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>! 
 
 ♦ 
 
p^^in^ 
 
 « 
 
 
Y 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WATER SUPPLY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 CITYofCHARLOTTETOWN, 
 
 BY 
 
 GILBERT MURDOCH, ESQ,, 
 
 CHIEF ENGINEER WATER WORKS, 
 ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND; 
 COOMBS & WORTH, STEAM PRINTERS, i8 QUEEN STREET. 
 
 z88z. 
 

•' V 
 
 
 REPORT 
 
 » 
 
 To His Worsliip the 2fai/or, and (he Citi/ Council of Char- 
 lottetown, P. E. Island. 
 
 Gentlemkn 'j 
 
 In Septenil)er, 1875, I received instructions from your 
 honorable Board "to make a survey, and re))ort in writin<^ 
 "the best and most economical system, and probable cost of 
 "furnishing Charlottotown with a copious supply of water, 
 "sufficient to meet the demand for domestic pnr})oses and 
 "for extinguishing tires." 
 
 Various circumstances have consi)ired to delay this work 
 and keep me from making atinal Report ; chief amongst which 
 was the boring undertaken at Mount Edward, to test the 
 practicability of obtaining a supply from wells and the sub- 
 sequent action of your honoral)le predecessors in reference to 
 this and the subject generally, — actuated I have no doubt by 
 an honest desire to promote the best interests of the City 
 and the City's tax payers. 
 
 It gives me pleasure to be able even now to Report and 
 lay before your honoral)le Board, in obedience to your late 
 request, the information collected in relation to this important 
 subject, together witli my opinions and estimates of 
 " probable cost &c." 
 
a 
 
 4 KEPORT ON THE 
 
 With a view to obtain tlio necessary data, for tlie proper 
 performance of the duties entrusted to me, I iiad careful 
 surveys and ganging made of Winter River, and of the 
 Gates and Curtis hroolis during the fall of l^^Tf), and the spring 
 and summer of 187G, but it may be well before proceeding 
 to discuss their several merits, and estimate the probable 
 cost of each, to devote a few pages to some 
 
 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 which are more or less common to all systems of water 
 supply, and to a proper conception of which at the 
 outset, much of the success of undertaking of this sort 
 depends. 
 
 The ground which must be gone over ii: this connection 
 will not be new to such of your citizens as have given 
 attention to the subject, but to those who have not had an 
 opportunity to study the several questions involved in a good 
 water supply, a few preliminary remarks may not be un- 
 interesting and may help them to form correct views as to 
 the principles and practice which should prevail in all public 
 systems of water supply. 
 
 A primary and highly important consideration in connection 
 with this is the 
 
 SOURCE OF SUPPLY. 
 
 This is a question of vital interest, and should be carefully 
 considered before coming to a decision ; as an error in this 
 respect may lead to a vast nmount of mischief, besides a 
 needless waste of money. 
 
 A good source of supply should be able to furnish : — 
 
 (1) An abundance of water for every purpose at all 
 seasons of the year, and 
 
 (2) The quality should be such as to fit it for manufact- 
 uring and family use, as well as for ordinary, municipal 
 purposes. 
 
 <'. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 5 
 
 tion 
 
 ; iill 
 
 fact- 
 ;ipal 
 
 In relation to the quantity which a stream or otlier source 
 of supply may he capahle of furnishinir to meet the daily 
 wants of a City, two (juestion.s arise, vi/ : — what shall he the 
 unit of supply? and what provisions shall be made for the 
 future? Both rpiestioiis are of great practical importance. 
 
 UNIT OF SUPPLY 
 
 is a technical term which means the average uumhcr of 
 gallons which should he provided diiily for each member of 
 a community — yotmgand old. On this point there has been 
 and still is a great difference of opinion among Engineers, 
 as well as municipal authorities. 
 
 One class says limit the supply to a reasonable amount, 
 and by well devised and strictly enforced regulations keep 
 it from getting beyond this ; whih^ another says, why 
 limit that which is so essential to life and health and comfort? 
 Furnish water to all without stint or limit : give it freely, 
 cheaply, copiously, that all may learn to wash and be clean. 
 And there is no doubt ihe drift of ])u))lic opinion is towards 
 the latter view ; and that too in a marked and unmistakable 
 manner, as will appear from a few well authenticated facts 
 connected with this branch of the enrpiiry. 
 
 As the circumstances and social habits of Cities are never 
 exactly alike, no definite rule can be given for finding a 
 "unit of supply." Each case must be judged independently, 
 and the conclusions at best are onl\' approximate ; but in this 
 as in everything else that effects our future well-being, it is 
 w^ise to err on the side of safety, and make an ami)le allow- 
 ance at the beginning, — even at a considerable increase in 
 first cost. 
 
 In old times when the sanitary value of water was less 
 known and appreciated than it now is, from five; (5) to ten 
 (10) gallons a day were considered a liberal miit of sui)i)ly, 
 and fifteen (15) gallons were spoken of as extravagant waste. 
 Then however City supplies were mostly intermittent and 
 
6 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 much of tlio water used was timwn from "stand pipes" 
 exposed in courts or otlier open places for cominon use. Maths 
 and water closcls were <;en('rally speaking unknown, and 
 few had leai'ned the vahie of water as a labour savinu: as well 
 as licahh i)reserving ajjencv. 
 
 The gradual introduction of the constant snpph/ system — 
 enh'ghtened views in relation to the l.iws of health — to 
 better modes of drainage — to the domestic value of batlies 
 
 d water closets — to the saviuir of labour ellected, when 
 
 an 
 
 water, (hot and cold,) could be drawn in the stable, the 
 scullery and the kitchen, as well as in l»ath rooms, dining 
 rooms and bed rooms every hour of the twenty-f»)ur, {'2\) 
 combined with a growing demand for manufacturing and 
 municii)al purposes, — has hid to a unit of supply not dreamed 
 of forty (40) years ago. 
 
 At the ])ei-i()d named the unit had risen to thirty (30) 
 gallons, and this was really in excess of what ex))erience 
 then showed to bo the actual consumption. This was the 
 unit adopted by the able and experienced engineers who 
 planned the Crotou works for the supply of New York ; and 
 was believed to be not only ample but sumptuous and 
 sutHcient for every possible use to which the water could be 
 applied. 
 
 Under this impression the works were designed and exe- 
 cuted, with a su])posed ciipacity to meet the wants of the 
 City for twenty-five (25) or thirty (30) years, but they had 
 not been in o[)erati()n tcMi (lOj years, when it was discrovered 
 that it would be not only impossible for them to do this, but 
 to maintain the supply to a poi)nlati()n less than one-half of 
 that originally contemplated, further expenditures of millions 
 of dollars would have to be made. 
 
 The experience of ]Sew York in this respect has been the 
 experience, to a greater or less extent, of Boston, of Brook- 
 lyn, of Philadelphia, of Chicago, of Detroit, of Hamilton, 
 
WATKR SUPPLY. 
 
 ot'Toroiito, ol" Moiilrojil, of lliilif:ix, Jind of Siiint John : iiiul 
 ill sliort of cvory place of iioto liuving ii public wjitcr siii)ply. 
 The historv of one is the history of all. Under the constant 
 sn[»ply system, (which is the only one 6ver thought of now) 
 the daily per ca^ 'ta consumption has advanced steadily, till 
 sixty (tiO) gallons is now aecc^pted as a moderate average; 
 and the indications are that it will yet rise above this, as will 
 a[)pear from the following recent rates of c()nsnni[)tioii, taken 
 from reliable sources : 
 
 
 Gvij.o.xs. 
 
 
 <;ai.i,<)ns. 
 
 Albany, N. Y., 
 
 50 
 
 Hu. ilton. 
 
 (50 
 
 Brooklyn, 
 
 m 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 70 
 
 iiutlUlo, 
 
 80 
 
 Manchester, Eng., 
 
 ()0 
 
 Boston, 
 
 w 
 
 New York, 
 
 DO 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 i'23 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 (17 
 
 Cincinatti, 
 
 55 
 
 Heading, Pa., 
 
 75 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 107 
 
 Springlield, Mass., 
 
 ()(; 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland, 
 
 ()0 
 
 i 8t. John, N. n., 
 
 70 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 8i) 
 
 Toledo, 
 
 45 
 
 Newark, 
 
 (11 
 
 j Wilmington, 
 
 80 
 
 Toronto, 
 
 ()() 
 
 Erie, 
 
 107 
 
 Cleveland, 
 
 ()0 
 
 Ottawa, 
 
 65 
 
 These "units" or quantities are averages of daily con- 
 sumption, ^er capita of the cities named, for the whole year; 
 and do not show the maximum at any particular time. 
 
 At some seasons of the year, when the weather is very 
 hot or very cold, these averages will rise considerably above 
 the figures given. During the midsummer months, for in- 
 stance, water is often allowed to run freely to keep it cool, 
 — for cleansing sewers, — creating currents of air to remove 
 bad odors, — sprinkling streets, — for Avashing sidewalks, 
 windows and carriages; while in winter it is used co[)iously 
 to keep imperfectly protected tittings from freezing : a con_ 
 stant run of water being an easy and elfectual remedy, 
 when drains exist to carry what is thus wasted quietly aud 
 quickly away. 
 
 I 
 
8 
 
 HEPOliT ON THE 
 
 The cold weather waste has hitherto defied the most 
 strin2:ent hiws and active nioasures for its suppression. As 
 a rule it is beyond the reach of Inspectors, and is lieaviest at 
 times and seasons when detection is all but impossible, in 
 our climate. The greatest waste is generally in connection 
 with kitchens and water closets during the still hours of 
 night, when doors are locked and secured against intrusion. 
 It is therefore beyond control and should be provided for at 
 the outset, if etHciency is t be maintained and unpleasant 
 embarassments avoided. Ai.J in doing this the wants of the 
 future as well as the present should be considered carefully. 
 
 In view therefore of the experience of the past, and of the 
 habits of our own times in regard to the use and waste of 
 water, 1 could not reconmiend a smaller " unit" for Char- 
 lottetown than sixty ^y^'^) gallons per day for each individual 
 within the City's bounds ; and in doing so I feel assured that 
 large as this may appear, it will not be found extravagant, 
 when your city is sewered, your houses fitted up with baths 
 and water closets, and your people have learned the use and 
 vrduc of water as a labor saving and health o^ivinu' aijent. 
 
 Having fixed on a unit of supply the next consideration is 
 the 
 
 POPULATION TO BE PROVIDED FOR, 
 
 present and prospective;. For this there is no definite rule, 
 nor can there be, as the circumstances of no two places are 
 precisely alike. Each must be Judged by itself, due regard 
 being given to probable futire growth. 
 
 From the geographical position of some cities their growth 
 will be more rapid tha-.i others not so favorably circum- 
 stanced. It is prudent therefore to consider this, and when 
 there is reason to believe that such will be the case, make 
 ample provision for it at the outset, especially in such parts 
 of the work as cannot be easily and readily enlarged after- 
 ward. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 9 
 
 111 some cases when the towns to be snppliod are small 
 and almost stationary, scarcely any provision is needed for 
 future enlargement, while in others by being seats of man- 
 ufacturing industries, — ports of shi[)ment, or centres of 
 trade and travel, prudent forethought requires that imme- 
 diate provision be made for future expansion. 
 
 There is reason to believe that Cliarlottetown from its 
 insular position, and the beauty iv\d fertility of the Island 
 of which it is the commercial as well as political Capital, 
 increased facilities for travelling, etc., will grow more 
 rapidly in the future than in the past. And though its 
 onward progress may not equal some of the great cities of 
 the west, yet it would not be safe in designing works for its 
 future water supply to provide for less than double its pre- 
 sent population, or rather double what it may be when the 
 works now contemplated are completed and ready for use. 
 
 In order to ascertain what this may be, it is necessary to 
 take a look at the past and on the data thus obtained base 
 estimates of the future, which will be at least approximately 
 correct. 
 
 By the census returns of 1871, the progressive growth of 
 your City seems to have been as follows, viz : — 
 Population in 1841 389G 
 
 4717 increased in 7 years, 821 
 6513 " 7 " 1796 
 
 6706 " 6 " 193 
 
 8807 " 10 " 2101 
 
 By these returns, it appears that the increase for the seve7i 
 (7) years ending in 1848, was fully 21 per cent; for the 
 next sev€?i.(7) years al)out thirty eight percent; while for 
 the following .six (6) it was but 2-96 per cent; and for the 
 succeeding ten (10) years it was 31 3 per cent. 
 
 As there is no reason given in the census returns for the 
 apparently small increase between 1855 uud 1861, it would 
 
 do 
 
 " 1848 
 
 do 
 
 " 1855 
 
 do 
 
 '« 1861 
 
 do 
 
 " 1871 
 
10 
 
 EEPORT ON THE 
 
 be reasonable to consider the Hgures (ioKJ a misprint, 
 and that the corrected number should have been 5(518. 
 This alteration would n)ake the increase for the seven (7) 
 years ending in 18.")5 al)out 1!) per cent, and for the six (6) 
 y(\ar3 ending with 18(51 nearly liJ-o per cent. 
 
 Corrected in this way the increase between 1841 and 1848 
 Wiis equal to a deccnnitd increase oi' oO per cent ; between 
 1848 and 185.") of 27 per cent, and iVtui 1855 to 1801 about 
 32^ per cent, it may be a mistake to surmise that (5513 is a 
 mis[)rint, but whether it is so or not, the I'esult will be much 
 the same, it the periods are combined and the whole 13 years 
 taken as one. 
 
 As it is probable — with a copious •'^iipi)ly of water suitable 
 for domestic and manufacturing purpv».scs — that Cbarlottetown 
 will continue to grow, Avilh a somcw hat greater rapidity in 
 the future than in the [);ist, 1 })ropos-c to base my prosix'ctive 
 estimates on a steady decennial incn-isc of 32 per cent from 
 1881 when the population of Charlottetown and Iv(/yalty 
 should be 11, .")»]*», if the rate of inciciase h:;s been the same 
 between 1871 and 1881 as for the picceding ^en (10) years. 
 On this biisis the popidalion at the I'ud of each succeeding 
 decade would be about as follows, viz: — 
 
 Population 1881 about 11,625, 
 1891 " 15,345, 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 (( 
 
 1901 
 1911 
 
 " 20,255, 
 " 2i5,736, 
 
 As these estimates include what is called the lloijalttj as 
 Avell as the City proper, the inhabitants of whirh are not 
 likely at any time to be consumers to any great extent, and 
 as a number of years must ela[)se b, f )re the people are led 
 from their wells to the use of pipe water, it would not be 
 pro[)er to consider nil as water takeis. At best — even in the 
 City proper — a considerable time mu^t elapse l)efnre the new 
 supply becomes general for house purposes ; and in view of 
 
WATEE SUPPLY. 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 this it will not bo imnroper, in tryin.i? to approximate the 
 daily consumption to estimate for a certain per centagv of the 
 population. This, withont donbt, will be a constantly 
 increasinu: number; tlie ratio of increase (lei)en(ling, to some 
 extent on the relative ((ualities and economies of the new and 
 old si!pi)lies, and the rate at which the distributing pipes are 
 hiid through the streets of the City. 
 
 For the reasons stated it may be assumed that in ISX'2, 
 should the works l)e then in operation, that about one fourth 
 the population would draw a supply from the City jNlains, 
 directly or indirectly — in 1<S91 two thirds, and 1901 and 
 following years the entire population. 
 
 On this basis and a jjor capita of (lO gallons, the population 
 to be provided for and the gallons required daily would be 
 as follows at the dates named, 
 
 Vkak. 
 
 No. of sv;it('i' users iit the end of 
 oiicli ])ei'i(iil. 
 
 -- 
 
 18.S2 
 
 2,999 
 
 1891 
 
 10,280 
 
 1901 
 
 iH),2.55 
 
 1911 
 
 1^(5,730 
 
 Diiily eoiisuiiiptioii at sixty 
 u;alloiis unit. 
 
 1"79,940 gallons. 
 
 »J13,800 " 
 1,215,300 
 1,(>04,1()0 " 
 
 The approximate aecuvacy of these tigures will depend 
 materially on the management of the works, and the demand 
 thilT^ay be made on them for manufacturing purposes. If 
 in the former there should be laxity and carelessne.-^s — as too 
 often ha[)pens when works of this kind are controlled directly 
 by City councils ; or s'loidd there l)e an unex[)ected increase 
 in the latter, induced by the improved facilities for industrial 
 investments, which conie of a copious supply of water suit- 
 able for steam pin-pos< s, larger volinnes may be leiiuired at 
 the dates given : but with proi)cr attention to inside tittings, 
 strict surveillance and a steady deterujination to prevent 
 
12 
 
 REPORT OX THE 
 
 and suppress waste, the quantity named would be abund- 
 antly ample for all legitimate uses, public and private. 
 
 Any source therefore which may be selected should be 
 able to furnish not less, ultimately, than from one and 
 a half to (tvo millions of fjaUons daily; and its Avater 
 should be suitable for manufacturinjr and household use as 
 well as for municipal purposes. Water for 
 
 MANUFACTIRING PURPOSES 
 
 should be clear and free if possible, from iripurities of an 
 earthly or calcareous character. The presence of the latter 
 gives what is called hardness to water and makes it unsuit- 
 able for steam purposes, and such manufacturing operations 
 as require for their proper prosecution soft water — such as 
 tanning, bleaching, dj'eing, wool washing, &c. 
 
 When hard water is used for steam purposes, lime as a 
 carbonate or sulphate is deposited in the boilers, with greater 
 or less rapidity, according to the character of the water used ; 
 the largest deposits b'.nng obtained from the hardest water. 
 
 Such deposits when allowed to accumulate become in time 
 as hard as stone, and are always dangerous and detrimental 
 to boilers. They prevent perfect contact between the boiler 
 and the water and cause the plates of the former to burn out 
 rapidly, making frequent repairs necessary, and to this and 
 cognate causes explosions are often attributed. 
 
 Such incrustations are likewise bad conductors of heat, 
 and to overcome the resistance thus otfered and i)erf()rm the 
 same amount of work, extra fuel is required; which means 
 extra cost, in addition to periodical losses of time and labor 
 in stopping to " scale " or remove by hand the deposit thus 
 formed. 
 
 Manufactures seldom thrive where a reasonably soft and 
 pure water cannot be had. This is indispensable to their 
 success. A cheap and copious supply of water, for steam 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 13 
 
 purposes alone, has proved in other i)hices a great incentive 
 to local intlnsti'ie.s, attractinir population and furnishiuir a 
 ready means of ])rotital)le enipio} niciit to the youth of both 
 sexes. Such has been the case in St. Joliu, and such with- 
 out doubt will be the case in Chailottetcjwn also, as soon as 
 it is provided with water suitable for steam purposes. 
 "Water tit for 
 
 HOISEHOLU USES 
 
 su'^h as cookiiio-, drinkino: and washina', should be com- 
 paratively free from oriranic impurities, pleasant to the eye 
 as well as to the palate, aud reasonably soft, clear and 
 transparent. But these qualities are not always obtainable ; 
 nor would the absence of one nor all of them to a moderate 
 extent necessarily imply an unwholesome water. Some 
 waters are bright, sparkliujr and pleasaut, and yet emineutly 
 dangerous, whilst (jthers possessing neither of the qualities 
 named, are safe and wholesome. Still it is desirable that 
 water which is to l)e used in the household for dietary 
 purposes should be free, if possible, of everythiug of an 
 otl'ensive character, even though it should be harmiess in 
 itself: and no source should l)e selected which caunot meet 
 the conditions named, to a reasonable extent at least, as it is 
 of the utuiost importance that water which is to be used for 
 culinary purposes should be 
 
 PURE AS WELL AS PLEASANT. 
 
 Purity, here is to be understood in a hygienic rather than 
 a chemical sense : for no water is ever perfectly pure, no 
 matter whence it comes — whether from the earth or the air. 
 Being a powerful solvent it takes Irom everything it touches 
 or with which it cotnes in contact. As dew and fog and 
 rain it takes from the atmosphere organic dust and dirt ; the 
 products of combustion, of respiration, of decaying animal 
 and vegetable matter, zymotic germs, &c. The impurities 
 drawn in this way make rain water frequently uutit for 
 
14 
 
 REPOKT OX THE 
 
 cooking- or driiikinir before it is filtorrd or clarifieil hy 
 siibsideiicc and aeration. Siidi impurities are orreatest in tlje 
 neigliborliood of cities, and least at a distanec tin-refroni. 
 
 The inii)nritics whieli water derives from tlie earth dejund 
 oil the geological ehai'aeter of the soil over which it passes, 
 or the strata throuuh which it oernieMtes in its nroaress 
 downward. 8honld the soil contain animal excreta, or 
 sewage matter, the impurities derived therefrom are always 
 dangerous; and especially so when zymotic diseases ))revail, 
 as cholera or fever, in the district from which the water is 
 drawn. Such impurities are frequently found in 
 
 SHALLOW WKLLS, 
 
 — -wells say of 20 to 50 feet deep — when placed near human 
 habitations, and some by intiltration from neighboring 
 cesspits and privies. 
 
 The more open and porous the rock or earth is into which 
 such wells are sunk the greater is the danger of their waters 
 becoming contaminated, and unfortunately the poison which 
 enters in this way is seldom detecta])le hy the senses. On 
 the contrary, it often happens that water which is highly 
 imjiregnated with night soil and barnjai'd soakage is bright 
 and sparkling, and i)leasant alike to sight and taste. No 
 such water is tit, however, for human use. At least it is 
 never a safe beverage, as it is constantly liable to pollution, 
 and often ?".s polluted and dangerous when least suspected. 
 All such water should be tivoided as nuicii as possible. 
 
 In relation to this class of wells, the llivers Pollution 
 Connni*isioners in their Sixf/t and last report, say that " the 
 sources of i).)lluti()ns around them are so general, numerous 
 and patent, as to leave l)ut few of eighty-seven (^7) samples 
 examined of sutlicieut purity for safe domestic use : altl!ough 
 most of them were pure and palatable." In a great majority 
 of the samples examined, the total solid impurity was 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 15 
 
 lo-ll 
 
 •ity 
 ivas 
 
 excessive, ranging as liigli as two hundred and Jhrty (240) 
 parls in l(l(;,()Oi>, or one hundred and sixty-eight grains per 
 ini[)erial gallon. The organic niattei" in wellfj of tiiis kind is, 
 as a rule, deprived from se\vj>ge, or refuse aiunad nuitter, and 
 is, therefore, iiighly ohjectionahle. Yet such is the general 
 chai'aeter of all city "wells, and to this cause is oftei; traceable 
 the sudden outbursts of e[)ideniics in parti<'ular places. 
 
 The lieport to which 1 have just referred is not only the 
 hitest but is also the most com[)lete and exhaustive that has 
 yet been made on the potable waters ofCireat Britain, 
 and it is worthy of remark that the Judgment of the Com- 
 missioriers corresponds with and contirms the opinions 
 advanced by the medical professoj's of your city in reply to 
 a series of pointed and perlinent questions submitted to them 
 in 187(),by William Heard, Esq,, a gentleman who appears 
 to have given UiUch attention to the question of water supply, 
 and brouiiht to the discussion of the same a rare amount of 
 intelligence, zeal and good judgment. 
 
 For this and other information relating to the dangerous 
 character of the shallow well water with which your city is 
 sup[)lied at pr sent, see Appendix A. The impurities named 
 above are seldom found in 
 
 dp:kp wells, 
 
 wells, say, oi one hundred (100) feet deep and upwards, 
 when the rock through which the water percolates is free 
 from fissures, and the surface water carefully excluded. 
 When the water received into such wells is com))elled to 
 filter through the surrounding strata from the surface down- 
 ward, tlie impm-ities it contains are rendered harmless, 
 thouiih it mav have been loailed with polluting matter when 
 it l)egan to penetrate the ea.rth. 
 
 This residt depends of course on the strata being fairly 
 compact and porous. When opposite conditions prevail, 
 when the strata contain numerous cracks aud chasms, through 
 
16 
 
 REPOKT ON THE 
 
 which the water may flow with little or no resistance, n» is 
 the case in your city and n(>i_ii:hi)()i-ho()d, the inii)ni'ities 
 received on the .surface will retain most or all of their 
 dangerous (]ualities, no matter how dce[) the well may be. 
 
 Next to i)urity in water for household purposes is 
 
 SOFTNESS. 
 
 This quality in a water which is to he used daily in the 
 ordinary operations of cooking and cleansing, is one of 
 primary imi)ortance from an economical staiidpcint, irrespec- 
 tive of the pleasure which comes to the touch from the use of 
 such water, and the sense of cleanness which remains when 
 one's ablutions are ended. 
 
 In the process of cookiuf/ a soft water oi)erates more readily 
 on the soluble parts of such materials as are submitted to 
 boiling, or to sinunering at a high temperature ; whilst in the 
 preparation of bread, of tea and of cotiee, in the making of 
 soups and boiling of meats, better results are reached by a 
 soft water than by a hard one, through its greater extractive 
 power. 
 
 For this reason less time and material are required to 
 produce an extract of a given strength and richer flavor ; and 
 as a saving in time means a saving in fuel as well as in 
 material, l)oth have an actual money value, though not 
 always apparent to ihe operator. 
 
 Exact an ^ elaborate experiments in cooking with hard and 
 with soft water have shown beyond doubt a saving of time, 
 in many inst iices of tiventy Jive (25) per cent, in favor ot 
 the soi't water, while the color and strength and flavor of the 
 meats, soups and vegetables were more fully and delicately 
 brouuht out. 
 
 In the making of tea most housekeepers know that a soft 
 water is superior to a hard one for extracting the full 
 strength and flavor, but it may not be so generally known 
 that a given measure aiid quality of tea which would yield 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 17 
 
 when nimle with hard vvator three (3) cnps, would furnish 
 Jive (5) of e(j[UHl strength ;ind tlavor when made with soft 
 water. 
 
 This may not appear to I)e a matter of nuuh importance, but 
 yet 1 am satistied that the introduction of a soft water into 
 Charh)ttetown would result in a consideral)le annual savini^ in 
 the item of tea alone. Dr. Philip Holland found iii the 
 course of his researches and observations that he could save 
 eirfht (8) parts out of every eighteen (18) parts of tea, when 
 made with water of a given softness, and that his weelily 
 saving in this alone was equal to one half of his water rate. 
 For fuller particulars on this point see Appendix B. 
 
 But the value of soft water in household economy does 
 not end with the cuisine. It extends to other depart- 
 ments as well, and with still more striking results. It makes 
 personal ablutions pleasant to the skin and encourages 
 cleanliness — it facilitates all scouring and scrubbing opera- 
 tions — it is less destructive to cotton or linen fabrics, that 
 require frequent washings — and permits large savings in fuel, 
 soap and labour. 
 
 Hardness in water is caused by the presence of mineral 
 substances, chiefly salts of lime, magnesia and iron ; and is 
 commonly measured by what is known as "Clark's scale," — 
 named after the gentleman who first suggested its application 
 as a test or measure of the relative amount of hardenin": 
 materials in different waters. It is a soap test; and the 
 degree of hardness is determined by the amount of soap 
 required to produce a hither of a given strength. 
 
 The soap solution is prepared by dissolving hard cm'd soap 
 in proof spirits, in the proportion of one ounce (avoirdupois) 
 of soap for each gallon of spirits, and then tiltcjred into well 
 stoppered "glass vials capable of containing 20UU grains of 
 distilled water." The entire modus oj)erandi is exceedingly 
 simplo aud all but uuiversally adopted as a comparative 
 
18 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 measure of degrees of hardness. Experience, however, is 
 required to perform the operation successfully, even in the 
 laboratory of the chemist. 
 
 By Dr. Clark's notation one degree of hardness represents 
 as much of the hardening salts as would take up and pre- 
 cipitate as much soap as a grain of c;irl)onat<! of* lime would 
 do in a gallon of water ; and each de;free of hardness in this 
 «caie means the use or waste of one liimdred and ninety-two 
 (192) ounces of hard soap in ten thousand (10,000) gallons 
 of water, or 1.92 oz. per hundred gallons. 
 
 By the use of this scale the economical or commercial value 
 of one water compared with another can be readily ascer- 
 tained. For instance, if water cf one degree of hardness 
 require 1.92 oz. of soap, per hundred gallons, water of <en 
 (10) degrees will require 19.2 oz. ; of twenty (20) degrees 
 38.4 oz., and of thirti/ (30) degrees aT.G oz. But the saving 
 effected in this way may be put in another form. 
 
 Suppose a city of, say, 12,000 inhMl)itants or 2.000 families 
 supplied with a wholesome river water of Jive [5] degrees of 
 hardness, and another of the same size supplied with well 
 water of eighteen (18) degrees of hardness, which is not 
 uncommon in red sandstone districts, and is indeed below the 
 average obtained by the elaborate experiments of the River 
 Pollution Commissioners ; and that the average daily con- 
 sumption of water in which soap is used is one gallon only 
 per person, or six [6] gallons per family for washing, 
 scrubbing and personal ablutions. 
 
 The difference in hardness it will be observed is thirteen 
 (13) degrees, and the daily consumption 12,000 gallons. 
 Now as each degree of hardness rccpiires 1.92 oz. of soap 
 per hundred gallons, to reduce it to the assumed standard of 
 five [5] degrees of hardness, the total extra consumption of 
 soap will be [1.92 x 13 x 120] equal to fully one hundred and 
 
 eighty^seven (187) pounds per day, or sixty-eight thousand 
 
WATEH SUPPLY. 
 
 19 
 
 
 two hmulrod and fifty-five [68,255] pounds per ainium ; 
 representing a money value at eight cents per pound of Jive 
 thousand four hundred and sixty [5,4(50] dollars and ybr^y 
 [40] cents, or the interest at six per cent, on a outli-y of 
 $91,000. 
 
 This may appear a large result, but the evidence on which 
 it rests is indubitable and worthy of implicit confidence. It 
 is not drawn from guess work nor crude empiric rule, but 
 from the experiments of the ablest scientists, and the obser- 
 vations of the most intelligent opcritives of Great Britian 
 and Ireland — such as dyers and l)leachers — whose business 
 requires quantities of soap. 
 
 So valuable is a soft water supply considered in the 
 manufacturing centres of England and Scotland, that hund- 
 reds of thousands of pounds sterling are not infrequently 
 spent to change a city's supply from hard to a relatively soft 
 one : chiefly from economical considerations. " Hence it 
 is" says Balfour Brown in his recent work on " Water 
 Supply" " that Glasgow has sought and procured a water 
 which is only 0.8 of a degree of hardness, Loch Katrine ; 
 that Manchester has procured the Longendale water for its 
 present wants, which is 1°.5 of hardness, and Therlemere for 
 its future requirements, which will afford even a softer water ; 
 that Liverpool is promoting a bill in the present session of 
 Parliament (1880) to secure the water of the Vvvyrng, which 
 at Point Ha'gel is 1*'.5 of hardness ; and that Bradford, Halifax, 
 Bolton, Dowsberry and Wakefield, have secured abundant 
 soft water supplies." 
 
 It is also claimed by many physicians and sanitary 
 chemists that soft water is more conducive to health than 
 hard water, but though the balance of opinion and evidence 
 seems to favor this view, yet it is still a disputed point — so 
 long as the hardness does not rise above ffieen (15) degrees. 
 When it goes beyond this, however, as it almost invariably 
 
20 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 d()08 in the shalfoiv wells of tho now red siindstone, there is a 
 great imaiiiinity ot' ()[)iiii()ii in opposition to it.s use for drink- 
 inj; or dietiiry piir[)()ses, oven when fi'ee from sns[)icion in 
 other respects. 
 
 A water, whoso pormjuuint hardness does not rise ahovo 
 six [()] degrees of Clark's seale, is taken conventionally as ji 
 soft water — from this to about IT)" as moderately hard, and 
 all above this is decidedly bard and objectionable. 
 
 The term permanent hardness has just been used, and it 
 may be well before proceeding further V) explain what this 
 means that clear notions may be formed of its character and 
 influence. 
 
 As remarked in a previous paragraj)!), hardness in Avater 
 is caused chiefly by salts of lime, magnesia and iron, as 
 carbonates or sulphates. And the i-esulting hardness is 
 spoken of as temporavi/, permanent and total, the last named 
 being the sum of the two first. 
 
 When the hardening elements exist in the form of car- 
 bonates they may be dissolved and the water softened to a 
 certain extent by boiling — the carbonic acid escajjing 
 through the water, while the mineral or earthly elements are 
 being deposited in the containing vessel. Similar results 
 take place with the stdphates, but not to the same extent, 
 Now what is known as temporary hardness is that which 
 disappears during boiling, and permanent hardness is that 
 which remains. 
 
 Water obtained from chalk formations make large deposits 
 of their hardening substances when subjected to boiling, but 
 the waters of the new red sandstone do iu)t. 'YhQ permanent 
 hardness of the latter, therefore, is always much greater 
 than that of the former ; and as a consequence it is less des- 
 irable for manufacturing or household purposes, when softness 
 is at all times au important consideration. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 21 
 
 Unt Ih's'kU'm this, wntcr which ims u hi<rl» (IcjjrriH; ot" i)er- 
 niiiiuMit hardiiesM imiy he fairly isiispcMttctl, it" not t'litiioly 
 coiuldunoil, a8 its harch'iiinjj; cIomcMits coiinist proljahly of 
 8iili)hato of lime and chh)iido of caU-ium, ami it may he 
 ina<2:nc'.siaii f^altn. Tiio hitter arc considered hy many 
 authorities as particnhirly objectionahle and likely to produce 
 dian-hea and ijfoitre or glandular diseases. 
 
 Perhaps 1 have dwelt at greater length on this branch of 
 my U(;port that to some may seem necessary, hut not more 
 I hope than its importiMii-e deserves ; in view of the loose 
 notions that prevail generally respecting water and the 
 qualities it ought to possess to tit it for drinking and dietary 
 purposes. It is one of great moment to individuals, as vv(dl 
 as to couunuiiities, and the teachings of science and ex- 
 perience in relation thereto cannot he neglected nor ignored 
 with imi)unity. 
 
 The only point now remaining to be considered ])riefly is 
 
 the 
 
 MUNICIPAL REQUIREM1:NT8 
 
 of your city. These may he brietiy summed up in street 
 sprinkling; gutter washing, sewer tiushing, street fountains 
 and fire extinguishment. For such purposes the (juality of 
 the water used is of less importance than the force and 
 volume with which it can be delivered. Any ordinary 
 water will answer for ornamental fountains, the sprinkling of 
 streets, the tiushing of sewers, the washing of gutters and 
 the suppression of fire ; hut for all these purposes, and the 
 last named especially, a very considerable force or prt'ssure 
 is essential to eflective work. 
 
 An ever ready and copious supply of water for the cleaning 
 of sewers and gutters in hot summer weather is invaluable, 
 from an economic as well as a sanitary stand[)()int, but the 
 greatest material benefit which comes to a city through a 
 high pressure water supply is the protection it gives against 
 
22 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 the ravages of fire. Like the savings effected in tea and 
 soap, they may not be always visil)le, yet it is no less trne 
 and snhstantial. The saving which comes in this way arises 
 from two sonrces, (1) reduced volume of insurance, a.id 
 (2) reduced premiums of insurance, both of which are sure 
 to follow aa efficient water supply and a proper distribution 
 of lire hydrants. 
 
 It may be difficult to estimate accurately what this wonld 
 amount to annually, but with a knowledge of the approxi- 
 mate value of the real and personal property shown by the 
 returns of your assessors or city valuators, and a knowledge 
 of the results that have followed the introduction of hiffh 
 pressure water supplies in other places, the money value of 
 this saving may be estimated with sufficient accuracy to 
 command attention, and show that the savings thus effected 
 annually would warrant a large outlay of capital on this 
 ground alone, did no higher reason exist, and still leave a 
 large margin of profit in favor of the rate payer. Let us try to 
 ascertain approximately what this annual saving would 
 represent financially on a reasonable basis of calculation. 
 
 T am not in a position to state exactly the gross value of 
 the burnable property of your city, but it will be safe to 
 assume it $5,000,000, which, there is reason to believe, is 
 considorabl}' below what it should be — and that two-fifths, 
 or $2,000,000 worth is insured, and pays annually for its 
 protection according to present ratio, that is from one-half 
 of one per cent to four per cent, premiinu. An average 
 saving in premium of one quarter of one per cent, would 
 amount to $.5000 per annum, and an average of one half of 
 one per cent, to twice this amount, or $10,000. The smaller 
 sum, it v\ill be observed, is equal to the interest at six per 
 cent, on a capital outlay of $83,000, and the larger to an 
 outlay of $1()(),000. 
 
 The largest reduction is less I fully believe than the actual 
 amount will prove to be, or the experience of Churlottetown 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 23 
 
 will differ from that of every other City with which I am 
 acquainted. In many places the reductions that have fol- 
 lowed a bountiful supply of water have greatly exceeded 
 the largest amount named, and it would be no cause for 
 astonishment if such were the experience of your citizens. 
 This remark is not to be understood as applying to every 
 individual case, but to the average of reductions that would 
 surely follow the introduction to your City of a high pressure 
 water supply. 
 
 And in this estimate, it should be observed no notice 
 has been taken of the other three JiftJis of the burnable 
 property of your City, on which your citizens carry their 
 own risks : and which when measured by the insurance stand- 
 ard of safety would represent an additional indirect annual 
 saving of from $7,500.00 to $15,000.00. It is true that this 
 amount of money is not actually paid out, but it is not the 
 less the equivalent and money measure of the advantages 
 which accrue to a City, from an insurance stand point of a 
 protective water supply. But to secure the advantages 
 named the supply nmst be effective and an 
 
 EFFECTIVE WATER SUPPLY 
 
 for fire purposes, is one that embraces copiousjiess, proximttt/, 
 and j9re.S6'Mre in times of danger. That is to say (1) the 
 source of supply must be unfailing and competent to furnish 
 in your case not le>*s than one thousand gallons of water per 
 minute, or sufficient to supply eight (8) powerful streams 
 when needed. 
 
 (2). The leading and distributing mains must be suffici- 
 ently large to convey this quantity of water, not only to the 
 city, but, when tire breaks out, to the place of danger. 
 
 (.3) The fire hydrants should be large, well drained, 
 properly protected, readily accessible and sufficiently near 
 each other in the dense parts of the city to require not more 
 than two hundred [200] feet of hose on ordinary occasious, 
 and 
 
*i 
 
 24 
 
 REPOKT ON THE 
 
 (4) The pressure should l)e sufilcieiit when a mjixiniuni 
 sii))j)ly is rcciuii'ed to send eigJil^ or more, inch streams to 
 a heighty//ify to sixfi/ feet, and still he able to strike the tire 
 with eti'ective force. 
 
 A\'hen such is the case each hydrant is equal to a steam 
 fire euiiine, standing near the pcnnt of danger v»it!} steam up 
 and readv for work on the shortesj; notice. 
 
 The height named r('[)resents a hydrant pressure (according 
 to Lexhure ami Ellis) of about fJiS to 4(5 lbs., and a nozzle 
 presswe of 24 to 30 lbs. per s(]uare inch. The loss or 
 ditference between the hydrant or initial pressure, and that 
 at the nozzle or point of discharge, is occasitined by hose 
 fricti(»ns. 
 
 But there is another question in connection with this 
 insurance business whicli should not be overlooked nor lost 
 sight of at this time, viz: icil/ the present prej/iium rates 
 continue? I have taken some pains to obtain inf»)rmation 
 on this point, and 1 am satisti-'d that the present low rates 
 caimot continue. A moderately severe tire is sure to double 
 them, and this may happen without such a disaster. The 
 strongest and the best companies feel that the present 
 pri'minm rates are absurdly l<»w, auvl must either be raised 
 or the city abandi^iied, and with a view to this some are 
 even now, so 1 have been credibly informed, curtailing their 
 business. 
 
 The question, therefore, of an improved water supply is 
 one of pressing importance from a protective point of view 
 alone, and cannot be delayed indefinitely without your 
 city paying the penalty of })rocrastination in some form or 
 other. Insurance companies may be generous for a season, 
 but they cannot continue to ignore the law of average with 
 impunity, and are too intqlligeiit and keen sighted to do so 
 beyoud a limited time. A general increase, I have been 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 25 
 
 assured on reliiiblc authority, is sure to follow in a relatively 
 (■hort time it' your eity resohcs to leave its water supply us 
 it is. 
 
 In aildition to the savin<jr which would acerue in soap and 
 in insui'ance, there would he a further saving in the running 
 expenses of your 
 
 FIRE DKrAUTALEXT. 
 
 Under a high i)ressure water supi)ly, steam and hand 
 engines couhl he dispensed with, and the oai)ital they now 
 r('i)resent relieved and applied to other eity puiposes ; and 
 to dispense with these means a large reduction in the shape 
 of salaries and maintenance. I do not know wliat the 
 engines have cost, nor what their present value won' he if 
 [)Iaced for sale, hut I think it would he a moderate c.iicula- 
 tion to put the annual saving tV(<m this hranch of the jjuhiic 
 service at $!,.')()(), and doubtless it would rise above this 
 sum could all your engines he dis[)ensed with at once. But 
 I take the smaller amount, as I do not wish to force a result 
 that will not heai- suhsecpient investigation. Then again the 
 annual maintenance of 
 
 PUBLIC AM) I'RIVATE WELLS 
 
 would he saved to your city and citizens were they fur- 
 nished generally with wholescnne pi|)e water — from eithei- of 
 the chief souiccs noticed at the l)eginniiig of this Report. 
 It is impossihh; to say what these two items amount to 
 annually. Ihe lirst is known, hut the last m ist l)e api)roxi- 
 mated, and in doing this it will he safe, I think, to assume 
 that the annual co?t of the [)rivate wells of your city is e(pial 
 at least to that of the public ones : and if this is the case the 
 annual maintenance of both classes cannot i)e less than $2000 
 per annum. An average of 1S77, l^TH and KS7i), would 
 show a larger sum than this, viz: $2,2S4, hut for the pur- 
 pose in view to reach ap[)i()xinnilely the annual cost of your 
 present bad and imiJcrfect water supply, I prefer the lower 
 tigures. 
 
26 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 But to the cost of nijiintciiunce shoiiUl bo added tli«' sum 
 piiid annually for the cartage of water from Spi-inir Park. 
 In 1^77, 3'()ur then Mayor, the Hon. Senator Carvel!, 
 estimated the water furnished from this source at 72,0;)0 
 gallons per week, and the cost at a penny })er pail at §243.30 
 or $12,692.15 per aniumi. Assuniiii<r these figures to be 
 correct, and they appear t(» rest on iclialile data, the yearly 
 cost of the wells, and well water >ii[)i)lied to your city, is 
 not less than $14,(592. or the interest (at (I per cent.) on a 
 capital outlay of nearly $24r),OUO. 
 
 Having noticed with more or less fulness the leading 
 features of a desirable water for a city like Chailottetown, 
 in its sanitary, in its protective and in its economical aspects, 
 a brief resume of general results, or conclusions dedncible 
 therefrom, may not be una[)pr()priate before proceeding to 
 consider the claims of the various sources of supply, and 
 the probable cost of each. And fiom what has been said 
 the following conclusions nuiy be fairly drawn, viz : 
 
 ( 1 ). That the water sup[)lied from the shallow wells of 
 your city — surrounded as they are with cesspools and privies, 
 and subject to pollution from surlace soakage, is not only 
 bad, but positively dangerous, and wholly unfit for lunnan 
 use ; and by reason of its hardness, detrimental to the 
 manufacturing interests of your city. 
 
 (2). That a new supply is in«lispensal)le, a pressing 
 necessity, and should be obtained at almost any cost and 
 M'ith the least possible delay. 
 
 (o). That the source selected sh' nld be able to furnish 
 a water that is fairly soft and sparkling, j)leasant to sight and 
 taste, free from organic .impurities and ca[)able of furnishing 
 an immediate supply of about 7a(),iMiO gallons daily and a 
 prospective one of fully twice this rpiantity. 
 
 (4). That the new supply should be a constant service one 
 and delivered at high pressure, so that the water would rise 
 
WATEE SUPPLY. 
 
 27 
 
 freely to tl'o upper stories of houses in the highest parts of 
 tlie City, and have sutHcient force and vohnnc to be eifective 
 in the sui)pression of tire without the help of Eiia'ines. 
 
 (')). Tlu'it the distiil)ntiii<; mains should be sufficient!}' 
 lai'o-e to convey a a e()[)ious supply of water to all pai'ts of 
 the C'ity for tire ptn'i);)ses, in tiines of greatest danger, 
 
 (G). That the iirc hydrants sh(»uld be sufficiently hirge 
 and ch)sely set in the principal parts of the City, that not 
 more than 200 feet of hose would be required to reach an 
 ordinary tire. 
 
 (7). That a supply of water like that now contemplated 
 would condu(;e to the general healtii of the City, and prove 
 a great protection against diphtheria, fevers, cholera and 
 other virident and fatal epidemics. 
 
 (8). It would allow the streets to be thoroughly sprinkled 
 in dry windy weather, and the supi)ression of dust would 
 add to the sweetness and purity of the atmosphere, to the 
 comfort of citizens and to the protection of goods exposed 
 for sale by shopkeei)ers and others. 
 
 (9). It would permit sewers and gutters to be freely 
 flushed and flooded with water in hot summer weather ; les- 
 sening thereby the cost of your scavenger work, and adding 
 to the <?eneral health of the citv by the swift removal of de- 
 caying animal and vegetable matter. 
 
 (10). It would give encouragement to the use of steam — 
 lead to the establishment of manufactories — to a demand for 
 labour and to an increase of population ; help to make your 
 city a favorite sunnner resort, add to the value of its pro- 
 perty and to its general })rosperity. 
 
 (11). It would give greater security to burnable property 
 and reduce insurance rates ; lessen the cost of your fire de- 
 partment, and relieve your citizens from the maintenance of 
 public and private wells. 
 
28 
 
 REPORT OX THE 
 
 (12). It would facilitate the work of tho lionsehokl, 
 iiicreas" its couvoniciicos and diniinish ilslaboi- — when water 
 is to be had at pleasure witliout leavin*r tlie premises. 
 Uednce the pret--ent actncd cost of water— allow inipoi-tiiiit 
 saviuirs to he made m soap and tea — give richer results in 
 cooking and add in many ways to the comfort of home in 
 health and sickness; — when haths and water closets are 
 household appendages. 
 
 (13). That the estimated aniiual savings which Avould 
 acci'ue to your citizens in dollars and cents, would not he 
 less, directly and indirectly, than tn-entj/six thousand six 
 hundred iindffff/-(ivo [2 {'),(')') 2'] dollars, as follows, viz: — 
 
 Saving in Soap, $5,4()0.00 
 
 do Insurance, 5,000.00 
 
 do Fire Department l,r)OO.()0 
 do rublic Wells, 1,000.00 
 do Private do 1,000.00 
 
 do 8p. Park Water 12,iy.)2 00 
 
 Total annual saving, $2(i,()')2.00 
 
 And in reference to these figures it may he remarked that 
 the estimated saving in soap is hut a fraction more than 
 $2.73 for each of 2000 families, which should he about the 
 present population of your city, if its progress since 1.S71 
 has equalled that of the preceding (en yeai's. The amount 
 placed for insurance is the least cstin)ated saving, and does 
 not include benefits of a substantial character accruing to 
 burnable property that is not insured. The sinn set down 
 for the fire department is less than two-fifths of its average 
 cost for the yeais 1S77, 1878 and 1S7J>, and the saving in 
 public wells is $142 less than the average annual ontl.iy for 
 three years just named 
 
 (14. ) The above figures show an average annutil outlay of 
 fully $13.32 per family as the cost of their present imperfect 
 
WATKR SUPPLY. 
 
 29 
 
 water supply, or the interes^t ui (! per eenl, on a cjipital 
 outlay of upwards of ?4-!4.0()(), which is t'cpial to a (•ai)ital 
 expendituri' per family of $'2-2'2, or a per eapita outlay of 
 Sio() fully for each tnan. woman and child of your eonuuuuity. 
 
 'J'hese auiouuts may seem lar<i(> to some, hut I am satislied 
 they aiv really less than the actual results will shoAv when 
 your eit\' has l)e(' »me seusihlc of its dauirer, shaken off its 
 lethai\o-y, ahaudoned its wells aixl obtaiiUMl for itself a con- 
 stant and copious siipj)ly of wholesome water fi'om one or 
 other of the lollowin<2" sources, viz : — 
 
 1st from '"Artesian"' or deep wells, 
 2nd fi'om Winter River, 
 3rd from Gatei' Brook, or 
 4th from Curtis' Brook. 
 
 Having pointed out the [)rinci[)Ml features of a gcxxl water 
 supply and some of the bcnelits that come therefrom, it will 
 be in order now, to consider brietly the spe<'ial claims of the 
 several soui^-es nanu'd — the tihicss of each to meet the pres- 
 ent and future wants of your city — the class of works 
 necessary for its utilization and tlic '|)r()hal)lc cost'; exclusive 
 of distribution. Tlie laUcr will t)c dealt with by itself, bye 
 and bye; as its cost will be a c.-'ustant, connnon alike to all 
 the schemes. 
 
 "artesian" ok dkep wklls. 
 
 The artesian or det'p well scheme was looked on witti 
 favor by a large number of your most intidli^cMit citizens, in 
 1<S7(), and was an uiisettlcil (piestion wjien the surveys were 
 made. 
 
 The new red sand stone was known to be an excellent 
 water bearing formation : and in ICiighmd and other places, 
 many towns and cities obtained al)imdant sn[)[)!ies of whole- 
 some water from its subterranean reservoirs. It was natural 
 therefore that some of your citizens should consider this 
 source as probably available for your city, and were anxious 
 
30 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 tliJit their thcorios slioukl be tested, before ;i l-irore oiitbiy 
 was made in briiiiiiiig water from a distant source. The de- 
 sire was a reasonable one. No one eonid speak with eertaintv 
 of the result when submitted to trial. Sonu' donl)ted ; but 
 all wished to see it fairlv and tinallv settled one way or 
 another. 
 
 With a view to this, borings were und<'rtak(n by my 
 adviee in 1877 by Mr. Foster Pickard, a practical bo!*er of 
 the firm of James Harris tVc. Co., 8t. ,rohn, and continiu'd 
 with varying success until a depth of 498 feet was reached, 
 when the work was suddenly suspended and linally abandon- 
 ed by th(> contractors. This work, I deem it ihut to myself 
 to say, was not under my supervision, nor was !inv report 
 nuide to me dui'ing its progress. 
 
 In a report submitted to your city council in 1878, jNIr. 
 Pickard says he had found several "large veins of water, 
 "but the open character of the rock prevented it from rising 
 "to the surface. That from the same cause, even at a far 
 "greater depth a flow of watei- in any quantity cannot be 
 expected," t)cc. Nothing has been done 1 believe since this 
 report was written, and if 1 am correctly informed the w(u-k 
 was abandoned, in consequence of a drill having been lost 
 irrecoverably in the hole at the depth above named, 4118 
 feet. 
 
 To this depth, at least, it seems certain, there is no such 
 volume of water to be had as would be necessary to supply 
 your city, and a further fact is l)rought out, that has proved 
 destructive to many similar etl'orts — namely : rents in the 
 rock, by which the water appears to escape, and Hud outlets 
 in other directions. This is no unconnnon obstacle to success 
 in the new redsandstone, and to this and kindred causes 
 are chietly due the many failures to lind water, recorded of 
 this formation. 
 
 I do not know that you mean to do more than has been 
 done alreatly for the settlement of this question ; but I could 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 31 
 
 not aclvisi; niiy further t'Xi)oiRlitiii(( in this way, us I see no 
 gootl grouiid tor htdicviiig in I'litiire success. The str.ititiciilion 
 of the rock, iis well as the iiiinierous cracks and fissures with 
 which It .ihounds and the great uncertainty of getting a 
 nfi((hle water, even if found in ahuudance, lead nie to tliink 
 ii would be injudicious to look to wells of this character for 
 th(^ futui'c supply of your city. Many of the s;and stones 
 whieh surround and underlie your city are poi-ous and some 
 of them a gooii deal jointed. I'lider such conditions it is 
 not unrcasonahle to believe they may be permeated by sea 
 water. 
 
 WINTER RIVEK. 
 
 liy the surveys of 187(i this river was found to have an 
 elevation, at what is known as the " Henderson" mill site of 
 107 feet above high w^ater at Charlotletown, or 57 feet above 
 th(^ highest point of land in the city propci* ; and at a point 
 on thc"Col)I)" or " Bryanton " farm (say one mile lower 
 down) an elevation of 74 feet in round numbers, or 24 feet 
 above the highest point in the city. 
 
 The area of the water-shed above the last named point is 
 al)out 3,100 acres; one half of which discharges above the 
 Henderson Mill site and one half below it. The Alatthewson 
 Mill dam is about one and three-eighths of a mile farther 
 down the stream than Cobb's and is about 70 feet above city 
 datum. The water-shed between Cobl) s and .Matthewson's 
 has an area of about 2000 acres, or say 5000 acres in all. 
 
 By the erection of a dam at Cobb's of about 10 feet high 
 and 2G4 feet long, the surface of the stream could be I'aised 
 to 8() feet and a reservoir obtained with a surface area of 
 about li> acres and a storage capacity of about 8,(JO0,000 
 cubic feet or 27,000,000 gallons. 
 
 The tlow of water in this stream is pretty steady but like 
 all other streams it is affected to a greater or less extent by 
 the character of the season. With a view to approximate 
 
32 
 
 RKPOUT OK TIIK 
 
 the How, Aviei's were? t'lHM'lid at IIi'iiiliTsoii's, Cobb's iiiitl 
 iNbiltht'Wsoii'.s for sjoiiic wct'Us (hiiiii;r the fall of 1<S7') and at 
 lln* two i)lact'!ij first luinied (biiiii:; the spring and siiiiiiner of 
 l.S7(;. 
 
 'I'hc 2"aiiL>'iii_a.s made diiriiiir the Aiidiiuii iiiciiths show a 
 greatci" (lischariic than do thosi' of the spi'iiii; and snninu'r, 
 the rain fall havin,i»' been heavier. The iJ^auiiings at 
 Jlenderson's were eontlnneil (InrinLi- the niontiis ot Jnne, 
 .Jnly Angnst, and September, and the ones at ("oi»b's dnring 
 the months of Angnst and Sei)tend)t'r, only, wlnle the water 
 was lowest. 
 
 The greatest daily disehaige obt:iine(l from the Henderson 
 wier was reeorded for the l-lth (hiy of .Jnnt> and was e(pial to 
 71)'), ()(H) gallons in 2[ horns: and the least daily diseharge to 
 .'ij, 200 gallons llMh day of Angiist. 
 
 At the (.'obb wier the daily diseharge oscillated dnring 
 Angnst and Septeml)ei', when the streams were lowest, 
 between 2,0(16,000 and 1,007, 000 gallons [)er 24 honrs. 
 
 Xo observations were mule dniing 1876 at the Matthewson 
 dam, as the volnme of water flowing thei-e — the prodnet of 
 the entire drainage aiea — is beyond d()id)t am[)le for all the 
 legitimate wants of a popnlation from three to four times 
 greater than now resides in Charlottetown. 
 
 The water of this " river " is elear and soft and [)leasant to 
 the tasic;and ap/})ears to possess all the essential elements 
 of a water well titted by natnre for domestic and mannfactur- 
 ing [)nrposes. Froni the character however of some portions 
 of the collecting gronnd there is reason to believe that it may 
 be subject at times, when heavy I'ains prevail, to more or 
 less discoloiation ; but though this mtiy render it for a time 
 slightly unpleasant to the eye there is no reason for believing 
 that it would otherwise impair its quality. This is a i)oint 
 on which then; is great unanimity of opinion between the 
 chemictU and medical authorities of Europe and America. 
 
 / 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 33 
 
 "ving 
 
 Winter River lies in a nortiietisterly direction t'romtlie city 
 and l)y the nearest available route is about five ami a half 
 (5^,) njiles distant from the Provincial Colonial Buildings. 
 Its soiu'ces jirc on the northern slopes of the high land that 
 stands between it and the city, and it follows a northeasterly 
 course to the (lulf of St. Lawrence via Bedford Basin. 
 
 As the summit of the ridge just named is about 18G feet 
 altove high water or lOU feet higher than the suggested 
 "• Cobb" reservoir, to make its water available for city use 
 pumpiiKj ov tunndiiny would have to be adopted. 
 
 By the former (pumping) the water would be delivered in 
 the city with a high pressure force ; that is to say from K.O 
 to 13() feet (or more if desired) above your highest city 
 level, and the whole of the impounded water would be 
 available in dry seasons, should the natural tlow ha[)pen to 
 be less at any time than the city's daily consumption. By 
 the latter or tunnellinij: the water would be delivered at 
 from 3U to 3(5 feet above your highest city level and about 
 24,000,000 gallons of the stored water would be available in 
 seasons of extra drought. 
 
 The " lift''' or difference of level between the pumps and 
 the summit of the hill would be about 100 to 120 feet; and 
 the water could be sent direct to the city, by gravitation. 
 
 The lengtli of the lifting or rising main between the 
 pumps and the reservoir, would be about 7000 feet and the 
 length (»f the leading main from thence to the city about 
 21,100 feet. Both siiould be made of good cast iron and 
 neither should be less than 12 inches in diameter. Indeed 
 it would be better if the risins: main were larijer than this. 
 
 A 12 inch pipe drawing its water from a reservoir at this 
 height and discharging at a point 25 feet above your city 
 datmn, or midway between your hiiihest and lowest levels, 
 should deliver, if [)roperly laid and graded about 2,00J,'J00 
 galloua daily or 83,333 galloua por hour. 
 
 
u 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 The pressure under uhieh this discliiirge would lake plaee 
 would be well lilted tor tire purposes, irlfhont the (tul of 
 engines; hut niueh niori; than is necessary tor oidinary daily 
 use; a medium pressure heiiig uu)r(^ easily mana<red and 
 desirable for domestic piu-poses, and less wasteful of water 
 and water tittings. This could l)e readily rcirnlated however 
 by self acting mechanical arrangem -nts, through which an 
 ordinary pressure could be had for oiiliuary occasions and a 
 high pressure in tire times. 
 
 The sununit reservoir should be built with a view to 
 future extension and be able to store not less than two 
 midl(>us four hundred thousand (2,400,000) gallons of water 
 to begin with. To do this it would require to have a solid 
 capacity in round numbers of a rectangular body liiO feet 
 long by ^0 feet witle and 25 feet deej). Tart of the work of 
 construction would be in excavation ai.d part in embankment. 
 
 The engines and pumps should be able to i)lace in this 
 reservoir about 50,000 gallons per hour or GOO.OOU gallons 
 per day of 12 hours; and the engine house should be 
 suthciently roomy to accommodate a second engine should 
 such be deemed requisite in years hence. 
 
 The lengih oi tunnel required to biingthe water of Winter 
 River to the city would not be far sh(irt of 2^ miles and may 
 possil)ly exceed this ; and the length of iron main about J 0,500 
 feet. 
 
 The dimension of the tunnel could scarcely be less than 
 4.5 X 6 feet. This are;', is not required for supply purposes 
 l)ut to give ordinary room for mining and removing of the 
 debris. 
 
 Shafts will be leiiuired along the whole line of tunnel, one 
 probably every (iOO feet, for ventilation and the removal of 
 excavated material, and it may be for pumping should water 
 be met with. The average depths of these shafts will be 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 35 
 
 the 
 
 be 
 
 about 50 to (50 feet aiid ouch one will roqiiiro a set of lioisting 
 inacIiiiuMy, Nvorkod Uy steam or horse power as may prove 
 most economical. 
 
 • 
 
 As the new red sand stone in the neighborhood of your 
 city is [)()ron.s and Jointed, it is not improl)al)lc that a part or 
 the whole of th(! tmniel would have to be lined with brick, to 
 iit it for the duty it would have to do; but this is a 
 circumstance that can only be found out as the work 
 progresses. The additional expense incurred in this way 
 may bo much or little and may reduce or add consider ibly 
 to the estimated expcmliture. Work of this sort is always 
 surrounded with doubt and uncertainty as to tinal cost, anj 
 r(M|uires a larger margin than ordinary undertakings. 
 
 Gale chambers and gates will be required at each end, to 
 regulate the flow; and at the city end, at least, substantial 
 strainers to intercept the fish and prevent them from entering 
 the main pipe. These chambers need not be large but both 
 should be in duplicate and the arrangement such that either 
 could be shut oft* at pleasure and cleaned without disturbance 
 to the ordinary daily supply of the city. 
 
 The supply of Avater derived from Winter River in this 
 way would be an eminently low pressure one and useless in 
 a great measure for fire purposes without the aid of engines. 
 It would be a fair presstu'e however for ordinary purposes to 
 the greater part of the city, but might not be uniformly 
 satisfactory to dwellers on the summits. 
 
 A 12 inch main lending from the termination (jf the tunnel 
 to the city and discharging at a point 25 feet above city 
 datum should deliver when new and well laid about 
 1,5!)0,000 gallons per day or Ofi, 250 gallons per hour. This 
 it will be observed is greatly less than the quantity obtained 
 from a i)ipe of the same size discharging under the superior 
 pressure of a sumnn't reservoir. To got the same results in 
 gallons of water brought to the city daily, a pipe of not less 
 
36 
 
 IIKPOIIT ON THE 
 
 than 14 inches diaineter would have to be laid between the 
 city and the tuiniel. 
 
 The course of tuMuei and pipe are shown approximately 
 by full red lines on thencconipan)iiig plan, subject of course 
 to revision and change should location surveys ever be made, 
 which is rather doubtful. 
 
 The following ligures give the probable cost by tunneling 
 and by pumping. 
 
 PROBABLE CO.'sT BY PUMPING. 
 
 Reservoir at Cobb's. 
 
 nOOO Cubic yards enibank't @ 30 cents 
 
 Gate House and Gates 
 
 Compensation culvert . 
 
 Waste way . 
 
 Land and wr.ter rights . 
 
 En<''ine House and coal shed 
 Ground 
 Quadruple Engine, pumps & boiler set 
 
 Iron pipe 
 
 7,000 feet rising main 
 
 21,500 summit reservoir to City 
 
 28,500 feet, 1,110 tons („ $30 00 
 
 Stop cocks .... 
 
 Special castings and air valves 
 
 Lead 37,000 li)s. (a 5 cents . 
 
 Spun yarn .... 
 
 Labour excavating and retilling sa\ 
 29,000 feet (« 20 cents 
 Sinn m it Reservoir 
 
 (),100 (Mibic yards excavating and em- 
 bank injr . 
 
 Land .... 
 
 Culvert and gate house 
 
 Special castings . 
 
 Unforeseen expenses dc engineering 7^% 
 
 $1,800 
 
 600 
 
 300 
 
 750 
 
 3,0m) 6,450 
 
 "2,500 
 500 
 16,000 19,000 
 
 33,300 
 
 430 
 
 250 
 
 1.850 
 
 140 35,970 
 
 5.800 5.800 
 
 1,830 
 500 
 600 
 100 3,030 
 
 """$70725(1 
 5,260 
 
 $75,519 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 37 
 
 PROBABLE COST BY TU ELING. 
 
 Reservoir. 8iune ;is in pumpinir 
 Tiiiinelino; and vSljid'tj* 
 
 11,8.SU lineal feet at $12-00 . 
 
 Gate elianiher, pitos and sli-ainers 
 
 l(.),r)()0 feet 12 inch iron pipe, (540 tons 
 at $80.00 1 
 
 Stop eoi.'k.s ...... 
 
 Lead and spun yarn .... 
 
 Si-fficiul eastings . . . . . 
 
 Cartaije 700 tons at 75 cents 
 Ltihour. Digging, laying pipe and refilling 
 l(),r)0() feet at 20 cents 
 
 Extra land and water rights, say . 
 
 Unforeseen expenses and engineering 10 per 
 cent ...... 
 
 $ 6,450 
 
 142,500 
 1,500 
 
 1}).200 
 2(50 
 1,120 
 200 
 525 
 
 3,300 
 6,000 
 
 181,115 
 18.111 
 
 $ l!l!),22() 
 
 Before j)roceeding to notice other soui'ces of snjjply it 
 may be noted, that if in the progress of time the wants of 
 your cit}' re(piire ni' re water than could he obtained from 
 the Cobb reservoir, an additional supply could I)e had by 
 placing a dam of about 20 feet high, at the Matthcwson 
 Mill site, or thereabouts. This would raise the level of the 
 stream, from Matthewson's upwards to 80 feet, and giv(; the 
 wliohi drainage area (5000 acres) for a collecting ground. 
 A reservoir formed bv damming the river at Matthewson's 
 v/ould have a great surface area, but it would be deficient in 
 the important features of depth. A wide spread surface 
 causes «. greater loss by eva[)oration, and shallow water is 
 uutV.vo.ipable to coolness and purity. 
 
 No special notice is taken of the IlendtM'son Mill site for 
 reservoir purposes, as its water-shed alrme is considered 
 inadeqiuite for the future wants of thecitv and for en<rineeiin<', 
 reasons as well. The next source exanuned was the 
 
 GATKS BUOOK 
 
 which is about three (3) miles from the city in a northerly 
 
38 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 direction. Tiie water of this brook lilce that of Winter 
 Kiver, is the product of spiings and is not only soft and 
 clear, but from the nature of its collecting" irround it is not 
 liUely to be affected injuriously by heavy rains. 
 
 The bed of the stream at the base of the Gates Mill dam 
 is about the the same as your <;ity datum and at a point 
 about three quarters of a mile above this, 30 feet above 
 high water or iweiifj/ feet lower than the highest iand in the 
 citv. 
 
 It was at this last named point the gauge was placed and 
 by raising an enbankment here, of say 34 feet, a reservoir 
 could bo had capable of containing aI»out 57, 000, 000 gallons 
 of water but by gravitation Avorks a part only of this reserve 
 would be available for city use in seasons of drought, as will 
 be noticed more fully hereafter when the differiMit sourc(!s 
 are being compared. 
 
 The water-shed which falls into this brook, above the 
 gauge has an area of about 1,5')0 acres and l)etween this and 
 the Gates Mill dam 870 acres or 2,420 altogether. 
 
 The highest daily flow recorded was 1,830,'JOO in October 
 and November 187.), and the smallest 41(5,00;) gallons in 
 August and Se})tember 1875. 
 
 'J'he average daily discharge during October 187.5, wIkmi 
 the gangings were made was 1,744,000 gallons per 24 
 hours: and in June, July and August 187fi, the average was 
 71l().000 gallons per 24 hours. 
 
 The October observations represent an average daily 
 discharge of about 1,125 gallons i)er acre and the sunnner 
 average of 187() about 513 gallons jx-raci-e. 
 
 These results it will l)e (observed are exclusive of the 870 
 acres of water-shed between the (lates mill dam and where 
 the gauge was placed on the brook about '^ of a mile above. 
 Assuming a corresponding discharge from this area as from 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 39 
 
 tho one above it, the averajjc daily discharjie at the mill 
 dmiiiir October 187;') must have been about 2,723,500 
 ^ialloiis; and the siimiuer flow of 187G about 1,242,800 
 gallons. 
 
 These estimates must bo understood as a[)proximatei)nly, 
 as the tin;e was insufiicient for a inorc^ extensive and 
 satisfactory series of observations on this and the other 
 streams (and the cost more than the cit}' was inclined to 
 bear) but imi)erfect as they are they give better evidence 
 
 th 
 
 I fall ah 
 
 give, of the relative merits of the 
 
 an ramraii ali^ne couh 
 scveial sources of supply. 
 
 There are two ways by wliich the water obtainable from 
 this district could be made available for city use, (1st) by 
 (jntvilaUon, (2nd) hy punipuHj. For the lirst it would be 
 necessary to build a dam o4 feet hiiih at least to raise the 
 surface level of water 12 feet above the hiahest city jjrade ; 
 and lay aI»out 'd^ miles of 12 inch cast iron pipe. 
 
 A pil)e of this size would be able to discharge at the 
 junction of K'iston St. and Spring Park Koad about 48,!IOO 
 gallons per hour : and give to the city a good /o^r pressure 
 supi)ly but would be ineii'ective for tire purposes, without the 
 aid of engines. 
 
 Under the head named, 14 feet, the water would seldom 
 rise al)ove the basement of houses situated on the 50 feet 
 grade above the city datum and as the distrilnitory arrange- 
 ments were extended and the consumption increased a time 
 would soon come when the summits would be left for 
 longer or shorter jjcriods withcjut water. Such at least is 
 the experience of gravitation supplies in other cities having 
 a relatively low head. 
 
 Besides this only a fractional part of the water held in 
 the reservoir could be diuwn for city use, and as the water 
 fell, as it would do in dry seasons, when the daily draft ex- 
 ceeded the imluml How, the iuitial head wuuld be utiU further 
 
40 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 reclii(3ecl — the general supply diminished and that at the 
 smnniits made more procarion.s and unsatisfactorv. 
 
 The only way hy which the best rosidts conld he obtained 
 from this s.nu'ce is by pnmping — either into a .service reser- 
 voir sitnated on some conveniently hiiih [joint near the city, 
 or divecili/ into the mains, withont the intervention of 
 reservoir or stand pipe — the workinir pressnre being con- 
 trolled by hydraulic regulators, as in the Holey and 
 W'aterons systems, and run hiijJi or loir as re(piired for tii'e 
 (»r ordinary city pui"[)oses. 
 
 W^hen a reservoir is used in comieclion with pumping, one 
 engine and one set of pumps niay suffice for the work, but 
 when there is no reservoir the engines and jjumps, as a 
 matter of oidinary ijrudcnce, should be du[)licated to pre- 
 vent interruption in times of accident, and must be worked 
 continuously day and night without ceasing, Sunday or 
 Saturday. 
 
 In the event of this source having been chosen ;uul pump- 
 ing decided on, the engine might be stationed (1) near the 
 Gates' Mill about G on plan, (2) at a point marked F on 
 the plan, 4000 feet nearer to the ciiy, or (3) near the 
 western end of Brighton Road, marked D. 
 
 If the lird named site were selected, the water might be 
 forced through a rising main of suitable size to a reservoir 
 on College hill, or in some other more desirable place, and 
 from thence sent into the city tt) supply the ordinary daily 
 wants of the people, at a moderate pressure; the Jirrange- 
 nient in regard to valves, &c., being such as to permit an 
 immediate increase of pressure in case of tire. 
 
 The arrangement of the second location would be much 
 the same; with this advantage that if in the progress of time, 
 more water was wanted by your city than could be got from 
 the Gales' water-shed, an additional supjjly could be drawn 
 at or about this point from the "Curtis" wuter-sbed, aa will 
 
WATBK SUPPLY. 
 
 41 
 
 be noticed more fully hereafter, and coal for fuel could be 
 landed more conveniently here than higher up the river. 
 In either case however the necessary rising main to lead 
 from the pumps to the reservoir and thence to the city, 
 would be costly. 
 
 By placing the pumping station somewhere near the 
 western end of Brighton Road, the rising main would pass 
 through P^nston Street, and supply to right and left as it went 
 on its way to the reservoir, could a site near the city be ob- 
 tained for this |)urpose. The latter, however, is not an indis- 
 pensable though a very desirable and vluable appendage to 
 a city's water supply ; but in its absento the engines and 
 pumps as already noted, would require duplication. 
 
 To bring the water to the pumps, a light iron or heavy 
 stone ware pipe might be used or a small brick aqueduct 
 built. The length of this pipe or aqueduct would be about 
 19,900 feet and its general course as well as suggested lines 
 for rising mains from point F as well as from Gates' mill are 
 shewn a])proximately by full red lines on the map or plan 
 accomi>anying this Keport. 
 
 The estimated cost by each of the ways suggested is as 
 follows, viz : — 
 
 ESTIMATED PROBABLE COST. 
 
 No. 3 Line, gravitation, storage reservoir about 4000 
 feet al)ove Gates' mill dam. 
 
 Storage Reservoir. 
 
 Uam 59,000 cubic yards embanking at 
 30 cents ...... 
 
 Gate house and culvert 
 
 Gates and special castings . 
 
 Waste way . . . . . 
 
 Land and water rights 
 
 Leadiuir Main 12 inches in diameter. 
 18,500 feet, 720 tons at $30.00 . 
 Stop cocks, air valves & special castings 
 
 $17,700 
 
 1,950 
 
 250 
 
 1,500 
 
 10,000 31,400 
 
 21,600 
 530 
 
 22,130 31,400 
 
42 
 
 REPORT ON ^im 
 
 Brought forward, 
 Lead and spun yarn . . . . 
 
 Labour, Cartage 800 tons at 75 cents . 
 
 Digging, laying pipe and retilling, extra 
 labour, deep cutting 
 
 Unforeseen expenses and Engineering 7^ per 
 
 C61II; •••••• 
 
 22,130 31,400 
 1,280 23,410 
 
 600 
 
 6,380 6,980 
 
 $61,790 
 4,634 
 
 $66,424 
 
 ESTIMATKD PROBABLR COST. 
 
 No. 6 Line, pumping, storage reservoir about 4000 feet 
 al)ove the Gates' mill dam and pumping stativ)n near Gates' 
 mill marked G on plan. 
 
 Storage Reservoir. 
 
 
 
 Dam 22,000 cubic yards embanking at 
 
 
 
 30 cents ...... 
 
 6,600 
 
 
 Gate house and culvert 
 
 1,740 
 
 
 Gates and special castings, streams vfcc. 
 
 300 
 
 
 Waste way. . . . . . 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 Land and water rights 
 
 10,000 
 
 20.140 
 
 Engine house and coal shed 
 
 2,200 
 
 
 Engines pumps and boilers in . 
 
 16,000 
 
 18,200 
 
 18,900 feet 12 inch iron main, 728 tons 
 
 
 
 at $30.00 
 
 21,840 
 
 
 Lead and spun yarn . . . . 
 
 1,315 
 
 
 Stop cocks, air valves & special castings 
 
 680 
 
 23,835 
 
 Labour, cartage . . . . . 
 
 600 
 
 
 Digging, laying pipe and retilling 
 
 3.780 
 
 4,380 
 
 College Hill reservoir and gate chambers . 
 
 
 3,350 
 
 
 $69,905 
 
 Unforeseen expenses and engineering 7 per 
 
 
 
 cent . . . . . . 
 
 
 5,243 
 
 
 $75,148 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 43 
 
 ESTIMATED PROBABLE COST. 
 
 No. 4 Line pumping, Stonige reservoir about 4,000 feet 
 above the Gates' dam. Pumping station at point marked F 
 on plan. Distributing reservoir on College Hill. 
 
 Storage Reservoir. 
 
 Dam, gate house and culvert &c., same 
 
 as for No. 6 . 
 Engine house and (!oal shed 
 Quadruple engine, boilers and pumps 
 
 complete . . . . . 
 
 8,000 feet 14 inch cast iron pipe, 336 
 
 tons at $30.00 
 
 Stop cocks & special castings. 
 
 Labour diggins: laving & refilling 8000 
 
 ft. at 20 cts. . . . . . 
 
 5000 ft. 12 inch rising main 
 .5(500 ft. 12 inch delivering main 
 10,600 ft. 12 inch pipe, say 400 tons at 
 
 $30.00 
 
 Stop cocks, air valves & special castings 
 Lead and spun yarn . , 
 
 Laboiu digging, laying, refilling 11,000 
 
 ft. at 20 cts.. 
 Cartage, 600 tons at 60 cts. 
 
 College Hill reservoir, (late, Chambers and 
 connections .... 
 
 Unforeseen expenses & engineering 7^% 
 
 20,140 
 2,200 
 
 16,000 
 
 10,080 
 180 
 
 1,600 30.060 
 
 12,000 
 630 
 761 13,391 
 
 2,200 
 360 2,560 
 
 3,350 
 
 $69,501 
 5,212 
 
 $74,713 
 
44 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 ESTBTATED PRORAHLE COST. 
 
 No. 5 Line. Pumping on Holly system, witl 'servoir 
 
 on College Hill. Duplicate pumps unci engines. Pumping 
 station near the western end of Brighton Road and stonige 
 reservoir as before, about 0] of a mile above the Gates' 
 dam. 
 
 Storage reservoir. 
 
 
 
 Dam, Gate House and culvert, the same 
 
 
 
 as No. 6, 
 
 
 20,140 
 
 19,800 ft. 14 inch iron pipe between 
 
 
 
 reservoir and pumping station, 832 
 
 
 
 tons, at $30.00 . . . . 
 
 24,9()0 
 
 
 Stop cocks & special castings 
 
 350 
 
 
 Wedges for jointing . . . . 
 
 175 
 
 25,495 
 
 Labour digging, laying and refilling 19,800 
 
 
 
 ft. at 20 cts. . . . . . 
 
 3,9()0 
 
 
 Cartnge 840 tons, at (iO cts. 
 
 o04 
 
 4,4fi4 
 
 Engine Honse and hnid 
 
 2,700 
 
 
 2 Quadruple Engines, Itoilers & pumps 
 
 
 
 complete in .... . 
 
 28,500 
 
 31,200 
 
 3.300 ft. 12 inch rising main 128 tons, 
 
 
 
 $30.00 
 
 3,840 
 
 
 Stop cocks & special castings 
 
 340 
 
 
 Lead and spun yarn 
 
 241 
 
 4,421 
 
 
 $85,720 
 
 Unforeseen expenses & engineering 7j% 
 
 
 6,433 
 
 
 $92,153 
 
 CURTIS' BROOK. 
 
 Proceeding in a northwesterlv direction about 3 miles from 
 the Gates gauge, the Curtis brook and Mill dam are reached, 
 and here there is a fine flow of excellent water, which ap- 
 pears to be well suited for city purposes, being soft and 
 clear and pleasant to the taste. 
 
 The bed of the brook between the bridge and the mill 
 dam is not mnch above city datum, but proceeding upwards 
 for about li miles a point is reached which is 54 feet above 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 4o 
 
 4,421 
 
 5,720 
 G,433 > 
 2,153 
 
 high water, or 4 feet hiirlier tlian thf^ highest hind in the 
 city. It was nt this point (markod on plan) the ganges 
 were phicod and ohservati(»ns made on the volume of water 
 flowing dail}' in tlie brook. 
 
 The surface water-shed of this hriiok is about 2300 acres ; 
 1400 of which are helov the gauge and about 1H)() above it. 
 It was apparently from the last named area the water was 
 obtained which passed over the Curtis wier : but from the 
 fact that with a li^re.itlv diminished draina<;e area the flow 
 was greatlv in excess of that ol)tained at tiie dates gauixe 
 and relatively greater even than that obtained on \\'inter 
 liiver, there is reason to believe that a portion at least of 
 the water which comes to the surface in tliis valley comes 
 from sources beyond the sunmiit ridges, that outwardly 
 deiine the water-shed ; in other words the hydrographic 
 basin is more extensive than is shown by the surfaces area. 
 
 The greatest daily flow o])serv<'d was 1,712,800 gallons in 
 June and July 187() and the Invest 7 1!), GOO gallons in 
 Aujxnst of the same vear. 
 
 The average daily discharge during the continuance of the 
 observations in October 1875 was l,3(i9,5)00 gallons and for 
 June, July and August 187() al)out 1.2;')5,OO0 gallons. The 
 former represents an average d;iily discbarge per acre of 
 about 1520 gallons and tlu' latter of about 1370 gallons. 
 These estimates and observations, like the others, are only 
 ap[)r()ximate, and so far as they go do not, 1 think, over 
 state the ease. 
 
 These flgures :«how that the Curtis' brook has a much 
 more steaily and equable tlow than (lates' brook or ^Vinter 
 river, and is less direcih/ afl'ected by the rain fall. This 
 trait favours the theory that tlie water found here comes 
 from deeper and more distant sources than that which appears 
 in the '• Gates Valley " and makes it more suitable for city 
 purposes. 
 
46 
 
 REPOKT ON THE 
 
 To utilize tliis water a storage reservoir woultl have to be 
 created al)ovo where the gauge stood. This could be doue 
 by placing a dam across the valley, a short distance below 
 ■where the nieasununonts were taken. The banks on each 
 side are favourable and would permit an embankment fidly 
 35 feet m height, at its deepest part. 
 
 Bv a dam of this height the surface water of the reservoir 
 would stand about Hf) feet above high water, or 85 feet 
 above your 50 feet summit ; and its capacity would be about 
 17(),000,0()() gallons, about 147,»)0O,O00 gallons of which 
 would be available in dry seasons and still leave a fair head 
 pressure. 
 
 I would feel some uneasiness however in placing a 
 reservoir of this capacity in this valley ; not that the 
 embankment, in itself could not be made secure but as to 
 the effect this large body of water would have on the 
 substrata — whether the overlying soil would be sufficiently 
 compact to retain the water and keep it from wasting by 
 percolation, as well as by evaporation. I do not know that 
 there is any substantial ground for this fear, but still I 
 name it as a point that should receive careful consideration 
 before a work of this kind is undertuken. This remark 
 applies to the Gates as well as to the Curtis reservoir. 
 
 The circumscribed collecting ground surrounding this 
 reservoir is unfavourable to its selection had it no other 
 source of supply beyond what appears on the surface. But 
 as alreadv shewn there is strong reason for believing that it 
 has other and wider sources of supply ; and o'ltside of this a 
 large part of the drainage area of Winter Eiver (say 1800 
 acres) could be turned in this direction, were the water of 
 this brook required to furnish a direct supply, or only a 
 supplemental one to the city. A maximum cut of about 18 
 feet deep would be required for this purpose, and the new 
 district or drainage territory is shown approximately by 
 blue shaded lines on the general map or plan. 
 
"WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 47 
 
 About 7 miles of cast iron pipe would be reciuirod to bring 
 the water of tiiis brook to Charloltetown and tlie «izc should 
 not be less than 12 inches. If this source l)c selected 1 
 would prefer a lai'ger main than this for a part of the way at 
 least — a pipe say of about 10 inches in diameter for about 
 half the distance. 
 
 Assuming the point of delivery in the city to be at the 
 junction of S[)ring Park Koad and Euston Street or 25 feet 
 above high water, the dilference in elevation between this 
 point and the Curtis' reservoir would be 6(< feet ; or an 
 average fall when the reservoir was full of 8.57 feet per 
 mile, and of 6 feet when drawn down to its assumed 
 mininum of 67 feet above city datum. 
 
 A 12 inch pipe would deliver when new and well laid 
 about 40,000 gallons per hour under its maximum head and 
 about 33,750 gallons under its mininum of 6 feet per mile. 
 The former is equal to a daily supply of 960,000 gallons 
 and the latter to about 810,000 gallons, each 24 hours. 
 
 A 16 inch pipe discharging under the first named head 
 would deliver 83,700 gallons per hour and under the second 
 or lower head 70,200 gallons — the former being e(pial to a 
 daily discharge of 2,008,000 gallons and the latter to 1,684,- 
 000 gallons, per 24 hours. 
 
 By laying a larger sized pipe next the reservoir a higher 
 duty would be obtained from the 12 inch pipe than is given 
 above and in after years when the city s wants outgrow the 
 capacity of a single main the supply could be increased by 
 laying a second pipe from the city to the termination of the 
 larger one, whenever this might be. 
 
 In the following estimates of "probable cost" I have 
 assumed that one half of the whole pipe required for this 
 scheme would be 16 inches in diameter, or pipe equivalent 
 theretOi 
 
48 
 
 llEPOKT TU^ OK 
 
 The estimiit(»l cost of the works r(M|uireil to iniiko tliin 
 source availiiblc lor City [)urpo.scs. In the wm}- sug'j^cstcd, is 
 $l(»ll,f>2D.OO lis tolh)W8. 
 
 KSTI.MATKI) rKOHAMLr-: COST. 
 
 No. 7 Liiu', ufravit.'itioii, from the Curtis reservoir to th(^ 
 Cit^', leailii»<j: main 12 and 1(! inches in diameter. 
 8tora«i"e reservoir. I 
 
 Dam III. (MX) Cul»ic vai'ils emhankiiiir at 
 
 ;U) cents 
 
 Gat 
 
 lion.se and cidvert 
 
 special castin;j:s an<l ji'ate slrainer; 
 
 Wa.ste \vi 
 
 'J 
 
 Land and \\at( r ri/i'htf 
 Leadinu: Mains. 
 
 ;$27,;5()() 
 
 1, {)().■) 
 
 450 
 
 1,.")()0 
 
 10,000 41,1.55 
 
 11^,500 feet 1(5 inch l)il)c, i).")5 tons ati 
 $30,00 j 
 
 18,500 feet 12 inch pipe, 713 tons at 
 $30.00 
 
 Slop cocks and spc^'ial castinus 
 
 oinriu'. Dine wedii'cs 
 
 li>H 
 
 lead 
 
 ana snnn 
 
 yarn 
 
 Labonr, Carta<re, lOliO tons at 75 cents 
 
 •f-'^'j 
 
 37,000 feet di<iin<r laying pipe c^ reHllin< 
 at 20 cents .... 
 
 Unforeseen expenses and engineering 7. 
 per cent ..... 
 
 28,050 
 
 21,390 
 
 870 
 
 1,470 51,786 
 
 1,245 
 
 7,400 8,045 
 
 $101,586 
 
 7,643 
 
 $109,229 
 
 The estimated cost for si main of 12 inches diameter for 
 the wliole distance from the city to the reservoir is $101,545. 
 The diireren<'C therefore is less than $8,000, a mere bagatelle 
 compared with the great advantage which would accrue from 
 the larger main, if this source and system of supply should 
 be selected for your city. 
 
 SPRING PARK. 
 
 Some attention was also given to Spring Park well, but 
 no contiuuous observations were made here, as at the Gates' 
 
WATEll SUPPLY. 
 
 49 
 
 and Curtis' Brooks, us tho traffic! uiul ciittlo wundoring about 
 tlio well lookiniT for water, inatlo the luaiiiteiiaMceof a gauge 
 all l>ut impossiible, without fencing, which wo liad no right 
 to do. 
 
 In rct'erenco to this well I would say however that it is 
 not per se a desiral)le source of supply. Its situati(<n is 
 unfavourable on sanitary giounds — its water is inferior to 
 that of Winter llivei and to both of the Brooks named above, 
 and the ((uality obtainable is greatly less than what will bo 
 recjuired to meet the growing wants of a City like Charlotte- 
 town, when its citizens begin to know the value of a constant 
 water supi)ly. 
 
 The quantity could be Increased probably, by sinking a 
 deej) shaft or well and t)pening adits in different directions for 
 the inflow of water, but even then, and supposing tho 
 <|iiality to be maintained when drawn from below the tide 
 level, which is very donl)tful, and that by sinking an abun- 
 dant sui)ply could be had, still the constant risk of sewage 
 contamination, to which the water would be ex[)osed, from 
 surrounding dwellings, burns and privies would make it an 
 unsafe and undesirable source of supply for domestic 
 purposes. 
 
 In October 1875 the flow here oscillated between 125,400 
 and 59(),100 gallons per 24 hours, and in June 1876 between 
 254,000 and 346,200 gallons, but for reasons already stated, 
 these observations were not so satisfaetorv as the others 
 were outside of the city. 
 
 To make the water obtainable here available, a deep well 
 would have to be sunk, and j)umping of course resorted to ; but 
 I have made no independent estimate of the cost, as I con- 
 sider it inadequate in many vays for the wants of your City. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The distributory arrangement of every public water supply 
 is of great importance aud deservea special atteutiou. A 
 
50 
 
 Rr ORT ON THE 
 
 a^ 
 
 well matured i)liin should bo adopted :it the outset, and . aeh 
 subsequent extension should be made in aecordance there- 
 with ; subject of course to such changfes as tim.* and local 
 circumstances may show to be necessary. One of the 
 greatest evils that can befall a watci- supply is the adoption, 
 through a craving for cheapness, of ;i careless system of hap- 
 haziird extension, which looks at the i)resent only and takes 
 little or no heed to the future. Such a })ractice is sure to lead 
 to trouble and to an unnecessary waste of money; and will 
 be avoided, I hope, by your City. 
 
 Plan No. 2, which shows the distril)Utor3' system suggested 
 for your City, is not gi\en as absolutely correct, but is 
 designed to show approximately what this should be when 
 your City is supplied by [)ipe wat(M' only. A closer study 
 and better knowledge of vour Cil\'s wauls and habits are 
 necessary before a tinal and intelligent decision can bo 
 come to on this })oii]t. 
 
 MAIN PIPES. 
 
 All your main pipes should be of cast iron and sutticiently 
 stronji^ to resist successful I v the greatest strain that is ever 
 likely to be placed on them. They should be made of the 
 best quality of pipe metal, and })rote(ted as far as possible 
 against internal accretion and external corrosion. They 
 should l)e large and well laid, and arranged with a special 
 view to fire protection. For this purpose they should be 
 not only large for the work expected of them, but they 
 should be so connected and interlaced, the one with the 
 other, that each and all would assist in maintaining a c()[)ious 
 and effective discharge, when extra demands were being 
 made for fire purposes in any particular locality. 
 
 The mains for the supi)ly of fire h)'drants should not be 
 less thiui () inches in diameter, and the pipes leading there- 
 from to the hydrants not less than 4 inches. Larger mains 
 aud supply pipes would be preferable, aud for this reason 1 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 51 
 
 11(1 . ;K'll 
 
 ; there- 
 
 irl local 
 
 of the 
 
 loption, 
 
 of llill)- 
 
 1(1 takes 
 ' to lead 
 iiul will 
 
 ggcstod 
 hut is 
 )(' when 
 T study 
 hits are 
 can ho 
 
 tieicntly 
 is ever 
 of the 
 ossilile 
 Thev 
 special 
 iild he 
 t thev 
 th the 
 )[)ious 
 heiiig 
 
 not he 
 
 there- 
 
 • mains 
 
 jasou 1 
 
 Vi 
 
 have estimated for a lihcral pereeiitaije of 8 inch pipe, as will 
 be seen by a reference to the plan. And it may be noticed 
 that the 4 inch pipe shown thereon is used for connecting 
 the larger mains and furnishing a house supply in short 
 sections of streets where hydrants are not reijuired. 
 
 Should it he thought that the larger pipe is beyond the 
 present ineaiis of your city, it can be replaced with a siiialler 
 one — and the cost reduced thereby some thousands of dollars ; 
 hut this would l)e a short-sighted polic3^ that necessity 
 alone could justify. The same excavation, for example, is 
 re(|uired for a siv inch pipe as for an e/'f/ht inch one, and the 
 time re(inired for laying and jointing will be about the same 
 for both. A littie more lead will be required for an eight 
 inch pipe than for a six inch on(% and the metal in the for- 
 mer will exceed the weight of the latter ohowi fiftij per cent, 
 but as an oll'set to this the eitiJit inch pipe will deliver 
 upwards of onf^ hundred per cent more water, in a given 
 time, than a six inch one ; under the same conditions as to 
 in'cssure, etc. Past experience and jiresent practice favor the 
 adoption of relatively large mains when a tirst class water 
 supply is desired for tire purposes, as the accruing advan- 
 tages exceed greatly the additional outlay. 
 
 In laying the mains s[)ecial care should be taken to avoid 
 what is technically known as " dead end," and secure, if 
 possible, a perfect and c ^mplete current in the pipes. This 
 is necessary to preserve sweetness and purity. Water 
 lodfjinof at "dead ends" beinu: sta<;uant, soon becomes foul 
 and imtit for use ; and Mhen such are unavoidable, as some- 
 times happens, flushing cocks should be attached through 
 which they may be scoured and cleaned as often as necessary. 
 Arrangements should also be made for flushing the several 
 mains *t their points of greatest de[)iession, as well as along 
 the harbor line. These flushing cocks are useful also for 
 enij)tying the mains when repairs or alterations have to be 
 male. 
 
'^9 
 
 REPOTIT OX THE 
 
 STOP COCKS. 
 A judicious dispositiou of maiu stop cocks is iilso of great 
 lOractical importance, so that when circumstances necessitate 
 a shutting off for any purpose, it may he done with as little 
 inconvenience as possihle. AVith a view to this, stop cocks 
 should he placed at all intersections and arranged in a way 
 that one side or section only of a l)lock will he deprived of 
 water when alterations or repairs make shutting off -n abso- 
 lute necesity. 
 
 This involves a larger outlay at the tirst, but it is true 
 economy in the long run, and is the only way by which the 
 inconvenience can be diminished ;ind the risk of shutting otF 
 reduced to a minimum. Only those who have had the 
 experience and the responsibility of shutting off large and 
 populous districts, at, it may be, very inopportune times and 
 seasons can know and appreciate fully the ini[)ort:uice which 
 attaches to a proper disposition of stop cocks. 
 
 It not infrequenlly Ir.ippens when a cily is first entering on 
 a pu))lic water supply, that from motives of economy in 
 first cost, fiicilities of this sort ai'e deliberately ignored and 
 long stretches of i)ipe are left; without appliances for shutting 
 off. This practice however.is highly reprehensible and causes 
 a large after outlay for the insertion of stop cocks that (jould 
 have been placed much more easily and at much less cost 
 when the mains were beina; laid. 
 
 FIKE HYDRANTS. 
 
 The fire hydrants used should be of the most approved 
 pattern, capable of furnishing a good force and volume of 
 water when needed for the suppression of fire. They should 
 be strong and of sim[)le construction, capable of rcmove- 
 ment for repair without infei'f'cring with the geiuM'al sui)i)Iy 
 of the l)lock or di>trict to which th(\v belong, and should be 
 proof if jiossible against frost. The last feature is one of 
 immense importance Wi?ich should lie securt'd at any cost 
 almost. Good drainage is an essential elfuient in fire 
 
'# 
 
 wm. 
 
 #•% 
 
 WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 63 
 
 hydrant [jrotectlon and without tliis it is cxtromoly difficult to 
 keep hydrants in a usal)le state dnrin<r the winter season. 
 
 It is not necessary at present however to do more than 
 name the cliief points of im[)ortance in this comiection. 
 There an; so many chiimants for public- favour in this line of 
 business that you shouhl have no difficulty, wlien the time 
 comes for selection, in obtaininirat a moderate cost a hydrant 
 of modern desiirn which will meet yoiu" circumstances. 
 
 As alrc'idy remarked those hydrants should be set closely 
 together. The averaije distance should not be more than 
 font' hundred (400) feet. When this is the case there is a 
 great saving in the wear of hose as well as in time necessary 
 to reel it out and ir-t water on to the fire. And besides this 
 there is a great rediictiuii of frii'tional rcsistinice in short 
 over long lines of hose, which gives a more active pressiu'c 
 at the noz/le and u more effective stream for the fire, 
 
 8KUVICE PII'KS. 
 
 Lead pi[)e should be used for house service. Many other 
 materials have been tri»'(l. but none have been found equal to 
 the lead in durability and readiness in living and rei)airing, 
 and none is more wholesome w!ien used, as this will be, ur.der 
 a constant high piessu)*e service. 
 
 The ordinary size for house supjdy should not exceed /b?o'- 
 eighth.s of an inch in diameter, anything beyond this should 
 be paid for by the taker, and each service should be con- 
 trolled by a stop cock, driven into or placed near the main. 
 
 The exact {)ositi'>n of each of these stop cocks, as well as 
 the main pipe ones, should be ai-curately [)lotted to a large 
 scale, and recorded besides in books ])repared specially for 
 this p\n"|)ose. Wlu'U this is not dune, nuu-h confusion and 
 waste of time and money are sure lo follow. That a stop 
 cock may be reached when wanted, without digging to the 
 main, a box and cover are usually placed over it, and the 
 cover as a rule is even with the surface of the street. 
 
54 
 
 REPORT OX THE 
 
 Tlic main pipes should he protected from frost hy a 
 covei'hig of ahoiit 5 feet of <rood earth, and service pipes 
 sliould not have less than (5 feet. This grade should he 
 continued to the inside of the huilding, where ii stop cock and 
 waste for winter use should he placed and secured against 
 frost. The wall also through which the pipe is to pass should 
 be carefnlly opened, and a block of wood, bored for the pil)e, 
 built into it. The last named device is simple and inex- 
 pensive, and does excellent service in resisting the approach 
 of frost. 
 
 The estimated cost of the distril)utinG: service shown on 
 the plan is $')7,ir)l), including mains, hydrants, atop cowks 
 and service pipes, as follows, viz : 
 
 8 inch pipe. 
 
 1 1,450 feet, 257 tons, at $30.00 
 Stop cocks, 25 at $30.00 
 
 Special castings, 
 Lead and spun yarn, 
 
 I. 
 
 ibour, cartajre, 
 
 Lal)our, digging, laying and refilling 
 
 $ 7,710 
 
 750 
 
 70 
 
 460 
 
 240 
 
 2,151 11,381 
 
 6 inch i)ipe. 
 
 25,1)30 feet, 402 tons, at $30.00, 
 
 Stop cocks. 58 at $20.00, . 
 
 Special castings. 
 
 Lead and spun yarn. 
 
 Labour, cartage, 
 
 Labour, digging, laying and refilling 
 
 12,060 
 1,1(50 
 
 4 inch pipe. 
 
 25,970 feet, 247 tons, at $30.00, 
 Stop cocks 19(), at $15.00, . 
 Special castings, 
 
 250 
 850 
 200 
 4,682 19,202 
 
 ^ea( 
 
 \ and 
 
 spun yarn. 
 
 Labour, c:irtag(N 
 
 Labour, digginir, layiuij and refilling. 
 
 •cc« 
 
 79 Fire Hydrants, at $50.00, 
 1,000 Service pipes, . 
 
 7,410 
 
 1,248 
 
 24 
 
 650 
 
 100 
 5,194 14,626 
 
 $45,209 
 3,950 
 8,000 
 
 $57459 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 55 
 
 The nhove estimates, it may l)e remarked, omi)race the 
 n'hole citv, but the expeiulittire will be a grachial one, 
 regulated by tlie will as well as the necessities of the peoi)le, 
 and may extend over a period of ten ( 10) years or more. But 
 such a course would be injudicious. For the sake of revenue 
 as well as health and protection against fire, the whole city 
 should be supplied soon as after the works have gone into 
 operation as possible. 
 
 With the cost of distribution added, the relative cost of 
 the d liferent schemes stand about as follows, viz : 
 
 Table No. 1. — Giving a comparative view of the total 
 estimated cost of each of the several schemes proposed, with 
 whole of distributing pipe laid. 
 
 
 COST OF WORKS. 1 
 
 OITSIDE 
 OF THE CITY 
 
 INSIDK OF 
 THK CJTY. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Winter River. 
 
 No. 1 on plan. Tunnelling 
 " 2 " Pumping, 
 Gates' Brook. 
 
 No .3 on plan. Gravitation 
 " 4 " Pumping, 
 
 Curtis' Brook. 
 
 No. 7 on plan '.ii!ivitati<>n 
 
 $199,226 
 75,519 
 
 66,424 
 74,713 
 92,113 
 75,148 
 
 109,229 
 
 57,159 
 57,159 
 
 57,159 
 57,159 
 57,159 
 57,159 
 
 57,159 
 
 256,385 
 132,678 
 
 123,583 
 131,872 
 149,272 
 132,307 
 
 166,388 
 
 The above table shows at a glance the financial aspect of 
 each of the sources named, when every street in your city is 
 supplied with pipe water; and includes o«e thousand \\o\\^& 
 supply pipes, seventi/-n/ne fire hydrants, and upwards of 
 sixteen miles of main and service piping. 
 
 The extensive and universal distribution of the water must 
 be, of course, a Avork of time, and may occupy, as already 
 remarked, ten years or more. It would be safe, therefore, to 
 estimate the iaimediate outlay for distribution at uot more 
 
50 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 than 2') per cent, of the ahove and witli this niotlifit'ation the 
 probable cost of each of the several schenios would stand as 
 follows, viz : 
 
 Table No. 2 — Showinu- total estimated cost of each of the 
 seven schemes [Ji'oposed wMth 25 per cent of the distributing 
 pipe laid. 
 
 Winter KivcrXo. 1 (iravitalion and Tuunclinu" •'?213,51(i.0(. 
 
 89,8()<S.0O 
 «(),7ia.00 
 «9,OO2.0O 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Gates 
 
 lirook 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ('urtis 
 
 Brook 
 
 2 Pumpinir into Keservoir 
 
 3 (iravitation 
 
 4 Bumi)in<»: into IJeservoir 
 OiPumpiiiii'dircctlvinto mains 
 
 I duplicate Entrincs . 
 (i Puiiipinir into Keservoir 
 7 (iravitation 
 
 100.402.00 
 
 cSU,437.00 
 
 128.51 8. UO 
 
 Arranoiuii" the foreiroinji: riir ires in the order of their 
 magnitude, they would stand as follows, viz : 
 
 1. Winter Kiver. — Gravitation and tunneling . $213, old 
 
 2. Curtis' Br.)ok. — Gravitation from Keservoir in 
 
 valley above Curtis' Mills .... 123,518 
 
 3. Gates' Brook. — Pumping directly into the 
 
 city main from Station D. . . . . 10(!,402 
 
 4. ^^'inter Kiver. — Pumi)inir into sumnnt reservoir 
 
 from Station C . ^ . . 89,808 
 
 5. Gates" Brook. — Pumping into College Hill 
 
 reservoir from Station (t. .... 89,437 
 
 6. Gates' Brook.— Pumpniir into Collefje Hill 
 
 reservoir from Station F. . . . . 89,002 
 
 7. Cui'tis' Brook. — Gravitation from reservoir in 
 
 valley above Gates' Mill .... 80,713 
 
 With a single set of machinery the cost by pumping from 
 station D would be reduced to $94,000.00. But by doing 
 this the risk would be greater than ordinary i)rudence could 
 justify, as in the case of the engine being disabled from any 
 cause the city would bo left without water until the necessary 
 repairs were made, and in the event of a tire breaking out at 
 such a time the result might prove exceedingly disastrous. 
 A strong point in favour of this as well as station F is the 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 57 
 
 )l(i.O(. 
 
 50.S.00 
 
 "13.00 
 
 )02.00 
 
 to 2. 00 
 
 137.00 
 
 t18.(J0 
 
 superior opportunities tli:it lu)tli apposir to present for the 
 l.'indMiir of coal close by the works luid saving thereby c.xtni 
 handlinjj: and c-artaLre- Could a pi()i)er site bo (;blained for 
 a di.stril)Uting reservoir near the city, a single quadruple 
 engine could be used with coni[)arative safety, but not 
 otherwise. 
 
 That a f lir c()nii)arison may be made however between the 
 pun)i)ing and gravitation schemes noted above, th<' annual 
 cost of each should l)e fairly considered and compared — that 
 is to say the annual interest [)ayiil)le on the original outlay of 
 capittd and the running expenses connected with cadi. 
 
 1 have endeavored to do this, and the dillerent schemes 
 tried in this wav irive the following results: l)a.sed on au 
 hourly supply of 50,000 gallons or (500,000 gallons per day 
 of 12 hours lifted to a heiirht of (50 to 100 feet, by steatn 
 i)(»wer pumping and the hourly discharges oi)tainable from 
 the sovreul gravitation schemes under their respective 
 gradients. 
 
 Table No. 4. — Comparative view of estimated annual 
 cost of the several schemes proposed. 
 
 Winter River Xo. 1, Gravitation. 
 
 Interest on say $213,500 at (5 per cent 
 Management .... 
 
 Winter River No. 2, Pumping. 
 
 Interest on say $89,800 at (3 per cent 
 Estimate cost pumping reservoir . 
 Management .... 
 
 Gates' Brook, No. 3, Gravitation 
 
 Interest on say $80,700 at 6 per cent 
 Management .... 
 
 Gates' Brook, No. 4, Pumping F. 
 
 Interest on say $89,000 at (3 per cent 
 Estimate cost pumping into reservoir 
 Management .... 
 
 I 
 
 $12,810 
 1,800 
 
 14,610 
 
 $ 5,388 
 2,8(J0 
 1,500 
 
 9,688 
 
 $ 4,842 
 1 ,800 
 
 (5,642 
 
 $ 5,340 
 2,000 
 1,500 
 
 8,840 
 
58 
 
 EEPOKT ON THE 
 
 Gates' Brook, No. 5, Pumpins; D. 
 
 Interest on say $10(5, 500 at (j percent 
 Estimate cost pumping direct 
 Management .... 
 
 Gates' Brook, No. (>, Pumping G. 
 
 Interest on say $(S1>,400 at () per cent 
 P^stimate cost pumping into reservoir 
 Management .... 
 
 Curtis' P)rook, No. 7, Gravitation. 
 
 Interest on say $123,500 at G per cent 
 ManaiTcment .... 
 
 $ 6,31)0 
 2,500 
 1,500 10,390 
 
 $ 5,3()4 
 2,0(J0 
 1,500 8,8()4 
 
 $ 7,410 
 
 1,800 !),210 
 
 Assmtiing as lias been done in a former part of this 
 K( [)ort that by the time the works now c()ntenn)lated are in 
 operation, your city will contain 2,0n0 families or a popula- 
 tion in i'(.MMi(l niunbers of 12,000, tiie capital and amuial 
 outlay per head and per family would be about as follows 
 from either of the sources named. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 CO a ^ 
 o 5 o 
 
 §•52- 
 
 <i3 
 
 "S H- =N 
 
 i;i 
 
 Jl 1— 1 iC -f !>. ■f !>. iO 
 
 ^; X -o t^ X r- i- o 
 
 rs f^-^ooooddrH 
 
 17^ 
 
 ;; g ^ -M (M r^ 5,« O lO 
 
 '^ -': X -:-: -t -< ^ 5 j^ 
 
 l^ -+ 'tT Tf .c ^ -H d 
 
 •-0 
 CO 
 
 
 ^ Cft X CO T^I t^ lO O 
 
 ^ I- -P 1-^ -t 00 rt- ?l 
 
 t^ i> '-o i>^ 00 i>^ d 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 .• ^ c "^ o 'O n CO 
 i"~ d-+d-^eo-^'t-H 
 
 ^S 
 
 O ti »t -t 'O -ti '^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ■^ -fa- ^ r^ 
 
 5 500 
 
 2 coo 
 
 o__ O o o 
 
 o* o' o' 
 
 O O - o 
 
 ^ r-T !^^ -T 
 
 o 
 o 
 d 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 000 
 
 odd 
 
 l!t lO 'O 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 fiO 
 
 o * 
 
 
 •- fee-- btS => .2 ^ 
 ^ — ^ -^ f^ ^*^ 
 
 >* c > 2 
 c; = cj 2 
 
 ~ S t- 3 
 
 01 
 
 
 > 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 ti-H 
 
 O 
 
 . o 
 
 "in 
 S3 
 
 O >- 
 
 o oaQpH « 
 
 rsTs-j^ 
 
 '-co 
 5 - = 
 
 Oi . 03 • 
 w ^ i£ 
 
 oi o ~=: 
 
 i; fl ^=5 ^ 
 ~ S i-T 
 
 CO bcS s 5 g 
 
 t^ •— .5 -. I* n 
 v t- 3 « ^ n 
 
 - *- « .2 3 a. 
 
no 
 
 REPOTIT ON THE 
 
 Tlie forcgoini; figures lire suttieient in themselves to tirrest 
 attoiilion, as they show clearly that u larizc sum of inoucy 
 could be spent iu bringing to your city an abundant supply 
 of soft and wholesome water and the average annual outlay 
 paid therefor in the shape of interest and running expenses 
 fall far below v.hat is now paid directly and indirectly for a 
 bad and im))crfect one. And here I would again remark 
 that in preparing the preceding tables much care has been 
 taken to make th<'m as accurate as possible, from the data at 
 command. Nothini; has been exaijijcratcd nor understated 
 intentionally. Xor is there any occasion whatever to attempt 
 either in your case, as few places on either side of the 
 Atlantic are more favourably circumstanced than Charlotte- 
 town for obtaining for itself a cheap and copious supply of 
 water. 
 
 To some of your peoi)le the cost may seem gn'at, but a 
 careful study and aualysis if they please of the several points 
 and tables brought out in this Report, will show that it is 
 not so in reality and that the per capita cost to few cities in 
 England or America is as low as it would be in your case 
 with any of the schemes proposed. 
 
 As a few hints on this [joint may be of service to your 
 people I subjoin the following tables : showing the total and 
 per capita cost c^c. of water works in other cities, compiled 
 from recent departmental Reports and parliamentary returns 
 of a late date, vi/. IS71», and as the works were undertaken 
 in most cases from sanitary reasons alone, the prices paid 
 by the cities luimed indicate the value set on a wholesome 
 Avater supply when the laws of health and hygiene are rightly 
 understood and practically appreciated. 
 
to (irrest 
 if inonoy 
 t supply 
 il outlay 
 
 3X[)0I1S0.S 
 
 tly for a 
 remark 
 as been 
 ? data at 
 erstated 
 attempt 
 of the 
 uulotte- 
 pply of 
 
 t, but a 
 il points 
 h;it it is 
 cities in 
 ur case 
 
 to your 
 )tal and 
 cmipilcd 
 
 returns 
 crtaken 
 es ])aid 
 [)lesome 
 
 rightly 
 
 TABLES 
 
 SHEWING COST, &C, 
 
 Of Water Works 
 
 IN OTHER CITIES. 
 
62 
 
 RKrORT OX THE 
 
 Shewing the Maximum capacity, the daily per capita 
 Also cost per Million Gallons, collected 
 
 N lime of City, 
 or Town. 
 
 PopultUion 
 
 Ceii.sus 
 
 1871. 
 
 Power tLseil. 
 
 Ma.xliiunn 
 
 ciiimcliy «>f 
 
 woiUh, I87H, 
 
 Iniperiiil (iaIloiiM 
 
 Maxiiinnii 
 tliiily iiv'g. 
 pernt'iiU. 
 
 Vlrtrp;iito 
 
 12.000 
 
 .Steam 
 
 700.000 
 
 M 
 
 lliistin^s 
 
 •_>(>, ;joo 
 
 Steam 
 
 <;oo.ooo 
 
 20i 
 
 ChiclK'stcr 
 
 H.T.iO 
 
 Steam 
 
 8tiO.O(Ml 
 
 82 
 
 Southiiinpton 
 
 .">;j,7oo 
 
 Steam 
 
 8,. 500, 000 
 
 G.0 
 
 lleiidiiig 
 
 82,;50(l 
 
 Steam 
 
 1.100.000 
 
 34 
 
 Uxbri(l<2;e 
 
 7,500 
 
 Steam 
 
 2;"»0.000 
 
 88 
 
 Noith;niij)ton 
 
 44,900 
 
 (Iravitation 
 
 .520.000 
 
 12 
 
 ( 'ainbridjre 
 
 80.100 
 
 Steam 
 
 1,000. 000 
 
 ,")0 
 
 \re.v mouth 
 
 i3.;?oo 
 
 (iiavitation 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 l.')0 
 
 Kxmouth 
 
 5.600 
 
 Steam 
 
 120,000 
 
 21 
 
 I'onziince 
 
 10,.")0(i 
 
 (iravitati .11 
 
 800,000 
 
 28 
 
 Kidcrminster 
 
 1U,.500 
 
 Oravitatiou 
 
 080.000 
 
 82 
 
 Rugby 
 
 7.800 
 
 Steam 
 
 177.000 
 
 21 
 
 Southport 
 
 21.200 
 
 Steam 
 
 1,01(0,000 
 
 47 
 
 Biikeuhead 
 
 45,.500 
 
 Steam 
 
 1,810,000 
 
 40 
 
 St. Helens 
 
 4."), 800 
 
 Steam 
 
 2,100.000 
 
 46 
 
 Stulybridge 
 
 21.100 
 
 Steam 
 
 .JOO.OOO 
 
 21 
 
 Bl.ickbuiu 
 
 98.300 
 
 Gravitation 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 21 
 
 Whitby 
 
 12.400 
 
 Steam 
 
 .800.000 
 
 24 
 
 llvde 
 
 ' 11.200 
 
 Steam 
 
 (iOO.OOO 
 
 .54 
 
 Average cost per million Imperial Gallons daily $430,357.00 
 Average cost Wine or Standard Gallons, . 3r)8,(i31.00 
 
 Average per capitu cost, . . . . 14.11 
 
 Average Maximum snp[)ly per head of population 
 
 Imperial Gallons, ..... 40.6 gallons 
 Average Maximmn supply per head of population 
 
 Wine Gallons, . , , , , 48.7 
 
 (( 
 
 '* ^--'t^ 
 
capita 
 )//ected 
 
 xiiiniin 
 II V av'g. 
 r lifud. 
 
 68 
 
 20A 
 
 82 
 
 66 
 
 84 
 
 S3 
 
 12 
 
 .")() 
 
 21 
 28 
 82 
 21 
 47 
 40 
 46 
 24 
 21 
 24 
 54 
 
 (57.00 
 
 13 1.00 
 
 U.U 
 
 WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 ^Jo. e. 
 
 Supply and the per capita cost of twenty English Towns 
 from Parliamentary Blue Book, 1879. 
 
 C;ot*i ot works re 
 
 UiUfiltoCiuiacliaii 
 
 Currency. 
 
 63 
 
 1 K).l)OU 
 
 5;{6.;so() 
 
 72.500 
 58(1. !)U0 
 412.500 
 125,000 
 294.500 
 SOO.COO 
 188.000 
 lOO.OOO 
 
 87.0! 
 112.200 
 120.000 
 750.000 
 652.000 
 496,500 
 510.000 
 931,500 
 !»0.000 
 175.000 
 
 Avera^'e per 
 
 Capita 
 Cost 
 
 '$" ""- 
 11 07 
 18.. "30 
 8.;)0 
 1!».00 
 12.77 
 
 16 00 
 6 55 
 9.1(0 
 
 14.18 
 
 17 85 
 8.28 
 5.78 
 
 15.38 
 35. 37 
 14.32 
 10.90 
 24.17 
 9.98 
 7.25 
 15 70 
 
 Kate ot coHl 
 
 per 
 
 Millio n (ii^tllons. 
 
 $ 
 200.000 
 
 89;i.yoo 
 
 201,400 
 159,114 
 375,000 
 500.000 
 500 300 
 200,000 
 99.000 
 833.300 
 290.(100 
 178.100 
 678.000 
 7.0O.OOO 
 360,280 
 236.400 
 1,020.000 
 465.750 
 300.000 
 291,000 
 
 Cos;t 
 
 [XT niiilion 
 
 Wine (ijillon.s. 
 
 $ 
 
 too 007 
 744.917 
 175. .334 
 132.595 
 312 500 
 410.000 
 471 917 
 166 00(5 
 82 500 
 094.410 
 241 600 
 148.417 
 565.000 
 625 000 
 300.234 
 197.000 
 850 000 
 388.125 
 250.000 
 243.000 
 
 alloiis 
 
 (( 
 
(i4 
 
 REPORT ON^ THE 
 
 Showing the maximum capacity, the daily supply in 
 
 Also cost per million gallons- 
 
 
 
 
 IIAM.^ 
 
 >i fn.\. 
 
 Max. 
 
 N'limi! of City 
 
 !•> 'united 
 
 Power used 
 
 Miixiiniiiii 
 
 .AvciuKc l()i 
 
 nvii. 
 
 ' 
 
 I'opuUilion. 
 
 
 ( iipiicity 
 
 yi'iir iitiinud. 
 
 P«'i; 
 
 SjikMii 
 
 
 
 (•all()ii)4. 
 
 Ciallons. 
 
 Iiead. 
 
 lM. <>()() 
 
 Steam 
 
 ,5.000.000 
 
 .'{,000.000 
 
 20S 
 
 <)II;i\v;i 
 
 :>() (KM) 
 
 Water 
 
 9. (MM). ()()(» 
 
 2,2.')().O0O 
 
 300 
 
 (,'(»ltiinl)U.s 
 
 ."»().( KM) 
 
 Steam 
 
 10. (MM). 11(10 
 
 l.(i()0,()(Mi 
 
 200 
 
 !)(.'( roil 
 
 1-JO 00(1 
 
 Steam 
 
 1.">,(M)0.(M)() 
 
 1 1,000.000 
 
 12.") 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 ; IS. 201) 
 
 Steam 
 
 ,").OliO.O(MI 
 
 l,4.'.(l.(MMi 
 
 l.il 
 
 Lowell 
 
 do. 0(1(1 
 
 Steam 
 
 (J.OOO.OOO 
 
 2,02t.7('(t 
 
 lIM) 
 
 New IUmKoicI 
 
 L'(l,0(M) 
 
 Steam 
 
 (;.(MMI.()(IO 
 
 ;i,O(M).0O(i 
 
 222 
 
 (';uiil»ri(lp,e 
 
 ,"»(). (Kio 
 
 Steam 
 
 10.(MlO,(M)(t 
 
 2,r)(M),000 
 
 2(M) 
 
 Wallliairi 
 
 ll..")(>i» 
 
 Steam 
 
 l.;")00.0()0 
 
 ;{,")(). 000 
 
 i;{!) 
 
 Maiuliesfer 
 
 j!7,'iO(' 
 
 Steam 
 
 ;>.()(M).(M)0 
 
 1,247.(M)0 
 
 Ill 
 
 I'oroiito 
 
 7.">.0(i() 
 
 Steam 
 
 ]•_>. 0110.000 
 
 4.440.0(Mi 
 
 Kio 
 
 St John 
 
 40,00(1 
 
 (iravitation 
 Water and 
 
 I0,0(.)0.00i» 
 
 4,000.000 
 
 2.^0 
 
 Montreal 
 
 l;!i».()()0 
 
 Steam 
 
 2.S,(MM).(M)0 
 
 <),(M)0.0(IO 
 
 ■n.-) 
 
 I'ojeilu 
 
 .■)S,()0(l 
 
 Steam 
 
 11 (MM).(H)() 
 
 2.()()0.ooo 
 
 211 
 
 ( levelaiul 
 
 l.")7.oo(i 
 
 Steam 
 
 2S.(,0(),0()0 
 
 !>,.")( M), 000 
 
 ISO 
 
 Krie 
 
 •js.ooo 
 
 Steam 
 
 (>.()( )0,000 
 
 :}.()( )0. 000 
 
 214 
 
 IhUlalo 
 
 11.-), 0(1(1 
 
 Steam 
 (iravitation 
 
 ;5;{, 000,0' >o 
 
 12.0(JO.OOO 
 
 227 
 
 Rochester 
 
 .S2,()0() 
 
 and Steam 
 
 lO.OOO.L 
 
 3,2o0.0(.f0 
 
 
 Dayton 
 
 :57..")00 
 
 Steam 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 1,000.000 
 
 
 Lynn 
 
 Hn.Ooo 
 
 Steam 
 
 
 1 .2(i(5.000 
 
 
 Average of cost per million, Wine or American 
 
 standjn'd gtillon, maximum capacity . $l(i7,02G.OO 
 Average do. to present population . . 559,625.00 
 Average of per capita cost .... 29.65 
 
 Mean of maximtnn capacity per head do. 185^ galls. 
 
WATER StrPPLT. 
 
 65 
 
 3>a'o. "z. 
 
 Max. 
 
 avK. 
 
 per 
 
 head. 
 
 208 
 
 yuo 
 
 200 
 12.') 
 
 100 
 222 
 200 
 189 
 111 
 !(iO 
 
 »u 
 
 :i.)U 
 
 
 
 •il.j 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 
 
 !H0 
 
 (1 
 
 2U 
 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 {W-S.)gallons.and per capita of twenty American Cities 
 Col/ected from recent Reports. 
 
 Total cortt to 
 preacnt I'opula- 
 "0"-___ _ 
 
 $1,100 000 
 
 1.100,000 
 
 Co 1,000 
 
 2.o.Ot>,000 
 
 i,o;j,s,ooo 
 
 2,15(),000 
 
 »80,!i00 
 
 l.tiiiGoOO 
 
 ;;oo.ooo 
 
 !l4o,000 
 2,000,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 O.oOO.OOO 
 
 1,00(»,000 
 
 2,.j(K).(IOO 
 
 700.000 
 
 y.ooo.ooo 
 
 3,,j00,000 
 ••48.000 
 !»2l..')00 
 
 Per Capita Cost. iFj^^' "'"'ion gnllons,:'!" million Rallons 
 *_" "Maxliiium capucity! ^° Pi-«8«Mt popnla- 
 
 46.00 
 M(i.67 
 l.'i.OO 
 21.30 
 40.28 
 36.00 
 33 00 
 33 93 
 26 00 
 35 00 
 26 60 
 25.00 
 
 50.00 
 17.24 
 16.00 
 25 00 
 20 70 
 
 43.50 
 21.60 
 26.33 
 
 220.000 
 122.200 
 65.100 
 170.600 
 307.700 
 35y,;K>0 
 163,400 
 169.650 
 200.000 
 315.000 
 166.600 
 100 000 
 
 232,100 
 71,4(M) 
 89.280 
 
 116.600 
 90,848 
 
 218.750 
 162,000 
 
 tioii. 
 
 366,600 
 
 490,000 
 
 406,800 
 
 182,800 
 
 1.056,600 
 
 1,064.800 
 
 326.800 
 
 678.600 
 
 857,100 
 
 756.000 
 
 450,400 
 
 250.000 
 
 722.200 
 384.600 
 263.100 
 233.300 
 250,000 
 
 1.077 000 
 648.000 
 727.800 
 
66 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 Giuing general uieiv of the capacity and per capita cost of 
 with water, compared with the averages obtained from 
 
 
 .Ma.viiiiuiii cap- 
 
 .Ma.xiiiiiiin 
 
 
 aeily in stainl- 
 
 uviTUKt! per 
 
 
 ui(l gallons per 
 
 head i>l' pupu- 
 
 • 
 
 • lay of ■.>4 1iour8. 
 
 lUtlllll. 
 
 Water wcuks of 20 Aineik-an Cities. 
 
 
 Aveiiifre coHt by Table No 7 
 
 
 1«54 
 
 Water VVoriv.s of 20 Englitili Towns. 
 
 
 
 Averafje cost by Table No. G 
 
 
 48? 
 
 ;'harlotteto\vii Water Works, estimateil 
 
 
 
 average cost with a poimlation ol 
 
 
 
 12.000. 
 
 
 
 A'iiiter lilver, (jravitatlou No. 1 
 
 1.440,000 
 
 120 
 
 do do I'liiDpinj; No. 2 
 
 1.2O(),0(t0 
 
 100 
 
 <;atee«' Hrook. (Jravitation No. ;5 
 
 l.oou.ooo 
 
 83 
 
 do do I'uinpinjj No. 4 
 
 1.200.000 
 
 100 
 
 do do I'mnping No. .'» 
 
 2.400.000 
 
 200 
 
 do do I'limpiiiii No <> 
 
 1.2(M>.000 
 
 100 
 
 wUrtis'Biook, (iravilation No. 7 
 
 l.UOO.OOO 
 
 133 
 
 liariotlefown Water Works \vitl» a popu 
 
 
 
 latioii of 1;k(»0(». 
 
 
 
 Wiiiter Kiver, (Jravitation No. 1 
 
 1.444.000 
 
 OG 
 
 do do Piiiiii»iii;j No 2 
 
 1.200.(MI0 
 
 80 
 
 iati.^' Hrook. (iravitatioii No. :? 
 
 1.000.000 
 
 ()G 
 
 do do 1 uiiiping No. [ 
 
 1,200,00(» 
 
 m 
 
 do do rmnpiiif? No T) 
 
 1.4O0.OOO 
 
 IGO 
 
 do do I'tiinpiii^' No. l) 
 
 1.200.00(» 
 
 80 
 
 urti.'s' Ibook. (Iravilation No. 7 
 
 1. (loo. 000 
 
 lo7 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 67 
 
 the seueral schemes proposed for supplying Charlottetown 
 the 20 English and 20 Ariferican named in Tables 5 and 6. 
 
 kstiiiiiilfd cdst I Mux. I'russuru above 
 
 Total 
 
 Krttliiiut«>(l, KstinuitcMl per pt'i- million mil 
 «.o8t. I cupiia fost. Ions, iniixiniiun 
 
 capacity 
 
 2"70.534 
 1 1(>.777 
 137.G.S2 
 Uo.Ul.S 
 1():5,847 
 146.40G 
 180,487 
 
 270,/i34 
 14(5.777 
 l:{7,':82 
 n.'..lM8 
 ltJ3,:}47 
 I4(j.4nr) 
 1H).487 
 
 f 2;> 05 
 
 14.11 
 
 22.54 
 
 12 23 
 
 11 47 
 
 12.16 
 
 13.01 
 
 12 20 
 
 15.04 
 
 18 04 
 78 
 !> 11 
 U72 
 
 1(1 Hi) 
 !• .76 
 
 IJ 03 
 
 m High wiitor 
 in feet. 
 
 $167,026 
 358,631 
 
 187.875 
 122,331 
 137.682 
 121,600 
 68.011 
 122,005 
 112,805 
 
 187.875 
 122.331 
 137.682 
 121.600 
 6.S.011 
 122.005 
 112.805 
 
 HiKlieut 
 point In 
 City, feet 
 
 80 
 186 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 186 
 
 62 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 86 
 
 30 
 136 
 12 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 36 
 
 30 
 136 
 12 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 36 
 
68 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 The foregoing tables are not given as absiolutely correct, 
 but reasonable care has been takeji to make thern as nearly 
 so as possible, and are sufficiently accurate to show 
 approximately the relative cost of water supplies in other 
 <'ities and the (piantities usually i)rovided for present and 
 future use. 
 
 So far as the American cities are concerned the particidars 
 of capacity, consumption and cost have been culled from 
 official Reports of 1878 and 1879, and the populations have 
 been checked as far as practicable by recent census returns. 
 The maxiunmi daily capacity, when steam or water power is 
 used, is the combined capacity of the pumps, and in gravitation 
 works the greatest capacity of the leading main or mains. 
 
 Had the enquiry been as to the relative cost of steam or 
 water power and gravitation, the annual cost of pumping 
 would have had to be cai)italized to contrast fairly the merits 
 of each as to economv &c. ; but as the tables were constructed 
 to show simply the outlays made by cities for suitable water 
 supplies, the annual costs of pumping and maintenance have 
 been eliminated. 
 
 The information on which table No. is based was obtained 
 fr.)m a parliamentary "Blue Hook," published by order of the 
 British House of Commons, in July 1879, and entitled 
 '* Urban Water Snpphf." The particulars generally relate to 
 the latter half of 1878, and enibraie returns as to the supply 
 of drinkal)le water, <piautity, <juality, cost »Jcc. from 944 
 sanitary districts. The few places selected were taken at 
 random and give I think a fair representation of the whole. 
 
 Taijlk Xo. 8 shows at a glauc*' the leading features of the 
 seven systems that have been proposed for giving your city 
 a satisfactory w.iter supply conjpared with the averages 
 obtained as to cost &c. from tables (> and 7. By a careful 
 inspection of this table it will be seen that your city is not so 
 unfavourably circumstanced in regard to water as some are 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 09 
 
 disposed to lielicve ; hut lias, on the contniry, the natural 
 
 of the 
 ur city 
 erages 
 
 fai'ih 
 
 ;lleiit 
 
 
 hu'ilitiesot ootainn)«j: tor itseli a hountiriil snpply or cxcelleiu 
 water, at a cost far heh)\v the average of what is paid for 
 similar works in England and America, whether the price 
 l>e measurcid by per capita cost, or capacity of daily supply. 
 
 Having discussed, however, to a greater extent than I at 
 first contem[)lated, the several points involved in a 
 consideration of the " best and most economical system of 
 furnishing Charlottetown with a copious su[)ply of water," 
 as directed by your honorable Board, n brief resume of the 
 salient features of each of the schemes may forma fitting 
 and useful closing to this rather lengthy Report. 
 
 WIXXr.R UIVKU. 
 
 (No. 1) Gravitation and Tunnelinff. To make the water of 
 this river available in this way a dam is recpiired .it Cobb'ti 
 about 1«> feet high and 2fi4 feet long, to raise the water to 8G 
 feet above the city datum. The area of the reservoir thus 
 created woidil be 19 acres and the storage capacity aljout 
 2,700,000 galhtns. Water of excellent quality, but sul>ject 
 at times to discoloration. (Quantity of stored water usar)le 
 in dry seasons about 2,40<),Ot)0 gallons in addition to the 
 natural fiow from the collecting grounds abov(! the dam. 
 
 Length of tunnel about '1\ miles and of 12 inch iron pipe — 
 from outlet end of tunnel to the city — about 1(5,500 feet. 
 Estimated discharge; from pipe, at a point 25 feet above high 
 water, about ()(>,250 gallons per hour, or 1,51)0,000 gallons 
 per day of 24 hours. 
 
 Extreme elevation of reservoir when full, above city 
 datum about 8(> feet, or 'M\ feet above the highest land in the 
 city. Estimated probable cost with 25 per cent, of the 
 distributing pipe laid $213,51(«.00 and with the whole of the 
 last named pipe laid $256,385.00. 
 
 The great and uncertain cost of this work, combined with 
 the fact that the supply ubtuincd in this way would be at 
 
70 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 best a loio pressure one, and as such floficieiit in protective 
 power, do not commend this scheme to my judgment, nor 
 could 1 advise its adoption uidess as a hist resort. 
 
 (No 2) Pumpinjf hy Steam power from Winter River, 
 dam and reservoir the same as for Xo 1 se!»eiue. Cai)acity of 
 engine and pumps .W, 000 gaUons per hour, 1,200,000 gaHons 
 per day of 24 hours. Whole of the impounded water 
 nvaihil)le in dry seas(»ns, wlien the natural How was less tlian 
 the city's daily consumption. 
 
 Water to be lifted 100 to 120 feet and placed in a summit 
 reservoir for distriI>ution. Contemplated present capacity 
 of reservoir about 2,400,000 gallons and increased in time to 
 10,000,000 or more. 
 
 Elevation of reservoir above city datum 180 feet, or 13(5 
 feet above the highest point in the city, giving an effective 
 hi(jh pressure supply for tire purposes without the aid of 
 
 engmes. 
 
 Estimated capacity of 12 inch main discharging at a point 
 in the citv 25 feet above hi«rh water, about t(3,3.'33 ijallons 
 per hour, or 2,000,0i>0 gallons per day of 24 hours. The 
 difference between this and the power of the pumps to be 
 made up on extra occasions, as tire limes, from the surplus 
 stored in the reservoir. 
 
 Estimated '* probalde cost" with 25 per cent, of the 
 distrii)uting pipe laid $81>,808.00 and with the whole of it 
 laid $132,()78.00. 
 
 This scheme appears to meet fully the requirements of 
 your city in respect to quantity, quality and pressure for fire 
 piu*[)oses, but the distance of the pumping station from the 
 city (5^ miles) is a serious draw bick to its adoption. It is 
 recommended however to your favorable consideration. 
 
 gates' brook. 
 
 (Xo. 3.) Hy (/ravilation. To make this source available 
 by graviUition, a dam would have to be built at a point in the 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 M 
 
 valloy about ^ of a niik' above the Gates' Mill. Hei<^ht of 
 dam M4 feet and length (JoO feet. The reservoir thiisereeted 
 wonUl How about 21 acres of land, and contain when full jibout 
 i)7.(t()(),00() irallons ol water; but less than half of this would 
 1)0 available for city use in dry seasons, when the natural How 
 of the stream fell below the daily draft in the eiiy. And 
 there is a doui)t about the prudence of trusting a reservoir 
 of this depth and capacity in this valley. 
 
 The surface water of this reservoir when full would be 
 about (52 feet above high water, or 12 feet only above the 
 highest land in the city. This would l)e an eminently low 
 service supply and would be of little value for tire i)urposes, 
 without the aid of engines. 
 
 A 12 inch main laid from this reservoir to the titv would 
 discharge at the 2;") feet point already named about 43,lM)t, 
 gallons per hour, or 1,050,000 gallons fully per day of 24 
 hours, when working under a lull head, but this quantity 
 would diminish as the water in the reservoir fell. 
 
 The estimated probable cost of this supply is $f<0,7K^.OO 
 with 25 per cent, of the distributing pipe laid, and 
 $128,583.00 with the whole of this pipe laid. 
 
 As the sui)ply obtainable for this source by gravitation 
 could not be otherwise than unsatisfactory, I cannot recom- 
 mend it to your serious consideration. 
 
 (Xo. 4.) Pumping hij s(eam power from station F. The 
 leading features of this schenu? are the erection of a dam of 
 about 20 feet in height and 51G feet in length, on the site 
 proposed for Xo. 3 s dam, and the creation thereby of a 
 storage reservoir capable of containing about 34,800.000 
 gallons of water. The water thus impounded to be led by 
 an iron pipe or brick aqueduct, to the pumping station at F 
 and forced from thence into a reservoir on College Hill or 
 vicinity, and taken therefrom to the city by a 12 inch cast 
 irou luaiu for distributiuu. 
 
72 
 
 REPORT ON THE 
 
 The whole of the water impoiincled In the stora<(e reservoir 
 W(jukl be avjiihible for eity use in dry seasons; and if in the 
 progress of time the wants of the city exceeded the snpplying 
 capacity of the (jatct-' valley, the waters of the Curtis brook 
 and about 1800 acres of the Winter River collecliiiij: grounds 
 could be brought, by a moderate outlay of money, to the 
 pumi)ing station at F. It is not necessary to point out now 
 how this could l>e done, as its realization is probably far in 
 the future, but a reference to plan Xo. 1 will show its 
 practicability, and this is a strong point in favor of the Gates 
 brook and station F. 
 
 The proposed College Hill reservoir is to have a capacity of 
 •2,400,000 gallons to begin with, and an elevation of about 100 
 feet above high water, or ,)0 feet above the city summits. 
 The pressure obtainable from this reservoir would be an 
 excellent one for daily use and a fair one for Hre purposes, 
 but greatly inferior to the pressure obtainable from the 
 summit reservoir of Winter Kiver. 
 
 The capacity of the engines and pumps woidd be the same 
 as on Winter liiver, viz: 1,200,000 gallons per day of 24 
 hours, and the ealculatetf discharge of the 12 inch main at 
 the assumed level of 25 feet above high water about 11(3,666 
 gallons per hour, or 2,800,000 gallons per day of 24 hours.* 
 
 This stjition can be reached readily from the city and 
 possesses superior advantages for the lauding of coal or fuel 
 direct from the river. The estimated probable cost with 
 25 per cent, of the distributing pipe laid is $89,002.00 and 
 with the whole of the distributing pipe laid $131,872.00. 
 
 This scheme recommends itself strongly to my judgment 
 as one that is worthy of a careful consideration before 
 comino: to a final decision. 
 
 *A 10 incb pipe under the same conditions would deliver about 1,700,000 -gallons 
 per day of 34 hours, and if substituted tor tbe 13 iucli oae wouid reduce tbe oost 
 about |l.iOO.OO. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 78 
 
 '^' 
 
 igmeut 
 before 
 
 •gallona 
 tbe Goet 
 
 (No. 5.) Pumping hy stouin power tVoin station D. (near 
 the western end of Brighton roud) directly into the 
 distril)uting pipes as in the Holly system. By this arrange- 
 ment no reservoir would be retpiired, but the pumps would 
 have to l)e run day and ni.i»lit without ceasing, and to guard 
 against intennplion to the usual daily supply by accident, 
 the engine and i)nmps should be du[)lieated. 
 
 Under this system any desired i)ressure for ordinary or 
 extraordinary occasions could be had, but the duplication of 
 the pumping machinery and the constant working of the 
 pumps would add consideral)ly to the rumiing ex[)ense8. 
 If land of proper elevation for a reservoir can be obtained 
 near the city, one of thiu'ugines could be dispensed with and 
 the working time reduced as at station F. and Winter Uiver. 
 
 This station would be still nearer to the city than that of 
 Xo. 4, and would [)osscss ecpial if not greater facilities for 
 the water carriaije of coal and other materials. 
 
 The water of the storage reservoir would be brought to it 
 l)y an iron pipe or brick conduit, as may be considered 
 best hereafter. The estimate is for the former, that the 
 head or pressure from the reservoir may bo utilized in 
 [)unjping. And if on mature consideration this station and 
 system of supi)Iy should bo adoi)ted, the Curtis' Brook and 
 Winter Uiver water could be made availal)le here, as well as 
 at Station F. 
 
 The dam and storage reservoir in the Gates' valley woidd 
 1)0 of the same size and ca|)acity as described in No. 4, and 
 the whole of the impounded water would be available in dry 
 seasons. 
 
 The estimated " i)robable cost" of this system with 25 
 per cent, of the distributing pipe laid is $10(),5U2.0U and 
 with the whole of the latter laid $141»,372.00. 
 
 This scheme and system are also worthy of additional 
 cout^ideratiou before coming to a tiual decisioo. 
 
 lo 
 
74 
 
 REPOltT ON THE 
 
 (No. 6.) Pumping by steam powci* from a station in tho 
 immccHuto vicinity of (iates' Mill. The same dam and 
 reservoir would he rc(juired for this as for No.s. 4 and 5. 
 and like the former the water w>)uld he forced into a 
 reservoir placed on College Hill or some equally elevated 
 and convenient spot, if such is obtainable. 
 
 This station is less desirable, however, than either of the 
 others, as it is doubtful if the su[)p!rmental supply already 
 alluded to as obtainable in the distant future, from the 
 Curtis' Brook and Winter Kiver, e.iuld be ma le so easily 
 available, and the cost of fuel woul 1 bej^inereased by extra 
 ciu'taue. It is also firther from the city and more exposed 
 to damage by the l)ursting of the nservoir, should such an 
 untoward accident ever take place. 
 
 The siipi)ly as well a^ the pressiiK' obtainable in the city 
 would b(^ the same as in No. 4 scheme, and could Ijc 
 increased in a similar way. 
 
 Estimated " probable cost " of this line with 25 per cent, 
 of the distributing pipe laid, $H9,4;)7.0U and with the whole 
 of it laid $132,307.00. 
 
 CUllTIs' BROOK. 
 
 (No. 7.) Gravitation. To make I he water obtainable here 
 available, a dam 35 feet high and 107 ) feel long would have 
 to be built, to raise the water 85 feel above city datum. 
 
 The reservoir thus created would Hood about 55 acres of 
 land and impound about 170 millions ;)f gallons, 147 millions 
 of which would be available for city use, in dry seasons, 
 should the ground prove sutliciently retentive under this 
 body of water. 
 
 When the reservoir was full, the daily discharge fr<)ni the 
 mains proposed to be laid would be about 9(50,000 gallons 
 per day, or 40,000 gallons per hour, and when it had fallen 
 six feet, about 810,000 gallons; diminishing steadily as tho 
 water in the reservoir fell. 
 
WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 75 
 
 in the 
 
 in uiul 
 
 iuid 5. 
 
 into !i 
 
 Ii'VuUmI 
 
 • of the 
 alroudy 
 oni the 
 » vim\y 
 )y extra 
 exposed 
 such an 
 
 the city 
 onid be 
 
 )er cent, 
 le whoU) 
 
 il)le here 
 
 nUl have 
 
 urn. 
 
 acres of 
 
 millions 
 
 seasons, 
 
 del- this 
 
 fi-oui the 
 
 gallons 
 
 ad fallen 
 
 As this, like the other gravitation schemes, would be a 
 low prcsa ire supply and less^serviceahle and satisfactory for 
 tire purposes than either of the pumping plans suggested, 
 I cannot recommend it for your adoption. 
 
 The estimated cost with 25 per cent, of the distributing 
 pipe laid is $12.3, .5 IS. 00 and with the whole of it laid, 
 $ll)r),.388.0(). 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In conclusion I beg to say that I am not prepared to 
 recommend any of the gravitation schemes as suitable to 
 vour circumstances. 
 
 Tu my judgment the best and most economical system o^ 
 water supply for your city, is to be obtained by pumping 
 from Winter Kiver or the Gates' Brook. 
 
 My present inclination is to the latter from station F. on 
 line No. 4, but before coming to a tinal decision a careful 
 revisory examination should be made, and exact information 
 obtained as to suitable sites for reservoirs — cost of land 
 and water rights — pressure considered necessary for the 
 extinguishment of tires by your tire department and relative 
 economy as to the convcivance ol fuel and other material to 
 the several pumping stations named. 
 
 Your city has a choice of sources and systems, and the 
 selection should fall to that one which will give the best 
 results in completeness and economy. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 GILBERT MURDOCH, 
 
 Engineer. 
 Saint John N. B., March 2nd, 1881, 
 
 ly as the 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 79 
 
 APPEiNDIX A. 
 
 QiJKSTiONi* suhiuittc'd to tlio Mictlical profession ol'diarlottt'- 
 t(»\vii ill relation to wator supply and tlraiiiaire, and ivplics 
 received, in i^H\. The (jiiestions, Mr. Heard said, had been 
 snliinilted to every medical man in the city, and at the time 
 he wrote, nine re[)lies hao been received, as follow : 
 
 QiiKSTlON I. Owinir to the al)8eiice of a proper system of 
 drainage, and the surface soil luiving hitherto received nearly 
 the whole of the drainage of t! v ity : Arc our wells likely 
 to be affected therel)y? If 8o, to what extent are the i)nblic 
 likely to snller tlu'refrom ? 
 
 A NSW Kits: — 
 
 1. Undoubtedly they must be alfected, and the public 
 are likely to snller therefrom. 
 
 2. Yes, to such an extent as to render the water unwhole- 
 some in the higiirst degree. It cannot be otherwise in a 
 town where there is no proper drainage; and where all 
 matters which should l)e carried away are allowed to soak 
 into the earth, and where the soil is as porous as that of 
 Charlottetown there is little or no obstruction to its passage. 
 
 3. I must say the absence of a [)roper drainage systiiii 
 must be a[)parcnt to all. Most of tln' wells of the city, from 
 their peculiar location, receive the surface? drainagis and 
 with it a large amoimi of «lccayed and dec.iying animal and 
 vegetable matter, which is decidedly deleterious to the health 
 of the community, and no doubt very much assists in the 
 uwvelopmcnt of fever in itb various types. 
 
80 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 4. It i8 iini)o88il)lc to hnvo liciltli in u city without >i 
 tlioron<i:h clrainaj^c, more paitifiil.-uly in a city wIktc the soil 
 \h of a soft nature, which will ah.sorl* all the oUmI that is 
 daily lu'iii;; thrown on its surface ; and as the wells of the 
 city must he atl'eeted by the veiy refuse excreted hy hunmn 
 bodies and animals, this poisoned water nmst be injurious to 
 the people. 
 
 ;'). As a L^<>neral rule i do not think that the wells of this 
 city have been or are likely Ut be atfe<'ted by deposits upon 
 tln' surface of tin* soil, as I think thai ;«othin;jf tan percolate 
 throuirh its undisturbed and unbroken surface that can 
 iuiuriously all'ect them. Hut that certain wells are, or mav 
 be, rendced e.\cecdin«^ly noxious by the p<uniu<; into them 
 of surface drainage, or by leakaire from around their built 
 walls, I think is iiuite possible ; and that sitjh wells ma}' 
 have their water so poisoned as to become sources of most 
 dangerous and widespread disease. 
 
 (J. Owing to the exceeding porous quality of the soil, all 
 sewerage and watery li<jui(ls spdt on the surface are liable to 
 tilter an«l penetrate to a depth varying from 20 to 3U feet, 
 mdess prevented l)y strata of the red sand>tone rock. It is 
 n«)t i;enerallv known that the whole of the wells in Eustoa 
 Street, from the Malpe(pie Uoad to the pond, hav«! been 
 rendered useless luui dangerous by misdirecting that abomin- 
 able and costly sewer from (Jreat Gemge Street. The water 
 of one of these wells smells like rotten ey^xs — redolent of 
 hvdro<ren gas — no animal will drink it. 
 
 e«' 
 
 7. The public sutlers from l»ad water in the wells, as also 
 from the vaiiors that arise from the aceunndated tilth. 
 
 ^. Yes, the public health is likely to be seriously affected. 
 
 H. I believe the water of all, nv nearly all, the wells of this 
 city is injurious to health, and should not be used for drink* 
 ing purposes. 
 
this 
 
 il. all 
 Ic to 
 cot. 
 t is 
 stoa 
 )eeii 
 iniii- 
 
 It of 
 ;ilso 
 
 •tod. 
 
 f thi^ 
 link* 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 81 
 
 (^UKSTioN 2. Il) the ovont of any wells lK'iii<; appropriated 
 to sinks and privies in this eity : How far do you suppose 
 otIuM" wells in the n«'ijrhl)orhood would he eontaniinated 
 Iherehy, and with what result? 
 
 Answeus : — 
 
 1. Any contanii nation from sueh sources would he in- 
 jurious. 
 
 2, It is a well known fact that water ohtnned from 
 wells situati'il near a iriaveyard, iiivarialdy contains animiil 
 matter, provided tin* soil l»e sutliticntly i>oi-()u?'. 
 
 .'i. I have noticed that tin- privies and wells of Cliarlolte- 
 town are very closcdy eonnected, so much so that the one 
 must receive a heiielil from the other, as th^re is not enoui^h 
 earthy matter hetween to act as a proper tilter. This is a 
 very important .-iihject, and hears strongly on tln« health of 
 the public. 
 
 4. The appropri;ition of wells as sinks and j)rivies is very 
 wron<>^, and should not he tolerated. I know otOne such 
 well in this city, which was tlu; means of poisonini,' another 
 well distant ahout (50 yards therefrom. 
 
 o. Should there he a m(»re or less direct connection 
 hetween the wells, tliKMiirh the crevices of the rock, or 
 otherwise, tln-re would uinjuestionahly he very dangerous 
 c(U)tamination from the polluted oiittlovv of the supposed 
 sink or privy; a fact, however, which I should think would 
 at once make itself known in any particular instance in which 
 it might so occur. 
 
 (J. In the event of a well heing appro[)riatcd to a privy, I 
 (onsider tiiat it \ti liahle to liltcr through a circumfeience 
 varying from 80 to UK) feet, unless stopped hy strata of 
 rocks : of this 1 have ample proof. 
 
 7. The well cannot help hut he cMUitauiinatcd from the 
 poruuti nuturu of the buil. 
 
 U 
 
82 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 8. The soliihlo contnils of sndi wells must contiiiniualo 
 the iieighl)oniig wells. 
 
 (^uiuSTiON ;]. Is the he:illh of (his rity likely to he alleeted 
 in hot or elaiin) weather hy e\halatioii.s tVoiu the soil, or tVoiu 
 the want of [>ro[)er (lraiiia<j:e? 
 
 Answeus : — 
 
 1. Decidedly yes. 
 
 2. It camiot hut he that the healtli of the eity will he 
 all't'eted in hot and dani[» weather hy i xhalations from the soil 
 und from the want of proper sewer. La>. Even our surface 
 di-aiua<:e is useless, or n(aily so, from the fact that so few of 
 our streets have sullieient iudme to ,;ilow st-waire to run, and 
 conse(piently what does not soak iiiti' the ground, tjtagnates 
 and festei's under the hot summer sii;:. 
 
 ."». 'J'he deeomi)osition of animal uid vegetahle matter is 
 nnuh more rajiid m warm weather t; in in cold, and I helieve 
 a (lan)p atniospiiere is a powerlid as>i 4ant. 
 
 4. lieducing the suhject to a tine point, it is an utter 
 impossihility to ward otf these epi Kmic attacks of feveis 
 without a thorough system of drainage and water; and it 
 would lie well for the pid)lic to alt. iid to these matters at 
 once; if they do, they will Hud the rate of mortality greatly 
 lessened. 
 
 5. 1 thiidi so, mo5«t decidedly. 
 
 (). For the last few yyars I have ninaiked that Ward .") is 
 liahlo to he attacked hy an ei)idemic iVvcr of the low typhoid 
 type, with eases of dysentry ; the usual results of tainted 
 water, eliding in many instances fatally. 
 
 7. Most certainly. 
 
 8. Yes. 
 
 QuKSTiON 4. Have you ol)scrve<l any injurious cliects 
 resulting from the use of our well wuior? 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 83 
 
 Answkiis : — 
 
 1. I ciiniiol ><|>('!ik po'^iiivcly on this point. 
 
 2. I have no <lo!il>t t'.uil tvplmid and other frvers, also 
 (Ivscntcrv :ni<l dianlni'i which visit us .so rcnnhirlv cvitv 
 year, nro in n irrcat measure clue to its use, anil pci'haps also 
 to ov(M-cro\\(lf<l au'l ill-vcniilated houses. 
 
 -■). I hear many fonipliiinls iVoin my patients and others 
 refrardinir the bad water. 
 
 .'). None whatever. 
 
 (!. 'Fiicre is always a risk to health in livinii near a 
 swampv or imdrained h.ealitv ; in s!>ort, what is univorsallv 
 ai'knowled^ired to lie a fiHiii?, prodnclive of typhiK, dysentery 
 and eiiolera. I have had eases of ague in hot weather, 
 which appeared to i)rocee(l from tlu^ pond, when neaily 
 drained. 
 
 7. I cannot say 1 have. 
 
 8. I have no doubt tliat the drinking of this water must 
 he injurious to the pnl)lic health. 
 
 !>. Horses fi"om the country will not drink the water (^i the 
 city \>'clls ; this is owing to the vast amount of tli'ainage, 
 which linds its way into these wells. 
 
 (^iKsiioN .'). Do yon think the prevailing diseases such as 
 scarlet, typhcid or other fevers which visit us aimually have 
 any ccMinection with the n>e of our well water, or with 
 defective drainage. 
 
 Answers : — 
 
 1, T believe the latter cause, vi/ : defective draiintg', to 
 be the chief source of diseases mentioned. 
 
 2. Th<'re can. I think, be no doubt that as long as the 
 people continue to use water tVom our public wtdls, just so 
 long will tiiey suller to a great degree from various diseases 
 which miiiht be trac«'d to its use. 
 
84 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 i>. I do not tliink that any of tho rpldcinic disi^ases 
 moiitionod arc tniccaldc to tho use of our woll wntor, l»iit 
 inoro proUably, in great pait, to poriodio atinosphciif waves 
 charged with iiiiasina, also to dire»t iinpoitation of spetifu; 
 contagious disease' l)y persons affoctcd therewith, and in so 
 far as thev ori<;inate, dc novo, toi'xhahiti )n from sintaee and 
 cesspool tilth. 
 
 (I. Onr present epidemics, scaih'tina, measles, and 
 whooping congh, ih'pend on specific contagion, and not on 
 malaria, and <h) not originate in nnhcalthy I x alities, as wc 
 find tliem [)rcvalont over the whole Island. 
 
 7. I do not think the fevers occurring here are occasioned 
 so mnch hy the well water, as from the heaps of mnd and 
 tilth collected in hack yards, producing noxio is vapours, 
 which {\w sultry weather |)roduce : as fevers occur and great 
 moitality in cities wliich have irood water and sewerajre in 
 ahundance. 
 
 8. I helieve that epidemics of these diseases hcconie moic 
 virulent from these causes. 
 
 i). Typhoi<l fever, which prevails during the autumi and 
 earl\'*part of winter, is caused in nuniherless instances from 
 the surface drainage of the city, and the use of the water of 
 tho city wells. 
 
 QuKSTiox (). Is there any public work which you oin 
 suggest as likely to promote the general health, or hy whi( h 
 the rate of mortality c:in he lessened? 
 
 Answkhs : — 
 
 1. Ohviously a proper system of water supply and dr lin- 
 age conihiued. 
 
 2. There can he no doul»t that a proper system of sewerage, 
 cond>in«'(l with a plenlifol .-iipply of pure water, would go 
 far towai-d lessening the .•ininunt «)f disease : and in cases 
 where it did not prevent its oc( iirrence, the mortality would 
 be diminished verv materiallv. 
 
loin 
 lev of 
 
 liMin- 
 • I iJfo 
 
 I'USOS 
 
 would 
 
 APPEND rx. 
 
 85 
 
 3. T have no licsitation in sjyinjj^ that the public health 
 would he much improved, and the fevers which prevail hero 
 8(> larf^ely every spiin<r antl Call vastly mitigated, by a proper 
 drainaire system, and a 8Uj)[)ly of ^rood wholesoine watei-. 
 
 4. In all well conducted cities there is a Hoard of Health, 
 consistin^r "f s(>veral medical uhmj, presid<'d over by one 
 called the Health Ofliccr. The duty of these nu'U is to 
 inspect the diU'ereut wards of the city, and rc'port to the 
 Health Ofliccr auvtliiiijr that would be danucrous to the 
 health of the conuuunity. 
 
 I would su<rLr('st the enforcement, especially in the season 
 of spring and autunm, of strict rejj^ulatious, ensuriuu; the 
 cleaidiness of out-prennses. I would have a law to forbid 
 the breakinii' of the soil surface for the purpose of sinks or 
 ])rivies, and would stroii<>ly ur<;e the adoption of the dry 
 closet system, on a plan which would utilize the ashes of the 
 house for the purpose of deodorizinjr and dryinji^ the eontents 
 of the privy, ai:d which would necessitatj- the I'cirnlai' and 
 frecpient emptyiiif; of it. The wells should be made secure 
 from the possibility of leakin<r trom without their built walls, 
 and there should be a systematic and efHcient cleansinir of 
 them, and the immediate Hllinir up of any that may prove to 
 be aflected by any contaminations otherwise imurabh*. 
 
 7. The Board of Health, by enforciuLr cleaidiness in 
 houses, back yards and privies, airinir cellars, fumi<ration, 
 SiC, seeing that the poor had wholesoine food and clothing, 
 &c. 
 
 H. With reference to the above system of j)ublic works 
 by which wholesome water can be obtained, will conduce 
 wry much to the public health. 
 
 !>. I thiid< tint a proper system of sewerage is re(|nire(l 
 immediately to preserve the i)ublic health, in the latter 
 part of the 7th century there were sewers at Mernla in 
 Spain according to the chronicle of Kijig K( derigo, the last of 
 
86 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 the Goths : '♦ From envh houso thoro runs n sewer iiiider the 
 groimd, iiiicl all the.se sewers run into oiu; ijfreiit one, whieh 
 is ill every street, in order to eairy oli' the rain w.iter." Jf 
 snch iinprovenieiits existed aintnii; the Goths of t!i(» sevenlh 
 eentnry, it is surely time for the enlightened citl/ens of 
 CImrlottetown in the nineteenth, to make some effort tow.ird 
 the preservation of the piihlie health. A propel system of 
 sewera<;e must ho adopted, or dis(S'ise, pestilence and death 
 will inevitahly follo\v. A lartje sup[)ly of good water is 
 essential for the pnhlie health. 
 
 No slanghter-honse should he permitted to exist within the 
 city. In the third year wf liiehard the 2nd a law was |)assed 
 in London, hy which no slanuhter-house was allowed in that 
 eitv, onlv at Kiiiirht's Hridi^e. 
 
 QiKSTiox 7. Should not the (jovernment at onco estahlish 
 a general RcLristi-y of Bii'ths and Deaths in this Island. 
 
 An8Wkus : — 
 
 1. I loiii2: ajro called the attention of the G<)Vernmeiit to 
 the necessity of sueh an ofiiec. 
 
 2. It is a matter of astonishment that something of the 
 kind has not heen attempted long ago. I suppose there is 
 hardly a Province or State in America, where sneh a 
 Kegistry is not kept. In Nova Scotia, the system employed 
 works adiniral>ly and there eaii he no re ison wliy a similar 
 one should not he put into sueeessful operation here. 
 
 4. It wonld he well for the Government of this I.-Iand to 
 estahlish a law compelling a Registry of Births, (whether 
 alive, or. if still horn, the cause of death) and Deaths. In 
 case of death a certiticate from a medicil man stating the cause 
 of death. No grave to he opened without such certiticate. 
 
 .'). I think it extremely drsirahie that there should he such 
 a Ivejii-^try as you nuMition under (Jovernment control. The 
 Death Register would prove most heli)ful in suggesting and 
 
A1»PENDIX. 
 
 8T 
 
 ])r()in(.liiio- iho most Judicious KMuitjiry schciues ; as it would 
 Im- likely to loud, with almost (-(MlMinty, t(i the discovery of 
 the true ori<«:in of oiii- epidemic diseases. 
 
 <>. A «ren( lal He«ristiy of IJiitiis and Deaths is a verv 
 desirable measure for ascertaiuiiio: the rate of our onuard 
 progress, and eiuiies next to a general census iu puhlie utility. 
 
 7. Most certainly, that would hring the mortality 
 l)n)miuently before the country. 
 
 <S. Yes. 
 
 1). The establishment of a Registry ofliirthsand Deaths 
 is doubtless necessary, and could not fail to be of essential 
 service. 
 
 From the above testimony we nniy conclude that our 
 present water supply is rotten to the core, and that if we 
 wish to regain our lost reputation for health and sahibiily, 
 and escai)e the conscipienues resulting from the worst tvpe 
 of e|)idcmics <.r pestilence. It is absolutely necessary to 
 provide an abun<lauce of good water and atteutl to the drain- 
 age without delay. 
 
 I 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 WILLIAM HEAUD. 
 
88 
 
 APPEK^DIX. 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 ^ , 
 
 l'l{Ol'A(iATION OV KIMDKMIC HV I'OTAMLK W ATKK. 
 
 Tin; Kivcr Pollution ('<)iiimis8iouor8 in thoir liiirlily iii- 
 stnictivo Kcpoit on tlu' " Doincstio Water Supply of (Iroat 
 Britain,' say in the section dcvotod to the [)roi)ai:!ition of 
 (•pi(l«Mnic8 by potaitle way, that " numerous researches made 
 both by physiologists and chemists have led iiivestigators to 
 the conclusion that several at least of those diseases which 
 are propagated in the manner of epidemics, diH'use themselves 
 by living germs or si)ores, which linding u suitable ii/'das in 
 the bodies of animals, then multiply and [)roduce thiss[)ecitic 
 disturbance of the riormal vital functions which characterizes 
 a disease of the zynutic class. *** This view is as yet far 
 from being established on a tirm scientitic basis, *** but be the 
 theory true or false, it is a fact that cow pox, sheep pox, 
 small pox, hydroi)hobia, glanders and syphillis can be witliu 
 very snudl percentage of failures propagated from individual 
 to individual by means of an excessively small amount of 
 or""anic matter. *** In like manner it is a fact that scarlatina, 
 diphtheria, measles and typluis fever can be transmitted frjni 
 diseased to healthy persons, not only without contact, but 
 also without any a[)parcnt conununication, the poisonous 
 matters in these cases being presumably conveyed through 
 the air from pers(m to person. 
 
 Again, it is a fact that cholera and typhoid or enteric 
 fever can be communicated from individual to individual ; 
 and the infectious matter of those diseases, which resides iu 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 89 
 
 S , tijo ilisclmrges tVoiii the atiHUJirh and bowels of tlio [)iitiont, is) 
 
 holit'vcil to 1)0 ofc'ii.sioiiiilly coiivcyt'tl l»y air, l)iit a great mass 
 of cxporieiicu renders its i)ro[):ig;itioii throiigli the luediiiin 
 of (Irni/ti'ii'j //v*/p/' almost eertaiu. *** We aio of o[)inioii that 
 tijo cases in whieli exposure to iiifeeted water lias been 
 followed by attack are siillieieiitly numerous and deeisivo to 
 warrant the oonelusion that water polluted by the discharges 
 from the st(»mach or bowels of cholera or typhoid patients 
 can propagate ihesi; diseases. That such an unspeakably 
 disgusting mode of injection Is not only pos*iil)le but immin- 
 ent, is conclusively [)roved by the numerous analyses of 
 diinking water recorded in the preceding part of this Ue[)()rt. 
 So far fronj the horrible prai;tice just indicated being ex- 
 ceptional, it is the ride. As the result of our in(|uiries into 
 the polluted waters of this country, we arc compelled to 
 state that it is a widely spread custom, both in towns and 
 villages, to drink either the water of riv»Ms into which the 
 excrements of man are discharged, or the water from shallow 
 //y//,s which are largely fed by soakage from middens, sewers 
 or cessi)ools. Thus vast multitudes of the pji)ulation are 
 daily ex[)oscd to the risk of infection from typhoidal dis- 
 charges and periodically to that from cholera dejections. 
 That this risk is not inconsideral)le, is abundantly proved by 
 the following evidence, which W(! now adduce in contirmation 
 of the statement that cholera and tyi)hoid fever are propa- 
 gated through the medium of water polluted by human 
 excremental discharges. 
 
 The evidence cited is [)ointed and complete, and the 
 conclusions to which it leads irresistible. But a few extracts 
 only can be made. 
 
 rUOl'AOATION OF CIIOLKIIA IJY WATKU. 
 
 '' London," the Commissioners say, " has sulfered on 
 former occasions from epidi'inics of Asiatic cholera, which 
 occurred in the years 1832, l«4i), 1«54 and 18(i(>. The 
 mortality of ib'62 was uudoubtedly great, but, at the aumo 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
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^■■■■iPiM 
 
 90 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 "time, there was no official jregi titration of the causes of death ; 
 tlie nuniher of deaths reported to the Privy Council, how- 
 ever, was 5,275, and as the population of London then 
 amounted to l,(i81,()4l, the proportion of deaths to 10,000 of 
 the population was 31.4. In 1840 cholera killed in the 
 metropolis 14,137, or (51.8 out of 10,000; in 1854 the 
 number of lives destroyed was 10,738, or 42.9 per 10,000 ; 
 and in 18G(> cholera slew 5,596 persons, or 18.4 per 10,000. 
 During the period fnmi 1832 to 180(5 the water supply under- 
 Avent important changes. **The results are thus tabulated : — 
 
 iL'Jiui'iicli'i' ot watur supply Total luor- 
 
 Moitiility 
 per 10,000 ol 
 population. 
 
 as reganis excremenlal 
 pollution. 
 
 Epidemic of 1832 Polluted 
 
 " 1849 Very much polluted 
 
 1854 Less polluted 
 
 18()G iMuch less polluted 
 
 (( 
 
 |tality from 
 cholera. 
 
 5,275 
 14,137 
 10,738 
 
 5,596 
 
 31.4 
 61.8 
 42.9 
 18.4 
 
 These are the results arrived at by tlie most general inves- 
 tigation of the subject. They show (hat in every epidemic 
 the mortality varied directly with the intensity of the 
 excremental pollution drunk by the people. 
 
 Dr. W. Farr, F. R. S. in a Utter to the Registrar- 
 General on the cholera visitation of 1849, showed by 
 statistical tables "that in Lambeth which was supplied partly 
 by the Lambeth and partly by the S.)uthwark company the 
 deaths from cholera which were 1618 in 1849, fell to 904 in 
 1854. In 26,000 houses supplied by the Lambeth company 
 the deaths were 294, whiist in 40,000 houses supplied by 
 the Southwark company they were 2,248> In the houses 
 supplied with comparatively pure water the deaths from 
 cholera were 40 per 10,000 of the inmates, while in those 
 supplied with foul water, the deaths were 130 to 10,000. 
 These houses were in the same district, the pipes of the two 
 companies interlacing; it is therefore to be presumed that 
 both were equally exp( id to any other deleterious iuliueuces 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 91 
 
 oitiillty 
 
 10,000 Ol 
 puhition. 
 
 31.4 
 
 61.8 
 
 42.9 
 
 18.4 
 
 those 
 
 i 
 
 which nflected the health of the district at that time, the 
 quality of the water supplied by the two conipauics 
 constituting, so tar as is known, the only difference in the 
 conditions under which the population was placed. *** 
 
 Mr. John 81m >n, F. R. S. medical officer of the Privv 
 Council testified to " dangerous qualities of water supply 
 which chemists were wholly unable to measure. *** In 
 the old epidemics when the south side of London suffered so 
 dreadfully from cholera, the great cause of the immense 
 mortality there was the badness of the water supply then 
 distributed to those districts of London." Cominorto another 
 cholera epidemic Mr. Simon says it is now a matter of 
 notoriety within the ai'ea of another water company in 
 London. the jwpulation last year suffered very dreadfully from 
 cholera, I refer to certain Eastern parts of London ; cholera in 
 high development was confined to those parts, and those 
 parts of London were in the area of one water company. 
 And what makes the case the more remarkable is, that 
 not the whole area of this water company suffered, the 
 company gave two waters and the high cholera mortality was 
 apparently restricted to those parts of London which received 
 one of those two supplies, so to speak to half the district of 
 the East London water company. The source from which the 
 company supplied this half of its district was a source 
 peculiarly exposed to contamination from a foul part of the 
 river Lea. The contamination was sewage. Speaking 
 broadly for the whole metropolis the area of intense cholera 
 in 1866 was almost exactly the area of this particular water 
 supply, nearly if not absolutely filling it and scarcely if at all 
 reaching beyond it. 
 
 The waters of the Sonthwark and Vauxhall company were 
 submitted to microscopical and chemical examination by the 
 ^'■committee for scientific enquiries" and the foulness they 
 say was almost incredible. It swarmed with infusorial life 
 and contaiued unmistakable molecules of excrement. *** 
 
92 
 
 APPE!N^DIX. 
 
 The tenants of the Lambetit and the Soufhimrk companies 
 were not set in different parts of the sonth of London area 
 each isolated from the others. On the contrary tlic two 
 p(^l)nhitions were so to si)eak mutuidly interfused. *** It 
 likewise deserved notice that the materials for comparison 
 were not on a small scale. It was not villM<?e aijainst villaofe. 
 The investigated districts composed about a tifth of the 
 entire population of London. Tiiey contained in 184i) about 
 4(50,000 persons and in 1854 about 511,000. In 1854 (after 
 the termination of the cholera epidemic) the water supply was 
 investigated, nearly 25,000 houses could be shown to derive 
 their water supply fnmi the Laml)eth company and 40,000 
 from the Southwark company. In the houses supplied by 
 the Lambeth company, thei'e occurred (111 deaths being at 
 the rate of 37 to every 10,000 living while in the 
 honses sui)plied by the Southwark company there occurred 
 347() deaths being at the rateof o»e hnmlred and thirti/ to eveT'y 
 10 000 living. The po])ulation drinking dirty icater there- 
 fore snjfered B' times as much mortality as the popidation 
 drinking the other water. 
 
 
 BROAD STREET WELL. 
 
 After citing much evidence of a similar character, the 
 Commissioners proceed to remark : " The results of these 
 gigant'C exporiuie:its o:i the effects of wat^'r o )ntamiMat.'d 
 with choleraic sewage upon the lives of most connnunities 
 inhabiting large sections of the metropolis are as conclusive 
 as can be expected of experiments of such a nature. *** 
 There are, however, not wanting analogous experiment^*, 
 whi(!h, being on a smaller scale, were pcrh.-ips more manage- 
 able, and consequently capable of closer investigation. One 
 of those occurred in the year 1854, in a circumscribed district 
 around Golden Square, St. James, Westminister. *** It 
 included 31 streets, 12 courts and 1 square. All the houses 
 were inspected and the inquiries were l)oth '\reful ;uul 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 93 
 
 i 
 
 iiiiiiiite. The houses wrrc lot at high rents, and were not of 
 a low ehiss. 
 
 Dminii' the month of Auirust cholera was prevalent in the 
 locality, but only 2() cases were registered during the month. 
 On the morning of the 1st of September, however, the 
 disease broke out with fearftd and fatal violence, and con- 
 tinued with little abatement until tlio morning of the 5th, 
 when it bcg;m iai)idly to decline. 
 
 The center of the pestilence was in two blocks of houses 
 bounded on the north by Rroad Street, on the south by 
 Silver and Putney Streets, on the east by New Street and 
 on the west l)y Marshall Street. *** 
 
 One of the most importsmt features of this memorable at- 
 tack was its suddenness, ajid the lara*e number of individuids 
 attacked simultaneously in ditferent parts of the district. 
 The epidemic attained its niMximum intensity on the second, 
 if not on the tirst day of the outbreak. Jt then remained nearly 
 stationaiy, and on the 5th day declined by nearly 50 per 
 cent. 
 
 The populati.)n of Broad Street was estimated at 8()(., of 
 whom 90 died, besides 25 others who worked in Broad 
 Street but died in other parts of London ; of these latter two 
 men and fourteen girls at a percussion cap manufactory, No. 
 38 Broad Street. 
 
 The total number of deaths on the 1st and 2nd September, 
 inchnling persons removed to the hospital and w^rldiouses, 
 was two hundred and one; from the 1st to the 18th, five 
 hundred and .Hixtt/-nine{i>C)d) from that to the 20th tJilrti/- 
 one; and fr()m this to the end of the month ten; making the 
 total number of deaths from cholera in this limited district 
 six hundred and ten ((510). **** TJio west<'ni half of 
 Broad Stieet which contained pulMJc pmnps was the centr'i 
 of the infected district and starting fiom thence a person 
 walking at a moderate pace in any direction would have got 
 bevond its limits in three minutes.**** 
 
94 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 A special examination of the cesspool and drains belong- 
 ing to the house No. 40, Broad Street, immediately adjoining 
 the pump just mentioned, proved conclusively that the 
 contents of the former gains direct access into the well 
 supply of the hitter. About seventy-eight hours before the 
 great outburst a child was fatally attacked in this house with 
 diarrhoea, and its dejections were poured into the drain 
 which ran within 2 feet 8 inches of the well. Yet the water 
 of this well was in great repute for drinking pin-poses. Its 
 use was very general, from choice on the part of some, from 
 necessity on that of others.**** 
 
 Dr. Snow, of the Cliolera Inquiry Committee, thus sum- 
 marizes the connection between the well and the siulden 
 choleraic; outbursts just noticed, as follows : 
 
 1st. That the outburst, properly so called, wa** principally 
 confined to the area about the Broad Street pump. 
 
 2nd. That 01 out of 73 persons who died during the first 
 two days had been accustomed to drink the pump water, 
 either constantly or occasionally. 
 
 3rd. That the water was used many other ways, and 
 might so hiive bsen taken in cases when its use in the 
 ordinary way could not be distinctly traced. 
 
 4ih. That in the workhouse, where the well water was not 
 used, on]y Jive deaths occurred, whereis 50 would have been 
 the ratio pl'oportif)nate to that of the neighborhood around. 
 
 5th. That in a factory employing 200 people, whore the 
 water was drunk daily, 18 people died. 
 
 6th. That 70 men employed in the brewery in Broad 
 Street never drank the water and escaped cholera. 
 
 7th. That in a number of IndividMal instances, which 
 were particula ly investigated, the drinking of the water 
 was followed by cholera; in one case a lady living quite 
 away from the district who had the water sent out to her 
 
ATPENi^rx. 
 
 05 
 
 the 
 
 road 
 
 lich 
 
 ater 
 
 uite 
 
 her 
 
 died after drinking it ; her niece also died under the same 
 circunisl antes. 
 
 8th. That at any point decidedly near to a pnmp, the 
 mortality from cholera as a rule ceased.*** 
 
 9th. That in a particular street containing 14 houses, the 
 onlyj^our that escaped, without a douht, were those in which 
 the Broad Street water was never drunk. 
 
 10th. That the water was used for drinking purposes only, 
 and was used cold. **** That it must have heen not merely 
 generally contaminated hy cesspool drainage, but especially 
 with the evacuation of a cholera patient. 
 
 After adding an overwhelming amount ot evidence showing 
 the malignant intiuence and constant danger attending the 
 use of shallow well water during cholera epochs, the Report 
 proceeds to show how 
 
 TYPHOID FKVEU IS PKOPAGATD BY WATER. 
 
 The pois(m of typhoid fever, like. that of cholera, exists in 
 the evacuations of persons suffering from the disease, and its 
 conveyance from infected to healthy persons requires con- 
 ditions analogous to those which propagate Asiatic cholera, 
 viz., from the use of water polluted by sewage. Of the 
 many cases cited by the Commissioners in proof of this from 
 all parts of England, I will give a few onl}'. 
 
 MILLBANK PRISON. 
 
 The number of convicts contined in this prison ranged from 
 about 600 in the earlier years of occupation to upwards of 
 1,200. For many years the prison had a bad reputation for 
 unhealthiness. Its inmates from the tirst suffered a very 
 high rate of mortality. Of the four epidemics of cholera 
 that visited England, the tirst three, viz., 1833, 1849 and 
 1853-4 were very fatal. 
 
 In 1854 a new supply of water was introduced from an 
 artesian or deep well in Trafalgar Square} and io the fourth 
 
96 
 
 APPEISTDIX. 
 
 epidomic. that of 18G(j, the convicts entirely escM[)P(l. 
 Tvpiioid fever has become extinct, and dian-ho'a and dy.scn- 
 tciy have ceased for many yeait? to appear as causes of death. 
 
 Sur^xcon Major A. C C. I)e Ren/v, in an article con- 
 trihnted to the* Lancet in 1^1'2, disciissing this chanae and 
 the canses that led to it, after noticing the drainage, the 
 ventilation, the dietary, the clothing and the discipline, 
 remarks as follows in rcgaid to fho water supply : — 
 
 " The Water sni)ply was changed on the lOth of Angnst, 
 18r)4. U[) to that date the prison had l)een snp[)lied with 
 water [)nmped from the Thfimes as it Howed hy the institu- 
 tion \\\\(\ j)injied hy JiltralloH. The new soinro of sii[)p!y 
 was the artccian well in Trafalgar S(|uare. The ehangc! was 
 carried into ell'ect in the midst of the cholera e[)idemic which 
 so severely visited London in that year, and the prison was 
 siiflering from cholera at the time. Six days after tJie chango 
 the disease suddenl u ceased, and a marked improvement took 
 place in the health of the prisoners. From the date of the 
 introduction of the new water supply, up to April of the 
 present year, (1872) a period of nearly nineteen years, there 
 have heen oidy three deaths from typhoid, and one from 
 diarrhu'a and dvsentery." It is thus shown conclusivelv that 
 
 ft' X' «/ 
 
 the disappeaiance of typhoid coincides exactly with the disuse 
 of the Thames vvat( r, and as this change occurred whilst in 
 all other respects the sanitary condition of the prison re- 
 mained unaltered, there can be no doubt the two events 
 were not coincidences oidy. Th^re must have been a 
 casual relation between them. 
 
 TERLING ESSEY. 
 
 Here then was H severe outbreak of fever in 18G7. Of 
 900 inhabitants fully 300 were attacked in less than two 
 months. No class of persons was exempt — the rich, the 
 well fed and clad were attacked in common with the poor 
 iind destitute. Dr. R. T. Thome, who was appointed by 
 
 { 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 97 
 
 y that 
 lisuse 
 
 in 
 
 on re- 
 tveiits 
 
 3011 a 
 
 Of 
 
 In two 
 
 ii' 
 
 the 
 poor 
 id by 
 
 i 
 
 the Privy Conncil to cmiiiirc into the .sunoundinir oirciim- 
 stiiiK'OiS, foniid, after a vlilig'iit nivcfsli^jal ion, that the cause 
 of tho outUrt'ak was in t!|j,' shuUow ivells «)f the vilhiijo. They 
 hail been t'c.ntaniinatcd, poisonetl by sewage and excicniental 
 matter. 
 
 CIlICnESTER. . 
 
 This city had for live years been severely visited by 
 typhoid and h)vv fevers when Dr. Edward C. Seat«)n was 
 instructed to inquire into its sanitary condition. lie found 
 the city supplied by »huUow well water constantly subject to 
 pollution fioin surrounding cess-pits and privies, and clearly 
 proved that it was from these tiie poison was unconsciously 
 taken that proved so fatal in many cases. " The conditions 
 under which the waier lH?canie offensive were (1) where the 
 wells wore low, the soiutioii of sewage being then most 
 concentrated; and (2) when heavy rain by over flowing or 
 soakairc seat a lot of cesspool stutf direct into the wells." 
 
 SALISBURY. 
 
 During the period 1842-.i2 Salisbury was supplied with 
 water from wells, .S or 10 feet deep, in which the water stood 
 2 or 3 feet from the surface. These wells were generally 
 situated close to cess-pits, the liquid contents of which 
 soaked into the surrounding porous strata from which the 
 wells were fed. The annual mortality from typhoid fever 
 during a period of y years averaged 7^ per 10,000 
 inhabitants. In lf<56 a new supply of water was obtained 
 from a deep well sunk into the chalk and a constant supply 
 furnished at the rate of 40 gallons per head per day : and 
 during the 8 years ending with \ii()\ the average annual 
 mortality from typhoid fever was only 1,^ per 10,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 TOTTKXIIAM 
 
 Had two sources of supply, one the common shallow wells 
 of the neighborhood and the other from the water works of 
 the local board of Health. It too bad au outbreak of fever 
 
98 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 in 1804 and 18(i5, and an inquiry made by Dr. Seaton on 
 behalf of tl.e Medical Department of the Privy Council, 
 elicited the fact that of 58 houses insnected tlio apMroxiniato 
 number of cases in each was as follows : In 24 houses 
 supplied from surface wolls 80 caseei. In 34 houses supplied 
 from public water works 22 cases. 
 
 And a further investigation showed that in most of the 
 last named class, in which the fever had broken out, the 
 inmates had been in the habit of golfing wat< r for drinking 
 purposes from neighboring wells, rnconsciously imbibing 
 fever and diarrhoea. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON. 
 
 In his evidence before the Royal Commissioners on water 
 supply, (18()0) Dr. K. A. Parkes. F. R. 8. professor of 
 Medical Hygiene in Army Medical School at Xetley, says : 
 
 I have got a ^'^ood deal of evidence together as to diseases 
 which may i)e conununicated by wat<'r. *** I have made a 
 list of disi^ases all of which are occasi;jiially conununicated by 
 water, not solely communicated by water. For example, 
 typh/id fever of which I have collected about 23 instances of 
 local outbreaks of severe typhoid lever, and some six or 
 eight more the particulars of which I have not got, are 
 known to me arising from water iiii[)regnated with ty[)hoid 
 sewage, or possibly with simple sewage. When I speak of 
 typhoid sewage I mean sewage from piM'sons sutfering from 
 typhoid fever.*** 
 
 How did you ascertain that those outbreaks were due to 
 water impregnated with typhoid sewage? 
 
 On account of the cases immediatoly following that im- 
 pregnation with typhoid sewage. I do not wish to deny that 
 simple sewage may produce the same disease ; but that is a 
 question still undecided.** 
 
 Have you obtained any confirmatory results from that 
 obtiervatiou? 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 99 
 
 at im- 
 ly that 
 iit iv«i a 
 
 There have heen altogether a considerable number of cases 
 now placed on record Uy different writers of such an effect 
 following the passing of typhoid sewage, or possibly of 
 simple, into drinking water. We had a case in the neigh- 
 borhood of S()ntham))ton, only this last year, in a young 
 ladies' school whore a drain pipe passed within throe feet of 
 the well ; at the point nearest the well the soft ground below 
 the drain pipe had given way, and the pipe had sunk and the 
 sewage passed into the water of the well. Immediately 
 following that was an outbreak of typhoid fever, which 
 affected something like 80 per cent, of the population, that is 
 to say, 18 or 19 persons were aft'ected out of a population of 
 24 or 2fi ; there were many deaths, and many of them very 
 severe cases. In that case it was impossible to prove whether 
 or not it had been through typhoid sewage passing into the 
 well ; but the impregnation of the water with sewage was 
 certain and coincident at that time ; and that, coupled with 
 several cases of the kind, seems to show that the outbreak of 
 the fever was owing to the impregnation of the water with 
 
 sewage. 
 
 Numerous other instances could be cited from this invalu- 
 able Report, showing the constant danger to which communi- 
 ties are subjected whoso dietary water is drained from shallow 
 wells sunk in a porous soil and surroimded with ash pits and 
 privies ; but time will not permit. I cannot close, however, 
 without placing before you the following remarks of the Royal 
 Commissioners in relation to the propagation of disease 
 through sewage pollution, page 183. , . 
 
 ♦» The records of the poisoning of communities and families 
 b}' the discharges from the stomachs and bowels of cholera 
 and typhoid ])atients are obviously less strictly conclusive 
 than corresponding instances in which men have succumbed 
 after swallowing arsenic or strychnine, because in the former 
 case the specific poison has not been chemically or micros- 
 copically recognized, whilst in the latter the noxious agent 
 
100 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 c!in bo traced througliont its entire course, ami everywliore 
 chemically identified. Nevertheless, after a carcfid consid- 
 eration of all the f:ict8 accessihie to us, we are of opinion 
 that the existence of specific poisons, capable of producing 
 cholera and typhoid fever is attested by evidence so abund- 
 ant and strong as to be practicably irresistible. The poisons 
 of each of these diseases is contained in the discharges from 
 the intestinal canals, and in tyi)hoid fever it appears to be 
 [)resent in a yellow matter, which is secreted from an 
 ulcero«i8 corruption in the bowels of the psitieut. Both this 
 aiul the cholera poison may be disseminated, firstly by 
 water, either as suspended matter in such an excessively 
 fine static of division as to pass easily through ordinary sand 
 or domestic filters: and secondly by air, either in the form 
 of dust, or as the fine spray of liquid containing the poison- 
 ous matter. Throuirh either of those two necessaries of life 
 the zymotic germs of both diseases may thus be conveyed 
 into the stomachs of large comnumities; but their effect 
 will be determined, firstly by the power of the individual to 
 resist the poison, and secondly by the degree of dilution of 
 that poison. It is further exceedingly probable that a very 
 attenuated poison will suffice to infest persons who are very 
 susceptible of the disease, whilst on the other hand a very 
 concentrated poison may fail to tell upon a person endowed 
 with extraordinary powers of resistance ; such a power, for 
 instance, as is conferred in the case of typhoid fever by a 
 previous attack of the disease. The history of a large number 
 of outbreaks of both diseases shows that where the poison was 
 concentrated the disease manifested itself suddenly, that is 
 to say, with a short incid)ation, and iu these cases a large 
 p 'r eentage of individuals ex^josed to it were attacked. *** 
 We have restrieied the above remarks to two zymotic 
 diseases, but evidence is not wanting to show that other 
 scourges, such as dysentery and diarrhaa are [)rol)ably pro- 
 pagated by water which has received the excrements of 
 
 1 
 
 
1 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 101 
 
 patioiits snffeniicr from those diseases. *♦• The means for 
 prevei.tin^ir much of this death and torture are now well 
 known iind c.ip.ihle of praftical ai)plioiilion. Their neglect 
 really means the destruction of the people hy parasitic 
 organisms that we have the means hut not the will to 
 exterminate. 
 
 t< 
 
102 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 SOFT WATER IN COOKING. 
 
 Thfit the iiifliienee of hard and soft water in cooking may 
 be shown more clearly, the foUowing brief extracts from 
 evidence given at sundry times since 1850 — when the 
 qnostion of city water supply in relation to health &C., was 
 first submitted to scientific and searching inquiry by the 
 (xen d Bonrd of Health, London ( Kngland) — to the present 
 time, may interest such of your citizens as havi; not had an 
 oppc.'rtunify of investigating this subject heretofore: 
 
 Among the witnesses Cidlod by the General Board of 
 Health, was the then justly celebrated cook (s'*'ce deceased) 
 Mons. Soyer. This gentlemiin had published several works 
 on cooking and had made many expiM'iments with a view to 
 test the qualities of different waters for cooking pui'poses and 
 in giving the results of his experience testified : 
 
 That in boiling cabbage, greens, spinach and aspnragus, 
 hard water gave them a yellow tinge — especially in French 
 beans. H;ird water shrivels greens and peas, and will be 
 more particularl}'^ noticed in French beans. The process in 
 boiling is also longer. " The difference of time with dry 
 vegetables was one fourth more," which means 2,5 per cent 
 more fuel. He did not think it act(!d so much on potatoes, 
 but still it had an influence on all sorts of vegetables; not 
 so much on roots as on leaves generally. 
 
 On salt beef hard water does not open the pores so freely 
 as soft water. On fresh meat it likewise had a prejudicial 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 103 
 
 1 
 
 efloct, but not cqusil to that on vefjetjiblos. It has tlie effect 
 of making very white meat whiter than the soft water, upon 
 all delicate thinjj^s it has however a more marked effect — for 
 example in makinjr hi'cf toa, ehitken or beef broth, or upon 
 lamb, and the more deli'-ate a substance is the greater is the 
 influence of a hard water u[»()n it. A hard water as it were 
 compresfies the pores, whilst a soft water dilates them, and 
 the succulent matter which tlujy contain. It makes them 
 more nutritious. Tlie evil of hard water is more visible in 
 small quantities, such as broth or beef tea. 
 
 BRKAD. 
 
 He, Mr. Soyer, had not had practical experience in bread 
 making, but there was not the least doubt that soft water was 
 of the greatest importance as making the l)est bread. This 
 is exemplilicd in Paris, where the water is hard and where 
 that bread which is made in imitation of (ronness bread, 
 though made with the same 1\om' and Ity the same bakers, 
 never e(pials that made at the place itself where the water is 
 .so/?. **'' At Glasgow the water is very soft and the scotch 
 bakers from thence when they tirst come to London 
 cannot understand why the bread does not rise so well as in 
 Glasgow, even though they make use of the same yeast and 
 flour; and (referring to London water) it is well known that 
 the addition of a small quantity of bi-carbonate^of magnesia 
 in the water renders bread lighter and whiter. 
 
 TEA. 
 
 " Hard water is injurious in deteriorating the flavour of 
 tea. It also requires more tea to give an equal strength. 
 Thcic can be no doubt that soft water is of very great 
 importance, *** whilst with hard water three cups might be 
 made. with 5()/i;,^'ye cups could be had from an equal quantity 
 of tea of the same quality. The effect on Cottee is similar 
 but not quite so powerful. (Report General Board of Health 
 page 65-66.) 
 

 ■M 
 
 104 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 At the request of the Boarc] before whom this testimony 
 \v;is g'iven Moii. Soyer uuidv a fiirlhei- series of experiments 
 "Nvith a view to a eh)ser eompuiison of the rehitive vahies (jf 
 Thames water and tiie Aitesian or deep well w.iter of Lon- 
 don for tea maUinu", takinu' into aceonnt flavour as well as 
 strength of extract. At the close ot the experiments, he re- 
 ported to the Board as follows : 
 
 In making tlu' experiments as time is of importance for 
 the eli'cct, as well as economy, I thought pro[)er to take an 
 account of it. — For culinary purposes, I am eoniident tiiat 
 water which boils the quickest is the best ; and I conceived 
 that this might be ascertained in respect to tea. I took 
 samples of common teti in use by the [)opulation, green tea 
 and tea of a third chiss, and prepared them with equal 
 (juiintities of water. I took as a standard of soft water, dis- 
 tilled water which 1 got from Apothecaries Hall. The 
 ^vhole results were more striking then I had at lirst antici- 
 pated. The soi'test or distilled water had an extraordinary 
 power in obtaining a (piick extract. The result shewed 
 perhaps too high a power, for it drew out the woody Havour. 
 Next to it was the Artesian well water, which is one third 
 less hard thiui the Thames water. 1 should indeed prefer 
 that water to any other tried in these experiments ; although 
 the distilled water draws out the aromatic proi)erty of the 
 tea more th'Ui the Reform Club water, it does not, 1 think, 
 produce so good an extract. Each water gave its own shade 
 and had its own distinct extract. 
 
 Finding the icsidts so extraordinary 1 solicited the assist- 
 ance of two friends, the Messrs. Hooper, the most eaiiuent 
 tea tasters in London, the results were the same. 
 
 Mons. Soyer then gives in a tabulated form the time taken 
 to boil the different waters experimented with (eight in all) 
 and their rank in making tea. A [)int of each was boiled 
 in a saucepan, with a gas lamp, under precisely the same 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 105 
 
 ^ 
 
 coivlitions, and while the softest re.'iched the boiling point in 
 5.J minutes, the hardest required ten minutes, and their rank 
 as tea makers, stood as one Xofoai'. Kcs[)ecting the rehilivo 
 power of the hardest and softest water, Mons. 8oyer gave it 
 as his opinion, based on experieucc and observation, that 
 while with hard water three lo) cups might be made from a 
 gfveii (puintity of tea, with soft water ^Ve (5) could be 
 obtained of equal qualiti/, and that tlic extra expenditiu'e 
 caused to Ijoudoners by the use of Thanios (hardj water in 
 making tea was nearly one-third greater than it would bo 
 with soft water. 
 
 Having been asked if ho considered the action of water in 
 tea a fair test and representation in general in all the delicate 
 processes of cookery, he replied : 
 
 )f the 
 link, 
 hade 
 
 ?sist- 
 lincnt 
 
 taken 
 1 all) 
 loiled 
 saiUQ 
 
 ♦' Yes I do ; and I have proved it in the following way : I 
 have taken the solution of !()" and compared it with the ' 
 water from the well of the Reform Club. First, with vege- 
 tables, that is carrots, turnips and onions, cut into small 
 pieces of about one inch long and an eighth of an inch square, 
 such as are used in Julienne soap, placed in two small pans 
 with the same quantity of water and on the same gas stove. 
 Those cooked in the Reform Club water were quickly done, 
 and the flavor of the vegetables was in the water; whilst 
 those cooked in the solution (of Iti" of hardness) nevei' 
 became tender nor did the Jlavor go into the water. Secondly, 
 with potatoes, I cut a peeled potato into two, and boiled 
 them at the same time in the above waters. The diflerence 
 was easily distinguishable. That which was boiled in the 
 hard water being harder, but at the same time whiter. 
 Thirdly, in extracting the juice or gravy from meat, the soft 
 water does so quickly and well, but the hard water instead of 
 opening the meat seems to draw it closer together and to 
 solidify the gluten, and I believe the true flavor of the meat 
 cannot be extracted by hard water. Aud at the same time 
 
 U 
 
■■■■ 
 
 106 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 the mciit is not so tender as when boiled in soft water.*** I 
 should in every way give the preference to noff water." 
 
 In support of the statements of Mons. Soyer, Mr. Phillip 
 
 Holland related certain accurate experiments that he had 
 
 made with a view to discover the relative tea making 
 
 qualities of liard and soft water. 
 
 •* ♦ 
 
 He had tea tnade with e(jual quantities of t!ie leaf and 
 
 equal quantities of boiling water, and found that the tea 
 
 made with the softened water " was stronner and better 
 
 flavored, and the infusion had to be diluted with eighty per 
 
 cent, ui Jiot water to bring it down to the strength of the hard 
 
 water tea. 
 
 Professor Clark also testified to certain experiments he 
 had made in tea making wit!i water.s of 4°, (S", 1:J° and IG 
 degrees of hardness. -Each experiuicuit with half an ounce 
 of tea and one pint of water placed iu similar and separate 
 teapots and the same conditions respecting time and heat. 
 
 The strength was easily distinguis'ied by the colors. With 
 water of 4 degrees of hardness the infusion was transparent 
 with no sensible "muddiness; and at 1() degrees of hardness 
 it was disgusting." P^xperiments were made likewise on 
 second " drawings " of the same tea, and the water which was 
 bad for a first infusion was still worse for a second ; and the 
 conclusion come to by Professor Clark was that the only 
 way to make an infusion of tea with waters of 4", 8", 12" and 
 1() degrees of hardness equally sirong was to increase 
 materially in each case the quantity of tea. (Report G. B. 
 H. page (59-70.) 
 
 The testimony of Mons. Soyer in relation to the marked 
 superiority of soft over hard water in all culinary operations 
 has been confirmed since by many other observers, and 
 endorsed by the Koyal Chemical Commission of 1851, 
 the Royal Commissioners on Water Supply in 18(39, and by 
 the Rivers Pollutiou Commissiouers iu 1874. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 107 
 
 SOAP. 
 
 Eqiijilly stroiiir iiiul convincing evidence is on record 
 respecting the superior economy of .vo/J! r<?rt^e/' in the honsc- 
 lioUl, as well as in many manufiictnring operations. A few 
 extracts may be instructive on this point. Great attention 
 was given to this subject in 1850 by the General Board of 
 Health, (London, England,) and in their Keport of that 
 year are the following remarks — page 72. 
 
 " The expenditure by families of the middle class in 
 washing amounts often to nearly one-twelfth or one-thirteenth 
 of their income. We find that the expenditure of a number 
 of middle class families for washing in the metropolis rarely 
 falls short of one-third of the amount of their rent *** " 
 the present exi)ense and inconvenience of this important 
 sanitary operation (wa^^hing) is the great obstruction to its 
 due performance by the present distribution of water, and 
 that ex[)ense is materially augmented, as will be seen by 
 the wa.ste of map occasioned b>/ hard water. This waste 
 amounts to 25A oz. ofsonp in the usa of each 100 gallons of 
 water of 1() degrees of hardness over and above that which 
 would bo required with a water of 4 degrees of hardness; 
 or with the piece of soap at 5 pence the pound, causes an 
 extra cost of 8 pence on each 100 gallons, or six shillings 
 and eight pence on each 1000 gallons ; being more than 
 twenty times the coat of an economic vjater supply , as fur- 
 nished in several towns, or as might be furnished to the 
 metropolis, allowing 7^ per cent, on the capital required. 
 
 Mr. Donaldson, the agricultuial surveyor, who has paid 
 attention to this subject estimates the saving as follows : 
 
 From several analyses and calcul.itions he says, as to the 
 saving in soap by the use of soft water, and from inquiries 
 I have made of numerous consumers of the quantity of soap 
 used per individual, it appears that for evt ry lUO gallons of 
 water used in washing two ounces of white curd soap is 
 
■ 
 
 108 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 required for ever t/ dvgveG of hardness. Thus water of 5" of 
 hardness takes 10 ounces of soap, and one of 1.')" of hardness 
 takes 30 ounces of soap. 
 
 I find that 14 lbs. per Individual per aiuium is about the 
 average consuniptiou of3'ello\v soap for washing and domestic 
 use, and the price is about 5 pence per pound. Therefore, 
 100 individuals using water at 15 degrees of hardness, take 
 1400 Ibsof soa[) at 5 pence per i)ound, £29 3s. Id. stg ; and 
 with water at 5 degrees of hardness, 4(i() lbs. £9 14s. 3d. 
 stg. Ditlerence or saving, £19 98. Id. stg. 
 
 In round numbers the saving of soap by i.sing water 5 
 degrees of hardness instead of lo degrees of hardness " is 
 £20 stg., (say $100) per 100 individuals, extlusive of the 
 tear and wear of clothes from washing in hard water, which 
 will fully equal the saving in soap." 
 
 In regard to the etfect of hard water on the wear of linen. 
 Professor Clark observed : 
 
 " With regard to the softness of water this quality is of 
 importance, not merely for the saving of soap to household, 
 for the agreeableness of washing at the toilet, for the agrec- 
 aMeness and utility of bathing, which I account a most 
 important practice for promofing the health of the inhabit- 
 ants of a town, but also in respect to the wear and tear of 
 linen due to hard water. Such wear and tear comes to be a 
 very large item of expense to the inhabitants of a town. 
 
 " The inhabitants of Lon(l(ui are not awaie, probably, so 
 much as visitors from the coimtry are, of the amount of 
 destruction to clothes in consequence of the hardness of the 
 water and the use of soda in order to get rid of the hardness. 
 I remember an occasion which I may mention, where the 
 amount of we;ir and tear was brought out in a very con- 
 spicuous maimer. Two young men, brothers, in Glasgow, 
 were put into counting houses, one in London, and the other 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 109 
 
 is of 
 
 lold, 
 gvev- 
 
 inost 
 liibit- 
 rnv of 
 
 be a 
 
 y, 80 
 lilt of 
 .f the 
 iiess. 
 e the 
 ' coii- 
 
 other 
 
 in Ghisgow. They had each a siniUar assortment of shirts 
 given to them. Sometime aftor when the brother in London 
 came back on a visit to Glasgow, the ladv of the honse 
 l)ointed ont, to the wonder of her female friends, the differ- 
 ence there was in the wear of the shirts of the two brothers, 
 that had been given at the same time; those that h:id under- 
 gone tlie London washing were so much more worn than the 
 others that had been washed in Ghisgow *** The hardness 
 of the Glasgow water was about 4" and that of London al)out 
 12 degrees." 
 
 At Bolton, when a change was made from water ot about 
 5', desjrees of hardness to water of about two dejGrrees of 
 hardness only, the reduction of the expense of soap and 
 ashes for washing at the Bolton Union ^Vorkhouse was 
 foimd to be on the avenge of L3 weeks from £2 lOs. Id. slg. 
 l)efore the change to £1 lis. lOd. .stg. per week with the 
 pm-er water. *** A lady who recently crune to reside in 
 London has found the ditference in quantities of soap and 
 soda rc(iuircd to wash the clothes of the same household as 
 follows : 
 
 Cost in the country with rain w:iter, £0 Ss. 3 « stg. 
 
 Cost in London, Chelsea water, 10 10:,^ 
 
 Li addition to twice the time being required to [)erform thi^ 
 work, (page 78-79.) 
 
 And in reference to this same subject the Chemical Com- 
 mission of IS b\ say, "The softer the water the better it is 
 adapted for washing with soap; the earthy salts present 
 causing a definite and calculable loss of soap which may l)e 
 taken as amounting with every gallon of water used in 
 washing to 10 grains of st)ap for each degree of hardness in 
 the water. Thus, with one gallon of Thanies water at 14 
 degrees of hardness before boiling the loss of .soap would l)o 
 140 grains, and at 5 degrees of hardness 50 gr.iins ; or with 
 100 gallons of water the loss in the first case would be 32 
 ounces ami in the second lU ounces of soap. But such data 
 
110 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 arc not uloiio sufficient for caleuliitin«: the savinj; of soap 
 elfected by tlie use of a soft water over a hard water ; for 
 soap is used in washini^, not merely in quantity sufficient to 
 soften the water, hnt in excess to act as a detergent. The 
 problem is to determine how gre.it the portion of sosip h)st mi 
 softeninc^ is, compared with the portion perceptibly used in 
 washing in the softened water *** In the washing of the 
 person the saving of soap l)y the use of soft water is most 
 obvious. For l)aths «oft water is njost agreeable and bene- 
 ficial. *** Its superior efficiency to hard water in washing 
 floors and walls is calculated also to promote cleanliness in 
 the dwellings of all classes *** while in the occasional 
 domestic washing of linen the saving of soap makes a soft 
 water highly desirable *** there is no doubt that a saving of 
 about one-thlnl of the soap would be made by washing linen 
 in water entirely soft compared with London water, of which 
 one-third had been previously softened by boiling. The 
 saving in labor would bo still more considerable." 
 
 And Mr. J. F. Bateman, the justly cele])rated Engineer 
 of the Loch Katrine Water "Works of Glasgow, C Scotland) 
 gave the following evidence to the Royal Commissioners of 
 18(>1, in reference to the saving effected in Glasgow by the 
 introduction of the soft water of Loch Katrine. 
 
 " There is a great advantage and economy in using soft 
 water, because it produces a lather with a less amount of 
 soap ; you use less tea for making tea, and you use less 
 cofl'ee for making coffee. *** lean give you the actual 
 results in Glasgow from the introduction of the Loch 
 Katrine water. *** The saving of soap was as follows : 
 The manufacturers who used large quantities of soap 
 and knew what their consumption was, found that they 
 did the same work belter with three (3 > boxes, than they 
 hud done, previonsl)/ ivitJi evjht (^8) boxes of soap: so that 
 they saved five-eights of the soap previously used. I per- 
 sonally inquired among some of the large printers and those 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 who used water in Glasgow, nnd the savinir varied fVoin fully 
 hnlf to tive-eights, but the most «reneral computation was 
 oiie-l;alf. *** Then fnun ealculatioii.s made l"y very careful 
 lioiisekecpers, they crilculated that the saving l)y the use of 
 Loch Katrine water, to say nothing of the wear and tear of 
 clothes in washing, was quite eijual to the rate which thoy 
 paid for water, and on the north side of the river it was then 
 / 3(),00() stg. a year ; so ih it the saving to the city of Glasgow 
 *** amounted to tiro shiUiwjs per Jiead per annum *** I may 
 mention (Mr. Bateui:ui continues to say) that in my own 
 house in the country I introduced about three years ago verv 
 soft water, equal to Loch Katrine water, in place of hard 
 water, which I had before, and the saviny amounts to about 
 four io Jive s/tillini/s per head on the household soap used in 
 my establishment for house purposes an I washing. *** 
 Those who know the delight of washing in Manchester or in 
 Glasgow^ in their water as compared with the London water, 
 will understand the ditJcrence. *** All you have to do 
 with these waters is to touch the soap and you have soap 
 enough to wash yourself i)erfectly. Li many other ways, in 
 the health of the people and in the tear and wear of clothes, 
 they are saving. It is ditlicult to put the matter in figures, 
 but if the saving in Glasgow is some forf>/ thousand pounds 
 (stg.) a year, uiM)n a pi>pulation of 400,000, they would save 
 in a population of 5,000,000 (London) three hundred thoU' 
 sand pounds (stg. i A year, sii\ipos\ng the difference in the 
 hardness to be the same. The change in Glasgow was from 
 water of l> degrees of hardness to 1 'j degrees." 
 
 These extracts and opinions might be extended to a great 
 length, but it is unnecess;iry. In the course of the inquiry, 
 from the evidence in which I have j.ist been quoting (Royal 
 Commissioners on Water .Supply, 1861,) the ablest engi- 
 neers, physicians and chemists of Great Britain were 
 examined, and all, without exception, gave a general support 
 to the great ecouomic value of soft water over hard for 
 
112 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 cookinj^ and washing, thongli there was a considerable 
 divergence of opinion concerning the nctniil per centage of 
 saving in Hf)ap and other articles. And in snnnning np, tlie 
 Connnis8ioners .say : ♦' There in no doitbt that the evidence is 
 conducive and cogent as to the (fveat advantage of soft water 
 over hard for ivashing, and with some few iniportaid excep- 
 tions, for manufactvrinii jiurjjoses. 
 
 And the Rivers Poihition Coninii.ssioner.s in tlicir fninninry 
 of conclusions ati to the superiority of soft over hard water 
 for washing, cooking, and nianufai luring opeiations, say, 
 (1) "The washing of linen can only he performed with 
 soft water. If the availal)le water he hard it must he artifici- 
 ally softened — an operation which on the domestic scale 
 must he performed at a great expense hy the aid either of 
 fuel, sod.i or soap. In personal al)lution, also, the use of 
 soft water is much more pleasant and etticicnt. It is also 
 economical; but by the general use of a very small quantity 
 of water the waste of softening material is much less than 
 in the laundry." 
 
 (2) " In cooking, the extraction of the soluble parts of 
 such materials as are submitted to boilini^: or to digestion at 
 high temperature, is more completely and economically 
 effected by soft than by hard water. 
 
 (3) "In manufV.'turing operations involving the use of 
 water, soft water is almost without exception preferable to 
 hard. Dangerous incrustatinns in steam boilers are pre- 
 vented by the use of soft water." Report, page 427. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 113 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 ANALYSES OF W ATE II, BY PIIOF. HAYES. 
 
 The water in.irkoa (A) was taken Iroin the head ot W^iiiter 
 River, six miles from Town: that marked (B) from ^[n-'mrr 
 Park, and that marked (C) from a City Pmnp near tlie Post 
 Offiee. 
 
 The communication accompanying the Report i.s as 
 foHows : — 
 
 Mu. PETER MACGOWAN, City Clkkk,— 
 Dkak Sik; 
 
 I have taken more time than usual to these analyses and 
 have made them with great care, which will acc^ount for the seeming 
 d«!hiy in sending you the results. I will add to the Report by answer" 
 ing any reasonable questions that may occur to your City oilicials. 
 
 Now that the analyses are completed, will you be kind enough to 
 tell me the sources of these diffeient waters, that I may enter them in 
 my records? And if this Report is printed, will you also send me 
 two or three copies of it, at your convenience ? 
 
 And oblige, yours very truly, 
 
 S. DANA HAYES, S. A. 
 
 U 
 
lU 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 RE I=0 RT 
 
 State Assayek's Lahokatory, 
 
 No. 4, State Street, Boston, 
 
 December 24th, 1872. 
 
 To the Honorable the Mayor and Common Council of Char- 
 lottetown, Prince Edward Island ; 
 
 Gentlemk.v : — I \v\ve <!()m[)lete(l a very careful chemical 
 analysis of three kinds of water received from your City 
 Clerk, Mr. Peter MacGowan, hy the hands of Messrs. Silas 
 Pierce & Company, of Boston, and I now present, for your 
 considonition, the following report of the results obtained. 
 
 These specimens of water came to my hands in <rood 
 condition, havinp: been packed in j^lass bottles, thoroughly 
 sealed, and marked with the letters "A, B, and C," and the 
 analyses were commenced immediately after their arrival 
 here. The results of these analyses are stated below in two 
 tables, for convenience in reading and comparing them. 
 When examining these results, it should be borne in mind 
 that the total weight of impurities contained in each water 
 is to bo considered as of first importance, and after that the 
 most objectionable constituents are, first, the organic matter, 
 and secondly the sulphate of lime, or gypsum. 
 
 Now, referring to the analyses, it will be seen that 
 specimen A contains less impurity of any kind, than either 
 of the others ; while specimen C contains about nine times 
 as much impurity as A. The water marked A is thus the 
 
 t 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 115 
 
 ik1 the 
 
 arrival 
 
 II two 
 
 them. 
 
 mind 
 
 water 
 
 !it the 
 
 latter, 
 
 purest and beet of those specimens.'; It is a good wholesome 
 water suitable for general service distribution in a city 
 situated like your own, where it^would be Uf^ed fordrniking, 
 manufacturing and laundry purposes. It contains more 
 lime, and is harder than the remarkably pure^waters used in 
 some other cities which are so fortiuuitely situated as to have 
 the sources of such supply within reach ; but it is also much 
 better than the waters supplied to many other large cities 
 like London, in England, for instance. 
 
 Specimen B is in every respect inferior to A, although 
 apparently belonging to the same general class ofwatei*s. 
 It contains about twenty per cent, more organic matter, and 
 considerably more sulphate of lime. 
 
 Specimen C represents a very bad waicr for domestic 
 purposes, and it should not be used if either of the others 
 can be obtained. It contains an unconnnonly large propor- 
 tion of iiitrafeft or saltpetre, which indicates the presence of 
 decayiiiff animal matters such as are found in drains and 
 cesspools, one of the most dangerous contaminations present 
 in any water. 
 
 To brieil}' recapitulate : A is a good water of average 
 
 quality, B is quile inferior to it, and C is very impure and 
 unwholesome. 
 
 n that 
 either 
 times 
 
 is the 
 
S9 
 
 116 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 TABIiS I. 
 
 Showing the gross weight of impurities, in grains, in one American 
 gallon [231 cubic inches] of the waters received from Charlottetowu, 
 P. E. I. 
 
 
 MARKS OF WATEUS. 
 
 MINEUAI. 
 MATTER. 
 
 ORGANIC 
 MATTER. 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Impurities 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Soecimen A 
 
 4.21 
 
 5.06 
 
 50.61 
 
 2.46 
 3.17 
 5.95 
 
 6.67 
 
 8.22 
 
 56.56 
 
 do B 
 
 do C 
 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 
 
 Showing the weight, in grains, of the different constituents in one 
 American gallon of the Charlottetowu waters. 
 
 NO. 
 
 ~1" 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 
 SPECIMENS. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, [salt] 
 
 Other Salts of Soda 
 
 Siilphale of Lime 
 
 Bi-Carbonate ot Lime and Magnesia 
 Silica, Alumina, and traces of Iron 
 Organic Matter 
 
 Total Weight of Impurities 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 0.631 
 
 0.722 
 
 0.363 
 
 O.:io9 
 
 1.813 
 
 2.6.50 
 
 1.101 
 
 1.020 
 
 0.211 
 
 0.389 
 
 2.460 
 
 3.171 
 
 8.220 
 
 6.670 
 
 c 
 
 ) 
 
 j. 50.61 
 
 5.95 
 56.. 560 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 Showing the weight of impurities, in grains, in one American 
 gallon of the waters supplied to different cities. 
 
 NO 
 
 NAME OF CITY. 
 
 New York. ... 
 
 iioston 
 
 Philadelphia . . 
 
 Chicago . , 
 
 Montreal . . . . 
 London, Eng. 
 Paris, France.. 
 Charlottetowu 
 
 SOIHCE OF THE WATER. 
 
 Croton liiver 
 
 Cochiluate Lake or P'ud 
 
 Schuylkill liiver 
 
 Michigan Lake 
 
 Ottawa, & St. Law. II' vs 
 
 Thames River 
 
 Seine River 
 
 Specimen A 
 
 MINEUAL 
 
 ORGANIC 
 
 TOTA L 
 
 MATTER. 
 
 MATTER. 
 
 0.67 
 
 Impurities 
 
 4.78 
 
 4 11 
 
 2.37 
 
 0.83 
 
 3.20 
 
 2.30 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.50 
 
 5.62 
 
 1.06 
 
 6.68 
 
 5.62 
 
 1.06 
 
 7 04 
 
 15.55 
 
 0.83 
 
 16.38 
 
 7.83 
 
 1.00 
 
 8 83 
 
 4.21 
 
 246 
 
 6.67 
 
 All the waters named in the last table, excepting Specimen A, were 
 analyzed after settling in aqueducts, reservoirs, filters and distri- 
 buting pipes, and they are much purer than the same waters would 
 have ijeeu, if taken from their original sources. 
 
 BespectfuUy submitted, 
 
 ^ S. DANA HAYES, 
 
 ' State Assayer and Chemist for Massachusetts. 
 
American 
 )ibtetown, 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 npurities 
 
 8.22 
 56.56 
 
 s in one 
 
 
 Linencau 
 
 TOTA L 
 
 Impurities 
 
 4778 
 3.20 
 3.50 
 6.68 
 
 7 04 
 16.88 
 
 8 83 
 6.67 
 
 A, were 
 d distri- 
 i would 
 
 ES, 
 husetts.