts and the rivers empty- ing into the sea. It is famous for its delicious flavour. In some of the lakes of New Brunswick there is a land locked salmon differing littl.- from the Atlantic salmon and certain lakes of Quebec have a salmo,. >,f ,, ., jrk- ably fine flavour known as the Onannniche. The cntcli of salmon was \,-i08jm |K)unds in New Brunswick, 1,276,100 pounds in Quebec. 040 100 iwunds in Nova Scotia, and 9.000 pounds in Prince Edward Island in 1914. Nearly the whole catch of salmon in these provinws is used fresh although small quantities are smoked and dry-snited. The Canndiaii salmon canning industry is lo.-ated in British Columbia, the quantity canned during the ,T^lnZ !'•♦"]'«'"« ^•*'^.2S2 cases. In addition to the quantity canned ll.SJO.OOO imunds of British Columbia solmon were useil fresh 12 344 600 Pi.unds dry-salted, 2.520,200 pounds mild cured and 1,352,.500 'pounds smoked. The salmon coming from the sea run up all the rivers of British C'olunilmi to spawn, but the greatest runs are on the Fruser river. British Columbia has a number of varieties of salmon. The one which is most important commercially is the Sockeye or Blucback which is known to scientists as the Onourliynclius nerka. This ie the salmon used most extensively in the British Columbia canneries as its flesh is not only of f.\>AI>A TIIK ri>r\IHV i>V IIIK. rW^MriKTII «r.>ll MY. |HI fiiio flavour, but •■oiitHiii* a laruv niiioutil i>( nil. Otht-r vurii*tii''< ■■hiiim'iI iir« tliii CiiImi or Silvfr Milinoii, tlir (juiiimit or S|iriiiK xiiliiioii unit iIm' Hiiiuii- buck or I'iiik Miliiioii. Till' Quiiinnt or SprliiK kmIiiioii. wlilrli \» tlif At-t to niHt'ii litrKi'^t of tli>' I'm-ilir lonut miiImiom, It in in urrut (li'Miiiiiil iix II fri'Kli iIhIi. Till' !<|iriM»( kiiIiiioii iir<' iinrat |ili-iitifiil in tli« wiitiTH arouiiil (jiitfit Cliiirlotti' i 'iiikIk anil tin- virinity of tli)> Kkii'iiii riviT I'lii' l>ofr or rliiini milinon '■• not n-Kiinliil ii« vi-ry Huitiililf for riin- tiiiiK. but in i-xci'lli'iit wlii'ii fri'«|i ' aiiUiiI, iinil liirtci' i|uiintitii'i of niilti'il DoK Hulnion nri> coiikiiiiii-iI in •lii|>iiii, Hriti»li < 'oluiiibiii Iiiih ^I "iilinon niii- iivricN. [ii till' Yukon 'iVrritory 1^:;, iMxinilx ill (jiii'Iht. ii total of .M.ttlt.tMMl poiiinU. .Miotit ti'U million |H>iinili< uri> -lii|i|iiil in tlii> aIii'II hikI tho rrinaimli'r I'aiiiiril. In tlic I'oiirHi' of ail a>lilri'»i licfon' tlif Cnnailian CoiiKiTvation Cnin- niis.iion, Mr. \V. .\. Fonnil, SuiM'rintemli'iit of Fishcrir". "aiil: " Tlii' Cnniiiliaii lolmtrr finliory in ami alwavx lm» Ihi-ti tin- nioMt priKliirtivi" InbxtiT finhi'ry ill tlu> worlil." Hi- |ii>inti'il out that llirri' wi-rr lu-arly wvi-n liiinilriil loliitiT I'anni'rir-', uliili' thi' |iili..ti'r tra|i'> iiuiiiIhti'iI ovi'r a iiiillioii anil n half, r'li'vi'ii tboiiKanil iiii'ii lii'iiiK I'liKairril in thr lolintrr ti^liinir o|H'ralioiit and eigbt tliouwiinl men ami wonii'ii I'liiployi'il in tlii> lobster i-aniieriosi. TIIK (Oil nNIIKIund« of dried, ti,(W7,7iK) |H,undii of gri-cn-saltid, lli'.^OO pounds of smoked, niid .'>.;!.i4..VK) ikiuiiiU of fresh eml; Xew Hrunswii'k, 6,S<00,400 pounds of dried, l,2.1s..'i(K) poiiiiiU of Kreen-salted. ntid l.inH,7(K) poiindH of fresh cod; Prince Kdward Island, L.'iO.l.tMM) |)ounds of dried, 4il2,!i00 pounds of Krecn-salted, and 3{>0,0(X) jiouiuU of fresh cod; Quelicc, ll,247.:kH) pounds dried, 1,3liH.<;0O iotmimIs jiripii-Hultud, and .'.'sOOO iMMinds of fresh cod. In British roluuiliia nearly the whole catch of cod was used fresh, only 7.S00 pounds iM'intr drieil and l**,!!!*! |Mninds ureeii-salted. while 2,*'>2,40<) pounds were used fresh. The Hritisli Colunibia cod is slightly different from the .\tlantic cod. the head U'liiir larcer. while the air-bladder or " sounds "' is said to be smaller. TIIK IIKHRINO FISIIKIIIKS. Now Brunswick led in the herring fisheries in the fis<*nl year 1914, marketing 00,177 barrels of pickled herring, !),102,.'00 hundredweight of smoked, 1,.'W2 coses of canned and 7,SS4,70O pounds of fresh herring, while it disposed of 72,.'i20 barrels as bait and 12C,S0O bnrreU for use as a fer- tilizer. Nova Scotia marketed 40,240 barrels of pickled herrings, 1,.T1'" Tin: TWK.NTIKTII IKNTlItY. is;! Priiii'o Kdwiird Ii'luiid iiiiitlirlcd r.l'.» liiirri'ls of picklcil hcrrinR mid ll.l.KK) pounds of fresh, iisiiiK ;!'.',TMI Imrri'ls as liait; (Juclicc marketed 10.000 barrels of pickled herririfr, 4:!iMtix» pounds smoked, and L'l'2,1(HI poiiiids fresli, disposiii;: >(X) piiunds >nioked, ;il,.'!lT,^0(l pounds dry-salted, and l.'-'Ol.HM) pounds of fresh herrinff. : ' v\ :;iii\s\\ i( K saii|)Im;s. ^ariliiii< .:'in t in Canadian wafer*, but in Xew inliiii's ,.f ',..iiii;i !. 'rriiiK are canned and sold under -. I'iie ipi.iitii Panned in lOlt was S."i,7l)0 fort.v- V 'i le I21,fisl b rrels were sold sidtcil or fresh for ^ >ii'.( i,.i .. •; tie-i tlioso "sardines'' are not included in the hcrriiifi catch b\it are elas p.iunds were eauf.dif by X. There are no Brunswick frreat q the name of sard; eipht pound cases, lobster bait. Tn tlu Scotia's fisherme :;iio iiiids liy Xew I?rnn^wick ii>liermen. and lis. TOO pounds by those of (Jiiebee. The whole catch of halibut ajiiiiars to have been used fresh. -MM Ki:lli;i, FlslTKRlKS. Xova Seotia marketed 8,TL'-2,!KM3 pounds of fresh mackerel, 2.",0n4 barrels of salted, and 4411 rif eaiined mackerel dnrinp; the fiscal yc 1014: New lirun^wick, 1,70.">.T(10 pounds of fnsh and 2;V.' barrels of salted mackerel; l'rinc(> Kilward Island, 20T,S0O jiounds of fre^h and 2.>>4S barrels of salted luai-kerel; (^uel "..IfK) poinuls of fresh and T,>*41 barrels of salt'd mackerel. ll\ni>iH K llsiiKuii;; The haddnck familiarlv knowi thi iifined to the •aters of the Afhiiific and the Kulf of St. I. Xova Scofi koted 1:1.".>0l'.!HH) pounds of fresh. <;.1ili>.s!ii) |„,unds of dried. 2.tis.!.:!00 pounds of smoked and 0,017 cases of canned hadilo Xew r, ll^wiek. OOS.2{10 pounds of fresh, l.M.flOO ]ioiinds of dried, and 7:!., ids ef f re^li anil 2.'!.20l> pounds of dried haddock; (Jiiebce. .'i..".!)!) poiiiid> of fre>li and l.'i.J.OiVi pounds of dried haddock. IIAKK AMI II SK. X'ova Scotia marketed l.G7ii.riOO pounds of fresh hake and ciisk and 7,740,000 pounds dried; Xew Uriinswick. .5:10.100 pounds fresh and 2.37r>.000 pounds dried; Prince Edward Island. I.-IOO pounds fresh and 8.37,900 pounds dried; Quebec, S0,00<» pounds dried. POt.I.ACK. The pollack is caufjht in abundance alonp the coast of Xova Scotia and in the bay of Fiindy. Xova Seotia marketed .301.000 poimds of fresh and 2,.'i10.40O pounds of dried pollack ; Xew Hnniswiek. .1.774.700 pounds of fresh and 1,10.'!,000 pounds of dried pollack. 184 CA.VADA THE forXTRY OF THE TWENTIETH A Kl TLHK Ksed to lelso these aroa. under str.ct regulations to ensure their development, s'll areas w. 1 be set as.de for individuals and large areas for companies a ■ .. expected that .„ a few years a very important oyster in.lustry will be developed Dr Joseph Stafford of McGill University who has nTade a s,HM.,al study of oysters and is regarded as the highest Canadian authoritj on oyster cuture states that the Canadian oyster is superior to any other After refernng to the high reputation of the flavouVof the Canadian oysters as compared w.th United States oysters Dr. Stafford says: "Our Canadian oysters took first place at the International Exposition at Paris some years ago. They bad te Ik, collected from various places in the Mar ! t.me Prov.nces and durmg that time they were standing in barrels on tt^tTtT T", '." 'u' ''"' *""• ^^'"^ '>«^""^ ^^ ''"W^'-t'-d to that treatment they had to be trans,K,rted across the Atlantic and placed on wharves there unt.l the exhibit could be arranged and yet when placed i^ CO npet.t.on w.th Euro,K>an oysters, that bad been taken from the water only the day before, they were awarded first place. So, there must b^ some- th.ng .n the.r ability to withstand rough usage and changTff eliZte Oysters, as well as fish that are taken out of cold waters can standTran: shipment and reta.n their flavour better tba.. tho.se taken out of wlrra Dr. Stafford recently made important discoveries which may have an important ..ifluence on oyster cultur,. not only in Canada, but in ofl.er coun" tries Previous to the investigation., of Dr. Stafford tb^re was a pe iod of about three weeks .n the 1 f e of the young oyster that was ,iot knoZ and wv, °1^°^'«<1^« "««1« it difficult to catch spat at the right W tn fy!luV "^T/ 'P"* '^''''¥' ^ "''*°'" ^*"«« "f development it sinks to the bottom and fastens itself to stones, shells or any other solid thing to which It can get attached and the success of oysier culture largeh depends uijon knowing the right time to place shells or other contrivam-cs to catch the spat. Dr. Stafford has discovered the development I? tl^ oyster .n all its stages and he says that any one properly instructed can tdl almost to a day when .s the proper time to plant shells. The importa.ice of this may be judged from a statement of Winslow, the well-known Ameri- can expert, who said some years ago that hundreds of thousands of dXs would be saved an.iually to the Connecticut oystermen if they had any «ln th""?. "^ °^ determining with any approximate accuracy the d„ e when the attachment of the young oyster would occur For the fiscal year 1914 Prince Edward Isla.id produced 12,551 barrels of oysters, New Brunswick 10,800 barrels. Nova Scotia 3,397 barrels and !'l CANADA TIIK flllXTRY OF TItK TWKXTIKTIl (KXri-IIV. isr. Britisli Culumbin 2,0HO luirrelH. The British (,'iiliiiiil>ia oyster is very small, iievor exooedintt two inolii's in kii^th, while the Prince Edwuril Ishiiul ti.vs- ters often reach u length of si'Ven or eijfht inches and thi'y hiivc been known to reach ii ' (iitfth of fifteen inches. The Atlantic and Pacific oysters arc- distinct Kp' -ies and cannot i nter-l)ri'cd. However, some Prince Edward Island oysters were transplanted on the coast of southern British Cohiniliia several years a){o. They apiH'ar to be brwdinji and doinn well, but tlie results are not yet definitely known. (■I,A.MS .\M) VrAMAI.dS. At present elams and iiualmugs make a greater showing in the fisheries statistics than oysters. Jfova Scotia marketed 27,91:5 barrels fresh and 175 ca.ses canned; New Brunswick 38,070 barrels fresh and ls,530 cases canned; Priiico Edward Island lH,ti71 barrels fresh and 290 cases canned; British Columbia 9,2;!9 barrels fresh and 7.;t2H cases canned during the fiscal year 1914. The scallop, a delicious shellfish, is taken in great quantities at the Tanoook islands in Chester bay, Nova Scotia. OTHER SEA FISH. Among other sea fish caught in considerable quantities are alewives, smelts, sliad, tomeod, and flounders. Alewives are found only on the Atlan- tic coast, but shad, smelts, tomeod, and flounders are caught on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The connnon sturgeon is caught along the Atlantic coast and in the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries. The striped bass is fond of brackish water and ascends the New Brunswick rivers to spawn. FUESllWATEK FISH. In Ontario and Quebec there is a lake herring known as the cisco. It is particularly abundant in lake Erie. The catch of cisco in the province of Ontario during the fiscal year 1914 amounted to 13,071,800 imunds with a market value of ftG58,038. The whi* the finest of freshwater fish. It is found in the lakes and rivers o mswiek, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, the t Territories and the Yukon Territory. Sir John Richardson, tin ..i:iic exjilorer who lived in the Northwest Territories for a considerable time with no other food than the whitefish, which is abun- dant in all the northern lakes and rivers wrote regarding this fish: " Though it is a rich, fat fish, instead of producing satiety it becomes daily more agreeable to the palate and ^ know from experience that deprived of bread and vegetables one may live wholly upon this fish for months or even years without tiring." The whitefish catch of the province of Ontario for the fiscal year was 6,220,400 pounds; Quebec caught 51,400 pounds; New Brunswick 2,600 pounds; Manitoba 3*24,300 pounds; Saskatchewan 3,099,300 pounds; Alberta 1,401,200 p ,; and the Yukon Territory 8,360 pounds. The whitefish does not like very deep water and in lake Superior which is gen- erally very deep it is seldom caught except in the shallow places. It is most abundant in lake Erie. 18G r.VXAI.A TirK (((IXTIfV OF iilK •r\VK.\Ti;.Tii rKxiliiY. of t;;:;"ti:.i"';:s' z ':ri:':::^^i^"'' '""f "^ *•■'■ — -'* Chowan Amo v^^M^t'o^Z''^" ''7 l-.0..-.<^ pound.. S.,.k„t- po..n.Is. Q„pboc caught Ti'Sh f ,7 'r"""'"' '""' ""* '^'"'<"" -'"-IW lake trout: X<.w « n ui .l^ o , ^"'f "\ "" '"'"' "'"• »«•'•'<' »-k1h i«ko trout, while Pr:;;::';iiv;^i'ti ":':.;:;:; '.t:;:;"'' 't ^"'""'^ ami Uritish Colunil.ia 6.5 OiK) n,Min.I T T ''"""''" "'" *■•"•" , ana oi piK , .J,4.>4,,00 pounds. Manitoba caught Lake Superior Trcit aiij Whitefish iSZSs If S;?r S^ """r^^ ;^ e^= Saskatchewan, pounds of pickerel and 074^ 'l, 'T T"^^' °^ '"''*'= '^'^^'t"- •'^^'W of Pickerel and ol.r.W p^ ,S^f 7ke ' X "^'' '^"'■',"''' ''-"^ ^"^'"^' pickerel. O^.tario's ca^^h o erch w;^m"'70^n'■'• f ''""r 'i'"'^ °' 672.100 pounds. Quebec's catch of pe": i.s '4 m° """'':, and of carp Sfanitoba, 24,300 pounds Tn Af.f'f i. c f^ ^"""'''' """^ ^'^n* "^ 1 441 000 nr>T,T,7^ /* 1 •? Jlnnitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta ^oldeyes The ca ch nf / " " ™"' '''"■^''* ^' " '^ I^""'J« "^ tfoiaeyes. Ihe catch of sturgeon was 253,500 pounds in Ctario, while CANADA TlIK COUNTHY OF TIIK TWKXTIKTH CKXTUKY. 187 !)7,70() pound!) of stiir(t(Mm wore cuiiKht in tliu liikos of Qiubec anil 7.000 pounds in the lake? of Xew Hrunswiik. TliiTO are scvcrnl varieties of bass in the iidand lakes and rivers and n number of other freshwater fish are eautrht by spoitsinen. In Manitoba, Saskiitehewaii and Alberta the tishinK is usually dune in the winter after the hikes arc frozen over. At that time of the year the farmers have time to spare and miieli of the ti^liiuB is done by them. Holes are out in the iee. The freshwater fish are (renerally ush are not as larfrc as those of the lakes but are of pood i1avo\ir. SKAI. AND WIIAt.K KISMKIUKS. Ilair seal-skins to the number of 4,S72 were marketed l>,v Quebec fishermen, 168 by Xova Seotians, and 2,j20 l)y British Columbians. Xo fur seals are eanght in the Atlantic or gulf of St. I^iwrenee, but 404 were caught along the coast of British Columbia. T .le catch of whales along the British Columbia coast was 703, wliile S7 whales were caught in the gulf of St. Lawren<'C by Quebec fishermen. British Columbia marketed 10,700 pounds of whalebone and 975,000 pounds of whalebone meal. Quebec marketed 24,000 pounds of whalebone. KISII oil, AND WIIAI.E OH,. Nova Scotia marketed ."ifi.SO,") gallons of fish oil in 1014, Xew Bruns- wick 50,242 gallons. Prince Kdward Island 10,t'.18 gallons, Quebec iX1,40<1 gallons. British Columbia marketed ;!0,"),O0ti gallons of whale oil and Quebec 147,500 gallons. FISH KXI'OHTINCi IKNTRKS. The fish exporting bu>iness of the Atlantic and gulf coasts is to a great extent centred in Halifax and St. John, and especially Halifax, whose fish merchants get supplies from all parts of the Maritime Prov- inces and lower Quebec, but a considerable export business is d'^uc direct by fishing firms in the small fishing centres along the coasts of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Kdward Island and Quebec. Export ship- ments are often made from Lunenburg, Lockport, Shelburne, Yarmouth, Arichat, Port Ilawkesbury, Port Hood, '^ nso, Dighy and Yarmouth, in 188 CANADA TIIK C'Of.XTUY »)F Till; TWKNTIKTII IKNTIIIY. Novo Scotia; Chnrl-.ttPtown, Siimnjersido, Tigiiisli, Souris anil Miirrny harbour, in Prinoe p:ciwar(l Island; Chatham, ("araqnet, Dalhoiiwic and Grand Manan, in New Brunswick; Paspebiac and Gagpc in Quebec. Fisli merchants of Alontrcal and Quebec city also get supplies from lower Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, and while their sales are chiefly in tiio home market the excellent shippinff facilities durinif the season of St. Lawrence navigation enable them to do a ci.nsidcrnblc eximrt business. On the Pacific coast the export of fish largely centres in Vancouver c,',y and Now Westminster, but export shipments arc also made from Victoria, Xanaimo and Prince Rupert. CI.ASSIKICATION OF KWH FOH KXIflRT. The Canadian Cusutoms Department diH's not adopt the same classifi- cation of fish as the Marine and Fisheries Department in the statements of exports. For instance, while the statistics of the Fisheries Depart- ment show the quantities of salmon marketed, fresh, canned, salted, mild cured and smoked, they give no pickled salmon, whereas the Customs Department reports the export of 4S,0.'>8 barrels of pickled salmon during the fiscal year 1»14, while no exixirts of salted or mild cured salmon are shown. The i xplaiiation is that the Customs Department classifies salted and mild cured salmon as pickled. The Customs Department also reports the exi)ort of 4,610,.345 poimds of dog salmon, whereas the Fisheries Department does not make a separate classification of dog salmon, but includes it with dry-salted or dried salmon. Codfish, haddock, pollack and hake or codlings arc classified together in the Customs report of exports, being divided into fresii, dry-salted, wet-salted and pickled, whereas the Fisheries Department classifies codfish, haddock, hake and polla<-k separ- ately and divides them into fresh dried, grecn-.'alted and smoked. The Customs Department reports the export of 29.i44 barrels of pickled mackerel, but the statistics of the Fisheries Department shew no produc- tion of pickle62 pounds, valued at $.3C4,.''>64, in 1914; canned salmon exports, 61,097,424 pounds, valued at $6,«31,43"; smoked salmon exports, 4.5,100 pounds, valued at $7,116; pickled salmon exports, 48,05S barrels, valued at $.172,019; and dog salmon. $40.3.658 pounds, valued at $42,193. C.\NAci.\ TIIK ((HMKY OF TIIK TWK.NTIKTII ( KXriltY. 1 H!» FollowiiiK arc tlu' conntrici* tn whirli sultniiii was cxportril. witli tlic quontitii's o{ each kind : — Canned. Lt>. 48.8»lJ,fi(i2 2.07ii,»1lt> 2.l'.tl,«2S 2.III0.784 1,:«>4,:«12 l.Ifl.VoO 704,!IO8 &'»,130 377, im2 .3ii,:a2 2112.143 1 I0,3!)U 7O.!H)0 57,«I0 24,000 2:1.088 22,«!tfl 21,248 11,170 l.S,2U0 :t,ooo 0.012 2.208 708 10 I'ickled Smoked. j Fr.-»h. 1 I.h i l,o»fi,!»2t 18. LSI " iltii'iotV :<,I48.40I li27B .Suliium. United Kingdtmi Australia BritiHh HtmitM Hettlcment Krance llrl titi Lb. :)8,4ii6 6,m I,li N»'W Zfaland , . Tnited States Fiji Ulandii BritiHh India 4,149 2«.2na BelKiuni Hon^ Konff ^ .SBfll 28,.')81 Chili n.5,2oo •laiuin Holland. :i,o2:<,fieciHed) French Oceanii BritiHh West Indicn Bermuda Norway Sweden (rermany Newfoundland Miqiielon and St. Pinre. VeneRuela Colombia ' 1^08! 22 180 0,410 13 «60 i;6fib 267 i48i8io 2IMI 2«i 1,274 IIS 117 25!l 27 4 C<«it« Kicu Alwka EXFOHTS OK I.OBSTKRS. The United States was the only coiintrj' to which fresh lobsters were exported in 1914. The quantity was 4,94:!.!>:50 pounds and the value $707,486. The total qiiantit.v of canned lobsters exported was S.271,662 pounds. Valued at $2,0f*3,n87. Following are the cipuntries to which canned lobsiers were cxportetl, with the qunntities: — Pounds. United Kingdom 2,875,206 United Stateg 2.273,849 France 1, 946.674 Oermany 472.808 Belgium 299,728 Sweden 175,053 Denmark 89,182 Holland 78.816 Norway 3S.6B0 100 CANADA THE COUNTBY OV THE TWENTIETH CESTUKT. Pound a, Auatralla H,S7« ItUMla Ir. Kurope B.IDO Rrltlah Weit Indlpa 1,»7« Npw Zealand 1,S«4 Bermuda 4g Vent-xiipln m Danlah Weat Indica 24 KXIHIHT8 OF UY8TKRM AND CLAMS. The total (|iiniitity of fresh oyxterx exported in 1014 was 342 Imrrrls, valued at $2,:)in, of which 207 barrels went to the Tnited States. .16 barrels to tlie I'liited Kinordoni and !> barrels to other eoiintries. The exports of o.vsters preserviMl in eaiis were 4,109 pounds, valued at $1..'>47, of whieh 4.07:1 pounds went to tlu) I'nited States and Ofl pounds to Hong Kong. The total quantity of ehiins exported was 40.2(l."> barrels, valued at $103,1WU, of whieh all but 19 barrels went to the I'nited States. KXI-ORTS OF COOKISII, nADDoCK, HAKE AND POLLACK. The total exports of eodKsh, haddoek, hake and pollack were 2,0.".2,064 pounds fresh, valued at $(M?,t4B; 74,048,200 pounds dry-salted, valued at $4,.'504,731 ; 1.272,000 pounds wet-.«alted, valued at ^.'..I.IS.'S; 012,.''.00 pounds pickled, valued at la.l.lO.'), and lOS,.'..!.'. pounds of tongues and sounds, valued at ♦.'M,872. All the fresh went to the I'nited States. Following are the countries to which the various other preparations of codfish, haddock, hake and pollack were sent: — Dry a*It«d. Lb, United .States 19,8H3..%0 BritiHh Went tiidiea 15,159,4U0 Bra«il !l,fi62,70u Pi>rtu Rico 7,«U0,30O Cuba 7,5(«,700 Italy fi,U9,200 I nited Kingdom 2,M>r,.'?0M.000 San Uuuiingii .S81,S00 Hayti aw.aoo Hawau 259,200 Auatria-Hungary 172,400 Colombia 1110,100 DaniHh Weat Indies 5*i,0u0 8|»in 46,800 Dutch Went Indies 17,900 Britiah Honduraa 1H,300 tiuatemala ■ 16,000 Nicaragua ' i^onO Britiah South Africa. 000 Kouador I 400 Miquelon and St. Pierre loO Wet- aolted. Lb. 1,071,100 Pickled. Lli. 611,700 Tonguea and Sounda. Lb. 197,10ft 180 1*01.800 1.250 CANADA THE ((lUXTKY OF TIIK TWK.NTIKTII TLRY. 191 KMHIIITS liK II>:RKI.N(^ The extorts of hrrring in I9I4 were 10,6«2,576 pounds froi.h, viilut-d at $143,110; 342,147 barrels pickle. 2,33!l.iao I.b. 32.4au 240 35S IT S 10 S,081 I II I,(M)I,411 44,A4« 3u,iao 3.\:«M 2fl,4t«) Td.'MU 22,.'»14 ll.fitlO 7.21II 4,!IU0 4.2211 2.4im i,:v>o (»n .MIO 10 I'M Ll>. u>,:.'n:;,f)74 :i,:i.oiio :i02 FISH OIL K.\P(lHTKn. The qinintity of cod oil cxporti'd Wiis :i7:!.."il7 (tiiUons, viiliied at $112,790. while 002,4.51 fwllons of wlialo oil. vnluod nt *293,S94. and S.'iS (jallons of seal oil, valued at $209, were exported. Exports of other fish oils amounted to 129.778 pillions, vnlu.Ml iit $4l).7:i:i. Following iirc the <-oiin- tries to which fish oil \v:is exported, with the quantities: — United Kingdom. . . . Unit«1 StatMi NewfoundUn iioundi*, voluod nt $2S2..'l04. wliile only five barrels of pickled hiililiut were exported. FollowiuK nrc tlie countries to which mackerel and huliliut were cx|K)rteh W«t Indi» l>utch (luian^ . . - Hayti Miqueliin and St. Pierre . Panama Porto Rico Culnmbia Japan 22,128 4,023,044 5,173 6T 44 17 32 6 1 1,1M 28 116 K3 :<,13( 4,27H,312 32«,410 44 B,35U 100 ISO FBKSIIWATER KIH.!! EXPORTED. Freshwater fish to the value of $1,524,44.1 wore oxiNirted in 1!>14, but the Trade and Xavigntion Report of the Customs Departiiicut does not specify the different kinds of fioshwater fish ex)Hirtpd. witli the exception of salmon trout, of which 712,04^ pounds, valued at $39,035, were exported. EXIH)HTS OF SMELTS AND OTIIKR SEA KISH. The exports of smelts in 1914 amounted to 0,028,034 pounds, valued at $332,792, all going to the United States. The exports of other sea fish of kinds not specified were: Fresh, 1,960,S57 pounds, valued at $96,109; pickled, 2l,6&» pounds, valued at $113,042, and preserved, 3,096,747 pounds. CAKADA TIIK COUNTKY OF TIIK TWK.NTIKTII IKNTIHY. 193 valuod lit 914ff,144. Followiiiii urc the ooiintrtPt to which •mcltit hikI ulhor kind* of M'B fiah nut iip«Hi€kl-l. Hrl. 10. rs I'Bwrve)!. Ifni'wl HlalHa I'nitMl Kiiiiploni Uriliih Wot Imlin Nt*wf(Hindli4ii(l LI.. MH,«i'>7 IM70 •U|wn MWnielon ftn*! Ht, l*i«>ne H«yti Uaniuli Wt-at Indin IhiU-h tiuiatm I'anaiiia CixU Kic* Denmark l'i.rtvv«'M wiTi' I'liiiiiHTiitiil mill nil i-tiiiiiiti' tfivi'ii iif till' liorii'-iK'wr tliiit run Iw ili'Vi'loiHil. Till' iji'w'riliticiii ii( till- wiitiT-imwiT'' lit till' iiixtiTii iiniviiii-en in this rt'|i<>rt ii very I'liiiipichi'iiiivL' iiltluniKli not iill-iiiilirurinK. I»>t tl>L' Bceuuiit of the wutcr-pouiT!* nf tlif wciIitii iprnviin'i's in not » iiii|>U't<.'. Tho Diiininioii Wutor Pkhit Hrinii'h '<( tlii^ Dt'iuirtiiii'iit of the Interior i«tiUP(l in 1U14 tliirti-i'ii voluini's oii tlii' waliT-iNiwrr* of ttic wi'stcrn iirov- inci'S undiT tlir titlr " WiitiT Ki-oiiri'i'^ l'ii|H'rM." 'I'lii's vuliimt'i' iiri- niini- iH-ri'il from 1 to l;; uiiil fiirlluT iiiiniU'r« arc to In' i»«iii'«l. Tlin ('onwrvutioii C'oininin»ion i* pnlili'-liiiiK ii report on the w.iti'r-iMisvi'rii of Mmiilolin, Si^kiit- chownn iiml AlUTta prcpart'il jointi.v l>,v Mr. Leo (r, Uviii*, li.vilro-eli'i'trif iMiKint-vr of that i'oiiiini»«ioii ami Mr. .1. U. Cliallii's, Sii|H'rinti'nik'nt of the Dominion Water J'ower Uraneh, while .Mr. Arthur V. White is jirepariiiK for tiio C'oiifervation < 'oiiimiHsion a report on the water-powers of British C'olumhia. Mr. O. U. (1. Conwa.v has prepareil for the Water Power Branch a inonoKruph ou tiiu water-|)owers of British Columhia which in lieiliK piihlisheil. The annual reports of the ll.vilro-Klcetrii' Tower t 'oimiiissioii of the province of Ontario eontiiin a yniit ileal of vnliiahle iiifoniiation ahoiit the wati>r-|M>wers of that province. A (rrcnt ileal of inforniation is also ohtiiiu- able from the reports of the Internationiil Wali iwavs C.iriiniission, a joint commission representing the intcrists of (':iii:iilii aiiil the I'liiteil Sliitis in the waterways ami water-powers alonn the frontier. It should he noteil that the rciKirts of the Conservation ('oniiiiission and the Dominion Water T.^wer Branch do not claim to cover all the wntir- IMiwers of Canada, hut onl> llio,-e that have lieen invcstitfatcd. In many cases the estimates ari' very exact, hut in some cases they are only opproximate. Care has Uen taken in estimating to take into eonsider- ati I only the minimum How of water. In many eases the minimum flow of . nter is for a very brief iM'rioil of the year and for nearly the whole year much grcnter power is available, so that n stateinent of the minimum jinwcr underestimates the real i)o»cr possibilities, but it is considered liest in this article to accept minimum calculations rather than risk e.xautfcration. In some cases the storaRc conditions may lie fireatly improved and the dis- charge controlled duriiiR the period of high water. For instance the jiower jiossibilities of the sIoik; between the height of land and James hay in the province of Ontario are estimated at iOOfiOd horse-iMiwer, but it is calcu- lated that under discharge control over 2,000.000 horse-power could be developed on the .lames Hay slope. In the statement of the iiower possibili- ties of the Winnil»>g Uiver systi'Ui the minimum jKiwer available under ---U.^ i > 196 CANADA THE COUNTKY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. iiatural conditions of water flow is oatimated to be 280,3(K) horse-power in Alanitoba and 203,838 J.orse-iiower in Ontario, a total of 484.138 horse-power at the lowest stage of the water-fl..w. but it is calculated that if the dis- chnrfre of water were controlled by dams at lake of the Woods, Kainy lake lake Scul and other lakes alonsr this river system this could be increased to' nearly a million horse-iwwer. The jiowor estimates for the Ottawa river arc based on present conditions. If the Ottawa and Georgian Bay Canal pro- ject IS earned out the power conditions will be completely changed and many new water-powers will be created. Owing to the wonderful system of lake reservoirs the variations of water-How on the Niagara river and the St. Lawrence river are remarkably small They are lielieved to be less than on any other river system in the world. Keforring to this natural regulation of water-flow the International Waterways Commissioners in their report for the year 1910 said- "No work of man ever approached or ever will approach this perfection of regu- lation." As might be expected more exact information is obtainable regarding the large water-powers than about the small water-powers. In the older settled parts of the eastern provinces most of the small water-powers were utiliz<>d from the earliest days of settlement to run saw mills, grist mills and woollen factories. The methods adopted for the utilization of the water-powers were primitive and in many cases little or no alteration has l)oen made. The estimates regarding most of these small water-powers are based on the development under such conditions. It is probable that in the future modern engineering skill will be employed in reconstruction work «t some of these small water-powers and that the power developed will be considerably increased. On the other hand at some of these small water- powers the full power already developed is not available at lowest water and m some cases no power at all at certain seasons of the year But thcs^ small water-powers form a very small proportion of the total. HEVELOPED WATER-POWERS. In the volume on the Water-i)owers of Canada issued bv the Conser- vation Commission in 1011 the water-power known to be developed in Can- ada in 1910 was stated to be 1,016,521 horse-power for 24 hours daily In a statement issued by the Dominion Water Power Branch in 1915 the developed power was stated to be 1,712,193, 24-hour horse-power, while it was estimated that within areas that may reasonably be expected to be populated in the near future, there were water-power possibilities aggre- gating 17.764,000, 24-hour horse-power. The developed water-iwwers were stated to be distributed as foUows:— Province. Horse-power -, „ ., Oeveloped. Nova Scotia , ' New Brunswick fi'I" Prince Edward Island "'"Xn OntarToV. v. ■.•.;. "?•»•<> Manitoba "»•"« Saskatchewan "■"* Alberta „ ,15 British Columbia ,«'!:2 Tukon '.llil 12,000 1,712.193 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF TIIK TWKNTIETIt CENTUllY. 197 Assuming that the developed power is 1,700,000 twenty-four-Iiour horse-power, if it were all used constantly it would be equivalent to 40,800,000 horse-power liocirs daily; but even if there were a constant demand for all the power that could be produced during the twenty-four hours, there would occasionally be losa from stoppages. However, there is not a constant demand. Except during the hours from 7 a.m. to p.m. there is little demand for power purposes, while the demand for lighting i.4 limited to the hours of darkness, which vary at different seasons of the year. It has been estimated that under present conditions the consumption does not greatly exceed one-fo\irth of the power that could be developed during twenty-four hours by the hydro-electric plants now in operation. On this basis the consumption would be equal to about 10,200,000 horse- power hours daily if the power developed is 1,700,000 horse-power. It will be interesting to consider what amount of coal would be required to pro- duce this amount of power with steam plants. The amount of bituminous coal required to produce one horse-power for one hour depends upon the character of the plant and the efficiency of operation. Competent aiitbori- ties have expressed the opinion that six pounds would be a fair average, although at large well-equipped and economically operated plants the average would not exceed four pounds, and in some cases the quantity is a great deal less than four pounds, while in other cases it is eight pounds and even higher. Assuming the low average of four pounds of coal per horse-power hour and estimating that the present daily consumption in Canada is equal to 10,200,000 horse-power hoxirs, this would represent a saving of 20,400 tons of coal daily, or 7,446,000 tons per year. But in the districts where hydro-electric power has been developed the demand is con- stantly increasing and a larger proportion of the power developetl will soon be used. It is impossible to make an accurate estinuite of the total water-powers of Canada, but in the eastern provinces and the Prairie Provinces as far north as the Saskatchewan and Nelson rivers, a close approximation may be made from the information available. - 'I THE NTAUAKA WATKR-I'OWKR. In any review of the wntcr-powors of Canada the Niagara power demands first att<>ntion. The amount of water that can b( "■■ •'• 92:00' Neplgon river and trlbutarlM.'. '.'. '.'. ' ?*'5?2 Kaminlstlqula river 79,340 Other tributaries of lake Superior.".". ll'lt~ Winnipeg and English River system in'onVarlo 2oq«« James Bay slope under natural flow,. . InnUl Ontario tributaries of the Ottawa river. ... .? «S2 Ottawa river from its mouth to lake TImlskaming 4«s i«» Quebec tributaries of the Ottawa.. •""■'""g I??'"? St. Lawrence river In Quebec, above Montr'ekl.' " deluding nota canaf *"■ ^^^" ""^ Cascades rapid, and B^auhar^ '^"'Sle« Hv^r^'""'"" ''"^"* ^^^''"•'' "■"'*» »'' 24- hour horse-power and by controlling the discharge of waters on rivers where the difference between high and low water is great this could be enormously increased. Some allowance should be made for Niagara ix>wer exported to the United States, but it may he safely said that C tario and Quebec have available for liotno consumption when developed a minimum of 8.200.- 000 24-hour horse-power. If 80 per cent of this power were developed and one-fourth of the developed power consumed it would be es of Canada in 1913. The total production of coal in Canada in 1913 was 1.'),11.'>.089 tons of which 2,0.5.5,993 tons were exported, while the imports were 11,060,910 tons of bituminous and 4,237,- 310 tons of anthracite, so that the consumption of coal for the whole of Canada was 28,3.57,000 tons. WATF.R-POWEKS OF THE M.M11T1.ME I'llOVINCES. All parts of the Maritime Provinces are so near to the groat coal fields of Nova Scotia that water-power is not a matter of such great importance to them as it ii to some of the other provinces. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have l>cen estimated to have 3.S5,307 24-hour horse-power available for 8 months of the year. There is no esti- mate of the amount of jwwer available for the remaining four months in those provinces. In gome cases there would be very little power available for those months. In Nova Scotin there are no large rivers or large lakes, but there are many small rivers with numerous small waterfalls and there are a number of small lakes which serve as reservoirs. The natural storage facilities could be improved easily in many cases. The- rainfall of this province is ^1' I! ■ 200 CANADA THE COUNTHY OF THE TWENTIETH CE.NTURT. heavy Thus while there are no great water-powers there are many small ones. The rivers of New Brunswick are larger and there are greater water- powers than in Nova Scotia but there are not so many of them In view of the fact that some of the small water-powers can be utilized tor only eight months of the year it should be noted that at such water- 5!^Tf- '1 J* •'""ternary to have a supplementary steam plant which can be utilized for the production of power when water-power is not available. The water-powers of Prince Edward Island are hardly worthy of men- tion although there are a few small water-powers on the little rivers at develop"'"' ™'*'"" *^"'""* °' ^^^ ^^' ^'""' ^^^ *" *^*y horse-power is The water-powers of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia for which approximate estimntcs have been made are distributed as follows:— Approximate minimum 24-hour h.-p. _. for 8 months. Jhl'rV..^"'^'';'"''"' **" ^'- i°^" '■"*''• '" New Brunswick. . . . 162,000 Thirteen water-powers on St Croix river. In New Brunswick 35 880 Six water-powers on Niplsqult river. In New Brunswick IS 795 One water-power on the Aroostook river In New Brunswick n'nno Three water-powers on Toblque river. In New Brunswick " 7600 Two water-powers on southwest branch Mlramlchl river, iii New Brunswick ^ • ••> _ °"* wi^ck^rtvo™ " *""■'**" water-poWers on other N^w' Brinsl ' Twelve water-poWeri in Llverpiil "rlvVr. "in Novk Scotia'; uHl Eleven water-power, on the Lahave river. In Nova ScotiS ' 8«o Nine water-powers on Weymouth river, in Nova Scotia ' " s'lM Ten water-powers on Port Medway river. In Nova Scotia 61 !n ScTtfa'rlve?^ »lxf v-nlne small water-i^wers on Xr Nova ' " There are a number of small water-powers for which no estimate has a^J^inZ h PV°°'*^-'"i°'^ Water Power Branch and a commission appointed by the Nova Scotia Government are making a joint investiga- !T ^^ ^^^/'''f' resources of Nova Scotia and the best means of promot- Ivaillble' '"P"""* ^ *•">* """'^ complete information will soon be WATER-POWERS OF PR.tlRlE PROVIN'CES. In Manitoba the water-powers that have been most carefully estimated are those on the Winnipeg river about 78 miles from the city of Winnipeg / u ■ ri^n^f"" ^^^ minimum power available is 280,300 horse-power of which 45.700 horse-power has already been developed by the city of Win- nipeg and 26,500 horse-power by the Winnipeg Electric railway. It is esti- Z .no"^ r"*'°' °^ ^^^ discharge of water the power available would be over 509,900 horse-power. On the Pigeon river, Berens river, Poplar river and Big Black river flowing into the southeast side of lake Winnipeg probably within trans- ""'^roo1='"i'"''* °* ^^^ "*y "^ Winnipeg there are water-powers aggregat- ing 72 225 horse-power 24 hours daily eight months of thfyear. NoTsti- mate has been made for the remaining four months. Other water-powers within transmission distance of the citv of Win- nipeg are tho«c on the Mossy, Dauphin. Waterheu and Fairford rive« which make connections between lake Dauphin, lake Manitoba, lake Win- nipegosis and lake Winnipeg. Theoretically these rivers would furnish « CANADA THE C'OUNTIIV OF TIIK T WKNTI KTll CKXTrilY. 2(11 minimum of 27,860 hor!«3-p<>wer 24 hours duily thruuKliout the .vj-iir, niul it may be assumed thot a minimum of at least 05 per ant of that eould be develojied. With control of the diseharge of vtaters this could be consid- erably increased. The water-power at the Grand falls of the Saskntchewan may also he regarded as within transmission distance of the city ^f Win- nipeg. The estimate from May to November is a minimum of 45,000 horse- Ijower for 24 hours daily and while no estimate for the whole year has been made the power available throughout the year would probably not be much less. There arc small water-powers available on the Assiniboine, Little Saskatchewan and other small rivers for at least seven months of the year. The water-i)owcrs of the Nelson and Hayes rivers are too far from the present settlements for transmission of electric enerity, but the construc- tion of the Hudson Bay railway from the Pas to Port Nelson will probably bring about the settlement of the Nelson River valley. Estimates have been made regarding twenty-five water-powers on the Nelson river aggregating a minimum of 2,930,800 horse-power for 24 hours daily and 20 water-powers on the Hayes river aggregating 28,460 horse-iiowcr. While the estimates are only for seven months it is believed that the mininmm for the year would be very little less than this for the Nelson river. As Manitoba is even farther from the sources of coal supply than (•r.Iario the abundance of water-power is of very great importance. On the main Saskatchewan river in the province of Saskatchewan it i<> estimated that about 24,000 horse-power daily for 24 hours would be available for seven months of the year, on the South Saskatchewan 1,700 horse-power and on the North Saskatchewan 10,000 liorsc-powcr. At the Rocky rapid of the Nort'- 'skatchcwan in Alberta above Edmonton it is estimated that 28.000 wcr could be develoiied by controlling the discharge of waters. In southern Alberta it • Mmatcd that 60,000 horse-power can be obtained from the Bow river within 50 miles of Calgary, by controlling the discharge of waters. The Calgary Power Company has already developed 19,500 horse-iK)Wcr at the Horseshf>e fall of the Bow river and 12,000 horse- power at the Kanaskis fall. There arc also small watcr-i><>wcr» available on the Elbow river, McLeod river. Belly river and other small rivers in southern Albt^rta. WATEll-l'OWERS OK THE NOHTIIEHN »»NE. The information regarding water-imwers in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta north of the Nelson and Saskatchewan River systems is not at all complete, but estimates have been made for seven months of the year from May to November on the following rivers: — Minimum 24-hour h.-p. 7 months Churchill river, above Indian lake 472,700 Reindeer 33,900 Qelkle <2.1»» Athabasca 892.900 Lesser Slave 12,400 Slave 936,000 Peace In Albe ta 140,000 Peaca canyon n British Columbia 416.000 i ■ Ml f 2.4O«.OO0 l! if 202 CANADA THK fOUXTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. wpro^nT™ **>«,r''""-P"'^^: during the remaining five months of the year were not more than one-third of this there would be a large amount of power available throughout the year. amount ot BRITISH COLUMBIA WATKH-POWEUS. BritiHh Columbia is splendidly endowed with water-powers and although h- province has immense quantities of coal rapid progress is being made n. hydro-electric development. At many jwints to which the cost of trans- porting coal over mountain roads is excessive hydro-electric power can be cheaply transmitted and even in districts close to coal mines the competi- tion of hydro-electnc power will regulate the price of coal. 1.-I » ■ S' •?■ ^' ^"""."y- Consulting Engineer of the British Columbia J-Jectric Rai way says in his monograph on the water-powers of British Columbia: Within reasonable distance of the cities of Vancouver and Victoria there are possibilities of the economic development of water- powers aggregating 750,000 horse-power. These water-powers are aU situ- ated within an area of 20.000 square miles. Outside of this area a rough estimate of the water-power possibilities of the province would bring this hRure up to 3.000.000 horse-power." The horse-power capacity of planto already iiustalled at developed water-iKiwcrs is stated to be as follows:— Horne-power „ . developed. Kootenay river and Kettle river », aaa Oold.tream. near Victoria "■""' Lake Buntxoen, Burrard Inlet ,?•?*? Stave lake, near Ruskin "■»"? Jordan river. 40 miles from Victoria.. .. '.'. '.'. llzl„ Link river. Ocean lallg T,.!? Puntledge river, near Nanalmo. . .■.'.■.■.'. a7X„ Powell river '•^<" Falls creek, near ar.-inby bay. '. .'.' ^t'S!? Kootenay river, near Nelson ... I'tl'i Barrlere river, near Kamloops. . J'??? Slmllkameen river, near Hedley.. t'!?? Britannia creek, Howe sound.. . ,'""'' Woodworth lake, near Prince Rupert.'. f^X Swanson bay 130 m.les south Prince Rupert.'. '.'. \il?, Illeclllewaet river at Revelstoke . . *•?"'' Other small developments "*" 890 ties !.f 'It''' ^r^^ that these figures do not represent power possibili- ties of these water-,K,wers but developed horse-power. For instance at \Voodworth lake near Prince Rupert only 1.650 horse-power has le„ ?hat 5i '' """"""'' *'"'* ^"'^ horse-power can be developed a" THE ONTARIO IIVDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION. The Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission is a Government cor- poration appointed by the Provincial Legislature of Ontario in May 19^6 of Z7 •' f" *'■' development, generation, transmission and distribute,* b!. n w 'f '^ ",* '"'* *" *" ^""""^ municipalities desiring it T has authority to regulate the electric wiring installations, arrange for the n™v7^ r" ?^ ^''*^'"'""' ™"«^' ^-^ '''« ^"""^'^ •" *e rural diSrand provide for the construction, operation and maintenance of a Ss em of CANADA THE COUNTUY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. 203 ll( electric railways. The Ontario Oovernment provides the capital but the municipalities purchase power at ruteg covering the cost of power, the operating expenses and the interest and sinking fund charges. The rauni- cipulities provide their own plants for local distrihution. The members of ' ne Hydro-Electric Power Commission are : Sir Adum Beck. K.B.; Hon. I. B. Lucas, and .Mr. W. K. "«IcNaiight, C..M.O. The commission has conjitructed and is operating five separate trans- mission systems, known as the Niagara, Severn, Port Arthur, St. Law- rence, and Wasdell's Falls systcniS, and have under construction a sixth system to be known as the Eugenia Falls system, while thoy are also supplying power to the city of Ottawa. The Niagara system is supplied with power purchased from the Ontario Power Company, Niagara Falls, the Severn system with power generated at a plant owned and operated by the commissiim at Big Chute, on the Severn river; the Port Arthur system with power from Kakabeka falls, purchased from the Kaministiquia Power Company; the Wasdell's Falls system with power generated at a plant constructed, owned ami operated by the commission at Wasdell's falls, on the Severn river: tlic St. Lawrence system with power purchased from the York and Ontario Power Company, Morrisburg, Ontario; the Ottawa system with power purchased from the Ottawa and Hull Power Company, Hull, Quebec, and the Eugenia Falls system with power generated at Eugenia falls, on the Beaver river. The commission has constructed 15 transforming and 47 distributing stations; 433 miles of 110,000 volt steel tower transmission lines and SLI miles of low tension steel lattice and wood pole lines, distributed as follows : Niagara system, steel tower lines, 433 miles, low tension lines, 5J>8 miles; St. Lawrence sy.stem, low tension lines, 61 miles; Severn system, low tension lines, SO miles; and Wasdell's Falls system, low tension lines, .lit miles. The commission is at present supplying 72 municipalities with power. The maximum 20 minutes' load on the Niagara s.vstem at Niagara station for October. lfH4, was 67,000 horse-power; the minimum load, 60.000 horse-power, and the average load, 63,500 horse-power. The average load factor on this system is about 85 ptr cent in summer and 80 per cent in winter. THE COST OF POWER IN ONTARIO. The price paid by the municipality depends partly upon the distance from the source of power and par*'y upon the quantity taken by the muni- cipality, and ranges from $14 to k per horse-power per year. The cost to the consumer depends to some extent upon the econom.v of maniigemcnt in local distribution. If the local consumption is less than the quantity the municipality agrees to purchase from the Hydro-Electric Power Com- mission this may necessitate a higher charge to the users of power. Toronto, Hamilton and Ottawa may be taken as examples of the cost of power in the large industrial ccntrr=, while the ratp= nt thirteen of tho smaller manufacturing cities are also shown in the following table: — ^ff! si ! m 204 CANADA TIfR COUNTRT OF TIIK TWKNTIETIC CKNTURT. !m Spillway Lac Du Bunnet Power Plant, Winnipeg River. The Cbaiidiere Falls at Ottawa. CANADA THE COUNTRY OP TIIK TWKXTIKTII CENTUUY. 205 City. Turiintn, Hamilton . . . UtUwa St. Cathurinra. Wvllaiid Pntfrliiirougli . Bniiitfurcl (•uxliih Oalt Bxriln Port Anhur . . . I^inilon St. Thi>ina» Stratford . . . CutlingwiMid . . Windiur i m 4 C i. 15 IJII Lt Oil ifi no 14 IK) iroi) 15 00 la 511 21 oil il BO 21 611 22 so 23 IH) 2M00 ;io 00 at w 3M 33 OwT Til THK (!m.\kI MKK. Kixwl rat«' ]>hr hiinw*-|M)Wfr [•■r ii.unth. •1.3.5 IMT h<>nM*-iMiwcr for Hmt to liiirM- |Hm>T and i^t fur uach addition 111 hornf'iiower *I |i>'rlionH< iJowrr. . . 1 " " '..'.. I 1 1 1 1 1 1 „ ,. I 1 1 1 1 is H^ J., -5» s.i: 9 ^ tii .tl Ci>iit«. fVnt«. 1 r, 1 2 1 14 l-H 12 l-H 12 18 12 1 i H 1 va 20 16 20 16 2 1 14 20 13 25 17 2 5 17 38 2 4 3 » 2 4 3 U 2 4 Cent". Cent", t^ III 5 2 015 II 15 15 1 15 2 2 11 2 15 112 2 3 3 3 10 27 5 25 28 25 II 111 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 1(1 NoTK. — It haa be«fn annuunced that the aliovu ratcH will aoon be ridui«l. Ill addition to the power distributed by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission, power is su|iplied to n number of cities, towns and villnges by privnte oompniiies liavinj; plants lociitpd at different parts of the province. A nnniber of maniifncturinK conipanios control watcr-powerg anil Bcncrato their own electric power. COST OK rilWFH IX WINNIPEG. In the city of Winnipeg, in thr province of Manitoba, power rates aro as follows: — I'<-r" kw. Iir. The firat 50 hours' use per month of total connectiil Io;iil 3\i\ The next 50 " " " " " •■ 2.5c. The next 50 " " " " " " 1.9c. The next 50 " " ' " •■ •• i.4c. The next 50 " " '• " " " i . ic. Exceaa over 250 houra' use " " " " 0.8c. These rates are subject to a monthly minimum payment of 75 cents por horse-power of total connected load, but in no cose less than $1 net per month per meter. Prompt payment discounts are allowed for one year contract 10 per cent; 3 year contract 15 por cent; 5 year contract 20 per cent. Wholesale discounts are allowed on gross hills of over one hundred dollars per month as follows: Excess over $100 ten per cent; excess over $200 twenty per cent; excess over $300 thirty per cent; excess over $400 forty per cent; excess over $500 fifty per cent; excess over $1,000 sixty per cent. ill' 206 CANADA THK CorXTRY OF TIIK TWKJTTIICTII CK.NTITRV. r08T or POWER IN MONTREAL. The city of Montreal, which ii the chief u»er of power for induntrial purpose*, gctii itti power through private corporations from Lachine rapids, eijfht milen distant, the Soulanjros oanal, 30 mile* distant, Beauhurnoii canal, 20 miles distant. Cedar rapids, 30 miles distant, Chamhly. 17 miles diotant and Shawinif^an Falls on the St. Maurice river, i<4 miles distant There are many other source* of water-power in Quebec province near enouffh til Montreal for transmission of electric enenry. The rate* for elec- tric |H)»cr in Montreal arc as follows : — Horsa-power. »-« t«« M »-« B« •• «-10 4B M 10-»t 4» 0* 25-50 MM 5»-«« » 0* "'-TO S4 M '•-«• tt 00 »0-»0 11 00 90-100 SI 00 100-iBO SO as Over 1 BO >7 BO Kates baaed on the capacity of the motor up to 25 horse-power are as follows : — Horse-power, "-1 150 00 1-; 40 00 «-• SB 00 J;!*: "50 *"-»• 10 00 These rates are for general industrial load running 10 hours per day. The rates for intermittent users arc as follows : — Horse-power. '"J 121 conneoted plus 3 cents kw.li. *-• 18 connected plus 3 cents kw.h. *~* 15 connected plus S cents kw.h. •t-J- 15 connected plus 2| cents k- '. I?~f5 12 connected plus 2| cents ' ?r»J; 12 tested plus 2 cents kw.h °?T'?" 12 tested plus H cents k» ! }? ,r,, " '*•'«* P'"» »J «n*» k'-'i O^" 150 12 tested plus 1 cent kw .: The lai^er units than 160 horse-power are treated on a separate basis, tlie rates being figured out in accordance with the special conditions. The connected motor rating on one system in Montreal is about 120,000 horse-power in industrial motor applications. CA5AUA Tin lODNTKr O? TME TWEXTICTII CKXTURY. 207 • I I Chapter XV. CAHADIAir VANVFACTURES. Aw riling to tin) Domiiiiuu evuaua of 19U thoro witc in Canadu in 11*10 over 1«,000 induittriol mtabliohnM-titi* cniployiuB not lo** than flvo hands. Tho total number of oinployee« wuh .'.15,i(»:l, tho unioiint of capital invented ll,247.6»3,609, and the output wa» valu.-d at i|ll.litn.l(7ri,«:J9. Cum- jMimd with the cenituu fi«ur«>» for the year IIKW there was an in<'rea« • of over 31 per cent in the number ol induittrial cstablinhnientH, nn ineroaw of over 179 per eent in the amount of capital investeil and an inercnnc of over 142 |ier cent in the value of produ.-ts. There is reanon to iH-lievc that the census of loai will show as great a iMTciMitage of growth for the i>re«"nt decade as for tho last. There will be in Canada as in other indnwtriui coun- .ries ocoaaional years of depression when little progress will Ite made, but the development of manufacturing industries will keep pace with the gen- eral growth of tho eountrj-. Any present description of Canadian indus- tries must be based to a considerable extent uiion informatioii gathered in the census of llHl representing industrial conditions in 1010, but in xonio lines of industry more recent statistics are available. As regards ex|K>rt^ of manufactures we have the annual reimrts of the Customs Department which show remarkable grr.wth although tho exports form a small proiwr- tion of the total production. It is not within the 8co|>e of this review to enumerate all the ni«n\ifiic- turing industries of Canada, but those industries in which large Hnmniits of capital had been invested at the time of the last cen.suK and thoxc which have exported sufficient quantities of their product-s during the la^tt two years to receive separate classification in the customs reports will lie men- tioned, for the purpose of illustrating the large investments of capital that have already been made in the development of Canadian industries supply- ing the home market and the succesis that has l)ecii achieved by those wlio have sought orders for Canadian gmids in outside markets. In the years that have elapsed since the census a nunik-r of large industries have U'cn established and some of the lesser industries have grown in imimrtHiice. Almost everything from a needle to a locomotive is now made in Caiimla. Any one requiring more complete lists of articles made in Canada with the names and addresses of the manufacturers should consult the E.\|Kirt Directory of Canada published by the Det>«rtment of Trade and Commerce which contains a list of Canadian manufacturers, producers and exporters. The census returns include among manufactures a variety of prepared food products that are not classified as manufactures in the customs reports. However the customs returns of exports of manufactures include biscuits, sugar, molasses and syrup produced in Canadian sugar refineries. Ill the tt-nsua returns lu^ts, square timber, lumber and pulpwuod aru classi- fied as manufactured products. In the customs reports they are classified as forest producta. 8n>5— 14 I I 208 CAXAOA THE NTiir <»r THE twk.stiktii kstukt. tXroKIs 'tr iANAIHAN MAMIKUTIRU. ill }l The ijrowth >>f tx|>o of tho twentieth tiiitury fullowing taliV: — ('muiil)iiii muiiiifai'tiirp* ninco the btfiriiiniiiit >.r(kd in tlui cuatoms Kporta, i* shown iu t>ie itoi. . net . t*03.. lf«4.. 1106.. IMi.. 1(07.. If 0> . . lOl.. UIX.. ItlS. iiir. |1«,01X.1«I ll,4t>,*tO 20,«24,*«T l»,il4,04( tl.ltl.SlI 14.IV«l,tli :i.lT»,04» n.Mi.in is.t(7.e!>o 11,4»4.»U it.iaa.ii* tS,X]«,lll4 41,lll>3,Te8 S7.44l.452 !I5,53»,&01 r i.v. .'. uioluded amunK the exportii < cUgiification, the tiKurt's in tho 4*. inadiaii inanufactuKs for the fiscal ' in any previoim yi>ar of Canada's If prfimred foo*!- n ici of nianiifaotiires us t ,-. jr i ■!, tiiblo of ex|K)rt8 woul<) ) vue\ .(" It in expectol thi\i t t' expor - year llMfl will show n gf i er gro ' commercial rlcvelopmei. The rapid irrowth in tht; exportii of manufactures during the last fiftren years marks a ii'w stage of Canudi.m development. There was the period when it was suiiposid that Ciniadu ciuld never be anything but an agriciilttirul and liimb»>ring country. Then came the period in which general manufactures wcru gradually OHtnblished to supply a portiuit of the home demand. In the first place the products of Canadian industries were often inferivir to imported articles, but gradually they were improved. Industries that were started on a small scale expanded with the growth of the co\intry, and go(«lg were produced which compiinnl favourably with those nianufucturcd in any other country.. Then began the export of Cana- dian manufactures, and tho steady growth of exports is evidence of the fact that Canadian manufactured goods are giving satisfaction in outside markets as well as in the home mn rket. IIVnRO-KI.KCTHK' EXEROY. ITydro-electric energy is used extensively in Canada in flour mills, wood-working factories, cotton mills, knitting mills, ants, glovi-H, shoes, shirts, colliira, ready-made clothing, etc., and in other industries requiring power fir the running of machinery. There are as yet very few electro-chemical and electro-metal- lurgical industries, but the numerous imdevelopcd water-powers of Canada offer such favourable opportunities for the investment of capital that great developments may be expected in the near future in the utilization of hydro-electric power for such industries. CALCIUM CARBIDE. One of the industries that is dependent upon hydro-electric power is the manufacture of calcium carbide, which is produced by fusing lime and r^NARA THE COITilTRY Of Tllfc TWKMTIKTH rR.NTI'ttY. 2n0 Carbon t..(jrthpr Ht thp t<«m|K.ruture of the electri.- furnaci.. Th«> prcK»M U » CaiiodUn iiiv«-iitioii, but thi-nt an- now a niimb WBtiT-power ii nvailabl... CaUiun' carbi.l.. i* uacil pitrniively for two pur|K)«c»: the produ.li„n of fl.ft.vlc-nc ifns hikI tho nmiiiifHcturp of c«lciinn pytnamiile. Thoi* Mff three plant* tniiniifui'lirriiiR ralcium car- bide m Canada: one at Shawinivan VM» on thi- St. Mnuri.-.- riv.-r; ..t». in (Htawa. and ono at ThorolH. Ontario. Thr w,.rl.l'« pr-wnt r(,niump- tim. of calcium carbldo amoiintu to noarl.v TtiO.fKKVWO pounds annually. The three larjt«>iit inip.>rt.-r!< !»!«• year b.^foro the war were ncrnmny, Kiifflunii iiikI AuMtralia. ( 'oimidtTabU' i|uuiititit'>4 vnw alM> iniiNirtmi by Pori.lly Rn.winR demand in the oountriei of Central and South Amiri.-ii, wlirr<> it U umh] in the p*,,- ,"^" "^ aortylrne ga» for houw- lighting. Iniguav alone import. d IROOn.tHK) pouiidn in l»ia. and lanre quantitie* were importe.1 by 1\nti\. Chill, Peru and Venezuela. Cuba imported 14.(IOO,no(» pound*. African eountriM iinponed about the lame quantity «» Cuba. The consumption , the Hritmh West li.diPH i- iwT.'aiiiiw. The Canadian calcium earbi.U» industry can be ex|>aud to meet any growth in the demand. For the fiacaKycar 1»15 Canuda'i exportn of calcium carbide wer<- valued nt CALCIIM C'VAVAMIDK. Calcium cyanamidc ix manufii'tured on the Canadian side of NiaRara lalU by cau»inB a current of atmospWic nitroRcn t. pan* over |H)wdered calcium carbide made red hot in an ele<'tric furiuire. The Canadian pro- duction of ralcium '■yanni.ide i» at prewnt aUut 45,0,.',;!!1.780. but this inelmkwl not only calcium cyanamidc but alt-i sulphate of .immoiii^. produre.l in the by-product coke ..vein of the Rrcat iron and ste<'l plants ;.nd small quiinti- ties of other fertilizers. XITHU »('IP wn MTHATK OK 1.1 MK. The immense demand for nitric acid in the miiiiufm-ture of cxpli.-ives, dyes and sulphiirie acid and in the pro eh. .i ply utilized by electric processes in the manufacture of nitric ariil. nitrate of limo and other nitrates. Xitn>Ren forms apprnxinnitely 7'i per cent liv volume and 77 per cent by weiRht of the atmosphere. The first attempt to manufacture nitric acid from the atmospliere on :, .-..mmcrcinl scale was made at NiaRara Fall* by the Atmospheric Prrtil- izers than from any others. It was stated recently by a witness before a United States Senate Com- mittee havlMK under i-oiisiih'ration a water-iM)wer bill that in February 1914. some months before the outbreak of the ftreut war, the N'orwcRian NitroRcn Manufacturini^ Company n-cvived an immense order for nitric acid from Germany for use in tlie manufacture of anmiunition and a i?rcat plant which was nuiunfacturinf; nitrate of lime at the time has ever since been devot(Hl ex<'lusively to the manufacture of nitric acid for German anununi- tion. Shut off from supplies of Chilian saltiietre Germany would have had ii great shortage of nitric acid, but for the supplies ret-eived from Norway. In a double sense the powers of the air have k-en made servants of Germany. The same elei'tric processes that are applied in Norway in the produc- tion of nitric acid from the atmosphere can Iw appliinl in (^anada. The only raw material other than atmospheric nitrogen required in the manufacture of nitrate of lime is limestone. There are immense deposits of limestone within convenient distances from the numerous great water- powers of the St. Ijiwrence river anil its tributaries. There is plenty of limestone l)etween Hamilton and Niagara Falls and limestone has been found in great quan- tities in the vicinity of the Hudson Bay railwa,y near enough to the watcr- powers of the Nelson river to Ix; available. Canada has every natural advan- tage possessed by Norwoy for the manufacture of nitric acid and the var- ious nitrates, while its geographical position is more favourable for the distribution of the products to the world at large. There is already an increasing demand for fertilizers containing nitro- gen both for northern soils exhausted by wheat growing and southern soils where sugar cane is grown. This demand is certain to increase as scientific methods of farming become more general. The United States alone imported over $42,000,000 worth of nitrogenovis prmlucts in the year 101."?, and the world's consumption is enormous. It was recentl.v aimounciil that the organization of a company for the manufacture of atmosj>heric nitrogen products on a large scale on the Sakiienoy river in Quebec province is under wa.v. It is proposed thot the initial installation shall Ix- .100.000 liorsc-iK)wer the whole of which is to be \ised in the manufacture of nitrogen products. POTASH MIOM FEI.nsPAH. For a numl)er of years the world has got its supply of potash from dejiosits in Bavaria, Germany, but it was stated positively by a witness before the United States Committee on Public Lands in Dei-ember, 1014, that the manufacture of potash from feldspar by a rcccntl.y perfected hydro- electric process would shortly be commenced in t.'anada. The large deposits of' feldspar in Hastings county, Ontario, and in Ottawa county, Quebec, CANADA TIIK rufXTRV OF TIIK TWKXTIETII CKNTI'KY. 211 could be utilized for this purpose if the process proves to be a TOnunercial iuocess. CAUSTIC SODA. Tilt' iiniiiciixc Hult ilcpoMitM of Houthwcstcrn Ontario owinR to tlii'ir rciimrknblo purity ure particularly suitable for the maiiufarture of cautttio soda, blrai'hiiiK iKiwdor ami otlior Kodium products. Caustic soda was juaiiu- facturcd from Ontario salt on a larfrc scale at Suult Stc. Marie. Ontario, by hydro-clo'tric power, but the building and iilant were destroyed by lire. A plant for tiie nianufaeture of caustic soda and lilea<-bin^' i«>\vder litis rt-ccntly Ik'Cii erected at Sandwii-b, Ontario. It has the adviintaKe of bavinn the material ri(fht at hand. NKW niSCOVKIIIKS ANO INVKNTIONS. New distovcries and inventions and improvements of old inventions for the utilization of hydro-electric r)owcr in chemical processes ore con- stantly beinjt made. With abundaiK'c of raw materials and cheap byortant deposits of bauxitlnff made in Canada, it may > ' alwa.ys be mn^es.sary to import this min- eral. Cr,volite, the other niafer . 1 u.sed, is a mineral found only in Orecn- linid and formerly supposed by the natives to be a peculiar kind "f ice as it occurs ill snow white masses and melts very easily ■ ven in i':i .lie flame. Artificial cryolite is now produced in France and Austria from fluorspar and is said to be sujierior to the natural cr>iilitc of Ori-enland. As there arc larfje deposits of flonrspar in II.astiiiKs county, Ontario, artificial cryolite mifcbt be produced in Canada. For the fiscal year 101,1 the < x|>orts of alum- inum in bars, blocks, etc., were valued at li!2.:il8,S(H). There are factories in Ottawa and at Oakvillc, Ontario, mannfiicturini; aliiininnm ware from aluminum mode at .'^liawiniKaii. l.KAn IlKKININC. At Trail, British Columbia, an electrolytic process is used in refininir the products of the lead blast furnoces. Via lead, fine (fold, fine silver, cop- per sulphate, refined antimony and babbit metal ore proalt district of Ontario is milled near the mines. Cobalt ores are also treated in reduc- tion plants at Thorold, Ontario, and Deloro, Ontario, •l-i II i . i 214 CANADA Tin: COUNTKY OF THK TWENTIETil CENTUHY. BABBITT METAL. In 1010 there were six establishments makinsr babbitt metal; the capita! iiivested was $»l>0,:>48 and the output was $1,016,699. ASBESTOS MANLFACTIHES. Although Canada supplies the fereater part of the world's demand for aslostos most of the exports are unmannfactured. Exports of asbestos were valued at $2 891,069 in 1914 and at «2.227,;5,>s7 in inr.. while exerts liu anTLTrs 9^o"'l"" "'T 'f"^ "' '*•''•-■'* ''"'"■"■' *•"' fi«™' year 1914 and at $78,239 dnriUR the fiscal year 191".. In 1910, according to the census, there were n„,e establi.sh,„..„t« manufacturing asbestos, with «-iTC '^"^ '"\' "^ '•""•'•"*^ "'"^ -" ""*«•"* *"' t*""* y«" valued at «Jo,190. Wh.l,. aslK-stos exiHirts are referwHl to as manufactured and unmanufaetur,^. very l.ttle a^Ustos in an absolutely crude state is exported. tvery aslwstos mine of importani-e in the asbestos district of guebec province is e,,uipped with a complete milling and fiberizing plant. The gr..«ter part of the asln^stos exported is in the form of asbestos fibre. Jhe principal mines and mills are at Thetford, Black lake and East Hr.uigliton and vicinity. Both min.M and mills nr.> run by liydro-ele<-tric There are a great variety of manufactures of asbestos, and its uses are constantly increasing for |,un>os,^ for whi.h fireproof and insulating inat..rials an- restos piston-rod packing made of long fibre asbestos spun into strands is used ext«>n»ively on warships. Great quantities of asbestos mill- U.ard are ustnl in the stove industry for lining oven doors. Asbestos sheeting papers are iipcd between floors and walls iuid in ro.,finstos roofings and wall coverings are said to have the remarkable •inality of keeping out hent in the tropics and cold in the northern zone. In the tropics asbestos roofing slat* is coming into use as n substitute for corrugated iron roofing. Mr. Fritz Cirkel, M.E., says of asbestos cement slate: "This is practically indestructible by atmospheric influences, so that maintenance expenses for roofs covere and tl e year's output was valued at $.'5,683,0,36. Eighty-four establishments weie making t-ement blocks and tiles, the capital investment Ix'ing $1.321,tMK). and the value of the year's output $2,2(i9.15N. Exiiorts of cement were valued at only $2,.393 in 1914 and $1,065 in 1915. moy AND STEEL. In 1914 thore were 22 iron blast furtifl'-es in Canada, having a daily capacity of alwut 4.440 tons as follows: The Dominion Iron and Steel Company, Sydney, Nova Scotia, six furnaces with a capacity of 1,680 tons !:! Y'l in ri ! 216 ca:«ada the couxtuy of thk twf.xtieth ckntuby. daily; the Nova Scotia Steel Company of New OUsgow, Nova Scotia, one furnace of 200 tons daily capacity at Sydney Mines; the Algoma Steel Company of Sault Ste. Marie, OnUrio, three furnace* with a total capacity of 950 tons daily; The Sleel Company of Canada, two furnaces at Hamilton, Ontario, with a total capacity of 500 tons daily; the Canadian Furnace Company, Port Colbome, Ontario, one furnace of 300 toua daily capacity; the Standard Iron Company of Canada, Deseronto, Ontario, one charcoal furnace at Deseronto with a daily capacity of 112 tons and one at Parry Sound, Ontario, with a daily capacity of 84 tons; the Atikokan Iron Com- pany, Port Arthur, one furnace of 100 tons daily capacity; the Canada Iron Corporation two furnaces at Midland, Ontario, with a total capacity of 376 tons daily, one furnace at Radnor Forges, Quebec, with a capacity of 26 tons daily, and two at Drummondville, Quebec, with a capacity of 15 tons daily; the Londondeiry Iron and Mining Company, Londonderry, Nova Scotia, one furnace of 100 tons daily capacity. The bUst furnaces at Deseronto, Parry Sound, Radnor Forges and Drummondville use charcoal as fuel. All the others use coke. The Dominion Iron and Steel Company, the Nova Scotia Steel Com- pany, the Steel Company of Canada and the Algoma Steel Company turn their pig iron into finished steel products. The other companies manufac- ture only pig iron. The companies manufacturing finished steel products find a more i«,-rtain market for their output both at home and abroad and are able to operate their plants more continuously. Some of the plants manufacturing pig iron exclusively have recently been idle. Exports of pig iron amounted to 9,310 tons in 1914. Iron and steel manufacture is a comparatively new industry in Canada. Industries using imported iron and steel as materials had reached a high stage of development before the manufacture of these materials was estab- lished on a permanent basis in Canada although several attempte at manu- facturing pig iron were made on a small scale in earlier years. The production of pig iron was 1,128,967 tons in 1913 and 783,164 tons in 1914. The production of steel ingoto and castings was 1,168,993 tons in 1913 and 814,415 tons in 1914. Steel raiU are produced in large quanti- ties at the works of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company, Sydney, Nova Scotia, and by the Algoma Steel Company at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Considerable quantities of steel rails have been exported from Sydney, but ordinarily the greater part of the output of the mills is used on Canadian railways. Canada's production of pig iron in 1913 was more than twice as great as the production of pig iron in the United States in the year 1860 when the population was 23,191,876. In 1880 when the population of the United States was over fifty millions the production of steel was 1 247 336 tons as compared with 1,168.993 tons in Canada in 1913. Canada now ranks eighth among the iron and steel producing countries of the world. IRON AND STEEL BRIDGES. Eleven establishmento were making iron and steel bridges and struc- tural steel in 1910; the capital invested wa.1 |5,7S1,.99.8 and the year's out- put was valued at $6,602,410. In the development of Canada by the con- struction of railways and highways almost all possible conditions of bridge J CAXAKA THE cofXTIlY OK Tllr: TWE.NTIKTII CKXTrUV, 217 building have been iiift with and the exiierienee gained by Canadian bridge builders uudiT a great variety of eireunistaneeH Hhuuld fit them to under- take the manufacture and ercetion of bridgCH for other countrieM. A(iKI( I I.TI KAI. IMI>I.KMKN'T8. One of the m<)8t important induHtrioH of Canada is the manufacture of agricultural iniplenients. Canadian implement manufacturers have been successful not only in Cunadii but in nuiny outHidc markets. In 1910 there were 77 establishments making agricultural implements. The capital invested was $4.'),2;J2,<>«.S and the year's output was valued iit 2,559 during the fiscal year l»i;i and $7,210,520 during the fiscal year 19t4, without including threshing machines, but in the fiscal year 1915 the value of Canadian agricultural implements exported was only $2,8d drills, harrows, harvesters and binders, mowing machines, ploughs, reajM-rs, etc. The exports of Canadian threshing machin«-s were valued at $712,270 in 1914 and at $866,993 in 1915. Among the countries importing agricultural implements from Canada were the following: the Fnited Kingdom, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia-in- Europe, Russia-in-Asia, Turkcy-in-Europe, Turkey-in-Asia, Greece, Rumania. Serria, Spain. Portugal, Cuha, Chili. Peru, Truguay, Argentina, Brazil. Newfoundland, Australia. New Zealand, British India. British West Indies, British Straits Settlements, British South Africa, British East Africa, French Africa, Port\iguese Africa, and the I'niteiwu8 n-tum* then' were eight ostablinhinontx manufacturitiK nutomnhilfH, witli a oupitnl invcutiiM-iit of 94,A!IO,-i56 and an output vhIuihI iit |(t,:.'.'il,8^>'> in DUO; fdur making liir.vclcti, with ii capital invMtraent of $flS,()00 and nn mitput viilm-d at $"2.t7l»; while 324 were nvaking cnrringca, wagons and rurriago and wngon p.irtsi, with a rapital investment of IHS/iOS.Cm and an output in 1010 valued at 114,939,534. Exports of C'anndian autninnbilra and parts wore vidncd at $3,807,71« during the fiwal y.-ar 1»14 and ut $;j.O.-.4,4:.3 in lltl5. Ex|»..rtH of Canadian bicycles were vnliied at 1^,355 in 1014 and at |10,(t48 in 101ft. Exports of carriagTM and ciirriiicc parts wrrc valiiiMl at $71,!>lit during the fiscal year 1014 and lM7,9«.''. durinjf the fiscal your 1IU5. CII'NH, RIKI.KH ANt) riRKARMR. The maniifactnro of guuH, rifles and firearms has liecome quite an im|)ortant industry. During tho fiscal yrar ended .March 31. 1014, the exports were valued at $130.,'i6S and during the fiwal year 1015 at $211,824. Exports of Canadian-made cartridges for guns, ritles and pistols were valued at |13,.3.33 in 1014. EXI>ORTS OK IRON AND NTEKl. (lOODS NOT SPECIKIED. 'I'l 're ore a great variety of iron and steel goods ex|)orted that are not dassihed separately in tho Customs reports. Usually the (luantities exported are small, but the total value of such exiH)rts during the fiseal year 1914 was $968,074 and included exports to forty countries. In many rases Canadian manufacturers who are devoting their attention to supply- ing the home market receive unsolicited orders from abroad. The amount may be small but it often represents tho beginning of an export trade that will grow to be im|)ortant later on. Such occasional orders from abroad Bomctimci4 arouse the interest of a Canadian manufacturer in the foreign market and lead to systematic efforts to develop an export business. What is true in this regard of articles made of iron and steel is true also of many other lines of manufactures. s ■ » RK ASS AND IRON BEDSTKAIM. There were eight establishments making brass and iron bedsteads in lOlO; the capital investment was $1,044.2(54 and tho value of the year's product was il,202,r>M. MKTALI.Il' RiM>FIM; AXll FI,OtlRT\fi. Scvei'i establishments with a capital investment of $2,148,426 were makins' metallic roofing in 1910. The value of the year's output was $1.S74.- 2"lS. The c.vijorts of metallic shingles and laths and corrugated roofing of Canadian manufacture were valued at $377,012 in 1914. PLUMBKIl.s' SUPPLIES. Seventeen estublishments noro engaged in the manufacture of plum- iiers' supplies in 1910. The capital investment was $2..%63,136 and the year's products were valued at $2,283,630. 280 CANADA THE CODNTBT or TIIK TWKNTIETll CKSTDKT. MAM CAITIKUtl. There were 86 Mtablishmeiits making brau cnHtiiMt* in 1910; the c«pi- tal inveatmout wan 19,000,762 and the jrear't output wus valued at $3,OI>3,006. RAILWAY CARM \S» U)0>MOTIVEil. Arconiinff tn the oeniiui there were 15 establiithmputs makinR ran in 1910. The i-apital inventnient wan $-J^,a90MSi and the year'a output wa« valueil at $10,0:10,634. while 114 entabliiihnteiiU with a capital investment of ♦:>,S01,0«IU made car repairs to the extent of |31,N17,NH,'i. There are four eatabliiihmpnta making locomotiveR, one in Montreal, one in Toronto, one in KincMton, Ontario, and one in 8t. John, New Bruniwick. ELRCTRICAL APPARATUS AM) HUPPLIEH. There wore 47 eiitabliahnienta manufaeturinit e1(>ctri<>al apparatus and ■uppliea; the capital invoHtment was $17,293,3,'>4, and the producU for the year were valued at $15,021,841. The exports of Canadian electrical appar- atus were valued at $106,816 during the fiscal year 1»14 and $97,890 dur- ing the fiscal year 1915. MATTRKSHES AMI SPRIMI BEIW. There were 52 factories making mattresses and spring beds in 1010; the capital inveotment was $1,689,414, and the year's output was valued at $2,932,051. MUSICAL I.SSTRIMENT8. Canadian pianos and organs have a high reputation both at home and abroad. Almost every Canadian home has a piano or organ made in Can- ada and Canadian chureh organs are noted for their superior qualitieN. In 1910 there were 42 establishments m.iking musical instruments and eight making parts of musical instruments. The capital invested in theM> industries was $7,495,953 and the year's output was valuetl at $7,041,406. Exports of Canadian organs and pianos were %-alued at $196,028 in 1914 and $124,737 in 191.*>: exports of other musical instruments made in Canada were valued at $86,679 in 1914 and $100,829 in 1915. VESNELH AND PLEASl'RE BOATS. Forty-three establishments were building and repairing ships in 1910. The amount of capital invested was $9,033,448 and the year's output was valued at $5,136,257. The number of establishments making boats and canoes was 126; the capital invested was $1,285,117 and the output was valued at $1,417,210. The many rivers and lakes in Canada o£fer unequalU'd facilities for pleasure boating. The experience and skill required in con- structing a great variety of pleasure boats for the Canadian home market would enable Canadian mnnufocturers to suit the demand for pleasure Inwts ill any foreign market. Gasoline launches to the value of $9,.'il5 were exported in 1914. BROOMS, BKl'SIIES AND WHISKS. Thirty-five establishments were making brooms and brushes in 1910. llie capital investment was $1,404,568 and the year's output was valued OA^CADA TIIK rorxTHY or TlIK TWKNTIKTII fKNTrKV. 221 ■t $1,731,523. The Taluc uf broom*, brtiiiut'iit« wen- made to eighteen fniintriPH. V.«ri;i M CI.K^NEKR. Four factorio* made vacuum rl»>aner» in 1910. The fapital invi>»tm«>nt waa •MJOO and tht' value of the ynir'i. output wbh $44,'JM2. N'o expurta were ret-orded in the CuHtnnm rf|Mirt. LKATIIKN WU ITN rauHI'lTH, There were 11.1 eittiil>liHhnM>nt>« niiikiriK tnnntHl, ••urri<'«l, iind Huinhcil iMitluT in IKIO; the i-apital invistnii'nt wu» I1T,U6M,T(M and the year** i»rr>- ducta were valued t |Ut.lt72.1"H. The leather boot and iihoc farturirn numl)eri.d IW) with a capital invoxt- niont of 923,UU0,U40 and the year's pniduct was valued at |;t3,»N7,>i4H, white 14 eatabliabmenta with a i-apital invt.«tmi'iit of $061,31!) worn nuikiuK UMit nnd nhoe Muppliea, the year'« output U-iinf valued at $l,0. Thirty-two factun. < with a <>apital invo^-tmcnt of $2,107,M75 made cither leather Roodii not »iHM'ifie14 and 11»15 were un follows:— Kim'itl Yfar KliH'nl Yrnr l»M. 1915. Role Irathor ♦»,3»fi.4ai $4.os«,nN| Upper leather lU.»ln I>-uiher boots ami shoes K2..'i29 |liK,nH4 Other leather miinuraitun a i!3,K38 t.Oul.TH The United KinKdoiii is the largest importer of Canadian leather, takiiiK leather to the value of $1.H2(),.'>04 during the fiscal year 1914 and $3,870,008 during the fiscal year 1015, but shipments of leather were made to eleven countries during the fiscnl ytnr 1914. Cnnadiaii boots nnd shoes were exported to eleven countrio- und Cniiadinn saddh'ry aixl harness to ten ci'iiiitries in 1914. Gr,OVKs \M> MITTKNS. Although gloves and mittens arc largely ni'idc of leather, they are not included among the leather niiiniifiicturcs. There were thirty-five estab- lishments making gloves and mittens in 1910, with a capital investment of $1,90N,675, and the year's output was valued at $2.995.3!)6. There do not appear to have Ixvii any ex|Nirts of gloves and mittens in 1914 and lOlS. Rl'BBEH AND ELASTIC GOOnS. Tn 1910 there were twenty-eight establishments making rubber nnd elastic gisHis, with a capital investment of $5,133,847. niul an output for the year vahifti at $7,039,201. includinp rvcntrrn rstr.bliJiinrnts m.ikiun rubber clothing, with a capital investment of $670,085, and an output valued at $1,189,930. The exports were valued at $686,231 in 1914 and ^. 2i2 CANAIU THE CUL'NTHV UV TIIK TWENTIKTH OKMTUKT. I Dominion Textile ComiiMiy rotton niillii. .V TIIE it.t NTHV OK TIIK TWh NTIKTII I.K.NTIRT, 22:\ $:n.m f..r ih.> fl«-.,i >...„ mis, ,„„i «,,„, ,., (hi,,,,,.,, „.„„„!,.. The line-. I.M..I Inwly .>x,„,rf,l w.t.. rnMH-r l„„,t, ,„..| -I,,. .. rul-Ur rlothii.«. rubber hose uiij riibUr b<-ltirig. IIITIIIN I'M'IIIIM, of ».T.l,.UiK, Hol'K AMI THINK. Xii«- ftt.-torii* n.ai,iif,i..fur.-t .., ^.| | rwin.. ii, mn Tli« rln-M n'T rr"' '"'" **'""'-'°,'' "'"' "'" ''" '""♦ «■" -'""J "» ill liil5 " " " "'""■ '' "' ♦•"■'■''•"•"•' '" '"" '""I *i.UM.2ni IIHKMXKII yi.w AM, ; |\K\, Thirty .•W..bli.l,Tn,.nt». with „ ,.Hpil;,! ii,w.|„i,.„t „f Wil.WO. .Irosiio.? flflx, )(.. yo«r s o„tp,.t lM.i„B. v«ln,Ml ... *:.|«. .... Thr,... witi, ■, r.plta! TIIHIHIl. Tlior. tt-.r.' tl.r.r o.*tiiMi>hm.'n|. „i,ikii,n, ,|,n.„| ,„ ,,,i„ „ „ , . , ■Mvc>tnu.nt ..f $'.,K.,nm. ,„ .,„„„„ {,„ „., .,„„^ ^,,1 „„, „ ^,_„„;p;;;; XW.MSdS, TK\TS AMI >.»Ms, Tvv.i.l.v .ix ,.»ti.bli.,l„„..,i|.. with ,. .-..plt.il ,.,v..-t..„„t ol .■JI.OHfi.wn mad,. .,«,„„«,. t,.,.tH „.,d .„ik tl... v„lu,. of tl ,.i„„t LoinK »I..'!«.43« in l.MO. I he I'xpi.rts won viiliinl iit (.nl.v $l.ii!»2 in ]«)I4. • c.TTllv BA(;s. f».(W..,4I. Ml lltlii. The .vears output w.,. vnliiod at $.-..7i':.'.47S. • Altl-KI-. MAT.S AVn III Its. «2 0•^-4^-' -""To,.;' %;■"""'* /"'•'"'''>■'• «■'"' " <-"I'it«l invost„,..nt of •AIM..4M,. „, 1010. Tlio yoarn output wns v,iluo, aii41,'*;t7 in 1010. 811. K AMI Sll K CliollS. Ill the mnnufartiire of silk and silk K(...,|, tli.rp was a capital invest- ment (pf $l,:i7s,n7S in four factorios. and ihr output was valued at $1,000,470 in 1910. Kxports of silk Krs AM) II IIS Tliere were 139 estaiiiisliinents .ntfiKT'd in tlir nmniifai:tur.' cf hats, eaps and furs in 1910. Tlie :j.t>L'7, and tln' output for tlie year was valii.d at * 1 1.1. "1.1.102. Caiiadian liats and cap* were eX|K.rted to elivcii countries during llu- lis<-al year 1914. The value of the exports was $l>1.,12I. For tli.' fiseul year 191.1 the cx|iorts ,.f hats anil eaps were vidued at llO.iNi;!. KACTOHV-MADl; (l.nTlirMi. There were 22.') factories, with a capital investment of Ifl 1.492.t: M. mnkin;? men's clothing in 1910. and tlie value of |.roh::,;!4.1. DuriiiR th.. fiscal year 1914 ('anadian clothing and wearinir apparel was exported to thirty-two coun- tries. The value of exports was $44«..-)24. Durinir th.' fis.al y.ar 191.n the value of .'xporls of Canadian elothiiif; and wenrinir apparel increased to $7,344..18«. mkn's KI RMSIIIS'OR. In the manufa.-ture of nii'ii's fiirnishiiiBs, $.'!,ti.19,9 1 C was invest.-d in 1910. There were Hfty-thrie faclori.-s, and thi' vear's output was valued at $fi,9«4,137. .'..IISKTS AND SI I'l'UKS. Eh'Veii factories inadi; corsets and I'ors t supplies in 1910. The capital investment was $ I .Wf ).()7s. and the vear's pro.lncts were valued at $1,. 172,100. ni TToVs AM) .OMIIS. Small i|ii'intiti>''. o! ("aniidian buttons are exported. Th.T.' wer.' «evcn button factories in 1910, with a capital inv. stment ol' $12.1.(100. The year's output was value.! at $407,000. In th." manufacture of c.inhs. $12»!.250 was invcste.l in s<>v.'n factories in 1910, nud the year's output was valued at $ISfi,96fl. KIll.SCES. COKDS AM) T\SSEI.8. Four factories were making fringes, <'ords and tassels in 1910. The capital investment was fSS,(KH), and the yiMir's output was value. CHIARS AND C'lOARETTEa. In the manufacture of tobacco, cigars and cigarettes there was a capital investment of $21,650,035 in 19 Id. There were 173 factories and the year's output was valued at $25,320,323. ALE, RKEH, WHISKEY ANO WINKS. In the manufacture of ale, beer, whiskey, wines and other liquors $39,367,752 was invested in 1910. There were 132 establishments manufac- turing these liquors and the year's products were valued at $26,128,652. AERATED AND MINERAL WATERS. In the manufacture of aerated and mineral waters $3,870,005 of capi- tal was invented. There were 128 factories and the year's product was valued at $2.<^,230. The wood manufactures and the food manufactures at« described in separate chapters. rAXADA THE COIIXTRV OF THE TWENTIETH CEXTUBY. 227 Chapter XVI. FOBEST PRODUCTS AHD WOOD MAMUFACTUEES. The timber areas of rHrinda and the kindi^ of trees thai are most iium- eroua have been dc«ribed in the chapters devotetl t(. the ditferont provinces and territories. It has been shown that in Ontario the timber most larjrely jut into luml)er is white pine, with hemlock, red pine, spru<-o and maple fol- lowinif in order of (luaiititios, that in QuelMH! province spruce lends with white pine, hemlock, birch and balsam fir foliowinp, while in the Maritime I roviiic,.8 spruce ranks first with hemlock, white pine, balsam fir and birch following. In Manitoba, Saskatchewan and AUwrta spruce leads with tam- arack and jack pine followinif. In British Columbia the cut of Douglas fir exceeds that of all other woods coml>iiied. lamarack, cedar, spruce yellow pine, hemlock, white pine and balsam fir follow in order of w» in all the provinc-s; red spruce (picea rubra) in Prin<-c Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario; bbck apruco (picea mariana) in all the provinces; Engelmann spruce (pin-a Enffelmanni) in British Columbia and Alberta; Sitka s{«uce (picea nieheiuiiji) in British Columbia. White pine (Pinin girobus) grows in Prince Edward Island. Sora Scotia. New Brunswick. Quelx-.-. Ontario and Manitoba; western white pine (iniiiu montirola) in British Columbia only. Red or Norway pine (pinus resinoga) grows in Prince Edward IslandL Nova S<-otia. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga ranadrngig) grows in Prince Edward Islanl Nova Scotk. New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario; western hemlock (laupm heterophnlla) in British Columbia only. White cedar (thuja ocridrntalig) grows in Prince Edward IbUimI. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba; western red cedar (thuja plirata) in British Columbia only. Tamarack (larir laricina) grows in all the provinces; western larch (larir occidentalit) in British Columbia only. Yellow birch (Betula lutea) grows in Prince Kdward Island. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick Quebec and Ontario; swcot bireh (Hetula lentm) in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Quebec and Ontario; paper bivph (Betula alba var. papitrifera) in all the provinces; western bini (Batmla oecidenta'tH) m British Columbia only. Sugar maple (Acer garrhanim) grow.s in Prince Edward Idand. TSmti Scotia, New Brunswick. QiicIkm- and Ontario; silver maple (Acrr gacrhar- i •!■■ ill J. 2l's canaiia the coixtuv ok the twentieth ckxtihy. K.xsiiilili- cf Dimjtl.1.- Fir a»«trnt;liirul iiiiitiTial in r.ceptioii Mciui, C.I'.U, il.irk, \'as»tiiivHr. A »tanil uf l)<>ii|{l»>i Kir 'Mm tn MMIyi nr* old. i CAXAIJA TIIK rotXTKY OF Til K TWKXTIKTIl CKXTIKY. i>d inum) in Prince Kdwiird Island, Xovu Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec uml Ontario; red maple (icrr riihrum) in Prince Kdward Island, Novo Scotia, New DruMHwick, (jueU'C and Ontario; liroad-lcavcMl maple (Arer mncroiiliyllum) in British Coliiniliia only. BalHain tir (.Ihiis liniini-nd) jfn.ws in all flic provinces except British ('olumbia; mountain fir (.1'/iV.h hisionirtia) in liritisli Colunilila and western AllMTta; aniabilis tir (.I'/i'x iiiiiiihilin) In the British Colnnihia Coast rc'tfion; lowland fir iAbiig inaiiilix) in the British ('oluinbia Coast region. Western yellow |iinc i I'inus iKiiuhnmi) (.'rows only in British Colum- bia. Busswood iTilia amiiicniin) wrows in Prince PMward Island, Nova Sootia, New Brunswick. (Jiiel'ec and Ontario, and occa-ionally in Mani- toba and Saskatchewan; ro k elm i/7mi(.s- run mns'i \ in Ontari i and Quelific; red elm (Vlmiix fiilni\ in Ontario and (imlicc. Beech (Fagus grantUloUa) (jrows in Prinii- Kilward Island, Nova Si-otia. Now Brunswick, (^lichee and Ontario. As|M'n iwplur (I'opiihis liimiilulilis) and balsam jxiplar (I'oiitiliis hid- Hamifera) kt«\\ in all tht^ provini-i-s; cottonwood [Mpplar ( t'oiiutnn iMIoiiii-s) it al. .«/».) (jrows in QuelH-c, Ontario, .Manitoba, Saskatchi'wan and Alln-rta ; black cottonwood |Miplar U'oiniliii Iriilioiitrim) (irows only in British Columbia. White ash {Fraxinus amerlcaiia) crows in nil the provinces cast of Manitoba: black ash in Prince I'Mward Island, Xova Scf.tia, New Bruns- wick, Quebw. Ontario and Manitoba. Whit* oak {(^iiiri'ii.t iilliii) grow, in Ontario and (Juebec; red oak (QuercuD riihm) in Prince KdwanI 1-land. Novn Scotia, New Brunswick, Quelice and Ontario; black oak (Qhnrnm veliiliii'i) in Ontario; scrub lak ((Jiiiiriis mairoiiirpii) in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Queliw, Ontario ami Manitoba. Hii'kory. chestnut, butternut, walnut and cherry are cut in small »«k apruce has a wider raiwcthaii white spruce and is found farther Houch in British Columbia, nlthoiwh it is of loss commercial importance thai; any of the reaches saw-timber size. The important spnices in British Columbia are Englemann and Sitka spruce. Englomann spnice is a Rockv mountni" -pecio. and is cut in some Alberta mills. Sitka .pruce is confin~ the Coast rcKion of British Columbia. The production of EnSenn spr, « fHf ^ ; ii". h"""""!- ^^ Pr^^<"^ of Sitka spruce was 28.396.0od feet, valued at $UM per thousand. WHITB PINE. t^ "^'''*" pine »« cut from one species only in Eastern Canada. The LTth7f''l5.?r"t°"l ,"'«*?»"''""' P-""<*« «nd in Ontario and Quebec ^«^ Jii^ t^ "^ laiid between the St. I^wrence and Hudson bay. It in tnat province. The western species is confined to British Columbia and ,s a smaller tree than the eastern. It seldom occurs in pure tTnd' •nd IS not at presi-nt of great commercial importance. RKD OR NORWAY PINK. h.J' ^"^ "\^'""">y Pi''« i« a firailar wood to white pine, but is usually harder and str-nger and contains more resin. Many saw-mills do not dist,„R,.,si, brt^een the two siH^-ies, and therefore some of the lumber BttribuUM lo white pine is probably red or Norway pine. This tree has the same distribution as white pine, but is often found farther north. mSTKHN AXU WKSTEHN HEMLOCK. "Eastern hemlock is found in Canada throughout the same range as white pine, not extending, however, as far north or as far west as^ne The wood IS important chiefly on account of its cheapness and abundance Ihe western species, which is cut only in British Columbia, is a 3 OMtem'-sS ""^ *"" """" "^ *•" objectionable qualities of the ■ atmt CANADA TUB COITXTKY OF TIIK TWKXTIKTH CENTIKV. 231 EANTERV \\n WEKTKHN CEDAH. " While pattern pif Can- ada, as it provides larger shiiiRlc bolts free from dcfj-i-ts than the oustcrn species. The western siiecies is found in Canada only in British Columbia, but extends to the north along the coast into Alaska. TAMAR.U'K AM) WESTEllX LAHCH. " Tamuntck grows as far north as any tree siiecics in America, reaching, with black and white spruce, the limits of trct^-growth. The species forms u large percentage of the forest of interior Ijibrador, and extends t) the mouth of the Mackenzie river and through the Yukon Territory to interior Alaska. In the southern part of its range the tree reaches commercial size, but to the north it is confined to 8(>hugnum swamps or muskegs and is of no commercial importance as lumU-r. "Western larch is a much larger tree and is found only in British Columbia. An alpine sfiecies {Larix lualli) is found through the Kocky mountains nnd the mountains of interior British Columbia, but it seldom occurs below 0,000 feet and is of no commercial importance as lumber. DIFFEHKXT KINDS or BIRCH. " The cut of birch is made up of the wood of some seven species, three of which arc of no commercial importance. Yellow birch is the most impor- tant commerciiiUy in point of quantity produced and its wood is probably the most valuable. The tree grows as far north as lake Abitibi and extends westward about half-way along the north shore of lake Superior. " Sweet birch is common in the eastern United States. Its range in Canada is imperfectly understood. Many of the so-called sweet birch logs are cut from mature trees of yellow birch, wnich closely resembles this species. The tree is not commercially important in Canada. Poper birch is a much inferior trtc to the two preivding species, but has a much more extensive range. It docs not, as a rule, reach very large dimensions, and is not importaTit as a hunlnT-producing tree at the present time. Western birch grows only in Uritish ColuniJiia and while comparatively rare it reacln's lar;jror dimeiintons and prodwvs more clear luinb«r to the tree than iinj other birch in America. DIK>-EREVT SI'ECIES Of MAPLE TItEES. " Th( ro are six nr cigljt spwica of maple that reach trc*" «» in Canada, but <'iily sugar inaplH. silver maple, red maple and broad-leaved maple can be properly considered as comnNTcially ini|M>rtiint as lumber pr<)du(-iac trees. Sugar iiaaple is the most important us lo both quantity and cjuafity of lumber produ«*d. and this tree probably provides tke greater part of tte maple lumiwr soU. The two soft maizes, silver maple and red maple, are :} i .1 ; * I 332 CANADA THE COU.NTBV OF TIIK TWKSTIKTII CKNTUMV. luforior a, quality ,„d .re nowhew •« «bui.d«..t .. .„g«, or hard maplo 1 hwe thr^B tree, are cut only in Ea.ten. Canada and are not found wc»t of Ontario. Hi^ar maple u found in the ..inic. ran^e a« yellow birch and haa uaually *.Id a* .oft umple. pro,|„..o inferior lumber and their ra.we doe. not I'I^hI^; C^lSt""'"-'-"'"^'^' """■"• '' '"• ' '" '-''«' ""•■"''- CIIARAITKR i.li HHITIRM roll MBIA wrMIDs. ,„P i-"; "I'i *'"i!"' <''■'«' l'^'"'"'^'- of /Iriti**, r.Juinbia, ha* prepared rJ! . ? ! ' '»••»'»"•"«'" "^Trade and Cmruoroe a de^-ription of the tlu,rmaori«ti.-. mul uhc-s of the four British fulun.bia w,K,d,. of Kreutct Zw'h ;"',""".""'"• '"• '■ l*"" '*"""'"* «'' '»'« "^ '•«•''"• "'« hemlock .nd IIImT "'""'■"' "■'""'' ""■ ^"""*"« information i« .on- The |).u,gla» fir. o . hieh there are many billion feet now standing ha. rt.n.ark«ble strength and elasticity a. shown by the .-verct U^U in .x.mpet.t.on w.tl, oth..r wood., and yet it i. 22 per cent ligi.ter in weight han the next be*t * ft wood .truetural timber. It. u»e for general hoL Gliding, railway car. i-acking hou«;g, bridge and trestle work for railway, .lii,« barges, .cow., dock, wooden pii«., and wurehouHe., where it i. .ub- ject to moLture, raiMd change, in temperature and great .tre«, and .train have proven it. h.gh rcmtaur-e to de.-ay. Th.. case with which it ab.orb. oreo«,to and it. natural hardness make it an ideal paving block material Sawn edge-grain it makes a s,i|.irlative H.H.r. ..,kin« u high jwli.h. never splintering wearing long and evenly. Its strength, ea^e of forking and cheapne.. have made it popular in sash and door factorie.. Ite beauty of gram, hard .urfa«- case of working, n^istanc-e to warping, shrinking or fr.^fin"i!hiug "' '' '° *"'"' "*""" "'"' ""'"'* '""''^ it esi^-ially .uitoWe The British Columbia red mlar reaches a maximum size of 200 feet in height and 15 feet in diameter, averaging from 100 to 150 feet in height and three feet in diameter. It i. exceptionally light weighing 23 pound, to the cubic foot kiln-dried. It is a soft wood of dose, straight grain, takes stain, and paint, readily and holds them well, while changing condition, of weather such as heavy rain, or snow, with alternating dry, hot weather do not cauae it to warp, twist or decay. The«, qualitie. make it eminently suitable for outside walls, ,K,rch roofs columns or post, or for construction of lattices, trellises, iKJrgolas. arlx.urs. and summer houMs. It make, a peerless roof which is cool in summer, warm in winter, will not sweat leak or crack and rc-ium-s only light supiwrting framing. Mo.t beautiful effect, on both roofs and side, of buildings can bo obtained with fancy stained .hingle.. British Columbia red c^-dar shingles are sawn edge-grain and for thi. roa«,.i lie flat and will not warp or twist. By wetting shingle. 24 hour, before laying, using .1,1 thic, cop,«r or galvanized nails, the life c' the roof will be doubU-,1. Its durability, suitable taper. lo.« length, and It. r«,,stancc to decay at the ground line make British Columbia red cedar Ideal for imts. telephone ,x,les and trolley poles. It. high reai.tance t< weather action and the long, wi.le. .Icar lumln-r obtainable make it uaioaadlBiii CA>M>V Tll« COl'.NTKV OK rill: TWKNTIItTII CKNTIRV, 233 unequalled for ruw-boatii, oanoc* and motor-bontn. Tint Wutitul dit- tinctive irrain and HnKmth, liiirh finiith of BritiHh Cuhimbia red cedar, the fact thut it tiikt'H and lioliU xtaiii'* '<> udniiral>l,v, while it never wur|M, aplitu or twi»t8 and <'un eonM>i|uently Ih> uwiI in wide |>iineU nmkri it nn interior finiiih inaterinl MH-ond to nun<> where It is not ict», innkinK it a inoit dexiriililo linins for cloitet* and store-ronni!) and it will not soil or <-ruek liUo jiliiKtcr. BritiHh Colunibiii lit'inlnek i* iiuite dilTcreiit from the euntorn hoiidook. It is of line Kriiiii, '•oft, liKlit iiiid xtronK. It riwhcs h nmxinniin heiitht oi aOO fiH!t with a diiiMH'Icr of five fti't, iiviTintiuif IIMI fi-ct in hi'iKht and a dianicliT of fr>in two to llirre fi't't. It wriwlis ;!2 iionndA iier rnhie foot kiln- dried und Ims only twelvr \>^^r cent Icsh Htrenictli tliun tlie DoukIih (ir. It is CHjH.'eiulI.v Hnitulili! where eiiw of workin)f, liaiidsonie finish, HtrenKth, liKhtne!«!4 und t.istelessin'^s are (le>r. For I'riiniliitr and slielviiiK it .serves as well ns DouKlns fir. It makes an excellent lloorinK wiien i iit edKe-ftruiii and uwd in dry phu-es. It tinislies stnoollily on account of imiforni tex- ture and wears evenly. ('i>iitaiiiiiii; pnictirally no pitch. IijivIiik a U'aiitiful Krain, and •• i,in>t stains readily it can In- iisiil for inside linish and when properly dried will not swell or shrink nnili r iiorniul conditions. It presetiti" a coniparntively hard siirfin-e and coiisc.|iienll.v it makes itood, cheap 1h)X material, hut it is not a take and hold nails particularly adapt it for framinp. -lieati iim, sbelviiiR and sul' floor- ing. Its whiteness, tastclessness .niiil frec'lom from rosin ami pit' li ninke it particularly suitable for sink and laundry boards in housf-s and hotels refrigerotors ond the lining of refrigerator car-, and it is the most popular w|ied to do a large business in all kinds of boxes and shooks. As a fini.sli material it is soft and easily workeeal er..l. *,ii1.»U Hlrkory X*4,I»,? Latha j.»»3 P«Iln«a l.(t*,»t PIckata It.MT Planka and boarda. M«.57l Rrantlinta.. .. >*.>14.1>l Shlnalea l.Ui.tH Shook. l,77S.«lt «t«v 9 and hcadlnaa. 1«»,777 Oth.r lumber.. .. T0.»4» Match blm-ka Z57.««t Maata and aiwra «,7»» Pllln* 3.4t( Polaa. hop. hoop, talecraph anil otlier^ 17«.»6» .ShlnUe bolta of pine or cedar »47.»»« Timber, aquarp— • •■ «7,1SJ Aah Birch ■ a.414 Kim 113,805 Oak 78.742 Pine, red '. 77 479 Pine, white 12,1.10 Other aquare timber I«5.10« Pulpwood ie,4»» Aahen- - T,Ua,770 I'ot and pearl Other aahea U.1I3 Other foreat producU 1»,«44 «,51» RBPt.lTS or SAWMILLS. CASA * TUB COIMTIIY OK TIIK TWK>iTIRTII CKSTIBY. 236 vivM an itpjiruKinMht liira of tba qtuiiititin of th« .279.000. WOOOHLLP, CHEMICAL AND HtCHANICAU Awording; to tlic oeiwus $30,"Ha,37;t who iiiveHted in 37 cxtublixluiwiitii nmuufui-turiiiK woodpulp in 1010, and tho value of tlws year's pnitluct was ♦0.117.40.'.. A report publiohed by the Forp-try Brutird*; in the Hulpliate procc** 136,500 cords and in the sunds of chemically prejMirtH] woodpulp valued at $2,02;!,(W3 and 4N1.«17. forty-eight establighments with products for the year valued at $1,955,332. OTHER WOOD MANUFACTURES EXPORTED. In addition to the wooden manufactures classified in the customs sta- tistics, a variety of wooden articles not separately enumerated are exported. The value was $396,842 in 1914 and shipments were made to twenty-eight countries. Eddy millt, Hull, nwnufacturen of pulp, paper, fibreware, woodenware and matched. Booth milbi, Hull, manufacturere of pulp, paper, cardbuarJ and sawmill products. CAXAKA THE COr.NTUY OF TIIK TWKXTIETII CEXTrUY. 239 CENSUS OF LIVE ST(!CK IX C.WADA. According to the census of 1911 the numbers of farm live stock in the nine provinces of CnnaHn were iis follows: — ■ M Chapter XVII. FARK FBODUCTS /ND FOOD MANUFACTUEES. The furni food products of Canada include besides meats all the grain, fruits and vegetables of the northern zone and a variety of manufactured products made from them. In everj- province and territory of Canada the climnto and other natural conditions arc favourable to live stock. The pure, clear, invigour- ating atmosphere, the abundant supplies of good water everywhere and the luxuriant growth of the grasses most suitable for pasture make the conditions ideal for stock raising in summer. As in other northern lati- tudes food and shelter must be provided during the winter months, but the cold of winter seems to have an invigourating effect upon animals as well as upon men. Not only are the natural conditions uiost favourable to the health of animals, but the Dominion Government r.gulations designed to prevent the spread of all kinds of contagious diseases are strictly enforced. The Government vet 'rinnry staff makes frequent inspections. Diseased a limals are destroyed and severe penalties are imposed to prevent the sale of meat from infected animals, while quarantine regulations prevent the importa- tion of diseased stock from other countries. Records of the Government veterinary- department for many years show that Canadian farm animals are generally remarkably free from dise.isc. Hcaltliy animals produce wholesoire meats. i 240 CANADA lirE COr.NTUY OF TIIK TWENTIETH CKNTIKY. A typical group of government grain elevators. CANADA THE fOIXTIlV OK |1IK 1 W KNIl K 111 .KXTIHY. 241 LIVE STOCK KXrollTS. horses, 219,.2fl oa tie, 28,20. sw.ne 20,543 »hoep ami lumbs. The values of live stock exports in 1914 c J 1915 were m follows:- 1914 191', Hornwl cattle .7 on,:,!.. Poultry.. ;5"" 1,842.3(17 Sheep. . . I32.31t» 335.454 Swine.. .. 12.t,4S:i 2SB,«I2 Other livinR animal... *tt'ifl 3,117,005 »!»,4.-,.-,,OI<3 »14,!»30.9!>2 MEAT P.\CKI.\(J .\.M) SI..U (illTKKI.Ml. According to the census of 1911 there wore 70 establishments engaged wL$mS\", ,':?'''" T"'- The capital invested in the ind'usiS «as W3,746,271 and the year's output was vulue.1 at »41,20S,796. In rS eTf,"^* """"''"'f T"' P'"''''"« *^'^'^'»17 °f capital was invested m ten establishments and the value of the output was $7,318,280. These .. for May, 1915 savs- '' In 1907 the Health of Animals Branch of the Departn-ciit of Agri^uUu e began the organization of a meat inspection service for Canada in aceord- ?r„iriv ^^^ P'r'-""" "^ ""' ^''"* "'"' <^'"""«J J^°"<1« A.-t of that year. Under his Act the insix-ction of all meat and canned goods was made obli- gatory in respect of establishments engaged in the interprovinciaT Irade or in exporting to foreign countries. Meats and foods other than those in www"^ e«t"bl.Hhmeiits and consumed withii. the same province as that in which the animals are slaughter^ do not at present come withii. its pro" visions. The Act hnving now been in o,H.ration for eight years, and records having been annunll.v kept of the animals slaughtered in the establishn^iit' mspected, the fol owing table is interesting as indicating the movement ^n the production of meat 111 Canada during the last seven years. It ,how" the numW of cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered under the Act 11 ealh year from 1907-08 to 191.3-14. Number of cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered un.lcr the Meat and I aimed foods Act. 1!H)7. Year ended March 31. Pnttle. Sheep. Swne. No. No. .No. 1909* "1.66(1 S8.n49 S61,9S» mo:; ;; :: tl'/.n j?h»j 1.532:796 1911 .*-L^ 2;.-.u49 1.261.496 ,92 Ul.ins 329.017 1,452237 J9}3:: ::::::: ~» V--iV- '■*"■"" ,Q14 4.>n.390 4;i5.fi47 1.607,741 Wh. month. -"•'"* "»-^" >.^99:o«« "It has usually been assumed that the meat inspected under the Meat and Canned Foods Act represents on the average about half of the total meat produ<-tioii of Canada; but it would hardly be safe to acce- , thit propor- tion 111 any endeavour to arrive at the in-r capita consuiuptioi meat. The S7195— I6J :.'4J CANADA THE COfNTBV OK lUK TWKXTIKTII CKN Tl UY. Typical railway grtin elevators- f.VNAKA TIIK CHIMIIV OF IIIK TWKXTIKTII II nv. 243 «)U«>nt'i>ii has Ixfii iiivfnti(fiiti'ffli'il ami sold otT fariiw in 1»10. till' <'X|iortA mill iiii|Mi rts of nii'iit for the mime year and ii|)oii the meat u| ll|M)ll ... iiiHiK-etioii wtatisticM, have Iwii maile aviiihilile for the puriKises of tlii^ note. They Mhow that in 1!»10 the total prodin-tioii of Iw-ef for Huniption in Caimda was nl)ont 4i'0.4r. 1 .(HX) |)ounti»iiH of ltr>tt,l).HM,()00 |M)und>'." KXI'ollTS OK MK\T>. Tlie exports of meats (InriiiK the fiseal yearn litl4 anil l!>l.'i were as fol- lows : — Poundn. Pouniln. 19M. 19tr,. Bacon 23.«S0,Siil 76.801. 419 Be-f 13.133,30,-1 18,82S,2.'-i7 Ham'i 1,»90,182 17.»r.8.i!74 Mutton'..' «5.»" l.nfi4.i»«3 PorU 1,811,204 21,288,228 Canned 'meau «38,!183 ».882.«62 Other menu 2.849.082 4,.-.95.906 Lard 12r.,619 2.«89.03« In addition to these meats poultry valued at $73,972 and (tame valued at $4,831 were exported in the fiscal year 1014, while in the fiscal year 1915 exports of i)oultry and (jame were valued at $212,992 and $2,340 respec- tively. The total value of all meats exported during the fiscal year 1914 was $5,82«,371 and duriiiR the fiscal year 1915, $22,37:1.874. Cwing to the rapid ((r<»wth of Canadian cities and towns the home consunii|- TMK TW K NTI K. Ill CKMrilV. 245 WIIK.XT, OATH, ll\III.HV, IMK \Ml HIIk. i'rini't' Kiiwitnl IxUnil. Nnvil S«iti» Now HniiMwIi'k — UllrllM! Chitario M»nil..U Hukdi hfwan Altwrtii Rritinh ColuiiilHa. (im,2f.tt 24.Miri i,iiai.7ii» i(t,tiii,»ai N>.3.VI.5H'.t !I.''>,)II».»U» •.1«,tfl!t,24« :il!),HM All CanwU l!lll,t«J,7">S ()>t». IliinhcU. H,S2S,!H7 ;.,,i.xh;h or. iiN.'i,i)iiN )V/iV.,i«;5 f,J,LW.M4 3,4i S4S,«IL'.-JM Hurlxy. Rye. lillnhf'lii. 1-.M.4M I4",II4I (11I..V'0 2,V7».»*7I U.-JHlt/itli 4,X3I.IKU ! »3,'.HIt» .41,435 NT i) llu«li>'l». .•i,«:s 1,.M5,«IN »tM,?4l Hm-kwticiit. llii-li.U. ;».tH)ti ll'il).4l)A 3,4«5,;iW H.HSI,I.V> n.AX, MIXKl) liHAINS, I'KAH, BKANH \M> (OHN. The avorago iinmiol ji<0t of tliix. inixi-d (i;rniii», ri>rii, |H'iis tiiul bcniis for the five years eiuliiifj with 1!>14 were n» foUowi': - Prim* Edwnnl laUiui. N 11.2)(!iii 1»,0;<2,8fi3 MixH<|liraiii HiwIiflK. 3113,474 12U.K73 !W,486 2,747,.V)4 I2,li«,:v'ii 40,364 MI.HtKi 72.511 !H,7<» l.\iii)2,2.'ii (Van. ItUltllfllt. l.WH 4.5r>4 lll,U13 4.'<«<,2:U *3,IH»7."26 4,772 5.722 7,M»4 4l,5t» 4.140,284 BrauK. Indian Com. HiixhelM. 1l*,5i'>0 5,1012 93,118 761,5(11 .5,149 H74,26H HilIwU. Mi4 .•>72,«72 15,tUa,4M 16,230,I!-2S POTVTKKS, SKiAK BKKTS AM) OTIIKR VECKTADt.KS. The nvernge aniaial yields of potatoes, sugar lieets and otlier vegetables for the five years were : — Prince Kdward Island Nuva Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontavio Manitoba Saakatchewan Alberta British Columbia All Canada. I'otatuea BuHlielrt. 5,!NI<),«05 «,U40,751 «,,-k55,0.52 17,914.1.'M 1((,»S1,074 4,."it>."),9ti7 4.H4(l.4fi8 4,144.580 3,(«7,«40 Sugar llA-t». Tonn. l.'>5,424 7i">,l*<,771 8,(>95 TurniiiK, ManijoldK. BuMlieltt. H,5.'|i '.4)H l,4i ,5«H ;«,y47,t>76 :<,7r.7,169 47,709,173 i,o-2,3:m 2,904,487 1,090,835 7,5.54,494 l(H.n9 75,224,902 240 \ir\ \M> riirioii mmis. Tlwi iivi-mirt' iiiinnnl yirliU hI' liay, rlnvrr. iilfull'ii nml I'imMi r inrii l"r tin- Hvi' .vt'iir« •■mliiiit with ll'U \nn' ii> |iillii»«: — Hoy »nil f'liiur. AlfuKii Kxliiir I'otii. T"n» T"ii. I'riiii'i' KilHitril Uluiiil. Nine H<'knt<.'l»'wnn Albrrlii Hritinh Oiliiitiliiii ■/ti'l.lU'iN i:w '.',»;« HIil.'.TK i 1 I.-Ol :H7..'jlk^ :«»i i,;.;it t, iHi,.-i:w H.:iI(.H;ii *l>,H-£> 2.7TII I1.IR4 •jx\.\:a •it.fjii I.TM ■.'.f.m 2S,>tt ;<.7» Vim.n <•<•• .MlKli WITH >;\hPliTs. TIk' iiviTHKi' iiiiniinl yield i>, the |priiii'i|iiil Hi'lil rrii|i« nmy !«■ n.iniMircil lith tho exports an folli.w*: - .\iiniml K^|Nirt» Av.r»({f. lIMt. HuHheU. BiiMtiflit. Whwt llt«,02»,7M ian.4!!«,57» ' OHt» »43,C12,i^4 »4,'.KI«,tM ;u,4tift,K7(i 1 i;i,ii!«,»m S,4!r.,7;t i7-.','<02 IS.rX'e.dM ■!0.«47,M27 15,li.">!!,'.'.V. 4,I4<),2)<4 I4-J,7:« 87«,2t>« ll,!t77 Ul,230,62.'i Ml.v'a 7MS«.771 I.!I«H4I 7ft,2W.!W.' 1.707.II*;*-' . toin. ItM.ll!' .. lL',."i6'.'.»wi 11.1.15 217.43II . 2.' ... -S 1 K\|«.rtii ltl|5. Itimlifln. Iliirlry.. Hye Biickwhfat KUxi»*«l MiM^d ('raiiM Www llmiM Indian Com IVitatiN.* Turni|M, MuntfiildM, «tc. SlIffHI' Bwtrt Hi*v and Olovrr .Mfiilfa .. F;>.ll« f)7ii.ti4fl •.•i.:i,422 34H..H!! •WO, .lis :i-i4 iMll ..aw '.,ltiO,.V.)it 131.H75 rmnii iTii.v lit" iini's. .Stiii\ll <|i"'>ititit'« (if linp-i Hre prodiiceil in Ontiirio mid llritisli ('(ilmii- bin. (Vrtiiiii sectimis of both proviiwes hiive cliimitii. ei.iiditioiis very favoiiriilile to the prodiH'tioii of liops. During.' tlie fiscal year 1!t14 exports of ('Hiiudiuii hops uiuuuiited to :ir>2,fi92 pouiidt*, valuinl at lf.")7,W>0. D.-riiiK the fiscnl year 191.". tho exports of hops were ITd.iJiiO pounds, valued nt 248 CANADA THE COUXTIIY OF TIIK TWENTIETH CENTUBV. 4. Three of the milU of the Lake of the Woods Milling Company ; total cai«city 12,000 barreli daily. CANADA THE COr.NTUY OF I'WENTIETII CEXTIUY. 249 EXPORT OK SEKDS. Large quantities of seeds ore produced for use on Cniindiaii fiirma. During the fiscal year 1914 exports of clover seed amounted to 11S,601 bushels valued at $l,(l94,n30; prass seed, 110>T:{ bushels, valued at $106,708, and other seed exports were valued at $58,631. a total value of $1,259,669, without including flaxsei-d exports valued at $24,816,333. During the fiscal year 1915 the value of seed exports other than flaxseed was only $450,078. XLT TIIKKS ()\ F.MIMS. Many farms in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces have a few nut trees including walnuts, butternuts, hickory nuts and chestnuts. The quantities of nuts produced are not great and they are largely con- sumed at home, but during the fiscal year 1914 the exports amounted to 15,310 ]X)unds valued at $1,499 while during the fiscal year 1915 they were 36,951 iKJunds valued at $2,246. TlIK TOBACCO CROP. Ontario and Quebec are the tobacco growing provinces. A few pounds are grown in the other provinces, but not as a commercial undertaking. In Ontario in 1914 five thousand acres were devoted to tobacco growing and the crop amounted to 6,000,000 pounds. In Quebec province there were 4,750 acres of tobacco and the crop was 5,000,000 pounds. The exports of tobacco leaf amounted to 196,524 pounds in 1914 and 36,445 pounds in 1915. MILK, IIONEV AND EGGS. According to the census of 1911 the production of milk in all the prov- inces amounted to 9,806,741,348 pounds, while 6,089,784 pounds of honey and 123,319,378 dozen eggs were produced. The exports of milk, cream, honey and eggs were as follows during the fiscal years 1914 and 1915 : — Exports, 1914. Exports. 1915. Fresh milk Bal- 307.188 477,692 Fresh cream Bal- 1.323,929 1,895.575 Honey lb. 16.069 6,929 Eggg dox. 124.002 3,592.899 Nearly all the fresh milk and cream exported went to the United States. The value of fresh cream exports for the fiscal year 1915 was $1,836,006. MAPLE SUGAR AND MAPLE SYRUP. Many farms in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces have groves of sugar maples and consideralile quantities of maple sugar and maple syrup are produced. During the fiscal year 1914 the exports of maple sugar amounted to 1,925,343 pounds valued at $159,619 and exports of maple syrup to 5,205 gallons valued at $5,284. During the fiscal year 1915 the exports of maple sugar were 1,462,410 pounds valued at $131477 while exports of maple syrup were 6,164 pounds valued at $6,687. 250 CANADA TIIK COINTUY OK I'llK TWKMIKTU CKXTCKV. Two if the eight mills (if the Maple Lraf Milling' Company, having a total capacity of over 15,(NK> biirreU daily. CAXAPA TIIK COlXrUY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII < KNTlllY. 251 TIIK I'liODI (T;ii\ i>K KKl it. A.TordiiiK to tlif l)..inini..n n-nsus ,.f lit'l the nine provinees of Caniuln hatl the following lUTeii^.'s ,lev,.te37 84,0(X) 2GH,(I0II 1,!W3 5,tl25 7,r)02 ;«,«o« 3«7,358 Vahi.- of FruitK. 1.5t,!l38 i.im.itoo i,4Hi»,ris: 7,'.)7!',.">14 20,tU3 4.4A5 (•.,420 1,3«4,9'J3 li'.l92,!Ol I.AHCK glANTlTIKS l>K AIM'I.KS. Ontario, Quebec, Nova Seotiu and British Columbia all have large quantities of apples available for export. There are many districts in these provinces where climate and soil provide ideal conditions for the ,,roduction of apples <.f the finest flavour and (food keepiiiK qualities. The othcials ot the Agricultural Department of New Brunswick l>elieviiiR that i.rovmce has large areas as suitable for apple growing as any; part of .Nova S.-otia are urging farmers to devote attention to apple growing. Ontario produces large quantities of peaches, graix-s. plums, pears and «mall fruits. Ontario ix-aches are considered to have a tiiicr tlayour than any grown in the United States. Briti.sh Columbia is producing all the var- ieties of fruit grown in Ontario in increasing quantities. Eighty-two establishments with a capital investment of *.^..M-i.4T4 pro- duced canned fruits and vegetables in IftlO. The year's products were \ilued at $.5.9T1.0t<:i. There were fi.'. establishments evaporating fruits ami vegetables in litlO. The capital investni.Mit was if.-.l().0«!.'. and the year s produ.'ts were valued at *44S.!»L>i). The saiiu mpaiii.'s can fruits and \cgetables and they are not given separately in the returns. TIIK F.XI'OHTS OK Kill IT. The cxiiorts of fruit during the fiscal years V.I14 and inir. were as fol- lows ; — KiH'Sh apples Drle "", Germany and Holland pur- chased 5,080,051 pounds. Exports of canned or preserved vegetables were valued at $17,655 dur- ing t .e fiscal year 1914 and at $299,412 during the fiscal year 1915. FLOLK, OATMEAL AND OTHER ORIST MILL PROnUCTS. In the manufacture of flour, oatmeal and other grist mill products $42,905,689 was invested in 1910 and the year's products were valued at $82,494,826. The quantity of flour exported in 1914 was $4,832,183 barrels and the value $20,581,079. During the fiscal year 1915 the quantity exported was $4,952,337 barrels and the value $24,610,946. Flour was shipped to fifty countries. Oatmeal exports during the fiscal year 1914 amounted to 111,527 barrels valued at $488,589. During the fiscal year 1915 oatmeal exports were 60,320 barrels valued at $287,844. Indian meal exports amounted to 3,939 barrels for the fiscal year 1914 and 2,560 bar- rels for the fiscal year 1915. Exports of other meals amounted to 2,042 barrels in 1914 and 432 barrels in 1915. Bran exports amounted to 2,077,713 hundredweight valued at $1,789,939 during the fiscal year 1914 and to 1,038,132 hundredweight valued at $946,331 for the fiscal year 1915. PREPARED CEREAL FOODS. Eleven establishments, with a capital investment of $:iS7,087, made prepared cereal foods in 1910: the year's output was valued at $507,070. The cxiinrts of prepared cereal foods were valued at $2,166,3,'!0 during the fiscal year 1914 and at $1,970,402 during the fiscal year 191.-. Thus the exports of prepared cereal foods in 1914 were more than four times as great in value as the total production in 1910 according to the Dnminion census. BREAD, BISCITITS AND CONFECTIONERY. In the manufacture of bread, biscuits and confectionery. $16,756,289 of capital was invested in 323 establishments in 1910 ; the year's products were valued at $25,566,691. Four establishments, with a capital invests ment of $269,882, made confectioners' supplies valued at $282,017. The exports of biscuits and bread amounted to 202,900 pounds, valued at $16,227, during the fiscal year 1914, and to 303,200 pounds, valued at $26,452, during the fiscal year 1915. Exports of Canadian confectionery were valued at $43,996 for the fisc.il year 1014 and at $82,702 for the fiscal year 1915. CANADA THE COINTKY OK TUK TWKXTIETII CKMTKV. 253 PHODl X'TION <>►■ 111 TTKR AXD OIIKKSE. In 1910 according to the census there were 3,625 cheese factories and creameries in Canada, and the year's production was 199,904,205 pounds of cheese and *4,698,165 pounds of butter. In addition to this factory- made butter and cheese, 138,0»S,534 pounds of butter and 1,363,261 pounds of cheese were made on the farms of Canada, a total of 202,796,699 pounds of butter and 201,267,466 pounds of cheese. The production of chocsn and butter by prnvinoes in 1910 was ns follows : — ll FucUity Butter. Lb. Prince Edward InUnd Novn Soolia New BninHwifk . . . Uiiehec Ontario Manitotta SiuikatchewAn Alherta British Columbia Total Factniy Lb. 070,908 , 3,2'.a,7.55 8W,78B 2tM,243 849,(i33 l,t«)i,243 41. -82,058 R8.171,(W1 14.085,655 l»),0!n,t*fit 2,050,487 604,712 1.548,69fi 2«,7SO 2,14»,121 in:?,47'.i 1,206,202 64,6<.)8,I05 19!l,iK^,2^)5 Honie-niade Hiitter. Lb. 2,."»8,74C 'I.ii 63,321,735 10,9.37,864 12,t»53,201 7,689,402 1,208,605 138,0!i8,5:i4 Himifiniule Cl»t-i"'. Lb. 0,427 200,170 3,717 349, 7I« 295,718 327.289 27,7;« 141,9K.. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Butter 1.22S.-3.-. 309.046 2.724.913 fi39,fi25 ?hee,e" ■■ :.■ : 144 478.140 18,868.785 137,601,661 19.213.501 clll'n.: .: .. .. 270.486 11.071 230,045 13,923 CONDENSED MII.K. There were elevou factories mnkinff condensed inilU in 1010. Ontario having six and Nova Scotia two, while Prince Edward L^land, Quebec and British Columbia had one each. The production was 27,831,596 pounds, of which "1 .'•.52,780 pounds wore made in Ontario. The exports of con- densed cream and milk durinp the fiscal year 1914 were n..33n,:W2 p.mnds, valued at $606,941. During the fiscal year 1915 the exports amounted to 18.355,975, valued at $1,181,300. FACTORV-MADK KK CHKAM BLOCKS. An industry that has recently reached large proporti.ins is the manu- facture of ice cream blocks for shipment. There was always a large con- sumption of ice cream made in restaurants in Canada and the United States but since it has been found that factory -made ice cream can be transported considerable distances the consumption has enormously increased and this industry has created a very large dcniaiiJ for cream, reducing the quantity available for the manufacture of butter and cheese. 254 lANAII.V TIIK COrXTIIV OK TIIK TWKXTIKTII CKXTIKV. (■(K'OA AND riKXOI.ATK. Six fnotorios wore innkiiiir cocoa mid chocolate prcpnnitions in 1010. The ciipitiil investment was $1,2!U,«0(» niiil tiio output \Vi\si valucil at lH,l!m,4xn. BAKIMi I-OWUKR and KLAVolRINd KXTHAfTS. Twpnt.v-two citiiblishniciit!) made baking imwdor and fluvourinf? extracts in 1010. Tiic capital investment was $545,819, and the value of the .vcfir's iirodnct, $03,000. The exports of bakinjr powder dnriiig the fiscal year 1014 were 82,724 ponnds, valned at $15,38<>. During the fiscal year 1015 the exports were 84,777 poinids, valued at $13,006. ( OFKKK AND SPICKS. In the preparation of coffee and !ipi<'eM for the home market there was an investment of $;{,()l(i.()l-.», and the products were valued at $3,274,711. Sl(!AR RKKIMNG. In the refininpr of sugar there was a capital investment of $19,720,333 m 1010. There we e eight refineries and the year's products were valued at $21,2(10,011. Nearly all the sugar produced is for home consumption. During the fiscal .vear 1014 the exports of sugar amounted to only 1,009 pounds, valued at $120, and the exports of sugar house syrup to 153,520 gallons, valued at $10,770. During the fiscal year 1015 the exports of sugar were 12..")50 pounds, valued at $040, and exports of sugar house syrup, 134,908 gallons, vrlued at $10,775. VIXKOAR AND PICKLKS. Thirty establishments made vinegar mid pickles n. cording to the ccnsu- of 1011. The capital investment was $1,740,225, and the year's output was valued at $1,408,0.34. Rll"K PHEFARATIOXS. Three establishments, with a capital investment of $010,000 and an output valued at $010,000 in 1010, cleiinetl and poli.-hed rice for consump- tion in Canada. ( iiK\vix(; (ii.\r. The census includes eliewing gum among food products. There were eight establishments making chewing gum in 1910. The capital vest- ment was $899,474, and the year s output was valued at $810,060. CAXAUA T.IK .Ol'NTUY ..I' TIIK. •nVKNTIKTI. CKNTIRV. 255 I'Ar.K^ smiMAKT OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. Th» Country of th. Twontl.th Contury. Oonornl description of the Domimon of Canada. Comniercinl impor'anoe of Canada's fct08'-apli'''>l situation nearer to both Europe and Asia than any other part of Amorir-a. with trans- continental railways counectinR the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Comparison of Ca.m.la's area with the area of Europe and with that of the Ui.it.^ States Canadian lati- tudes compured with those of Europe. A land of wotcr- ways; great ocean vessels go up the St. Lawrence river to Montreal, over 1,000 miles from the ocean, meeting there vessels coniinK from the far inland lakes and receiving their . canroes. The climate. Division of the Dominion of Canada into provinces and territories. Physical differences hetween Canada and the rnit«l States. Outlook as to f;a>'ndn « growth in the 20th century compared with the growth of the T'nited States in the 19th century. Comparison of I nited States and Canadian immigration. Evidences of Canada s rapid growth since the beginning of th.s century in the increase of letters mailed, the railway ond canal traffic, the banking and insurance statistics and the remarkable develop- ment of CaM.idipn commerce as shown by the increase of exports and imports. Epitomized review of Canada 9 natural resources, with a statement of the production of farms forests, mines, fisheries and manufactures according to recent statistics. Educational institutions. Agricultural colleges and ex,*rimental farms. The banking system. Railway and steamship lines. Crowth of Canadian citic*. . Chapter II. Tho Maritime Provinces and the World't Market*. Great natural resources and wonderful geographical advantage of the ^faritime Provinces for world-wide «">"«'':'•.<'• Area and ponulation compared with those of the British Tses and the New England States of the American 1 mm,, \\ntcr route from the ifaritime Provinces to Western C'lnada by wav of Hudson bay. Comparison of the ik,t.. of llnlifax and St. John with the port of Liverpool as regards distances to the leading markets of the world by ocean routes. Ihc .j.u.id of Newfoundland and its resources onapter III. The Province of Prince Edward Itland. A prosperous province with healthy, agr«,able clirnate and remarkably rich soil. A farmers' and fishermens country^ The unique and valuable industry of fur farming. Otlier 87195—17 n~23 27-no 256 CANADA TUB COtJNTHT OF THK TWENTIETH CENTUBY. Paob*. i I indugtrien: inanufapture of condenfied milk, pork packing, iitaroh manufacturp, and canning of lol>i«tpn. The most densely populated province of Canada, but room for great expansion. The town*. Transportation by rail and water. Canadian flovernment railway and car ferry connecting the island with the mninland Ohapttr IV. Tht Provinc* of Nova Scotia. Geographical description. The most northern point of the prov- ince farther south thun the most southern point of the British Isles; Halifax, the capital, in about the same lati- tude as Genoa, Italy; Yarmouth further south than Mar- seilles, France. The area almost as great as that of Belgium and Holland combininl; more than twic«^ as large as the great American state of Massachusetts. Description of the garden valleys of Annat>olis and Coniwallis, famous for the quality and quantity of their apples and production of other fruits. Climate and other conditions of Nova Scotia par- ticularly favourable to sheepraising and the production of wool of fine quality. The forests. The fi8herie»\ The immense coal-beds of the province. Growth of monufac- turing industries. The great iron and steel industries: accessibility of raw materials, coal, iron and limestone, an important factor; comparison with iron and steel indus- tries of the United States, Great Britain and other iron and steel producing countries in this regard; by-products of coke ovens. Great advantages of the harbours of Sydney and Louisburg for shipment of coal, iron and steel to all parts of the world; Sydney and Louisburg as bunkering stations. Iron ores of Nova Scotia. Gold rocks. Other minerals of the province, including copper sulphides, argen- tiferous galena, manganese, tungsten, graphite, antimony, borytes, tin ore, tripolite, millstone grit, granite, sandstones, salt, fireclays and other clays. Advantages of Halifax as a landing place for steomship passengers from Europe des- tined to all parts of North America; great passenger and freight terminals beinir constructed at Halifax by the Dominion Government. Industries of Halifax. Other towns of Nova Scotia and their industries Chapt«r V. Th* Province of Now Brunswick. About the same area as Scotland. Over thirteen million acres suitable for agriculture; climate and soil favourable to grains, vegetables, apples and a variety of other fruits. Well watered pastures especially adapted for sheep. A land of low hills and valleys with many great rivers and small lakes, providing remarkable facilities for internal navigation. An extensive sea eoast with many fine harbours. No part of 31-34 35-51 CANADA THE COWSTBV OF THE TWENTIETH CKNTl'BV. 267 the provinoe n* far north a« Paris, France. M. John, tho ehipf port of the provinee and neartitt winter |>ort to (\ntrul and Western Canada, farther south tlmn Venie , Italy. New Brunswicl< islands in tiic bay of Fundy three times ns (treat in area as tho Channel islands. Remarkable tides of the bay of Fundy. Reversing falls of the river St. ,Tohn. ('oul, iron and limestone. Other minerals, iiieludinit anti- mony, copixT, nickel pyrrhotites, ficraphite, niaiifranese, tri- imlite, irTiudstoni>s, iiranite and other building stones, brick clay, shales suitable for the manufacture of highly flnislied facinir brick. H«'wpr pipe, mantels and other vitrified |>ro- ducts, :ind a variety of mineral pigments suitable for jaint manufacture. Natural gas. Petroleum. The two harbours of St. John; great harbour improvements, with provision of extensive wharfage facilities undertaken by the Dominion Oovemment; growth of St. John's trade as a winter port for Central and Western Canada; St. ,Tohn nearly 400 miles nearer to Liverpool than New York is ; distance from Liverpool to central and western states of the American Union shorter by way of St. John than by way of New York ; the safety of the bay of Fundy demonstrated by the remarkably small percentage of losses of vessels on the St. ,Tohn route during a long period of years, ss shown by Oov- emment records. Other towns of New Brunswick 1- /tllKM. 62-63 Chaptir VI. The Provinca of Quebec. Area of Quebec province greater than that of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Etenmark, Sweden, Austria-Hungary, and Bul- garia combined. Actually a maritime province with an extensive sea coast. The St. Lawrence river and the country through which it flows; improvement of the ship channel by dredging shoals to accommodate ships drawing 85 feet of water; season of navigation. Other rivers of the prov- ince. The climate. Excellent farm lands, producing wheat, barley, oats, hay, and vegetable?. Apples of fine quality and other fruits extensively produced. Marked success of dairy farming. Immense forests. Absence of conl. Iron ores of province ; advantages for production of charcoal iron ; possibilities for production of iron and steel by electric pro- cess ; millions of tons of iron magnetic sands ; large deposits of bog iron ore, utilization thereof and nature's coiit'nuous replenishment of deposits. Iron ore in Fngava. Great asbestos mines. Description of other minerals of province, including copper, alluvial gold, tungsten, zinc blende and galena, chromite. feldspar, amber mica or phlogopite, graphite, magnesite, manganese, ochre, mineral phosphate or apatite, kaolin or china clay, limestone, etc. Natural gas in province. Fisheries. Continuous village appearance of 87195—171 SS8 lA.NAD.V TIIK COI NTBV OK TIIK TWKSTIETII CKNTUKV. pAURK farmhnUMii alntiK river froutR nwiiig to survey of famiM in lonft, iinrMw ttri|M. Tho city of Montreal; ita ini|M)rtnnp<> SI a ftreat nmnufnoturinfr, Hhipping and financial rcntre: nn inland iioean port, the meeting place for lake and ncoen vinwelH; hvadiiuartpn nf Canadian Pacific and (Srnnd Trunk riiilwaya; magnificent harbour and docka under control of Board of Harbour Commiiwionprtt ; the irrcatcitt irrain |H>rt of America; wonderful irrowth of NhippiuK; Montreal'* tihippinK c .nipnriHl with I.iverpool'd. Tlie city of Qucl)ec; harlHinr acilitiea for k indlinir Krnin ; hchkou of nnviiration; inqmrti. .t centre of timber induHtry; other induiitrieK. Small cities of the province Ohaptar VII. Th* Qraat LakM and Oanalt. The Kreut international lake* Itetvreen Canada and the United 8tatei), reiiervuin) of the 8t. I^iwrence river. The great river with itit lake cximnMionx and canaU overcominK rapidti provides navigation from the ocean into tho interfor, a distance of 2,243 atatute mileti. The area of the great lake*. Description of the ciinnl ayatcm. Pro|Mi8cd Ottawa and Georgian Bay ship canol, which would nhortcn the diatance from the upper lakes to Montreal by huudrcdK of miles. Inland waterway from Montreal to New York. The Rideuu canal. The Trent Valley canal. Poaaibility of a navigable waterway between lake Superior and lake Winnipi-g. Rivera flowing into Jamea bay Chapter VIII. Th* Provinca of Ontario. Geographical situation between the great international lakes ana Hudson boy. > .ea neorly as large as Germany and France combined. La.^ar than the combined area of tho American states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maaaachuaetts, Rhode Islj'nd, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Mary- land, PuiH.aylvania, Weat Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. The southern part ot tho province in about the same latitude as Italy. Toronto, the capital, farther aouth than Florence. Ilamilcon fartlicr aouth than Morseillca, France. Moose Factory, at James bay, in the same latitude as London. England. The climate varies occording to lati- tude, elevation and influence of lakes. Southern Ontario, the peninsula portion of the province bounded by the great lakes and a chain of lesser lakes and rivers, haa on orea about the aame ua England. All grains, vegctubUts and fruits of the temperate zone produced in large quantities. In the southwestern counties peaches, grapes ond other deli- cate fruits of the finest flavour are grown, and the area devoted to th 'riiita is ste.-idily incrc.ising. Southern Ontario notov" ita apples, pears, plums and cherries. 05-S4 95-03 CANADA THK IdlMU^ OK TIIK TWK.NTIKTH i KNTlllV, 259 PAcun. Oreut iiuuiititicM of buttw uiid »-luiit«; iinMufwl. Tin- dipttfift of Algoinu, u country of gtv»t forwtu and mineral wpulth with i-orni>iir>»tively little g(M)d agricultural land. The ole- vutf-d U'lt lwn »* "The IIciKht of I» of the faniouH Sud- bury diittrict— the greatest nickel niinex in the world; description of the Sudbury ore*, which contain nickel, copper, iron and sulphur, and small pen-entages of gold, •liver, platinum and palladium: deposits of nickel in other parts of Ontorio; us*? of nickel-steel for armour plates of warshi|», nanufocture of automobiles, structural steel in bridge biilding, etc. Copper ores in different districts of Ontario. The (^obalt silver mines; ores containing high percentages of silver and cobalt with small percentages of nickel and ar»«'nic. Recent discoveries iis to new and valu- able uses of <'obalt for ele<'tro-plnting and other purjxiscs. Gold deijosits in the Porcupine gold di!*»'i«-t ond other adja- cent territory. Immense salt beds of Ontario, prcxlucing salt of exceptional purity and peculiarly adapted for the manufacture of caustic soda and bleaching powders. Par- ticulars as to de|)o»it« of other minerals in Ontario, in<-lud- ing amber mica, graphite, lead, talc, corundum, clays or shales for manufacture of brick, pottery, tiles, sewer pipes, etc., limestone, hiRh-grade fcldsiinr, fluorspar, pyrites, gyr^ sum, barytes, zinc, molyl>denum, etc. Orcnt natural gas fields underlying a large section of southern Ontario. Petro- leum in the southwestern part of the province For<>sts of Ontario; their immensity; classification of fon^t growths. Cities and towns; their populations and chief distinctive features. Patricia District, an extcTisive northern area recently added to the province OS- Chapter IX. Tht WMtam Plain. Description of the great plain in which are situated the three provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta and the Northwest Territories. The great river systems and the lake 117 900 canada tiik coiktby 0¥ tub twkntirtii ckntt ry. Paoks. nwtrvuini, i>nibr«i-iiiK many lakes niid rivpr*. Tha Mai-keniie ■tyatpin of riven and laktii. Thn>c natural ■ubdiviiion* : the prairien, the furmt n-gion, and th« "barren land*," with d«>M>riptionii iif itii'h ttA-192 OHaplar X. Tha Pralria PravlncM. Manitoba, Hatkatfliewan and Alberta, the lo-called prairie prov- inrtM, uxtcndinR fnmi the I'nited HtateH boundn'y, hititudi* 49° N. tu latitudi« •U>° N., have coniiidi>rable ari'uit in thr north that an> weli wiMided, but the population in fhicily confined to th- prairie reiiion whieh lien nouth of tlie A4th parallel of Ibtitmk'. Ait the country slopes northward from the rniUxl Htateo b<>undary, the ftenerul elevation ntcadily deereaiiiiig, the lower altitudt* offM't the influence of higher latitude* on <-limate and other local influonceii tend to e<|ualize temtx'rntun-H over wide areas, so that the climate doe* .lot vary so much in different sections as might be expected in a country coveriiiir so many dcftrees of latitude. Winnijieg, farther south than any city in the British Isles; Port Nelson, the terminus of the Hudson Day railway, in about the some Intitudc as Aberdeen, Spositg. Salt water springs. Abundance of sands suitable it ir glass-making. The tar sands of Athabaska; immensity of the deposits and their great industrial value. Natural gas in various sections. Possibilities of petroleum. The forests of the prairie provinces; large trees in some locali- ties; belief that h^ one time such trees were general but destroyed by great forest fires; prenent immense tracts of pulpwood timber. The cut of saw-mills. Wonderful growth of eitiea of the plain. Winnipegr. the gstesvay of the We^t ; western headquarters of all the great railways ; the « orlu s greatest primary grain market; great wholesale distribut- CA!«An.\ TUB rOirXTHY OP Til K rWRNTIKTIt IKS 1 1 HV. rliiiH-)' a* II iiiiintifiM-turinir 201 fit.v; the xtiiliility ■>( it* wDmli-rful (»ri>wtli. I>iiMri|>»iiin» of llraiidDii. U« .nti, Mmwinw, Sii>il<«t'H.ii. <'ul(jnr,v. Kilnioii- ton mici otiwr i-itiw of tin- |iruirii> |>Mviiii-oi IS:» U:i ChapUr XI. Th« NorthwMt TtrritorlM. MuderutiiiK t-ffiM-t* mi climuti- of tillinri' and ilrniniiiK of tin- noil; loiiK hourx of xiiiiliulit in numiiMT; n>in|>iiri>">ii of the gtmt Macki-iixii' l'Hiiir"'<>'. Tho " Ham-ii l^indit"; tin- iiiimr a iniKiionii-r ; prof union of heathi), wild H" wim. luxuriant BrasMw. ririi iiiohmi. mid lii-hwu. affordintr Huntfiiainv to niillionn of carilxiu or n-iii- d«'«'r, and owIiik t<- tin- liilht miowfalln in wildr to tlii'in nt •II McaHoiiH. (iri-at valur of tin" " llarrcn l-amU " «» a »ra"i<' reM-rvu; inimcnm' iMWHihilititMl in tho donn-Htii-ation of tlii' reindeer, the Ht«li of which in tniual to the flnext Ixif Muiik-oxen, The tixh of the numeroun hiki-n and rivrrx a future arnwt of KWat value, Immenw copiH-r dj-ixwit* of tin' far north and other valnahle niim-ralK 144-151 Chapter XII. Brltlth Columbia and th« Yukon. British Columbia, the wondj-rland of Canadn; (treat variet.v of climate; niatrniiieent itcener> ; In^autiful lukix and rivew. Area compared with the I'acitic i-oant Htateit of tl- Ameriean Union and with certain countricit of KuroiM'. The niouii- taina of BritiMh Columbia. Navination of the interior; description of the wonderful Hcrien of lak«"« and rivern which afford iiteanier (•oniniunieation throuith the vallc.vH U'ween tho moiintaiiiH. The Japan current, the Oiilf Stream of the Pacitic <.ceaii; itx modcratiiiK itTcct uimh; liritinh Columbia's climate and it* conimcrcial imi>ortance to Canada in greatly nhorteniiiK the time idel,v distril)utcd and the production of tliese minerals is already large. Man.y other minerals dis<'ovcred, including zinc bearing galena ores, tin, nntimon,v, mercur.v, platinum, etc. Possibilities as a manu- facturing province, with abundance of raw materials, ample supplies of fuel and numerous watcr-i>o\vcrs. Climate jms-uI- iarly suitercparatioii for tlie markets. Statements of the quantities of various kinds of fresli fish recpiircd to produce certain weights of marketable fish prepared in different ways. The packing of fish. Tlie stnialard sizes of cases, barrels and other packages. A Cioveriiment brand as guar- antee of good qualit.v. Description in detail of various kinds of fish caught in the waters of tlie .\tlantic and the Pacific, in the gulf of St. Lawrence and in the lakes and rivers of the interior, with the quantities marketed in each ^ I>roviiice and the exports from Canada to various coun- tries ITT-IO.-? Chapter XIV. The Water Powers of Canada. Approxiniafe pstinijitcs nf tlic uiidi'viliijH'd wntiT-powers of the difTerent prnvinc(>s based on the minimum flow of water under natural conditions. By control of water discharge CANADA THE COUNTKV Of THE TWENTIETH IKNTIUY . 203 Paobs. mid coimcrvtttion of the surplus wutern at iK>rioir> that within areas that may reason- ably ho exi)e<'ted to be )K>pulate(l in the near future tliere were wnter-ix>wers attKrivatiiiK 17,764,000 24-hour liorse- lM)wer. The imwer at present (h'Veloped estiniateK Chapter XV. The Manufactures ot Canada. Census returns for the year liMO compared witii the year liMtO showing; a marvellous increase in the number of industrial establishments in Canada, the number of their employees, the capital invmt«!d and the value of the i)ro(lncts. Review of the ("anadian industries in which large amounts of capital hament of the industry in Norway. Increasing demand for nitrogen for fertilizing purposes. Establishment of a plant in Canada for tiie manufai-ture of caustic soda, bleaching powder and other sodium products by electrical processes. Klectrolytic refining of lead in liritish Columl>ia. Possibilities of the development of other electro-chemical and cleotro-metallurgical industries in Canada Chapter XVI Forest Products and Wood Manufactures. Summary of information given as to the different kintls of trees most largely cut int4> timl)er in each jirovince as describi'd in the chapters on the provinces. Popular names and scicn- 1 9.1-206 207--22G W 9 264 CANADA THE COUXTRY OF THK TWEN'TIETH CENTCRY. Paoes. tific nomenclature of the principal Canadian trees, with particulars as to the different parts of the country where each is found. Description, commercial uses and other information regarding the following Canadian trees, viz.: Douglas fir, white spruce, white pine, red or Norway pine, eastern and western hemlock, eastern and western cedar, tamarack and western larch, birch of different kinds, and maple trees of different species. Detailed particulars as to the characteristics and uses of the four British Columbia woods of greatest importance, nomely. the Douglas fir, the r»>d cedar, the hemlock, and the British Columbia spruce. Timber and lumber: capital invested in Canada in produc- ing logs and the log output; capital invested in Canada in the manufacture of lumber and the lumber output; table showing the different kinds of timber and lumber exported during the year 1914 and their respective values; annual reports of Cnmidian saw-mills, giving the quantities of each of the different kinds of wood cut into l^i-iber. Wood-pulp, chemical and mechanical: number of pulp mills in the different provinces ; different processes of manufacture, with number of cords of pulpwood used in each process; number of pounds of chemical and mechanical pulp, respectively, exported, with the values thereof. Paper manufacture: number of mills, the capital invested in them and their out- put; table showing respective values of different kinds of paper exported during the years 1914 and 191.5. Capital invested, output ond other information in regard to the following manufactures from wood and wood-pulp, viz.: paptT boxes ond bags, paper bottles and cups, stationery goods, wooden boxes and baskets, cooperage, furniture and upholstered goods, showcases, matches, doors, sashes and blinds, coffins and caskets, artifioiol limbs and trusses, incu- bators, jiumps and windmi' . refrigerators, wooden ware, spools and spoolwood, woodworking and turning, etc 227-238 -.1 Chapter XVII. Farm Products and Food Manufactures Canadian farm products and food manufactures described. Climate and other natural conditions in Canada favourable for the raising of live stock; Government regulations for the prevention of disease; wholesome meats produced. Table showing the number of horses, cattle, sheep and swine in the resi)e<'tive provinces; table of live stock exports. Meat packing and slaughtering: number of establishments, capital invested ond value of outputs. Provisions of the Meat and Canned Foods Act and statistics showing the nunilHT of cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered imder the Act. ExiK)rts of meat and poultry. Home consumption. Yield of field crops. Tables of average annual yields of wheat. CANADA THK COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CEXTCEY. 205 Pages. oats, barley, rye and buckwheat; flax, mixed graiiw, corn, peas and beans, potatoes, sugar beets and other vejfctables; hay, clover, alfalfa and fodder com. Comparison of annual yield of principal field crops with exports thereof. Produc- tion, value of exports, etc., of hojw, seeils, nuts, tobacco, milk, honey, eitifs. maple sugar and maple syrup. Acrenire in each of the provinces devoted to orchards, vineyards and small fruits, resjiectively, with values of products. Apples produced in the different provinces and the value. Exi)orts of fresh apples, dried or evaporated apples, fresh berries, canned or prest»rvi-d fruits, preserved vegetables, apple cider, etc. Manufacture, pr<)du<'tinn, capital invested, etc., and exports of flour, oatmeal and other prist mill prcnlucts. iire- pared cereal foods, bread, biscuits and confectionery, butter and cheese, condensed milk, factory-made i<'e-crcam, cocoa and chocolate, baking itowders and flavouring » xtracts. coffee anu spices, sugar and syrups, vinegar and pickle*, rice jire- .ations, chewing gum, etc 239-2.54 206 CANADA TirE COrNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH ( KNTL'RV, CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY GENERAL INDEX NoTB.- ijcnenil manufactureB are Indexed toxether In the gub-lndex '• Manu- factures of Canada " ; fowl manufarturcH are Indexed together In the nub-Index " Farm Products and Fooil Manufactures " ; woo3 Area of Vancouver Island compared with the Province of Prince Kdward Island, the State of Rhode Island and BelKium ITiS Asbestos, extensive deposits in Quebec V7 Asbestos, its manufacture, uses, value, etc 2H ; 215 Asbestos, Ctlnadiun production 1.1 Atmoapheric nitrogen product* 209; 210 Banking system of Canada 18-19 Barik.s, <'hartered in Canada 17 Bank deposits 10 Barley 24n ; 217 Barren lands of the Northwest Territory, the name a misnomer 14S; 119 Beans 2t'>; 217 Bricks, Canadian production 14 British Columbia, Province of — Chap. XIII 153-1T.'> Altitude, effect upon climate ITiS Appl«a Idii-lti"; 2.J1 Area of Province Iii3 Boundaries of Province Ilia Beans 24r. Cities and towns 174 Climate ir.S; 1.-i9 Coalfields lfi» Karmlnu 16r. IBO Forests Ifil Fruit 16i;-l«7; 251 Geographical situation, with table of distances to Asiatic and Australian ports 160; 161 ffOliI, sliver, co[)per, etc. See Minerals. riraln, s:)cciflcaliy including; wheat, oats, barley, rye and buckwheat.. 245 Harbours 158; 160; 174 Hay, clover, alfalfa and fodder-corn 247 Inlets 158 Iron ore and limestone 171 Islands of the Province 153 Japan current, effects of 158 Lakes and rivers 155-15S Limestone 171 Live stock. See sub-Index under " Farm Products and Food Manufac- tures " 239; 241 ManufacturlnB 160 MeteoroloKical records 159 Minerals 169-174 Mountains 155 Natural resources 159 Navisation in the Interior I.'i5-158 Peaches. Sec Fruit. Peas 245 Potatoes 245 Rivers anil lakes 155-158 Railway and steamship routes IfiO; 161 ;175 Scenery 155 Steamship and railway routes ..160; 161; 175 Timber. Also see "Forest Products and Wood Manuf.icturcs ", sub- Index 161 Turnips, etc 245 Vegetables 245 Brandon 143 Buckwheat 24b BuildiUK stones, Canadian jiroduction 14 Building stones of Nova Scotia 47 Building stones of New Brunswick 58 Building stones of Ontario 107 Butter, cheese, milk 249; 263 Calcium carbide. Its manufacture, uses, value, etc 208 Calcium cyanamlde, its manufacture, uses, etc 209 Calgary ... H3 208 CANADA THE COUNTRY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTUBY. Pachi Canadian National Exhibition Ill Canal* (Chapter VII — The Ureat lAkea and Canali). See Lakea and Canals. Cape Breton. See aub-lndex of Nova Scotia. Cattle, flee Live Stork 239 : 241 Caribou or "Reindeer" in Barren LanJa of Northwest Tarritorlei 148-lBO Cement, Canadian production 14 Certal f oodi 162 Charlottf town S3 Cheeae, butter, milk 249:253 Chemical! and allied products. See sub-index under " Manufactures of Canada ". Cities and townH, Growth of 10 CHies and towns. Populations of 29 Clay products and structural materials 14 Climate of Canada 6 Climate of provinces .\nd territories. See the sub-Indexes of chapters describinR the dlfTtTfiit provinces. Coal, Canadian productiuii If Coal In Nova Scotia 39 ; 40 Coal In New Brunswick 56 ; 57 Coal In Prairie Provinces 131 ; 138 Coal In British Columbia . .109 ; 170 ; 171 Coal In Northwest Territories 151 Coal In Yukon Territory 175 Coal, lack of In Ontario 9* Coal, lack of In Quebec 72 ColUires. flee educational Institutions 15 Cobalt production in Canada 13 Cobalt, sliver ores of Ontario 105; 106 Cobalt, discoveries na to ne*v uses and value 106 Cobalt superior to nickel for electro-plating 106 Copper recovered from Canadian ores 13 Copper in Nova Bcotia 46 Copper in New Brunswick 58 Copper in Quebec 77 Copper in Ontario 103 ; 106 Copper in British Columbia 173:174 Copper In the Northwest Territories 150; 151 Copper in Yukon 175 Copper In Sudbury nickel ores 103 Condensed milk 25S Corn 245; 247 Corundum, production of 13 Corundum, extensive deposits in Ontario 107 Cotton goods — See sub-Index " Manufactures of Canada." Cows. See Live Stock . .239 ; 241 Dairying and dairy products 11 ; 31 : 38 ; 71 : 97 ; 249 : 253 Distances from Halifax and Ft. John to leading ocean ports of the world. . . 28 Distances from British Columbia ports to Asiatic and Australian ports. . . . 161 Distances from Sydney and Loulsburg in Cape Breton to leading markets of the world 43 Distance from .St. John and Halifax to Montreal and Quebec 61 Distance from Sydney, Cape Breton to Vancouver 3 Distance from Sydney to Dawson City 3 Klectro-metallut gical Industries of Canada 211 Electro-plating value of cobalt 106 Edmonton 143 Educational institutions 15 B*gs 11; 249 Electric railways : (a) Passengers carried by 10 (b) Freight carried by ^0 Exhibition— The Canadian National Exhibition Ill Experimental Farms and Agricultural Colleges 15; 16 Exports: (a) fotal Canadian (comparison ot 1900 with 1914) 10 (b) Fish and fish oil 188-193 (c) Manufactures. These Include greater or less quantities of practically all goods manufactured in Canada. For par- ticulars consult under heads of different goods In (Chapter XV, pages 2 07 to 226; Chapter XVI, pages 234 to 238; ai>d Cniapter XVII, pages 239 to 254. CANAI>A THK COrSTRT OF THE TWESTIKTII CKXTVRY. 269 Export! : (d) Timber and lumber: Coiuult Chapter XVI, pagea 1S4 to SSS. (•) Uve Htock ; meats ; (rult : (rain ; hay and other fletil rropa ; veitetablea ; dairy products, etc., consult Chapter XVII, pages 23} to 254. Farm Production. (See also sub-Index of "Farm Products and Food Manu- turea", also see sub-Indexes of the different provinces) 10; 11 Farm Products and Food Manufactures — Chapter XVII 2S9-2.14 Alfalfa 147 Apples 2.11 Bakinc powders and flavouring extracts 254 Barley 243-247 Bread, biscuits and confectionery 252 Buckwheat 245-247 Butter and cheese 25S Canned Foods Act 241 Cattle. See Live Stock 239 ; 241 Cere.ll foods 852 Cheese and butter 25S Chewing gums 254 Cocoa and chocolate . . , , 254 Coffee anrl splceH 254 Condensed milk 25 J Cows. See Live Stock 239 ; 241 EiX|>orts of butter and cheese 263 Exportii, comparison of annual yield of field crops with exports thereof 247 Eortl'. «<•) Frcahwater nah. . ,^9 (fc) I^bstera 191 (r) Herring 192 ((() Mackerel anil halibut jjy (f) OyattTH and clama .188:189 (f) Salmon • • 192 (gy smetta and other lea Hah ^^^ Extent of Caniiillan flaherlea • " •' " 17^ Flah hatihei lis '.'. 185 Freshwater nah 186 Freshwater trout ■ 180 Covernment brnndlng of flah .'.'.'.' 1" Hake and cuak 183 Haddock fisheries 183 Halibut fisheries 181 Herring fisheries.. .. •;•,/•,■■ .;.■.■.'.' *" Hudson and Jamea Baya- Fisheries ,,, In-8hor«- fishing, advantages of - • •■ ,,5 Lake herring 186 Lake or salmon trout ' 18I Lobster fisheries 188 Mackerel fisheries. . .... •••••• ;.' 178 Men engaged In Canadian fisheries jjj Miscellaneous s 'a fish 187 Oils of fish anil of whale.. .. ...••• 1S4 oysters, future of the Canadian oyster .'.■■.■ 179 Packing of fish .. 186 Perch, quantities caught, etc ijg Pike, quantities caught, etc ]8« Pickerel, quantities eaunht. etc .'.'.'.'.'...'!•• 183 Pollack .' 185 ^Santme; and value, orchief kind, of fl.h landed during the fi.ca, ^_^ year 1914 ....... 180 Salmon fisheries •• •,; •■ '. '. ■" '. '. 186 Salmon trout (also known .is lake trout) . . ...... ^^^ Sardines of New Brunswick • ..180-193 Sea fish 186 Sea trout 187 Seal and -vhale fisheries ' ' 186 Speckled or brook trout . . ■•••••■ '. 186 m SeaTd Chwater with quantities caught In the different ^^^ provinces ' igB Tulbae, quantities cauRht, etc .. .. 178 Value of Canadian flshe/l'''';. •• •■ •■ •• V ;'uiht"dry-iiaUed, pickled, WMnht o' differ, nt kinds of fish when fresh caugni. ury »a.i .179 etc .".... 187 Whale oil CANAI.A TMK r..l N THY OF TIIK TWKJiTir.TU CENT.KY. 271 PAoa Wh«l« and Heal n.horl.ii. . . • ■ ■ • • • • • ■ • • ■ • ' • • ' . . . . itl White fl»h. quantity, value, etc., of the 1»M caicn ^^^ Winter nehlim In froien Inkee and rivere 221 Wftx (dreaaed) nnd linen _ . . 246 Flax production In the dlffprent provlnc n 2,7 Flaxseed ■■■ •• • 151 Flour and other itrlit mill product! j9j ^rpul^^^^r^^" ::;i!rr::nr ••i^r.-roduct. nnW KoodM^nu.^^ ^^^ Forenri'roiluctH nn.l Woo.1 Manuractiir-H (Chapter XVI) ■ •■ - j,, Artinolnl llmbH and truMi'S. . .. •• .. 25« Boxee nnil lianketa made of wood .'.'.'.'...... 23T Cofflns and ra»ket» 23« Cooperafte 257 DoorH. »a»he< nnd hllnda .... lit Furniture and upholetrred Kooila 237 Inculwtorii IjOsa. See TImher. Lumber. Sec Tlmbir. 217 ■ ?ap'e??^o) ■ Paper mlil.^' number/ ™plial.'p^du■c■tloI;.■.■ • »»« (b) I-aper t>oxe» and baga 21( (c) Paper bottles and cupn ' ' jK (d) Stationery Kooda Pulp. Hw Wonil Pulp. •:17 Pumpa and wlndmlUa 2S7 Refrigerators .. '" Sashes, doors nnd blinds ..234; 23S Saw mill statistics ." 237 Showcases ' ' 238 ?a?Ta)'Tar^of different Canadian- tree. With district, of ^ ^ ^^^ (») D.s'^pt'onand general ' luformallon respecting 1*«<""»2»-211 varieties of trees.. .. .. •• •• ,,,. „,, tr\ Character of British Columb'n wools.. .. ■• -•" ■ " (d) Cailtal lnve»tel In and output of log production. . . . • • -34 e CaSlta Inv-Hted In and oupul of lumber manu acture . . 234 (tl ixSo.1s IncudVng bark for tanning, rtrewood. knee, and (/) EXPC'-".,^^^'^ .^„„a ,„ lumber, match blocks, mas s and sBars piling, poles, posts, railway ties, shingle Soils. SQuarcP tlmb.;, pu1pw03d. and other forest pro- ^^^ (e) Quantmes of different kinds of wood'cui Into lumber . . 235 Trees — See Timber. . 237 Trusses and artificial limbs 237 Windmills and pumps ' " 237 Woodenware : ■, ' ; .... 235 Woodpulp, chtmlcal and mechanlial •• •• •• • 211 Woodworking and turning ,'' ' ~'B=Tcard^at'nC^rrL'n"^^^^ " to acre- ^^ age of Canadian forests .'..'..'.' H Forest reserves 115 Fort William ' ' ' ' " ,' 61 Prederlcton • • • ■ ■ , ' ' 11 ?ruir^:5^"pro5rt^onnc%a.e'^^^ *'-: '''» ^ -<'-'"•'«-. ^ ,,, of the different provinces ,' ,• ; ' ', .... 32 Pur-farming; (o) In Prince Kdward Island j^g Fur farm ng '^^'^ j„ jjo^thwcst Territories ',, Furs and skins of wild animals ;• ] .;i73_i74 SSrfleldTo'f'^^a^nr^f «"u^al gas and also' .ub-lndexes of the different aeo.S^Zftr;^na^eomm^^^ ;; ;; , A Gold production In tanaria lur i- jrn.^ 87195—18 272 CANAIIA TIIK COrNTKY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII 7 IIS 174 171 147 147 II 11 111 7» II 4« SI ; 19 11 4« 61 10* ; 4t 111 Hay! clov«r, alfalfa, fodder corn "J Honey, milk and •(«■ jj Honey anil wax, production of j^^ Hop*, production of jj. . j^j HorBeR. Bee Live Stork. ^22 Hudion Bay Railway j22 Hudaon Bay and Strait navigation.. i ' ' '.. w..',l™ ' Plain •■' and Hudaon Bay Territory. Bee aub-lndexei under "Weatern Plain anu • Northweat Terrltorlea ". Oold In Nova Mt'olla Oold In New Brunawlck. No production Hold In guehei' j ., (lold In Ontario ' Oold In I'ralrle Provlnrea Gold In Britlih Columbia aMln."«pe^incBiry"lnciudin» wheat, iata,' barliy, nfe »nd ^'•«''*j"*;,?™;. . ductlon of Canada IQ . 141 , »«• , drain, ex(>ort» of Oraphlte, Canadian production (>raphlte In New Brunawlck oSnllli*,'rarw qilnlitlea In QuabM. parilcutariy adapted to manufactur. of cruclblea Orlndntonei, Canadian production Orlnditonea In Nova Hootia Orlndntonrt In New Brunawlck • Orowth of Canada, evidence of Oypeum, Canucllan production Oypium In Nova Hcotlii Oypaum In N»w Brunewlck ilypaum In Ontario. . . il;'47 Halifax. Hamilton . Hydro-electric enerjry in manufacturlnK 201 Immlxratlon : comparlaoi .11 of Canadian and United Statea «■ 10 .14 207 l!l!l 103 111 76 42 42 Importa of 1900 compared with thoae of 1114 Indian corn. Srr corn. Induatrlal ealabliahmenta In Canada „,.... .^..i- International Waterway CommlH.lon report on Niagara Falla Water-power, Iron In nickel orea of Budbury, Ontario *jj Iron ore, Canadian production ,., Iron ore In Britlah Columbia 58-67 Iron ore In ».ew Brunawlck ^j Iron ore In Nova Scotia /.loi ; 101 : ioi; lOS Iron ore In Ontario *"' • *' ■ ' - Iron ore In Prairie Provlncea 72 -'71 1™" re'SaKwkat furnace, of Cape Breton. ' N.k," "brou«M from' NeW-^^ IronoJ'^Dratancei which it mu.t be' carrK^d^fVim m'lnea »<>»'>«•' '"i;"*"**"' the United Kingdom and the United State, compared with dlatance. from mine, to btaat furnace, of Cape Breton, N.3.. .... .. .40, *i Iron and steel manufactures. Sec sub-Index under ••^.anartlaI. Manufac- Iron and .teel manufactures of Cape Breton, N.B *'>-*^ Irrigated lands of Prairie provinces. . .. J|J likes ''sc7"sub-lndexes of 'eoch of the' different provinces and territories Lakes and Canals. Chapter VII. the Great LaKes and Canals . JU» see sub-lndexe. under each of the different province.. Latitude of Canada compared with Europe ' Latitude of Nova Scotia Latitude of New Brunswick Latitude of Ontario Latitudes of Prairie Provinces ••, . LalilU'lf's of BrttlBh Columbia '"^ • Latitude of Halifax compared with Genoa, Italy . . . . •• ■ • latitude of Yarmouth, N.S., compared with Marseilles, Prance . . 85-91 St 9S 123 174 IB IE CANADA TIIK COINTKY OF TIIK TWKNTIKTII tK.NTl'HY. 273 PaM Latltud* or 8t. John, N.H. coroparMl with V«nle«, Italy &t tiBtltud* of Montreal comimrril with V«nU'«, Ilsly il Latltud* or Toronto compnml wl'l; Mor»nc», Italy is t«tltuit« of Hamilton. Ont., romi>are4 with MarwIIlM «K Latitude of Uotmr Factory, Ont.. (-ompareil with London »ft Latltud* of WInnlpvK. Man HI Ijktitudc of I'ort Nelaon romparrd with Abrrdnn ;JI Latitude of H«k<»:i comiiarnl with Portamouth |2S Latitude of CalKnry compared with London ut Latltud* of Rdmonlon compared with Hancheater its Latitude of Punve(nn In Pt-are Hlv«r rtlatrlct romparad with Dundee.. .. 121 Latitude of Victoria, Br., compared with Parla 174 I.ert, BO [[ 17J T^athar and It! producta. 8>'e " Hanufacturea of Canada " JSl LmuI rallnliK 211 Laad recovered from Cannillan ore» U Lead In New Brunawlck m Laad In Ontario 147 Laad In Britlah Columbia .. ..171; 174 Lisnitpa of Prairie Provlncea _ ..ijl; ill Ufa Aaaurance, amount In fore* K Lime. Canadian production I4 Llinettone. 8re aub-lndexea different province! and terrlloriee. Unan and dreaaed flax 2t| LWa 8toi :<. Bee aub-lndex under ' Farm Producta and Food Manufac- . turea" 2,,. Londim Lumber. Hrr aub-lndex under " Foreat Producta and Wood Hanufncturea "! Manganeae. Cnnadian production Mansancae In .Nova Hcotlu Mansancae In New Brunawlck Mancnneae In the Macdalen lalanda of Quabec Masnealle. Canadian production Masnealte In Quebec . . . . . . Manitoba, Province of. Sep aub-lndexea under " Prairie Provlncea " and under " Weatern Plain ". Manufacturlns Induatrien, capital Inveated. output, value of producta, etc.. Manufuctureii of Canada (Chapter XV) 207- 8re oiao Chap. XVI. " Foreat Producta and Wood Manufacturea." and Chap. XVII. •• Farm Product! and Foo 220 22.'; 20s 20> 874 tasaha tiik coixthy oir rii* twejitiktm ir.?(Tr«Y. Pam C»p», hull »nit tun JJJ C»r|i«l«, m«l» and ru«« f" C»rrlaBti, WBBonii. blcyclo »nil ■utomobllm J" Ckudic »oa«d»ra biiiI olhrr MMl'utn proilm-l* 1" «*>mciit InduatrlM JjJ Ch»mlc»l lndu»tr(«» "J «'lB«ni, c'lBHr«lt»« «nd lobucco •" Cobalt illver, mllltnc of "J Comlw unil button! J" Vopfitr, nickel anil «lnp, nmrlllni anil nflnlnc of »■• Cordncr, rope nnil t» 'Mii Jj. Corda, frIngM and iHMJla JJ: Corarti and ■tipplla* Ijj Cotton ban J J. rotton fabrlea JJJ DrraMd dax and lln»n JJj Dr«»- -d fura Jr. Drat and medlrlnca Jl? ■laatlP Kooda and nibbrr "J Blactrlcal apparatua and auppIlM J?" ICIartro-inatallurBlral InduatrlM Jjl Bn«lnM. bollrra and mafhinea ?'" Bxploalvra ,., Export* of Cnnudlnn mnnufai-turaa •"" Export! of Iron nnd aterl (not ipaclflad) J" Extract of hemlock ," ractory-made clothins "" Fancy «ood» and feather itooda J" Feldapar and potaah •• •• •■••..••■,••,,■•;■ Pertllliera. u»e of calcium cynamlde. nitric add and nitrate of lima in manufacture "» • j" PIre arms, rlflea, Buna. etc •• •••••••• ". '^.JJ, Food manufacturea. See aub-lndex under "Farm Producta and Food Manufacturea ". Foundry and machl\e ahop product! J" Frinitea. corda and taaaela JJ* Fura, hatB and capa J" Fura (dreaaed) "J Oaa buoya J{. nlaaa manufacturea JJ? Oluea. Inka and blackln* Jl* aiove* and mittena J" Oraphlte Induatrlea • •• ■• •• •• ••.■•, ' '..l' ■/ .il Growth of exporu of Canadian manufacturea (al.ica besinnini of »• twentieth century) ••'| Ouna. rldea and flrearma •• ": Hnmmera, aawa, axea, toolB and «eneral hardware "' Hardware, etc Jl] Hata, capa and furi J:: Hoalery and knit Boodii J" Hydro-electric enemy In manufacturlnit J"J Induatrliil fatabtlahmenta In Canada ;"J Inka, blacklns and Rlue t' Iron and braaa bedMteada ,., Iron and ateel bridites J" Iron and Bteel exporta. not otherwise apeclded ji-.tij Iron and ateel Induatrlea "" • *" Jewellt-ry Induatrlea JJ, Knit Boods and hofclery J*J T^ead production .it Lend reflnlnn -«l Leather and Ita producta j^j i-«lme, nitrate of 2«i Linen and dreaaed flax ,-• LInotypea and typewriter! ,,, T.ncomotlve« and railway cara ,.jl Machines, boiler* and enRinea 1.. Machine ahop and foundry producta Ji; Mata, ruga and carpets CANADA rilK ml WTHV <>V TIIIC rWKNTIKTII (KMTrKy. 27.". PaM Mattr«ui'H ami iprlnf bcdi 2V> llrilli'incii iiml ilruip Ill Mrn'a furiilihlndi 215 Mrulllr rooftriK iinil floorlnt II* Mtllmc sllvrr nr« of cobalt ill MIncriil anil arrutml walera »( MilUfia and clovvi »1 Uu>li-nl Inalrumtnia t20 Nlcltrl, ropprr nnil tltir, nnplllnir anil rrflnlnv or 213 Nllrotan produria aatrartad from th« atmoaiihrrr 20» ^ 11« Nitric arid and nitrnta of lima }•( Nitric arid, ua* of In manufaclurlnt aaploalvaa, dyta, aulphurtc add and f»rtlli«!• Potaah from ftldapar 11* I'ottary, brifk and tile 2tB Railway rara and lovomollvaa 22A RIflM, Buna nnil Hr* itrma 21 > Rope, cordata and twine >il Rubber Hml elaallo (ooda 221 RuiB, mala ami carpeta 223 Hafra anil vaulla 21* Halla, trnta and awnlnca 221 8Bwa, axea, hnmmera and (enirul hardware 217 Bewlnit machinn lit Hilk and allk Rooda 22& Hllvvr ore of cobalt, mlllinc of 312 ftmeltlns and reflnlnv of nickfl, copper and tine 213 Boap and wnahlna compnunda 213 Sodium produi'la 311 Hprlnv beila nnd mattraaaea 220 Sulphuric nelil SI 2 TaaFela, frlngra and corda 22& Tenia, aalla and awnlnga 223 Thread 223 Tile, brick and poUcry 215 Tobacco, clgnra and cicarettea 22« Toola, axea. aawi, hammera and (eneral hardware 217 Twine, rope and cordage '23 Typewrltera and llnotypea 21* Umbrellaa 22« Wagona, carrlagea, bicyclea and nutomobllea 219 WaahinK comiioundu nri I «oap •■ .. 213 Waahing nittilili.tti and wringers 21* Whlaka. bruMhci* an'l brooms 220 Wire and wire fencing SI* Wringera and WttBhing mat'hlnea 21* Wood alcohol SIS WomI manufncturcii. N<-c aub-lndex under " Foreat Producta ond Wood Manufarturea ". Woollen fabrics S25 Zinc, nickvl and copptr, amcltlng and refining of 213 Maple sugar and maple syrup 'H ; 24» Maritime Provinces, Chapter II. («"• aliio sub-lnilcxcs under "Prince EUward Island", "Nova Scotia" and "New Brunswick") 27-29 Distances from Halifax and St. John to leading ocean porta of the world Oeographlcnl advantages of '' Longevity of people Natural reaourcea Population and area ■ Water route from Maritime Provinces to Western Canada 27 Medicine Hat , • ; MetporoloKlcal records. See sub-index- a of the respective provl.ices ond territories. . • . ,. ..s ni» Meats. 8e€ aub-lndex under " Farm Producta and Foo8 ; 77 109; 137; 174 13 107 ; 7» 11 25S 213 14 ; 47 : 59 ; 79 110 139 151 174 175 13 58 79 79 109 63 ; 83 Moosejaw Natural gas in Ontario Natural gas In Quebec Natural gas In New Brunswick Natural gas In Prairie Provinces Navigation of the St. Lawrence River. ST also Chap. VIl 65 Navigation of fjreat I^kes and canals. See Chap. VII • • "- Navigation of New Brunswick rivers • -53 NavlKation of rivers and lakes of the Western Plain 118 Navigation of the Mackensle HIver New Brunswick. Chanier V. (S'c also sub-Index of "Maritime Provinces") 5 Apples 56 ; Area. 143 109 79 59 137 . «7 -.-93 ; 55 -121 120 2-63 251 52 Bay of Fundy Tides Beans Cities and Towns 59 Climate Coal. Iron and limestone Corn Farm lands Fisheries. See also sub-Index under ' Fisheries of Canada ' Forests . Fruit Gas. natur.-il gas and oil neographlcal situation Grain, specifically Including wheat. Hay, clover, alfalfa and fodder.. . Huntings grounds Iron, coal and limestone Islands of the province Liakea and rivers Latitude. oats, barley, rye and buckwheat. .BS Limestone, coal and iron Live stock. See sub-Index under " tures ". Meteorological records Minerals not otherw se enumerated Natural gas and oil Oil and natural gaa Peas. .56 Farm Products and Food Manufac- .245 Peat deposits. Potatoes . . . . .245; 53 45 6a 52 56 245 56 56 5« 251 59 52 245 247 56 ; 57 52 ; 66 52 ; 57 62 ; 58 59 59 247 57 247 f i CANADA IK lOIXTIiV «>K TIIK TWKXTIKTII CKXTIltY. - I'AQB RpviTwtiiff KiiUs of St. .lohn'M rivtT ■'.:[ niviTs, tile final Ulvirn iif tlii- provlnn' ■'■:i St. .tdliii, llic ilty mill port of r,;i;«l Tides of Bay of Fundy ^3 Tlilal iiiarHli laiiilK nria tiitil Iiy ilyklliK 'i.l Towns anil citU'H .'I'.i i:^ Turniim and maiiKolds _•'■•, *"*'' VeKCtabU'H and roots .... 5.'i ; 2ir>&2-l7 Wheat. St (irain. Newfoundland, the Is'and of . -'•' New Ontario or Northern Or irlo 97 ; 99 NiuKflra wattT-power 197 Nickel rerfivered from Canad; 'i o-.-^ , 13 Nickel mines of Ontario 1"-'; lOS; inri Nickel matte of Sudbury I'" Nitric acid manufacture from the atmosphei>. •: y electric prnceHH 2o;i . I'l" Nitrate of lime made by electric process from atmospheric nitrogen and tlmealone pi" NitroRen products from the atmosphere 209 210 Non-metallic minerals ', .. .-'] Northwest Territories, Chapter XI. 144-lol AHricultural capahlUtles of soil H^ " Barren Lands " and wonderful venctation thereof 141 Caribou or "reindeer" In " llarren Lands" •■ .MS; 149 Climate — effect of drainage and culi;vatlon _■ 14» Coiipcr in far north 1 '" '• '•'! Fisheries of " Barren Lanils" Klsh and game in the Mackenzie Uasin Forest; ir>o 14S 147 ,ir.o Fur-farminK in "Barren Lands" Minerals In far north Musk-oxen in " Barren Lands" Ilelndeer in " Barren Lands " ■ SunliKht hours in the territories 1 " ■ Nova Scotia, I'rovince of. Chapter IV. (Also see sub-Index of "Maritime Provinces")., .. ** Agriculture Annapolis and Cornwnllls valleyr as fruit-growing centres Apiile orchards and their wonderful production (also gee fruit) . . .3i Area of province Bel! By-products of coke ovens. . . . Cape Breton Cape Breton, Iron and steel of. Cities and towns Climate ir.o 151 l.-iO 149 11. '■ i-.".l 3X 37 : 3» 35 24 r> 43 3.'! 40 , 47-51 .3.-.; 37 Coal Coke ovens, liy-products of ',..■;,', Comparison of Nova Scotia's area, climate, population, etc., with Bel gium, Holland and certain states of the American Union Corn ■ ; • '*-',',, Fisheries. (Also see sub-Index under " Fisheries of Canada ) 19: Forests . 40 42 3.-. 24.'> 39 38 Fruit Fruit-growing, co-operation of fruit growe (leographlcal situation Cold. 251 38 3.'. 411 tira'ln,' specifically including wheat, oats, barley, rye and buckwheat. , 245 Halifax as a landing place for steamship passengers 4 2_4j Harbours of Sydney and Loulsburg „ Hay, clover alfalfa and fodder corn ore. 247 45 40-46 • Farm Frwlucts and FooU Maniifao- Iron Iron and steel Live Slock. See sub-Index uiuUr tures." „„ . ,„ Manufacturing Industries Jt Meteorological records Minerals not otherwise enumerated .46; 278 CANADA THE COl.NTKY OF TIIE TWE.NTIKTJI CKNTUKY. Peas 2ti Populatfon 35 I'Dtatoea 245 Steamship routes, distance advantage of Sydney over all I'nited States ports tradInK with (irent Uritalii. Kurope, Suuth America anil Africa 43 Steel and Iron 40-40 Situation of 35 Turnips and munRolds 245 Vegetables and roots 245 ; 247 Nursery and fruit stock 11 ; 251 Nut trees on farms 249 Oata 213: 247 Oils of flsh and whale 1S7 Old Ontario 97 Ontario Hydro- Electric I'ower <'oniml8slon 202 Ontario, Province of. Chapter VIII 95-117 Agricultural landH 97 ; 99 Apples 97 Algoma District 97 Algonquin Parli, forest and game reservation 97 Area of province 95 Means S15; S47 Boundaries of province 95 Cheese 97 ; 253 Cities and towns 110-115 Climate 95 ; 90 Coal, absence of 99 Cobalt, discoveries as to new uses and value 106 Cobalt silver mines 106 Copper 103 ; 106 Copper In nickel ores of Sudbury 103; 105 Corn 245 District of Algoma, mineral wealth of 97; 99 Dairy-farming 97 Fruit farms 97 Fruit growing 97 ; 251 Flax 245 Gas fields 109 Gold 100 Grain, speclflcally including wheat, oats, barley, rye and buckwheat. ..97 ; Z45 Grapes 97 Hay, clover, alfalfa and fodder corn 247 Iron ores 101 ; 102 Lakes and rivers. (Also see sub-index under "Lakes and Canals")... 97-99 Live stock. See sub-Index under "Farm PioJucts and Food Manu- tures." 239; 241 Manufactures of the province. Sre manufactures described In cities and towns of Ontario, pages 110 to 115 ; a!8o see sub-indexes under " Manufactures of Canada," " Forest Products and Wood Manufac- tures " and "Farm Products and Food Manu'actures ". M irological records . . . 95 ; 96 Mineral wealth 99-110 Orchards 97 ; 261 Nickel mines 102; 103; 106 Northern wilderness of Ontario, the wonJerful natural resources thereof tS Patricia District 117 Peaches 97 Peas 245 I'eat beds 99 Petroleum 109 Population 96 Potatoes .... 245 Salt 107 Silver r. Ines 10( Sudbury mines ..105; 106 Sugar beets 245 Rivers and Lakes. See Lakes and Rivera Tobacco 249 CANAKA TirK COTNTUY llF TIIK TWEXTIKTII CK.NTIUY. 270 ) \ Turnips and mangold* Unlver«ltle». Sro Bducatlonnl Inatltutloiio. Vegetables u ml root H Wealth In rocks Oats Ottawa 245 See sub-Index under " Forest Products and 246 99 243 ; 24S 111 Paper and manufactures of. WooA TIIK tOfXTHY OF TUE TWEXTIKTH CKSTI RY. Vaok Chei'iie 2^3 Climate " Cltleg mill towns S' : J* Condenaeil milk 81 ; 26» FarmlDB 31 ; 32 Fertlhiera, UHe of munael mud 31 Fiiheries. (AUo »cf su' -Index under " Fisheries of Canada ") 31 FrulU ';.; =" *'ur-farmlng '- • f' (Jeonraphli'al Hituatlon **' (iiain, »peciR ally liicludlnK wheat, oatii, barley .y< and buckwheal32 ; 24.j Hay, clover, u'.falfa and fodder corn -*• Live stock. Sir i,ub-liidex under " Farm Products and Food Manu- t;icture»." Milk, condensed 31 ; iJS I'eas '^^ Population Jz Potatoes -}" Rail and water transportation '■^* Soil and the principal product* thereof 31; ii Steamship and railway lines J* Tourists' resort *J Towns . . . _^^ J Turnips and mangolds ;^ Jj'j^ Vegetables and roots ■•■■ '• -Jj Prince llupert ,•• -J"!; '"< : "" Provinces and territories of Canada — Bee " Six Qreat District* J Pulp and puljiwood. liiv sub-index under " Forest I'roducts and Wood Manufactures". Pyrites. Canadian production • • ■• 'J Pyrites deposits In Ontario '"* Quebec city " guiber. I'rovince of, ("l-apter VI """" Agricultural lands '~ Area «= Asbestos, tlie Immense depo*lt* of ■' Barley. , 70 ; 243 ; 245 ; 247 Beans J" Butter ^°^ Channels of the Upper St. awrence "< Cheese 2" Cities and towns " Climate »'» : " Coal, absence of „'2 corn :, 2« Dairying and dairy products ' • ", B'arm lands i* Fisheries. (See also sub-Index of " Fisheries of Canada ") i» Max 245 Forests, division Into different classes ]J Fruit '•'••2" Oeographical situation ""^ CJraln, speciflcally Including wheat, oats, barley, rye and buckwheat.. 245 tiraxing lands 'J Hay. clover, alfalfa und fodder corn ,07? Iron ores '^-'J Lachlne rapids " Lakes Live »tock. Hee "Farm Products and Food Manufactures" 239; 241 Maple sugar and syrup '" Meteorological records *' Minerals not otherwise specified .;•,"■■ 1 "I, i? Montreal city, general description, population, harbour, statistics, etcX' ; 83 gfi,"""""' .■; .■,■.•.■....■■..■■..■•.. 7b;' Mi': 245; 247 P^as'.". v. '.■.■;. "..'■..'.■.■..■ "5 Quebec city, general description, statistics, etc.. "3; 84 Rivers '^~"* C'A.NAIiA TlIK tOlSTUY OF THE TWEXTIKTII CENTURY. 281 Paob Klver St. I^awrenep ; niivlKatInn, nilnsHnir of freiih and nen wutprH. cli'.fi'i; t>7 BsKuenay river 65 Tide nt Three Illv»rii Utt TImlH-r llmlti 71 Tobacco RrowInK and manufacture.. 70; 249 TowiiH anil iltleii Sl-«4 t'nirava District «5 ; TO Vegetables 70; 243; 245 ; J47 Wheat 24.') Railway and Hteamahip lines 20-23 Railways, continuous routes from coast to coast 3 Railways, passengers and freight i^arrled by steam and electric railwayp. 10 Reglna 143 Rivers and Lukes. Mcc I^kes and Rivers. Rubber and elastic goods. See " Manufactures of Canada " ^21 Salt production of Canada 13 Salt, extensive bedM in Ontario .. in7 Salt, purl'.y of Ontario salt ; Its suitability for manufacture of caustic soda, bleaching powder and other sodium products K.7 Structural materlalx and clay productH. 14 Saskatchewan, Province of. Srr sub-indexes under "Prairie Provinces" and "Western I'lain " llS-143 Saskatoon 143 Sawmill statistics. Ki'r sub-Index under " Kore»t Products and Wood Manufactures ". Silk and silk goods 225 Silver production of Canada 12 ; 13 Sliver In Ontario 10.'. ;l(i« Silver in British Columbia 171 ; 174 Silver, cobalt ores of Canada 105 ; 10« Smelting and reflning of nickel, copper and sine 213 Seeds 24» Sheep— See Live Stock 239;24S Skins and furs of wild animals 11 ; 12 Soap — See sub-index " Manufactures of Canada." St. John 2S ; 5D ; «1 Steamship and railway lines 20-23 Steel and Iron. Sre Iron and Steel. Structural material* and clay products 14 Southern Ontario »« Sudbury mines 102; 105 Sugar beets 245; 247 Swine. See Live Stock 239; 241 Talc, Canadian production 13 Talc deposits in Ontario 107 Tar sands of Athabasca 135 Textiles. Hee sub-Index " Manufactures of Canada ". Timber. Sue sub-Index under " Forest Products and Wood Manufactures ". Tin in Nova Scotia 46 Tin In British Columbia 174 Tobacco. See sub-Index " Manufactures of Canada ". Toronto 110 Towns and cities, growth of 1} ; 20 Trees, names of principal Canadian trees 227; 229 Tripollte, Canadian production 13 Tripolite deposits In Nova Scotia 46 Tripollte deposits In New Brunswick 58 Tungsten deposits In Nova Scotia 46 Tungsten deposits in Quebec 77 Tungsten deposits In British Columbia . "4 Ungava District 65 ; 70 United States, comparisons with Canada: (a) Physical distinctions.. .. 7 >b) Population 8 (c) Immigration 8; 9 Id) Comn- -ce .... 9 Universities. See Educational Institutions. Vegetables. See also sub-Index under "Farm Products and Wood Manu- factures"; also under sub-Indexes of the different provinces. 10; 11 ; 245; 247 k.ii-a 2»2 CANADA TlIK rorXTKY OF THE TWENTIKTH CKNTURY. t'AOl VfMiu'lii iiiiil l;->.il-<. Wy auli-lndex " Mnnufurluri* of Cannila ". Water lommunlciitlonn. I)omlnlon-w;ili> fiu'l ltle» » Water routf from Maritime Province! to Wc»ter/. Canada 27 ; »» Wiitt-r-iiowfrM (, Cunurtn. Chapter XIV J ""'"iHl Auxiliary ateam iiower where water-power la limited to certain monthi. 200 Rrltlali Columbla'a water-powera 202 Coat of water-power In Ontario JOJ Developed water-powera of Canada. . |?° (iovernment reports In reapect of water-power. . i*» Hydro-Kleclrle rower CommlMlon of Province of Oiilarlo IHn . -Oi Internattonnl Wnterwnya Commlaiilon, report rr Niagara Knlla wiiter- Pow.r.. \ll Maritime provlncea water-power '" Xlagara water-power JjJ] Northern lone water-powera -"J Ontario and Quebec water-powera .. •• ■• •• ;,o,«« Weatern Plain, The. Chapter IX. Alao aee "Prairie Provlncea ill " Barren t>anda " *" Foreata J" Hudaon Bay Railway '-J Hudson Bay Territory ■ : Jl' L«kea and rivera IIoJ'i Mackenile ayatem of rlvera and lakes ' ' ' ' J „; ■. o ;^ ' Ui Natural aubdivlalona : Prairie. "Barren Landa" and Foreat Region.. 121 Prairies ' "^ Rivera Kre Lakes and Rivera. Klver ayatema 141 ^Innip^K ■ Wheat. Alao a e sub-lndextH under different provlncea; "'■".""''f " i"™. ,.- Products and Food Manufactures • 10 ; 16 ; 248 : 245, Z4( Woodenware and all wood manufacturea See sub-Index under Foreat Products and Wood Manufacturea." Wooilen goods. Sec aub-lndex " Manufacture! of Canada.' fukon Teirltory 1, SSI nc ores, Cana-llan production.. '2 Zinc blend" In Quebec ... Zinc In Ontario ' . Z'nc In British Columbia in galena orta CANADA THK corNTHY OF TIIK TWEXTIKTII CKXTIRY. 283 MAPH. 1 Map of tht world. »howlnK Canada's KeoKra|ihii'ul sUuntlon t)i twiin Kurope and Alia. Op|)o«lte paKe 3. I'hapler I. 2. Map of Nova Scotia anil Prince Kdvrard Island. Opiioslte pane 35, Chapter IV 3. Map of New Brunswick. Between pases DS and 53, Chnpter V. 4. Map of Quebec. Oppo<-'*c pace 65, Chapter VI. 5. Map of Ontario. Opposite pace 95, Chapter VIII. 8. Map of Western Plain. Between pages 118 and IIU, Chapter IX. 7. Map of Pmlrle Province*. Opposite page 123, Chapter X. S. Map of Northwest Terrttorles. Between pages 144 and 145, Chajrter XI. 9. Map of British Columbia and the Yukon. Opposite page 153, Chapter XII. 10. General Map of Canada. At end of volume. ! ! n } ^- I fi 'W^-^'-'"'