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 3, rue de TUniv 
 Qu6bec 4, O^ '^ 
 
 THE BRITISH COLU 
 
 DISPUTE. 
 
 ^v 
 
 vsp- 
 
 \Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 22.] 
 
 The issues of the controversy between the Dominion of Canada and 
 British Columbia have been made sufficiently plain to the public ; nor is 
 there any reason to doubt that their gravity has been fully appreciated 
 by the Colonial Office. At the same time it is evident that the Imperial 
 Governn nt can only proceed with great caution in urging the Canadi- 
 ans to carry out their pledge to the Pacific Settlements. The Act of 
 Union of 1867 placed the Dominion in something like the position of an 
 independent Power, and Canadian politicians are not slow to assert their 
 right to shape a policy of their own. Only a few months ago Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie, the Premier of the Dominion, in addressing his constituents at 
 Sarnia, went out of his way to assert with g ,t clearness and emphasis 
 the advancement of Canadian pretentions, lie said: — " One of our early 
 struggles in this country was to get Canadian affairs managed by Can- 
 adians, and not to have a Colonial Office or a Colonial Secretary under- 
 taking to dictate through an irresponsible Council in Canada what laws 
 should be enacted or what policy should be adopted. That has all been 
 gained, and so far as the management of our own internal affairs is con- 
 cerned there is nothing left in dispute." And he went on to claim for 
 the Ottawa Government a similar independence in the practical if not 
 the formal conduct of negotiatiors with the United States, should any 
 difficulties arise between the Dominion and its neighbors. This part of 
 policy Mr. Mackenzie asserts, " does not concern any other portion of 
 the British public;" and he hints that interference on the part of the 
 mother country would be sharply resented. If we apply the principles 
 and the sentiments on which Mr. Mackenzie rests his case to the British 
 Columbia controversy, it is easy to perceive the obstacles to direct Im- 
 perial action for securing the- rights of the Pacific colonists are very 
 formidable. The Act of Union speaks of "Terms and conditions " of 
 Confederation, but does not provide any machinery for enforcing the 
 performance of those terms and conditions against the will of the Ex- 
 ecutive Government of the Dominion and of the majority in the Ottawa 
 Parliament. Moreover, those agreements generally have reference to 
 expenditure of money; and appropriations to meet this expenditure must 
 be granted in the usual way by the House olOeuo^ons. Even in this 
 country, where the Government is in diroff vdfftions v?it^ the Legislature 
 the latter might refuse to provide the ptimxia for cavryittg out a public 
 contract, and the former could only ^"p^eal to the honor So/" the nation at 
 large to wipe awat/ the stain of stich at.breach^ of faith. Bufttha Imperial 
 Government dealing with e colonial||ParliaBlent, has ao possibility of 
 
(2) 
 
 finding such a remedy. When the Canadian Parliament declines to give 
 effect to the bargain with British Columbia, and the refusal is acquiesced 
 in by the Dominion Ministry, the mother country cannot even cause the 
 (question to be remitted to the constituencies. The jealousy of Imperial 
 interference to which Mr. Mackenzie gives such energetic expression 
 would be aroused, beyond all question, were the Governor-General to 
 be directed by the Colonial Office to dissolve the House of Commons at 
 Ottawa against the advice of his "responsible Ministers." Were even 
 such an expedient — for which there is no recent precedent — possible, it 
 would fail of attaining its object. It is to be feared that the Canadian 
 Conservatives are as little prepared as Mr. Mackenzie's followers to do 
 plain justice to the people of British Columbia, so that a dissolution and 
 a change of Administration would probably effect no more than an al- 
 teration in the methods of evasion. Unfortunately, too, the rienate at 
 Ottawa, which is the body directly responsible for the rejection of the 
 "Carnarvon Compromise, consists of members nominated for life, and 
 so long as the majority in this branch of the Legislature remains op- 
 posed to the execution of the contract the dead-lock will continue.. 
 
 It is not, therefore, to the direct compulsion of the Imperial Govern- 
 ment that British Columbia can look for th& removal of the grievances 
 of which she justly complains, and the text of the address of the Pacific 
 colonists to Lord Dufferin shows that no such illusion is cherished. 
 The address summarizes the controversy with Canada; pointing out that 
 the "many and urgent representations" of British Columbia witii respect 
 to "the unfuimied terms of Confederation, resulting in certain recom- 
 mendations by the Earl of Carnarvon, which were accepted by the 
 Dominion Government as a solution of the difficulty, and that these 
 recommendations were favorable to the Dominion Government, as they 
 would, if carried out, have relieved it from those conditions of the ori- 
 ginal terms of Confederation which were considered by the Dominion 
 Government impossible of fulfilment." But the address proceeds, 
 "instead of the Dominion of Canada attempting to fulfil these modified 
 obligations in a bona fide manner, she utterly neglected to do so, and in 
 lieu thereof offered a pecuniary compensation to tJiis Province in an 
 ambiguously worded document. This offer was declined by the Pro- 
 vincial Government, ard its acti' was endorsed in the strongest manner 
 by the people." The danger that a sense of wrong originating in this 
 repeated breach of faith may lead to serious political consequences is 
 temperately set forth by the Pacific colonists. It is asserted that "the 
 action of the Dominion Government in ignoring the Carnarvon settle- 
 ment has produced a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction towards Con- 
 federation, which has been intensified by thf utterances of prominent 
 public men of the Dominion, who apparently look upon this Province as 
 a source of expense and trouble to the Dominion, and as a Province 
 whose withdrawal would not ba regretted." This is perfectly true. Mr. 
 Mackenzie himself has spoken as if the connection with British Colum- 
 bia were an embarrassing and unprofitable one. Mr. Blake, the present 
 Minister of Justice, has openly declared that if the Pacific Province will 
 not be content with what Canada chooses to give her, she had better go 
 out of the Union; and Sir Alexander Gait, as prominent on the Conser- 
 vative side as Mr. Blake is among the Liberals, has explicitly endorsed 
 this policy. What wonder if the result has foUcwed which the addrest? 
 
 * , 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 f> 
 
 I 
 
(3) 
 
 *,.-^ 
 
 T 
 
 ^ 
 
 notes as a warning? If, it is said, the Canadian Government "fail to 
 take praotical steps to carry into effect the terms solemnly accepted by 
 them, we most respectfully inform your Excellency that, in the opinion 
 of a large number of people of this Province, the withdrawal of this 
 Province from the Confederaiion will be the inevitable result; and in 
 such case compensation from the Dominion would be demanded for the 
 unfulfiled obligations which she undertook. This growing desire for 
 separation is not held out as a threat, but is simply Ihe expression of a 
 feeling which is gaining strength every day. The knowledge that 
 Canada relies on the paucity of our numbers, and her own power to 
 fulfil or repudiate the terms of the Union as she pleases, creates a feel- 
 ing of irritation which is being continually augmented." The Canadians 
 unluckily, do not scruple to say that these small communities must vield 
 as anti-T^nionists of Nova Scotia were forced to yield to the will of the 
 more powerful provinces. They know that secession from the Union 
 would leave the Pacific settlers, as the address describes them, in a peril- 
 ous and painful situation: — " Bounded as this Province is, on the north 
 and south by United States territories, and without railway connection 
 with the Dominion of Canada, British Columbia will ever be an isolated, 
 unprogreswive Province. The railway and other facilities of the Ameri- 
 can people are sapping our trade and directing commerce and population 
 to their shores." Yet in justice to the loyalty of the British Columbians 
 it must be said they do not even glance at the possibility of annexation, 
 though they call Lord Dufiferin's attention to the amazing progress made 
 in ihe Far West of the Jnion by the development of the railway 
 system. 
 
 Still, although annexation remains a word nnspoken, it is not less oer< 
 tainly in men's thoughts, and as a possibility it must enter into the 
 reckonings of Imperial statesmanship. It is impossible to admit the 
 pretention of the Dominion Government that this is merely a Canadian 
 question, and that it must be settled as between the Parliament of Ot- 
 tawa and a few thousand settlers in British Columbia. The Pacific 
 Province is equal m area to the German Empire; its ports are upon the 
 most direct line between Europe and the Far East, Victoria, the chief 
 town of Vancouver's Island, is i o more than twenty-one days' sail from 
 Hong Kong, and it has been calculated that, were the Trans-Continental 
 Railway opened, the communication between Southampton and the 
 Chinese pori3 might be shortened by fifteen or twenty days. At aiiy 
 rate, Uie time must come when the trade of these Pacific colonies with 
 Japan and China will become a most important element in the world's 
 commerce; and the childish narrow-minded trickery of the Canadians is 
 unconsciously diverting this future stream of wealth and power from 
 the British Empire to the American Bepublic. Isolated and hopeless, 
 British Columbia would be likely to look to annexation for a new career, 
 and the Americans who hem in our colony between Oregon and Alaska 
 may be tempted to accept the invitation of those adventurous spirits who 
 recognize no established allegiance, and whose fiag is planted for them 
 by commercial interest. If the Canadians can afibrd to disregard these 
 obvious considerations, Imperial statesmanship cannot; and though, as 
 we have said, the mother country cannot enforce the performance of the 
 contract by constitutional methods, the power of public opinion, ex- 
 pressed with moderation, but also with firmne«8, by the Colonial Office, 
 
(4) 
 
 may bring the Ministers of the Dominion to a sense of their wider and 
 higher duties. It is not too much to say that if Canada refuses to be- 
 have with common honesty in carrying out a clear contrtwrt, she will be 
 guilty of disloyalty to the Empire, as well as of the more vulgar oflfoncei 
 
 THE LONDON "STANDARD" 
 
 ON BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 AFFAIRS. 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie's Government, says the Standard, must be by this time 
 convinced that the public opinion of the Mother Country, expressed 
 with a decision and a unanimity most uncommon upon colonial questions 
 is opposed to the vacillating and tortuous policy which has been pur- 
 sued towards British Columbia. It is now more than two years since we 
 first called attention to the course which the so-called "Liberal" or 
 "Grit" Ministry were pursuing in regard to the project of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway — to the shuffling and time-serving devices which were 
 being resorted to in order to evade the fulfilment of a bargain to which 
 the honor of England was pledged, and to delay the execution of a 
 work absolutely necessary in order to secure the integrity and the 
 independence of the Dominion. We charged the Mackenzie Ministry 
 with studying rather their own political convenience in the manner 
 they make use of Canadian capital and Canadian credit than the wel- 
 fare of the Confederation and the Imperial interests. We spoke of 
 their policy as "a challenge to secession," as calculated to "loosen 
 the newly-formed bonds of Canadian unity, and to injure the Domin- 
 ion in its relations to the Empire." In return we received a great 
 deal of bad language, and were told that we were actuated by "Tory 
 prejudices" against the best of Ministries. We were informed that 
 the Pacific Railway was being pushed forward as fast as was consist- 
 ent with political purity in the Dominion, and that if the bargain 
 with British Columbia could not be literally fulfilled it was because 
 of its "physical impracticability." Since then the terms of that bar- 
 gain have been greatly modified. A compromise was agreed to in 
 1874, at the instance of Lord Carnarvon, by which British Columbia 
 agreed to waive its demand for a strict performance of the contract 
 of 1871 — the contract on the strength of wliich she was induced to 
 enter the Dominion — in consideration of a certain new undertaking 
 on the part of Canada. The terms of this new compact, as arranged 
 by Lord Carnarvon and accepted by Canada, were five. The first 
 
 '^ 
 
(5) 
 
 99 
 
 .^% 
 
 was thut a railway botwonn EH(iifiniilt harb )f atil Naimhno, Van- 
 ooiivor Island, slionM b(i <;oinin(ui(!0(l as sooti as possiblo, and (!.)i>^- 
 plotod with all i)raoti(!al)l() dnsi)at,;!h; tlio iind that tlio survdys for tho 
 mainland lino should bo vigorously prusocuttsd; th(i Mrd that a waf,'- 
 gon-road and tolograph lino shouM bo oonstruotod inmiodiatoly alonj^ 
 tho route of tho proixised railway; tho 4th that at hnwt two millions 
 of dollars should Ik; spent (ivory year within th(i Provin(u> of liritisli 
 Columbia from tho di,to wlicm tho surv(;ys whouM bo suHi uoutly ad- 
 vanced to admit of that (iX])ondituro on the construiition of tho rail- 
 way; and tho last that on or bisfon^ th(5 ;»lst of I)o(!oinbor, IHDO, the 
 whole lino from thv, T^aiulio to tlio present furthest wtsstorn point of 
 tho Cmalian railway system should bo (completed an 1 oi)on for traxf- 
 fie. Considering that ac^eording to the original contract tho. Pa(ufic 
 lliilway was to have boon (!orapletod in 1881, it will be g(!norally al- 
 lowed that those terms involve a very groat rohixation of tiu> bond on 
 the faith of which B/itish Columbia was tempted to enter tlui North 
 American Confederation. To a ctu'tain extcsnt, however, tho i)leas 
 advanced by Canada for tho non-fultilm(mt of her bargain were ad- 
 mitted to be reasonable. If u was "physically impracticable," as Mr. 
 Marikon/io urged, to constru(?t tho railway within tlui stipuhited term, 
 there was nothing more to bo said. No one in this country, nor, as 
 we boliovo, in British Columbia, had any idea of keeping Canada to 
 tho stri(;t letter of lier bond if the doing so involved tlio tu'ippling of 
 her own finances. It may be that the original (contract was some- 
 what rashly entered into, and that Canada, as young countries are 
 wont to do, promised more than she had any reasonable prospeiit of 
 performing. Tho construction of a railway from sea to sea upon 
 British territory, liowevcr important as a moans of welding the Do- 
 minion together, was not the only object to be considered. If in the 
 I)roceas of cementing the union we ruined its most important member, 
 the result could hardly be satisfactory from an Imperial point of 
 view. Justice and good policy alike demanded that the terms of the 
 contract of 1871 should bo lilierally interpreted— that Canada should 
 not bo asked to boar a burd(;n disproportionate to her strength— that 
 British Columbia should not bo forced into a premature deveh)pment 
 tit the expense of her neighbors. All these (Considerations we cannot 
 doubt were well weighed by Lord Carnarvon when he jiroposed the 
 compromise of 1874. What we have to complain of now is, that not 
 only have the terms even of that modified contract not been complied 
 with, but that no attempt whatever appears to have been made to 
 comply with them. While we find the Miickenzie Government ener- 
 getic enough in pushing forward public works Avithin those Provinces 
 where it is most essential that its political interest is to be maintained, 
 and prepared to enter into new engagements with the United States, 
 involving the expenditure of a large sum of money, we do not see any 
 sign whatever of a desire to comply with the terms of the Carnarvon 
 compromise. The pretence that the Dominion Upper House rejected 
 that compromise Mr. Mackenzie's own followers can scarcely regard 
 as serious. In the majority of two by which the bill was defeated 
 there were several of Mr, Mackenzie's own I'arty, inchiding one g<m- 
 tleman who had been only made a Senator a few weeks before upon his 
 nomination. It is difficult to believe that if the Ministry had been in 
 
(«) 
 
 earnfiHt they cohM not have cavrioA tho monsiiro through both Hourgs 
 or the Canmlian Parliament. Tlunr recent oflfer of ^TOO.OOQ to BritiHh 
 i.oiunihia in lum of the Carnarvon corn promise must convince us if 
 there were no other evi<l(mce, of the fact that they never meant to 
 carry out thj't bargain -tliat they have been only paltering with their 
 engaKementH to the Imperial Government and to the I'rovince. It is ab- 
 .^ur.l to H"I>pose that British Columbia can accept such a sum as pay- 
 ment in full of all her claims. We cannot wonder that there is a very 
 great discontent through(mt the Provinco-a discontent which it has 
 been bfiyon,! oven Lord DufTerin's i)owers of diplomacy to allay. We 
 must still hope that th ^ Canadian Government will be inducecl to re- 
 view its conduct m regard to this transm^tion, and we cannot doubt 
 that what influonco the Imperial Government possesses will be brought 
 to boar in order tliat justice may be done between the Dominion and 
 the Province of British Columbia. 
 
 CANADA AND BRITISH 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 {From the London Saiurdai/ Review.) 
 
 rJr! ^''^■^P^^^r-I^^'^? '"t,?"^ *'^°'"*^ *° *^^j^«^ *^« f^i«P"te between 
 Canaca and British Columbia, the difficulty may be regarded as in- 
 soluble. With the authority and dignity of high office he combines 
 as fully as any living fetatesman diplomatic and official experience 
 tact, temper, and sound practical judgment. He will ofFend no pre- 
 judices he will make allowance for personal and local susceptibilities 
 ^^^J\ *?^ .cannot overcome unavoidable obstacles, he will not cieat^ 
 artificial impediments to the success of his voluntary mission 
 Nevertheless it is but too probable that he will find compromise or 
 settlement impracticable. It is a grave disadvantage to a negotiator 
 to know that his principals are in the wrong, and an arbitrator la 
 embarrassed by inability to rely on the performance by either party 
 of the conditions of an award. The representative of the Crown will 
 command a certain respect, but the uncertain and elastic state of 
 colonial sentiment renders every interference on behalf of the Imperial 
 Govern..ient difficult and possibly ineffective. The loyalty of Canada 
 18 accompanied by an unvarying resolution on the part of the colonists 
 to have tneir own way, as often as any difference occurs. The present 
 case IS further complicated by the provincial relation of British 
 Columbia to Canada. The quarrel affects the validity of the union 
 which was but recently with much difficulty accomplished The re- 
 
 '♦ 
 
(7) 
 
 moto HotUornnnt on tho Paciflcj coast long hoHitutod to join tho Domin^ 
 ion; and its uMwent was only gmntod on doHnito torm.s. Hir John 
 Ma<!(lonul(l and his foUouguiiH undi'itook, on behalf of the Canadian 
 Govornmont, to comploto within a limitod timo a railway to connotit 
 tho Eawtorn and Wontorn I'rovincoH. The entorpriHo waH HuggoHtod 
 by tho exaniplo of tho United HtatoH in conHtru(!tiiig tho I'acilio 
 Railway whiidi now oxtendH from tho Atlantit; coast to San FranciB(!0. 
 Tho Cjvnadian Govornmont jJorhaoH Hcarcoly gave sutticiont consider- 
 ation to tho inferiority of colonial roHounjoH, to tho thinne.sH of popu- 
 lation on tho proposed route, and to tho severe climate of the North. 
 Even the American Pacific llailwav haH hitherto failed as a speculation, 
 though it is both politically and commercially advantageous to tho 
 Union. The construction of tho railway was attended by numerous 
 i>ocuniar;)r scandalu; and tlie lino might "ligurativelv bo said to be bal- 
 lasted with broken roputaticms. In this respect, if in no other, it was 
 easy for Canada to imitate a bad example. 
 
 The English Government, feeling a strong and legitimate desire for 
 the Union of all the North American Provinces, undertook to guaran- 
 tee a loan for a portion of the neces; ary expenditure. One of the 
 principal capitalists of Cana<la was employed in tinancial negotiations 
 in London; and, unfortunately, the Canadian Prime Minister and 
 Bome of his colleagues became personally compromised in the transac- 
 tions of their agent. It was found impossible to raise the large sum 
 ■which would have been required for the construction of the railway; 
 and the disclosure of some irregular bargains with the contractor led to 
 the retirement of Sir John Maodonald and his Ministry from office. 
 His successor, Mr. Mackenzie, had opposed the project of the railway; 
 the incoming Government soon announced its intention of abandoning 
 the enterprise. A distinct breach of contract with Britisli Columbia 
 could only be excused by the impossibility of completing thci bargain. 
 The Province was naturally slow to admit the necessity of incurring 
 serious disappointment; but, after long negotiation, Lord Carnarvon in- 
 duced British Columbia to acquiesce in an alternative and less advan- 
 tageous plan. The Canadian Government, in consideration of a release 
 from the obligation of making the railroad, agreed to make a waggon 
 road for a part of the distance, and to construct a considerable extent 
 of railroad within the Province. The second arrangement has now 
 shared the fate of the first, although the Canadian House of Commons 
 voted the necessary supplies. The bill was, apparently with the con- 
 nivance of the Ministers, lost in the Council; and now a third offer is 
 majle of a lump sum of a quarter of a million in satisfaction of all the 
 claims of the Province. There is no security that the damages tendered 
 ■will be paid; and, although a money compromise would perhaps not 
 be expedient, the Legislature and Government of British Columbia re- 
 gard the Canadian offer as wholly inadequate. They allege that the 
 railway which the Government of the Dominion undertook to con- 
 struct would have cost several millions; and that the expenditure of 
 large sums on labor would have been immediately advantageous to the 
 district. In default of a more liberal arrangement, British Columbia 
 claims to be released from the federal connection to which it had as- 
 sented. The conditions of the original bargain have evidently been 
 violated, and the contention that the contract is void is therefore plaus- 
 ible, if not eonvineiag. 
 
(«) 
 
 A')'u)r,Hnj; to t,Iin jinilo?/ of Mfr^'lHli law, a "ourft wonM nn)l>;il»lv hold 
 timt tli(< union wjn iriovofiiblo, iin 1 tint till' (lin.iliim Oovorniiiont was 
 boiinl uitlini' to f^ortiply with Min tcriin of fhn .'outnint or- to itiuko I". ill 
 ooin.KMiH.itioii for fail II ro; but I'>i','lish (!olotii.!s ju-o uliiKxt o;|iin.Uy iti- 
 (lop ui hmt with .sovoivjif^ri Sfaf,(M of (iooniivo jiicisilidtioti. hunl DulTor- 
 in'stuli is iMthnr ilipIoMiitii! th 1 1 jii.lidial, inasiim<?h an it is r^Mvis^ary 
 that, l)()th pirtiiM hIkhiM con mi r in atiy vuli.l Hctthniiont. niiti^.h C )1- 
 umbia (turwiot conip >1 ('anala to do justico; und, on th(5 other hand, tho 
 Gov(irnnuuit of thci 1) miinion has no incans of enforcing' tlui niainten- 
 un !() of til!! fndoral rol.ition. tt in alhi^^.^d, pcu'haps on iuMnlili'intih «,'roiinds 
 that tlui Hiittlors of Uj)p()r ('anala aninot anxioun to fanilitato by tho 
 conHtriintiori of roils or railways tho p issajJfc of lOiiroixian inuni'^raidH to 
 tho rioh lauils of tho Pa(!ili(! coast; but their experience of tluT coniito- 
 tition of tho Wtistern States oii^^ht to have hIiowm the ifnj»o nibility of 
 Htoppin;; i mm i,<jf rants on their way to aehos(!n pla"(i of K(!ttlem(Uit. Tho 
 ]'Ven di of I^owor ('anada an? stipposed to dislike an in'-n^asc! of tho 
 Enj^lish and J*rot(,'Ht;uit poi)ulation; but as Ion*,' as the Kastcn-n Pro- 
 vinces tire only sprinkled witli settleiH, it Hooms unreasonable to eulti- 
 vate a jealousy of tlie n^mot(! distric^ts on i\u) Pacifie. Jt must bo 
 obvious to inUdligent eolonists that in proixn-tion to its (U'onomieal 
 acjvanlases, l?ritish Oobnubia will inerease in \ -ospority und po])ulation 
 with the aid either of Cmada or the United States. Patriotism would 
 BUfj^'est the exi)o;[ionoy of cultivatin'.,' tlui connexion which is one of 
 the conditions of tho future national p.ro.dness of Canaihi; but it is not 
 Buflicmmtly aet've to })revail ovr^r pcitty motives iuid calculations. 
 
 It is lor the En<:jlish Cabirn^t to determine, if thtM-ase unfort.unatfdy 
 arises, whetlnir tho consent of the Crown sliall Iw given to tho with- 
 drawal of British Columbia from the union with Canada; but tho 
 do(!ision of a (lifficult and dan,:?oroiiH iiuestion ou-jflit, if [lossiblo, to bo 
 evaded. Evim if the Canadians wo.rc^ pniviou^ly indillerent to the'main- 
 tenance of t)ie presont conmuftion, they would find a gritiviuuu^ in tho 
 infringemcmt of the into,<.rrity of tluj Dominion. On the other hand, 
 neither Ji^m^land or Canada nor both together could prov(uit the ^o -os- 
 Hion of IBritish Columbia, oitlmr from tho Dominion or from tho 
 Empire. Acisording to the w(d] cstablisluid policy of England, tho 
 colonies are only r(!taincd as long as the conne(!tion ia voluntury. It 
 would bo absurd, if it were not impossible!, to ('m})loy for the ma'inton- 
 an(!0 of the unity of tho Canadian Dominion means wliich havo been by 
 sjn^,icipation renounced as inapplicable to the assertion of the integrity 
 of tho Empire. The indepiindcnco of British Columbia would be"" fol- 
 io wed after no long interval by annexation to the American Union; n(,r 
 would there be any ground for resenting an arrangement between 'two 
 foreign communities. If Lord Duilerin fails to satisfy the inhal)itants of 
 the Provin(!e, he may probably bo able to seciure a reasonable delay bo- 
 fore the adoption of any irrevocable measure. On his niturn to Ottawa 
 be will have to conduct a negotiation with his own advisers, who Htill 
 command tlie Parliamentary majority by whicli tluiy have bcn^n kept in 
 power throe years. It may bo a question whether their popularity 
 would not bo endangered by any display of indifrerenc(5 to the risk of 
 mutilating the Dominion. Sir John Maodonald was su:)port(!d by tho 
 Parliament of his day when ho engaged to pay a liigh price for tlie ad- 
 hesion of B.'itish Columbia to tho Union. The same n^asons which 
 
(9) 
 thon riH-nnuui'iuhu} Imh policy may Htill inH 
 
 HituH) ilu) i}HtahUHhuunt oftl 
 
 imnco colonial opinion. 
 
 tlio (lutioH of u (^>loniul (i 
 
 w novol HyHtorn of rt'Hi)onMil)I(' ^'ov«>riiiiM'rit 
 
 lui Iiuliiin Vicoroy or u Govt 
 
 ovenior lmv(> clmnK'-d tlicir cluinictcr. Wliil 
 
 ruor of u Crown ('olony is »'haPK«'(l 
 
 iap^«'(l mainly 
 
 iM n r ."■" /,!'"''.^'"r' '^ aovernor-(}..n..ral of Canada, or tlu 
 
 o k l^ t ""' V"^">^»* Araha.s.sa.l(.r. Lord DuJlW-in l.as at all ti.nos 
 
 tokoop his own I'arlia.mmt and his Ministor.s in k<)o.I humor; and on 
 
 mooc.asu.nsdc. tho pr.s.nt ho fin<ls it ncH.ossary topat<d. up th.nr Mnn 
 
 enoourul^ng '"'^*'' " ""'"''''" '" ^''"^ ^'''''^'''^ negotiation uro not 
 
 i HE KNCLISII PRESS ON^ 
 
 LOUD DUFFEIMNVS 
 
 SPEECir. 
 
 {From the London Standard, Octoha- 17th, 1876) 
 
 The Earl of Dufferin is a very able man and an elo(iuent speaker 
 wlio in Ills important office as Governor-General of Canada, has 
 more than (mce done good service to the Empire. If his recent 
 visit to the Province of British Colnmbia has been less sncrcessful 
 than .some of his former expeditions to distant parts of the Dominion, 
 t must be admitted that the task Avhich Lord Dufferin had under- 
 neoTlATr-r fA'T''^\''y ^^iffi«"lty. lie had to appear before the 
 people of i3ritish Columbia as the representative not only of the Im- 
 UJ: ii. 1 , ^ ^^''i ^«»^i«ion Government, and in attempting to sus- 
 tain the double character of an agent of the Crown and the head of 
 an independent constitutional system -functions never easily recon- 
 ciled, but rarely so irreconcilable as at the moment of his visit it i« 
 no wonder that even so adroit and experienced a diplomatist should 
 have failed. In spite of the flatteries so judiciously administered to 
 the self-love of the Province~a form of attention to which vounff 
 communities are particularly susceptible-the Governor-General does 
 not appear to have accomplished that which we may presume to have 
 been the object of his mission"-naraely, to obtain the consent of the 
 British Columbians to the latest of Mr. Mackenzie's many proposals 
 to evade the Canadian bargain with British Columbia. In vain did 
 : X^^^^l^ ^^ all his powers of pleasing; in vain did he compli- 
 ment the colony on its great resources and its amazing loyalty— -upon 
 the Idyllic beauty of its scenery, upon its admirable water ^-ays and 
 
(10) 
 
 Jiarbors, upon its stal^Nart men and comely maidens, upon its wealth 
 
 «il T "'^Ti' i^""^ '^ ^'"^^fy '^ «"^*^^^1^ ^or the largest sized 
 nf T^fi oT \^- ^'"i "^'"/^ up. h^s glowing pictures of the treas ares 
 SLr. ?^ Columbia by declaring it " a glorious Province—a Pro- 
 r^r*r'^^-"?*^' '^°''^^ ^e proud to possess, and whose association 
 with the Dominion she ought to regard as the crowning triumph of 
 FederaioL." Up to this point Lord Duff^rin's hearers were pXbly 
 perfectly Avell able to agree wiih him. They never doubted that 
 they are something which Canada should be proud to possess They 
 flfrnrnw? nf^'^'fr^T''? ^^i "^^^f^ their union with the Dominion as 
 f Lnr • fi ^}'^/^'^f^] edifice. If they have complained of any- 
 thing It IS that Canada is not so proud as she should be of this 
 possession--that she has not exhibited that sense of the stability of 
 of its ciT "^'^^'* ^'^''^ ^^^^ desirable in the interests 
 
 Although he took special pains to disavow beiug the bearer of any 
 
 ?'oT%^W''-^%-^^-'".^^'! ^^1^^"^} °^' the Dominion Government^ 
 Loru Dufferm did, m fact, devote the principal portion of his speech 
 to an elaoorate exculpation of the Mack(*nzie Government from the 
 charge of haying failed m its duty to British Columbia. That 
 was L. sufficiently delicate mission for a Governor-General of 
 Canada to be engaged m, for it was impossible that he could refer to 
 the subject without investing himself with more or less of a diploma- 
 tic character Such a character Lord Duffarin assumed before the 
 citizens of Victoria, nor does he or they seem to have been aware that 
 such an assumption was at all alien to his office or derogatory from 
 his position. Declaring that he had come charged with a mission to 
 testify by his presence that '; the entire people of Canada, without dis- 
 tinction of party are most smcerely desirous of cultivatiug with the 
 f-,l7r}%'' ??*''^' Columbia those friendly and affectionati relations 
 upontheexistence of which must depend the future harmony of the 
 Dominion," Lord Dufferm went into a minute history of the trans- 
 actions connected with the Pacific Railway to prove that the present 
 Canadian Government has behaved -.th strict fidelity to i^s engage- 
 ments. That was a bold thesis for the representative of the Imperial 
 CTOvernment to maintain before the assembled citizens of British 
 Columbia, seeing that the matter which Lord Dufferin had to press upon 
 their favorable notice was the compromise of a compromise--the 
 otter m fact, of an .nsolvent Government to pay something like 
 eighteen pence m the pound to a judgment creditor. Lord Dufferin 
 B!-f?Ji°'n 1 ^"?.*^^k ^i*^^ gi'fat intrepidity. Without uenying that 
 S, ?n"°lT ^^^ suffered in many ways from the breach of the 
 tieaty of Confederation with Canada, that her entrance into the Do- 
 mmion was made conditionally on certain things being done which 
 have not been done, or even begun to be done, Lord Dufferin essayed 
 to defend ^e Dominion Government, and especially Mr. Mackenzie, 
 ts Prime Minister, against the charge of having wilfully broken .hia 
 bargain. The argument is one with which we have been familiar 
 from the mouths of the accredited organs of the Canadian " Grit" 
 party. In the first place. Lord Dufferin contends that the bargain 
 was entered into without due consideration, at a time when Canada 
 was more prosperous and enterprising than she is now. In 1871 her 
 
 \ ^ 
 

 ■V*- 
 
 (U) 
 finances were flourisln'no- or, i i 
 
 ment of her great domalk^n «ie' Nm^ff"^*?" t^^'^"^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^elop- 
 ce88 of the line from Ne\v York to Sn, p"'*' .^^^'^^^^^ by the suc- 
 t lere was no more obstacles fn n?v Francisco, and believing that 
 than on American soU Canada ^, ^^T';'^?*'"^^*^^ ^'^^^^ o« Bntish 
 line within two years of tKte of ffJ*^^^ *^ commence the Pacific 
 and to complete it in te Lord n ,«'""'''" ''''*^' ^"^^'^^ Columbia, 
 words, uttered shortly afeVtlttlnnf^''"'. '*^P^^*^' ^^•- Mackenzie's 
 the downfall of the nSona ? A S« • l^^'"??^ « accession to office upon 
 
 this she ''pledged heiS tHvltt^i^as a'^^""^ *^ ^^'^ ^^'^^* *^^^* i^^^«^"g 
 impossible, the performance Lorrll? Pi'^^^^^^ impossibility." Being 
 exacted from Canada. He inlrenionslv ^T" ^'^"^''^' «"g^^* not to b? 
 blame of the default upSi bSi r^T ^"/;¥^^'ors to throw part of the 
 the mountains which iWded^^^^^^^^ ^le^^^g that 
 
 and m their own territory "FoifirVf^'^'^T ^f ^""^eir mountains, 
 the British Columbians are not wkhn ft " ^«?4,P«fferin holds that 
 the pledge made to them HowZp . I'^sponsibility for the failure of 
 transaction. Influenced,' doubtless ' hv 1^^ ^""'^ ?''^'' ""« ^^^e of the 
 behavior of her mountains XtshP^?^ *^^•'''*'''^'^^"^^«« «f "^is "lis- 
 Iiteral fulfilment of the oiia^n«l ho ^^l^^^^^a consented to forego the 
 period" of delay and .PfSoi "iri ^^^V^Uowed "a painful 
 lightly; till he comes to wlaf he calls ^^f' ^""'^ ^'^^'''^ P^«««« «v«r 
 auspices of Lord Carnarvon a comnr-n *-'^ ""^'^ ^'^i ^^^^' ^^^er the 
 Province and the Domii on ' ThTs^fw ''^ ""'^l ^^^^^^ ^* ^^^^^^^ the 
 this compromise, Lord ClTerin cl«?mt^.''? of the terms embodied in 
 was he who su^iested fr^^^^" . claims to be Mr. Mackenzie's own- it 
 
 graph line, thf ^Ig^o "' ro^S^'^nd ?hf ^'^"^T^^* ^^^^^'^y' «^^^^1- 
 Carnarvon was only the arb?f,^f,.? i **^'^ ^^J^'"^^ expenditure. Lord 
 and was not the invCtor S hf ^^^^^^ two contending parties, 
 
 which Lord Carnarvon seemfto nif wJ^^"^^' ^°^' ^^ ^^« "^"^e- This 
 m support of Mr. MacSS'^s Jood S*^ as an additional argument 
 citizens of Victoria a somewhat ecoenSf' P^^^f^^ appeared to the 
 conten with the Dominion Sternment ^«^%f removing their dis- 
 f or saying that Lord Carnarvon was Jh. ^^ there been any pretext 
 compromise there might have been son.! ! l^^'^P^/^^' J>J the terms of the 
 when It is Mr. Mackfuzi^row^ scEp Tf/T^.^"- ^^^kenzie; but 
 Government has evaded what^LrW if i S"^ f^ilfilment of which his 
 and those embittered SirngsoLTh^^^^^^^ should be that irritation 
 
 I^e case cannot be put To^e fornfl wk' ^ ?''f '''^, ^^^ *« comment ! 
 against the Dominion Government J^^"" ^^ ^.^^'^ ^^^^erin himself 
 Canadian Government undertnnTf :. . ^ ^^""'T ^'^^^ Passed since the 
 Esquimau and Nanako RaHwav^^^^^ 
 
 Eailway is not even commenced YuVl wh ?-^ Eesquimalt and Nanaimo 
 motest prospect of its bS commpnl f- ''o,^^^^' "^^^^ i« ^^t the rc- 
 lias Canada broken faith with W^\, Thus, for the second time 
 which Lord Dufferin ha to offL ^s is t^^^^^^ ivr^^" ^^^^ consolation 
 guilty of any base or deceitful condVnf *^^;* ^^\ ?fackenzie has not been 
 were - as full of theodol and snri "^ *^'^ti"^^ ^^«*«^'^ mountains 
 fear this will convey such scant .„f?r.^°''^ **' *,^^y ^^^I'l hold." We 
 who are not so Zch concerned /r*^'' *^ ^\^ ^''^''^' Columbians! 
 
 tlK... tae ba.gaan is violated, and accordingto Lorf Brfferin's^wH^^^^^ 
 
(12) 
 
 feaftion, will never be carried out. Here ^ not so much that the thing 
 is physically impossible as that Canada s not hold it to be desirable. 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie is full of the very best inl lons, but though he is at the 
 head of the most powerful party in t\ve Dominion, and presumably 
 has the confidence of both Houses oi Parliament, he cannot unfortunate- 
 ly get the Upper House to pass his British Columbia schenxe. In this 
 predicament he has been compelled once more to offer a compensation 
 to the creditors of the Dominion, proposing to i)ay down a sum of 
 $750,00 in lieu of the Nanaimo and Esquimalt Railway. Lord Dufferin 
 considers this to be "the most natural solution of the problem," and the 
 best compensation to the British Columbians for the "misadventure" 
 which has led to the second break down in the contract. That is a 
 matter wliich chiefly concerns the people of British Columbia. If they 
 are willing once more to condone the violation of a bargain made under 
 the sanction of the Imperial Govcirn x .ent, and in consideration of the 
 new terms offei-ed, no one will have a right to quarrel with them. But 
 we cannot take leave of the subject without saying that Lord Dufferin 
 has scarcely done justice either to himself or to his office by appearing 
 before the people of British Cclumbia as a broker on behalf of the 
 Mackenzie Government. His duty to the Crown must be regarded as 
 superior to any which he owes to his own Ministry; and whatever he 
 might feel impelled to do or to say, with the object of retaining the 
 people of British Columbia in their loyalty, or of recommending to 
 them any measure emanating from the Imperial Government, certainly 
 it was no part of his business to negotiate a bargain between the Do- 
 minion Government and one of its constituent provinces, still less to 
 appear as the advocate and apologist of his own Ministry.