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CORK mXH ILLUSTRATIONS TORONTO MORANG & CO. Limited GENERAL PREFACE -■♦■♦• — The Series of Elementary Latin Classics, of which th,s volume is a member, aims at satisfying the re qmrements of junior students under the present con- dU,ons of education and examinations. Each book will be, as far as possible, complete in itself. It will be furn,shed w,th a full vocabulary; and gramma ica! d.fficult,es as well as historical allusions, wiM be clearlv and succmctly explained in the note . Exper ien e .reMirf "r "'^"-^ '° ''^"'-^ -^"i- ncRected bv th Z ^^"^f^'-V; being, as a rule, negected by the student, and involving, when no neglected an avoidable expenditure of tim^ and ener«v .0 m,ght be better employed. The Introdu oS «'l be n«de as readable an.l attractive as possible h erature mto .s proper relation with modern literature of the same kmd. AVi,h this in view, they will take Cw t T ""'^'"^^ ^™"^ 'he'ancirnt Iho to avoid hu ""'^ '""'"^"'^ °f 'hose authors, and curacv T T '"" ^"■'^"^»^' -^"^ maintaining ac cur cy and such qualities as are commonly connoted '" '^' '^™ 'scholarship.' The notes on the text VI GENERAL PREFACE commonly called critical notes, will only deal with salient points, and will be placed m an Appendix, which will also contain (in the case of the prose books) English exercises for retranslation into Latin, and for practice in the art of composition. The aim of the Editors will be to make each book self-sufficing, so far as is possible, and to foster an intelligent interest in the ancient classics as literature. For this purpose maps and plans will be provided, as well as pictorial illustra- tions of the social life of the ancient world. K V. TYRRELL. PREFACE -M- The text of this edition is, except where otherwise stated in the notes, that of Karl Halm's thirteenth edition (1891), revised by G. Laubmann, which is based on a Medicean MS. (described as a) of the twelfth or thir- teenth century at Florence, and an Ambrosian MS. (described as A) of the tenth century at Milan. It has not been thought necessary to give a full apparatus criticus, but the various readings that it seemed desirable to notice are given on pages 57,-63. My chief obligations in the notes and in the account of the Catiline conspiracy are to this same edition of Halm-Laubmann. I have also consulted Professor Wilkins' edition based on Halm-Laubmann, and Up- cott's edition, which contains many concise and spirited renderings. In the sketch of Cicero's life and the estimate of his character I have made use of Forsyth's Life of Cicero, of Gaston Boissier's Cicero and his Friends, translated ' by Adnah David Jones, of Cicerds Correspondence, edited by Messrs. Tyrrell and Purser, and of the introduction to Professor Tyrrell's Cicero in his Letters. I have to thank Mr. John Murray for his ready per- mission to copy from Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities the illustrations on pages xix and xliv. C. H. K. April, 1899. CONTENTS Introduction The Catiline jOrations— I. Before the Senate . II. Before the People . III. Before the People . IV. Before the Senate . Various Readings . Notes .... Translation of I. xiii. 32, 33 Exercises Vocabulary PACK ix I 16 44 57 65 137 ca tin inf eri] thj tll;j INTRODUCTION -♦♦- I. Cicero ; His Life and Times. Importance of his Correspondence. Of the Romans who hved m the century before Christ Caesar was perhaps the greatest, Cicero is certainly the most interestimj. The fortunate preservation of a considerable portion of his private correspondence has thrown on the man as a living personality a flood of light such as seldom illumines the MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO time. The importance of private le'trr-T ^= , , , .nformation about current Lent i 'Te perL ^ a^e engaged with will be better aoorerinto^ P>=rioa we are that politicians of Cicero's day Cw^h™ t^^ »h""" "^ 'hat we possess in the pubL" pr^s^'' if if t^e TaT^: INTRODUCTION sort of official gazette called the Ada Dhtrna was pub- lished, but it was bare and meagre, and contained little except a brief report of public meetings and of the more important cases tried in the Forum, a list of public ceremonies, and, under the head of religious intelligence, an account of such prodigies as may have been observed at Rome or in the neighbourhood. These matters were hardly of much interest to the statesman, and when he went to his country seat or to a distant province he had to derive his knowledge of the state of parties and the course of events af Rome from some trustworthy friend whose position gave him access to well-informed and influential circles. It was not always easy to find such a correspondent, and even when he was found there was the further difficulty of transmitting letters at a time when there was no regularly organized post at the command of private persons. Correspondence carried on under these difficulties was a serious business conducted with a care and elaboration unknown in our day, and the letters seldom contained matter that was trifling or uninstructive. Cornelius Nepos, indeed, referring to the letters written by Cicero to his friend Atticus, says that one who had read this correspondence would not be tempted to seek the history of the time elsewhere. In the following century the younger Pliny sketched the social and political events of his day in letters of unsurpassed grace and charm; but the period was less eventful than that of the civil war, and Pliny cannot be compared to Cicero either in the part he played in public affairs or the influence he exercised on them. During the stormy period of transition from the Republic to the Empire, when Cicero lived, men's minds were full of a great and idealized past, and they did not yet see that the change and unrest of their day might lead to a still greater future. The system of government that sufficed for a comparatively small state was unsuitable for one that was rapidly extending to embrace the limits of the known world ; but it was natural that those who associated the glory of the past I. CICERO : ins life and times. jj with the system under which it had been won should be opposed to chan-e and slow to admit its necessity. At such a time fluctuations of feeling were often reflected in inconsistency of action, and men wavering in their own judgement and yet resenting a like hesitancy in their friends were prone to indulge in mutual recriminations and charges of fickleness and time-serving. The course of conduct that gave plausibility to such charges was often due to the exigency of the crisis, not to dishonesty in the man • and the good fortune that has preserved so much of Cicero's correspondence, and so taught us not only his public words and acts, but also in many cases his secret thoughts, enables us to form a juster idea of the uncertainties of judgement on nien and affairs that must have agitated many a politician ot the day. It is necessary, however, to remember .nat such an exposure of the secret working of the mind is a severe ordeal, and it should not be allowed to tell to Liceros prejudice as compared with his contemporaries who are not subjected to a similar trial. That the vacillation Cicero sometimes showed was due not to want of principle, but to the difficulty of judging aright the tendency of events, is proved by the firmer attitude he assumed m his closing years. Boissier points out that after' the battle of Pharsalia the distinction of parties became more precise. The struggle was fairly begun between the Republic and despotism, and when, after the death of Caesar, Antony asserted by force his light to the inheritance of Caesar, neither Cicero nor any one else could be deceived any longer * It must have been a great relief to that mind, usually so unde- cided and uncertain, to see the truth so clearly, to be no longer perplexed by shadows, to have such a complete con- fidence m the justice of his cause, and after so much doubt and obscurity at last to fight in clear daylight. We feel that his mind IS at ease ! how much freer and more lively he is ' what ardour there is in this old man, and what eagerness for the fight ! None of the young men about him show so much decision as he, and he himself is assuredly younger than when he strove against Catiline or Clodius. Not only does xii INTRODUCTION. he begin the struggle resolutely, but, what is more unusual with him, he pursues it to the end without giving way. By a strange contrast, the most dangeroup enterprise that he had ever undertaken, and which was to cost him his life, wa,> precisely that in which he best resisted his usual fits of discouragement and weakness '.* But it is not merely as showing us the secret springs of action and disclosing the hopes and fears of an eminent statesman that Cicero's letters are of so much importance ; they are also a chief source of our knowledge about a state of society very different from ours, a due appreciation of which is necessary if we wish to understand either the history of the time or the tone that pervades Roman literature. The domestic surroundings of a Roman of even moderate emi- nence weie on a scale of almost regal magnificence, to which we are strangers, ' As long as we are satisfied with studying the few persons who compose what we should nowadays call his family, and only see him with his wife and children, his life very much resembles our own. The sentiments which are the foundation of human nature have not changed, and they always lead to very nearly the same results. The cares which troubled Cicero's domestic hearth, his joys and mis- fortunes, are much like ours ; but as soon as we leave this limited circle, when we replace the Roman among the crowd of his servants and familiar friends, the difference between that society and ours becomes manifest. Nowadays life has become more plain and simple. We have no longer those immense riches, those extensive connexions, nor that multitude of people attached to our fortunes. What we call a great retinue would scarcely have sufficed for one of those clerks of the farmers of the revenue who went to collect the taxes in some provincial town. A noble, or even a rich Roman knight, did not content himself with so little. When we think of those armies of slaves they gathered together in their houses and on their estates, of those freedmen who ' Gaston Boissier, Cicero and his Friends, transl. by A. 1). Jones, 71' I. CICERO : HIS LIFE AND TIMES. ^j. importance which they threw ii^to In ,Z »'. Personal speeches. It is here, above aTl ha, th! t'T' '""^ who was seven times consul was bo^n tn t^ '' '^°'"™ the youthful Cicero „o doub" h Ld ^he'T T"'/"" o^ 'tht'i^^rarAVe tr ; -"^^"^ '■?"-- a daWe'r ret^tv 'd tha r.^ tf ^'"^ ^-hilated, an! source Of apprehension toe'Vh^eToM'rit'r '"" " ' not^;s;s^tr -»^; -^^^^^^ tf.e praenomen of Marcus and «Va °' '''' '"""^ '° b^"' Roman franchise in 88 'b c "d -"'"ru^'" ''"'""^ ""' enrolled in the Cornel an tribe his i'Vf '""'""^ "'"' '^«^» M. F. M. N. Cor Cicero th=f ^"t "'^ '^n M. TuUius Filius, Marci Nepos Co!;.H /'' ^^"""' ■^""'"=' ^arci Cornelian tribe) Cicero h^ (^-JnM that is, of the obtain a curule office and ™\"'" *"' °' >"= f««>»y to townsman Marius the' f^^ ,""'%'?"''^°''"' '*« ^is fellow- as it was calle7:;t/X r/.et t-'^;^ T^^''^^' °' never applied to a patrician ' ' " '° ''^ °''=«"^d, To secure educational advantages for Cicero and his brother Boissier, Ctc£r0. p. isj, II XIV INTRODUCTION. Quintus, their father either himself removed with them to Rome or placed them there with their uncle Aculeo, who had a house in the fashionable quarter of the Carinae, between the Coelian and Esquiline Mounts. One of Cicero s most famous teachers at this time was the poet Archias of Antioch, whom he afterwards defended against the charge of illegally assuming the Roman citizenship. He was intimate with Antonius, the grandfather of the triumvir, and studied law under Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the augur. In 89 B.C. he s rved in the Social Wax under Cn. Pompeius Strabo, the RUINS OF THE ROMAN FORUM WITH THE MODERN CAPITOL. father of the great Pompey, and thus acquired the mihtary experience that was so important a P^^^. °f/ ^^^^J.^" ^""^^^ man's education, especially if he aspired to high office During the civil wars between Marius and Sulla, Cicero, still too young to attract dangerous notice, joined neither party, but devoted himself to the study of law, philosophy, and rhetoric under the guidance of Phaedrus the Epicurean, Philo the chief of the New Academy, Diodotus the Stoic, and Molo the Rhodian. Entry on Public Life. After the overthrow of the Marian rf)' I. CICERO : HIS LIFE AND TIMES. XV t. yumtms, on which occasion the famous advocate Horten sius .as retained on the opposite side, an antoSllVwhom he agam encountered afterwards at the trial of Verres Ne« year he defended Sex. Roscius of Ameria, chargeTwith par- ricide by Chrysogonus, a favourite freedian of SuH ml wlrdsTor„:,r"'"'"'' ""* """ "^■" "> ^-« '-"'='""- march reTltr" ""TT °^ ^ ''^^'"'' ''"'> ^-^^'ding to Wutarch, really to avoid the resentment of SuUa. Doubt resS .'he' Drtr"v " •''"'':^ ""=^ 'y '"^ f-' *^°""U^ resigned the Dictatorship m the very year of Cirem'« ^^ parture for Greece. He spent six moX a Athens t Rhnd '^"'7-'V<'"" of 'he day, and he afterwards wentt of Mob. "' '°"-=' =«^™d «"•«."« attended the instruction to^R°J!,tt ^,rr '^^'"' '"° y^"'' ^"^^"^ he returned In ora"or if ,;^' ^"'^ '°°" *°" ^ ''^"'"S Position as an orator. In 75 he was quaestor in Siciiy under Sex Peducaeus, propraetor of Lilybaeum, the modern MarsajT of hifofficfand "th"'" "'''^'' ■'.^ "'^^^S^" *« dls 01 nis oHice and the suc-ess with which he won th. confidence of the Sicilians is shown by the flc^ ttt a deputation from the principal cities of^icHy requested him .0 come forward as the accuser of Verres when , tat notorious oppressor was arraigned at Rome in 70 A3 h.s been already mentioned, Hortensius was retard ft he defence on this occasion, but so overwhelm iW ™s th6 evidence against his dient that he threw up hi brie MarseiS"T °^"' P™«'=<'i"SS, and Verres^eti red to a h avv fine d'^"'' " "•«'«'"■>'"'» 'o banishment and a heavy fine did not prevent him from enjoying the bu'k of his Ill-gotten wealth. Cicero published ihe pleading he had intended to deliver, and they remain as a «cofd going when he kft Zl'l^X'^^V^^'^'^^^Xr'^''' " "« XVI INTRODUCTION. of how completely the wealth and the art treasures of a province, as well as the persons and lives of the pro- vincials, lay at the mercy of an unscrupulous Roman governor. He was curule aedile in 69, at the age of thirty-eight, praetor in 66, and consul in 63, and was thus able to boast that he had filled each public office suo anno, that is at the earliest age it could legally be held. His praetorsliip fell in a time of much excitement. In the year before it, 67, the tribune Aulus Gabinius passed his law for conferring extraordinary powers on Pompey* for carrying on war against the pirates who swarmed in the Mediterranean and went so far as actually to destroy a Roman fleet in the port of Ostia and carry off Roman magistrates and their lictors from the Appian Way. In the following year the Manilian Law conferred on the same genera^ the command in the war against Mithridates. Cicero's speech in support of the latter measure is still extant, and as Catulus, Hortensius, and the leaders of the aristocratical party were opposed to the bill as conferring unconstitutional powers such as the example of Marius and Sulla furnished a warning against, it can be readily understood that the excitement ran high. It was in 67 also that Lucius Roscius Otho carried his famous law assigning to the equites a special place in the theatre in the fourteen rows of seats next to the place of the senators, which was in the orchestra. This measure was naturally very unpopular in a republic like Rome, and gave rise to tumults which Forsyth compares to the O. P. (that is, Old Price) riots at Covent Garden in the early part of the present century. The disturbances on account of the measure continued for a considerable time, and gave Cicero in his consulship several years later an opportunity of showing the power of his ready eloquence. The populace, on seeing Otho enter the theatre, rose in a body and greeted him with hisses ; a tumult ensued ; Cicero was sent for ; he summoned the people into an adjoining temple, * Pompey was not named in this bill, but it was well known who was meant, and on the day it passed the price of provisions fell. (M662) I CICERO: HIS LIFE AND TIMES. x,ii and rebuked them with such sparkling wit as to res.or. completely their good humour. It is^to this . rumph of stxre„.r,,5:ii^ "'-^"" - -^- '» thrSout Inraqne faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat • Turn pietate graven, ac meritis si forte vSmanem iiie regit dictls animos et pectora rnalcet. Consulship and Exile. The most important event of Ocero's consulship was the detecting and crush ngo? the V^eZr^r'- '''^"j "' "'■•^'' "^ 8'-" below on paj xxxy. There is no doubt that Cicero rendered the m which the criminals were condemned to punishment was of doubtful legality, and gave Cicero's eTrntran .o s tttvir"^ "'"" °' '"'"^' '^^^ -- -"'ow On the last day of his term of office as consul when he rose to make the usual address to the people o„ laying down his authority, the tribune Me.ellus Nepos imerpo "f his veto, saying that no man should be heard who had put Roman c.tr,ens to death without trial. The words must have been particulariy galling to Cicero, when he remembered the noble panegyric he had himself spoken on thrpower of that citizenship to protect the poorest and meanest ,n termrhe t'ff """ =^™^« '-^s, and in whaTSng erms he had denounced Verres for violating its privilege! m the case of Gavius of Consa. At the time indeed h" cleveriy turned the attack to his advant^eTL deWred from making a speech, and limited to tfki;g Le T-m j th staT Th """'7 .<"««' "« 3wore that he had sa'ed the state. The people shouted that he had sworn the truth g ory"\rT '° 'T" "^ °''' '"^^^ "> "-gh'en™ is' fheln ,'"'^^'. ^°'"^^"' "^"^ "^'1 grounded, and soon the fickle popular voice turned against him. (M552) "" '^"^ "Qvi^.c-u inio a pleDeian family and B 'Si I '% xvin INTRODUCTION. elected a tribune of the plebs expressly for the purpose, brought forward a bill in 58 interdicting from fire and water, that is banishing, any one who should be found to have put a Roman citizen to death untried. Cicero, though not expressly named in the bill, knew that it was aimed at him, ar.d without waiting for it to become law withdrew from Rome. His name was then introduced into the measure, and it was passed, forbidding that any one should give him shelter within 400 miles of Italy. He took up his residence at Thessalonica, where he gave way to despair, of which we have full knowledge from his correspondence. His exile, however, did not last long. Through the exertions of his friends he ^/as recalled to Rome in the following year, 57, and the enthusiasm with which he was welcomed must have gone far to console him for his temporary dis- grace. His progress from Brundusium was one contini d ovation. The peasants left their labour in the fields ai-J crowded to see him pass, deputations from distant places met him, and as he approached Rome by the Via Appia the Senate came forth to welcome him. No wonder that he declared that one day to be the equivalent of immortality. The Provincial Governor. Cicero had not claimed the provincial government to which he was entitled at the close of his praetorship, and which was usually eagerly sought as a valuable prize. To a man of his just and upright principles the pecuniary value of the appointment was doubtless comparatively small, and he probably did not wish to leave Rome during the period preceding his candidature for the consulship, a time at which a novus homo especially would require to keep himself well in evidence. In 5?-, however, he was obliged to undertake the government of Cilicia. Pompey had revived the law prohibiting an ex-consul from assuming a provincial com- mand until the expiration of five years from the date of his consulship. The number of persons thus qualified was limited, and Cicero, as not having yet held a government, was pressed into the service. He administered his province in the most praiseworthy manner, and with a purity, disinterested- I. CICERO: HIS LIFE AND TIMES. xix ness, and justice not often found in Roman governors. The chief event of h,s term of office was the conquest of some robber tribes that infested the fastnesses of the Amanus range For this achievement he vainly claimed a triumph, and persisted in his demand long after more important matters had engaged the public attention The Civil War. He returned to Rome, or at least to Its neighbourhood-for he could not enter the city without forfeiting his claims to a triumph-in 49, just as the civil war between Caesar and Pompey broke out. He chTse the side of Pompey and followed his fortunes to Greece After the battle of Pharsalia in 48, he returned to PULVINAR OF A LECTISTERNIUM. From Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities. By permission of Mr. John Murray. Brundusium, where Caesar arrived in the following year and treated the orator with the greatest favour For he next three years Cicero took little part in public affairs, and devoted himself chiefly to the composition of works on philosophy and rhetoric. ^ Death of Caesar. On the Ides of March 44 Caesar was assassinated Though Cicero was not prity to the p o , he approved of the deed, and, taking the lead of the Philippic orations, so named after the speeches of Demo- sthenes against Philio of M^r^rlnn {K.. ^p . ^? • li'i 1' I'!. k ! ml 1 '1 i XX INTRODUCTION. bore the title. The second of these speeches, which how- ever was never delivered, is one of the most famous examples of invective extant, and was doubtless, as is hinted by Juvenal, largely responsible for the bitter enmity of Antony that was the cause of Cicero's violent death. Death of Cicero. On the formation of the triumvirate between Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus in 43 Cicero's name was put on the list of the proscribed. He was slain near his villa at Formiae on the coast of Latium, the supposed ruins of which are still to be seen. His head and hands were cut off and carried to Antony, by whose order they were nailed to the Rostra, the orators' platform in the P'orum, from which he had so often addressed the people. The firmness with which he met his death redeemed the weaknesses of his life. 'Notwithstanding his defects,' says lioissier, ' he was an honest man who loved his country well. If he was sometimes too hesitating and feeble, he always ended by defending what he regarded as the cause of justice and right, and when that cause had been for ever conquered, he rendered it the last service it could claim from its defenders, he honoured it by his death \' Domestic Life. In 77 Cicero married Terentia, by whom he had two children, a daughter Tullia and a son Marcus. Terentia was a woman of good sense and great firmness of character, and during the period of Cicero's banishment in 58 tried to cheer him by her letters and exerted herself to secure his return. It is with regret thc.t we learn of her divorce in 46, especially as Cicero's marriage shortly afterwards to Publilia, a young girl of whose property he had the management, makes the orator's conduct appear in a more unfavourable light. It must be remembered, however, that Terentia seems never to have been in real sympathy with her husband's literary labours— a sympathy which he found in his correspondence with Caerellia. whom Professor Tyrrell calls the Stella of Cicero. Moreover Terentia seems to have engaged in speculations ^ Cicero and his Friends, p. 77. I. CICERO: HIS LIFE AND TIMES xxi that seriously embarrassed her husband. To his daughter Tuliia he was deeply attached, and her death in 45 was a heavy blow to him. His son Marcus served in Pompey's army in Greece at the early age of sixteen. He afterwards went to Athens to complete what we may call his University education Here he fell into extravagant habits and squandered in debauchery his allowance, which seems to have amounted to the liberal sum of /850 a year. He served as military tribune under Brutus in Macedonia, and after the battle of Phihpp, m 42 he fled to Sex. Pompey in Sicily. On the conclusion of peace between the triumvirs and Pompry in 39 he returned to Rome, and being favourably received by Octavian was ultimately associated with him in the consulship in 30 b. c, and it was in his term of office that the Senate overthrew the statues of Antony, cancelled the various honours conferred on him, and decreed that none of his family should bear the name of Marcus Thus, says Plutarch, the divine justice reserved the com- pletion of Antony's punishment for the house of Cicero Sources of Cicero's Wealth. The source of Cicero's wealth IS a matter of some interest. He inherited indeed from his father an estate at Arpinum and a house at Rome and received as Terentia's portion about ^4,000: but before his marriage he was able to afford an extended tour in Greece and Asia, and there is no evidence that he inherited any considerable sum. The plunder of the provinces was one of the chief sources of gain to leading men in those days. But Cicero declined a province when he was entitled to it after his praetorship and consulate, and when at length he was obliged to accept one in 52 he administered it with an integrity that made it a source of comparatively little gain to him. Usury, again, though a frequent road to fortune even for men of distinction, was neglected by Cicero. He was a borrower rather than a lender, and in recovering such money as he might lend to friends he consulted rather nis reputation than his pecuniary advantage. How, then, can we account for the large sums we find from i xxn INTRODUCTION. his letters Cicero was able to lay out on books and works of art, for the liberal allowance he gave his son, and for the fact that he had throughout his life half a dozen country residences in the most delightful parts of Italy, as well as lodges at Terracina, Sinuessa, Cales and Anagnia, which the absence of hotels rendered necessary for persons of distinc- tion who would travel in a manner befitting their rank ? The chief source of his income was doubtless his practice at the Bar. The Cincian law, it is true, forbade fees, but presents to advocates were common, and in the case of wealthy clients, and especially of foreign states and kings, were often of large amounts. There prevailed moreover at Rome in Cicero's day a curious mania for leaving property by will to distinguished men. Such legacies were thought to reflect distinction on the testator ; and in this way Cicero received large sUms, not only from his friends, but even from persons quite unknown to him. The Statesman. As might be expected in the case of one who lived at a time of change and revolution, very various estimates have been formed of Cicero's character and political conduct. From the graceful eulogies of Gaston Boissier to the scathing epigrams of Theodor Mommsen is a wide range. The charge of being a political trimmer is specially easy in the case of an advocate who, in accords. 'ith the usage of his profession, took any brief that ofifered, and was bound to do his best for his client, making successful advocacy, not the ascertainment of truth or the formulating of his own views, the object of his speech. It is, however, as Professor Tyrrell remarks, misleading to say that Cicero, in his early life, made overtures to demo- cracy. He was doubtless a representative of the Equestrian class, and thus on the whole opposed to the Optimates ; but his projected defence of Catiline (it is quite improbable that he actually defended him) was certainly not an advance towards the popular party, for Catiline was not at the time of his trial for his malversation in Africa in any sense the accredited successor of Gracchus or Saturninus, of Sulpicius or Cinna. It was not until 63 B.C. that Catiline came forward as I. CICERO : HIS LIFE AND TIMES. XXlli a popular champion. The chief charge, indeed, which Cicero brought against him as his opponent for the consulship was that he had murdered M. Marius Gratidianus, a near relative of C. Marius, in the Sullan proscriptions. Cicero never coquetted with democracy, though he undertook the advocacy of Roscius and Cornelius. He could win his way to distinction in public life only by his position at the Bar ; and a high position at the Bar was not to be made by the picking and choosing of briefs. The fact is that the con- spiracy of Catiline drove Cicero and the Equites to the side of the nobility, and Cicero began to dream of a restored Republic of the Scipios : his political watchwords are ' senatus auctoritas ' and * ordinum concordia,' and he claims Catulus as his political predecessor: his political triumph was the crushing of the Catiline conspiracy by inducing the wealthy middle class to make common cause with the aristocracy. The period succeeding his restoration from exile has especially given his detractors grounds for accusing him of time-serving. His position was a difificult one. A practical statesman must consider not only what is ideally best, but what is possible, and of the possible we can, of course, judge better than Cicero. That such characters as Caesar and Pompey appear to us in a very different light from that in which they appeared to their contemporaries is shown by the fact that to Cicero the Triumvirate practically meant Pompey, and Cicero himself might, had he chosen, have joined the body and made it a Quattuorvirate. The best justification of Cicero's position is furnished by Professor Tyrrell's rdsunii of passages in Cicero's own letters, from which it appears that while he clearly discerned the strong points in Caesar's conduct and character, and appreciated his tolerance and wise moderation, he felt it would be dishonourable to join him as being a leader of revolutionists, as being on the wrong side, and as being a perditus civis and a tyrannus. To the faults on Pompey's side he was not blind. He saw that the Optimates were dilatory, weak, and irresolute; he feared they would inflict a terrible vengeance on their enemies, and that they would strive for tyranny as well as Caesar. But, on the other xxtv INTRODUCTION. hand, he felt bound to Pompey by gratitude and affection, by the fact that he was leader of the Optimates, and because he believed that he was about to restore the Republic. His attitude towards Caesar after the Civil War has been still more unfairly criticized by writers who apparently do not appreciate the immense importance of noting dates and the order of events if one wishes to understand the significance of the part taken by a public man. The matter has been put in its true light by Professor Tyrrell in a recent number of the Quarterly Review ^ ROMAN STANDARDS. In 46 B.C. Cicero delivered in the Senate a brilliant speech which has come down to us, the pro Marcello. Marcellus had been consul in 51, and had not only taken an active part against Caesar, but had roused his special yeional hostility by harsh treatment of the transpadanr '.'.cuiii;, v. aose cause was patronized by Caesar. After Pharsalia Marcellus retired to Mytilene, and was with difficulty induced to con- sent to accept pardon if tendered to him. Cicero approached Caesar on the subject, probably without much hope of suc- cess, and was delighted to find him ready to offer his enemy ' October, 1896, 'Cicero's Case against Caesar.' I. CICERO : HIS LIFE AND TIMES. sxv a full pardon. Carried away by his enthusiasm at this act of magnanimity, Cicero gave a loose rein to his unbounded powers of panegyric in the oration pro Marcello. It is on this speech that Froude has based his fiercest attack on the character and motives of Cicero. 'Such,' he writes, 'was the speech delivered by Cicero in the Senate in Caesar's presence within a few weeks of his murder.' Attention to dates and familiarity with Cicero's private correspondence would have prevented Froude from making this unjust attack on the orator. The speech pro Marcello was delivered in the autumn of 46, and therefore not a few weeks, but a year and a half before Caesar's assassination, which was on the Ides of March 44, and that the sentiments of ad- miration for Caesar and confidence in his patriotism, which Froude so scathingly contrasts with the language of the second Philippic, written two years afterwards, was sincerely felt by Cicero when he delivered the speech, is shown by his private correspondence, which he never intended to meet the eye of any one except his correspondent. Professor Tyrrell shows that it is possible to trace the steps by which Cicero's view of Caesar's character underwent a change : but here it is sufficient to note how unfair it is to omit mention of the testimony furnished by the letters to the sincerity with which Cicero spoke, and to misrepresent as a few weeks the year and a half which furnished only too good grounds for his change of feeling, and made him rejoice in the death of one of whom he had before been inclined to make an idol. Again, in the same article Professor Tyrrell points out how idle It is to seek to suppress or evade the fact that Cicero was looked on as a great power by Julias Caesar. One of the most picturesque traits in a very picturesque character is the pertinacity with which Caesar refuses to be repulsed by Cicero. After he failed to gain the orator to his own interests, we read with pleasure of the magnanimity shown in offering him one of his own lieutenancies to protect him from Clodius, and afterwards a place among the agrarian com- missioners. ' Mommsen's theory of an ironical, contemptuous deference on the part of Caesar towards Cicero, which even XXVI INTRODUCTION. showed itself ready to flatter the weakness of an intellect which It despised, is as untrue to history as it is injurious to the character of Caesar himself. It is simply a fiction, and inartistic fiction. Caesar saw that Cicero was a great power. His speeches not only swayed the assembly, but they discharged the highest work now done by our best newspapers, magazines, and reviews. To gain Cicero was what it would now be to secure the advocacy of the Times, or rather what it would be were there no other paper, review, or magazine but the Times, and were the leaders of the Tiines written by Burke and Sheridan. He placed the public in possession of the political situation. It is true, as Mommsen points out, that he came forward in the trial of Verres against the senatorial judicia, when they were already set aside, that he thundered against Catiline when his departure was already an accomplished fact. It is true that the second Philippic was not published till Antonius had fled to Cisalpine Gaul. But were these speeches therefore useless, or mere exhibitions of powerful pleading? By no means. They put the public in possession of the circum- stances in each of these cases, and taught them to look on these circumstances with the eyes of the speaker and his party; they converted resistance into acceptance, and warmed acceptance into enthusiasm; they provided fiiith with reasons, doubt with arguments, and triumph with words \' * Cicero, like every politician, was actuated by mixed motives in the line which he took. He desired to achieve the commanding position to which he felt that his powers entitled him ; but he ^id not wish to reach by crooked paths an eminence, however great. He was ambitious to rise, but he was ambitious to rise by inspiring his fellow- countrymen with a strong and abiding sense of those pre- eminent abilities of which he was conscious, and to use his power, when attained, in the honest service of the best interests of the state, as he conceived them. That vanity and self-laudation, which is so repugnant to our sense of * Quarterly Review, October, 1896, p. 14. II. CICERo's WORKS. xxvn fitness, was a vice not only of the man, but also of the aee though no doubt he was vain to a degree conspicuous even then. How different from ours was the spirit of the time when even Caesar, on whose "marvellous serenity" Momm- sen dwells so lovingly, could send such a letter to the Senate as vent, vtdi, vici. With what ridicule would such a despatch now be received by Parliament and the Press Cicero lived in an epoch when pro-consuls sought and found their laurels in a must-cake," and on their return to Rome enjoyed the empty pageantry of a triumph or a suppiicaiio, which was often but a mockery of their demonstrated in- competence. But, in spite of characteristic weaknesses, Cicero was a great power in his age. In the opinion of his contemporaries he saved Rome in the time of Catiline, and did his best to save it in the time of Antonius i' St II. Cicero's Works. Cicero is the greatest name in Roman literature, and an adequate account of his works would far exceed the limits of this book. A brief sketch of the most important of them must suffice. Omitting his poems, which seem to have been of little merit, and of which in any case we have but few fragments, his works may be classed under the heads of Urations, Epistles, Rhetoric and Philosophy. Orations. It is above all as an orator that Cicero is known and we shall therefore first treat of his speeches, some fifty-nme of which are in whole or in part preserved! It was characteristic of his kindly and sympathetic temper- ament that he appeared for the most part as the defender of the accused, not as the impeacher. Of the few cases in which he assumed the aggressive the most famous are the impeachment of Verres in 70 B.C. and the invectives against Catilme m 63, of both of which I have spoken elsewhere^. In 56 he assailed Vatinius, a political adventurer, whom he » Cicero in his Letters, by Professor Tyrrell, p. xxxiv. bee pp. xvu, xhi sq. ^ XXVlll INTRODUCTION. describes as one of the greatest scamps and villains that ever lived, though he afterwards, in 54, defended him when accused of bribery, in order to please Caesar, to whom Vatinius had rendered important service by proposing the bill under which Caesar had obtained the pro mces of Cis- alpine Gaul and lilyficum for five years. In 55 he delivered a speech against Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar, in which he reiterated charges he had previously brought against him as an unprincipled debauchee and corrupt magistrate. Finally, in 44 and 43, he produced the fourteen brilliant orations against Mark Antony that are known as the PhiHppics. Of these the Second is called 'divine' by Juvenal, and is generally regarded as Cicero's crowning masterpiece. The greater number of his speeches, as has been already said, were made for the defence. His first extant speech was delivered in 81 on behalf of P. Quintius, and in the following year he defended Sex. Roscius of Ameria, as mentioned above ^ Of his numerous other speeches the following are some of the most famous : in 70 for Q, Roscius, the famous comic actor ; in 66 for the Manilian Law, con- ferring on Pompey the command in the war against Mithri- dates; in the same year for Cluentius, on charges of poisoning ; in 61 for Archias, a Greek poet and one of Cicero's teachers, accused of illegally assuming Roman citizenship ; in 52 for Milo, accused of the murder of Clodius — this speech, however, was never delivered, at least not in the form in which we have it ; in 45 for king Deiotarus, charged with designs on Caesar's life. The extant speeches furnish examples of almost every department of eloquence— deliberative, judicial, descriptive, laudatory and vituperative. Great as he was in all styles it is in the personal and the particular that he excels rather than in questions involving abstract or general principles. In deliberative oratory it is the force of unwavering resolution that carries weight rather than fiery fluency or graphic description, and Cicero, we have seen, was deficient in steadi- ness of conviction, whether the fault was in himself or in ' P. xvii. l-4„ II. CrCERo's WORKS. ,^i, Dest, and his powers of invective are little inlerinr xhf omeinH '.""r',""''^ ""'"'^' °^ "'^ -°«hy de" s of some individual, makes him the master and model of mn^ fiyrists to all ages. For the less pleasing taTk of inveTtivJ an7>v y^'f^ '?""'''^''^ •'y his unrivalled powl o~ and lifelike description. < His portraits ' as Cn.ifLi 'are photographic. Whether he'descrSs t e moni; L^^ Chaerea with his shaven eyebrows and head reekiiig "2 CURULE CHAIR FOUND IN POMPEII. Tm^LZ^ -"Iff ' '' "' "'^ '■''^°'™' Verres, lolling on OP I bed of ", 7' '*" "" ^^'^"^ d^^P"' s'^^'ched speak his evT;'' ; ""• ''''"'''""' "^""^ f°™ard to ard his JiLJ '^1'"^ ^'""^ '■'^ ''^^''' his neck swollen, of whom he f "''" ' °' "'" ^■^"■'='' '""i '^■•^* """"ses httrrrh,, r" '."'^»«^" ""« ''""^s the forum*, the latter chatter and gesticulate without ever looking up» • we see m each case the master's powerful hand. Other' dl /^osc. Com. 7 * Pro Font. 1 1 1^ In Verr. 2. 5, 11. ■' Fro Rabiy. Post. 13. In Vatin. 2. XXX INTRODUCTION. i ) scriptions are longer and more ambitious : the confusion of the Catihne conspirators after detection ' ; the character of Catihne ^ ; the debauchery of Antony in Varro's villa ^ ; the scourging and crucifixion of Gavius * ; the grim old censor Appius frowning on Clodia his degenerate de- scendant^; the tissue of monstrous crime which fills page after page of the Cluentius". These are pictures for all time; they combine the poet's eye with the stern spirit of the moralist. His power of description is equalled by the readi- ness of his wit. Raillery, banter, sarcacm, jest, irony light and grave, the whole artillery of wit, is always at his com- mand ; and though to our taste many of his jokes are coarse, others dull, and others unfair or in bad taste, yet the Romans were never tired of extolling them. These are varied with digressions of a graver cast : philosophical sentiments, patriotic allusions, gentle moralizings, and rare gems of ancient legend, succeed each other in the kaleidoscope of his shifting fancy, whose combinations may appear irregular, but are generally bound together by chains of the most delicate art. His chief faults are exaggeration, vanity, and that inordinate love of words that procured him the epithet Asiatic. Nevertheless, if we are to judge his oratory by its eflfect on those for whom it was intended, and to whom it was addressed ; as the vehement, gorgeous, impassioned utterance of an Italian speaking to Italians, his countrymen, whom he knew, whom he charmed, whom he mastered ; we shall not be able to refuse him a place as equal to the greatest of those whose eloquence has swayed the destinies of the world '.* Epistles. Of the importance of Cicero's letters as throw- ing light on his life and times I have already spoken [pp. xi-xv]. Of these letters we possess more than 800, ex- tending over a period of a quarter of a century, from 68-43 B.C. They are among the most interesting remains of antiquity, and for their graceful, natural and unreserved freedom of ^ In Cat. 3. 3. ' Fro Cael. 3. « Phil. 2. 41. * In Verr. 5. 65. ' Pro Cael. 6. " Pro Cluent. passim. ' Cruttwell, History of Roman Literature, p. 1 73 sq. 11. CICERO'S WORKS ^' XXXI T^S^:\Ts2T:^"'Z' •» •■'^/^'-^ °f Madame de "f political P mphl s b Tor ?h ' ^"'^ '"^ P"P-« written for the coLsponden.fo.h "u" "^'^ "'^>' '""^ "ot for the world af We ' „d T ^ ^^ "''' "''''"^'^^'^' from the mask of con'Sn^life °;;' "' """ '^-^^ of them are those addressed °o At u, J,' T' '"P""""' numbering 396 and arranged! skee^t""/ T '' '" ""' seen above thev w„.« 1 ? ^""^«n books, As we have Cornelius Nepos 'ciceTo'st'?'' ""'"'^'"'^ '" '"« '™« of The voInZ f f """^mporary and friend. ^^^"sTkewl ™d •''^' '''' ^'^""■^^- - ^-^ from 62 to 43 The 3„ '"i'"" '^'"''^=' ='"" ^«^"ds brother Quintus are arrlllT";!!' 'u'^" ^'''''•^^"d 'o his 59 and 54. tLv a,e mSr, T" '"'"'^ ^""^ <''"« """^^^ and in this respect diC from th "/°™™'>« f^™^' 'one, two books to Brutus havlT ""^'"'"^ '» Atticc s. The but their genuinen ss se ms on "he ;rr/ h" ^T'""^' established. ^^°^^ ^° ^^ iairly well Rhetoric. The two books De Inventic. pj, , ■ ;ubiect are ^i^^ rrttee^iUTr C^X. "" , '''i were written in cc and whirl, f^ 1 Uratore, which Cicero's rhetorica" worts The T 'f T' ^^'^^ "' o?rn^^L^l„tt t:i3 r-^^^^^^^^ intl'ettif; dfstlnTth?/""'"" ''''"'' '^""'^'"^ "" Attic and AsiaticlMes V <^'""P^'^"^« '"erits of the translation fnow L fof' tTe' '" '"'™''"«'°" 'o Cicero's Demosthenis o: thfclr ThT5t;! W^^r 7 /"'' IS an abstract nf th^ t««;^ r a ■ , ^ ^^ ^' ^^ebahum from RoS",fJ'''^°P"^°f^"^'°"'=.i""^'"'ed by examples xxxu INTRODUCTION. Philosophy. The philosophical writings of Cicero may be classed under the four heads of Political Philosophy, the Philosophy of Morals, Speculative Philosophy and Theology. Under the first head falls the De Republican in six books founded on the Republic of Plato, and treating of the best form of government and the duty of the citizen. It was written in 54. The De Leglbus^ in three books, is founded on the Laws of Plato. Under the Philosophy of Morals fall the De Officiis, in three books, written in 44 ; the De Senectute^ written in 44 ; the De Amicitia ; the De Consoiatione, written after the death of his daughter Tullia. Under Speculative Philosophy fall the Academica^ written in 45 ; the De Finibus Bonorum et Maloruin, in five books, treating of the opinions of the Epicureans, Stoics and Peripatetics on the Supreme Good, that is the Jinis or end towards which all our thoughts and actions are or ought to be directed ; this work was written in 45 ; the Tusculanae Disputationes, in five books, written in 45 and 44 ; the Paradoxa^ six favourite paradoxes of the Stoics explained in familiar language, written in 46 ; the Hortensitis, a dialogue in praise of philosophy ; the Timaeus, a translation of Plato's work of the same name. His works on Theology are the De Natura Deorum, written in 44, giving an account of the speculations of the Epicureans, the Stoics and the Academicians on the existence, attributes and providence of a divine being ; and the De Divtnatione, giving the opinions of various schools on the reality of the science of divination. Philosophy to Cicero was not so much a serious study as a resource of his leisure v/hen circumstances prevented him from taking part in public affairs. He does not claim originality of idea in this department, and indeed goes so far as to say that he only furnished the words. He was, however, no mere servile translator ; and Cruttwell remarks that as a philosopher he was allowed to be the greatest teacher that Rome ever had, and that he has descended through the middle ages to our own time with his authority, indeed, shaken, but his popularity scarcely diminished. xxxiii '"• "^•'"-'^■^ AND THE CONSPmACV, "' ^'"'•"^ ^"^ ™^ C.nUKE CONSP,K.CV. Life and Character r c ■ when Cicero delivered his fam™fj"' ^'""'"'' '•" ">« "'"le ^^.a man of desperate form„es Tl"'T "S^'"" W™- Patnaan fan,i,y. and like ZTo, 1^'^' ^.""'' ""' ''^^ "( by vicous indulgence. His f °1\ l"T "^^ *^S"«d narrow circumstances, and doub^ '« f, ^"'" '^'^""'^ «» the proscription were ^etome^o i "'%"-™Wed times of and unbridled passions nn' raH """^^ "=°"«= Sulla that he first comes ilTLT " "' ^ P'''"''=an of he not only killed wi^h hi own ^h' v "' "' """ ^'"'hority redeeming qualities. He had thf^ f ' ^^ "*' »« «'«hout fr-nds, and was gene"ous „'t pU "he •"' "' "'""'"^ His personal courage ikn ... ^^^^'"S: them at their need %hti„g with a valfurtrt yTrtr' '^ ""' "'^ '^^ cause. Cicero himself in h:7 t; '""■ "an and a better of his character, diSg m eri'lvf" ^"f"' ^'^« '^ ^^ Orat,ons, and probably noH Ifair i i' " *' ^"'"'"'^ he speech was not only to excus^rt "' f- ""^ P^P^^^ of the ground of being guided bv"„ . ^'^'^ ^"^"'^ <^aelius on 3how how attractive were the Lv! '""u'"'"' '"" ^'^° 'o many Ro,nan youths to Catiine'ssMTH*'' had drawn so (J. 652) atmnessjde. The orator especially C lil: I XXX IV INTRODUCTION. dwells on the strange contrasts that his character presented. He was a monster of inconsistency. The energy that spurred him to unremitting work made him no less active in the indulgence of vice. His love of military glory was equalled by the fire of his licentious passions. While he was a favourite with the most illustrious men he was intimate with the basest. Who could be more greedy of money than he was ? Who could lavish it more profusely ? The numerous friends he made he retained by placing at their ser\'ice his money, his influence, and his personal exertions. He could change his very nature and rule himself by circumstances. He lived soberly with the serious, he was a boon companion with the gay ; grave with the elders, merry with the young ; reckless among the desperate, profligate with the depraved. if CURULE CHAIR FOUND IN HERCULANEUM. With a nature so complex and many-sided, he not only collected round him wicked and desperate characters, but he also attracted many brave and good men. It would have been impossible for him to have organized his atrocious attack upon the commonwealth, had not that fierce outgrowth of depraved passions rested on some substratum of agreeable qualities and solid powers. Public Career. A man of such varied endowments for good and evil might count with some certainty on success in a public career, whatever stains might deform his character. He became praetor in 68, and was governor of Africa during the following year. He returned to Rome in 66, and became a candidate for the consulship in 65, the election for which would in the regular course take place in July 66. He was, i III. CATILINE AND THE CONSPIRACY. xxxv however, obliged to withdraw from his candidature as an .nd,c.ment for extortion in his province was brrulr'alins^ hm, by P Clodius Pulcher, afterwards so celebrated fs the enemy of Ccero, and the law did not allow a citizen aeaiLst whom a su,t was pending, to be a candidate for I magiXacy ; ^°™''"' S"lla, who were, however, soon after convicted of bnbery, and their places supplied by their con°pe™Lrs alo^lwith C^P- ^°""P'r°^- ^--"'""^ ^"^ Autronius, a the Fi„? r rr' "7 ^°"""^ " P'"'' """"""ly known ,1 f I u'" '^°"51'"-=«:y. to murder the new consuls when they entered on ofSce on January i 6? and to se,ze the consular power for themselves-. The design b" cau>e known, and its execution was consequently posfponed till the meeting of the senate on February ;, when the massacre was to have been made a general one. The plot Ca nnr^T'' "^""u "■""™'''' °"'"S to the impatience of Catune, who gave the s.gnal before the senate-house on the thltt r ^"fi'"^"' ""™bers. Suetonius, however, says that M. Crassus and C. Julius Caesar were the real insL and Caesar h,s ,nag^s^er equUum, and after the constitution tere to beTt "h '""""^"'^ "nes, Autronius and Sulla Zteri h„% , rf *' ?"'"'=• According to a statement quoted by Sallust from the historian Tanusius Geminus it was Caesar, not Catiline, who was to have given the si^a for the massacre, but he refrained from doing so because Crassus, e.ther from repentance or fear, did not make h s appearance on the decisive day. Though the intended crime was well known, no one ven- tured to bnng the criminals to trial, and th^ senate was even weak enough, on the motion of Crassus, to send on of the conspirators, Piso, in order to get him oui of the way' as quaestor with praetorian power to Spain. ^ ' See j. 6. 15. XXXVl INTRODUCTION. The prosecution for misgovernment of his province, re- ierred to above, came on in 65, and by bribing Ciodius, his accuser, as well as the jury, Catihne succeeded in escaping condemnation. The case, however, was not decided until the consular comiiia for 64 were over, and his candidature was therefore postponed until the following year, when Cicero was also a candidate. The Elections of 64. The pressure of his debts now made it a matter of supreme importance for Catiline that he should secure the consulship, not only that while in office he might carry measures for a general reduction or even cancelling of debts, and tending in other ways to advance his own interests, but especially that he might secure a rich province, and in that way retrieve his fortunes. On this, the second occasion of his being a candidate, he allied himself m his canvass with a man involved in similar difficulties, C. Antonius Hybrida, son of the famous orator M. Antonius,' and uncle of the triumvir of the same name. Despite the cvil antecedents of these men their chance of election was good, as both Caesar and Crassus supported them against Cicero The latter, indeed, had but slight hope of victory, for though his reputation was brilliant and his popularity great, he was opposed by the nobility, who disliked him as being a novus homo, and because of the bitter attacks he had made in the past on members of their order. They also feared he would, in the future, work in the democratic interest and favour the ambitious designs of Pompey. The excesses of Catiline and Antony in their canvass, however, proved of advantage to their opponent. For the senate judged it necessary to check them by a measure more rigorous than the lex Calpuntia de ambittt, and when the tribune Q. Mucins Orestinus put his veto on the measure, Cicero, some days before the elections, rose in the senate, and, in a powerful speech {oratio in toga Candida habita), exposed the intrigues and bribery of Catiline and Antony, and hinted at still more powerful opponents, who stood in the background. Alarmed at these disclosures, and at the danger that threatened their own safety, the nobility gave III. CATILINE AND THE CONSPIRACY. xxxvii wiii^I^' '° ^r'"'r' ""'^ ''^ "^'^ ^'^"^'^ '=™^"' fof 63 along with Antony ; Cat.Ime, however, bcinj; in a mhloritv of onlv 'tZ::Tr- J""!" ^'"'""^ """ J™-" cSe L h canvass, he cared for office only as a means of making c„i„ and consequemly, after the election, Cicero had no diffic ItJ ^^reVlltZra"""" '' ^"^^^"^"'"^' •" """ ""= '^^'■ The Elections of 63. Development of the Conspiracy hs election for 62 by a soda! revolution if necessary. The t.ne was favourable for his purpose. Many of the younKr nobthty were bankrupt both m character and fortunes The Sul Vs" vTtf ™%'^=.""^ -'i discontented, and m .ny of bulla s veterans, havmg squandered their ill-gotten gains MZ::fllZ '■"' '"^'"'"™""=^ °f P'""<^- -' "■ -'■'hel' as Caesar ant'r"'"' P"'^' '°°' ^'■'=" P™''""^ ^^-^h ™^n scheme thn.1 r^'"' T'" ™' "'""">' ""favourable to o Pomnev Th "'"''' "'" S™"™S 'Military power ?Lv p'Z' ^'■^<: f "' '"O""™^. no regular arr^y in Sjert ?f'' ™' f^"'"^ '" ""= f" ^''^ ' ""= senate was anvb^rXnr fr'''''\'^'^'^^ circumstances, rather than any brilliant abilities on the part of Catiline or of his fellow- he"; obTS'T '" '"™ """" ''" ^^"^' °f '"« ■"«"-- over ail Sv '^/°"^P"-="^>' ^™^ '■o™ed that soon spread over al Italy, and troops were levied in many places but oroTi' "'" ^^""'^^' ""'"- '^^ direction of C. Manlius one of the veteran centurions of Sulla Cv'T "'^•''";^ """ ""^ ""'^'•'^^ °" h'^ consulship in 63 splrators. ' '""""' °' "^"""^^ °"^ "^ ">«">"- in'fi7?h f r'"'?'' I' "''^ "■'"'' •''"<' ""'' ='= Sallust says, Z whic^f ""' '"^'^ =" ^'' '"'"== "'« Private meeting a which he announced his programme of social revolution! of plunder, and repudiation of debts At length, the day before the consular elections for 62 upon the danger u, which the state was. The senate here- 1 'I xxxviii INTRODUCTION. upon resolved not to hold the elections next day, but to discuss the position of public affairs. At this sitting Cicero gave information of the latest steps taken by the con- spirators, and called on Catiline, who had the hardihood to appear in the assembly, to express his opinion on the revelations thus made. Instead of justifying hiiiisell, Catiline declared openly that the state had two bodies, an infirm one with a weak head and a strong one without a head, and said that the latter should never want for a head while he breathed. Despite this defiant language the senate took no active measures, and the consul had to depend on his own resources in meeting the danger. On the day of the election, accordingly, which was probably a few days later', Cicero appeared in the Campus Martius with a glittering cuirass under his toga, and surrounded by a strong bodyguard. No conflict, however, took place: the rabble of Catiline, who had gathered in considerable num- bers, were overawed, and Dccimus Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena were elected consuls for 62. Catiline was thus for a third time disappointed in his hopes of the consulship, and immediately exerted himself to carry out violent measures. It was arranged that Manlius, of whose preparations mention has been made above, should raise the standard of revolt in Etruria on October 27, and that on the next day the consul and the leading optimates should be murdered at Rome. Action of the Senate. Progress of the Conspiracy. Cicero, informed as usual of these plans, summoned the senate on October 21, and made known the critical situation of affairs. After two days' deliberation it passed what was known as the ultimwn decretufu, ' videant consules ne quid ^ ' It has been commonly held that the first public attack of Cicero upon Catiline's plans was made on October 21. This assumes that the consular elections were for some reason postponed from the month of July, their usual date, to the end of October. But Jahn {Entstehungsgcschichte tier Catilinarischen Verschworuiig) has clearly shown that there is no reason for such a supposition. The intervening time may well have been spent by Catiline in making preparations for his armed rising.' — WiLKiNS. III. CATILINE AND THE CONSPIRACY. XXXIX res fniblica detrimenti capiat; the formula by which, in cases (if emergency, the consuls were called on to provide for the safety of the state. When, a few days after, a letter was received from Fae- sulae Slating that Manlius had taken up arms at that place on October 27, and news also came in of risings of slaves at Capua and in Apulia, the senate ordered extensive military preparations to be made, and offered rewards for information as to the conspiracy. Catiline himself, as the author of the troubles, was accused of a breach of peace under the lex Platitia de vi by a young patrician L. Aemilius Paullus. He thereupon, as though still undetected, offered to place himself in free custody, under the charge of some citizen of acknowledged position ', as a security that he was prepared to meet the charge. He had, how- ever, determined to leave the city, but wishing to strike a decisive blow before doing so, he, on the night between November 6 and 7, called a meeting of his followers at the house of M. Porcius Laeca to arrange the details of the measures to be adopted. He announced his own intended departure for Etruria, decided who were to remain in the city and who to join the army, allotted to those who were to remain in the city the several parts they were to take in the murder and conflagration that had been deter- mined on, and finally demanded the immediate assassination of Cicero. Hereupon the senator L. Vargunteius and the knight C. Cornelius offered to murder the consul at his house the following morning at daybreak, gaining access to his presence under the pretext of attending his usual morning levde. This danger, however, Cicero escaped, as he was informed of the plot, and the con spirators were refused admission when they presented them selves at his house. FASCES. * 5 fi ^ See i. 8. 19. xl INTRODUCTION. M caifed a r. r ^^TT ^""''^" ''^ ^°^^"^ber 8 ' Cicero called a meeting of the senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator, which, for the sake of security, he surrounded with a ddtv r'" '^'\- ^' ^'" '"^^^^"^ ^^^^""^ had the unnn H V TT '" ^^' ^^"^^ "^ "^"^^^' ^"^^ Cicero there- upon dehvered the speech commonly called the First Oration agamst Catilme. In this he showed that he possessed exlct nformation about all the details of the conspiracy, and he advised Catihne to avoid the punishment that tLatened him by withdrawing into volun^iry exile. Catiline replied hat n was little likely that he, a patrician, sprung of dis- mguished ancestors, should desire the ov'enhrow of the republic, while its saviour was to be M. Tullius, a mere immigrant into the city of Rome. He was, however! i^er! rup^ed by cries of 'enemy ' and 'traitor,' and, overwheCed by the indignation of.his hearers, he rushed fr^mthe temp e^ and the same n.ght set out for the camp of Manlius, spread- whitherT ' /r^''' '^'"' ^'^ destination was Massilia, whither he said he was going into exile, driven by the intrigues and calumnies of his enemies. Second Oration against Catiline. Next day, Novemberg Ocero addressed the people in the Second Option agal^sj Catiline, m which he endeavoured, on the one hand, to quiet the general apprehension by making a statement as to the eZ/r.h ■ '"'^' °" '^' °'^'^' ^« ^^''' fr°"^ further efforts the conspirators who remained in the city. The lat er, however, continued their activity, and prepared to cairy out the plan arranged with Catiline. This was, accord- ng to Sallust s account, that when Catiline with his army had entered the district of Faesulae, the tribune L. Bestia shou d complain of Cicero's measures in an assembly of the people, and lay all the blame of the war on .he consul. ^\hen public feeling was thus embittered, the conspirators were, on the fo lowing night, to carry out the parts assigned o each Statihus and Cabinius, with their followers, were to set the city on fire in twelve places at once ; Cethegus was to beset the doors of Cicero's house and attack htm! On this date see Notes n, in. III. CATILINE AND THE CONSPIRACY. xli tTe vount"' ''"''" ""^ "" ^*'"' '" "'^^ distinguished men ; the younger conspirators, most of whom belonged to noble u^™ V™",:° "" """ P"^"'^' ='"'• 'hen, when the co„! fuston through murder and fire had become universal, an to CatiL™' '° "' "■''' '^ '""^ °' ^™^ '» •^-■^k 'h'o^gh The date fixed for this monstrous attempt was the feast wont'to br'""'"' °"'"''" ''' °" "'■'^'' ^^y ^'-'' -" wont to brmg presents to their patrons, and the houses stood sMerin.hr k ""V '"'■''™»'i<>" »' 'he plot, but con- side, ng the number of persons incriminated, and the in- fluential position of some of them, he did no^ consider .he evidence m his hands sufficient to justify him in taking a f— ' °"!5' ^""".-^"S^^ ««l^ed. At this conjuncture a fortunate accident furnished him with the proofs he desired fX'lV^' ^"°'? -"^^^ '"""' "^'^"-'P-' Gaul happ ,ed o be at Rome seeking from the .senate assistance against he oppression of officials and the avarice of usurers. Ten rrn,L . grievances on condition of their giving cavalry. The envoys at first agreed to co-operate, but on maturer consideration judged it would be more to their Sar.r^Th° ^^ri .'"« "?-"»r 'o their patron, Q. Fabius Sanga. Through him Cicero learned of the transaction, direcLdT'"^ ' '"'/'" "'^ ™^y opportunity he desired directed the envoys to feign participation in the scheme, and to procure, before leaving Rome, as they were about t; do, papers from the heads of the conspiracy as credentials to heir countrymen on their return home. Lentulus, Cethegus, and Sta ,hus fell mto the trap, and gave, as requested, a written form of oath with their seals affixed, but Cassius refused to give a written pledge on the ground that he was himself shortly going to Gaul. As the envoys would pass through Etruria on their homeward way, it was determined that they should conclude the treatv with fafitin„ i„ „.„„_ and a certain T. Volturcius of Crotona was sent with them !*l xlii INTRODUCTION. bearing'' an autograph letter from i.entulus and verbal in- structions to Catiline. The envoy?, carrying this important evidence with them, left Rome on the ni^'ht between December 2 and 3, and, in accordance with orders given by Cicero, wore arrested by the praetors L. Flaccus and C. Tomptinus, on the Miilvian I)rid,>,M«, now the I'onte Molle, to the north of Rome, by which the Via Flaminia crosses the Tiber. Arrest of tho Conspirators. Cicero, being informed of the im|>ortant rapture, at once, before daybreak, summoned to his house Lentulus, Cethegus, Stalilius, and Ciabinius, who had taken a principal part in the negotiations with the GauLs, and a certain Ceparius of Terracina, who was about to leave for Apulia to take command of a slave-revolt. Ceparius had heard of the treachery of the envoys and had fled from the city, but the others came with(,ut suspicion. Cice^ • tlien summoned a meeting of the senate in the temple of Concord, where the prisoners were heard in their defence, and soon convicted upon the statements 01" the Allobroges and the evidence of their own hands and seals. It was resolved that the prisoners, and also Ceparuis, who had in the meantime been brought back from his flight, should be given over to the custody of various senators. Third Oration against Catiline, The sitting of the senr*e lasted until evening, and when it broke up the consul, to relieve the anxiety of the people, who had collected in large numbers, made a public statement of the facts in the speech that has been preserved tmder the name of the Third Catiline Oration. Next day a rumour spread that an attempt would be made to free the prisoners by violence, and Cicero accordingly occupied the Capitol and Forum with a strong guard. Debate in the Senate. On the following day, that is, December 5, he called the senate together in the temple of Concord, protected by a large armed force, in order to decide the fate of the prisoners, which the senate had not constitu- tionally the right to do. D. Junius Silanus, who, as consul electa was asked liis opinion first, spoke in favour of the _.:•,«• in. catilinl: and the conspiracy. xliii punishment of death heini,' inflicfed on the five prisoners in custody, namely, Lcntulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and Ceparius, and also on L. Cassius, V. P\irius, W Umbrenus, and Q. Annius, if they should be captured. The consulars who voted next aj^rced with this view, until it came to the turn of C. Julius Caesar, who was at the time praetor elect, and who gave a different turn to the course of the debate. Having first pointed out the illegality of the proposed course, and the dangerous consequences it might have for its supporters, he proceeded to propose that the property of the conspirators should be confiscated, that they themselves should be sent into perpetual custody in various municipia, which should be made responsible for their safe detention, and that any proposal before the senate or the people for the abatement or remission of their punishment should be declared an attempt against the safety of the state. This speech made a deep impression, and the next opinions began to waver, so that even Quintus Cicero, the consul's brother, agreed to Caesar's proposal. Fourth Oration against Catiline. Cicero now judged it necessary to take part in the discussion, and to urge the senate to make their decision without regard to his personal safety, for which Caesar's proposal seemed more favourable. His speech, known as the Fourth Catiline Oration, though apparently merely an explanation of the views of Silanus and Caesar as bearing on his own personal safety, evidently favours the adoption of the death penalty. It has been con- jectured that the speech as we have it is not in its original form, but has received considerable embellishments that would hardly have been suitable in the midst of the discus- sion, and this view has been held to account for the somewhat pusillanimous exordium, and also for the occurrence of several passages that would have been expected rather in the opening speech of a presiding consul. As Cicero wrote down the speech, it was to appear as a complete whole in the corpus oratiomim invectivarum, and not as the isolated portion of a conciliatory sententia in the course of the discussion. We are not expressly told at what point of the debate Cicero xliv INTRODUCTION. Cato ana Tibenus Nero, the latter of whom proposed a middle course by the adjournment of the decision As Cicero does not refer to their speeches we may feel pretty confident m puttmg Ins speech before theirs. Cicero does not seemTo have completely overcome the hesitation of the senate; at least, all historians agree that it was the speech of M. Porcius Cato, at that time tribune elect, that decided them in their resolution. The prisoners were condemned to death, and were strangled before nightfall in the Tullianum, or state prison, on the slope of the Capitoline. Catiline himself and his fc :ces were annihilated at the battle of I>istoria, at the beginning of 62, after they had fought with a desperate courage, worthy of a better cause. ANCIENT WRITING MATERIALS. From Smith's niaio,^ryo/Jn^/gn^^^es. By permission of Mr. John Murray. On the Legality of the Execution. The Valerian Porcum, and Sempronian laws enacted that no citizen should be put o death except by a vote of the people after a formal tria before them. On what grounds, then, can the execution .•^^?^'^!"^ conspirators on a vote of the senate be justified? Cicero gives two reasons; firstly, that the con- spirators by their act had become /ios/,s, and forfeited the rights of citizens ; secondly, that the »U/mum decretum of the senate armed the consul with dictatorial powers. As to the hrst point, the very question at issue was whether the con- spirators were hastes, and to make the assumption of this as a tact, the ground of denrlvincr th/^m n.( fK^:_ _:-^u._ .^. ' "-'^' o '■*"v-'.i ^Jl nicii iigiitb as Citizens 1 III. CATILINE AND THE CONSPIRACY. xlv y^^s^petttioprincipa. As to the second point, it is doubtful what were the exact powers conferred on the consuls by the ultimum decretum. Cicero no doubt claims that they in- cluded the power of summary execution, and Sallust dis- mctly says that the senate possessed the power of arming the consuls with exceptional powers in cases of emergency but this was by no means universally admitted. The leaders of the popular party disputed the right, and this was the very pomt raised by the case of the aged senator C. Rabirius, who, in this very year (63), was accused of murder, as having been concerned in the death of Saturninus thirty-seven years before. Cicero was advocate for the defence, but a conviction wouM certainly have been obtained had not the praetor, Q. Metellus Celer, removed the military standard which floated on the Janiculum, and so, in accordance with an ancient custom, broken up the assembly. In any case it is clear that the senate had no right to enforce the death penalty. At mo^t they could arm the consul with the power of inflicting It ; and the sentence would be pronounced on his responsibility, not theirs. The execution of the conspirators, then, may have been justified by the necessities of the crisis but It can hardly be defended as strictly legal. ' In conclusion, a point may be noticed that cannot fail to stnke the reader of the Catiiine Orations as showing how different was the standard of good taste in the age of Cicero from that which now prevails, namely, the unlimited licence allowed to a speaker in abusing his adversary.and praising himself. W hat ridicule would a speaker now bring on him- self who ventured to pronounce, with however entire justifi- cation in facts, such x panegyric on his own achievement as Cicero utters in iv. 10 ! The unlimited vituperation of an antagonist may indeed easily be paralleled from the speeches of modern parliamentary representatives, both inside and outside the House, but it is rarely heard from the lips of a responsible minister, and it must be remembered that Cicero was consul and presiding magistrate. Premier, we might say, and Speaker of the House, when in the senate he delivered, m the very presence of Luiiijne himself, the invective xlvi INTRODUCTION. contained in the First Catiline Oration. The sring of that great speech no doubt lay in the undeniable truth of the charge of treason, but the orator does not confine himself to such public grounds of accusation, but, in the plainest language, brings tlie most revolting charges against the private life of the person he is assaiiing. CENTRAL ITALY, IP iat ihe to est he THE ORATIONS OF \1 y >ft< CICERO AGAINST CATILINE -■♦-♦ ORATIO PRIMA HABITA IN SENATU. Catiline's designs are known. He deserves death. There are precedents for his execution. It is the consuls who are wanting in seal, 1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia i nostra? quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigihae, 5 nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nitiil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniura- tionem tuam non vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore lo nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? O tempora, 2 o mores ! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consihi particeps, notat et designat oculis ad i R caedem unum quemque nostrum, Nos autem, fortes viri, THE ORATION OF [I. satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis lam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem, quam tu in snos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefac- 5 tantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit : Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem', nos consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua prae- terco, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam lo m hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostemcoercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave ; non deest rei publicae consilium neque auc- toritas huius ordiriis : nos, nos, dico aperte, consules 15 desumus. Former consuls in like cases acted promptly j we spare you only that your acts may make your treason clear to all meti. 4 2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet : nox nulla intercessit ; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, 20 maioribus, occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Marie et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pi. et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos 35 vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi senatus con- sultum, verum inclusum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te inter- fectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad 30 25 30 [1. •-3] CICERO AGAINST CATIUNE. oeponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio publicae pencuhs me non dissolutum videri, sed iam me ipse mertme nequitiaeque condemno. Castra sunt in 5 col ocat°"'" P^P"'"-" /°™-um in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit m dies singulos hostium Humerus eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium' ahquam cot d>e pernicem rei publicae molientem. Si lo te ,am, Cat.lma, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo ser usTme? ""'''■ "' "°" P°''"^ ""^ "-"^^ bon," Ve ram ego hoc, quod ,am pridem factum esse oportuit certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn dTnique fs^e ZT r"""I P°''"'' £ Praeneste. 3. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius ex- spectes, SI neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus neflrfos nee pnvata domus parietibus continere voces con urattn" =5 tuae potest? si iUustrantur, si erumpunt omnil? Mu^a lam istam mentem, mihi crede : obliviscere caedis atque ncendtorum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora nobi tua consiha omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas Memmistme me ante diem xi. Kalendas Nofembres 7 30 dicere in senatii. fnre in irmf- r^-~ ^•-- — .^^^ ^ (:i552) - --'^ »n armi^ cenu uic, qui aies tuturus D i THE ORATIONS OF [1. esset ante diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admirandum, dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium 5 contulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, turn cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui con- servandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te 10 contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te 8 contentum esse dicebas ? Quid ? cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturne impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo 15 iussu meis ^^raesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil ( ogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. As a^'»^oofthat I know your plot I will tell you what was planned at Laeca's house the night before last. The course I took to frustrate those plans proves my know- ledge of them. 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam su- periorem : iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad 20 salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. 'Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios— non agam obscure- in M. Laecae domum ; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? convincam, si negas ; video enim 25 esse hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9 O di immortales ! ubinam gentium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, hie sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc or bis terrae m Ci. 3-S CICERO AGAINST CATIMNE. sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium ■nter.tu, qui de liuius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogrtent. Hos ego video consul et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos S nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilma ; distribuisti partes Italiae : statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret, delcgisti quos Romae re- l.nqueres quos tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad mcend.r,, confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum '° dixist. paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura hberarent et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. Haec lo ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi .5 domum meam niaioribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi' exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum m ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram. stae; there/ore leave the city and take your comrades ^Myou. I ^m „ot kill you, as then your JheuHtl •mould remain in the city. aunerents S. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coeoi^ti .o egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portL : 'profidscere Nimium dm te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desiderant Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si mi^ts quamplurimos; purgaurbem. Magno memetuliberabis dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit, NoW cum ^5 versar, iam diutius non potes : non feram, non patia" hui" ipTlovi'^'?''' '" ™""'"^'"'"^ "^^"^-^^ -'''S U huic ipsi lovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis gratia, quod banc tam taetram, tam horribilem amque .nfcstam re> publieae pestcm totiens iam effugimus X ' '' I ''t| THE ORATIONS OF [I. l^ est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designate, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere 5 voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum prae- sidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato ; denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei 12 publicae esse coniunctam. Nunc iani aperte rem publicam lo universam petis ; templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severi- 15 tatem lenius, ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua coniura- torum manus : sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa 13 sentina rei publicae. Quid est, Catilina ? num dubitas 20 id me imperante facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me : num in exsilium? non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. Vou can have no pleasure here. You are feared and hated. Your deeds of shame^ your crimes^ your attempts at murder are known. 6. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe 25 delectare possit ? in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- tionem perditorum hominum, qui te non metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est ? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama ? quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus 30 [I. 5,6] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. a manibus umquam tiiis, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentulo, qi em corruptelarum illece- bris irretisses, non aut ad audacnm ferrum aut ad libidi- nem facem praetulisti ? Quid vero? nuper, cum morte 14 5 superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? (luod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum lotuarum, quas omnes proximis Idibus tibi impendere senties : ad ilia venio, quae non ad priv -n ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. Potestne 15 15 tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucun- dus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac 20 furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse ? Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea— : quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens vero consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petitiones 25 ita coniectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva qua- dam declmatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil agis, nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de 16 manibus ! quotiens excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est i 30 quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 8 THE ORATIONS OF [1. Vou are shunned by the senators. Yotir country loathes you and bids you be gone. 7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? 5 Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque 10 adsedisii, partem istam subsellioium nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo' tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas ? 17 Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitrans? et si me meis 15 civibus iniuria suspectum tam gravit atque offensum viderem, carere me adspectu civium quam infestis omnium oculis conspici mallem : tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque 20 vulneras, eorum adspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu nihil 25 te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare : huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee indicium sequere nee vim 18 pertimesces ? Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi uni 30 multorum civium neces, tibi vexatiodireptioque sociorum [I. oathes I iam , quo Detur. tanta avit ? 5 vocis idicio ) ista , qui itque lo inem jtas? ut te idam meis 15 isum festis entia ; iam :sque 20 » Si ulla iculis is est nihil 25 eque vim idam :inus uni 30 )rum 7,81 CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. impunita fuit ac libera ; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfrin- gendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc vero me totam 5 esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sm falsus, ut tandem aliquando 10 timere desinam.' Your offer to surrender yourself ^proves )">ur guilt. The senate silently acquiesce when I bid you go into exile. The knights I can hardly restraifi from slaying you. 8. Haec si tecum ita ut dixi patria loquatur, nonne 19 impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare 15 velle dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad 20 Q. Metellum praetorem venisti : a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortis- simum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere 25 atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo 20 animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis supnliciis iustis debitisque ereptam fugae solitu- 30 dinique mandare ? * Refer' inquis ' ad senatum '; id enim 10 THE ORATIONS OF Cl. postulas et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in ex- silium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu, in exsilium, si lianc 5 vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiun- tur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, 21 quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis ? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, 10 M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo senatus iure optimo vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiun- tur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant ; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, 15 sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile 20 adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. For my coimtrfs sake I wish you would go into exile, though that would bring odium on me. For my honour it were better that you should Join the army 0/ Matilius, and this I know you will do. 22 9. Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat ? tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere? tu ut ullum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem 25 di immortales duint ! tametsi video, si mea voce perter- ritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, reoenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. [I. 8-10] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. tl Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum ; neque enim is 5 es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. Quam ob 23 rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix 10 molem istius invidiae, si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustmebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis' egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me 15 non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse videaris. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse 24 praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati ? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi 20 ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam futuram cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium 25 transtulisti ? In the camp of Manlius, surrounded by every kind of wicked- ness^ you will be in your element. 10. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista 25 tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat : neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem vo uptatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit 30 voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium con- 12 THE ORATIONS OF [1. cupisti. Nactus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum 26 manum. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quern- 5 quam neque videbis ! Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeun- dum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes tuam ro illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 27 Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, 15 latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. !'!l / rnay be charged with remissness for letting Catiline depart from the city. 11. Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoriam detester ac deprecer, per- cipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum 20 patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica sic loquatur : * M. Tulli, quid agis? tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem 25 coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur ? Nonne hunc in vincla duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28 Quid tandem te impedit ? Mosne maiorum ? At persaepe 30 etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte to— 12] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 13 multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo 5 Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, non 29 ro est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? ' But I reply that I have spared Catiline only that his guilt may become apparent to all, and that leaving the city he tnay draw his adherents with him. 12. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum 15 hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca re- spondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et ao Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren- dum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium inter- fecto invidiae in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, 25 ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae 30 imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent, qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt coniura- tionemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt : 30 quorum auctoritate multi, non solum improbi, verum m\ i.i ^y. 1 r H THE ORATIONS OF [I. ■ I etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tum stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem 5 uno interfecto intellego banc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque de- lebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, 10 verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. T/te death of Caiiline would give but a temporary relief. What we want is that the seditious should separate themselves from the well- affected. Begone, therefore, Catiline, and may Jupiter defend us from you and your fellows. 13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto 15 latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam 20 gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehemeiitius 32reliquis vivis ingravescet. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur^ muro 25 denique, quod saepe iam dixi, secernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal practons urbani, OuSidere cum gladlis curiam, malleolos 31 12, ISI CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. J5 et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare : sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque, quid r* e publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres co- tai..i:, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, ta .1 in vobis 5 auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutein, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta illustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae 33 10 salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, pro- ficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es con- stitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere 15 nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuis ceterisque temphs, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium omnium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Itah'ae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos 20 mortuosque mactabis. I i ill i6 THE ORATIONS OF [11. ORATIO SECUNDA HABITA AD POPULUM. Catiline has been driven from the city. This^ as he feeisy is a great success for us j for he is now an open enemy and is no longer in our midst. 1 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furen- tem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque mini- tantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit excessit, 5 evasit erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, 10 non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis insidiis in 15 2 apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non cruen- tum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum et profligatum 20 putatis ? lacet ille nunc prostratus, Quirites, eL se per- culsum atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad banc urhem. quani e suis faucibus i I( 1 = 20 25 ',a] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 17 ereptam esse luget : quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. He deserved death, but had he been killed, many would have doubted his guilt, hisadherents would all have remained tn the city, and they would have been more difficult to punish. 2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, 3 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea 5 me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista me; culpa, Quirites, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Cati linam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridei. oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperii 10 severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisseputatis, qui quae ego deferrem non crederent, quam multos, qui etir.m defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non rnodo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae 15 periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem 4 omnibus re etiam tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. Quem 20 quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! Ton- gilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, 25 Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum m popina nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat • rehquit quos viros ! quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles ! i i8 THE ORATIONS OF [11. // is not his army in the field we have to fear but hi<< ^ r.r tn the city Their ^hin^^. u ■' " ^^" '^^^ P'^^iisans t-"^. J netr pians are known to me n^ fh^.. aware. ^» ^^ '"^y are Q Me nurha :r vr" '■"..^^™ ^'-^ « «=>•'- ciaent. Hos, quos v deo volifnrp in r^ curiam, quos etian, in senatum en re " ■ n"!-; T ''"'^ '-^ qui fulgent purpura, ma„en, se::m:r:i e eZC '° qui SI hic pernianent, mementote r.r.r, ^"""'^set : ilium esse nobis quam hos quie'ercImH '"""'"■" pertimescendos Afr..,o u ^xercitum deseruerunt, quod qurt itentr ::irrrnS 'r '^^ '"''^■^' 6 permoventur. Video cui I a i ' "^"^"^ ^^"'^" '5 K.uria., quis agtrpLtt^ts'^ctnar^'^^' sibi has urbanas insidias caed <= . """'""'' 'J"'^ depoposcerit; .™„,a supe^iol'toc fc'on^I'at™'" perlata esse sentiunt • nof^f. • • consilia ad me Catiiina ipse per^-rpXl" Tt^'"''^'' '"'■' " Ne illi vehementer errant sfiil,^ ^ exspectant? lenitate. perpetuam spernt fl™ """" P'"'"^™ videretis; nisf: ": riT-ri- OtT ^^™. P"*"-- '5 Catiiina sentire non nntet M^ ? """ '""''^^ •=">" PU'et. Non est lam lenitati locus : ii 't 3-5l CICKRO AGAINST CATIMNE. 19 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc con- cedam : exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad ves- 5 peram consequentur. O fortunatam rem publicam, si 7 quidem banc sentinam urbis eiecerit! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis tota Italia vene- xo ficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circum- scriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non 15 familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo iuventutis 8 illecebra fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis 20 fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem numerum perditorum hominum collegerat I Nemo non modo Homae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo 25 totius Italiae oppressus acre alieno fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. Punishment threatens his profligate adherents. We have peace abroad J the conflict with our domestic foes I undertake. 5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione 9 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae, 30 nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem propo sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idL-m tamen, ( M 552 ) B 20 THE ORATIONS OF [11. stuprorum et scelerum exerdtatione adsucfactus frigore e fam et s,t, et vu;iliis perferendis, fortis ab is.is prae , virtutis n hbid.ne audaciaque consunieret. Hunc vero s. secKt, erunt sui comites, sf ex urbe exierint despe , ratorum ho^.num flagitiosi grege,,, o nos beatos, o e^, me. ! Non enim mm sunt mediocres hominum libidines riem fi",l' "'j f'"' obligaverunt, res eos iam pndem, fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia quae erat ,n abundantia, libido permanet. Quods, iri vmo et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent essent „1, q,„dem desperandi, sed tamen essent fer di : „ hoc yero qu,s ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis vms msidiar, stultissimos pmdentissimis, ebrios sobriis dorm,entes vig.lantibus ? qui mihi accuban.es in con vwus complex! mulieres impudicas, vino languid" tupris eructlt""' "'r'"' ""^"-^""^ °"'"-' '^'^^^ - stupns eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum ataue n urb,s mcendia. Quibus ego confido impendere faL ahquod et poenam iam diu improbitati, nequi.iae, sceeri l.b,dm, debitam aut instate iam plane aut cer.; aporo' pmquare. Quos si meus consults, quoni m TnTrt ., non po est, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempr pool Ro^f '"J"'"™'"'™"^' """"^ ''"• 1^' belium virtute terra manque pacata : domesticum bellum manet « us m.d.ae sunt, intus mclusum periculum est, S est host,s : cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere ^uirites, suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum : •1 11 ae [II. frigore prae- menta : vero iespe- 5 D rem jiatus lines, t nisi sua 10 iam ilia, si in rent, ndi : 15 limis )riis, con- -lidi, itati 20 :que turn leri, pro- nre 25 3US, est um lius let, 30 tus ere or, lae 5,6] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 21 sanari poterunt, quacumqiie ratione sanabo ; quae re- secanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. / am accused of driving Catiline into exile. All I did was to declare to the senate the details of his phuis, and to ask hi?n why he hesitated to go whither he had been long preparing to go, namely to join Manlius. 5 6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a ne eiectum 12 in exsilium esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiat- permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exsilium 10 iussus est, paruit, ivit. Hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli : quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita adspexit ut 15 perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui 13 verbo cives in exsilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in 20 nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, 25 cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam, 14 fe m 22 THE ORATIONS OF [II. lo quern lam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine in- dixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in 5 naec castra conferet. Hcwhardaruler^slotl If Catiline new changes his plans and seeks exile at Massilia I shall be covered with odtum But I would gladly bear it, if war might be averted That however may not be, for he would rather dtejightittg than live an exile. 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L Cati' Ima consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debihtatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit et ex hoc cursu scelerisac belli iter ad fugamatque in exsilium convertent, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur, et erunt qui illum SI hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non dihgentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyran- lo nuni existimari velint. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invid.ae fa sae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum 20 modo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium : sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Num- quam ego ab dis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae relevandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum 25 hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit in- vidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim potius quam ^5 3c I [II. 6-8] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 23 quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines, qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, idem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent ? Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam 16 Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam 5 verentur. Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc, quod agit, numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter 10 ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. / shall name and warn the several classes of our foes at Rome. They are firstly^ men with large debts but larger estates. 8. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 17 hoste, qui iam fatetur se esse hostem et quem, quia, 15 quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo : de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo mode fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id quare fieri non 20 possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae copiae compareiitur ; deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque oration is meae, si quam potero, adferam. Unum 18 genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno maiores 25 etiani possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dis- solvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima— sunt enim locupletes- -, voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus 30 SIS, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad !.i 4, !UI 24 THE ORATIONS OF [II. fidem? Quidenimexspectas? belliim ? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo beneficio tabulae novae proferuntur verum auctionariae ; neque enim isti, qui possess.o.es , habent, al,a ratione ulia salvi esse possunt. Ouod si ' matunus facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et locu- pletionbus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed nosce hom nes minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut lo deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, mam's mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. ^ SecoH^fy, mefi detp in debt but ambitious of office. Thirdly, Sulla's veterans. 19 9. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre- muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, r. rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Qui bus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et Idem quod rehquis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum 20 vigilare, . desse, providere rei publicae ; deinde maf^nos ammos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, maximam adesse multitudinem, magnas praeterea mih'tum copias • deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam vim sceleris ., praesentes auxihum esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id quod summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num ilH in cinere urbis et m sanguine civium, quae mente conscelerata ac -efaria concupiverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere ,0 quod SI adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi f [II. 8-io] CieERO AGAINST CATILINE. 25 o? in "uturas atilina untur, si ones 5 lod si imum locu- Sed d aut 10 magis quam irdly^ pre- tant, 15 blica ntur. t et luod sum 20 ^nos nam >ias ; imo leris 2i, id, lere rata aut sre, 30 edi sit necesse ? Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed 2U tamen exercitatione robustum, quo ex genere iste est Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. Hi sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas 5 civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum aes 10 alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono, sed eos hoc 15 moneo : desinant furere ac proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecu- des quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. Fourthly, indolent bankrupts. Fifthly, assassins and despera- does. Sixthly, dissolute youths and debauchees. 10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 21 20 turbulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant, qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra ^h conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste 30 non possunt, perire turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. % a 36 THE ORATIONS OF [II. 22 Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique omn.um facnorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco nam neque ab eo divelli possunt et pereant sane in Iatroc,n,o quon.am sunt ita multi, ut eos career eape e non possu. Postremun, autcm genus est, non si" , pnum Catilmae est, de eius dilectu. immo vero de complexu ems ac sinu, quos pexo capillo nitidos aut ^mcis vehs am,ctos, non togis, quorum omnis industria .o 23 In h,s greg,bus omnes aleatores, omnes adulter!, omnes .mpun .mpudicique versantur. Hi pueri tarn lepidTao dehcat. non solum amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare. sed etiam sicas vibrare et sparger' verenTdidt .5 cerunt . qu. n,s. exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina ZZ^'T '" '" -P"blicasemi„ariun. CatiHnal' futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt ? oZJ7 "T"" '""""^"''->^ sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad modum autem illis carere poterunt his one 20 sert,m ,am noct.bus ? quo autem pacto illi ApVen„fn"m atque ilks prumas ac nives perferent ? nisi Idcirco se latTd-d-rnr """ ""''"'• ''''" ""'^^ - '^°~ Against tlu:se forces we can array all the resources of the 24 U. helium magno opere pertimescendum, cum banc .- .t habuurus Catilina scortorum cobortem praetori.™' ° In tru,e nunc, Quirites, contra has tam%raeclaras Catilmae copias vestra praesidia vestrosquc exercitus • et prunum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules .mperatoresque ,e,.tros opponite; deinde contra illam »o [11. lenique evoco; me in capere solum 5 id pro- :ro de )s aut aribus lustria lo mitur. )mnes idi ac re et didi- 15 Ltilina arum lunt? :turi ? prae- 20 inum o se i'iviis f the efore lanc 25 am ! aras ^us : ules 10—12] CICERO AGAINST C/TILINE. 27 naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis slvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copiis, v rnamenta, praesidia vestra 5 cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 25 ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, 10 contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc Laudatio; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furoi ; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo ; 15 hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, teni- perantia, fortitude, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum 20 omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? Guard your houses; I will guard the city. I once more bid Cataline's adherents leave the city. If they remain and attempt any design against the state, they will be rigorously punished, 12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum 26 25 iam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas ^\i\ :Hii 28 THE ORATIONS OF [II. finesque defendent. (lladintores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit — quaniquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum— , potestate tamen nostra contine- buntur. Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet 5 honiinem aut eius omnes motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quern vocari videtis. '-^7 Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe lo a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atcjue etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum' obhvisci meam banc esse patriam, me 15 horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nuUus insidiator viae ; si qui exire volunt, conivere possum : qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam 20 deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigi- lantes, esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem neiariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt. I will temper firmness with mercy, and with the help of the gods will guard the state from impending danger. 28 13. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maxi- 35 mae res minimo motu, pericula summa nuUo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memo- riam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus 30 quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris I2j I3I CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 29 sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus 5 quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos onines salvi esse possitis. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia 29 neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites. sed multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium significa- tionibus, quibus ego ducibus in banc spem sententiamque 10 sum ingressus : qui iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, im- plorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam floren- 15 tissimamque esse voluerunt, banc omnibus hostium copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. m I « 30 THE ORATIONS OF [ill. ORATIO TERTIA HABITA AD POPULUM. This day the state has been saved from great danger. I will telly OH what has taken place in the senate. 1 1. Rem PUBLICAM, QuiriteSjVitamqiie omnium vestrum, bona fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clari'ssimi imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherri- mamque urbem hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis 5 meis e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati 2 ereptam et vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et 10 quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui banc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is, qui eandem banc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. 15 Nam toti urbi, templis delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes circumdatosque restinximus, idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus 3 mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt 20 per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam manifcsta et qua ratione invcstigata [ill. I, a] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 31 et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et ignoratis et exspectatis, scire possitis. Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex iirbe, cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerri- 5 mos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. The attevipt to tamper with the envoys of the Allobroges. Their arrest at the Midvian bridge, 2. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam— non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 10 timenda, quod vivus exierit— , sed turn, cum ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. Atque ego ut vidi, quos maximo i furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 15 esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredi- bilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum 20 animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. Itaque ut comperi, legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad 25 Catilinam esse missos, comitemque iis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium atque huic esse ad Catilinam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego semper optabam ab dis im- mortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam 30 a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. Itaque 5 hesterno die L. Flaccum et C Pomptmum praetores, Jill 32 TilP: ORATIONS OF [ill. fortissimos atquc amantissimos rci piihlicae viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, ({uid fieri placcret ostendi. lUi autem, qui omnia do re publica praeclara atcjue cgregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium suscepcrunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 5 Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor 10 adsidue in rei publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. 6 Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam [)ontcm Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobroges ingredi inciperent unaquq Volturcius, fit in eos impetus ; edu- cuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus 15 erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. The conspirators brought before the senate. Seizure of arms at the house of Cethegus. 3. Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. 20 Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum ma- chinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item accersitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo, quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudi- 25 7 nem proxima nocte vigilarat. Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me 30 esse facturum, ut de periculo publico non ad consilium i =-4l CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 33 publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me d-lata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arl)itraK,i in vmtis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam .^iUgeuiiam pertimescendani. Senatum 5 frequentem cek f^:i, .it vidistis, coegi. Atque interea 8 statim admonitu ALobrogum C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, trvi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, elkrret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. Confessio7i of Volttircins. Statement by the Gauls. lo 4. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis, fidem publicam iussu senatus dedi, hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad 15 urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientes excii)eret et se cum his urbanis ducibus 20 coniungeret. Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi 9 et litteras ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas ; Len- 25 tulum autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspi- cumque responsis, se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse : eun- demque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum 30 huius urbis atque imperii, qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris contro- 10 H I I 34 THE ORATIONS OF [III. versiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. The letters found on the Gauls produced and acknowledged by the writers. Cross-examination of the Gauls. Evident guilt of the accused. 5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo 5 ostendimus Cethego signum : cognovit ; nos linum in- cidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allo- brogum senatui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse ; orare ut item illi facerent quae sibi eorum jegati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui lo paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, reci- tatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum 15 et manum suam : recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Len- tulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. ' Est vero ' inquam * notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri. qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos, 20 quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare 11 debuit.' Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere veilet, feci potestatem. Atque illc primo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, 25 surrexit, quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, 30 [III. alibus ;thego ledged vident roferri Primo 5 m in- Allo- egatis Cerent IS, qui 10 apiid ue se , reci- ipente ignum 15 n fere > Len- 'Est A tui, suos, 20 /ocare rogum vellet, ; post edito, 25 quam :urcio. t, per ntque cutus, 30 4-6] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 35 turn ille subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis asset, ostendit: nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenmm illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 5 valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi impudentia, qua superabatomnes, improbitas- que defecit. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri r. atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Ca^ilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime per- 10 turbatus Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cogn. . -it. Erant autem sine nomine, sed ita : ' Quis Sim, scies ex eo, quem ad te misi. Cura ut vir sis et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus ; vide, ecquid tibi lam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, 15 etiam infimorum.' Gabinius deinde introductus, cum' prnno impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. Ac mihi i:? quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique 20 unius cuiusque confessio, tum multo certiora ilia, color oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam inter 'sese adspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. The senate Pass a vote of thanks to the consuls and praetors I he accused, to the number of nfne, are placed under arrest. A ' supplicatio' is decreed in honour of Cicero who was the first, holding no military command, to receive that distinction. K^ 6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniani fr 36 THE ORATIONS OF [III. nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 14 vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata ; deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praeto- 6 res, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac iure laudantur ; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus impertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis par- ticipes fuissent, a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura lo abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decre- tum est in L. Ci^ssium, qui sibi procurationem incen- dendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui ad 15 sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac AUobrogum sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum 20 hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos 15 esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum poena re publi'ja conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari 25 posse arbitraretur. Atque eti?'^- supplicatio dis immor- taUbus pro singulari eorum n: ito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta verbis est ' quod urbem incendiis, caede cives, Itaham bello Hberassem.' Quae supplicatio 30 si cum ceteris supplicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, K 2C -.n 30 6, 7l CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 37 quamquam patefactis indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat quo minus 5 C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Len- tulo puniendo liberaremur. Catiline's^ hopes are now crushed. Had he remairied in the city it would have been more difficult to counteract his desig?is. 7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculo- 16 sissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- lo hensos tenetis, existimare debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes his depulsis urbis periculis concidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassii adipes nee 15 C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex isHs omnibus, sed tam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio 20 autem neque lingua neque manus deerat. Iam ad certas res conficien^as certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil erat quod non ipse obiret occurreret, vigi- laret laboraret ^^\2Ms, sitim, fomem ferre poterat. Hunc IT 25 ego hominem tan. acrem, tam audacem, tam ppratum, tam callidum, tam in scclere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus diiigcntem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulissem dicam id quod sentio, Quirites —non facile banc tantam rnolem mali a cervicibus 30 vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset I i I 1 38 THE ORATIONS Of [III. neque tanto ante exitii ac lati diem rei publicae de- nuntiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam 5 haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilina in url)e ad banc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuissct, ne(|ue nos umquam, lo cum ille in urbe hoslis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. ;i^ Tlie course of events //as been guided by tJie gods as appears botJi from various prodigies and because the conspiracy was detected on the very day that the ttew statue of Jupiter was erected in accordance ivith the warning of the soothsayers. 18 8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum coniectura '5 consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces 20 ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, r.) neque praetermittendum neque relin(]uendum est. Nam 25 profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum 7-9] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 39 hommum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus et.am ille, qui banc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem mauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactantem, uberibus lupni.s ,nh,anu-.i., fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tem- 5 pore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque mcendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum appro- p.nquare d.xerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione P acati suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. Itaque '^o - illorum responsis tum et ludi per decern dies facti sunt " neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos pertineret,' piaetermissa est: idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovi focen, mams et in excelso collocare et, contra atque an ea fuerat a^. or.entem convertere ; ac se sperare diie- ^5 runt, SI ,llud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum •'amque consj-iceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam t -.ent imta contra salutem urbis atcjue imperii, illustra- rentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt 30 sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus con- suhbus neque nobis r.nte hodiernum diem collocaretur. // /.v evidently Jupiter who has delivered us. 9. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero 21 tarn praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia' quae videmus, praecipueciue banc urbem deorum im' 25 mortalium nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, inccndia, interitum rei pubhcae comparari, et ea per cives : quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam 3o suscepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu lovis Optinii Maximi factum esse videalur ilK! ' 40 THE ORATIONS OF [III. ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae duce- rentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur ? quo collo- cate atque ad vos senatumque converso, omnia et senatus 6 et vos, quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, illustrata et patefacta vidistis. Quo etiam maiore sunt 22 isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque dclubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. 10 Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus : ille, ille luppiter restitit ; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus banc mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi 15 atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. lam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid 20 vero ? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperii ac rerum maxi- marum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neg- legerent vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, 35 id non divinitus esse factum putatis, praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint ? t Never was a thanksgivhig better deserved^ for never did the state escape such danger. 10. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul- 23 vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores 30 dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto 9, ro] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 41 iustiores niimquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu, erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione; togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, 24 5 omnes civiles dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit : C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, multosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis 10 expulit ex urbe collegam : omnis hie locus acervis cor- porum et civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario : tum vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne dici quidem opus est, 15 quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum. Atque illae tamen 25 omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, Quirites, quae non 20 ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam per- tinerent. Non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes, neque banc urbem con- flagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium 25 rei publicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt, ut non recon- ciliatione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello 30 lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae M i 42 THE ORATIONS OF [III. m I caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem ct cives integros in- columesque servavi. las^ no reward except your remembrance of my sconces. 26 11. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honorts, 5 nullum monumentum laudis postulabo praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil tacitum, 10 nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria.vestra, Quirites, nostrae res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis invetera- scent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad 15 salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, uno- que tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperii domicilium sedesque servaret. Unlike those who conquer a foreign foe, I must live amon^ those I have defeated. Do you take care I do not suffer for what I have done in your service. Now go to your homes and keep guard to-night. The danger will soon be over. 12. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris 25 facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint 27 20 lo-ia] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 43 providers Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi : ne mihi noceant vestrum est providere. Quam- quam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri 5 potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihim perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re pul)lica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent se mdicabunt. Est etiam in nobis is animus, Quirites, 28 ^o ut non modo nulhus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis im- petus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute 15 vestra obtulerint invidiae pericuh'sque omni[)us : mihi quidem ipsi quid est, ciuod iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius, quo mihi hbeat adscendere ? Illud perficiam profecto, Quirites, 29 2° ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Deni- que ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta H esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam est nox, venerati lovem ilium, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est peri- culum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigihisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum 30 sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis providebo 44 tiil: orations of Liv. ORATIO QUARTA HABITA IN SENATU. Senators, I see your anxiety for my safety, and I thank you for it. I care not however about my own fate, provided I can save the state from danger. 1 1. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse converses ; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed 5 eam, per deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus 10 vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. 2 Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus, consulari- bus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, 15 non lectus, ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse 20 voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex caede mi- serrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales i ■: ill ,.iEii i' CICERO ADDRESSING THE SEiWTE rro.M Prof. Maccari's fre.co in the palace of the S.nate, Re m .W, ^>, ^h IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /a 1.0 I.I 1.25 IIIIM 22 2.0 1 18. 1.4 1.6 ■E^ V] <^ W "cM ^>:v / .<"^ « Photographic Sciences Corporation 'Ov* % '^■^ '^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580' (716) 872-4503 ^^ ^4?- ^ r 1 K It 20 25 30] '. =] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. ex acerbissinm vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherr,man. patriam omniun, nostrum ex foed ssima flamma, totam Ital.am ex bello et vastitate eriperem 5 E e^im"? P r':' ;"' P^^"""" f-"-- -^eat- fa ale ,H ' '""" "°"^" '"ductus a vatibus fatale ad pern.ciem rei publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse ? i^omani Regard not my interests. Look to the safety of the state the gravay of the crisis is unfaraUele/ Thetofsof treason are clear. yroojs oj 2. Quare, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite 3 vestras, popul, Roman, nomen salutemque defendite • m.h, parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam prin um debeo sperare, omnes deos, qui huio urbi praesident pro i.aL nt"' ■?'''°'' '""""•°' '^^-^ Sratiam: deindefsi 'f quid obt,ger,t, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turp.s mors forti viro potest accidere neque ir^ matura consular, nee misera sapient,'. Nee tan,en ego praesftis ■■'"'' ""' ^"'""' '''"^^™' ^"5"« amantissimi ^o Cm,^ , ""'T'' "°" ""^^^^ ■^"^""'^"^ omnium 'olacr,m,s, a qu,bus me circumsessum videtis. Neque mea,n mentem non domu,„ saepe revocat exanimlta uxor et ab,ecta metu filia et parvulus filius, quern mihi -deturamplccti res publica tamquam obsidem'consull me,, neque ,lle, qu, exspectans huius exitum diei stat in ^5 conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus sed m earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum on,nes, etiam si nLlLld'^TP"'''"'"'- Q"^'^. P="res conscripti, 4 ,ncumb,te ad salutem ^ei publicae, circumspicite omnes 30 procellas, quae impendent, nisi provide.is, Noni? i ! f 46 THE ORATIONS OF [IV. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis indicium adducitur : tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium 5 caedem, ad CatiHnam accipiendum Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusqu^ confessio ; solHcitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina accersitur, id est initum consiHum, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem popuH Ro- 10 mani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calami- tatem reUnquatur. Your minds are already made tip, as appears by the votes you have passed. Yet I will once more lay the facts before you and ask you to take steps to check this widespread danger. « 3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos multis iam iudiciis iudicavislis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque 15 dihgentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine suppHcationem decrevistis, qui 20 honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Vol- turcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine uUa dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 2(5 6 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam- quam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furorem et nova quaedam 2-4] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 47 misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam, sed banc tantam, tarn exitiosam baberi coniurationem a r.ivibus numquam putavi. Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae menles inclinant atque sententiae, statuendiim 5 vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vebe- menter erratis. Latius opinione disseminatum est boc malum : manavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias lo occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto potest : quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. There are two proposals before us. D. Silanus would put the conspirators to death, C. Caesar would imprison them for life. The latter penalty is difficult to carry out and perhaps really more severe than the other. 4. Video duas adbuc esse sententias, unam D. Silani, 7 qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse i5multandos, alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates am- plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita privare conati sunt, qui delere im- 20 perium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere, atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos Gives in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem a dis immortalibus non esse sup- 25 plicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero et ea sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt Municipiis dis- ili i 1! 48 THE ORATIONS OF [IV. pertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si iinperare veils, difficultatem, si rogare : decernatur tamen, 8 si placet. F.go enim suscipiam, et, ut si)ero, reperiam, qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam 5 municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit: horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum perdito- rum. Sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit : eripit etiam spem, cjuae sola homines in miseriis consolari solet. 10 Bona praeterea publicari iubet: vitam solam rclinquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atcjue corporis et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. Itacjue ut aliqua jn vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia 15 impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellege- bant his remotis non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. My interest is clear. Caesar is a popular leader and there- fore if his proposal is adopted I shall have little to fear from popular violence. 9 5. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid intersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, 20 fortasse minus erunt, hoc au( ore et cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi : sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed ta.iien meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius 25 dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat^ senten- tiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi 10 consulentem. Video de istis, qui se populares haberi 30 4-6] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 49 SI volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat : is et niidius tertius in custodian cives Romanos dedit et supplica- tionem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die niaximis 5 praemns adfecit. lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decierit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam, qui autem rei publicae sit hostis loeum civem esse nullo modo posse; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio hums urbis tarn acerbe, lam crudeliter cogitarit 15 etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissi- mus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in pernicie popuh Romani posthac popularis esse possit : adiungit 2o etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. If you adopt Caesar's proposal, it has the support of a favourite of the people. If you prefer to follow Si Ian us, you need not fear the charge of cruelty. True humanity calls for severity against such crimes as these. 6. Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi ii comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 2-0 vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo, atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris im- manitate punienda crudelitas? ego enim de meo sensu iiidico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum per- ■m 50 Tlir-: ORATIDNS OF [IV. frui licent, ut ci^'o, (jiiod in bar rausa vchcmontior sum, non atrocitate aiiiini niovcor (jiiis cniin est nic niitior ? — scd singu'uiri quadain hunianitate et misericordia. Vidcor enim niilii videre lianc iirbcm, luccm orbis tcrrauim atcjue arcem omnium gentium, subito uno 5 incendio coneidentem ; cerno animo sepulta in patria miscios at(iue inse])ultos arervos civium; vcrsatur mibi ante oculos adspectus Cetliegi et furor in vestra caede VJ. baecbantis. Cum vero mibi nroposui n^gnantem Len- tulum, sicut ipse sc ex fatis sperasse confessus est, 10 purpuratum esse buic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse (^itilinam, tum lanientationem matrum familias, tum fugam virgir.um at(]ue puororum ac vexationem virginum A'estalium ixMliofresco, et quia mibi vebementer baec videntur miscra atquc miseranda, idcirco in cos, qui ea 15 perficere vohierunt, me severum vebementemque prae- bcbo. Etenim (luaero, si quis pater familias, bberis suis a servo interfectis, uxoreoccisa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non (juam acerbissimum sumi)scrit, utrum is Clemens ac misericors an inbumanissimusetcrudelissimus 20 esse videatur? Mibi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolorc et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem crucia- tunujue lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, cjui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas uniuscuius(iue nostrum domos et hoc universum 25 rei publicae domicilium delere conati sunt, qui idegerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii collocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur : sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civium- 30 v^ que pernicie fama subeunda est. Nisi vero cuii)iam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, crudclior nudius tertius visus est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audientem vita 6,7] CICKRO AGAINST CATILINE. 5t privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consiilis interfcctum filiunKiue eius inipuhcrcm, legatum a patre niissum, in carccrc necatum esse dixit. Quorum (piod simile factum ? (juod iiiilum dclcndae rei public ae con- 5 silium ? Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atcjue illo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus (iracchum est persecutus; ille etiam grave tum vulnus accei)it, .le (juid dc summa re publica deminueretur : hie ad ever- 10 tenda fundamenta rei i)ublicae Gallos accersit, servitia concitat, Catiliiiam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego et ceteros cives interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam diripien- daiiKjue Cptilinae. Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere 15 tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini : multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne severitate animad- versionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videanmr. T/uTc will b^ no difficulty in carrying out your decision, for every class in the state is with us. 20 7. Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare 14 non possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transi- gunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, 25 patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, tum multo etiam maiore populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes fortunas con- servandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum ; 30 plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius templi ac loci. Causa est enim post ( M 652 : G 52 THE ORATIONS OF [IV. i-;! urbem conditam haec invcnta sola, in qua omncs sen- tirent unuin atque idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse peremdum, cum omnibus potius quam soli 15 perire voluerunt. Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in improborum civium, sed in acerbissi- 5 morum hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales, qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemqueconsentiunt I Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem ? qui vobis ita summam ordinis consiliicjue concedunt, ut vobiscum de lo amore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in consulatu con- firmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, 15 confirmo vobis nullum posthuc malum civile ac domesti- cum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae rei publicae convenisse video tri- bunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scribas item universos quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video 20 ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse IGconversos. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim, cui non haec templa, adspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum, turn 25 vero dulce atque iucundum ? Even freedmen and those in the humblest positions are on our side. 8. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti vere banc suam patriam iudicant, quam quidam hie nati et summo nati loco non patriam 30 suam, sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid [IV. 7-9l CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 53 ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos pri- vatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae de- fendendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, (}ui modo tolera- 5 bill condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, qui non, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis. Quare si queni vestrum forte commovet hoc' 17 quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare 10 circum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque temptatum, sed nulli sunt inventi tam aut fortuna nuseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque opens et quaestus cutidiani locum, qui non cubile 15 ac lectulum suum,qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero - id enim potius est dicendum— genus hoc universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque 20 quaestus frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio : quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? ^sjyoii have such support, think of the gravity of the crisis and take steps to make such a conspiracy impossible for ihefttttire. -^ 9. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi 18 Romani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Romano 25 deesse videamini providete. Habetis consulem ex pluri- mis per?culis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum ; omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate voce consentiunt ; obsessa facibus et telis impiae con- 30 lurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis. !il 54 THE ORATIONS OF [IV. w i! Ill vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vol)is arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatiiim, vobis ilium ignem Vestae sompiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros aUjae urbis tecta com- mendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum ves- 5 trarum atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris hodierno die vobis iudicandum ID est. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod 10 in civili causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, quantis laboribus fun- datum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque for- tunas una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac 15 non modo confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civi- bus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio functa consulari videretur. 20 / htow the danger I incur, but it is balanced by the glory I have won, which equals that of our national heroes. Every bad citizen is my enemy, but I trust to the senate, to the knights, to all loyal citizens to protect me. Lo 10. Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauci. dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multi- tudinem suscepisse video, sed eam esse iudico turpem et infirmam et abiectam. Quodsi aliquando alicuius 25 furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum fac- torum atque consiliorum numquam patres conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, [IV. 9, lo] CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. 55 omnibus est parata : vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis honestastis, nemo est adsecutus ; ceteris enim bene gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica gratulationem decrevistis. Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius 21 5 consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamq ue, delevit ; habeatur vir egre- gius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam 10 et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibuo solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur ; erit profecto inter horum laudes 15 aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae vie- 22 toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut 20 oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati' hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio placare possis. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum 25 bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorum- que omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum periculorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haere- bit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse confido. 30 Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunc- tionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam con spirationem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. I}'. 56 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. I' i / ask no reward but that you remember my services and protect my son should occasion arise. Vote boldly, and I will carry out yo' r decision. 23 11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanJs opibus non minore 5 labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis proque hac, quam perspicitis, ad conservandam rem publicam dili- gentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo : quae dum erit in vestris 10 fixa mentibus, tutjissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum meum fihum, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius 15 periculo conservarit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 24 Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de im- perio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica 10 decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. VARIOUS READINGS In Halm's commentary as revised by Laubmann the MSS. con- taining the Catiline Orations are divided into three classes indicated by the Greek letters a /3 7. a includes a = a Medicean MS. at Florence of the twelfth or thirteenth century ; and A = an Ambrosian MS. at Milan of the tenth or eleventh century. includes b = Benedictoburanus at Munich of the twelfth century. i = Indersdorfensis at Munich of the thirteenth century. s = Salisburgensis at Munich of the eleventh or twelfth century. 7 includes t = Tegernseensis at Munich of the eleventh century. u = Bruxellcnsis at Brussels of the eleventh century. ORATIO I. 1, 1. Some editions omit nos. taking e/ucfe^ absolutely as in Livy 2. 45 : adeo superbe inwlenterque hostis eludebat. For concursus Quintilian 9, 3, 30 reads consensus. Wichmann reads quid proxivie for quid proxima. 3. I-'or quod the MSS, read quodque. See explanatory note. 2, 5. videtis a, videtnus 0y. 6. sedvives Weiske. ef vivesoj: obsessus a, oppressus /S7 : coetus a coeptus /iy : coniurationis tuae a^. tuae is omitted in A7. 3, 7. VI is fixed by Sallust Cat. 30 and Priscian. The MSS. vary between F/and VIII, 8. quod nan ego, the non is supplied by Halm, quin ego Madvig. 4, 9. discripsisti Bucheler, descripsisti w. 10. Fberhard suggests that the words cum illi ipsi venisseni may be a later addition to lessen the haisimess of the two successive relative clauses quos tu and qiios ego without a conjunction. \\ if 58 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. e, 14. sileri is omitted in /87. 15. For ac iam Hoot conjectures ac tavien. The words nihil moliris are found in some MSS. after nihil adsequeri^. They are how ever wanting in A. 1 6. After elapsa est the MSS. read tamen ea carere diutius non poles, which words are rejected by Heumann as being introduced from 24, 7, i 7. Cobet conjectures lu opinor. nihil te Halm and A, nihil de te /3, de te nihil a. 18. everte.idas u, vincendas a t, evincendas 3 See explanatory notes. 8, 19. AP Manutius, Mai, Metellum a, Marcellum ^7. 20. For ecquid the MSS. read et quid or quid. 9, 22. umquam after pudor is wanting in the MSS. It is restored from Quintil. 9, 3, 62. 24. sacrarimn stelemm a. sacrarium scelerum tuoniin ^y. sacrarium H;ilm. 10, 26. The T^a.?.%as,e quibits— seniles IS rejected by El)erhard and Nuhl. 12, 30. iam adiilta Pluygers. 31. morbus, qui est {=edit) rempublicam J. S, Speyer. 13, 33 ominibus Naugerius, omnibus cu. w VARIOUS READINGS. 59 ORATIO II. 1, I. ferrtim flammamque 0y. perhorrescemtis iox pertimescemus. ex urbe est expiilsus 0. 2, 3. After non oederent the clanse quam ^nultos, qui propter stultitiam non ptitarent occurs in several MSS., after etiafn defen- derent, the clause quam niultos, qui propter improbitatem faverent occurs in all MSS. Halm regards the former clause as a gloss, and Bloch and Madvig reject the latter on the same ground. Both clauses are printed in brackets by Halm-Laubmann, but roost editors omit them. 3, 5. prae Gallicanis Lambinus, ex GalUcams qj, ct Klotz. Haase explains the ablative without //-a^ as causal. 4, 8. in ullo homine /3 7. ne ullo quidem in angnlo Halm, ne ullo in angulo (n, ullo in angulo Madvig. 5, 9. The words esse fateatur are found after Catilinae in a 7. consumerentur P 7. ID. ebrios a A, ebriosos liy. mihi is wanting in /3. II. manere cu, manure Manutius, Lambinus, Eberhard. 6, 12. paruit, ivit Graevius, paruit quid ut a, paria't qui ut 0y, paruit qui A, paruit atque ivit Madvig, paruit quietus Novak, paruit qui vel Richtci, paruit. Quid] Ut hesterno die Halm. 13. sacrarium i, sacrarium scelerum a 7, scelerum sacrariuvt &. 7, 14. In /3 et is omitted before ex. miserum a 7, iimidum /3. 15. relevandae a bu, the other MSS, have Icvandae. 8, 1 7. volunt 7. 18. proferuntur a : proferentur p 7. 0, 19. maximam muUitudinem A R 7, the words are rejected by Halm, maxima multitudine a, maxima in multitudine Klotz, •II m 60 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. ^-^ /« ws/era/is Ernesti, j^ /;/j/^;v7//V a;. ll^^Z:' ^'""''''''' ^"'"'^^ «^'^^^- ^ ^- MSS., Nohl, 10. 21 c/uam/>nmum Ifalm,/,////,,,,/ c. 22, /; Lentulo Halm data a, datam IS, daias y. 5, 10. recepissentViAx^Xxxi^praecepissento). depre/iensa n /3 t, deprehensae w. Cf. the variants of data in 4, 9. est after intrjductus is wanting in a/3, whence Nohl conjectures Item introducttis Statilius cognovit. 11. For tainen Eberhard reads tandem, Binsfeld statim. 12. ecquid Halm, et quid a /3, et vide quid y. 13. litter se 13 t. e, 14. Q, Manlium cu, ^, Anniutn Halm, because the name is so given twice by Sallust, Cat. 17 and 50, and also by Q. Cicero in de petit, cons. 10. 15. patefactis A /3 7, patefacta a, patefactis (ns a substantive^. indicufn, confessionibus suis Novak, patefactis indiciis, convictus confessionibus suis I leiiie, patefacta indiciis conscientia et confessio- nibus suis C. A. Lehmann, manifestis indiciis Eberhard. 7, 16. somnum b, somnium nearly all the better MSS. 17. cum a t, dum u. 20. con/ocaverunt a fi, statuemnt 7. 22. iam vero ab Lentulo Mommsen, iam vera ilia AUobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab Lentulo oj. comfnissae 0. Halm rejects the words commissaeque litterae. potuerint Madvig, potuerunt w. The passage praesertim qui to potuerint is rejected by Halm as an interpolation. 10, 23. Halm following /9 omits erepti before sine, and reads comma instead of semicolon after dimicatione. H ti PMi 62 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. H- <^emt LamHnns, ofpressit, eiuit ex urbe w 2f. The words Mjue illae lamm -diiudicatac sinl after volue- ru^ are rejected by Bloch and Madvig as a repeti.ion of th oprnW Vmites , quae ,,. a. d s. a c. r. p. ferlimbanl (ihen take as pare„.l,es,s „on mi-.o,ueru,„ , and omitting A,,ue Wae-q^sZ winch merely repeat what has been already expressed, run "Z7m 7ttT\ "'• *^- °"'"^'° *^ '™8* °'*' paren'thesisl';^ &c the words emnt ems modi, Quirites. were inserted as predicate mto^„./,„..„„. B„t as now the words eius modi fuerumM^ ^z ::'c*:,r °'°^"^' ""-"^ -^'^^ 'v..-u.v;w:r: Kor iH/,„me caedi Mommsen conjectures injlnita e eaede qImuT '""''"' '""'""""'"" ^' «"<"■><' «-^" -'»« ineolumes, 11. 26. Madvig omits (,« of umque and regards the sentence u»o~exs„nsse as epexegetical of ad memcriam cLuIatus mT 12, 28 est eliam in nobis is animus y, est enim nobis animus a B H2Zr ""'"^ '''^"^"' "•""" c- 1'^- w. Muiie;; ;i; VARIOUS READINGS. 63 OBATIO IV. 1, 2. After sedes honoris the MSS. have sella curulis^ which Muretus strikes out as an obvious gloss. 2, 3. Eberhard xe&6.s praesenti after one MS. 4, 7. C. F. W. Miiller conjectures that dicias h^" fallen out after duos. After qui nos omnes all the MSS. have qui popnlum Komanum, which Bloch rejects as a gloss, Nohl conjectures omues, p. c. (i. e. patres conscripti). C. F. W. Miiller conjectures aut necessitate naturae aut ad laborum . . . quietem. 8. putent Emesti, piitet co. multos una dolores Eberhard and Kayser, viultas uno dolore co, multos uno dolore dolores Graevius, nmltas uno dolore animi at que corporis aerumnas Halm. posita oj,proposita Eberhard and Miiller. 5, 9. vincat Muretus, vindicat o). 10. Pluygers brackets Semproniae legis. iniussu Bucher and Ernesti, iussu co. 1 1 . populo Romano purgabo a much disputed passage, a and A have p.K. with no verb following, a deficiency variously supplied, exsolvitis p, defendetis 7, exsolvam Halm, exsolverim Eberhard, praestabo Hammer, populus Romanus exsolvet Madvig, vos a crude- litatis vituperatione prohibebo Komitzer. The reading adopted in the text is that of Miiller and Nohl. 6, 13. Eberhard inserts iure before avum, Nohl before iussu. 7, 14. omnium gene rum is added by Putsche, as denique would be strange if only one clause preceded, sentirent is the reading of the inferior MSS., sentire a 7, sentiunt /3, Nohl conjectures in qua omnes sentire unum atque idem videmtts. 11, 24. Heumann and Madvig reject possit. I t ' * ' 1 -^/.K^ NOTES Cicero's speeches on the Catiline conspiracy are commonly called Orationes in Caiilinam, though the first of them alone is a direct attack on Catiline. Cicero himself, in the list of his consular speeches intended for publication (Att. ii. i. 3% describes the four Catiline speeches as follows : sepiima, cum Catilinam emisi, octava, quam habui ad poptilufn postridie qiiam Catilina profugity nona in contione, quo die Allobroges indicarunt, decima in senatu A'onis Decembribiis. It is prubable that the speeches were severally called in Catilinam, ad Populum, in Contione, and in Senatu. The general title, Invectivarum in Catilinam libri IIII, is found in the oldest MSS., and is often used by the grammarians, on whose autho- rity perhaps it depends. OBATIO I. Delivered before the senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator, most probably on Nov. 8, 63 B.C. There is some doubt as to whether the exact day was Nov. 7 or 8. Cicero (Sull. 52) says the meet- ing in Laeca's house took place node ea quae consecuta est pos- terum diem Nonarutn Novembrium, * on the night that followed the day after the Nones of November,' that is, on the night of Nov. 6. At this meeting Cicero's assassination was resolved upon, so the attempt would naturally be made on the morning of Nov. 7, and the meeting of the senate held the same day. This agrees with what Sallust says (Cat. 28), and with Cicero's words i. 5. 9 ilia ipsa node. But elsewhere Cicero seems to imply that the night of the meeting and the night of the attempt on his life were different, for in i. 1. I he distinguishes between what had happened on the ' night before last ' {superiore node), i. e. the meeting in Laeca's house, and Mast night' {proxima node), i.e. the attempt on his own life. In i. 4. 8 nodein illatn superiorem and priore node both refer to tlie night of the meeting at Laeca's house. In ii. 6. 13, agnin, two different n'ghts are distinguished, though there, as the night of the meeting- at Laeca's house is first described as ea nocte. the word s„ H' 66 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. i P'^OJriMam which is again used to designate the night of the attempt night, not last night. Hence U seems better to assume that there was an mterval of a day between the meeting at Laecarhouse and waVon'K""'" "' ^""°' ^"' ^'"* ^^' meeting^of tSe "enTte In this speech, which was deli-ercd in Catiline's presence Cicero S dty?'' ' °^ '^' P^°' ^^ ^^"^^^'"^' ^"^ '^^"^ on hTm io kave 1. I ^^P^'i' ^" *^^*ert, future, not a/mi^re, present, as is clear both from the sense and from the other verbs e/m/et, iaciabit patientia As the meeting of the senate was for the express purpose of takmg measures against Catiline's revolutionary schemes It was an audacious act on his part to presume so far on their W- suffenng as to actually appear L his place in the house His moS^e Zi^lf^T '' mentioned by Sallust, Cat. 31 dissimulamii TZa aut sm exptirgandt si turgio lacessitus foret, in senattim venit 'howmtchTon^efr' " ^° '^ j°^"^' "^^'^ ^"^"^ ^-' ^--^^te, ^V 3. quern ad finem, ' to what limit ? ' 'how long?' like quam sese iactabit, 'display itself,' ' show itself off.' Nihilne, &c : nihil is repeatal at the beginning of each clause for emphasis, but the interrogative particle-ne is^ expressed only 1. 4- nocturnum praesidium Palatii. The Palatine hill was m noK'^M V ^*^'y P°^!?' '" "" ^™" °f disturbance, and Cicero hid posted additional guards ^he night before the delivery of th^ Xr.;i?"/5'' hill Hortensius, Cicero. Catiline, C Sis and other celebrated men had houses. On the site of the house of Hor- tensius, where the Villa Mills now stands on the south of the hill overhanging the Circus Maximus. Augustus had his residence at Je^Z tC ' ^^^- < T' '!"'" *^^ Augustan period palatium was used in the sense of * palace. ' 1. 5. bonorum. Cicero often uses boni, 'the better classes "the loyal citizens, for the members of his own partv. Cf bonus civis which Cicero thus defines Off. 1.34. 124 in re publica eaZleTuae tranqtnlla et honesta smt ; talem enim solemus et sentire bonum ctvemet duere. Cf. also the use of optimates, 'the aristocratic part. . as opposed to the populares, ' the popular party,' and the Gree.c mKoKdyaeoi ^ ^' 1. 6. munitissimus . . . locus. The meeting was held in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the northern slope of the Palatine (whence he appeal to Jupiter 13. 33), a place probably chosen for the sake of the security offered by the military force with which the Palatine §§ I. a NOTES. 67 had been occupied. The senate usually met in one of the temples of the honim or Capitol, most commonly in the Curia Hostilia. 1. 7. Fatdre, inf. oipateo, not path-e from patior. 1. 8. oonstrictam . . . tengri, ' held in check.' The metaphor is irom bmdmg a man hand and foot. horum, the senators. 1. 9. proxima . . superiore, 'last night and the night before,' I. e. the night before the day of the speech, and the night before that again, namely the night of the meeting at the house of Laeca. See p. 65. 1. 10. quoa oonvocaveris. According to Sallust (Cat. 17) they were ; of the senatorial class, P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cas- sius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. and Servius Sulla, L. Vargunteius, J^. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, at whose house the conspirators met L. Bestia, Q. Curius ; of the equestrian class, M. Fulvius Nobilior L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Cornelius, besides many men of distinction from the colonies and municipal towns. consilii is the partitive genitive depending on quid. I. 11.^ quem nostrum; quem is the direct interrogative, * which of us? quid egeria, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid ceperis, are indirect questions depending on ignorare (whence the subjunctive is used), and are placed first for emphasis. II. i:, 12. O tempora, o mores, * what times! what conduct I' 1. 1 2. hie, Catiline. I. 13. Vivit? immo vero, &c. 'Lives, did I say? Nay he actually comes into the senate.' Immo vero, like niv olv corrects or qualifies something that has been said. * in senatum v6nit. Catiline had been praetor in 68, and there- fore as an ex-praetor {praetorius) had the right of entering the senate. II. 13, 14. fit particeps, ' takes part in.' 1. 15. unum quemque nostrum, ' us, one by one,' ' individually,' i. e. picking out those he thought most opposed to him. fortes viri, ironical. Page 2, 1. I. satis facere rei publicae, ' to be doine: our dutv to the state.' ' II. I, 2. si . . . vitemus. The subjunctive is used in the protasis because satisfacere videmur in the apodosis, involving the idea of contingency, is practically equivalent to satisfaciamus. Cf. iv. 4. 7 habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis \ ii. 11. 25 si . . . contendere velimus . . . intellegere possumus. 1. I. istius is Catiline, who three times before was spoken of as htC. HtC is thp d*»mnnc<-rjiHvp nrnnonn r»f fVi.» fircf r-.oro/^r> V»^^ -»<" *!.- second, and the ordinary use of th« latter word occurs often in the ( M 552 ) 2 % i!ll ^!11 68 ORATK^NS OF CICKRO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. i h Catiline Orations, e.g. in section i furor isle /uus; 7. i6 lua ista vita ; iv. 4. 7 ista res, ' that proi)o>.al of yours' ; i. 7. 16 adventu tuo ista stibsellia, ' those seals near you.' Iste may also be used to distinguish the words of the speaker, when, having been uttered, they are, as it were, transferred to the hearer and left to his considerntion, as in i. 9. %i Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales dttint ! 'I wish the gods would give you such a purpose as that which I have mentioned to you.' In the present passage istius means ' that man you have heard described,' while above he is called hie, because he is viewed in his relation to the speaker, ' what times these are that I find this fellow (//iV) allowed to live ! ' The same use of the two pronouns occurs in 12. 30, where hunc and iste both refer to Cati- line, the former in relation to the speaker on whom his punishment might bring discredit, the latter to the hearers, ' that man you have heard described.' A good example of tliis use is Hor. Kp. i. 6. 67 sq. Si quid novisti rec tins istis, Candidus imperti ; si non, his utere mecum, ' if you know anything more correct than what I have men- tioned to you, frankly communicate it ; if not, join mc in acting on these principles of mine,' where istis and his refer to the same things. In the language of the law courts hie often means * my client,' iste, ' my opponent,* ' the defendant.' Not un frequently, too, iste expresses contempt. 1. 2. Ad mortem. Notice the emphatic position of these words, as of in te in the next clause. iussu consulis. He claims the right to put citizens to death in virtue of the decree ' videant consules ne quid res publica detri- menti capiat,' passed by the senate at their meeting of October 21 and 22, more than a fortnight before the present meeting. Despite the distinct statement of Sallust (Cat. 29), it is very doubtful if the right here claimed was legally vested in the consuls by the decree. See p. xlvi. 1. 3. in te conferri, * concentrated upon you,' * directed against you.* 1. 4. An vero, &c. Quintilian (8, 4. 13) remarks that the pas- sage gains force by the clause an vero, &c., being co-ordinated with the clause Catilinam, &c., i. e. by the two clauses being put as separate questions. We shcuid more naturally subordinate the first clause, introducing it by * while ' : * M'hile Scipi ) slcvr Gracchus, shall we put up with Catiline ? ' P. Scipio. His full name was P. Corn. Scipio Nasica Serapio. He had been consul in 138. In 133, when the consuls refused to adopt violent measures, he took the lead in th2 attack upon Ti. (iracclir.s. P. Saturnius and L. Rufus however claimed to be the actual murderers. I. 5. mediocriter labefactantem. Elsewhere Cicero speaks much less favourably of Ti. Gracchus and his brother Caius, though he pr.iises highly their father Tiberius. For ex.amp.le, in De Fin. §§ ='-41 NOTES. 69 4. 65, m sj^eaking of Tiberius, the son, he substitutes ffvertere rem ptibhcam \ox mediocriler labcfactare. Here, however, he naturally maices light of the conduct of Ti. Gracchus as compared with that of Catiline, because his object is to show that rigorous measures against citizens, such as he is now advocating, had on a former occasion been adopted under less provocation. 1. 6. prlyatua, ' though a private person,' • though holding no magistracy, in apposition to Scipio. So in the next line hut one 'we though consuls.' In 133 n.c. Scipio heM no magisterial position to justify the part he tool: against (iracchus. The office of ponlifex maxtmus was not considered a magistracy. It was a iicrmanent dignity, and did not prevent a man from holding other military, civil or priestly offices. ^ ' 1. 7. orbera terrae. In this expression the i)l. ^erranou is more usual, but apparently without any difference of meanin;; Both expressions occur in the same sentence i.i 4. 9. I. 8 ilia antiqua. Though only one instnnce is given, the plural IS used perhaps to intimate that other cases might have f en cited so that the meaning would be 'such cases as that very ancient one ' It is, however, to be noted that instead of the following quod the MbS. read ry/W s "vv I. 27. huiusce modi is explained by quo ex, &c., 'we have a resolution of the senate (but enclosed in records as in a sheath) of such a kmd that in accordance with it you should have been at once put to death.' II. 29, 30. te interfectum esse . . . convenit, for the construction cp. 5 quod latn pridem factum esse oportuit. 1. 30. et vivis, a rhetorical repetition equivalent to et qiiidem or tdque. We would say, ' you live, and that, not to lay aside, &c.' Page 3, 11. I, 2. Cupio . . . cupio. This repetition in each clause of one or more words as a substitute for the use of annexive conjunctions is called anaphora. The expression here, as the second cupio is followed by non, is equivalent to cupio me esse clementem neque tamendfssolutum videri. The more usual construction is cupio esse Clemens. 1. 2. patres conscripti. This title of the senate either means patres and conscripti, referring to the new senators enrolled after the expulsion of the kings, in which case, however, adscripti would seem the more suitable word ; or the term conscripti (enrolled) simply distinguished patres who were in the senate from those who were not. I. 3. dissolutum, ' lax," ' remiss.' II. 3, 4. rup ipse in such expressions differs from me ipsum in this respect, that in the former the emphasis is laid on the subject, in the latter on the object. So me ipse here means, I myself take the part ( « accuser instead of waiting (as would be natural) for others to do so : me ipsum would mean, it is on myself and not on others that I lay the blame. 1. 4. inertiae nequitiaeque, genitive of the charge after a verb of condemning. 1. 5. in Etruriae faucibus. On Oct. 27 Manlius had taken up arms at Faesulae, now Fiesole, about four miles NE. of Florence. 1. 6. in dies not cotidie is used for daily, when increase or dimi- nution and not mere repetition (as three lines below) is expressed. 1 he addition of smgulos makes the expression more emphatic, * the number increases every single day.' 1. 7. eorum autem . . . videtis. Catiline, the true leader of the outbreak, had the audacity to take his seat as usual in the senate while Cicero was exposing his treason. 1. 8. atqueadeo, * aye, and,' *nay even,' 'actually.' Cf. note on p. 5, 1. 2. 1. 10. iam, ' at once.' Cf. note on page 4, 1. 20. Jill iu 72 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. 3 credo is ironical. * I suppose, I shall have to fear that all patriots will not rather call my action tardy, than any one call it too cruel.' 1. II. mihi is dative of the agent after the gerund. 1. 12, dicat not dicant, tli verb being, as usual, attracted into the number of the clause containing the comparison. Cf. Phil. 4. 9 quis ilium igiiiir consulcvi nisi latrones putant ? 1. 14. certa de causa. The reason is given in the following words : turn denique, &c. Cicero refrained from putting Catiline to dea*h until the justice of the puniohment should be evident to all. I. 15. interflciere is used rather than intcrjiciatn le, as the latter expression would have an offensive tone. improbus, * disaffected,' contrasted with boni, ' the well-afiected,' * the patriotic party.' 1. 17. fateatur is the consecutive subjunctive after qui : so audeat in the next line. quisquam, 'any 9ne at all.' Roby remarks that quisqtiam and ulhis mean * any whatever,' * any at all,' where all are excluded, and arc used in negative or quasi-negative sentences (the negative being always prefixed), or after comparatives, or in relative and conditional sentences, where the barest minimum is sufficient to justify an affirmative. The present passage is quasi-negative, for the meaning is that Catiline will be suffered to live until there is not a single person left to maintain his innocence. II. 19, 20. ne . . . possis is the final subjunctive expressing pur- pose, ' that you may not be able.' 1. 21. sicut . . . fecerunt. Facio, like the English dOy is often used in such sentences as the present, to avoid the repetition of the prin- cipal verb or verbs. Thus the expression in the text is equivalent to sicut speculati sunt atque custodiverunt. S. Page 3, 1. 22. Etenim quid est, &c. This clause explains the words above, scd vives it a, &c. 1. 23. tenebris obscurare, 'veil with darkness.' 1. 24. parietibus continere, 'keep within its walls,' literally * keep within by means of its walls.' paries is chiefly used of house walls. The word for city walls is moenia or mums. See p. 5, 1. 24, and p. 9, 11. 18 & 19. coniurationis, abstract for concrete, ' conspiracy * for * conspira- tors,' or ' band of conspirators.' 1. 26. mihi crede, ' trust me,* i. e. * take my advice.' caedis atque inceudiorum, genitive after verb of forgetting. §§ 5-7l NOTES. 73 1. 27. Teneris not tcnMs. luce, * daylight,' ablative after comparative. 1. 28. licet recognoscas, ' you may review.' This expression is more courteous than recognosce, wjh\ch. occurs in p. 4, 1. 19, but is naturally used there in the course of the supposed review of the facts, while the more courteous expression is used in inviting Catiline to make the review. 1. 29. ante diem xii, &c., also written a. e used in the senst of overcoming the obstacles presented by the laws. perfringendas. The metaphor is from bursting through laquei or vincula. 1. 4. me totam. It is his country, patria, that is speaking, hence the feminine, 1. 5. quidquid inorepuerit, ' at every breath of rumour.' The subjunctive is useil because the clause occurs in oratio obiiqtia. 1.7. abhorreat, no plan which 'is foreign to,' 'unconnected with ' your villainy, or as we would rather say ' no plan can be mooted from which your villainy would shrink." For the subjunctive see note on p. 3, 1. 17. Page 0. metuennt. 1. II. si 8. loquatur. Sec note on p. 8, 1. 13 si I. 13. vim adhibere, i.e. enforce its command to depart {lUs- cede in 7. 18). 1. 13. Quid, quod, 'what shall be said to this, that,* ' further- These words introduce a new argument, as often. Cf. note more. on p. 8, 1. 8. The line of thought is — your country's mere request (literally, if she spoke thus even without being able to enforce what she proposed) ought to be enough to make you go into exile ; but furthermore {(juid, quod, &c.) you have voluntarily surrendered to stand your trial and therefore, as Cicero (not very fairly) seems to infer, admit that you are guilty of the charges laid against you. As this then is so (_20 Quae cum ita sint) why do you hesitate to go into exile? te ipse. See note on p. 3, 11. 3-4. in custodiam dedisti, that is into libera custodia. Accused persons as a rule were not imprisoned while wailing their trial, if they could find bail. But for open and flagrant crimes the triumviri capitales imprisoned offenders at once. So too those who confessed crimes were imprisoned before trial. In cases of crimes committed against the state persons of rank were put under surveillance in their own houses or in the house of a magistrate, and this form of restraint was called libera custodia. The occasion here referred to is when L. Aemilius Paullus im- peached Catiline under the Lex Plautia de vi, as the rising under Manlius in Etruria raised strong suspicions against him. He here- upon as a guarantee of good faith offered to surrender himself into custody as mentioned in tht text. xic iiiai nevci carric on. §§ i8_ao] NOTES. 83 f h.t ^ " here equivalent to a/>u(/, 'at the house of Cf Verr 1. ai exAts quasi decern fiscos ad senatorem ilium reuTlos esse. M'. Lepidua was consul in 66. 1. 16. doml meae, locative, ' at my house.' crossinfT fhp Ar,««„;« ** 1 P™^ so as to prevent Cati hne from StlTal Pistcrir ' ""'' ™'"'"^' ^'*''' '=°"'i«»=1 "im to giv" !. Ji. Tirum optimum! this is said ironically. e?ec„rs.Ct^r;L^T4rUoU:„t''''-«°" '«^-' "^-' ^^ ;t„s Jt5^7a%Xfp^e„\1l;s":;,?skr"- magistrate to' laJhXIt't,'*'?" °' "'^ ™"™' " other presiding .ecfniere::;r::L';rttL'i:rs'^:.-jrrL'''^^°^='°"- '^'■' se'^aTe'trttTlSXcial^etS^LTllr/ Il'^tSf -l"!-."-! sentcjice. — a-'v f»" ="i^^ « ( M 562 ) I '.■MUk \u I ' lf_ui. 84 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. 8 1. 3. tamen faciam ut intellegas, &c. Though Cicero refuses to put the question foimally to the senate, he proposes to ascertain their feelings in another way. He bids Catiline go into exile, and as they express no opposition he concludes thai it is their wish he should do so. 1. 4. hi, the sen-^tors. Cf. note on p. i, 1. 8, 1. 6. vocem, * word.' Cf. Cic. Fin. 2. 2. 6 dico, Epicuruvi non^ intdlegere quid sonet haec vox voliipiatis, id est, quae res huic voci subiciatur. After proficiscSre, Cicero pauses to allow the senators to speak, but as they remain silent he assumes they approve of the banish- ment of Catiline. Quid est ? introducing a further question may be translated * well.* 1. 8. Quid exspectas, &c., the meaning is, Why do you await an expression of their will in words, as you perceive their wish though they remain silent ? 1. 10. P. Sestius was at this time quaestor. In 57 he was tribune oftheplebs, and took an active part in procuring Cicero's return from exile. In 56 he was accused of violence during his tribunate, and was defended by Cicero. 1. II. M. Marcellus was an intimate friend of Cicero. He was consul in 51. He opposed Caesar, but was recalled from exile and pardoned by him in 46. The speech in which Cicero thanked Caesar for this act of clerafncy is still extant. si dixi^sem, the pluperf. subjunctive expresses a supposition con- trary to fact relating to past time, ' if I had said' (as I did not). 1. 12. vim et manus, a hendiadys : would have laid on me * violent hands.' 1. 14. cum tacent, clamant, an oxymoron, 'their silence speaks louder than words.' On the indicative see note on p. 4, U. 6-9. 1. 15. auctoritaa, ' expression of opinion.' videlicet, * plainly,' * of course,' ironical. Cf. ii. 6. 12. cara, referring to the words in 20 si hie ordo placere decreverit, &c., in which he expressed himself willing to follow the wish of the senate. 1. 16. illi, pointing to the knights who were standing before the temple, where the senate were holding their meeting. 1. 17. ceterique fortissimi cives, citizens who were neither senators nor knights. 1. 19. paulo ante, 'a little before,' 'just now,' when entering the senate. Wilkins, however, suggests that as the words are inserted only with the last clause they may refer to the cries of execration which might have been heard during the speech ; for the senate was held with open doors, [1.8 §§ ao-22] NOTES. 85 dis1anS^oMnl°ithY '^'"'^J:'' ^'/^^"^y "^^^^ °^ h^^""g from a Qisiance or in spite of some obstacle. 1. 20 iam diu contineo, ' h.ive been long restraining,' and so in the next Ime lam pridem studes, ' have been long desiring 'Cf the Greek use of rraKm with present, 7r6\ac Imdvf^us. ^ 4 \ 'L/'aZ' ZY '' ^''^"•'■^ °"' ^y^'' ^^^ ^ity o^ Ro^e. Cf. iv rathe/ the Rnmf '""''' '''"'' ^^'''' ^°^^^'^'' ^he a.eaning is rather the Roman empire, as appears from the following words. 1. 22. prosequantur, in accordance with the custom that citi2en^ going into exde were escorted by their friends out of thT city Cf ii 1. 1 t/>sum egredtentem verbis pyosecuti stimus. ^ r 9. n.f.f.f^ ^^' i' l^'- ^'^a^^^am, 'and yet.' For this use of guam- 1 TifM rhetorical particle of transition introducing an objection made by the speaker himself, cf. 12. 30. "ujecuon te, note the emphatic position of the pronoun in this and the everTefo?m r"' ' ' '""^^ '"^'^""^ '^^^^^ ^''''' ^esolutionfco^d jL supp^sTthD^n.*^^ subjunctive put interrogatively, expresses an impossible wilh'ti^'f*^'^ mentem, would that the gods would inspire you with that purpose, namely of going into exile. tions'^" ^'''''*' "^^'^ ^""^ '" ''^^^^- "'^"^ '" P'-'^y^'"" ^°^ impreca- I. 28. si minus in praesens tempus, ' if not at present.' recenti, &c., 'while the memory of your crimes is fresh.*' Page 11. 1 I. Sed est tanti, 'but it is worth while,' sc invid tarn tstam mtht impendere, i. e. to have that unpopularity threatening privata, i. e. affects me only. scribed b/rC"''' "'^■'''^'' ^"''"'' '^'^ P"'"^h"-"' P- II. 3, 4; temporibus rei publicae cedas, ' yield to,' ' make a sacrifice for the exigencies of the state.' Both the plu;al tempera and the sing, temptis are often used of 'critical times,' ' timfs of need The meamng is that it cannot be expected that Catiline snould sacrifice his own convenience to the interest of the state, and leave his country for his country's good. !• 4' is, ' such a man.' cfrt ^\'^'^^^\'y'^^^)'l / • '-''-> 'modesty-fenr^reflcction.' v.r. v^iu. 15 victt pudorem hbtdo, timorem atidacia, rationem amentia. I 86 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. lo M ■ 11. 7, 8. ut praedicas, 'as you give out.' Catiline represented Cicero as personally unfriendly to him, so that the steps Cicero took as consul might seem prompted by private illwill. 1. 8. conflare invidiam, 'kindle or inflame unpopularity.' Cf. 11. 29 invidiae incendio conflagmturum. The metaphor is from smelting metal in a blast furnace. See 10. 25 conjlatam. Our idiom is ' fan the flame of unpopularity,' or ' raise a storm of un- popularity,' the latter of which metaphors is also found in Latin. See ii. 7. 15 invidiae tetnpestatem subire. recta, sc. via, ' straightway,' ' directly,' i. e. without further delay. 1. 14. impio, < unholy,' as being directed against his country, and therefore unpatriotic and undutiful. latrocinio, ' brigandage,' as opposed to bellum, regular ' war.' Cf. 10. 27. Plautus often uses latro of *a mercenary soldier,' * a soldier of fortune,' and the word naturally passed to the meaning * freebooter.' 1. 16. sciam: the subjunctive is used as giving a reason, 'in that I know persons h^ve been sent on by you.' 1. 19, diem is sometimes fem. as here, but only in the sing., and mostly in the sense ' a set day,' ' an appointed time.' aquilam illam argenteam. From the time of Marius the eagle was the standard of the legion. The one referred to here is said by Sallust (Cat. 59) to have been used by Marius in the war against the Cimbri. 1. 21. sacrarium soolerum, *a shrine of crime.' In the camp the eagle was placed in a shrine, and the expression here seems natural enough ; a shrine in Catiline's house would be polluted by the taint of his crimes. Some MSS. read tuortifu after scelerum, but it should doubtless be omitted. Scelerum on the other hand has good MS. authority, and should probably be retained, though it is omitted by some editors. Whether it be retained or not, there seems to be no reason for assigning to sacrarium, either here or in ii. 6. 13, the meaning 'secret place,' as Lewis and Short and others dc. 1. 22. tu ut ilia. Cf. note on p. 10, 1. 23. 1. 23. altaribus : the singular is not used in classical Latin. Catiline is represented as worshipping the eagle in proof of his having succeeded Marins as head of the democratic party. 10. Page 11. 1. 28. haec res, that is, the war against your country into which your passions are hurrying you. ,,.,.. quandam incredibilem, &c., 'a quite inconceivable delight. For auiJain used to indicate that the word to which it is attached does 'not exactly convey the writer's meaning, or is not strong ;. [I. lO )resentcd ;ero took ity.' Cf. • is from m. Our iti of un- in Latin. ler delay, ntiy, and ar • war.' Idler,' 'a meaning , * in that sing., and the eagle is said by gainst the the camp sre seems lUuted by ".rum, but hand has )ugh it is lot, there lere or in Ihort and ;al Latin, of of his ir country delight.' attached ot strong ^ §§ 23-27] NOTES. 87 enough, and that the terms used are only makeshifts, Holden compares de Amic. 29 admirabilis quaedam benevoUntiae via^i- tiido, ' a really eminent greatness.' 1. 30. voluntas, ' inclination.' fortuna servavit. Catiline had so far been happy in escaping a judicial condemnation. rrj t- s, Numquam tu non mode, &c. Here non modo stands for non modo non m accordance with the rule that, when two clauses are negative and a predicate or other word is common to both clauses but stands with the latter, the non aficr modo may be omitted The second clause implies a stronger statement than the first, ' so far from desiring peace, you did not desire even war unless it were unholy.' The negatives in the two clauses here do not cancel but repeat the negative in numquam. This is the regular usage when a negative sentence has two clauses. Cf. ad Fam. 14. 13 ea Caesar numquam neque fecit neque fecisset Cf. ii. 4. 8. 1. 31. nefarium, * unholy,' ' unnatural,' i. e. civil war. Page 12. 1. 2. conflatam, * fused,' ' smelted together,' a metaphor from working metals. Cf. not. on p. 11, 1. 8. ^ 1. 3- perfruere, fut., not perfruere pres., as appears from the foUow- mg exsultabis. 1. 4. bacchabSre, ' will revel.' Cf. iv. 6. 12. 1. 6. Ad huius vitae studium, that is, lor the life of a bandit, meditati, in passive sense, like the paiticiple of many other deponents, e. g. comitatus, expertus, exsecratus. I. 7. tevMntMT =praedkantur, ' are spoken of,' ' those exertions of yours that men speak of,' ' that are in every one's mouth.' II. 7-;.. The infinitives iacere and vigilare are in apposition to labores : Catilme always made it his task to lurk in wait for oppor- tunities of vicious indulgence and for the commission of crime, and to keep a watchful eye on the property of peaceable citizens. 1. 10. otiosorum : the peaceable, quiet-going citizen is contrasted with the strong man armed who keeps his house in safety. Cf. Marc. 18 quidatn enim non i?iodo armatts, sed interdum etiam otiosis minabantur. Habes, ubi op'entes, 'you have an opportunity to parade.' 1. 11. inopiae rerum omnium: the things referred to are enu- merated in ii. 11. 25 omissis his rebus, quibus . . . eget ilk, senatu, eqtntibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provin- cits omnibus, exteris nationibus. 1. 12. quibus refers io famis, frigoris, inopiae, not to omnium rerum. 1. 13. tantum, * thus much, if no more.' turn, cum . , . reppuli. See note on p. 4, 11. 6- )-9. 88 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [U it a consulatu. At the consular elections for 62, which had taken place a short time before this speech was delivered, Cicero's firm attitude had prevented Catiline's band of ruffians from securing their master's election by violent means. 1. 14. exsul . . . consul. Note the play on words of similar form, as in 11. 27 emissus . . . immissus\ 12. 30 reprimi . . . cotnprivii. 1. 16. latrocinium: see note on p. 11, 1. 14. ' i m 11. Page 12. 1. 22. si ... loquatur. The apodosis is at the be- ginning of next chapter, His ego, &c. On the present subjunctive here see note on p. 8, 1. 13. 1. 23. comperisti. Cicero was bantered for his frequent use of the expression omnia compe) i in connexion with the affair of Catiline. Hence the words of Cicero, Att. 1. 14. 5 {Clodius) me tanlum com- pensse omnia cr^ninabaiur. See note on p. .^, 1. 14. 1. 26. evocatorem servorum, &c. Lentulus urged Catiline to make use of the service of slaves and the lowest of the people. See iii. 4. 8 and 5. 12. Catiline, however, according to Sallust (Cat. 56), refused to do so. 1. 27. emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem, ' not let out of the city, but let loose upon it.' 1. 29. mactari imperabis. Cicero and Caesar use the ace. and inf. after impero only with passive verbs ; otherwise they use ut and the subjunctive. I. 30. persaepe. This is an exaggeration. The only case of a private person putting an offender to death that Cicero cites is when P. Scipio Nasica put Ti. Gracchus to death. See note on p. 2, 1, 6. Page 13. 1. I. leges . . . de civium Bomanorum supplicio. These laws provided an appeal to the people from a magistrate in crimi- nal cases (provocation. Livy tells us that the surviving Horatius, who slew his sister, made such an appeal from the judgment of the duum- viri. This right, however, seems to have been first legally recognized by the Lex Valeria of 509 B.C. The Lex Porcia of 197 B.C. enacted that a Roman citizen might save himself from death or flogging by going into exile, and the Lex Sempronia de capite civium carried by C. Gracchus in 323 B.C. reaffirmed the principle that the final judg- ment on the life and person of a citizen lay with the people. II. 2, 3. numquam . . . civium iura tenuerunt. For in- stances of traitors to the state losing their rights as citizens and being treated as public enemies (kostes), see 1. 3; ii. 6. 12; iii. 6. 15 ; iv. 5. 10. On the legal point invohed see Introduction, p. xlvi. L ^. invidiam posteritatis, * the hatred of (felt by) future ages, subjective genitive. For the use oiposteritas, cf. 9. 22 and 12. 29. §§ 27-29! NOTES. 89 11. 4, 5. Fraeclaram . . . refers gratiam, ' a fine return you are making,' ironical. 1. 5. per te cognitum, 'known only on your own merits.' Cicero was a novus homo, see Introduction, p. xv. 1. 6. nulla comiuendatione maiorum, * without ancestry to recommend you.' tarn mature, * early.* It was a frequent boast of Cicero's that he had obtained each magistracy suo anno, ' in his year,' that is, at the earliest age when he was legally qualified. The Lex Villia Annalis, passed in 180 B.C., fixed the minimum age for a quaestor at 31, aedile at 37, praetor at 40, consul at 43. Cicero says of himself in Leg. Agr. 2. 2 reperietis me esse unum ex omnibus novis hominibus, de quibus meminisse possumus, qui consulatum petierimy cum primum licitum sit, consul fcuttts sim, cum primum petierim. I. 8. invidiae, * unpopularity,' 'hatred.' II. 9, 10. invidiae metus . . . severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia, the genitives are objective, * fear of (felt towards) hatred, hatred of (felt towards) strictness and firmness.' I. 13. invidiae incendio. Cf. note on p. 11, 1. 8. 12. I'age 13. 1. 14. His ego, &c. Here begins the apodosis to «... sic (Oquatur in 11. 27. 1. 15. mentibus opposed to vocibus, 'secret thoughts,' con- trasted with 'spoken words.' 1. 18. Etenim, &c. This is the answer to the question asked in 11. 28 An invidiam posteritatis times 1 To the question, /?w leges, quae, &c. no answer is given, for the laws were undoubtedly against the summary punishment of Roman citizens. 1. 19. sumini viri, referring to the magistrates mentioned in 2. 4. clarissimi cives, referring to the private citizens mentioned in 1.3. Saturnini et Gracchorum. See notes on 1. 3. 1. 20. Flacci. See note on p. 2, 1. 21. 1. 22. mihi goes in sense with redundaret, as well as with verendum non erat. parricida civium. The phrase is appropriate, for he who attacks his fellow citizens attacks his country, which is the common parent. So Sallust (Cat. 51. 25) calls Catiline's associates parHcidae rei- publicae. I. 23. invidiae is the partitive genitive depending on ne quid. redundaret. Metaphor from a stream overflowinp^ ; ' Lest any flood of unpopularity should overwhelm me hereafter.' 11 I It, 3 )!; •i if >; .Hi iU r f 90 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [l. 13 \^ I. 26. quaraquam, 'and yet.' See note on p. 10, 1. 23. II. 26-29. qui . . . videant . . . dissimulent, qui . . . alue- runt . . . corroboraverunt. The first qui is consecutive, and being practically equivalent to tales ut is followed by the subjunc- tive. The second qui is connective, being equivalent to hi autem, and so takes the indicative. Translate : ' and yet there are some in this house who either do not see w^hat is threatening or disguise what they see, and these men have fed Catiline's hopes by their mild votes, and strengthened the conspiracy at its beginning by not believing it.' Cf. Mur, 51 congemnit senatus neque tamen satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit ; nam partim idea fortes in decer- neiido non erattt, quia nil timebant, partim quia timebant cuncta. 1. 27. dissimulent, sc. se videre. 1. 28. moUibus sententiis. Referring to the senate's hesitation about taking a bold course on the eve of the consular elections, see Introduction, p. xl. 1. 30. improbi, in the political sense, opposed to boni. Cf. 13, 32. Page 14. 1. 2. regie, ' imperiously,' the Latin word for tyran- nice, rvpavviKw. Cf. Verr. 2. 3. 48. § 115 ea quae regie seu potius tyrannice statuit. I. 7. reprimi on p. 12, L 14. II. 7, 8. se eiecerit, sc. ex u.'be. 1. 9, naufragos, ' of wrecked fortunes,* 'ruined,* 'castaways.' Naufragus\i\\Qn metaphorically used refers to loss of (ortnne, per ditus comprimi, ' curbed crushed.' Cf, note refers to moral corruption. Cf. ii. 11. 24, and SuU. 14. - - 58. 41 ut § 134 aliquis patrimonio naufragus, and iox perditus Verr. 2. 3 homo contaminatHs, perditus, flagitiosus. 1. 10. haeo tarn adulta . . . pestis, ' this fully-developed plague.' 18. Page 14. 1. 12. iam diu, &c., ' we have been long living amidst &c.,' namely since the first Catiline conspiracy formed two years before in 65 by Catiline and Piso. 1. 13. nesoio quo pacto, 'somehow,' treated as a single word, and therefore not affecting the mood of the following verb erupit. Nagelsbach points out that it is here almost equivalent to ' alas ! ' ' God knows how it happens ! ' 1. 15. in nostri consulatus tempus erupit, * has burst upon the time of my consulship.' In Sull. 6. 7 furorem erupisse in vieo consulaiu, means * has burst out during my consulship. Erumpere is the word regularly used by Pliny of a plant sprouting or bursting into flower, and therefore carries on the metaphor of maiuritas, ' ripening,' Catiline's daring has reached maturity and burst into full flower. Ill 1 1 §§ 30-33] NOTES. 91 1. 16. latrooinio, abstract for concrete, ' band of brigands,' 1. 18. in venis, &;c., ' in the veins and vitals of the state.' For the metaphor, cf. Phil. 8. 15 sic in rei public ae corpore, ut totuvi salvufn sit, quidquid est pesttferum amputelur. 1. 20, aestu febrique, when they toss in ' burning fever,' probably a hendiadys, though Halm denies this and regards the expression as an accumulation of synonymous conceptions. For the middle force oUactantur, cf. Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 121 Maxima pars hominum niorbo lactatur eodem. 1. 23. relevatus, the participle takes the place of a regular pro- tasis, ' si relevatus erit,' 1. 26. saepe, in 5. 10 the expression dttm modo inter me atque te murus intersit occurs, and the same 'dea is practically expressed in 7. 18; 8. 19; 9. 23. } V 1. 27. circumstare tribunal, &c. The meaning is that Catiline and his party tried to intimidate the praetor. There were at this time eight praetors, of whom the praetor urbanus tried cases between citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum, the praetor peregrinus cases between citizens and foreigners, and the remaining six acted as judges in criminal cases. I. 28. cum gladiis, that is, armed. Cf. 6. 15 cum telo. malleolos, ' fire-darts,' a kind of rocket having lighted tow and pitch attached to one end, used in sieges for setting buildings on fire. It was probably named from its hammer-shaped head. Page 15. 11. 2, 3. quid de re publica sentiat, 'his political views. II. 4, 5. tantani in vobis auctoritatem. He can promise this because as consul he would take care to have what the senate might decree carried out. 1. 6. omnibus bonis, all the other loyal citizens besides those included under the senators and knignts. For the same threefold division see 8. 21. I. 8. videatis. After the future in clauses of result the present is regularly used in the subjunctive clause to denote an action con- temporary with the principal clause. Cf. ii. 13. 28 and iii. 11. 29. I. 9. Hisce ominibus, ' under these auspices,' ' with these pro- phetic words.' II. 9, II. cum, &c., 'to the salvation of the state, to your own bane and destruction, to the ruin of those who have joined you in every kind of crime and treason.' Cum is often used to express accompanying circumstances, but it is omitted with expressions denoting a condition such as ea lege, his conditionibiis^ and in the immediately preceding words hisce ominibus. 1. 12. Tu, luppiter, these words are addressed tn the statue in the temple where the meeting of the senate was being held. : I f ;■)" iM 92 ORATtONS or CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [t. 13 1. 13. isdem . . . auspioiis. The temple of Jupiter Stator, though not built until 294 B.C., was vowed by Romulus duJng the fight with the Sabines. See Livy i. 12. 5 a/ /« (the speaker is Romulus), pater deum hominumque, hinc saltern arce hostes, detne terrorem Romanis fugamqtie foedain siste. Hie ego tibi templum Statori lovi voveo. constitutus, ' set up.' For this application to the deity himself of a word appropriate rather to the erection of his temple or statue, of. Hor. Od. I. 31. I Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem Vates ? where the dedication of Apollo means the dedication of his temple. 1. 14. Statorem. Romulus in making his vow used this word in the sense of ' the stayer ' of flight, but in the present passage it means * supporter,' * upholder ' of the city. I. 19 aeternis suppliciis . . . mactabis, • will visit with ever- lasting punishment ' Macto here means ' punish,' it often means * slay ' or ' sacrifice.' II, 19, 20. vivos mortuosque, 'alive and dead,' the English idiom is rather ^ alive or dead,' in this world and the next. Cf. iv. 4. 8. 13 II. NOTES. ^ ORATIO II. Delivered before the people in the Forum, on November 9, 63 B. c. Cicero recounts what had taken place in the senate on the previous day, and explains and justifies his action. Catiline had left Rome the preceding evening. 1. Page 16, 1. 2. scelus anhelantem, ' breathing out crime.' 1. 3. ferro flammaque minitantem. Distinguish this construc- tion from that in iv. 10. 20 : mors, qitam illi mihifortasseminantur. Madvig's rule is ' Malum alicui minitamur, sed minitamur instrumento (velut baculo).' If you threaten a man with death the accusative is used, but if you threaten with a sword the ablative is used. Here fire and sword are said emphatically to be held up to the view of those threatened. 1. 4. vel eieoimus, &c., * I have either driven him forth, or you may say suffered him to depart, or have wished him good speed as he left of his own accord.' vel . . . vel are used of things both or all of which may co-exist, or where the choice is a matter of indiffer- ence to the speaker, or (as here) concerns the expression only, aut . . . aut are used of thhigs mutually exclusive, especially where an alternative is put distinctly. sive {seu) . . . sive (seu) are used where it is uncertain or indifferent which conception should be taken. ipsum, ' of himself,' ' of his own accord,' sua sponte. 1. 5. Abiit, &c. The asyndeton, that is, absence of conjunctions, increases the force of the climax in these words. 1. 6. a monstro, &c., monstrum and prodigium are here used as epithets of a person, and therefore take the personal construction with a. 1. 9. latera, ' flank,' 'exposed points' ; * that poniard will no longer play on our exposed side,' a more realistic expression than inter nos. Cf. Ligar. 9 : cuius latus ille viucro petehat. 1. 10. campo, the Campus Martins where the comitia centuriata met for the elections. Cf. i. 5. 11, note p. 6, 1. 5. 1. 12. Loco ille motus est, &c., 'he has been driven from his vantage ground, in being expelled from the citv/ Note the force of the mood and tense in est depulsus, and cf. i. 3. 7, note p. 4, Ill 94 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [ll. a iffpf II. 6-9. Loco tnovere is a technical fighting term like petitiones lOrpore^ and others in i. U. 15. I. 13. lioste. Catiline's departure had made him a declared enemy. II. 13, 14. bellum iustum, 'regular war.' 11.15, '^- °^"^ • • • coniecimus, * in forcing him from secret plots to open brigandage.' 1. 16. Quod vero, &c., 'but in that he did not carry off his dagger stained with gore, . . . with what grief think you was he overwhelmed ? ' 1. J 7. extulit, the indicative is used, and not extukrit the subjunc- tive, to emphasize ihc /aci that his dagger was not stained with gore. The subjunctive would have been used if the meaning were merely — how grieved think you was he at not carrying off his dagger stained with blood ? The use of the indicative conveys the further statement that as a fact he did not stain his dagger with blood. On the other hand, below, laetari quod . . . evorauerit means * rejoiced at the thought of having spewed out that bane.' 2. Page 17, 1. 3. si quia est talis, &c., * if any one is of such a mood ^and all ought to be so) as to find bitter fault with me on that very point on which I speak with pride and triumph, namely, for not having arrested so deadly an enemy, rather than suffered him to depart,' &c. 11. 9, 10. huius imperii se Veritas, 'the rigour of this authority.' The reference is doubtless to the special authority conferred by the decree of the senate, and not merely to the ordinary consular power. 1. 12, 13. si . . . iudicarem, ' if I had been of opinion,' referring to the past, not to the present. 1. 12. illo sublato, * by his removal.' 1. 14. non mode invidiae, &c., 'at the risk not merely of ill-will to myself, but even of my life.' I. 15. Sed cum viderem, &c., ' but since I saw that if when not even you were all as yet convinced of the matter ^namely, the con- spiracy), I punished,' &c. II. 15, 16. ne vobis quidem omnibus, 'not all even oi you* much less therefore those who favoured Catiline ; see above : quam nniltos, qui etiatn defenderent. 1. 16. re . . . probata, ablative absolute, * the matter not being even then satisfactorily proved to you.' 1. 18. rem hue deduxi, ' I brought the matter to this.' 1. 20. quam vehementer, ironical. foris, i. e. when outside the city. §§ =»-5l NOTES. 95 1. 2 3. parum oomitatus, * with so few companions.' Plutarch (Cicero, i6) says that he went out with 300 armed men ; but this number perhaps includes those who awaited him at Forum Aurelium. For passive sense oi comitatus cf. meditatiis, i. 10. 26. 1. 24. mihi, ethical dative, denoting that the matter spoken of is regarded with interest by some person ; ' I see ' he has taken with him Tongilius. The persons mentioned are ignoble members of Catiline's crew. in praetexta, while still wearing the praetexta, while still a boy. The praetexta (sc. toga) or purple-edged toga was worn by the higher magistrates, and by free-born lads until the age of sixteen, when they assumed the toga virilis. 1. 25. quorum aes alienum, &c. The trivial debts of such mean persons contracted in low eating houses could not shake public credit. I. 27. quanto aere alieno, ' how deeply sunk in debt,' literally, * in how great debt.' 8. Page 18, 1. I. prae, * in comparison with.' II. I, 2. Gallicanis legionibus, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul, to which were now added the troops that Metellus had levied by order of the senate in Picenum, and in the part of Umbria formerly occupied by the Senonian Gauls, and therefore often called, as here, ager Galliais. GalHcanae legiones means legions stationed in Gaul ; Gallicae copiae^ troops consisting of Gauls. 11. 4, 5. senibus deaperatis, Sulla's veterans. See 9. 20. 1. 5. agresti luxuria, * clownish debauchees,' the abstract luxuria being used instead of the concrete Itixuriosi, a use chiefly found when the sense is collective. Cf. 9. 20. 1. 6. vadimonia deserere, &c., * to forfeit their recognizance rather than desert that army.' I. 7. quibus, &c., is equivalent to qui, si iis ostendero, concident. II. 7, 8. aciem exercitus nostri, * the battle array of our army.' 1. 8. edictum praetoris. A praetor, on entering upon his office, published an edict stating the rules in accordance with which he would administer justice. Cicero says these men's power will collapse if he merely shows them the rules of his court, and reminds them of the liabilities they will incur by neglecting their legal obligations. 1. 9. Hos, * these men,' i. e, the conspirators left in the city, as contrasted with illu7n exerciium above. volitare in foro, * bustle about the forum.' 1. II. qui fulgent purpura, alluding to the clavus latus and clavus angustus, or stripes worn respectively by the senators and knights. I n a iii g6 ORATIONS OF CICEKO AGAINST CATILINK. [ll. 4 BU08 militeH, these I wouM rather he had taken ' as his soldiers.' 1. 14. hoc etiara sunt timendi magis, &c. It was all the greater ground for alarm, because they are not disturbed by knowing that Cicero was acquainted with their plans, for this suggested that they had some secret force on which to rely. I. 16. cui sit Apulia attributa. This, accordii.g to Sallust, Cat. 27, was one C. Julius, of whom nothing more is Known. The statement in iii. 0. 14 is not necessarily inconsistent with this. II. 16, 17. quis haboat Etruriam, C. Manlius. I. 17. quis agrura Pioenum, Septimius. II. 17, 18. quis sibi has urbanas, &c., L. Cassius. See iii. 6. 14. 1. 19. superioris noctis. Cicero naturally enough uses the expression ' the preceding night,' not in reference to tlie lime he is actually speaking, but in the same sense as he used it on the preceding day when laying his information before the senate, namely, of the night of the meeting at Laeca's house. See note on i. 1. p. i, 1. 9. 1. 2 3. Ne, incorrectly written nae, ' truly,' always with a personal or demonstrative pronoun. pristinam, ' former,' here means * of yesterday,' referring to hesterno die. Nagelsbach compares Caes. B. G. 4. 14. 3 : pristini diei pcrfidia, 'yesterday's treachery.' 4. I. 24. exspectavi, 'waited for.' Cf. 12. 27, note p. 28, 1. 13. I. 26. nisi si, in this expression nisi is used quite like an adverb, hence si is repeated. II. 26, 27. cum Catilina sentire, 'hold the same political opinions as Catiline.' Page 19, 1. 2. ne patiantur, probably * let them not suffer,' &c., rather than * in order that they may not suffer,' though the pro- hibitive form is more usually the perfect subjunctive. I. 4, Aurelia via. The most direct road to the camp of Manlius would have been the Via Cassia, but Catiline took the Via Aurelia, which ran from Rome to Pisa along the coast, as being the shortest to Marseilles, where he pretended to be going. (See map, p. xlviii.) II. 4, 5. ad vesperam. The more usual form is ad vesperum. 1. 5. O fortunatam rem publicam, * how happy the slate I ' 1. 7. exhausto, 'drained off,' continuing the metaphor of j^-w^/wrt. Cf. i. 5. 12 : sin tu exieris, exhaurietnr ex urbe magita et perniciosa sentina rei puhlicae. I. 9. conceperit, * harbour,' 'take on himself II. II, 12. circumscriptor, especially used of )ne who tried to overreach inexperienced youths and wards. H , { §§ 5-io] NOTES. 97 1. 17. lam vero, 'again/ 'once more,' marking a transition to a new aspect >f Catiline's character. I. 3o. fruc'.um, 'enjoyment.' II. 20, 21. non modo impellendo, &c. The ablatives are not instrumental, but rather of circumstance, and have the force of present participles, ' not only instigating but also helping.' 1. 24. Nemo non modo, &c. Supply non fuit before Romae and see i. 10. 25, note p. 11, 1. 30. 6. 1. 27. eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione, ' other tastes of his in a different sphere.* 1. 28. ludo gladiaii't o, 'gladiators' school,' where slaves were trained to be gladiators. 1. 30 in scaena, ' on the stage,' where it was a disgrace for a free- born man to appear. Actors were generally slaves or freedmen. 1. 31. sodalem expresses closer relation than intitnwn as suggest- ing the duties and rights of the members of a religious college or political club. Page 20, 1. I, stuprorum,&c., * through the practice of impurity and crimes accustomed to the endurance of cold/ &c. 1. 3. cum, * although,' industriae subsidia chiefly designates the physical, instru- menta virtutis the mental and moral, forces. 1. 4. Hunc vero. These words, after the sketch of Catiline's character, resume from the sentence in 4. 7, beginning, Uno meher- cule Catilina exhausto, &c 1. 6. o no3 beatos, &c., ' how happy we shall be ! how fortunate the state ! ' 1. 8. mediocres, * of an ordinary kind.' 1. 9. audaciae, 'daring deeds,' the plural of the abstract noun denoting repeated instances of the display of the quality, 1. II, forttmas, here especially property iu land, 'estates,' obligaverunt, ' mortgaged.' 11. 1 1 , 1 2. res eoa, &c., ' money has long since failed them ; credit has just begun to do so,' For fides cf. 8. 18. 1. 12. nuper. Or. the failure of their plans at the consular elec- tions their creditors would no longer trust them. See i, 6. 14, note p. 7, 1. 10. 1. 13. libido, 'thirst for pleasure,' 1. 15. illi quidem. Here quidem after the pronoun is equivalent to a concessive clause with ' although,' ' although theii case would be hopeless, yet one could put up with them.' bi ill ti< r! 98 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [ll. 6 1. i6. For inertes, ' laggards,' ' cowards ' contrasted with forteSy of. Sest. 19. 43 : vicissent improbos boni fortes inertes ; Hor. Ep. i. 5. 17 : ad proelia trudit inertem. 1. 18. dormientes vigilantibus, the participles stand for ad- jectives. 1. 24. aut instare, &c., * either actually pressing on them or at least drawing near,' 1. 26. non breve, &c., ' will have prolonged the existence of the state not for some brief period, but for many ages,* literally ' will have extended for the state not some brief period but many ages.' We should rather have expected non in breve nescio quod tempus, sed in nmlta saecvla propagarit rem pttblicam. The metaphor is from propagating p! ants by layers pegged down. Cf. iii. 11. 26. The second future or future perfect propagarit in the apodosis expresses an immediate result. For the different shade of meaning expressed by the simple future cf. 7. 14. nescio quod qualifies breve. 1. 28. quam pertimescamus, there is no nation ' for us to fear.* I. 29 unius, Pompey, who had given peace on land by defeating King Mithridates, and at sea by crushing the pirates. Page 21, 1. r. quacumque ratione, sc. potejv. II. 3, 4. et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, the verb is taken with the first clause in a literal, with the second in a figurative sense, and the corresponding mode of expression in English would have a tone of burle? e. Translate—' remain in the city and con- tinue to hold the sa views.' 6. I. 6. in exsilium. Catiline had not really gone into exile, but had freely departed to join his lieutenant Manlius. verbo, * by a mere word,' as the cavillers pretend. Cf. 13: qui verbo cives in exsilium eicio. Orat. 2. 66. 268 : saepe verbo res obscura et latens illustratur. II. 7, 8. Homo enim, &c., ' evidently the timorous man could not,' &c. Cicero is quoting ironically the words of his assailants. His own answer to the objection, At etiam sunt qui dicant, &c., begins at Hesterno die, &c. 1. 8. permodestus, ' very tractable.* 1. 10. Hesterno die. These words, if the first speech is correctly dated Nov. 8, must be separated from cum domi meae paene inter- fectus essem and taken closely with scnatuvi convocavi only. See Introduction, p. xlii. 1. 14. denique. Note the climax which this word introduces, ' accosted, greeted, or even looked at.' ita corresponds to ut and is according to our idiom pleonastic ,* v.'c say ' as,' not ' so . . . as.' §§ lo-isl NOTES. 99 1. 1 6. quin etiara, 'nay, even/ * why, even.' 1. 31. homo audacissimus, *with all his effrontery,' 'despite his audacity.' 1. 2 2. ea nocte. The night of the meeting at Laeca's house. 1. 23. in proximam, * the next night.' See page 65, Introd. to Orat. I. constiiuisset, sc. agendum. 1. 24. ei. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dati\e of the agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done for the interest of as well as by the person. Cf. i. 7. 16, note p. 8, 1. 10. ratio belli, ' plan of the campaign.' descripta, ' sketched out.' See i. 4. 9, note p. 5. 1. 8. 1. 26. iam pridem pararet, * had long been preparing (to go).' lam ipridem or iam diu ^ Jro, ' I have been long preparing ' : para- bam, ' I had been long preparing.' secures . . . fasces, the insignia of a consul in the field, showing the power Catiline proposed to seize. 1. 28. sacrarium. See i. 9. 24, note p. 11, 1. 21. 1, 29. fecerat, indicative, because Cicero is conveying a definite piece of information to his hearers and not quoting from his speech in the senate, which would have required y^^rm^/. eiciebam, not eied, is equivalent to etcere volebam, ' was I seeking to banish ? ' ' was I for banishing ? ' Cf. i. 5. 1 3, note p. 6, 1. 2 1. Page 22, 1. 2. credo, ' I suppose,' ironical. 1. 4. ilia castra and haec castra (1. 6) both refer to the camp of Manlius, but haec is used in the latter clause because the camp is there compared with the more distant Massilia. 7. 1. 7. O condicionem, &c., 'how unhappy the task not only of managing but even of saving the state ! ' 1. 10. debilitatus, 'crippled.' 1. 16. vi et minis, 'threats of violence,' hendiadys. 1. 19. Est mihi tanti, * it is worth my while.' 1. 20. invidiae falsae, ' ungrounded odium.' 1. 22. sane, ' by all means.' 1. 23. non est iturus is stronger than ibit^ ' he has no thought of going.' 1. 27. illud refers to what follows, ne mihi sit, &c. We should rather say ' this.' ( M 652 ) E lOO ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAlNST CATILINE. [ll. 8 Page 23, 1. 3. Quamquam isti, &c. The meaning is that those who keep asserting that Catiline is going to Massilia are really his secret partisans and fear his doing so rather than regret it, for such a step on his part would imply that he was deserting them. None of them was so considerate as to wish he should go to Massilia, in which case he would probably be safe, rather than to Manlius, with whom he would undoubtedly perish. 1. 9. Wunc vero, * but as it is,' * as mattCiS now stand.' See i. 7. ,7, note p. 8, 1. 24. 1. 13. et before de eo hoste is explanatory, * and an enemy indeed who admits that he is so.' 1. 15. de his, in contrast with the absent Catiline. 1. 16. dissimulant is contrasted with fatetur in the preceding line, which makes it all the easier to supply the object se esse hostes. I. 18. uloisci, f punish.' II. 18, 19. sanare sibi ipsos, 'heal for themselves,' i.e. restore to their right minds. The dativus commodi sibi is due merely to the antithesis rei publicae, and so ipsos, not ipsis, follows. 1. 21. ex quibus generibus. He proceeds to enumerate six classes of conspirators. As he is not able to give individual names he enumerates their general characteristics in some detail, that the people may not form an exaggerated idea of the extent and strength of the conspiracy. 1. 22. medicinam consilii, genitive of material, 'medicine con- sisting in advice.' I. 24. magno in aere alieno, * though deeply in debt.' A con- cessive clause. Supply tafiien, ' yet,' before etiam, &c. II. 24, 25. raaiores etiam possessiones, ' estates even exceeding their debts,' that is, estates that if sold would realize even more than enough to pay off their debts. 1. 25. quarum amore, &c., ' through their attachment to which (estates) they cannot by any means free themselves.' dissolvi is used in a middle sense and has a twofold meaning, namely ' sever themselves from ' their property, and ' free themselves from ' debt. They love their property so much that they will not sell it off to pay their debts. vSee Sulla 59 : qui tanto amore suas possessiones aviplexi tenebant ut ab iis membra citius divelli ac distrahi posse (Uteres. I. 27. voluntas vero, &c. The effrontery of their wishes and of the attitude they had assumed consisted in this, that while they might have paid off their debts by sacrificing a pa»'t of their property, they refused to do so. II. 28-30. Tu . . . sis, et dubites, &c. The subjunctives ex §§ 16-19] NOTES, lOI press incredulous astonishment, * you to be abundantly supplied with lands, houses, plate, slaves, nnd in short everything, and yet to hesi- tate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in respect of credit ? ' Page 24, 1. i. Quid ergo? serves to introduce a refutation expressed in interrogative form. 1. 2. omnium is here the neuter plural, for which omnium rerum is generally used to prevent confusion with the masculine and feminine ol identical form. In such combinations as primum omnium (see 9. 19) a misunderstanding could hardly occur. 1. 3. An tabulas novas ? sc. exspectas, ' or is it a cancelling of debts you are waiting for?' literally, 'new account books.' See Sallust, Cat. 2 1 : tuf/t Caiilina polliceri novas tabulas. istas, 'that wiping out of debts you look for.' Sec i. 1. 2, note p. 2, 1. I. 1. 4. meo beneflcio, &c., ' thanks to me new bills are being issued, but they are auctioneers' bills.' From what Cicero says in de Off. 2. 24, he seems to have taken steps when consul to compel those debtors who had land to sell it and pay off their debts with the proceeds. The tabulae might be called novae in a double sense, because the prescribed sales were a novelty, and because they would effect a clearing off of debts which was technically called tabulae novae. 1. 5. isti, &c., ' those propertied men you are thinking of.' See i. 1. 2, note p. 2, 1. I. 1. 6. salvi, 'solvent,' as in 9. 20. The sale of a part of the debtors' property to pay off their liabilities would save them from complete ruin by preventing them from becoming still more deeply involved through the accumulating interest. 1. 8. certare cum usuris, &c., * try to meet the interest by the produce of their estates.' fructibus is instrumental ablative. !. 9. his . . . uteremur, ' we should find in them richer and better citizens'; literally, 'we should use them as richer, &c., citizens.' 9. Page 24, 1. 14. Alterum genus, 'the second class.' Cf. Sallust, Cat. 1 7 : erant praetcrea comphwes paulo occultius consili huitisce participes nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes horiabatui , quam inopia aut alia necessitudo. 1. 21. vigilare, adesse, &c. The infinitives express the groimd on which he bids them despair : ' they should be advised to give up all hope of attaining their object, for (I warn them that) 1 am on the watch,' &c. 1!. 22, 23. maximam adesse multitudinom, sc. honoruvi viro- rum. The MSS. read maximam ntultitudincm, which words can i':i im I02 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [ll. lo hardly he right as they stand. Nohl inserts a(f^sse as above. Some editors reject the words, others read maxivui in multitudine, or viaximatn fortitudinem . 1. 26. praesentes, 'in visible presence.' The force of the expres- sion is ' promptly,' ' readily.' Quodsi iam, expressing an improbable supposition, 'but even suppose they were to obtain their mad wish.' 1. 31. fugitive alicui, &c. The meaning is that in a revolution the most worthless members of a party are wont to get the upper hand. Page 25, 1. i. Tertium genus. The old soldiers of Sulla who were now • advanced in life,' ' broken down by years," aetatc adfeclum. 1. 4. coloniis, quas Sulla constituit. Sulla in his dictatorship gave allotments of land in various parts of Italy, and especially in Etruria, to 1 20,000 of his troops. Faesulae was one of the colonies. universas, < on the whole,' * taken as a whole.' 1. 6. sed tam^n ii, * but nevertheless among them are colonists who were extravagant and overbearing in their sudden and unlooked- for wealth.' p'or ii we should rather expect in its, which Putsche conjectures. Literally the text is— those men are colonists who, &c. I. 8. beati, ' well-to-do,' ' wealthy.* II. 8, 9. familiis magnis, ' great establishments,' * households of slaves.' 1. 9. apparatis, 'elaborate.' in tantum, &c., 'have fallen so deeply in debt.' \ lo. salvi, see 8. 18, note p. 24, 1. 6. 1. 1 1, agrestes. Perhaps the men who had been driven from their homes to make room for the military colonies. 1. 12. tenues, ' of slender means.' in eandem, &c., 'incited them to that same hope (which they themselves had) of plunder as in days gone by.' Usually vettis means what has long existed, as in 10. 21 : in vetere aere alieno \ ontiqims, what existed in former times ; but the rule is not strictly observed. I. 13. utrosque, i. e. the coloni and the agrestes. II. 13, 14. eodera genere, i. e. the tertium genus. 1. 17. non modo, for non modo non, sec note on i. 10. 25. recudeSj * the brutes,' ' the brute beasts.' 10. Page 25, 1. 20. turbulentum, 'confused,' 'heterogeneous,' not 'turbulent,' 'disorderly,' as appears from the synotiyms varium et mixtum. §§ 19-32] NOTES. 103 11. 20, 31. premuntur . . . emergunt, both words refer to their financial position, ' who are long since deeply sunk in debt, and who never get their heads above water.' Cf. Juv. 3. 164 : Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat Kes angusta domi. 11. 22, 23. in vetere aere alieno vacillant, * are tottering under a load of debt of long standing.' 1. 23. vadiraoniis, iudiciis, prosoriptione bononun. These words mark the three stages of an action in bankruptcy, bail for appearance in court, trial and decision, and confiscation of the debtor's property for the benefit of the creditors. 1. 26. infltiatores lentos, 'laggard defaulters,' contrasted with milites acres, ' zealous soldiers.' 1. 27. quam primum, &c., ' as they cannot s.and, let their fall come as soon as possible,' i. e. before a civil war results from their difficulties. 1. 28. non mode, for non inodo non, see i. 10. 25, and supply seutiat from seutiant below. 1. 30. turpiter, 'disgracefully,' because in a war against their country. 1.31. quam si soli pereant. Cf. iv. 7. 14: qui . , . cum omnibus potius quam soli perirevoluerunt. Page 26, 1. i. denique, ' in a word,' ' in short,' often so used in ascending to a climax, or a higher or more general expression. ' 1. 3. neque . . . et, ' they cannot be torn from him, and by all means lot them perish.' 1. 4. career, the Tullianum, on the slope of the Capitoline, which was the only public prison at Rome. capere, ' contain.' I. 5. Pcotremum, 'last,' i.e. 'lowest,' both in numbers and in character. II. 6, 7. quod proprium Catilinae est. ' Catiline's own,' his coJwrs praetoria or bodyguard. I. 7. de eius dileotu, &c., ' his choice, nay rather his cherished and bosom friends.' II. 8, 9. aut imberbes aut bene barbatos, ' either beardless (implying that they were effeminate) or with carefully trimmed beards (implying they were fops).' Cf. Att. i. 14. 5 : concursabant barbatuli iuvenes, totus ilk grex Catilinae. 1. 10. velis amictos, non togis, ' robed in sails instead of togas,' a sneer at the enormous size of the togas worn by some dandies. Horace talks of one three ells wide, Epod. 4. 7 : Videsne, Sacram metiente te Viam Cum bis trium ulnarum toga, Ut ora vertat hue et hue euntium Liberrima indignatio ? An extravagantly large toga was thought unseemly, see Hor. Epist. i. 18. 30: Arta decei sanum comitem toga. \ I04 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [ll. ii quorum omnis, &c., ' whose whole life's energy and toilsome wakefulness displays itself in banquets prolonged till dawn.' 1. 12. In his gregibus, 'in these companies/ or as we should say, *in this crew.' 1. 1 4. With neque repeat solum. 1. 18. isti, ' those whom I have described to you.' I. 19. num . . . secum . . . sunt . . . ducturi, 'surely they do not mean to take with them,' &c., different from ducent. Cf. 7. 15, note p. 22, 1. 23. mulierculas. The diminutive here has a contemptuous sense. II, 20, 21. his praesertim iam noctibus, i. e. when the nights are so long and cold. The calendar was now far behind the true season of the year, possibly as much as two and a half months. Hence the speech, though according to the calendar made in November, 63, was really made in January, 62. 'I ' Ii U. Page 26, 1. 27. nunc, 'now,' ironical, implying, 'if you think it necessary.' 1. 29. confecto et saucio, ' exhausted and wounded ' ; these terms are figuratively applied to Catiline, who had received his first wound when driven from secret intrigue to open marauding. See 1. i , line 1 5 : magnijiceque vicirnns, &c. Page 27, 1. I. eiectam, 'stranded,' 'castaway.' 1. 2. Iam vero, &c., 'why, already the towns of the colonies and municipalities will counterbalance Catiline's woodland hills,' i. e the very country towns, without the help of the imperial forces, will be a match for Catiline in his rustic strongholds. Cf. 12. 26. The colonia originally had full Roman franchise, the municipium Latin rights only, but since 89 the distinction ceased to exist, the franchise being extended to all Italians. 1. 4. copias, * military resources.' ornamenta, ' equipments.' praesidia, * defensive forces.' 1. 6. quibus nos, &c., the things ' with which we are provided while he lacks them, namely the senate,' &c. In nos suppeditamur, eget ille notice the asyndeton, that is, absence of conjunction, and the chiasmus, that is, crosswise arrangement of the terms. 1. 7. The ablatives senatu, equitibus, &c., explain his rebus. urbe, i. e. the capital. 1. 9. causas ipsas, &c., * the mere causes that are opposed to each other,' i.e. ihe persons on each side and the principles they severally maintain. §§ 22-27] NOTES. 105 11. 8-1 1, si . . . contendere velimus . . . intellegere possumus. Cf. i. 1. 2, note p. 2, 11. 1, 7 1. 10, contendere, ' t.' ex eo ipso, 'from that very comparison.' quam valde illi iacf ..^-t,, ' how completely they are prostrated.' 1. 13. pietas, that is, loyalty to their country, patriotism. 1. 14. constantia, 'firmness,' honestas, * respectability,' ' high character.' I. 15. aequitas, &c., the four cardinal virtues. II. 18, 19. bona ratio cum perdita, 'upright against corrupt principles.' 1 20. omnium rerum desperatione, * complete despair.' 12. Page 27, 1. 25. iam antea dixi. Murelus rejects dixi on the ground that no such statement occurs in the speech. Halm how- ever suggests that the allusion may be to 11. 24. 1. 26. mihi, dative of agent instead of a me. Translate, ' on my part care and foresight has been exercised that,' &c. motu. Cf. 13. 28. tvimultu. Cf. i. 5. II, note p. 6, 1. 7. 1. 28. Coloni . . . municipesque, see 11. 24, note p. 27, 1. 2. 1. 29. nocturna excursione. See Sallust, Cat. 32 node intem- pesta cum paucis in Manliatta castra profectus est. Page 28, 1. i. Gladiatores. Catiline had counted on aid from the schools of trained gladiators. By order of the senate, however, they had been broken up and dispersed through Capua and other municipal towns, so that they were not available for his purpose. See Sallust, Cat. 30. 1. 2. quamquam, &c., * although really they are more loyal than some of the patricians.' 1. 3. taraen refers not to quamquam but to certissimam puta- vit, ' the gladiators, a band on which he thought he might most surely count, will for all that be held in check by my power.' 1. 8. quern vocari videtis, 'who you see are being summoned,' namely by the praecones. 1. 9. atque adeo, ' and indeed,' ' or rather.' 1. 12. monitos, sc. esse. 1. 13. adhuc probably qualifies mea lenitas, * my leniency hitherto'; it may, however, be taken with the following words, si cui, &c. hoc exisyectavit, ' my gentleness has only waited for this.' Cf. 4. 6. li'i % .1 I: 11^ Io6 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [ll. 13 1. 14. Quod reliquum est, * for the time to come,' ' in future,' opposed to adAuc, * hitherto.' I. 21. sentiet, the subject is gui se commoverit, ' whoever stirs in the city, whoever I detect not only in doing but even cssaving or attempting anything against our country will find (feel) that,' &c. 1. 23. oarcerem. This prison was the place of execution, hence the expression vindicem. Citizens were not imprisoned as a punish- ment, but merely for the purpose of detention before trial. 1. 24. esse voluerunt. This is the regular expression in speak- ing of ancestral ordinances and usages, and occurs again in iv. 4. 8. 13. Page 28, 1. 25. sio agentur . . . ut sedetur. After a future the present subjunctive regularly follows in clauses expressing result, to denote action contemporaneous with the principal clause. 1. 28. me uno togato, ' with me alone a civil magistrate, as your leader and general.f The expression is an oxymoron ; for toga, the garb of peace, is by implication contrasted with sagtwi, the military mantle, and paludamentum, the general's cloak. 1. 29. sic administrabo . . . ut sufferat. Cp. above, sic airen- tur . . .ut sedetur. 1. 30. si ullo, not si quo, is used because the negative sense of ' any is emphasized so that all are excluded. Page 29, 1. 3. illud is explained by ut neqiie bonus, &c. I. 4. optandum expresses possibility rather than necessity, 'a thing which one could scarcely venture to hope.' II. 4, 5. ueque bonus quisquam . . . paucorumque. The force of the negative in neque does not extend to the second clause intro- duced by que. Neque . . . et is more common. 1. 8. non dubiis, these words are to be taken closely together. The form indubius is post-Augustan. signiflcationibus. These are detailed in iii. 8. 18. 1. 9. quibus ducibus, * under whose guidance.' quibus as well as the following qui refers to the gods. 1. 10. procul, that is, upon distant battlefields. 1. 12. numine, 'divine power.' \ \ 13 III. a] NOTES. 107 ORATIO III. Delivered before the people in the Forum on Dec. 3, 63 B.C., immediately after the meeting of the senate in the Temple of Con- cord, at which the conspirators had been confronted with the ambas- sadors of the Allobroges, whose evidence had furnished the last link required for the complete exposure of the plot. Cicero recounts what had occurred. 1. Page 30, I. 6. paene ex faucibus, &c., ' rescued I might almost say from the very jaws of death ' ; UteraUy fauces means 'throat,' not 'jaws.' I. 7. videtis. The news of what had happened and of the detec- tion of the conspiracy had already spread. II. 9, 10. quod salutis, &c., ' because the joy of safety is assured, but the lot to which we are born doubtful : and because we are not conscious of our birth, but we feel pleasure in our preservation.' 1. 10. nascendi condicio, ' the lot given us by birth.' Cf. 12. 27 and iv. 10. 22. 1. II. cum voluptate, i e. cum sensu voluptatis. 1. 13. benevolentia famaque, 'with good will and fame,' i.e. * with the honour of our good will.' Romulus was deified under the name of Quirinus, and the Quirinalia were celebrated on Feb. 1 7 in his honour, 1. 18. rettudimus is ' blunted ' rather than ' struck back.' The latter meaning is expressed by the following deiecimus, ' struck down.' Page 31, I. 3. Principio, * in the first place,' i. e. to begin with this point. ut . . . paucis ante diebus, ' ever since a few days ago,' it was really almost a month before, Nov. 8. 2. 1. 8. tiun cum . . . eiciebam, ' at the time when I was trying to drive Catiline from the city.' 1, (), ilia, SC-. invidia. 1. 10. sed tum, sed\% resumptive, ' at that time, I say. Io8 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. I 1. 13. Atque ego ut vidi, the connexion is * so when I saw,' &c. 1. 18. minorem fldem faceret, 'would gain less credit,' 'com- mand less confidence. 1. 20. animis is introduced for the sake of contrast with ocu/ts, as w n •" '^ '" ,"■ ^- ' "^ occultis insidiis in apcrtum latrocinium. WUkms translates, 'that you might not have to turn your thoughts to securing your safety, until your own eyes saw the crime.' Notice the play on the words provideretis, videretis. 1. 21. ut comperi, through Q. Fabius Sanga, \kiQ patronus of the Allobroges. Cf. 1. 4. 10, note p. 5, 1. 14. 1. 22. tumultus Qallici, tumultus was the word regularly used of a warlike rising in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul ; war elsewhere was called helium. See Phil. 8. i itaqtie maiores nostri tnvmltnm Italuum quod erat ilomesiicus, tuviultum Gallicum, quod crat Italiaejitnttmus.praeterea nullum nominabant. 11- 24, 25. cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam. The state- ment is inaccurate, as it is evident from chapters 4 and 5, that though the Allobroges deceived letters to their countrymen they received none to Catiline. The letter to Catiline was one which Lentulus gave to Volturcms. Nohl removes the difficulty by placing eodem- que itmere after mandatisque. Perhaps, however, Cicero means to suggest that the papers of the envoys showed that Catiline him- self had been intriguing with the Gauls, and this would also explain why he says missos, not profectos. Publius Leiuulus had been quaestor to Sulla in 81, praetor in 75, and consil in 71. In the ollowmg year he was expelled from the senate for his scandalous lile, and to recover his position again became a candidate for office, and at this time was praetor. I. 26. T. Volturcium, of Crotona in Magna Graecia. huic . . . ad Catilinam, ' to him ... for Catiline,' the person to whom the letter was entrusted for delivery is put in the dative, the person to whom it was addressed is expressed by ad with accusative. II. 27-29. ut . . . ut tota res, ut is repeated for emphasis after the parenthesis. 1. 31. L, Valerius Flaccus, after his praetorship, was propraetor in Asia, and in 59 was accused of extortion in that province and defended by Cicero in a speech still extant. C. Pomptinus two years later, when propraetor of Gallia Nar- bonensis put down a rising of the Allobroges. In 54 he enjoyed a triumph for this, and in 51 he was Cicero's legatus in Cilicia. Page 32, 11. 3, 4. qui . . . sentirent, the subjunctive is used because qui has a causal force, ' like men whose political views were sound and excellent.' '■- - z~-"— — 7-. ? •••'^' "^"'- -Tonic iTiuiic over the lioer, was on the Via Flammia, about two miles from Rome, and was I §§ 4-7] NOTES. 109 built by the censor M. Aemilius Scaurus, from whom perhaps it derives its name, being a corruption of Pons Aemilius. 1. 8. sine cuiusquam suspicione, so Sallust, Cat. 45 illi, homines militares, sine tuviultu praesidiis collocatisy sicuti praecep' turn erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. 1. 9. praefeotura Beatina. Reate, now Rieti, was a Sabine town on the Lacus Velinus and Via Salaria. Cicero was patronus of the Reatines, and could therefore depend on their aid. A prae- fectura was governed by a praefectus sent annually from Rome; a municipium chose its own magistrates. 1. II. in rei publicae praesidio. If, with Madvig, we read in re publica, then praesidio is dative and must be joined with miseram, ' I had sent as an additional fc "C.' I. 1 2. tertia fere vigilia exacta, that about 4 i,m. II. 15, 16. Bes praetoribus erat no^ solis. The attack was unexpected even by the envoys, as appeal 3m Sallust's words, Cat. 45 Gain cito cognito consilio sine mora pr. ..oribus se tradunt. 3. Page 32, 1. 17. interventu, the praetors Pomptinus and Flaccus interposed to explain the object of the attack. 11. 17, 18. quae erat commissa, 'which had already begun.' 1. 19. integris signis, ' with seals unbroken.' ipsi, i. e. the Gauls and Volturcius. 1. 21. Atque, 'and so.' Cf. 2. 4, note p. 31, 1. 13, I. 22. Cimbrum Gabinium. Sallust, Cat. 17, calls him P. Ga- binius Capito. II. 22, 23. nihildtun suspicantem, ' as yet suspecting nothing.' 1. 23. vocavi. The consul had the right of summoning to bis presence and of arresting citizens {vocatio and prehensio). The reason he summoned the particular chiefs of the conspiracy men- tioned here, appears from Sallust, Cat. 44 Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros convenimit : ab I.entulo, Cethego, Staiilio, item Cassio postulant ius iurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant : aliter haud facile eos ad tanttim negotium impelli posse. I. 25. in litteris dandis, 'in despatching the letters.' See 5. 12. II. 30, 31. negavi me esse facturum ut . . . non . . . deferrem, is an emphatic periphrasis for negavi me non delaturum esse, ' I said I would never adopt the course of not laying the matter with- out prejudice before the council of the state in a case where the state was in danger.' This concessive use is especially jrage co., i. 1. si. ' even if.' common when th^ main clause is negative. I'll I Mi' no ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. 4 1. 5. ooegi, namely to the temple of Concord. Cogere is the technical term for calling the senate together. I. 6. admonitu AUobrogum, ' at the suggestion of the Alio broges.' 0. Sulpioium. He is mentioned here only. 4. Page 33, 11. 10, 11. fldem publioam . . . dedi, 'pledged the public faith,' i. e. gave him an official promise of amnesty. As this could only be done by direction of the senate, Cicero adds the words iussu senatus. Cf. Sallust, Cat. 47 post, ubi fide publica dicere iussus est, omnia, ut gesta erant, aperit (sc. Volturcius). 1. 16. ex onanibuspartibus. Sallust, Cat. 43, says in twelve places. 1. 17. erat, the indicative is used because the clause is not part of what Volturcius said, but is an explanation added by Cicero. For the statement see i. 4. 9, 1. 18. caedem^ue infimtam. Plutarch expressly attributes to Lentulus designs of a far-reachmg character. He had resolved to slay all the senate, and as many as he could of the other citizens. 1. 19. exciperet, ' cut off,' ' intercept ' the fugitives, as hunters lie in wait to catch game driven from a thicket by beaters. urbanis ducibus, * leaders within the city.' 1. 22. data, neuter plural referring to ius iurandum and litteras. An adjective or participle when used as predicate of severnl substan- tives of different genders denoting things, not persons, is usually in the neuter plural ; and a similar rule holds good for a relative, see 5. 10. data has a somewhat different meaning with ius iurandum and litteras, 'that an oath had been pledged and a letter entrusted.' ita is explained by ut equitatum, &c. In this somewhat intricate passage the main verb dixerunt has depending on it three subor- dinates, esse praescriptum, confirmasse, dixisse, each of which has in its turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This is clearly seen from the following scheme drawn by Upcott : — Galli dixerunt a L {a) ita sibi ab his et Cassio esse praescriptum {b) Lentulum autem sibi con- firmasse ex fatis, &c. . I ut equitatum mitterent ; pedestres (sir sibi copias non defuturas. j se esse ilium . . . SuUam fuisse. \ fatalem hunc esse . . . vicesimus. The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb upon which the subordinate sentence immediately depends. Cassio. L. Cassius Longinus had been praetor in 66, and had been a candidate with Cicer.) for the consulship. He declined to join {c) eundemque dixisse I §§7 lo] NOTES. Ill Lentulus, Cethegus, and Statilius in giving a written pledge, on the ground that he was soon going to Gaul himself, and he actually left the city before the envoys. 1. 34. pedestres sibi, &c. This is part of what Cassius and the others said, and depends on some word of saying understood from praescriptum. 1. 25. fatis Sibyllinis. The original Sibylline books (written in Greek), which were said to have been brought to Tarquinius Super- bus by the Sibyl of Cumae, were kept in the Capitol, and consulted in times of difficulty. They probably contained rules about ritual rather than prophecies. They were burnt in 83 b. c. A fresh col- lection was made in 76 B. c. It is doubtful whether any part of this collection still exists in the Oracula Sibyllina that have come down to us. 1.26. tertium ilium Cornelium. His full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. 1. 28. essetnecesse Sallust expresses by/fl/«wyj?r^/, 'was destined.' 1. 29. fatalem, • appointed by fate.' I. 31. virginum, sc. Vestalitim. Nothing is known about the case referred to, but the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always thought a matter of serious import. Capitolii incensionem. This took place in 83. The cause of the fire was unknown. Page 34, 1. i. Saturnalibus. Dec. 17, when the licence allowed to slaves or the general holiday would favour a rising. II. 2, 3. Cethego nimium id longum videretur. Sallust sketches the character of Cethegus in Cat. 43 natnraferox, vehe- mens, manii promptus erat, maximum bomim in celeritate pittabat. 5. Page 34, 1, 4. ne longum sit, ' not to be tedious.' tabellas, wooden diptychs or double tablets, the inner sides of which were slightly hollowed out and covered with wax. When the letter had been inscribed on the wax with a stilus, the tablets were tied together with string and the knot sealed with wax. Letters were often written by slaves from dictation, and as they were seldom signed the signet seal was then the only mode of identifying the author. Hence the importance of the words osteudimus sig- num ; cognovit. 1. 6. cognovit, 'he acknowledged it.' In this sense agnovit is more usual. 1. 10. quae sibi . . . recepissent, '■ what they had promised him,' the writer. Recipere is to undertake an obligation, to pledge oneself. 1. II, taTne-n, 'in spite of all,' i.e. though appearances were against him. M 112 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. 5 11. IT, 12. quae . . . deprehensa, neuter, though referrinjr to gladn and sicae, as they are inanimate objects. Cf. 4. 9, note p. 33, 1.^ 13. sfudiosum fuisse, said that 'he had always had a fancy for good steel implements. Ccthegus avoids using the word ielorttm, his object being to represent the weapons as the collection of a connoisseur, and not intended for use. I. 14. conscientia, 'consciousness of guilt,' is to be joined with abiectus, 'conscience-striken,' rather than with conticuit. See IV. 2. 3 exanimata uxor ct abiccta metu filia. II. 16, 17. in eandem fere sententiam, sc. datae or scriptae, 'to much the same effect.' 1. 19. notum quidem si(>num, *a well-known seal too.' avi, P. Cornelius Lentulus, who was consul in 162, and is men- tioned by Cicero as princeps senatus in Pliil. S. 14. I. 20. amayitunice patriam, referring to the part he took against C Gracchus m 121, which is mentioned in iv. 6. 13. II. 21, 22. muta revocare debuit. Cf. i. 7. 18 tacita loquitur. 1. 22. eadem ratione, to be taken with litterae, 'letters of the same tenor,' like in eandem sententiam :i few lines above rather than with leguntur, ' are read in the same way,' i. e. with the same formalities. 1. 25. exposito atque edito, ' set forth in detail and recited.' Cf. 6. 13 indicm expositis atque edit is. Legg. 2, 17 qui magistratu alnerint, edant et exponant (apud censores) quid in mai/istratu gesserint. 1. 2S. constanter, 'consistently.' Cf. Tusc. 5. 9. 26 sild con- stantcr convementerque dicere. 1. 28 29. per quern. The agency referred to is that of Umbrenus and Gabinius, See 6. 14. Page 35, 1. i. subito demens, ' ruddenly losing his head.' 1. 2. cum, ' although.' I. 4. dicendi exercitatio, ' practice in speech,' ' fluency.' II. 5, 6, valuit . . . superabat. the difference of tense is expressed by Halm-fluency that never left him in the lurcli, insolence in which he tried to surpass every one. 1. 7. litteras. The letter is also given by Sallust, Cat. 44, but in a more polished form. Halm thinks the jiresent letter is the original on account of a carelessness of composition that betrays haste, for example, cura ut repealed, scics instead oi cognosces, &c. In Sallust the letter runs thus: Quissiin ex eo, quern ad ie misi, coirnosces. Fac copies, in quanta calami tate sis, et me miner is te virum esse. Con- suic.res, quid tuae rati ones ^i.e. your \n\.Grc^i^) postulent. Auxilium ^ e^rtts a,- o'ttniOits ^ ctiam uo injituis. I I §§ '0-I4] NOTES. TI3 1. 10. manum, ' handwriting,' 'signature.' Cf. iv. 2. 4. 1. 13. locum, 'position.' 1. 15. etiam inflmorum, i.e. he was to arm the slaves. r.h//' f ,^*i«8i«ia,' '.very certain/ rather than 'most certain,' as cer^tora follows Cf. iv. 7. 14 cum mea summa cura, turn multo ettam maiore popuh Romanivoluntate fronALf to Umi."' "^"^ ''"' ^"^' '"^^^^^ ^'^^^'^ ^' °- ^^^^-^ 6. 1. 26. de summa re publica, i. e. when the safety of the state was at stake^ on a matter so tal to the state. Cf. i. 6. 14, note p. 7, 1. 27. principibus the chief men, i.e. the consules designati and the vtrz consulares, who voted first. Page 36, 1. 3. mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis, 'a vote of thanks was passed to me in the most handsome terms.' ^\}l'f~^' T'?^ ' ' V®^^ li^erata, the subjunctive, not the indica- tive, is used because he is quoting the substance of the resolution, and^ not merely statmg what had been done. Cf. 16, note p. 36, 1. 3. virtute, ' resolution.' Cf. iv. 3. 5. T hnH P^^\ l^®"l''f ' *''^ adjectives are here predicative. ' because I had found their help strong and steady.' This alliterative ex- pression seems to have been an official formula. The pluperfect usus essem is used because laudantur is a historic present really equivalent to laudati sunt. 1. 7. coUegae meo. C. Antonius Hybrida had been a supporter of Catilme but Cicero had detached him from that side by sSrren denng to him the rich province of Macedonia. He was probably not at Rome at this time, for on the news cf Catiline having johied Manl.us the senate decreed that Antony should proceed^gainst Catiline, and that Cicero should take charge of the c4ty. 1. 9. a suis et a rei publicae, &c., i. e. dissociated himself from Catiline s party both in private and public. that ''L^*^""^ '*^' '^''■' ' ^'"'*''^'"' *^^^ P""''^"^ ^ ''"^^ *° '^^' ^^^c*' nJ^K°' i"' T'^A^ Praetura abdicasset. A magistrate could not be placed under arrest while holding office, nor could he be wasZlun^'aT '''''^ ""^ abdication, which, in theory at least. I. II. in custodiam. This was libera custodia (see i. 8. 10), as IS expressly stated by Sallust and by Plutarch. II. 13, 14. idem hoo deeretum est. Though the same decree was passed against Cassius, Purius, Annius Chilo, and Umbrenus, it m "^a Si! IH 114 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. 7 could not be enforced against them as they had taken to flight. Ceparius had also fled, but had been taken and brought back. 11. 24, 25. novem hominum . . . poena. The resolutions were passed against the nine men named above, though they could be carried into effect against only the five actually in custody. It is to the latter alone that Cicero refers in Sulla 33 : quinque hominibus comprehensis atque confessis interitii rem publicum liberavi. The death penalty was not actually inflicted until two days later, namely after the delivery of the Fourth Speech on Dec. 5. 1. 26. supplicatio was either a solemn thanksgiving to the gods, as here, or an act of humiliation on account of some calamity. In the former case it was usually for a victory, and Cicero was naturally proud to have been the first person acting in a civil capacity who had received the honour. 1. 27. meo nomine, ' on my account,' * in my honour.' I. 28. primum, ' for the first time.' II. 29, 30. quod . . . liberassem. Cf. 14, note p. 36, 11. 3-5. 1. 31. Cicero 'says hoc interest, 'there is this difference,' rather than intersit or interesse videahir, ' there would appear to be this difference,' * you would find this difference,' because he wishes to express that the difference exists whether the comparison be made or not. 1- 33. primum, * firstly,' ' in the first place.' Page 37, 1. 3. religio, * religious scruple.' Glaucia and Satur- ninus were really lynched, being pelted to death by the mob, who, in order to reach them, tore the roof off the Curia Hostilia where they were confined. Marius, who was then consul, had really tried to save his old friends, though directed by the senate to put them down by force. 1. 6. privato, that is, reduced to the rank of a private citizen by having resigned his office. 7. 1. 12. concidisse. Here Cicero emphasizes the collapse of the conspiracy in order to quiet the people. He expresses a diff^erent view in iv., where he wishes to show the danger of clemency. cum . . . pellebam, * when I sought to drive him from the city,* ' in seeking to drive him from the city.' Cf. 1. 3 ; i. 3. 7 ; ii. 1. i. 1. 14. somnum, 'sleepiness,' 'lethargy.' adipes, * corpulence,' * heaviness.' I. 16. sed tam diu, dum, 'but only so long as.' For sed in the sense ' but only,' cf. iv. 2. 3, note p. 45, U. 25, 26. II. 17, 18. omnium aditus tenebat, 'had access to every one,' ' knew how to get at everybody.' 1. 18. temptare, 'sound.' §§ 15-19] NOTES. "5 I. 21. oertos, 'particular/ descriptos, ' destined.' abowa .to"/"'"'" "»»*»'*'■ '''hen he had given directions 1. 25. paratum, * ready to strike.' 6 \o%^TJl^^- J^^l'""^ would not, as the men mentioned in o. 10 did, have made known the day fixed for thp nln«- «^ i^«„ before, but would have struck the blow prornptly' ^ °"^ Page38, 1. I. tanto ante. It was now only Dec ^ andthpSnfnr naha, the day fixed for the outbreak, did not byn^l'tilDee! i f 1. 2 neque conunisisset ut, &c., 'nor would he have mad? th^ mistake of allowing his seal, &c., to be seized.' state/' ^^^° *^''**' *^'" ' *^'' 'conspiracy so widely spread in the 1. 9. oocurri atque obstiti, ' I confronted and opposed.* 8. 1. 13- Quamquam. This word indicates the transition to the account of the prodigies that marked the crisis. 1. 15. cum corresponds to turn vero, ' not only ... but also.' 1. 18. praesentes, i. e. present to help. 1. 19. ooulis videre. * actually see.' 1. 20. ab occidente, not ' from the west ' but ' on the side of the west,' ' m the west,' which was the unlucky quarter, faces, * fireballs,' * shooting stars.' 1. 23. canere, 'predict.' i I' ^h ^^^^^ praetermittendum neque relinauendum 'should neither be overlooked nor disregarded,' the firs^Te^bre^: nng to accidental, the second to intentional o^ersitht See Off T 2. gmtmme vero adsentior Us. qui negant eum locum a PanaeHo praeienmssum, sed consulto relictum esse. ^anaetio 1. 26. Ootta at Torquato consulibus, 65 B. c. I. 27. complures in Capitolio res. Among the objects thus struck, Cicero says below, and also de Div. I irwafa Joud tTwoT/oftS'^r^-T'/'T"^' ^"' ^^^"°^f- A br'onre kno^° a^ the Wolf of the Capitol, which may possibly be the very work men- tioned by Cicero, is still to be seen in fh« ro^u.i;:?*!^^. ™^". ''°"" ( M 55V;^'' '"'-^^^ °' the wolf is Tnjurei;Slhirhrs"^L'„^ I. m Il6 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. 9 M supposed to be the effect of the lightning. The wolf is known to have stood near the Lateran as early as the tenth century. The twins are modern. The original wolf was erected in 296 B. c. de caelo percussas, ' struck by lightning.' I. 28. simulacra are statues of gods ; statuae, of men. depulsa, * struck from their pedestals.' Page 30, 1. 1. leguiu aera, brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved. II. 3, 4. in Capitolio . . . fuisse, * to have stood in the Capitol.' 11. 8, 9. nisi , . . flexissent is the oratio obliqua for nisi flexerint^ the future perfect, which would have been used if, instead of the preceding appropinquate dixerunt, the words of the haruspices had been directly quoted, appropinquant, &c. 1. 9. suo numine, * by their influence.' 1. 1 3. facere, understand consulentes, ' bid the inquirers make a statue.' 1. 17. illustraVentur, 'would have light thrown on them.' 1. 19. coUocandum . . . locaverunt, 'gave a contract for its erection.' It was properly the censors' function to give out con- tracts, but the duty was often discharged by the consuls when there were no censors. The censors for 65, Q. Lutatius Catulus and M. Licinius Crassus, soon laid down their office through want of concord. 1. 20. superioribus consulibus. The consuls of the preceding year, 64, were L. Caesar and C. Figulus. 9. Page 39, 1. 22. Hie, i.e. under these circumstances. 1. 23. praeceps, * hasty,' ' inconsiderate.' mento captus, * blind of heart.' 1. 30. Ulud, ' what follows,' ' the following fact.' praesens, * evident,' that is so plain a mark of divine interposition. 1. 31. ut before videatur is consecutive, depending on ita; ut with statueretur (p. 40, 1. 3) is explanatory of illud. Page 40, 1. 2. eorum indices, ' the witnesses against them.' in aedem Concordiae. The temple of Concord, where the meeting of the senate was held, was on the Capitoline, so the con- spirators passed through the Forum on their way thither from Cicero's house, which was on the Palatine. 1. 10. nimium mihi sumam, * I should arrogate too much to myself.' L 11= non sini ferendiis^ noH is to be taken closely with ferendus. Cf. ii. 13. 29 non dubiis. t §§ 1^24] NOTES. 117 ille, ille luppiter, * it was Jupiter, aye, Jupiter,' so Wilkins expresses the force of the anaphora. 1. 14. mentem voluntatemque, 'disposition and purpose.' I. 15. lam vero, passing to a new point, as in ii. 4. 8. II. 15, 16. ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus go both with creditae and with commissaeque, I. 19. consilium esset ereptum, according to the well-known saying, Quern luppiter vult perdere, demeniat prius. II. 20-24. ut . . . neglegerent . . , anteponerent, form a substantive clause, summed up in the following id. 1. 20. male pacata, * disturbed.* 1. 22. non nolle. That the Allobroges were not unwilling to attack Rome was shown by their subsequent rising in 61, which was put down by C. Pomptinus. I. 23. ultro, * freely,' 'spontaneously,' because Lentulus made the first advance to them. II. 25, 26. praesertim qui . . . potuerint, ' especially as they (were men who) might have,* &c. 10. Page 40, 1. 27. ad omnia pulvinaria. Part of the ceremony of a supplicatio was the lectisternium, a sacred feast at which the images of the gods were placed reclining on couches {pulvinaria), each image with the left arm resting on a cushion {pulvinus). The couches were placed in the open streets, and before them tables with offerings of food. Page 41, 1. 3, togati. Cf. ii. 13. 28, note p. 28, 1. 28. I. 6. vidistis. The instances referred to all fall within the pre- ceding twenty-five years. 1 7. L. Sulla, &c. P. Sulpicius, when tribune of the people in 88 B.C., proposed to distribute the new citizens and the freedmen into all the tribes, and to transfer the command of the war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Hereupon Sulla, who was consul and had just ended the Social War, returned to Rome, killed Sulpicius, and expelled Marius. II. 7, 8. custodem huius urbis, Marius had saved Rome by defeating the Teutons and the Cimbri. 1. 9. Cn. Octavius, an adherent of Sulla, in 87 expelled his colleague Cinna, who had revived the schemes of Sulpicius. 1. 10. omnis hie locus, i. e. the Forum. 1. II. redundavit suits only the nearer word sanguine, and can be taken with aoervis only by zeugma, • was choked with heaps of bodies and flooded with the blood of citizens.* M m Il8 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. ii I III' :l! , i i KM Superavit, * got the upper hand,' at the end of 87, when Cinna and Marius declared themselves consuls for 86. 1. 13. lumina civitatis, * bright ornaments of the state,' referring to the consul Cn. Octavius, the orator M. Antonius, the pontifex Q. Scaevola, the brothers L. and C. Caesar, all of whom were slain by the Marian party. The consul L. Merula, Q. Catulus, the con- queror in the Cimbric war, and P. Crassus were driven to commit suicide on the success of the Marian party. 1. 14. postea, in 82 B. C, when Sulla on his return from the east defeated the younger Marius at the CoUine Gate, and instituted the proscription. 1. 15. quanta deminutione civium, some four or five thousand persons perished in the Sullan proscriptions. 1. 16. M. Lepidus, in his consulship in 78, tried to rescind the laws of Sulla, but on his taking up arms he was resisted by his colleague Catulus, who, in conjunction with Pompey, defeated him under the walls of Rome. He died in Sardinia from vexation at the failure of his attempt. 1. 17, non tam ipsius, &c., i. e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself that excited sympathy, but the fate of those who were involved in it. I. 18. Atque illae, &c. On the reading and interpretation of this passage see Various Readings, p. 62. II. 26, 27. diiudicatae sint. The perfect and not the imperfect subjunctive is to be used in a consecutive sentence when a single fact or one looked on as now completed is to be expressed : ' yet all those diflferences were of such a kind that they were (as a matter of fact) decided not by the restoration of harmony, but by the massacre of citizens.' 1. 27. lino strengthens the following superlative. post hominum luemoriam, ' within the memory of man.' 1, 29. barbaria, 'foreign country.' 1. 31. salvi. Cf. ii. 9. 20. 1. 34. tantum, * only so much,' * only so many of the citizens.' quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, though your foes thought that only so many of the citizens would survive * as remained over from (escaped) the unchecked carnage.' Literally, remained over to slaughter, as many as slaughter found left for it to destroy. Page 42, 1. 2. obire, * reach.' 11. 1. virtue.' 4. Quibus pro tantis rebus, ' for these great services.' i, praemium vfrtutis, objective genitive, * honour paid to §§ 34-37] NOTES. 119 insigne honoris, ' mark of distinction.' 1. 6. monumentum lav its, • memorial of renown. postnlabo has better manuscript authority iha.n />os/u/o, which is also found. 1. 8. omnia ornamenta honoris, £cc., * every honourable dis- tinction, every glorious memorial, every outward mark of distinction.' 1. 10. mutum, 'dumb,' that cannot speak; taciturn, 'silent,' that does not speak. 1. 12. nostras res alentur, ' my exploits will be cherished ; ' res for res gestae, as appears from 12. 27 earum rerum, quas ego gessi. 1. 13. litterarum monumentis, * literary records.' I. 14. eandemque diem, &c., ' I feel that the same period, which will, I hope, last for ever, has been prolonged for the safety of the state and for the memory of my consulship,' i.e. that the safety of the city and the memory of my consulship will alike last for ever. II. 16, 17. unoque tempore, &c., 'and that at one time there have been in the state two citizens who,' &c. exstitisse as well as propagatam esse depends on intellego, which according to Halm bears the meaning of a ' pleased consciousness,' ' I am glad to think that. Madvig proposes to omit que after uno and to take the clause uno tempore— exstitisse as an explanation of memoriam, &c., 'the memory of my consulship, namely that at one time there were, &c. 11. 18, 19. alter . . . alter, Pompey . . . Cicero himself. 1. 18. fines vestri, &c., 'bound the borders of your empire by the limits not of the earth but of the heaven.* Cicero several times uses this hyperbolical expression in speaking of the deeds of Pompey. 12. Page 42, 1. 22. eadem . . . quae, 'the same as.' condicio, * position.' 1. 25. reliquerunt, 'have left behind them,' namely in the pro- vmces where they commanded.' I. 26. recte, ' as is right.' Cicero adds rede, which has the meanmg of viertto, to prosunt, to avoid the appearance of jealousy a sense that is lost by the reading some give, recte facta sua, ' their good deeds. Page 43, 1. 4. mihi quidem, &c., * I myself indeed cannot now be mjured by those fellows,' iste suggesting contempt. II. 7, 8. magna vis conscientiae, ' great is the power of con- science, conscientia is often used of consciousness of guilt,' as in ii. S. 13. For its two meanings see Mil 23. 61 magna vis est conscientiae, iudices, et viagna in utramque partem ; ut neqtie \ Mi li.t ill I20 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE, [ill. ifl timeant qui nihil commiserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari piitent qui peccarint. 1. II. Quodsi, &c. The fear Cicero here expresses was realized afterwards, when Clodius in 58 carried the motion for his banishment on account of the execution of the Catiline conspirators without trial. 1. 16. vitae fructum, * what life has to give,' * the results of life,' not ' the enjoyment of life.' 1. 17. cum praesertim, ' especially since.' honore vestro, ' the honours you can confer.' 1. 18. gloria virtutis, ' glory won by merit.' I. 19. Illud is explained by the clause ut ea, &c. II. 20, 21. tuear atque ornem, 'defend and add fresh lustre to.' 1. 23. ita me . . . tractabo, 'will so conduct myself,' an unusual form of expression, for which me geram. is more common. The latter expression may have been avoided, because gero occurs already three times in ^his passage. ut raeminerim. Cf. ii. 13. 28, note p. 28, 1. 25. 1. 25. lam est nox. The meeting of the senate had lasted till evening, and when it dispersed Cicero delivered this speech to the people. 1. 26. oustodem huius urbis. This expression is applied to Marius in 10. 24. 1. 28. priore nocte, that is the night or which the envoys of the AUobroges were arrested. III. ta IV. i] NOTES. 121 versart ealized shment It trial. of life,' re to.' inusual . The ilready :ed till to the lied to of the ORATIO IV. Delivered in the Senate at the meeting held in the temple of Concord on December 5, 63 b. c, to determine the fate of the con- spirators. D. Silanus, consul elect, had proposed that they should be put to death, while Caesar proposed that they should be im- prisoned for life in some of the provincial towns of Italy and their property confiscated. In the present speech Cicero discusses the alternative proposals, but as being president does not give a formal vote. He inclines however to the proposal of Silanus, as he clearly shows by dwelling on the enormity of the conspirators' crime. The decisive speech which carried the vote for the capital sentence was that of M. Cato, tribune elect. 1. Page 44, 11. 3, 4. depulsum sit, subjunctive because referring to the thoughts of his hearers. 11. 4, 5. iucunda . . . grata, * delightful,' * acceptable.' The differ- ence is seen in such passages as Fam. 5. 15 {amor tnus) gratus et optatiis ; dicerem iucundus, nisi id verbwn in omne tempus per- didissem. Att. 3. 24 nam ista Veritas, etiamsi iucunda non est, mihi tamen grata est. I. 5. voluntas, 'goodwill.' II. 7, 8. sihaec, &c., 'if the consulship were given to me on these terms.* 1. 9 perferrem, feram. The more emphatic compound is first used, but the simple verb is naturally used in repeating the idea where there is no special stress laid on it. I. 13. in quo, &c., ' the home of all justice,' because the indicia were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings. II. 13, 14. consularibus auspiciis, ablative, not dative, 'hallowed by the auspices taken at the consular elections.' I. 14. non curia. It does not appear that Cicero had himself been threatened in the senate-house, but he may have been thinking of the plan for murdering the consuls Cotta and Torquatus, known as the first Catiline conspiracy. II. 14, 15. auxilium omnium gentium. The control of foreign relations belonged largely to the senate. i,;' i^ !l » 122 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [iV. a 1. 15. commune perfugium Cf. Dom. 109 quui est sanciius, quid omm reh^otte munitius qttam domus unius cuimque civium ? hoc perfugium est ita sanctum omntlms, ut hide abriti neminem Jit:- ^if, I. 16. adquietem datus, 'devoted to rest.' II. 16, 17. sedes houoris, i.e. \\iQ sella curulis, which words are added in some MSS. 1. 18. multa tacui, ' passed over many things in silence,' hinting that he had suppressed infoimation affecting other persons than those m custody. He probably alludes to men like Caesar and Lrassus, who were suspected of being privy to the conspiracy. 1. 19. meo quodam dolore, &c. Hachtmann points out that i?//^m Il « 132 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. [iV. 9 1. 16. vero, ' in truth.' 1. 17. eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, ' of shopkeepers.' immo vero, ' nay rather.' 1. 19. instrumentum, * stock in trade,' and not merely tools or implements. 1. 20. frequentia austentatur, alitur otic. An instance of the figure Chiasmus (from the Greek letter X), in which the order of the words in the first clause is inverted in the second. 1. 21. quorum refers to eortim, qni in tabernis stmt above, as is made clearer by the following words occlusis tabernis. Hachtmaim can hardly be right in seeking the antecedent of quortim in instrtt- vienttcvi, opera, quaestiis, which he supposes to be abstracts used for concretes. OGclusis tabernis. The shops were liable to be closed in times of war and public disturbance. Cf. Acad. 3. 47. 144 Quid me igitiir, Lticulie, in invidiam ct taniquam in contioneni vocas? et qiiidcm, ut seditiosi iribuni solent, occhtdi tabernas itibes? 1. 22. futurum fuit, i.e. would have happened. 9. Page 53, 1. 24. praesidia. See 7. 14. I. 26. atque. While et co-ordinates periadis and insidiis, atque introduces a ruatter of more serious importance, * aye, and from the jaws of death.' Page 54, 1. 2. ilium ignem, pointing to the temple of Vesta in the Forum, where the Vestal Virgins watched the eternal fire. II. 8, 9. quae non semper facultas datur, * an opportunity not always granted.' 1. II. in civili oausa, * in a question of politics.' 1. 12. quantis laboribus, &c., is a concise expression for quantis laboribus imperium ftindaium sit, quod una nox paene delevit, * think by what toil was the empire established, which one night nearly destroyed.' 1, 15. una nox. Most probably the night when the AUobroges were arrested. The evidence then obtained was most important for the conviction of the conspirators, so that had the attempt to obtain it failed, the circumstance might have been fatal to the state. See Flacc. 112 nox ilia, quae paene aeternas hide urbi tenebras atttdisti, cufn Galli ad bellutn, Catilina ad tirbem, coniurati ad ferrum et fammam vocabantur, cum ego te, Flacce . . .Jlens fentem obtestabar; cum tuae fide i . . . salutcmurbiset civiumcommendabam. On the other hand Cicero speaks in a very similar way of the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, Sull. 52 quae nox omnium tern- porum coniurationis acerrima fuit atque acerbissima. 1. 16. non m do. See i. 10. 25, note p. 11, 1, 30. §§ 17-23] NOTES. 133 10. Page 54, 1. 21. ad sententiam, sc. rogandam. See i. 4. 9. The consul did not give a formal vote himself. I. 25. Quodsi, &c. Cicero's fears were realized in 58, when Clodius procured his banishment. Page 55, 1. 4. gratulationem. See 5. 10, note p. 49, 1. 6. Scipio Africanus Maior, who by carrying the war into Africa compelled Hannibal to return to that country, where he defeated him at Zama in 202 n. c. II. 5, 6. in Africam redire atque Italia decedere is a vanpov vp6T(pov, that is, an inversion of the natural order. 11. 6, 7. alter . . . Africanus, that is, P. Corn. Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor. 1. 9. Pavilus ille. L. Aemilius Paulus defeated Perseus lver. and city ding icero sole TRANSLATION OF PART OF THE FIRST INVECTIVE AGAINST CATILINE (I. 13, 32, ss.) Therefore, let the conspirators at once take their side ; let them separate themselves from honest citizens, and gather themselves together somewhere else; let them put a wall between us, as I have often said. Let us have them no longer thus plotting the assassination of a consul in his own house, overawing our courts of justice with armed bands, besieging the senate-house with drawn swords, collecting their incendiary stores to burn our city. Let us at last be able to read plainly in every Roman's face whether he be loyal to his country or no. I may promise you this, gentlemen of the senate, there shall be no lack of diligence on the part of your consuls ; there will be, I trust, no lack of dignity and firmness on your own, of spirit amongst the Roman knights, or" unanimity amongst all honest men, but that when Catiline has once gone from us, everything will be not only discovered and brought into the light of day, but also crushed, aye, and punished. Under such auspices, I bid you, Catiline, go forth to wage your impious and unhallowed war — go, to the salvation of the state, to your own overthrow and destruction, to the ruin of all who have joined you in your great wickedness and treason. And thou, great Jupiter, whose worship iftj 136 |r ■1 H .».■ I 9 TRANSLATION OF I. 13, 32, 33. Romulus founded here coeval with our city— whom we all call truly the 'Stay' of our capital and our empire— thou wilt protect thine own altars and the temples of thy kindred gods, the walls and roof-trees of our homes, the lives and fortunes of our citizens, from yon man and his accomplices. These enemies of all good men, invaders of their country, plunderers of Italy, linked together in a mutual bond of crime and an alliance of villainy, thou wilt surely visit with an everlasting punishment, living and dead'. ' Translated by the Rev. W. Lucas Collins in the volume on Cicero in the series of Ancient Classics for English Readers. \ EXERCISES -M- ORATIO I. I (I. 1.) I. Catiline desired to lay the state ^ waste with blood- shed and fire. 2. For a long time he did not perceive that his plans were evident to all loyal "^ citizens. 3. He mocked the long-suffering of the senate and devised mischief against the consuls and against each one of you. 4. Long since should the frenzy of that most bitter enemy have been checked by order of the consul. 5. Formerly the conspiracy of harmful citizens was checked with the most severe punishment. 6. For Ti. Gracchus and Sp. Maelius when attempting revolution were put to death by their fellow-citizens. ' respublica. " bonus. II (I. 2.) I. L. Opimius feared lest he should seem to be remiss when the state was in such danger'. 2. For^ which cause he immediately ordered Gracchus and Fulvius to be slain. 3. But we ^ keep as it were sheathed in a scabbard the decree of the senate in accordance with * which Catiline should long since have been put to death. 4. His daring increases from day to day, and he daily 111 v] <^ m ^l 4^ * ■>» I' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 10 2.8 I.I 1^ IIIM 2.0 1.25 11= U IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation •ij ,\ :\ ;v \ % .V Is. 73 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 W'A 138 EXERCISES. attempts'^ some mischief to the state. 5. The leader of the enemy has dared to pitch his camp in Italy, and we see him now for the twentieth day within our walls, aye, and "^ in the senate. 6. But we will not suffer him to bestir himself against the state, for the senate decreed that we should keep watch upon ' him and put him to death when making such an attempt ^ * Say * in the so great dangers of the republic' Express the pronoun. * Use ex. atque adeo. custodire. ^ Use de. ' moliri. * talia moliri. Ill (1. 3.) I. Neither the shades of night nor the walls of his house could veiP his impious designs. 2. The gatherings of his followers and abettors were clearer to me than noonday ^ 3. It did not escape me that he had fixed the murder of the chief men of the state for the 28th day of October. 4. Can any one deny that Rome was saved by my diligence ? 5. Many citizens, not forgetful ' of your * daring, Catiline, fled from Rome to** save themselves. 6. By the diligence of us who« remained you were not able to effect, to attempt, or to think of anything ' against the state. ^' obscurare. =» Say ' than light.' " Participle of tf*/mj«. ' Say ' thy.' In Latin the 2nd pers. sing, is always used in address- ing one person. Use causa. See last lines of chapter 3. See end of § 7 of text. IV (I. 4.) I. Cicero reviewed the preceding night, that the senators might understand that he had kept vigilant watch ' for the safety of the state. 2. He said that on the previous night at the .louse of ^ Laeca, Catiline and the partners ORATIO I. 139 of his recklessness ' had planned * the destruction of us all. 3. To the same place had come together many whom we now see in the senate. 4. They determined who should be butchered with the sword at Rome. 5. Those very persons who he foretold would come to him in the morning, came at that time. 6. Guards were sent to ** protect the house of the consul so that no one dared to put him to death. * actiter vigilare. ' Use qui with subj. apitdi. ' scelus. cogitare de. V (I. 5.) 1. When Catiline had for a long time plotted against the consul, he at length assailed ' the city and all the citizens. 2. Though he was about to set out for the camp of the enemy of his own accord, he hesitated to go forth at the order of '^ the consul. 3. All loj'al citizens will be freed from great fear, provided only ^ Catiline and his friends depart from the city. 4. We shall be very grateful * to the immortal gods if we escape this great'' danger. 5. Since these" things are so, do we hesitate to put to death that baneful band of con- spirators ? 6. If you ^ ask my advice you will dare to do everything that you may check his impious attempts. ' petere. ' Use the ablative absolute. * Use modo ♦ Say * shall have great gratitude' ' Say * so great.' • Use relative. ' Use plural. VI (I. 6.) I. Can the light of the heaven above us ^ be pleasant to you when you know iliat all men hate your vices and your crimes ? 2. No mark of disgrace is now wanting to ^ your life, you^ character, and your person. 3. There li 140 EXERCISES. is no one, even of the most abandoned, who allows your monstrous conduct ^ to remain unmentione J. 4. How often did you try to plunge in the body of the consul the dagger which the good fortune of the Roman people has wrested from your hands ! 5. Do you not perceive that the mischief^ you were preparing for the chief men of the state is now threatening'' yourself? 6. For what is there that can more concern the public welfare ' than tha<- such great crimes should be punished ? ^ Say * of this heaven.' manitas. * pestis, summa respublica. ^ Say * is absent from.' ' Say * hanging over.' Use ' VII (I. 7.) I. Cicero spoke in such a way that he seemed to be moved by pity, not by dislike. 2. Within the memory of man it never befell any one that so many friends and relatives avoided his presence. 3. Out of that great ^ throng who was there whom you could in any way appease? 4. Do you not fear the violence of those who you perceive fear and hate you ? 5. Wherefore cease to neglect the laws and to crush your native land with fear. 6. It is not to be borne that for you alone the plundering of the citizens and the harassing of the allies should be free and unpunished. ^ Say ' so great.' VIII (I. 8.) 1. As these things were so he wished to lay the matter ^ before the senate, and said that if the house ^ passed a decree he would obey. 2. When he did not obtain this he surrendered himself into custody for ORATIO I. 141 the purpose of avoiding suspicion. 3. He received the same answer from all to whom he came, 4. They dared not dwell within the same city walls. 5. They were with difficulty induced to withhold from him due punishment. 6. If he would leave the city and free the state from fear they would attend him to the gates as he set out. rem referre. Say * that order.' the 2 IX (I. 9.) I. Would that the gods may inspire Catiline with the purpose of^ planning flight! 2. But he is not such a man as to be moved either by fear or modesty. 3. It is not to be expected'^ that he should set out into exile and betake himself t" Manlius. 4. Nothing will break his resolution ', nor will he ever resolve ^ to go forth into exile with the most abandoned citizens. 5. He prefers to bear a load of odium and to make war on his fellow-citizens. 6. Provided only he may make war on his country, he is willing to separate himself from all good nicn. ^ Use ut. » Say * demanded.' ^ Say * break him.' * Say ' induie his mind.' X (1. 10.) I. Cicero wished to effect this much, that Catiline should commit crime as an exile rather than a citizen. 2. What he is undertaking should be called^ brigandage rather than war. 3. He will soon find a band of wicked men who desire that Hfe. 4. With what joy they will see the state harassed, the citizens worn out '^ with want ! 5. They will plot against the property of every one, nor will war bring them sorrow, but a quite ^ incredible I ; I' 1^ \% \\ .'! 't 142 EXERCISES. delight. 6. They will have an opportunity of dis- playing * their uncurbed and frenzied greed. * Use gerundive. ' conficere. ' quidatn. * they will have where they may display.' *Say IH XI (I. 11.) I . Though these things were so, yet the consul allowed the leader, whom he had found to be a public enemy, to depart from the city. 2. Why did he not order him, whom he perceived to be the ringleader of the con- spiracy, to be cast into chains ? 3. Neither the usage of our forefathers nor the laws prevented him. 4. For in this state harmful citizens often have been and often will be punished with death. 5. A fine return indeed will he make to those who have raised him to the highest authority, if through fear of some danger he disregards the safety of his fellow-citizens. 6. Is not their country dearer than their very ' life to all who hold the right of citizens ? * ipse. Ml XII (1. 12.) I. Cicero would not^ punish Catiline with death lest he should be thougVt to act in a tyrannical way. 2. For there were many who did not see what ^ threatened, or disguised what they saw. 3. There were some even in this house ^ who held the same opinion \ 4. I judged it the best course " to suffer him to go forth from the city and lead forth his fellows " with him. 5. No one is so silly as not to understand that he who has gone to the camp of Manlius is an enemy of his country. ORATIO I. 143 6. I have not only expelled the murderer ' of his fellow- citizens, but also blotted out the pla^^ue of the state. ' Use nolo, rsntire. ■' \JsQ parricida. ^ Say ' the things which.' ^ ordo. ' Say * the best thing to be done.' Use sui. XIII (1. 13.) I. When the lawless ^ are separated from the loyal by the city wall, then and not till then * will the state seem to be relieved from fear. 2. For while this man and his comrades are present '' in the city, I fear lest there may be an outbreak of* frenzy and daring. 3. I promise that there shall be such zeal in us the consuls, that you will see those crushed who are collecting fire- brands for the burning of the city. 4. If that one man is removed, those who are plotting against all loyal citizens will cease to harass "' the state. 5. Wherefore let Catiline set out to his comrades who are besetting the city sword in hand^ 6. For the state has now been long overwhelmed^ with this conspiracy as with a deadly ^ disease ' improbus. erumpere. adjlictari. ^ turn demum. ^ Use versari, * Use ' vexare. * Say * with swords.' ' Use ' Say * heavy.' 1^1 III iii 144 EXERCISES. OBATIO II. XIV (II. 1.) I. The consul drove Catiline from the city that no mischief might be planned by him for the citizens. 2. Since ' he is gone we do not now fear any danger. 3. For he who was threatening us with fire and sword now lies overthrown. 4. The sword will be wrenched from his hands and all the citizens will feel that they are safe. 5. He will neither be able to wage war openly nor to attempt^ mischief against his country by secret plots. 6, Let those rejoice who have driven so great a bane ^ from the state. * Begin with relative : * who since.' moliri. pestis. XV (II. 2.) I. There were many who blamed the consul for not seizing that deadly enemy of the state. 2. But he saw that if he put Catiline to death his comrades would remain in the city. 3. He therefore suffered him to depart^ that he might ward off all danger from the citizens. 4. You can now fight openly not only with Catiline himself but also with his comrades. 5. There is no one who thinks that these men are to be feared abroad. 6. Would that I had brought matters to this, that you understood that the fault is not mine but that of the crisis ^ ! emittere. Say * times.' ORATIO II. 145 XVI (11. 3.) I. That army seems to me greatly to be despised' in comparison with our legions. 2. He has led forth the bankrupts who used daily to hover about the forum. 3. I perceive that those who remain here are more to be feared than those who have abandoned their recognizance. 4. Surely he is much mistaken who hopes that such plans will be lasting. 5. I shall disclose the plots in the senate, so that all men may perceive that I know what Catiline is planning. 6. I know who is collecting the forces, and to whom the army has been assigned. ' Use gerundive. XVII (II. 4.) I. Cicero accomplished' this that all men saw there was now no place for leniency. 2. The crimes of Catiline of themselves ^ called for rigour. 3. How^ fortunate the citizens, if those who are like Catiline set out along with him ! 4. Why do not those go forth who agree with Catiline? 5. Not only at Rome but even in every corner of Italy men crushed with debt are pining with regret for Catiline. 6. Men who lived on most intimate terms with Catiline confess that this conspiracy was made against the state. ^ adsequor. "^ ipse. ^ Ci. fortunatam rem publicam in § 7. I i: :| XVIII (II. 5.) I. When credit had failed him he began to make war on the Roman people. 2. He took ' many men of r^ 146 EXERCISES. ruined fortunes ' as companions in his daring. 3. Men accustomed to hunger and thirst are lying in wait for us. 4. Who is there who can endure that such' danger should threaten the Roman people ? 5. I will sweep away * the plots of those who say that they are the boon companions" of Catiline. 6. He who offers himself as leader in this v/ar will incur the enmity of the abandoned. ' adscisco. ' sodalis. ' Say * desperate men.' ' tantm. tollo. I i i i ■ ; il .- \ ; : : Mm! 'ILfd XIX (II. e.) I. There were some who said that Catiline had been driven into exile by the consul. 2. He would indeed have driven him forth if he had been able to accomplish it. 3. For who was there who did not regard him and his companions as most dangerous enemies ? 4. Why do they say that he drove those most daring men into exile, when they were of themselves preparing to set out for the camp? 5. Those who had collected arms and military standards would not hesitate to declare war against the Roman people. 6. When the consul had summoned the senate he disclosed in what way Catiline had marked out the plan of the whole war. XX (IL 7.) I. How unhappy is the task of averting danger from the state ! 2. If Catiline, frightened by the energy of the consul, had abandoned the design of making war, all men would have considered him not wicked but unfortunate. 3. The consul however thought it was worth his while to bear the storm of odium provided he I I ORATIO II. tollo. m saved the state. 4. He feared that it would one day be a ground of reproach ' to him that he had let him go forth ^ 5. For when he had set out from Rome he hastened' to the camp of the enemy. 6. And yet there are some who complain that he is still living as an exile. ' invidiosus. » emittere. » propsrare, XXI (II. 8.) 1. Why do we not take vengeance on those who confess that they are enemies? 2. No one can under- stand why those men remain at Rome. 3. Forces are being enrolled from men who are deeply involved in debt \ 4. Of these men there are many who look for an abolition of debts. 5. But those who wish an abolition of debts to be introduced seem to me to be offering prayers against the state. 6. Those men seem to me most to be feared who conceal the fact that they are enemies. ' Say * in great debt.* XXII ai. 9.) I. He who is burdened with debt in vain* looks for office - while the state is undisturbed. 2. I give him this warning that he should despair of being able to obtain power '. 3. For many loyal citizens are keeping watch, and the immortal gods themselves will bear aid to the state 4. Although he is attempting everything he will never obtain what he desires. 5. Let him who has fallen so deeply in debt * cease to hope that he will be consul. 6. I perceive that no one will suffer him to urge on needy men to hope for plunder. ^ rerum potior. * Say ^ frustra. « Say 'honours.' * into such great debt.' ( li 652 ) ] ii n N 1:' idB EXERCISES. XXIII (II. 10.) I. May those who have betaken themselves to the camp of the enemy perish disgracefully ! 2. I should hear with less grief that they had perished alone than with many others. 3. So many were the assassins and criminals that the very ' prisons could not contain them. 4. Those who exerted all their energy on banquets lasting till dawn could not be torn from Catiline. 5. Let those who have learned to brandish daggers learn also to bear frost and snow. 6. Let them bring with them to the car.^.p those bands of gamesters with whom they cannot now dispense. * t/ise. XXIV (II. II.) I. The consuls wished to lead forth the flow^er and strength of all Italy against worn-out gladiators. 2. How greatly the war was to be feared when the enemy were to have that splendid company of plunderers ' ! 3. Your army, Quirites, will counterbalance Catiline's companions of ruined fortunes '. 4. We should not compare the neediness ' of a freebooter with the re- sources * of a great city. 5. In a battle of this kind the immortal gods themselves will contend with cowardice, rashness and vice. 6. Let us therefore fight, and let not hope fail us. ' praedator. • naufragus. ^ inopia, * opes. XXV (II. 12.) I. The consul being informed of this matter ordered the senate to be summoned. 2. He wished to consult the senate about appointing guards and defending the ORATIO IT. 149 » the lould than and hem. juets 5. learn with horn and 2. lemy jrs ' ! ine's not ! re- ithe dice, d let houses of the city. 3. He sent forward MetelUis to the territory of Picenum to check all the movements of the enemy. 4. The consul with the greatest leniency suffered many friends of Catiline to remain in the city. 5. He did not forget that though they were enemies yet they were citizens. 6. They felt however that they must either go forth from the city or die. XXVI (H. 13.) I. All these things were so done that the greatest tumults were quieted by one leader in the garb of peace \ 2. If it could in any way have been nccom- plished not even any wicked man would have perished. 3. Neither the violence of their daring nor the danger threatening his country moved the consul from this leniency. 4. He accomplished a thing that seemed hardly to be hoped for in so great a war, that very few men suffered punishment. 5. You ought, Quirites, relying on the help of the gods to defend the temples and the houses of the city. 6. The gods wish the forces of the enemy to be overcome and the city to be most flourishing. ^ Say * wearing the toga.* til in ered isult the 150 EXERCISES. ORATIO III. XXVII (III. 1.) I. Through the great love of the gods to you the consul snatched your wives and children from the jaws of fate. 2. He struck back the swords drawn against the Hfe of you all. 3. The day on which you were thus preserved should be not less pleasant to you than that on which you were born. 4. He dashed from your throats the sword-blade of him who had now almost set fire to the houses and walls. 5. He through whose means all the dangers were discovered briefly stated^ them, that the senate might know their magni- tude ^ 6. When Catiline burst forth from the city he left at Rome the partners of his guilt. ixpono. Say * how great they were.' XXVIII (III. 2.) I. The consul did not fear odium for wishing to drive Catiline from the city. 2. When he learned that many conspirators had remained at Rome he wished to provide for the safety of all the citizens. 3. Letters for Catiline were given to Volturcius and thus an oppor- tunity was offered of detecting the whole matter. 4. The Allobroges, who had been tampered with for the purpose of stirring up a war, were most attached to the republic. 5. It was now virawing towards evening ORATIO III. 151 ; I 1 1 when chosen young men whose services the consul was in the habit of using came to the Mulvian bridge. 6. It was resolved * that an attack should be made on the Allobroges when they had now entered on the bridge. * placet. XXIX (III. 3.) I. On the appearance of the praetors, to whom alone the matter was known, the letters were seized with the seals unbroken. 2. When the men who had been seized had been led to the consul it was now dawning. 3. He summoned to him many others who as yet suspected nothing. 4. He said it was not his will ' that the letters should be opened until they were laid before the senate. 5. He quickly summoned a full meeting of the senate that he might report the matter while fresh. 6. Those who were sent to carry off from the house of Cethegus whatever arms there were carried off a very great number of swords. * placere. XXX (III. 4.) I. Volturcius was brought in that he might under the assurance of an amnesty^ tell all he knew about the matter. 2. He said that they would make use of the slaves with this design that they might set f:re to the city in every direction'*. 3. There were men at hand** to'' slay the fugitives without limit ^ 4. A letter was given to the Gauls for their nation that they should do what had been enjoined by Cassius. 5. Lentulus assured them that he would send forces. 6. Cethegus 152 EXERCISES. and Statilius approved ^ of cavalry being sent into Italy as soon as possible. ' Say * the public credit being pledged.' ' Say * from all parts.' ^ praesto. * Use qui with subjunctive. ' Say ' make unlimited slaughter.' * Usa placet. XXXI (III. 5.) I. Not to be tedious, when he had acknowledged his seal I read the letter which was written with his own hand to the AUobroges. 2. He confessed that those who had a fancy for swords would find many at his house. 3. I asked whether he wished that an oppor- tunity should be given ^ him of speaking about these things. 4. Though he might have answered them he quite unexpectedly " confessed that he had surpassed all men in guilt. 5. Though the letter was unsigned^ yet it was evident who had sent it. 6. From their stealthy glances^ at one another they seemed to be betraying themselves. * Say * that power should be granted.* the opinion of all.' ^ Say * without name.' they stealthily glanced.' ' Say 'contrary to * Say ' when XXXII (III. 6.) I. When I consulted the senate the chief men ex- pressea their opinion as to the course that should be pursued' in the public interest. 2. First of all the consul was thanked for having freed the state from the greatest dangers by his courage. 3. Then the others whose help the consul had found reliable were deservedly praised for betraying^ those who took part in the con- spiracy. 4. It is certain that the senate used the greatest lenity though the multitude of the enemy was ORATIO III. 153 SO great. 5. When the proofs were made known the praetor resigned office, so that the senate was freed from scruple in punishing him. 6. He who threatens ' his fellow-citizens with death, his country with war, ought to lose the rights of a citizen. * Say * what it pleased them should be done.' ' minari. " indicare. XXXIII (III. 7.) I. When the leaders of the conspiracy' were taker'-' all the hopes of those impious men collapsed. 2. The consul thought Catiline was to be feared, but only so long as he knew how to get at '' every one who was within the walls of the city. 3. There was nothing that he was not himself able to accomplish or endure. 4. To avert the danger from you I said what I thought. 5. I will never allow* that enemy to remain in the city. 6. I detected the way in which '^ he was about to contend with us. ' coniuratio. * Use ccmmitUre. 2 Ablative absolute. ' quomodo. ' Use aditus tenere. XXXIV (III. 8.) I. Flashes of lightning that were seen in the west, seemed to predict all the things that soon afterwards' took placed 2. It was scarcely possible for^ human wisdom to foresee all these things and aid you at such a crisis. 3. When several images of the gods in the Capitol were thrown down the statue of the wolf also was struck by lightning. 4- At that time, if *he augurs had not appeased heaven *, we should have seen civil war and the downfall of the empire. 5. They ordered the consuls to give out a contract for turning the statue of j; 154 EXERCISES. Jupiter in the opposite direction from formerly, namely towards the rising of the sun. 6. Accordingly that statue now looks towards the forum and senate house, so that the designs which were entered on, to the detriment of you all, are clearly seen by the senate and Roman people. ' mox. '^ fieri. ' the immortal gods.' ' Say 'of human wisdom. ♦ Say XXXV (III. 0.) I. Who can be so blind of heart as to think that all these things were managed by human counsel? 2. Though these jthings seemed incredible yet you learned * that wicked citizens not only designed but even attempted them. 3. The statue of Jupiter was being set up this morning at the very time that the chiefs of the conspiracy were being led through the forum. 4. How much hatred do you think those deserve who attempted to set fire to your homes and the temples of the gods ! 5. There remains but one race that has both the will and the power to make war on the Roman people. 6. Yet men of this state neglected the hope offered to them, and preferred your safety to that of Lentulus and his associates. * sentire. XXXVI (III. 10.) I. To no men can juster honours be rendered than to those who have rescued you and your families ^ from bloodshed. 2. With what heaps of bodies, with what bloodshed did Sulla avenge the victory of his enemies ! 3. Those who drove so many brave men from the city nu iiiuai Diuiiaui liguia UI lliC State. 4. lO ORATIO III. 155 those men it was always not so much their own danger as the misfortune of the state that caused grief. 5. For they wished the city to prosper in order that they might themselves be the chief men in it. 6. Catiline alone within the memory of men would have behaved in such a way that not even the very citizens could have survived. ' Say * wives and children.' XXXVII (III. 11.) I. For this great virtue he demanded no reward except praise. 2. The memory of that great day was stored up for ever in the minds of the citizens. 3. There is nothing that can please me except literary records, which I hope will be everlasting. 4. The memory of a consulship is preserved by the discourse of the citizens. 5. The one man preserved the lives of the citizens, the other the limits of the empire. 6. I hope that many citizens will preserve the safety of the state. XXXVIII (III. 12.) I. Wars are not waged on the same terms ^ among citizens as among enemies. 2. For citizens must live with those whom they have injured. 3. It is your duty, Quirites, to take care that most daring men may never crush the guardians of the state. 4. Those who exposed themselves to so many dangers, have brought it to pass that you cannot now be injured. 5. Let them as private persons defend what they do as magis- trates. 6. Let those always be in honour with'^ us who so conduct themselves as not to yield to any one's daring. !<11i iondicio. 2 /tVS»// III i: * 156 EXERCISES. ORATIO IV. XXXIX (IV. 1.) I. The consul bid them, forgetful of their own safety, take thought for the danger of the state. 2. He saw that the senators had laid aside the thought of all other things and had turned their eyes upon himself. 3. He said that he' was willing to endure every torture, provided that he might procure safety for the Roman people. 4. If the immortal gods had wished it they could have snatched the native land of all of you from war and devastation. 5. He felt' a certain pain when he heard that the senate house would never afterwards be free from danger for him. 6. The goodwill of the immortal gods towards you has saved your wives and children from most cruel slaughter. ' percipere, XL (IV. 2.) ' I. Wherefore he bid them consult^ their own interests, save their wives and children, and cease to think about him. 2. For he hoped that the gods who guarded the city would make a return to him according to his deserts. 3. Wherefore he would bear with composure whatever happened, for a disgraceful death could not befall a brave man, nor an untimely a man who had been consul. 4. He was not however so unfeeling' as not to be affected by the tears of his friends. 5. He I ORATIO IV. 157 bid them apply themselves * to securing the safety of the state, lest they should perish along with their fellow- citizens. 6. Could they hesitate"^ about putting to death the men who had tampered with the Allobroges and stirred up the slaves? * Throughout this exercise use oratio obliqua. 3 ferreus. * incutnbere. ' dubitare. Impf. subj. XLI (IV. 3.) I. When the informers had reported everything Len- tulus resigned his praetorship. 2. When the senate had consigned to custody those whose conspiracy had been disclosed they decreed a thanksgiving on the consul's account. 3. The honour was of such a kind that to no one before him did such splendid rewards seem to have been given. 4. When he had given the warning that was incumbent on the consul, they saw that there was a dangerous conspiracy in the state. 5. He said they were greatly mistaken if they thought it was the deed of a few men. 6. He consulted ^ the senate as to what they thought'^ should be decided about this great'' evil. ' referre. ' cemere. ' Say * Uiis so great.' XLII (IV. 4.) I. Those whom Silanus voted for punishing with death, Caesar ordered to be kept in custody in the free towns. 2. For the one thought death to be a punish- ment, the other rest from toil. 3. It is the part both of a wise and a brave man to meet death willingly. 4. Let us decide that the severest penalty should be imposed on those who attempt to destroy the state. 5. Should we therefore leave life alone to those wicked 158 EXERCISES. men and order their property to be confiscated ? 6. Or should the hope of safety also be snatched from those for whom the ancients have held that punishments were appointed even in the other world. XLIII (IV. 5.) I. We must first see what is for our interest and for that of our country. 2. Those who follow Caesar's opinion do not see why an attack should be feared. 3. No one now had any doubt as to whom the judges were about to give into custody. 4. We will confer the greatest rewards on those who (will) seem to have understood w^at was for the interest of the state. 5. Who cannot understand the difference between those who wish to be considered popular and those who truly consult for the people's safety? 6. It cannot be doubted that the judges will add to his punishment the confiscation of his property. XLIV (IV. 6.) I. It is not easy to understand what cruelty there can be in punishing such crime. 2. He showed him- self severe towards those who tried to overthrow the foundations of the state. 3. There is no reason to fear that those who slay the enemies of their country may seem too violent. 4. Those who were then engaged in managing the state entered on a plan for destroying the city. 5. Let us make it our object to punish ' those who wished to hand us over to slaves to be butchered. 6. Let us exact the most severe penalty from those who confess that they attempted to slay our wives and children. ' animadvertere in. ORATIO IV. 159 XLV (IV. 7.) 1. He did not conceal the things that came to his ears. 2. And when these things were heard' many persons feared that what they wished would not be carried out. 3. Why should I mention with what courage the citizens were ready to perish rather than neglect the common safety ? 4. I shall regard as my country's enemies all who do not hold one and the same opinion in this matter. 5 For it is the duty of all the citizens to defend themselves in such a way as also to defend the safety of the state. 6. The very '^ soil of our country must be defended that these temples may not perish. * Say * which things being heard.' ^ ipse. XLVI (IV. 8.) I. There is no one, provided only liberty is sweet to him, who does not desire to defend his country. 2. Even freedmen think it worth their while to con- tribute as much as they can to the safety of a state whose honours they are likely to obtain \ 3. No one is so abandoned as not to be moved by this that we have heard. 4. All who are most devoted to peace desire the shops to be safe. 5. Wherefore this whole class judge those to be enemies who order the shops to be closed. 6. When ^ the minds of the needy are tampered with by bribes all men fear their daring. * Say ' are about to obtain.' Use the ablative absolute. [6q EXERCISES. XLVII (IV. 0.) I. He asked them not to fail the Roman people. 2. For (he said that) their country as it were stretched forth to them her hands in entreaty and entrusted to them the temples of the gods and the walls of the city. 3. He bid* them therefore forgetful of all dangers preserve themselves, their wives and children. 4. For they had^ a consul who would not fail either them or their country. 5. They should therefore take care^ that one night did not destroy their liberty and their country. 6. For he had said ^ all these things not to rouse them up, but that he might seem to have dis- charged the duty of a consul. ' Express by imperfect subjunctive. ' Oblique narration. ^ providere. * Use oblique narration. xLvni (IV. 10.) I. Although he saw how great the band of his enemies was yet he did not regret ' what he ha ' '^ne. 2. For he thought that those who threatened nim with death were a crowd of base and shameful conspirators. 3. No one hereafter will ever obtain such great praise as that with which you have honoured him who not only managed the state well but even saved it. 4. Let the achievements of others be bounded by the same limits as the sun's course ; I too, assuredly, shall have some place among those who have freed Italy from fear. 5. Do you think it a greater thing to open provinces for the citizens to go forth to than to preserve a country for them to return to ? 6.1 will undertake unending war against those of the citizens who cannot be held back from the destruction of the state. ' paeniiere. li I ORATIO IV. l6l . XLIX (IV. 11.) I. He said that in return for his zeal towards them he asked nothing except that the memory of his consulship should remain fixed in their minds. 2 He thought that while this memory was in their minds he would be protected by a very safe wall. 3. As this was so ' he entrusted to them not only himself but also his little son. 4. But even if this hope had deceived him he would have saved everything at his own risk alone. 5. He therefore bid them decide boldly about them- selves and their families. 6. For they had a consul who would not hesitate to obey their decrees. ' Say * which things when they were so.* liii I ;i VOCABULARY -M- a, ab, abs, prep, with abl, by, from, abdioo, -ftvi, -fttum, v. i, dis- own ; abdicare se magi- stratu, resign office. &beo, -ivi and -ii, -Itum, -ire, v., go away, depart, ftbhorreo, -ixi, v. a, am averse to, inconsistent with. &bloio, -iSoi, •ieotum, -loSre, V. 3, cast away, throw down, cast off, give up, cast down, abiectus, -a, -um, part, adj., disheartened, downcast, mean, low. absoondo, -condi and -con- didi, -oondltum, v. 3, hide, conceal, absens, -entis, pari, adj., absent. ab861utio, -onia,/, acquittal, absum, ftftii, filsesse, v., am absent, am far from, ftbundantia, -ae,/, abundance, wealth. &butor, -usus, V. 3 dgp., mis- use, abuse, exhaust. ao, conj,, and. accede, -oessi, •cesstun, v. 3, approach. accdlSro, -avi, -Stum, v. i, hasten. acoerso and arcesso, -ivi, •ituixi, V. 3, summoa. (M662) 168 aoofdo, -oldl, v, 3, happen, befall. accipio, -ogpi, -ceptum, v. 3, receive. acoiibo, v. i, lie near, recline at table. acoumbo, -ctibui, -ciibUum, V. 3, recline at table. aoouso, -avi, -&tum, v. i, accuse, arraign, blame. ftcer, acris, ftcrS, adj., sharp, severe, spirited, brave; comp. aorior; sup. aoerri* mu8. ftoerbo; adv., harshly, severely. ftcerbitas, -fttis, /, sourness, affliction, pain, bitterness. fioerbuB, -a, -um, adj., bitter, rigorous, severe. ftcervus, -i, m., heap. ftcies, -ei,/, sharp edge, sharp- ness of sight, line of battle, battle-array. acriter, adv., eagerly, zealously ; comp. aorius. o.Ci,prep. with ace, to, towards, for, in order to ; like apud, at, near, with. adduce, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, lead to, bring into, induce, per- suade. &ded, adv., so, so much; with conj., to annex a more impor- tant thought, or to make a i 1 164 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. correction, indeed ; atque adeo, and indeed, aye and, and in fact. ftdeps, •!pis, comm., fat, corpu- lence. adfeotus, -us, w., state or dis- position of mind, mood. adfSro, -tlili, -latum, -ferre, v.y bring to, bring iipop., give, impart. ftdflcio, -feci, -feotum, v. 3, affect, visit with, bestow upon, inflict upon. adfinis, -e, adj., related by marriage, associated with, privy to. adflicto, -avi, -atum, v. i , dis- tress, torment.j adfligo, -ixi, -ictum, v. 3, strike down, cast down, pro- strate. adgr3go, -avi, -atum, v, i, add to, bring to, assemble. ftdhibeo, -ui, -ituni,z'. 2, apply, bring to bear, use. ftdhiio, adv., hitherto, still, yet, until now, thus far. ftdimo, -emi, -emptum, v. 3, take away. adipiscor, -eptus, v. 3 dep., obtain. ftditus, -lis, m., approach. adiungo, -nxi, -nctum, v. 3, join, attach. adiiivo, -iiivi, -iutum, v. i, help, assist. administer, -tri, ni., assistant, abettor administro, -avi, -atum, v. i. manage, guide, administer. admiror, -atu8, v. i dep., wonder at. admonltus, -lis, m., suggestion. adnuo, -ui, -iituin, v. 3, nod assent, assent. ^dquiro, -sivi, -situm, v. 3, add to. «»{ic?ifiT>jirt =Hnsiicii. -SG6iisuni V. 3, ascend, mount. adsoisoo, -Ivi, -itum, v. 3, receive, admit. ads3quor, -sSoutus or -sSquu- tus, V. 3 dep., gain, obtain. adservo, -avi, -atum, v. i, keep, guard, adsldeo, -sedi, -sessum, v. 2, sit by or near, sit beside. adsldue, adv., constantly. adsploio, -spexi, -speotum, V. 3, look on, look at. adspectus, -lis, w., seeing, look- ing at, sight, adsuef&cio, -feci, -factumi, v. 3, with abl., accustom to, inure to. adsum, adfui, adesse, v., am near, am present, am at hand. MMesoens, -entis, m., youth, young man. adGlesoentiilus, -i, m.y young man. Adulter, -3ri, w., adulterer, paramour. Adultus, -a, -um, part, adj., grown up, matured. adventus, -us, m., coming, approach. advespSrascit, -avit, v. 3 impers., evening comes on, it approaches evening, aedes, -is,/., in sing., temple ; in pi., house. aedificium, -i, n., building, aedifico, -avi, -atum, v. i, build. aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, ill. aeque, adv., in like manner, equally, aequitas, -atis, y., equity, fair- ness, moderation. aequus, -a, -um, adj., equal, calm, tranquil. aerarium, -i, «., treasury, aerarius, -a, -um, adj., of bronze, of money : hence tri- buni aerarii, paymasters who VOCABULARY. 165 saperintended disbursements of the public trensury. aes, aeris, n., bronze, money ; aes alientim, n. {lit., the money of another), debt. aestus, -iis, /«., heat. aetas, -atis,y!, age. aeternus, -a, -um, adj., eismal, everlasting. Africa, -ae,/, Africa. Afr!eg.nu8, -i, m , surname of the two most distinguished Scipios. ager, -gri, m., field, land, territory, agnosco, -novi, -nUum, v. 3, recognize, acknowledge. Ago, egi, actum, v. 3, do, {of a speaker) plead. agrarius, -a, -um, adj., of or pertaining to land ; agrarii, -drum, m., those who urged the agrarian laws, the agrarian party, agrestis, -e, adj., of the country, rustic. Ahala, -ae, w., a Roman family name. aio, V. defect., say. alea, -ae, /, a game with dice, a game of chance, gambling, aleator, -oris, m., gamester, fllienlgena, -ae, m., foreigner, alien. &lienus, -a, -um, adj., that belongs to another, another's, foreign ; ftlienus, subst. m., stranger. ftUquando, adv., sometimes, at any time, ever, one day ; {in commands, exhortations, or wishes) at length, now at last, ftliquanto, adv., somewhat, a little. ftliqui, -quae, -quod, indef. adj., some, any. ftliquis, aiiquid, indef subst, proft., sorne one, aOinebouy, any one, something, anything. S,ilqud, adv., somewhither, to some place. ftllquot, indef indecl. num., some, several. &liu8, -a, -ud, adj. and subst., another, other ; alius . . . alius, the one ... the other, in pi. , some . . . others. Allobrox, -6gi8, //., Allo- brSges, -um, «., the Allo- broges. &I0, alui, altum and aHtum, V. 3, nourish, support, strengthen. Alpes, -ium, /., the Alps, altaria, -ium, n.pl., altar, alter, -tSra, -tSrum, adj., the other {of two), the second, the next ; alter . . . alter, the one • . . the other, altus, -a, -um, part, adj., high, lofty, elevated. &man8, -ntis, part. adj. with gen., fond of, loving, attached to. amentia, -ae, f., madness, insanity. &micio, -!cui or -ixi, -iotum, V. 4, clothe, wsap up. Somictus, -lis, m., mantle, cloak. Amicus, -i, m., friend. amitto, -misi, -missum, v. 3, lose, ftmo, -avi, -&tum, v. i, love, ftmor, -oris, m., love, passion, amplector, -exus, v. 3 dep., embrace, favour, amplifico, -avi, -atum, v. i, extend, enlarge. ampHtudo, -5nis, f, greatness, distinction, consequence, amplius, adv., more, longer, further, besides. amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, great; sup., amplissimus {often as title for persons hold- ing high office), distinguished, most honoDrable. an, conj., or, whether. l66 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. angfilus, -i, m., corner, nook. ftnheloy -avi, -atiun, v i, breathe out. anima, -ae,/, breath, life. aninaadversio, -onis,/, punish- ment. ftnimadverto, -ti, -sum, v. 3, give heed to, observe ; anim- advertere in aliquem, to punish any one. ftnlmvis, -i, w., mind, spirit, feeling. Annius, w., name of a Roman gens. annus, -i, m., year. ants, /r^^. and adv., before. antea, adv.^ before. antSlucanus, -^a, -um, adj., before light, biefore day, con- tinuing all night till daybreak. antSpono, -pdsui, -positum, V. 3, set before, prefer. antSquam, also as two words, ante quam, conj., before, before that. antlquus, -a, -um, adj., old, ancient. apdrio, apSrui, ftpertum, v. 4, open. ftperte, adv., openly. &pertus, -a, -um, paj-t. adj., open. apparatus, -a, '\iva.,part. adj. well-furnished, splendid. appello, -avi, -atum, v. i, accost, address, call. Appenninus, -i, m., Apen- nines. apprSpinquo, -avi, -atum,».i, draw near. aptus, -a, -um, part, adj., fit, suitable. apud, prep, with ace, at, in presence of, with, at the house of. Apulia, -ae, /., a province in Lower Italy, now Puglia. 3.QV10, -sj&. f. water &quila, -ae, f., eagle. Ml! Sra, -B^,/., altar. arbitror, -atus, v. i dep., think, suppose. arceo, -cui, turn, v. 2, keep off. ardeo, -rsi, -rsum, v. 2, am on fire, burn, ardor, -oris, m., flame, burning, argenteus, -a, -um, adj., of silver, silver, argentum, -i, n., silver, plate, argiimentum, -i, n., evidence, proof, arma, -orum, n.,pl. arms, armo, -avi, -atum, v. i, arm. arx, arois,yi, citadel, at, conj., but ; at vero, but certainly, but assuredly. atque, conj., and ; in com- parisons {of equality) as, ,of difference), than. atrocitas, -atis, f, harshness, savageness. atrox, -ocis, cuij., horrible, atrocious, dreadful, attendo, -tendi, -teutum, v. 3 (with animum or animos, or absolute), direct the attention to, give heed to. attribuo, -ui, -iitum, v. 3, assign, attdlit, or Q.6.i^lit,from adfero. auctionarius, -a, -um, cuij., of or pertaining to an auction ; tabulae auetionariae,auction bill, auctor, -oris, m., author, in- stigator, adviser, auctoritas, -atis, /, authority, influence, sanction. audacia, -ae, /, boldness, effrontery, insolence, daring. audax, -acis, adj., bold, audeo, ausus, v. 2, venture, dare. audio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, hear. crease, augment. I VOCABULARY. 167 Aurelia Via, /, the Aurelian Way, the great coast road from Rome to Transalpine Gaul, at first extending only to Pisae, now Pisa, afterwards con- tintied to Genua, nozu Genoa, Forum Julii, now Frdjus, and A relate, now Aries auris, -is,/!, ear. auspicium, i, n., angary, auspices. aat, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either . or. autem, fon;., but, however, moreover auxiliiuu, i, n , help, aid. aversus, -a, "tun, part, adj., turned away, alienated. averto, -ti, •sum, v. 3, turn away, avert, divert. &VUS, -i, w,, grandfather. bacchor, -atus, v. i dep., revel. barb&ria, -ae, /., foreign country barb&rus, -i, 7n., foreigner, stranger, barbarian. barbatus, -a, -um, adj., having a beard, bearded. beatus, -a, -um, part, adj., happy, blessed, wealthy, rich. bellum, -1, n. , war. b6n§, adj., well. bSnSftciuiu, -i, «., favour, kind- ness. b§nSvdlentia, -ae, f., good- will, kindness. bSnignitas, -atis, f, kindness, favour. bibo, bibi, v. 3, drink. bipertito, adv., in two divisions, in two parties. bis, adv. num., twice. bon& («. //. ^ bonus), -drum, property, fortunes, posses- sions. bdnus, -a, -um, adj., gooH, loyal, excellent : comp. mSlior, -us; superl., opt!- mus, -a, -um. brSvis, -e, adj., short. brSviter. adv., briefly, shortly. C, abbreviation for the prae- nomen Caius or Gaius. caedes, is,/!, slaughter. caelum, -i, n., heaven, the sky. Caesar, -&ris, m., a surname in the gens lulia. c&lfimitas, -atis, f., calamity, injury, damage, misfortune. callidus, -a, -um, adj., expert, cunning, shrewd. campus, -i, m., often of the place of assembly at the Comitia Centuriata, more fully called Campus Martius. cM^uo, cScini, cantum, v. 3, sing, predict, foretell. canto, -avi, -atum, v. i, sing. c&pillus, -i, m., hair. c&pio, cepi, captvun, v. 3, take, adopt, get, incur, hold, cer- tain; {only pass., and especially in part, captus) deprive of one's faculties. cS^pitalis, -e, aaj., by which life is endangered, capital, deadly. c&pitolium, -i, n., the capitol. cftput, -itis, n., head, life, political status. career, -6ris, m., prison. careo, -ui, -itiim, v. 2, am without, am deprived of, abstain from, do without. Carthago, -5nis,/, Carthage. carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, valued, esteemed. Cassius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. castra, -or^om, w. //., camp. castrensis, -e, adj., oior belong- i in^ S.0 a Cainp. casus, -us, m., accident, chance. C&tilina, -ae, m., Catiline. 1 68 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. C&tiilus, -i, ni., a cognomen in the gens Lutatia. causa, -as, /, cause, reason ; causa, abl. with gen. or poss. adj., on account of, fo: the sake of. cedo, oessi, cessum, v. 3, yield to. cSlSbro, -avi, -atum, v. i, solemnize, celebrate. c61§riter, adv., quickly. cena, -ae,/, supper, dinner. censeo, -ui, censum, v. 2, judge, vote. oentiirio, -onis, m., centurion, captain. Ceparius, -i, r^., a Roman proper name. oerno, crevi, cretum, v. 3, see, perceive, certamen, -Inis, »., contest, oerte, adv., certainly, sarely, at least, certo, -avi, -atura, v. i, con- tend, oertus, -a, -um, adj., certain, fixed, sure; certiorem (ali- quem) facere, inform, tell, cervix, -icis,/!, neck. cet§ri, -ae, -a, adj., the rest, the others. The sing, is rare. OSthegus, -i, m.,a cognomen in the Cornelian gens. Chile, -onis, w., a cogtiomen. olbvus, i, m., food. Cimber, -bri, m., a Cimbrian ; also as a cognomen. cinis, -Sris, m , ashes. Cinna, -ae, m., a family name of the gentes Cornelia and Helvia. ciroum, ai/v. and prep., round, oircumcludo, -si, -stun, v. 3, shut in, enclose on every side. oiroumdo, -dSdi, -d&tum, -tJ-CBiO, S/. > V o ifii circumscriptor, -oris, m., de- frauder, deceiver, cheat. circumsSdeo, -sedi, -sessum, V. 2, surround, sit round, oiroumspioio, -exi, -ectum, V. 3, look round, look round for, survey, consider. circumsto, -st3ti, v. i, stand round, surround. oivilis, -e, adj., civil, civic, of citizens. civis, -is, m., citizen, civitas, -atis,/., state. clam, adv. and prep. , secretly, without the knowledge of. clamo, -avi, -atum, v. i, cry out, shout aloud. clarus, -a, -ura, adj., famous, illustrious, clear, plain, evi- dent. Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, gentle, forbearing, merci- ful, clieutela, -ae, f., clientship, patronage ; concrete, tnostly in pi., clients, dependents. On., abbreviation of Gnaens or Cnaeus. coeo, -ivi or -11, -itum, -ire, v., come together, assemble. coepio, coepi, coeptum, v. 3, begin. coerceo, -cul, -citum, v. 2, restrain, repress, check, coetus, -lis, m., assemblage, gathering, cogitatio, -6n:s, /., thought, design, plan. cdgito, -avi, -atum, z*. i, think, plan, design. cognitor, -oris, m., advocate, defender, cognosco, -gnovi, -gnitum, V. 3, know, recognize, acknow- ledge. cogo, coegi, coactum, v. 3, compel, assemble. c6hors, -rtis, /, cohort, com- j 'fin r" t coUega, -ae, partner. m., colleague, VOCABULARY. 169 OolUgo, -l§gi, -lectum, v. 3, gather, collect, assemble. ooUdco, -avi, -atum, v. i, place, set, set up. colonia, -ae, /, colony, settle- ment. cdlonus, -i, m., colonist. color, -oris, m,, colour, hue, complexion. comes, -Itis, c, companion. comissatio, -onis,/"., revelling, rioting. cdmltatns, -a, -um, part, adj., accompanied, attended. cdmitatus, -lis, m., retinue, train. oomitium^ -i, n., the place of assembly; //., the elections. oommSmSro, -avi, -atmn, v. i, relate, mention. commendatio, -onis,/., recom- mendation. oommendo, -avi, -atum, v. i. intrust, commend. commissum, n., offence, crime. comiuitto, -misi, -missuiu, V. 3, commit a crime, {of a battle) engage in, begin ; {with ut) act so as that ; intrust, commit to. comraoveo, -movi, -motum, V. 2, move, stir, oommiims, -e, adj., common, general. oommiito, -avi, -atxim, v. i, change. oompfipro, -avi, -atiun, v. i, provide, make rea'^y, form, arrange. compello, -piili, -pulsum, v. 3, collect, drive. coiupSrio, -pSri, -pertum, v. 4, find out, learn, ascertain. oompStitor, -oris, m., com- petitor, rival. oompleotor, -plexus, v. 3 dep., embrace* oomplexus, -us, m., embrace. compliires, -a and -ia, gen.. -ium, adj. or subst., several, very many. oomprdhendo, -di, -sum, v. 3, lay hold of, seize, perceive, coiuprimo, -pressi, -pressum, V. 3, check, restrain, conatus, -lis, /;/., attempt, endeavour. ooncedo, -cessi, -oessum, v. 3, retire, withdraw, grant, allow, yield. oonc!do, -cidi, v. 3, fall to the ground, col'apse, fall, concipio, -cepi, -ceptura, v. 3, conceive, imagine, concito, -avi, -atum, v. 1, stir up, excite. Concordia, -ae.yi, the goddess of Concord, ooncordia, -a a, /., harmony, concord. concupisco, -ciipivi or ciipii, -itiuu, V. 3, long for, desire. concursOj v. i, rove somewhere, visit a place, frequent. concursus, -iis, m., running together, assembly, rallying. oondemno, -avi, -atum, v. i, condemn, convict, charge with, accuse of. condicio, -onis, f., agreement, compact, terms, condition, circumstances, condo, -didi, -ditum, v. 3, found, lay up, store, confectus, -a, -um, part, adj., impaired, weakened, ex- hausted. confdro, contiili, collatum, conferre, v., contribute, bring together, compare, assign, appoint ; conferre se, betake oneself, confertus, -a, -um, part, adj., stuffed, filled. confessio, -bniB,f., confession, acknowiedncment. **-" " '^- *^ •-- .-— - confestira, adv., immediately, forthwith. m f\' lyo ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. oonfloio, -feci, -feotum, v. 3, complete, accomplish, finish, destroy. oonfido, -flflus, v. 3, trust con- fidently, believe, am assured. conflrmo, -avi, -atum, v. i, strengthen, embolden, assert, affirm, confirm. conflteop, -fesBUS, v. 2 dep., confess. conflagTO, -avi, -fttxim, v. i, burn, am consumed. confligo, -zi, -ctum, v. 3, am in conflict, contend. oonflo, -avi, -atum, v. i, blow together, stir up, raise. confringo, fregi, -fraotiun, V. 3, break 4n pieces, de stroy. congrSgo, -avi, -atum, v. i, assemble. conioio, -ieci, -ieotum, v. 3, throw together, put together, infer, direct, aim {a thrust), drive (a person to). coniectura, -ae, f., conjecture, guess. coniunctio, -onis.yi, union. coniungo, -nxi, -nctum, v. 3, join, unite. ooniurati, -orum, m. pL, con- spirators. coniiiratio, -onis, /, con- spiracy. coniux, -iiigis, c.y wife, more rarely y husband. coniveo, -nivi or -nixi, v. 2, shut the eyes, wink at, over- look. Conor, -atus, v. i dep., attempt, try. oonscSlSratus, -a, -um, part, adj., wicked, depraved. Conscientia, -ae, /., conscious- ness, knowledge, sense, con- science. oonscribo, -psi, -ptum, v, a, enroll ; patres conscripti, chosen, elect fathers {prop., fathers and chosen), a title of senators. oonsSoro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, dedicate, devote. consensio, -onis,/., agreement, unanimity. oonsentio, -sensi, -sensum, V. 4, agree. consSquor, -sSciitus or -s6quiitus, V. 3 dep., follow, accompany, overtake, come up with, attain to, obtain, conserve, -avi, -atum, v. i, save, preserve. consilium, -i, «., plan, design, prudence, counsel, {of the persons who deliberate) council. consolor, -atus, v. i dep., con- sole, cheer. conspectus, -us, m., sight, view. conspicio, -spexi, -spectum, V. 3, look at, observe, gaze upon. conspiratio, -onis, f, agree- ment, union, unanimity. constanter.a^t;. ,firmly, steadily, consistently. constantia, -ae, /, firmness, steadfastness, constancy. constituo, -ui, -iitum, v. 3, appoint, fix, set, establish, arrange. consto, -stiti, -statum, v. i, stand together ; constat, it is certain, well known. constringo, -strinxi, -stria- tum, V. 3, bind, fetter, restrain, hold in check. consuetude, -inis, /, custom, habit. consul, -dlis, m., consul {one of the two chief magistrates elected annually at Rome). consiilaris, -e, adj., consular; one who has been consul, ex- consul, of consular rank. \ \ VOCABULARY. 171 consiU&tus, -us, m., consul- ship. oonsMo, -lui, -Itum, v. 3 with ace, consult one, ask one's opinion ; with dat., consult for a person or thing, provide for, have regard for. oonsultum, -i, n., decree, resolution. consume, -sumpsi, -sumptum, V. 3, consume, waste, squaiuU r, spend. cont&mino, -avi, -atum, v. i, pollute. contemno, -tempsi, -temp- tuxn, V. 3, despise. contendo, -di, -turn, v. 3, com- pare, contrast. oontentio, -onis, /., struggle, contest, strife. oontentus, -a, -um, part, adj., contented, satisfied. oontioesco, -tXcui, v. 3, become silent. continentia, -ae, f., self-con- trol, temperance, moderation. oontlneo, -ui, -tentum, v. 2, hold in, contain, restrain. oontingo, -tigi, -tactum, v. 3, touch, {of occurrences) \i^\i^cn to one, befall. oontio, -onis, /, meeting, assembly, oration, harangue. oontionator, -oris, m., haran- guer of the people, dema- gogue. contra, adv. and prep., against, opposite. contr&ho, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, draw together, {in business) conclude a bargain, contract, occasion {trouble). controversia, -ae,y'!, dispute. contiimelia, -ae, /, insult, affront, reproach. oonvSnio, -veni, -ventum, V. 4, come together ; res convSnit or impers. con- vSnit, it is fit, proper. conventus, -iis, m., meeting, assembly. converto, -ti, -sum, v. 3, turn, convince, -vici, -victum, v. 3, {with personal objects) con- vict of crime or error, refute, {with things as objects) prove incontestably, show clearly, demonstrate, convivium, -i, «., banquet, entertainment. cenvSco, -avi, -atum, v. i, call together, assemble. copia, -ae,/, abundr.nce, riches; esp, in pi. as military term, troops, forces, copiosus, -a, -um, adj., well supplied with, rich. Cornelius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens. corpus, -oris, n., body, oorrigo, -rexi, -rectum, v. 3, correct, amend, reform. corrobSre, -avi, -atum, v. i, strengthen. corrue, -ui, v. 3, fall to the ground, collapse, cerruptela, -ae, /., corruption, seduction, corrupter, -oris, m., corrupter, misleader. corruptus, -a, -um, part. adj. corrupt, bad. cotidianus, -a, -uim, adj., daily. cotidie, adv., daily. Cotta, -ae, m., a surname of the Aurelian family. credo, -didi, -dltum, v. 3, believe, think. cresoe, crevi, cretum, v. 3, in- crease, grow. criiciatus, -iis, m., torture. crudelis, -e, adj., cruel. crudelitas, -atis,/, cruelty. crudeliter, adv., cruelly ; comp. criidelius, more cruelly, too cruelly. cruentus, -a, -um, adj,, bloody, bloodstained. *»!« I 172 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. ciibile, -is, «., couch, bed. culpa, -ae,/, fault. cum, coni., when, since ; cum . . . tum, connecting complete sentences with different pre- dicates, as . . . so, while . . . (tum being not translatect) ; prep, xvith abl, with ; enclitic zvith pets, pron., mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum. &c. ofimiilo, -avi, -atum, v. i, heap, pile up, fill up, augment, mcrease. cunctus, -a, -um, and more frequent in pi., cuncti, -ao, -a, adj , all, the whole, o^ipyditas, -atfe, /, desire, passion, cupidity, avarice. ciipio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 3, desire, wish. cur, adv. interrog. and rel.,w\iy, ciira, -ae, /, care, soMcitude, anxiety, curia, -ae,/, senate-house. euro, -avi, -atum, v. i, take care of, take care. currus, -us, m., chariot, cursus, -us, m., running, course, career, ciirulis, -e, adj., sella curulis, curule chair, official chair used by consuls, praetors, and curule aediles. custodia, -ae,/, guard, custody, restraint, custodio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, V. 4, guard, watch over, custos, -odis, c, guardian. D., abbreviation of the prae- nomen Decimus. damno, -avi, -atum, v. i, con- demn. de, prep, with abl, about, con- cerning, from, because of, for. debeo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, am under an obligation, ought, owe ; pass., am due, owing. debllis, -e, adj., feeble, weak, debilito, -avi, -atum, v. i, weaken, unnerve. decedo, -cessi, -cessxun, v. 3, depart. dScem, num. adj., ten. decerno, -orevi, -cretum, v. 3, decree, decide. dSciraui!, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., tenth. declinatio, -onis, /, bending aside, swerving. decoctor, -oris, m., spendthrift, binkrupt. decretum, -i, «., decree, de- cision. dedScus, -6ris, «., disgrace, shame, blot. deduce, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, lead down, bring, lead away, lead, defatigo, -avi, -atum, v. i, weary out, exhaust. defendo, -di, -sum, v. 3, defend. defSro, -taii, -latum, -ferre, v., bring, report. deficio, -feci, -fectum, v. 3, fail, desert, am wanting. defigo, -xi, -xum. v. 3, fix, plunge in. deflagro, -avi, -atiun, v. i, bum down, destroy utterly. deicio, -ieci, -iectum, v. 3, throw down, strike down. deindS, adv., afterwards, then, delecto, -avi, -atum, v. i, please, delight. delego, -avi, -atiim, v. 1, delegate, assign. deleo, -levi, -letum, v. 2, destroy, delicatus, -a, -um, adj., allur- ing, charming, voluptuous. deligo, -legi, -lectun., v. 3, choose, select, delubrum. -i. n., shrine, demons, mentis, adj., out o£ one's mind, mad. VOCABULARY. '73 • 3, rre, • 3, fix, I. ) r dSmenter, adv., foolishly, jnadly. dementia, -ae,/., infatuation, madness. demigro, -avi, •atum, v. i, remove, depart. dem!nuo, -ui, -utum, v. 3, take away from, abate. deminutio, -onis, /., diminu- tion, decrease, demonstro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, point out, show, demum, adv., at length, at last, denique, adv., at last, at length, finally, in a word, in short, denuntio, -avi, -atum, v. i, intimate, declare, depello, -puli, -pulsum, v. 3, drive away, expel, ward off, divert, avert, cast down, dependo, -di, -sum, v. 3, pay. dejpldro, -avi, -atum, v. i, mourn, lament, depono, -p6sui, -p5situm,z;.3, lay down, lay aside, deposco, -rSposcijZ'. 3, demand, claim. deprave, -avi, -atum, v. i, pervert, corrupt. deprScor, -atus, v. i , deprecate. depr§hendo or r«3preudo, -di, -sum, V. 3, seize, detect, sur- prise. derSlinquo, -liqui, -liotum, V. 3, forsake, desert, abandon. describo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, mark off, transcribe, describe. desSro, -rui, -rtum, v. 3, forsake, desert, abandon, forfeit. desid3rium, -i, n., grief, regret. desidSro, -avi, -atum, v. i, long for, desire, miss. designatus, -a, -um, part, adj., elect. designo, -avi, -atum, v. i, desino, -sii, -situm, v. 3, cease, leave off. desisto, -stiti, -stltum, v. 3, leave off, cease, desist from. desperatio, -onis,/., hopeless- ness, despair. desperatus, -a, 'Mm, part, adj., given up, despaired of, de- sperate. despero, -&vi, -atum, v. i, have no hope of, despair of, give up, despair. destringo, -inxi, -ictum, v. 3, draw. desum, -fui, -esse, v., fail, am wanting. detestor, -atus, v. 1 , avert {by entreaty), deprecate. detr&ho, -xi, -ctiun, v. 3, take away from. detrimentum, -i, n., loss, damage, harm. deus, -i, m. {pi. di and dei), god. d«3v6veo, -vovi, -votum, v. 2, devote. dextSra, or dextra, -ae, /., right hand. dice, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, say. dictator, -oris, m., dictator. dictatura, -ae, /., dictator- ship. dictito, -avi, -atum, v. i, assert. dies, -ei, m., and in sing, some- times/., day. d'fficilis, -e, adj., difficult. difficultasj -atis, /, difficulty, trouble. dignitas, -atis,/, dignity. dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, deserving {with abl.. a 'eJaiive sentence, or absolute). diiudico, -avi, -atum., v. I, decide. dileotus, -us, m., choice, levy. diligens, -ent^is, adj., diligent, assiduous, careful. •,t».ii©V.iV>-- J — 3 t, V> carefully, diligentia, -ae, /., diligence. M iipii 174 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. carefulness, heedfulness.watch- fulness. diluoeaoo, -luxi, v. 3, grow light, (lawn, dimloatio, -onis, /., combat, fight, dimloo, -ftvl, -&tum, v. 1, contend, fight. dimitto, -misi, -missum, v. 3, dismiss. direptio, -dnis, /., plunder- ing. direptor, -oris, m., plunderer, dirlpio, -ui, -eptum, v. 3, lay waste, plunder, spoil. diacSdo, -oessi, -oessum, v. 3, depart, disoessus, -ub, m„ departure. disoiplina, -ae, /., discipline, system, disoo, didloi, v. 3, learn, disoribo, -soripsi, -soriptum, V. 3, assign, apportion, disorimen, -inis, «., division, diflcrence, decision, risk, hazard, danger. dispertio,-ivi<7r-ii, -itum,z/.4, distribute. dissemino, -avi, -atum, v. i, spread abroad. dissensio, -onis, /., disagree- ment, dissension. dissentio, -si, -srum, v. 4, dissent, differ, disagree. dissJmilis, -e, adj., unlike, dis- similar, different. dissimiilo, -avi, -atum, v. i, disguise, conceal. dissSiatus, -a, -um, />ar/. adj., remiss, negligent. dissolvo, -solvi, -sSlutum, V. 3, unloose, separate, pay, discharge, distribuo, -ui, -Gtuin, v. 3, distribute, apportion. diii, adv., a long time, long; com/)., diiitius. divello, -velli, -vulsum, v. 3, tear i^way, separate. diveraus, -a, -um, par/, adj,^ different, opposite, divinltus, adv., by providence, from heaven. do, dSdi, datum, d&re, v. i, give, give up. ddlor, -oris, w., pain, distress, grief. dSmestlous, -a, -um, adj., domestic, private, intestine. dfimlollium, -i, «,, dwelling, abode. dSmlnatio, -finis, /, rule, dominion, lordship. dfimus, -us,/, house, home; ddmi, adv., at home, in the house; domi meae, at my house, dermic, -ivi or -ii, -Itum, v. 4, sleep. diibltatio, -onis, /, doubt, hesitation. diiblto, -avi, -atum, v. i, doubt, hesitate. diiblus, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, uncertain ; sine dubio, with- out doubt, doubtless. duoo, -xi, -otum, v. 3, lead, consider, account. duint/>r dent, suhj, of do. dulois, -e, adj., sweet. dum, conj., while, until. dumm6d6, and as two words dum modo, if only, provided that, duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. duSdScImus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., twelfth. dux, diicis, c, leader, chief. ebrius, -a, -i;.m, adj., drunk, intoxicated. ecquid, inUrrcg. adv., whether, perchance ; ecquid attendis P do you heed ? ecquis, ecquid, interrog. pron,^ is there any one wlio ? .in" ? edictum, -i, '«., edict, proclama- tion. VOCABULARY. «75 6do, -dldi, -ditum, v. 3, put forth, publish. ^dfioeo, -oui, -otum, v. 2, teach thoroughly, set forth, dduoo, -xl, -otum, V. 3, lend foith, draw out, draw. eff&ro, eztaii, dl&tum, efferre, v., carry out, bring forth, raise, exalt. effrSn&tua, -a, -um, pari, adj., unbridled, eflfiigio, -fugi, v. 3, escape, avoid. Sgens, -entia, /a^A adj., needy, figeo, -ui, V. 2, want, need, lack. Sgestas, -fttis,/, poverty. Sgo, xnel,fers./»-oH., I. 6gr3dior, -gresbus, v. 3 dep., go forth. egrdgiuB, -a, -um, adj., ex- cellent, eminent, dicio, -iSoi, -iectum, v. 3, cast out, expel, cast ashore, strand, wreck ; se eioere, rush forth, break out. glabor, dlapsus, v. 3 dep., slip from. Sludo, -si, -sum, v. 3, make sport of, mock, emerge, -si, -sum, v. 3, come forth, extricate oneself, emerge, emitto, -misi, -missum, v. 3, send out, let go. emdrior, -mortuus, v. 3 dep., die. Snim, c'onj., for. eo, ivi or- ii, itum, ire, v., go. eo, adv., to that place, thither. eddem, adv., to the same place. SquSs, -Itis, m., horseman, knight ; Equites, the order of knights at Rome. Squltatus, -us, w., cavalry. ergo, adv., therefore, then. firlplo. -!pui, -©ptum, v. 3, snatch away, take away, erro, -ftx'i, -&tum, v. 1 , err, go wrong, am mistaken, druato, V. I, belch forth, drumpo, -rupi, -ruptum, v. 3, break out, burst forth, et, conj'., and, also; et . . , et, both . . . and. Stdnim, conj'., for. dtiam, (onj., also, even, still, yet ; etiam atque etiam, again and again, fitiamsi, conj'., even if, although. Etrurla, -ae, /, a country of central Italy. 5v&do, -v&si, -vftsuir, v. 3, go f(jrth, get away, escape, gverto, -tl, -sura, v. 3, overturn, overthrow, subvert. 6v6cator, -oris, tn., one who calls to arms. 5v6mo, -ui, -Itum, v. 3, vomit forth, cast forth. ex, or 6, prep, with abl., out of, from, \to designate the measure or rule) according to, after, in conformity with {which any- thing is done). exaggSro, -&vi, -&tum, v. i, exalt, amplify. ex&nlmo, -&vi, -fttum, v. i, deprive of life, kill, terrify, alarm, exaudio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, hear, excedo, -cessi, -oessum, v. 3, go forth, withdraw, excelsum, -i, n., a height, excelsus, -a, -um, adj., high, lofty. excido, -oldi, v. 3, fall from, exctpio, -cepi, -ceptiun, v. 3, catch, capture, receive, except, make an exception of, excito, -avi, -&tum, v. i , rouse up, raise. avnli'irl/^ -of _aiim. 11. a. shnt out, exclude. ■; I r 176 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. excursio. .6nl«, /, sally, in- road, exeo, -ivl or -ii, -Itum. -Ire, v., go forth, depart, oxeroeo, -ul, .itum, v. a, exercise, employ, drill, train. exercitatio, -dnia, /, practice, exercise, exercltus, -ua, w., army, exhaurio, -hausi, -haustum, V. 4, drain off, remove. exigo, -egi, -actum, v. 3, drive out, complete, finish. eximius, -a, -um, adj,, choice, distinguished. existimo, -avi, -atum, v. i, judge, consider, think, exitloaus, -a, -um, adj., de- structive, petnicious, deadly. exltium,-i, «., destruction, ruin. exitus, -us, w., end, issue, result, expello, -piili, -pulsum, v. 3, drive out, expel, expono.-pdsui, -pdsltum, v. 3, set forth, state, explain. expromo, -mpsi, -mptum, V. 3, show forth, exhibit, dis- play, exsilium, -i, «., exile, banish- ment, exsisto, -stiti, -stitum, v. 3, emerge, appear, spring, arise, exspectatio, -onis,/, awaiting, expectation. exspecto, -avi, -atum, v. i expect, await, hope for. exstingno, -nxi, -nctum, v, 3, put out, quench, abolish. exsul, -iilis, c, exile, banished person. exsulto, -avi, -atum, v. i, exult, run riot, revel, boast. exter or extSrus, -a, -um, adj., foreign, extermino, -avi, -atum, v. i, expel, exile, banish. externus, -a, -um, ar/)"., outward, external, forei"" extorqueo, -ai, -turn, v. a. wrench from, extra, adv. and prep, with ace outside, beyond. '' extrSmua, -a, -um, adj. superl. eAexterua, utmost, extreme. last. ' facilS, adv., easily, readily, wilhngly; comp. faoiliua. facllis, -e, adj., easy. fftcInSrSsua, -a, -um, adj., criminal, villainous, fftcinua, -dria, n., deed, mis- deed, crime, fftcio, feci, factum, v. a. do make. ^* ' factum, -i, «., deed, fftcultaa, -atis, /, power, opportunity. PaeaWae, -Srum, /., a city of Etruria, now Fiesole. Paesulanua, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Faesulae, nov) Fiesole in Etruria. falcariua, -i, w., sickle- or scythe-maker. fallo, fSfelli, falsum, v. 3, deceive, escape the notice of, elude, falsua, -a, -um, adj., false, _ fictitious, groundless. fanaa, -ae, /, fame, reputation, character, fames, -is,/, hunger, familia, -ae, /, household, establishment. familiaris, -e, adj., of or belonging to a household, domestic, familiar, intimate, familiariter, adv., familiarly, intimately ; superl. familiar- issime. fanum, -i, «., shrine, sanctuary, fascis, -is, m., bundle; esp. in pi., the bundle consisting of rods and axe, carried before the highest magistrates, the fasces. ; VOCABULARY. 177 fftt&lis, -6, a(fj.f fated, destined. fftteor, fassus, v. 2 (/ej>., confess, grant, acknowledge. fatum.-i, n., fate, destiny, death, prediction. fauces, -ium, /. //., throat, narrow way, defile, pass. f&veo, fsvi, fautum, ^. 2, favour, befriend, protect. fax, fficis, /., torch, firebrand, incitement, stimulus. fgbris, -is,/, fever. fSmlna, as,/., woman. f3re, adv., almost, nearly, about. fSro, ttili, latum, ferre, v. irreg,, bear, endure, carry off, receive, make known, cele- brate, onng. ferramentum, -i, n., imple- ment, tool, weapon. ferreus, -a, -um, adj., made of iron, hard, firm. farrum, -i, n., iron, sword. fidelis, -e, adj.^ faithful, trusty. fides, -ei, /!, faith, credit, honesty. xigo, -xi, -xum, V. 3, fix, impress. filia, -ae,/, daughter. filius, -i, m.y son. flngo, finx^., fictum, v. 3, form; devise, imagine. finis, -is, m., end, limit, border, borders, territory. fio, factus sum, fiSri, v., used as pass, nf faoio, am made, am done, become. flrmo, -avi, -atum, v. i, strengthen, secure. firmus, -a, -ura, adj., strong. Flaocus, -i, m., a Roman sur- name. flagitiose, adv., shamefully, basely ; comp., flagitiosius ; super I. , flagitiosissime. flagitlQsus, -a, -um, adj., shame- ful, profligate. flagitium, act. •i, «., shameful flftgUo, -Avi, -fttiun, V. I, demand. flamma, -aAtf., flame, fire. flecto, -xi, -xum, v. 3, bend, turn. florens, -eatis, part, adj., flourishing^ prosperous. fldreo, -ui, v. 2, flourish, prosper. flos, -6ris, m., flower, prime. fdcus, -i, m., hearth. foedus, -a, -um, adj., foul, unseemly, shameful. foedus, -Sris, «., treaty, com- pact. fdras, adv.f out of doors, forth, out. f6rS,/«/. inf. g/'sum. fdris, adv., out of doors, abroad, without. fonnido, -inis,/!, fear. fortasse, adv., perhaps. forte, aiiv., by chance. fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, bold. fortiter, adv., boldly, bravely. fortitude, -inis,/, courage. fortuna, -ae, /., fortune, luck, prosperity, fate, condition ; esp. in pi., property, posses- sions, goods, fortune. fortunatus, -a, -um,/ar/. adj., happy, lucky, fortunate. P6rum Aurelium, a town in Etruria on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from Rome, near the present village Castel- lacio. fSrum, -i, «., forum, market- place. frango, fregi, fractum, v. 3, break, break down, subdue. frater, -tris, m., brother. fraudatio, -onis, /, deceit, fraud. frSquens, -entis, adj., in great numbers. frSquentia, -ae, /, assembly, crowd, throng. 178 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. ^^^^^^K ' '^^H 1^1 . Ill frSquento, -avi, -atum, v. i, assemble, bring together in great numbers, fretus, -a, -um, adj. with ahl., relying on. frigus, -oris, «., cold. frons, frontis, /, forehead, brow, fructus, -us, tn., fruit, profit, enjoyn^jnt. fruor, fructus, v. 3 dep. , enjoy, fiiga, -ae,/., flight, exile. fagio, fugi, fugitum, v. 3, flee, fly, run away, fagitivus, -i, m., runaway, fugitive slave, fulgeo, falsi, v. 2, shine, fulmen, -inis, «., lightning, thunderbolt'. Pulvius,-!, m. , name of a Roman gens. fundamentum, -i, «., founda- tion, basis. fundo, -avi, •atum, v. i, found, establish. fundo, fudi, fusum, v. 3, pour out, scatter. funestus, -a, -um, odj., deadly, fatal. fungor, functus, v. 3 dep.^ per- form, discharge, fiiriosus, -a, -um, adj.^ raging, mad. Fiirius, -i, m., a Roman family nume. ffi.ro ( p&rf. usually supplied by insanivi), v. 3, rage. ffiror, -oris, m., frenzy, rage, furtim, adv., stealthily. furtum, -i, «., thefl. Oftbinius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. Gallia, -ae,/, Gaul. Oallioanus, -a, -um, adj., of of belonging to Ihe Roman pro- vince Gallia. ©alliQus -Si -iiTVj. adi.. ci{ sy belonging to the Gauls^ Gallic, Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul, ganeo, -onis, ;«., glutton, de- bauchee, gaudium, -i, «., joy, delight, P'ladness. gSlidus, -a, -um, adj., cold. gSner, -Sri, m., son-in-law. gens, gentis, /., race, nation ; as a partit. gen., with adverbs, gentium /?/• emphasis, in the world. gSnus, -Sris, «., stock, kind, class. gSro, gessi, gestum, v. 3, bear, carry, carry on, wage, manage; res gestae, exploits, gl&diator, -oris, m., gladiator, gl&diatorius, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to gladiators, gladiatorial. glSdius, -i, m., sword, gloria, -ae, /, glory, honour, renown. Glaucia, -ae, m., a surname in the gentes Servilia and Muilia. Gracchus, -i, m., the name of a family in the gens Sem- pronia. gradus, -us, m., step, degree, stage, gratia, -ae, f., favour, thanks; gratiam referre, gratias agere, return thanks, make requital. gratiilatio,-6nis,/, congratula- tion, thanksgiving, gratus, -a, -um, adj., agreeable, pleasant. grSvis, -9, adj., heavy, severe, weighty, important, vener- able, gr&viter, adv., vehemently, deeply, seriously, severely ; comp., gravius. grex, grSgis, m., flock, herd, band. ryi^ Vt^i«vi54-i ^% -Avt^a f A guidance. VOCABULARY. 179 r%4-«r h&beo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, have, hold : hSnorem h&bere, render or pay honour. hftblto, -avi, -atum, v. i, dwell, reside. haereo, haesi, haestun, v. 2, cling, adhere, am attached, remain fixed, haesito, -avi, -atum, v. i, am at a loss, hesitate. Hannibal, -aiis, »/., a Punic surname, haruspex, -icis, m., sooth- sayer. hSbesoo, v. 3, grow blunt, dull, hesternus, -a, -um, adj.y of yesterday, yesterday's. hic, adv., here, hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron,, this, this man, he, she, it. hicce, haecce, hocce, or better hice, haece, hoce, a more emphatic form o/hio. hiems, -Smis,/, winter, hinc, adv , hence, from this, from this side ; hinc . . . illinc, on one side ... on the other. hSdiernus, -a, -um,a^^"., of this day, to-day's, hdmo, -inis, m., man. hdnestas, -atis, /., honour, probity, integrity. hSneste, adv., decently, becom- ingly. hdnesto, -avi, -atum, v. i, honour. Jhdnestus, -a, -um, adj., honoured, honourable, dis- tinguished. lidnos or hSnor, -oris, pt., honour, office, preferment, hora, -ae,/, hour, horrjbilis, -e, adj., horrible, dreadful, hortor, -atus, v. i dep., exhort, incite, instigate, urge. hospitium, -i, «., hospitality. hostis, -is, c, enemy. (U662) hue, adv., nither, to this, humanitas, -atis.y], humanity, gentleness, humanus, -a, -um, adj'., human. hCmi, adv., on the ground. i&oeo, -oui, -oltum, v. 2, lie, am prostrate. iftcio, ieci, iactum, v. 3, throw, cast, throw out, let fall. iacto, -avi, -atum, v. i, throw, toss; wi'tA se, boast, make an ostentatious display. iactus, -lis, pi., casting, hurling. iam, adv., now, already. iamdudum, a/so as two words iam dudum, adv., long since. iampridem, a/so as two words iam pridem, adv., long ago, long since. lanuarius, -a, -um, adj. (sc. mensis), January; Ealendae lanuariae, the ist of January. ibi, adv., there, thereupon. ibis,y«/. ^eo. idcirco, adv., on that account, tTierefore. idem, eSdem, idem, pron., the same. idus, iduum,///., the Ides, the 15th of March, May, July, October, the 13th of the other months. igitur, conj., therefore, accord- ingly, then. ignavia, -ae, /., sloth, cowar- dice. ignis, -is, m,, fire. ignominia, -ae,/, disgrace. ignore, -avi, -atum, v. i, not to "know, ignotus, -a, -^xcca.,adj., unknown. ille, -a, -ud, pron., that, he, she, it. illinc, adv., thence, from that side, illustris, -e, adj,, clear, distinct, distinguished, famous. I "1 01 l8o ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. i it H illustro, -avi, -fiituin, v. i, light up, clear up, bring to light. Imago» -Inis, /., likeness, image. imberbis, -e, ad)'., without a beard, beardless. immanis, -e, adj., monstrous, huge, uncanny, inhuman. immaultas, -atis, /, enormity, heinousness. immaturus, -a, -um, adj., untimely, immlneo, v. 2, overhang, threaten, menace. immitto, -misi, -missum, v. 3, send against, let loose at or upon. ! immo, adv., nay rather. f-'-.' aortalis, -e, a<^'., immortal. iiixip§dio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, V. 4, hinder, impello, -pGli, -pulsum, v. 3, urge on, instigate, incite. impendeo, v. 2, haag over, threaten. impdrator, -oris, m., com- mander, general. impSritus, -a, -vim, adj., in- experienced, unskilled. imp§riur", -i, «., empire, dominion, command, author- ity. impSro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, command, order. impertio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, V. 4, impart, bestow. impStro, avi, -atum, v. i, obtain {es/>. by exertion, request, entreaty). imp3tu'i, -us, m., attack, assault, onset. impius, -a, -um, adj., impious, wicked, unpatriotic, imploro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, invoke, beseech, implore. importunus, -a, -um, adj., troublesome, unmannerly, crude, churlish, savage. imprSbltas, -fttis, /, wicked- ness, perverseness. imprSbus, -a, -um, adj., wicked, base, shameless, per- verse. impubes, -Sris, and impubis, -is, adj., not having attained to manhood, beardless, youth- ful. impiidens, -entis, adj., shame- less. impiidenter, adv., shamelessly. impiideutia, -a.e,f., shameless- ness. impudicus, -a, -um, adj., im- modest. impumtus, -a, -um, adj., un- punished, unrestrained. impurus, -a, -um, adj., impure, vile. in, prep, with ace. , into, to, on, against, for ; with abl., in. inanis, -e, adj., empty. inauro, -avi, -atum, v. i, gild. incendo, -di, -sum, v. 3, set fire to. inoendium, -i, «., conflagra- tion, fire. incenbiO, -onis, /., setting on fire, burning. inoeptum, -i, n., beginning, attempt, undertaking. incertus, -a, -um, adj., un- certain, doubtful. iiicldo, -oidi, -casum, v. 3, fall into, fall upon. inoido, -oidi, -oisum, v. 3, cut into, cut. incipio, -cepi, -csptum, v. 3, begin. incline, -avi, -atum, v. i, turn, incline, bend. incliidG, -si, -sum, v. 3, shut in, inclose. incoliimis, -e, adj., unharmed, safe. increuibilis, -e, adj., incredible, unparalleled. VOCABULARY. l8l inorSpo, -ul, -Itum, v. i, make a noise, rustle. inciimbo, •otibui, -ciibitum, V. 3, lean on, devote oneself to. indemnatus, -a, -um, adj., un- condemned, unscntftnced. indox, -iois, c, informer, wit- ness. indloium, -i, «., information, disclosure, token, proof. indico, -avi, •atum, v. i,show, declare, betray. indioo, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, pro- claim. induce, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, lead into, persuade ; animum or in animum inducere, bring one's mind to, resolve. industria, -ae, /, diligence, assiduity, industry. !neo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, -ire, v., enter upon, begin. iners, -ertis, at/j'., indolent, sluggish, idle. inertia, -ae, /., idleness, lazi- ness. infamis, -e, adj., infamous, dis- reputable. infSro, intMi, illatum,inferre, v., bring into, bear against ; vim et manus inferre, lay violent hands upon; bellum (witA da/.), make war upon, attack. inf§rus, -a, -um, adj., lower ; inferi, -6rum> m. pi., the in- habitants of the lower world, the dead. infestus, -a, -vim, adj., hostile, dangerous. infimus, -a, -um, adj. sup. of inferus, lowest. intinitus, -a, -um,at^., bound- less, unlimited. inHrmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, feeble= infitior, -atus, v. i dep., deny. infitiator, -oris, m., one who denies a debt, fraudulent debtor, inflammo, -avi, -atum, v. i, set on fire, ingdnium, -i, «., talent, ability, ingens, -tis, adj., great, large. ingSnuus, -i, m., a free-born man. ingrftvesoo, v. 3, grow heavy, grow worse. ingrSdior, -gressus, v. 3 dep., enter upon, engage in. inhio, -&vi, -atum, v. i, gape at. inhiimanus, -a, -um, adj., in- human, savage, inioio, -ieci, -iectum,«/. 3, put in, throw on, inspire, cause, inimicitia, -ae,/!, enmity, inimicus, -a, -um, adj., hostile ; inimicus, -1, »/., foe, enemy. iniquitas, -atis, /!, afairness, injustice. iniquus, -a, -um, adj., unfair, unjust. Initio, -avi, -atum, v. 1 , initiate, consecrate, iniuria, -ae, f., injury, wrong ; abl., iniiiria, used as adv., unjustly, undeservedly. iniussus, ;«., only in abl., iniussu, without command. ill3c3bra, -ae, /., inducement, allurement, inndcens, -entiB,a^'., guiltless, innocent. indpia, -B.e,f., want, indigence, inpiinitas, -atis, /., freedom from punishment, impunity, inquam, v. defect., say. inscribo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, write on, inscribe. insSpultus, -a, -um, adj., un- bnried. insidiae, -arum,/!//., ambush, r insidiator, -oris, m., lurker, waylayer. "1 ::: ill 182 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. insidior, >atus, v. i, lie in wait for. insldiosus, -a, -um, adj.^ dangerous, deceitful, in- sidious, insigne, -is, n., badge, mark, insimiilo, -avi, -atuiu, v. i, accuse, bring a charge. insSlenter, adv., immoderately ; comp. insolontius. insperatus, -a, -vun, adj.j un- expected, irstltuo, -ui, -utum, v. 3, begin, undertake. insto, -stiti, -statum, v. i, approach, threaten, impend, instrumentiun, -i, »., appar- atus, material, supply, means. instruo, -xi, -otum, v. 3, set in order, draw up, marshall. integer, -tlgra, -tSgrum, adj.y entire, unbroken. intell3go, -exi, -ectum, v. 3, perceive, understand. intendOt 'di, -turn and -sum, V. 3, stretch out, extend, direct, turn one's attention, intend, purpose- inter, prep, with ace, between, among, intercede, -cessi, -oessum, v. 3, intervene. intSrea, adv., meanwhile. intereo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, -ire, v., perish. interfioio, -feci, -fectum, v. 3, kill, slay. intSrim, adv., meantime. intSrImo, -emi, -emptum or •emtum, v. 3, put to death, kill, intdrltus, -us, m., destruction. internSoio, -onis,/!, massacre, carnage. interrSgo, -avi, -atiun, v. i, ask. intersum, -fui, -esse, v., lie between, am between, am different, differ. intSrest, impers. v. with gen. of person, or with me a, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, it con- cerns me, you, &c. interTentus, -us, w., coming up, appearance, intestinus, -a, -um, adj., in- ternal, intestine, intlmus, -a, -um, adj. superl., innermost, inmost, intimate ; subst. vt., a most intimate friend, intra, adv. and prep, with acc.^ within. introduco, -duxi, -ductum, V. 3, bring in, introduce. intueor, -itus, v. 2 dep., look at, look upon, intus, adv., within. Inure, -ussi, -ustum, v. 3, bum in, brand, imprint. inv3nio, -veni, -ventum, v, 4, find, discover, investigo, -avi, -atum, v. i, trace out, discover. invStdrasco, -ravi, v. 3, grow old, become established, mature, invlctus, -a, -tmi, adj., un- conquered, invincible. invldia, -ae, f., envy, odium, ill-will, unpopularity. invidiosus, -a, -um, adj., envious, exciting envy, invldus, -a, -mn, adj., envious ; subst. m., an envious person, a hater. invito, -avi, -atvmi, v. i, invite, invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwill* ing. ipse, -a -lun, dent, pron., used both as subst. and adj., self, myself, himself, yourself, &c. irretio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, ensnare, is, ea, id, dem. pron., he, she, it, that, this, such. iaae /or ivisse or iiaae, from eo. VOCABULARY. 183 un- iste, -a, -ud, dem. pron., this, that, used especially in reference to persons and things connected with the person addressed ^ that of yours. Ita, adv., so, thus, in such a way. Italia, -ae,/, Italy. Jtftque, conj., and so, accord- ingly. XtSrum, adv., a second time, again. item, adv. , likewise, also. iter, itinSris, n., way. idbeo, iussi, iussvun, v. 2, order, command. iucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, agreeable. iiidiciuin, -i, n., judgment, sentence, trial. iudico, -avi, -atiuu, v. i, judge, decide. iilgiilum, -i, n. , throat. luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter. iungo, -nxi, -nctiuu, v. 3, join. ius, iuris, n., right, law ; adl"., iur6, as adv. with justice, justly. iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., oath. iussus, -us, m. (used only in abl. sing.), order, command. iustus, -a, -um, adj., just. inventus, -utis,/, youth, young persons. Kalendae, -arum, /. //., the Calends, the first day of the month. L., abbreviation for the prae- nomen Iiucius. l&bSfacto, -avi, -atum, v. i, shake, weaken. l&bor, -oris, /;/., labour, toil, cxcrLiGiij suuCrin^, l&bdro,-avi, -atum, z/. i, labour, strive. ISoesso, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 3, ^ provoke, challenge. lacrima, -ae,/., tear. lacto, -avi, -atum, v. i {chiefly in pres. part.), suck milk. Ijaeca, -ae, m., a Roman sur- name. laedo, -si, -sum, v. 3, damage, injure. laetitia, -ae,/., joy, pleasure, laetor, -atus, v. i dep., rejoice, lamentatio, -onis, /, wailing, lamenting. lamentor, -atus, v. i dep.^ bewail, lament, languldus, -a, -um, adj., faint, sluggish, listless. largitio, -onis, /., bestowing, bribery, corruption. largitor, -oris, w., squanderer, spendthrift. Iftteo, -ui, V. 2, lie hid, am con- cealed, late, adv., widely ; comp. latius. lator, -oris, m., proposer. latro, -duis, m., freebooter, robber, brigand, latrocluium, -i, «., freebooting, robbery, brigandage, band of robbers, latrooinor, -atus, v. i dep., practise freebooting. l&tus, -3ris, »., side. laudo, -avi, -atum, v. 1, praise, laus, laudis, f, praise, glory, fame, lectiilus, -i, m., couch, bed. leotus, -a, -um, part, ad;., choice, excellent, lectus, -i, ///., couch, bed. legatus, -i, m., ambassador, deputy. 13gio, -onis,/, legion. ISgo, legi, lectum, v. 3, read, lenio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, soothe, mitigate, assuage. lenitas, -atis, f, gentleness, mildness. 184 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. M' %• leno, -onis, m., seducer, pro- curer. Lentulus, -i, pt., surname of a family in the gens Cornelia. lentils, -a, -um, adj., slow, sluggish, tardy. 13pldu8, -a, -um, adj., charming, fine, elegant. IiSpidus, -i, m., a surname in the gens Aemilia. ISvis, -e, adj., light, fickle, worthless. 16 vitas, -atis, /, lightness, fickleness, inconstancy. ISviter, adv., lightly, slightly ; superl. ISvissime. 16vo, -avi, -atum, v. i, lighten, relieve. * lex, legis,/., law. libenter, adv., wimngly, cheer- fully. liber, -Sra, -Srum, adj., free, unimpeded. lib^ri, -drum, m.pL, children. libdro, -avi, -atum, v. i, free, liberate. libertas, -atis,/., liberty. libertinus, -i, ;«., freedman. libet, llbuit and libitum est, V. 2 impers, it pleases me, I like, am disposed. libido, -inis, /, passion, lust, caprice, fancy. licet, licuit and licltuna est, V. 2 impers., it is permitted, one may. lingua, -ae, /., tongue, utter- ance, speech. linum, -i, «., thread. Hqu§f&cio, -feci, -factum, v. 3, melt. littSra, -ae, /, letter, written sign ; //., letter, epistle, litera- ture, records, 16co, -avi, -atum, v. i, place, give out a contract. 16cuT)le8. -etis. adi.. rich, wealthy. Idcus, -i, m., place, position. longe, adv., long, far, far off. louginquus, -a, -um, adj., distant. longus, -a, -um, adj., long, tedious. ISquor, -ciitus and -quutus, V. 3 dep., speak, say. luctus, -us, m., sorrow, mourn- ing, grief. ludus, -i, m., game, sport, play, school. lugeo, -xi, -ctum, v. 2, mourn, lament. liimen, -inis, «., light. lupinus, -a, -um, adj. , wolPs. lux, lucis,/, light, daylight. luxuria, -ae,/, luxury, excess. M'., abbreviation for the prae> nomen Manius. M., abbreviation for the prae- nomen Marcus, machinator, -oris, m., deviser, contriver. mechinor, -atus, v. i dep., devise, contrive. macto, -avi, -atum, v. i, reward, usually in a bad sense, afflict, punish. Maelius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens. maeror, -oris, m., grief. mSrgis, adv., more. mSgistratus, -us, m., magis- trate, magistracy, magnifice, adv., splendidly. magnitudo, -inis,/, greatness, magnitude. magndp3re and magno opere, adv., very much, greatly. magnus, -a, -imi, adj., great, large ; comp. maior, -us, gen. -oris; maiores, -um, m. pi., ancestors, forefathers ; sup. maximus, -a, -um, greatest, chief, maiores, see magnus. m&13, adv. , badly, ill ; with an VOCABULARY. '8S adj. it often giifts it the opposite meaning, male paoatus, dis- turbed, restless. in&13fioiviin, -i, »., tnlsdeed, crime, harm. mallSolus, -i, in., fire-dart. malo, malui, malle, v., prefer. m&lum, -i, «., evil, mischief, calamity. mandatum, -i, n., charge, order, injunction. mando, -avi, -atum, v. i, com- mit, consign, enjoin. mane, n. indecL, mornfng; as adv., in the morning, early in the morning. m&neo, -usi, -nsimi, v. 2, remain. m&nicatus, -a, -um, adj., fur- nished with long sleeves. manifesto, adv., clearly, mani- festly. m&nifestus, -a, -um, a^., mani- fest, evident, plain, convicted, detected. Manlianus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Manlius Manlius, -i, name of a Roman gens. mano, -avi, -atum, v. i, Qow, spread, extend manu8,-us,/, hand, band, body, bravery. Marcellus, -i, m., a Roman family name in the plebeian gens Claudia. m&re, -is, n., sea. mS,ritus, -i, m., husband. M&rius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens. Massilia, -ae, f, Massilia in Gallia Narbonensis, now Marseilles. Massilienses, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Massilia, Massi- lians. mature, adv., early, quickly ; comp, maturius. maturitas, -Stis, /., ripeness, maturity. mature, -avi, -&tvmi, v. i, hasten, despatch, expedite, maxime, adv., in the highest degree, maximus, see magnus. mSdicina, -ae, f., medicine, remedy. mSdiocris, -e, adj., moderate, ordinary. mfidiocriter, adv., moderately, not mur.h, in a small de- gree. mSditor, -atus, v. i dep., think upon, design, meditate. m§dius, -a, -um, adj., that is in the middle, mid, middle. m§hereiile, as an oath or asseveration, by Hercules, melior, j^r bonus. mSmini, mSminisse, v. defect., remember. Memmius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. memor, -oris, adj., mindful of. mgmSria, -ae, /!, memory, recollection. mendicltas, -atis, /., beggary, indigence, mens, mentis,/!, mind, thought, purpose, design, prudence. mSreor, -itus, v. 2 dep., deserve. mSrito, adv., deservedly. mSritum, -i, n., desert, service, -met, pronominal suffix attached to substantive and {less fre- quently) adjective personal pronouns, self. MStellus, -i, m., name of a Roman family in the gens Caecilia. mStuo, -ui, -utum, v. 3, fear. mStus, -us, m., fear, meus, -a, -xxxn, poss. pron,, my, mine. nx_ Vj.4_ 1,4:»- militaris, -e, adj., military, warlike. i i l86 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. i; I minae, -arum, /. //., threats, menaces. minlme, (uiv., least of all, very little, by no means. minimus, see parvus. minltor, -atus, v. i de/>., threaten, menace. minor, see parvus. Miniioius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. minuo, -ui, -utum, v. 3, lessen, diminish, reduce. minus, adv., less. minus, see parvus ; in a nega- tion, si minus, ifnot. misoeo, miscui, mixtum, v. 2, mingle, embroil, stir up. miser, -Sra, -^rum, adj., miser- able, wretched. mIsSrandus, -a, •\xm,/>art. adj., deplorable, pitiable. mIsSria, -ae, /., wretchedness, distress, misery. mIsSrIoordia, -ae, j^, pity, com- passion, mercy. mlsSrloors, -cordis, adj., com- passionate, merciful. mitis, -e, adj'., mild, gentle. mitto, misi, missum, v. 3, send. mixtus, -a, -um, part, adj., mixed. mddd, adv., only ; non modo . . . verum {or sed) etiam {or et or simply verum or sed), not only . . . but also. mddus, -i, m., manner, way, kind. moenia, -ium, «., city walls. moles, -is,y!, mass, bulk, great- ness. mdleste, adv., with trouble or difficulty ; moleste fere, I take it ill, it vexes, annoys me. mollor, -itus, v. 4 dep., under- take, attempt; mollis, -e, adj., soft, gentle, mild. mdneo, -ui, -Itum, v. 2, remind, advise, warn, monstrum, -i, «., portent, monster, monstrosity. mSniimentum, -1, «., memo- rial. m5ra, ^aa,/., delay, morbus, -i, m., disease, rafirior, mortuus, v. 3 dep., die. mors, 'tis,/, death, mortuus, -a, -um, part, adj., dead. mos, moris, m., custom, habit, manner ; in pi., character, manners, conduct. motus, -lis, m., movement, dis- turbance. mSveo, movi, motum, v. 2, move, disturb, mucro, -onis, m., sword -point, miilier, -Sris,/, woman. mfiliercMa, -ae, /, little woman, girl, multitiido, -Inis,/, multitude, number, multo, adv., by much, much, multo, -avi, -atum, v. i, punish. multus, -a, -um, adj., much; //. many ; eomp. plus, pluris ; //, plures, plura, plurium, more, several; superl. plurl- mus, most, very many, chiefly in pi. munlceps, -Ipis, c., burgher, citizen, miinlclpium, -i, «., free town, munio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, fortify, defend, protect, munitus, -a, -um, part, adj., fortified. murus, -i, m., wall, muto, -avi, -atum, V' 1, change, miitus, -a, -um, adj., dumb, mute. Mulvius, -a, -um, adj., Mulvian. VOCABULARY. 187 nam, conj.^ for. nanoisoor, naotvis, v, 3 dep., get, obtain, light upon, find. nasoor, nfttus, v. 3 dep., anx born, arise, begin, n&tio, -onis,/, nation, people, natura, -ae,/., nature, naufr&gus, -a, -um, adj., wrecked, ruined. ne, also written nae, interj., truly, verily, surely. ne, conj.y lest, that not; adv., ne . . . quidem, not even. •nS, interrog. enclitic particle In direct questions it is trans- lated by giving an interrog. form to the sentence, in indirect questions by whether. nSc^'rnSqud, conj., and not, nor; neque(neo) . . . neque (neo), neither . . . nor ; neque or neo . . . etor que» on the one hand not . . . and on the other hand, not only not . . . but also. nScessario, adv., unavoidably, necessarily. nScessarius, >a, -um, adj., un- avoidable, necessary ; as subst. neoessarius, -i, w., relation, kinsman, friend. nScesse, n. adj. necessary. nScessitas, -atis, /, necessity, obligation. necnS, adv., or not. n3co, -avi, -atum, v. i, kill, put to death. nSfandus,-a, -um, adj., heinous, execrable, abominable. nSfarie, adv., impiously. nSfarius, -a, -ura.a^^'., impious, execrable. neglSgo, -exi, -ectum, v. 3, neglect, disregard. nSgo, -avi, -atum, v. i, deny, refuse, say no. nSgotium, -i, «., business, affair, trouble, nemo, -inis {but in classical Latin nullius, from nuUus, is used as the gen., and nullo, nulla, as the abl.), no one. nSpos, -Otis, m., spendthrift, prodigal, nequam, aiij. indecl, good for nothing, worthless ; comp. nequior. ndqu6, see neo. nequUia, -ae,/, worthlessness, negligence. nescio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, do not know, am ignorant; nescio quis or qui, I know not who, some one, somebody ; nescio an, I know not whether, I rather think, prob- ably, perhaps. nex, nScis, /, violent death, murder. nihil, n. indecl., nothing ; used as adv., in nothing, in no respect, not at all. nihildum, nothing as yet. nimis, adv., too, too much. nimium, adv., too. nimius, -a, -um, adj., excessive, too much, too great. nisi, conj., if not, unless ; after nihil, save, but, than. nitidus, -a, -um, adj., shining, bright, trim. niteo, V. 2, shine, glisten. nix, nivis,/., snow. nobilis, -e, adj., noble, famous. ndcens, -entis, part, adj.^ criminal, culpable, wicked. nSceo, -cui, -citum, v. 2, injure, harm. nocturnus, -a, -vun, adj., of or belonging to the night, noc- turnal. ndlo, nolui, nolle, v., am un- willing, do not wish. nomen, -inis, n., name. nominatim, adv.., by name, ex- pressly. noiniuo, -»vi, -otum> v. ij name, call. l88 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. I .Jit 1. xi6n, adv. , not. nondum, adv., not yet. nonnd, inter rog. adv., expecting an affirmative answer, not ? nonnullus, -a, -vim, adj., some, several, nonuunquam, adv., sometimes. no8, nostrum and ixonXxiy pi. of ego, we. nosco, novi, notum, v. 3, know, noster, -stra, -strum, poss. pron., our. ndta, -ae,/., mark, brand. n5to, -avi, -atum, v. i, mark, designate. ndtus, -a, -um, part, adj., known. ; ndvem, nu>n. adj., nine. NSvember and Ndvembris, 'hria, adj., with or without 'mensis,' the ninth (novemi month of *he old Roman year (which began with March), November. rf^v H, -a, -um, adj., new; novae res, political innova- tions, revolution. nox, nootis, /!, night. nudius tertius, three days ago, the day before yesterday, niidus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare. nuUus, -a, -um, adj., no, none, not any. num, adv., an interrog. particle, usually implying that a nega- tive answer is expected. There is no corresponding English term; in indirect interroga- tion, whether, numen, -inis, «., divinity. niimSrus, -i, m., number, rank, numquam, adv., never, nunc, adv., now. nuper, adv., lately. nuptiae, -arum,/, pi, marriage. pleasure. O, interjection, usually with voc. or cue, O ! oh ! ob, prep, with ace, on account of. 6beo, -ivi or il, -Itum, v , go to, reach, engage in, execute obllgo, -avi, -atum, v. \ , bind, pledge, mortgage, oblivisoor, -litus, v. 3 dep., forget, oblino, -levi, -lltum, v. 3, daub, smear. obscure, adv., obscurely, darkly, secretly. obscuro, -avi, -atum, v. i, darken, obscure, obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, obscure, unknown, obsds, -idis, c, hostage, obsldeo, -sedi, -sessum, v. 2, beset, blockade, watch closely. obsidio, -onis,/, siege, invest- ment, obsidium, -i, n., siege, invest- ment, blockade, obsisto, -stlti, -8tU\im, v. 3, oppose, resist, withstand, obstupifaoio, -feci, -factum, V. 3, stupefy, astound, be- numb, obstupesoo, -pui, v. 3, am stupefied, am astonished, obsum, obfui or ofFui, obesse, v., am prejudicial to, injure. obtempSro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, comply, submit, obey, obtineo, -tinui, -tentum, v. 2, keep, get possession of, ob- tain, obtingo, -tigi, v. 3, befall, happen. occasus, -us, m., downfall, ruin. occidens, -entis, m., the west. occido, -oidi, -cisum, v. 3, kill, slay. occludo, -si, -sum, v. 3, close, shut up. oooulte, adv., secretly. VOCABULARY. 189 am oooultus, -a, -um, part, adj., hidden, secret. ooc&po, -avi, -atum, v. \ , take possession of, seize. ocovirro, -curri mr^^-oiicurri, -ouTBum, V. I, go to meet, oppose. Ootavius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens, dcxilua, -i, w., eye. odi, odisse, v, defect., hate, ddium, -i, «., hate, enmity, dis- like. offendo, -di, -sum, v. 3, strike against, offend, offonsus, -a, -vim, part, adj., offensive, odious. ofifSro, obtaii, oblatum, offerre, v., offer, present, oftloium, -i, « , duty, function, omen, -Jnis, «., omen, prog- nostic, dmitto, -isi, -issxim, v. 3, lay aside, neglect, pass over, omit, omnis, -e, adj., all, every, the whole. 6p5ra, -ae, /, service, work, pains; dpSrae prStium, a reward for trouble, worth while. 6pimius, -i, w., name of a Roman gens. Spinio, onis,/., opinio^, belief, expectation. 6pinor, -atus, v. i dep. , think, oportet, oportuit, v. impers. 2, it behoves, it is becoming, one ought. oppSto, -ivi or 'ii, -itiim, v. 3, go to meet, encounter. oppono, -p6sui,-p6situm,z;. 3, set against, oppose, opprimo, -pressi, -pressum, V. 3, crush, overpower, ops, 6pis, /. {nom. sing, does not occur), might, strenj^th, aid; pi., weallU, resources, influence. optlm&tes, -um and -ium, ^., the aristocrats, optimus, -a, -um, see bonus, opto, -avi, -atum, v. 1, wish, desire. 6pus, -6ri8, n . , work ; abstract in nom. and ace. , need, necessity ; opus est, it is needful, it is wanting. ora, -ae,/., border, coast, region, oratio, -onis, /., speech, utter- ance, language, discourse. orbis, -is, m., circle, orbit; orbis terrae or terrarum, the orb of the earth, the world, ordo, -Inis, m., order, class, rank, often of i\iQ order, that is the senate. 5riens, -entis, m., east, omamentum, -i, w., equipment, decoration, ornament, omo, -avi, -atum, v. i, equip, embellish, address, praise, extol, oro, -avi, -atum, v. 1, pray, beg, entreat, ortus, -iis, m., rising. OS, oris, «., mouth, face, ostendo, -di, sum and turn, V. 3, show, display, point out. ostento, -avi, -atiun, v. i, show off, display. otiosus, -a, -um, adj., at leisure, idle, quiet, otium, -i, w., repose, quiet. paco, -avi, -atum, v. i, pacify, quiet. pactum, -i, «., agreement, com- pact; abl., pacto, manner, way, means. pactus, -a, -um, part, adj., agreed upon, settled. paenS, adv., nearly, almost. paenitet, -uit, v. impers. 2, it .A.- ..^. ^^j.j. vAt-\Anfc 16 repCUlb UTIC, vrtv ivi'v-o--, — sorry, regrets. I90 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. ill; p&Iam, adv., openly, paiatium, -i, «., the Palatine hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. par, pAris, adj., equal, p&ratus, -a, -um, part, adj., prepared, ready, parco, p6peroi, parsum, v. 3, spare. pAreo, -ui, -itvun, v. 2, obey. p&rens, -entis, m. and f, parent, paries, -6tis, »/., wall (esjt>. of a house). pSrio, pSpSri, parftum and partum, v. 3, bring forth, bear, produce, procure, acquire, incur. paro, -avi, 4atum, v. 1, pre- pare, provide. parr!cida, -ae, c, murderer of father or parents, parricide; often used of a traitor to his country, a murderer of magis- trates or citizens. parricidium, -i, n., murder of one's father or parents, parri- cide, unnatural crime. pars, partis, /, part, share, portion ; in pi., side, party, faction, particeps, -ipis, adj., sharing, partaking; as siibst.^ sharer, partner, comrade. partim, adv., partly parums adv. and subst. indecL, too little, par villus, -a, -um, adj., very small, little. parvus, -a, -um, adj., little, small, slight; comp.. minor, -us, -oris, less ; superl.,xmni- mus, -a, -um, least, smallest, very small, very little. pastor, -oris, m., shepherd. patdfacio, -feci, -factum, v. 3, lay open, disclose. pateo, -uij V. 2, to lie open, be vTis^cm, uc wcii Kiluvvn. pator, -tris, m., father; as a title of honour, J^^ conscribo. patientia, -ae, /., forbearance, power of bearing, endurance. patior, passus, v. 3 dep., suffer, endure, allow, permit. patria, -ae,/, fatherland, native country. patrJcius, -i, m., patrician, patrimonivim, -i, «., inherit- ance, patrimony. paucus, -a, -um, adj. (mostly in pi.), few, little; pauci, -drum, m., few, a few ; pauca, -drum, «., a few words. paulisper, adv., for a little while, for a short time. paulo, adv., by a little, a little, paulum, «., a little, a trifle. Paulus, -i, m., a Roman sur- name. pax, pftois,/, peace, pecto, pexi, pexum and pec- titum, V. 3, comb. pScunia, -ae,/., money, riches, wealth. pScus, -udis,/, animal, beast. pSdester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot, that goes on foot. pello, pSpuli, pulsum, v. 3, drive away. PSnates, -ium, m. pi., Penates, guardian deities of the house- hold and of the state formed of a union of households. pSnitus, adv., inwardly, deeply. per,/r(?/. xaith acc.^ through, by means of. percello, -cxili, -culstun, v. 3, beat down, overthrow. pereipio, -cepi, -ceptum, v. 3, perceive, observe. perciitio, -cussi, -cussum, v 3, strike. perditus, -a, -um, part, adj.y abandoned, corrupt. perdo, -didi, -ditum, v. 3, dcbtroy, ruin, lose. II VOCABULARY. 191 3, 3, perduco, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, lead, bring io any place. pSreo, ivi or -ii, -Itum, -ire, v.f perish. perf6ro, perttili, perlfttvun, perferre, v., bear, suffer, brook, report, perflcio, -feci, -fectvun, v. 3, execute, accomplish. perfringo, -fregi, -fractum, V. 3, break through, violate, infringe. perfruor, -fructus, v. 3 deP-, enjoy. perfiigium, -i, «., refuge. pergo, perrexi, perrectum, v.i, proceed, go on. perhorresco, -rui, v. 3, greatly fear, dread. pSricUtor, -atus, v. 1 dep., try, endanger, risk. pSricMosus, -a, -tun, adj., dangerous. pSric^lum, -i, n., danger, peril, permagnus, -a, -tun, adj., very great, very large. permftneo, -mansi, -mansum, V. a, remain, continue. permitto, -misi, -missum, v. 3, intrust. permSdestus, -a, -um, adj., very moderate, very mo- dest. permSveo, -movi, -motum, V. 2, move, influence. permultus, -a, -um, adj., very much, very many. pernicies, -ei,/', ruin, disaster, calamity. perniciostLS, -a, -um, adj., harmful, perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., con- tinuous, unbroken ; in per- petuum {sc. tempus), for all time, for ever, persaepe, adv., very often, perscribo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, write out, enter, register. persSquor, -cutus awtZ-quutus, V. 3, dep.y follow, follow up, prosecute. Perses, -ae, w., the last king of Macedonia. persp!oio, -spexi, -speotum, V. 3, perceive, perterreo, -ui, -Ttum, y. a, frighten thoroughly, terrify, perterrltus, -a, -um, part, adj., frightened, pertlmesco, -mui, v. 3, fear greatly, dread. pertlneo, -ui, v. a, reach to, relpte •■■), concern. pertv'^v -avi, -atum, v. i, throw into confusion, disturb. pervSnio, -v§ni, -ventum, V. 4, come to, arrive at, reach, pestia, -is,/, plague, pestilence, ruin. pStitio, -onis, /., attack, thrust. p6to, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 3, attack, assail, seek, beg, request. pSttilantia, -ae, /., petulance, wantonness, impudence. pexus, see peoto. Picenus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Picenum, Picene. piStas, -atis,/., piety. piaceo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, please, be agreeable; placet mihi (tibi, &c.) or simply placet, it seems good, right, proper, I intend, it is my will. place, -avi, -atum, v. i, recon- cile, appease, calm. plane, adv., clearly, distinctly. plebs, plebis,/, the commons, the plebeians. plenus, -a, -um, adj., full. plurimi, see multus. plus, see under multus. poena, -ae, /., penalty, punish- ment. polliceor, -itus, v. a dep., pruutise. n i , 192 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. PompeiuB, -i, m., name of a Roman gens. Pomptinua, adj., Pomptine. pono, pdsui, pdaltiim, v. 3, put, place, set, lay, pitch a camp). pons, poutis, ;«., bridge. pontlfex, -ficis, m., a Roman high-priest, ^onti^ {their chief or president was called ponti- fex maximus). popina, -ae, f, cook-shop, eating-house. pSpiilaris, -e, adj., acceptable to the people, popular. populus, -i, m., people. porta, -ae,y!, gate, city- gate, possessio, -onis, /!, possession, property, estate. possiuu, potui, posse, v. irreg., am able, can. post, culv. and prep, with ace, after, afterwards. postei>, adv., afterwards. postSri, -drum, m. pi., pos- terity; in postSrum {sc. tempus), in the future, for the future. post§ritas, -atis, /., future time, hereafter, after-ages, posterity. postSrus, or poster {nonu m. not in use), -a, -una, adj., following, future. posthac, adv., hereafter, hence- forth, postremo, adv., finally, postremus, -a, -um, adj., last, postillo, -avj, -atum, v. i, demand, ask, desire. p6tens, -entis, part, adj., powerful, strong, mighty, potestas, -atis, /, power, authority. potior, -itus, v. 4 dtp. with gen. or abl., get possession of, obtam, acquire. pdtius, adv., rather, preferably, more. prae, prep, with abl.y before, in comparison with. praebeo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, offer, show, praeceps, -cipltis, cuij., head- long, hasty. praecipio, -cepi, -ceptuni,z'. 3, give advice, admonish, praecipue, adv., chiefly, prin- cipally, praeclarus, -a, -um, adj.^ brilliant, splendid, famous, praecorro, -ciicurri, -cnrsum, V. 3, outstrip, surpass. praedator, -oris, m., plunderer, pillager, praedico, -avi, -atum, v. i, proclaim, declare. praedico, -dixi, -dictum, v. 3, foretell, premise, praedium, -i, n., farm, estate, praefectiira, -ae,/!, presidency, prefecture. praefSr , -tiili, -latum, -ferre, v., A forth, carry or set befoj , offer, praemitto, -misi, -missum, V. 3, send forward, despatch in advance. praemixim, -i, «., reward. Praeneste, -is, n., a town of Latium, now Palestrina. praescribo, -scripsi, -scrip- tum, V. 3, appoint, praesens, -entis, adj.^ pre- sent, praesentia, -ae,/, presence, praesertim, adv., especially, praesideo, -sedi, v. 2, guard, protect. praesidium, -i, n., protection, garrison, guard. praesto, adv , at hand, ready {usually with esse), praesto, -iti, -atum or -itum, v.i, become surety for,warrant, maintain, perform, praestolor, -atus, v. i dep. {with dat.), wait for, await. VOCABULARY. 193 praeter, adv. and prep, with ace , except, beyond, contrary to. praetSrea, adv., besides. praetSreo, -ivi and more freq. -ii, -itum, -ire, v., pass by, pass over, praetermitto, -misi, -missum, V. 3, let pass, pass over, make no mention of. praeterquam, adv.., beyond, besides, except, praetexta, -ae, /., the outer garment, bordered with purple, •worn at Rome by the higher magistrates and by free-born children till they assume the toga virilis. praetor, -oris, m., praetor (« Roman magistrate). praetorius, -a, -um, adj., praetorian, of or belonging to a general, praetura, -ae,/., praetorship. pr6cor, -atus, v. i dep., pray, pray to, beseech. prSmo, pressi, pressum, v. 3, press, oppress, crush. prStiiimi -i, »., reward, price, bribe. pridem, adv., long ago, long since. pridie, adv., on the day before, primo, adv., at first, first. primum, adv.., in the iirst place, first. primus, -a, -vun, adj. superl., first, foremost, princeps, -cipis, adj. and subst. c., first, chief, principal per- son, prinoipium, -i, n., beginning. prior, -us, -oris, adj. comp., former, previous, first. pristinus, -a, -um, adj., former, original, pri.^dquam, and as two ivords prius quam, conj., before, be lure that. privatus, -e. -um, part, adj., private, not in official life. privo, -avi, -atum, v. i, deprive of, rob of. pro, prep. gov. abl., before, for, in return for, in behalf of: pre eo ac, just as, even as. probo, -avi, -atum, v. i, approve, make credible, prove. procella, -ae,/., gale, tempest, storm. prScul, adv., afar off, from afar, prociiratio, -onis, /, charge, administration. prodigium, -i, n., prodigy, portent prodigus, -a, -imi, adj., waste- ful, lavish; as subst. w., a spendthrift, prodigal, proelium, -1, n., battle, profectio, -onis,/., departare. profecto, adv., surely, certainly. profSro, -tiili, -latvim, -ferre, v., bring forth, publish, pro- duce. proficio, -feci, -factum, v. 3, effect, accomplish, proficiscor, -fectus, v. 3 dep., set out, depart. profiteer, -fessus, v. 2 dep., declare, offer, promise. profligo, -avi, -atum, v. i, strike down, overthrow. profugio, -fligi, v. 3, flee, take to flight, escape, profundo, -fiidi, -fusum, v. 3, pour out, squander. progrSdior, -gressus, v. 3 dep., advance. prShibeo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, check, prevent. proloio, -ieci, -lectum, v. 3, throw out, thrust out. prSinde, adv.,'ya%t so, therefore, prolate, -avi, -atum, v. 1 , put off, defer. propago, -avi, -fttum, v. i, extend, prolong, continue. ji. 194 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. pr6p8, adv. and prep., near, nearly, almost. prSpior, -us, gen. -oris, comp. adj., nearer; proximus, -a, -urn, superl. adj., nearest, next, last. propdno, -p6sui, -pOsitTim, V. 3, set forth, place be- fore. , prSprius, -a, -um, a^;., ones own, special, peculiar. propter, prep, {with ace), on account of. propulso, -avi, -atum, v. i, ward off, avert, proscriptio, -onis,/., proscrip- tion, outlawry, confiscation. prosSqubr, -sScutufi and sSquutus, V. 3 dep., accom- pany, prospicio, -spexi, -spectum, V. 3, foresee, provide for. prosterno , -stravi, -stratum, V. 3, throw down, overthrow. prosum, profui, prodesse, v., benefit, profit. providentia, -ao,/., foresight, provide©, -vidi, -visum, v. 2, foresee; with dat., provide for, care for, take care, provincia, -ae,/, province, provincialis, -e, adj., belonging to a province, provincial. proximus, -a, -um, see pro- pior. prudens, -entis, adj., prudent, wise, discreet, prudentia, -ae, /, prudence, discretion. pruina, -ae, /, hoar-frost, rime. publicatio, -onis,/., confisca- tion. publico, adv., on the part ot, in the name of the state. Publioius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. publico, -avi, -atum, v. i, con- fiscate. publioufl, -a, -um, adj., public, piidioitia, -ae,/., modesty, chas- tity. ptidor, -oris, m., shame, shy- ness, modesty. puer, -6ri, m., boy. pugna, -ae,/., fight, battle. pugno, -avi, -atum, v. i, fight, pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beautiful, fair, glorious. pulvinar, -anis, n., couch of the gods, punctum, -i, n., a point, a small portion of time, an instant, moment. punio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. 4, punish. purgo, -avi, -atum, v. 1, purify, cleanse, clear, purpura, -ae,/, purple, purptiratus, -a, -um,a^;.,clad in purple, as subst. m.,a. high officer at a king's court, piito, -avi, -atum, v. i, think, consider. Q,., abbreviation of the prae- nomen Quintus. quaero, quaesivi or quaesii, quaesitum, v. 3, seek, inquire, quaesitor, -oris, m., examiner, investigator. quaeso, -ivi or -ii, v. 3 {mostly in first pers. sing.), pray, beg ; often parenthetically, I pray, beseech. quaestio, -onis, /, inquiry, investigation. . quaestus, -us, m., gain, busi- ness, trade. qualis, -e, pron. adj. interrog. and rel, of what sort, what kind of, such as; talis . . . qualis, such ... as. quam, adv., how, than; ivith '.iiA. and with or without possum, as far as possible: VOCABULARY. 195 E. '., public. !sty,chas- ime, shy- )attle. a, V. I, um, adj.f )US, »uch of the point, a time, an turn, V. 4, :>.i, purify, pie. L, a ^^ rest, quiet. quin, conj., indeed, ver\\y,e sp. in reaching a climax or adding a stronger assertion or proof, quin etiam, quin immo, nay even, quintus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., fifth. Quiris, -itis, mostly //■, Quirites, itium, m., Quirites, a ttame borne by the Romans in their civil capacity. quis, quid, pron. interrog., who? which? what?; indef., any, any one, anything, often with si orne. quispiam, quaepiam, quod- piam, and subst., quidpiara or quippiam, any one, any body, anything, some one, something, some, quisquara, quaequam, quic- quam or quidquam, tndej. pron., any one, anything, some- thing, quisque, quaeque, quodque, indef. pron., each, every, quisquis, quaeque, quodquod, and as subst., quicquid and qyxiAqyuiA. rel. pron., whoever, whatever. quo, adv. rel. and interrog., whither, to what place. quoad, adv., as long as. quocumque, adv., whitherso- ever. , - quod, conj., because, wherefore, why, that, in that. quod, rel., see qui. quodsi, or as two words, quod Q 196 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. si, conj.f but if, and if, if how- ever, quominus, orqKx.6 mLnviB, conj., that not, from. quondam, adv., formerly. qu5niam, adv , since. qu5que, conj., also. qu6t, indecl. adj., how many, as many as. qu5tiens, adv., how often, as often as. quotienscumque, adv., as often as ever. quousque, also as two words, quo usque, adv., how long ? rftpina, -ae, f., rapine, pillage, robbery. r&pio, -pui, -ptum, z/. 3, snatch, drag, hurr^. r&tio, -onis, /, way, manner, reason, propriety, matter, affair, plan, account, calcula- tion. Reatinus, -a, -una, adj., of or belonging to Reate, a town of the Sabines, now Rieti. r3cens, -entis, adj., recent, fresh. rScognosco, -gnovi, -gnltum, v. 3, recall to mind, review. r3condo, -didi, -ditum, v. 3, lay up, hide. rScipio, -cepi, -ceptum, v. 3, receive, undertake. rScito, -avi, -atum, v. i, read out, read aloud. rSconciliatio, -dnis, f., re- establishing, renewal, recon- ciling. rScordor, -atus, v. i, call to mind, remember, recollect. r§creo, -avi, -atum, v. i, restore, renew, refresn ; s© recreare, recover. recta, adv., straightway, directly. recte, adv., rightly, properly. rectus, -a, -um, part, adj., straight, upright. rScixsatio, -onis, /, refusal, objection. rScuso, -avi, -&tum, v. i, refuse, decline. rSdeo, ivi or -ii, -itum, -ire, v., return, go back. rSdimio, -ii, -itum, v. 4, bind round, wreathe, crown. r3dundo, -avi, -attun, v. i, overflow, abound, redound to, fall upon. r§f§ro, -tiili, -latum, -ferre, v., bear, carry back, return; referre ad senatum, to make a motion in the senate, consult or lay before the senate. regie, adv., regally, despoti- cally. rSgio, -onis,/, limit, regno, -avi, -atum, v. i, reign, rule. regnum, -i, «., sovereignty, kingdom. r§l§vo, -avi, -atum, v. 1, lighten, relieve, abate. religio, -onis, f., religion, scruple. relinquo, -liqui, -lictum, v. 3, leave. rSliquus, -a, -um, adj., remain- ing, the remainder, the rest, remaneo, -mansi, v. 2, remain, remissio, -onis, /., relaxing, abating, remission. rSmissus, -a, -um, part, adj., lax, indulgent. r§m6ror, -atus, v. 1 dep., delay, defer. rSntfSveo, -movi, -motum, v. 2, remove, put away. rSpello, reppuli and repuli, rgpulsiun, V. 3, thrust back, reject, repulse. r§pent§, adv., suddenly. r§pentinu8, -a, -um, adj., sudden. rSpSrio, reppSri and reperi, repertum, v. 4, find. VOCABULARY. 197 ySprimo, -pressi, -pressum, V. 3, check, restrain. repudio, -avi, -atum, v. i, reject. res, rei,/, thing, matter, affair, property. r§sSco, -cui, -ctum, v. i, cut off, check. rSservo, -avi, -atvun, v. i , save up, reserve. rSsideo, -sedi, v. 2, remain, linger. rSsisto, -stifcijZ'. 3, stay behind, remain, oppose, resist. respondeo, -di, -sum, v. 2, answer, responsum, -i, w., answer. res publica, also as one word, respublica, rei publicae,/., state, republic, restinguo, -nxi, -nctum, v. 3, extinguish, restituo, -ui, -utum, v. 3, restore. resto., -stiti, v. i, remain. reticeo, -cui, v. 2, am silent, keep silence. rStineo, -ui, -tentum, v. 2, hold fast, retain, preserve. rStorqueo, -si, -turn, v. 2, turn back. rStundo, -tiidi, -tiisum, v. 3, beat back, blunt. r§us, -i, m., accused person, defendant. reverto, -ti r/td reverter, reversus, v. 3, return. rgvoco, -avi, -atum, v. i, call back, recall. rex, regis, m., king, tyrant. robur, -oris, n., strength. robustus, -a, -um, adj., strong, hardy. r5go, -avi, -atum, v. i , ask ; rogare legem, propose a law. Boma, -ae,y!, Rome. Homanus, Roman. / m» CEO \ \ 51 t^utj } a, -um. adj., Bomfilus, -i, m., founder and first king of Rome. ruina, -ae, /., downfall, ruin, destruction, wreck, rumpo, riipi, ruptum, v. 3, break, burst, rusticus, -a, -um, adj., rural, rustic, country. sftcer, -era, -crum, a^'., sacred, holy. sacrarium, -i, n., sanctuary, shrine, sacrosanctus, -a, -um, adj.^ sacred, inviolable. sacrum, -i, «., a sacred thing ; in pi., sacred rites. saeculum, -i, w., age, genera- tion. saepS, adv., often ; comp.^ saepius. saepio, -psi, -ptum, v. 4, hedge in, fence in, encom- pass. sSgax, -acis, adj., sagacious, shrewd, quick, salto, -avi, -atum, v. i, dance, saius, -utis,/., health, welfare, safety. saiuto, -avi, -atum, v. i, greet, pay one's respects to, wait upon, salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe, sancio, -nxi, -nctum, v. 4, appoint, ordain, enact, sanctus, -a, -um, part, adj.y sacred, holy, august, sane, adv., truly, by all means, indeed, sanguis, -inis, m., blood, sano, -avi, -atum, v. i, heal, cure. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, healthy. s&piens, -entis, part, adj., wise ; subst. in., wise man. satell3s, -itis, c, attendant, assistant. satis, adv., enough ; satis Q2 IF! 198 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. facere, or in one word satisfacere, satisfy, content. Sattirualia, -iorum, n. pi., the Saturnalia. Saturninus, -i, m., a Roman surname. saucius, -a, -um, adj. , wounded. scaena, -ae,/., stage. scSlSrate, adv., wickedly, im- piously. scSlSratus, -a, -um, adj., impious, wicked ; in the m. as subs t., wretch, miscreant. scSlus, -Sris, n., crime, wicked- ness. scientia, -ae,/, knowledge. scilicet, adv. , of course. scio, scivi, scitum, v. 4, know. Scipio, -onjs, m., the name of a celebrated family in the gens Cornelia. scortum, -i, «., harlot, mistress. scribfl., -ae, m., clerk, secretary. scribo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, write. se, see sui. secedo, -cessi, -cessum, v, 3, withdraw. secerno, -crevi, -cretum, v, 3, separate, put apart. sScuris, -is,y^, axe. sed, conj., but. sedes, -is,/!, seat, abode. aeditio, -onis, /, sedition, in- surrection. sedo, -avi, -atum, v. 1, quiet, settle, end. seiungo, -nxi, -nctum, v. 3, separate. sella, -ae,/ , seat, {a mechanic s) work-stool. sSmSl, adv num., once. semen, -inis, «., seed. seminarium, -i, n., nursery. semper, adv., always. seippiternus, -a, -um,a<^"., ever- lasting. Sempronius, -a, -um, adj., Sempronian. sSnator, -oris, m., senator. sSnatus, -us, m., the senate. sSnex, sSnis, m., old man. sensus, -us, rn., feeling, sententia, -ae,/, opinion, vote, purpose, sentina, -ae, /., bilge- water, hold (of a ship), dregs, refuse, sentio, -si, -sum, v, 4, feel, perceive, think. sSpSlio, -p61ivi or -ii, -pultum, V. 4, bury. sSquor, -cutus and -quutus, V. 3 dep., follow, serius, adv., see sere, sermo, -onis, w., conversation, talk. sero, adv.^ late, too late ; comp. serius. serpo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, creep, extend, spread, serta, -drum, n. pi. {rarely in sing.), wreaths of flowers, garlands. Servilius, -i, m,, name of a Roman gens. servio, -Ivi and -ii, -itum, v. 4, serve, am a slave or subject, hive respect to, consult, abet, gratify, servitium, -i, «., slavery ; con- crete, a body of servants, the class of slaves. servitus, -utis, /, slavery, service, servo, -avi, -atum, v. i, pre- serve, servus, -i, m., slave, servant, sese, see sui. Sestius, -i, m., the name of a Roman gens. sSvere, adv.. severely, austerely. s§veritas, -atis, /, severity, strictness, rigour. sgverus, -a, -um, adj., stem, severe, sextus, -a, -ura, ord. num. adj.^ sixth. si. coni., if. VOCABULARY. 199 SXbyllinus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sibyl, Sibylline. sio, adv., so, thus, sica, -ae,/., dagger, poniard. Bic&rius, -i, m.y assassin. siout, adv., as. signiflcatio, -onis, /, indica- tion, token. signum, -i, w., sign, seal, mark, ensign, standard, image, statue. Silanus, -i, w , a surname in the gens Itilia. sllentium, -i, «., silence. sileo, -ui, V. 2, am silent, keep silent about, silvestris, -e, adj., wooded, woodland, wild. Bimilis, -e, adj., like, similar. simiil, adv., at the same time, together; with ac, atque, also in one word, simulac, simulatque, as soon as. simiilacrum, -i, «., image. sin, conj., but if. Bln6, prejf). with abl, without. singMaris, -e, adj., singular, remarkable, unparalleled. singiili, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., one apiece, one each, separate; in dies singulos, from day to day, every day, daily, sine, sivi, sttura, v. 3, permit, sinus, -us, m., bosom, sitis, -is,/, thirst. 8iv5, conj., or if; sive . . . sive, whether ... or. sobrius, -a, -um, adj., sober, temperate, societas, -attis, /, union, association. sooius, -a, -um, adj., sharing, joining in, leagued, con- federate; sooius, -i, w., associate, partner, comrade, ally. s6d&lis,-is, c, boon-companion, (^nmiacle. sol, soils, m., sun. s61eo, -itus, V. 2, am wont, am accustomed. solitude, .-.?*«, /, solitude, lonelineJ Bollicitatiu . ^is, /., inciting, instigation. soUicito, -avi, -atum, v. i, disturb, incite, solllcibus, -a, -um, adj., dis- turbed, anxious. solum, adv., only, alone; non solum . . . verum etiam, not only . . . but also, solum, -i, n , ground, soil, solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, solutus, -a, 'yxta.,part. adj.,hee, lax, remiss, somnus, -i, ni., sleep, sloth, drowsiness. s5roT, -oris,/., sister sors, sortis,/, lot. Sp., abbreviation of the prae- nomen Spurius. spargo, -si, -sum, v. 3, scatter. spScies, -ei, /, appearance, mien, spScmor, -atu!S, v. 1 dep., watch, spero, -avi, -atum, v. i, hope, spes, spei,/., hope. sj)iritus, -us, m., breath, air. spolio, -avi, -atum, z^. i, strip, deprive, despoil. spontS, abl. /., in good prose always with mea, tua, suft, of one's own accord, freely, voluntarily, stabilitas, -atis, /, steadfast- ness, firmness. st&bilio, -ivi, -itum, v. 4, make stable, establish. StatiUus, -i, m., a Roman name, statim, adv., forthwith, im- mediately. stator, -oris, m., stayer, sup- porter, an epithet of Jupiter. \ statua, -ae,/, st.itue. 200 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. st&tuo, -ui, -utum, V. 3, fix, determine, set up. st&tus, -us, ;/;., condition, position, stirps, stirpis, _/!, stock, root, source. sto, st6ti, statvim, v. i, stand. stiideo, -ui, v. 2 {with dat.), strive after, am eager for, desire, studiosus, -a, -um, adj., eager after, partial to, with a taste for. studiiun, -i, n., zeal, eagerness, study, devotion. stuprum, -i, «., debauchery, lewdness. stultitia, -ae, f , folly, sim- plicity, i stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, silly. suadeo, suasi, suasum, v. 2, advise. subeo, ivi or -ii, -itura, -ire, v., submit to, undergo. subicio, -ieci, -iectum, v, 3, lay or place under, apply to. subiector, -oris, m., substituter, forger. siibigo, -egi, -actum, v. 3, subdue. siibito, adv., suddenly, sublatus, -a, -um, see toUo. Bubsellium, -i, «., bench, often of the senators' seats in the curia. subsidium, -1, n., aid, help, succedo, -cessi, -cessum, v. 3, take the place of, succeed, suffer o, sustuli, sub latum, suflferre, v., bear, undergo. sui {there is no nom ), dat. sibi, ace. and abl. se or seso, pron. of third pers. sing, and pi., himself, herself, itself, themselves, he, she, it, they. Sulla, -ae, vi., a surnanie in the irens Cornelia. SulpTcius, -i, ni.,the name of a Roman gens. sum, fui, esse, v. irreg., am. summa, -ae, f, chief point, pre-eminence. summus, see superus. sumo, svunpsi, sumptum, v. 3, take, assume ; supplicium sumere, exact satisfaction, inflict punishment. sumptuose, adv., expensively; comp. suraptuosius. sumptus, -us, m., expense, cost, charge, outlay. supSro, -avi, -atum, z'. i, over- come, surpass, prevail. supersura, -fui, -esse, v., out- live, survive. siiperus, -a, -um, adj., upper; comp. superior, -us, gen. -oris, higher, upper, previous, former, preceding; super I. supremus and summus, highest, uppermost, most dis- tinguished, most important, most weighty, greatest. suppSdito, -avi, -atmn, v. I, supply. supplex, -icis, adj., suppliant, beseeching. supplicatio, -onis, /., prayer, thanksgiving. supplicium, -i, n., punishment, penalty. surge, surrexi, surrectum, v. 3, rise, arise. suscipio, -cepi, -ceptum, v. 3, undertake, take upon one, incur. suspicio, -onis, f, suspicion, distrust. suspicio, -spexi, -spectum, V. 3, look at askance, mistrust, suspect. suspicor, -atus, v. 1 dep.^ suspect, mistrust. sustento, -avi, -atum, v. i, hold back, check, restrain, uphold, support. VOCABULARY. 20 1 8USt!neo, -tinui, -tentum, v. 2, sustain, bear. sustulSrit./i'VW toUo. suus, -a, -urn, poss. pron.^ his, her, its, their, his own, &c. T., abbreviation of the prae- nomen Titus, tabeaco, -bui, v. 3, waste away, pi.ic. tabella, -ae, /, tablet, writing- tablet, in pi., letter. taberna, -a?,/., booth, tavern, sliop. tabula, -ae, /, writing-tablet, record ; //., an account-book ; novae tabulae, new account- books, that is, abolition of dibts. taceo, -cui, -citum, v. 2, am silent, say nothing, taciturnitas, -atis,/, silence, tacitus, -a, -um, adj., silent, taeter, -tra, -trum, adj., foul. talaris, -e, adj., reaching to the ankles, long. talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind. tarn, adv., so, so much; tam . . quam, as (so) ... as ; non tam . . . quam, not so ... as, not so much ... as. tamen, conj., yet, however, tametsi, conj., although, tamquam, adv., as if. tandem, rti/z'., at last, at length ; strengthened by aliquando, now at last ; in questions, pray, tango, tStigi, tactum, v. 3, touch, tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great ; tantum, n. absol., so much ; with the correlative quan- tum, so much . . . as ; est tanti {,gen. of price), is worth so much, it is worth my while, I esteem it a light thing; tanto (a^/.), by so much, so much, tarde, adv., slowly, tarditas, -atis,/, slowness, tectum, -i, «., house, telum, -i, n , missile, weapon. tSmSre, adv., rashly, in- discreetly. tSmSritas, -atis, /, rashness, recklessness. tempSrantia, -ae, /., temper- ance, moderation. tempestas, -atis, /., storm, tempest. templum, -i, n., temple, tempto, -avi, -atum, v. 1, try, make an attempt upon, tempus, .6ris, n., time ; also in its moral aspects, the state of the time, the times, circum- stances. tendo, tStendi, tentum and tensxmi, v. 3, stretch. t?nebrae, -arum, / //., dark- ness. t§neo, tSnui, tentum, v. 2, hold, keep, retain, tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine, poor, mean, of slender means. termino, -avi, -atum, v. i, bound, terminus, -i, m., bound, limit, terra, -aa,/., earth, land. tertivLB, -a, -Mm, ord. num. adj., third. testamentum, -i, «., will. testis, -is, c, witness. Ti., abbreviation for the prae- nomen Tiberius. TibSris, -is, vi., the river Tiber, now Tevere. timeo, -ui, v. 2, fear. timidus, -a, -um, adj., timid, afraid, shy. timor, -oris, m , fear. Titus, -i, m., a Roman prae- nomen. toga, -ae,/., toga, togatus, -a, -um, adj., wearing 202 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. JijimB:., the toga, that is, a private citizen. tdl§rabilis, -e, adi., endurable, tolerable. t61Sro, -avi, -atum, v. i, en- dure, bear. toUo, sustiili, sublatum, V. 3, raise, lift up, taice away, remove. Tongilius, -i, m.,apropername. Torquatus, -i, w., a Roman surname. t6t, imiecl. adj., so many, totiens, adv. num., so often, totus, -a, -um, adj.^ all, whole, entire, tracto, -avi, -atum, v. i, handle, manage ; se trac- tare, conduct oneself, behave. tr3>do, -didi, -ditum, v. 3, hand over, deliver. Transalpinus, -a, -um, adj., that is beyond the Alps, Transalpine. transcendo, -di, -sum, v. 3, cross, pass over. transfSro, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, v., transfer. transigo, -egi, -actum, v. 3, complete, perform, despatch. tribunal, -alls, «., tribunal, judgment-seat, tribunus, -i, m., tribune, triduum, -i, «., space of three days, three days. triunxpho, -avi, -atum, v. i, triumph. triumphus. ~i, m., triumph. triicido, -avi, -atum, v. i, butcher, massacre, kill, tu, tui, pers. pron., thou, tuba, -ae,/., trumpet {straight, while the cornu was curved). tueor, tuitus, v. a dep., defend, maintain. TuUius, -i, ;;/., the name of a Roman gens. Tullus, -i, m., a Roman prae- omen. turn, adv., then. v tiimultus, -us, m,, tumult, dis- turbance. tiimiilus, -i, m., hill. tiiii!ca, -ae,/, tunic. turbiilentus, -a, -wxtL^adj., rest- less, agitated. tuirpis, -e, adj., disgraceful. turpiter, adv., shamefully, dishonourably ; superl. tur- pissime. tvirpltudo, -Inis, f., baseness, disgrace, infamy. tuto, adv., safely. tiitus, -a, -um, adj., safe. tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., thy, thine, your, yours. tS^annus, -i, m., tyrant, despot. uber, -Sris, «.. teat. ubi, adv. interrog., where? rel. where ; of time when, iiblnam, adv , where? ubinam gentium, where in the world ? ulciscor, ultus, v. 3 dep., take vengeance on, punish, avenge, ullus, -T,, -ittn, adj., any. ultro, adv., voluntarily, freely. Umbrenus, -i, m., a fellow- conspirator with Catiline. umquam, adv., ever, iina, adv., together, in company, undique, adv., from all sides, on all sides. unguentum, -i, n., ointment, perfume, unice, adv., singularly, especi- ally, in an extraordinary degree, uni versus, -a, -um, adj., all together, all collectively, entire, iinus, -a, -um, num. adj., one, only, alone, a single; with quisque, each one. urbanus, -a, -um, culj.^ of or belonging to the city. urbs, urbis, /, city; esp., the city, Rome. VOCABULARY. 203 uaqufi, Uifv., all the way, as lar as ftaura, -ae,/.. use, enjoyment, interest, usury. VBiirpo, -avi, -atum, v. i, use, apply. ut or iiti, conj. with suhj., that, so that, in order that; adv , how, as. fiterque, utraque, utrumque, pron., both, each. utilis, -e, adj , useful, service- able, profitable. utUitas, -atis, /, use, advan- tage. iitinam, adv., would that. iitor, usus, v. 3 dep., use, enjoy. utrum, adv., whether; utrum . . . an, whether ... or. uxor, -oris,/., wife. vacillo, -avi, -atum, z;. 1, totter, waver, stagger. vacuefaoio,-feci, -factum, z/. 3, empty, clear, free, vacuus, -a, -urn, adj., empty, devoid of, free born. vadimonium, -i, n., bail, recog- nizance. vagina, -ae, /, scabbard. sheath. valde, adv., very, very much, exceedingly. vaieo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, am strong, have str'^ngth or powder. VaiSrius, -i, m., name of a Roman gens. variStas, -atis, /, difference, diversity, varius, -a, -um, adj., diverse, various, vastatio, -6ns,/., devastating, ravaging. vastitas, -atis, /, devastation, desolation, ruin. vasto, -avi, -atum, v. i, lay waste, desolate, devastate, vates, -is, <:., soothsayer, prophet. -vS, enclitic particle, or. vectigal, -alia, «., tax, impost. v6h6men8, -entis, adj., violent, forcible, strong. vShSmenter, adv., vehemently, violently, earnestly, very much , comp. vehementiua. vel, conj., or; vel . . . vel, either ... or. volum, -i, n, cloth, awning, veil, sail. Vfjna, -ae,/, vein. vSneficus, -i, m., poisoner, sorcerer, wizard. vSnenum, -i, n., poison, ( ig. v6n6ror, -atus, v. 1 ?/., worship, adore, supplicat v6nio, veni, ventum, 4, come, verbum, -i, «., word. v6re, adv., truly. vSreor, vSritus, f . 2 dep., fear. vero, adv.,ia truth, truly ; conj., but, but indeed, versor, -atus, v. i dep., move about in a place, live, abide, vervun, conj., but. vervun, -i, «■, the truth, verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real. vespSra, -ae,/, evening. Vesta, -ae, /, the goddess Vesta. Vestalis, -e, adj., of or belong- ing to Vesta, vester, -tra, ~tTuxa,poss.pron., your, vestigium, -i, w., footprmt, trace, vestige, hence inpl., nuns. v§tus, -eris, adj., old, former, ancient, vexatio, -onis,/., annoyance. vexo, -avi, -atum, v. i , trouble, harass, annoy. via, -ae,/, way, path, course. vibro, -avi, -atum, v. i, brandish, vicesimus, -a, -vim, ord. num. adj. , twentieth. vicinus, -a, -um, atij., neigh- 204 ORATIONS OF CICERO AGAINST CATILINE. »i«rl bouring ; vioinus, -i, ///., neighbour, victor, -oris, m., conqueror, victor, victoria, -ae,/., victory, videlicet, adv., it is easy to see, clearly, plainly, of course, for- sooth. video, vidi, virum, v. 2, see ; pass., seem, appear, seem good or right, vigilia, -ae, /, watch, guard, keeping watch (by night). vJgilo, -avi, -&tum, v. i, watch, keep watch, am wakeful. vilis, -e, at/j., of small value, cheap. villa, -ae, /., country-house, villa. vineo, vici,' victum, v. 3, con- quer, overcome, vinoiilum and vinolvLm^ -i, «., bond, fetter. vindex, -Icis, c, defender, pro- tector, avenger, punisher. vindico, -avi, -atum, v. i, avenge, punish. vinum, -i, n., wine. vidlo, -avi, -atum, v. 1, injure, outrage. v!r, viri, m., man. Virgo, -inis,/, virgin, virtus, -utis,/, virtue, courage, worth. vis, ace, vim, al>/., vi,/., power. force, violence, vigour ; //. vires, virium, viribuss strength. visous, -Sris, and more frequent in pi. visc5ra, -um, «., inner parts, vitals. vita, -ae,/, life, vitium, -i, «., vice, crime, offence, vito, -avi, -atum, v. 1, avoid, shun. vitlipdratio, -onis, /"., blame, censure vivo, vixi, victum, v. 3, live, vivus, -a, -um, adj., alive, living, vix, adv., hardly, scarcely, vixdum, adv., hardly then, scarcely yet. v6co, -avi, -atum, v. i, call, summon. vdlito, -avi, -atum, v. i, flit about. v61o, v61ui, velle, v. irreg., wish, am willing. Volturcius, -i, m., one of the fellow-conspirators of Cati- line. voluntas, -atis,/", will, inclina- tion, good-will. vdluptas, -atis, f, pleasure, delight. voBtpl. of tn. votum, -i, «., prayer, vow, wish. vox, vocis,/., voice, word. vulnSro, -avi, -atum, v. i^ wound, vulnus, -Sris, n , wound. vultus, -us, m., face, features. THE END. requent ., inner crime, avoid, blame, V. 3. alive, then, I, call, I, flit irreg., of the Cati- ncliiia- easiire, , vow, •d. V. I, ;ures.