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Fkhm tiik Amkuican .\ntiii;oi.oi,.,(;,st fou Jin.Y, 1SS9.] 
 
 WHO ARE THE AMERICAN INDIANS?* 
 
 1!\ IlKNkN W i;Tili;k|;|.;|.; II |.;\,siia\V. 
 
 AMicn Columbus discovered A.nenVa h. disrovered net only a new 
 <ont,nent hut a ne\v people-the American Indians. Vvom one end 
 to the other of its broad expanse the c<.ntinent was occupied by In- 
 <lian trd,es that had held the lan<l from time immemorial-so Ihr at 
 cast as their (,wn traditions aver-knou in^^^ nothing of anv country 
 but their own. The commonly presented picture of the Indians as 
 they appeared at the time (,f the discoverv is that of a horde <.f wan- 
 dering sava-es, half or wholly naked, livin- on roots and herbs ,„• 
 
 existing by the cai)ture of wikl animals 
 
 scarcely more savai^^e than 
 
 themselves, and the ,hief objects of wiiose existence was to .-nslave 
 to torture, and to kill each other. Those who hnld such opinions 
 have ever .aken a hopeless view of the ln<lian's present and a still 
 more hopeless view of his future. Su.h a picture .onvevs a totally 
 false impression of the Indian and of the state of culture to which 
 he had attained at the era of the dis<-overv. Thou-h still livim,^ in 
 sava-ery, he was in the upper confines of that estate and was ^'ast 
 pi-essino- npon the second sta-c of progress, that of barbarism-that 
 IS to say, he had progressed far bevond and above the lowest states 
 in which man is known t.. live, to sav nothing of the still lower c-on- 
 <Iitions from which he must have emerged, and had traveled manv 
 steps ahmg the long and difficult road to civilization. 
 
 Already he had l,e<-ome skillful in the practice of manv arts 
 I hough the skins of beasts furnished a large jart of his clothing, he 
 
 *A lecture delivered in li.e Nntio.ul Museum, Washin^rton, 1). C March 
 .10 iSSy, ,M the " Saturday Course," uuder ti.e auspices of the .Vuthropoio-ncal, 
 I.M.loK.cal, ( hem.cal. Naiional Ceo.^n-aphic, and Philosophical .Societies ■"" 
 
 25 
 
 
 ( ' 9.1) 
 
 
 ll 
 
 £1 
 
 d 
 
 I'll I 
 
 (,7 06 6 
 
11)4 
 
 TlIlO A.Mi;i!|(AN ANI'lli:()|M)|,()(iIsr. 
 
 [\'..l. II. 
 
 had possessed himself of the \vea\er's art. and iVdin die hair of main 
 animals, from llie down of birds, and from die Hliers of many plants 
 he knew how to spin, to weave, and to (l\e fabrics. 
 
 ISasket-iuakinL; he had carried to s;) hinh a degree of iierfeelion 
 that little further impro\ement was possible. 
 
 The potter's art also was his. and though his niethods were crude 
 and laborious the results achie\e<l. both as regards grace of form and 
 ornamentation, may well excite admiration at the present daw 
 
 Coi)per had been discovered and was mined and roughlv beaten 
 into shape to serve for ornament and, to some slight extent, for me- 
 chanical use. In .Mexico and I'eru gold, silver, and copper were 
 worked, and many authors contend that the method of making 
 bron/e, an invention fraught with tremendous possibilities, had 
 there been discovered. 
 
 In much of South and (Central .Vmerica, .Mexico, and the eastern 
 ])arts of the L'nited States so important an advance had been made 
 in agriculture that it furnished a ver\' large pari of the tboil suppl)'. 
 and it should not be forgotten that the <'hief product of the Indian's 
 tillage, mai/e or Indian corn, which to-day furnishes a large part 
 of the world's food, was the gift of the Indian to civilization. .\ 
 scarcelv less important contribution to matd<intl is the potato, the 
 cultivation of which also originated with the Intlians. .\ third im- 
 portant agricultural i)roduct. though less beneficial, is tobacco, the 
 use and cultivation of which had been tliscovered centuries before 
 the advent of the I'',uropean. 
 
 .\rchilecture may seem like a large word to a])pl\- to the dwellings 
 of the Indians. Nevertheless nian\- of their houses were more sub- 
 stantial and comfortable than is generalh- su|)])osed, while in the 
 Northwest mam tribi's reared dwellings of hewn planks, sometimes 
 as large as 210 feel long l)\ _:;o feet wide, which were capable ol 
 accomm;)dating several hundred indi\ idiials. .More pretentious and 
 durable were the communal houses of mud and stone reari'd b\ tin- 
 pueblo ])eople of .\ri/ona. New .Mexico, and Mexico, while further 
 south, in Central and South .\merica. were edifices of hewn stone, 
 which from their dimensions, the si/.e of some of the blocks con- 
 tained in them, a.nd die extent and ornate ( haracter of the orna- 
 mentation, justlx' excite the wonder and admiration of the traveler 
 and arch;eoIogisl. 
 
 The advantages of a beast of biinkn had been percei\i'd. and 
 though tlie liiiman ba< k furnislu'd b\ far the greater part of the 
 
Iiilv r,SS(). 
 
 WHO AIM': TIIK AMKIJK AN INDIANS? 
 
 Itl." 
 
 tr;iiis|iurlali()n. wl in \(irtli Aincric;; tlif do^;' liail Iicl'H traiiu'd inti) 
 an (.'HVc live a!l\-, and in the Andes llir Ihnna pertorniL'd ;i similar 
 ottui'. Insigniricanl ;is wa.s llir iisr of die do^;' as a carrier, its eni- 
 pliiynK'nt cannot well be overestimated ;;s ;; ^lep in progress when it is 
 rememhered that the ])Iaiii's trihes th;;l mo^t einploxed it li\ed in the 
 midst of the liiilTaJo. ;;n isnimal which must ha.\e liecome of prime 
 (h)meslic importance in the ne\er-to-lie-en;;cted future of the Indian. 
 
 The nei'd of some method of recording;' e\ents and connpuni- 
 calin^L;- ide;is had heen felt and had L;i\en rise. e\en amoni;' the ruder 
 trihes, to i)iclure-\\rilini;-, which in .Mexico and ("entrr.l .\nierica had 
 been so far developed into ideoL^rap'hs. popula.rh' called hieroi;l\ phics, 
 as to hint stron^l) at the next stai;e. the invention of a true phonetic 
 ali)hal)et : nay more, thie Mexicans and .Mavas are lielie\ed to ha\e 
 reached a sl;!;j,e of true phonetic writing;, where characters were made 
 to represent not ihin.ns. as true i(leoL;r;ii)hic writing;-, hut the names of 
 lhini;s and e\en of ahstra.ct idea.s : and this is a sla,:;e which may he 
 said to he on the \ery threshold of (ine of the proudest achievements 
 of ci\ili/,;;tion, th;U of a phonetic alphabet. 
 
 Instead of li\ ii\y in an unorganized state, where each man was a 
 law unto himself in all ihinn's. the Indians li\ed under organized 
 tonus of government, niile enough indeed when compared with the 
 highlv organized s\slem of civilized nations, but marking an essen- 
 tial advance on the conditions ;illained by savage peoples in other 
 ])arts of the world. 'The chiefta.incv was transmitted by well-under- 
 slo;id laws or, as in s:)me tribes, was more piirelv elective. Their 
 social svstein was \erv mgenious a.nd com]ilex. and. being based 
 largelv upon kinshij) ties, was singularlv well ("itled for the slate to 
 which thev hr.d attained, of which indeed it was simplv ;in expression 
 and outgrowth. In manv sec ti;ins a considerable advance had been 
 made in political confedera.tion. a.nd neighboring tribes combined for 
 defensi' and to wage war aga.insl a common enemy. They had in. 
 vented manv and singularlv efficient hiws to repress and punish 
 lawlessness against the indiviilual and the social bodv, and as a 
 consec|uence thev enjoyed almost entire immunity from theft and 
 main other crimes. 
 
 The development of religious ider.s a.mong our Indians is a curious 
 and instructive study. Though the Creat Spirit and the Happy 
 Hunting (Iroiind which missionaries a.nd theologians thought they 
 had discovered among them are now known to have had no exist- 
 ence, the Indians had bv no means reached the state ot culture in 
 
 UfllVERStTY OF Wir^DSOR LIBRARV 
 
 'I 
 
 *"l 
 •"I 
 
1!)0 
 
 TIIK AMKKICAN A N'l II i;()l()|.( i( , 1ST 
 
 [\ul. II. 
 
 which they wltc found w illioiit (lc\i.'l()|)inL,f religions. 'I'hcir l;()(Is or 
 fetishes were innumerable, their priests endowed witii immense in- 
 fluence, and their ceremonies of devotion and propitiation were as 
 devout as they were elaborate. 'I'iie pre( ision of the beliefs of many 
 tribes and the elaborateness of their rituals are simply astonishiuL;. 
 'I'hus their advance in the domain of relii^ious thought e(|ualled, if 
 it cUd not sur])ass, their progress in some other directions. 
 
 If by medicine we mean the rational treatment of disea.se, the 
 Indian can be saitl to ha\e learned only the rudiments of the heal- 
 ing art. Medicine, in so far as it was a distinct profession, was 
 almost wholly in the hantls of the Medicine Man or Shaman, who 
 filled the two-fold office of i)riest and doctor. Neither the theory 
 nor the practice of the Shaman had in it anything that was rational 
 and very little that was efficacious, except through tiie iniluence exer- 
 cised over the mind of the patient, in other words, exce])t so far 
 as the .Shaman was a faith-curer. \\'hate\er that is marvelous in 
 the moilern cases of faith cure can be more than matched out of the 
 practice and experience of the Shaman, who learned his trade long 
 bi.'fore the lMir()|)ean came to these shores, lie whi) v\oiild see the 
 Indian Shaman need not seek the wilds of the l""ar West. He may 
 fmd his counterpart on Pennsylvania avenue. The whole medical 
 practice of the Indian Shaman was based upon the idea that all 
 disease was the effect of evil disease spirits that had obtained lodg- 
 ment in the body, or that it was caused by witchcraft, and so long as 
 practice was directed to the dislodgment of these spirits no rational 
 treatment was ])ossil)le. I am aware that the above idea of Indian 
 medicine is contrary to jjopular belief, which to some extent at least 
 is in harmonv with the claims of alleged Indian doctors of white 
 extraction who claim to have derived their skill anil their herbs 
 directly from the hands of Indian experts. Recent and carefully 
 conducted investigations on this subject, however, fully substantiate 
 the above statements, 'i'hough roots and herbs were employ.'d in 
 the treatment of nearly all diseases, tiiey were chiefly used as adjuncts 
 to the charms and sorceries of the medicine man. Often they were 
 not given to the patient at all, but were taken by the medicine man 
 to heighten his jjower over the disease sjiirits. Often they were 
 a])plied by being rubbed on the body of the jiatient or by lieing 
 blown in the sha|)e of smoke on the afllicted part. 
 
 Among the Indians was found nourishing to a remarkable degree 
 the so-called doctrine of seals or signatures. .\ few examples of 
 
II. 
 
 July 1SS9. I 
 
 WHO AKio nil'; amimmcan Indians' 
 
 VSi 
 
 thr (loctriiic dcriwd tVoiii lliu caslcMi ('liLTdki l)\ Mr. JaiiR's Mooncy 
 may |>i()\c nt' iiUcivsl. I )()Ii1)11l'ss \(iii :\w all t'amiliar with tliu (oik' 
 llowcr. 'I'lic Cheroki catl it deer cyt-. i'.iid iVoiii its l";;ii( icd ivsriii 
 hlancc I;) llic stroni^-sinhlcd l'\c of die deer a.iid its coniKc tion by 
 name, lor the lndi;;ii believes that there is a iioleiU (oniiec tion lie 
 tweeii the name of a tliiii,n and the tiling; itself, it is used as a wa.sli 
 for ailiiiL; e\es. 
 
 'I'he common purslane { rinliilaiii (iliracra) is used as a \ermi- 
 fuge, because the red stalk looks like a. worm. 
 
 .\n infusion of the roots of the hoars pea ( '/'(/^/irosid 7'//-i;/iii(iiiti), 
 called de\ il's shoe-slrini^s in the South because of their loiii^hness, is 
 used b\ the Cheroki b;dl-pla\ers ;is a wash to strengthen their bodies, 
 and by the women as a h;iir wash to strengthen it ;md keep it iVom 
 fallinij,'. 
 
 Who of you has ever walked in our woods w ilhout i^etting on his 
 clothing the common beggar's lice ( Drsiihidiiiiii)'^ How tenaciously 
 the\' stick vou all know : s;) do the Cheroki, and because the burrs 
 stick fast they use a tea made of them to strengthen the memor\. 
 The Cheroki at least can dispense with the service of a l.oisette. 
 
 \'ou whose ambition it is to be good singers ha\e oid\- to drink a 
 tea of crickets, according to the Cheroki, for does not the cricket 
 jtossess a fuie voice and doth he not sing merrih? 
 
 'I'he tendency of the human mind to speculate and to dniw in- 
 ferences, a tendency connnon alike to the s;i\age and the ci\ ili/ed 
 man, cannot be held in check forever, howe\er strong the bonds ; 
 and just as knowledge and science escaped tVom priestly thrall within 
 the history of civilized times, so a certain small amount of knowledge 
 of the tlierapeutical use of drugs was gainin;;- ground among the 
 common folk of the Indians. It w;;s fairly ti i. called old woman's 
 practice, as it was largel\' in their hands. It :ew out of obserxa- 
 lion ; infusions of cert;iin herbs jiroduced certain results, acted as 
 emetics or ])urgati\es, \\W(\ hence these herbs came to be emplo\ed 
 with something like an intelligent purpose. Many of the herbs used 
 were absolutelv inert. man\- were harmful, of course, since where 
 there is jiractically no true diagnosis and no correct knowledge of 
 the effect of drugs there can be no really intelligent selection of 
 remedies; but in the case of certain simple diseases herbs, the actual 
 cauterv, and aboxe all the sweating process, were beginning to be 
 
 recogni/etl 
 
 bv th 
 
 c comnu) 
 
 n foil 
 
 
 *1 
 
 A 
 
 ml 
 t I 
 
 •'I 
 
 "I 
 
 ■"I 
 
 \s serxiceabie, and to be empioxed 
 
 to some extent without recourse to the Shaman. 
 
!),S 
 
 'nil'; A\ii:i;i<AN .\Ni'iii;(ii'(ti,o(,i>r 
 
 |V 
 
 II. 
 
 As tlir ( hilil iniisl (r-'i'|i c'i\' il can walk, in siu li llieorirs iind 
 liratnirnl, ( Inldisli iIkiiil;!) i1iv'\ ni;:\ sivni. ina\ lif (1!m>iik'(I tin.' 
 |iri;inniii^s (>: the nolilr s( irnc c ol" mi'dicinr \\lii(li. l.a', in^; lar^'ly 
 casl asidi.' ilic >n|nTslili(ins llial liinnpiai'd ils inla.iil steps, now 
 
 walks i.'i\'( I, and alllioniili 
 
 k'.lc slir sccnis lo \\i\\ J rrxivrd llir 
 
 bc'lids of litT (hildhood. Irt liandnKiidcn. s( ii'ncc. bids Iilt call 
 ihc (Irnion disL^Nc spirits i^miraiK c .snd \ i( ions lialiil>. the diseases 
 tlieiiiseKes bacilli or i^eiins. 'I'lie Indian believed thai the white 
 man carried the spii'it oi' sniall-|io\ in bottles and lei it loose 
 amoni; them. Modern science a( tnally does bottle the sniall-po\ 
 .nernis and ^ernnnale ihem alwiil. So ih.' Indian iheorvoi" dis- 
 ease reaiipears in a new lorni. 
 
 Silt h in briefest oiilliiu 
 
 are some o! the achievements ol the In- 
 
 dian as he was toiiiul b\ ci\ili/ed man. 
 
 W 
 
 halexer \aliie mav 
 
 placed upon them, whatever rank inav be assigned Ihem in the scale 
 of iiniiKiU elTorts. ihev were al least his own, and some of ihem 
 compare favorably with the record of our Arvan ancestors before 
 thev split up into the numerous nations w Inch hav e done so imich lo 
 
 CIV ili/.e the world 
 
 .\1 
 
 mv 
 
 I 
 
 am aware, hold that the Indian liad 
 
 pro_i;ressed ;is fir towards civili/atioii as his ( apra ilies admitted ; 
 others have held, aiul |iossil)lv some now hokl. that he was alreadv 
 on the decline; thev see in his crude ideas and rude inventions onlv 
 the degrailation of a liigher estate : in oilier words, instead of a 
 savaL;e preparing; to enter civili/alion through the necessary lialf-way 
 
 slate of barbarism, he is held a 
 
 half 
 
 ci\ili/.ed man lapsing;' into sav- 
 
 aijerv . Siu h views, il is needless lo sav, find no favnr in the mind 
 
 of the evoliilionisl. 
 
 'o him. ihe achievements of the 
 
 Ind 
 
 lan are 
 
 onlv the milestones which have marke( 
 
 1 11 
 
 |)rogress o! everv civil- 
 
 ized nation in ils marcii from vvluit it was to what it is; to him the 
 chief value and sii^nificance of his studies of ihe mental state of the 
 Indian, as expressed in his mv tholoj.;v , his medicine, his social and 
 political ornaid/alion, or in his more concrete arts, is the fad that 
 
 in them he re;ids the records ot his own past. 
 
 Iher 
 
 e be anv truth 
 
 whatever in the iheorv of evohilion as a|iplied to human ]ir()gress, 
 only one ini'erence - ;ni be (h-awn from the history of the Indian race 
 as it appears in liislorical pai^es and in the no less elo(|ueiU records 
 
 iiUer|)reted bv archa-oloLiists. 
 
 T 
 
 us inlereiK e is 
 
 thai, slartinu' in it." 
 
 c-areer later than some other rat es, or bemii- less iavored bv circum- 
 
 stances or conditions ol environment, or nossiblv beiiu 
 
 .■ss en- 
 
 dowed, the Indian, desiiite al 
 
 had proi^ie.ssetl an immense tlislance 
 
1 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Iiilv iSs.j, 
 
 WIK' AIM'; IIIK AMi;i;i('.\N INhlANS? 
 
 11 1! I 
 
 <) sav- 
 
 iiiiiul 
 
 in are 
 
 (■i\ il- 
 
 im the 
 
 of llic 
 
 il and 
 
 •I thai 
 
 • triilh 
 
 )grcss, 
 
 m race 
 
 ccoids 
 
 ;■ in its 
 
 ire uni- 
 
 ss rn- 
 
 slancc 
 
 towards ciNili/Mlidn ; that llu' vaci' conl.iiiR'd all tln' <;i|ia1)ilitii's Inr 
 a rnrllicr adxance and Inr acliifx inj; a ( i\ ili/niioii nf its own. dillVi-' 
 in,U, it may he, inarl<edl\ iVoni our own, as other ( i\ ili/alions differ, 
 hill slill (ontaininn within ils^'lf ;dl the L^sential.-, ol tliat wonderfallv 
 coiniih'X tiling called i i\ ili/.ition. Such at lent is the lesson vvn- 
 lution leaches. 
 
 Ilafdiy had the new land lueii discowrrd when the (|uestion 
 arose, who are the Indians and where did lhe\ come from? Natur- 
 ally enoMi^ii the lndi;m had his own answers lo these i|iiestions. 
 .\s lo who they ,nv all Irihes a,L;ree. '• We are men," s;;itl the 
 Illinois lo iIk- l''ri'nch, [\ui\ the name of ever\ Irihe in Ameriia— the 
 name hy which ihey know ihemselves — sij,Miil"ies ••true men,'" '•men 
 of men,'' '• ihe only men," as evincini,^ llieir stiperiorits to all others. 
 .\s to their oriijiti, iheir ideas are ;is confused and |)er|ile\in^ as they 
 ari' miillifarious and < onllictini;-. it ma_\' almost he said, as aianv 
 trihes so manv orinins. A large niimher of trihes ( laim to ha\e 
 originated in the localities where they were i'lrsl found h\ luiropeans, 
 where they emerged from the ground or came from the recesses of 
 some neighboring mountain. The ("hocta. for inslaiK e, claim to 
 have come from an arlillcial mound in .Mississippi. The moimd has 
 a depression at its center which is accounted for h\ the Creator 
 stamping upon it to close the aperture when he saw that a sufli< ieiit 
 number had emerged to form the ('hocta tribe. ( )ne of the Shawui 
 tribes was created from the ashes of the lire. The \'uchi, of ( Jeorgia, 
 claim to be children of the sun, who is their mother, and the earth, 
 their father, an exact reversal of the usual ]iarentage. The I'omo, 
 of ('alitV)rnia, claim that their ancestors, the ('o\dte men. were 
 
 reated directlv from 
 
 ;noli ol red earth. 
 
 gon, were made trom the ser\ ice berrv 
 
 'i'he Klamath, of Ore- 
 he ^'okut. of California, 
 
 emerged Irom badger holes, as their name implies. Somewhat more 
 poetical is the idea of the .\ht, of \'ancouver Island, who allege that 
 animals were first created at Cape Mattery, and from the union of 
 these with a star that fell from the skies resulted the Inst men, their 
 
 ancestors. 
 
 The abo\e are fair e\ami)les of the ideas entertained by the 1 
 
 n- 
 
 lians res])ectin!, 
 
 their 
 
 own origin. 
 
 iierile lhe\ cerlamU are, vet 
 
 who will maintain that they are more so than the theories of or 
 held bv the Creeks and other classical peoples? 
 
 igin 
 
 Who, tlien, are the .\merican aborigines? l''or Columbus and 
 
 his followers there was but one answer to the (|uestion. .\s I 
 
 le n 
 
 1(1 
 
 
 " I 
 "I I 
 
 
200 
 
 'IIII'; ,\Mi:i;i( AN ANIIIlnH'nl.oiilS'l-, 
 
 Vol. II. 
 
 ri';ii lud t.lir ia~.U'in sli()rr> dl India llir |a(i|jlr iniisl lie Indian^, and 
 his error is prrpcliiatcd l(i-da\ in tlir nanii'. I .aUr, w lun llir mwl)- 
 (lis((i\i'r(.'d < nni)lr\ was loniid to lie not an old, Iml a new ( nntint-nl. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ll 
 
 ic i|ur>liiin III the origin and ( (>n^an,L;iniiit\ nt ihr Indians was re- 
 nrwfd. So stronyU tinned with nliLiinns thoimhl was the iihiloso- 
 
 )h\ 1)1" llie (la\ that 
 
 (dilical sdini rs were natiirallv Inst a|i|icak'd to 
 
 to siihe the knotl\ prolik'in. As mankind was sii|ii)osed to ha\e 
 orij;inated in Asia and as all Iml the ten lost irihes were ai ((united 
 for they were ralioiiallv a|i|iealed to for the origin of the Indian. 
 Terhaps tiu' lii>i e\|ionent of the lielief in the J.'wish ori,!;in ot' the 
 Indians was Adair, who niililished his (elebrated essa\ in i 
 
 / /.s- 
 
 horoiiuiiiv kuiidiar with Indian lieliels and cnslonis. lu- sik ( e(.'< 
 
 led 
 
 in 
 
 l)riiu 
 
 ing toyether a mass ol evidence, derived Iroiii a comi arison 
 
 ol religious rites. ciniI and iiKirtial customs, marriages, iiineral cere- 
 monies, laiij^iiaL^es, ;;nd traditions, as curious :in(l contradictorN as it 
 is inc!)nclusi\e. 
 
 The Jewish ()ri,i,dn of the Indians secured a \cr\ stronj,' liold on 
 the minds o!" the writers and thinkers of the eii^lUeenth century, and 
 so i'lrinh- did tlie tIieor\- take root that it h 
 
 up, hilt is held todav by 
 
 IS never heen wliolU L^uen 
 reater or less number as the onlv r;itional 
 
 Deliel 
 
 noui 
 
 ;h tl 
 
 le laxorile. the lewish hviiothesis is b\ no means the onlv 
 
 one. Scientists and la\nien count their theories l)vthe scores. 
 
 r 
 
 IC 
 
 liil)le and ancient philos 
 of |)et li\i)olheses. 
 
 sophy alike ha\e iieeii a])i)caled to in siip|)ort 
 
 ( )ne 
 
 helie\es .\mcrica to nave heen co 
 
 ion 
 
 i/ed 
 
 iKeiiician mei 
 
 chants : anotlu'r, 
 lliaucnians, sa\s 
 
 (";irthauenian> 
 
 A 
 
 merica was neon 
 
 led bv Car- 
 
 X'eiH 
 
 and Anahuac is but another name tor .\nak 
 
 liesides, l)oth nations nracticec 
 
 1 pict 
 
 iire-writmi 
 
 hotli venerated 
 
 lire 
 
 and water, wore skins of animals, |iierced the ears, ale dogs, drank 
 to excess, t el eijra plied b\ means of fires on hills, wore all their finerv 
 on .u'oing' to war, poisoned their arrows, |)e;il drums and shouted in 
 battle. .Not an unfair e\;imple this of the scientific dediK tions of 
 the (lav. SureK he must be unreasonable who refuses to be con- 
 vinced b\ such testimonv ! 
 
 Sn\> 
 
 th 
 
 ^' I 
 
 lions Cotton 
 
 Mail 
 
 ler. the nati\i's of the countrN' now 
 
 possessed bv tin.' New Mnglanders had been forlorn and wretched 
 heatlu'n e\er since lhe\ first herded here, and thou,i;h we know not 
 when or how these Indians first became inhabitants of this miijhtv 
 
 c!)ntiiient, \et we may i^iicss that probably the (le\il decoyed those 
 
1 
 
 II. 
 
 July iss.i.j WHO .m;i; riii-. am hum an indiansv 
 
 .9 
 
 2()i 
 
 / / .T 
 
 Irniik 
 
 lincry 
 
 itL'd in 
 
 DllS of 
 
 coii- 
 
 inisc'ni1)k' s;u;i;4(.'^ hither, in hf)\>v> th;il the ,L;(is|irl would ni'vi-r conu' 
 luTo lo (lisiiirl) hi> ali^ohiti' (.•nipirt' omt thcni. 
 
 Th'j c\ i(k'n(\' th;it thi' IndiaiiN i ,nnL' fnini S( ;inilin;i\ ia ;i;i' a^ ( on- 
 \in( in,ul\ |iul as th>>i' prosinu dun thry ( anu' iVdni Ireland, or Ico- 
 Inid. ii;- ( l.Trnland. I',i|n;dl\ ( (mk iu-^ixc a:\' ihr ai'ninnrnls for a 
 lias,->a,ni' li\ the Indian ;i( ro>s licrin^- Strait from Asia. a( ros«, thr 
 Norlhcrn l'a( ifu from Jaiian or ('liina in junks, or a( ros, tlu' Sonth- 
 v':u I'acillc in (anocs iVoni tlir rohiu'sian Islands, or Australia. 
 I'!\rn .MVica is nit t')o tar distant to send its contini^a'iit to the lU'w 
 land, and ulirn tlu' o( e:'n has Ihtii drinu'd to he too hroad to ])cr- 
 niil ;; |)as^a.;t' iVoni lorei^n shores the willing imagination of the 
 w/ile.' ha^ dropped an island into mid :>( ean. and (ailed it Atlantis, 
 to facilitale alike the i rossim; of the Indian and the re( eption of a 
 fancil'ul the.)r\'. Thus there is a theorv of origin to suit the tastes 
 
 ol al 
 
 If 
 
 \(iu ha\e a special bias or preddec tion. \u\\ ha\e oid\' lo 
 
 (Hoost- lor vourse 
 
 If t 
 I 
 
 iere he an\' a.inonLT voii who dec line to hnd 
 
 the anceslors ot our Indians ainoiiij' the lews. 
 
 hieiiM laiis. ScaiKJi- 
 
 iiiivians. Irish. Welsh. ( 'artha;j,enians. l\L;\ptians. or Tarta.rs. then \<>u 
 
 St 1 1 
 
 ia\e a <hoi( e ainoiiLt the Fliiidii. 
 
 .\h 
 
 \h\\ 
 
 I 
 
 ol\ iiesians, 
 
 Chin 
 
 esi' 
 
 Japanese, or. indeed, ainonnsl almost an\ other of the children (d" 
 
 men. 
 
 osleroiis as nia\ seem niain of the theories a.liove alluded to. 
 
 nea;-i\ all o! them rest upon a certain basis ol lacl and comparison. 
 
 .M 
 
 mv. at least, of the siir.ilarities of thonL,du. < iistom. methods, arts. 
 
 reli'dons. and mvths from which the theories are deduced indeed 
 
 exist, tiiou: 
 
 ih fal 
 
 se analoiiies perinea 
 
 te them all. The thread of fact 
 
 w 
 
 Inch sustains the theories is. moro>\cr, far too slender to hear the 
 
 iei,L;ht pat iiiiin it 
 
 It is nit that 'H(_. tluMiries contain so much that 
 
 is erroneous but the proof offered is entirely insufficient, 'i'he 
 science of vesterdav reared its edifu es upon foundations of fact the 
 
 \erv si I 
 
 ditest. 
 
 1' 
 
 le S' 
 
 and more ( 
 
 lee pi \ 
 
 cience of to-dav demands broader foundations 
 
 I'irro- 
 
 V laid upon which to base its conclusions. 
 
 neous hyii ithese^ 
 
 like the abo\e have, however, been producliNe of 
 
 the 
 
 ■fill 
 
 i;reat ,ij;oo(l in pointiiiL;' out and emphasi/in,i;' some ot tlie most use 
 lessons which the student of anthropology of the ]iresent day must 
 learn and ever keep in mind. ( )f these jierhaps the most important 
 is that the human mind is everywhere jiracticall}- the same: that in 
 a similar state of culture man in ,nro|iin,L;' his way aloii.LC will ever 
 seek the same or similar means to a desired end. Thai. L,M-antin,if 
 the same conditions of environment, man acts upon them and is 
 
 2b 
 
202 
 
 Till': AMKItK'AN A NT II i;()l'( )!,()( J IS T, 
 
 L\' 
 
 II. 
 
 acted upon 1)\' their in tlic same \va\ llic world over. Hence. 
 
 in 
 
 larije ])art. arise those similarities ol customs, heliels. religions, aiK 
 arts which have been appealed to as evidences of genetic connect 
 
 d 
 
 ion 
 
 or of common origin, when, in fact, they are e\ ideiices of nolhint 
 hut ol a common humanit\-. 
 
 lis leads us to siieak hrielh- of some of the leadini 
 
 ni; 
 
 ■ihods of 
 
 classification by whicli scientists ha\e sought to sol\e the problem of 
 the origin and relation of races and among other |)eoples of our own 
 Indians. 
 
 'I'he physical tests of race most appro\ed b\ ethnologists are color, 
 vi/.. the color of the skin. hair, and e\es; the structural differences 
 of the hair: tlie Ni/e and shape of the skull as determined by ca- 
 jiacity and measurements, and the test of language. Reserving the 
 latter for more extended notice later, a few words ma\' be devoted 
 to the first named. 
 
 [•"ew of the tests formerly relied upon in classifying mankind have 
 proved less satisfactor\- to modern iinestigators than that of color. 
 The microscope appears to show that color is not due to organic 
 differences of race: noi onl\- are there great differences in the 
 color of iiulividuals of the same tribe, but of the same f;imil\-. 
 and even in the same iiKlividual at different periods of life. 'Ihiis, 
 in the case of our Indians, it is well known that the skin of the 
 infant at an earl\- age is \ery light colored, scarcely (b'slinguishable. 
 in fact, from a Caucasian child, and that it assumes a deeper shade 
 only with advancing \ears. This. I believe, is true irrespective of 
 tribe or habitat. The hair of the Indian child is brown instead 
 of black. The color of the a<lult Indian \aries within verv wide 
 limits, but singularb' enough he is ne\er copper ( olored or red. as 
 he has been called from the time of the disco\er\-. All our Indians 
 are brown, and wliile certain tribes, as the Tiiscaroras and Mandans. 
 are so light as to gi\e ri>e to the theor\- that the\' are deMendanls of 
 the Welsh, other tribes, as some of the C'alifornians. are so dark as 
 
 I sa\- black Africans, for it 
 
 to closely api)roach the black .\frican.- 
 is to be remarked, in parsing, that 
 liirht I'olored. 
 
 some 
 
 Afr 
 
 lean tribes are verv 
 
 and 
 tlu 
 
 le division of mankind into four groups — white, black. 
 
 M 
 
 oiive- 
 
 -is. m a general wa\-. consistent with fai ts. 
 
 cooper 
 
 oreo\er 
 
 ese tlivisions are. to a ( ertaiii extent, correlated witli 
 
 :eoi 
 
 ;raphi 
 
 ( ai 
 
 ranue anc 
 
 I cl 
 
 imate. and thus correspond to the color dillerence^ ot 
 
 hiuls and animah. 
 
 That tl 
 
 ie\ are a No 
 
 md 
 
 iierhaps more stru tlv 
 
July lSS(). 
 
 WHO AUK TIIK AMKIMCAN INDIANS? 
 
 20:} 
 
 corrclalc'd willi ciillmv status is not to 1)L' doiihtcd : tor it mav be 
 said, in a i;rtiL'ral way. llvil all ciNili/rd peoples are li,i;lit colored 
 and neailyall ])arl)aric and sa\a;4e peoples are dark colored. So 
 coini)lete, however, is tiie interi^Madation of color when all varieties 
 of mankind are considered. ;>,nd so intani,nl)le are the distinctions 
 which must be relieo upon to distinguish them in the case of indi- 
 \iduals and I'sen ot" tribes that it appears that while color affords 
 a convenient off-h^md means of classification, and while it mav be 
 made useful in connection with other criteria, it is (piite insufficient 
 in itself as a test of race. 
 
 The more obvious peculiarities of the hair, accortliiii; as it is 
 strai,uht. crisped, or i url\. e;irl\ attracted the attention of ethnolo- 
 ,L,dsts. The mode'ii microscope has shown that these ])eculiarities are 
 more or less intimately correlated with struc tural differences, and 
 that the straii;ht hair of the American Indian and the Mongolian is 
 nearl\- cylindrical in set tion, while the fri/zled hair of the Negro 
 and Papuan shows an o\al or (lattened section, lietween the two 
 extremes, howexer. are too many shades of difference to jiermit the 
 extensive use of this criterion as a race classifier. exce|)t in a subor- 
 dinate wav. 
 
 Much time and thought has been exjiended bv craniologists in 
 the effort to classify races by means of the skull. Notwithstanding 
 the great ingenuitv exercised in devising methods and instruments 
 to secure constant results and reliable figures as a basis lor com|)ari- 
 son. the results thus tar obtained have been disappointing. So faulty 
 were the mechanical me;ms a.dopted bv the earlier craniologists that 
 students of lo-dav are compelled to discard their data and resulting 
 cone lusions and begin almost dr iwro. There are many able men 
 who ;ire sanguine not onlv that the phvsical structure of man may 
 \et be made to revea.l secrets bearing upon the origin of races, if 
 there be more than one. but that the science of craniology in par- 
 ticular is destined to luive an important bearing upon these racial 
 problems. Whatever the future of ( raniologv or the other methods 
 of classification by i)hvsical characteristics may have in store, the 
 contradictorv results thus far obtained offer little to satisfy us. Not 
 oidv do the naturalists and ethnologists who have studied man's 
 phvsical characteristics differ as to the number of ra( es of mankind 
 .111(1 as to what constitutes a. proper basis for <lassilying them, but lliiis 
 far there has been little agreement as to the assignment of particular 
 
 tril 
 
 )es or peoples. 
 
 I'erh 
 
 laps more authorities are agr 
 
 eed that there is 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR LIBRARy 
 
204 
 
 Till'; A. M Kit KAN AN T II U(il'( »L()( i Is'l' , 
 
 V..1. II. 
 
 nil 
 1111 
 
 l)iit one race and one orinin of mankind than a^fixr upon an\- ^ivalcr 
 specific number ; i)ut when it is remembered that diere are author- 
 ities who jihice tile number of cbsliiK t races at two, lliree, four, five, 
 six, seven, eiglit, eleven, sixteen, and tlial one phxes the total as 
 hi,uii as sixty-tliree, it w ill be aL^reed, I think, that it is better to sus- 
 pend judgment and not to accept an\ presi'iU result as fmal. 
 
 We have alread\- noteil that the earlier theories of origin for the In- 
 dian, based aslhey largely were upon certain assumed analogies of cus- 
 toms, laws, religious obserxances, m\ths, etc.. rested upon such slight 
 foundations as to hardly entitle them to be classed as scientific h\- 
 poth»'s.'s. We have also seen that uj) to the present time the attempts 
 to classifv mankind liv his plnsical characters ha\e produced dis- 
 cordant results, antl that little (lejiendence is to be placed upon the 
 results themselves or upon the theories arising therefrom which relate 
 to the more i)rofound (|uestion of the origin of races. In turning to 
 the test of language, if doubt and uncertainty were left behind and 
 harmonv and agreement to:)k the place of discordant views we might 
 count oursehes fortunate indeed. Hut such is not the case. We have 
 indeed onl\- to go back a short time to find that the generalizations 
 drawn from the study of language are as crude, the hypotheses as 
 baseless, the theories as wild as are those we have just glanced at. 
 Nor is this strange, bike its sister sciences, linguistics had to ])ass 
 through a period in which spe( illation and h\pothesis, instead of 
 going hand-in-hand with facts and induction, usurped their jjlace. 
 L'ntil the inducti\e method was born no science of philology was 
 possible. i'he science of com])arati\e i)hilolog\- is indeetl of recent 
 origin, nothing worthy of the name existing before the present cen- 
 tury. Within the last fiftv \ears it has made a wonderful growth and 
 achieved results little short of marvelous. 'I'lioiigh still in its infancv 
 as regards future possibilities. ;ind while it needs and welcomes the 
 aid of all the other sciences to sobe the complex ([iiestions which 
 come pro|)erly within its domain, it is iii,.|uestion abh' our best 
 guide in ])rol)lems relating to the origin ami relalionshi[) of the 
 races of mankind. 
 
 'I'here are two broad and contradictor\ theories of the nature and 
 origin of language. 'I'he first. wlii( h mn\ be (idled thedi\ine iheorx, 
 is baseil upon biblical authority, and sees in language a di\ ine gift 
 from the Creator to the I'irst p'air. hrom the language thus miracu- 
 lously created and put into the mouth of man liaxe sprung all the 
 varieties of speech with which men luue clothed their ihotights t'rom 
 
July 1SS9.] WHO AI!K TIIK AMKltlCAN INDIANS? 
 
 20.') 
 
 tlic (Tcalion until now. 
 
 he sc'CDiid or cxolution llu'orv stvs cn 1- 
 
 (IcncL's of urowtli and (lL'velo|)nK'ni in ovcrv lanj,Miai;c spoken hv man. 
 (".)ni;)a'.-inx the lanL^iuv^^cs of liii,dily civili/ed peoples wilh those of 
 lower culture, it finds in the latter evidences of the successixe staLjes 
 tiiroiigh which all languay;es ha\e nece.ssarily passed in tlieir upward 
 
 rrowth. 
 
 nv.iin 
 
 tains that I 
 
 ingua'^e is an acipiired possession : that il 
 
 has 
 
 oriLnnated through i/owers inherent in man himself 
 
 hat hv means 
 
 ot It he measure- 
 
 Ih 
 
 e distance between 
 
 umsel 
 
 and the brutes 
 
 in 
 
 hort. b\- it more than by the ])ossession of an\ other one thinn' he 
 
 IS man. 
 
 It notes the fact that amom. 
 
 K 
 
 loies iiH- lact that anions; lower peoples ianj.;iia,Li,es are less and 
 less highly ori^ani/eil : and that amoni;- them siL;ns are much more 
 freely used than anion,:.;- the higher ; that the sij;ii lani,MiaL;e is capable 
 of a development among sava;.^fe peoples and mules so wonderful as 
 to be the medium of all classes of ideas : and notiiii; these it is pre- 
 pared to believe, though it has not yet jiroved, that there was a time 
 in the dawn of the human race when organized xocal speech was 
 unknown, and when the fingers, the facial e\i)ression and the pos- 
 
 tures of the bod\- 
 
 we 
 
 re th 
 
 e chief if not the sole me;ms possessed bv 
 
 man to communicate to his fellows his sim])le wants and ideas. .\t 
 first it may seem a startling, nay an almost incredible, idea that 
 the time was when men could not talk. I do not sa\ communicate, 
 
 for it is 
 
 hardl 
 
 \- necessar\ to remind vou 
 
 that 
 
 e\en the lower animals 
 
 ha\e means of communicalion. So much is spoken language a part 
 of ourselves, so dependent are we on it. that it appears to be as much 
 a natural possession as evesight or the power to breathe, it is ditti- 
 cult indeed to conceive of ourselves as human bein^is without it. 
 
 Yc't 
 
 each one of us came into the world without the abilitv to talk. 
 
 though doubtless we soon made it known to otiiers that ui' jjossessed 
 
 voices. 
 
 md some of us expended much time and ellort (.re we a< 
 
 ipiired the rudimenls o 
 
 peech, to sa\ nothing of the \i 
 
 ^|)ent 111 
 
 aciiuirini 
 
 acilitv 111 Its use, 
 
 lie his 
 
 tor\ of the child in this resprt t 
 
 is but an epitome of the history of the human race. Ages of the 
 childdife of the race were consumed when the organs of speech ex- 
 
 isted in a riidimentarv condition ; ages more ] 
 
 e passed ere it learned to 
 
 tram the slowlx developiiu 
 
 and 
 
 tubborn vocal organs to do its 
 
 bUHlllU 
 
 and to utter articulate sounds 
 
 md ages more were re- 
 
 (|uired ere it had organized the first harsh and uncouth vo( ables 
 into the harmonious a.nd expre.ssive thing we call language. 
 
•J(l() 
 
 I'lll': AMi:i;|( AN AMIIKdl'ol.ndlSI-. 
 
 [WA. II. 
 
 lirfoiv pnu-ccilin^ I'lirlhcr \vl ii> L;lan<r l>ricll\' al sdiik- of iIk- 
 nK''.lv,)il> v.'mMl,)\(.'(l li-,- liiv^iiistic siiuk'iits in [\vj\r cftnrts ti iiiildck 
 tliL' in\>k'ric> of liiv^ui^tic ivLitioiiship. It li:i> l.j;:i well ^ai(l thai 
 lu' wli 1 knows Inii one lanuua^c know,-, no kinuiia;4V. 'The truth oT 
 this pa'M l.i\ is I hii.'t1\- rooieil in the !:iri th.it c\lt\ c\i>tinLf kinL;"iia;;(.- 
 has \aric>l a.nd (lc\i.-lo|n.'(l tVoni earlier and ruder forms: that furthcr- 
 ui ire no lan^ua;4e h;is h.-il an independent existence, luit each one is 
 connected in its ori,uin and 1)\ aftilia.lion with sister ton^mies that 
 earlier or later in the history of the races s|ieakin,i4' them haw sepa- 
 rated tVom tlie mother lan_L;uaL;"e ;ind thenceforth ha\e pursued each 
 its own ca.reer : he then who would be master of his own tonL,qie must 
 soidv not onl\ its Micabulary and grammar. Inil for eidiL^htenment 
 i-^u main obscure points must stuih' its related dialects. How tlie 
 compara.ti\e stuilv of lani;uage is to be carried on linguistic students 
 are well a;;reed. Since lanL;ua;..;e is made up of words, each word 
 beinu" the siuii of a thought, die science of linguistics is lar^eh' the 
 siud\' of words — in other words, it is the traaiiiu;" word genealogies 
 b\ means of their et\ niology. \\\ stripping words of the accretions 
 lhe\ ha\e received in the process of time the\ ma\' be resoKed into 
 roots, and b\ the comparison of these roots the philologist obtains 
 proof of relationshi]! and classifies languages into linguistic families. 
 
 It max be well at this jioint to del'me i lea>rl\' what linguists mi'an 
 b\' a linguistii- familw A linguistii family is a group of languages 
 whiih ha\e sprung from a common pa.rent language. I'he fn^st 
 re-paisite of a linguistic faniil\-. therefore, is that the languages com- 
 posing it shall be related geneti< all) : the seidiid. that the\' shall 
 not be relatevl to the langua>ges of an\ other familw luich famil\- 
 thr.s consists of a group of languages wholh disconnected from all 
 other families. 
 
 \"<iltaire vihI iliat to the etNinologist \owels are of little conse- . 
 quence and the lousonants of iione at all. ami lor mu< h tlKit | asses 
 for etyniologi/ing there is as much truth as wit in the sa\ing. lint 
 tiK-re are eixmologists and et\ inologists ; nioieoxer. in most related 
 languages there is a large b. id\' of words, whose resemblam es are so 
 obvious and the manner and extent of the < haiiges the\" lia.\e luider- 
 gi.ne so < lear that he wh > runs ma\ read. I'he ( hief danger to the 
 stinicnt in dealing with such ma.terial is to mistake ap] areiit for real 
 resemblances. aiid to be led to present false word analogies as e\i- 
 
 ces ot true i^elletic 
 
 den 
 student i> 
 
 itionsiin 
 
 Much. then, of the work of t 
 
 le 
 
 ■ 
 
 eas\ 
 
 mt as 
 
 cle. 
 
 with linuuistK clianu'es more 
 
II. 
 
 July iSSy, 
 
 WHO AKi; I'lii': .\mi:i!Ic.\n Indians 
 
 20^ 
 
 nagcs 
 lir-l 
 
 coiii- 
 luill 
 
 amil)' 
 
 Mu all 
 
 (in--c- . 
 a>-'cs 
 
 r.ut 
 
 related 
 arc x* 
 imlcr- 
 to iIk- 
 iir real 
 a-^ e\i- 
 i<( the 
 inorc 
 
 and more remote in point of time the L^reater is the dittK iill\ . and he 
 who undertakes the task of ((imparinyw ith eai h other all of the lan- 
 
 fuaires into wliicli the lari^er hn'Mnstic 
 
 '.nnhes 
 
 ht and to traie 
 
 lia< 
 
 k tl 
 
 le oriiiin of their \ i;( a.hnlaries to a < ininnon ] a.rent must 
 
 indeed arm himselt witli all the resources o! rii e '-cliol 
 
 hip. critu a! 
 
 abilitw and caution if he would siic( es^fulU' a\oiil the jtitfalU uhi(li 
 beset his sle|)S at e\er\ turn. 
 
 That lii\miistic xieiice iscompeteiU to deal with |)rolileiiiN of yreat 
 ma,L,Miitu(le and intricac\'. and that there are students who a"e <a] a!»le 
 of ai>])l\ inn' its \aried resources, best iippears in the L;rand ;i< hie\e- 
 ments whi< h concern the i;r<)Up of lan,mi;'>,L(e> known a> the .\r\;;n or 
 lndo-l'airo]iean famil\. in whi(h our own laiL,di>h ton,i^nie taki'> a 
 prominent if not the first place. It is aluKot wholK as the roiilt of 
 liniiuistic studies that the com]):)nent members of the hir^e and im- 
 portant .\r\an famih are now recognized and the hisiorv of its earlier 
 members reconstructed to a remarkable dcLjree. 'i'he fniiih contains 
 ei.uht ;;roiips of di>tincl lanL,Mia,ues. Anions;' inan\- others the familv 
 includes as offspriiiLj from one soun e Sanskrit. Ilindii. RoiiKiin or 
 (iips\-. I'ersian. Armenian. Welsh, ('ornish. Iri>li. Scotch, l.a.tin. 
 Italian. I'rench. Spani>h. l'ortu,mie>e, Albanian, dreek. IJul^arian. 
 Riis>ian. Ser\ian. I'oli>h. ( ierma.n. l'jiL,di>h. I )ut( h. Swedi-^h. i);;ni-~li. 
 Norwe'dan. ;;nd main' others, 'i'hoimh one of the lar^e^t ;;nd. b\' 
 
 reason of it> histor\ ;nid the uroininent iia.rt it ha> 
 
 i\ed 111 the 
 
 civili/ation of the world, the ino^t important, the Ar\;'.n i'amilv i-^ 
 onl\' one of main' linguistic families, eai h one of wlii( h i> ir.ade ii]j 
 
 in the >ame wa\' of a greater or le>> number ot related 
 
 anL;"uaL''e>. 
 
 Such are ll 
 
 liiishman and 
 
 lottentot. o 
 
 f A 
 
 tri( a : the Semitic . of 
 
 ralian. and mam others. 
 
 lie 
 
 .\sia and Africa: the ('liiiioe. Aust 
 related tai^miaiies which make up liii.L;ui>ti( families \ar\' indefmiteh' 
 in the amount of likeiios tlie_\ bear to eac h other. 'I'liex' are often 
 SI) much unlike that tlio>e who >peak them ( aiinot iiiider>t;ind each 
 other. a>. tor instance. I-jiuli^h. ( leriiian. and 
 
 •reiK n. 
 
 lioiiLili tlie>e 
 
 anii'iia^es are niutiu;ii\ unintelligible. \'et tlie\ < oiita.in ina.in' wurd 
 
 ot iiea.rU ideiitKai lorm. while other nienibe; 
 
 )f the Ar\an 
 
 '■inilv 
 
 have in ])ro( ess of time be( ome so unlike atVilia.led toii^iio that it 
 
 re(iuires 
 
 th 
 
 e most critical >tudv to detect their relationship 
 
 A- 
 
 anuuaues are the principal di\i>ion> of a linguistic fainiU'. >o dialect- 
 
 arc 
 
 the 
 
 subordinate dixisioiis ol 
 
 atiiiuaLre. 
 
 ]■ 
 
 imilv- 
 
 aiiLriiaLfe- 
 
 ;ii(l 
 
 dialects are to linguistic sc leiic e what lamil). ,^'eiiera. and spec le- 
 to bioloL;\'. 
 
208 
 
 'IIII'; AMi;i!ICAN ANllli;<>l'()|,()(i|ST. 
 
 [V..1. II. 
 
 
 'I'Ik'R' is an importaiU (lucstioii wliich ma\ \)v < oiisidrrcd at this 
 point. I'd what extent is linguistic ivlationship to lie intcrpa'ted as 
 blood relationship; in other words, how far does lini;uistic classirica- 
 tion answer tor race classification. In (dsino|iolitan .\nierica. where 
 nearly all speak l''a\nlish and yet a \er\ h'.rge iiroportion are of loreii;!! 
 parentai;e, it is ohxioiis that a i)ure lini^uistic classification of indi- 
 \i(liials would lai'Ljely misinterpret the tacts of |(arenta,i,'e and rr.ce. 
 Ne\ertheless. taken in connection with re;idil\ ascertained facts, it 
 will not mislead e\en in such an extreme ca.se. and usually a lan- 
 j4uai;e classification of a tribe or iieo|)le actuall) does express race re- 
 lationship. 
 
 I'o return to the .\r\an famiK : Not oiil\ are we able b\' means of 
 lani^^uage to class together as related members of one grea.t famiK the 
 above-mentioned lanL^ua^es. which apparenth are so diverse in the 
 s;)iin(l and form of their words, but b\ mea.ns of word analxsis we 
 can reconstruct the past histor\ of the peoples who spoke them ;;nd 
 can get a glimjise even of the mode of life, customs, arts, and relig- 
 ious beliefs of our remote .\r\an ancestr\ . I'he process b\ w hich this 
 is done is sufticientl\- sim])le. although, like manv other simple pro- 
 cesses, its application is not so eas^ . When we find in the greater 
 number of the languages of a linguistic family the same t'ull\ lormed 
 word with the same meaning we are justil'ied in believing that it t'x- 
 isted before the sejiaration of the family, and that the thing it signifies 
 was alreadv known to the parent bodv. .\pplving the rule to the 
 case of the .\ryan family we learn that contrary to earlier theories 
 ou.r forefathers came from a cold region, since eastern and western 
 Arvan tongues contain names tor the birch and pine, and these are the 
 onl\ two tree names counnon to both branches. The same process 
 continued shows us that the famih' relations were defined much as 
 the)' are with us t()-da\ and that marriages were monogamous. TJie 
 old .\ryans held the land in common and redistribuleil it from time 
 to time among the members of the clan. I'he houses were built of 
 wood and were entered b\ means of a door. The lommunities were 
 settled in \illages with a recognized chief or head, and the \illages 
 were connected by roads ()\er which traveled peddlers carrying their 
 wares for sale. .Ml were free men. They worshijied natunil objects 
 and natural jihenomena. more particularly the sun. The\ believed 
 ill the e\il spirits of night and darkness. They were a pastoral peo- 
 ple, and cattle and sheep formed their chief wealth. They also had 
 L!oats. iiiijs. (loL!S. Lieese. and bees. The\ had domesticated the 
 
 I 
 
July iSSy.] WHO AKK TIIK AMKltlCAN INDIANS? 
 
 209 
 
 to the 
 'icorics 
 cslcvn 
 a;v the 
 jvccess 
 inch as 
 The 
 m lime 
 )uih of 
 ics were 
 vilhv^es 
 \[i their 
 ohjecls 
 )elieve(l 
 rai peo- 
 ilso had 
 led tlie 
 
 horse lhotiL;li the\- did not ride, hut cmiihtyt'd liiin hke tlie o\ for 
 (h'awiiiLf carts. They still used stone iniplenienls, though Ljold and 
 silver .md hron/.e were known, ("harms were chielh' relied upon to 
 cure disease. I'litnre e\enls were divined from the lliL;ht of birds. 
 These are a few of the fai Is amoiij.; m;in\- which linunislic science 
 has revealed to lis pertaiidni;- to the life and achievements of our 
 Aryan ancestry before the historic period. Surely no contem])til)le 
 record this for a new science. 
 
 \'ou will not fail to notice thai there are a number of points in 
 common between the condition of our .\r\an ancestors and the In- 
 tlian, ihounh the former as a whole were much fiulher ad\anced. 
 
 Wc have glanced in the briefest possible manner at die methods 
 l)urstied by linguistic students and have noted a few of the results 
 achieved b)- them in the study and classification of the highest de- 
 veloped languages. 'I'he study of such languages affords criteria of 
 great value, but. were the linguistic student to conllne his attention 
 to these alone, his view of the nature and processes of linguistic de- 
 velopment would necessaril) be imperfect ixnd one-sided, just as in 
 biology the study of the lower organisms throws a flood of light upon 
 the structure of higher forms, so in linguistics must the lesser devel- 
 oped languages be appealed to for the settlement of many lin- 
 guistic ])roblems displaved in highly developed ones, i.et us now 
 turn our attention to the Indian languages of this counlr\- and see 
 what progress has been made in the atlemj)! to classify them. 
 
 It may be premised th.al no part of the known world affords a 
 better opportunitv for the sludv of the nature of language and its 
 processes of grow th than .\merica. 'i"he I'ldian languages are by no 
 means the most primitive at |)resent spoken b\ man, and it mav sur- 
 prise some of m\' hearers to be told that in respect of some of their 
 characteristics they comi)are favorabh' with (Ireek and other classic 
 tongues, though the classic languages as a whole belong to a much 
 higher stage of develo])ment. Instead of being mere jargons of 
 words, disconnected with each other and capable of expressing only 
 the simplest ideas, as I fmd many intelligent people belie\e. they are 
 in some directioiis singularly highly ilexeloped, i\m\ not onl)- are they 
 ( apable of serving as the vehicle of every thought possible to their 
 possessors, but their vocabularies are extensive, possess many syn- 
 onvms, and furnish the means of discriminating the nicest shades 
 of meaning. 
 
 27 
 
210 
 
 TIIK A.MKKICAN A NTH l!( H'or.OGIST. 
 
 [Vc.l, IF. 
 
 1.1 
 
 TIktc is not ;i |)iin(i])lc or pnx (.'ss in tlir most liiglily (li'vclopcil 
 languages of which tiic gnnis at k'asl arr not (lis(x'riiil)l(j in Indian 
 languages. Tlic difHTcncLS arc not ihosr of kind but of degree 
 of culture. 
 
 ^foreover inherent in them is the jjower of unlimited growth and 
 expansion, and just as our own language grows, keeping step with 
 advances in science and art, so Indian languages are capable of a 
 development e(|tia! to the most e\a( ting deiiuuuls of civilization. 
 
 AVhile thus in man_\- respects highly developed, Indian languages 
 are not to be compared as vehicles of thought with such languages 
 as our own JOnglish, tor inslani e. As a body they are still in that 
 stage of development in which the various processes of language- 
 making may be studied with comi)arative ease. Just as the various 
 natural processes by which mountains are leveled and the earth's sur- 
 face carved out and remodelled are more apfiarent and more reatlily 
 studied by the geologist in the still primitive West, so Indian lan- 
 guages offer to the scrutiny of the linguistic student a similar unfin- 
 ished condition highly favorable for analysis and study. 
 
 For the ])ast fifteen years Major Powell and his assistants of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology, with the aid of many collaborators in various 
 parts of the countr\-, have been accunuilaling vocabularies by means 
 of which to classify Indian languages. The present provisional results 
 of the study of the large amoimt of material ac( umulated ai)pear 
 before you on the Linguistic Map, which is colored to show the 
 areas ofcui)ied by the several linguistic families. Of these there 
 appear no fewer than 58. 
 
 What interpretation are we to place upon the astonishing fact 
 that in the territory north (jf Mexico there were at the time of the 
 discovery 58 distinct Indian linguistic families, containing some 300 
 or more languages antl dialects? 
 
 So far as language is a competent witness she luu; exhausted all 
 the evidence thus far accumulated when she has grouped the Indians 
 in 58 families. JJack of this i)oint she may not now go except as a 
 theorist and in pure speculation. So far as she is entitled to speak 
 authoritatively, these 58 families are se])arate entities, which never 
 had any connection with each other. lUit she recognizes her 
 own limitations too well to dare to stale positively that this is the 
 interpretation that must be placed ujjou the results she has attained. 
 When facts from which to draw deductions fail, men may and do 
 resort to theories. Let us glance at the two broad hypotheses which 
 
11. 
 
 July iSS.j.] \SJI() AllK TIIK AMKIMCAN INDIANS? 
 
 211 
 
 ted all 
 
 ndians 
 )t as a 
 speak 
 never 
 
 es her 
 
 is the 
 
 ained. 
 
 and do 
 which 
 
 have been based upon tlu' devrl()])itienl theorN- of IaiijriiaL,a'. 'I"he 
 first is in effect that all the ]iresent lant;iia,i;es of the earth are 
 not so unlike that tlu'v may not have been developed from a single 
 ()ri,i;in;il parent lan.nuaL^e. l!y this \ie\v the orij^inal langnage is 
 supposed to have chanj;ed and developed into all the various forms 
 of speech that are now spoken or that have ever been spoken. Ac- 
 cordiuLf to this view the families of lani,qiagesas at i)resent classified 
 have no other significance than as groups of related tongues, the 
 once existing connection of which with other tongues cannot now 
 be proved, because through the process of ( Iningc the connecting 
 links have been lost. 
 
 The second hypothesis assumes that there must have been at least 
 as many original languages as there are now existing families; it 
 assumes, in other words, that the families of s|)eech are fundament- 
 ally distinct and therefore cannot ha\e had a common origin. 
 The first theory jjostulates that from original unity of language has 
 come infinite diversity ; the second that the tendency has ever 
 been from original diversity towards unity. 
 
 Widely different as are these two theories of the origin of lin- 
 guistic- families, they agree in one essential particular. They both 
 remove the origin so far back in time as to make it ])ractically im- 
 possible to />rarr the truth or falsity of either theory. 
 
 l!olh of these hypotheses ha\e able advocates : but for a variety 
 of reasons, which time will not permit me to give, the second is 
 deemed the more plausible. At all events, it best explains many 
 difliculties. 
 
 'I'here is abimdance of arcli;eologic evitleiice showing that man 
 has resided on this continent for a very long pL-riod, and the char- 
 acter of the remains [irove that the farther back in time we go the 
 ruder being he was. ianguistit testimon\ is to the same effect, and 
 there is no a //•/(^/■/reason why man may not have lived upon this 
 continent aues before he learned to talk, no reason for that matter, 
 why America may not have ]ieo|iled the earth, if the earth was 
 peopletl from a single center, or wh\-, if there have been several 
 centers of origin for mankind, the Indians, ,is thev themselves believe, 
 ma\- not have originated here where they were found. 
 
 It is the fashion, 1 hardly know why, unless it be the religious 
 bias, for tlu)se who hold that language has had but one origin to 
 assume that America is the younger continent, so far as her people 
 are concerned, and to infer that it was peoi)led from Asia. If 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF mtmm LSBRARV 
 
21 -J 
 
 Till': AMi;i;i<'.\N ANi'iiitoi'ui.oMs'r 
 
 [Vnl. II. 
 
 •1 
 
 •I 
 
 Anu'rica was iK'opk'd from Asia in modLTii tiiiu's llicix' should l>c 
 SDiiiL' (.'Nidi'iH I' of tlif 1:1' t ill AnK'rican IaiiL,Miai;rs. I'.ul IIktc is no 
 evidence of tin- sort. None of tlu' Ain(.Ti( an faniilii's ol" lani^nanc 
 are in am wax related to tlie Asiatic tongues. lieiing Strait Inr- 
 nishes indeed a perfec tl\' |irartical)le ( anoe route tVoni Asia to 
 America, hut it api^'ais to have been !;enerally overh)oked that the 
 Strait iurnishes an e(|uall\ accessible route from Anieri( a to Asia. 
 'I'he latter is demonstrated 1)\- the l";i( t that the I'lskinio of Alaska 
 liave in recent limes sent an I'lskimo-speakinn (olony across l»ering 
 Strait to Siberia. In other wdrds. so far as diret t testimon\- goes, 
 Asia is indebted to America tbr a small segment of its peoiile, but 
 America owes no similar debt to .\sia. With rel'erence to the origin 
 of our Indian tribes, then, linguistic science is in position to state 
 this much, that if our Indians came to America, either tVom Asia or 
 t'rom anv other foreign' shore, it was at a period so remote as to 
 permit such profound changes in the structure of the language 
 brought here b\- the immiiiranls that no trai es of genetic connection 
 are now dis'ernible. 
 
 If we reject the one origin tluun-y of language and assume that 
 each linguistic lamily originated in(lei»endently, there is obviously 
 not the slightest use of turning to Asia or I'lurope for anything like 
 a r<.'cent importation of the Indian; lor ha\e we not fifty-eight dis- 
 tinct origins to account for? ()b\iousl\- the hfty-i'ight familii's are 
 as likeh' to have originated here as anxwhere ilse ; lor remember 
 that ever\- coimtrx' has linguistic families of its own to account for. 
 Is there. then,anx [lossible theorx- xvhich xvill meet tlie case? There 
 is certainlx' one that is possible, if not probable. It is the theory 
 that, xvhether born tVom the soil or an immigrant from other lands, 
 our Indians spread over the entire continent before they ac([uired 
 oruani/,ed language, and that from not one but from t'lftv-eight 
 centers s[)rung up the germs of speech xxhich haxe resulted in the 
 dilTerent families of language. This theory accords xvith the idea 
 that there mav have been but one origin of man, and that in any 
 event all the Indians from the Arctic to Patagonia are of one race. 
 It does not forbid the supposition that the Indian xvas an innnigrant 
 from other shores, though it permits the thought that the American 
 Indian mav haxe o.'iginaled on American soil. 
 
 Though this theory seems more probable than the other, xvhich 
 assumes that the languages ol' our Indians xvere brought here from 
 foreign shores, it must be franklv admitted that liniiuilic science is 
 
II. 
 
 July l.S.Sy. 
 
 WHO Mil: TIIK AMKKK'AN INDIANS? 
 
 
 not now ami itossihly never will he ((tniiietenl to dec ide between 
 tlieni. If she is iinahle to decide ("idly as to the ori^dn of the In- 
 dian's lani;iia,LCe, how can she he expected to soKi- the infinitely 
 more complex problem whi( li conci'rns the idtimate orii^in of the 
 jieoples who sjioke them? Slu' (ertainh has no solution for this 
 l)rol)lem now. When she < onsiders the nuiid)er of linj^qiistic families 
 and the vast lenntli of time it must have taken to develop their lan- 
 i,qiaL(es and tlialecls she fnids herself confronted by a problem be- 
 yond her present powers. And yet the case is not hopeless. i,in- 
 guistic science is still in its infancy, and its fntnre may contain 
 possibilities far exceeding the dream of the most sanguine. As 
 science has revolutionized the world's ])ro( esses and has made the 
 imi)ossibilitit's of a hiuidred vears ago the common-places of to-dav, 
 so like wonders may be achieved in the domain of thought, and tlu' 
 science of language, with the assistance of her sister sciences, may 
 yet answer the unanswerable (piestions of the present. 
 
 When interrogated as to the origin of the Indian, all that she can 
 now say is that whether the Indian originated on this continent, 
 where he was found, or elsewhere, it was in bygone ages — ages so 
 far removed from our own time that the interval is to be reckoned, 
 not by the years of chronology, but by the epochs of geologic time; 
 with such problems she affirms that at present she cannot deal. 
 
 I have presented the subject to yon to-day, not to answer it, but 
 to aid you in conii/rehending the tremendous difhcnllies that en- 
 shroud the problem. Much time and ingenuity has been expended 
 in the past in atten"i|)ting to force an answer to a (pieslion which 
 cannot even yet be answered. The cpiestion, however, that really 
 concerns the ethnologist of to-day is not 7i'//(' are the American 
 Indians, but rc/iii/ are they and what have they accomplisheil in 
 working out the problems of life, which, ever since his birth, man 
 has grap])led with. 
 
 In reading the history of mankind we are too apt to be blinded 
 by the achievements of our own Aryan race. As the old Greeks 
 classed as barbarians all who did not speak their own tongue, so 
 we are prone to think that most of the good that has come to hu- 
 manity has come through and b\' means of our race. In truth, 
 there are valuable lessons to be learned iVom races less high in civil- 
 ization than our own. Though many and diverse are the roads 
 that lead man to the higher life, they all pursue about the same 
 
214 
 
 TlfK AMKUICAN AM II UorolAXilST, 
 
 [Vol. II. 
 
 m'.i 
 
 5i 
 
 
 in 
 
 ft: 
 t 
 
 course, and time only is rei|iiiri'(i to iiimc tluin into one broiid 
 stream of progress. 
 
 Many are the lessons taiij;lil 1)\ antlnd|iol(>i;\ , li it the j^rancK'st 
 of theni all is the lesson of tlu' unity of mankind, the units of a 
 connnon nature aiul a common deslin_\', if not of a (omnion 
 origin. 
 
 E 
 
 ■I 
 
 w 
 
\\>\. II. 
 
 andi'sl 
 \ (if a 
 111111(11)