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A NEW EOniON : WITH ADDITIONS ON NOVA SCOTIA ; THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ; NEW SOUTH WALES; VAN DIEMEN'S LAND; AND THE SWAN RIVER. 1M»m: PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH CROSS, It, HOLBORN, OPPOSITE FUBNIVAL's INN ; , AND aOLD BY 8IMPKIN AND MARSHALL, STATlONmES' COUBT. 1831. Price Three Shillings. X lll M i H lliil it ^g g sg iHg s ; .■mh;i.\-t;ii».»n> » > « « i >«iw»WI< M | H »» Win ll W iii i i aH'ilUKitAU'* w«*«. '«>uval «rt,*l*M 4ll«i4^' i»'] "1: 1 1 *i I j. 7(8 76 74 7:i lETppjiiA'KD 'ii0ff£m cii^^LMa&. WJTMTKS ^ r2:!r|- -^ ■^\ s ^t ^vl 5 "K»»«-»W "V 4/ /Ot**-^ XJfrr^ Lake S^ Thomas tS^-v^. i^ •«'*"■" V~^-^ #' V / (C::?^ <^ (>^ ■;^- \toa«<^... .'Jhcnff 25 !(%» fJCvi janri i / /*« "*? H_ i r- 1b\:ai '!S(-' •S/*^ '^ .ir* --^*. -Mafift^^V- :^*vi,rf^<(t^ /Sis'/ ^ ' L-^ . ft: 7^ ^^-i^ SWST' jr O F 1, ^l9^ [JR.- -Av 1 — mm t i^'^ "'""^J Ltmdon. PuihsM /{y Jos .* Ovj's f Boli{>m foppojitt Ftaruvalr Inn I June t'^ tfiSi . 93i. .'»^ i I **«.••"«.■•.- •, d»ia uu •[ <*i. i '•"\. jit*- t>; "?^ 1 1 ,-. \ *^l • v S .^'^■'.*- ) K. wum .- ' . •» l«i» 1 ■); i»> i ; ON EMIGRATION TO UPPER CANADA. n 'I. hi BY TUB LATE JOHN WILLIAM BANNISTER, ESQ. n; RICE LAKE, Ul'PBR CANADA. A NEW EDITION : WITH ADDITIONS ON NOVA SCOTIA ; THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ; NEW SOUTH WALES; VAN UIEMEN'S LAND; AND THE SWAN RIVER. ^ HonHon : PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH CROSS, 18, HOLBORN, OPPOSITE PURNIVAl'8 INN ; AND SOLD BY SIMPKIN AND MABSHALL, STATIONERS' COURT. 1831. •^mmimmimmif/m Iff m atV* m M CONTENTS. .a Page. General Remarks on Colonization, and on the wrongs done to the Labouring Poor at home 3, 6, and 68 The Cape of Good Hope ^ • . . 6 Convict Colonies ' 8 and 69 The Swan River 11 Nova Scotia 13 Upper Canada 15 to 40 The Evils and Advantages of Emigrating 40, 42, and 68 Advantag(3s and Expense of Emigrating to Canada and other Colonies, with the Regulations as to Grants 42 to 57 The Interest of Money, and Population in the Colonies 54, 57, & 58 Wool — Prices of, and quantities imported ib. Present Prospects of the Swan River Settlement 59 The Emigration Bill, with Notes 65 List of Books and Parliamentary Documents on the Colonies and on Emigrating c. 70 Cape of Good Hope. — Natal. — South Africa 71 Treatment ot the Natives 8, 41, 62, and 72 Erratum. — Page 34, line 3, for " Professions," read Provisions. ■--wtM tm I I t !r INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH EDITION. * The Pamphlet was originally published in 1821, and preceded the important enquiries made by Parlia- ment and the Government on the subject. The writer was one of the first* persons who suggested the * providing capital by mortgaging parochial rates, in order to facilitate the voluntary emigration of the poor. It was a part of his plan to connect this benefit with a general amendment of the p-^— laws. The special condition respecting parochial relief, introduced into the late Emigration Bill, is considered in the Appen- dix: and experience will probably shew the clause to be needless, under any course that emigration alone may take ; as the increasing good feeUng of the possessors * Mr. Gourlay proposed a measure like this in 1817. See the Upper Canada Almanac for 1823, p. 58. Mr. Gourlay 's valuable books on Canada, also anticipated almost every thing since collected by the Emigration Committees of the House of Commons. A 2 I 'J:: of property* may prove, that assistance towards emi- grating is but a very small part of the improved treat- ment due to the poor, and essential to the public peace. A reformed Parliament must gradually and honestly redeem the national debt ; and thus, extin- guishing two thirds of the taxes, prepare the way for the abolition of the relief-principle, with exceptions, and pauperism together, when the marJietrate of wages shall be raised. The truth is no longer to be disguised. Enormous wrong has been done to the labourers of this country by redundant taxation, which, in a century, has multiplied a comparatively few distressed individuals and decayed old men, into millions of redundant paupers, plunged, without any fault of theirs, into hopeless misery, if the existing system be not changed. To be safe from a furious revolution we must retrace many steps, not necessary to be described in this place ; to which a few remarks upon various plans for emigrants, now under public consideration, will be more appropriate. That emigration will ever be the one great remedy for the excess of pauperism prevalent in England, few sensible men believe. But as it is plain that many of all classes will continue to look to the Colonies for some relief, accurate information is wanted, both upon the choice of a new home, and upon the best means of reaching it. The Government may do much * The proceedings of the Lahourers' Friends iiociety, 51, Thread- needle Street, patronized by the King, are amongst the proofs of the increasing good feeling referred to. They propose to provide land at home for labourers. /^ T) Is emi- 1 treat- public ly and extiii- V ay for ptions, wages )rmous itry by Itiplied ecayed unged, ery, if e from ps, not ^hich a 3, now riate. emedy d, few many >lonies , both e best much riiread- s of the le land to clear the path for the really voluntary emigrant, without neglecting the far more extensive interests of those who are not prepared to quit England. Justice may be done to all, without stimulating any to im- prudent adventure. The difficulties which a family must encounter, in order to reach the nearest Colony, are very great ; and although the advantages in un- settled countries are also great to the industrious, an awful responsibility is incurred by all who encourage individuals to encounter those difficulties rashly. — {^GQ Appendix y^o. 1.) In regard to the proceedings of the Government, it is to be hoped that the ample experience had upon the subject during the last two hundred years, will not be thrown aw^ay. A foreign instructor respecting colonies and emigration ought not to be required by us ; but the strange designs still advocated, give force to such retiections as the following : "To this day," says Talleyrand, " the Governments of Europe seem " to have been influenced by a sort of political rule, " to found Colonies with the idle, the destitute, and " the immoral. Unquestionably tliis is the reverse " of what the rule ought to be. Vice, and ignorance, " and want, contribute to destroy, not to raite na- " tions. Those Governments, also, have often even " made Colonies places of punishment for crimes " committed at home. The consequence is a debase- " ment of character in Colonies, which several ge- *' nerations cannot restore." — Essay on the Advantages to be drawn from founding Colonies, in the present State of France, 1800. — Memoirs of tfj^e National Institute, ;;m vol. ii. p. 297. These remarks, and the well known passage in Lord Bacon's Essay on Plantations, ought to be deeply impressed upon the mind of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and to be introduced into the preamble of every Emigration Act of Parliament. The calculations in the Pamphlet now reprinted are confined to Upper Canada ; but it is proper to say something respecting emigration to South Africa ; to New South Wales ; to the Swan River ; and Nova Scotia ; for each of which places a very few words will suffice. The Cape of Good Hope. That the Cape Colony offers a cheap field for a few settlers, and good employment, in a healthy cUmate, to a limited number of labourers and mechanics, there is no doubt. How many of each class could be re- ceived with advantage, might be readily calculated. A recent invitation, however, offered by the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope to place settlers in a newly seized country, in South Africa, deserves the severest reproof. The invitation was published in the Cape Town Gazette. It is understood to have been re- ceived cautiously by the colonists ; and it required his Majesty's confirmation. But there is little risk of error in declaring that a more unjust project, or one accompanied by more ill-advised, as well as cruel circumstances, has rarely been formed. The conduct of the Georgian Americans towards the Cherokees, is not worse than ours at the Cape of Good Hope will be, if due reparation be not made forthwith to the CafFres, in regard to the neutral ground seized in 1829. They who propose to settle there, will do well to enquire whether the clear objections to our title have been honourably removed ; and if not, then, whether the armed force on the Cape frontier is increased in pro- portion to the probable vengeance of the injured natives. The building of new fortifications, with the expensive increase of troops, for such purpose, will, at the same time, give little satisfaction to Fiuglish politicians ; whilst this flagrant violation of right will be still less approved by philanthropists. What those " irreclaimable barbarians" of so many Cape Gover- nors really are, whose expulsion from the neutral ground has been begun, may be inferred from a paper published in Cape Town in the present year : * The number of CafFer children now under instruc- ' tion by Missionaries," this paper states, *' is up- * wards of six hundred. A proposal has lately been * made, (^to the chief sj through some of the Mission- ' aries, to employ the young CafFers, at their schools, ' in spinning wool,* to be used at Bathurst in making ' blankets. The offer has been favourably received ; ' and it now depends altogether on the line of policy * pursued by Government in our relations with these ' people, whether this and other undertakings, equally * beneficial to the colonists and to the CafFers, shall ' be carried into operation, or whether the CafFers * shall return to a state of savage hfe, and the colo- * The success of several cnterprizing Cape colonists^ English and Dutch, in fine wooUed sheep, is a circumstance highly favourable to the prosperity of South Africa. Many of the coloured natives are also anxious to obtain sheep, as well as to improve their cattle. I-V " nists suffer a serious diminution in a branch of " trade which has been hitherto highly lucrative." — Cape Almanac for 1831, p. 182. — Under proper ma- nagement, indeed, the Cape of Good Hope affords a fine field for the enterprising, both in trade and geo- graphical science : and it is probable that an opening is about to be made in South Africa to important social results to the coloured race. If, as is conjec- tured upon no trifling grounds, abundance of coal exists near Delagoa Bay, towards the Eastern Ocean, steam navigation may find facilities in that quarter hitherto almost despaired of: and gold (as well as slaves) may soon cease to be amongst the most valuable exports from Mozambique. With the neces- sary change fairly introduced into the Cape of Good Hope Government, Great Britain will become, with little difficulty, the instructor, instead of the oppressor of numerous tribes, anxious for intercourse with us, and prepared for a steady advancement in civihzation. Coloured men alone must do the great work in western Africa; but in the south, all things concur, except the Government (see Appendix 6) to enable white people to act, on a large scale, with the natives, for the common good. New South Wales, to which Van Diemen's Land must be added, pre- sents objections to emigrants, in the character of the convicts, too little thought of by fathers of families, and by legislators. The horrors of a convict commu- nity, and of a community of unrestrained men, of bad morals, without the ordinary proportion of women, have never yet been told ; nor will the tale be offered in this place. The unavoidably slavish character, too, of the Government in New South Wales, in direct violation of British colonial principles, should make prudent men hesitate before they bring themselves as settlers under it. But the moral delinquencies of the people in private life throw political evils into the shade. Without entering into further detail, the fol- lowing contrasts and facts may be enough fully to establish this general description : — (1 .) Throughout England and Wales, the number of persons charged yearly with committing rapes, and every other species of offence of that kind against the person, is about one in 120,000. But in the best district in New South Wales, Windsor, ten individuals, in a population of less than three thousand, (one in three hundred) were charged, during eight months, in 1826, with attempts to violate female infants under fourteen years of age. (2.) Again ; in England and Wales, the number of women, of all ages, in gaol for felonies in 1829, was about one in four thousand females. But in Sydney, in 1826, eight colonial born females, and three emigrant females, were committed to gaol by one bench, charged with felonies, out of a popu- lation of 2,056 women, or one in 190. (3.) Again ; difficult as it is to say how many per- sons die drunk in England every year, the number will be conjectured safely to be inconsiderable, com- pared with those who die annually in that state in New South Wales, namely, one in every thousand of 10 the whole population, as ascertained by the coroners' juries, who are not remarkably vigilant in such cases. (4.) Again ; torture upon system has been indem- nified by the local legislature through fraud. And (5.) Murderers have been pardoned without a single circumstance of doubt or mitigation in their case. Should these specimens fairly indicate what is going on, it is to be hoped that no parish will consent to send the ordinary poor, either men or women, and certainly not children, to a convict colony ; and fur- ther, that Parliament will take measures for abolish- ing the scenes of iniquity created by the perversion of the original design of 1788, m itself sufficiently rash. Numerous points might be suggested for lessening the evils of New South Wales. But two occur in connection with the question of the emigration of the poor. The first and great point is, that facilities be granted for the voluntary transport of the families of well behaved convicts, and especially of those sent out for political ofifences, to join their husbands and fathers. The second is, that assistance be given to well behaved convicts to return home. That part of penal discipline which depends upon moral influence, and upon the stimulus to good conduct derived from the steady application of proper rewards, is repre- hensibly neglected in New South Wales. A third point is unconnected with emigration, but it is of the first importance; and has been still more neglected than the others. It is the erection of proper peni- tentiary gaols in New South Wales, under the eye of the authorities, for the new ofienders there — instead ii of Norfolk Island, and other places being chosen for punishment, remote from all proper supervision, and from all moral discipline. Much of what is said above may, doubtless, be applied with justice to Van Diemen's Land ; although the writer's personal attention having been for the most part confined to New South Wales, he would not carry his remarks positively beyond his expe- rience. A singular distinction, however, between the two Colonies, deserves special notice. The social condition of Van Diemen's Land, is under- stood to be greatly superior to the social condition of New South Wales. To what is this attributable? It has been conjectured, with much plausibility, that the free settlers, of ordinary character, in Van Diemen's Land, being more numerous in com- parison with the flourishing convicts, than the free settlers of New South Wales are, good conduct is of proportionately a greater value, and the general standard of behaviour higher. The point may receive explanation from the returns transmitted to England, under the Statute of the 4th Geo. 4, c. 96 ; and it is important with reference to the question, how to mi- tigate the evils of convict colonies, as long as they last. The Swan River Settlement is expressly relieved from the transportation of con- victs from England. Whether its population will become in any degree tainted by the voluntary resort thither of a considerable number of such as may have served their time in the other Australian Colo- . -.3 ■ 12 nieB, remains to be seen. In point of climate, and for extent of good pastures, nothing now seems to be wanting to tlie success of this part of our Australian possessions. It was a grievous error at the outset, to have left the neighbouring range of hills so unex- plored, as that hundreds of the first settlers were unaware of the passes recently discovered cast of Perth, and therefore wasted their little means in re- shipment, or in fruitless efforts. The sufferings occa- sioned by this oversight admit of little consolation. But their recurrence may be prevented by a prudent examination of this most inviting land from the pre- sent settlements to the newly discovered river, con- necting New South Wales with the Eastern Ocean. The pecuniary success of individuals in the convict settlements during the first thirty years, must not be taken as the ground of the like success at the Swan River. It is fervently to be hoped, that such a period as those thirty years were, of extravagant foreign expenditure, will never again be known to Great Bri- tain. Nor without convicts can there be a pretence for the establishments, civil and military, which have been the cause of early New South Wales' wealth. A compensation to individuals and to the Colony may, however, be found In the better institutions which must be given to Western Australia. There it remains for us to renew what has so well prospered in North America, namely, free Colonial Government; and whilst we are applying proper correctives to the un- fortunate inhabitants of Old AustraUa, we may see the more wisely founded settlements on the western ■1 ^1 coasts become examples of civilization and social improvement to tlie wliole eastern world. An abstract from tiie last ofKcial and private ac- counts respecting tbe Swan River Colony, will be found in tbcAppendix ; witbits /em/^omr^ constitution. Nova Scotia, of all our Colonies, offers tbe least expensive access to labouring families from Europe, tbe voyage being somewbat shorter, and tbe new land and employers nearer tbe coast, tban even tbe Canadas. Tbe fol- lowing account of tbe advantages wbicb Nova Scotia possesses for emigrants, and of tbe effect of certain iwi;>e- diments to voluntary emigration, now reduced, is taken from tbe evidence of Mr. Uniacke, tbe late Attorney- General of tbe Colony, given before tbe Emigration Committee of tbe House of Commons of 1826, p. 37. — It baving been sbewn tbat two experiments for settling Irisb emigrants in Canada, in 1823 and 1825, had succeeded, Mr. Uaiacke states his opinion to be, that a like emigration might be conducted to Nova Scotia " with much greater advantage." He pro- ceeds — " One reason is, that tbe passage out could *• be made at much less expense. Tbe other is, that " the provisioning and providing for settlers in that " country, would also be accomplished at a much " less expense; and upon these two articles, I think '* a saving may be well made of one-third. The pas- " sage to Nova Scotia, before the laws regulating the " conveyance of passengers to America were passed, " never exceeded £4, at the highest rate, including m " provisions and every thing ; now, by the operation " of those laws, it is raised to about £10. per head. ** In 1824 and 1825, above three hundred *' settlers ame to Cape Breton from the North of " Scotland, whose passage did not cost more than £3 " a head. They paid their own passage, and settled " themselves on land allotted to them by Sir James ** Kempt ; and I doubt whether there is in Scotland " so happy a set of people as those," Mr. Uniac^e specifies other examples of equal suc- cess. '• I think," he proceeds, " that, distributed " judiciously, not all thrown on one spot, but scat- tered round the different harbours, from 15,000 to 20,000 voluntary emigrants would be absorbed in the province every year The single men would immediately hire themsel/es out to day labour, either in the fishery or the farms. If the father and mother are unable to provide for their " children, the farmers will take one or two, or three, from five to six or seven years old apprentice, as fast as you can give them to them. The stipulation made for certain orphan children with the master is, that for the first year he is to give that child a jheep ; the next year a heifer calf; and, as long as the " child is under indentures to him, he is bound to preserve and keep that sheep, and that heifer calf, and all the produce of it, till the child comes of age ; and then it becomes a portion to settle with. The child will generally have a stock of five or ten head of grown up cattle, and eight or ten sheep, by " that means There is a great dif- (( (( (( ti it II (( (( (( (( tc CI (( (( (( (( 15 it It C( it tt it tt tt tt (C tt ference in the expense of going to Newfoundland and to Nova Scotia ; which arises from thj passage to Newfoundland not being laid under the same restrictions as Nova Scotia, as to having a surgeon on board, and a rxiedicine chest, and so much pork, so much meat, and so much bread provided. The Irish emigrant has not been accustomed to a bed, or to pork ; and going to Newfoundland has none found, but comes out a hearty man. Oar direct emigration has beer impeded by those acts. In fact, all our population comes by way of Newfound- land. A poor man can come to Newfoundland for " forty shiUings, and on to Nova Scotia for twenty " shillings more ; but then he makes two voyages." Colonel Cockburn, who has been employed in try- ing certain emigration plans, since Mr. Uniacke deli- vered this testimony, strongly confirms it. Some of Colonel Cockburn's estimates will be found in the Appendix. ■ to Upper Canada is the special subject of the foilowdng Pamphlet. The calculations were made by the writer from personal experience; and the soundness of hU views has been proved by experiments since Jiade by the Government. A few notes are added to thip edition ; and the Appendix also contains tables of the present expenses of the voyage to the various Colonies ; and of the probable cost to the emigrant before liis land or an employer can be secured after arrival. Respecting preparations for a voyage by the more 16 wealthy emigrants, one rule is applicable to all the Colo- nies ; namely, to spend as little money as possible before sailing, in agricultural or other Enghsh commodities, unless under the guidance of recent and very careful advice upon the state of the Colonial markets. The more money, and the fewer incumbrances the settler has upon arrival at his destination, the better able will he be to struggle with its natural difficulties ; and it is a rare judgment that can anticipate in England what experience proves to be useful abroad. This general remark does not apply to the prepa- rations for the voyage itself. The ship cabin cannot be too pleasantly or too comfortably filled ; and nothin* convenient there fails to be convenient in the Mi home. ^ The writer of tiie Pamphlet now reprinted was brought up in the navy; and by hard service from nine to nineteen years of age, acquired the reputation of being a daring officer, and a skilful seaman. After considerable experience in civil affairs, and especially in agricultiu-e, at the peace in 1819, he visited Canada, where he obtained several thousand acres of land. He was subsequently called to the English bar, in- tending to settle in Canada ; but in August, 1829, died Chief Justice of Sierra Leone. In Africa, he was remarkable for the same earnest desire to promote good pubhc objects, and for the same right feelings, in all respects, which had ever distinguished him. A memoir of his short, but active life, may be found in the New Monthly Magazine for December, 1829. m Colo- before iities, areful The settler able and land gl ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION 'tV v^; The following sketches of plans for estabUshing settlements of indigent colonists in Upper Canada, have been made after some experience, in minute detail, of the advantages of locating wild land. The projector was also previously acquainted with prac- tical farming in England. Being interested in the prosperit^'^ of the province, he may have deceived himself into the opinion that its value is inexcusably underrated in England. But trusting, that his testi- mony, even thus qualified, may assist in correcting the error, he gives it without reserve, that in climate, general fertility and the means of comfortable sub- sistence, no country in the world surpasses Upper Canada. It is conceived, that for many years, the inhabi- tants of this province will be most profitably occupied in husbandry and coarse manufactures. But it does not appear to be material that settlers should be chosen from the agricultural counties only. Able bodied men, of any class, will quickly be quahfied for the necessary occupations of a new country. Skill B 1 ^ IS in certain works is advantageous in Canada ; but mere manual la^our is at first chiefly wanted; and i^ England does not afford good employment for the mechanic, he may go thither without regret. He will not find himself less qualified by his previous habits from gaining a comfortable Uvelihood upon his own land. They will sometimes prove valuable to him, when at intervals he labours for hire, or for himself, at his original trade ; and the change from the shop to the axe, the hoe, and rough ploughing, if made proi oMy, will scarcely be attended with dissatisfac- tion.* * Since the original publication of these Sketches (in 1821) several hundred Emigrants have been sent to Upper Canada by his Majesty's Government, and the Returns made to Parliament of the Expenses attending the establishing these People comfortably upon their Lands, will fully justify me in the alterations I have made in my calculations respecting the cost of " settling" Families in that country. J. W. B. 1826. AGRICULTURAL COLONIZATION IN UPPER CANADA. Upper Canada contains many millions of acres of fertile unoccupied land, with a climate suited to all agricultural pursuits. It possesses the same manners, nearly the same laws, and the same constitution, as England ; and speaking comparatively, it has not yet developed to the mother country even a small portion of its resources. The first of the following sketches proposes to place in independence an almost unlimited number of the people, now subsisting by parochial relief; and to employ productively, for a few years only, the capita expended in the enterprize. The second of them, which was added to the second edition of the Pamphlet, will require a very small advance of money, and will depend upon supplies of produce to be drawn from the present inhabitants of the province. They differ from other plans of this nature lately suggested for B 2 ^^^p^^ppr 20 diminishing the public burdens, inasmuch as they rely for success on the personal exertions of the colonists, uncontrolled by the perpetual presence of superin- tendents ; and inasmuch as a boon or charity is not intended to be given to them. It is thought that even the poorest families will be better pleased with their new acquisitions, if they have been only assisted with the means , of personal exertion, than if they should be made mere objects of bounty, by receiving the money, without the necessity of repayment. This remark is made after some actual enquiry into the state of popular feeling. The risks attending these plans will, it is believed, be inconceivably small. — ^The money to be advanced in the first plan, will not be paid over to the people, but it will be laid out in provisions and supplies of implements, and in stock for the settlement : the cleared lands will constitute a mortgage to secure the repayment of that which then will be the colonists' debt, for goods consumed and converted into property by them. During the laying out of the money, and the clear- ing of the land, some restrictions on the alienation of the property will be imposed on the owners of it : but after the repayment of the capital employed, each individual in the settlement will be free from all in- terference. The time of such repayment, within ten years, will depend on the exertions of the settlers, who may receive their deeds on redeeming their land; and in the mean time they will be enabled to vote for members of the legislature. The strong stimulus of 21 yrely exertion which fair hopes of personal advancement affords, will be in full activity ; and after the end of ten years, the property will be subject to the usual process for the recovery of debts. Families disposed to colonize, may be assumed to average five persons each ; and it appears to the writer, that sums of ^80, managed with ordinary pru- dence, will enable any number of such families to acquire prosperous settlements in two years, without exposure to privations ; and within ten years to repay, without interest, the whole money advanced for them. The interest on the loan will be replaced, as it will be seen below, out of another source of profit, as well as by the withdrawing of so many families from being chargeable to their respective parishes. A familiar mode of statement will illustrate the view of the author. Let it be supposed that a parish is determined to settle in Upper Canada one hundred willing families (five hundred souls) on half a town- ship, according to the usual rules of settlement now in force in that Colony. The first expense to be incurred will be the passage to Quebec, which has been estimated at the cost of ^612 a family.* The parish will appoint managers to accompany the colo- nists, who are to be remunerated by a share of the wild land. Every necessary arrangement previous, and three years subsequent to embarkation, will be * Or £2 &s. per head, men, women, and children ; £3 is the sum mentioned by Mr. Howison. About £15 would be required for the Cape of Good Hope ; £25 for the passage to Van Diemen's Land. — See Appendix. 22 attended to by these managers ; and the parish will provide funds from which the sum of ^6,000 may be advanced in the instalments mentioned below. Before any engagement is entered into, it should be particularly understood, that the proper quantity of land, in a part of the country previously* selected, should be put into the hands of the managers, subject to certain fixed modes of settling. The quantity of land required for one hundred fa- milies, ifi half a township, or 31,500 acres, wliich will be divided in the following proportions : — Acres, For the Settlers 10,000 For the Managers 5 000 For the Clergy and Schools 4,000 For the Crown and Civil Government 4,000 For the Town Plot, to helong to the Parish and Managers. . 2,000 For the Surveyors 1,500 For the Parish advancing the Capital 5,000 31,500 The managers should be competent to give the set- tlers proper directions for the sale of so much of their * This precaution is of the greatest moment. Many otherwise well planned projects for colonies have greatly suffered from inatten- tion to it. No prudent man would involve himself in the responsi- bility of leading emigrants to a new country, if he had not personal knowledge of arrangements being made, before their arrival, for their due reception. The consequences of inattention to this point, will be estimated by a consideration of what took place in the Brazils, with a body of sixteen hundred Swiss in 1819 j and at the Cape of CJood Hope in 1819; and see the consequence of Lord Selkirk's delay in reaching Prince Edward's Island, after his colony of eight hundred people, in 1805. — Lord Selkirk's Narrative. 23 household goods as cannot usefully he carried with them. For the purpose of the present sketch, the whole party will be assumed to be safely landed at Quebec in May. Twenty pounds, a portion of the capital of ^68, liitherto untouched, will now be drawn for by the managers. The expenditure upon one family will be traced as a convenient example of the progress of the whole party. by'^he^MaS '^^^ joumey to Kingston, with their luggage, at in May. im. ^]^^^^ £ 1 12». for each individual, will cost £8 Thence to the farthest settled Township 8 To keep the family and the father during the time he is visiting the lands, and fixing on his lot . . > • 4 £21 injunc 1828. Putting up a log-house 3 To keep the family six weeks, whilst preparing a piece of ground for a spring crop, £4 ; and to take them to the house, £1 6 A yoke of steers 9 Seed for spring; viz. potatoes, oats, wheat, Indian corn, &c. ; axes, spade, and shovel ; brush-hooks, and hoes 3 An old settler, to assist for a few days, in order to direct them in the proper method of managing new lands 1 £11 io». to be Keeping the family till the autumn 4 arawninOct 1822 *^ ° '' A cow and sow >. 4 Seed for autumn crop lOs. Putting up a log-barn 3 ^amia?y,'i823'" '^^ assist in keeping the family during the winter months 4 Item for cattle 1 An ox cart 2 £4 10*. Id May, Seed for the spring 10*. 1823. , . Some little addition to their keep in the spring .... 2 24 Thus, assuming the plan to be adopted for one hun. dred famiUes, and to be carried into effect in 1822, the advance of money must be made in the following manner :— For the voyage to Quebec in March, 1822 £1200 For the expenses to be incurred between May and June, 1822 2000 Item, between June and October, 1822 2100 Item October, 1 822, and January, 1823 1 160 Item January and May, 1823 700 Item May and July, 1823 450 Item in July, 1824 400 Total expense for settling five hundred men, women, and children, on comfortable farms in Upper Canada £8000* It appears to the writer to be impossible that, upon equal capital, any set of men of the class here contem- plated, can be placed so advantageously in any other part of the world as in Upper Canada. The families will probably average three individuals each, able to work; and at the end of two years from their first settlement, they will be found to have made the following pro- gress. Under favourable circumstances, the people will be placed on their lands early in June, prepared to clear away for a spring crop. With common in- dustry, three such persons as we ought to presume our able settlers to be, will not find it even difficult to get five acres sown in proper time in 1 822 ; from which they may expect to raise about fifty bushels of wheat, eighty bushels of Indian corn, with a large quantity * See Appendix for a short notice of the difierence of prices of various articles, and of freight, since 1821. 2r) of pumpkins, musk and water melons, one hundred bushels of potatoes, and a ({uantity of corn stalks and straw, with garden productions ; during the summer, before the crops are harvested, the people will be em- ployed in preparing five acres more for an autumn season ; and this cleared ground, with the former live acres, will be ready for wheat in the first autumn. After sending a portion of their first crop to market, a certain quantity turned into flour, salting their pigs, and putting up a warm hovel for their cattle, they will, in the winter of 1822-23, again be occupied in clearing more land for the ensuing spring. From my expe- rience, 1 can say, that the quantity prepared will be about ten acres, which will be sown with oats, Indian corn, barley, pumpkins, and turnips, and planted with potatoes. Besides this work, they will sow the first ten acres with seeds, for a meadow ; during the second summer five acres more will be prepared for the second autumn ; and the several seasons will bring their own works on the lands previously cleared. Having thus, in the second autumn, ten acres of wheat land, and ten acres of meadow, with additional occupations for the winter of 1823-24 on this increase, they will be able to clear for the third spring only five acres more ; so that in the third harvest of 1824, such a family as we have assumed, will possess thirty acres of cleared land, and seventy uncleared ; ten acres of the thirty will be sown with wheat, ten with spring crops, and ten will be in meadow. Their produce at the close of the third autumn may be stated thus, at a low estimate ; ^r^ Diulioli. From 10 acres of wheat, about 2«J0 2 ditto of outH 70 2 ditto of Indian corn lUO 2 ditto of barley 70 2 ditto of potatoes 300 2 ditto of turnips 200 Pumpkins, in number about five thousand, or from six to eight hundred bushels, which are planted in the Indian corn hills. Not more than ten tons of hay can be expected from the meadow, encumbered as it will be with stimips of trees, for several years. To this must be added the natural increase of the stock, together with abundance of water and musk melons in the corn fields, and of garden productions, and an ox and seve- ral hogs in salt. After this third autumn of 1824, the repaymi ^{ the capital advanced will begin ; it will arise out of the production of the harvest of 1825, and the rate at wliich it will be made may be judged of by the fore- going statement. The effect of, and the pecuniary means of supporting, this Colony, may conveniently be considered with reference to the following example. A small scale is adopted for the purpose of simplicity; but effect can hardly be given to the views intended to be presented in this sketch, with fewer than two hundred families. In 1795, the parish of Barkham,* in Berkshire, contained two hundred inhabitants, of whom about forty, besides the sick, received * The Case of Labourers in Husbandry stated by D. Davies, Rector of Barkham, 1795, 4to. p. 26. 27 relief to the amount of £7^ a year. The average expense of supporting tiie families of labourers in Barkham was then about ^25 each ; making the rate of jC75 to be divisible amongst a number of people equivalent to three ordinary families, which may be said to be the number in excess in the want of em- ployments. If the parish could be disburdened of these three families, and employment should not yary, those left behind would receive wages ecjual to their full support, until paupers again superabound. On a large scale it would be found, that the withdrawing the surplus people would leave the remainder uni- formly employed, and well paid.* The means for settUng three families in Upper Ca- nada is assumed to be a loan of <£2400, to be repaid in ten years, as before stati .1 ; and this sum can be raised easily by a mortgage of the rates, under the sanction of an Act of Parliament. Thus the rates will be lowered forthwith to meet the interest of that loan, viz. to £20 a year from £7^ ; and they will decrease continually in proportion as the loan shall be repaid, and as the town plot, and other land apportioned to the parish, shall become marketable. This will be variable in point of time ; and the amount of the pro- ceeds will depend on the general prosperity of the whole settlement, it can hardly fail of making a very considerable return within seven years of the colonists' quitting England. According to the expenditure of Barkham, the rates for a surplus population of one * Provided the general taxation of the country be reduced, after a just redemption of the national debt. — Note by the Editor, 1831. I 28 !'■ hundred familit^s is ,£2,500 a year. Jpon this income it would be e-'-y to borrow .588,000 Ui.der the autho- rity of an Act of Parliament. The interest of which, being taken at .£400 a year, the parish from which the colonists could proceed, would make a present annual saving of .£2100. Since the publication of the first edition of these sketches, several individuals in this country, in Ca- nada, and in Nova Scotia, otherwise well disposed towards the views of the writer, have objected that, *' under the present depressed state of agriculture, the settler will not be able to repay* the capital advanced." This should not, certainly, be a subject of mere con- jecture. In fact, it may be reduced to calculation. The *' York market prices for the preceding week" are given in the Upper Canada Gazette of the 23d of May, 1822, now before ihe writer : from which it can easily be shewn, in the article of wheat oniy, that there will not be any difficulty for an industrious man to raise the required instalments. Suppose a farmer and his t«\ro able sons, such as the writer has known many in the country, and who left England four years a^o nearly destitute, about to clear and to fence off, for a crop, ten acres of good, heavily timbered land, in order to raise a small sum of money. The question will be> can they, " in the present depressed state of agriculture," produce not a surplus of corn, but a surplus of money ? In what follows, the f aimer and his sons are pre- * See Appendix for a note on the question of repaym3nt of capital advanced; and for the prices in Canada in 1830. 29 sumed to buy every article at the market price, and dispose of the produce at the same ; any practical man will at once notice, that, if the party were estab- lished on their farm, and living upon their own pro- duce, as in Canada the farmers universally do, the money expenditure would not be one-third of what it is here estimated at ; for instance, instead of giving five-pence for a gallon of flour, the farmer would send wheat to the miller, and receive in return his propor- tion of flour, toll being detained for working it. The same in regavd to his whiskey ; and with respect to his beef and pork, he never would have occasion to go to the butcher, as he has here been supposed to do ; and so forth. £ s. d. The first expense will be for axes> about. . .k 2 Brush-hooks 10 Provisions, &c. for seven weeks for three men (the time required for the job in question), and for one man during one week, which will be n^ceSSary in order to " drag" the wheat in 3 10 Seed wheat 2 5 Provisions, See. during the tr'oie they are reaping the wheat 16 Provision for carrying the wheat » , 5 threshing - 1 Keep for the oxen when logging and getting in the sea- sons, independent of "browse," a most valuable feed, well known to the " afternoon" Canadian farmer, as well as to ihfc early settler 1 Taxes of all descriptions for ten acres of land, and a yoke of oxen » 1 6 Wear of clothes, &c. and trifling incidental expenses. ... 2 Total expense, according to the York market 13 7 6 Wheat off ten acres, 250 bushels, at 2s. 6d. per bushel, or 5;. a load 31 6 Clear surplus for the settler , £17 17 6 30 In the next year the expenses will be diminished. Provision for a man whilst burning the stubble, and drag- ging in the seed on the same ten acres ..c 1 The oxen this year can keep themselves in the woods entirely, as they have not to work in the spring. £ s. d. Seed wheat 2 10 Provision whilst reaping 16 Ditto ditto carrying 5 Ditto ditto threshing 1 Tpxes 1 6 Wear of clothes, &c 2 Total, supposing the oxen to belong to the farmer 7 12 Supposing he has to hire the oxen twenty days, at 2s. Qd. 2 10 10 2 Wheat off ten acres, 250 bushels, at 2s. 6c?. 31 5 21 5 Clear surplus for the settler £21 3 If these simple calculations be not correct, they may easily be contradicted and exposed. If it should be thought a high estimate, let half this surplus be taken, as nearer the probable result ; and it cannot then be doubted that in the course of ten years the majority of the settlers will be free from any incum- brance. Tlie only objection to this calculation seems to be, that " The York Market prices,'^ may be reduced by the access of so many new growers of corn. But it is conceived that a very great falling off may be admitted, without risk of destroying the prospects of ' the the 12 10 2 5 5 31 these colonists, who have ten years allowed for the re- payment of thoir debt. A sketch of the second plan follows, by which a party can be settled in Canada, without burthening the mother-country, to a larger amount than the ex- pense of conveying them from Europe to their places of d ^tination. It will doubtless be in the remembrance of many persons in the province, that a plan was agitated in 1820, relative to making a canal from the Rice Lake to the head of the Bay of Quintd, by the means of a subscription of the produce of the country to defray the expense, and that subscription, entitling the con- tributors to proportionate shares in the canal : it may also be well remembered, how readily the views of the proposer were entered into by the richer and poorer classes of the district of Newcastle, the district in which the then proposed canal was to lave been cut, as well as by many of the inhabitants higher up the country ; let us then see 1 vv we can connect this plan of opening a canal by the abo^e means of defray- ing the expense, with that of settling six thousand men, woiren, and children, in comfort, in the l igh- bouring country We will divide the party into three division- of two thousand each, to be sent out to the river Trent, which connects the Rice Lake with the Bay of Quints, in three successive springs. On the arrival . the first two thousand, let those who are capable of la- bouring, immediately be put to fitting work, at the proposed canal, instead of proceeding forthwith to jl 't 32 |i if their location. Provisions, clothing, lodging, medical assistance, and certain instruction for the children, will be provided by preliminary arrangements, to be hereafter noticed. The second spring will bring the next division, and the course of the ensuing year will be as the former ; the arrival of the third two thou- sand, will be the commencement of new and pleasant occ\ipations to the first division ; they will now be permitted to have so much time to visit the lands ap- pointed (during which they will be allowed provision, &c.) for location, in order to fix upon a lot ; to put up their ** tshantees ;" as also afterwards to put up their houses, to clear five acres of land, for a spring crop, together with the use of a pair of oxen, for a given time, to perform the " logging;" again, they must have partial allowances whilst preparing for the au- tumn season, and finishing the settlement duties, to- gether with some assistance during the following win- ter. On the opening of the fourth spring, perfect freedom begins to dawn : we must now (for the last time) supply our friends (according to the number of their helpless children) with a few other necessaries, the deeds of their land free of any expense ^ and then leave them to the protecti -n of their Maker, the laws of their adopted country, and their own industry. * * Should the patrons of a system for colonising upon the ahove principles perceive, at or before this period, that the result may be convenience to the mother country, advantage to the province, and happiness to the settlers, it can be continued to many succeeding bodies of two thousand persons, inasmuch as after the completion of the work from the Bay of Quinte to the Ric Lake, there will be no 33 The fourth year will also witness the approach of the second body, to freedom from their contract, and to independence ; and again on their quitting for ever their temporary houses at the canal will be the har- binger of the third body, selecting their new abode in the wild-lands. The education of those whose tender age makes them unfit for labour, viz. from two to seven years old, will be taken care of in schools, managed on the plan of the infant establishments in Brewer's Green, Westminster ; and in Quaker Street, Spital- Fields ; with the addition of instruction in reading, writing, and accounts, to the children who have reached the age of five years. The schools will contain above one hundred each, and upwards, where situations conve- nient to bodies of sett^irs can be selected. The ex- pense will be borne by contributions of necessaries from Canadians, and the masters will be remunerated by shares of land, selected in central, dispersed spots in the new townships, to be partly cleared by the fa- thers of the children whom they have educated, and to be moderately stocked out of the general fund. The masters should be under contract to do three years' duty at the least, for their grants, and after- wards to give six months' notice before they quit their engagement. Ministers of religion will be chosen according to obstacle to proceeding thence to the carrying place in the township of Smith, and forward through the shallow Lakes to the boundaries of the Canadas. 1 34 the profession of the different sects composing the colony. With respect to the supply of professions, &c. to meet the wants of our emigrants on their arrival, no- thing can he mote simple than the mode contemplated in 1820, viz. that every old resident should, according to his means, subscribe his quota of the required pro- duce. Some would subscribe wheat, others oats, barley, peas, beans, and hops ; others whiskey and maple sugar ; others cattle, horses, sheep and hogs ; barrelled pork and beef, and salt from the home pits; others again hay and straw, lumber, scantling, &c. Our friend, the enterprising supporter of the new iron works* on the Trent, would experience the pleasure of contributing, for his shares, the iron implements that will be wanted ; and the home manufacturers, the spinners, the possessors of wool, &c. will not be found backward in their supplies ; in short, for such an object there can be no doubt of abundance of con- tributors coming forward with whatever the province produces. The distribution may either be under the general management, or various bodies or gangs may be apportioned to the care of various individuals, sharers in the canal. It will not be a work of charity, as the word is ge- generally understood ; the present inhabitants of Ca- nada will not be gratuitously giving away so much of their staple commodities, inasmuch as they will have their shares in the canal for remuneration, according * See Appendix, for a note on the result of the undertaking here alluded to. 35 the to their subscriptions ; and then the acquisition of the improved watercourse, and of an industrious body of settleri n the heart of the province, will not be dis- regarded. And how well do these settlers merit their title to these supplies, as well as ultimately to their allotment of land ! There is obligation on neither side, although the foundation will be laid for the in- ter-communication of the most friendly sentiments. The settlers are taken to their new homes ; they are maintained for three years ; and they will go to their cleared land free of expense. In return they give to their old country their absence, and to Canada the accomplishment of works desired by all who have thought upon the subject, and the acquisition of some thousands of valuable members of society. The quantity of provision and other requisites may approximate to the following amount; for the first two thousand men, women, and children, for the lirst year. 1200 barrels of beef of 2001b. to the barrel. Ditto .... pork ditto. 50 ditto. . ..suet. 3600 ditto, . . .flour of 1961b. to the barrel. 900 quarters of barley. 3000 weight of hops. 9600 weight of candles. 20,000 weight of soap. 30,000 weight of maple sugar. 6000 gallons of whiskey. And horses, working oxen, carts, waggons, and all sorts of working implements, will depend solely upon the nature of the undertaking ; and the clothing that may be wanted, upon the poverty of the indi- vidual emigrant. The European will perhaps marvel that no men- C 2 86 tion is mndc of the temporary dwellings of so large a number of people. The Canadian, on the contrary, will readily understand that they can be the work of but a short space of time, and that as to fur- niture, they will find little difficulty in making temporary conveni- ences in addition to what they bring with thenj. During the second year a double quantity of the above articles will be necessary, and three-fold the third year; the fourth year will be as the second, pro- vided the canal works be not continued further up the country; the fifth as the first, and the sixth year will witness the whole party on their landd. It may be here asked, " what return are these people to make for the sums advanced from England to take them to the proposed spot? In the first place, it has been before shewn (page 26, &c.) that the settlers can, by instalments, easily replace the amount, if that should be exacted; secondly, suppose parishes to be the capitalists, they will be more than remunerated by the immediate absence of so many families now burthensome to them ; and if the Go- vernment send them out, none will probably deny that the relief to the country generally, according to the number of persons, will be sensibly felt ; and it must be always remembered that a share of the uncultivated land is reserved to remunerate those who must other- wise be paid in money. Again, to encourage the next party, the new settlers may be bound to contribute certain portions of agricultural produce, according to what has been advanced for their support, beyond the actual value of his labour on the canal, thus rendering the shares, in that proportion, more valuable ; and shewing themselves to be effective members of this new state of society. sr er of that [) fur- jvcni- pcond and pro- |, the fy on All this may appear to afford a stimulus to popula- tion at home; but before it can operate sensibly, the whole sum advanced will be repaid, and the measure may be repeated if experience shew it to be accepta- ble to the first settlers. In the meantime the principle of compulsory relief, if erroneous, may be restricted in proportion to the number colonised, without risking domestic commo- tions : the pecuniary benefits bestowed on so many indigent families, will convince the mass of the na- tion, that the proposed change is to be introduced, upon just and kind motives; and new laws, if needed, may be passed by a Parliament freed from some of the existing difficulties. It has been suggested to me, " that as an intermix- ture of classes usually improves the character of so- ciety, a defect in this point is observable in my pro- jects." If this remark be well founded, it may be replied, that a few years will produce inequalities enough in the proposed township ; and general edu- cation, with the certain good consequences of inde- pendence of circumstances, will every day increase the personal respectability of these colonists. It may also be expected that a certain number of persons with capital will resort to a township upon the plan of this sketch; practitioners in medicine, attornies, keepers of stores, and many others, will not fail to see inducements to go thither. But further means may be adopted for the purpose of attaining that condition of things which may be thought more desirable than what a township, consisting of small proprietors only, 38 will present. Settlements have been made in Canada with considerable advantage by military and naval half-pay officers ; and a certain number of allotments may be given in the proposed townships to the same description of men, a few thousand acres being added for them to the quantity above specified. A portion of their half -pay ^ may he commuted for a fixed sum of money to provide capital for them. Half-pay medical officers might by the same means be induced to live in the new country. It might, at all events, be pro- per to commission to the colonies of emigrants, a cer- tain number of surgeons, according to the proportion usual in the army and navy. This would be wanted for a very limited period, as the ordinary demand would speedily supply the settlements with competi- tors for every place in society. Thus, what may be considered a due distribution of classes may be effected with infinite advantage to many married officers, whose growing families in Eu- rope must be the occasion of unceasing anxiety to them; and these brave men will no longer bear the appearance of listless drones amongst an active people. The colonizing of Nova Scotia in 1749 and following years, when upwards of four thousand souls were settled in Halifax under the management of Governor ConwaUis, seems to have been made on this principle; and has succeeded. About ^400,000 is said to have been expended in that enterprize. To a settlement of this description, the managers * Military oflScers have, by recent regulations, been allowed to commute their half-pay — a measure not extended to na'al officers. 39 should devote their luhole attention ; and a leader of in- telJigence would be amply remunerated by the share of wild lands to be apportioned to him in respect of a colony of from five hundred to two thousand families. The necessity of a personal residence with the people during the time of distributing the lands, needs little illustration. In order to derive due advantage from past expe- rience, it is desirable that the details, and the results of all the considerable attempts of government, of chartered companies, and private individuals, to make settlements abroad, should be ascertained. They might furnish ample materials to guide future pro- ceedings, and shew the errors which should be avoided. A committee of either house of Parliament, or a commission from the Crown, would be well oc- cupied in collecting papers from the public records, and in examining private persons, in order to point out the expense, the plan, and the effect of what in this kind has been done at various periods of our own history. The exertions of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, Hackluyt, Sir Edwyn Sandys, Chief Justice Popham, Lord Bacon, and others, in the reigns of Elizabeth, James, and Charles the First ; Lord Clarendon, in that of Charles the Second; Penn, in 1700, &c. ; General Oglethorpe, in 1733, &c.; the Earl of Halifax, in 1749; and Lord Selkirk and others on this subject, might be traced advantageously. It has occupied so much practical attention at all times, and is dignified by the consideration given to it by so many illustrious names, that the author looks back, ! 40 with much diffidence, upon this very hriet' statement of his own plans, und it is hoped that he will he un- derstood to have " sketched" and published them in the expectation of real benefit being derived as well to England as to Canada. June, 1821 in- in The manner in which frue matetialn should he formed for Colonies ; or wite government at home, the proper meann for Jijfasiny vivili' zation over the world. " Wr rrquirt) " 11)6 diacipline nf rirtue ; order elie " Ciinnot Hubniiit, nor coniidnnce, nor peace. " Dutiee ariting out of good poaatittd, " And prudent CKUtion needful to avert " Impending evil, equally require " That the whole people Hhall be taught and trained. " So shall licentioii^^ueu and black rcHolve " Be rooted out, and virtuous hnbita tuke " Their place ; and genuine piety deiceiid, " Like an inheritance, from agn to uge. " With such foundntiona laid, uvaunt the f«ar " Of numbers crowded on their native soil, " To the prevention of all healthful growth " Through mutual injury I Rather in the law " Of increase and the mandate from above " Rejoice! — and ye have special cause for joy. " For, as the element of air aifords " An easy passage to the industrious bees " Fraught with their burthens ; and a way as smooth " For those ordained to take their sounding flight " From the tlironged hive, and settle where they list " in fresh abodes, their labour to renew ; " So the wide waters, open to the power, " The will, the instincts, and appointed needs " Of Britain, do invite her to cast off " Her swarms; and in succession send them forth " Bound to establish new communities " On every shore whose aspect favours hope, " Or bold adventure ; promising to skill " And perseverance, their deserved reward. " Change, wide, and deep, and silently performed, " This land shall witness ; and as days roll on, " Earth's universal frame shall feel the effect " Even till the smallest habitable rock, " Beaten by lonely billows, hear the songs " Of harmonized society ; and bloom " With civil arts, that send t)nibnrkation to place of location Pr(»viHion8 for HOoon nionthft Freight of proviHiuns House « Four hlanketH 14 One kt^ttle A 10 One frying-pan 1 3 Three hoes 4 « One spade 2 » One wedge 1 4 One augur 2 2 One pick-axe 2 Two axes 1 Proportion of grindstone, and whip saw and cross saw 14 Freight, &c 10 2 £ ». it. 10 40 6 10 1 10 10 2 £3 18 cury. 4 (i 8 Cow 4 10 Medical aid 1 Seed corn, and potatoes 14 Proportion of depot and clerks, &c 1 6 £60 sterling, equal to £66 13 4 Cabin Passengers to Quebec and Montreal pay about £25 to £30 each. Estimate o( the Transport from England to Algoa Bay, and the locations within one hundred miles of tliat port, of a family of emi- grants of two adults and three children : £ s. d. Passage out, including freight, provisions, water, fuel, ond birthing 36 Waggon-hire for one hundred miles 3 3 Two pair blankets .... 15 Furniture and cooking utensils 1 10 Mechanical implements 1 Farming ditto 1 Seed wheat, maize, potatoes, garden seeds 2 One cow 1 Three milch goats 12 Six months' provisions, allowing 5lbs. butcher's meat per day for the family, and Id. per head for bread *»nd vegetables Evidence of Mr. Francis, 1827. House of Commons Papers, No. 550, p. 169. 7 10 £54 10 . 54 I'lxpcnses ol ScUlers lo the Capo ol' Good ilopc. d. Cabin [)assagc for n husband and wife, with a female ser- vant, to Table Bay 95 Twonty days' residence at Cape Town 21 Passage to \Igoa Bay 20 Cabin passaj^e for the same from England to Algoa Bay direct 110 Waggon hire and expenses to Graham's Town, from Algoa Bay 6 Twenty days' residence in Graham's Town 20 Ex])euse in preparing and going to the grant 10 Cost of four thousand acres of land, live hundred sheep, one hurdred and fifty oxen and cows, and four horses, with th'.' necessary implements, and a common horse 1000 The following estimate of charges for passage-money has been mad*, in the present year (1831) by a ship-(.wner of reputation in liondon. They are high, but the accommodation and provisions are presumed to be very good: — £ A cabir passenger to Sydney 90 .» ii , .. ToHobartTown 80 (i , i .. To the Swan River 70 To the Cape of Good Hope 30 A steerage passenger to Sydney 40 To Hobart Town 35 , To the Swan River 25 ••'•*•' To the Cape 15 Children from two years old to five, one-quarter. ■" five years old to nine, one-half. nine years old to thirteen, two-thirds. • For a considcrabU number of steerage passengers the expense would be much less. The following document, as to the quantity of provisions, has been lately distributed by a mercantile house of credit; s. d. iJ: r, .) V ' ...... n (; f (\ ': K ■ ; i u ... f T"-- '*:''1>: 55 13 O o o K (8— " 1 -H|f< 1 1 1 >hK 1 w|^ 1 -k M|r. M|C' H:< m|Cv 1 wk mk Hc< 1—1 r- 1 >o Mk 4i -|c< Hc< d o ID V-" 0,0, foK wk 1 1 t^ii|C< 1—1 p-|tM 1—1 O i 1 i 1 1 1 1 >> a •^ a 1 1 J" O r— 1 1 1 1 > < 1—1 1 1 t a f— ^ HIM 1 1 >< a •T: pi S 1 1 1 1 a r— 1 M|fJ 1 1 1 1 < < 11 1 1 1 1 >- < 1 1 1 >' ^^ 1— 1 1 1 1 wlfl 1 r < ^. a 1 1 1 >• << a -.If. 1 1 1 1 < 1—1 1 t I < a a: '< IS cq'"' <1^ 3 13 a li O a s O Oi o bo 1/1 to a en fi c3 .a u vovks. The crown further reserves to itself all mines of precious metals. Colonial Office, January 20, 1831. The ordinary rate of interest in New South Wales, and Van Diemen's Land, is from ten to twenty per cent. ; at the Cape of Good Hope from seven to fifteen j in North Ame- rica and Canada, about six per cent. .58 Price of iVool in 1830, in London. ;- ' New South Wales from 6^d. to 5s., one parcel selling at 5.V. per lb.; Van Diemen's Land from 6d. to 2s. 6a. per lb.; Cape of (iood Hope from 3, 423,630, of whom 120,320 were males; 135,991 were females, respectively above fourteen years of age ; and 1 67,299 were males and females under fourteen years of age. Upper Canada in 1784, 10,000; in 1806, 70,000; in 1825, 157,541. The whole British North American Colonies in 1806,419,412; in 1825, 813,453 ; in 1830, 1,000,000 The Cape of Good Hope in 1806, total 75,145; in 1821, total 110,370; in 1829, 128,435; in 1806 total free whites, j and free people of colour, 47,194; and 19,861 slaves; in 1821 total free whites and free people of colour, 77,582 ; and 32,188 slaves ; in 1829 total free whites and free people of colour, 86,449; aud 32,066 slaves; in 1821 total males, 59,350; total lemales, 51,020; in 1829 total males, 63,335.; total females. 65,100. New South Wales in 1820, total 23,939; in 1824, 33,595; in 1829, 36,598; in 1820, the total males over twelve years were 14,564) the females over twelve years 3,707; tlie chihiren under twelve years of age 5,668 ; in 1 829 the total males over twelve years were 24,800 ; the females over twelve years were 6,062 ; the child- ren under twelve were 5,616 ; in 1820 the total free emigrants and children were 8,700 ; the free convicts were 5,799 ; and the serving convicts 9,45 1 : in 1829 the free emigrants and children were 13,000 ; the free convicts 7,500 ; and the serving convicts 16,000. Van Diemen's Land in 1820, total 5,468; in 1828, 20,500; in 1820 total males above eighteen years 3,568; females 880; total males aud females under eighteen 1,020; in 1828 total males above eighteen years 12,300; females 5,000; total males and females under eighteen 3,200; in 1820 free emigrants and children 2,009 ; free convicts 593 ; serving convicts 2,956. N. B. Returns of population do not seem to have been made in Van Diemen's Land as in Sydney since 1820. " Fifty female children, foundlinc" in Cork, are embarked in the " Palembang, for New South Wales." — Morning Chronicle, 29th " March, 1831. 59 lb. , I •...-•■ .I'l- total total in No. III. The Swan River Settlement. ■.!„! House of Commons Papers, 1830, No. 675. — Governor Stirling's Despatches, 20th .Fanuary, 1830. The arrival of settlers before the country could be surveyed, occa- sioned great inconvenience.* " With the country between the sea coast and the hills, thirty miles " to the north and south of Perth, we are M'ell acquainted ; and three " or four parties having penetrated the hilly district beyond the first " range, to the extent of twenty miles, we possess some information " relative to its soil and products." The latest intelligence announces the important fact of passes being found in these hills into a boundless good country, easy access to which it was a capital error not to have ascertained before the colony was foundcij. Until these passes were discovered, some of the most energetic of the settlers, instead of being able to fix on the soil, had been occupied in wandering up and down an inhospitable coast, in open boats, to discover good land ; and great numbers of the colonists abandoned the country in no unreasonable disappointment. * The importance of a surveving establisliment, capable of anticipating the progress of tiie settlers, is well known in new countries; and the true svsteu) is excellently described in the i'ollowing passage from an American speech on the subject last year, in reply to au advocate for lands being given to Companies; " After 1783," said Mr. Webster, an eminent lawyer of the United States, "the " public lands in the west were to be granted and settled. Those innnense regions, " large enough almost for an empire, were to be appropriated to private ownership. '* i]ow was this best to be done ? What system for sale and disposition should be " adopted ? Two modes for conducting the sales presented themselves ; the one " a southern, the other a northern mode. It would be tclious. Sir, here to run " out these different systems into all their distinctions, and to contrast their " opposite results. That which was adopted was the northern system, and " is that which we now see in successful operation in al! the new States. " That which was rejected, was the system of warrants, xurveys, entry, and " location, such as prevails south of tlie Ohio. It is not necessary to extend " these remarks into obvious comparisons. This last system is that which, as " has been emphatically said, has shingled over the country to which it was " a])plied, with so many conflicting titles and claims. Every body ac(|uainted " with the suliject, knows how easily it IpcuIh to speculation and litigation, two "great calamities in a new idiiiiliy Ilillii ||ii' siHlem actually establiiilied, " these evils are banished. Now, Sir, in eliecling tills great measure, the lirst " important measure on the whole subject. New fiiUgland acted with vigour and " ellect, and the latest posterity of those who settled north-west of the Ohio, will " have reason to remember, with gratitude, her patriotism and her wisdom. " The system adopted was her own system She knew, for she had tried and " proved its value. It was the old fashioned way of surveying lands before the " i.ssuing of any title papers, and llien of inserting accurate and precise deaerip- " tions in the patents and grants, and proceemng with regular reference to " metes and bounds. This gives to original titles, derived trom Government, " a certain and fixed character ; it cuts up litigation by the roots, and the settler " commences his labours with the assurance that ll^• has a clear title- It is easy " to perceive, but not easy to measure the importance of this in a new country.' Vy() The following short account of the discovery made in August, I830j is taken from papers to be soon published by the lloynl (ieographical Society. The passage refers to accounts from the Swan River, dated in October, 1830: — " Another discovery has been made by Mr. Dale, of the 63d regi- " raent, and a small party, on the eastern side of Darling's Range, " and at the distance of fifty miles due east from Perth. Having " reached the eastern base of tlie range, they found the waters taking " an easterly direction, and discharging themselves into a river of " considerable magnitude, running north-west, about sixty yards in " width, very deep, and having a strong current. " The hills of the range were generally covered with a red loamy " soil, producing good grass and wild vetches. The trees were " chiefly of maliogany, of a very vigorous growth; the blue and rod " gum ; and a few banksias. Where the waters first began to take " an easterly course, the trees were chiefly of the gum, casuarina, and " black wattle ; and a tree, which is stated to be similar in its growth " to an apple, bearing a fruit resembling in form, but exceeding in " size, an unripe hawthorn berry. The wood of this tree had a re- " markably sweet scent, and the bark a delicate pink colour. Mr. Dale " says, ' a specimen which we brought home has been pronounced, by " professed judges, to be a species of sandal wood.' " They met with no natives except three men on their return, who " were very mild, and desirous of making themselves useful. But " tliey observed many traces of others; and in ascending the great " river, about twenty-four miles, to a spot where the hills assumed a " rugged and romantic character, they discovered, under a great mass " of granite, a large cavern, the interior of which was arched, and had " all the appearance of an ancuent ruin. ' On the outside,' says this " officer, * was rudely carved what was evidently intended to repre- " sent an image of the sun ; close to this representation of the sun, " were the impressions of an arm and several hands." " It is stated that from these heights the view to the eastward, from " twenty to thirty miles, exhibited an undulating surface, aaU .i well " wooded country." Private letters support this account, and some of the < .onists had before offered to make the discovery, which may safely be stated to have saved the enterprize of 1829 from failure. By prudent ma- nagement, a very few years will probably shew the plains and the " silent woods" of Western Australia filled Avith Jina wooUed sheep, and the shawl goats of Asia. A town called Guildford is said to be contemplated east of Perth ; and Augusta, another town, founded in 1830, a few miles east of Cape Leeuwen, " with an excellent soil, " plenty of good water, a pleasant aspect, and easy access in mode- " rate weather, to the anchorage. The anchorage is sheltered from " tlie usual western winds, but is open to those which blow between " south and east-south-east. In the charts it is called the Dangerous '- Bight, but it is not unsafe. Between fifty and seventy fr^sons " have settled there." — For more details, see the House of Ijords papers for 1831, No. 66. ()1 The present constitution, under the statute of 10 Geo. 4, c. 22, is " temporary" viz. to the 3l8t December, 1834. It vests the power of making •' such laws, institutions, and ordinances, as may be ne- cessary for peace, order, and good government," in the Governor, and a Council of three or more persons appointed by the King. And the laws are to be laid before Parliament. No power of levying taxes exists, except by a House of Assem- bly, to be called by the Crown at common law. A provision is made {or future courts of justice; and .Tustices of Peace who have been appointed, must of course act upon such laws as extend from England to Australia. In a case requiring judicial decision last year, the Magistrates very properly had a jury. The Governor's commission and his instructions, do not appear to be published. These forming a material part of the constitu- tion of Colonies, ought not to be secret; and it is to be regretted that a printer is not upon the Swan River establishment. The pub- lication, on the spot, of every kind of local intelligence, whether sta- tistical, political, judicial, geographical, or general, will do more to prevent abuses, and promote good government, than any other means that can be devised for those ends. For the most part, the public despatches and returns might be sent home in print, duplicates being recorded in the Colony, and copies accessible to the colonists. The expense would be amply repaid by the effects. Intrigue and peculation would be cut up by the roots upon this system ; and the remoteness of Australia fully compen- sated. Now, it often costs the ruin of half a dozen honest men, and years of misrule, before truth in any imj)ortant matter can be got at. MS. dispatches are seldom read with care enough. The early years of a Colony scarcely admit of a private printing establishment ; but it is fervently to be hoped that the utmost free- dom and encouragement will be given to such an undertaking, whenever made. It has been well called a perpetual and cheap com- mission of inquiry. In founding the Swan River Settlement, a serious omission seems to be made in respect to the natives. It is well known that they are capable of advancement in civilization ; but all experience of new countries proves that 'such advancement should be sought through a knowledge of their language; although we must by no means stop here. After forty years' neglect by us in old Australia, that stop was first taken by a missionary, who has published good materials on the subject. The result of liis diligence would be useful at the Swan River ; and the Government must forthwith do its duty, if it be not yet done, to those who are the prior, although the inadequate occu- piers of the soil. Already seven natives have been killed by the soldiers, (The reports of October, 1830 — Asiatic Journal for April, 1831 ) ; and the work of destruction will go on, if proper steps be not taken to prevent it. Instead of acting right in this matter, the statute 10th Geo. 4, c. 22, states roundly that the country is " unoccupied," without recognizing the priority of title ; and without even professing, as formerly, to give eroiif/ht into the House of Commons the 22(f of Februanj, 1831, />// Viscount Uinr'ick. " His ]Siajesly may appoint Commissioners of Emigration, who ore to act under the instructions of one of the principal Secretaries of State, and to report their proceedings twice a year. Hach of the "ports is to he laid hefore hoth Houses of Parliament within the shortest possihle time aft»'r heing made. Vestries are to meet to deliberate on the propriety of contracting with the Conmiission. r-^ to cairy into eflect the voluntary emigration to some of the Colon- s; viz. " of any persons chargeahlc, or likely " to hecome churgcal to the parish rates, and willing to emigrate." A i'jiinut( of the j)r(jiLn ings of tli vestry to he forthwith laid before a justice of peace.* If two-thirds of the vestry agrc to the jiroceedings, a contract may then be made wiili the Conimissioiiei,' for the removal of the willing pauper emigrants. I'he Commissioners may also contract to assist others dcs rous to i ligrate, without issistance from the parish, and willing to se<;ure the n payment of the sum of money tu he expended for them. The Jiords of the Treasury are then to provide money, to be voted by Parliament, for the voy;ige; mimI from ilie " dis mharkation until " the arrival at the place of their ultimate destination ; and for pro- " viding, i'l the first insluuce, with the means of obtaining their own " subsist 'nee. ' * It WO' i(i /I' ich tend to Improve (he execution of the measure, to publish tbese (loci-:'i.ii. , and all other general papers required l>y the IJill, in the respective cou'.iiy newspapers. A1^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) tif /. < ^ M/. v.. m 1.0 I.I U^ jy^S |2.5 2.0 us 140 IL25 i 1.4 6" I 1.6 v2 Va / >> '/ /A Sdaices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. US80 (716)872-4503 a>^ v^ <^ ^' ^X^\ •%^ GG 'M\ 5,! I; h ii. The King in Council is to make regulations to ascertair' that all the proposed emigrants are of sufficient age, and in proper circum- stances to exercise a sound judgment in their own contracts, and other regulations for the due conduct of the enterprize. These regu- lations to be laid before Parliament. Rates to be levied in the parishes not less than one-tenth of the sum expended on their poor emigrants, in order to repay the money- advanced by the Treasury. Emigrants not performing their contract, without reasonable cause, to lose their settlements. Two justices may determine cases of dis- pute, subject to an appeal to quarter sessions. All emigrants so removed, to lose their settlements and claim to parochial relief; and to be incapable of acquiring future settlements." The last clause being likely to excite grest prejudice against the measure, it is important to consider how little reason tliere is to believe that voluntary emigrants will return. The evidence before Parliament on this point is as follows : — 1826. Mr. Curteis, M. P. for Sussex, "thinks one-fourth of those who have " emigrated with the assistance of the parish have returned." Mr. Curteis produces, rather oddly, to support his opinion, a letter stating, that " Emigrants occasionally return, but not in great numbers; much the " greater part remain abroad; and it would relieve our country if it could be " encouraged." — Emigration Report o/'l826, No. 404, p 115. 18"26. In p. 134, Mr. Law Hodges, the present member for Kent, describes an emigration of some of the poor of his parish, and distinctly states th»^ they do not return. The tenor of his evidence is the reverse of that of Mr. Curteis ; and is even more satisfactory again.st the necessity of this ungracious provision than the letter produced by Mr. Curteis. Mr. Hodges' evidence in 1830 is stated below, p. 67. In p. 124, Sir John Sebright is an advocate for assi.sting the poor to emigrate, but suggests no probability of their returning. The strong evidence of improve- ment in the people's condition in tlie new country, renders it improbable that they should return; and the experience of North America, for two hundred years, is decisive that fiiture emigrants will not return. It is, consequently unwise to eaconnter the prejudice raised by this clause ; and if any should be driven back in misfortune it would be barbarous to refuse them relief. It is a serious matter that right opinions be held on this point, which lies deeper than a mere question of profit and loss. It con- cerns the character of the English labourers, which is apparently not fnlly understood by the originators of the bill ; as unquestionably the rights of those labourers have been outraged by the numerous political errors committed during the last hundred years. It would, indeed, hd an unfortunate way to turn a good measure to an ill account, if, as the clause implies, it be meant to encourage people of the worst character to go abroad. It is unjust to a new country to send out people of bad character, however disposed some short sighted colonists may be to obtain cheap labourers at any hazard ; as slave owners would always gladly increase the number of their slaves. If the labourers of England are demoralized, it is in consequence of misgovernment and undeserved poverty ; and the task of raising their condition, moral and social, ought to be undertaken at home. The Under-Secretary of State 67 was misled by his informaut^, or he misuuderstood thcin, when, in 1823, he was induced to declare to a Committee of the House of Commons, that "the had cliaracter of parties previous to emigration, " is no indication vvliatever of their subsequent conduct." — Mr. fVilmot Hortor's Evidence, appended to the lirport on the State of the IrUh Poor, i823. No. 561. p. 17!). (Jovernor Stirling's recent experience is precisely in nnison M'ith the opinions of the greatest men who have thought on the subject. " Among the heads of families,'' says the Governor of Western Australia, " is a great majority of highly respectable and independent " persons. In the working class there is a great variety. Some " masters have been careful in selecting their servants ; but the " greater part have either engaged the outcasts of parishes, or have " brought out men without reference to character " Many whose habits were of the loosest description, were recom- " mended to their employers by ])arish officers It is indeed impossible to denounce too strongly the principles which led to the evil here coraplaine ) the evil old maxims of the Colonial OHice ; and should well consider this subject before he commits his young reputation upon points which can scarcely be liis own. Wisely arranged, much good may be done upon the matter, in connection with far yreater things; and, upon proper priniii)les, he may find that true in the nipeteentli century, which was said by w"ay of incentive to North American colonization early in the seventeenth, in the following pas- sage in the Fairfax MSS. : "' In the glorious and happy days of Queen Klizabetb, 70 " frequent were the navigations of our worthy countrymen. Every brave spirit " was taken up with some action that deserves esteem ; . . . . and what are men " so much abased? Let the like occasions be that wuh ; and there will be found " English blood in English veins still ; the same that ws received from our " fathers ; and the same that we will leave to our sons." It was the spirit breathed in these words, that led Lord Bacon, at the same period, to say, " Colonies were the works of heroic times," urging that they should not be formed of " wicked condemned men ; and if we cannot be heroes, we may at least cease to be fiends, and abandon the selfish bad principles, which have ileformed the pleasant plains of Australia; and cursed the simplest people upon earth with hordes of men without women, and of rogues insuiHciently checked by honest men. APPENDIX No. V. Documents and Books on Colonial Topics. Documents. Canada. — House of Commons Papers. No. 529. — No. 254. — Regula- sioners on Canadian tions for Granting Civil Affairs. 1829. No. 569.— Nos. 109 & Report of Committee. 1819. Lord Selkirk's Colony. 1823. No. 563.— Irish Poor, Canada. 1825. No. 215.— The Canada Corapy. 1826. No. 404.— Emigration Report. 1827. Nos. 88, 237, & 550. — Emigration. Cape of Good Hope. 1817. No. 532.— 1827. Lands. 1828. 148.— Colonel Cock- No'. 250. — Trade. — burn's Reports, Emi- Reports of the Canada, gration to Nova Sco- Van Diemen's Land, tia, &c. No. 569. — and Australian Com- Reports of Commis- panies. House of Commons Papers. Nos. 282, Commissioners' Obstacles to Emigra- 371, 406, 444, 454, port on Trade. Re- tion. 470, and 556. — Re- 1819. No. 529.— port of the Comrais- Mr. Nourse's Plan of sioners of Enquiry. Emigration. 1826. No. 350.— Population. Nos. 404, 431, 438.— MisceUa- neous. No. 88, 237, and 550. — Emigration. 1829. No. 300.- 1830. — Commis- gioners' Report on the Natives. 1831. House of Lords Committee on the Poor, tion. Emigra- AusTRALiA. — House of Commons Papers. 1792. — Governor Philips's First Ac- counts. 1826. No. 277.— Torture Proceedings ; propoi sed foun- 1828. No. 477 and 538. — Miscellaneous. And the Wool Re- port. 1829. No. 108.— No. 404. — Mr.Eagers' Convicts sent out in 20th January, 1830 Views on Emigration, 1826-7. No. 238.— 1831.— Swan River &c. Swan River Settle- Settlement; progress 1827. Nos. 88, 237, ment; correspondence* to October, 1830. Nos. & 550. — Emigration. 41 and 66. with ders. 1830. No. 675.— Swan River Settle- ment ; progress to the 7! Books. Maude and Weld, &c. early. Boulton, sen., 1804. , jun., 1827. Heriot. Grice. liord Selkirk. Gourlay. Mc Taggart. Canada, &c. Hall, 1818. Strahan, 1822. btuart. Howison, 1821. Talbot, 1824. York Almanac. Montreal Ditto, dickering. Richards, Moorsom's Nova Sco- tia, 1830. Cobbett. Horton. Douglas. Revans. Duncan. Brenton. McGregor, 1831. Capt: of Good Hopk, Sparrman. Humane Policy,* Le Vaillant. 1830. Barrow. Cape Town Almanac, Licbtenstein. 1831, &c. Scenes in Albany, Wright 1827. Millar Thompson, 1827. Rose, 1830. ]f.':!^'^»Ml831 lillar. > ^j ^ /base. J on Cbasi ITogendorp. Slavery. liatrobe. Philip and the Mis- sionary Papers on the Natives. Bannister on Cape Dutch Law. De Jong. Collins. Philip. Hunter. Tench. White. Tuckey. Bentham on Convicts. Reid. Flinders. Wentworth. King. Cunningham. Busby. Threlkeld on the lan- guage. Tennant, and the Co- lonization Society's Papers. Dampier. Australia. Atkinson. Dangar. Dawson, 1830-1. M'Qucen. Gouger. Eager. Sydney Almanac. Peron, Arago, and other French works. Evans. Jeffrey. Curr. Widowson. Hobart Town Alma- nac ; and Philo- sophical Transac- tions. TurnbuU. Grant. Letters from the Swan River. — By Cross. Hints on Western Australia. — By Do. Visit to the Swan Ri- ver. Printed in Ca/- cutta. 1^'ield. Mann. Barrington. Bennett. Marsden. Macquarie. Bannister on Convicts. Luccock, Bischoff, Moreau, Parry, BakewcU, Terneau, and the German Books on Wool. ♦ In the Appendix to the Humane Policy may be found a very fidl catalogue of books written on South Africa in the last 150 years. 72 K' II k No. VI. The Cape of Good Hope — Port Natnl — South j4Jrlcn. The prosjx'clH for pnterpriHinjj colonists at thft Cape of CtoocI Hope, miiy be collected from the follownifj statenients : — Until 1823, thp most profound ignorance of the character of the (yaffers, and other native Africans, had led the (fovornnient to cut them olf from communication with the colonists ; — although enlightened travellers, of all nations, Sparrman, Le Vaillant, Ho- jrcndoip, Barrow, and Lichtenstein, (not to mention those who had penetrated tl>e eastern country to Natal in earli<'r years,) had borne testimony to the suflicient docility of the tribes. The missionaries also had lonj^ lived amonjr them in safety ; and found them mild and capable of improvement. The Governors, nevertheless, saw in them nothinj^ but "irreclaimable barbarism;" and, denouncini; them as our " relentless and perpetual enemies," employed no other means of coercion but the sword. The consequences were, expen- Bive and sanguinary wars. In 1823 this miserable system was first substantially begun to be stayed by the Commissioners of Inquiry ; but the cruel and costly massacre of many hundred natives in the needless campaign of 1828, and the unjust expulsion of the CafFers from the northern part of the neutral ground, with the destruction of Balfour (a missionary institution) in 1829, prove the old system to be still in too much vigour. The worst times of Spanish, or Dutch, or English misrule, never produced more bar- barous acts than those; and nothing but further exposure will direct South African policy to its wisest object, the civilization of the interior, to which the Cape and Natal are the keys, in a fine climate and a cheap country. An attempt was made last year, in a book called " Humane Policy," to trace out means for promoting the civilization of Africa from the south ; and in one point of ^view, the subject begins to attract attention at the Cape of Good Hope, as the following extracts from a newspaper shew : — Cape Town, January 29thj 1831. " Several me;chants and traders on the eastern frontier," says the editor of the Cape Advertiser^ " still complain of the restrictions imposed or continued by th? Ordinance No. 81, on the traffic carried on between the Colony and the independent tribes beyond it. * * * * * *' The trade has attracted the attention of respectable and well known individuals, on whose property and character the laws have a sufficiently strong hold for the prevention or due punishmeut of offences that may be committed by them or their servantri. * * * * '■' Another regulation, L.tipering the frontier trade, has become nugatory as far as the safety of the Colony is concerned. We mean the prohibition of gunpowder and fire-arms as articles ot tiaffic. The Americans have found their way to Port Natal, w here ";3 . they are supply hit; llir Zoolas with tliOHP brncvolrnt mnchinos, by means of which they will very soon acquire a danarerous ascpuflancy over our nt'i^hhours and allies \\w Callers, who may Hius Im- driven in upon our frontier, while a more warlike and less placable race will present themselves aloiij; the whole line of boundary. A profitable trade* is, by this means, abandoned to a foreign power, and our future safety compromised at the same time. The prohibition, moreover, is often set at nought by des|)erate cha- racters, accompanied with all the attendant evils of smupijliniT. " This view of the case struck the Connnissioners of Inquiry. " That this restriction," they observe, " has not had the eff^'ct of " preventing the smu^i^ling trade in arms and gunpowder upon the *' frontier, is apparent from the supplies of both that are obtained *' by the Griquas or Bastards, who are settled beyond the Orange " River : and as these resources enabled them to repel the attacks *' of the more northern tribes of savages in 1824, by which the ** invasion of the colonial frontier may have been prevented, we arc " disposed to think that it may be expedient to legalize a traffic *' which, from the immense extent of the northern frontier, and the " absence of all controul over it, it must be impracticable alto- ** gether to suppress. The gradual introduction of fire-arms among *' the Caffers, when the relations of trade have connected their " interests more firmly with those of the Colony, wrould, in the ** same manner, enable them to resist the threatened attack of a " warlike tribe of savages on their eastern confines, although the ** removal of the prohibition will be properly subject to local ex- ** perience and observation." " This is a subject of very great importance. The first step by which a rival state will gain the affections and confidence of those tribes, and alienate them from the Colony, will be to supply them with what they most anxiously desire, and what we imperiously refuse them. Our influence, which is now considerable, both to the east and north, will be entirely lost ; the Caffers, should they make common cause with the Zoolas, instead of being expelled by them, will naturally turn their faces from the Colony towards Port Natal, as the emporium of their growing trade, the centre of power and attraction, which would, in a few years, in the active hands of the Americans, become a most formidable antagonist to the Cape itself, besides entirely ruining the present frontier trade. " To neglect this growing danger for a month longer would, in our opinion, be a most hideous dereliction of a plain and pressing duty. To speak of the danger of arming the native tribes is trifling with the question : for armed they will be, whether you * A single example will suggest what may be made of the interior trade, which is quite a new thing in South Africa. From 1802 to 1817, the average yearly export of hides, from the whole Capo Colony, was about ^1,500 worth; in 1828 it was £12,804 from the eastern port, Algoa Bay ; and greatly increased in 1829. And this valuable article is chiefly collected amongst the natives. r 74 {■•■ chooso It or not. The only matter left for discussion is, sliaU they be (lepeiHleiit upon us for their nrnis and anniuinition, or upon our rivals or enemies? Shall we, by su|)plyinir their wants at a profit to ourselves, coiitirm their friendship and si'cure their co-operation in war, holding, at the same time, the main '^prin^ of their strength in our own hands; or shall we ft o the inmie- diate advanta^re, and acquire among them, for all tuue coming, the the character of jealous foes?" Cape Paper, Ath December, 1 830. " We learn from a correspondent, that John Cane, and)assador of the late King Chaka, arrived on Saturday last at Graham's Town, accompanied by several of the Zoola tribe, bringing with him a quantity of ivory as a present to his Majesty from the Chief Dingan, in token of his friendly disposition towards the Colony. The Chief, at the same time, requests that a Missionary may be settled among his people. '' An important part of Cane's communication U the arrival at Delagou Bay, of an American schooner, with a supercargo, having on board a quantity of arms and amnmnition, which the Americans were distributing, by barter, among the natives, and training them in the use and application of these formidable stores. It appears to be the intention of the Americans to establish them- selves at Natal, for the convenience of whaling, as they can obtain water and provisions, and carry on a profitable trade with the natives in ivory, hides, &c. ; but from the statement of Cane it appears that Dingan did not receive them with that cordiality which he is accustomed to manifest towards Englishmen; and he expresses a regret that he is prevented, by the defective means of communication, from keeping up a more frequent intercourse with the Colony." The spot which the Americans are said to have occupied, was taken possession of by Lieutenant Farewell, of the royal navy, in 1824. He remained there safely until 1829, when proposals were made to the Government for establishing a permanent settlement at the Port on the following grounds, which formed the basis of an enterprize formed by Lieutenant Farewell and an English friend. The following motives, the parties submitted to the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and to his Majesty's Ministers, lot sanctioning this plan ; and each head was supported by written details ; — Advantages to be gained to Great Britain by establishing Civil Government at Natal : — (a) A gradual increase of trade : (bj Protection for the interior traders, now proceeding from Graham's Town and other eastern places of the Cape of Good Hope : \l. /;) \ I. (c) Furnisliiinr some mran8 of clipcking tlw occasional mis- conduct of tln'fi«' tradrrH : (d) A ln'ttt'r w-iy to tin* intrrior than any known : (e) A innans of civili/.iiii; tin* nativcH near the Cajx; of Good Ho|)<>, and in th«- intt>rior: (f) Support to Missions at Luttakoo, on tiu' Vaal River, in Di'pa'H country, and at th«' buck of C'aHVrhind : (g) Lcss<-nine[ tin* «'xp«'n8»' of drfondini^ thr fronlicrnof th«' Cape of Good Uop«> : (h) Ch«'ap additional security to British intcrHsta in South Africa : (\) Securini^ aid to distressed ships. " To >yhich is to be added, that without such Government the parties hereto may li" compelled to abandon their i'Oterprize ; and so it will be diiticult to prevent the occupation of Natal by foreij^ners, and the then inevitable consequence of increased feuds with the Cape Calfers." — The merchants of Cape Town expressed their belief that such a settlement would be useful ; the missionaries of the interior looked forward to it with hope ; but Sir Lowry Cole, the Governor, stated that he could not perceive of what advantatre it could be. It remains to be seen which of these parties is in the rij^ht. The opinion of Sir Lowry Cole is thought to deserve little attention on such subjects, upon which that of the missionaries and merchants, as well as the fore^;oing remarks in the Cape newspaper, should be carefully weighed. A statement, somewhat in detail, was laid before Sir George Murray in 1829, by one of the parties, containing the following passage : — " In regard to the last point noticed in the printed paper, that if toe are obliged to abandon the settlement for want of support, it will be open to any foreign pnwer, I submit the law to be clear. It is no part of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope and its dependencies. After obtaining a right to Southern Africa by discovery, the Portu- guese abandoned the whole, except from Mozambique downwards to Inhamtane, which was their extreme post to the South in 1720. The Dutch had before occupied the abandoned Cape and a few miles beyond it ; and passing the intervening coasts, settled De- lagoa Bay and Natal in 1720. They also abandoned both those points in 1731 ; soon after which, the Portuguese re-occupied as far as Delagoa Bay from Inhambane: the space of coast from Delagoa Bay to the eastern limits of the Cape Colony never being again possessed by Europeans until 1824. Mr. Farewell's acquisi- tion from Chaka then vested the sovereignty in his Majesty, un- connectedly in title with the Cape, although communication was made to his Excellency Lord Charles Somerset, as the nearest authority to whom it would probably be subjected, and with whom communication was had for other purposes, as in regard to obtaining 70 pUMa for ini'ii. Then* sociiir to l)i> no (loul)t tliiit a forri^n [)<)W('r in poHscssioii of Natal, and in connrxion with M()/.auil)i(|uc or iioiirl)on, niiirtit obtain un-at inlinrnrc (»v* r tlit> tiihfs, and prov)* a troul)lt>Hoin«> enemy in snpport of a diniitt'ected |io|iid,iiioii within the Colony, in a futnre war. Upon all the foreMoiiii; accounts, we truHl this ac((uisition (not rejected hy Lord C'liarles Somerset, when notified pnrsuant to his retjuesl) will he adopted hy his Majesty, and (hat our special interest in it v ill he reco<;ni/.ed. '• It is not proposed to enter into any exterisive plan of colo- nization, or to tuhe a Hinglc xcttler jrom Europe-, although, if the plan which is proposed Hucceeds, a new opening will he alforded to Huch Hettlers. Not more than six principal white olVn-ers, civil and military, would he recpiired for the first three years ; most of w hoin the Cape nli^ht supply from the inhabitants generally, as it could the HoldierH, mechanics, and lahourers, from the civili'/.ed llotten- totK, now resident within or near the colonial boundaries/' In 1829 his Majesty's Governm<>nt did not consider the pioposed enterprise deatrving consideration; but the proceedinu[H of the Americans p a - throw new liij;ht upon the subject. The IntereHt now taken in .. lU'tth'ment at Port Natal, by enterprisintj English Colonists at Graham's Town in South Africa, may be inferred from the following letter written from Albany in February last, to the Editor of the Cape Town Newspaper, ah'eady quoted : " The *' opening of tin; Cafler Trade has occasicmed a considerable hustle; " it is supposed that 50 waggons are already sent in ; The Traders " are taking up their different Stations, and CalTerland will soon " assume another aspect. The Fair at Fort Willshire will no *' doubt gradually die away. You are rather incredulous on the " Natal scheme. 1 assure you I have conversed with Messrs. Bid- *' dulph and CoUis, and as I know them to be practical men, and '* both have been Travellers to the Northward, tlieir report which " I gave you can be relied upon. The number of Rivers and " Rivulets, and the moist climate, will render that country a most *' desirable Settlement. Government have been made aware of all " this." The decision of the Government apon this matter is all-important. The true interests of the Cape Colony, and the probable fate of some millions of Africans, require due attention to be paid to it. Nothing can stop the intelligent Colonists from pursuing their East- African enterprises with vigor ; and if the Government be inactive, sangui- nary wars and expense must attend these enterprizes. But a wise interference may guide them to an humane and a profitable issue — a point aimed at through certain measures proposed by Lieut. Fare- well, of the Royal Navy, and by the writer of these notes, in 1829. FINIS. Printed by J. Cross, Colonial Publisher, 18^ Holborn, opposite Furni^ul's Inn. REMARKS on the CAPARILITY of the INDIANS of NORTH AMERICA, and on the OBSTACLES to their BECOMING CI- VILIZED. J822. 2h. {yd. By S. Banni.tkr, Esq. BY THE SAME AUTHOR : JUDGMENTS of SIR ORLANDO BRIDOMAN, whilst Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, A. D. 1662—1667. Butterworth, 1823. 1/.5*. ESSAY on the LAWS of the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape"^ Town, 1827. 2«. 6rf. I HUMANE POLICY,— or Justice to the Aborigines of New Settlements, essential to a due expenditure of British Money, and to the best Interests of the Settlers j with suggestions how to Civi- lize the Natives, by an improved administration of existing meano. Underwood, 1830. 14*. NEW SOUTH WALES in 1824, 1825, and 1826} CAPE TOWN, 1827. PiiBPARINO FOB PUBLICATION : PRIVY-COUNCIL REPORTS, chiefly in cases from the CO- LONIES and from INDIA j with an Introduction on the Duties of the Council upon Petitions to the King. nmmmnm tmmmmmm^ ippp ^^mSg' THE FOLLOWING coj^omukiM FrauGAKom MAY BE HAD OF «. J. CROSS, 18, HOLBORN. ♦ AUSTRALIA. . . £.9. a. Cbi»rt of New South Wales, in Sheet 10 , Ditto, in Case 14 Ditto, Mounted and Varnished . * 1 Dangar> Map of Hunter's River, with Book Index . . . . 2r 2 Ditto, in Case 2 12 6 Ditto, Mounted and Varnished 3 3 Chart of Swan River, in Sheet 5 6 Ditto, in Case 8 6 A Letter from Sydney, the Principal Town of Australia, together with the Outline of a System of Colonization 6 Wentworth on Austridia, 2 vols....... 14 0- Atkinson .... Ditto,.... 1 vol. ,.. 7 Cunningham.. Ditto, 2 vols 18 TAfHAMIA. Chart of Van Diemea's Loud, inelpding all the late Infor- mation relative to the Nor di- West part of the Island . . 8 Ditto,inCw?e • 12 Ditto, Mounted and Varnished.......... f...... 17 Evans on Van Diemen's Land, 1 vo\. 7 Curt ....ditto.... ditto.. .. 1 voL 5 Widowson ditto. .. .ditto .... 1 vol 8 6 V. - 1