,.>^# <*."' **• ^e*^, ''^■%^\A. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^^ m i^ iiiM mil 2 2 LI m 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 16 ^ 6" _ ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ i partir da Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et do haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 73 p. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 \ \ \ '^l A Sf-tn trutgiii^ 'l4££ -&T Barli— fftiiL JSLdrJff^ fr-r All" /^.. /tTc e>^vb,d, assail us. But have our eyes seen' ha. 31 '!; rtidt'er^Tn'''-' ''"""■"°-» «--'''<= ^^^^ • field l,ket..ps,c! Compared ,0 these, the evils which triu ble us are b„, a grain i„ the balance, and a drop in th^ bucD Every md,v,d„,J belonging ,„ ,„e allicl army, performeA^- .toy on these .nemorable days. ■ One feelingiXatl 3 b east assisted every effort, and directed every onlZf Unann,nty and con&lence preside.1 in tbeir com fiU T' possible for a spectator to have been c-l }^^i^ ^^^eri Both the allied and .rench armiCl T^llS t^ 00 f •• Might darts he bid to turn rt.eir point, away. And swords around him iunocently pby, ll.e war, whole art wiU. wonder had he *een And t-.^^.ferf heroes where he counted mc-»."t • «^''~^;;;;^^-«ysarn.yhen..the^tt,. Oct. ,.th. XS.3. ' a-s ... Austria: he ,s a direct dcMx^ndan. of the house ^^ 15 47GS30 I jl50 |ia»\^1s.of one individaal, ,nnrl never were any more clossly ap pJiecl, pr more skilt'tilly dircccetl. To the niagnauinuty and biMvery. of tl)'v' l:i.np.'ror Alexander in a particular manner, to Ms brave followers, iiiid in short, to every onf who was in this battle, is the world indebtcil for the complete success of these gloripus.days. '< This is the eighlii general action," 8ai(l Lord Cathcart, " seven of them conimandcd by the faler of France, in which I have seen the Emperor Alex- ander in the field, at the head of his nrmy; as usual, uhtnindiul of his personal danger, he approached cverij co- lumn, animating the officers and men by liis presence aiul example, and by a few energetic words touching the chords which produce the strongest effects upon the .minds of the Russian soldiers, Confidence in the Supreme Behig, fcsigna- iionto ht's will, and attachiqent to their sovereign"* Those only who are acquainted with the raligious {emp9r of the Hussian soldiers, and their complete devotion to their sovereign, can duly appreciate the impulse which such conduct on the part of Alexander, wquUI create iti them at such a moment. Brave from principle, an army thus composed and command- ed, must prove irresistible. There is no part of the con- duct of the pilled Sovereigns and their Generals, that de-r serve more oyr applause and attention, than that uniforiu spirit of humility ai'jd reverence with whiclx they expressed to the Supreme Being the^r thanks for the success which attended their arms. Such things were ridiculed in the conduct of the Russians, but their cfftcts were sooii j cen, and put to silence such miserable attempts. It is ^aid, that on the afternoon of the 18th, when the battle wa^ clearly decided iri favour of the al- lies, that Prince Schwartzenberg rode up to communicate thiij iritelligence to the three Spvereignu, who with their attendants Savojr, Iii« {p-andfather having married a Princess of Lichtcnstein, who was a grand dawghtar of Uie king of Sardinia. Prince Schwartzenberg derives Iiis titlo from a principality of tliat name m the German Empire, of which be is sovereign Prince; h* *\ho possers for thi* glorious victory. His example was instantly followed by the other sovereigns, by th-: Commander in Chief Prince Schwart- zenberg, and by all the officers of their staff, and the whole of their attendants, the whole forming one of the most solemn and impressive scenes ever seen in any uge or country.* That the French army fought bravely, it were folly to doubt. That groat skill in directing its operations, during these eventful days, was evinced by its principal officers, is equally certain. But the conduct of their leader, in placing tlw;m ia such a situation, where even victory could scarcely extricate thenj, was altogether unaccountable; and shews, in spite of every thing his blind admirers has so long proclaimed in hirs«5 »hout-the Ambassadors and Grandees were exhibiting in various pai«s. when lOi coup, de cannon announced Uie approach of the Sovereigns: all eyes were turned in tlieir direcUon, expecting to behold them advancing in full pomp of 9>ihtary parade; but how deeply were we struck at seeing them comi.ig; on the ground on foot, without attendants, and without uttering a word, auj^mnly walking up to the altar, and there Ineel htfore the Kino of Kings and the Godof Victory i a-hey were joined t.y the Empresses, Queen, and Princessc^, who were followed by all the Royal Bkod in Vienna. At the raising of the host, the whole army fell ou one knee;_so thus, at the same instant, did I behold. «, it were, all Europe in thanksgiving-a uiost .Hfuiiy sublime sight, which, to ii»y latest day I shall r*. niembef.'' ' 452 of the severest ivproof n.ul bitterest reprottcli, his«I,i collca^cre; the Crown PriiKo, wln. pression trembled on his throne. Disconteut hid her facrt UisiiiTcction for a moment disappeared, and for once, party Hpirit was not to be heard in Britain, All ranks and degrees * Crown rrJncc'sbiilletin, Qtt. sue, 1813. t lJon^)»rte'sdisi)<»fcb, Oct. i!4th, 18J5. I ^\ i )!(i t;ollca<»(rtv'' s of this day, ! points out ill icli iiuulu lio- iiblo position. ;round to tra- 100,000 men, this t/tc frrcal 10 French na- lul nusreprc- of them, and ud 18th, and iry, to obtain whiit he had. [inl Generals, opportunely portd havinir • piiFt of the Leipsic; and degree, by late accident, ny had " losi rt as ♦* a dc- ich lifcc base ly, of disci os- f their losses, le battles of ii'ope heard, joy throui^h- itored. Q\t. lid her face*. once, party aud tlegreca 453 .finen seemed animated with the same feeling; and loL^ild the bitter p.ll ot recantation. b> many it wan discovered, that the principle, ot Mr. Put and Urd Liverpool were totally .lifferent hven the wildest votaries of democncy began to think Bonn-' parte was an enemy to their country: Nay even to think, that the British Ministers were wiser than they had bnagined, and that they deserved some praise for thdir fiimness and their con- duct. Britain, indeetl, stood at this moment, in an envious and glorious situation, not only the deliver-cr, but the acknoxc Icdgcd deliverer of Europe. There is not an inhabitant of they hiippy lands, who must not feel his bosom glow with pnde and exultation, at tl»e following passages from the dis- patches of Lord Aberdeen, speaking upon this subject- « I caniiot conclude without congratulating your Lordship upon the bnlhant pros,Kjct which opens before us. The long suffer- itjgs ot mai.y nations are drawing to a close. The deliverance olLuroi^ appears to be at hand. Theray of hope for the sal- vation oi the civUized world whici. lias so steadily beamed from our own ha,n)y shores is now rapidly diflUsed over the whole eon tnient « If any thing can add toour fc.li„g« of exulta iLn as Lng lislunon, at this prospect, it is the reflecL, that he": vent Will be mmnly attributable to the unshaken constancy and perseverance of Gr«U Britain. I „„, truly liappy to l"e able"o state to your Lord^hi,, that this feeihig is'not':onfine 431,000 »»•» 30,000 4a7,(XX) 171,U0ic,i>%vvvM«v>v««M« 221,000 Xt at Lci])iiic,vk>«^i«%»»^«««%«««««««w%«««««,.««vv«« ] 44,000 Including ui-k fled from do. 'MV*Wk«*WWM»,««M«V» 107,000 The strength of the allied nrmy was considerably greater than that of their antagonists, and. was nearly as follows, viz. filuclicr pnd Cro'«-n Prince united, ««»«v>m««.««,m«« 130,QOO 84,000 10,000 • 7,000 100,000 r Prussians and Russians, by Sir C. Stewart's jlisp. J Kloimu's corps, "• do. do » ' I Kliifit'«c'orp«, do. do. (.All the Auitrians, at least -^ fc*»^.»»»»%»%*^ Total on tlie l€th, m,«m«»«-mm»«wv«(6) Lost on the Ifitli, aay. ^»*%*^.w»»^^»»% Rcsenrorced by Bcniogsen oa the 17th, 'mmm 331,000 31,000 300,000 40,000 340,000 Besides the force at Dresden, 25,000 men, and that under Tauenzien, 40,000 strong, covering Bevlin, Sir C. Stewart, in his dispatch of the 15th, states ppsitively, that tJie allied army t/ien hemming in (he enemyy was 300,000 strong, round Leipsic; and Lord Qithoart sa^fs, that;-i«. .tlje battle of the ■■• ••,.-. ..d, ,,.-, ,, •!, .J. ■ , ^, J . ._;,■,, (a) " I ^ave reason to believe the Russian and P|-ussian army, exceeds 80,000 men, to these may be added tjic corps of Klenau of 10,000 men, together with all the Austrians. A re-enforconient of 7,000 men,' of the Prussian corps, of Gene- ral Kliesf, is upon the road iVoni Prague." Sir C. Stevt art's, dispatch, Toplitz, Oct. 1st. (6) " On the other hand must be balanced the advantages derived from tho union of 300,000 men, surrounding the enemy at all points." &c. Sir C. Stew,, fttt's dispatch, Uulle, Oct. 1.5th. I ng tabic, taltm 431,000 3t;,ooo 457, 171,UUU V!N(j,000 35,000 «51,0OO 144,000 107,000 lerably greatuT i'ollowd, viz, 130.Q0O 84,000 10^000 •7,000 100,000 331,000 31,000 300,000 40,000 340,000 1(1 that under r C. Stewart, bat tlie allied strong, round battle of the y, exeeads 80,000 , togeUier with all m corps, of Genc- dispotch, To}>Utz, \ derived from tho &c. Sir C. Stew/. 455 mil), half a million of ejl-clhe men were engaged, and ndfl. ing the nuntbers of the aliit-* and tho I'Vcnch fbive togct. •, as here stated, it is nl)out 5i-.0,000, including nil on thf sick list; and it must be rc.narkid, that in d^spatchcK wrote up- on such mighty subjects, and where the thing ia only generally alli.d.d to, it is not to bo expected, that it can bo so accu. rate us in an account where every particular is xvatchcd and particularly noted, as has been the case in the tables abov* Ktatc'd. Such is a general sketch of tho memorable battles of Leipsic} where 2000 pieces of artillery, on both sious, continued to pour forth death and destruction amongst half a million of men, and whose consequences will be felt to succeeding generations Accord'i.g to the account of Bonaparte, the French army ^xpend. from the Hth to the 20th, 220,000 cannon balls. leaving only 16,000 in reserve. Although his account may b» doubted, that it was this want of ammunition alone which made him retreat, there does not seem much reason to doubt the accnrncy of his relation, as to the number used; and while u shews his want of judgment in taking it for granted that 236,000 cannon balls were, under tlie present circumstances, to decide the fate of Europe, it also shews what a destruction these vengeful weapons must have occasioned. As each .ide had about 1000 pieces-of cannon, the all ie» probably expended as many, while, from nearly 600,000 men, several millions of musquet-balls must have been commissioned for this work of destruction, It is remaritable, that the 18th and 19th were the anniver- Bary of the beginning of Bonaparte's miseries in Russia, and. on the former of which days Murat was defeated bv Beninff! sen near the river Nara, and, on the latter Bonaparte aban> doncd Moscow, while it is singular that on the same days oC the same month in 1806. Bonaparte's army entered Lcipsic in tnumpli, after the battle of Jr na. * The loss of the allies, in all these bloody affairs, amounted? to, perhaps, 5*,000 men, killed and wounded, as i, more particularly stated in the ^ener.d ti:Kl« ».,.\.u:.u al)out 12y,090men, killed, wounded, «»d dro.-ned, on bot? i i56 stdes. Thirty thousand wounded, as mentioned by Sir C. Stewart, if taken in the usual proportion, would seem to im- ply that the loss of the enemy was not so great as is' supposed. But we must recollect that the wounded found in Lcipsic wore not all that were wounded in these dreadful battles, because the ruins of the villages, and all the surroundinjT country were cofveretl with them, and the enemy carried off a great ninn- her with him. Besides, the number wounded at Leipsic was, in reality, less in proportion to the killed, than in any other battle in modern times, because the greater part was decided by cavalry and artillery. In the battle of the 16th, this was particularly the case, and in these cavalry attacks, accoidiu"- to Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, already quoted, the number of killed is almost equal to the wounded. Thirty thousand wounded, therefore, found in Leipsic, considering every cir- cumstance, indicates a greater loss on the part of the enemy, than is generally believed, or than I have stated. At no peri- od, in modern times, except at Borodino, did ever such a small space afford to the eye such a horrible picture. The enemy fled from these fatal fields in the direction of Wiessenfells and Freyberg, closely pursued by the allied army, and particularly by that part commanded by the gal- lant Blucher, who, over the same ground where he witnessed the fall of his country seven years before, now, in his turuj drove, in greater dismay and confusion, the remainder of his former haughty conquerors. h\ this precipitate flight Bona- parte marched over the fields where he fought the battle of Lutzen, and the road by which he advancetl after it. But, how changed in his manncf! how lowered in his hopes! He" had now lost his « victorious attitude," and lied as, by the -niles of war, a beaten enemy sliould fly. « T/ie cloudi/ train collected hy the Cabinet of St. James's during the winter," had burst in a « claj) of thunder" on the turrets of Leipsic, « pul- veriscd his chimerical hopes, and dismembered his Empire." On these glorious plains, the sword of Alexander had ** cut asunder that Gordian knot"* of misery and woe, the scvpreet, most intricatr. giul mnsf rta\\\nr, tl,..f h-i' ""-r ho * Bonaparte's dispatch, Maygt!, 1815, med by Sir C. uld seem to ini- t as is supposed, in Lcipsic wore* battles, because ig coantry were T a great num- at Leipsic was,' m in any other irt was decided 16th, this was icks, accordinnf the number of birty thousand ring every cir- ; of the enemy, 1. At no peri- id ever such a turc. he direction of by the allied 2d by the gal- e he witnessed V, in his turn* nainder of his te flight Bona- t the battle of after it. But, is ho})es ! He ' ?d as, by the 'le cloudij train t •winter^' had Leipsic, "/W- his Empin:'' Jexander had and woe, the IT be- 457 fore scourged mankind. At every step the allies advanced they took prisoners, and found the roads covered with the sick, dc.id, and dying, from hunger and iatigue. Their line of march, says tlie Austrian bulletin writer, resembled that from Moscow to the Berezina; the most awful scene of hu- man misery ever man occasioned or beheld. « The number of dead bodies on the route increases from day to day. Thou- sands of soldiers, exhausted by hunger and fatigue, fall be- hind, and the greatest part die, before they can be carried to an hospital. All the woods for the extent of many miles on both sides of the route, are filled with fugitives, and sick and abandoned soldiers. Everywhere the enemy leaves cannon and carriages; he buries his artillery, or throws it into the rivers; his situation gets worae and worse every step Our advanced guartl encamps among dead boaies; the churches, the houses, are encumbered with dead and dying French- men; and thousands of stragglers, in the agonies of death are wandering every where in the most miserable condition According to the unanimous declaration of the brave warri- ors who made the last campaign in Russia, the road by >mlmh the enemy retired presents the same aspect as that from Moscov> to tlte Bereztna."* The miseries of the flying enemy were increased ma tenfold de^^ree by the attempt, on his part, to carry off his cannon, and many of his sick and wounded - not, as the gallant Blucher justly observed, from « any prin- ciple of humanity, but probably as matter of boast, in the relations that might be given to the world.»t This, no doubt. was his real motive, the consecjuences of which were most dis! astrous indeed. The roads, in man^ places, were so completely blocked up with cannon, carriages, dead men, and horses, as to render them, impassable. From Eisenach to Fulda, in parU- cular, a distance of fifty English miles, this was the case, and notwithstandmg his distress, his love of mischief never left him but asm other places, and in the midst of success, the same pillaging and burnmg of towns and villages, here marked the ^*Au,.ri«,oflic5albuIteti«,.SehmaIc«lden. October 29t,H Schluchtere. Novom. t Blucher's report, Fulda, October 31st, 1815. 3M ,5 fSB fbrocfty with wliich the enemy had conducted hirrr^elF."* The number of dead bodies might have Irccn counted by himcfreds. The dead and dying were tVeqntntly mixed together, lyin"- in groups of six or eight, by half extingirished fwes, by the road side. Several of the sick and wounded, ii was obvious, Imd cvcit ♦« beett compelled to move on /oof, as their bodies were found on the it}ad, with- the stiv/cs xoith is/iich they endeavowed to sup- pert their march, hjing In; their aides." f Wliat agony, difvtrcss and horror must have been bore! Napoleon cowld not have compelled all these to move, some others must have assisted him in driving them on! Yet France dan-s to lift up her head, and talk of the humanity of her children. It would Ix? per- ftctly superfluous to expatiate further on this subject. No language ctnild make it stronger— Tliat " it was like the road from Moscow to the Berc;«ina," says moretlwn any thing which could be wrote upon this subject. ' The enemy continued his fliglit in the cTirection of Fulda,; apparently wishing to gain the Rhme by Ehrenbreitstcin, that Being the nearest roac!i and in which direction General IJkicher continiu;d his pursuit, by which means the enemy was rescu- ed from total destritction, and their leader again escaped death or captivity. In this retreat, from the 20\\\ to the 28th, be lost at least 2-;,000-mon, principally prisoners. But though escaped the grasp of Blucher, he was not destined to reach the Rhine in safety. Immediately upon the signature of the treaty with Bavaria at Branaii; on th'o 8rt> Qctober, General Wrede broke up from that place, with about m^OOQr menj utider his command, and marched for the Maync. In the course of a fortnight he i>er- formed a march of 250 miles, and aj>jiroached Wurtzburgh, the garrison of which, 6000 strong, abandoned it, and re- tried to Frankfort.^ Here General Wrede, perhaps, heanl of the disasters that had befallen the French army iit Leipsic,. • Bluclicr'sreiwri, Fulda, October 31 St. + Do. do. \ " On tlie 24th of this month, General Wied' will be nt Wurtzburgh, with a- bout 60,000 men." Ix)rd Aberdeen's dispatoh, Octolier '2id; also Uona;)Brto's ao •'>unt of the battle of Hnnaii, says, frnm do to ?0/J()Q mer. § Awtrian official bulletin, and Sir G. Stewart's dispatclics. 459 liim^elf."* The ted by hnnch-eds. ngctlier, lying in ires, by th« road ibvioiis, Irod eveir !cs Wire ^fonnd on ieavmered to mp" t agony, distress coirld iTot have I9t have assisted lift up her head, t would Ix? per- ils subject. No 'as Hkc the roiid any titing which' ection of Fulduv nbreitstein, that General likicher leniy was rescu-' • again escapee! he '20th to the prisoners. But not destined to • with Bftvaria at okc u}) from that command, and brtnight he jjer- d Wurtzburgl), led- it, and re- pcrliajis, liearti rniy jrt Leipsic,. no. do. VViirtzburgh, with a- atso Uonajmrto's ao ispak'lics. ajid the line of tlieir flight, for he pushed on with mcrcased speed and reached Hanuu on the 2Sth, where he captured the gairisoH of 1200 men. Next day the advanced columns of the flying enemy began to make their appeaj-nnce on the Gela- hausen road, wlio were .immediately attacked and defeated, with the loss of 4000 men. .Tljc following day, however, a more obstinate and bloody CHga^cnient ensued General Wrede had only about 30,000 of his army uj, with him; but with this small force he threw bin»self m the direct road of .the retreat- ing eneiw about 80,000 strong.* The engagement ksted most part of the day, and wa.',' very severe. The ouemy, though he succeeded in forcing his passage to Frankfort, did it at the expence of 15,000 men, killed and wounded, and i 5,000 pris- oners. That of th(' allies amounted to 7000, killed and wounded, aad General Wrede it was supposed mortally, though fortunutely it has not hem so. This biittle was one of the most murderous in this campaign. %e-witnesses declare, that at no other place, not even at Leipsic, were so many dead bo- dies found in an eq.ial s^iace. Nearly at the close of this en- gagement a considerable body ol" Cossacks a^id cavalry, from the main army, came up with the French army, and, at- tacking it on the north side at the same time, occasioned it considerable loss, which Bonaparte perceiA-in^r, fled liom tbr Held of battle with lO.ooOf cavalry, which General ChernichelT x:ontmued to follow and harass considerably. With these Bo- naparte fled to Frankfort, which he was quickly ol)liged to abandon, and with the remainder of hi.s ojice-formidable army, now reduced to about 50,000 men,J to take refuge in Mentz, where he arrived on the 2d, thus placing the h-on barrier of the' JMiine between him aud his purtuers. • " Aiul, i« his battles with General Wre.l.. he stvn>R to Iu.ve brought forward ,0or80,(X)O navn. a forc-e much beyond what we estimat^l hi.n to possess, aftdr IMS various l<..,c,." Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, Hanover. Nov. nth. I^nl Aber- deen said, in his dispa^h of Oetob«r 'ilA, that the force then with Bonaparte was supposed to IH, about 80,000 men. In his flight Bonaparte must have been joined by a considerable number of troops, from t\^ country and towns in his route: but 'M number ©f these it is impossible to determine. f Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, Hanover, Nov 1 1th, 1813. ' \ Lord Cathcart's dispatcli, Kov, eth, 18J3, 460 In his accqunts of these battles, the enemy, with his usunl audacity and disregard for truth, claimed a great victory; rating the loss of the allies, in both affairs, at 7,150 killed] wounded, and drowned, with 9000 prisoners. At Mentz, the tyrant again left his miserable army, under the command of General Bertrand, the whole amount of whose force was only estimated at 40,000 strong. From thence he proceeded on the 8th, and arrived at Paris on the evening of thfe 9th, to receive the congratulations of his servile Senate, for his victo- ries in this second glorious, or rather most inglorious and fatal campaign.* Four hundred thousand men, he told us in the Spring, were on the Elbe, and 200,060 more on the Illiine and in Italy; but only 40,000, and part of his guards, were fill that could now be found of them. St. Cyr, who was left with a large force in Dresden, learn- ing the disastrous issue of the battlea of Lei|wic, endeavoured to force his way through the blockading force, and to reach Torgap. There he talculated, tlwt he would be able to ex- tricate the garrison in that place, and afterwards, with their united forces, to march upon Witteniberg, and relieve it. Car- rying the force collected from these three places to Ma«nle- burgh, he intended to relieve it also, and subsequently, with the strength assembled from all these places, he meant to form a junction with Davoust, and afterwar(i« ^yto cut their way to France. Had he escaped from Dresden, iiis force was sucli, as would easily have overpowered the besieging armies before any of the otlier fortresses, and these garrisons, joined with Da- voust, would have mustered aiforce of 100,000 men, certainly a formidable army, and which might have occasioned the al- lies much trouble. St- Cyr, however, was not able to accom- plish his object. He was driven back tp E eeden, with con- siderable loss, where, after suffering the greatest distress, he ■was pbliged to surj-ender, with all his forces, amounting to 35,000 men, as prisoners of war, as no other conditions would 'be granted to them. The most dreadful distress was suflcred « 0«ciVdisp«tchMfroin Bouapait*, Octobet 31st, Nov. Jd and 7th, from Frank- Xort aod M«aUi and i'aib papers. y, with Ilis usual a great victory; at 7,150 killed, ers. At Mentz, ler the command whose force wus ice he proceeded ig of the 9th, to ite, for liis victo- ^orious and fatal le told us in tlie re on the Rhine his guards, were Dresden, learn- sic, endeavoured ce, and to reach d be able to cx- vards, with their I relieve it. Cnr- laces to Majide- b8«?qiiently, with be meant to form » cut their way to brce was sucli, as rraies before any joined with Da- men, certainly :casioned the al- t able to accom- jsden, with con- itest distress, he s, amounting to conditions would ress was suflcred i ud 7Ui, from Frank* 461 m this and other towns, both by the French troop, and the inhabuams, fron, famme and disease. Hundreds of the for! iner died weekly, and their putrid remains met the cyeTn every direction, thrown out on dunghills and other pLs" I he hospitals were crowded with dyinir and doml „„H , loads of putrid bodies were fbund i^ :^^l^:a'^ "^^^^ gau and other places. So dreadful was the sickness at thi, latter place, that after ,t surrendered, the allies, for some time durst not introduce any troops into the town. The whole of Saxony was, indeed,- ret.dered a desart, and. her cities were be- come graves tor the-perishing thousands. Dearlv did she pay *or the adherence of her Sovereign to the fortunos'of NapoleLn^ wiien she could have acted otherwise. , - In the meantime the main body of the allied army continu- ed to advance upon Frankfort, and afterwards towards Mentz- opposite which on U,e .*ight bank of the Rhine, the. French,' tUKler Bertrand, were forming entrenched lines. These the allied armies.attacked and carried on the 9th November after a considerable loss on the.side of the enemy. Victory had nonr placed die alli^i armies on the bauks of tlie Rhine. From the heights of Hocheim,, they beheld this noble river winding alone, in majesty before them. At the sight of this a.iimat.ng prot «pect, so dear to tlie feelings of every German, the whole army, upon the appearance of the Commander in Chief, saluted him ^nkoue g-eralshoutof joy and admiration. The prospe" brought t. the recollection of many of them, the any!Z their iormergbry and independence, and recaUed. 0„ .lie 'iA-iM'SW^US Enij.ero,, „f Pa,ssla, Gc™,„. ' &c. &c ana tlicr niimerbis ,„ite, Mvod at Frankfort ' where .:,oy „c,c „e.c.6h,.d with unbounded jd^ by aU dpe«. U|ucl,e.-with ".1,0 glorious „™y o/siLa " adyanced totvard.' Mo^n,.- and, ™' the I3ib, -.rrived tl ..e,ghb„u,h„od „l Da«M.,fl; wtoel, had prev oiX been ial! -«. po.e.s.„„^ of. General Klenau w„ '^detached ll^^ • l»ri CUiM'. d,,r,,cte4 rranlSm, No.. Slh, «,d loik. ii li ♦62 in reducing Drese vdage was al«o evacuated, upon the approach of he corps of General le Cor to atu,ck it.- General Sr Low.^ Co e then attacked and possessed himself of the v^lla^re, whick had been turned on the left, by the 3d division under Major Genera Colvwlle; and on its right by the- reserve of Anda n- .s.a, under General Giron. General Ch..les Baron Ahl. ".ned the positions of La Petitt. La llh„ue. The who" hen co-operated in the attack upon the enemy's main posi- non behmd the village. The 3d and 7th .livi.Jns imlE- y earned the redoubts on the Idt of the enemy's centre, and - hght d,v.ion those on the lelt; wh,le the 4tl' divkion^u'tb the reserve of Andalusia on the left, attacked their po" tins ^'. then- centre These attacks co,n,.letoly sueceed.l, "^TZ nemy were obhged to abandon their Jtrong positions, af^ Iiaving sustained considerable loss. T1.eene„,y's position behind Anhoe, their redoubts on that /lank, and all the entrenelunents on the banks of the Niveile were carried m the most handsome manner, by General Sh* Hem^ Chnton, and the Portuguese division L^Tl^^^. n..t-General Sir John I-Lunilt<,n. The enemy's pian^et on e^.velle andinf^-ontof Anhoe, were drivL in by t." ^d Prmg e's brigade, under the command of the lin Sh- U. ham .Stewart,, and then Major-Goneral Byng's brigade of .di.su.n carried the entrenchments, an- mediately gained possession of the heights beyond it. The day was, however, by this time, too far spent to make any further movement; and the enemy, after having evacuated Ar- cain, on the afternoon, abandoned all their positions and works in front of St. Jean de Luz, during the night, and retired up- on Bidart, destroying all the bridges on the lower Nivelle. The army continued to follow them as fast as the situation of the roads would allow; and the enemy finally retired into their entrenched camp, under the walls of Bayonnc. The loss of the French army, in this brilliant affair, was 51 pieces of can- non, 1 500 prisoners, and at least double the number killed and wounded; 400 of the latter of which fell into the hands of the conquerors. The loss of the allies was also considerable, and amounted to 2G26 killed and wounded, and 73 missing, of which 2112 were British.* These continued and brilliant successes of the British Gen- eral, threw the nation into an ecstasy of joy. Wellington and victory were synonimous terms; and, whenever or wherever he moved, fresh glory to the 1 ish name, and safety to the Peninsula, was certainly anticipated. By these successful operations the army was removed, at that inclement season of the year, into more comfortable quarters; and, as the autumnal rains were then commenced, it was expected that some time would elapse before any further operations could take place. The enemy, to his dreadful disasters and imparalleled misfor- tunes in Germany, had now the inexpressible mortification to see a victorious army not only wintering in France, thveatenin^ his finest and most vulnerable provinces, but also, that army com- f Wellington's dispaidi, St. Pc, Nov. I3tli, i8I5. 1 Canibo on thr fin, which were by part of tho oi' the enemy's >ad crossed th(? iion approached, e, and the 7th, acked, anil ini- teyond it. The nt to make any ig evacuated Ar- jitions and work.s , and retired up- e lower Nivelle. as the situation lally retired into ^onne. The loss 61 pieces of can- lumber killed and the hands of the :onsiderable, and d 73 missing, of the British Gen- Wellington and ;r or wherever he md safety to the these successful clement season of 1, as the autumnal !d that some time could take place, paralleled misfor- ; mortification to ranee, thieateninj; jOjthatarmy com- , 1815. ♦(J7 poHcd of men be hod again and again held up to the derisiou of all Europe, as novices in the art of war, and commanded by a leader, to whose talents, every one of his boasted Captains had been compelled to yield the palm of victory. Driven from the Nivelle, and all his posts along that river, the enemy, as wc have already seen, was compelled to take re- fuge within his entrenched camp, under the walls of Bayonnc. This had been rendered exceedingly strong by the enemy, who had been basJIy empJoyetl in fortilyiiig it, ever since the battle of Vittoria. It .was constructed under the fa-e of the guns of the place. The right rested upon the Adour, the IVont of the centre was covered with a morass, occasioned by a rivulet which falls into the Adour. The left was between the Niv and the Adour, on wliich latter river the left rested. Ba^- onne, itself; was besides a very strong and a regularly fortifiwl place, the work of the celebrated Vauban. On this formid- able position, Soult, one of th^ most skilful pf all the French Generals, with perhaps 60,000 men, now held his quarters, and opposed the advance of tho British General. Besides the troops in Uiis formidable position, the enemy had a con- siderable force at Ville Tranche and Monguerre, and also a strong division of tlie army of Catalonia, under General Pa- ns, at St. Jean Pied du Port. Confident and secure in his truly formidable position, the enemy derided the efforts of his ad- versary; but to whose superior talents and abilities he was again destined to yield. KSince the passage of the Nivelle, the weather had conti- nued so unfavourable, from the incessant rains, that it was impossible to undertake any military operations of conse- quence. Th(i westei'ly winds, whic\ at that season of the year, blow from, the vast Atlantic, bear along in their course, volumes of clouds, which are arrested in their progress to the eastward, bylfhe towering summits of the Pyrenees; and ^vliich clouds and accumulatwl . vapours, fall out in dreadful deluges of rain, around their western borders, swellinr; the numerous rapid rivers which take their rise in them, and nuM.dating the low country. These, however, havin.r ;i 'niat uieasure passed over, by the 111 beginning of Dc ,J 468 !"^ t'^: Hi It>, the Marquist of Wellington ordered bridprcs to bo con- structed ovlt the Nivc, »ml on tho 8th commenced his (ipcrn- tions for tlic pn«sn(i;e of thnt river, in order by futnro mnnau- vrcs, t«) ciu |k1 the enemy to abandon his formilete 8iiceess of tiio views of the General of the allied forces. On the Otii, the ri^ht wini,' of the nliied urmy, under tlie eonimnnd ol' (leiieral Sir llowiand Hill, and Marshal Sir "William Heresl'ord, was directed to pass the Adour, or the Adonra, the former in the iieitract tho enemy's attention at IJstaritz. 13oth succeeded eoniplotrly. The enemy's force was immediate- ly driven fntiii llic riu;!it ijank of the river, and retired towards Bayoiuie, along the road from St. Jean Pied du Port. n)oso posted near C ambo, had very nearly been interce})ted by the sixth division. Heyond \'ille Franche, and on some heii^hts ])arallcl \\illi tho A(l(nir, the enemy assembhcl a considerable Ibrcc. 'J'hc Hth Portu-jn;: - " re\ 'k- .i.aiy, if they reuiained in that p'ate, I'eli back iiju m I III' ridges to be con- onced liis oporn- y t'utim) mrtM'iMi- mitlnlilc position lit Oil II Hcries »)l e(|utille(i l)y jiny wliich, ended in ral of the nliicd led urmv, under imd Marshal Sir c At the Holy Oifc of Isr.Tel."* "■ Hohold, a peo])le shall coJtTo from tlie north, and a ffreat uation, and ?natn/ k\i\abyfou.f' Every one that is found shall be thrust througii; aitcT every one that isj'oiiied uuto them shall tall by tlie sword.' Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes, their houses shalf'be spoiled, and their \nvcs ravished. For I will rise up afpaiust them, saith the Lord of hosts, and cut off from Habylon, the name, and rem- nant, and son, and nephew, saith the T^ord. I will also makc^ it a possession for the bittern, and pools of water; and I will sxcrep it Xi-ith the besom of (leftriirfiun,- saith the Lf)rd of host*;. For the Lord" hath purposed, and who shalldisannnl it? and his hand is stretched out, and who shall tlini it back?":}: There was but one way left by which France could escrtj)e a similar ftte, and that wa? by abandoning the ])aths which had led her to becoiVie ail object of hati-bd' tb mankind, and obnoxious to her !\ laker. Scarcely had the Ruler of France issued his decree lor the fresh tribute of blood already mentioned, and for the establish- ment of a depot for UK^GOO mon at Utrecht, when its operation was doomed to be limited, and the |)osition for this intended army wrested fi-om his grasp. Ilolhand revolted from hi< sceptre. I Ter people said " we are W'qc'^ and their oppressor? fled in dismay and consternation. It was on the Kith No- vendier that this auspicious' event took place; fo the indescrib- able joy of the inhabitants, and satisfaction of the worlcF. A few of the Jacobinical school murnnired, but their mur- liUiringis were quickly drowneil by the'general joy and appro- * Jcremiiili I, '"i. \ It^uiuH xiii, \o, IC. xiv. ■."_', :.',3, 'J f ,T<-ri-i»!;l!l 1, IT. !', i'i i; ill! yo ifiat hcnii tnc tlicrcot'esciipc;' 'onlitti^ to all she I)T()iiitants; and nrime the French governor was requostcil to decamp as oDeyed the call of his country with alacrity. On the 4st Noven)ber he landed tit .Schevelinrr, from the Warrior oJf 74 .guns, aiul proceeded to the liai^He, whtw he was welcomed with mi- feigned joy, and immediately proclaimed " Sovereign Prince .)f the Netherhnids, by the title of William tlie L" What Jiis foclin;,'s were, at being recalled to his former station, after nineteen yenrs absence from Jiis country, whieh had suiFored •M much in the convulsion^ which had shaken Kurojjo lo ))iece.s, may be juoro easily imagined than described. Jji tJio merjilime the ))eopIe were not without fear.s, lest their former cruel masters should return upon them, as they were almost Without arms, and thc>ir enennes still hcM ail the sinmg places ill the kingdom. These fears, however, soon subsick-d, on tlio arrival of supplies oiall kinds Irom Ibitain, whde the ene- my continued too weak to attempt any st-ri!>us resistuncc. J)etachment.s, too, from the Crown Prince'.s army begaii Lo ,ti- rive, and, by tJie 2itli Novemiier, those harbingers uL'j»y and ii- berty to sulferi ng nations, the hiu-dy warnors i)f the Don, were si-en spreatling their simple couches Ibr their night's ryiubo upon ^ (he streets of Amsterdam. The enemy contiiiiK'd to evacuate one place after another on the appearance of these indelati- gable soldiers, who always preceded the regular troops, which by the beginning of December iiad arrived in sullicient force to banish all uneasiiu'ss, with regard to any serious attempt from the force wliich the enemy had siaticied in that quarter. Xo fighting of any consequence took place, except at Arnheim and Woerden, to which latter place, the French returned, and surprising the patrie^s, exercised thg greatest crueltic>s upon - them. Arnheim was taken by assault by the Pru.«isians on the J] St, -and tile whole garrison put to the sword. ' .1 m 476 The Kevoltitioii in Hollntul was one of tlic most extraordi- iiavy events, in the extraordinary times in which we hve. Jt seems to have been wholly unlooked for by the enemy, and was a dreadful blow against his power, not only on account of its lav- ing open the whole of Belgium to the allies, whose approach would give scope to the same s])irit in that country which had been manifested throughout Holland— not only on ac- count of the probable capture or destruction of all the enemy's navy and naval depots in the Scheldt, but more particularly so, from the recall of their legitiujate Sovereign, by the people of Holland, as ailbrding a serious example to the Fiench nation, and a fact which he could not possibly conceal from them for any length of time. Before proceeding farther, I shall, agreeable to my plan, collect into a connected form and short Table, the losses of the French army, during the campaign of ISL'J, and then subjoin, in notes, the returns from which the Table is formed : — ARMIES IN SAXONY, INCLUDING DUESUIiX AND LEIPSIC. Total, at rupture of the armistice, I'iljTOO LOST. Battles with Crown Prince, to date of his 6th bulletin, 13,000 Gerard's defeat, August 27th, 3,500 Battles with Blucher, previous to 2Gth August, 15,800* Do. do. from 26th Ang. to 2d Sept. 30,000 Advance to and attack on Dresden, ... 13,900 Battles with Vandamme, 29,400 Battle of Dcnnevitz, .., 21,900 Battle of Nollendorlf, 6,000 Bluchar's 6th report, 2,000 fianyfor'Luard 135,500 * T!?o ntimhers lost in ilicsc cngagcmenU cannot 1ms exaglly ascertair.eU. Xlit ftmount was •generally stated to exceed 15,000. I lie most extraordi- wliicli wo live. It e ciiein y, ami wns a account of its Liv- s, whose approncli Jat country which — not only on ac- of all the oneniy's more particularly ^ign, by the peoplc- »Ie to the Flench sibly conceal from eable to my plan, able, the losses of )f IS 13, and then ich the Table is IPSIC. 4-2 1,700 J,000 3,500 5,800* 3,000 3,900 ),4.00 1,900 5,000 J,000 ;,5oo xacUy aucertalr.eU, Tin '« T (# 477 nroH^hlJhrmrd, l:i ",,500 421,700 I'latolt's alhiir witli cavalry, <; -q-j Hiiicher, at crossing the Elbe, y 000 .Sundry other aflairs to I4th Oct {i\ r,{)0 -^ 171,500 Ke-cnlorccd by army ot reserve at Wurtzburgh, *.'j6,000 T r T^ , ~ 286",200 -Leit at Dresden, and taken there, .^^ ^^^q Force at Leipsic, including garrison, t2"5L200 J-ost ni battles at Leipsic, (sec tables) 144,000 4 11 r , , 107.200 Allow ot wounded early in campaign to luive rejoined, '' il5,000 T . 1 • , 122,000 Lost by sickness, want, and fatigue, jj20,000 I'm.ctives fled from Leipsic, ^^^;;;;^^ Lost h-om Leipsic to Geluhausen, ^J^JOO Carry over, 76,900 * TI,e Mciteur stated this arn.y at 40,000 strong- but 6000 «orP • w ^..r«... an.. ,000 in LVankfon. Sir C. S..wart. Au^ ^.^arS 'c iT^; nc'uly joined with 15.000 men of this am, v ,.„ I A ■ ^ ' ^"^ '"*'* '^<- i^eip,, .uh upw.-d. or j;;;;::?' ""' -^"«--" j--^ ^-^f- the ha.ties l4''.^ in;;'w;stSr''' ""l- T' ''''• *"" "--P-^-^'^"^ •'-een 1 jyi Lsuci), was then supposed to be about I so nnn .m- »■ "I- garrisons and at that tin.e he d d not know of no" 1 ""■'"' ''"""'"' -;'"• '■ • rr '"" "-• "" "■' ^^^^:^ -rr;::::r »ir;;-::::: :: r re*:;,*- t"- °" *- ^"*' >»• I'l r I #!: !uchi^."~Fritnkfort, October 18th, 1813. § •' It seems impossible that he can have canied 50,000 men with him, though there are persons who estimate the force still higher." Cathiart's dispatch, Frank- fart, November 8th. Tlie Crown Prince estimates the force at about ()C),000 men. Bonaparte said, that Bertrand remained at Mentz, with 'JO,0(X) infantry and 10,000 cavalry, which is 50,000. Sir C. Stewart says that Bonaparte fled, with 10,000 ca- valry, from Ilanau. Upon tlie vhole, ubout 50,000 was oU the force wluch ap- pears to Isave cjcaped. 1 imariff 7«,90O bHI-jr, *(j,00{) t.S2,90a .'i5,20O 47,700 !.•• t •••• t •• tl-,0O() 51,700 700 JJljOOO 47f Duvoust at Hamburgh and Bremen ^.y qq^ Lo>,t at Feeheux's defeat and in other afTair«.. c'q/y,» other affairs, 8,8oo **** V* »%^^»% GARRISONS*. Remain, ARMY ON THE INN. Under Wrede, The whole joined the allies, :18,20« Besides Dresden and Leipsic, 116 40* Lost in skirmishes, noticed in dispatches, fj'ooo I13,40§ 35,000 3.5,000 90,000 , 9,000 , 1G,800 15,800 5,000 46,f)00 •1-J.4U0 m buHctin of battles of have brought t'urward nth. In tliiii number besides the tronjis nf lh<- men with Iiim, though ii'ttrt's (liKpateh, Fraiik- ;e at aliout O'(),f)00 men. XX) infantry and lO.OOO •te fled, with 10,000 ca- lU the force which ap" •JEXERAL ABSTRACT, GERMANY and ITALY. Total force at rupture of armistice, ... Wounded rejoined, Killed and wounded, jg^^^gg ^''"*"n^'". 232,614. Defections and desertions, 73000 Cooped up in garrisons, .* ng^'40Q Remains of the main army, 51000 Remains with Beauharnois, 43*400 Remains of Davoust's army, 38,'20O 20,000 756,100 i5,ooe 771,100 By sickness and fatigue. — 771,100 TOTAL ABSTRACT Killed and wounded, ... Prisoners, less by 7,500, roR GERMANY and ITALY. 1813. 261,986 248,114 Ccnrj/ovcTi 510,100 i ft ii 480 lirougltl ^fbiXiHird, .G10,iO(J Desertions and ddcctions, 73,OOC» (.'oopc'd ti|) ill j^iirrisniis \\'S,ViH) Tlemuiiis ol'jjfraiui urniV) /jljOOO Rcnuiins of Hciiiihurnois' army, tJjl'OO Ilcniains of Uavoiist's do 88,200 'Lost, by sickness and fatignt;, 20,000 Total army and rc-cnforccMncnts, ., .33t.I00 Wounded early in campaign, rejoined, 1,),000 Sty, 100 810,100 ABSTRACT OF FRENCH LOSS in- SPAIN, Total strength at the beginning of campaign,* i LOST. Suchct's defeat by Murray, 5,000 Rattle of Vittoria, l;3,i,»00 Battles of the Pyrenees, 20,000 Battle of liidabsoa, 5,000 Garrison of St. Sebastians, G,000 Do. do. Pampluna, 5,000 At entering France, October yth, 2,100 Forcing French lines, November lOtli, 5,000 \'arious actions and garrisons, till date, 1 i,(jOO .813. 73,000 78,000 95,000 now niSl'OSED OF. Army under Sncliet and others on The cast coast, 30,000 Garrisons still in Spain, 2:^,000 52,000 ^ Remain carried forward, 43,000 * I liavo contiiiiit'J tliu former account of the French strength, all other accounts from Spain stated it as much greater. The Moniteur for this year, said it was 200,000. Indeed, tlie Freneii force in .Spain was stronger than was supposed. In every ciigagcni mU tliey were found of vast force, ns is clearly established in the trial of Sir John iMurray. n ■ward, riio,Loo 73,OOt> 113, 400 51,000 43,1'00 38,200 20,000 Sty, 100 J34.100 l.j.OOO S If), 100 5 PA IN, , .813. ign,* 173,000 5,000 5,000 :o,ooo 5,000 6,000 5,000 2,100 5,000 l,G0O 78,000 95,000 ,000 ,000 52,00(1 /aril, 43,000 ;th, all otliur accounts tills year, said it was m was supposed. In istublisUcd in the tiial 3 n» ..^r ^ t . . ^''ought forward, *8,000 Re-ei.forc«d by conscription of September, go'ooo Lost in battles at Bayonnc, from &th till ^^**^"'' 1 3th Dec. , ^ , Uo. by desertions at do. ^ qq^ ""•^ 12,000 Souk's force, December Uth^ ^ToOO A considerable number would be lost, o^ londcrcd ineffici- ent, by sickness and fatigue, but not so man^ s formerlv. «s hey were now in their own country, where th.,e, as well as he m ...nded, would be much better attended to; and, there- We the number of the latter rejoined was, in thi, ca^, very likely equal to what was lost by the former caune.* CERMANT-FRrNCH OFFICIAL liETUEN* 1*1^: French Lok. Allied Lwrt Battle Place, or Dispattfc. 3* I C J* "S .g Small actfons, about ,^ ^.,^„^ ^'^'^' '^^^ toispatch, 28th and JChAprii.^. ,g, ^^ StetU-n, 1500, Spandau 1000 *.,.^ ^^ Wittemberg^ ^ ^ ^ 3,500 Lutfen •»**»v»»*,^v»^»,^^ *0O Dispatch, 5th May 4^^*."*'**^*'*' ' '°'°*'*' (<») 25,000 1)0. 9.hM.y ^^^^^ ^ '"^ 2.000 Uo. loth May •-^■^■^-.^■^.v^.^.^.u^ '•*** Do. 14 th May ■~»»«»«.^«.r^I^*"*' (^^ ^'8°° Do, 161hMaT^*,< *vv,rrir ^•^'^ -■y ' 800 Can-ied oner, »«■»> lo »^«*»%%%»%%> ^jj Dis|»utcli, May 30tli «vm.'wv«v«'««wm'm««^m sOO 71 Diapatt'li, June t^lst 'M'v»*«««>^«^««.m'v«'v««« ^qI Thorn, Moniteur, March ICth «■>»»»»»>»«.>». (ft)5,50O Spandau^^^^^^»^*»»»»^»»%^*»****»%»»»%»^v^ 3|O0C^ Number, per Notcs*»«»'v>v»-»»-.^.»».»*»».v*»«»* 11,500 Dispatch, i'Otb Aug. put into the Bobcf'v.'M. i 'j,0OO General Zucclii at Lahn •»»«»■***»»»*»»»•»»» 500 Near GoldsbiTg. August '2Su ■»»***«v»**.v»*» (1-) 5,000 Near Fluesburgh *»-»»»*v»i'i~««'*»*»'v»»»»«.»«, ((/J 5,000 Dispatch, 28th ««^vx««««««««^»x^««»«%«««. 4,000 60,000 French loss in Silesia, by their papers '>^«««« (e)2,50O Di<>i)atcb, Sept 1st, Vandaujme'w».»»«»***»»» 6,000 (/) 5,000 Do. do. i;d, additional at Dresden 'v^ 20,000 Disj)atch, Sept 6th, ."5 to 4000 prisoners**** (^')4,000 Milan, Sept. 1 1 th, Viceroy, Sept. 6th ***»»» 250 7J0 Dispatch, 13th and 17th, nothing********** Viceroy, Sept. 1 2tJi to 1 4th, Moniteur **** 1 60 830 Ney's report, battle of Denneviti. ********** «,000 8,000 Carried forward, ■•^■y* {Ji)56,6'1 (i) 184,23;J (a) From 10 to 12,000. — Allied loss, vh. 18,000 Wounded; killed, sny COOU . and "some thousands prisoners," suppose 3000. (b) 4, OCX) Bavarians, and 1,500 French — 3,300 when it surrendered. (c) Besides wounded and some prisoners, (ri) At this point, not including the former. ((•) These papers say, that the prisoners taken from the allies were 2,000. (f) From 4 to 5000. (g) No account of killed and wounded, (/i) Of this number 10,800 were prisoner!, (ij Of this nwobcr a\,llO were prisoner,-, 5wcrs 1 now began i<» mcort measures for hi» de> lign uppurcnt. arded, nnd the usual irance to that couu- S, 1813 Allk'd LoHS. us^^ • 36,0()7 18,000 513 71 401 11,500 U',0OO 50O (c) 5,000 ((/) 5,000 60,000 (/) 5,000 l-'O.OOO 750 830 8,000 (0 inifis^ )undcd ; killed, say (iOCU . t surrendered. allies were 2,000. m try, wore loudly ocliocd. A la«t attempt was inudo to stjyr tli« arm of indignant natioas, and to animate Franco, and Kirike them with terror. P- . not invade France, the rich, the beauti- mXm^^md^i^^t rRENCH OWXCIAL IIETUIINS, isis.-t French Loss. Battle, Place, or Uis)>atcb. Uroughl fdrh'ard, *»»* fMly, Sept 16th and ITth, Moniteur, Sept. 2Clh '>«'>^-.^««'Mv«««'>.>^x«««,«« Honaparte's dispntrli, October 4th ^.J Uo. du. do. I3th«<^ Da do. (io. I6th'>^v« Da do. do. 24th ««^ D* do. do. 3l5t *^.v» Da do. Noveniber 3d Gen. (Jrcnicr's do. Italy Oct. 31st »». Paris, November 9tli, in Italy 'mm^ St. Cyr, Dresden, October 17th««««v^ Milan, Nov. lltb, Paris, Nov. 21st -^ licnuharnnis, Caldieros, Nov. 15th ■«. Do. Verona, Dec. 5th ««>«vv Bayonne, from 9th to 13th Dec. Moniteur '>^««'m««%^m'v«.%«««««.v>^ French papers, from Jan. 3d to 8th, sundries v««««««.«.M.v»»«««.««,««^«^^^ 1st January, near Ramigcn .^^^^^^ Verona, Nov. I9tli, at St. Martin-^'^ Gen. Milliaud, Colmar, Dec. 24th, and 26th ■•^»*»»»-..»»..^.»«»»*»»»»»^ Tcrona, Dec. 2Gth, at Cartagnaro «* m 45,877 240 300 2,500 4,000 450 60 C/) ONTINUID. AlHed Los,. 10,800 ~~ 150 f 18,000 150 25 500 43 (/07.75O 600 73 110 JO ^ S.o « It- 137,111 (") (A) 6,000 3,500 (o) 21. 500 («) 4,000 3,500 600 {g) 12,000 3,000 itOO ' 1,500 400 15,000 176 r,20o 300 400 47,12i 400 5,00O 3,5()() 500 C,0()O 300 800 900 800 103 300 200 230 Total, 58,681 22,96C 210,987 66,154 "Jftzcttc Sept. 18tli, (o) " He also lost many men." Same afiuir as Gratz. {!>) " He left 6000 dead on the field of battle, ours," &c. (c) With Schwartzenborf;.— Tliat with Blucher not givr:.. ( Ties, but once more to overwhelm Europe. It might have been imagined, on reading such miserable rhapsodies advanced, or arguments brought forward, that the reasoning powers of ^he human mind, and th« feelings of our CDmm.«^<.««»«>'>««^ 2,98^ , 39k At Ncinburgh, April 15tb, uncertain ««««. 3,000 Garrison of Zentochan «)i«««««i».«%«»i»»«<>«. Sundry small air»irs«««*'«««<>.«««««v»«%««M. ];}o Sortie from Stettin »»^^*i*^^%^»i»^i%*i»»»»-%^>» ^PQ po. from Ma^dcburgh ■»»*»-i«»-»««*««**w 400 Do. from Wittemberg>««.^»«.««««'>««««««^ 7$ ^^s Thorn, from 4 to 5000 «%«M<>.««>M««M««»ib 4,500 Spandau, besidvs loss in siege 'w^*^'^*^^*^ 3,529 Bulow'a defeat of t|ie Viceroy at lialle 'm. 2,100 Lutzen^-«»»»«»-«.'.«.~»^~.i^«-~»^*«*»«* 15,000 lO.OqO At Hamburgh, May 10th «««««««««'w..M««, 300 ;s5 At Bichofiswcrda, May 4 th ««.««*^v^..m 1,000 At Hoyerswerda and Bautjen»«^'»«'«**»««*»(a)L'5,400 14,000 ^mall affairs •»»««.«« j ,300 Carried forvard,^-^ 68,67i! (c) B5,i66 ■%. (a) It is clear that the bulletins of the allies mean ^at the loss on tlie 1 9th ^^^ 5000, on the SOtli 6000, and on the Slst I4,Q00, the 400 was in skirmishes, (b) Besides a great loss at Reisenbach " some hundreds" — say 400. (c) Many of the allied returns of their losses arc omitted in the English news* pai)eM, or given in such a garbled manner that it is impossible to ascertain them ex- -:!>jt!y, Where that is tb.e case. I have omitted them oltugcthcr, sud ;>ii3|l, at ths pnd, calculate thcs| in i>roportion to Uiosc f^vcn. r is Mad eoougfv to igainst th«m, and to »11 forth an impulse^ fend her own territo- pe. It might have rhapsodies advanced, reasoning powers of comin was in skirniishes. Jg" — sat/ 400. itted ill the English ncws< >8iiib1c to ascertfiin them ex- togctiicr, Slid »!sa|!, at the I 485 be resisted, or frustrated in their designi.. Those men wha»r- gued after the above manner, threw altogether out of the qw?B- tion, that France, without any cause whatever, but her own insatiable ambition and lust of power, had invaded every coun try in continental Europe-had violated every principlesacred and civil-trampled upon every principle, moral or religious- rumed every thing that was good and virtuous-dostroyed the properties, and violated the rights of every nation and of every mdividual-perpetrated every crime publicly and privately, OFFICIAL RETURNS OF ^HE ALLIES, I813.~CbN„N.«. French Loss, AlUed Loss. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. 2 i £ "t §f ^''o»e'>f forward, *,>-^ 68,672' "- -■--...>. ^^..l^^ 400 Less at Spandau and Zefltochan during siege, suppose »^»>.»*«^ -,n-, -,-,^^^ j 500 Sixth Swedish buUetin ^»., 1 2^000 At Luekau, by Cr. Pr. besides the above^ j '000 Defeat of Gen. Gerard, o» a7tb, Berlin Gazette, August 30fh^,»-»»^^.^^ g^^^^ Berlin, Aug. 30th, reports from Silesia *» • Jauer, Aug. 24tb, Sacken. ^-c. Aug. 1 8th (c) 972 Gen. Sacken, Aug. loth. Haynau, ^c. ^ (A) 1,35^ Do. by General D'Y^rk »^..^ Mortnn Same rcporv three days to 24tb m.^«««««^ '' fcluchtr, Sept. 2d, order of the day ,^ (^1 8 000 ^'^^ ^'°^ Pifore Dresden, by Sires, dispatches^ lliooo (/) 11,000 I' Carried over, ^^.^ 125,983 41,466 ;: (a) Sovcral hundreds were cut down fi,\ 7 ^ e I (/) Ho enomy. I„ ,„„„ ,,.„ ^„ .„™M^,, „,,„_„^ „^ , 486 ■which could rendef man contemptible, and which could dis- grace human nature; and yet, forsooth, she must be spared — deal liberally and gently with her, for she hath merited nothing else from your hands. It was never taken into consideration, that it was impossible to render France- more united than for the last twenty years she had been, when all her sons were soldiers, and poured forth, without let or hinderance, at. her tyrant's call; nor could any thing evqr again kindle in their minds the phrenzy which distracted them at the comiAeoce- OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE ALLIES, 1813.— Continued. French Loss. Allied Loss. •P "c .2 IS "a .a Battle, I'lace, or Dispa'cb. := i Cs — oR* Brought over. ■>^->.->. 125,983 41,46C Advance to Dresden, on 22d **»«.»*«»»»-. (o) 400 Aetreat from do. dispatch, Aug. 30th ».»^ (b) 6.400 * 5,00« Doh dispatch, August 31st, decisive affair with Vandamnic-v»'.^»»»»**»«.»»-»»»*.~«^(c) 15,000 ' 5,000 EIcvenMi Swedish hiilletin ■^♦»-»».***»*^»» (rf) 9,100 3,000 Twelfth do. do. taken near Torgau 800 po, do. do. retreat of Davoust ■♦o the StekneiU -.♦»»-.^...»».»^*-..»»-»»«^ i,O0O Affair at Dantzic, Sept. 2d **^»*».»*»^-»».v, 1,000 llilliei's defeat of the Viceroy «****»**»«»^ 9,000 Berlin, Sept. 12th, by Cossacks on Elbe -^ 1,200 Ivangeron, 18th Aug. official «.>..^a««<.^«« (c) 3,000 By others, before the 2Cth«^»»»*»^»»»«.»»»«. 4,500 Austrian bulletin, Toplitz, Sept. 9thv.»»»» (/) 400 Svv«lish do. Sopt. 14th -k*^..^-^**** (g) 1,000 Carried forward, ***». 1 78,783 57,466 (n) " Besides a vast number killed and wounded" — sa>/ 500. (/>) " Enemy's loss may be averaged double." Sir C. Stewart. (c) Besides killed and wounded. Engagement very severe; the enemy's loss ia killed and wounded wiis immense; " it ti ly 500. , Stewart. CTcre; the enemy's loss ia Toplitz, A ugust 3 1 St — rs. ) Jed— 6,000 of the former 1 wounilod must Imvc been to 18,000 prisoners — s«ij others prisoners— sffjr liX' 487 mcnt of the revolution. But had it been even possible to 6o 60, France had not the same resources which she then had to be seized by her violent government, for its use, nor durst'the arbitrary commands of Bonaparte attempt what the mad Con- vention did; while, even if he could have done so, a totally dif ferent spirit animated Europe, than what did at that time, and one which, had it sooner appeared, would have quickly arrest- ed the career of French ambition, vanity and madness But OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE ALLIES, ISIS.-Contin^kh. French Loss. Allied Loss. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. ||g .. . ^ "it'S- Srought JuTward, ^^ 178,785 57 4Gr Swedish bulletin, Sept. I6th^^.^^^^^^^ 543 ' ' Actions near Magdeburgh, Aug. 21st *»-^ L'20 Dantzic, August 29th, Gazette «,..^»x.«^ 400 Do. Sept 2d, do. ,,000 tZ Walmoden, Domij2, Aug. ISth 5,500 Wittgenstein, Dohna, Aug. 8th -^^,»^.«. ' . . ^^ Matadoff, near Bautzen, Sept. 9th ^..^^^^^ (j) j^goo C"-' > 00 Swedish bulletin, Sept 20th >*»»*x*^»»»^»^ 'j g- Do. do. 22d ._ (,j 3,„o Battle of Nollendorff. 1 6th Aug. (rf) g^ooo , oof» Gen.Schluthberg,HtFreyberg,Sept. I8th 720 ' 4 Numbers per notes ... 42 300 * Carried over, ^^ (f)y40,802 60,iim H (c) French loss "more considerable"— icy 1,200. 1 (i) And much of Bonaparte's baggage. S Th!t"^ t?" "^""""' '^■''--^'"^-"-. o""y tl^rty of .hi.h escaped. I ^'K^^'^'^'^''^'^'' *000 prisoners. Crown Prince's bulIetin.-The killed and ^xvounded. double that of the allies. Sir C. Stewart. Sept. I9th ' ^'''"^ '^'^'^ ^J^ZtVT" "'r ''"■""^'^-"''^ -»-^ -er the Viceroy is officially mentioned Of the preceding numbers the army opposed to that under the com mand of the Crown Prince and the detachments under his orders, lost .8 7 pX oner, and 22,951 were killed and wounded-the army opposed to ^cL W 26,-00 prisoner, and had 19,750 killed and wou„ded-.he army oppo vd to he , c^he^Sn^dish bulletin, dated Sept. 22d. says, the Crown I'rince's army had ■ t;;!r,r~^' •"-'^f -y and the main army hadLen ■ the truth." ' ' "''*""^"'*^"" ^'^^^' 't'"-li«. «hlch shews it is very near 468 nothing of all this ever entereU the thoughts of those who adr vocated the cause of France, and who always threw cold water upon the energies and exertions of the allies. Do not invade France, beware hpw you profane that « saaed" territory. It will beconie a land of fire, and consume whoever attempts it. What, said the indignant nations assembled against her, shall she «' Sit as a queen, and say, I shall see^no sorrow," while her conduct has « made the world a wilderness, and millions weep?" To all such arguments, said the nations of Europe, we must OFFICIAL RETURNS OF TIfE ALLIES; C0.68S 312 •»*««• (6) •*•« 379 Battle, Fkcc, or Dispatch. Jirotight over, ■»♦»» :6lucher's 5th report, Sept loth •..•»»* Do. Cth do. 25th Swedish bulletin, Sept 26th Do. do. 30th Austrian report, Sept. 24th Do. do. 29th««. Sir C. Stewart, Toplifz, Sept 29th, A latoii ^^^%^>%^»»»»»w%»»^ «v*««^*% Thornton's dispatch, October 4th, D'York, at Wartcnberg Twentieth Swedish bulletin'v««««« Twcnty.first do. do. Carried forward, **** 61,379 Allied Loss. _- T> r^^ 1813.— COKTIMUID. French Loss. cS g g '& 144,502 96,300 (a) 523 1|400 600 405 (c) 66$ 442 550 (d) 2,204 w 1,000 (/) 1,540 1,000 (_g) 1,500 1,500 (A) 550 43R 151,693 105,417 ('a) Besides MatadofTs aflWr already mentioned. (6) The loss of the allies, a few wounded. (c) Besides desertion, great — " from 30 to 40 men daily come over to us." (d) In this number 1,500 formerly taken by Thielman is included; but uncertain (e) A great deal of hard fighting in Italy. Mucli loss on the 16fh. No returns, ffj Besides killed and wounded; 8000 cavalry, and 700 infantry compietcly iv-utcd; supposed loss 1000; Demi-official accounts make it much more. CgJ " Above 1,000 prisoners," besides killed and wounded. German acconntrf tnake tlie loss 3 or 4000. Bonaparte makes the allied loss fiOOO, whitli was, per. haps, bis own. fkj Besides many oUicrs Jwlled wiil wounded, say llif, ainl 1,500 dcwrteM. hts of those who adf ays threw cold water lies. Do not invade sacred" territory. It whoever attempts it. led against her, shall 10 sorrow," while her , and iriliions weep?" of Europe, we must , I813.-.-CONTINUII). French Loss. and Wound a 144,^02 9C,300 (a) 525 1.400 600 40! (c) 66i 442 550 id) 2,204 W a,ooo 1 (/) 1,540 1,000 ( [g) 1,500 1,500 (A) 550 438 151,693 10B,417 ly come over to us." is included; but unccrtAi'n. on the 16th. No returns. 700 infantry conipietrly I it much more, nded. German accounti' s GOOQ, Tvhitti was, per* M\d 1,500 dcMrtefs. 489 tarn a deaf oar. "Submission alone, can prevent invasion-sub- nnssu>n alone, can save her." Nor could it be otherwise, for wnh the oxcep.on of the British sohiier, of the nnl L of combatants which were now arrayed against her, there was, per- luips, not one solitary indivulual, who, besides his n t o,^. nl d.si.onour, had not also the most bitter private wron." o rl dress; uot one who bad not had hispropert; torn from iCml wasted by the lawless arm of France; not one whose wife, dauX ter, or female relat.on, had not been violated or seduced by the ' THE ALLIES, 1813 CoN'flNUED. Allied Loss. French L lOSS. Ill 1 — "2 ^11 i « iJ S 12 'il £ 61,379 151,695 103,417 (a) 300 1,500 (b) 1,000 1,000 7,000 (r) 10,000 2,000 25,000 (d) 25,000 L' 2,000 ((•) 25,000 70,00O J 15,379 212,993 ] 77,917 rjattlc, Place, or Dispatch. liroiight forward, Tcttonborn, at Breinen*^*^^^.,.^^^^.^ Augorc-Hu's advance to Lcipsic Uluclier, Liudenti'al, October ]6th»v Scfuvartzcnbera Leibert VVolkowitz, October ICih ■^•.•••.•.■..•.^■..x*,.^^.^.^^ Buttle of Lcipsic, October isthv..,,. Carried over, »%»* '^ {a) Demi-official accounts. - (4) A iigerea us loss is uncertain rnr.lr-.i ^ considerable; hut it certaini, :rc:;ied ^ooo. " '^''''' "^'^ ''"'' '* ^'-^^ ^"^ (.) Sir C. Stewart's dispatches, October IGth. I.lace.1 for the whole. Sir C. Stewart i, thU « . "' ^' "" «^''"«'«»'-s. ».-s dispatch. onthe.„or„in,o/™9rT: ;"/"'' '"'"''^'''"' "'^ '^'^ ^' in order to ascertain .he poim T. , ""''"'"' '" """■•=« "'" ^'holc. «.c. C....W K.SS Of ...3: wi: :::z::r ^"' ^^^-^ ^^ '■ ^^™' *"-rs.. the desertion of^h, whole of .1,!^ T ' "" '""'"""'' '"'"''"''' '''>'•"- troop,; „.,d the garrison ^ I ts.c , ' ° "" """"''" ^"'^ ^^'"-'>-S ^ee.n,wouLd;:::r:;:. :i::tr: "r -'' "" -' ^e,so^.d. ,,.._,_ ^.^^^^^ ■ '""g '" other authorities u>n-,ontri-,, wbich, "■'"■" ^"'.^1 together, at least 25,000} ti (» ,,. 490 French barbarians; not one whose father, son, brother, or fricnil, had not been butchered in defence of their altars and their homes, or eai>-ied captive into a foreign land. And was it to sucii men, that at this moment, it was attempted to incul- cate patience — to such, lenity ov forbearance — to men, whose cryinp; wrongs called them to battle — whom justice had ren- dered victorious, and while the foe yet resisted and menaced, by infusing the cold spirit of fear into their hearts, endeavoured to unnerve their arms. As well might the voice of man liavc attempted to proclaim peace to the wind in a tempest, ov OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE ALLIES, 1813— Continber Battle, Place* or Dispatch. Urnught over, •*»■<. Cspiure of Leipsic, on the loth »»»»»* Battle ut Lindvnaii, en IGth, suppose 2'2d Swedish bulletin, October 22d »* niucher's lOtli lepoft, 27th »■>■ Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, Nov. 2il, HalJe, &c. »*«»»* » ..^»x^»» Carryforward, ■**••* {ii) Besides killed and wounded^ and numbers found dead on tlie road, in one place at Ifist 1,000. Also liberated 4,018 prisoners. (ft) Besides near Froshe, many Frenchmer were driven into the Elbe, " and last night the number of prisoners amounted to several thuutaud men." Halle, Nov. 9th, qfficial. Allied Loss. French Loss. Killed, and Wound 5 ill i 115,579 212,993 177,917 3,000 10,000 2,000 2,000 1,500 2,000 (a) 5,103 400 226,893 (t) 3,700 120,379 188,720 as Lord Aberdeen, on tlie 22d, expressly states the total number of prisoners thin taken at 40,000; and our Government bulletin states, that at the departure of Mr. •Sully, on the 20th, with a duplicate of Sir C. Stewart's dispatches, 35,000 pris. oners had been brought in, exclusive of the sick and wounded. The wounded cannot be enumerated here, as they are previously so, but the sick, as they are rot previously included in any enumerations, should bo so; and, allowing that they were 6000, this would make the total loss of the enemy, on the 16th, 18th, and 19th, 150,000, including what were slain around, and drowned in the Elster, kc. of which latter number, Lord Aberdeen says, several thousands were taken from the river; and which together roust have been at least 10,000 men. The trans- lator of the Austrian oiEcial bullctits snakes it sav tliat the total Ioes of sU the allie*. was 10,000 men on these three days, and that of the French 40,000 killed and , sou, brother, or »f their altars and ;n land. And was ftttempted to incul- e — to men, whose f» justice had ren- sd and menaced, by earts, endeavoured the voice of man i)d in a tempest, or 1813.— CONTIN OEDk Fruncli Loss. Killed, and • n £ S12,9D3 177,917 10,000 2,000 1,500 2,000 (•) 5,103 400 (6) 3,700 226,893 188,720 dead on tlie road, in one ti into the Elbe, " and last isaud wen." Halle, Nov. number of prisoners tlun lat at the departure of IVIr, 's dispatches, 55,000 pris- wounded, llie wounded It the sick, as they are not ; and, allowing that they ', on the 16th, 18th, and rowned in the Ehter, &r. ousand;; were taken from 10,000 men. The trans- a tots.! loss gT nil tlis a!!i?^ French 10,000 killed and 491 the ocean in a storm. France was aware of thi,s, and France trembled; but while she continued to yield herself to the will of the tyrant, and to support the measures which had leagued the powers of Europe against her, she had no favour to expect from them; and till she felt what the miseries of war were, it was obvious, that the voice of the people of France would not come forward to compel their government to sheath the sword i\\ the spirit of peace. With the inhuman conduct of the French soldiers, and hor- OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE AJ.LIES, 1813.~Contin,;e«. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. Drought Jurward, Battle ofGclnhausen, Oct. 29th Battles of Hanau, 30th «*«« Austrian bulletin, Schmakalten, Oc- teber 29tli.'*'*^*^v*^^»^*^%^*^*^*^.v%.v* Austrian bulletin, Schluchtern, No- vember 2d>«'<.x.^.v<.v«.>«.v^^>«.v^»«.v«v« Wrede, at Hanau, October 28Ui Allied Loss. T3 0; "5 5 C Ms: p. 120,379 7,000 Frcncli Loss. c o 225,893 188,720 4,000 («) 15,000 J 5,000 (i) 4,000 1,520 1,200 Carried over, •^■^'^ 127,379 241,893 214,440 (a) Tliis does not include the previous numbers. The bulletin farther states, " Fugitives are taken on all the roads, and Uudeslhose already mentioned, 15.000 prisoners have been recently brought in; their numbers augment every instant." (J) " And a great number of officers." '^ wounded. The first part shews clearly that tjn's is an error. Bluchur, on the 16th, lost 7,000 men. The Crown Prince, who was nttf in the battle of tlie 16th, states, in his bulleUii, Mulhauscn, October 28th, that the lojs of the Army of the North of .Germany at Leipsic, was from 2 to 3,000 men, and that of the corps of Langefon, under his command. '« more considcrMer or say 7.000 for both, which, witl, Blucher's on the ICth. is 14,000 teing more than what the Austrian bulletin states the total to be. It is, tlereforp, evident ei- ther that tin; 10,000 menUoned in the bulletin is the AusU-ian loss alone in all these battles, and substituted by the translator for the total loss of the allies; or that it alludes solely to tlie battle of the 18th, and the loss of the army under Sdnvart*;. enbcrg alone. It is evident that every nation kept their own returns separate. The Crown Prince states the loss o' the Ftci.rh army, on the isih and 19th, at iiO,000, liiUed, wounded, and prisoners, (15,000) besides 23,000 wounded, and !■■('' 492 rid atrocities which they committed in all the countries cursed with their presence, I might fill volumes. These arc such as the inhabitants in this happy country can form no idea of, and ex- ceed their belief. Nevertheless, they are true; and such as will be remembered, by continental Europe, to future generations, with fear and indignation. In their present disastrous retreat through Germany, to such a deadly pitch had the animosity of the inhabitants arisen against their oppressors, that they refused to bury the dead bodies which were Icit on the roads from famine OFFICIAL IlETUUNS OF THE ALLIES, 1813,_CoNTiNum Allied Loss. Frontli Loss. Battle, Place, or Disiialcli. ^"sg S l"^ 3 I lirougftt over. -^^^ 127,379 24l,«<)3 'JM.HO Su-cdiah bulletin, Hanover, Novem- ber 10tli-'V.^»^*»»,,»^x.^v»»»*»».» / N e r.-uA {0} 5,500 Daiitzic, Nov. 1st »»»»»»»*»*»»»..».x».v rgQ Dresden sortie, Nov. 6th ■w^*»»»»*».k,v {5f^ Lines of Ilocheini, Nov. lCth-^»»»»»»» 400 fft) 400 Garrison of Dresden .«'«'««.'>«^',.««%%.«.>x ■j'^otX) Carryforward, ^^^^ lL'7,57i> •2-i3,5my's loss on t(icse fa- , i^nd 30,000 prisoners. ' evening of the 1 9tli indard, and came over ive been estimated as ice of numbers in the ) of the enga^!^cnients ivart's, however, is the i'nahlts ns to nscerfaii! strength of the army 490 and fatigue. The following .short account of their conduct at Woerden, upc-n which they returned by surprise, after having abandoned at, may suffice m a specimen of their conduct in other places: « The houses whieh could not be opened on ac count of ti.e doors and windows having been fastened, were OFFICIAL IIETUIINS OF THE ALLIES. Allied Loss. Buttle, rjace, or Dispatch. Brought forward, ♦»■»* .Nugent, Nov. lst.«».».>»,»»»»».,.^„^, Trent, .Vo/. 8th, Ilillier, Italy »,.»»^ iMria, Croatia, &c. Gazette, Novem- ber '2'A ^''^^^x.^^^^^^^^^^^^^,^,^ Crown Prince, Jloitzcuberg, Novcm. ber 30th, and llo,law omitted »»■.,» ^'^ ''"• rfo, Nov. 6th >» ^ustrian bulletin, Sept. I5th «^»*^»^ Add numbers, per notes ■.^^^v***^*,^ Hillier, from 11th to Uuh Nov i27,37f> 1813 CONTI.NUED. French Loss. I coo 'I'otal, 127,570 241,893 25,5,340 e.OOt) (n) 10.800 4,000 (/,) 11,862 '^00 re) 1,460 l.PIJ) (rf) 2,223 •5.50 (tf) 1,100 600 (/) 2,293 1,824 ■5.000 in) 261,986 (/O286,078 ; {/') Including 2,000 deserters and 4 OOO mm f,,, . T iame over to us, and were all taken inlT^ , 7 ' '^"'"'■'"" "^"^J"^'^' *« ^d wounded about 4.00a '"'"' '"^'^''"'^ ♦''» '^'^ ^i"^"* (c) I?v British naval officers, and General N..,ron# r on Beside, fort of Zoltcam; Zwo» a^d k^T V *^ '° ''* ^^P*" r A I, • , '^' "' ""'* '""^'' and wounded at Doesber^ ' ^^;:"- a g-at many more kille.l and wounded, but not enumera ed^" .;jy) lha.|nianatWiessenfells,&c. ,v, ""'^""'■d. . (/O Including 38.000 of the desertions M. Giraud l "f ^'""""'■ «r.M.ncrs this year, but to these we must add all thT .T u ' °'' '"•''^- ,-^whu^ b.,ng it to the nunZl bt: .::: -^ '' ''' "^''' ""''- '- "• ''"''■ ""•' ""> nmnbers which the CwTprii^^nd .11 I 'T'. m- c.c.,.ed. The numbers will, therefore, sUnd thuTvi. "" """"'^ Kdled and wounded, above 60,000, say ^.._ ,,.000 i.isoners, ,^ ^ Drowned and slain round the FIstPr An Sick taken. suppose^»»v...v^..^ I>escrtions,**».„v.»^..^,^„^^^**""*"*""" ^'OOO »».«v,.»..,..».^„,,,^^^^^ 30,000—150,000 beaten open by artiltcry, every kind of furniture or property in them was destroyed. Death and destruction had penetrated into every habitation; the blood of the most virtuous husbands and fathers, of the best mothers, of grey-haired ancients, often- dcr infants, stained the walls of their peaceful dwellings, and streamed out of the bouses along the streets. Not even the ministers of any religion were spared, although they had fled to the altar. Old men of upwards of eighty years of age, and infants in their mothers arms, were immediately shot, or slain by the sword. A woman in child bed, and who would have been delivered of twins, was deliberately shot through the body, ALLIED OFFICIAL RETURNS, CAMPAIGN IN British. Al Battle, Place, or Dispatch. Miiia, January 3tl, »*»-v»^'»»*»»*'v»»» Sciior Nebot, Alieant, Jan. 8tli »»»» Madrid, Dec. 27th, by a fall of snow, Longa, at Salinis de Anane ■»*■»»»* Lord Wellington, 20th Feb. sharp action ■vk*****^*^^^*^*^^^**'*^*^*^ Garrison, T.ifalln, February 2d «**«■ IMadrid, Blarch 4 th, Caleadc 13 g 'i - - GN IN SP4IN, 1813. Loss. French Loss. 1 Killed, and Wound Prison. 105 (a) 92 300 (6) 200 500 200 S5': no returns, 100 3O0 200 Ctirry foruiard, »»«■ 103 500 1,55: («) And perhaps an equal number on the 7tji, 92. (6) " A great number were killed."— *a^ 200 killed anfi wounded. The loss of the allies on the 18th and 19th, I estimate as under, viz. Crown Prinn about 3,000; Langeron, considerably more, say 4,000, and suppose Blucher 5,0a and the Grand Army is many, 12,000, in all 24,000, or say 25,000 men. I hari thus endeavoured to be as particular as possible, in order to ascertain, from the bes authorities, the numbers lost on those dreadful days, and to compare the difllrtn; authorities, in order to clear (ip,the seeming confuoion, and more likely the erron of a hasty and thoughtless translation of the foreign bulletins. Indeed, the tuu loss is more likely above than below what I here state. " The detaih of the ca)> turcs," said Sir C. .Stewart, October 21st, " arc greater than I had conceived " The results of the great battles of the 16th, IHth, and 19tli," said Lord Aberdeen pctobcr 2"d, " sur^mss all concejition — every hour adds materially to tlie araouu(. 495 rniture or property ictiuii had penetrated Bt virtuous huiibandH ircd ancients, of tcn- ccful dwellings, and •ects. Not even the liough they had fled ity years of age, and lialely shot, or slain md who would have lot through the body, JN IN SPAIN, 1813. L.0SS. French Loss. d £ Killed, and Wound Prison. 105 (a) 92 300 (6) 200 500 200 ^•: no returns. 100 SCO 2O0 103 500 1,55.' an(] wounded. ts under, \iz. Crown Princi find suppose Blucher 5,0a )r say 25,000 men. I havi r to ascertain, from the bcs id to compare the diflbroc: and more likely the error alletins. Indeed, the toit " Tlie details of the ca)> ter than I had conceived 1 9tli," said Lord Aberdeen materially to the aiaouui. whilst lying in her bed, they then uncovered her, and net the bedstead on fire, consuming the mother and hor offsprinir No tears oUhe poor creatures begging for mercy, no cries of kneehng children could soften the hearts of these miscreants- who, on the contrary, and with lou»» 4,048 0,'2l9 153 a9,G!)2 3,841 Wellington, July 10, \nllvy Hajuii 73 liJf) lay (a) iSt. Schastiiin tu raising sie^L' ««%««« 70a !117 501 Biittli's of the I'jrc'iu'es, uilil 1 7,7 *» 4,7L'l) 6-„-o3 70J 10,000 (i) 4,000 Garrison of Znrii{^ossii ■►»»»».»»»»»»». ^qjj Duriica, August lltli ««««v«v«%,^«« Lord Win. lientiiick, August loth 14 14 25 \C St. Schastiaii, 27tli Aug. (Collier) 19 it> Sloriiiing of St. Selmstiiin, &e. *»»» 1,715 '_>,4y4 Repulseof Soult, ,-|st August-.** 417 'J,US2 1,5C .-i.OOO (c) Costlc of St. Selmstian«.»*»*-.»«»»* 15 1.5 4,1G4 ((/) 1,83G Ueiiia, .September ICtli ■»»«»*♦«»* 14 Wellington, Lesiico, October 9th »-. 577 I,5G2 2,000 (c) 4'.'J Lord W. Rcntinck, 1 -.'til, 1 "til Sept. 470 470 "i'l^iJ) Lord Wellington, Vera, Oct. 18th 140 Ciurrison of Pam|>luna'>.'>.**'>^«*'>'t.«« 800 4 19S Wellington, 13th November ■»*»-.» 2,112 2,553 73 3,500 (g) 1,500 Wellington, 2Kth do ■»»»■.»»»»♦•«.■.«.»» loO 100 Wellington, December 14th, l^attlcs of Bajonnc ■..»*»»***♦***.»„»*»» 2,672 4,4.-7 (//)504 10,000 2,000 TofaW*-...**** — »** i7,G(;j '-'7,908 1^94 71,7«0 18,5i.~ («) No refill lis; at least equal, 129. (6) Exeeeds 15,00C\ sjij!, Government buUetin; alt accounts state tlieir loss above 20,000; letters from odicers even rate it as high as 30,000 men. (c) Private demi-official accounts stale tl»e enemy's loss at 7000 men — sai/ 5000. (d) Garrison, originally three times the number which capitulated. — UJlkiul, (e) At least 2000 killed and wounded. (f) At least equal, 470. (tO Resides killed and wounded, 400 of which lost were taken. Demi-ofBcial accounts make the total loss 5000. (/i) Of allies, 27G British killed 3C2, Portuguese do. Total prisoners, 504, viz. 210 Britislj, and 294 Portuguese. From tlie French some prisoners were taken on the 12th, number unknown. i\vo French regiments deserted, perhaps 2000 men, «>.- inure; iliAr h;];, st icast, Icsidci iy,000 CiCn, eye-^vituesaes eslijuaie it ul 5 to i . V I ri'«|HTl, JIS jl" tlllTC luiil uctcd lliuH, iiu liala. V IN' SPAIN. 181,1. ;>ss. I'riMich Loss, o S "O 3 a ,2 =: c 3 .2 155 U'J,G<.)'J 3,841 12'J(a) TOJ ll„000 (4) 4,000 50U 25 10' IjG 73 .'I.OOO (.■) 4,1C-1 (ry) 1,836 2,000 (e) 4i>J •170 C^-) 800 4,19S 3,J00 (iO 1,500 504 10,00(1 2,00(1 ilH 71,7«0 18,51." luuts state their lou abovr men. at 700O men — sai/ 5000. :upitulatt'd. — Ujjiciul, ;ie taken. Demi-official al prisoners, 504, viz. 210 irisoners were taken on rted, perhaps 2000 men, ;MUa eaiiiuulu U al J lu i . «7 olhc,. pl„c« ia Kuropo which l,„d fcl. thoir fury l,„. Womlc-l col„u™,l ,„dec.,l, ,„ cump„ri,„„ ,„ ,!,»„ v»,t scone „ri,„rr7 .l»ol,,„„„, ,.,„| „„e. wl,icl, Sp»i„ „„„„„, „,„,,, o Lire .xpcn^ccd, .„d R„.,ia fe,, ,h,„u^.|, „|| 1.,., border A„J U. .,ddr.«.d .l,„ anguago „f ,l,e propWt Jeremiah .„ U,„ t o J„u.al,.,„, " Kor .l,„.gh yo l,a,l »miUc,. .ho wh.We a™; o the thaidean., .!,„. «,„. „g„i„„ ,„„, „„j ,„^^^ J -™J but woumletl mou among them, yet .h„uld they rise up o^r, man m lu, tent, and burn this city with Are"' ^ l.ea»ing il,e arraie, „f Europe animated with one ,„irit ami coliectrng on one point, ready to enter the Kren hTrri.2 Zi ;:°B rf' "",""?"""' ^"'"""'- '-" »" " - .lour, Jel u,, lor a moment, turn our attention to the wonderful .vent, f theea,„paig„thu.clo.e... And to what pielrngtfl^ T tr ""•«'"■• ''■"h? All continental Europe conmL :;::l'i^:zrhif;7rrrr:ir-iF^ reer wL uT^ altation, their triumphant ca- on mourning, and woe?" The history of the world can f" or., no example, where power, b, simLr mell TlTri j o the same extent, a« that of France lately wa; nor cant considered afft,ri I c!lM. '""P"'^" "^'^'^ ^^ ''^^^J'^«' • Jeremiah xxxm. lo. .'5 R * 438 But In tli's cnmpaign no such subterfuge could be used to cloak his discomfiture, humiliation, and disgrace. In a few mouths Europe hcheltl the independence of Prussia restored upon a firm foundation — The splendour and dignity of the Austrian monarchy re-establised — Holland rescued from the jaws of the tyrant, and restored to her rank among nations — Spain and Portugsl completely freed from their in- vaders — ''riic whole Rhenish Confederacy overturned in a mo- ment, and nations returning, with alacrity and cheerfidncss, to their old customs, laws, and institutions. Commerce, so long shackled by the tyrant's madness, was now rendered free; and confidence betwixt nations restored. That gigantic arm which spread terror over Europe, yqjs completely parali/ed; and that colossal power, lielbre whose frown nations trembled, was blast- ed for ever. Though it was ptill doubtful whether France might not defeml herself against any serious impression from invasion, yet it was now obvious to the meanest capacity, that she coidd no longer be able to over-run kingdoms, nor bend Exirope to her imperious wi|l. The power of France, and her name, had indeed been most extensiwo and great; but then that extctc^n was only productive of misery, and that greatness only conspicuous by its crimes. A new system, consisting entirely of fi'aud and tbrce, was established, and to a degree that had «e"er before been introduced into the world. Could it have been possiljle to have continued this gidling system for a few years longer, Europe would have been completely plunged into u state of ignorance and barbarity, similar to that in which she was some centuries ago; nay, worse, for then religion, though clouded with superstition, had some controul over the cruel and destructive passions of man; but in the present case even that barrier was destroyed — no law remained but the law of arms, and no knowledge was taught but the knowledge of oppres- sion and destruction. In reviewing the conduct of Bonaparte, during the last two eventful campaigns, we see in his characlor, as a General, only an unrelenting ambition, supported by the utmost degree of ar- rogjincc, and ignorance of human nature. lie either never cal- culated upon adversity, or had not the talents to contend with it, Nothing, also, can jhcw in a clearer point of view his in* J uld be used to cloak pcndcnce of Prussia endoiir and dignity — Holland rescued to her rank among reed from their in- overturned in a mo- and cheerfulness, to Commerce, so long r rendered free; and . gigantic arm which parali/ed; and that trembled, was blast- fid whether France 3US impression from eanest capacity, that kingdoms, nor bend • of France, and her great; but then that d that greatness only , consisting entirely to a degree that had jrld. CouW it have ng system for a few nplctely plunged into tO' that in which she hen religion, though troul over the cruel ;he present case even lined but the law of knowledge of oppres- , durin:^ the last two r, as a General, only ! utmost degree of ar- lie either never ca!- ents to contend with point of view his in* 499 sincerity upon the subject of peace, and his unwillingness to conclude it upon terms honourable to Europe, than h°s coop- ing up such an amazing number of veteran troops in the nume- rous fortified touns, between the Niemen and the llhine, when he had so much need of them to incorporate with his raw le- vies, to enable him to stem the torrent, which, in the allied ar- mies, rolled against liim in the field. Either he must have liad the idea of again being able to over-run and subjugate these ex- tensive countries, or he meant, by garrisoning these places, to . obtam in lieu of them, such concessions npon hi.- own frontiers as would be incompatible with the safety of the neighbourincr nations; and which would, at some other period, have placed i^ in iHs power once more to put in execution his of the Hero of Bar- p-Zoom, the key of 'ere exerting them> r the general cause; i exhausted state in time to render of i army of the allies, cipal leaders, were I'ne. To this place Jarts. Stores also, larter. The heavy )ehind in the rapid ;ry for their future out delay. When trinter, and that all desolated country, *eraained six weeks the time) we may ns and formidable d in such a short g stationary while )uring that period,' f towards the Up- Ined to cross that; place is about 190 a distance march-^ to sow dissensions; ng this time, had I. For this pur- head»(juarters of were of no avail, ation of his Mas-. i which reigned raa for un armis- 80$ tice, or suspension of arms, were refused; and though the allies readily agreed to negotiate, they gave the enemy to understand, that It was resolved, that while these negotiations were going on, the operations of the campaign should also proceed. This was language Bonaparte had been unaccus- tomed to, and for which he was but ill prepared. Man- hein., and afterwards Chatillon sur Seine was chosen, as the place where the negotiators were to meet; and to which place Lord Castlereagh, the principal Secretary of State for For- eign affairs, repaired on the part of Great Britain. Bonaparte saw the storm which was preparing to burst upon him; but he had too much obstinacy to yield, and vanity frankly to confess his danger. He still flattered hnnself with the undivided support of the people of France, by which means he imagined to retrieve his aifairs. He trusted also that this coalition would turn out like ail the pi'^vious coalitions agdinst France; which had been vanquished by disunion and Want .jjervile senato;:8 endeavoured to comfort him. " The cnrth the population, ho furious Conyen- Prochimation after most pathetic lan- ipon them to arjise, ' q tqnpesty xoere i$r Hi& fservilc senato;:3 niy" said Lacepp/lo, France, wliicli, , f^i; 1,. itself, yvijjU glory, 3 . 'wfiM %i)t , for our ^tliera, and tlie cra- laparte, for ^< Beam, are invaded. Th9 Ijeart. I call upon question is now jio madt'."^ , No; the L beyond all contro- 11 be the condition •ty, whose titles are eirnment." In vaiu unes would be uni- ■ nutilated— the mas- i of the barbarians, 1813. Moniteur. sr, 1813. !ceraber 28 th. j's answer to the Address. -sod *.lio « tvill strip our mtiseum, of those sublime productions of gemus, the fruus of our victories, and objects of eter^aT oa- lousy to our enemies.- The spring which gave vigou t'tho efforts ol France, in 179S was now exhausted. His old fri^nd^ the Jacooms, detested the man who had deserted them-thil inodciatp party were wearied of war and bloodahed~the rov ahsts looked forward to therestoration of their legitimate Soverl ejgn, and only the military remained attached tohim. Amongst abated. The charm at Victory was unknown to mo.t of them »nd no longer elated tJteir minds, and bore them, without feehngor thought, through scenes of blood anxl ditruction France remnmed, comi^Aratively speaking, deaf to his criest ^hde disafFeetion, „ot, u ,,„, ,„, ^ , r,;^,,^ ^ 22 ' and took H iirm hold in tl. prindpai dep^^^^ colttr Tr"" "' ^'"" °' ^'" ""'^^ ^'^- by '^^ time complete. The.r numerous armies in formidable array, huns like the threatening tempest along the banks of th?Rldnf from Basle to the German ocean. Provoked and wea ied w2 ^e chicanery of the enemy they determined to commen e offensive operations; but, previous to this, they issued fvl Frankfort, under the date of December 1st. 181<5 Tl i nation stating, i„ dear and explicit Lngtge ^hei^ S," and intentions « Thb French Government'' /aid I'snS production, «,, ordered a new levy of 30,,000 Z^ -The motives of the Senatus-consultum to that effect c^ta n an appeal to the allied powers. They, therefore. f^^dTm tZ Thf •"''" *° P--ul8.te .,^., in ,,3 il.ce of tT^ .^vorld, the views which guide them in the present war- Z principles which form the basis of their condL, TheirwLhes Mil their intentions. "'s'r wisues, "^'"'""'"Ipowidonotmnkewarupon France !,„.,„ • . .!.». preponderance to^W, »n„o„„cL:i!™':''',lr':" ;.he Enperor Napoleon hn, too long cxercLed, beyond X • ^«epede'« address, December 30fh, ms. S s 16 '^ 1 m 66^ iiinits of his empire. Victory has conducted the allied armies to the banks of the Rhine. The allied Sovereigns desire that France may be great, powerful, and happy. They confirm to the French empire an extent of territory which France, un- der her kings, never knew. « But the allied powers also wish to be free, tranquil, and happy themselves. They desire a state of peace, which, by a wise partition of strength, by a just equilibrium, may hence- forward preserve the people from the numberless calamities which have overwhelmed Er 'ope for the last 20 years. « TAe allied powers 'will not lay doom their arms, until they have attained this great and beneficial result^ this noble object oj their efforts. They mil not lay dhtch threatened them all."* Never was there a seve-er or more just censure passed upon the French revolution, nor a clearer statement of its diabolical views, than the latter words here quoted contain. Yes, the destruction of all kings, and the governments and liberty of Europe was its avowed object. Never was French audacity or impudence carried to a higher pitch, than to claim merit to a man and his adherents who had an hundred times sworn eternal hatred to all kings; who had raised themselves to what they ^vere by their enmity against theni; who had compelled many to beg their bread, and drink he bitter waters of affliction; to beg favour for a man and his fol- lowers, every act and declaration of whom, for the last twenty- four years, had been most pointedly addressed to disunite the people irom their governors. The adherents of the French government dwelt long upon this insidious declaration, as they chose to term it; and endea- voured by distorting the conferences at Frankfort, to arouse he jealousy and hatred of the French people against the al- lies. In these conferences, the preliminary basis proix>sed by the alhes, was, the independence by sea and land, of all the coul tnes and states politically kno-^ at the beginning of the French MevohUton. Ih.s basis Bonaparte accepted; but the allies soon iound, that he conceived, that Holland, for instance, could be ^s independent under a French viceroy, as under the Prince of * Count Fontanc's report, December 22d, 1813. oU6 Orangp. The allies justly thought otherwise. The conferences iipou these subjects were no doubt of an important nature. Of their contents, lujwever, we are not precisely informed. All wo know of them, is from the ex-parte statements of a man, notorious for his tlisregard of truth; but even the state- ments which he himself has furnished us with, exhibit his wonted ingenuity in devising plans to divide the allies, and to calumniate Great Britain. These things he published, after un- dergoing the necessary process at Paris, with the intention of making the discontented in Britain and the people in France believe, that to the British government alone, was to be attri- buted the continuance ot the war; and that the other powers were not prepared to support lier pretensions. The following, among many pthersj is a striking instance of this mode of decep- tion, and the miserable shiiVs to which the French government had recourse to accomplish their object. On the 9th Decem- ber, at 9 p. .M. says Baron St. Agneau; Prince Mctternich .sent for me, and amongst other things said, " that the allies were near coming to an understanding; that the ideas con- ceived of peace ought to give just limits to the power of Eng- land, and to Franco all the maritime liberty which she had a right to claim, a* well as the other powers of Etirope; — a h\w moments aftav Count NesSelrode entered; he repeated the same things Prince Metteynich had said, and stated that. Count Ilardenberg, the minister of Prussia, might be considered as present, and approving all that -Was go- ing to be said; 1 proposed to 7iote propagate falsehoods gtird to the King of aid the Tonservative r of the allied powers, the assurances given! nay they not be rcal- t that Bonaparte in- )f Saxony at Leipsic, ^reading amongst his vous but absurd de- y say, this miserable ith its advocates, and allied powers had id there was no rea- thcir conduct. No! [istet.ed to, nor de- low clear, was to be I test, and the fate ot mined in Paris, d so much as negoti- knew, could neither Her arm was lifted up ^nation were aroused verful motives which 1 the combatants to ary 6th, 1814. irySth, 1814. , 1813. 511 battle. SJ,e wish^l not to be checked in her course, while her disturber and destroyer remained able to occasion her any future uneasiness; and, in proportion, as she viewed with sorrow the negotiations at Frankfort, were her spirits ele- vated, when the grand and decisive movement took place which cut asunder this Gordian knot of doubt and ner- plexity^which banished .11 her fears-which animated her to further exertions, and left only one clear and noble path open for her march to certain glory and independence. The al- lied armies crossed the Rhine. ^N^ , . „ ,n,,„t ! and what re- collections! 1 wenty-two years cl caniag. .d crimes had car- md the French Eagles in triumr h . .r E. ope. and planted TT "u Tu TV^^°''''''' ^ ^ '''^'''-' P«" °f the time had rolled back this torrent of dc.oi..on, and the sons of the Wolgo, of the Danube, and of the Oder, in return now car- .Tied their triumphant banners over the « iron barrier" of the Rhine, without the smallest opposition. I The ALLIES CROSSED THK Rhine! On the night of the 20th December, this important event took place at Basle and SchaiF- *ausen; and, ,n a short period, from 160,000* to 200,000 •f the bravest troops in Europe, had, at this point, crossed ^this noble str^m, and took their way in differ^t d rectioi^ ^orty thousand under Bubna, marched in the direction of ^ T- ITl ll" ^"" " '^' "^'"'^'^^ °^ Colmar; and the ^ain body took the road to Tranche Compte and kanc^ |Ix)wer down the nver, Wittgenstein crossed at Strash- rrf^ iPrince Schwartzenberg, marched the Emperor of Kussil ..he KiiV, of Prussia; Lords Aberde., CatL, Burg^ and p ,e Metternich, with the other allied m^nistefs la •rder to prevent any attack, through this part of France which was the most vulnerable, Bonaparte L inJclT2 , tools at the head of the Swiss govenlment to proS ^ neutrality of that country, as if he could have fL a mom ^^ -Zr: ;r tf-' ^.^-'^ '; - -p^^ - -t tor:: object of this. Whoever is not for me is against me, had Ion. • S;r C. Stewart's and other officW dispatches. I S13 M ' ■'?.■' been the adage on wh'ch he had acted; and it was idle to sup- pose that the allies would, for a moment, listen to the present neutrality of Switzerland, so notoriously proclaimed4)y French influence, and to suit French purposes. " The allied sover- eigns cannot admit a neutrality which exists only in name. "Without any pretensions to intermeddle with her interior re- lations, they will never sufftr that Switzerland should be placed under a foreign influence. They will recognize her neutrality on that day on which she shall be free and independent, and their Imperial and Royal Majesties solemnly engage themselves not to lay down their arms before they ensure to the republic those' places which France has torn from it."* This was just and decided language. While Count Bubna continued to march in the direction of Berne and Geneva, and the: main army in the road to Besancon, General' Wrede was left' to besiege Huninguen,^ and the Prince of Wirtemberg to attack Kehl. Lower down the rivor, General Blucher, with the "glorious army of Silesia," passed in the neighbourhood of Mayence on the 5th January. The first column, under Generals Lautern and D' York, passed at Caub. On the 3d, they took Bingen and niarched upon Lautern. General Sacken, with another co- lumn, crossed at Manheim; and, after driving the enemy from all his positions, advanced to Alsig, on the left of General D'York. The 3d column, under General St. Priest, crossed at Coblentz, made himself master of the town, and took SOO prisoners. The unitecl army of Silesia, disposable for the field, amounted to from PO to 100,000 combatants. A third armv, under Generals K("ist, Woronzow, 'f ettenborn, &c. with the Swedes, was rai..dly assembling in the neighbourhood of Co- logne, and soon after croi>sed at that place; while Bulow, with an army at least 50,000 strong, and which was daily augment- ing from all quarters, had already entered the Ntlherlands. Ail these formidable armies were dailv receivinir numerous rc-eri- ml O forcements, sufliciont to enable them to press forward with a powevfid force, and at the same time leave a sufficient number to ' romii r.niiMlNtra.ntidflic Chovalier de la Vestcrn's declaration (o the Lnndummiiti and it was idle to sup* t, listen to the present proclairaed>by French i. " The allied so,ver- exists only in name, e with her interior re- ^rland should be placed icognize her neutrality and independent^ and inly engage themselves insure to the republic I it."* This was ju^t Bubna continued tj) Geneva, and the: main d' Wrede was left' to Wirtemberg to attack er, with the «* glorious rhood of. Mayence on der Generals Lautern , they took Bingen and en, with another co- iving the enemy from 1 the left of General ral St. Priest, crossed I town, and took 500 lisposable for the field, ants. A third armv, emborn, &c. with the [leighhourhood of Co- :e; while Bulow, with h was daily augment- the Netherlands. All 'ing numerous rc-cii- I press forward with a a sufficient number to ^laration to the Lindommti" 513 blockade the fortrc«es which they left in their rear. Eurono uidcd, at this moment, was truly alive to her interest. Her whole population were ia motion. From the Uralian moun- tams and. the shores of the Caspian, the terrible current set With an irresistible impulse in the direction of Pam-forward they marched, « Rolling and blackening swarms succeeding swarms, ^^"•^ 'deeper murmurs and more hoarse alarms." to Paris! so long the seat of violence, pride, and injustice, was Ae watchword of this formidable arrny. To Paris! the sourc. ^ al our fatigues, pains, and miseries-to Paris ! flamed ou rhe Warrior, helmet and added lightening to the Cossack's can The force which Bonaparte had at the beginning of this las ^mpaign, cannot be so exactly ascertained^s i.^ the former «mpa.gns; because the French official documents were nZ communicative on that head as they had formerly been. hI. .rable than .as generally supposed, and enable us to come very near the real number. The only difliculty is to ascertain the S enforcements which joined the army that covered Paris, and th we shall, according to Bonaparte's ^.y of acknowlodgin. his o •t Leipsic, be able to do by " approtination » A r T T u . fn .he ,0.h M..C,. S0,00^ .efanaS ^oJ^'.\Z';^o Wist have h„d 90,000 men « that .,„,e against BI„cL. The «>rceleft to oppose .he n„i„ army „„der Schwamenbe t couW JO. have been le.s than 6I,o0o. or they could no. have Llo" ».m lor a moment. HU .bree .herelbre. a. ,hU m„mo„.?wa , U.i 50 000 „,„„ To .h„. da... in hi. v.ri„„, JZ^^^, fl.e alhed arm,«, he had l„.. c.ooo n,on, in ki||„i, tCde .ndpn»„e., beside, .he ,„.„ from sickno„ jt^JZ ^ |u.,, »hen ,t was taken, there were aboat 2.5,000 .ro^p, rf .^ |ne and 30000 „a.i„„„l g„„rd., besides .he brce unde M |on. and 0„d,.,o. What re-enfbrcemen.. from le it. e" I I-ao,, j„n,ed hi,,, is uncertain. A. Rl,eim,, „„ U,e uoT ' ieceived a cons dorahin r,.n,1 . i - ' '" "'e ii-tji, lie i^uMut rnoie luimbt-r; and Ames' division of (^nnn |™.vas„,ard,in,.„J„i„ .^.. ...,,, ..^ZJJZ m "> '1' I - m :''\ There was alsa a considerable force under General Alex; ai Auxerre; of its strength we are ignorant, but it must have been considerable, as the allies had, under Guilay and others, from 8 to 12,000 men in that quarter. Augereau had 40,000 men at Lyons, part of whom, however, were from Suchet, (10,000.) The British journals stated Bonaparte's account of this army to have been exaggerated, but without any fo^indation; for Lord Burghersh said that Augereau moved with 25,000 men towards Macon, and up the Saonne, but then he had at the same time a very considerable force, at least 15,000 men, on the confines of Switzerland, and Savoy; and, in fact, his force was such, that though Count Bubna had about 40,000 men with him, Prince Schwartzenberg was obliged to detach General Bianchi, with 15,000 men, and other re^ enforcements to oppose him. These things being premised, I shall proceed to put into a connected form what this force was altogether, and what had been called out subsequent to the battles of Leipsic, or flie ad- vance of the allies to the Rhine. In garrisons, besides these previously enumerated, there were >««««.1 0,000 by Momteur. %v»<.%%%%»^%^ »»»»»^^%^%%^^^»^^^ ^^%»^»/»»»%%^^%<»»' Besancon,'**' Huninguen, Strasburgh, Spire, Mentz, «*v»»^»<.' Wesel, Bergen-op-Zooin, Grome, •*♦» Benleden, Coevaitlcn, «»• Bate, •►»«* Helder, (c) Maarden Corcum, %^%i<.%*»%»»»»»»^»*^ » *»»%^' -^>^ 3,000 . . Do. (a) 13,000.. Alliea (6) 9,000.. ,*»«»»v*«.«» 15,000 . . Allies. l.iOO.. Do. .^«««« 5,000 . . Moniteur, Jan. SOtfc. 2,000 . . Allies. 4/X)0 . . Dutch. »»^^^v%»%%.. Moniteur. Carry fot'ward,%^^^ 71,000 fa) Paris, March 16tb, 1814 " Besides the garrison, there is from 7 to 8,000 national guards in Strasburgh. (6) Spire, Decembei 11th — " Mortier reviewed 9,000 troops, which compose ouf gunson,"— Moniteur. ic) Amsterdam, December 1 5tk. ider General Aley, ai , but it must have been uilay and others, from erean had 40,000 men from Suchet, (10,000.) account of this army to r foundation; for Lord th 25,000 men towards e had at the same time [) men, on the confinc^i t, his force was such, tOjOOO men with him, jtach General Bianchi, tments to oppose him. proceed to put into a )gether, and what had i of Leipsic, or the ad- anisons, besides these 00 by Moniteur. KX) . . Do. XX) . . Allies^ XX).. XX) . . Allies. :.oo XX) Do. Moniteur, Jan. SOtlr- XX) . . Allies. XX) . . Dutch. 000 . . Do. 500 . . Do. 300.. 200.. XX) . . Moniteur. ,000 ison, there is from 7 to 8,O0ff )00 troops, which compose ow 515 Xrought forward, ■'^^^T^OOO Flushing, >^^^v^»>^ 8,000 by Moaiteur, Jan. 7th. Antwerp,-^- >->»»-». w.^»»^*»«.w»*vv^l 8,000 . . Do. Dec. 4th, 1813 CasUe of Wurfzburgh, ^.^< ^». 3,000 omitted in ;ai3. Neuport,*»»*»*«*«»**»*«»*»»».»»»»»»»»*wvw 1,000 Druges, ^^-^ *v»*^%^»%%»%»^^^%.i.<^»^»<^^^^^,^, 1 200 Lisle^ Valendenneii, Mctz, Thionrille, Be. fort, Verdun, Bitche, Maestricht,v«^(a) 9,900 Arnheim, ■>»»v»»^>'»«>,v».v>%»%.«..%%^>»<,^>«, 4,000 Bois le Due, %^»..«<>»»»«.-v»%^v>«%<^»*v»'»%/»^ 900 Total;*** *{0) 117,000 Accordmg to the Moniteur, March 16th, 1813, about 150 bat- talions were In the inter or of the Empire, and which of course, in part, formed these garrisons, and afterwards ic-enforced them upon the approaclj of the allies. In garrisons in Poland and Germany, by other tables, *»«»%.* In fresh garrisons, on the Rhine, Holland, and frontiers,**., , Remains of Grand army, **• Do. of Beauharnois, ****»«* Ho. of Davoustand Danes,* Porce at 9th March, deducting the remains of tim Ptund array ahiady enumerated, *«***********..*«««, Lost till that date. Suppose with General Alex, at Auxorre, &o.**********^,^, ^****^.v In Paris at its capture, besides Marmont and Oudinot, ********* Corps of Maison, &c. on sido of ITanders, *****..****..v*^^^.^^(c) 99,000 61,000 5,000 58,000 20,000 Carryforward 605,400 ■i < (o) Uncertain, but most probably their strength exceeded this bumber; and to ■ |iese we have to add numerous garrisons in places of inferior note, whose numbers ire unknown. ^ (6) Besides troops at sea-ports, and all other strong places in the interiut. The Moniteur, April 6th, 1813, informed us that 37 cohorts, of 1,000 men each, were •rganized to defend the sea-ports. (c) Sir C. Stewart, November 24th, mentions MoHtor's corps, on the nfines of Holland, of this force. These were incorporated very likely with the garrisons but their places were supplied by others. The force on this side was, at least, 20,000 Ihough not assembled in one body. The Moniteur. October 15th, 1813, said 16,000 trooi.s were in the kingdom of Cassel. Jerome had 5.000 of these, when he got in- ^ " a horrible statei" and perhaps 5 or 6,000 of Douanier's, &c. made their escape ^li'om all the Northern parts of Germany, which would make 22,000 that would get fcross the llhinc at Dusscldorf, and would be placed in ganiaicnsir. the Nether- inds. m Autfvcau. at Lyon,s , ^^^^"*'^'^''"''^^ «O5,40^» ""■ '•'*■ do. do. January 21,/J!:"^ ^^'"^ Suchet and garrison, in Spain, ^eductin^ ooo'sTSr^ '^ ^''"^ Soult and garrisons of Xawein,;, &1 !fj^ '^"^"■'^"' ^ ^^^ '^'^ General Anaes" coqw, l-»>**^v»JlI!irZr*^ ' "" ^''^ ^^''^ 8L'8,40O From tlie abov- statement it would annear th-^t h-. r mcnt. wluch jomcd l.im till 9th March, would «tand t^Z In garrison^ including Spair, and Tjayonnc *n Italy, under Beanliarnois, . • ^».« — -*v^*-»»v.»^ 202,400 Under SouIV deducting the g ".on of Ba^ore^^™ ''•'^ •Do. Suclic-t,afterre.enfordngAu-ereau andlv I -^ ^^'^^ Do. Augereau J^^:ZZ:tT'''' ''''''"'"'''' ^ '"'"^ i>o. Bonaparte, including Alex, ^»^ ** "^O-O^O Lnder Genera. Ames nsenforeen,enu .11 taken, t.... ^'- ^"''^ Do. Waiaon, Decaen. &c. in FJanders,., ^'0«> Do. Davoust, including Danti, .««. .„^ ''^***"**''»»**— *«.^v. 20000 Lost by the Gran,l army alone ,ili the Ua2 of Cr'IZeT**" ^ '"•°°'' 828,400 or 505,000 for the field, aod 9 R^nnn • uunibersgiveasfreshrpir ' ? '" ff«rnsons. These *' ^*" ^'^"^"'OJ'cements, bv new Ipvms ^,. ♦ (a) This would make Beauharnois' army at the fir,t „r »«l Moniteur January 21st, says it was then^O 0^ 1 ' ' "' '}' ^""'' ''"'^- ^^- or second reserve would raise it. bv »h- ' ''"'"""' ifSPrrUons, and the next -.000. Thegarrisons^erenul :: j;::;^^^^^ '^ "-.W, t. Ven-ce, fljantna. &. must have had verstrlZ " "'"' '°°''- W Official report by the Secretary of W t„ T?"' rd,**^ 605,40© «.»^*»»»»»v»*>v,. 40,000 »V»*v»v»v»-«,*» 22,000 ''*******^'*^**»* 24,000 ■ugerpHu, *^(4) 42,00^ »»^*»»»v»^ Tc) 90,000 828,400 at his force, at the ig the re-enforce- Id stand thus, viz. "■**'^""-*»»"^ 2G2,400 '^'**'^^"""^** 89,000 '***'"'^****'-' 80,000 f garrisons, -v 20,000 ''********^'~ 40,000 ***•"■>**♦—«• 155,000 *"*'"•*'*»»"- 58,000 «■«■»»»*»*»»»,» J 000 '***•»*»*«»** 20,000 "********♦«** 38,00O '**•****»♦♦*»»■ 61,000 828,400 irrisons. These levies, or troops o the Rhine, in year, 05,000. The 'rrisu,is, and the next 00. h tlie other, fp >en taken, liad 6000. adWd, March 28ib, t>00, besides L^-rida, » to Bonaparte, but »ke no difference ia • Soult from 90 to SI 7 Jio. Maison, &c. in Fi.uders, ^Z^ Do. garrisons pn the Rhine and tl.e fr^S^^u'^^"'^*^ '-^-^ ly h^irmanned at the battles of ll^."". """'^"'^^ ""«' '"- -- oh. 223,000 46,00v> 27,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 ****** 404,000 P-I.»ps those whytrpr:!^-;"''".^ ".hBcce^b... •™, of French spieMoIiorrrd\t„fr ri"" "'■•"■ lomberg and Swabia; and I5 0oo ^ ' '*^''- P»" of th. „o bJtS , whtt we';:o"'''°"V'"^'"*"« ""^ "■le»r, guarding .he ,„too,,„rr' ""'"*■•« ^ ''•^ Mo- "en, called „p„° in N„v™be „ ' ""^P"™ "^ 300,000 naval depot,, Ich, utTel ^2' ""' "^'^^ '""^ '""^ "■- 'ho »™y. and „hi h were tot inT'/'r ""'"'■' '•> '"^'"i' '"' '•<•• These things "1^^ '"j"^-^ "> .">o conscription. «y than tl,e collection of thr.T u "*'"« *"" """•" dreadful eonseription laws of Jt ' T ™ "' '•°""<^« tk" battalions and .heir eXtsSr' ""t"™^^ '"'P' "•- '■-at all .he „„,e pop^iaCj ^ Irt'™- T "°'^'"^"- «ve were soldiers, and were tl ""*" '» fo'V- «uard,,tof whichagrea. "r.! ,;"" '^""='' "'" """o-al pane was composedf bo 1,Z l""''^' '""""■' ^^■ France, .herelbre, L.Z,ZZfCTTf '"' '""^■ 'ho twoprevious years was stiii fZd te aTb , """" "' "imaoie, as besides an armed * l-or iast five years fin rwi .. T And now what are tlie natin., . 518 populati >n, she had tho remains of an army of amillicu of men*, besides still some vasi&ls aiid auxiliaries. Every ycai- the i; ut: ber of youths which came of age, and liable to the cciiscripnon, were 360,000, and every one of these that w re not nilied ujxvn, and who wore not married before they were called upcn, were still liable to serve whenever the -overnmeni required them, till they reached the age of forty-tiv,% and, in cases of emer- gency, like the present, lili they were sixty, unless excused by sickness, or other bodily infirmities. '3o formidable still was Bonaparte, and such was the force he stiil h id hft, to pu' dowa v.S.!th, required « Europe in arms;" ami whicb ribvi- ou% asHi clejirly accounts for the dreadful struggle which the allies iutd to upport, m order to accomplish his overthrow. The accoivtts oi'hh strength were, by many, turned into ridi- cule; wldic, flt the same time, at every point where the allies laet liiuj, they still found formidable numbers; and none were readier, wb.en this was the case, to rate his force as superior in numbers to the allies, than those who at first decried them as unworthy of notice. This was not dealing fair with the public.f "kill more formidable, however, were the forces which were brought against him, and which could be recruited to any extent. From the Vistula on the East, from Italy on the • « You were lately a million of men." Jddress to the army by the Provisional Covernvicnt, yJprit 2d, 1814. t French re-enforcements not enumerated nor referred to in the tables or the notes: — Paris, January 29M— " Mortier received another re-enforcement of 10,000 men." Provins, January SOth.—" The army of the Duke of Treviso, 40,000 strong, broke up from Troyes this morning." It is not mentioned that Mortier was in the battle of Brienne, where Bonaparte had 80,000 men; this re-enforcement would therefore make his force 120,000. Moniteur, February 2d. Mmtricht, Jan. \6th — Macdonald's proclamation. " One hundrerl thousand troops of the line are behind us. Two hundred thousand natior 1 ruards are ■larching from Normandy, Piccardy, and Artois; and may he trip' Leige, December 4th. — " It is certain that v.o have an army of . ^ men at Sedan." Mons, January 2( : ' Troops of the line and n»tionai •• J Chomberry, ITS M 519 farallliVaof men*, Ty year Uxe 5.: umber » the conscription, :'re not tslieJ uj-in, called upon, were ent required tliem, I in cases of cmer- unless excused bv 'smiduble still was tl li'ul kft, to pu ami whicb abvi- struggie which the sh his overthrow. » turned into ridi- it wiiere the allies rs; and none were 5 fortf; as superior first decried them ing fair with the forces which were recruited to any rom Italy on the rmybtfthe Provisional to in the tobies or the aforcement of 10,000 i'revisot 40,000 strong, hat Mortier was in the re-enforcement would hie hundrer! thousand d natior. 1 /uards are he trip^ my of ,\. V men at ji';at>ls i. Chamberry. sbuth-east, from Spain on the south in,-- i of Great Britain J^efoIlowWrnC^r"' '' *'^ ""'^' were mmediately and actively enga Jd to cnn ''''"^''^ ^^'"'^ tlirow him:-. engaged to conquer or to over- Austrians, Scssians, P^ssians, AH the ci.devant Confederation of the Rhino. ■ BntMh, in Spain and Netherlands, *», Spaniards and Portuguese, Swedes, ■.^» Dutch, but i.^wly organized, Neapolitans, Danes,. 250,000 250,000 200,000 145,000 60,000 80,000 ~0,000 30,000 30,000 10,000 li085,000 feJan force that recro«P^ tU^nu- ^"^ ^"s- .""^^"^^^^^^^he Rhine was 240,000 stron:r P.- Repnm, in h s addrp« tn ♦!,» • u . • ""strong. Prince her 8th i«iT ? inhabitants of Saxony, Novem- 8th, 1814, expressly states that they had furnished sup^'j 8,000 men, and increasing daily " <^imo „ J^"^ •'"'""' "'*- '"•-'^•' '■'■ ».i-. »";»^ ..,«« ^.™ .„, Jans, Fel., «...-« Second division of the army of Spain arrived at Ver- 3i9 to 400,000 men returning to their country, and which could only be the Rusgians and the Prussians. When we recollect that a very large portion of the Prussian army was lea on the Rhine, and that Russia had perhaps 30,000 men before Ham- burgh, and other places, which did not pass through Saxony in their return, we may form some estimate of the vast force which Russia had in this contest. She, indeed, put forth all her strength, as did all engaged in it. What a tremen- dous struggle did the overthrow of Napoleon and French ambition cost Europe? Posterity will treat as fabulous, the account of the numbers employed in this dreadful con- flict. The following is the manner in which this vast force was divided, and employed at the passage of the Rhine:— IN ITMY. . "it ■- • It'! . Austrians, «««»'»««. Neapolitans, 'vm««^' 70^000 »**»*«^ 30,000 IN SPAIN. Opposing Suclict,~.v»^».^^».».v*»,^»^„^^ 20,000 Besieging Bayonne, &c...*»,»»»,^^»»^^^^^ ^q^^^ Opposing Soult, •^ .^^v*..^ 80,000> Besieging Hamburgh, ^q^^ BESIEGING GARRISONS. Dantzic, «». ^^^^.^ ^ ^^(a) 50,000 All other Garrisons, at least equal to the foree in thetn. including the British iti NetI.erlands, J 93,000 AT FIRST CROSSING THE RHINE. Prbce Schwartzenberg, Blucher ^^ , ^^^ .St. Priest, Kliest, fire ,»^ »^^ ^. g^y^^ **»*»"• 200,000 Carry forward, (u) Berlin Cacette. 100,000 130,000 30,000 2«,000 and which could i^hen we recollect ny WB8 left on the men before Hamo through Saxony f of the vast force ndecd, put forth What a tremen- eon and French eat as fabulous, is dreadful con- is vast force was ihine: — )i000 ),000 100,000 1,000 '.(KTO ,000 130,000 ,000 30,000 000 ooo- Ml Swedes, ♦^•'^•.^«.»».»^vi!^^r******'^"'*^** '0,000 Huiow. Woronzow, ZZZ7,::^;ZZZZ '"'""" «ncJud.ngalI the ret of the Crown Prince', army, »*»%v»»»»».^....»^ ■(*) IW.OOO 8JJ,00O 243,000 000 DOO XX) 350^000 1^53,009 375,000 ■"*""(0 1,088,000 I fa) Tlicse passed the Rhine after the Or,„J a u . ^ ...ose for which Schwartzenberg rTtrttej 1 7' ""' '"^^'^ ^«'"-' «"'' --« "■en. * '""^'"^ ^'"'^ ^'■"/^ to secure his junction witl, tl.e.rooprwhrpre«21rw3fro^"thf '""^^ """"*" ^"^'^^^ fr<"» ny. after the first passage of te Rh'n^^" ^r"": T""'' "^ '"'""'" '» ««™- ^0.000 men. upwards „f'4o,OOOcr^7'^:":" '"'' "«"'""' -"> "Pwards of o^the Swedes, -nd vast num^^^ ^^^^ec J„;%T '^'"°^"'"' "^^^ '"« -""' W The following are a few of the ITrteT "" " '"""""•"' '""'™- a"; the g.at .n„i« „f the allies pLsed tl t"""'' '^"''^"'^ ""•' «^'-- ^'-"g." Sir C. Stewlrt ™ ""'"'"•»"«-''» "-.d at Basle. 50,000 .t C-dirof u/e'^;;;;',?''"""^'" ~'"""' "^ K-'"- "»ops passed the Rhine Ba.ile, Februaru 5th.-^<' Viva »k«. ' j composed of ,.ooo ife, pasXdCZ" "'■'■•'' "^ ""^ "'"^ """"^--e intermission." ^ ^ ^"^^y' "'^ columns will pass daily without Leyden, Januaru 30th " Rnc.;... This is sup,.sedti same .enlTed-nZrr ""'" '*' "'""' ^^"'^ ^^-«" :vh.-ch Schwart^enherg retreatTfri'^r^tT?' ""'' "' ""^ '"'^ ^' ""^ ^-« junction with de Tolli. ^ * ^"^ '""''' "» ««>« to secure bia Schnffliamen, Februaru 17M— "r«f^„ i J-n.ere. -^1 we e.pe;. immediat": '^rir ^d" t ""^'■"" *^-'" the Austrian army of reserve arrived here c„rst?nrf. . ^ '"''"'""'" "^ and three of Hungarian infantry." ^ °'^'"'° '^"""''''"^ of chasseurs. ■Basle, March 'yth " Th p j ^^^.-.., .„„„, „._.. ,.,,„ ,„.^„, „, ,^^ ^„:^ _^_ ^^^ ^^^^ _^_^ D-e.d„rf. and p"ocee7«, ^/^ 'Crl' !!'^ ^^.^ ^--'^ «™y arriv«, at St. Priest and Kliesfs corps o' ; .,0 wlir" • I " '"^P"''"^ »<> be part of i' CM- «-«-' thousand Russian troops pa«ed here v«t«.. M fr 3 u 17 ^32 lA'} \M it" uc (loiil)l.. tho fihwc number, ne sliall not exceed tlit? strongtl. of the jv'tu'.ar troops on foot in euch nation; oind it wo treble- it wo shall still fall short of the number of men ill arms tin (Highout Kurope— all miircliing, and ready to march lo Paris. In rccordinp; ns briefly as possible, the wonderful events of the ensuing campai;^g, ' , avoid confusion, follow the operations of the C»rand Army until the junction with Blucher at tlif hattlc of Briennc. After this I shall trace the operations of Bhicher to the same period, and then follow the operations in Holland and the Netherlands, until that date day evening, and we cxpe ;t fi.COO to-morrow. A dirisfon of Saxon troops lias also passed this place." liois le Due, Fiininry 6th.—" Detachments of troops arrive daily; yesterday '.',000 Saxons arrived." Jii hi Chnpelle, Februnrhj f^tfi.—" Five thonsand Russians and Cossacks arrived ycsterdiiy, and departed this morning.' Coh/^ite, FAruary 9t/i — « \ ,)ronsow's eorps, and Major tiitzen's ' • • corps, from 1 2 to 15.000 arrived here to-day; on 8th and 10th arrived Tcttenborn, &c. from 8th to llih passed here .'36,55<) men, and 6,024 horses." Britsifls, Febntary 21M — " I'o. (y tliousahd of the Crown Prince's artny In passed Namni , (this numlHjr is supposed the same as the two preceding ones.) Be- sides Bulow's and Winzengerodc's force, in another direction, 50,000 stri.i(j. Tlic Sivedish army. 30.000 strong, crossed the Rhine, sometime after those J..(jdy mentioned." Ilrctia, March Ui — " Three thousand Prussian tuops passed yesterday; to-raor- row 3,000 liiore will pass this." Srcnu-n, F.r i.ri, 28, and \H Mrch.-^" Ten thousand men under Walmo- den, passed this |,Uce for France." jfirussds, M,n-c/i 7th — " A corps of 12,000 cavalry, and 10,000 infanfry arc to pass through NamH' u /een the 2d and 1 ith March." nrusscls, March 21ri — " Thielman':, corps, 6,000 strong, arrived at Tour- nay." Canscf, Zfarch 5th.— " mne thousand *Tc^ Jan troops {the 3d dulumn) marched ibr France." Jirussds, Maicli 1 1//I.— '^ W. -t 10,000 men of the Crown Prince's army, «iiicli yesterday readied Louvaiii Vienna, February 2'M.—" SL lioii> ,., disposable troops, almost all troops of the line, are ready to march to the Hhine." Bulow's prnclamcUim, Laan, middle of March — " Tlic Crown Prince to com* with 80000 fresh tioops." '• Danish auxilliary army 10,000 strong." " Tlic Rbcnlsli States tn furnish in all 145 QCQ men." Iiall not exceed the t'iich nation; jund ii number of men in ind ready to marcii e wonderful events (1 confusion, follow tlic junction with lis I simll trace the and then follow tlic ds, until that date n of Saxon troops lias aha w arrive daily; yesterday ions and Cossacks arrived ajor laifzeii's '" • _■ corpi, arrived Tcttenborn, &c. ;cs." 'w*n Prince's nrtny In vo preceding ones.) lie- ion, ."JO.OOO strcifj. The time aftel' those ^ '>. «dy lasscd yesterday; to-mor' ir.d men under Walmo- i 10,000 infantry arc ta rong, arrived at Tour- thc 3d dulumn) marched « Crown Prince's army, laps, almost ail troops of Ciosta Priucc to come S2$ when the operations of all the armleB wcrp directed to one grand point, the occupation of Paris. From Deux PonU and Key.erslautern, on (ho north, a rKl,o of mountains, called the Vosges, run nearly paralld to the lUnno, and about thirty miles from the coursJ of ha . ver, as far as the neighbourhoor «f „ « , ' «voiueu while ihp n^ ° * ^'"''^^'^ ^""^'^ ^^^ mountains, v^hile the ma rmy, supported on its Jefl by the force* marching on Geneva, after passing Besancon,'urned n " north.west direction towards Paris. Advancing in this direc! ■on, u was plain that they would come upon the rea "^ he French a,my, should it attempt to make a stand ZnZ lucher on the line oi Lantern or Uie Moselle, wh C the other hand, if the enemy collected all his forces to op" pse the mam army of the allies in tl,e neighbourhood of IJesancon, the advance of Blucher in a W. S. W. direction would place them stiii in a similar situation. Unless, tlilr^ ore, the enemy had a force sufficient to oppose each of hese armies, at was obvious he could not, without the utmost da.ger of total destruction, prevent the junction of the allied armies npon the Marne, and in tin- very heart of France. Ihc advance of Bulow through the Netherlands, who threat- C'llcH 4,-aris with - • 4"arjs With a superior force it om that quarter, ant^ BU nt the same time tho roar of Macdonald's army ossembled be- tween Colo<,'ne and Liege, while the latter won oppobed in front by the accumulated force of Klcist in that direction, reodercd the advance ,f Bluchcr quite secure, acd free from any danr ger from Macdonuld coming upon his rear. Whoever casts liis eye over a fi;ood map will perceive the masterly plans and movements of the allies, which nt once brought the din and desolation of war into tho lion's den, axA the deepest re- cesses of his strength and power, which had hitherto been beautified and enriched by the spoiU of Europe. The lads of Paris, who, in the preceding spring, were <* to finish the contest on the confines of Asia," were now to sec it (inishr cd on the heights of Montniurtre, and in the palace of tb« Thuilleries. Upon entering the Frencli territory. Prince ^chwart/en- berg issued a proclamation to the people of that country, which, like all his other proclamation!^, was just and ener- getic. It spoke volumes jn every sentence: " We do not make war upon France, but we repel far from us that yoke which your government wished tp inipogc upon oqr respective countries, which have the sa^ne rights to independence as yours. We are not animated by the spirit of vengeance. We wish not to retaliate upon France the numberless calami- ties with which France, for the la>t twenty years, overwhelmed her neighbours and the most distant coyntrieis. The only conquest which is the object of their ambition is that of peace; but, at the same time, n peape vrhich shall secure to their own peoi)le, to France, and to Europe, a state of real repose. We hoped to find i% b?ibre touching the soil ol France. We come hither in quest of it."* On the 21st December, the head- quarters were at Loracb, while the dit- ferent divisions of the army continued their rout the Russian and Prussian guards and reserves, 30,000 strong, crossed the Rhine at Basle, to follow the army to which their sovereigns were now advancing. ** It is quite impossible," said Sir C. Stewart, " to give an idea of these troops by any description. Their warlike appearance, their admirable equipment, their military perfection; and when one considers what they have undergone, and contemplates the Russians, who have traversed their own regions, and marched in a few mouths from Moscow across the Rhine, one is lost in wonder and admiration.":]; The grand army continued its advance in the direction of i Chaumont and Troyes, leaving a force to blockade Besancon, and the other fortresses in their rear, The force under Bubn« advanced towards Lyons, and occupied Macon, Bourg, and Chalons, on the Saone, while the main army continued its ad- vance upon Chaumont, its left moving upon J)ijon, and tlio i ♦ Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, Basic, Jan. 14lh, 1814, and also Lord Cafhcart's Jo- j f Sir C. Stewart's ilispatcli, do. and Lord Burghersli's, Jan. Hth, J Sir C. Stewnrt's dispatcli, do. do. 527 . right towards Toul and Nancy, in which ^Mrection Bh..F . ' advancing. The enemy was now comnellcjr , ""'' advance of the allies l,d „o l^lt Zl "' I 7'" ^ treated lightly; and accordingly a Lr 1^^ rT"^ "' in the Moniteur of the 2ist, fncler I^f Jof" T""' amies." But the^e merely recountedf I ''"^'J'^m the Generals were successive kobir k f'"^""^ "^'^^' ^^eir Chauo^ont, where he had bel 1" d Kv "^ '?• '*"'''''" ^' 70 pieces of cannon. The SZ of R """""'" ""^ after having provisioned T^:^^^^^^^ " T'/''^^'' and Vicor had fallen back fro. St^al ^h ^t^n^ was ,n communication with Ragusa and TrX ThTnT of rarentum and Sebasduni had put Nime.uen vl t^ lers and Graves, in a good state of defence b"'t had ""' f era. Moli.r h J^Zndo.S ^^^d" t "^t^- '- -'Uh 60,000 men, had his head-quarter a Ve'rn! Tl' communicatious open with Venice- whil M "'"'' ^'^ fortresses were well ..mni; i . ^^"'"" ""^ «thor were well supplied and prov sioned An ov.« r reserve, 24,000 strong, was at Alexandnn i u ^ ''^ o:>...^^^ingin PiedmcSt. C t^:!^^;?"'''"'; w;. a...bling a force in all Lte, whTch w " 1 u^'"'' ed by part of Suchefs army, now t'o be I t^Il f ^c T !" on.a. Camps of reserve were forming at iCux Ch , " Wessons, Tro;, ,s, and Arcis Sir Aube Ono I.! ^ f ""'' rons of cavalry .ere forming at Meaux and M , ' ,'^"''- Generals of division, Bonjo Snn /M ■ ' ""'^'^'- ^''0 ^> of N„™„„^,^Ltt;ij r;;!::^:';:':' jrch to re.e,„„™ .he camp, „. t,,e .b„,e p,,"? a"d r™ Such TCrc the positions aud llic cnumcrali,.,, -f ,1.. i,- , «n,.« a. the o„„,„,c„cc,„o„. of .hi, ca^; 't. | „ , ^ !m" ,' 'rom any which for man,, , i i '"""'"'" 'ent indeed / nnicl. tor many years had appeared in that haughty ' Moniteur, January 2 J SI, 2 8n, 528 nnd arrogant Gazette, and which at the same time announced an equally unexpected and alarming event; namely, the hiabil- ity of the national bank to make good its engagements in the regular way. Bonaparte had exhausted its luiids; and, no doubt, many individuals afraid of the worst, had commenced the withdrawing their money in order to secret it. This com- pelled the bank to .top, and limit its payments to 500,000 francs daily, and which sum was only to be paid in portions, to t'^ose individuals who had a certificate from the Mayor in the quar- ter where they resided. T^iis was a tremendous blow to French vanity, and to the ardent admirers and extoUers of French wealth and power. Their means were proven not only to be limited, but exhausted; while the whole debts of this mi^htv bank, was proven to be only 4-4', 700,500 francs, and its pro- perty 45,68,000 francs, a sum exceeded by almost every pro- vincial bank in Britain.* Matters were now arrived at that point, in tlie affairs of Bonaparte, when " flying hence or tarry ii-i^- here" was equally dangerous. Necessity compelled him to leave Paris to put himself at the head of his armies; but under what different cir- cumstances was it to those which he had been accustomeus blow to French tollers of French en not only to be ts of this mighty incs, and its pro- alniost every pro- in the afTairs of liere" was equally Jave Paris to put what different cir- 'n accustome ...id,t of tI,o,c, .' „,.„„,, „„„ ' , ""'"^«"« '!« if ill the •lieii- Jiity, and protect the chJ.Z ,' . "">' "■""''' *' D.n„, tin. discourse, .1^1 f """'"''"' •""" 'I'™- * Ev,r„r co,„I,mrd to ft,, /„■, Z'^," '" " "-"•"■>•>'« tone, »ni,i, transport,-,,,, a„d affectl?! 'ejo tTl'"' "'^ ''•"^"'•' >J.ousa„d voice, re,o„„ded_a Ihrus,,,,! '"*"" " »»enr to ,lefe„d the precious LtT T! 1 "" """' '"'«'' "> every eve; eVerv i;„!,cr noT„ u "'"■■ '<■•■"■» "'"V"! fro,,, -ti;n;tho„s,,t'o' i'L rr;f t' ""'""' ■"°'"'p^°f "« '-■ed by tlie ,:„„ ,.i e, tuld ;;: ,': "'"'""• '"'J«"' -«"'- l»it to form one Rreat fi,, nil" in U T° '""""'•■'"' "e™"' .l.e cou„t,-y all .irei,:„lrl 1 h" ™ ?""'' '" "'° '''''"'^ "' :'S0" " No, Sire!- .l.^^i ' f t^T"""'' °" "— ""r- "'/•«~as ,l,ey flatter ti,e,„seives ,1 ' 'h I,"™'' '""" '" """" '«'' P--"" ■ »ve the ,K.,i,„s of the parisiii^'Ts.:::*^ t^; •;:: • ^«»r. ,.„„„,,„, „, „.„„^^^ ^_^^^^^ ^^^^^^_^^ f Momteur, &c, " '""'"■''' Caniyttigns of ;«I3 and i8l4 '^ 17 :! i 530 Jy shews how an actor of any desaiption niity call tbrtli the jit- tention of the people of Paris to his views, niul adds Httle to their national character; but the story appears to be one of those to which the people of France have recourse to blacken his character, though done at the expense of their own un- derstandinnr. Tiiere can be little doubt but at this moment O Bonaparte must have felt much of what he here expressed and shewed, tliougli he was politic and auibitious enough to make those feelings serve his purpose, in withdrawing tlie attention of the Parisians from their real situation. But the time to shew such feclin:^s with effect was past. Tiie heart of Europe was steeled again>t receiving any favoumbli^ impr^^ssion from them. His pul)ltc conduct had long been so atrocious, ihat there was no individual, except men like him- self, who regarded his private griefs. In this farewell scene be- tween Bonaparte and his family, the reader cannot fail to re- collect the affecting sceueof the last parting of the gallant Hec- tor and the affectionate Andromache, as it is so feelingly rt- corded by Homer. Bi»t how differcjit was one character here, at least, to what that of Hector was; ami if the Empress felt what the faithful An(h-on>ache did, and had her sentiments been related to us, we should have had the same melancholy fore- bodings as issued fron* her tender lips, and the same dread oJ' the doom of her Lord that Andromache had. jEiimpc, vrWIe torrr by factiwi, " strove in vain ; " Now hosts oppose tlwe, and tticm must be slain,"* But, to return to the operations of the Indefatigable Blucliei. Having effected the passage of the Rhine, as has been aircadv mentioned, an event, says Sir C. Stewart, which will be as im- morable for its rapidity and decision, in military aimals, as tlic passage of the Elbe,t he continued to advance, in defiance ol the severity of the season and the dreadful state of the roads. •* Soldiers, (said he to his army) you are now about to pass the Rhine, to compel to peace the en ly, whom nothing can con * Pope's Homer's Iliad, Rook VI. verse 517. f Sit C. 5t«w»rtN (iwpatch, Ffntikfoit, January Jili, lyM. 531 f .ule for having lost, in txvo campaigns, those conquests which ; -sthmi 19 years to acquire. Soldiers! to the conquerors of I the Ival.bach, of Witteinberg, Mockern, and of Lcipsic, it is only necessary for me to point out tl,e road to fame, and I am : ^;!';t" " ;; ^''^Y '""f •"* '^'^^ ^''« '•"»'=^»»tants of the left bank ot the llinne, he sa.d, « To restore the freedom and independ- ence of nations, and to conquer peace, I l,ave conducted the m-my of Sdes.a to the left hanic of the Rhine. The Kmperor, Napoleon had included Holland, a part of Germany. Ind of Italy, w.thm the boundaries of the French Empire; and he has declared that though his enemy should occupy the heights of lans, hewdl not cede one village of his conquests/'f Mar- mont ^vho was the im.nediate <,pponent of Blucher at this time "pon Ins approach, abandoned the fbrmidablepass of Keyserslau! tern, where such torrents of blood was shed in the early years of the revolution. On the lOth Hli.pl,«..v » i ''iy^^^sot ,r . " '""1, Jilucher s head-quarters were at K . 1, and soon after at Saarbruck. To this date he had made .,000 pr-soners D'York advanced to Metz, Sacken to Pont! ofXl'n r "' toThionville, leaving sufficient forces ^o l,^ xkade the fortresses m the rear. On the Uth, Cxeneral OHcken, wuh h. division, took possession of Nancy, at lldch t.me he came m communication with General Wrice's co^ i" d Ir.T'rt '" ^'- ^'^-'^-^-'^Huninguen, an^ ^ we e now i ; ? ; V '"' ""'" ''''''''' ''''^ -"-^ <^^' ^1- allie, w le now m tuli communication iu the heart of France. Tiie .trietest discipline wa.s observed bv them, u No act of outra"! o any .ort," .id Lord Burghersh, . has been 1 i edi; Idne 'f '?r'' '''' ^"*''^''- '— •' tiuuthey have b^ n .1 from diflerent conduct, while the coantrief from uhich th.y have been assemble ' .ave witnessed the cruel Z .mple held out to them by the French tr„ups."t ' foiie Jrr'"'"'' ''^r"^' l-vingcollectc;i a disposable iorce of 20,000 men, n. the neighbourhood of Breda, -und.r the co.n,ana cf Gen. Decaen, lately arrived from Span. Gte^!:! • Blucher's proclamation, January ist, 1814. ■^ ""■ «io. do. i UurnrilOral.'.; Ji?""''!- T-r-x 7 - 5_ 532 Bulow, with a diviMon of the army under iiis comnianJ, Irft IJred.T on the 11th January, to attnck this tbrcc. In this jit-. lack he was assii^ted by tlie British forces under the commiind of Cieneral Graham. Alter a severe engagement, which was obstuiately contested by the enemy, his position at Hoogstra- ten was forced at all points, and he was compelled to relinquish the field of battle with the loss of 12 or H jjieces of cannon, and at least 3,000 men, including 800 prisoners. The loss of the aiJies was also considerable; but it was much inferior to that of the enemy. After the battle, the defeated enemy took up a position at ljrcsk:iat heath, not far from Antw(>rp. I Jero they were to have been attacked agaiij on the 12tii, out th y retired during the night, and General Bulow next day occupi- ed the position which they had held the procedino- evening On the 13th, the enemy were again attacked in their position in front of Antwerp; and by the valour of that division of the al- lied arn)y under the command of General Graham, they were driven into Antwerp with considerable loss. The British loss in thii- latter affair was 40 killed and wounded.* The ene- my, in his xccount of this affair, had the hardihood to assert that every attempt of tho allies was defeated with enormous los^. But the reverse was proved to be the fact, from the con- sequences which followed. Bois le Due capitulated on the Si6th. Antwerp was blockaded, and Bergen-op-Zoom invested; and the enemy soon after made a gi-oat boast of the exploit of General Maison forcing his way through the blockading army before these places, in order to join the Duke of Tarentum. The severity of the season, and the strength of these places, de- fended by numerous garrisons, prevented any progress beint' made in the sieges; while Bulow, re-enforced, left a sufficient force betbrc Antwerp, (General Graham taking charge of Ber- gen-op-Zoom) and pressing forward into Belgium, on hi> way to Fj-nnce, as 4ias been already noticed, compelled Mnc- donald to retreat in till haste upon Liege and Namur, and afterwards towards Rheims and Soissons. The number ol troops which passed in this direction, and by Cologne and • General Graliam's dispatch, Calamhout, January Htb; and Dutch Garottv « S8$ and Dutch GaTBttv, Dussddorf, were very ffi-oat' tlivnfV..^ J *i ,• . (■.•o»„ Prince's „n„y, °mdmr ,!!;'''' "'° *"'»"' "f "'« .h. march of .ro„,« wa di, j "7 W, T'' "I"" """"^ '" by s,o™„ after „',..llan. . Li! a 1, • ' ^'^^'^ 'f f " '""- J »,. .crc put .o ...c .word. Drcld™ ha ' J.™ ,. ^ ^d thc,c bes,cg,„g armio, moved forward to ,„„„ ' 1 , t ■l.»e onlered forward from olhcr „L!"7'^f "I''"'" "^ .'-, (.aid .Sir C. «to,var.) we l.^^ r' '^Ir Lt,",""^ ,",""" l...e.s of ,^erve, a. it were, „„ „,, (^^r ■ r ' ""'°'' "ln..c, from wl,icl, wc ..uL.twZ^;, t' '"'"' "'"' ""' Concerning tlio operations in i,ajy, ti.e iiiforn, ,■ ■ ■c^n.y. After numeroos en,.„.e„,e^L wi " °" ,'! """^ .i.-«h. considering the Le wh "th^lt^ G"'"f f '•" <» "-=.il him, it ,n„st be ack„owle,l„e,T tCiT.uTt'''^ •elf witi, skill „„d braverv Tl, olan invad.n. army ^*^4' .p.^;'"'"™"™"''' '- the operaiiona «i. Venice 'uTrr^ld °Tr ';td:rr Tr sent was landed South of the Po T , , ""' '^"^ k of that river. Ho.L LrS a ';,'""""' "'""« "" J<.;..i..« territory, were tak*;:' por.ir„t r'd.rl' "'". ""- who ,e|,ul.ed a severe sally, which ihn ■ A"*"-"."». '"■ '1.0 Vice,.oy, made from L ';.f rf' '" ""' '"■"™« -eh upon the atlvaneo of Ih "Ne^n:,!!," '°'"°" ""'«''«• the operations of Nuffc.nt „n I , "^ "™y to cotmter.ict flank and rear. B,, Te .t "'"f ""•' ^'"•^'''"« <"■ »<.« .as advaucng J:ii,t:; ^^r^f^"^"-* Mm.« 'i.e fortunes of hi. former llZr^', . ' ""' """^ '""■'"'■«' j-ctl the allies, it i ml , ' , t° "'■"■• ■■'■l»t.o..-he «med to 1,0 taken cou.p, L^u l', '« ,f' «-- They -«-w„sc„n,pL:^t-n^--:;;;-«».s * Sir C, Ste»vnrt*« (]ic;.,.»,.t. »- . , ■ f"*'"' '^^^■> JiWiUy i7th, 1814. 534 The situation of the Viceroy now became one of great dangci* and difficulty: but we shall see in the sequel that he continued to make head agiiiuHt it with less disastrous consequences than his master did. In Dalinatia, the French affliirs were equally unfortunate. The indefatigable exertions of Captain Hoste, and other British officers in tho Adriatic, soon reduced their garrisons to the necessity of surrendering. On the night of the I2th October, a division of the enemy's gun-boats, and the fort of St. George, near the important i)ost of Cattaro, was taken by Captain J. Harper, of the Saracen, in the most gallant manner; and General Gauthier, with 600 men, cooped up in the fort of Cattaro; and, soon after, this important place sur- rendered to the allies. A brilliant exploit was also performed tibout this time by a detachment from the ships of the British fleet, off Leghorn. On the night of the 13th December, u considerable force, with some Italian levies, were landed, unex- pectedly, under the command of G. H. Dundas of his Majesty'.-i ship Edinburgh. The enemy were defeated at all points, and compelled to take refuge in the town; but it being strongly for- tified, and the inhabitants making no elfort to assist the troops, the British forces were reluctantly obliged to re-embark with the loss of 15 men, while that of the enemy was nearly 300. The ships engaged in this service were the America, Armada, Etlinburgh, Jmj[)erieuse, Furieuse, Rainbow, Termagant, and Mermaid.* While these things were going forward, Hamburgh conti- nued to be closely pressed by the aJlied forces; and the unfor- tunate inhabitants to feel the full vengeance of the merciless Davoust. The inhabitants were compelled to lay h\ provisions for six months, and all who could not do so, were forced to leave the city. Every })erson was compelled without excep- tion, and -""en women of the first rank, to labour upon the fortifications. The horrible sufferings of this unhappy city ib detailed at length under another head. The .conduct of Da- voust in this place, is a disgrace even to the wildest system of French cruelty, and will occupy a mournful piige in the vo- * London Gs-ett^T Jsnvsry SSod battalion of foot guard' -inch is con.posed oi^fatigueU or frozen nan, who took re- U.ge in the lortress."t The dmils of human le, :^v and depra- ' Russian bulletins, t Bonaparte's dispatch, Juno 24th, isiff, 536 vity cannot afl'onl nn instance of such intliffercnco ns is liore displayed, tit siiclj ii siul caso of human misery. If the Em.- pcror liad possessed any feelings, in which the milk of human kindness could be traced, these must have remained frozen when he dictated this sentence. The conduct also of the {fovernor and the whole jjarrison had been most vexatious, oppressive, and unjust. " The system of exaction which had been practised by the French since they have had possession of Dantzic, has borne hard on all ranks of people, tind by which many of the most respectable inhabitants have been robbed of their property, and reduced from affluence to a comparative state of indigence."* INIodlin, a fortress of great importance, situate upon tiie Vistula, also surrendered. Thus the allies were in possession of one line of those fortresses, which the enemy had retained, in defiance of the faith of treaties. In Italy, General Nugent continued his career of success on the '■;.!•, .rn banks of the Po. He entered Forli after m ob- stin ' . istai.cc, and a loss of four pieces of cannon and 40(» priso.jt'i : to the enemy. Palma Nuova had been blockaded since ihc g^tth of December. Lugo was also occupied by his forces, who, at the same time, advanced upon Ccscna and Sa- vignano. His main strength at this time, was collected be- tween St. Albert! and Ilavenna.-|- The Neapolitan troops con- tinued to press forward to the scene of action, and some divi- sions had arrived at Bologna, while still more powerful corps were advancing through Tuscany, and along the western shores of Italy. On the other hand, detachments from the army rnder Bubna had entcied Savoy from the side of Swis- serland, the inhabitants of which received them as deliverers, and eagerly returned to tlieir allegiance to their old sove- reign. The Viceroy continued to maintain himself upon the line of the Mincio, and under the important fortress of Man- tua; but as the allied rrmy from the south, under Nutrent and Murnt, was advancing on l\is rear on that side, while •« • Mijor IVIacdonald's dispatches, Feb. ISth, f Vienna Gazette. 527 the Austrian force from the side of the Tyrol threatened Mil- an, and the movements in Savoy had «hut un Z France by that road; it was evident th„i' 1 ^''''' '"'^ (.1.™, ejrly ,„ obru.ry. Tl,n P„„,i„„ c,.„eral V„„ c"S .cx« of cannon Wi„.,„ge™,e. who h„d p„« .? ll",^ ''™« co„.,„„e"^<^ ^^'' ^^. '* ^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) C72-4503 r.f. ;k sfi'ctiu; A itist ami wise- provi itlcnce," said lit, "^ lias coin ductal our arms into the French territories; all FuKopc is lfV4ith aVL-akcnal from her (Icstrudirc riloriei slumber- at. -the people of the Wblcra, of the'Diinuhe, of the Klbej of the Thames and have the soil of the once quitted their own homes, and are now on tlie linnpy France. To the insatiable ambition of one man you ftre indebted for all this-It is him vho has caused even those people who were not hitherto warriors, to become so; be- cause thev could no lon-er boar the depression ami .l.sgrace with which he had overwhelmed them, nor the despotism and knaveries of his agents"— Hut continued he, " God ni his jus- tice, ! as at length decreed a severe retribution; in ,'/,c course 0/ tw^^ campaiirvs, npivards o/" 600,000 Frenc/men have disappear, rdjhm the ^nrfatevf the earth, miserable victnns ot the nm^ liable ambitiJn of a contjueror, who «eems careless ot shcd- din.r French blood, because it is not liis o'^iu And what ha? Fra'nto gained by this immense quantity of bloodshed.'' axdwlc veneration vf mankind, and all her youth ffom twenty to thn-ty years of age have been devoured by the sword ot war; ready money is out of circulation, commerce destroyed, the arts and industry i^unk, agriculture without encomagement. 1 he people groaning under the weight of insupportable expenses, gens dc armes bearing away thousands of conscripts from the bosoms of their families, ami dragging them by force, to serve urder the standard of this luubitious man» who, by his want ot pru- *Ienee, and care for their support, suffers them miserably to /u- rishr After noticing, in forcible language, the silence of dcs- pair which France was obliged to maintain, under the arbi- trary rigour of " pensioned spies and military commissioner!^.' He proceeds, « It is for the benefit of a few Generals, Inteii- dants, and Commissa.ies, who have been enriched by the plun- der of our territories, ami by their mean di-«gracc>ful knaveric.-, that yc have suffered so much. Oh unhapi>y people!" «' We have already made freiiuent offers of peace, which vvc were willing to purchase by the greatest sacrifices. Those proposals were cither haughtily rejected, or a dubious and faithless answer was retin-ned m tlw-n.. the onlv intention ol which was to gain time. We are. therefore, obliged to seek 539 this peace with arms in our hands, and on your own territory my, e-oen in ymir capital itself, ifmedfid. We will not dcorade ourselves, by taking vengeance for the enormities perpetrated by your hands in our countries-to^ make war against him alone, ivh xvishes to render it cverlastin biderable quantity of military stwres.* From this moment began the tug of war, and the impor- tant events of this remarkable campaign. Bonaparte, as has been already mentioned, left Pans early on the morning of the 25th, and took the road to Chalons Sur Marne, where he ar- rived that night, and immediately assumed the command of the army, and led it to offensive operations. Before commencing the narrative of the interesting and bloody events I am about to record, it may be necessary to take a general view of the positions of the contending armies at this moment. The allies had now establii?hed themselves in the heart of old France. They ocpupied an immense line, extending from Turin in a north-west direction, by Annecy, unto Bourg on the Saone. Thence north by Dijon, along the sources of the Yonnc, ISejnc, Aube, and Marne. The whole line of the Meuse to the con- fines of the Netherlands, and thence along the frontiers of Picardy and Artois. Their main force, however, pressed alonfr the Seine apd the Marne, to that centre 4*f all their hopes and wishes — Paris; while, their advanced parties pressed on in the direction of Auxerre,'as far a? Orleans on tlie Loire. The prin- cipal force which Bonaparte had collected to opppse *hh for- midable invasion was assembled at Chalons Sur Mar he- ther Victor, Marmont, and other generals had fallen bac , , and between Bar Sur Aube and Troyes; at which latter place Mortier had established his head quarters with 40,000 men. Macdonald also was hastening from the north to Chalons; and on the south, Angereau was collecting a considerable army at Lyons, to oppose Bubna; and, if possible, to drive him back, and alarm Schwartzenbcrg for his resr. Bonaparte, it was sup- posed, had allowed the allied armies to penetrate into France thus far without opposition, in order that they might fall into the same error which he did in Russia, by which means lie calculated upon their more certain and disastrous defeat. But the cases were widely different. They were but a short distance from countries which were their friends. They .4 * Aiisirfan official report, Lan" 26th, 181-1 jvtars, with a coU' •, and the impor- Bonaparto, as has the morning of the irne, where lie ar- lie command of the iefore commencing events I am about eneral view of the oment. The allies irt of old France. ; from Turin in a urg on the Saone. f the Yonne, Seine, Meuse to the con- ig the frontiers of ever, pressed along idl their hopes and s pressed on in the D Loire. Theprin- opppse thi^ for- s Sur Mar he- lad fallen hu^ . , and which latter place with 40,000 men. th to Chalons; and nsiderable army nt Jrive him back, and iparte, it was siip- netrate into France hey might fall into »y which means lie disastrous defeat. were but a -sliort r friends. They 26lli, 1814. . V 5ii had innumerable armies advancing to their n,.k, • ,> sia, he was removed to an immense dis.c~" ""' on whose assistance he conld cord ^r, "mr^ J there lost one army, he had not another un^r ' u '"^ in France, distant from him 1.700 miL i ." ""r' '^ calculated, that by assembling his arCrt' CI .T ^^''l ''''^"' '''' thereby encourage them with thV n "'' ^'' *^'°"'*' French nation eLted Vtt ^e t^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ''' strianand Prussiaa armies 'ere 1 '"L 1" f t" France with great Ioss~bnf .llff ! ^"'"P'-^^'^" to abandon : coalition, an! FraZno^tr^""'''^'' '"""'*'^' ^'"« whatshJthend^ ^'"""^ ^*^""^^ ^^«^-»t fiom I to meet them immediat^X'fidS 2"° "'""'^•^^' ''"* ; pire or conquest which he nowl^ ' b^ l' T T ''' ^"- ^ l»is life; it was to be expected haf h T T '''""' ""^ energies and military kn'o^dl ^l^edTth '"'• "" ''' .2 sanguinary year, to opposVhf n teranVtrr" °' easy conquest of him, or victory over him '^ *"* time expected, ^ ""' ''"' "*^^ *« ^^ «t this Je attacked anj car^r^Xfo^te^.r llf^^'^' T''^ he endeavoured to throw hJc f . ' *"*' ^'"^ ^'•^"cc t'on with the armv nf ^I T . ' """^ '" conjuno «» their flank „„d rear indL^T '^""l"'"''' ''°»-ver, .Heir forces, and atack ,ta In ™ ""™'"»"'ly ■» eoMe,., 'ancing from Troves n„,l J w ■ "" *''"'' ™» «'- •mder Bonapar,^ These !"• T"" '"""«' ""'■"'»' m^n T>.,„:,- 5 T>- ■ "'" s «™y> amounting to aqooo — 'h .«*as6iajj5 and Prussmnis luwi,: ^ ' -^j'vu u 4 rwbsions. Of this engagement, the allies ■PPPUP 5i'2 m i have given us no details, and therefore wc must take that of the enemy, whose account of the operations, subsequent events shew was tolerably correct, though highly coloured and exaggerated in the consequences. The attack commenced at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and continued during the greater j)art of the night. General Lefebre Des Noutes made several charges with a division of cavalry on the right of the road, and took possession of the height of Peothi. The Prince of Mosk- wa, with six battalions, advanced upon the town from the road of Mazer res; and General Chalteau, with two battalions turned the right, and got into the castle of Brienne by the Park. The allied army, it appears, fell back in the direction of Bar Siir Aube, when Bonaparte sent a column on that road to obstruct their retreat, " the attack was warm, and the resistance obsti- nate:" and the allies who did not expect it, had but just time to withdraw their parks from Lesmont, where he intended to pass the Aube. In the mean time, the combat continued. The position of Brienne gave the allies many advantages; but having neglected to guard the castle with a sufficient force, they lost the benefit of it. Finding that they could no longer maintain their ground, about eight in the evening, they set fire to the houses of the main street of Brienne, and under cover of the confusion it occasioned, endeavoured to retake the castle. But they were foiled with great loss, leaving, according to the French bulletin, " all the approaches to the castle covered with their dead," in consequence of which, they determined to retreat, and which, it is evident, they effected.* Such is the account the enemy gives of this battle; it is evident it was se- vere, tluiugh no loss is stated in the official dispatches of the enemy; and it is to be regretted that the accounts oi" the allies are not given, for Colonel Lowe's report of the operations pre- vious to Feb. 1st, are only referred to in the Gazette accounts of the battle of La Rothiere. It is to be regretted that these details are witheld, as it gives an appearance of accuracy to • Uonnparte's dispatch, February 3d, 1814. pt tliu ullics {icre at 40OO. Demi-official accounts rate the los5 the ei coinpi Afl 3Ist ii su- nlight towar( their i Sens. berg's bfclbre troops counts cil, anc ; the alli T Ilothiti clear ar The ; enforcct en the t niand of prcjiarci on each The cue small vil allies, Wf infantry ( villages, lay ad van Wurteml Blucher, been ord( attack up( sitiou, G( find Chaui grenadiers toips eiigii «al Marm »a? also p ust take that of )ns, subsequent ily coloured and k commenced at ing the greater tCB made several of the road, and Prince of Mosk- n from the roail lattnlions turned the Park. The ion of Bar Siir road to obstruct resistance obsti- d but jiist time ere he intended mbat continued, advantages; but sufficient force, could no longer ing, they set firo d under cover of Jtake the castle. according to the e castle covered ;y determined to 1.* Such is the vident it was se- lispatches of the inta of the allies : operations pre- jazette accounts retted that these ! of accuracy to accounts rute tUe tes 543 the enemy's reports, whose .statements we have no n,. , compare or check. "" "'^•'»ns »'> After tins Bonaparte was employed durin. the 30th .n . 81st in repairing the bridges over the A.ihn •" , ""'' might .« advance (retreat^^was a m e :^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^\ ^- towards 'iVoyes, to operate unon tho f '''°^'^^ *-' ^^-^Pression) ^''^-•- '"arch 'by Bar L tbrantti:'!;; r/f " '"''''' Sens. This was, no doubt the n- . '^"•^^'■'■^' *'>' l.tl,.re the bridges could be compleLl and n. I "'■ .roops h»d bee,, m„de .„ me o/ Sv „. l'""" ?' "" ceu,,. „r,he.„eceed,„g opera,™,, „b,::it„r:;-r- fd, and unsatisfactory, 1 shall ch.V.flv f>Ji .i ^""'^'^' '-«"^"'^- .i.c .Hie. which, ci;,;er, ' ,f* U".hicre, where .he allies Jlf!" "«""™'« of L» clear and satirfactor,-. * ^ "'"''''"'•' """'}•' ""' 'l'l,e allied amy under Blucher ■■n,! s„ , ■ ■ enforced by that of Sehwnr" enbl,' ? """^ ''"™ "•=■ ™ the direction of st? n7tS "7';'''''' ',""' "'" '"''• ".and of the Prince o. VVnrte^L'; /d Ge":,: O •:'"■ !>rci>a,e,i to attack the enemy's po.iti„,r Tl„ , "'' on each side «■„, nearly ecuj am !, / '"''™ '"8:"«"1 The enemy held Dionville r , H , '" *"''""' """• ™all villa,'e of U G^ f ^^"^ "T T "' '"' allies, was drawn out i„ the ,MnbZ . °' "" "•■""•■ infantry disposed i„ l^^'l^Z I'^Tu T '7 '"f"""'' ''" vii...e. which were hn^d ^::::>^rt:i:::^!;:;f" ay advanced f,o,„ Bar SurAube, upon i)ienvirTlT yurte„,ber« was in com„,„„ie ,ir„:^™' " j,, '^^ ':"-'";- H-her and in position at Mnison. CW f w'e rP' X: w';rr """ r -' "-^'-^^^'^^ *ion, Ge„e,.a iv,. ' ™Tjt 7,'"*'' f """"""' """ <- and Chaumenil. Gc Ja^rtl .v deV;" ""■" ' '''"'"""' crenndier. ,n,l ""■cJaydeTolli, w.th 6000 linssinn trcnau,ers and c„ra8s,e,-s, formed a reserve for ,!,» Jio- J-.«„ged on thi,: day. The e„e,ny, r r « , e Gc™ IZTlTTi ''""""'-^ -d aconJiderZ^ : "'" """' "" "■' "■'■«''» ■"■ «"-ne. The p,,.par.tio 5U oi' liluolior boiiig complete, the attiick boj:;an at noon. Skir- ii>isljin}T iind cminonndiiitij, on the phiin, wns a prchide to it. Tlic corps ot" General Ciuilny attacked the town of Dienville; but met with nil obstinate resistance. Tlie contest was contin- nid at tliis phice till atler midnil>^ti- ^I'j' oi cue action, it must have been immenKr^ r ^l it •ho ™ .„. „,.,.„,,„,„,, „ 2r that " r "• , . o"c5'^"> '" ine losses on the nnrt ,%f *i.„ Upon this scale, 10,000 is by no .•i 7. J8 Id 54. ji mcanb too many to state a» the number killed and woundetl. The force which Bonaparte had in this battle w.is also not his whole force, for Colonel Lowe only says, Bonaparte, it was supposed, had the great body of his army collected."* The design of the enemy, by this battle, was completely frustrated. He intended to separate Blucher from Schwartzenberg, to fall upon a part of the allied forces, and annihilate them in detail: and at the same time check the advance of the columns in march upon Sons; and, as the victory was gained in the heart of France, so there was no longer any possibility of the French people re- maining ignorant that he could be defeated, which few of them would believe. To Schwartzenberg, the commander-in-chief, the greatest praise was due, for the excellent condition in which the army was; and, accordingly, the Emperor Alexander, up- on the field of battle, bestowed upon him a sword, as a token of his respect and approbation. The allies continued to follow the flying enemy, whose rear guard abandoned Brienne at break of day. General Guilay moved along the Aube, upon the enemy's right; the Prince ot Wurtemberg marched upon Brienne; and General Wrede ad- vanced upon the right of the Prince Royal. At St. Christophe the Prince of Wurtemberg made a brilliant charge on the ca- valry which covered the enemy's retreat. General Wrede dis- lodged a corps of infantry from a strong position upon the Voire, near Lassicourt; and General Guilay, assisted by the infantry of the Prince Royal, took Lesmont by assault. The enemy had a force at Vitry, and about 2000 infantry and two squadrons of cavalry near Sogny, on the road to Chalons. These troops joined the army of Macdonald, who had arrived at Chalons, and pressed on towards Vitry and Brienne, but too late to be of any service. General D'York, who had been left in that quarter, followed him; and on the 3d,* between Vitry • Lowe's report — It is doubtful if Mortier's corps was in the battle; no person mentions them, and the Paris papers state they only broke up from Troyes, 011 tlu' .aOth, and probably joined after the battle. These were 40,000 strong — Bonaparte'* SO.OOO — and those under Macdonald perhaps L'0,000, which gives 1 40,000 tor the enemy's force in tliat quarter at this time. The prisoners taken were of the 3d, ^tli nnd (jth corps, 4 anil C Iiiid a the Inl prison Arris nnd in tion. upon ( mcncec surrend under ing had Thierry In thi parte up turned t the villa^ ed Troy< habitants which, C several hi tinued hii try from < on his ri< yet too w< We arc paign, whi which, ho and which rush on tc occurred ii and presset succeediii£r other. Immediatcl il and woundecl. W.1S also not his 3napartc, it was .Uected."* Tiie Ictcly Irustratcd. tzenberg, to full e thcin in detail: olumns in march i heart of France, rcnch people re- hich few of them imander-in-chief, )ndition in which • Alexander, up- wordj as a token emy, whose rear General Guilay lit; the Prince ot neral Wrede ad- U St. Christophe :harge on the ca- neral Wrede dis- osition upon thi- , assisted by the by assault. Tiie infantry and two •oad to Chalons, who had arrived nd Brienne, but k, who had been id,* between Vitry J the battle; no person p from Troyes, on the [) strong — Horinparte'* I gives 1 -10,000 for the en were of the 3d, -Itli 5ir antl ChaIon« the advanced guard of the .llles, under D'York had a sharp affa.r w.th the rear guard of Macdonald, in w "ch the latter lost three pieces of cannon and several hundr r prisoners. Macdonald afterwards marched in the d ' ; ,1 Arns Sur Aube upon which place Marrnont was falli Ik and m the neighbourhood of which thev cfFecto,! „ . tion. Macdonald finding he had arri^:,;:' t 7:1":'? upon Chalons, followed by D'York ^vho 1 . ' ' mencedthe bombardment of the it; t I 0^17"?; s-rendered by capitulation on the Gth. H^^J^'";^''^ ;."der Sebastiani and Arrighi, who bad ^o^ai^^^'t!^ «^upon the Marne, towards Epern^y, J"^L^t In the meantime, the main army continup,] f« r n r. parte .,p„„ Troyc. On .,,0 G.l,, Cp :eo' w " ."""* ^e v,n.,e of L„.bWs.,, „„ „. H,l r.r . TZf whicH Gene™, Guinea J^rH-.tfel'/rrj^t'^ .rr from Grenoble o^ur rv„r''L " "''•■"''''''"""■ «a his Hgh„ .hre«e„i„;tnt ^ Al^r^'I'^™' yet too weak to oppose him. ^"«t-ieau s foice was We are now arrived at a most important period of fh. . Pa.gr. when a momenta^ success attended tl!::!"' ^^:^:: . which, however, was of very little real ..fNi. . '\ '"'""'^^ ana which, „hi.ei. en.venc^ ^^^ ^^^Z^l^ rush on to more certain dcrnction. The evcnrwhic occurred in „ short period of time were of thefl, , "7 andpressednpontheheelsofeacllhrotie^'";;!;"' ' -eedi,,, da, produced some even, more ::;:^'ZZ Each moment teemed a new one. Immediately after the glorious victory of Brienne. the ar Col. Lowe' =* "poits, and Lord Burgl.ersh's d Jny iUi- S(!0. 5*8 tier Bluclicr separated from tlvo grniul nrniy, which hitter took the hnc of the Seine, and forming a junction with General D'York, the unitctl force, comprising D'Yoik's, Langeron's, nnd Sacken's corps, consiHting of GO regimeris of Russian in- fantry, and the ilowcr of the Prusdian army, S'^.OOO strong,* marched along the Marne with n force which bore every thing before it. Macdonahl was successively driven from Epernay, Chateau Thierrv, Ferte sous Jouarre, and had entered Mcaux; having destroyed all the bridges in his flight. Marmont was compelled to make a similar precipitate flight, and successively abandoned every position, followed by the persevering Blucher, who had advanced beyond S'.'zanne and Montmirail. " Tiie army of Silesia, (said the official dispatch) was only tlireo marches from Paris,"t therefore it was high time for him to bestir himself for its protection. Having been re-enforced by a division of the army of Spain, and the national guard d'clitr, from Monterenu, Normandy, and Picardy, under die command of General Pajol, the enemy was enabled to Icive these am! other consid'-rable forces to oppose Schwartzenoerg.J and by means of the cavalry to make a sudden march to the North- ward of Nogent, to Sezanne, in the neighbourhood of whidi part of Bhicher's army had arrived, under the command o! Gcner:d Alsusicft'. Tins brave General was attacked by vastly superior numbers, and severely defeated. Forming his infai;- trv into squares, he resisted for a long time the efforts of tlu enemy; but was at last overpowered by reiterated attacks froii; superior numbers. The enemy's account of this, and all of tlit succeeding actions, is full of the most palpable falsehoods and gros5 exaggerations. His cause had long been supported by thii? system, which was now become more than ever neecssaiy to him. In nothing was he correct but the dates and positions. Repeatedly he endeavoured to surround the brave troops c; Alsusicfl" and cut them off from Chalons, but in this he failed; for 1,500 of them, according to his own accounts, got awsy # Bonaparte's dispatch, February 1 2th, 181-t, f Do. do. do. 7th. * Do. do. do. l-'ih, '>19 icli latter took with General 3, Langeron's, nf Russian iii- '^.OOO strong," )re every thing from Epernay, ntercd Moaux; Marmont was nd successively ering Blucher, mirail- ** Tlio ms only three :inie for him to re-entbrced by \\ guard d'elitf, cr the command le'ive these ainl ni)erg4 ^^^ ^} I to the Nortli- rhood of whicli he command o! tacked by vastly ■ming his infan- he efforts of tlio ted attacks froii; is, and all oftlit 3 falsehoods and 2n supported by n ever necessary :cs and positions, brave troops c; in this he failed; ounts, got aw«y 31-1. AlsusiefT himself was take;) prisoner, and paraded through Pari. ivitll irrrnt nnmn TU^ «., i . . .. b • * **"• with great pomp. The enemy made his force th of at first, 8,000 men, ■ .;, , ' • "' "'"'" *»""" were made prison- ers; and wuh the exception of 1,500, the remainder were killed ^v.unded, or destroyed; .000 alone being drowned in a lake! rhe Russians lost also 200 carriages and JO caissons, m ow n loss dul not exceed 200 mer. ! !* Col. Lowe, however, give" very different account of the number engaged in this actio'n, an one more consonant to truth, an .'cem to have conducted their retreat in a musterly niuniiri': m * Bonapartu's dispatch, Teb. I .'!li. cen many can* ire, with more , at one time, the badness ere exea-able) ur of his own retained their bt — for Bona- obscure, it be- hc asserts he vhich was the ^ctcd that the bsequent day, ,vc him an op- pearance of its appearance of if it had been Jino, the Berc- ble heads, and That the con- nit of a doubt. ? fortified, and jf judgment to it of his adver- superior forces enemy should Tiy under BIu- ? all their sup- 1 diverge; Ge- ermined to rc- •dingly on the ion which they y, and took tho ny. Tlic allien istorlv iiKiniin'; 553 nnd (bat, notwithstanding every effort of tho enemy to disturb or prevent U The enemy boasted of considerable injur;ted J hen,,, and particularly, that General Letort, with a division Tf dn,goo„s, surroun :d as much as erate and re- rs to half way ce of 4 leagues, rtillery kept up IS of musquctry g as they moved the enemy were %vere frequent- lUt Were always them was tried brce of the ene- a circuit round tself in the rear mp Aubert and cavalry was un- lis moment, the IS surrounded on 11. 557 every side. His resolution was prompt and decided— he de- termined to continue his march, and to break throu'rh the obstacles which oppoi .d him. Assailed on every side, he can^ tinued to move forward. Tlie artillery and infantry opened a tremendous fire upon the enemy's cavalry which endeavoured tp block up the road. These were terrified— they abandoned their post, and opened a way to their daring adversaries, and were afterwards obliged tq limit tljeir attacks to the flanks and the rear. The enemy sajd, in the situation in which Bluchor was, that « all wrjuld have been tahn, had the bad state of the roads permitted twelve pieces of light artillery to follow the cavalry of General Grouchy,"* but as it was, from the dark- ness ot the night, he pould only succeed in destroying three squares, which were all either killed or taken, and the remain- der pursued as fur fts Etoges, with the loss of three pieces of cannon. 13«t this was not the fact; though all the squares were assailed in front, or flanks and rear, " not a single o«e, during the •wkple time li^a? broken, or lost its orda--"-^ and 8s It was only at sqnset that this effort was made by Grouchy so It could not be so dark as not to allow him to see what wL* going on around him. Extricated from this danger, the gal- lant Blucher immediately afterwards found himself in another A column of infantry from the enemy's army bad marched by spme byo roads, threw themselves in his rear, and were posted m the village of Etoges. There the allied army was received •^ith volhes Qf musquetry from all hands. Generals Kliest and Kapsiewitz, however, overcame all opposition, forced their way through this fresh obstacle, and, without further molesta- tion, brought off their troops to the position of Bergeres where the army bivouacked for the night, The force of the enemy which here endeavoured ta interrupt them, was commanded by the Dukepf Ragusa, who, the enemy asserts, attacked with the bayonet the allied rear, composed of Russian troops, and took 1,000 prisoners. The loss of the Prussian ar- jpy, according to the accounts of the enemy, was 10,000 prjjr • Bonaparte's dispatch, February IJth, ISH. t polonel Lpwe's do. do. ™i 5.58 soncrs, besides killed and wounded, 10 colours, and 10 standards; but his own loss wasJ only from 3 to 400 killed and wounded.* The total loss of the nlliod army, however, during this arduous retreat, was about 3,500 killed, wounded, and prisoners, and 7 pieces of artillery. The enemy's force was double, and a- mounted to 40,000 men, 8,000 of which were cavalry. Ho, evidently, contemplnted the total destruction or capture of the whole force under Blucher, and for this glorious aim he made tlic most desperate efforts. Blucher's artillery were more nu- merous and better served than that of his opponent; who, with his usual disregard of truth, asserted the reverse, and that it was from that circuuistnnce that his loss was so small, in com- parison to that of tlie Prussian army. ♦' The Prussian," said ho, '• as soon as ho saw Jie groat force of cavalry on our side, imme- diately put his artillery in retreat, so that he marched con- stantly exposed to the fire of 60 pieces of cannon, while of the 60 pieces of cannon which he had, he opposed to us only two or threo."f This was a miserable excuse for his not taking more, and a still more wretched subterfuge to conceal his loss, 'I'he very reverse was the fact. The rapidity of his advance, lirst from Chateau Thierry, and next from Montmirail, prevent-, od him from bringing forward his artillery; and the conse- quence was, that while he was constantly exposed to a fire from 60 pieces of cannon, ho could only oppose to these two or three, Hence his loss was most severe. Every one knows that when cavalry doos not succeed in breaking a body of infantry, that the greatest loss is on their part; and had Bonaparte taken 10,000 prisoners, besides the killed and wounded, out of a force of 20,000 strong, while he lost only 400 out of 40,000, the re- mainder of Blucher's force could hardly have escaped his grasp. The French loss was certainly much greater than that of the iillied army. " From the fire of its artillery, (said Col. Lowe) from the constant repulses of his cavalry, and by the fire of the tcjunres, the loss of the enemy must have been €xcessive."± No • nonupartu's dispatch, February 13tli, 1814. f Do. dv). do. I Colonel Lowe's dispatcli, February IStb, 181 •». B59 ind praibe h too great, to bestow upon the exertions of BIuth( J..S arn.y, on this memorableday: and the combats of M<.„tmirail w.il be handed down to posterity, as adding a fair wreath to the brow of the conqueror of the Katzbach and the IJober IJa.l Bonaparte succeeded in destroying or taking this for'ce, it is nnposs. le to calcu ate what nuschief n,ight have flowed f.o.a it W Hie U would have enabled him to attack the other part of the alhcd army, m detail, it might have encouraged Franco to v.ew h.s cau«. wuh agreater prospect of success,''and which nght have lengthened this bloody contest; but the spirit Lun,pe was such, that it could not have altered its iLl Z >.ults. Ihe allies, however, were saved, by the firmnr.. ..n I courage of Blucher, from any immediat; da^ of I^ i l' trous consequences; ami though Blucher had failed in nsob jcct for the moment, he was soon in a condition to renew 2 attempt, whde Bonaparte failed „,ost con^pletely in what w ! to hmi a much more important object, namely, « i„ cut Th 7;< ^-;t ^^-^- ^-^ ^-.- ancl'of cour^: to e oy tT: dcta.1. Tdl he accomplished this he only warded off the 1 .n g r for the moment, to make it fall more heavy on his exhau ed strength. But as if he had been entering the Kremlin i J tnumph, he boasted with as much cxultation,^hat t h t o Blucher, which was 80,000 strong, had '.been, in four c- ys beaten, dispersed, aunikilated, '^.Uhcut a general ac ion n i .vid^out occasioning any loss proportionatf to such" r^tT: suits, t But where was all this done-not on the co^fi s"f A.a--not on the unattackable lines of Dresden-no_« t car my of Silesia was only three marches from Paris l"t u won.l^rf^ l" difference. We shall soon see how far tXnf^T^^Z men was beaten, dispersed, or annihilated. Sacken a^id DTor k continued their route to Chalons Sur Marne, unmolested "d B uc e.. al.o fell back in that direction, to reunite at;.;.: mze his army; and adopt a fresh plan of attack. ^ The temporary success which here attended the arms of Bon v ♦Bonaparte's dispatch, February 12th, 1814, + °° do. Ao._ ,5,h. ^ "<*• '^^- do. i,,h. 560 parte, and tliat too purcliased nt a veiy dear rate, hut for wlilcli he did not care, providinjr he succeeded at all; had neither resitt- ed him nor Paris iVom danger, though it enabled iiini, lor a while to continue the contest. The grand allied army, under Schwartz- enberg and its respective sovereigns, advanced, at the same time, towards Paris from the South-east, aU)ng the banks of the Seine. To oppose them, Oeneral Gerard and the Duke of Belhino were posted at Nogent, and the Dnke of Ueggio, with the 7ih corps at Provins, in order to defend the Bridges of Hray and of Mon- tercau; and General Pajol was phiced near Montereaii and Melun. Tlie allied army contiiuied to advance from Troves, which Victor being unable to oppose, crossed the Seine at No- gent, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men iu the place. Count Harde The Prince of Wurtemburg vM.p V r pressed, fell back upon Bray. That his loss was coi. ia.rabic there is no doubt, though certainly mucli exaggerated by the # Bonaparte's dispatch, February 10th, 1811. i Do. do. *>, j Do. d* do. do. do. oiicniy, tailing it uccoti'it was give iiiicnnlrai vanity tii cularly i the hatth men kille fur c.vccc< to make i probable, tercau, di fired upor conduct ti prescribed, my stated, burg troop proibablo. these movei it effected, Moutburn, been left wi command, i duct. The treat before took the roa iibiied his ■ enemy a Ivai the plate. ' as often rcpi heen the co prevent this, evacuating t *vho innncdi §Do. d the DuLc iilcr Wictli ic route by 10,000 nun ul Schcrhcr, tacked when 11 the mean- Seine. Ge- 1 the Iieights two Austrian irnl Cliuteini supported lu; d youn{5 ofti- vc arrived nl , vihich rvas u iitereau would him to avail ral."§ In the a\\ his forces mtereau. He c the passage, prisoners and At last, how- nit two o'clock vith redoubled llery, pouring ng the bridge, ivho, according vn and driven r -iOOO prison- urg thuF ^ ''^ as coii: );>.i-rabio rgcratcd by tli*; 1. /;«3 '•iicniy, as tlio circumstance of no urtillL-rv l,„» «:. • *g into their hands, .i., .he. itl^' Jl^..^^ account of those battles, or ,he loss ..u.ined in tl .. was g.ven by the allies, the accounts of the ennuy sad .n.contrad.cted, and nut invalidated, except where lis " vanuy and accu. t.nK-d disregard of truth does so; „ ;" n.larly n. rl.u p„rt v ! ere he says that his lo. „\ t. the bat les o, Nangis an.l Montereau was only about , men kdled and .ouneeii taken Winzengerc taking it, fc Court of In< iippear that ; that it was y after enter- iring it liigh uishiiig badgi' of the towns iUies. Under hud worn the eath and shot; itted the same IS is the last it", the last vie- patiently sub- •oyes, Bluchcr, eared upon the af Sacken ami i Sur Marne, of the Grand Troyes, by Ai- ;ame in contact Es, under Witt- icalion with it. sntion of Bona- larched towards ross the Seine. he passage, and vhich the rapid 1 carrying corn- hat half of till' ■ the river took known,* though 1 having done ii ice. Tlie flame? 1 by a high wind, enemy, however. the half broken 565 bridge to the right bank, where they were soon driven back ..th considerable loss; and the allies succeeded in com- pletely destroyn.g the bridge over the Seine at this place. The loss ol the bdes.an army in this affair was 220 killed and wounded; that of the enemy is not stated, but must have been more. In the afternoon, while reconnoitering the po- TT f J ^/""r?;." '""'^'^ ^'^^ passed through one of he boots of Marshal Bluclier, but did him no injury" Count Valentine, of the staff, and Prince Schubateff; a General of tho Cossacks, were both wounded. Wittgenstein, immediately upon thearnval of Blucher at Mery, marched to the main army, which was on this day, the 23d, abandoning Troyes, and falling back behind the Aabe. While Blucher was reorganizing his army in the neigh- bourhood of Chalons, General Win.engerode, witli a part ot the army of the North of Germany, was advancing to jom Blucher in the neighbourhood of Chatteau Thierry At Soissons he was opposed by a considerable French force there stationed. He immediately attacked the place and earned U by storm; and, besides the killed and wounded. the enemy sustained a loss of 3000 prisoners. The demi-of! aal accounts rate the total loss of the enemy at this place at 0.OOO men, winch is probably exaggerated; and which, per- Imps, proceeded from the accounts previously inserted in the ans papers, that there were 10,000 in it. Bonaparte said, hat the first ball killed General Rusca, who commanded in the place; and that the garrison, consisting of 1000 men of the national guards, being ihundcrstnwk, surrendered.* Bo- '.aparte reflected severely upon the General who commanded alter tlie death of Rusca, saying, the place ought not to have been taken by a coup de main; but that, nevertheless. General VVmzengerode, with 4 or 5000 light infantry, succeeded in taking It, for which the French officers were brought before a Court o Inquiry, 'f From his conduct, at this time, it would appear that Bonaparte was becoming suspicious of the fidelity • Bonaparte's dhpatch, February 21st, I8I4. m 56G of his officers, and wanted, by punishment, to keep them in the line of their duty; for he was constantly complaininif of some of them, a thing, previously, not very common with him. Immediately after the capture of Soissons, Winzcn- gerode found that the army of Bluclicr was retreating in dif- ferent divisions upon Chalons, in which direction he also instantly set out, and Soissons again reverted to the enemy. The amount of Winzengerode's force is not exactly stated, but it must have been considerable, perhaps 15,000, as Colonel Lowe says that his junction would " present a full compensation for any losses that had been sustained."* Pre- vious to this, the Cossacks, in the advance of Winzengerode's army, had entered the ancient and venerable city of llheims, where the kings of France were wont to be crowned, and containing 40,000 inhabitants. Bonaparte upbraided this place, and threatened it with his vengeance, because they not only " opened their gates to 150 Cossacks, but com- plimented and well-treated them for eight days."f These indefatigable warriors, the constant object of the tyrant's dread, and bitterest abuse, were iound in all directions, 50, 80, and even 100 miles in advance of the army. They had penetrated even to the banks of the Loire, and entered Or- leans. From thence the retreat of the grand army again recalled them to the Seine and the Yonne. The enemy accused them of perpetrating every atrocity, and burning build- ings in the most wanton manner; which accounts were, no doubt, designedly exaggerated. At a village on the Yonne, said he, where the Cossacks were amusing themselves burn- ing a farm-house, the inhabitants sounded the tocsin, and *^ threw some thirty of them into the Jlames"X The peasantj, said he, every where pursue and kill great numbers of " these Tartars, who have nothing human."§ Had the Cossacks thrown every Frenchman into the flames^ who, in Russia, by way of amusement, burnt farm-houses, and even palaces, they 1 would "' Tliehi all o\i I Intl rcncoui of men bcrs we cd, that the lios] correct, severe v number we rems vention, :; dispatch ing takei J of Paris ? deavoure of the R ; endeavou with evei "are, in( \ not cruel ^ which no( I have expc ^ at their m Pillage, d "!' this fine successes,' their entr the prccio ries; to gii people the. ill short to ^V;rs the , t Do. * Lowc'a report, February ICtli, 1814. t BuuHpurtG's dispatch, February 19th, 1814. do. do. § Do. do. do. 3 keep them in ;ly complaining y common with isons, Winzen- jtreating in dif- rection he also 1 to the enemy. t exactly stated, aps ] 5,000, as " present a full tained."* Pre- Winzengerode's city of llheinis, e crowned, and upbraided this (, because they icks, but corn- days."! These of the tyrant's directions, 50, uy. They had ;nd entered Gr- ind army again ). The enemy d burning build- jounts were, no on the Yonne, hemselvcs buiu- thc tocsin, and The peasants, rubers of " these I the Cossacks ), in Russia, by en paluccs, they 14. do. Ha I 5&7 .ould better have deserved the character of nothing human 1 e umamy, accordmg to the enemy's own statemenna"' all on the side of the warriors of the Don In the.se different movements of the contending armies and rencounters they had besides the more serious affairs" 'e ^ ol men was considerable on both sides; but of the exact n" bers we are no where informed. At Trovr. th. <., .)« .. ,.d.. .000 pH.„„e.. tL^:To:o:zzzt .1,0 l,o.p„aU. rhaj . e „„™ber of w„„„<,ed in .he hospita „ " corrcc B very probable, a. .here must have been m«Cho" «e e >voj,„d, rendere,! it impossible .„ remove them/brSI number o prisoners that were not so is hardly cred.b e "hen »c rem,. .,er that tl,e allies evacuated the place td 'a ,on c„t,on, t,y v,h,eh they had their o„„ time, and none of "he ,I.,.a,ch=B from the allies make mention of any prisoner be .g taken from them. At this time, the enemy! and tlepre f Par,, under h,s eontroul and ,„b«rvient t^,is cle en .Icavoured to deptct the conduct of the allies, but >a t Irh" of he Russtan troops, in the most odion, po „t of'vi ^ He toceavoured to charge them with every crime ,„d Zi ,h w,.l, eve^ species of obloquy. « ThfAu^r:" 2 I ^ are, .ndeed very exorbitant in their demands, but ty ,1^ „ .cruel, whereas, the Russians have an instinctive fclct .h.ch noth,ng can soften.". " The i„habit.,nts of Par s 2; W expected the greatest misfortunes, had the Ine^ylZta .* the,r gates, and they sunendered their city without defn™ s«J " com 'ul, '■ 'tteT'""""" ti'T'- '•■'■™^™' fl,.;. . """""'"<'' ""'B"«s,ans pub cy announced ,r entrance. ,n.o Paris, and their design to carry off a precous „,o„,„nents, the hnmor.al trophies of ^Llto .""iclhi,, ho,r,ble desarts, to llm,up the ThuiUcrics .,,,,1 -^.-.•. to turn ,he scat of .he fine arts fnto a heap o ^ " «- .1,0 d«erm,„a,io„ ex,r„ordi„„ry-was it unjust? Why * Paris. Febru.iry 25th, 1814, t Bonaparte's (INu.itrh, Fehru-w 21 =t. t P«ris— Municipality of Paris. % V r,GS not Paris us well us Moscow— the Tliuillcvlcs the same as the Kremlin? The charges thus loiully rung, had, however, very little effect either in France or Europe. The conduct of the allied troops was known to be very different from what it was. represented; and certainly very different, indeed, from what that of the French troops had been in every part of Europe. And as for the charges of stripping Paris ol the fine arts, the world considered, that the Russians had a better right to take these from Paris, than France had to tiike them, aslhedid, from their lawful owners; and with regard to the wish and intention of the Russians to blow up the Thuil- Icries, no person could blame them who recollected the Krem- lin; and the present and future generations would have said they did right, while France continued the scourge of Europe. and Bonaparte as the master of it. «« These banditti, (con- tinued tlie enemy,) spoke only of burning and pillaging Paris. I have been assmed, (said one,) that each had a torch slung at his back; and when asked what u^e they meant to make o! it, they universally answered, that it was to set fire to Paris."* « \Vc are resolved," said the allied army, "to exterminate and take from you for 50 years to come, the means of fighting and defending (say rather of annoying your neighbours,) yoiir- selvcs."t If the troops of the allies, had in reality, professed such intentions as are here enumerated, as it is probable many of them did, it is really not much to be wondered at, when \vr reflect, what a long list of carnage, crimes, and misery, \m\ been hatched in Paris, and from thence scattered over Europe; by which every individual in it, in every rank and station, bad keenly suffered, and whose indignation, now aroused to the ut- most pitch, very naturally directed that vengeance against the .source of all thoir woe and niisery. There was really nothing extraordinary in all this, or rather it would have been extraor- dinary, had it been otherwise, and submission and contrition, not accusation and complaint, ought to have been the language ♦ Mon'itcur— Roport to tlio Minister of the Interior, by M. Despres Chas'x, nuiliior uf State, March 'id, 1814. f Municipality of Paris. Fdjfuary t-'ytb. m of France only, at la liad long t merit frou No soo took place, This was for so the the 23d," at the hea Prince SIcl Flahant," i peror Nape of Austria; of Russia; of the king treat of the motives thi in it — upo j)lace — wha tiations wei condescend when, as h pect for hi I avoiding th I proposed th( [ exorbitant i wished," sai Saone and t Bonaparte c qimrter, as t qereau; this elude Lyons osijresi^ion, t< the same as jad, however, Tlie conduct liiFerejit from jrent, indeed, in every part Mws Paris ol .ussians hud a :e had to tiike vith regard to up the Thuil- ;ed tiie Kreni- luld have said •ge of Europe, landitti, (con- illaging Paris. a torch sUuig ant to make ol ire to Paris."* o exterminatf ans of fighting hbours,) yonr- ,lity, professed probable many d at, when \vf d misery, had lover Eiiropt; id station, bad used to the ut- iice against tlie really nothing e been extnor- md contrition, (n the language M. Despres Chas*. 560 of France at tlils awful moment. These aione could, and thesd only, at last, did save her from the fete, which the banditti who had long trampled upon he.- and Europe, had caused her richly merit from indignant nations. No sooner had the enemy entered Troyes, than an event ■' took place, which, as related in his accounts, astonished Europe. This was no less than a solicitation on the part of the alliesi for so the enemy insinuated, to conclude an armistice. " On the 23d," said he, « Prince Wezel Lichtenstein, arrived at the head quarters. This new flag of truce was sent by Prince Schwartzenberg to propose an armistice."* « Count Flahant," continued the enemy, '« Aide de camp of the Era- i peror Napoleon; Count Ducca, Aide de camp of the Emperor < of Austria; Count SchuwaloU; Aide de camp of the Emperor I of Russia; and General Ranch, Chief of the engineer corps I of the king of Prussia, have assembled at Lusigoy, in order to . treat of the condition of a suspension of arras."f From what I motives this originated— what were the views of the parties ' in it— upon what terms ?uch a suspension was to take l)lace— what progress was made in it— and why the nego^ tiations were broken off, the enemy did not, at this time, condescend to inform us. However, some time afterwards, when, as he conceived, matters wore a more favourable as- pect for him, he became more communicative; but still avoiding the main point, namely, which party it was that proposed the armistice; he stated, tha^ it had failed, from the exorbitant nature of the demands of the allies. " They wished," said he, « not only to extend their line upon the Saone and the Rhone, but to include Savoy in it."J To this Bonaparte objected; and proposed to leave matters, in that quarter, as they stood at the moment between Bubna and Au- gereau; this the allies would not consent to, but wished to in- clude Lyons within tlicir line, wliich could only be meant in the e^jpression, to « extend their line on the Saone and the Rhone,", • Donaparte'h dispatch, February 24th, 1814, f Do. do. do= J Boiiaparte's dispatch, Rlurch 12th, 1814. ♦ f^ 18 570 beyond where they knew it was. But it is evident, that this waFi not the utmost length the allies wished to go. They wanted to bridle him still more closely, and evidently demanded posses- sion of the passes between Italy and France, which were not already in their power; and further, the advance of their line, both on the north and the east, beyond where they at that mo- ment stood. For Bonaparte expressly said, that «« he could not consent to abandon his communications with Italy; and besides, the Emperor did not think he had a right to place a numerous population under the iron xjohe from 'which timj had been delivered* These severe terms, shewed the high ground on which the allies stood, at a time when their situation was considered extremely dangerous; and was, no doubt, the rea- son why Bonaparte, at the time, durst not disclose to the people of France, that such terms were exacted from him, nor who it was, that solicited this armistice. It was of immense importance to him to have it believed, that it was the allies who solicited this suspension of arms, and that he was in a condition not to be dictated to. The allied Sovereigns, how- ever, contradicted these insinuations and assertions of the ene- my, with regard to their being the party which solicited this suspension of arms: « Meantime, the victorious armies ap- proached the gates of the capital— The plenipotentiary of France received orders to propose an armistice, upon conditions whick were similar to those which the allies themselves, judged ne- cessary for the restoration of peace. He offered the immedi- ate surrender of the fortresses in the countries which France was to give up, all on condition, of a suspension of military | operations. The allied courts, convinced by twenty years ex- perience, that in nefrotiations with the French cabinet, it was I necessary, carefully to distinguish the apparent, from the rd\ intentions proposed, iiistead of this, ivimediatcly to signpreliwA naries ofpeace,"-[ &c. This, however, was not what Bonaparte wanted; and therefore, the negotiations which he had proposedj were broken oflF. Such was the true state of the case; and no- # Bonaparte's dispatch. March 12th, 1814. t Declaration of the alUed powers, upon rupture of the negotiations at ChatlHw l!iat this wan jy wanted to idcd posses- ch were not )f their line, ^ at that mo- lt " he could ,h Italy; and ht to place a thick they had high ground situation v/na 3ubt, the rea- isclose to the Tom him, nor IS of immense was the allies it he was in a rereigns, how- ans of the ene« h solicited this us armies ap« itiary of France nditions which ves, judged nc- ;d the immedi- which France iion of military wenty years ex- cabinet, it was It, from the rd to sign prelim- what Bonaparte le had proposcil le case; and no- otiations at CliatlH-i', 571 thing shews in a stronger point of view, the unparaHeled and atrocous nature of Ma^ French government, than the odious system ot falsehood and deceit which it had recourse to in or der to support its cause, and to enable it to continue the work of blood and destruction. The temporary successes which had attended Bonaparte and the asserUon, that the allies were in a manner suppli Lin!; an armistice from hun, were greedily snatched by the .Hoomt ^ .md despondmg, to alarm the minds of the nations of Europe •< D.d we not teU you," said those men, '« what would be the consequences The allied troops will be swallowed up and consumed m France-few. or none, will ever repass the Rhine -What a^grand peace you would have made, had you itever passed that river, but left Bonaparte and France un" ' T 1\ T'.*''"' a disgraceful one must be conclud- ; od, wuh h.m who IS still to be the Lord of the ascendant- , ?»q-r France and overthrow Bonaparte, so firmly fixed in e affections of France, as the execution of the emigrants at Troyes testified-.mpossible! Conquer France! the rich paUK,tic civilized, beautiful, harmless, and strong country-Z ! tame and feeble Cervantes-Oh ! calumniated cL ad rs. The ancient prophecy of twenty years standing jnd arguments similar to the above, were eagerly brough forward; and the blaipe of all the mischief tlilt was to hfp! pen, was. as usual, laid upon the heads of the British Cabinet, "he allied troops will all be destroyed or driven into th Rhine! was echoed in France and repeated in Britain. The enemy certainly thought so. « Fly to arms" said M.vrmo„t. mke al weak detachments, all isolated men prisoners; do uriush any means of subsistence to the enemy; destroy all the bridges wh.ch might be usoful to his retreat, vvhilst we shall Fec.p.tate his flight. The Emperor, in person, is pursuinl 'he enemy, and will not stop till his destruction shall have been ompleted. Go^ protects France. I repeat it, never was tl'ce a more favourable moment for freeing and reven^rin^ )--lvcs."* « When they learned the Empei^r was ^^roS! • Marmonfs procIaraaUon, Etoges, February 15th, 1814. 572 ing, they were rtruck with sudden ttrror. The name nf Napo- leon xms sufficient to drive them from ortr town."* « The sacral terrilonj which the enemy has violated will become a land ol fire to' consume thcm,"t and it is presumed that very few men of the enemy's army will rq^ass the Rhine."t The name of Napoleon has struck them with terror-the sacred territory which they have violated will become a land of fire to consume them— it is presumed very few of the allies will be able to repass the Rhine,— was the burden of that doleful song on which vain ambition, and those bosoms which were callous to the cause of European independence, loved to dwell, This boasting was sliort— their triumph a dream. It was the last effort of delirious ambition and despairing faction. The enemy soon found thijt it was one thing to foil the allies in their object for the moment, and another to incapa- citate them from renewing the attempt, and ultimately sue ceeding in it. When Blucher was forced to retreat, it be- came necessary for Schwartzcnberg to retreat also, in order to secure his communication with him. Besides, it was still more necessary for Schwartzcnberg to do so, in order to I guard against the attempts of Augereau, who was moving froni Lyons, with 40,000 men, against Count Bubna, stationed in Franchc Compte, with an inferior force in the Prince's rear, the enemy, thereby, threatening the road by which the whole | of his supplies and re-enforcements were advancing. At tha: very moment, the Russian guards and reserves, about 40,000 strong,^ were advancing upon Langres, and it became abso- lutely necessary, for Prince Schwartzcnberg to prevent the enemy from throwing a force between him and Blucher, fori! they succeeded in doing so, the same force would have inter- posed between him and his resources, and he have been un-l able to detach ro-enforcements to Count Bubna, in order tol enable him to repel the attempts of Augereau. They wer.f • ChAUcau Thierry, February 8tl>, 1814. f Uonaparle's dispatch, February 17th, 18H. I I)(). do. 19'''- ; Do. «Jo. 24th. !0, in order to 573 in an 6nemy's country, and both a populous and a powerful country,— in the middle of winter too; when it behoved them to be more certain of all their movements. The fate of Na- poleon in Russia had taught them a lesson, which, unless dis- tracted they could never forget. They acted a very prudent flnd cautious part. As soon as Prince Schwartzenberg had secured all these important objects, we shall presently see how much further he retreated, and how much more Bona- parte was able to advance. His successes had not carried him so far as the point from which the allied armies set out in the undertakuig, in which they had been unsuccessful, but not annihilated, and were again ready to renew the attempt. Like iwrpedon, when he retired from before the Grecian wall, Blu- sher and Schwartzenberg yielded: " The Prince gave back, not meditating flight, liut urging vengeance and severer fight." » «' He drew back his armies," said Lord Cathcart, « to re-en- force the divisions at Dijon, Lyons, and Geneva, and to dis- tribute m his army the velitcs of Hungary, and other Austri- an re-enforcements.»t While the force under the command ot Bonaparte was much superior to either of the armies of Blucher and Schwartzenberg, it was evident that the nearer they advanced to Paris the more concentrated he became, and was thereby enabled to fall upon either with a superior force. Till either army, therefore, was able to make a stand against all the force he could muster, neither could advance to Paris with safety. The re-cnforcements advancing from the east- ward and northward were such as would soon enable them to acquire the superiority, and, therefore, it became necessary lor Bonaparte to make every exertion to crush either the onc- er the other, before these rcenforcements advanced to their assistance. This was the cause of his late desperate efForts, and which the caution of the allies prevented from bein^ at- tended with the success which he wished and expected. In the meantime the operations in Italy continued to be at- • Pope's Iliad. Book XII. ver. «5. f Cathcart' s dir^atcL, March 51st. >n tended with success to the Austrian arms. The Viceroy, however, made a vigorous stand, and was not dislodged from the positions which he occupied, without a severe struggle. The nature of the country, abounded with formidable posi- tions, and intersected with so many deep and rapid river-;, while the Alps on the northern frontier, covered with siiow, and impassable on that account, secured his flank, and prevent- ed him ft-om being turned on that side, except with great danger and difTiculty, were all circumstances extremely favourable to him. Nevertheless, the Austrians continued to gain grountl. On the 9th February, they passed the Mincio near the position of Goito, at the moment the Viceroy was preparing to pasi^ that stream, and attack them. Leaving a force, however, in front of Monzambano, the Austrians marched during the night, with the principal part of their army, and passed the river lower down at Borghctto, thus threatening the Viceroy's flank, upon a quarter which he little expected. The Viceroy imme- diately followed, according to the accounts of the enemy, and attacked the Austrians on the plains beyon.^ Roverbcllo; while General Verdier was warmly engaged at Monzambano, upon the upper Mincio, with the Austrian force left to op- pose or attack him. The battle at Monzambano, but chiefly that on the plains near Uovcrbello was obstinate and bloody. The positions of both armies were good; and, according to the accounts of the enemy, after a severe contest, which was conti- nued from the morning till an hour after it was dark, they succeeded in obliging the Austrians to repass the upper Mincio, and abandon their intentions of maintaining themselves on the right bank of that river, the connnand of the whole line of which, they assert, they obtained. But, as they state, they only remaijicd during the night on the field of battle, and then repassed the Mincio, in order to secure their commnni- cations with General Verdier, who, on the preceduig day, had bt'cn completely isolated from them; it was obvious they only meant to disguise their defeat. But, as no Austrian account of this battle ever appeared in the English journals, we can only form our judgment of the truth of the enemy's accounts from the consequences which followed, certainly unfavournblo to them. killed and knowledjK had been i undoubted The Aust» for we liai bridge at also in thei and 2000 I the right b ed, and co prisoners, , 20 killed a from the ' themselves and thouffh the loss of little ad van in oompellir while the vi hello, were the engagerr On the si( Germany, c press on to tl arrived at Co there arrived mongst whicl Major Lutzei midable fore advance of \ captured Sois was advancir • 1\] > Mila. 57B 1, then.. The A,„erl,n 1„„ „., „„„, ,„ ,, ,il« „„,l „„„„,|«| „„,, 2,00 prisoner., wl.ilo .!,„ e« Lr n„wl«lgc.l a los» „f 2500 men;' „l,i,.|, ,hc„s ,|,„t ,rifa2 I.., hoc„ ,e.or<., and even fro,„ .hoir „,v„ s,a.cme„, Iri '„ u„,l„„l,.ocl y ,„ .l,o,r u,„.l „yle. „„, „„,h ,„ ,1,^^, ^ 'J" TI,eAu,.m„., ,,„„vcr, according ,„ .,,„ „,,,,, „ J^ " or.c havcno „.l,or, Laving „ill retained p„sli.,„ ,; h^ ^ t „lgc a. )„rghe«o, wl.ich wa, com„,„„,U-d by s„„e hcigl : d" ".^01 •?' "?■"«''"-'■"-»"'. "'-id ,0,„X nd 2,00 horsc, aud ondcavonml to maintain tl,cm«lv« „, ,„ , t c r,g ,t bank, „, ,Uc Mincio. Tboy wee, however at ack «1, an.l co„,peile.' .o repass ,he Mincio, wi* ,he Z o 2oJ pn-oner. and .. n,any killed, wl.ile .he French fes w„, „„"; I L^T rr"""'-+ ^«l-* Austrian JZ om the lyrol and upper Mincio, endeavoured to thro„ tl,cm,elve, ,„ the enemy's rear, and marched „p„„ Brescl I and though , he enemy stated that this force wasre'pnised wi h loss 01 from 3 ,„ 400 menj, yet it „„, clear that it ^s ol' teie advantage to them, for the Austrian, finally succe^^ i ..compelhng ihe enemy ,„ abandon the line of ^the M^o w |le the vtctone, of which .he enemy boasted, near Rover Mlo, were very different indeed in their consonance, frol Ihc engagements on the same ground in 1 796 On the side of the Netherlands, ,he army' of the North of Germany, cons.st.ng of the tr«,p, of all nations, continued to press on to the scene of action. Ontheloth, the Crown Pri,," amved at Cologne; and, during that and the two preceding day^! Acre „rr,ve< ■„ that place, 36,559 men, and 6,624 horfes, a- moags. „h,ch was the corps of Woronzow, and the fine corns of Major Lutzen's, Irom 12 to 15,000 strong. Buh.w, with a for - .. .lable force wa, pushing on through the Netherlands; the ct::.S-°" :""*■' "•"'' Wi,.e„gerode. had al^dy captured So.ssons, A.esnes. and Rheims. The Swedish army was advancng by forced marches, as were also the dZI • MiU„, F*. loih. Moniio^r, Febru.ry 17,1,, km, t Vol,., F.b. loil,. Do. ,|„ ,5,1,. I Ma.... t;b. ls,h. f„„ch lo,^ „5 killrf a„J „<,„„jrf. I «76 trooiis by the routes of Bremen anil Munster. Trom Colofrno, the Crown Prince addrosseil an auUuatetl proclamation to the people of France, in which he md, " the govcrnmeut under which you live han it continually in view to treat you with contempt, in order that it might debase you: it i. high tinK' that this state of things undergo an alteration. All en- lightened people express their wishes for the weUaro ot the people of France; but they, at the same time, wish that she Inay no longer be the scour^re of the earth. The alhecl mon- archs have not united themselves to make war upon the peo- pie, but to force your government to acknowledge the nule- pendence of other states."* " Frenchmen, what is become ol your innumerable armies? What of your military gory. When your eyes overlook the globe, they can scarcely discc ver one friendly y^-ople, and every where they meet with countries which are the graves of thousands of Frenchmen. Who is the author of so many evils? a man who is not a Frenchman." After sacrificing 40,000 to his ambition m the East, he abandoned them-he came among you-was reward- ed with the Imperial purple.-He promised France internal repose, and Europe peace. You believed him. What has he done to fulfil your hopes? broken every treaty as soon as he made it. This peacemaker has carried death and debolii- tion into Spain. He made the incorporation and the over- throw of one country follow that of another; and in his con- vulsive rage he robbed Europe of the last illusion ot a durable state. At last he reached the gaol, when he lett his domin- ions, to lead the French 700 leagues from their country, and by this gigantic enterprise realized a// that is related o the niadness of the conquerors of antiquityj-he betrayed his unhappy soldiers, and abandoned them in immeiiso de- serts of snow, without food, without clothing, and without a guide! yet he ventured to appear again bclore you, to do- mand from you new exertions-new levies of troops. He ob- tained too many. Again have 200,000 perished, to drcneh with their blood the plains of Germany, whose inhabitant^ • Proclamation. Cologne, Feb. lyth- 379 loved th.< I'roi.cli till after tliirtc- , years of ill trontniont nnd disgrace. Divi.io justico has l.alik-d the last dibrts of expiring tyiaiu.y. 'I'he allies will not divide Fiunce-they „f|i.T it jHncc -they demand it. Frenchmen look around you I The abyss IS stiil open— the hand which plun^ros you into it is still liltvo; shall it throw the last of you in? If you do not com- pel your Ruler to conclude the peace which is required of you, the allies must lament that thei) cannot reach the oppressor of France, but through a people xvhum Ihnj esteem."* Except ai.u.ii^r the creatures of the revolution these addresses made .1 cicq) impression upon the minds of the peoj)le of France Oa the side of Picardy and Artois the enemy were assemblinff ulorce under General Maisoii, hut that was not an object of serious attention; it was in the nei;;hbourhood of Paris where the grand stru^rgle was to take place, «i,d to which thousands were hasteniuK. They left the fortifit.l towns behind them, vvlach were but ill provisioned and supplied, and certainly un* prepared for a crisis like this. The negotiations at Chatillon continued, but their delibe- rations remained a complete secret, except that the enemy assertedf that the allies threw every obstacle in the way. which was afterwards known to have been the reverse; and, flt the same tune, complained bitterly of his old friends the Cossacks, who, by intercepting his couriers, prevented him liom obtaining intbrmation from Chatillon, but once in four or five days, though he was only ninety miles from [*.% While these important events were going on in the heart of i'raiice, equally important, and to the enemy distressincr events, were taking place in the South West. Since Soult had been obliged to leave his formidable position under the walls of Bayomie, no important operations had taken place 111 that quarter. The heavy rains rendered the roads alto- gether mipassable for artillery for nearly two months. Dur- • Crown Prince's proclamation, tianover, Feb. Cth, 1814. t Bonaparte's diipatch, February 21st, 1814. J B* du. ^a. 4 19 4 M 580 ing this period of the cessation of hostilities on the South West, the pressing danger from the Kustvviird hud induced Bon^i. par^c to recal a very considerable portion of cavalry and in- liintry, from the army under Soult; expecting, that by then assistance, he would be able toward off the blow which threat- ened his capital and authority, and whose unexpected arrival upon the Marne was, in fact, the principal means ot his beinjj .,ble to check the progress of the allied armies, during their iirst advance upon Paris. Soult, however, though he was by these means lessened in his eflective strength, was not so in point of numbers; as the places of those who were recalled to Paris were lilled up by conscripts. His army was still formidable and numerous; and, aciording to the French pa- pers, amounted to 90,000 men.* The approach of sprnig having brought more moderate and settled weather, the allied army," under the command of the Marquis Wellington, pre- pared to move from llieir cantonments, in wliich they had enjoyed a short period of repose, after the long and arduous campaign of the preceding year. Sir John Hope, second in command, was left with a strong force to besiege Bayonne, and the rest of the army prepared to move after the enemy, and bring him to battle. On the 21st, the 6th and light divisions were ordered to break ui) from the blockade of Bayonne, and the army, on the following days, passed the Gave de Moulion; while the pontoons which had been collected at Garries were carriwl forward to the Gave de Oleron, and Gave dc Pau rivers. On the 2Hh, Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill passed tlic Gave de Oleron at Villenave, with the light, 2d, and Portu- guese divisions, under the command of Major-General Baron Alten, Lieutenant-General Sir Wm. Stewart, und the Maris- chal de Campo Don Frederick Lecor; while Lieutenant-Ge- neral Sir Henry Clinton passed with the Gth division between Montfort and Laos, and Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Pic- ton made demonstrations, with the 3d division, of an intcntiDii to attack the enemy's position at the bridge of Sauvcterrc, • Uayonne, Januctry 81st. Moiiitcur. which di bridge. the enen At the sa divisions, tion on tti fied posit of the Ga tete du po Gave de Clinton c great road incnt eomj the night. stroyed all in the neij allied arm ments, anc enemy iii t right of t' to Aix, an< the heights passage of t neral Hill. centre of tl .strength of vantages. But notl Beresford \ with the 4t division, un gade of cava along the h and to attac] left stood, \ Staplcton C( cavalry. M 'iivision, koj aQi ! South West, iduced Bona- valry and in- that by their which threat- spected arrival ns of liis beiiijj , during thei. hough he was th, was not so » were recalled iirmy was still he Frencli pa- oach of spriiif; ther, the allied Wellington, pre- kliich they had ig and arduous lope, second in isiege Bayonne, Iter the enemy, rere ordered to id the army, on ilion; while the es were cairietl Pau rivers. On Hill passed tlie 2d, and Portu- •General Baron i.nd the Maris- Lieutenant-Ge- division between sir Thomas Pic- 1, of an intention e of Suuvclerre, thfc m which demonstration induced the enemy to blow i, , hridge. Marischal del Campo Don Pablo Murillo drovel'n the enemy's posts at Navarreins, and blockaded tliat place At the same time IVIarshal Beresford, with the 4th and '7th' divisions, and Colonel Vivian's brigade, whicli was in observa- tion on the Lower Bidouze, attacked the enemy in their forti- fied position at Hastingues and Oyergave, on the left bank of the Gave de Pau, and compelled them to retreat within the kte du pont at Peyvehorade. As soon as the passage of the Gave de Pau was effected, Sir Rowland Hill and Sir Henry Clinton commenced their marqh towards Orthes, and the great road leading I'rom Sauveterre to that town. This move- ment compelled the enemy to retire from Sauveterre durinc. the night. They crossed the Gave de Pan, and, having de- stroyed all the bridges over that river, assembled their army in the neighbourhood of Orthes, on the 25th. The whofq allied army continued to advance by corresponding move-. ments, and, having crossed the river, prepared to attack the enemy in the strong position which he there occupied. The right of the French army held the heights on the road »o Aix, and occupied the village of St. Boes. The left held the heights above Orthes and that town,, and opposed the passage of the river by the troops under the command of Ge neral Hill. The course of these heights was such that the centre of the French army was (considerably retired, and the strength of his position, altogether gave him extraordinary ad- vantages. But nothing could deter the British General. Marshal Beresford was ordered to turn and attack the enemy's right, with the 4th division, und'^r Sir Lowry Cole, and the 7th division, under General Walker, and Colonel. Vivian's bri-. gade of cavalry. Lieut.-General Picton was directed to move along the high road leading from Peyvehorade to Orthes, and to attack the heights on which the enemy's centre and left stood, with the 3d and 6th divisions, supported by Sir Staplcton Cotton, with Lord Edward Somerset's brigade of walry. Major-General Charles Baron Alton, with the light 'iivision, kept up the communication, and was in reserve Ikv 58!2 tween the tvfo attaclcs. General Hill was also directed t« pn^s the Gav.'. ...d to turn and attack the enemy's left. Such was the order in which the British army attacked the enemy at Orthcs. Marshal Beresford, with the troops under his orders, attacked and carried the village of St. Boes alter an obstinate resistance; but the ground was so narrow that it was fonnd impossible to attack the height, notwithstandm. repeated efiorts made by Major-General Ross, and Bngad.er- General Vasconcillo's Portuguese brigade. It became ncces- 5ary, therefore, to adopt a new plan of attack. For this pur- pose Colonel Barnard's brigade of the light division was brouoht forward to attack the left of the height, on which the enenu's rioht ^vas stationed. Tlic attack was led by the 52d rerriment, "under Lieutenant-Colonel Colbonrn, and supported on'the ri-ht by Major-General Brisbane's and Colonel Kean . briffiuks of the 3d division, and by simultaneous attacks on the left by Major-General Anson's brigade of the 4th dinsion, and on tlK- right by Lieut. Gen. Sir Thomas Pi^cton, with the remainder of the 8d division, and the 6th division, under Lieutenant- V-neral Sir Henry Clinton. This plan was com- plctely snccesslul. The enemy was driven, after an obstinate resistance, from all his positions, and commenced his retreat, followed and attacked, in the most spirited manner, by the nllied army. At first the enemy conducted his retreat, m a masterly style; but General Hill having crossed the Gave de Pau above" Orthos, ad^'anced upon the enemy's left, and not only pressing it closely, but threatening to turn it, the whole French army were thrown into confusion, and their retreat was soon converted into a precipitate and disorderly flight.- Many of the soldiers threw away their arms, a great number of prisoners, (the Spanish accounts said 3,000,) and six piece* of cannon, were taken, and " the ivJwle countri/ tt'«s covered ly their dead."* The total loss of the enemy, in this action, wns not less than 10,000 men. That of the allies, including the previous affairs, was 2630. The troops of the allied anny conducted themselves in their usual gallant style, and the enemy was once more obliged to yield the palm of victory, m • WclliniTton's dispatcl), March 1st, 1814. ? so ilirectetl t« e enemy's left. IV attacked tho he troops under St. Boes, after narrow that it notwithstamlinij; , and Brigadier- t became ncces- , For this pin-- it division was it, on which the s led by the r)2d 1, and supported I Colonel Kcan'-; icons attacks on the 'I'th division, Picton, with tlio division, under ig plan was com- ftcr an obstinate need his retreat, manner, by the his retreat, in a ssed the Gave do ny's left, and not turn it, the whole and their retreat isorderly flight.— , a great number 0,) and six pieces 'ry TO«s covered ly n this action, wiis ies, inchKlin{T the f the allied army lit style, and the aim of victory, in 811. 583 a pitched battle ujxjh their own territories, to the skill and bravery of iheir opponents. From the disastrous field of Orthes, Soult fled, with his broken and dispirited army, across the Adour, by St. Sever whither the allied army ibliowed him, and, on the first of .Alarch, crossed that river, the head-quarters being, on that (lay, established at St. Sever. For the first time the French soldiers abandoned their colours; vast numbers came over to the allied army, by whom they were dismissed to their re- spective homes. After the passage of the Adour, Soult, in- stead of continuing his movement towards the North or North East, left the high road to Bourdeaux open, and turned off' to the South East towards Tarbes. This he did for two rea- sons, which does credit to his talents as a General; namely, to prevent the advance of the British army in that direction where disaiJection, not loud but deep, was beginnino- to shew Itself; and the next was, to secure his communication with the remamder of the army under Sachet, which was ad- vancing from Catalonia to his assistance. At Aire the ene- my had considerable magazines estabhshed, and which jilace he endeavoured to defend until these could be removed. Two divisions of his army held the place, in which they were imme- diately attacked by Sir Rowland Hill; and, after an obstinate resistance, complcrdy overthrown, with the loss of 100 pri- soners, and a great number of killed and wounded*, together with all their magazines; the loss of the allies, in this affair, was 1 58 killeil and wounded. AH the roads were covered with arms and accoutrements, which the enemy's soldiers, in their flight, had thrown away. In this last attack, Lieutenant- Colonel Hood, a very deserving officer, was unfortunately killed. •' The consequences of these important operations were, that Navarreins, St. Jean Pied du Port, and Bayonne, were close- ly invested; and the army, after having passed the Adour, had obtained the command of all the great communications of m nver, and all the enemy's magazines. On the 23d Feb. • Hill's dispatch, March 2d, 18H. 564 Sir Jolm Hope sent a force across tlic Adour, below Bayonnp, consisting of 600 men, under the command of Major-Genorai the Hon. Edward Stopford, which was immediately attacked hy llie enemy before farther assistance could be sent unto them. They, however, maintained their ground, and repelled tlic enemy. On the 24th, after great exertions, the vessels wliicli Avere destined to form the bridge, were got into the A(lc;ir. by the assistance of the crews of the ships of war stationed :it the mouth of the river, the consequence of which was tlim Sir John Hope obtained complete possession of both banks of tJie river below the town. Three of the enemy's gun-boats were destroyed the same day, and a frigate which was also sta- tioned there received considerable damage, and was compelled to seek refuge higher up the river, in the neighbourhood of the bridge. The bridge being completed on the 29th, Bayonno was more closely invested than before. The village of St. Etienne was attacked and carried, at which place the enemy lost one gun and several prisoners, and the posts of the besieg- ino- army were advanced to within 900 yards of the outworks of the place. In Spain the fortress of Jaca, into which the enemy had thrown a garrison, capitulated to the Spanish forces before it; and that active and enterprising officer, the Raron de EroUcs, liaving obtained Marshal Suchet's cypher, by that means de- ceived the garrisons of Llerida, Mequinenza, and Mauzon, and succeeded in capturing the whole, ajriounting to 2500 men. With this cypher he directed the governors of the dif- ferent places to evacuate them, and to murch in a certain di- rection to join him. The Baron took care to have a sufficient force stationed in the pass of Martorell, where he succetutii in forcing the whole to capitulate. In the meantime, the road to Bourdeaux having been loft open, the Marquis of Wellington sent Marshal Beresl'ord with a detachment, to take possession of that great city. This he did on the 12th March, not only without oppo- sition; but the inhabitants came out in crowds, to meet and welcome the British troops, with every demonstration nl joy. B'lt this feeling did not stop here. Delivered ficir those fett£ hondage, and gener rial goveri de Angouh and laiidet at no great and was re( was now ch France, an country eai ancestors, also for th< support the had left th( Continent, lands, and a Artois; and aiuiy, and 1; he, also was was not dee cjpouse his ^ (tss; and it ' for their leg tilings, no do but it never important o[ •idly throug! kindled in an tions against carefully refn Fioui St. J quarters to A, General Fane having been j tudeavoured * \\ 58,5 !low Bayonnp, lajor-Gcnoritl Iv attacked bv t unto them. ropclled tlic vessels wliicli to the A(1g-.ii'. war stationed 'Inch was tliiii )f both banks ly's gun-boats 1 was also sta- ft-as compelled lurhood of the 9tli, Bayoniir village of St, ,ce the enemy of the besieg- the outworks he enemy had rces before it; m de Erollcs, hat means dc- and Mauzoii, iting to 2.500 lors of the dif- a certain di- ve a suificient 2 SUCCeeutu 111 ving been loft bal I3eresf()i'(l It great city. without oppo- to meet and lonstration oi iclivcrod frcio those fetters, with which they had been bond.,,., U.e bad,„ „r ,J.X:Z,^ T! ^ T ml gove„,n,c.„, c,ve,tl„.„„„ and .r„,„ple,|°p„,, -j, , ^ *Ang„de„,e, ,vl,„ h,„l ,o,„o ,i,„„ before I, left I^,.." , .J ln„cl«i ,„ the South of France, and who wa, „, tlu° ^ ' a o ,™. d.,a„ce, ,„iekly rnadehi, appearance an^nA r and wa. rece.ved wul, the mo,, lively joy and sa.islie, °„ u ... new clearly seen, that ,l,e Bourb„„» were no. for"^ n in I-ranee, and that a large poruon of .|,e inhaWtan fo . " coanry eagerly .ghed ,br tl.eir retnrn ,„ ,„e throne of. M a ce» ors lh„, opportunity „a, now oflered to the™ t Artcs and Monsteur h.ad fellowe,! the trae. of the gra™ .1 i ana. , and had entered Tranche C„n,p.e and LorrLe, wh t ...s not deented prutlent nor politic in the allies, publicly t q»a,e ,s ea„,e yet it „a, obvious, that they ,ihed Usu a,s| and „ was clear, that in every par. of FrLce, a tZ. . .i.e,r legunnate Prince »a, become very gencrll Tie? ""«. ..odoubt, alarmed the Imperial gover":, „ o. „m 1..... never durs. make .he smalles. memion of anyoj. et -portan, operations, least the flame should spread nr»r «lly hronghout France. „l,e„ i. „,s know', thaH ." hndlcHl .„ any one quarter. Hence all mention of l^e 1™ on, agatnst Soul,, and his repeated defeat, and disasters wl» ca-dn y relra.ned from by the followers of Bonapartr' hiom St. Sever, the Marquis Wellington moved hi, he,,! J«a.ter, to Aire, from whence, he on the^Gth Ma^h. ,!hed (.oncra lane, with „ force to take possesion of Pau Sou' ™g been joined by io.ooo- men Iron, the army o?' Such "Hkavoured to assen.ble a considerable force a. ConcCin • n>llmsioa'jai,p,ich«, March isiliandsoil,, Isil. r>8(i order to alarm tlie British General for his commiinicatii)nh' ii; his rear; hut the advance of the aUied army in that direction, quickly obliged the enemy's force to retire, first upon Limbegf, then upon v'ic Bigorie, and then to Turbos. The enemy wa- driven from position to position, by his indcfatigal)le oppo- ncnts; and iu the last affairs at Tarbes, on the 20th, he sullei'. cd a considerable loss, while that on the part of the allies was trifling.* At Tarbes, on the 10th, Soult issued an ans,y proclamation, denouncing vengeance on the allied army, and nceusing Lord Wellington of endeavouring to seduce tlic French peojile from their allegiance to their august Emperov and threatening those with the utmost effects of his vengeance, who deserted the Imperial standard. The time, however, was gone by, when those menaces occasioned any fern- or alarm, or could deter the people of France from following their own in- clinations— nor was Soult himself aware, how soon he also would join the cause which he now denounced. " Soldiers," said he, " the enemy's General has had the audacity to invite you and your countrymen to sedition and revolt. This offence cannot be avenged but in blood— to arms! Our duty is mark. ed out. Honour and fidelity, that is our motto. To coiiiba' to the last, the enemies of our august Emperor, &c."t And here we must leave him, for a short period, and return to ope- rations and scenes, whicli will put i\m fidelity and honour \.o the proof. Schwartzenberg ha\:ng secured the object of his retreat, quickly resumed the offensive. He detached Getieral Bianclii. with a considerable force to assist Count Bubna, and oppose Au- gereau; and, at the same time, placed all the Austrian troops which were at Dijon, and in that part of the country, under his orders. Bonaparte remained, at Troyes, shut up for tliret days, during which, all access to him, except to a very few, ra denied. The French army, however, had followed the allies by YandocHvres, and towar-'s Bar Sur Aube. On the 26tli, when Prince Schwartzenberg had determined to re-advance from • Wellington's dispatch, March 20, 1814. t Soult's proclamaticu, Tarbes, March 30. Bar Sur A pearcd bef posted. I] Prince Scl to retake it. who drove with consid( The town u Bavarians c( Vdiirt'd io ei considerable Prince Scin to attack tin pose. Cour Colon) be, ai corps, and i moving in tl stein arrived stinate and cover tlieir : shot, from th and General Aube.* Sch the attack of as was also driven from and compelle Pahlen succe( of the enemy llie victories, was rcjiresenl and advancec army under t marched upor 'ctod him tc # 1 iruinications: iu that dircc'lioii. upon Limbt'gt', "he edcmy wa- iitigahle oppo- iOih, he siilliji- t ot" the allks ssucd an nngiv Ued army, and to seduce tlic ijriist Einpcvor: his vengeance, ', however, was «ir or ahinn, or JT their own in- w soon he also L « Soldim," idacity to invite t. This ofleiice r duty is nuirk- to. To coiiiba' or, &c."t And d return to ope- y arid honour io of his retreat, jelieral Biaiiclii, , and oppose Au- Austrian troops country, under shut up for tliret o a very tew, wa; )llo\ved the allies 2. On the 26lli, ) re-advance fiotn 4. 20. 587 Bar Sur Aubo to Vandocuvrcs, tlic enemy, in great force ap- peared before Bar .Sur Aubc, wliere General Wrcde was posted. He retired beli)re them, and abandoned tlie place. Prince Schwart/enberg, immediately afterwards, sent orders to retake it. This was imme(h"ately done by tlie Bavarians who (h-ove the enemy from it at the point of the bayonet' with considerable loss. The loss of the Bavari.ons was triflincr' The town was, however, again retaken by the enemy, but the Ravanans continued to hold the suburbs. The enemy endea- voured lo envelope the corps of General Wrede, by posting a considerable column on the heights in the direction of Levi.r„v Pnnce Schwartzenbcrg, who had been previouslv deter.nrned to attack thcni, now accelerated his operations for that pur- pose. Count Wittgenstein's corjjs were assembled in front of Colonibe, and directed to pass in the rear of General Wrede's corps, and to attack the column of the enemy which were moving in the direction of Levigny. About noon, Wittaen- steia arrived on the heights. The contest began. It was^ob- stiiiate and severe. The enemy's cavalry thrice charged to cover their flying infantry; but a well directed fire of grape shot, from the Russian artillery, drove them back in disorder, and General Wrede stormed and took the town of Bar Sur Aube.* Schwartzcnberg himself, in many instances, directed the attack of the Russian troops. He was slightly wounded, as was also Count Wittgenstein. The enemy was defeated,' driven from all his positions on the right bank of the Aube, and compelled to repass that river at Durlancour, where Count Pahlen succeeded in doing them still further injury. The loss of the enemy was about 3,000 men, and their discomfiture after the victories, of which they had previously boasted so much, was represented as complete.f The allies crossed the Aube, and advanced upon \\indaHivres, while another part of the iirmy under the Prince of Wurtcmburg and Count Guilay, marched upon Bar Sur Seine, and Prince Schwartzenberg di' ■ctcd him to advance, and attack the enemy posted at Ferte * Bulletin, allied army, Colombe, Miinli 2vhich there was nothing to oppose in its march. General Win- zengerode had occupie- under Hulov, •tod tlicirjuiK- Soissoiis, con- to the army ol Jotterits. I'm ionaparto, and [1 '20 pieces of deleuded itsell; the advaiK'iiii; Vistula (juiltiJ B the Govcrimi Bonaparte, with ?lf master ot'tiiij jsian infantry oi er the orders ol i only Hurrouml- any parts. Tlii' o|)posite side of ay hreak. The ; of the suburbs, n itself, with all he was repulsed ? greater part of 1 these kept up ii [■ the town, untn ?r part of the su- ntain themselves 3n!y divided by a ss was 1,000 kill ,'as much greater, 14. as his troops were inorc exposed.* On the nioinin^' of the. Cili, the enemy desisted from his attacks ujiou the pliice and retired. I'oiled in his attempt upon Soissons, Bonaparte called up his urmy to ids right, and marching in that (hrection on the forenoon of the fith, he passed his army across the Aisnc at Hery au Hue, and, witli a strong force, nienaeec! the left of IJiiicher's army at C'raone. Ulueher penetrated ids intentions, ;iiul directed CJcncral Winzeiigerode, with 10,000 cavalry, to luarcli hy way of Chavigny and Prcsle, and to throw himsJif in the line of the enemy's communications across the road tioni Corheny to Laon. The corps of Generals Kliost, Sack- en, and D'York, were ordered to incline towards tlie infantry (if General Winzcngcrode, which sustained the extremity Jf the position near the villages of St. Martins and Craone. General Buiow, with '20,000 men, was directed to march and occupy the strong and important position of Laon. At two ill the afternoon of the 6th, under cover of the wood of Cor- tiuy, the enemy's force advanced against Blucher's left, with large bodies of skirmishers, but was repulscd,t though the enemy, with his wonted disregard of truth, asserts that he carried the heights.^ These operations, however, were only the prelude to a more general and sanguinary affair, on the 7th, at Craone. Blucher, who was aware of the enemy's inten- tions of attacking his left, directed the corps of Generals Kliest and D'York to pass the river Delette, in the direction of Presle and Lcuilly, to sustain the movement of the cavalry under Winzeiigerode, and, together with Bulow's force, to attack the enemy's right, should he push ibrward against' the point occupicti by the infantry of Winzengerode, at the point of Craone. General Baron Sacken was ordered to support the latter, and to endeavour to turn the enemy's left, should lie attack on the other side. If pressed by superior forces, he was directed to fail back on Laon, and at the same time to with- draw the garrison. of Soissons. About eleven o'clock in the * Lowe's report, ^Martli 1 1 tli. f Do. do. i Uonaparle'b Uispatjitj, Martli 9th, do. '592 forenoon of the 7tli, llie enemy, witli 60,000 ii.cn, attaclu,! the position occupicil by Winzi'iigorodo's inliiutry, and, ul tlie same moniont, Marshal lihichor marched to the poinr. where he siipposed the cavah-y would be formed, in order to direct the operations in that quarter against the right of llie enemy. Unfortunatrly, however, the cavah-y, froi-i various ditheiihies during the preceding night, had not been able to ailvimcQ bevond Tresle, with the cMception of the advanced g,iard, witii which it was impossibk- for tl>e Marshal to under- tlike, witli elfect, the importJUJt operations which he luul in view. 'Ihe position at Cruone, therefore, was exposed to tlie undivided fury of the enemy, who, under a cannoiiudo trtdy tremendous, made every cfibrt to dislodge the allies hotii their position. IJut it was maintained with a spirit and deter- uiinntion above all praise, by Count Strogonofl', who com- mimded the cavalry in the ab- once of Winzengerode, anil by Worons(4r, who commanded the infantry. The attacks, how- ever, of the enemy were so incessant, while, at the same time, the force under his command was so superior to those inuiie- iliately opposing him, that it gave him an opportunity ol' threatening, and, indeed, endeavouring to turn the position both on the right and left sides thereof, so that (Ji>neral Baron Sacken was under the necessity of abandoning the position, and commencing his retreat upon Laon. This retreat was executed in the most admirable order, so that fourteen piece, of artillery, which had been dismounted, were carried off bv the allies.' The enemy merely says that they were pursued four leagues along that space, exposed t(^ the fire of eighth pieces oT cannon,* but fairly acknowledges, that the cavalry could not get up to attack them, while he rates the number ot cannon wldch the allies opposed to him at 60 pieces. The battle of Craone was both obstinate and bloody; and, but for the iicci- dent already mentioned, might have been most disastrous to the enemy. The loss of the allies was 2000 killed and wouiul- «1. The son of Count Strogonoff, a Lieutenant-Gencral, wa^ killed. Three other Russian Generals were wounded. Count • Bonaparte'* dispatch, March 9tb, I814' W-„r„„M,n- l,„d five oraecr, of |,i, p„„,„„| ,,„„■ „,„„„,,,,, Mil.-, .n,.! ( i,,„-,,c.„„..,-, .,„„„i„i: .,„i, (•,.„„, u„. „,i ,;,,;: ,n »t l.,.v. I„,,.„ v,.,y «,.„„,.. ,,„ ,„|,„„„,,.,, ., • » ■; '"."" ■' • '""" "'™-t 1'"'. "» 1.0 ack„„wlc.,l,,,,| ,!,„ ,;'"■, ■"i.l — .U-,1 ,o .0,000 „e„, „.,„.„ val.,ur I ^ ^ ! ""I ". .u,„,y „ U,K»I^ field. Since i, e„Ur.,l l.',,,,,' >«t ..over „l,„„„e,| one „,„„,,,„., , ,,,, j,.„. ... ;'".,'' !«.. ,..c„l,„,.ly ,|,e object of „,e euc.ny's di,,„ie,„ e , S.m-.-.l „e,„„„, ouiy ..„„ daj-s bave el„psed, i„ Jbid „ ..l™>ce„,. ,e.u.„f i,l,„. „„tbec„ sedo..!; engaged. ' it . la ou,. were „„. ,e. flnisbed. I. was. i.'deeS^.be , a„ c ar ol,ee. „l ,be e„e„,y'» drea,l, and who saw „„ X i^ lamsi'll I...I m its destruetion. In ibis al- i.e „, , ' ^ '"' .ne. Ibmlore he n,„de Ihe desperate attack ,vbicb he did .Craonc, upon „s left, in order to deii,,. and tur i 1 ' .on I on, any con,n,u„ication with St. Priest, an,l its ™ pl.» advanc.,« frotn ti.e Ea»twa„l, and also „ tb d ".a 'p; ...„ler Scbwartzeoberg; „„d bv delbating t u^ *«o crentnstances, ,o force it back ^pon the Nettrl ,1 .laot, to surround and dest,„v i, altogether; when Se ,!« ;nK wonid only have remained t°o occt J s „:,:," . ..s .0 was foiled at Craone, but be Jl de.e.™l. 7 .....a St II n,orc desperate and general effbrt at Laon. -^ or the battle of Craone, the enenty continue.1 to follow ihcdarnty to tts strong position at Laon. On the 8.1, .l.e.o was n,uch severe skirmishing between U,= adv„ ec of hi, t n * Lowe's report, March 11th, 1814. t Uoiiaparte's dispatch, March 9tli, 1814. t Lowe's report, March 1 1th, 1811. I tl,e French and the rear of the alUcd army. The vilh.ge of Clacy^as attacked seven times by the allies, who were acand- ing to the enen.y's accounts, each time repulsed. 1 ho Duk. o'llagusa took possesion of the " ydlago of Alth.es a.ui >vas successful, says the enemy, throughout the day. At hall- past siK he took up a position. At seven, the a hes made a lash of cavalry, one league in the rcu, where the Duke ot Ueggio had a park of reserve. Ti,e 1 uke of Ragusa pn.- ceeded thither quicU^> but the enen>y had /... to car y ofl fifteen pieces of cannon. A great part ot the p.rsonnH .., saved.- Even this was a very good day's work, by the ad- mission of the enemy himself. The next day, however, was destined to behold a com. plete trial of strength between the collected arn.y o Bo a- parte, and the united force of Bluchcr. Notwithstanda^g . "1 which it had sustained, the arn.y of Bonaparte, on th. dav, amounted to 80,000 men,t besides son,e detachments, no. n tie battle. Blucher's force was 90.000. Both eomn.an.lor» famous for their talents-both armies brave ron. expcr.cnc. Ind the principles which directed their conduct. Ihe.lal. nn- which they 'were contending was of the fn.t nnportancc, nnd the combat, therefore, was most likely to be severe, k- fore day-b.oak, on the 9th, Eo..aparte, ut the head ot all b formidable force, attacked the strong position ot Laon H. cliof efforts were directed against Blucher's lelt. Lnder co. on ,,r of a lliick tog, the cn™.y succocdcd m ,.«u.t,at,,,g ■he ceuue a,>d rigl.t of the allied ar,„y t„ the vdloge, o A,- donand Scnillj, which n,ay be considered »"—*";*> Laon. Tl,e fi.-e of the musquetry reached to ll>e walk o tl. Town, and comloued, wlthont in.eran.ion, ""'; ''l";."";™' MoIk »he„ the fog began to clear away 1 e lo positions of both arunes wero now d„tn,etly seen .en.r 'bIw, with the centre of the allied arn.y, occuined 1,», Z\ d,c rcnainder of the arn.y was stationed on the ,,1»,.. 1» ot to the right and left of the town. The ca^lry was a. a- sle in the rlr. The cnenty was innaedia.ely dr.ven lrn,„ *' • IJonapiirfe's dispatdi, Murcli 12th, IBH. •f I'rince Saxc Wieniai's oHicial letter. village of S{ forward to obstinately i success tha had occupi( iiig; and, n could not o' (luarter. F drive the en a brisk fire It was on tl: effort. Ab( «! advancin Rheims, an of D'York the village o Marshal, wl Sacken, witl D'York, ant rais, says Bl lity."* It w decisive. 1 which he mu from a form artillery, op< The combat Advancing { (orps under Ht; was.imm retreat becan road to Cor t Blucher's dii b«r of prisoners ti Ut. Col. Cook 'lien on that day 'he village of were, iiccord- . Tlio Duk.« Althics, and lay. At liair- allios made ;i I the Duke of Riigii>'iv pro- le to curry oil pcrsoniid Wii., •k, by the ad- behold a com- army "f Bonn- ithstandiiig the aparle, on this L'tachments, luil »th coniniaiulers ■oin expcricntT, net. The slake irst importance, be severe. Ik- head of all ihii I of Laon. Ili» eft. Under to- penetrating on e villages of Av- is the suburbs ol the walls of tlic in til about eleven The force aiitl \j seen, dcneral , occupied Laon, on the plain bo- cavalry was in r^ ly driven I'roin lli' 81 '1. IT. VI 595 illage of Semilly, and the cavah-y from the rear were ordered forward to turn the enemy's left flank. Here the battle waa obstinately contested throughout the day, without any further success than dislodging the enemy from the villages which he had occupied during the time the fog continued in the morn- ing; and, notwithstanding the efforts of Count Woronsoff; he could not overcome the vast force which the enemy had in'this quarter. Part of Bulow's force was directed to advance and drive the enemy from the village of Ardon, from which, after a brisk fire for half an hour, tie coqipelled them to retreat. It was on the left, however, that the enemy made his principal effort. About two o'clock in the afternoon, he was observ- ed advancing, with a strong force, on the road leading from Rheims, and became immediately engaged with the corps of D'York and Kliest, stationed in that quarter. He took the village of Althies, and continued to press forward. The Marshal, who had foreseen this important movement, directed Sacken, with liis corps, to re-enforce those under Kliest and D'York, and the whole to act on the offensive. These gene- rals, says Blucher, « fulfilled this object with their usual abi- lity."* It was here that the battle became most terrible and decisive. The enemy " advanced with a confidence from which he must have arrogated to himself every success,"f and from a formidable battery,- of at least forty or fifty pieces of artillery, opened a most tremendous fire upon the allied army. The combat, for several hours, waf? obstinate and bloody. Advancing at the pas de charge, the enemy encountered the corps under the command of Prince William of Prussia. He was. immediately overthrown, and, towards nightfall, hia retreat became a disordered flight. He was pursued on the road to Corbeny; seventy pieces of cannon|, a number of * Bludicr's dispatch to rrince Saxe Wiemar. f Lowe's dispatch, March 1 0th, 1814, f Blucher's dispatch to Prince Saxe Wiemar. Colonel Lowe states the num- bcr of prisoners to have been from 5 to 6000; second dispatch, March 11 th; and f.icut. Co!. Cooke, on the iSth, slate*, that th. Cossacks, under Chernicheff, hat? [tjkeii on that ilay 800 men, and 10 guns. 4r j9 596 Ijaggagc waggons, and a great number of prisoners fell into the hanils of the victors. On the riglit and the centre, the enemy still maintained himself in great force. The country in that part is intersected with villages and small woods, which were kvourable for his operations. The whole of the 10th was oc cupied in severe engagements in that quarter. A wood, near the village of Clacy, was taken and retaken four or Bve different times? and, finally,' remained with the allies. The enemy again attacked ihe village of Semilly, but without success. Part ol General Dulow's force threw itself upon the road; and, sup- ported by the fire of the'troops on each flank, at last compelled the enemy to retire from this part of the field also, in disorder, and with loss. During the night the fire of his bivouacques were apparent along an extended line; but in the morning it was found he was gone, and the allied troops immediately followed him towards Chavignon, on the road to Soissons. Thus ended the severe and memorable battle of Laon, where during " two days of successive attacks, the enemy ex- perienccd nothing but defeat and discomfiture," and « the cf- torts of all bis force were broken against and recoiled from '.he bulwark, which the fine position of Laon afforded."* It was in fact the death blow to Bonaparte's power. It was now evident, that one of the armies of the allies at least, could encounter with success, whatever foi<« be could bring against it. From that moment, desperate measures and desperate counsels were follow- ed by him as the only remaining chance of extricating himself from his perilous situation. Yet his prWeand his vanity still led him to anticipate the total destruaion of his numerous enemies; and because the allies rc«ch ™ "''^•' '"" "' •''* ^"'"-' -'I «be noise evidently a,: t-mi an Inl' ' ':' -* >"y -'at-ns; but when we arrived near th. ■ni'n. an immense crowd met u,, .nd rushing hastily by, p.rt«3 „;e from m^ 602 bcauiifv! but ilt fated Paulowna herself, whose inviolable asy- lum had boon retUiccd to ashes, and whose Hpotlcss honour had been violuted by the Gallic banditti, might, with justice, have bequeathed to her distracted lover, a j^resent like tl.a-. here nK'Ulioned, engraveil with tears— embroidered in anguisli- and snnx.unded with the dreadful words " fumes and vai- gcaiici:" And if he had executed his commission to the utmost, letter of it, where i:i the feeling of the human bosom which could with iustice have blamed him? What right had France K, expect any thing else? Yet, notwii.istanding nil these teiriCic pictures, France, comparatively speaking, remaineil heedless to the calls of her Cioverumeiit. Her people could not possibly but recollect, that the measures which it had pursued had jubtly mother and »l"ti.r«. 1 on.Iflttvoi.rod. in vain, to recul tl.om by my cru-s. ll.o noiso or«rn,«, anil the cricn of an infuriated populace, o.erpo«cred my feeble vo>c., and. in an inntttnt. 1 wa, rendered truly nuserablo. The French, meanwh.ie. pc nctrated into the town, and. driving all before them, advanced towards the W lin To tind a shelter against their excesses. I. with many others, ran into the ci- tadel, which wan eouHidered a place of security. As I could not mix with the a,n,. batants, I retired to the church St. Michael, seeking refuge a.nong the graves of tfc Czars. Kneeling near their sepulchre, 1 invoked the manes of those lllustriou, founder* of our country, when, on a sudden. somO mcM soW^rrs broke mupor my retreat, und draifant i,w from a» inmlable and saard usi/liwi." When the unhapry girl I'ad finished her history she shed a torrent of tears; am throwing h^rnelf ai the General's feet, in.plored him to respect her vutuc, a.1 restore her to her relations. He was more interested hj her beauty than iy her tm, Ut, rreteuu. his utmost endeavours to di«:over her father and her destined husband. But, as I knew the disposition of the man. I clearly perceived that his apparent generas,, «a» only a »naro to deceive the innocent Paulowna. There wanted nothing mou to complete the horror, of that day. u^hen he resolved to outrage virtue, and to .■ duce innocence, and m afterwards found that neither noble blood, nor the can.. ,fyouth, nor even the tears of beauty, m-rc resreetedr Why is the name of ,U. in not givn to the world, that, if he has esca^ being food for the '..oj.. " crouV I Uus«a. he might be shunned as a pestilence, or be compelled herd with those brt.tes. of whose feelings he so largely partakes. These .lungs a, not related by one who would exaggerate, but by one who. in tl«i true character ol hi. nation, considered the llussian campaign unjust merely because .t was unsucci*- fu! Yet such scenes w«r« but a small part, indeed, of those horrors wh.ch Gal- lic barbarity inflicted upon the unhappy inhabitant, uf Moscow, aud which m- j noticed in uuuthvr place. G05 failed fortli tlie severest retribution; and tlicrc can be n& doubt but that tlu> Iridignatioii of Ku.oj)c was, at this moment. Called forth to its liighost pitch. IJut the Trench people were also a^vare that it was the robberies and cruelties of tlu; French soldiers themselves which desolateu Trance. The fol- lowing document is a convincinjr proof of this; and though these things did not appear in the IVcilcb papers at the tiuu', still they were not tlie less' true: — « The Emperor expresses his displeasure with tlie army, 0!i account of the excesses to which it has abamloticd its.lf—ihcM: excesses which are always blameablc, become more criminal when they are committed on our own territory. The com- manders of the diflerent corps and the generals are warned, that they are responsible' for these excesses. The inhahitant.i nsiy xv/itre Jj/, and the armxf 'jihich ought to defend the coun- Inj has become its scourge. The troops belonging to tlie ar- tillery and baggage are described as most Culpable. The commanders of tliese corps ought especially to take proper measures to prevent a repetition of these disorders."* After this, who can listen to serious complaints ogiiinst tlie conduct of the allied" armies. From ihe fatal fields of Laon, wliere Bonaparte had becre so completely foiled in liis grand object and desperate attack, he drew oft' his forces, and, still persisting in his object of separating Blucher's army from that of Schwartzenber'g, lie marched in the directiori of Rheims. Gefieral St. Priest, who bad also with him the corps of General Jiigbu, had obtained possession of that town, on the 12th, where he took 3000 pri- soners; arid their force amounting, according to tlie accounts of the enemy, to 16,000 men, thoiigh it was probably more, occupied the place, and kept up the communication between the army of Blucher and the main army. The enemy turned' jail his force against this place; and, on the 13th, after an ob- jstinate engagement, in which General St. Priest was killed, • Order of the day l)y Bonaparte, dated Nogent, February 8tb, 1814.— See ^t jGiraiid's campaign. 1811. 4 G 19- while gallantly ittuliiig on his nun, llic cnciri}' imulc hmiMli master of the pliice. Tlic enemy was repeatedly ropulse.l in liis attempts, l)Ut liis immense superiority ot't\)ree onableil liim to suceeeil, though with tousiclcrablo loss. He tstiinatiiiit the loss of the enemy, iVom the obstinate defence made, " eould not but be great."t Tlic allied forces abandoned Ilheims and marched upon Laoii, where they joined the army miiicr IJlucher. The death of General St. Pmest gave Bonaparte an opportunity, which he eagerly seized, to make it appear as if there had been suinc- thhig miraculous in it. " The same battery of cannon whkli liad killed General Moreau before Dresden, (said he) mortully wounded General St. Priest^ who had come at tUt; head of the Tartars of the desart, to ravage our beautiful country."; That battery of cannon certainly never passed the bridge of Leipsic. The ignorant corporal settled that point in a satu- factory manner. The conduct of ticneral Si. Pritst, says lie, '« was worthy of a turncoat. In all times turncoats have l)i(u the most cruel enemies of their country."^ Certainly \h Emperor of France and King of Italy was a living witness that this was sometimes the ease. Bonaparte, at this thiie, applied the maxim to a wrong person. Forgetting his disiis- lers at Laon, and exulting in his success at Rheiuis, he en;- braced the oj)portunity to launch out into a statement of tlit perilous situation in which the allies stood, with all the stvoiii fortresice till he should iiMcertain t' e situation of aflairs in that (juartcr. Schwartzenborg was here l)lamed for want for activity, Day, of lukewarmness in the cause. Tlvesc cluirges were yjifounded and unjust. It was eas^-, in- deed, to bay, why did he not push on t9 Paris. Schwartzen- berg was in the middle of a country con^)letdy laid waste, in- tersected with numerous rivers, on yvhioli ail the bridges liad been broken down. AH liis PuppUes fof iiis uumqrous army were to come from his rear; at least he neither could, nor was it prudent he should depend upon any other. These could not be jiiovQd so rapidly as sanguine minds imagined, where every road w,as .cut up. The fate of Napoleon in Russia was bdorc their eyes, a^d they would have been mad to have .^as determined to withdraw the army in advance, and march upon Chalons, to co-operate with Marshal BJuchc.r. He ac- cordingly recalled the army across the Seine; and, abandoning 'J 'roves u second time, he .marched upon Arcis Sur Aube. vScarcely had Schwartze^iberg iido4ncd tliis plan, when it was learnt that Bonaparte had left Rheims on the J6th, with the greater part of his forces, and taken possession of Fere Cham- penoisc and Sezanne. Mortier was left at Rheims to observe the movements of Blucher. Ney was directed to march upon rhalnns Sur Marne, which place he cntcrod on the 16th. Bonaparte, w;th his principal force, passed the Aube on the «07 I9ih, at Plancy; and, on the same diiy, the Seine jrt Mcry, m- (Imvoiniiig, by a dt. -perate push, to cut ofl" part of thf allied army. He failed in his object. 'J'hey had already retreatnj and concentrated at Arcis «ur Aube, which place they ubau- (loned, and took up an advunta^'eous position before it. I'hc riicniy assembled his forces in the ])lace, and its nci;rl,bour- houd, with the intention of attacking the allied army? "hich was ready to give him battle. Dreading, howJver, the strength of the j)osition wJiUh they held, and uncertain what mcasm-es JJlucher jiught be taking in his rear. :,,.' ; -ddenly al- terctl his plan; and, leaving a strong rear i .jard in y rcis Sur Aube, he marched off with the rest of his ar a.\ 'a the i' rcction ot Vitry. The rear guard of the French arm; , ,,h in) ■• cdiate- ly attacked by Wittgenstein; and, after an \u iiiiute action, which began jU .three o'clock on the aJternoon of the 20th, the enemy's tbi;cc were .compeUed to abandon Arcis, in which they sustained a loss o| at least SOOO niejj, killed and wounded. All the account which Jjonaparte gave of this serious aJIliir was, that '* His Majesty the 3!:mperor arrived at Arcis Sur Aube on tlie 20th, in the ^noming."* Why Jie left it was a subject not worth his while to disclose. Learning the direction which Bona- juirte had taken, J31ucher immediately put his army iji motion Irom Laon. Two pontoon bridges Iiaving been thrown across llie Aisnc, the whole army passed that river on the morning of llie 19th, the Prussians taking the road to Fisnies, and tlie Russians to Uhcims, and on the evening of the sjune day again occupied that city; Mortier retiring before iJiem in the direction of Ejjcrnay, and keeping up his communication with the force under Marnwnt, more to tjie AVestward. From llhcims, the [ iirmy under Blucher pushed forward without any delay, in the ilirection of Chalons, in which situation we must leave them lor a short time, to bring forward the operations in other quar- I tcrs. The negotiations at Chatillon, whicli had lingered for some I time, and excited the fears of Europe, were at last broken off Ion the 18th March, owing to the insincere dispositions and yet m Bonaparte's (Uspatcli, March EOtli, 1814. »l 608 ™i»mcd arrogance of th. enemy: wte ll.e condiliom of tl.o.e ™n^ion. »ere, »= are not cxaetly inl^moa; bC- .t •« -d, " ?: Xe appearance of .-.ruA, that ihechief ccul.uon.on . ,,ch The a lies »o"M make peace v.ith Bonaparte, as tl,e ,ead ol I. "nLn, .ere, that France sl,o„ld be ro.l,.ee,. .u un 1», an nt limits that Ae sbould pay al.o„t 62 m,U.ons sterl,,,,. th mount of »ar contributions levied by l-er on tl.e drfferct 'ovilen.:-, of .he continent; «k1 that she should smre.uW. f r ^ Iber of years, six of ,tl>c prinei,™ fortresses' on 1 , fton^r as a RUarantee for tl.e payment of that su.n, and f,„ t ru;e good behaviour. To these conditions l.un,d,„.,». "to French va,.it„ b..t just .ith regard .o Ircuh amb. . u™.,„arte not only refused to accede, but insisted upon t^ :i;.rr:of Antwerp., of keeping the line of the R.,i» IX boundary, that Beauharnois should rema,nK.,.go. l»l; :,d;:isoclai,ned indemnities fortheterritoru...d.r„„s*^^^ hU brothers and other dependents had lost. lo such con u Uon' it .^"impossible that the po.ers ofEurope could ate* and Bonaparte tlurst not make pence upon the cond,.,ons offi,- Td ,o 2 He knew .hat lu-.-u,ce, stript of l.er glory, .,.1 tl.i do.n by the other powers of Europe wtth tlouhle v,» We on his account, wot.ld instantly turn her vengea,.ce ags».. la, drive him from a .hrone to whidt he had nojns. r,g t B he advice of, and with all his followers, .ho trembled a .1. "U Iction of their crimes arul ill gotten wealtb, he was, d,c,,. foercsolv"l»l«-^""^'- HestiU fondly hoped tor a c^^.angcol ! r ; e and trnLl .o hi- fate and destiny, which h.s .l,.t.e» had so oiten pers,u>ded h^m was " to r..,gn and -..<,"-; that " victory bclongcl to him-war to Ins age. t " ' «"* , ton had now placed him in a tituatlon where he.ould ne„l., I^c^ nor rcLat in safety, and m which peace was as *»■ ;^ro„s . him as war. But while he had -ol.ed upon ture conduct, the allies had also determ.ned wha 1« mu t V-. and Europe, in arms, supported the,r rcso a,,,.. "n,e negotiations at ChatiUon, (s-aid Blucher) when they « | 1 Elmbuig. M«>. V.lmdcnn.,, LiUc. Pcrpienan .n.i B")'"'. I Cttcii-ivatjve Senate, Dc«mbcr 13th, IfllO. 609 niUions sterlinir, published, will convince you that it is your sovereign alone wlio, in spite rS what he says to you, continually throws fresh obstacles in the way,"— but « all th- nations of Europe combat for one end. The event cannot be doubtful/'* These did so. We have already noticed the conduct of the French o-overn- meiit, with regard to the armistice, and will find it equally odi- ous and disgraceful with regard to the negotiations at Chatil- lon. From tlie moment that the Frencli minister of Forcitru affairs appeared at the outposts of the allied army, which had crossed the Rhine, " all the proceedings of the French govern- ment had 2iO other object than to mislead public opinion, to blind the French people, and to throw on the alhes the odium of all the miseries attendant on invasion. Some partial advan- tages accompanied the first motions of an army collected under the wails of Paris — the last hope of the nation — the remainder of a million of warriors. — Immediately the tie(^oiiatwns at Chat- illon assumed another appearance. The French plenipotentiary remained without instructions, and ixent a'taay, instead of an- swering the representations of the allied courts." Their pleni- potentiaries gave in a preliminary treaty, the ground work of the restoration of Europe, and such as had but " a few days before been presented by the French government itself, at a moment, doubtless, when it conceived its existence in danger. Fourteen days elapsed without any answer being returned by the French government." The allies then insisted upon fixiug a clay for an answer, leaving the French minister at liberty to oiler a contrc projvt. «' The 10th of March was fixed by the mutual consent of both parties. This term being arrived, the French minister produced nothing but pieces, the discussion of -dic/iy far from advancing the pivposed object, would only have caused fruitless negotiation." A delay of a few days longer was then granted, at the desire of the French minister, when, lo, "on the 15th March, he at last delivered a rontre projct^ which kit no doubt that the sufferings of France had not yen cbanncd the views of its government; -xhich, receding from -jchat i! kid it sdf proposed, demanded in a new projct that natio!i.s whiLh • Bluchers rroclaination to fho Frcnrh nation, March l!?th, 1S: *. ^vere quite foreign to France, which by "a domination oimany ngo. could not be amalgamated with' the French nation, should now remain a part of it. By Ccritinuing the negotiations under sucn circumstances, the allies would have neglected what they ov. to themselves; they would from that moment have devK.tc iiom the gloriou- ^o.l they had before them, their efiorts would have been turned ;olcly against tl«)ir own people. Peace alon. can heal the wounds which a spirit of universal dominion, uncx- ampled in history, has produced. Thispcace shaU he tkepeacc a, Europe, no other can be accepUdr* « Frenclm.en ! (.aid Schwart- aenberc.,) vou are not to consider us culpable fi)r the calanuucs vousuSer, but the government under which you have so unlui- Innately lived for so m.i.y years. Peace alone can remove the allied armies from the French territory. That we may controiil it, re-enforcements are arriving from all quarters. New battahom cover the roads from Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Italy. The result is certain. The allies will make no peace, except upon condition, which shall insure to their kingdoms and to fLnce HERSEtr, a state of durable repose."t Under these circumstances and feelings were the negotiations at Chuullou broken ofi; to the joy and satisfaction ot Europe. On the side of the Netherlands, detachments of the troops under the Prince of Saxe Wiemar penetrated into Artois and Picardy, and took several places and many prisoners. A- .nongst these, Colonel Baron Von Giesmar was the most sue cessSl. On the 21st February, he took Doulons; and, alter repeated skirmisher, drove the enemy back upon Arras, an took many prisoners^sct at liberty some English and bpaiusii prisoners, and ca^.turcd a considerable quantity of si)ecie, am- munition, and prisoners. Soon after this, General Maison hnv ing assembled a considerable force ii: French Flanders, endea- voured to throw himself in the rear of Bulow's army, and cut off his communications with the Netherlands, from whence he derived his supplies. Fo. a moment, he seized upon Ghent, but the Crown Prince, who remained at Leige, a central po.i- • Dcrhrnuon of t^c allied sovereigns at the rupture of the negotiaUons at Ch.tiUoa. ^ ,?.l>v>art«cnberg's i)roclamtttions, March 10th and 15th. 611 tion, from whence he could send re-enforceincnts and detach- ments, with equal facility, and perhaps to watch over this im- portant point, quickly sent r. -enforcements to that quarter, which soon compelled Maisou to abandon Ghent, and retire within the French territory. The Crown Prince, while he re- mained at Liege, was not idle. He pressed forward the differ- ent divisions of his army, in whatever quarter the pressure was ffreatest. The allies who were in France wanted trooj; —they were not deficient in Generals; and his presence at Loige, or organizing and directing the forces upon the proper points, as these were menaced, was, in veality, more useful than his pre- ; scnce in the field of battle could have been; and which was suf- ficient to account for hie remaining at Liege, without attribut- ing any sinister motives to him, as was dee. The allies also, bv his absence from the last scene of this important drama, had the undivided honour of humbling France, without the assist- ance of French talent. On the night of the 8th March, the British besieging army, under the command of General Sir Thomas Graham, before the strong and important fortress of Bergen-op Zoom, at- tempted to take that place by storm. The troops advanced ! in four columns to the attack: the first column consisting of 1000 men, of the brigade of guards, under Colonel Lord Proby; the second, 1200 men, under the command of Lieut. Col. Morrice, 69th foot; the third column, 650 men, under I the command of Lieut. Col. Henry, 21st foot; and the fourth column, 1100 men, under the command of Brigadier-Generals Gore and Carleton. After the most desperate efforts, and the most gallant conduct, two of the columns established them- selves upon the ramparts of the place; but the others were complt'tfly unsuccessful, and driven back with prodigious loss. Brigadier-General Gore, and Lieut. Col. the Hon. George Cadcton, were killed, and Major-General Skerrit wounded. In short, above two-thirds of the whole of the force employed here killed, wounded, or taken, but the prisoners were af- terwards exchanged. Nothing could exceed the bravery of he British tro«ms: but. by some iiieiiiis or other, the ffo- |veinor had become acquainted with their design to attack * li 20 II llil Kmm ■-"-rill * !«'^ .' :>M liBM 612 the tbrtress; and was, therefore, completely prepared li>r them. It was also stated, thonjrh not officially, that Gc^.oral Graham h.d been olFered some assistance from the inhabitants of tl.c „l,ce- ^vhic•h^vasthe reason that he attempted to attack one of the' stron^^est fortresses in Europe, with such a small iorcc, and in the manner he did; but that this ofler ot assistance w. made merely to lead the troops to certam destruction, llu i.nnortance of the place was no doubt great, and its conqu.l of the utmost consequence; but, the failure ot the atlen,,- must be .renerallv lamented, from the number ot brave men .vho perished in it; r.i uiough it tended to shew the undaunl- ed bravery of the ■ Mtish officers and soldiers, it was Um dearly bought. The failure of the attack was severely i.h by the gallant general .ho commanded the army: « Hun,. it is impossible not to feel (said he) the disappomtment .1 oar failure in this attack, 1 can only think at present, w.th the deepest regret, o^'the loss of so many ot my gallant con> '"""Ir'the Souih-East of France, matters were beginni..;^ I. «ssxime a more serious aspect, lie-enforced fron. the arn.y o, Su het, from the interior, and also from Italy, Augeveau hd ass mbled a very formidable force near Lyons. Uahtlic. he pressed forward against Count Bubna, whose to.co .. scattered over a wide extent of country. He compelled the Austrian force to retire before him, advanced to Lons le bau- ^er and also threatened Geneva. Numerous petty engaf-e- :^ :;s^ok place in that quarter, attended with a .msul.. loss of live., but without -.ny important ad^.mtage to uthu Z At le .gth the arrival of the Prince of Hesse Hon.lnu,h. Jth a force From the Rhine, through Franche Comptc, a. al.o of General Bianchi, from the main army, who descend- ed the Saone, with 15,000 men,t upon Macon, ol^hged A. .ereauto relinquish hi« object agamst the rear ot th al, t :.,so his intension against Geneva; and U, turn h.s ..Ucn to the defence of Lyons. On the ^th March ne.n^^-^^^^ a severe engagement took place between General B.auch.. .».-] * General Graham's dispatch, 10th TNIarch, 18H. I A ugercau's dispatch, March I'Jth. oidiimrv 01 *)18 tlie force under Aiigereau, who attacked the former. After ;,„ obstinate contest, the enemy gave way; leaving two pieces of cannon, and 500 prisoners, in the power of the Austriuns, besides a great number killed and wounded. Prince Hesse Homburgh joined General Bianchi on the Uth, and their miitcd forces crossed the Saone, and directed their march upon Villa Tranche; and General Bubna, re-enforced by an- other Austrian corps, advanced by way of Nantua against Lyons, on that side. In Italy, affairs were equally unpropitioiis to the enemy. The Viceroy continued to defend himself in that formidable country; but the advance of the Neapolitan troops, under Mu- nit, who, in ccnjunction with the Austrians, had, on the 8tli March, attacked, at Reggio, a division of 4000 men, under General ServeioUi, and completely routed it, with great loss, luid also captured the town, compelled the Viceroy to aban- don the north side of the Po, and retreat towards Genoa, in order to secure his communicatim with France, as the road 1 V Chamberri was already shut against him. ' Such was the sifiation of affairs in all quarters, when the negotiations at Chatillon were broken off; and, not the small- .st^prospect remained of sheathing the sword, till either one piirty or the other was completely vanquished— till Bonaparte was overthrown, or France refused to second his pretensions, A dreadful t -isis was evidently approaching, and that deci- sive moment so anxiously expected and so ardently desired by a distracted world, could n(» longer be delayed. The hours of French tyranny were numbered; est ,. «' Ui« stirife — '^e strife, Vk'tts henceforth for Napoleon's throne or life." Never was the public mind in Europe wound up to such an !!f;onizing pitch of expectation; and, unlesR the Demon of dis- eovd issue from Elba, never can it be so again. Every soul in Europe was interested— every individual had a deep and so- \,mn foclino- in the issue of this tremendous conflict. The ordinary occupations of human life were forgotten or disre- m:i mm III ill g) 'I ii ■rf In--" ' mi )v ■ ' 614 failed; and no wonder these were so, when the issne of iii' iinptiuling center was to decide, for ages, whether these were afterwards to be a plca«ure or a burden to r, . u. >'o suofi.' wore the negotiations at an end, than Trince Schwarti'oabers luldrosscd the brave army, under his command, in one of these prochimations which v, ill stand the admiration of poste- rity; which come home tn tiie bosoms of the iirrsent -<' Soldurs!" said he, " the negotiatior;*^, at Chali;- ?on are bntkcn ofi. Neither your viciorios, iior (he destmc- iinn of 'v/'i>/^ armirs, nor the calamities inseparable from \vi;r •—nothing, w «hovt, couii) inspire the French government with sentim'^'i i> oi moderation and equity. At this moment vou oiTupy IJie half of the French Empire; nevertheless, the hope of conquest still guides the determinations of its govern- ment. It is not satisfied with securing to France her indepen- dence, her liberty, and repose; but she wislics to preserve, by the nature and extent of the limits of its empire, its i'ital influ- ence over the different states of Europe, and the means oUh- turbing, at its pleasure^ the general tranquillity. Soldiers! you will not lay down your arms, till you have secured to na- tions that independence wliich they must regard as the most valuable of all blessings. Conquerors at Culm, Leipsic, Ha- nau, and Brienne, it is upon you that all eyes are fixed. The fate of Europe is in your hands. We approach the closing scene; yet a few moments, and the tsorld mil owe to i/ou its safety^* The closing scene, indeed, approached; — but how shall I describe it? or where shall I find language to express the glorious and ever-memorable occurrences ! Blucher, as has been already noticed, broke up from Laon; and, detaching General Bulow witli a strong force to Soissons, and Generals de York and Kliest ii the di- rection of Epernay and Montmirail, to obsei Mortier, he marched forward to Chalons Sur Marne n. place Nev immediat abandoned, and retrcai ' he South- ward, where h ^ ined Macdonaid, and bv .; uir 'ctcd their * Schwartzenborg's proclamation to his army, Marci'. 27 J. 5? '4. e\5 march npon Vitry Sur Marhe, in order Ho form a junc- tion ;vai. Bonaparte. Vitry was occupied by 4000 Prus- siiin-s, uii,v cd to him in Italy, while the victorious career of Lord W cl- lington in the South West rendered all hopes of further assis- taiice iV.)m either Soult or Suchet vain and hopeless. Whatever wore his intentions or views, they were most com- pletely frustrated, and most conspicuously blasted. Acqi'.nt- fd with the object of these extraordinary movements mmlf . by the enemy, Prince Schwartzenberg saw a glorious oppor- tunity before him. His resolution was taken in a momciit- lus intentions i)ut in immediate execution. He jomcd liis army to that under the command of Bluchcr, and, with 200 000 men, of the bravest troops in the world, he marclicd .Urcitlv upon Paris. This unexpected and daring movement derided the fortune of Bonaparte. On the 23d, the army began its movement, accompanied by their Majesties the Emperor ol Russia and the King of Prussia. Winzengerode was detacher with 10,000 cavalry and 40 pieces of cannon, to obsmT lo- nnpartc's motions; and, at the same time, the Prince Mars uu for'ned n strong corps on the Bar Sur Aube line, which he pl.c- cd under the conmmnd of General Ducca, with orders to iji tect the hcad-quartcrs of the Emperor of Austria, his suppiu- 617 &c. with directions to cnrry these, if necessary, " towards tlir army of tlic Soutli, and also, by vigorously pressing forward in his operations towards the capital, to secure his rear, while he pursued his objects in front."* What the strcngtii of this corps was we are UQt informed; but, when we reflect that Bonaparte, with an army of at least 100,000 strong, was to the Eastward of it, we may rest satisfied that it coukl not be small. Macdonald and Ney having, as has been already men- tioned, passed the Miirne on the 24.th, had joined Bonaparte and augmented his army. An error of considerable import- ance has crept into the accounts of these events at this mo- ment, and at this point, which is, that it is generally stated lliat the whole force which Bonaparte had with him, when he throw himself upon tlie rear of the allies, was only fiO,000 men. This error arose from carelessness in transcribinw: part of an official dispatch from a Brussels paper of the 29th March. That dispatch says, the force which Bonaparte had with him, when he passed the Marne at St. Dizier, was 60,000 men. Now, this was perfectly correct. This was the force which hj had on the 21st, at the battle of Arcis Sur Aube, and with which he marched off in the direction of St. Dizier. But neither Macdonald's nor Ney's corps were with hiin at the battle of Arcis Sur Aube; they were, at that moment, fly- ing from Chalons before Blucher; and Lord Burghersh, in his dispatch of March 26th, informs us, that, on the morn- ing of the 2.'}d, when advancing upon Vitry, they found Ney and Macdonald's corps defiling in their front to join Bona- parte, who was to the Eastward of them, and at St. Dizier. In fact, it appears that these corps crossed the Marne in the iieiglibomhood of Vitry, at the time Bonaparte was at St. Dizier, twenty miles from them. To his force, thereibre, their corps nmst be added, which would make the army which he attempted to throw in the rear of the allies, at least 100,000 wen, as has beer already noticed. It was Ney's not Bona- parte's force which summone.' itry in the angry manner urtcnnentioned, * Sir C. Stewart's dispatfli. ■.ff m ■M'i GIB Having arraii"'o«l tlvcst ivtn ssary detacliincnts, the combiiicil army began their n'arcli in tlncc columns for Fore ChumiKDoisf. All llic cavalry I'-^rmoti the atlvnnce, and were to push forward to Sezanne, while Blucher took the direct road from Chalons to Montmiruil, by Etoges. The ray of sunshine which seemed to shed its influence ui>on the affai ' -ny, when he uii- dertoc'v his movement in tlic rear of the allieh, which made the worhl suppose that he was either stronger than he was, or that they were weaker than they were generally supposed to be, quickly vanished; and the sun of Austerlitz cast a lan<,'iii(i glance from amidst his wintry storms, and sunk in darkness tor «-v .T. The situation of Bon.iparte was such, that even if he hud not made the movements which he did, " he would have found himself in a similar position to that at Leipsic, and the result would, no doubt, been of the same nature."* Continuing its movements, the grand army fell in with the advance of Mar- mont's and Mortier's army, wlio were retiring before Bhiclu on the road to Vitry, in order to join Bonaparte. Their ad- vance was within a short distance of Vitry before they were u- •ware of their perilous situation. Their surprise and consterna- tion may be more readily conceived than dcscrilu'd, at i'lmVu". in their front the whole of Scli vartzenberg's army, in i'ull com. niunication with that of Blucher, now advancing to the wu.t- ward, and at the -^nme iune on thc^ flank the corps of D'York and Kliest. The J'rencii army eummenced a rapid retreat, followed by the cavalry of the 4th and 6th corps of the allied army. These attach; d in the most spirited manner, first, the enemy's cuirassiers, i^nd then his mus^^^s of infaniry, killed and wounded a great number, and made many prisoners. Gene- rals D'York and Kliest pressed upoi n stated at lo,t)00 men; but from Sir C. Stewart's dispatches it is evident Uiat it as more, for he expressly said, that " it may be fairly estimated that this part of Bonaparte's army has been so roughly handleci to have lost one third of its efficicu" aj, in point of numbers, am. nearly all the artillery belonging to it."* Now, as Marmont and Mortier had certainly 30,000 men, at the very least, remaining at the battle before Paris,f it is obvious that their forces here, including Ames' and Pathod's division, nmst have been fully 45,000 men, of win h number they lost one third, or 15,000 men. i.i this engagement, Colonel Rapatel, formerly aid-de-camp to General Moreau, v\as killed; ami Colonel Neil Campbell was severely wounded by a Cos- * Sir C. Stewart's dispatches, March 26th and 27th — These state the miinbcr of cmnon taken at 80 piccosj but Lord Cathcart in his dispatcli of March 51 - 1, states the minidpr of cannon talccn to have In-en 100 pieces, and tliat the prisoners a- mountcd to 9000. f Marmont, after dv rapituktion, entered the allied lint with his corps, ttiea 12,000 strong. 4 1 20 f;20 sack, who, in the battle, from liis dress, mistook him for & French officer. Murmont and Mortler conthiucd their flight before the tor- rent which rolled against them, and pressed them in flanks and rear. General KaiserofTs and Sinavin's partizan corps were left to observe the country between Arcis and Troyes, and be. tween the Aube and the Seine rivers. Winzengerode followed the rear of Bonaparte's army, who, about the 26th or 27th, began to perceive the fatal error he had committed; and was struck with consternation at the account of the whole allied army be- ing in march to his capital. He turned back in all haste, and the last official notice which we had of his operations was, that, on the 27th, he had defeated Winzengerode at St. Dizier, and caused him a loss of 2000 men and several pieces of caimon. From thence he directed his march by Brienne and Troyes. with 60,000 men* of his guards, the flower of his army, to come to the assistance of his unfortunate capital, which, in an evil hour, he had abandoned to a daring and powerful enemy. But he came too late. Continuing their advance, the allied army, on the 28th and 29th, passed the Marne, at different places. The enemy oppos- ed but a feeble resistance at Triport and other places, which was attended with no important consequences. Between La Ferte Jouarre and Meaux, about 10,000 national guards, mix. ed with some old soldiers, attempted to make a stand before the army of Silesia. They were overthrown in an instant, by General Home, who, at the head of some squadrons, attacked thcni, pierced into a mass of infantry, and with his own hand took the French General, prisoner. On the evening of the 28th, a more serious affair took place at Claye, between the force un- der D'York and the enemy's rear, which, being posted on some advantageous ground, occasioned a loss of some hundreds to the allies; but the enemy, nevertheless, were driven back at all points. The French, who destroyed all the bridges in order to retard the advance of the allies, also blew up a very extensive magazine at Meaux, without giving the inhabitants th« smallest * The reuuusdcr followed as quickly as j.^9sibI«L 621 notice of their intentions. The consequence of which was, that the town was almost destroyed. Leaving the corps of Generals Sacken and Wrede in observation at Meaux, the rest of the allied srtny continued its advance upon Paris, constantly skirmishing with the enemy, who was invariably driven from or compelled to abandon ♦^very position in advance of the place. The ad- vance of the allied army had been of the most rapid and unex- pected kind. Foremost still in these arduous and decisive oper- ations was the venerable Blucher — h« was now approaching the summit of all his hopes — the reward of uU his toils and suf- ferings. *' When I detail, (said Sir C. Stewart) that Marshal Biucher's army was at Fibmes on the 24th, and fighting at La Ferte Guacher on the 26th, making a march of 26 leagues, it will be evident that no physical exertions can exceed those that the present unexampled crisis brings into action."* The con- jternation that now reigned at Paris was great, and in propor- tion to the state of ignorance in which thoy had been kept. The independence of Holland, even to this day, was unknown to them.f The recal of its legitimate sovereign was an event of a nature which might prove contagious if discovered. They were " kept, (said Sir C. Stewart) in an ignorance, by the arts of falsehood and deceit, incredible for an enlightened people, and incomprehensible to the reflecting part of mankind.''^ But that veil of delusion was now torn asunder; and» the sight of the Russian eagle, hovering near the heights of Montmartre, shewcd,in colours whichcould not be mistaken, the consequences of the bloody field of Borodino, and the lateral movement from Moscow. No subterfuge or disguise could any longer conceal the truth. The sacred territory was not only violated, but the enemy, in indignant and overwhelming numbers, was at the gates of the capital. All the horrors which the servile press of the despotic government had been so long an'J so assiduously conjuring up to irritate the minds of the people in France, by depicting in the most dreadful colours the atrocity and barbar- I «i • Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, March 27th, 1814. f Lord Cd-iicart's dispatcb, irlarchoist, iSi4. f Sir G. Stewart's dis{)a(ch, April Ut, 1814. 622 ity of the allied troops, and their determination to lay Paris in ashes, now rose full iu the view of its inhabitants. Those a- rnon<^ them who had applauded and stimulated that odious am- bition, which had laid Europe waste, could not but teel terror, when they saw the troops of those nations which had sujfcved 60 severely from their mischievous councils and unprincipled views, ready to return the bitter chalice of retribution into their hands, in wrath and indignation. Paris, so long the centre of oppression-the receptacle of the plunder of Europe, could not but tremble when she reflected upon that wanton and wickctl conduct of hers, which had raised up Europe, as one man, a- gainst her-whieh had brought the Andalusian from his moun- tain, and the Cossack from his stream, and placed then- brave and indigmmt battalions on the banks of the .Seine, and bdort the heights of Montmartre. Still preparations were mack to resist and to defend the place. Tlie Empress and young King of Rome Hed to Rambouillet. Ditches were cut. Cannon planted. The national guards were at their post, and mixed with the regular troops. Joseph assumed the direction ol at- fairs in this emergency, and i.sued a crying prockunation k the people of Paris to come forward and defend every tiling that was dear to them. The force assembled in Paris was very considerable. Marmont and Mortier's corps could not be tiw- cr than 30,000 men. Part of General Gerard's corps, and aOOO other regular troops, amounting to perhaps 20,000 men, formed the garrison, and 30,000 national guards were ni tlw place; makhig, altogether, a force of about bO.OOO men, mM 150 pieces of artillery.* • Pari. March JSlh— Josci* reviewed to-iky. ii> tl,e Courts of the Tlnill.rif. 20.000 national guardH, and IJCO otlicr troops, including 1.500 urtilim a,id WM .ui,c.-b cavalry. On tl.o sau,. day, Sir C. Stewart intorn. u. that 10,000 naUo„. I guards were amongst the troui.. which opi-o.ed the passage of tlic alhes acro.s . Marnr. between La Ferto sous Jonan'c and IMeanx, at least tJ5 tndes trom U,.> n.e King of llomc also assisted at the above review, from the windows -f n^ .• partments!! The Empress also remained in the grand balcony.-All wuuiai. do — it was now too late. - „f,,„,r, I An,i of the .ainc date the samo papers informed u. " that a great numhe. ot troor of aU desfriptions continued to arrive at I'aris. Dctachnicats il consa.pt. iuuu 62S The long expected day at last dawned, when *' Europe in arms"* be^ield the proud turrets of 1 aris within the reach of their cannon. Tlie sons of London, of Moscow, of Berlin, of Vienna, of Stockhohn, and of Munich, were mustered in formidable array, eager for the command which was to direct tbem to scale her bulwarks, and to take her glory from her. Early on the morning of the 30th, the enemy's force, under Joseph Bonaparte, aided by Marinont and Mortier, took up a position to cover Paris, in front of the allied army. Their right held the heights of Fontcnpy, Romanville, and Belleville, and their left upon the commanding and important heights of Montmartre. Their centre was on the canal of L'Ourque, and protected by several strong redoubts. These heights are very strong, and command Paris and all the surround- ing country. The ground between them was covered with villages and country seats. The ground, also, in front of their positions was, in many places so deepf as to be impass- able for horses, and added considerably to the strength of their defences. 'I'hosc, which in ordinary circumstances, would have been important Indwarks, were feeble barriers, indeed, against the he.oes of Borodino, of Leipsic, and of Brienne. The 6th corps of the allied army, under General lleiflkki, were to attack the tu i; ,hls of Romanville and Belleville. The 4th corpst, under the counn;.nd of the l^rince Royal of Wurteniburglt, supported the former on the left, and was directed on the heights of Rosney, and on Charenton. The 3d corps, and the cavalry were placed en cc/tellotty in reserve near >Jeuilly. The glorious army of Isilesia was to attack, on the North- East quarter, the heights of Montmartre, St. Denis, and the village ofVallette and Pantin. This was the portion of the great work which was allotted unto them. The manner they were to accomplish it was hft to their leader. He had a way of his own which required no direction from any other person to eacli otiicr (HfcssaH//;/. All the roads to Paris are covered v.ith them.".--Jounial dt Paris, iS.c. ic. GeneruN Coupons and Ornun were alw ai the city with regular troi'ijs. * SJi wartzcnl, erg's proclaniaf ion bcfcre I'aris, 'Jr.Ti.b '20'^l, ■f Cflthcart's disiiatdi, Paris, .^lui oh 3 i St. 624 Kuide it ftrJght. The object once before him he knew how to min it. " Marshal Dlucher made his own disposition for his at. tack."* Paris was before them— the sword of Frederick, and his triumphal car, were there deposited-they wanted possession of it and of them—that was a direction quite sufficient for Blucher. Before letting slip the dogs of war, with that characteristic humanity and magnanimity peculiar to the allied monarch^ and the gallant commander of this brave host, they, on the 29th,t sent a flag of truce deprecating resistance, and caUing upon them to abandon the standards of a government, in the very existence of whose power there was an iuGurmountable barrier to peace-t The flag of truce which bore this message was refused admittance, and compelled to return. Nothing, therefore, remained but an appeal to arms. Early on the morning of the 30th the order was given to attack the enemy's positions at all points. It was cheerfully and faithfully obeyed. The awful cannon which « thundered upon, and ,.iadc chasms in the French masses" at Borodino— the destructive guns that chok- ed the fatal Berezina with heaps of dead— and the terrible artil- lery which swept away armies around the walls of Leipsic, now filled the minds of the people of Paris with terror and dismay. It was at this moment that truth burst upon their senses in a voice of thunder, and convinced them of the true nature ot a *^ lateral movement" from Moscow, and how much farther from Petersburgh Smolensk was than that city. The sight was as appalling as it was sudden. Prince Eugene of Wur- temburg's division, belonging to the 6th corps, began the at- tack a-ainst the heights of Romanville. The defence, at tins point.'^was obstinate. The allied troops were, for a long pe- riod, exposed to a terrible and well-directed fire from the enemy's artillery. Supported by the grenadiers, however, Prince Eugene's column carrietl the place, the enemy rctniiig from the heights of Romanville to those of Belleville immedi- ately behind them. The heights of Belleville were next assail- • Sir C. Stewart's dispctch, March 30th. 1814. f Catlican's dirpatdi, MtiKii ''st. I Schwartzenbcjg's proclamation before Pari ris, Jlarch SOth. 625 ed and carried in tlie most gallant manner by the Prussian guards, who took 43 pi-ces of cannon, and many prisoners. Before the Silesian army, however, the resistance was still more obstinate. By some accident they did not reach their destination so soon as was expected; but they quickly made amends for the delay. Generals D'York and Kleist debouch- ed by St. Denis upon Abbeville, and here and at Pantin the combat was most severe. Prince William of Prussia, with hit. brigade, here greatly distinguished themselves. The ene- my's cavairy attempted to charge, but were met and driven back by the Brandenburgh and black hussar regiments. The village of Pantin was, at length, carried at the point of the bayonet, after an obstinate defence. The corps of General D'York was kept in check, during a great part of the day, by a strong redoubt, m the centre of the enemy's position- but their right flank being gained by the possession of the heights of Belleville, and their loss in other parts of the field - being complete, this point was also carried. The division of ; Count Woronzow also carried the village of La Villatte, where he took 12 pieces of cannon, and pushed on to the very barriers of the town. The heights of Montmartre alone remained, and the Count Langeron was ready to storm it having already carried the crest of the hill. Paris was now jat the feet of the allied Sovereigns. Any further resistance I won' 1 only have involved her in utter ruin. Marniont saw [that ail was lost. Joseph had already fled. The constituted lauthorities were confounded. Consternation reigned amongst jthe population of tlie place, Marmont alone had the pru- Idenceof mind to arrest the uplifted arm of the mighty con- liieror. He dispatched a flag of truce about four o'clock ; it met ICount Woronzow, ready to force the barriers— a second longer, ^nd this messenger might have perished in the general con- lusion, aud Paris have been reduced to a heap of ruins. His bearance arrested the progress of the victors. He was car- ried to the head-quarters of the allied Sovereigns. Marmont, lyhini, there implored an armistice for two hours; agreed to %ndon every thing without the barriers of Paris: ?nd snli. I'ted an armistice, in order to open a communication for con- 626 , . c ti,« nifv " His Imperial Majesty. the K.ng °f P™"; ' "°^,3 „pplaus., »hilo it call, lo. ll» humanity »h.ch »"^\,f ^^ f,!;.,,, p,o„s„rc to . ho proposal t:x:™rj:^J2.eiyaupL.atoMa™o,,, ... Count JNes.eiio • .^ j^ last for four hours, it was "''TtCr^niirtUa evac.a.0 the place on the ,„,- ,gree" PO.. Jon of every place «,,■ If the ba:rU ami i^W.^, aunng the ensu.ng „,l. "'■'*" ?'*V*l1heV«Zg Wo- 4o»e negotiations »«, It »as late in the ovo™ b ,._^j^,,^j .tt-i,,, *"^^"- ::Tagry:letrahtL o.- Pa.i.. Who - ^ ""Tthe senSn, .hich n,u,.. at this .noment, have.g. describe the sensat.o ^^_^^ ^,^^^ , „|,„, T-^te :r:; on e vtnou. Ly tlninaorea i„ U- ,hem-the w"""" , „,„,,. Their m,n,m,.i '"T^JUC -:2us glare from the .nrro.*, ™ w rrim war appeared to them in all it, terrors. T - , T'tof trrulla piercea through their stret.s- J .hrieU, of the « F_^ ^^^^^ ^^^^_ ^,^^ la.t ,,„,= , h. groan, ot the '^J'"" ^j ,, „hen Citizen ft.i..l»! mowed Uown a lew , ■j;,,:,;!,]. The countenances oi T^^'l X olfend thera were now covered with so. those who wore to ^^^^^^^^. j^^^, p^.^,,^,, „, .row and dismay. Pai »s yet stooc ^_^^ ] .— i^r:;ra:::;r^^^^^^^^ « Sir C. Stewart's dispatch, March 30th. ^ even W ad.nitor tt, spoak to the flag of truce eeni . ^^ ,^^ ^^^ J !;::.U on pan. In strict justice they m,ght ^r:^^^!::!:.., and proc^^ . ,, „t Thfvmiehthave seiit n;inuat,.r. '-■"• •• . yn-lct o"! 627 aoi.inst tlicili, they never would. Their langungc to their Fol- lowers would have been that of Hector at the Grecian fleet: Haste, bring the flames, the toil of ten long years Jsjinislicd, and the day dcsir'd appears, 'i'liis happy day with acclamation jjrucl, Uii^ht with destruction."* Then, on the place where Paris once stood, might have been wrote, — " this ancient citadel, whicli dates from the foun- dation of the monarchy, /las been."\ The fate of Tarragona and Moscow now presented themselves before their eyes in all their horrors— and, while Trance was thus " stmcic to the co)r"\ Paris exclaimed, I am undone— I have deserved my dreadful fate. The loss on both sides, on this eventful day, was very great; but no accurate accounts have been publi.shcd of it. The enemy lost 70 pieces of cannon, 3 standards,§ and " a large mmbcr qf p: honers"\\ and their killed and wounded were * " I fear wudi, If the garrison wait for the assault in their last hold, I sliall bo forced to set a tcirible example, and intimidate for ever Catalonia and Spain v;/ Ikt destruction of a whole ci>y."— Siichet's dispatch before Tarragona, June 'J6th, 1811. And when the allies Iwd liere cojnplated their work of destruction, tlicy might have concluded in Uie same flippant manner that he did: "iho terrible example which / foresaw has taVen place, and will, for a long time, be recdlloctcd in (i|Kiin."— Suchet's dispatc4i, Tarr.gonm June 29th, 1811. The total destruction of this city, the massacre of itf defenceless inhabitants, and its brave garrison, will long bo recollected by tlie v/orld, to the eternal disgrace of the French nation, and tlieir Marshal, .Suchet. Had the heroes who stormed iJadajas and Ciiidad Kodrigo acted so to the French garrison, what a Gall- howl of honor would have been raised against thein? When even had they done so, their conduct would have ken perfectly just; and had Paris now been served as Turraj^ona was, Uiough humanity must have regretted, justice must have sanctioned the deed. • Pope's Homer Book 15th, verses 870, &c. t '• This ancient dtsdvl which dates from the foundation of the nionar.;hy— this paUce of the Czars— /ki* i.c»." Twenty-sixth Freuch bulletin, 1812. } " While Rnssi.i is thus struck to the core." Paris papers upon the fall of MoHOW, Sept. ISli. « Ciufccstt. 1! ■?■?■ f Stewirt, and govcmraent huUctin. 4 K }29 628 very considerable;"'* but the real loss we are left to guess at. " When I receive (said Sir C. Stewart) Colonel Lowe's re- port, as well as Colonel Cooke's, I shall not fail to dispatch again, to i)ut you in possession of all further information in my power, of this interesting and wonderful day."t These dispatches, if sent, were never published, which is a great loss; as these, no doubt, contained valuable information of the events and losses on this wonderful day. But, if we suppose that Marmont's and Mortier's corps were 30,000 men, and of equal force, viz. 15,000; and as Marmont, after the capitula- tion of Paris, entered the allied lines with his corps, nmouat- inU-.baJ!«*-inr C'-?0'' -^""5% Sept. lOtli. 1812. f Sir C, Stewart. i 4 1 630 IIiin>bli'»l nB the iiili.iljitants of Paris must have been to b^. lioid such nil army marching in triumph through their capital; tlioy must havo been still more humbled in their own thoughts, when tlicy contrasted tlic modest and peaceable demeanour ol these tro()])s to the domineering, arrogant, and mischievous dispositions ol'iluir own, dis))layed in every country in Con'j- Jiental Kuro|)e. Instead of taking possebsion of the palace ct tlieir eoiKjucri'd adversary, the allied Sovereigns contented thenisclvoH with taking up their abode in the private houses of peoj)k' of rank. The army was quartered in the outside of tlie town, and was again preparing to march to hiiish this ini- portant content, when an event, as extraordinary as uncxpect- cd, shewed them that they had done so, and saved any further effusion of blood. Wliiii llwse things were going on in Paris, Bonaparte wa,; advancing wilh the utmost speed to remedy his fatal error. But he was too late, \^'heu he reached Fontaiubleau vitb about r>() or ()(),000 men, he learned that Paris was in tlu; hands of his eiu-mies. lie halted; and, from that moment, he seemed aware of the fate which awaited him. All liij boasted greatuesH of mind— all his resolution, which the world believed had so often sought danger m the caimon's mouth, Hcd in a motuent. Conscious of the abuse of his power, arid his ibrmer good fortune, and aware of the fukle nature of the people over which he ruled, he seemed to anticipate his immc- diute downfall iVom that throne, which, as he had made it the dread, so, untbrtujiately for himself, he had also rendered it the scourge of the world. From Fontainbleau lie dispatched Ney, Macdonald, and Caulincourt, with full powers, to the Emperor of Kuskia, to defend his dynasty.* What a falling off was here, wilh both Ney and his Muster. He who was ta " finish the contest on the confines of Asia"--ho who had chained Hussiu in the chain of fate, to drag her at his dm- riot whcolK- he who was to " (h-ivc back the Emperor of Tnr- turs to his J'r'v^hlful climate" was now compelled to go o\\ hia knees to that Sovereign— to send his (icncrals with " lull • N'cy's letter to rallcyraad, April 5tl), 1814. 631 powers to tl.o Emperor of Russia," not to the Senate of 1-rance, to solicit or command them; but to his enemy the Emperor of Russia, who he well knew had them all in his power_to the lunperor of Russia to heg-„ot hi, crow„_nof no! that, he knew, was in vain-l,ut to supplicate him in fa- vour of h,.s wile and son, that they miglit be permitted to oc- ciipy that throne which he knew he must now resign At t e time this messajre was sent, none of the parties I,ad any K lea ol the recal of the Bourbons, at least Bonaparte and his followers had not; therefore, liis liumiliation and theirs was i.ost striking and complete. Tlic world saw the French Sove- re./?n, who liad made Europe tremble, fall down on his knees before his conquerors, and, in the most abject and humiliating manner petition them, not for his crown, but his life^ Nm y this must have been gall «>k1 wormwood to Bonaparte and Ins followers: and after thi. who is it that can yet siy thnt 1- ranee was not conquered, when her Emperor, before e knew or hud any idea that a chang. of dynasty was goinn- to take place, supplicated mercy from « Europe in arms " Mhom l ranee and he had so justly provoked. How different .as the conduct of Bonaparte, at this moment, to that of the gallant clnef whom, at his leaving Paris in January, he en. rfcavoured to imitate. He wished to copy Hector in tender. ncss, but he wanted every part of the composition of the character of that Trojan hero, in what would have made hi. nnme live with admiration to posterity-lie durst not follonr 1-lectors example, and say, with firmness, •• Death and Mack fate approi.fli, 'tis I must bleed. — - tln-n welcome fate, •Tis true I pcrLh, yet I perish great, Yet in a mighty deed I shall expire, l*t fuuire ages hear it and admire."* Xo! he did not leave this consolation nor this support to his ornior panegyrists and admirers. He left them to support .0 aims to greatness and to bravery, in the best manner they could. Ihat was hencetbrth to be their business, rot h^, • Pope', ITomcr, Iliad, Book C2d, verses 382, 385-388. is- !lll'^'{M| BRII 1 n 11 633 He turned his thoughts to the prosperity of his family, but he turned them too late. That trick failing, he thought the max- im of Hudibrns, if not the bravest, was at least the best, «' He who fights, and runs away, Lives to fight another day. ' Thi. negotiation, however, in favour of his wife and his son, came to nought. Soon after the arrival of the above-nmncd Generals at Paris, they found that this dynasty could no long- cr be defended. " An unforeseen event, (said Ney) broke oft the ncrotiations, lohich seemed, at first y to pramise a JavouraUr termination."* This was th« resolution to restore the Bour- bons. Bonaparte wished to resign in favour of his wife and son, calculating,! nodoul-t, upon the influence of Austria in la- vour of this proposal. But, in the meanliuie, the Senate had assembled, v.;tU Talleyrand at their head; and, on the 22d, passed a d.-^-Ci,', declaring the dynasty of Bonaparte at an end; declarin-^ h -. luui fo-, felted his right to the crown— absolvnis th-^ peopio cf France from their oath of allegiance to him, and calling upon them no longer to obey him. This was succeed- cd by the defection of several of hi? Marshals and lornicr friends, who were eager to offer their services to the provision- al government. Ney was dispatched with this unwelcome intel- ligence to the fallen Emperor, who saw himself in a few days de- serted by all those whom he had accounted his steady friends; and whom he had raised to wealth and honours at the expense of bleeding Europe. Ney soon gave him to understand that lie was no longer his friend— that it was impossible that his son and his wife could succeed to his throne; and that, in Idct, a full and complete abdication of all the rights of himself and fa- mily to the thrones of France and Italy, was what lie now want- ed of him. This Bonaparte signed, it is said, with great reluc- tance, and not till Ney had threateneiJ to take his life; but for this latter part of the matter, the authority is cither very • Key's letter to Talleyrand, April 5th, 1 S 1 4. * L-rotte-s address to his army. Corbeil, April 5tl., 3 r. m.-" Tie Emperor Na- polcon demands that the I'iince his son, and her Majesty U.« Empress Ket>^r.; nr.) succeed liim," &c. 683 doubtful, or clothed witli French duph'cKv. However Ner having obtained this importi.nt deed, left' Bonaparte- a nri soner, under the char^re of that army >vhich had but the day before cheerfully obeyed him; and lia.tcned back to Pari.' where '-laid it before the Senate, who immediately proclaim: ed Louis XVHI. king of France and Navarre; and lent a de- putation to Britain, where that unfortunate Prince and hi. family had taken refuge from the persecutions of their revolu nonary antagonists. The deposed Emperor had the liberty al. lowed hnn of choo.ing his future place of residence. He pitched upon Elba, a small island off the coast of Tuscany of 6,00( ,000 francs, ^-240.000 sterling, was settled upon hin. and his family, to be paid by France. To this narrow abode t .s extraordinary man was shortly after conveyed, accompani od y a guard of Ins old friends the Cossacks, and commis'" - ers rom the dilerent allied powers. He embarked at Freh n the South of France, the spot where he lauded when he el turned from Egypt; „nd. in an English frigate (he refused to go ma French one) he was conveyed to'his new kingdom in;.:,"""'""'^'^^'^"''^''' ''' --•"' -^ still the laHf Time may shew, that the banishment of this man to Elba k boiamty misplaced. From the general temper and dispodla |>f he In-onch nat.on, there is too much reason to fear, ZZ the case; and. that rather than live at peace, they may t „ the.r attention to find a military leader who wi I conduc7t "m jam to their dearest work-blood and plunder, wtn ve^ Wis the case, they will, no cK.ubt. tun. their attem^^^ m, ,n preference to any other, as most likely to accomnli h - views, and to gratify their wishes. But, allowwTw ^ ™e the case-allowing that the bayonet s'hould ^^^ the iM-ench nation a military government, and support amW fanditt, be able to lord it over Europe again? Never Fro! s: tr '""'r^ -"""^ ''"'■'^' '"""~ •» s mer „,,.,„ of making " u:r supj,o,t -^r," and, boasting ¥M IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 I? IIIIIM US m 1.4 11^ IIIIM IIIM 1.6 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 634 ^ent-"* but she must recollect that she has made Europe a militlry people, .hose united energies can-beat h^; to th. ground; Vnd whose mercy, abused, vnll, more readdy l.au France or her adherents imagine, call forth that md.gnalK.n which may leave sad memorials of its justice, and o .ts strengt . The allied sovereigns have, indeed, it ,s much to be tea ed. commiued a great mistake in sending tins man to Elba; l,u. them and the Bourbons have committed a still greater error, >u not stripping his criminal adherents of all that d gotten guu> which, may yet be turned to his assistance, m order to conU.ul France, and to menace the liberties of Europe. P-perty ha. in eJy country, conferred, and will always confer power on th. possessor; ond I am much afraid, that too much of this power. Livedfrom the most unjustifiable means, yet remamsm France e th for her repose, or for the repose of Europe ( A Davoust or a Vandamme for instance.) The law-the safety of n.t.ons, demanded retribution from them; nor should any power on eart ever protect the murderer. If 3 or 400,000 vdlams, who had Ob Lied their wealth and their power by butchering the.r su- periors. had been driven from France, and the property .- Led to its lawful owners, Europe would have had 400,000 most dangerous enemies less, and Louis XVI I. an equaln«„> ber ofoyal subjects, who had both the will and the means to as- Z him and save the country. Another grievous error m all of hem was, not to procure the abolition of the odious conscnp- tn llwsin France. So long as this dangerous weapon re- ml in the bands of an arbitrary government, be t e r^e what he may, so long is it dangerous to the repose of th. w W It is'; measure calailated only for war and aggre^.o, Ind as such, the voice of nations have a r.ght to den.uid U, i It may be called interference ii.> the internal atta.rsot a Stat Be it so^what more injustice is there in de.roy.n, the w apon than in destroying him who uses it-or is thoe l; greater injustice in forbiddin, the tralT. in slaves, who are ,,l„yment,'- Laur.mfs kuer. Conv.nUon. July 12tl, I . J4. flu p Wnt w».. extorting money and levjirg conmbut.ons. 635 led ill the chain of military despotism, to cut tlu; tliroats of their neighbours, than in forbidding the traffic in shives for cultivating sugar in the West Indies; the one is as vdimtary as the other, and the latter certainly less injurious to mankind than the former. There was a time when nations considered that they had a right to compel a neighbour to abandon any work which had the appearance of being intended for acrorcs- sion, when no corresponding movement was making by them, and why should it not be so now? The conscription laws in France have proved the lever of Archime! Bonaparte was causing daily to gain ground, there cannot 4 L 20 admit ot'a doubt. All the previous proclamations and acts of tin French government, though couched in the most cautious Ian- guage, clearly shewed that this was the case. That there is al- so a"mystery hangs over some of the proceedings in Paris, la- vouving that supposition already mentioned, there can be no doubt;' but still the wliole at present rests only upon gcneriil rumour and conjecture, and the truth or falsehood of wliidi, time can only reveal. Of the secret springs which occasioiaVi such a complete revolution in the public opinion in France, w: are unquestionably ut this moment unacquainted with. Tin destructive ambition of Bonaparte and his government gavt genan- isli troojis which had passed the river, the pontoon bridge was moved higher up, which operation took up the greater part of the day on tlie 9th. The attack was accordingly de- ferred till the following morning, The position held by tha enemy, and defended by a nume- rous army, was, evidently, an enterprize of great magnitude to wrest from them. On the morning of the 10th, the attack took place in the following order. Marshal Sir W. Be -csford, from the right of the Ers, was to cross that river with the 4t]i and 6th divisions, at the bridge of Croix de Grade, to gain possession of IVlonblanc, and to march up the left of tlic Ers r'.nd turn the encmv's right. Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Freyre, with the Spanish troops under In's command, support- ed by the British cavalry, was to attack in front. Lieutenant- General Sir Stapleton Cotton was to follow the Marshal's movements, with Major- General Lord Edward Somerset's brigade of hussars; and Colonel Vivian's brigade, under the command of Colonel Arentschild, was to observe the move- ments of the -nemy's cavalry on both banks of the Ers, beyond the left. Tho 3d and light divisions, under tho command of Sir Thomas Picton snd Majcu'-General Charles Baron Alten, and the brigade of German cavalry, were to observe the enemy or the lower part of the canal, and to draw their attention to that quarter by threatening the tetes-du-pont; while General Hill was to do the same on the suburb to the left of the Gar- onne. Such were the positions and duties allottctl to the diil'ercnt C39 portions of the allied nrmy at tlic battle of Thoulousc. Mar- shal Bercsford began the attack. He crossed the Ers and car- ried Monblanc. He then moved up the Ers, over dillicult jrroinul, parallel to the enemy's fortified position; and having timed it, formed his troops in lines to attack them. Cieneral I'reyre marched with his troops to attack the enemy's Iront. His division moved forward in a steady manner, tnider a gul- ling fire, while himself and all his staif were at their head, and were r|uickly lodged in some banks immediately under the enemy's entrenchments. The enemy, however, repulsed the rioht of General Freyre's line round the left flank. At the same time they turned the right of the allies by both sides of the liigh road, and compelled the whole corps to retire. The li.dit division which was on the right innnediately came up, when the whole nillied again, and renewed the attack. Tlie Spanish officers iind troops acted with the greatest intrepidity. Marshal Ber- esi'ord, with the 4th division, under tlie command of Lieutenant- General Sir Lowry Cole, and the Gtli division, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, attacked and carried the heights on the enemy's right, and the redoubt which covered and protected that flank. The enemy, liowever, still occupied the other four redoubts on the same lieights, the entrenchments, and fortified houses. From every one of these, however, he was quickly driven. General Freyre's division having renewed the attack, and Marshal Beresford having got up his artillery, which the badness of the roads had retarded in their progress, attacked and carried with the 6th division and General Pack's brigade, the heights, with the two redoubts, entrenchments, and fortified houses, on the enemy's centre. The enemy now made a desperate effort from the canal to re- gain these redoubts, but was repulsed with great loss. The (]tli division continuing its movement along the ridge of the Iieight, and the Spanish division continuing a correspondin- alto- gether a loss of 4641 killed and wounded, and 18 prisoners, on this glorious day. The loss on the side of the enemy was ctrtuinly mucli more considerable; and, besides the nujnber taken prisoners, must have exceeded 7000 men. In the Gironde llear-Admiral Penrose had succeeded in rapturing the forts which command the entrance of that river; and, to prevent their falling into our hands, the enemy de- stroyed the Regulus, a 74 gun ship, and 3 brigs. Lieutenant (iciieral the Earl of Dalhousie, who was at Bourdeaux with a force watching the movements of the enemy in that quarter, crossed the Garonne at the time that Admiral Penrose had taken and destroyed the forts on that river, and opened a free communication by it. He pushed the enemy's force, under General L'Huillier, before him across the Dordagne, which stream he then crossed neai- St. Andre, on the 4th, in order to attack the fort of Blaye. His Lordship found General L'Huillier and General Des Barreaux posted near Etauliers. He determined to attack them immediately, but they retired, leaving in his hands 300 prisoners. From this time no fui-- tlier operations took place in this quarter. Early .; the morn- ing of the 14th, the garrison of Bayonne made a so. tie against the besieging force, under the connnand of Gen. Sir John Hope. The enemy came out witii a strong force, and, owing to the darkness of the night, succeeded for some time in dislodging the picquets and advanced divisions of the British army with considerable loss; but at last the bravery of the British troops drove the enen)y back at all points, and re-occupied all the ground which they had lost. In this sortie Gen. Sir John Hope was wounded and taken prisoner. Upon the first alarm lie endeavoured to bring up troops to ielieve the picquets in ad- vance; but during the darkness and confusion he came unex- pectedly upon a party of the enemy. His horae was shot dead, I :ti UQ j and, In his fiill, rolicel over liiin, wlien lie wuh inimcclinhl/ mnde prisontM* by tlio onemy. Mitjor-Genernl liny was killed, and many gallant olliccrs wore also killed and woiiinled. 'I'Im total loss ill this untbrtunatc afiiiir was, viz. Hritish, 142 killal; 436 wounded; and 233 prisoners, or missinji;; l'ortii«riitM. H killed, 21 wounded, and 3 inissin<,', niakinfr altofrether 8;J8. In Italy, Murat continued to press the Kreneli army vcn doselv. On the 12th, he forced the 'i aro; on the K'Jth lir drove thcni back to the Nuiui. I'roin this position the FreiHli army was also forced. The Neai)olitan army then threw ;i bridge over the tsecea, at the passa^^o of which they wck warmly opposed, and both sides suffered a considerable los^. Tlie enemy was, however, forced to give way, and the Neapo. litan army advanced to the important town of Placenza. In the meantime, a strong British armament, which luul been fitt- ed out at Sicily, under the command of Lord William IJor.- tinck, tlie naval department under the command of Sir Jo>iaIi Rowley of the America of T't guns, had taken possession ot Sczzia; and, learning that the important city of Genoa had only a garrison of 2000 men, they sailed for that place, l^poii their arrival, however, they found that the enemy's garrison had been re-enforced, and that it then amounted to (JOOO imii. Nevertheless, as it was of the utmost importance to obtain pos- session of this city, wliich would have cut off' effectually tlic retreat of the Viceroy's army, it was determined to attack llm place. " The enemy's position, (said Lord William Bentinck,) from the impassable nature of tlie country, was very strong.'" The attack took place on the 17th; the enemy was driven, ot- ter an obstinate resistance, from all his strong positions, anil, preparations being made to storm the fortifications, the I''remh garrison capitulated, and, on the morning of the 21st, gave up the place to the allied forces. The garrison had liberty to retire into France; the accounts of the first important occurrences at Paris having reached Genoa at this time. In the place was found 269 brass and 23 iron guns; 46,000 shot; 12,000 shells. and a great quantity of all kinds of military stores. In t!i( " JU)rd William Bentinck's dispatch, Genoa, April 20th, 1814. barbour was founi .also in t'.c frame; for sea. The totu these operations, v The capture of C dreadful drama of c and distracted Eur moment Peace spr( but, whether the r it to remain, time i must convince. G the cause of nation our of concluding other glorious wre of the 12lh, Cohm at the head-quartc louse, and conimi which had taken p able to the orders f atcly proceeded to pectal were the ev( to him, that he coi tiierefcre, to conclu lities, till he should Frenchmen liad vi would now trust 1 accede to the pro messenger arri'^i i fied Soult, that, as his former Master. chct, sent in his ail concluded a conveni hostilities ceased. ^-ach other's destru( peace. Suchet hav force from Cataloni him, under the con '•as broiien up and r Gil barbour was found one 74- gun ship ready for launching, one also in t' c friimc; and four brigs of 18, IG, and 14- guns, fit for sea. The total loss of the British hinil and sea forces, in these operations, was 222 killed and wounded. The capture of Genoa, and the battle of Thoulousc, closed the (Ireadfid drama of carnage, wo, and misery, which Ixid desolated and distracted Europo for the 22 })rcceding years. From that moment Peace spread her wings over the European Continent; but, whether the restless spirit of the French nation will allow it to remain, time alone can determine; and deeds, not words, must convince. Great Britain, who had so nobly maintained the cause of nations and her own independence, had the hon- our of concluding this tremendous struggle, by adding an- other glorious wreath to her military fame. On the evening of the 12th, Cohmel Cooke and Colonel St. Simon, arrived at the head-quarters of the Marquis Wellington at Thou- louse, and communicated to him the amazing occurrences which had taken place in Paris. The French officer, agree- able to the orders from the Provisional Government, immedi- ately proceeded to the head-quarters of Soult, but so unex- pected were the events, and so extraordinary did they appear to him, that he could not give credit to them. He wanted, tiicrefcre, to conclude an armistice for the cessation of hosti- lities, till he should ascertain the real situation of affairs. But Frenchmen had violated their word so often, that no person would now trust them, and Lord Wellington would not accede to the proposal. On the 16th, however, another messenger arri\t i IVoni Paris, with information that satis- fied Soult, that, m far as man could see, it was all over with his former Master. Ho immediately, in conjunction with Su- chot, sent in his adhesion to the " ticxo order of things" and concluded a convention with the British General, by which all hostilities ceased. The hosts \iviiich, the day before, sought <'ach other's destruction, now mingled together in leagues of peace. Suchet having, previous to this, withdrawn all his force from Catalonia, the allied army which there opposed iiim, under the command of Lieutenant General W. Clinton. •as brolvcn up and marched to a different destination. Though 4 M 21 (H2 " circumstances iuicl not permitted tliosc trodjH to have so biMlinnt a share in the operations of the war as their brother officers and soldiers on the other side of the Peninsnla, ijcl Iheij xvers not less usefiiHij rmploijed." * They clieckcd the carcn of Sachet. They neutralized all his veteran force, and ren- dered of no avail all his most ekilful manncuvres and endea- vours to throw tljc smallest weight into the scale against the grand operations g6ing forward on the west side of the Penin- sula, or from being of the smallest use in recovering, H' in nny degree, the fortune of his comrades, or the cause of liis country, in that quarter. Their services, therefore, were of the utmost importance; and though tliey were lost, for the moment, amidst the slupei.dous blnze of glory which crowned the efforts of the allied arms in every other quarter, still tl' ' were not the less useful nor the less l)encficial to mankind, i'hcy also did their duty. Wellington has said so, which is praise sufficient. Soon after this the Marquis of Wellington left the army which h" had so gloriously conducted — with which he had earned such unfading laurels, and by whose exertions, joined to his own, he had rendered such important services to mankind. He gave u{» the command to General Hill, and set out for Paris, where he was received with the warmest emotions of gratituda and respect, by all the Princes and he- roes of Europe at this time assembled in that place. He justly deserved it. To his skill and judgment they, in a greai measure, owed their deliverance. He taught them how tu persevere and how to conquer; and the lines of Torres Vcdias, " bristled ■with artillcn/,\ proved the fou.jdation stone of thi independence of Europe. By his grateful country he wav further rewarded. His Sovereign raised him to the highest rank in the British peerage, under the title of the Duke of "Wellington. Upon his arrival in England he was welcomed with unfeigned joy. Thirteen times he received the thanks and rewards of the British Legislature; and when, after all his fatigues and dangers, he went to the House of Common' * Marquis Wellington's dispatch, Tlioulouse, April 19tJj, 1814. f Monitcur, December, 1810. f)43 10 receive tiie timuks of that august Uody, the inointut lie made his appearuucc, every member, aiiii. :etl with liie samV impuUeofudmiratioii, gratitiulc, and jx-.pect, rose Irom their -eats, to welcome amongst them this ornament to thoir coun- try—this deliverer of Europe. The object was worthy— the tribute great : •• Envy itscir was dumb, in wonder Iwt; Anil raclionu »trivo who shall applaud him most"* Ail but one man, wiio never had a vot*^ to give, nor ap- plause to bestow, wlien the honour and glory of his brave lountrymen called foe it. Before proceeding further, let us bring into a connected point of view the LOSSES or tuk FRENCH ARMY, during 18H. Army under Bonaparte, with all re-enforce- '"^•»tsj 279,000 I-OST. Till passing the \isnp, at Craon, 61,000 From do. till the capture of Paris, 55,y4-6 116,946 t 162,05i DETACHED ARMIES. Army and garrisons in Italy, 89,000 Lost till conclusion of Peace 16,050 Remain, 72,950 * Addison's Blenheim. t This force incli Jes tlie national guards that were with the army, and at Paiis. l^liat number was troops of the line, and what nationul guards, I cannot deter- mine. Thirty thousand national guards were in Paris. It also includes the garri- ■on of that city. 644- Troops, or national guards in garrisons, 262,000 Lost till conclusion of Peace, 7.", ^50 Remain * »^3,C40 Davoust's army, ^^'^^^ Lost till conclusion of Peace, 8,14.2 Remainder of the Danes, which aban- doned him, ll'<500 19,742 Remain, + 1«'258 Netherlands and Holland, 20,000 Lost till conclusion of Peace, ^,230 Remain, ''>'^'' Augereau at Lyons, ♦ ^^'^^^ Lost till conclusion of Peace, ^,700 P„„,. 33,300 Ixemam • Army under Soult, and in Bayonnc, 90,000 Lost till battle of Thoulouse, 21,432 r, . 1 68.MJy Remain, • + * An immense number of this force wa. cut oft" by sickness, mat that m.mk. was I cannot determine. It was very great; at least one-fourth of tlie «holo. t Sixth Russian bulletin, before Hamburgh. February 17th, 1814, sa>!» m- voust's force was then decreased to 20,000 men. t Demi-otHcial accounts state that the number of men which deserted from Soulfs army, from the beginning to the end of this campaign, amounted to 6,000, Tliere is no doubt that it was very great, and falls to be deducted from the number here stated as remaining, anl which with the garrison of Bayonne, &c. &c. wwtu not leave above 50,000 for the field. Deduct on ac( Battle, Place, or 643 TOTAL REMAINS AT OVERTHROW OF BONAPARTE. Main army, and national guards of Paris, 162,051- Italy, and garrisons there, 72,950 In garrisons of Germany, &c. deduct. Bayonne, 173,040 Davoust, at Hamburgh, 18,258 In Flanders H'^^^O Augercau, 33,300 Soult, and in Bayonne, 68,568 Sachet, .^^ 559,910 Deduct on accou- )f sickness and fatigue, ...* 20,000 539,910 Lost by sickness, or sick in garrisons, f 45,610 X 494,300 • This number must have been great, from the dreadful faUgues undergone by m triops, artd falls to be deducted from the main army. From the shortness of ibccanpaign none of the wounded could rejoin. t In Hamburgh the number of sick exceeded 10,000. The state of »he -arri- sous was dreadful. The loss I cannot accurately ascertain; but U could be little less than what is here stated. t Which gives about 273,000 men of national guards, and other troops in t!it Held, including tliosc in garrisons in Italy. FRENCH OFFICIAL BETURNS, 1814. French Loss. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. 3Ionitcur, January '20tb to that date,»». Do. army in Holland at Breda, »*■»»*•» ilonapartc's dispatch, Feb 3d, Brienne, 3,000 Carrtf over,**** 3,000 Allied Loss. . T3 2,100 (6) 6,00O 8,100 (a) Said to bo great, but not enumerated. (i) «' Our loss frwn i! to 3,000, that of the enemy, at least, double" tn 230 230 646 1 have thus, but with a feeble hand, indeed, in comparison to the magnitude of the events which I have had to relate, con- ducted the reader not only through the proudest career of hu- man glory; but through the most awful scene of human carnairc and misery which this world ever saw, or perhaps over can see. On the one hand, I have led him from the glorious banks of the Moskwa, to the equally memorable banks of the Seine; where we have seen " Europe in arms" hurl Gallic ambition from his blood-stained throne; and on the same spot rear her renovated standard under the banners of her legitimate princes, while she confined to Elba's narrow room, him whom the world seemed too little to contain. There the wonder and the scorn of the world lives; him who made it tremble. Stripped of the FRENCH OFFICIAL RETURNS, 1814. a ^- .-H B Uattle, Place, or Dispatch, Kille and Wouj Killc and Woui Si £ French Loss. Allied Loss. JrougAjybriuarrf, «.■«.»** 5,000 8,100 230 Jionaparte's dispatch, Fell. 7th, Brienne, 100 160 Do. do. Feb. 12th & 14th, 1,C00 (a; 10,500 18,200 Do. da Feb. 17th, -^•M.** 3,300 2,009 Italy, Viceroy, Goito, Feb. 9th,»**».»^ 2,500 5,000 2,500 Bonaparte's dispatch, Feb. 1 9tli, v»..^ 400 (A) 5,000 10,200 Do. do. Feb. 2lst, -^■•^^^■^-^^^ 1,000 1,220 140 Do. do. Feb. 24th and 27th, ** 1,500 3,000 Do. do. March 5tli, «»■«-.«.••*» 4,000 Do. do. March 8 th and gth, '.^ 800 (c) 5,500 2,500 Do. do. March I3th and 14th, 100 (d) 500 5,000 Do. do. March 27tli, «»•»»»•» (e) 2,000 Sortie, Antwerp,'v»«^.vv««.^»««%-^«.>«%« 60O Caldiero, &c. November 2 1 st,-^>^*»** 500 1,500 fKX) Augereau, Lyons, Feb. 21st,v^-.^«*^ — 500 if) 41,720 200 Total,** 9,900 52,030 (a) Besides the killed and wounded of Bluchrr, on the 1 4th, great (b) Besides killed and wounded at Nangis, on the ITtli, where 6,000 men were taken. ' (('} In this dispatch it is stated 1 2,000, but it includes the former. {d) Besides killed and wounded, great. (s) Besides killed a!id wounded, in defeat of Wlnzsu^orodc; the last di'-p-it^'h 1t<.' wrote. (/) Aud many killed and wounded. G47 power which terrified, and shorn of the glory which dazzled mankind, every individual in Europe takes up the inimitable strains of Isaiah, and exclaims, " How art thou fallen from Heaven, O Lucifer, son o( the morning: how art thou erst down to the ground which did trouble the nations."* On the other hand, if not with the concise energy of the historian, I have, at least, endeavoured, with the feelings of a Briton, to carry the reader from the glorious lines of Torres Vedras, to the no- ble banks of the Garonne, through all those proud scenes of triumph and glory which attended the British arms; and have Isaiah chap. xili. U,7aO 5'-',0,'50 he last dr>pa<'h '"' ALLIED OFFICIAL RETURNS, 1814. Battle, Place, or Dispatch, Garrison of Zamocs«, ««««««««v«,vk Do. of Modlin, '*^.v««xv«'v»'v« Do. of Stettin, 351 cannons, Botzen, December 7th, v*»* Garrison of Fredericsort, Do. of Gluokstadt, ««v%m Allied Loss. •v^ «%%«««%« ^^%v».%v***** ■ ^^*x***%v****%*%%v ^%^%%^%w«% Da. of Landscroon, At Coblentz, by St. Priest, Sacken at crossing the Rhine, «%««'w««« Battle of Breda, January 7th, 'm««'>««« Hamburgh, January 20th,««««.«.>'w«««<.« Blucher's 12th bulletin, Jan 9th, *»»» Leghorn, 14th Dec. 181.5, G.izette, *» Bois Le Due, Garrison of, «%v««««««« C14 1^ Carrj/ ovcr,*^'^ C'29 i4 French Loss. 1,700 i.oe7 300 (d) 1,200 {e) 900 in 150 2,300 (a) 4,800 7,033 (*) 2,000 (0 3.QP0 490 1,200 800 800 1,508 300 900 7,917 25,C41 (a) These were the numbers according to the oiigiaul force, and what surrend- ered. (A) " Within the last two days 2,000 have deserted to us." (c1 101 pieces of cannon. ((i) Some accounts make it 3,000. Prussian official more— My J.OOO- (c) And several killed, wounded, and taken in otlier actions. (,/ ) Uesides several hundred prisoners at Sarguimine. and several hundred more ^t Tweebruggeii. To 'J5th he had taken 3.000 prisoners, (add 1,500). Sir C. Stew. shewn with pleasure and with pride, that, insteatl of the Leo- pards* being driven into the sea at Lisbon, and the French eagles planted ou her walls, that these proud eagles lied in ter- ror and consternation beyond the Pyrenees; and, that on the venerable ramparts of Thoulouse, the British leopards tore their pride and their plumage to pieces. I have shewn, that instead • See Bonapartu-s threat in a spcecli to liis Legislature, and also his boasting In tlic Moniteur. " Heforr me year h dapmU the Englisli. whatever efJorU the,, ma;, m.h, will be driven out of the Poninsula. and the Imperial eagU will fly upon the for- tresses o/" L/siun.— Moniteur, October 11 Ui, 1809. ALLIED OFFICIAL RETURNS, 18H. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. g § g .2 g g = x Allied Loss. French Loss. nrouRht forward,^ 629 7.f1I7 'JJ.«I! D..nt.Ic, Garrison of, (") »•«»« '''^''•' Wittenberg, do (') '^•"«« '-' "^^ Torgau, do (^)^.««° «•;' . A ^ (d) 9,000 Kustrin, do. v»-«^ .«'.»-->-'^»* V"^ 412 At Mayden,-"***'.****'^**'^***''*"'''*'- Arnheim, Garrison of, 300 ^" ^'"T. r r. , on LordBarghersh,.Tan. I4tliandisth,- 210 ?<> (./ ) ^""'■ Do. Feb. 1st. 2d,4th, nricnne,«,c G.OOO 10,000 (g) 4,000 Breila, Crown I'rince's bulletin,..*-*^ 0. Prince'sbuUetin, Dec !;?,«.- 1C,1S13. 800 1.200 1.390 Sundry small atTairs in Holland, .«.»*-.^ 210 ^ Hth bulletin, Silesian army, Jan. 21st ■'■' Carry forward, 8,149 39.239 e».913 (n) Eighteen thousand three hundred and sixty surrendered, reduced one-half bj- •itciness- but I still keep the original force at 30,000 (6)2.000snrrundcrod-ltwas 1.000 strong, oesides re- enforcements, uncertam. (c) OaiTJ'^ou at least 10,000— half destroyed by sickncs.s. (d) Force at first — loss unknown. (.) mix bulletin of the Crown Prince, December Cth, taken by storm, some bun- Ureds prisoners ,„„,„. (/) Besides a considerable nu.nbcr in two days not enumerated, say 400 and man> killed and wounded, sav .'00, together, 700 more. (.) The killed and wounded in all the a.-ions could luirdly be less; to th^scertr in Macdonald's defeat at Vitry, some hundrciis. (h) And released many Spanisli prisoners, 649 of those appallinjT hienaces of a rancorous and remorseless foe havinf^ been carried into effect, a '^"** CoTonel Giesmer to Prince Saxe Wie- mar, Feb. 26th, ■ (^^^W m Lowe's report, battle of Craonnc and .So!«sons, .»»»*.**.•.»-. v.i^"'"»»*««* •'>,-'00 (<•) 5,000 no. d'aofLaon, . 5,000 (/) 7.O0O fi.OOO Prince Saxe Wicmar, Netherlands,* — 800 -''^"" Carryforward, 15,:0'J 12,000 «0-,729 «1,«-'" (a) No returns by the allfes. Therefore T must let the Frcncli remain iincontn- Jicted.' The French loss in killed and wounded must have been equal to that of the allies, whatever it was. Bonaparte, no doubt, cxarrgerated the number of prisoners. (6) Besides killed and wounded, great; and als(j many iii anothif actimi with Wrc'de. (.;) Aud many killed and wounded. (rf) And many others killed, about GO'. (.) " Tlie enetny's loss much more severe than ours," as he *as the assailant, un- der particularly unfavourable circumstances, nt both plwes. (/) Killed and wounded »cry great— actions most obstinate and siing(nn3r> ''he loss is certainly licre not ovcr-csliraated. m\ sliip had perhaps crcr anticipatoil. It pIiiceB his country u]wtx the proudest pinnacle of glory, fame, and security, that ever any nation had been; and his Lordship Xvas, most descivedly, now made the houoiired instrument of crowning with a peace, which gave general satisfaction to mankind, the toils and la- bours of his native land, through all this arduous, dangerous, and jM'otractcd struggle. Upon Ills return to Britain, after this glorious conclusion of his iniportant mission, his Lordship met Parliament in a proud situation indeed. On his entrance into the House ofCo»nmons, that auguAt assembly, whose firm'- ncss and whose wisdom had saved the world, rose from th6ir scats, as a mark of respect, and greeted his Lordship with un- ALLIEl) OFFICIAL RETURNS, 1811. Battle, Pliice, or Dispatcli. E"g I e Jim ughtjii nt 'fi rrf, »» Rhrfms, March I l?th, •«.»»»*»*»»»»««.» Do. » flattie of Paris,»%»^*»»*v»»%»*»»»*»»*v 7,000 Allied Loss. 45,709 12,000 2,000 (*) 900 ~ a » • = IVeiicIi Loss. SG,72;) 1,500 (c) 1,500 1,200 ((/) 3,000 ■ [e) 4,000 ' W) 7,000 84,827 (a) .3,000 1,000 10,0t«> tr.OOO 12,000 104,929 104,827 In) Besides killed and wounded, trticcrtaiii, bnt consWei able, sat/ 1,000. (A) 2,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners; enemy's loss great, at least 1,500. (c) In two actions at this place, and many prisoners taken amongst the Alps. W) Acti6n very sanguinary. Country covered with his dead. His loss was 1,000; that of the allies must have heeii 2,00a (,) Official bulletin of the British govcrnrarnt from dispatches from General ftrahiwi, fititwl the ptisoners at the time alludedto at 10,000, Lord Cathcart, 9,(X)0; ^iHrmmitttid Oudinot lost 8,508 wen from Vitry to Champenoise. Ame's divi- ion WAS .9,000 prisoner!!, tbesideskiHetl and wounded, which would give 14,000 in ill as here statetl. (/) \o returns were made out. The action was obstinate and bloody; and, if wc^tre to French 104,929 (o) 4,000 B M Loss. 104,827 2,000 i , %%^^ » v»» v»»% ^ % 4.5 34 SO ■^^^%^^^%»»» V**^**V^*^** 4,260 358 500 W («) (d) 57,828 12,000 114,049 11,600 450 393 j4» 3,000 128,819 counts stated the French loss at 20.000 men; the environs of Paris, itwas wd. were covered with thousands of slain, and many corpses were lying around it six- teen days after the battle. The loss is certainly here underrated. Sir C. Stewart says the loss of the allies was very considerable. (a) There are no accurate returns of all the actions in Italy, but they were mmy and severe; and from November 9th, could not be less, if not many morethaais tere stated. A few returns from Murat are a considerable part of the number. (6) Besides killed and wounded. {c) Uncertain nowhere stated th* number- {d) Including what were kUled and wounded, The British loss was 222, Uiein aiuft have been as many. ess endeavouring to rouse the people to declare lor their k'gitimate sovereign. In Paris the King was apparently welcomed with joy; and there he found all the principal sovereigns and war- riors of Europe, ready to congratulate him upon his change of fortune. A long and dismal period of wo had passed over the ALLIED OFFICIAL RETURNS, 1814. Battle, Place, or Dispatch. Srottghl forward,^ Austrian official report, March 22d, Mutat's actions, 6th March, •»«**»»«.»»» Killed and Wound Prison. Killed and Wound Prison. Allied Lots. French Loss. 57,828 12,000 114,049 128,819 (o) 1,277 1,723 b 800 115,324 131,34ii BRITISH IN SPAIN. &c. 1814. Wellington, from 1st to 4th March, Bergen-op-Zoom, »♦*»■»»»*»**«.»»*». Attack on Mexem, ■»«»»»»*»*»»*»»»*• Wellington, from 4th to 22d March, Wellington, March 25th, «»■»»%»*»«*»«. Do. from 2d March to 8 th April,** .»— Battle of Thoulouse, *..»•«•»♦» *^ Sortie at Bayonnc, ^^^/w************* Dalhousie, near Bourdeaux,********** Genoa, **»*»%»**%»*%**»**»»»%»******* Total Allied British. Loss. Frcncii Loss. 1,931 2,954 (6) 10,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 150 150 150 180 5 (c)30 72 44 54 (d)44 . 2,207 4,761 («) 7,400 1,600 . 578 838 (/)600 300 ► 222 («) 7,137 (A) 10,757 19,224 2,152 (a) Dutch papers contain Bianchi's bulletin of an action on the 15th. suppose4 the same, it cost Augereau about 3,000 men. 1,500 were prisoners, and the Dutch papers give 203 prisoners more taken at tlie port pf Dome d'Ossola. Austrian of- ficial bulletin refarred to, states that the details were not arrived. (6) French loss very great. " Country covered with their dead." Desertion es. tiraated at 16,.! 1 assist eve r uae, who, prott-ss.ng their principles and toilowing their footsteps, would rise in arms a-ainst the government of their country. And ought not bu- rope to have put down such a government, and swept it from a- monast men? One of the principle actors of this in ernnl drama, when wearied with its consequences and elevated by .t^ principles, upbraids the allied sovereigns for directing their proclamations not to Kings use mcuisuiv 651 not rt;?ainif tho Fr'^nch nation, hut au;ainst its government; "a* pmt n man who dcseiveil the gratUu(U* of all Kiiis^s, hccause ho hiul checked tho proi^ivsn of thiit volciiilo, thv object ol' which was, to destroy tlieiii all."* It w is this the allii'S want- ed to put down it) 179:<; it was neitiier the disincmbermout nor partition of France, nor compcllinpf her to accept u govern- ment of their choosing, as was wickedly and crroneoussly stated at the time. " Hut, Sir, (said Mr Pitt,) there are some gen- tlemen in the House who seem to consider it already certain, that the ullimntu success to which I am looking is unattainable. They suppose us only contending for the restoration of the French Monarch, which they believe to be impracticable, and deny to be desirable to this country. We have 1> een asked ifi the course of this debate. Do you think you can I'lpose mon- archy upon France against the will of the natio i? I never thought it; I never hoped it; I never •mshedit. I hu e thought, Ihavc 'AHshed, I have hoped that the time might c( me when the effect of the arms of the allies might so fur over;>o'wer the miUtary force "which keeps France in bondage, as to t^ive vent and scope to the thoughts and actions of its inhai iants"\ Such, in truth, was the object of the first coaUtion against France and French principles; just in its nature, ani; abso- lutely necessary to secure the repose and independe ice of Europe. " I have combated," said the Emperor of Austria, "for twenty years, those principles which have laid wa> o the world."! II*-' certainly knew what he had been conte; ding for; and could not, at this moment have been disgu sing what his former object was, when he was again sacrificing' his (lau^'hter to establish and to accomplish the objects oi his former ellbrts. It may be, or is true, that many, if not all of the Continental nations, relinquished, from necessity or s if- intcrest, their object in their contests with France, subsequent to 1793; it may bo, and perhaps is true, that even at crossing the llhine, the allies were following a similar plan. But what • Count Fontane's report, Decemher 23d, 1813, f Mr. Pitt's speech, House of Commons, February 3 J, inoo. \ Answtr to the address cf the French Snate, Faris, April 19th, 1814. 4 o in 658 iloes all this prove? Why, that after fcwenty years of misery and wo, they found, even at Chatillon, that they were com- pletely wrong, and that they must overthrow the then reigniiin; Government of France, for their own safety, and leave France at liberty to choose another. And did they not do this? Scarcely had they entered Paris when they openly proclaimed this as their object. ♦* The Sovereigns proclaim^ inconsequence, thai tlipy vcill no more treat with Napoleon Bonaparte^ nor ixith any of his familij."* If this was not putting down the Go- vernment of France, I do not know what can be called so, And farther, " luey respect the integrity of ancient France, as it existed under its legitimate Kings: they may even do more, They will recognize and guarantee the constitution wliicli France shall adopt."f It was the Emperor of Russia, also, ivho banished the head of the French government; it was he who commanded and allowed Bonaparte to choose a place for his retreat.^ *' The allied powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon was the only obstacle to the re-establish- ment of tlie peace of Europe; the Emperor Napoleon, faithtul to his oath, declares that he renounces for himself and his heirs, the thronos of France and Italy," &c.§ It can scarcely, therefore, be said, that it was not the allied Sovereigns who overthrew the Government of France — who compelled them to choose another, and who, in [)lain lanjruage, pointetl out their wish wlio that other Sovereign should be. But had the French nation still supported Napoleon, what was the consequence? " We will no longer treat with him, nor with any of his fami- ly;" and if he is to be yoin* Sovereign, either we, or he and you together, must fall. The principles of t!io first cop.lition could not be stroncjer than these. The former was to over- throw and to sweep away that Revolutionary Hydra which iiiid overturned the throne of France, and to re-estal)lish that throne, either under its legitimate owner, or in his place a more social government. In the latter the allies were compelled vincible, and Jiis ei * Emperor Alexander's letter to the French Senate, Paris, March 3 1st. 3 p, m. l!*li t Do. do. do. I Paris, April (ith. Journal (h's (tcbats. 5 Act of Abdication, Fountainbleau, April, 1814. day when done omiUti 669 ^» adopt the same course; and had Europe acted the wise part slie should have done, she would, as one man, have ^severed, in 1793, till she had accomplished this }).irposo. TliL- work would not have been so dimcuit as was imarrined. It wanted only unanimity and j)erseverance to accompUsh it. A very larortiun to the extent of )iis concpiests {hear!) fie had certiuuly been the greatest conqueror that had ever appeared; and therefore, from the superior extent of his conquests, he might Iiave ccmmiilted more of tliose outrages that are attached to the very idea of conquest; but he hud exercised less vengeance on private individuals, than any other of tlie fsreut conquerors we have read of"!! Mr. Ifuttlu'son'. Speech, House of Commons, .Jii/i/ '21,?/, 1 Sl'2. The meiTiber for Cork, mistook the place where this speech slioiild hive been delivered. It would have suited the Legislative Body, or the Conscrvativ? Senate at I'aris; but it was disgraceful to a British House of Commons. C63 party be banished from among her children, which for the sake of turning out a minister, or « three 'white sticks," would pur- sue or aid measures calculated to wind the chains of Gallic despotism round our necks, and place the feet of Europe in the fetters forged by French tyranny. It is most lamentable and unaccountable, how this spirit is raised, and gloried in. It can proceed from no good motive. Weakness or wickedness gives it birth. How often has it directed our attention to behold with reverence, and to follow with satisfaction, the consummate wisdom of our profligate foe? How often has it called our attention to admire the justice, humanitj/, and ad- dress of France, to whose aspiring power and genius, all Eu- rope was recommended to bend, and informed that it was impossible to resist? But where is the virtue in the French na- tion, since 17S9, that deserves our imitation, or the conduct that can claim our regard? Will they name it, or shew us in what it consists. Wiiere is the morality they have cultivated, the religion they have cherished, the law they have respected, or the good they have done. On what barren spot have they raised cultivation, on what field where one blade of grass formerly grew, has two been produced by their industry or encoura<'e- ment thereto? Where is the city which they built amidst the (lesart— the social abode of man, that has been raised by them in the barren wild. Let their admirers lay the map of Europe before tliem, and point out the spot where one iota of this has been done? On the contrary, let them mark out on what -pot French tyranny, injustice and baseness, has not left the most lamentable marks of their presence; and from the Rhino to the Wolga, where is the honest individual whom they could bring forward, who does not in agony and indignation curse the Gallic name? But it is not the loss of their property in many instances, v,hich is most to be regretted. Industry may gain more. But the morals of a nation once destroyed, the minds of millions once corrupted, and their inward peace destroyed, these no industry can re-purchase, no wealth can re- store. It is the damnable principles of irreligion, immorality and vice, in every thing that concerns social, civil, or religious file, which Frenchmen have introduced into every country in i^6i I I Europe, tliat is tlic most frriovniis loss to tlie inhabitants, and to the wovkh These, if thoy had not been checked, and if thoy are not yet narrowly watched, will make mankind in many places as bad as tliemsclvcs; and it was really most lameutahlc, to hear how the most abandoned, immoral and unjust actions of the French ffovernnlent, were in this country held up as fit tibjects of admiration and imitation, from the skill with which these were executed. INIcrit and justice were coupled with, and ascribed to success, though it proceeded from principles totally opposite. The conduct of Frenchmen was not so ex- traordinary, in committing the mad actions which they did, as the conduct of those mon was, particularly those in this coun- try, who strenuously admired and applauded their proceed- ings, and advocated their cause. Their vain and imaginary attempts for liberty, shewed that they neither understood it, were fit for it, nor could enjoy it; and uftei unparallel- ed horrors, all their clForts ended in a military despotism, tlic most severe which ever scourged a nation, or tortured the earth. If these things had been confined to themselves, there would have been the less matter; but, unfortunately, their delirious and unprincipled ideas spread their baneful influence into every land, and distracted and desolated the world. It is impossible to reflect upon what the conduct of France has been, and not with I'egard to our common nature, to feel sorrow and shame; and as members of independent nations, in whose minds, mo- rality and justice still hold a place, not to remember the whole with an indignation which no terms of language can express. Wherever they came, every thing that was good and virtuous fled before them. Wherever their hordes approached, honour and honesty; peace, industry, comfort and prosperity, left the earth. Misery, crimes, beggary and depravity, accompanied the Gallic eagles; and the darts of unutterable anguish were planted, not only witliout pity, but with exulta'..ion in the l)o- soms of millions. Throughout Europe, every town, every spot, exhibited the most melancholy marks of mourning and misery. Families were deprived of their parents, and left destitute and forlorn; atid many Icmalos, nay, even mothers, once in aillu- ent circumstances, and of unblemished reputation) were to be 66A fjund wandering about, without a home, and seeking by tlie wages of prostitution, to obtain the money to purcirase that scanty meal, which was for the moment to preserve themselves and their offspring from perishing for want. Oh Britain! happy Britain! can there be one within thy borders so aban- doned— one mind within thy territories so contaminated, as to advocate, praise, and admire the Despot, or the nation, whose conduct occasioned horrors and sorrows like these. If there are, banish them from thy bosom; or, in the hour of thy adver- sity, they will sting thee to the heart. In France herself, dur- isg the early stages of the revolution, horrors were perpetrated, which no language can describe. Their deeds, amongst them- selves, stand unequalled in the annals of atrocity; and their conduct to their neighbours will be handed down from sire to son, with the deepest sensations of indignation. Like the de- struction of their armies in Russia, it can never be forgotten- it can never be effaced. The ambitioii of Bonaparte, joined with the desire of univer- sal dominion, so prevalent in the minds of Frenchmen, were the causes of the ruin of both. To accomplish this, they sacri- liced, without the smallest scruple, every principle of honour and justice; and when the terrible sword of vengeance hung over their heads, suspended by a single hair, they still clung to that gay delusion. They cooped up 100,000 men in garri- sons over Germany and Poland— they placed 100,000 more to maintain their conquests in Italy, even when Paris was threat- ened to be laid in ashes— in Holland, the Netherlands, along the Rhine, and in Spain, at least 100,000 more, were placed in a similar state. Had he withdrawn all these at early periods, when he had it in his power, he would have had a more formi- dable force on the Elbe than what he had— he would, with equal losses in Germany, have had 300,000 veteran troops more to de- fend France, behind the '= iron barriers" of the llhincaudof the Alps. But France still fondly hoped to retrieve lier disasters, and to advance again into, and to domineer over all thi»,e places. Bonaparte cherished the idea, as in its success alont; consisted his safety. For, had he witluhawn the garrisons and armies from all these places, a more than equal number vi* 4- P 21 • t ii 666 troops would liave been broiin;ht against liim; and compelled to fight on the territory of old France, now invaded in every direc- tion, that country seeing hersell' every where stripped of all her conquests, purchased with so much blood, treasure, and honour, she would have ceased to look upon him, either with re- spect or fear, and soon turned her vengeance against him. His arbitrary and lawless conduct, was daily stripping hiui of hi* j)opularity, and gaining the Bourbons fi-iends; though the blaze of forcigii conciuest and mighty victories, took up the attention of the nation, and diverted them for the moment; but that oiici fled, every stay of Bonaparte's power was gone. This he was well aware of,' and was therefore obliged to persevere. Con- struclive projects as he was to command them. Nurtured m tiie school of crime, thousands, and hundreds of thousands ni France, were fit for no oilier occupation. The destruction of \]mv 'species, in any shape, was to them mere diversion; and 667 human misery never cost their bosoms a pang, nor their oyos u tear. Their horrible conduct, over Europe, will leave to the latest times an eternal stain upon their national character, and which all the glitter of French triumphs will not cover, nor the current of the Rhone wash away. How dead to every feeling of humanity these myriads must have been, which have so long- scourged Europe, we may gather from their conduct to ih^ir own comrades who fell in battle, or werc rendered useless by sickness and disease. All these, but particularly the formes-, were abandoned on the field of battle where they fell ; there left to perish for want, and to be torn to pieces by the birds of prey, before even the vital spark was extinguished. We have not only the authority of Mons. Labaume, to say that this was the case with all that fell at Borodino, but we have much high- er and more solemn authority to say, that this was the conduct of their mighty Emperor in general. This conduct is one, and amongst the first charges, that the Provisional Government brings against him; and for which, they declare him to havefor- i'eited his right to the crown of France. Their words arc, " Bij the abandontncnt of the viowiJcJ, wiihout drcssingy isithout assis- tatice, and uiithoui subsistence"* It is impossible that any French- man, and still less the government of France, would make such a charge, unless it was true; and what a picture does it afford of him, his officers, and his followers. Where, I will ask, is the army, or the officer wha would support such a system as this, unless they were as bad as the chief whom they obeyed; and can we wonder at the tragic scenes which have taken place in Europe, from destroyers like these? There was a time when the French soldier and his officer dared to disobey the com- mands of their diabolical government, which directed them to give no quarter to a British or a Hanoverian soldier. A few years, however, in the revolutionary school, soon made them despise sucli compunctious fiselings of nature; and made them ready to obey, whatever the most bloody of their leaders direct- ed them. And with every nation against whom they durst, ihey exercised the most wanton and savage cruelty. Such, in • Address of the rrovisiouhl Coverumcnt, April, ISlt, 688 particular, was their conduct in Spain and Portugal. The ur,. happy Spaniards, who would not acknowledge Joseph, were butchered without mercy; and the families of all who opposed him, exterminated. This was the case with the family of D. Juan Martin, better known under the name of the Empecinado; who from that moment covering his body with pitch, in imita- tion of the sackcloth and ashes of the ancients, and, drawing bi^ eword in anguish, he vcwcd he would never sheath it while a Frenchman remained alive in Spain. Against him for his inde- fatigable exertions, though still conducted consonant to the laws of war and humanity, th'; French had a most deadly ani- mosity. Eight of his mo£t faithful followers, on one occasion, were found nailed to trees an'ongst the Guadarrama it^ountains. The Empecinado caused an ei^ual number of Frenchmen to be put in their place, which checked this barbarous conduct. Soult, also, placed an eternal blot on his memory, by his con- duct. In May, 1810, he issued a decree in Andalusia, stating, that as there was no other army in Spain, but that under the sway of Joseph, tiiat, therefore, all other military persons, nt every descr^tio'.i, in the provinces,, should be considered as robbers and murderers; and all taken with arms in their hands should be instantly shot, and their bodies exposed, along the high ways. In consequence of this, the little town of La Motta del Cuervo was entered by a party of 90 horse and 400 infant- ry, who, dispersing the Guerilla party of D. Francisco Sancbes, pillaged and destroyed the place; and even the very church, to which the females had fled for security, was broken open, and made a scene of obscenity and death too horrible to describe- In consequence of this barbarous decree having been acted up- on, the Regency decreed, that every Spaniard in these times was a soldier, and that for every one murdered under this decree made by Soult, three Frenchmen should be hanged; three for every house which the enemy should wantonly destroy; and three for every Spaniard that should be burnt in them. Soult himself, was declared to have placed himself, by his decree, without the protection of the law of nations; and if taken unr dor this retaliatorv decree, was to be treated as a robber. Tiicse measures served to check the public perpetration of suc'i 669 crimes; but still sufficient remained to I'arrow up the .1•cl!ng!^ of the soul, and to make Europe, for ages, remember the nan)c of French revolutionists with horror and indignation. When the danger l)egan to menace his throne, Bonaparte had recourse to one of those Machiavelian plauf which tended to sow dissensions amongst his adversaries. He released Fer- dinand and sent him back to his kingdom, after having, on the 11th December, coi?cluded a treaty of peace with him, by which he guaranteed to him the Spanish throne and the Spanish ter- ritories, as they were before the war. What deep humiliation and disgrace — what a con ssion of baseness and iniquity does this act, compulsory as it was, convey? France agreed to relin- quish the Spanish fortresses she then held, providing Britain was made to renounce those in her possession. From the sub- sequent distracted conduct of the weak Ferdinand, it was ob- vious what the intentions of Bonaparte were, and that he wns well acquainted with the fool he had to deal with. This device came too late. The Cortes hesitated to receive Ferdinand, for some time; and before his French counsels could do any harm, the deviser of them was hurled from his throne, and banished O Elba; while, at no distant day, his worthy scholar, Ferdin- and, may, perhaps, be sent to a worse place. The base reward which that stupid sovereign has ordered to those who so man- fully defended his cause, and whose exertions, at last, alone srt him at liberty, but heightens the admiration of the world at their conduct; shews more clearly the difficulties which they had to encounter, and can neither altar nor take away tlie merit ol their conduct, nor that of those who assisted them, in combat- ing this torrent of French iniquity, though they have done if all for an ungrateful master. It could hardly have been supposed that there would, at lli« conclusion of this dreadful drama, exist an individual in Eu- rope, much less in Great Britain, who could cither be so weak so blind, or so wicked, as not to rejoice, with all his heart, ar the glorious termination of this contest. Yet, to the shame ol human nature, and to the disgrace of my country, there dvc Ruch in it. The Enronct ngain steps forward to public view, liaving hid his head during that blnze of glory which rearct ^Ir mm 6?0 hi' i m El mi the standard oi' renovated Europe, under her legitimate sove- reigns, nnd for effecting this, hrunds his country and her allies as the oppressors of mankind. He calls upon his constituent:! and followers to arise and oppose all the measures of the present government of the country, " before the nation is ]Jungvd inlo J'n-Jt wars against human liberty, and before the system of dra- gooningi introduced during the tasty is inemovcably established."* I defy the annals of revolutionary France to produce one thing so desperately false, so deliberately wicked, or more dangerous in its intentions. If we see a pestilence we fly from it — we take measures to guard against it, and, in time, seek for medicine and skill to extirpate the baneful disorder: and has the awful experience of the last 24 years- not shown us that there are op- inions and doctrines, which, spreading among mankind, arc more fatal to them than fevers, more destructive to our species than pestilence itself. I defy any one to say that the above passage does not stand at the head of such a dangeious list. Do not let us say, treat it with contempt; its malignity and ig- norance will counteract the poison it contains; and that there can be no man of common judgment but will view its autlioi with scorn and contempt. No doubt such will: but it is not :o these it is addressed: and if the brainless visions of Joanna bouthcolt gained her numerous followers, will the Baronet get none, in a place where 10,000 outcasts have not where to lay their heads but by mischief? and where many more would join any one who would shew them a plan of plunder by wliich they could achieve wealth? It was by such doctrines and such assertions, addressed to the mob of France, by both fools and knaves, that the demons of St. Antoinc, and the poissardes of Paris, made the legislature of France tremble, dictated tlu' bloody proceedings of that disgraceful period, and cemented with blood, the broad foundation of that gigantic fabric which poured destruction forth upon Europe. Let the invitation be followed out, and we should see the mob of Westminster, or the refuse of Billingsgate, dictating to the British Legis- lature. If the Baronet • Sir I "ranch Burdett's letter, Mulmabury Manor, December 28th, 1814. 671 " U nvish'd wUh the whittling of a n«mr, to be Like Cromwell, damn d to everlasing ramej" ihat is no reason why tlie snfety, the property, and the repose of others are to be endangered by his doctrines or his princi- nles. The Bftronet may talk about the cai o' nine tails, which, at every stroke, draws blood from the backs of our soldiers.* It draws it only from the backs of tl»e guilty; but his doctrines jf followed out, his rc(|uosts, if acted upon, would tlraw tears of blood from the eyes of innocent millions: and the conduct of the Baronet at this moment, is a living witness, that, notwith- standing the conclusion is seen of the most dreadful scene of litiman misery which ever occurred amongst mankind, still, there are individuals who have learned neither wisdom nor common reflection from it; and that there arc amongst man- kind individuals whom it is possible and necessary to conectf but altogether impossible to convince. The belief of invincibility, arising from her great and con- densed population, induced France, till the last moment, to treat all the liberal offers of the allies with scorn, and to con- ceive that these originated from a consciousness, on their side» ol' her unconquerable strength. This had been promulgated .-0 often, listened to with such attention, and spread abroad with such address and avidity, that France was not the only nation who was led astray by this belief. Undoubtedly, France is strong and powerful. The united efforts of any one of the other strong powers: in Eijropc, or even of two, or perhaps of three of them, would be insufficient to subjugate her, though they might vanquish htr; but to suppose that all Europe, while animated witli the spirit that she was, while she was united heart .iiid hand for one object, ihe liberty and safety of each nation, and ot'cvery individu^jtl, could not vanquish France, is as wild an idea as ever entered the mind of French ambition or French vanity. The streams of indignation, which had their sources, on one ijuarter, from the limits of Siberia; on another, from the Jhamcs and the Shannon; on a third, from the pillars of Hercules; and '>n a fourth, fro/!i the summits of Ve?,!?viug, increasing ia • Burden's letter, December 28th, 1814, vrl 'd 672 majesty and grandeur as they rolled along to the banks of the Sehie, would, while armed in a just cause, have swept France from border to border, and have overcome all resistance. France may, and no doubt does, think differently; but let her beware liow she cherishes an idea which may, one day, induce her to pursue a course, which, however unfortunate it may be to En- rope, in depriving her, once more, of every thing but despair and vengeance, would also, most assuredly, call down on the devoted head of France, the indignation of heaven and earth; and when the recal of her legitimate sovereign would not save her. Let France also remember, that there is a power, superior to human might, who watches over and controls not only the af- fairs of man, but of the universe — a Power which can neither be vanquished, nor deceived, nor err; whose smile can com- municate strength to the weak, as his frown can take it away from the strong; and who can, in a moment, " arm the crea- tion to take vengeance on his enemies." Too long had France defied — too long had she forgotten the Supreme ruler of the uni- verse: and, when her strength was blasted by his breath, and when she was punished by his Almighty arm, in a manner no na- tion ever before her was, she still refused to see the quarter from whence her discomfiture came. The weapons of His indigna- tion were, therefore, called forth from every land, and " many Kings were raised up from the coasts of the earth;" and while He put it into their hearts to fulfil His will — while He guideil their councils, and strengthened their arms to punish His and their enemies. He also moved their bosoms by His Spirit to di- rect them in their noble and generous conduct, to put to shame and silence — to clothe with deeper humiliation the nation of France, in the eyes of all Europe, by the mercy and forgiveness which was shewn unto them, by hands from which they deserv- ed none, and by the allies following a line of conduct, under every provocation, so totally different from the conduct of i'rance, cYen where she had no just cause of quarrel against them, and had received no provocation from them at all. Succeeding ages will hardly credit, that there could exist at jliis momeiiL aiiQtlier indlvidu'.d in Britain; besides the one ai* 675 ready mentioned, who did not feel pride at tlie Ijonour whitlit ills country has obtained, or who was not convinced of the security which she lias acquired by her exertions anil perse- verance. Yet, sucli there arc, wl.o feeling, if tliey can feel the contrary, yet have the auchicity to step forward and tell Hi, tliat we have accomplished notlting. Those cold calcu- Liting politicians, the business of whose lives was to find fault willi the rulers of their country — to abuse and ridicule every one in alliance with lier, and to praise every act and deed of liieir country's foe, however wanton, wicked, or unjust, as the skilful deed of a prudent and foreseeing government — those men whose bosoms never felt a glow of patriotic ardour when Nelson con(|ncred at Trafalgar, nor felt satisfied when the ccuncils and arms of their country were victorious and suc- cessful — tliose men now come forward and tell us, that all our exertions have not only been of no use, but that these have in reality tended but to plunge mankind into the state of darkness iiiul oppression, from, which the brilliant light, and glorious (lays of liberty and equality had set them free. These men tell lis, that all our exertions and resources have been misapplied; and that they have only succeeded in restoring the inquisition in Hie south of Europe; and of putting down one system of ag- (iTiUulisement and oppression in the centre thereof, in order to raise up another more odious and extensive in another quar- ter. By such miserable declamations do they attempt to drown iiint general voice of exultation, so justly called forth by our "leat exeitions; and turn aside the feelin^-s of men from the glorious deeds so lately achieved in Europe. But granting that what they advance were true, what does that make in their favour? Can the restoration of the inquisition in S}>ain, or the impolitic, nay, call tlum odious measures, pursued by the Wind, bigotted, staunch Catholic government of Ferdinand, alter or lessen the glory which Spain has a<."quired, hi resisting as she did, the infamous, atrocious, dastardly and wicked inva- sion and usurpation of France in that country? Can any ag- grandizing pursuits of Russia, under Alexander, even if she en- tertained such views, tarnish or do away the firm, manly and patriotic stand, which her government and people made against 4- Q 32 i h'\ 676 the most formidable iiiicl lawless power wliicli ever seonri/wf mankind; and the success of whose noble exertions, coveiu! with shame the tyrant and his admirers, ami destroyed for ever all the gloomy prophecies, wishes, sneers and hopes of those men who now unreasonably asperse them? No, certainly ; the folly of Ferdinand can no more lessen the guilt of Boniipaito, than the previous or future conduct of Alexander, or that ot any other sovereign in Europe, can tarnish the glory and tlic fame they have acquired in the late contest. There, the con- duct of every one stands alone, and must be judged acconliii"- ly. It is in man to err; but the question here is, v. ere they right in this instance. None can say they were not. No t'u- ture conduct of theirs can alter the justness of their cause in this instance; nor the glory ofth^ir ellbrts in the contest which placed Europe in arms ui)on the heights of Montmartre. With the internal government of Spain we have nothing to do, so Ion' as the measures there pursued, have no tendency to injure us oi our allies; and, none cried out more bitterly, than those men who upbraid us for suffering these things to be done in Spain, when we attempted to check the internal measures of a govern- ment, whose deeds were more dreadful :'ian the inquisition; and whose avowed object was our destruction,. and the overthrow ot 4 cial order. Equally extraordinary is the feelings now called forth amongsl the class of men already alluded to, with regard to the old go- vernments and constitutions of several nations in lAiropc, now very likely to undevgo a change. — How odiou.-^ and unjust in the allies! How clever and beneficial in Bonaparte.* It is really ludicrous to hear these men, in conjunction with their French friends, advocating the cause, and weeping over the impending fate of the old governments of some countries in • " It would bs as cbimerlcai to expect a nmJiny amongst the vassal states of France, who are tlic most inipationt of his yoke, as amongst tUcinfinbitants of hour- (Icaiu; or the conscripts of 1 80;i and 1 809. The changes cfTccted by the rrtndi invasion, have been fauoiirable to the individual happiness of the inhabitants of Ger- many." Edin. Ilnicw, No. 28. Good comes out of evil, in dcliance of the wratli of men; but no thanks to French actions or intentions for what wisdom Germanj. or nny otiicr country, has Icamod. 677 Europe; they, who for 20 years have been telling us I)ow happy these people were to be delivered from their old governments, and how little their people cared for them; now tell us how odi- ous and unjust it is, not to restore what the people formerly had such a deadly hatred against, and comparetl to which, French ty- ranny w as mercy- But it suits French interests, now to preserve these, as it did formerly to cut them clown ; therefore, by all means fweserve them, least France should be prevented at some future day from doing mischief. Such is the cry raised in fa- vour of Denmark, Saxony, part of Italy, and Genoa. Of the two first of these, we have already cotisidercd^ how much kind- ness they merit from Europe; and a short retrospect will tend to enable us to appreciate the merits of the others. And what claim has Genoa upon the allied Sovereign-! of Europe? Genoa! whose profligategovcrnment cost the French Republic, in 1793, above .'J^jOOOjOOO francs in bribes; (St. Just's Report, 1794,) Genoa ! who was iimongst the very first to receive the military banditti of France as friends and deliverers, and in conjunction with them, overthrew the constitution of their country, and re- duced it to a province of France; Genoa! who, to the last moment, remained faithful to French interests, an as the commander-in-chief in these mighty and greatly suc- cessful operation?, is entitled to rank at the head of the great- est Generals of the age. In the animated language of Lmd Burghersh, " In this concluding scene of the most memorable cera which history records, it is impossible, my Lord, I >hoiild resist a feeling of public duty, prompted also by a sense ofgra' titude and afl'ection, in calling your attention to the able and distinguished manner in which Prince Sthwartzenberg has con- ducted the operations of this campaign. Exclusively of the ta- lent which he has marked, when in the field of battle, to l!:i successes w/iic/i have ever attended his career, the world will still look with almost increased admiration to the conduct he hat pursued since his entry into Paris. Where conciliation, where ' every kind feeling of the heart was required, to change a sys- tem of carnage and desolation to the protection of a people, bu. R83 of late a most bitter enemy, the c!i!;ractcr of Priu co Sclnvart- zcnberjT secured to him success. From iiis ;iin at the beginningof the year; above 300,000 Frenchn.en had marched to and were lost in H.issia; about loaOOO more were in December in garrisons in or marching through Prussia, in the^mc direction, besides all the French troops in Dantzic, Hamburgh, Holland, the Noith of Germany, Swisserland, and Italy. Grenier's corps alone amounted to 50,000 men. Tlie French army, therefore, as it stood at the beginning of IHIL', added to nhat was afterwards called out by France and her allies, till the beginning of 18H, aiiu.untcd to 7,180,000 men. br-.idfs all tlie nationul irnards emyloyed in die Cam- paign tif 1814, 687 —in bringing? it rounil, how niuiiy tender fcelinp;i, llie tlianks of a people, your valour ha? aav'd." And, Oh! if again the fierce demon of discord. Should Europe with war and destruction fleform ; / Our hearts with fi-esh hopes and reliance will turn, To tliose heroes and pilots who weather'd the storin. " Soult's proclamation, July 23d, 1815. 4S 22 CAMPAIGNS IN i M E R I C A, 1812, 1813, AND 1814, AVING, accorJing to my plan, finished the Narrative ot the military events in Europe, down to the peace of Paris; it is now time to turn our attention to the affairs of the Western world. There we will find a scene of meanness, baseness ami rancouf, on the part of An^^rica against Great Britain; and folly and madness, with regard to herself, not at all infeiior to the conduct of France; inferior indeed, in magnitude, but still commensurate to her means and her power. The prosperity of the British Empire, was beheld with a jealous and envious eye by America. Her humiliation was an anxious wish with Transatlantic politicians; conceiving as they did, that if Britain was humbled, the trade of the world— t!ie trident of Neptune, would fall into their hands. To bring thi> about, their government pursued every measure, just or unjust, with a steady aim; and were ready to league themselves with any power, who had the same object in view, in order to ac- complish their wicked designs. For this purpose, they saw nont^ so likely to answer their views, as the monstrous and ovn- With iiim, thev bearing power, and tyranny of Bonaparte, eagerly formed a close connexion; who, wh contemned them in his heart, yet outwardlv courted thpi; he despised and 693 alliance and assistance, to forward similar designs. Both were in pursuit of the same object; but each as unprincipled as the otlier, had only his self-interest in view. In pursuit of her wild and avowed object, the total destruc- tion of Great Britain, Fr.-ince stuck at nothing that could injure the interests of America, or wound her national honour. These tilings were, however, all quietly subnutted to, by the Ameri- cans; and it was only, alter long forbearance, and when self-preservation, compelled Great Britain to adopt retaliatory measures against her implacable enemy, that whenever these interfered with the interests of America, in a lawful or unlawful pursuit, that the hue and cry was raisetl against Greet Britain, and against Great Britain only. Tlie conduct of France was passed over without a murmur, or winked at, under every pro- vocation; and by doing so, America clearly made herself a party in a war, in which she had indeed no concern, and no real interest — in a war, in which the tyrant she befriended, had openly and solemnly declared, he, knew no reutral power, and would acknowledge none, but as it suited his individual in- terest alone. The self interest of Amer'oa, whicli, at this moment, directed all her animosity and hatred .against Great Britain, was also encouraged by an unprincipled ambition. The increasing pros- perity of Canada, was beheld by them with envy and cupidity; not unmixed with alarm, that at some future day, a power might there be established, which would curb and command the United States .of America. To obtain possession of this valuable portion :of the British Empire, was a fi-.vourite object with the American Government; both as increasing their own power, and inflicting a severe blow against, and a deep wound upon the power, prosperity, and resources of the British Em- pire. This, though noi the avowed object, was in reality, the true cause of the war, which was about to take place, between Aiiierica and Great Britain. They conceived, that no moment could bo more favourable tor thtir purpose than that, in which Great Britain vvas engageil, in the support of Spain and Por- tugal, against the formidable power of Bonaparte, which, they fondly believed, was invincible, and that it would ultimately i'l:S ll G91 succeed, in criisliing the power of Britain. In furtlienmce ol" this object, and aware, that, at that moment, Spain had it not in her powev to resent or punish it, Mr. Madison took pos- session of the Floridas, a country, according to him, most in- teresting to the United Slates; and took possession of them, for no better reason, tiian because his doing so, would pi'evont their falling into any other hands.* Yet, the men who did this, were the loudest and foremost, to load the British character with every thing that was base and unjust, for their attack upon Copenhagen; when, according to their own accusations, it was done precisely for the same reason, which induced America to seize the Floridas- namely, to prevent other powers from do- ing it, and using the means which she possessed, for our an- noyance. Fortunately for the world, the motives which actuat- ed Mr. Madison, are as well known, as the cause of the Bii- tish expedition to Copenhagen now is; and from which, late events, have torn away the veil with which party spirit, aud unprincipled enmity endeavoured, against conviction itself, to cover the cause, or the justness of it. It was then denied, in order to heap odium upon Great Britain, that either Frame or Russia had any intention of forcing Denmark into a war with Great Britain, in support of the principles laid down in the Treaty of Tilsit. The secret articles of that treaty are now before the world, and have silenced the advocates of falsehood and injustice; and who besides, will surely allow, that he Nvho dictated that treaty, must have known well the objects of it. It was, said Bonaparte, the sole object of that treaty, that Rus- Bia and France, should join, to force England to a maritime peace; and that Russia should " summon, in concert wilk France, the thee Courts of Copenhagen, Stockholm and Lisbon, toshul their ports against England — to declare war against England, and to insist upon the adoption q/ the same measures by the variom po-ccers of Europe'-\ Can Mr. Madison furnisii as sufficient • Madison's Speech, t Bassano's letter to Prince Kurakin, Paris, April 25th, 1812. Of course, Denniurk was summoned; what answer she gave was obvious — under such circum- stances, she could not be neuter — her opposition to Great Britain, shewed the side she tooki, thrown; and as the 69S i reason for his attack upon, and occupation of the Floridas^ or was Great Britain to blame under such circumstances, for saying to Denmark, you are either with me, or against me? an alternative Mr. Madison never once put in the power of Spain, or the FJoridas. Secure on one side, Mr. Madison next turned his ambitious views to another, from whence more profit was to be derived, and more danger was to be apprehended. To furnish a causa for quarrel, in order to commence his unprincipled schemes, every ground of complaint, which French chicanery could de- vice, and American animosity sanction or produce, was eagerly brought forward against Great Britain. The die was cast- America had taken her resolution, and war was determined on; unless Great Britain submitted to her claims, which was what she could hardly expect, perhaps did not wish, as it would iiave left her without any pretext at all, for attacking Cana- da. The ostensible causes of war, on the part of America, we'-e, 1st. The British orders in Council; 2d. The right of Blockade; 3d. That the flag should cover the cargo; 4th. The Impressment of British seamen from American merchant ves- sels; and last, the right which America set up, of rendering the natives of overy other country, subjects of the United States, upon their receiving a certificate, that they were so, thereby, absolving them from all allegiance to the country where they were born, every one of which causes, were alike untenable and unjust. In 1806, during the ministry of Mr. Fox, Prussia was leagued with France in her nefarious designs against Great Britain; and, at the same time, Napoleon being busily employed in preparing means for her destruction in all the ports in the channel, and in Plolland, for which equipments he was receiv- ing every assistanqe from the North of Germany, the British ministry, very properly, laid the whole coast, from the Elbe to Brest, under a state of blockade. This was a measure none could deny the justice of; and Great Britain possessed the full power to render her determination effectual. War, however, soon after thrown ; and as the power of the former increased, so the animosi- ■i !;Mi 1096 ty and hatred of Bonaparte kept pace with it; and from Beilin in November, that same year, he issued a decree, decluririf '• the whole British isles, and their dependencies, in a state of block- nde," thongh he had not a single ship that he durst send co s(a to enforce it. It was of no consequence that by this decree he condemned his own arguments, that every port to be blockad- ed must have an adequate naval force before it. What Niipol- eon did could not be wrong, and ouglit not to be questioned, By this tlecrce, every vessel, from whatever port or place slip c, mo, that should enter any British port, whatever her canro might be, became a lawful prize -whenever met by any Fronch vessel, or found in any French port. Having finished theNorlli- em war, by the treaty of Tilsit, Bonaparte had leisure to srt About the execution of this decree, and which was begun to be enforced. Subsequent to the Berlin decree, and on the 7tli January, 1S07, Great Britain issued an Order in Council, re- taliatory to this decree of Bonaparte, extending the system of blockade, and j>rohibiting all trade from one port to another, both of which should be in the possession of France and her allies, or with which British ships were not allowed to trade and to enter freely,. Against the lawless decree of Bonaparte, already mentioned, and which fell peculiarly heavy upon America, she uttered no complaint, and made no demand lor recalling it. Great Britain gave every neutral nation full time to speak their sentiments upon this subject, but all acquiescing without a tnnrmur, she was compelled in her own defence, to issue those powerful decrees, the Orders in Council, which made even Napoleon feel, and which were felt throughout Eu- rope. These laid France, and every port or place which was under her control, under the strictest blockade; and, declar- ing, that till the Berlin decree was withdrawn, no nation should be allowed to trade with any of these places without lier permission, sind without having first touched at a Bri- ish port. Faction endeavoured to attribute to this decree Bonaparte's famous decree fron Milan. But only faction and prejudice could thus far outrage truth. The Orders in Coun- cil were only issued in London on the llth November, ]S()7; snd Bonnpnrte's Milan decree was issued, at that place, on the ersT 23J of the same month, which rendered it impossible for him to have had these Orders in Council before him. The fact was, that, exalted in his own ideas at assuming the title of King of Italy, and burning with ohame at the complete frustra- tion -of all his views, in conjunction with Ilussia, against Great Britain, from the destruction of the principal member of the conftt'erac; , in the capture of Copenhagen, and the Danish fleet, Bonaparte, of the above date, issued from Milan a decree, condemning to seizure and confiscation, all vessels, which, after having touched at England, from any motive whatsoever, should enter a French port, and without exception or distinc- tion of commodities or merchandize; and requiring at the samo jimn, and under a severe penalty, of all vessels, a certificate of origin for their cargoes. Tlie Orders in- Council, however, maddened his rage to fury, sensible how much they would expose his inability to contend with England, notwithstanding alibis might. Accordingly, he no sooner heard of these, than tie issued from Milan, on the 17th December, 1807, another decree, declaring^ every vessel that should touch at a British port, or suirer herself to be searched by a British cruizer, to be icnalianalized, and as having forfeited the protection of its sovereign, and therefore should become a lawfiil prize; and also, that every vessel, whatever her cargo might be, which should sail from any British port, or place, occu])ied by their troops, should be placed in the same situation. Against these mea- sures, the origin of the evil, America uttered no complaint to France. In vahi French audacity and party animosity endea- voured to assert that all Bonaparte's decrees were only retalia- tory of the British orders, when the most common understand- ing must have been aware that the latter were only retaliatory of the former. These deceitful arguments had their day, bat they can deceive no more. Such was the true origin of these import- ant measures, which made so much noise in the world. The aim of France was the ruin of Great Britain, by any means which her ruler could devise; and Great Britain was therefore. eltliged to put forth all her strength to counteract hei-. Aijainst every one of these decrees issued- by Bonanarte^ il ^ 1 1. •^ -'> % 69S America eitlicr made no opposition, or a very feeble one. It Was always against Great Britain her anger was ilirected, wlijlc the cause whicl» called fortii the exertion of the power of tho latter was suffered to remain unmolested. She had recourse to embargo laws, and to non-intercourse bills; but these, it was very obvious, were all levelled against Great Britain, in order to force her into the measures which France and America had in view. But these failed in their object, and only returned ou her own head with loss and confusion. To these, fresh topics of dispute were brought forward by America. Encouraged and abetted by France, she denied tlie British right of blockade altogether; and insisted that no port should be considered as blockaded, that had not a naval force before it at all times, sufficient to oppose whatever force niifrht attempt to enter it. This Great Britain refused to acknow- ledge, as her pswer was confessedly equal to enforce her com- mands, in defiance of the efforts of France or America; nor could she be expected to yield up to them, or their interest, a right or a station which the winds or the waves might at times for the moment, deprive her of. But she readily admitted, that, to constitute a blockade, an armed vessel, or vessels, should actually be placed before the port blockaded; a [Jiind- pie which the Berlin decree totally disregarded. The next was, that the flag should cover the cargo; in otlicr words, that America, or any other power calling themscivi-: neutral, should be at liberty to carry French property in their vessels, without its being liable to be seized by British cruizers. This was very convenient for France, and very profitable for America; the one had no ships she durst send to sea, the other had plenty; by which means France would have enjoyed tlie advantage of her colonial settlements, foreign possessions, and trade, without any thing to carry it on; and while British mer- chandize remained liable to all risks of capture, and war expen- ses, French property would neither be subject to the one nor the other. France asked this, and America seconded her; while, at the same moment, France was seizing, condemning, and burn- ing American property, merely because that property had been 69» produced by Briti'sh industry, mid to which oppression the Ainericnn government submilted without a niurinur. The next grievance a jects of every power citizens of the United States, according to her laws, thereby absolving them from every tie of allegiance to the country which gave them birth. This was a monstrous nnd absurd doctrine, and equally inimical to the interest of * Sec the very able and man)y papers on this subject, by the official autlioritie» III the New England states; particularly one from Rockingham, New Hampshire, .Vi^uxit 5th. !SL2. I '-^i"'! M ii 4ni 22 'sAi roo every other power tliut it was to lliat of Grent Britain; buf on her, in a particular manner, it tell with the greatest force. Such a doctrine coulil never be tolerateti tor a moment, nor Jisteiii'd to by any power who was inilepentlent I'laiice eagerly sup- ported America in this claim, because she hojKjd thereby to injure or endanger the naval superiority of (.ireat Britain; but at the moment when, i'rom policy, she was justifying and a- betting America in her odious demands, France was acting in direct contradiction to those principles, by shooting Frenchnitn taken in the Spanish armies, who had been compelled to icavt France during the revolution, and at the time they were chil- dren. Such a' demand as thi^, made by America,, could oiilv be made by the j: vernment of a country, a great number ot the popuhition ot which were traitors to and deserters of thtir country's cause. It belonged to Great Britain to resist aich abominable principles, which never were, and never can b» sanctioned by any civilized nation. Such were the ostensible cauacs urged by America against Great Britain. Of these the Orders in Council bore the most prominent rank, and remained the hobby horse of faction at home, and occasioned the bitterest abuse of enemies abroad; writhing in anguish under their powerful effects, and rendered the more poignant as having been the consequences of their own interested motives ;ind ambitions views. We all know the cla- mour that was raised against these measures in this country, niul the light in which tluy were Ivelil up, as the ruin and degradation of the nation, ir> her character, trade, and resources, when, in fact, these very measures were the salvation of the whole. These measures were again and again represented as tiie cause of much greater injury to our trade tbai> the decrees of our enemy, and depicted as the height of hun]an folly and ignorance on the part of the British ministers. The public mind was agitated and ir- ritated to no common degree, which the arch enemy of Britain took cai'e to augment, by publishing that they were the best measures which his enemies could have devised, for his prospe- rity and their own destruction. The Moniteur aided the cry of faction in Britain with all its might: and while France, and every country in Europe attached to Iwr cause, or subject tc • Bas^anc's 1( 701 her coutrol, wns ruiiilinf» under their pressure, anil trcmliling under tlieir power, it was believed that Great liritain alone wcw suffering by them. At lust tluH veil of delusion was torn asun- der. Russia refused any longer to submit to nieasurcs ' rought forward by France, which was bringing misery on her people, and subjecting them to every privation and distress. Then, when the enemy could no longer hide the truth, he spoke a very difflr- cnt language. The Orders in Council of the British Cabinet were then no longer measures of inibrcilitj', and injurious only to themselves. No ! " The ayslcm of Knnlaii'l was triuniphaiiL Her Orde* in «. Council threatened the most mportatit results; and the t:;a)i!te wIikH was to furnish the nieans of supporting tlie perpe u;» war w'c.ch she had declared, were perceptible uprm the seas." I' ,' virtu of these measures, " England levied a toll of from ♦ to : miiiiom upon the continent " and their dreadful effects •* placed Europe in so ''nlttokedfor a sittiafinn, that the two sovereigrw thought proper to come to. nn understanding, and the interview at Erfurt took place."* And, in still stronger language, Uoiiapiirte wns forced to confess, that tlieir effects, and the submission to them, was neither more nor less than " to con- stitute George III. the sovereign of tlic world." How much idle railing, bitter abuse, and dangerous declamation, did these de- <;iaration8 overturn and do away? and who can iloubt that the '-•nemy here spoke wiiat he felt? These confessions were wrung from him in the agony of rage and despair, occasioned by his seeing tiie counsels and power of his adversaries, completely vic- torious. To embarass the British govoT...fient, it was urged by Amer- ica, by France, and by their friends, that the Berlin and Milan decrees were never put in execution against America. This was shown to be false; but even if it had been true, it could not alter the nature of a decree still in existence, and whose execu- tion against any particular nation, depended on the momentary caprice of the arbitrary Napoleon. Foiled in this attempt, it was urged, that these decrees had long been repealed, with regard to America. 'I'he American government and ambassadors so- • Bfts'sano's letter to Prince Kur;ikin, Paris, Ainil SJth, 1812. i; ro2 'cmnly declared again and again that this was the case, mi demanded, in consequence, that the Orders in Council should be rescindejn. No operations of c .■ . ,]uence, were undertaken lower down the Canadian ^"onti Upon the arrival of the British rcvoca- • ^ ■inrire Pretest's dispatcli, Aug. 17tli, 1812, f hki- ^ept 1st, and Brock's Aug. 17tb. ^ mc .'^Vs dispatcli, Oct. I3th, 709 tion of the Orders in Councii, General Prevost and General Dearborn, agreed to an armistice for 30 days; conceiving that the repeal of these measures, would lead to a settlement of all the disputes between the two countries. In this, however, they were mistaken; but the dreadful disasters which had, before the expiry of the armistice, happened to the other two American Generals, completely bound up the hands of Dearborn, and rendered it impossible for him, to effect any thing; or to un- dertake any operations of consequence during that campaign. The Americans, however, were more successful, upon an°cle- nient, where it was imaginetl, they had no chance of success at ail. Their numerous privateers, considerably annoyed the Bri- tish trade; but all the West India fleets, fortunately escaped the search of Commodore Rogers, who fondly hoped to fail in with them, with his strong frigates, and to have captured many of them, as they were of course, sailing under slender convoys, unsuspecting of this fresh war. After a cruise of many weeks, this mighty commander was forced to return to America, with very Uttle to boast of; having only fallen in with a few trifling merchant vessels, which he took. Immediately upon the de- claration of war, he put to sea with three frigates, and fell in with the Biitish frigate Belvidera; who discovered that the Americans were become enemies, only in time to effect her escape from this superior force, which she accomplished, by the superiority of her sailing, and after a running fight of several hours. On the 19th of August, the Guerrler frigate was taken, by the American frigate Constitution, Capt Hull, after a desperate engagement, in which the Guerrier was re- duced to such a complete wreck, as to oblige the enemy to burn }ier. The American fi-igate carried 56 guns, 32 and 2* poun- ders, and had a crew of 476 picked men. The British frigate, only 30 guns, and a crew 253 persons, nine of which were boys. Under these disadvantageous circumstances, the brave Captain Dacres was obliged to surrender, after a loss of 78 men killed and wounded. A most unmanly tone of despondency was echoed through the British press, at the unfortunate result of this action, as if it had been a death blow to our naval char-, acterj and, as if it had been possible for the British govern^^ .«;'!; !::■; ff ' 1 1 !j>' 710 ment, to prevent an American, frigate of superior force, falling in with n British vessel, whose force was inferior. America, besides, it was well known, had a vast number of brave and hardy seamen, even more than France had at the commence- ment of the Revolution; and on board her ships of war, were many British seamen, deserters from the cause of their country, who, in any engagement would much rather have died fighting, than have been taken; and hence, it was obvious, that any na- val combat with American vessels, was to be an arduous un. dertaking. These circumstances aiforded Mr. Madison a set off against liis disasters by land; and accordingly, he dwelt long upon them in his message to Congress, at the meeting of that budy, on the ith November. The Orders in Council had been re- pealed; but, as might have easily been foreseen, other topics, said to be of greater importance, were quickly substituted in their place. No wish to come to any accommodation, was vi- sible on the part of the government of America, but upon terms, wholly inadmissible by Great Britain; and any pretence for opntinuing the war against her, wis eagerly laid hold of, and maintained by the former government; who, no doubt, fondly imagined, that next year would bring them better suc- cess in Canada; particularly, as at that time their illustrious ally, as far as they knew, Aas making rapid strides into the heart of the Russian empire. In the midst of his base falsehoods, and odious harangues against the British government, the Presi- dent was forced to let slip a short sentence, which shewed the value of a connexion which he, by his folly, had lost. " The du- tiesj" said he to Congress, " on the late unexpected importation of British manufactures, will render the revenue of the ensuing year, more productive than could haye been anticipated."* No doubt it would so; and it was all ^he trade which Mr. Madi- son now had to ^-aise his revenue firom. We shall presently see what this revenue was. Napoleon himself, nctr addressed 9 more cutting sentence to any of the oppressed nations under h^s command ; or told them, that the revenue, derived from ^L^. * MadisoB's message, N^y. 4tb, 1812. 711 trade with his enemies, was necessary to support his onibitioii^ iior (lid til at mighty and mischievous potentate, ever outrage truth more in any of his public speeches, than Mr. Madi- son now did, when he stepppd boldly forward, and told Con- gress, that " they had tne inestimable consolation of knowirirr, that the war in which they were engaged, was a war ■neither of ambition nor vain glory."* The President, and his ally Bona- parte, had a very bad custom of classing things under a wronc head; and this was only another instance of the errors of that spirit, which led them both astray. About this time, the British frigate Macedonian of 38 guns, Capt. Carden, was taken, after an obstinate and well contested action, by the American frigate, United States, of^iguris, Capt. Decatur. This unfortunate occurrence gave the enemy fresh cause for triumph; and though trifling in itself, helped wonderfully to make the American people forget their defeats by land. In point of fact, however, there was no comparison in the force of the two vessels; as the United State, not only carried more guns, and a more numerous crew of picked <'?a- men; but the weight of her metal was almost one half ^ ; .ter than that of the Macedonian; and which latter circumstance has the most decisive effects in naval combats. The budget, however, with which Mr, Gallatin furnished them, was not of so cheering a description. The revenue for 1813, he calculated at only 12,500,000 dollars; 5,000,000 of ishich arose from the duties upon British goods, which had been shipped from that country when the Orders in Council were repealed, under the idea, that the revocation would occa- sion a settlement of all differences between the cou; * ?€«„ From this source, great as it was, they could expect no more. The expense was at this time estimated at 31,000,000 dollars, besides interest; leaving a deficiency of 20,000,000 to be provided for; while the foreign trade of the country, which ought to have supplied this, was completely and totally cut oft'.f This was the effect of 4 months hostilities with Britain; besides the loss nw\ • Madison's message, Nov. 4th, 1812, % Gtdlatin's report, Dec. 1st. 18I2I 1\Q of two armies, which was ratlier more than the Valuo of two frigates, rendered complete wrecks, and a few merchantmen, taken by their numerous privateers; but even which latter was much more than counterbalanced, by the captures froin them, by the British cruisers. On i''« iOth November, the Americans sent out seven small armed vessels, manned with the crews of one of their frigates, from Sacket's harbour, in order to surprise the town of King. Ston, and destroy the British ship, Royal George, lying in tiiat harbour; but, by the skill aud courage of Colonel Vincent, the enjuiy were defeated, and forced to a precipitate flight. The campaign terminated soon after, with an attempt made by a par. ty of Dearborn's army, to penetrate into the Britiiih terri- tories froqi Champlain; but in their advance, having beeniire'd upon from one of the British advanced picquets, they were tl rown into such confusion and terror, that they commt id firing upon each other; \,\ which about 50 vere killed and wounded, and the rest fled as fa»t as [wssible.* Soon after this, another naval triumph grac. . the arms of the Americans, and filled them with hope and exult tion that uie enemy v. at. obliged to burn her, as she could not be carried into port, ^er brave commander. Captain Lam. bert, fell in the action. TheflrC repeated disasters to our navj', su ined from such a foe as America, occasioned great di^iiatis- faciti n in the minds of the British nation; who began to think that their navy was i, Jier ill directed or beginning to degener- ate. But there was, in n ^lity, no ?ause for such surmises, as the sunerior size and wfiirht of metal of tht' Amci.Lan fricatcs niof all tliui*. f/\ Sir George Pre vest's dispatch, November 21st, 1812. 713 gave them n decided superiority over British vessels of a small- er class; and by some t'urtunnte circumstance and good luck, on their part, none of the heavy British ships of war ever had tlie fortune to fall in with one of them, though every exertion was made to do so. On the 22d January, 1813, another attempt made by the enemy to invade Canada, was attended with equally disastrous consequences to them as the previous attempts were. General Winchester, with 1000 men, having crossed the river about 26 miles South of Detroit, and occupied Frenchtown, was there attacked by C ' mel Proctor, and totally routed. Himself and about 500 men were taken prisoners, and all the rest killed and wounded. The Indians fought bravely, and occasioned the enemy great loss. I'he British loss was 24 killed and 158 wounded. The Americans said that Winchester undertook this expedition without orders; but, be that as it may, the con- sequences were most disastrous to him and the force under his command, the total destruction of which completely paralized the efforts of General Harrison, to whose army Winchester be- longed. Defeat had now taught the Americans both wisdom and cau- tion; and they clearly saw that it would be impossible to obtain a secure footing in Canada, unless they had the command of the immense lakes which form the Southern boundaries of that country. They, therefore, turned their attention to this im- portant point, and their contiguity to the scene of action, and the facility w th which all materials ft^ 4i p building could be furnished, soon gave them, if not the complp/ e iperiority over the British in that quarter, at least enai); i! them tq Contend on something like a more equal footing, and which was of the greatest service to them in all their future operations. In the meantime, the British fleet under the command of Sir John Borlase Warren, spread consternation and alarm through- out all the coasts of America. The mouths of their rivers, and all their principal ports, wore blockaded in such a manner, that sll thsir forei"'" and coasting trade was destroyed! nnd though privateers, and now and then their ships of war, start- ed out from different ports, which it was more difficult to block' mil i ft •III il. iv-ii 71* ttdc.or wlitii ilic Britij.li ships were forccil off thccoasl by stress of wcatlttr; still tlint was but « poor compcniintii)n for the immciise loKS wliitU Aimriiii Dilicrwisc Hustuiiied. No important opera- tions against any part of the American coast were as yet under- taken. The British government wished to try every means to bring the American government to reason, without injuring tlic property of individuals. For this purpose, Admiral Warren was entrusted with powers to negotiate as well as to fight, and which completely paralizcd all his operations. The Admiral was blamed for inactivity; but, situated a» he was, he could scarcely act otherwise, as while following up one part of his in. Ptructions he might by doing so be injuring the other. Siic- tccding events shewed that this forbearance of the Brilisli go- vernment was attributed to a different cause; and whiU the policy which dictated it was humane and generous, still it was wrong and impolitic. Commodore Chauncey having been appointed to the com- mand of the American ships of war on Lake Ontario, made every cxeition to fit out a considerable number of vessels, and which he at length effected. With these, he transported a con- hiderable force, under the command of General Dearborn, to the opposite shore, which landed near York Town, the capital of Up- per Canada. General Sheaffe who commanded the British force in this quarter, was obliged to retire before the superior force of (he enemy. Upon the approach of the Americans every resistance was made against their superior numbers, and in which they lost a considerable number of men. A powder magazine was blown np, which did great injury to the An)erican army. General Pike, who commanded, was killed, and upwards of 100 men. Several of the British soldiers also perished by it. The town capitulated, and '295 regulars and militia were taken prison- ers in it: a considerable quantity of naval stores, and a large ship on the stocks, were destroyed, to prevent them falling in- to the hands of the enemy.* The American General acknow- ledged a loss of from 150 to 200 men; that of the British was • Dearborn's dispatch, April 38th, 1815. 713 u2 killed, 77 wounded, and 17 jTrisoners, In the full of and in the actions preceding the abandonment of the pitice. Tlic bold note of triumph, so eagerly sung by the AmericanSy of their superiority over our navul heroes, was but of short dur- ation. An opportunity occurred wherein they were met by sonit'thing like equal numbers; whon it was found, that the ariu which conquered at Trafalgar, was still most worthy to wield the Kceptre of the ocean. On the 1st of June, the Shannon* Captain Broke, was cruizing, singly, off Boston harbpur. Cap- tain Lawrence, of the American frigate, Chesapeake, lying in that harbour, conceived it a glorious opportunity to signalize him- self before the eyes of his countrymen, by the capture of the British frigate. He put to sea, in confident expectation of suc- cess. In two hours he was to return, with his prize, and to partake of a grand enterluinmeut preparing for the occasion. Tiie Chesapeake rated 'tl guns, and mounted 49, most of them 21 pounders; and her crew, all picked seamen, were 440 in num- ber. The Shannon, rated 38 guns, and mounted from 41 to 46, not 80 heavy metal, and a crew of 330 men.* The British ship, however, courted the engagement, notwithstanding her inferiority. The Americans advanced with confidence. The shores were lined with thousands of spectators; the harbour and adjacent coasts covered with boats and small vessels filled with people, eager to hail, with applause, the conqueror of Captain Broke. They had, however, chosen an inauspicioua day, on which to realize their proud expectations. It was the 1st of June. At half-past five o'clock, the Chesapeake came a- breast of the Shannon, impatiently waiting to receive her. The action began at half pistol shot, with broadside to broadside from each vessel. In 10 minutes, the Chesapeake fell along side the Shannon, whose gallant crew boarded her at the same moment, o;» her tops and her decks. In five minutes more they swepc bof.)re them all resistance; and in fifteen minutes from the commencement of the action, that flag, which never yet covered dishonour or disgrace, proudly waved over the A* Jnerican stOirs, in sight of the population of Boston; who, in a * Croker's statement, House of Commons, Jul}- Stb, 1813. 4* 23 m few minutes, saw the Chesapeake, accompanied by the Sliaii- non, shape their course, with a fair breeze, to the harbour of Halifax. Captain Broke was severely wounded ; and Captain Laurence of the Chesapeake died of his wounds, and was buri- ed at Halifax with military honours, due to him as a brave man, though unsuccessful. The loss on board the British ship was 31 killed and 57 wounded; that of the American iVicrate, was about 75 killed and lOiJ wounded. Captain Broke, as a teward for his. services in this brilliant aifair, had the honom of Knighthood conferred uf)on him; and his gallant ollicers, were promoted according to their different ranks. Thus was the honour of the British flag fairjy maintained, against the voice of despondency, and tlie rash clamours o." party, only heard when they afforded praise and encouragement to oiif enemios. The repeated defeats of the American army in Canada, serv- ed only to exasperate the American government, and to induce them to make the greater clfbrts to retrieve these disasters. As Canada was the great object for which they had really gone to war, so the President was well convinced, that any particular success which might attend his arms by sea, against the British novy, or the British trade, would be but a poor compensation to the Americans, for the dreadful lo.«se-: which they were sus- taining; and a weak argument in order ic induce them to applaud iiis conduct, or support his dyna&ty, ualess he had something more captivating and more substantial to offer to their consideration. To accon)plish this, greater efflirts were ac- cordingly made against Canada; and by the bravery and judi- cious conduct of their opponents, these were attended witli similar consequences as all their ftu'mer attempts. On the 3d June, two of the American armed ships in that quarter were detached against the isle Au Noix, where Major Taylor of the lOOdth regiment held the temporary conimaml, His force consisted of detachments of the lOOdth regiment, and from the Royal artillery, and three gun-boats. After a hard contested action, the Growler a'nd Eagle, American vessels of 1 1 guns and 50 men each, struck their colours, and were tak- en possession of by the British, in sight of several other vessels, 717 and also about 3000 men advancing by land to their assistance. These came too late. Tlie Americans had nine men killed and wounded, and the British loss was only three wounded.* In Upper Canada, that brave officer, Colonel Proctor, had Been taking the necessary measures For attacking the eneiiiy, who had been for some time assiduously employed in collecting troops and stores, to enable him to make another attempt a- gainst the British possessions in that quarter. Various unfore- seen accidents prevented Colonel Proctor from accomplishing this object, till the enemy were found to be completely pre- pared to commence offensive operations; when nothing of jmportance could be undertaken against them, on the part of the British. On the morning of the 5th May, the enemy commenced his operations against the British General. The enemy descended the river near the Miami rapids, with a force of at least 1300 men, aided by a sally from his garrison at that point. The attack was impetuous; and, for a moihent, the enemy succeeded in obtaining possession of the British batter- ies. These were, however, as quickly retaken, and the enemy totally routed; scarcely one of the men who advanced to the attack, with the exception of those belonging to the garrison, escaping death or captivity. The enemy had from 1000 to 1200 men killed or taken, besides many other prisoners, which fell into the hands of the Indians, and of which no regular re- turns could be obtafned. These Indian warriors greatly sig- nalized themselves oq this occasion.. The British loss was 61 killed and wounded, and 41 missing. Thfe troops under Col- onel Proctor, amounted only to 450 regulars and 400 militia, exclusive of Indians.-}- On the 29th May, an attack was tiiade upon Sacket's har- bour, which ended in the destruction of all the naval stores which the Americans had collected at that point, and which obliged their fleet on Lake Ontario to return into port. In the mean time, Colonel Vincent, with the British force on ths Niagara frontier, bad been compelled to retire before an over- * Tuylor's disjmtch, June 3d, i«13. t Prpetdr"«dl8patct, May Hth, 16:3., Ul ' l' ■ ^. 718 ^vllclmlng force, under Generals Chandler and "Winder; after abandoning and dismantling Forts George and Erie, and also Qucenstown, he took up a position on the heights above Biir- lington-bay, on which place the enemy were determined to at- tack him. The British loss in these operations amounted to 52 killed, and 306 wounded and prisoners. The enemy must liav ■ suffered more severely, in his attacks upon the torts, and in ef- fecting his landing. His force, altogether, amounted to at least 10,000 men. A few days after this, part of the American force, under the immediate commai>d of Generals Chandler and "Winder, consisting of 3500 infantry and 250 cavalry, with 9 field pieces, advanced from Forty xMile Creek to attack the British force in that quarter, under Colonel Vincent. The advanced posts of the British army, amounting, altogether, iq pnly \6tOQ mpn, were driven back qn their main body. The enemy encamped, during the night of the 5th, about seven miles frota Burlington, in which position be was surprised by Colonel "Viui-eat, with 706 men, a part of the force already mentioned) and completely routed. The enemy fled in con- sternfition. Generals Chandler ani^ Winder, first and second in command, and upwards (>f 100 oflRcers, were taken prisoners; and three; guns ^nd one brass howitzer also fell ipto the hands of the victors. A considerable number were also killed and wounded. The British loss yvas 132 killed and 52 missing. Tn order that \hc enemy, who was still formidable in numbers, might not aspertain the number of rhe troops under his com- mand, Colqnel "Vincent, very prudently, withdrew his men be- fore day light; which, when the enemy found, he returned to his camp on the morning, where he destroyed every thing that remained; after which, he cpmmenced a precipitate retreat to Forty Mile Creek, where he was joined by a re-enforcement of 2000 men, who were advancing from ^he Niagara frontier. Against this force, the number of men uqder the command of Colonel Vincent were too few, to enable him to act on the offen- sive, with any hope of success.* In their retreat, the American army destroyed the greater part of their baggage; and several « Vincent's dispatch, June6tb, 1813. 719 vessels with provisions and supplies tor them, were dcstro^e4 by Sir James Yeo, on Lake Ontario. Soon after this, the enemy, vyho was still formidable on the Xiagi^ra frontier, detached Colonel Bocstler, with 570 men, to attack a cjetachment of the British army stationed at Beavers Dams, about rjine miles from Quecnstown. The American force was attacked from an ambuscade, placed to wait their ap- proach^ and the whole were either killed or taken.* These losses, while they crippled anrl distracted the American armies and their government, were soon repaired, from their vicinity to all their supplies atid re-enforcements; while their adversar- ies had an immense line of frontier to defend, with compara* lively small means, and far removed from {heir native land. The conduct of the British army, officers and men, and also of the inhabitants of Canada, at this period, was most exemplary and praiseworthy. The duty they haii to perform was arduous and severe, and the odds against them very great. Still they continued to oppose an iron barrier wherever the enemy of their iiidependence appeared; and covered them with shame and confusion in every attempt which they had hitherto made. The British fleet also continued to keep the whoie American coast in a continued state of alarm^ frequently landing, and occa- sioning them a considerable loss both of men and property, The enemy's army was followed towards the Niagara fron- tier; and though he continued to occupy the fortresses on that line, his operations were circumscribed to their immediate neighbourb<^od. pn fhe 12th July, a detachment of British troops, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bishopp, landed at Black Rock, and attacked and carried the bat- teries, and destroyed or brought away every thing ^bout the place which belonged to the enemy. The Britisn loss on this occasion was 38 killed and wounde'l, and 6 missing. The ene- my attempted to drive the British troops from the place, but could not succeed, and they afterwards retired from the place unmolested. In order to arrest the progress of re-enforce- fnents constantly advancing to the American armv on the Ni*- * Dearborn's 'dispatclr, Jane 25% 1813. 720 *fara ifrontier, General Prevost resolved to make a diversion on Lalce Clianiplairi, tor which purpose, he detached 800 men, and also the crew of the Wasp, lately arrived from Halifax, under thy command of Lieut. Col. J. Murray, and Captain Everard; whose instructions were, to burn and destroy vessels of every description, and property of whatever kind it might be, which belonged to the government. This expedition was attended with the desired success. The blockhouse, arsenal, barrack, and public storehouses at Plaitsburgh, were destroy- ed. At Champtain town, two blockhouses were burnt, and some stores destroyed; and at Burlington, 4 vessels were de- stroyed, without any opposition from the enemy; whose force in this quarter, besides several armed vessels of considerable force, which were protected by formidable batteries, amounted to about 4000 men.* By the activity and perseverance of Commodore Chauncey, the Americans had at last succeeded, in obtaining a considera- ble naval force on Lake Ontario. At this time, it amounted to 16 ve^^sels of all descriptions; carrying 121 guns, and manned with picked crews. That of the British under Sir James Yeo, consisted of 9 vessels of all descriptions, cairying 98 guns. "With this superiority of force, however, the enemy could not yet undertake any operations of great importance with security. With the force already mentioned, he left Sacket's harbour, and landed a considerable force at York, where however, they had it not in their power to do much mischief; except liberating the prisoners in the gaol, and carrying with them 3 soldiers guilty of felony. They re-embarked the same evening, and left the place; and next day re-landed, and returned in the same man- ner. What plunder they obtained, was principally the pro- perty of individuals. From York, the squadron steered for the Niagara side of the Lake. On the 11th Sept. the squadron under the command of Sir James Yeo met with them, and en- deavoured to bring them to action; this, the enemy avoided, by making the best of their way; and, from the superiority of * Sir G' •^•e Frevoit'a x>ispaicl:, Jaugasi Sin, asal Marrsy and Svcrard': Dii» patches, August 3cl, and i^th. 721 their sailing, the Wolf was the only vessel of Sir James Yeo'e fleet, which could come up with them. He was therefore, obliged to give up the pursuit; but succeeded in cutting off and capturing, 2 schooners, of 2 guns and lO men each; and two of the enemy's largest schooners, the one of 10, and the other of 9 guus, with a crew of 50 men each, upset, from carry- ing too great a press of sail, and nearly all on board perished. The capture of the British gun-brig Boxer, by the American ship Enterprize, of nearly an equal force, after a severe en- gagement, of 4,5 minutes, which event, took place on the 5th Sept. on the American const, helped to raise their drooping spirits; and confirm them in their idea, of ultimately vanquish- ing, even the navy of Great Britain. It was a miserable foun- dation on which to build their hopes; but it was the only foun- dation, which they at this moment had. Few operations, of much importance, took place for some time on the Canadian frontiers. Sir George Prevost, with a force of 2000 men, endeavoured, but in vain, to draw the A- inerican force of 4000 men, stationed at Fort George, into the open country. Some skirmishes took place in that quarter, at- tended with considerable loss of men; but without any impor- tant results. On Lake Erie, however, the Americans were more successful. Having there assembled a considerable naval force, consisting of 9 vessels, carrying 54 guns, under the com- mand of Commodore Perry, they succeeded in capturing the whole British force, in that quarter, after a smart action, fought on the 10th Sept. This force consisting of 6 vessels, carrying 60 guns, of a smaller size than the American, 2 brigs and vessels, 2 schooners and a sloop, surrendered to the enemy. The Bri- tish h'ss was 11 killed, and 94 wounded. The capture of these vessels, was of great importance to the enemy, as it gave him the complete command of Lake Erie; and a free entrance into the British dominions on the nortliern coasts, whenever life, found it convenient. The American government saw clearly, that without the complete command of the lakes, they could never make any impression, that was to be of any permanent nature upon Canada; and therefore, they turned their attentian i 'M r22f to this object, in the most serious manner; and, as we shall pre- sently see, for some time v^'ith success. About this time, Conunodore llodgors returned from a five months cruize in the most northern parts of the Atlantic ocean, on the coasts of the European continent, during which period, his whole exploits consisted in capturing a lew straggling mer- chant vessels, and the 1 ligiiflyer srhoontr, a tender, belonging to Sir John Borlase Warren's Heel. This was the last effort, and the utmost |>rowess of that tremendous hero, who, by the strength of hi& arm, was to give new maritime laws to the world. The command of Lake Erie, enabled the Americans, at their plefasure, to land a large force on the opposite coast; which compelled Colonel Proctor to abandon Detroit, and Maiden; and retreat to the eastward, which he accomplished, with con- siderable loss; having been compelled to disperse his army, in dift'erent directions; many of whom were taken prisoners, and about 60, including Indians, killed and wounded. These places were immediately taken possession of, by the divisi' n of the American army, under General Harrison. On Lake Ontario also, the naval force of the enemy was such, as rendered him able to face Sir James Yeo in that quarter; in consequence of which, some of the British ships with provisions and re-enforcc- ments, from Kingston to the army, at the head of the Lake, fell into the hands of the enemy; amongst which, were the two schooners taken a short time before from Chauncey's sciiia- dron. The loss of the vessels, was, however, a trifling evil, compared to the loss of the supplies; these could not be so Easily replaced, and could be tra ported in no other way, but by water. The conduct of Sir Jame Yeo at this time, deserves great praise; without risking the safety of the force under his command, he contrived to do the enemy all possible injury, •nd gave him much trouble. The greater part of the British troops having been deta\ ftcd to defend the frontiers of Upper Canada; the Americans col- lected a considerable force, consisting of 7000 inttintry, and 2i'u cavalry, uuder the conmiand of («eneral Hanipton, acconi|)ani- ed, by General Izard, ami endeavoured to force their way tt- 723 Montreal, from their position on Chatenuguay River. At Montreal, the American Generals had calculuteil, that they would unite their forces from every quarter, and march direct- ly upon Quebec; in which, they were to finish the campaign; and the possession of which, they conceived, would extirpate the British name from the continent of America. To fulfill their part of this grand design, Generals Hampton and Izard ad- vanced, with the force already mentioned. Scarcely, however, had they passed the frontiers, when they were met by a handful of men, amounting to 300, the advance of the small British force in that quarter. This determined band not only main- tained their post, but, after a severe action in which the enemy suffered great loss, compelled him to retreat, covered with *' disgrace and defeat."* The loss of the American army was very considerable, not only from the fire of the British troops, but of their own; for seve.al of their detached parties in the woods fired upon each other. The British loss was only 31 killed and wounded, and 4 missing.f Amongst the other odious principles, advanced by the Ame- rican government, and stated by them as reasons for embark- ing in this war, one was, that they should possess the privilegt^ of iiatiiralizi' '^r, by their acts, the subjects of other States; and hy this make them as much subjects of America as those born in that couii'ry, and thereby entitled to the same privi- leges, and liable to perform the same duties. Monstrous as this propoBition was, and diametrically opposite to every law, cus- tom, or usage, that had been allowed, or acted upon by any nation in any age, still it was acted upon by the Americans. Although this was equally inimical to tfe« interests of every other country, it fell particularly hard upon Great Britain, from the similarity of language and munners between her pc^utation and those of the United States, to which there was « constant emigration of the factious, turbulent, and discontenEeo. at all timi's the most bitter and inveterate enemies of the ^lm& which gave them tMrth. These the American governraenat called im * Prevosl's tliiipatcii, Oct. SOib, ISiS. f Do. do. do. 4¥ SS ^21. oat ill their ranks, iirmed, ami- sent thorn forth toconfjin.- their brethren, and to overthrow the power of their native land. That such meii, if taken, deserved death, no jJcraon but an Ame- rican would hare denied. Amongst the prisoners tiiktn by the British, were found many of thesr; 23 of which were re- cognised as such, and acknowledged thertaelves tiv be Britislt born subjects; These were arrested, and senf to England to be tried as traitors to their native land. The American go- vernment immediately placed an equal ntfinber of British sol- diers in close coMfinement; declaring that their lives should an- swer for those ot the traitors to their country arrested and sent to England. This audacious proceedinjj; calkd forth from the British goTernment the most peremptory orders, to their officers employed in Canada, to imprison doul)le the number of American officers and non-commissioned officei-a;* and to in- ftict the punishment t>f death upon ttiem, shouid the American krovernment dare to touch the lives of the British soldiers, whom they had committed to prison. This firm and decided step, however, was not yet sufficient to arrest the career of the American government in their unjustifiable conduct. Every attempt was also made by tbem to blacken the Bri- tish character. The most des])crate and unblushing fulschood* were industriously circulated, with regard to the British officers and mcHi, both in the army and navy. Bonaparte, while he detested Britain and the British character, yet treated both with some degree of respect; but his more ignorant and un- principled friends, on the other side of the Atlantic, while they exceeded him in the first, afTorded him an example io the ^e- dond. The fidelity of the Canadians, also called forth their faucour; and every species «f wanton outrage and destruction, against both their persons and their properties, were carried Into effect, wherever the American arras extended. This odi- ous system called forth the indignation ol' the British govern- ment; and the most peremptory orders were given to the Bri- tish squadrons off the American coast, to carry on- the war with unmitigated severity, and increased rigour, against all the ui- habitants of the United States. • Official orders, fay Trrvost, Montreal, Oct. STth, 181? 72S MlMte -Generals Hamilton and Izawl were attempting to tntcr tht> British territories .by Chfttenuguay lliver, General Wilkinson, with 10,000 njcn, embarked at Sad> quickly retaliated by orders of the British General. The American government, persisting in their unjust con- duct of protecting as American citizens, British born subjects taken in arms against their countr}', had ordered 46 British officers to be put in close confinement, in retaliation for the same number placed in the same situation by order of the British Government, as has been already noticed. This con- duct of the American government compelled the British Ge- neral to place an equal number of American officers in close confinement, to await the fate of those British subjects, so rash- ly and unjustifiably imprisoned by the Americans, J Xhe campaign in America, was now at an end for the sca- • General orders, by Baynes, Nov. 15th, 1815, f Do. I'c. Montreal, Dec. IZtli, I8l7. t Bayne's general order, Quebec, Dec. 2Ist, ISIJ, 727 Mil. Two years had elapsed, and every effort of the American government, in pursuit of their favourite object, the conquest of Canada, had been completely frustrated. I sny completely, because the trifling advantages which they had gained about Detroit could by no means be looked upon as a permanent advantage. The whole of this had been performed by a hand- ful of British troops, under evrry disadvantage. Tiic conduct of these brave men, deserve i^ncatost applauic and grati- tude, from their fellow subjiv. is. These actions, tin ugh lost amidst the stupendous occurrences which were daily taking place in Europe, were not the less honourable and useful to their country. They preserved a most valuable, and at the same time most vulnerable, portion of the British empire from die lawless rage of a rancorous enemy, who detest our name and our nation, although the latter gave them birth. The con- duct of oil the British troops, officers and men, were not sur- passed by any of their fellow-countrymen in any other quarter of llie globe. Upon the meeting of Congress, Madison indeed dwelt with triumph upon the brilliant success with which the American arms had been crowned by sea and land during the campaign; vitli wJlat justice any rational observer may soon determine. Except his success at sea, merely of a partial and isolated na- ture, and that on Lake Erie, of what had the American Presi- dent to boast? Every where else he was baffled and defeated with shame and disgrace. His trade was ruined, his expenses great and increasing, for no just object, and in an unhallowed cause. He, however, thought otherwise, and wanted to per- suade the American people into the same belief as himself. According to him, war was absolutely necessary to increase the prosperity and greatness of the United States; and, so far from being an evil, was attended with increasing good.* " Such is » * ' !■ 'i ill * Tliis was precisely the language of the demons who hatclied the French Revo- lution, Brissut, in 17i)'J, told the Convention, " that war was a real benefit to the nation, and tliat the only evil tliey had to dread was the not having war."— All the children of tlic same school, down to Mr. Madison, thought then, and think still in •1 similar manner. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 2.8 I.I S45 i^ la ^ •^ IIIIU t IM 1: i^a M M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .4 6" — ► V] <^ % m ^1 c^^ ?. -f^ o;^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 •728 the favoured situation (said he) of tlie United States; tliat the calamities, of the contest, into which they have been compelled to enter, are mitigated byimprovements, and advantages, o/'tt7//f;4 the contest , itself is the source "* While mankind in genera! who professed to follow freedom as the greatest good, and peace as the greatest blessing; considered the increase of military measures, as an *vil which could hardly be borne, even under the greatest necessity; Mr. Madison considered tlie pursuit and dissemination of these principles in Ameiica, as the greatest blessing. *' By diffusing through the mass of the nation, the elements of military discipline aud instruction, bfj augment- ing and distributing "warlike preparations applicable to future use,f a greater respect for our rights, and a longer duration ol -our future peace, are promised, than could be expected, with- out these proofs of the national.eharactci and resources." This was precisely the doctrine of Napoleon, diffuse, said he, military principles and preparations, through the minds of the mass of the population, over which I rule, and if not applicable for the present, they will be for future use. I will thereby become an Emperor, and Europe my slave — " In fine^" said Mr. Madi- son, " the war with all its vicissitudes, is illustrating the capa- city and the destiny of the United States, to be a Igreal, a flourishing, and a powerful nation; and we may humbly repose our trust iu the smiles of Heaven in so righteous a cause."| Peace had hitherto been accounted the only road, to lead a na- tion to tru'» greatness and prosper4ty. The French Revolution and French principles had inculcated a different lesson. Suc- cess had apparently attended their objects, in order to render their discomfiture more signal — the retribution more fatal on iheir heads. The American army having suffered much from disease and desertion, in the place where they had been forced to take up their winter quarters, were compelled, about the middle of Februaryi to abandon their position in advance, after having * Madison's meKsage, December 7tli, 1813. t Do. do. do. i Do, do. do. birrncd and destroys had been constructei to Pittsburgh, whei quarters. There tl Spring again called greater means.- Hi) stationed in advance of the 30th March, leading from Odell were attacked by tl picquets fell back uj as the enemy advan( ofLaCoUe. After repulsed with severe road to Odell Town 13tl» regiment, aico pnny of voltigeurs, ant Colonel Wiltit gim-boats under the Creswick of the llo; 46 woundeJf and 4 k)ss was much more On the 4th May, the fleet under his OswegOj which he it After being repulso of troops, when th( the public property vessels were scuttlei portant service, the barked. The Amc ed and wounded, i dollars. Oh the o anccd, at last settl vier sloop, after a s mcrican ship, Pea the British ship, O guns, was taken ii 129 birrncd and destroyed their blockhouses and barracks, which had been constructed at a great expense. The whole retreated to Plattsburgh, where General Wilkinson established his head- quarters. There the enemy remained till the opening of the Spring again called him forth to action, with fresh forces and greater means. His first atten^t was against the British force stationed in advance on the Rechelieu river. On the morning of the 30th March, 18t4, the outpost» of the communication leading from Odell Town to Burtonville and La Colie Mill, were attacked by the enemy under General Wilkinson. The picquets fell back upon the main body, disputirrg the ground 'i% the enemy advanced, who directed his force against the post of La CoUe. After an obstinate engngement, the enemy were repulsed with severe loss, and was compelled to retreat by the road to Odell Town. Tlie British troops engaged were the IStb regiment, a company of Canadian fencibles, and a com- pnny of voltigeurs, the whole under the command of Lieuten" ant Colonel Williams and Major Hancock, aided by some gim-boats under the direction of Captain Pringand Lieutenant Creswick of the Royal navy. The British loss was 1 1 killed, 46 woundedr and 4 missing. On the side of the enemy the loss was much more severe. On the 4th May, Sir James Yeo sailed from Kingston with the fleet under his commantl, and on the 5th he appeared off OswegOj which he immediately commenced the bombardment oil After being repulsed, he at last succeeded in landing a number of troops, when the place surrendered. The barracks and all the public property in the place were destroyed, and several vessels were scuttled and sunk. Having performed this im- portant service, the British abandoned the place and re-em- barltcd. The Americans acknowledged 9. kiss of 54 men, kill- ed and wounded, and calculated the loss on shore at 40,000 dollars. Oh the ocean, success, for some time, equally bal- anced, at last settled in favour of Great Britain. The Eper- vier sloop, after a severe engagement, was captured by the A- merican ship, Peacock; an guns, and her capture was a matter of great importance to the commercial interests of Britain. Sir Alexander Cochrane, in the Tonant of 84 gui'F ^ad by this time been appointed thesuccesaor of Sir John Boi »\'arren, in the command of the- British naval force off the couii of Amer- ica. This brave oflicer had only one duty to attend to; namely, to fight the enemies of his country. The number of vessels un- der his command were very considerable, and he made the most vigorous preparations to use them with effect. One of his first nets after his arrival at Bermuda was, to issue a proclamation* laying the whole coast of America, from the mouth of the Mis- sissippi to the borders of Nova Scotia, under the strictest blockade. The British ships of war surrounded their coasts, occupied the mouths of their principal rivers and bays, so that nothing could pass except a number of desperate adventurers in privateers, who eluded the vigilance of the British ships dur- ing tiie night, or in thick weather. The utmost aiunn and anxiety prevailed along the whole American coast; and at nur 731 merous points active operations were making to resist any serious attempt which the British had in view. It was at this moment that the appaling intelligence from Europe reached them, of the occupation of Paris by the allies, and the complete overthrow of their mighty ally, whose machi- avciian policy had led them into this dreadful and unprofitable strug"le. The accounts of the former event reached them first, which, though not very agreeable intelligence, yet the/ bore with the best grace possible; consoling themselves with the pleasing idea, that though Bonaparte had lost his capital still it was not his Empire; and that his talents and resources would, nevertheless, soon vanquish all his opponents, and annihilate all the armies which had invaded France. So the American government calculated to tW last moment, till the restoration of the Bourbons, and the dethronement of their august ally, tore the veil of folly and confidence from their eyes, and shew- ed them dangers which had never once entered into their cal- culations. They saw themselves exposed to the whole energies of Great Britain, to whom Europe owed so much, that Ameri- ca could scarcely expect one voice could be raised in their be- half, to intercede for them, with a pow r, who, when she stood the last prop of sinking Europe, they had basely and unjustly leagued themselves against to destroy. But, still, Madison had too much pride to yield or confess his error. He endea- vouretl, with all his might, to call forth the energies of the American people to meet the force which, he was well aware, would soon be put in motion against him. Every effort was, therefore, to be made to obtain a firm footing in Canada, be- fore the arrival of any considerable re-enforcements to the British army. No sooner had the treaty of Paris sealed the repose of Eu- rope, than the British ministers took instant measures to trans- port 20,000 men of the Marquis of Wellington's army, from the Garonne to Canada. Transports and ships of war were dispatched to Bourdeaux with the greatest speed, to take the troops on board and to proceed to America. But, notwith- standing every exertion, it was obvious, that before their arri- val at the scene of Action, and before the supplies and every 4 z S3 ft^H :V',}.> 732 requisite necessary for such an army were organized and estab- lished in the interior parts of Canada, that the season would be too far advanced for them to do much harm to the Americans during that campaign. Without adverting to this circum- stance, the public expectations wore raised to a great hcif^htj that America would now meet the punishment she so richlj deserved. The American government, however, endeavoured to anti- cipate the British in their operations in that quarter. Fti- emptory orders were sent to their Generals to make themselves masters of Canada if possible. Accordingly, on Sunday the 3d July, a very large American force crossed the river at the ferry opposite Black Rock, and drove in the picquets of the garrison of Fort Erie. The enemy took up a strong position, with his right resting on the river Niagara. Major General Rial, who commanded the British troops in this quarter, hav- ing with him the lOOdth regiment, the light companies of the Royal Scots and the King's regiment, in ail, 1500 regulars, with 300 Indians and some Canadian militia, determined to at- tack the enemy in the position he had taken. The attack took place on the evening of the Sth; and, notwithstanding the ut- most efforts of the British army, they were compelled to retreat with considerable loss. The enemy's force was, perhaps, tri- ple theirs, and consisted of 6000 men, with a formidable train of artillery. The British army made good its retreat to Chip- pawa, where it was joined by re-enforcements from York. This retreat was conducted in excellent order, and without the loss of any prisoners, except such of the wounded as could not bo removed. The loss of the British amounted to 495 men killed and wounded. Lieutenant Colonel the Marquis of Tweeddale, Lieutenant Colonel Gordon, and Captain Holland, were a- niong the wounded.* The loss of the Americans was also se- vere. Previous to this action, Fort Erie surrendered by capi- tulation to the enemy on the 3d, with a garrison of 150 men. In the meantime, an expedition fitted out at Bermuda, land- ed and took possession of Moose island, and other islands in • Rial's dispatch, July Cth, 1814. hiiyonettcd in the niy's guns were at 733 ihe bay of Passamaquoddy, in the North West aide of the bay of Fundy. The naval part of this expedition was under the command of Sir Tlionias Hardy of tiie Ramiiiies of 74 guns, and the military under Lieutenant General Sherbrooke, and consisted of the 102d reginienfrand a detachment of the Royal artillery. The enemy were completely unprepared to meet this attack, and the garrison, consisting of 86 men, capitu^at- n\ without resistance. Moose island is about four miles long, and contains 1500 inhabitants. The militia were 250. It was a dreadful nest for privateers, wliich annoyed the British trade severely on the entrance of the St. Laurence. General Rial, continuing to be pressed by the American ar- my under General Brown, much superior in numbers, fell back from Chippawa to the position of Lundy's foot, near the falls of Niagara. Here General Drummond, with re-enforcements, joined him. The enemy made no attempt against his position till the 25th July. On that day he attacked the British forces. Tlie contest was obstinate and sanguinary; but at length Brit- ish bravery prevailed. The enemy were defeated with the loss of 1500 men, and were pursued by Genend Drumn)ond to Tort Erie. The enemy's force with which he attacked, a- mounted to 5000 men; while on the side of the British, the force, at the commencement of the action, was only 1600; and after its commencement re-enforced to 2800, of all dcsciip- lions. The loss, on the part of the British, was S* killed, 559 wounded, 193 missing, and 42 prisoners. General Rial was wounded and taken prisoner, by a party of the enemy's cavalry, which had obtained a momentary possession of the road. On the side of the Americans, Generals Brown and Scot were miong the wounded. The Americans made the most despcr- :>te attempts to carry the British lines, but were ultimately com- pletely worstetl. They acknowledge that their loss was' great, and that it amounted to 572 killed and 119 missing. « Of so iletermined a nature," said General Drummond, " were tliese attacks directetl against our guns, that our artillerymen were ')!iyonettcd in the act of loading; and the muzzles of the mr- !ii) 's guns were advanced within a few yards of ouri,."* I'rom ^i^l !H * Drmnmoml's dispafcli, .Tiity 27th, 18I'J. 734 the darkness of the night, and the closeness with which ttir guns were engaged, of two pieces taken from the Americans one was actually exchanged by our troops, by which nuans the enemy obtained one of the British guns instead of his own.* The Americans took refuge ifl Fort Erie, and under cover of that place. Thither General Urummond followed them. On the night of the 11th August, two of the enemy's armed schooners were taken in the most gallnnt style, under the guns of the fort, by a party of seamen and marines, under the com- mand of Captain Dobb's of the Royal navy. In consequence of this success a general attack took place against the enemy's forts and entrenchments, on the 15th. The attack was made in the most determined manner. The Americans defended themselves with great obstinacy. British valour, however, sur- mounted every obstacle; the entrenchments were taken, and the guns turned against the barrack block house, the only remain- ing reffige which the enemy had; and the place was upon the point of being carried, when an accidental explosion took place in one of the batteries in possession of the British troops, which didgreatmischiefamong the assailants. A great number ot valuable officers and men lost their lives at this moment. The remainder were thrown into confusion, and became intimidated. Night increased the horrors of the scene. The enemy took advantage of the consternation which this fatal accident had spread among them, and returning to the combat, succeeded in driving back the British troops, who suffered a severe loss. Fifty- seven were killed, 309 wounded, and 39 missing, a great many of whom were afterwards ascertained to have been killed and wounded. The loss of the enemy was also considerable, but not particularly stated. Amongst the British oificers, who fell on this unfortunate occasion, were Colonel Scot, ami Lieutenant Colonel Drummond, nephew to the General. The Americans boasted loudly of this affiiir, where, if they earned fame, the British army suffered no dishonour. Their triumph was, however, of short duration; and thedi^ Drutnmond's dispatch, July 27tli. 1814. tciit which the British army had sustained at Eric, was amply compensated lor, by decisive success in another f|uartcr. A considerable number of troops having arrived at Bermuda, un- der the command of that brave officer, General Ross; Admiral Cochrane proceeded with the fleet under his command, and this force, to the coast of America. There he joined Admiral Cockburn in the Chesapeake; and, with tlieir united force, foriiung a formidable scjuadron, a plan was laid to capture the American capital. For this purpose, the fleet, with the land forces on board, proceeded up the Chesapeake, and entered the Patuxent. The Americans had no force which could oppose this naval armament. The fleet, therefore, proceeded without op- position, having previously detached a squadron to alarm the south-west shores of the Chesapeake, and to distract the at- tention of the enemy. The surprise and alarm of the Ameri- can governmopc, at the approach of this armament against the scat of their power, may be more easily conceived than describ- ed. Troops were assembled, in all haste, round the environs of the capital; and every preparation, that the shortness of the lime would allow, was made to resist the British. In the mean time, the armament advanced. On the lyth, the troops were landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent; and began their march to the American capital. On the 21st, they reached Notting- ham, and on the 22d Marlborough. Admiral Cockburn, with the tenders and boats of the fleet, proceeded up tlie river, in order to destroy the American flotilla there stationed, under the command of Commodore Barney. The marines were land- ed, and, under the command of Captain Robbyns, directed to attack on the land side, in order to withdraw the enemy's at- tention from the force advancing against him up the river. No sooner, however, luid the British vessels made their appearance, than Commodore Barney set fire to the whole flotilla, which consisted of 17 vessels; and which, with the exception of one, were all consumeil. The Commodore's ship, was a large arm- ed vessel, and the others gun-boats, with two guns each, of 18 and 32 pounders, with a crew of 40 men to the boats, carrying 18 pounders; and CO to those carrying 32 pounders. Above this flotilla, and under its protection, lay 1 3 merchant schooners, VI Kill i'\ il I 7S6 ■iome ol which not being worth bringing away, wore burnt, and the reinaintlcr brought off, with a gri'ht (luantily of tobacco which was found in the adjacent towns. This severe loss, sus- tained by the enemy, was accomplished without any loss wlia'. over, on the part of the British. On the 23d, the arnty proceeded towards Washington, and bivouacked on the night of the '23i]. At day-light, on the 2Hli the troops again commenced their march; and, at Bladensbur/r first came iu sight of the enemy. His force was from 8 to 9000 men, posted " on ground he had chosen, as best adapted for him to di-tend, wliere he had time to erect batteries, and con- cert all his measures."* Fatigued as the British army was, from its previous harassing marches, it did not hesitate a mo- ment to attack the enemy. Washington lay before them, the prize of their success. The attack was impetuous and irresisti- ble. The enemy was driven from his guns. His first line fell back upon the second, which was attacked by the bayonet, put to flight, and completely routed; all his artillery, amounting to JO pieces, fell into the hands of the conquerors; but the rapi- dity of his flight, and intimate knowledge of the country, pro- vented many prisoners from falling into the hands of the Bri- tish. The enemy's force was commanded by Gen. Winder, and was composed of troops, drawn from Baltimore, and Pen- sylvania. The advance of the British army, consisting of 1500 men, was only engaged, and decided the late of Washington, The loss on the part of the victors, was 6* killed, and 1S5 wounded. The General having given the army two hours to rest, again proceeded towards Washington; where all was con- fusion, 'consternation, and alarm. Madison, who had been a spectator of the action, where his troops were defeated, fled, with all the members of government from that city, which his folly and ambition, had laid open to destruction. It was dark be- fore the British troops reached the place. Upon entering the town, they were attacked by a brisk (ire of miisquetry from the Capitol, and two other houses. These were instantly stormed, and set on fire. The town then submitted. Previous to his * Cocliliurn's dispatfli, August 27th, 181 -f. 7;J7 flight, the enemy had set fire to the navy dock-yaril containing avast quantity of naval stores, about 20,000 stand of arms; a frigate of the first class, ready for hiuaching, a sloop of war, lying ofT it, and the fort which protected it. He also destroyed the two brid^res over the eastern branch of the river, appre- hending the attack from that (juartcr. The British army com- menced the destruction of all flio other public buildings, and public property in the place. The Tresident's palace, the trea- sury, the war-olfice, two ropn-yanis of great extent and value; an immense quantity of ammunition and ordnance stores, and about 200 pieces of artillery of various calibre, were totally de- stroyed. In short, not a particle of pul)lic property of any de- scription, escaped destruction. The British army, having com- pleted the object which they had in view, re-embarked at their leisure, without the smallest molestation, and proceeded on ano- ther destination; having, previously to their abandoning the Patuxent, taken both Alexandria and Fort Washington; the one iiituated above, and the other below the capital; in which places, they also, either destroyed, or carried off, every kind of public property, or what was afloat in the river. The nund)ev of vessels taken, amounted to 71.* The loss sustained by the Americans at Washington, was estimated at 5,000,000 dollars. The squadron which had been detached up the Chesapeake, under the command of Sir Peter Parker, of the Menelaus, in order to distract the attention of the enemy, and cull it off from the main point of attack, had been successful in different attacks airainst the enemy. Advancing, however, too far, he was led on the night of the 30th, to attack a divisii ;; .^f the enemy, en- camped at Bellair, which proved much stronger than he had supposed it to be. Nevertheless, the small force under his com- mand, succeeded in defea'.ing the enemy; but while in the act of animating his men, and leading them to the attack, this brave officer was mortally wounded, and died in a short time after- wards. The British force, then under the command of Henry Crease, acting commander of the Menelaus, retreated from the • Cochrane, Cockburn, and Ross's dispatches, August 22d, C7th, 30th, and Soptembef 2d, 1814. T;)8 Rcia vit'bnttle, from which th(-y had puisiu'tl the ciuMiiy, an,! cnrryiiij? oilthoir wouiuled, ri'-cinbaikod in safety, and withimi molestation. Their loss was ill killed and wounded." 'I'l.r enemy's foree was lour times more numerous than that of tin- Hritish. The eai)turc of Washington, and destruction of all the pub- lie buil(liui,'s, and property in the place, was a severe blow to AnuM-ican prosperity, and a cuttinjr rebuke to their vanity. To call off the public attention anil indif,njation, from his dis^rmce und humiliation, Madison, and his adherents, loaded tin- character of the Hritish troops employed in this brilliant exi)(«- dilion, with every speeds of reproach, and accused them of every species of crime and atrocity. It was asseitcd, that every kind of private property, was plundered ami destroyed; and, tli;ii durini; the time they were in possession of the city, that tlicy committed every crime, which could disgrace the man or tlic soldier. Although his own countrymen, who were eye-wit- nesses, to what he indeed, had not the courage to face, gave the lie to such assertions and foul calumnies; jnd declared, tlint the conduct of the British troops, was most honourable and humane; and, that all the outrages against private persons and property, which had been committed, were perpetrated by the American rabble of Washington themselves; still the Presiduit continued, solemnly, publicly, and ollicially, to assert the con- trarv. The conduct, of the warriors of Britain, was depicted as equal to that of barbarians of the rudest age; and their de- struction of the public buildings, and works of Art, at Wasli- int>^. Will the Journal de Paris, and his brother des Dcbats, say, what tender-hearteii Frenchmen gave Napoleon such advice ? Are they all gone to £lba with bim? 741 navy, which hat! humbled Washington, now bent their strength. On the 12th Srpt. the British army landed, about 13 miles from the city, and immediately commenced their march to- wards it, while the fleet bore up to attack the place from the Bay. The enemy had entrenched a narro'v penin&ula on the road; by which the British had to advance, but which he quick- ly abandoned upon their approach. About two miles beyond this fort, the army first became engaged with the enemy. The country, as they advanced, became closely wooded, which en- abled the American ritiemen to conceal themselves, and keep up a galling, and a destructive fire, upon the British troops, as they advanced. It was at this moment, that the brave and lamented General Ross, received a wound in the breast, which soon deprived him of life. He called the secoi i command, and gave him directions, concerning the advance of the army; and " only swvived to recommend a yoimg and unprovided famili/, to the protection of his King and Country. Thus fell, at an early age, one of the brightest ornaments of his profession."* Peace to his ashes. The name of Ross, will live in the bright- est page of British history, and a grateful country can never forget the " utiprovided family," of one of her bravest sons, who fell in defence of her best rights. After the fall of Gene- ral Ross, the command of the army was assumed by Colonel Brook, who continued to press forward. About 5 miles from Baltimore, he came up with the American army, consisting of 6000 infantry, some hundreds of cavalry, with 6 pieces of can- non, posted under cover of a wood. The British force, only amounted to 4000 men. Preparations were immediately made to attack the enemy. Every thing being arranged, the signal was given for the attack. It was obeyed with alacrity. The troops rushed forward with irresistible impetuosity. In less than 15 minutes, the enemy's force was completely overthrown, and fled in consternation; leaving in the hands of the victors, 2 pieces of cannon, 400 prisoners, and a loss of 600 killed and wounded. The loss on the part of the British, was 39 killed, and 25! wounded. The day being far advanced, the British il' il I I * Brook's Dispatch, Sept. 17tli, 1814. ! 742 troops lialteJ, and slept on the (idd of battle. Karly on tlic inortiiiig ol'tlio l.Stli, thoy coiitimird their route to Baltimore, and at 10 o'clock, occupied a favourable position, within a iiiik' and a half of the city. The enemy were making every prepara- tion to defend the place. He had assembled a force of, at least, 15,000 men, with a large train of artillery, and the principai part oi' these occupied Chinkapin Hill, which completely com- mands the place, and which was also the strongest part of their line. Notwithstanding the vast disparity of force. Col. Brook made arrangements to attack the place on the fi)llf)wii)g night, confident that he would succeed ; but, towards the evening, he received a communication from Admiral Cochrane, who was off the place with the fleet, that, in consefpience of a great num- ber of vessels, being sunk in the mouth of the harbour, the fleet could not approach near enough, to do the town any injury, nor render him any assistance; Colonel Brook, very wisely, de- termined to give up the idea of attacking a })lace, which, though he was confident he could have carried, with the force under his commai)d; yet, it would iiave been impossible for him, to maintain the same, without the assistance of tlte navy. lie, accordingly, withdrew the army, on the 14lh, and re-embarktd at his leisure, without the smallest molestation from the enomv. Thus was Baltimore rescued from the grasp of the British ar- my. But it did not escape without a severe loss. J^everal pub- lic buildings were burnt by the enemy. A valuable rope-work, shared the same fate. The inhabitants were forged to remove their property, at a great expense and loss; and lastly, the mischief done to the harbour, in which 20 vessels had been sunk, must have been most injurious, and very great. Still ii is to be regretted, that this place, one of the strongest suppor- ters Oi the war against Britain, should have escaped feeling the .strength of her arm. While these o{)erations were going on in the Chesapeake, Rear Admiral Griflith, with the scjuadron under his command, accompanied by Sir John Sherbrooke and the hmd forces un- uer -lis f.'rcCiton, proceeuecl to ttie x enobseot fiver, wiierc ihe Adams, American frigate, liad taken refuge at Hampden, 3(> miles up the river, and where she had landed nil her artiUery for licr protection. Upon the ap[)roncl) of tho British tbrcci the Aiiiericnn ofliccr L-ommaiulin',' at the Fort of Ciistine, which is sittiatcd upon a peninsula of the eastern side of the l*ei)ob- scot, ofl'ered some resi.stance; but quickly perceiving tiial it could be of no ujc, he blew up the magazine and escaped up the river, carrying with him two lirnss field-pieces, which were, however, afterwards found and captured. The town of Belfast wa« occu})ied as a point of support; and Captain Barrie, with :» force of 600 picked men, was detached to Hampden in order to destroy tho Adams frigate in her place of refuge. This he completely accomplished in the face of the enemy's force, a- mounting to 1400 men. The enemy was driven from all his defences, with the loss of 40 killed and wounded, and 200 pri- soners, with all his cannon. The frigate, mounting 26 guns, the enemy burnt to prevent her falling into the hands of the British. Seventeen pieces of cannon were brought away, and 34 destroyed. Two ships, one brig, and six schooners were brought away; and three ships, one brig, three schooners, and one sloop, were destroyed, besitles the Adams frigate. The Hritish loss on this occasion was seven killed and wounded.* A detachment under Lieutenant Colonel Pilkington was at the same time sent against Machias, which was quickly taken possession of. In it were found 26 pieces of cannon, and a quantity of stores.f By these operations, the whole coast from the Passamaquoddy river to the Penobscot, extending about SO miles in length, were in the possession of the British. Various other actions and attacks, by the British squadrons, took place along tho American coast, which was kept in con- btant terror and alarm from one end to the other. All ol' these, however, were minor operations to those I have recorded, and are not very interesting. The season of the year was now ap- proaching when it was necessary for the British ships to retire to the southward, and where they were actively employed, for some time, in preparing for more important operations. Still, however, a sulficient force was left on every part of the coast •i'l' ^ i! ' i: -k Shcrbrookc':> dispatcii, September 1 8th f rilkington's dispatch, — Gazette, October 8th, ISl-i., September Uth, 18H. 7*4 lo rciuior nny nttcmpt of the enemy to |)ut to sea, or to car- ry on nny trade, either coasting or foreign, extremely huz- arilons. The American government sliewing no with to retract its wanton and barbarous custom of burning and destroying the liouses and properties of the defenceless inhabitants of Canadu, who had come under their control, notwithstanding the retal- iatory measures adopted by the IJrilish officers, it was deter- mined to extend these measures of severity along the coast, wherever the British navy could effect it. To prevent this dis- tressing measure, Admiral Cochrane wrote to the American government, expressing his regret at the necessity of such a measure, and expressing i\ hope that their orders would be such as would prevent the adoption of such a plan.* In the answer of Mr. Munro, for liis government, he, so far from ac- knowledging that the Americans had done wrong, boldly justi- i'lcd their proceedings, and charged the liriti^ih as the authors of these barbarous modes of warfare. Amongst the extraor- dinary evils which arose out of that system of delirium which seized the human mind, connected with, or instructed in those principles wl)ich occasioned and fostered the French revolu- tion, and all its lamentable consequences, none was more re- markable than the audacity with which its votaries substituted fulsehoods for truths, and openly denied facts that were as clear as noon-day ; exculpating themselves, and charging their ad- versaries with their crimes. Such was the present attctnpt of ^ir. Munro in the defence of his government. He publicly, solemnly, and officially, denied facts vyhich he knew to be true, and advanced circumntances, as truth, which he knew, and the world knew, to be false. The re-en ft»rcements from the South of France had arrived in considerable numbers, and augmented the British force at Quebec to a formidable army, Preparations were therefore maile to act on the ofU'ens-ive, and invade the territories of the United States, in the direction of Luke Chaniplain and Platli^" • Coclirane's letter, August 18th, 1814. f Munro's Iptter, Sept^mbpr 6th, 1814. 74J burgh. For this purpose, the army, from 8 to 10,000 stronj^, commenced its march, under the immediate command of Sir George Prevost. Trustinjr to the co-operation of the naval force on Lake Champlain, all the supplies were forwarded hy water, as indeed it id impos«il)le to transport these by any other means in a country covered with woods anrl destitute of rouds of any description. The naval force on the Lake Cham- plain was nearly equal; consisting of one frigate, one brig, and two sloops, on each side. The American vessels were, how- ever, manned with hands long accustomed to the navigation of the Lake; whereas, the British crews, at least u great part of them, had only newly joined the vessels, and were strangers to each other, and to the officers who commanded them. TIkj American vessels were commanded by Commodore Macdon- ough; the British by Commodore Downie. The hind forces, on the part of the Americans, were commanded by General jMacomb. What their strength was is not accurately known. It was considerable; though the enemy attempted to say that it was only 1300 regulars, and 2500 militia. The British army crossed the American frontier on the 2d September, and advanced to Plattsburgh, after surmounting every difficulty which the enemy had thrown in their way, by felling trees, blocking up and cutting up the roads, and removing the bridges. On the Gth, they entered Plattsburgh, and immedi- ately commenced the siege of Fort Moreau, which the enemy had strongly fortified, and where his principal force was. On the 11th, it was determined to attack the fort by land, while; the British naval force attacked the enemy's flotilla before the place. The moment the British vessels made their appearance, the land forces, under the command of Major General llobiii- sou, were to advance with scaling ladders and force the lord of the Saranac, and endeavour to escalade the enemy's works. Scarcely had the troops gained the heights on which the ene- my's works were situated, and under a severe fire from them, when an unfortunate and disastrous affair rendered any further '....empt^ on ^.leir part, Os no use. xiie uritisli fleet wiia led in- to action, in the most gallant manner by Commodore Downie. The action began at eight o'clock, and was contested on both 740 sides with the utmost obstinacy and bravery lor two hours, when it unrortiiiiately torminiitod in the capture of the whole British sqiiA(h-on, except tlie guu-boats, which made their escape.— For some time after the eiifjjagement began, the advanta;,'e was decidedly in favour of tlie British. The fire from some of llir A\nerican vessels bep;nn to slacken, when the Confiance, which bore t!>e flag of the British Commodore, having, unfortunately. hail two anchors shot away early in the action, and not bein1 unwiirv. No iiiiiii (k-servcs better of liis country tluin Sir (ieor^rc Prcvost, and tlie whole nrniy under his eoinuuuid; !iik1 J'e\v have rendered more essential services to their country tluui him, and tliose under In's commiiKid have done, durinjr the ar- duous struot,de ivi America, against learlul odds, and under every disadvanta.ge; and it is eciually reprehensible and unjust thus to condemn a gallant ollicer, betaus-e he has been for tin- moment unsuccessfn!. E.**'v»'»»** ]VIohawk,»***'«^»>'****«~'*^ Jefferson, •^»»»»>^*»*»»* Jones, ■»/»»»».»•»*»»*»**••»** • The following was the strength at this date: British. St. Laurence, •»«--»»^'"*»»* Prince Regent, ««.»«.^»»»'v Cbarlotte.-w*-.^-^.'"*****-.-'* Montreal, *»*»•»»■»» •»»■*•«»»*»■ Niagara, ***»»*■»»•»*■»»»»■»* Two brigs at Niagara, ■«♦* £8 guns. 45 do. 26 do. 24 do. 18 do. 18 do. 18 do. iO:.' guns /;8 do. 46 do. 22 do. 32 do. 32 do. 292 guns. 207 guns. 751 Attempt of tlic enemy. On Lake Erie, however, the enemy still rotainc-il the superiority, but which was of minor impor- tance to tliat on Lake Ontario. Some trifling actions hud taken phice at sea, between small vessels of the respective coun- tries, but none worth recording. A third campaign had now passed away, in which the Americans had not only made no impression on Canada, but the superiority of Lake Ontario liad been decidedly wrested from them; and armies of such nia-niitudc were assembled in Lower Canada, as, it was evident would, upon the return of spring, carry the British arms into the heart of the American States, where discontents against the measures of government were so great as to threaten a se- paration of the'Union, an event which, though it has not :'et taken place, will, however, take place at no distant period. Her coasts were blockaded, and kept in a continual state of alarm; and a formidable expedition was preparing at Bermuda, in- tended against New Orleans and her Southern Slates. Her trade warannihilated, and her finances at a low ebb; and every thing wore a gloomy asjiect, when an event took place which rescued her from that ruin with which her government wa» threatened, and from that chastisement they would soon have got, and which they so rich'y deserved. This was no other than the signatureof a treaty of peace, which took place on the 20th December, at Ghent, by the British and American com- missioners, there assembled for that purpose. Soon after the breaking out of the war, the American go- vernment, in order to embroil Britain with the northern powers, offered to enter into negotiations of peace, under the mediation of the Emperor of Russia. It was too plain by whose advice, this hatl been proposed, to escape the notice, either of Britain or Russia, of its real object and intent. Alexander, at that moment, had too important concerns to attend to, on his own part, to trouble his head with America; and was suffering too severely, from the arms and the principles, with which A- merica had thought proper to ally herself, to enter into any discussion on her account, which would be prejudicial to the interestsof Great Britain; and accordingly, he was not sorry to find Great Britain, cut short all intermission on this point; '*i!li*ii m til 191 \>y declaring rxplicitly, that she would not refer licr dispute^ with Anierici, .> the mediation of uiiy one; and nt the same rinu-, stating ijcr willingtiess, ut any time or place, to enter into pc- j^iations with America, in "der to settle the dispute betw icn thti'm on honourable terms. The nefarious designs of Americii, prompted no doubt, i)y the advice oi" France, being thus i\i:. fcatcd, she was left no alternative, but either to continue the war, under all the odium, of not wishing to negotiate at all, or, to adopt the proposition of the British government. Tliis was at length acceded to; and Ghent wa« chotM^n as the place, ^ where the negotiators wore to meet, to arrange the matters in dispute, between the two countries. Messrs. Clay, Ciallatiii, Bayard, Uusscl, and Adams, were ajjpointed tfc :; negotiators on the part of America; and Lord Gambler, Colbourn, and Wil- liam Adams, on the part of Great Britain. Alter various de- lays, arising from the wonderful turn which European tUiiiirs took, and which the American Commissioners, were instruct- ed to watch, and walk by, these Gentlemen met; and, niter oonferences which lasted for months, they, at last agreiil to a treaty of Peace, which was signed at Ghent, on the chiy already mentioned; ratified by the Prince Regent a few diiys after, and immediately forwarded to America, for the ratiliLu- tion of the President, till which period, liostilitius were to con- tinue the same as before. In this treaty, America abandoned, and gave up every de- mand and principle, for which she had gone to war. Indeed, these i'eil with Bonaparte, and went to Elba with him; where there is room, for some of his adherents. America besides, lost some of her most valuable privileges, which sh. , rf .dusly enjoyed, viz. her trade with tl British possessions in the i;a«f, and the fisheries on Newfoundland. Still, it is a treaty, nukti more favourable than she deserved. It has been chnracterizcd as dishonourable to Great .Britain; in what manner it is so, it •s impossible, fcr those who assert this, to explain. Although <;. '«"'■ pprson, who has the feelings of a Briton, must regret, ibM " r.i^'ric i. !ias not been punished more severely, for her in- laP.rtU: couiiuct, and ^Jment that she has got oft" so easy; still, we havi maintained, and obtained every object, for which we. 753 'Ili''i1 intorcd into the contest; aiul wlittlicr, wIk n wo obtniiK 'I thi*, it was worth our while to continue on I'xpinsive war, mtreiy to punish America, is a great (juestion, and more difllcultto de- termine. America, however, lias been more severely punished, than she is willin;^ to allow. She has gained no one point for which she went to war, and has heen forced to relin(|uish ad- vantages whidi .-^lie possessed before. A century the purses of others:, could not afford to pay. Before the termination of this contest, two events of consi- e]tral)le importance took placr. The British arms were vie- torious at sea, and the American arms by land. The President frigate, the finest vessel the) had, commanded by Commodore Decatur, the bravest officer in their service, was dispatched upon a cruise, agamst the British trade in the East Indies. Al- most innnediuiely after she left port, »he was discovered by the s(|iiai!ron under the command of Admiral Hothum. The chase was long and arduous, and the superiority of the enemy's sail- ing, enabled him to shoot far a-head of the British ships, only the Endymion frigate, Capt. Hope, being able to come up with hinj. About sunset, a de>j)erHle action commenced, between tlicse vessels, yard-arm, and yard-arm, which lasted for 2 hours; wiien the l*ipsident was so dreadfully cut up, that she could not get away, ami the Endymion lay by to repair the ilamage in licr sails and rigging. When ready to renew the engagement a- . tlie Hon. Edward Pakenham arrived, and assumed the command of the army. It was determined to storm the place. For this purpose, the troops moved forward to the attack, on the 7tl) January. The attack was desperate, and the defence obstinutc Both partiesfought with unconmion courage— hand to hand, and bayonet to bayonet. Part of the army succeeded in carrying the positions on the left bank of the Mississipi, which is here 800 yards broad. The principal part of the attack, however, tailed. The troops had borne down all opposition, and were ready to enter the phicc, when their gallant general was mortally wound- ed, while advancing in the front, clieering and leading on ins men. At the same time, Gen. Gibbs, second in command, und Gen. Kcane were borne off the field wounded. The trovy.-i became panic struck, and were obliged to give way; and Gen. Lambert, on whom the command devolved, not deeming it prudent to advance with the reserve, cr persevere in his opera- tions against the place, drew off the army, without any attempt from the enemy to molest them, and afterwards re-embiirkcd the whole, except about 80 woundeil, which could nut be re- moved, carrying with him, at the same time, nil his artillery and stores, of every description. The loss of the British army, in this unfortunate operation, was vcr^' great, and amounted to 2S00 killed and wounded; amontrst thp former was their gal- lant commander, who had served with so much honour in tiio Peninsula, and also General Gihbs, who died of his wounds. The loss on the part of the Americans was also very consiilcra- ble; and they durst not leave their works, to molest the British army in its retreat, The expedition proceeded to the Jlfivan- nali, to prepare for operations on some other part of the coast." Though the J^ritish army was here foiled in its ob- ject, certainly of great importance, it lost none of its honour. Some operations on a smaller seale, were undertaken, on tho coast of Georgia, by Admiral Cotkburn: probably meant as i\ diversion, in order to distract the attention of the enemv, ancl in which the Ihitish arms \vere successful, This tousistt'd \x\ the capture of St. Mary's, with considerable booty, but which operations were of an iid'erior nature to the other. The Amcf ricans had cause to rejoice at the issue of the expedition} yctf it seemed to have caused no hesitation, on the part of the Pre- sident, in thcratilication of the Treaty; which was done without any delay on bi-^ part. This important docuujcnt received hisj sanction on tho iTlh Februnry, at eleven o'clock at night, and was welcomed with uufeigued joy and satisfaction in every part of America, I shall now bring this subject to a close, by considering what the Unitexl States of America have gained or lost in this contest, On this part of the subject I may fairly class the whole under tho latter head. America in this contest, has injured her national character. She lengued herself withthenu)btuuprinciplcd despot that ever scourged the earth, and in a cajjse, rninous to tlie liber- ties of maidiind. PaJ ty rancour, and interestec} anjinosity, may ♦ Wliilo tliCiG pa:{c>s vcro mi tlio press, tlip niTonnts rcachcil l>ritiiii), (Jinf AiiinlrT fil Cochrane and (JeiK'nil Liiniliurt, \villi tin; oxi)C(litioil, liad gone a^W'i'-t .ind e.ijir Jiircd Tort Hoyer and tliefown of Mobile The fort siirrendcrFd tij" f.ipitnliitiotj /BU the 1 1th Fibruiiry, ,iihi uitiiout any i-Ci.istant'O. Tlic pirrison. cDtrwsiiii;; of T6t^ men, snrrcudered prisoners of war, !)tit were to bo pxclimi^ed ai soon its possibls, 'I'liib event, in all iiroliahilit)', closes the eoiitest witli Aniriii'fj. ' '' -m L 'I 1 1 i m 756 '^ buoy her up with the idea for the present moment, that she is in the right. Succeeding generations will pass a different judgment on her conduct. Do not let her imagine that time will Icsseu the stains, or obliterate these deeds from the records of his- tory. It never can. While the memory of Napoleon lives, Madison can never be forgotten. The former he served with a willing mind. Like Denmark and Saxony, with his own hand he put Napoleon's bridle in liis jaws, and yoked himself to his tremendous car. He chose with pride and satisfaction his station; and, in that station, let him remain the laughing stock of the present, and the scorn of future ages. The Americans are a calculating and thinking people, when gain is to be derived from it. Of this master passion, however, they seem to have been deprived for the last 6 years, or else it has been put to sleep by a dose, a la Napoleon. Their adven- ture has reached the port. Their speculation has been brought to market; let them turn to their Journal, if they have kept one; wind up their accounts, and balance their books, and see what is the amount of their gain or their loss. Upon clos- ing their concern, with the firm of Napoleon & Co. they will find to their cost, that the lumber and provision trade, cha- " racterized by the Edinburgh Review, as of a *' vulgar sort" is, alter all; the most profitable, and the" most honourable. AVhat has America gained in the contest? Has she gained territory or concession from her adversary, cither in tlie ob- jects which she made the cause of dispute, or in any other? No certainly. She captured three liritish frigates, of inferior force. The British captured three of hers in return. She captured some smaller ships of war, Great Britain took more from her. She captured about 900 British merchant sbips, three-fourths of which she was either compelled to destroy, or they were again retaken from lier grasp. Great Britain captur- ed 1400 sail of her merchant ships, besides a vast number of pri- vateers. 4000 British seamen were prisoners in America; 20,000 American seamen wcrt; prisoners in Britain. The British loit 10,000 men in battle; the Americans lost 54,000, killed, or dead, in consequence of wounds and fatigue. America • Tliis account 151 lost, the whole of her foreign trade, for several years, by em- bargo's, non-intercourse bills, and by war. Her shipping were unemployed, as were all connected with, and dependent upon it. . Her privateers, that did mischief to her adversaries, did her no good, as to prevent recaptures, these were compelled to des- troy their prizes. Besides, it is a sure sign of the poverty, and disorganization of the interior of the house, when the inmates of it, betake themselves in a body, as the American seamen did, to the high-way, as the only resource by which they can live, in the plunder of defenceless and unsuspecting persons. Her national debt, America has more than doubled, and cut off the resources with which it should be paid. She has burdened hcr- *ea with taxes, where before she had, comparatively speaking, none. Let us put into short tables, a statement of all these mat- ters, and see how the account will stand. The loss of America in men during this contest, stands as under, viz. Regulars. Militia. Total. Deaths in 1812, 13,476 977 14,453 Do. 1813, 1G,400 990 17,390 Do. 1814, 18,015 870 18,885 47,8':i 2,837 *50,728 And, if we add 3000 more, to the above number, on account of those who may die in 1815, from their wounds and fatigues, we do not over-rate it; which makes about 54,000 men sacri- ficed for no purpose whatever— during the same period 22,110 voluntarily deserted their standards, and the total number of prisoners exceeded 30,000 men. America, according to the official reports of her government, employed 1,443,453 tons of shipping in 1805. This tonnage continued to increase; and at the commencement of the non- intercourse, and embargo laws, may be fairly taken, at 1,500,000 tons. The whole profits, arising from the employment of this, • Tliis account is taken from the American Journals lately received. •1^.4 ■^!i, which could yield no advantage. Her exports, liom October 1st, ISO';, till September yoth, 1B06; amounted to 101,5JG,%.'J dollarsj besides freight and charges; G0,28,%2;}r, dollars of which were lor foreign produce. Her imports, on an average of ,'5 years, ending IbOl, were ^'1,5,400,000 ster- ling; but, as these years were lower than the following, tlicst may be taken at ,£lG, 400.000 sterling, or about 7.5,000,000 dollars, besides IVeight and charges. The whole profits arisirifr ironi tills vast trade were lo>t; at least, it is not exaggerating to state, that two-t!iird< of it were so. Indeed^ about one half of all her trade was with Great Britain and her dependencies. Tiie following retiirns fiom the Cnstom^Iiouso Boohs of New- York, and the various calculatio\is thereon, which it is obvious, arc toleral)!y correct, are furnished by the Americans themselves, The returno are for IBOG, and this caleulation, will atFord us a pretty correct data, on which to estimate the whole Iosp. For ISOG, employed in New- York* Dollars. 2G.';,'i27 tons shipping, at 60 dollars, per ton... 15,798,()20 At 200 tons each, gives 1,316 ships, and 12 men to each, is 15,79'2 seamen, at 21' dollars, per month i 4,5J)8,9(iO I'inding provisions for do. at 'M cents, per day... I,72t»,07S Yearly average, freight, allow-ng 1800 barrels, to 'JOO tons, (exclusive of foreign charges) fJer ship, IL',800 dollars 16,811-,100 Personi-' eniployetl in coniniercc,or living on shore, viz. merchants, clerks, cartmen, mechanics, and labourers employed in, and about the above, say 17,108j at 1 dollar, 30 cents, per day, for 12 months. 7,608,000 Wharfage, allowing one-third of the ships in port 114',17') Cairicd/ontrmi 1.6,812,93:! tjtoragcj c ilculatiiig, cnc-lialf their cargoes in 759 jboltars. Brought forxmrd,.. .....»» .v^.. 46,812,933 store, and allowiiifj the whole to be 2,368,400 barrs.. 752,62* 47,565,557* To these items many more may be added, such as the profits and commissions upon the exports and imports; the employ- ment of people, cutting down and transporting theii- timber from the interior to the sea-ports. According to official re- turns for 1 806, the commerce of New- York is, as near as pos- sible, one-eighth of the trade of the United States, Supposing therefore, that the profits and commissions to the merchant, upon the exports and imports, were 10 ncr cent, clear of other charges, the loss of America would stand thus, calculating by New- York, viz. Dollars. Interest of money, sutik in ships.... 789,650 Wages of seamen, thrown out of employment, suppose half the number .....*, 2,299 480 Freight on exports and imports. ,... 16,844,100 Clerks, cartmen, mechanics, and labourers wages 7,698,000 Wharfage and storage 896,799 Loss to Commerce^ New- York 28,628,029 Multiply by 8 for the whole 8 Carried forxmrd 228,224,232 • The following is a striking contrast of the decay of their commerce in that of New- York. In 1806 employed. In 1813 employed. During August,^»^»*v* 20,302 tons. During Augustv*-.****^^ 687 tons. Do. Suptembur^**..^ 2-»555 do. Do. September ■«.**■.•.. 471 do. Do. October ■«.»»■.*** 2C,437 do. Do. October *»»*.%■.* 827 do. 70,264 1985 Kciv.York rat>er, Nov. 15th, 18i:J. P 760 DuUar.u Brought forward *..* 228,2^4,232 Add 10 per cent, on exports and imports 18,000,000 Annual loss to the nation 246,824,232 For 4- years, multiply by 4 987,296,928 Destruction of property by war on land......... 8,000,000 Balance against her, in captures at sea*...... 16,000,000 Captures under the Berlin and Milan decrees, &c. 30,000,000 Do. by British, under Orders in Council, see President's message, Nov. 1st, 1814, 1000 sail, suppose worth 20,000 dollars, each ship ami cargo. 20,000,000 Difterence between Peace and War expenditure, added to their debt, or thrown away tor no p»r- pose 200,000,000 interest of new debt, created to pay, say 60,000,000 dollars, at 5 per cent, only for five years JSW^O Carried forxvard..., 289,000,000 * America captured from Great Britain, about OOO sari of merchant vessels, of all descriptions; but perhaps ihrec-fiftbs of these were either destroyed by them a* soon as captured, or retaken by the British cruizers; and conse015 men and boys. Great Britain had taken from America, 42 national ships and 228 private ships of war— containing 2360 guns, and 1 1 ,260 men. Merebaiit vessels, 1407; and the total number of American seamen captured or defaind, a- mountcdto 2(),!>61. All those prizes were brought safe ifiio Britlsli r'"'*°- -'''■' many of thorn were very valuable; but suppose the total number of 1677 incluimg the ships of war, were only worth jf'4000 sterling, at an average of ship and cargo, the wliolo would amount to i;«,700,000 sterling lost by America, or X5,7u(),0(K) (I'J.d'.jO.OOv) dollars,) of a balance ajjainst her. IGI Dollars. Brought fot-ward 289,000,000 Suppose three-fourths of her commerce, as above, to have been totally lost, if in reality not mofe 7'tO,4.72,696 Total loss. 929,472,696 Amounting to the vast sum of i»6.209,000,000 sterling, of total loss to the population of America, being £.150, or 675 dollars, for each male person in it, from the age of 16 to 60 years. To this also may be addetl, the vast depreciation of every article of their produce, and the very great increase in price, of every ar- ticle th£;y jConsun»cd. But the above is certainly, a tolerable tribute, to have paid for the friendship of Napoleon, in the short space of 4 years; and fully equal, to what any natiou in Europe had done, that were blessed with his hostility, or cursed with his friendship. It is more than half the sum which has been paid, by every inhabitant of Britain, during the last 22 years, in defence of their liberty, independance, and proper- ty, even allowing, that they had had no advantages to counter- baknce their outlay — no internal manufactures — no foreign fommercc at all. That America could have avoided this loss, and also the in- I'amy attached to her character, for leaguing herself with a ty- rant, in an unjust cause, no one can doubt. If America had resisted the lawless proceedings of France,\with firmness, thr.t power, notwith«tanding all her inveterate hostility against Bri- tain, was too wise, to make America her foe; but, at the same time, she was too politic, and unprincipled, not to lead Ame- rica into the contest, in which she was herself engaged, pro- viding America, had tlie hiclination to do so. But, if the con- duct of France had been such, as to have occasioned war, be- iwciu h^ji and America; would the loss to America, have been wliut it is? and, while she had the friendship and lussistance of Cijvat Britain, how much injury could France liavc ilone to lu;r? A war with Frazjce, would at one time, have also occasi- oned a war with Spain; when America would then have had it in her power, to have seized with honour, those territories ilii! has since seized, with dishonour. Great Britain, did nnt ' >',' 762 wish war with America. She gave her no just cause, nor pro- vocation, to occasion it. But, ii" America submitted, witliout u murmur to the arbitrary antl unprecedented conduct of France, which was directeil, at the expense of every state, witli umc. lenting severity, and with intended fatal aim, against tiic pros- perity and independence of Great Britain; then, had Great Bri- tain an unquestionable right, to make France feel through the distress and loss of those, who openly abetted, or secretly conniv- cd at her diabolical views. Notwithstanding the railings of ills- appointed faction; the meanest capacity, must have been able to see, that the latter was the conduct of America. It was France, not Great Britain, who was the real aggressor. Against her, American vengeance should have been directed. But no, slic chose a more ignoble and unjustifiable course. She has reap- ed, and will continue to reap, her just reward. America may imagine, that she is to obtain the same advantageous employ- ment and rank, in the commercial world, which she previously possessed. She will find herself mistaken. The trade lliat Aw carried on for other nations, these nations, will carry on tlicm- selves; and she will find everyone of them, not only as tenaci- ous of their colonial commerce, but even more so than Clrcat Britain is. The immense profit that the United States niatlc, in the carrying trade, which fed their pride, and made them wanton, is gone for ever. Till America restores the measures, and the exile of Elba, to the throne of France, that can never return to her; nor would he, if he was there seated, again pur- sue the measures, which gave her, and her alone, these ad- vantages. It has been attempted to be said, that the peace with Anic- Tica, is dishonourable to Great Britain, and what is very re- markable, this is proclaimed mobt loudly by those who were the very foremost to tell m, we could not exist, without iho Jriem'.ship of America: itiid who called upon us to make any jiacrificc, rather tiian go to war with her. By these men, wc nrc told not only that the peace is dishonourable; but that the war has been conducted, on the part of Great Britain, with (hi- grace, In what manner the war was conducted without hon- our, I am at a loss to conceive When without the means ot 763 «ciing upon the oflenslvc, in a contest foreotl iipen up, we suc- cessfully repelled every attempt made against a valuable part of our dominions, by foes four times our numbers. When the contest changed, and avc assumed the offensive, and tlvat, be it remembered, without a complete collection or concentration of our strength; was it because the events of war, which are at all times UMCcrtain, were in some instances unfavourable to our views, that, thtrefore, the war was conducted with disgrace? Certainly not. But it is said our naval fame was tarnished, and that the affairs of that department were comlucted without energy and without skill. Was the capture of a few detached ships of war, of inferior force, sufficient ground to assume this as the fact? No, surely. No force could have prevented the American frigates from. putting to sea. Siogly, they might e- ficape; and it was because they adopted this plan that they so often, and so fortunately, escapetl. The sn>allness of their I'oice was, in this case their security. Had they put to sea in squadrons at a time, they would have been more easily observ- ed, and more readily found, than when cruising singly; and, under the former circumstances, they would more likely have been fallen in with by the. British equadrons, tJian in the latter. Doubtless, tlieir privateers annoyed our extensive trsule. But it; could hardly be otherwise. The Ameriam feeamen were very numerous, brave, active, and particularly well acquainted with our coasts; but the mischief done by them was, in reality, less than from their numbers, activity, and the irature of their ves- sels, built solely for this predatory warfare, might have been expected. France began a similar system at the commence- ment of the revolution, the cwmequences of which were, that, in a few years, aJl her best seamen were in British prisons. These were taken by degrees by British cruisers, and her navy sunk into insignificance. So too, in a short time, would it have been with Americii. British prisons were filling fast with her l)est seamen, which would soon have crippled her anxious endeavours and exertions to obtain a navy. With regard to the treaty of peace, in what part of it is dishonour attached to the interests or to the fame of Great Britain? We have preserved every thing we contended for — we have yielded up 5 D 2* T6i no point, for which we went to war; while Amcrico has yicldi amount whose character can be the same. The St. Laurence will, one day, be to Quebec, what the Thames now is to London; and the Canadas be to North America, what Russia is ot present to Europe, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES or THE FRENCH RE VOL UTIOJS \ " I. a Itt'vulution cnfuiirnit th'/nnestcspreuvircs aitx ^cneratwtn Ttient 2>hi!oso2>Iiir in such rapid succession."' It i» too true, thnt the inu*- joiily of them are so. And is it little tliey have to answer tor? Let us attend to a short sketch ami fcMc outline of the conduct, for which justice yet hold» them accountable. Hut I enter upon the appalling and disgustinj^ subject with fear and ilriad. It is u picture wherein no trace of beauty is found within its range. A subject where no movement of principle, honour, or glory enlivens the prospect, or encourage? the mind to proceed. In considering it, we behold, with terror, the wreck of human nature, the ruins of social order, morality, and religion together, overturned by human lolly, ami scatter- itl by a phrenzy, us destrirctive in its progress and melancholy in its consecjuences as the torrid Tornado is to the beauties of iiiiture, or as the earthquake, which shakes the Andes to their toundations, and covers realms with ruin. It is, in short, u subject whiclv the heart aches to think on, and the pen trembles to record. And ** what has France gained by this rju'intity of blood- shed? A 'd^hole generation ()/' mankind, and all her youth, from 20 to 30 years of age, have been devoured by the sword of war."f isudi is the fatal work of unprincipled ambition. The calculation here made, and the picture here drawn, is done by the hand of a master. A short examination, however, of its parts, will bhaw us that the colouring does not exceed the truth. The whole popBlatton of Europe is about 160 millions. Tire Births, annually, are as 1 to 'J6. This gives 6,153,000 as their annual amoant. Half of this number die undei J 7 years of age, leaving 3,075,500; one fifth o( the last numbor die from 17 to 40 years of age, leaving at that period of life 2,463,767, ene half of which are liemales. By the subsequent enumera- tion, therefore, it will appear, that, of mankind, from 17 to 40 years of age, not one generation but /ive generations of men * Address to the French nation, Paris, December SSth, 1S«3. t IJIucher's address to the iuhabitants of Nancy, January 20th, 1 8H. The ^a?- J»ot General here only alludes t« the tnro last campaian*. 76* have been swept away, or rendered useless to themselves or so ciety, in the wars arising from French atheism, anibitiou, and madness. Were I to annex, without preface or observation, the waste and destruction amongst the human species, during the last 28 years, it would appear so incredible, that the reader might be induced to treat the whole as a fiction, or to believe the state- ments as the production of a disordered imagination To oh. viate such objections, and to remove such suspicions, it may, therefore, be proper to review, more in detail, the horrid list of carnage and crimes which sprang from France, and which has desolated Europe. The terrible events of these latter times increasing in magnitude and interest with the passing moment, has, no doubt, called off the attention and blunted the recol- lection of mankind, in general, concerning equally terrible and more atrocious scenes which occurred at different periods since 1790. To recount or recal them to our view is a painful task; nevertheless, it may be of service, from our present secure a- bode, to look back and survey that awful precipice, and the hideous evils from which, notwithstanding all her sufferings, this happy country has escaped. It may also be useful to the still discontented amongst us — to those who, always prophecy- ing evil, are yet the first to shrink from or rejoice at its conse- quences — to those palliators of guilt and admirers of infamy, that, whether disguised under the gloomy figure of a Sans Cu- hue, with the coarse red cap of Liberty, or the glittering fold of the Imperial purple, the object of their adoration, is still the. same — is " one and indivisible." Before I commence this catalogue of blood and horror, it may be necessary to state how well prepared the public mind, in France, was for sucli enormities. The character of a French- man, said their countryman, Voltaire, is composed of the tygcr and the monkey, viz. levity, mischieli and ferocity. Like the latter animal, their very sport has mischief in it, and something offensive to what is good. Like the former, their mischief de- !■ 1.*- ;„ u„.,x>-» o^/J M-"m! H"'1 Vnliairo livpfl ti]! 1793. he would have witnessed, in the most striking manner, the truth «f his observation, as well as experienced its &tal effects; and 169 ^Iso the melancholy consequences of his own athiestical opin- ions. Yes, from the schools of Rousseau, D'Alembert, and Vohaire, mixed with those ideas of freedom which their navy and army imbibed in America, sprang those principles, the fatal effects of which overturned all social order, which ha» « made the world a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof.* Various circumstances conspired to bring on this catastrophe; but the grand origin of all this mischief can only be found in the total contempt for and neglect of religion, so prevalent in France. Other causes, civil or political, no doubt, assisted to promote the revolution; but all were inferior to this one, the operation of which let loose all the savage passions of man without restraint or control. Had this not been the case, a despotic Tovernment might have been overturned, and rational freedom established in its place, without banishing justice from a nation, and humanity from the breast of man. Political phrcnzy has its limits, and soon works its own cure, if no other powerful impulse drives it on. But let man once be brought to despise religious principles, and treat all religion as a fable, and from that moment morality will raise her voice in vain. The for- mer principle laughed at, and this latter once destroyed, every thing that is generous or praiseworthy in the human character is gone; and man becomes from that moment fit for every thing that is evil, and incapable of performing any thing but what i» tlisgraceful and unjust. As the want of these principles loosens the lies of family love and kindness, so their destruction also breaks asunder all social ties between nations; and produce?, externally and internally, the most hideous changes in their po- litical situation. Amongst nations, a long period of tranquillity raay produce sloth, and refinement in manners may degenerate to frivolity and effeminacy, which generally paves the way for the establishment of a despotic government, where one aspiring hand may control the state, or where those that wield tha sword may sell an Empire, raise up one lw9'\ and dethrone an- other, as suits their caprice, as was the case amongst the Ro- mans in the decline of their power. Yet still, in the midst of mch political convulsions, the body of the people may vemaii), comparatively speaking, uninjured and undisturbed. Justice '70 may still remain on earth, and law and religion may even bt found amongst a nation so situated. But not so could this be the case in France, where the mind of the nation at largo was wholly vitiated — whore every virtuous principle had long been checked and laughed at amongst all ranks of men; and where everything that could be the smallest restraint upon their law- less passions, and t-lieir profligate desires, had long been held up to public scorn and ridicule, treated as fables and accounted beneath the dignity of a man who wished 40 he free to attend to. Evil, in France, thus became net the pursuit of tho lew, but the boast of the many. That ill fated nation had thus long been rapidly advancing in a course of wickedness and irreli- gion, which was fast undermining the pilUrs of social order. The votaries of this dreadful school cloaked their pernicious designs and diaboU^cal views, under the specious name of phi- losoj)hy, and the enticing name of liberty. Man does not be- come wholly corrupt at once, " on step by step he goea;" but that moment was now at hand when the votaries of those irreli- gious principles, so industriously circulated in France, conceiv- ed it no longer necessary to veil their designs, but appeared in the most public and determined manner to avow and to practise them. Such Were the materials which the open terrorists, and secret anarchists, had to work with in France, and which they were fast preparing to call into act;on. Besides the almost total dereliction of principle, moral and religious, which had taken place in that country; other causes, as has been already hinted at, but of inferior magnitude, aided the career of mischief and iniquity. The wants of the state were great. The taxes l)oi'c heavily upon a people, unaccustomed to laborious exercises, and unacquainted with close habits of industry. Yet, these were inferior to the wants of the public. The ill advised, and mischievous assistance lent by France, to the rebellious colonies of Britain, without any provocation whatever, on the part ot Great Britain; had cost France 1500 millions, and burdened her with an enormous debt, which she neither had, nor could procure the means to pay. The situation of her finances were now become such, that no skill nor industry could restore them 771 to a flourishing state, amongst a people, whose impatient and volatile temper, would not allow them to submit with patience, to the remedies which were necessary, and which could still have been found to cure this evil. The debt, indeed, only a- mounted to about 170 millions, sterling. Yet, France could not, and would not submit to pay it. The Jacobins, a name mankind will long pronounce with dread; took this occasion to inflame the mind of the public, already diseased, by laying the whole blame of the public wants and distress, to the profuse and profligate expenditure of their sovereign, and his favourites. This dangerous hand, was secretly abetted, by those who wish- ed to exalt their own power, at the expense of the sovereign; and by otherB, who wished to change the constitution of France, from a despotic, to a limited monarchy. Each of these latter parties, conceived, that the former party was a tool which they could use as far as suited their purpose, and after. vard# control AS was found convenient. They were in the sequel, most dreadfully mistaken. That the assistance lent to America, and which cost France so dear, was not bestowed under any just reason is well known; but that was more the fault of the coun- cils, or rather of the ambition of the nation, than of the sover- eign of France. No sovereign was ever less inclined to harass his people, or to squander away their property, than Louis XVI. was. This, however, was disbelieved by the ignorant multitude, and an opposite opinion was eagerly inculcated by those who misled them, who called forth, and encouraged those fierce passions, which, once set in motion, they neither knew how to control nor j'^ay. The convocation of the States Ge- neral, gave these men an opportunity of assembling together^ from all parts of France, at Paris. The more daring, turbu- lent and factious, of course, were the first to be returned from se- veral of the departments; and by degrees they were thus enabled to form a formidable body, of kindred souls, in the Legislature, alternately courted, by each of the other parties, but secretly plotting, and determined upon the destruction of them alK Their numbers continued to increase, and their creatures, the refuse of the departments, were insensibly collected at Paruj H'herc, in a short timc; they succeeded in overawing the w»vef; 6U 9^ ' m: 1T2 reis", antt the Legislature— in destroying; the former, anil trampling upon the latter. The King willing and anxious to tlo any thing to make his people happy, was, at this critical moment, surroini<1cd with both weak and wicked ministers and counsellors. These deceived hiui on purpose. He hesitated, when he should have stood firm. lie pardoned, when lie should have punished. He thus, discouraged his IViends, and encouraged his enemies, till matters came to that pitch, that every acUon of his, or concession made by him, only added to the insults, publicly ofiered to him, and augmented the inso- lence and violence of his enemies. The Constitution that was made to-day, was violatetl by these visionaries and madmen, to-morrow—" another, and another, still succeeds," and each more than the other, tended to show the reflectingpart of man- kind, that France knew not what Liberty was— that she was incapable of enjoying it— and, that in the mouths which, at this moment, so loudly proclaimed it, it was only a cloak tor the most terrible system of violence, fraud, anarchy, destruction, and slavery, that ever scourged the earth. Numerous abuses, certainly, existed in the Government and Constitution of France, but these, a mild and beneficent monarch was anxious to re- move; and had he been aided by men of talents, and of incor- ruptible integrity, he would, no doubt, have succeeded; and France and Europe, have been saved a world of misery, and oceans of blood. Amongst the more notorious names, which accelerated this fatal catastrophe in France, was the infa- mous Uuke de Orleans; who plotted the death of his sov?- eign and relation, in order, that lie might be raised to fne throne. He accordingly, made use of his immense fnrt..r,e, to Ijribe the banditti of I'liris, and to collect others of a similar character from the departments, in order, by them to overawe ■'the deliberations of the Legislature; this he succeeded in ac complishing; but the consequences of which, contrary to his expectations, brought him, and most justly, to the guillotine. But he was not the only individual who had the same object in view, though his station and ties to the reigning, family, clothed his/'unduct and character with deeper atrocity and guilt. Each of th? other llictious demagogues, and flaming patriots of the 773 Jay, pursued a similar course. The true source of their pa • triotism, like that of many otiiers, was tlicir own personal am- bitioHi and lust of power. Each hoped to dupe his associates, to overcome his enemies, and to raise himself to llie supreme government of the Slate. Accordingly, all their harangues and declamations about Liberty, and the riglits of the people, were only so many snares, laid to catcli the unwary, and to make the people aid in forging chains for tlieir own necks. Orleans, Brissot, Marat, Berrere, Danton, Robspierre, Keu- bell, Barras and Bonaparte; all followed the same plan, and had the same object in view, but the latter only was completely successful. Every one of these men, courted the people, in order to enslave them. Yet, under every one of these men, and under what France impudently called the full blaze of Liberty and Equality, the French people were the greatest slaves ever known upon earth. They had no liberty to do any thing, but what was bad — not even the liberty of venting a sigh, or drop- ping a tear to the memory of the nearest and dearest friends or relations, that were murdered by the demons of terror and con- fusion. Every man, indeed, was equal — in crime. Constitu- tions sprung up like mushrooms. Every person had his inno- vation, under the name of improvement. All became philoso- phers; that is, in their own conceits, all wise, and all powerful. Each conceived himself, capable of organizing, or new model- lintr the affairs of this nether world; and (irmly believed, that there was no other. Each conceived his power and his wis- dom equal to correct and extirpate, what was wrong in hu- man nature. Evil was thus, to be rooted up, and forever ba- nished from the world. But, alas! it was finite hands, corrupted minds, and cruel, hearts, that atteniptcd thi:i great work; and which, whenever man attempts it, will always be productive of n-reater evils, than those which are intended to be removed. In this instance, these wild theories and experiments, were produc- tive of more misery and wo, than ever had before been hatch- ed by human wickedness, or brought round by human folly. If rou want a revolution, said the unprincinled and wicked Mirabeau, you must begin by destroying religion. They took his advice; and the world mourns its direful couscqncuces. To iiim yi iH f*f 11* this moment we are contemling with fear and sorrow against its bari( fill influence. It is well known thai the promoters of the Fr.uol) revolution wore rnen who disreojardcii or denii'd all re- ligion; find no sooner had they acquired political power, than they •■nacted a law, under the terror of the guillotine, to abol- ish it alto-rithcr. The Christian sera was obliterated from the annals of th» nation; the name of the Sabbath was erased from the days of the week; and the edge of the guillotine took the life of those who refused to follow their usual occupations upon that day, formerly set apart for the worship of their Creator. The teachers of religion, with the most horrid mockery, abjured its tenets. In derision of the Christian religion, Deaik was declar- ed to be an eternal sleep. " The dying," said a member of the Convention, to that assembly, " are thus no 1 nger frightened." Nor did their impiety and blasphemy stop here. An ass waj dressed in pontifical robes, and paraded through their principal cities; while the Bishop of Moulins,in ridiculeof his former office, officiated with a pike and the red cap of liberty, instead of a crown and mitre. Pursuing their career of madness, Marat, that disgrace to his species, was exalted above the Redeemer of the world; " Jesus Christ was a prophet — Marat a god; the one defended kings — the other destroyed them."* Nor was this all, for while the hall of the Convention rang with applauses, a common strumpet, gaily dressed, was seated beside the Presi- dent of their National Council, where she received from hi; i the *\fraternal kiss" and amidst the acclamations of " no more al- tars — no more priests — no other god but the god of nature,'H * Club of Cordeliel^ July 27th, 179X f Convention, December 3d, 1733. Madame Desmoulins was one of those whf personated this goddess — she was afterwards giiillotined. In 1794, the wife ol Mormora also acted tlie same part. The following contribution? were transmitted by Flurent Givet, from Lisle, to build a temple to Reason, viz. 20 inhabitants, each,'-»***»->* 1,000 li»res. «»»»*»*«. 20,000 livres. .■58 do. do. •»»*» »» 2,500 do. *.»*»»-.-. 77,000 do. 12 .lo. 'i' . •«»*»«.** 4,000 do. »«*.»*»» 48f000 do. A femilc CItizon,— ■«*»»*»* 6,000 do. **»*»»»» 6,000 do. Two othoi-.,v»v»*-.»-.»»»^..^»4 8,000 do. »v.».^-» 16,000 do. One, t celebrated philoMophers. The torch of truth was in the summit of the mount, ujwn the altar o'i l{cas9^^, spread- ing light. The Convention^ and all the constituted aulhorities^ assisted at the ceremony." " Two rows of young girl.?, dressed in white, each wearing a erown of oak leaves, crossed before the altar of Reason, at the sound of Republican music; each of the girls inclined before the torch, and ascended the summit of the mount. Liberty then came out of the temple of Philosophy, towards a throne made of turf, to receivej the homage of the Republicans of both sexes, who sung an hymn in her praise, extending their arms at the same tine towards her. Liberty ascended after- wards to return to the temple; and rn re-entering it, she turn- ed abouti casting a look of benevolence upon her friends: when she got in, every one expressed with enthusiasm, the sensatiotiii vchich the Goddess excited in thetn^ by song* of joy, and th*y swore never to cease to be faithful to her.* Never I no, never was human nature reduced to such a de- grading condition as this. Was there no way, that they could celebrate their freedom, if such they would call it, but by deny- ing and deciding the Creator of Heaven and Earth? It is scarcely possible to determine, upon considering such scenes as thia, whether the actors deserves most our contempt, our pity, or our indignation. Were it not that such melancholy •onsequences resulted to France, and to all Europe, from these delirious proceedings, we might be tempted to laugh at such conduct, the same as we would at a parcel of jugglers on the stagey trying to pervert, or an assembly of monkeys^ endeavouring to imitate the actions of reasonable beings. But such lamentable proceedings demand to be treated with different weapons than the pen of satire; and to be con- templated with feelings different from laughter and ridi* • Paris, Nov. 12th, ConventU^n, Nov. Uth, 1793. WlM'-ii'' 7B0 ciilc. Thoso pi-lnci|)lt>', and llii-i coiitliict Imvo imulc Kij- rope w(t|) tears of blood, niul vvriuif!; tlic licariH of inillicii ■ with the l)itti'rcst »j!;ony. It is inipos^iblf, tAvn sit tlii« monu-ut, lor any miiul, cnpablo of ftvlinu; ami rdlcctioii, to look buck to this alurmini,' pi-rioJ, ami not to fcol icrror, when he thinks upon tho.ilangors, dcgnulation, and nusi-ry, which his nativ( country has esca,;cd. How near were wi; of beiii.s' placed in a similar sitnalion? How near were we of l)cholclini( the s;iiro(i dome of St. Paul's, or that place which contains the aslies of our " mighty dead," converlid into a temple to tiic (Joddcss 'of Reason; as also of hearin«i the sacred wnlis of the vener- ble C\.thedral of the place where 1 now write, edmin;^ with national n)usic and hymns to Reason, instead of liymns to our Oou! . . While these mad procecilinj^s wcrcj,'oing on m that '^n\m\ centre of iniiiuity, Paris, the mania spread to the i'rovintef, and banished every ttiing that war sacred from France. At Lvons, " all theconsiituted authorities, the Revolutionary Tri- bunal, the troops ol the line, .^ie. &.c. rtpai. ' ' with an ass to the Town House. There this animal was decked with the Sloir, and all the other sacerdotal ornaments, which the Count do Maubourg had made a present of to the Cathedral. On his head waa' put the beautiful mitre of the Uishop l.en.ou- rette; on his back were lied the holy vessels; a.id to his tail the iTiass->book. lie was decoiated wiih insi riptions, ^ liafe dc luualimc; (Ren)ains of Fanaticism). Thus equipped, the ass was led in procession through the whol. town, preceded by the department, and a detachment of horse, and followed by a band of music and some infantry. By hi« side, marched two Sam Ciilotli-^, holdni- a calix (sacred cup) out of wiiieh the animal drank now and then; ami two oth .r Sans (Moties per- fumed him with frankincense. The municipaluy, the tribunals, the clubists, and women clad in white, closed the procession. Having arrived at the place nit, but partiuilurly iu Paris, llie section o1 Unite filed oirthroitgh the liidl, mid rcnoiinciHl tl»c Cliristiuu nli"«. piesenteil him- (^elf in tile Conwnli'on, and " deposilctl on the table of the Commons, 4 silver cups, which were nsed in the ndministra- ,ion of the Ix)rd's Supper, mldin-, " 'Ihey served our worship, but prejudice, and sometimes reason, reproached us with the extreme i'oliv of usinj,' lheni."§ A few days after this, Chau- mctte complaitieil, tl.at " all sentiments of velifrion were not yet destroyed; and said, sentiments of religion eaused counter- ■rcvolutionarv movements." 11 N as this system confined to Paris. It exteiKled over Imihuc. " When Maignet and I left Lynns," i^.-^i'l Couthon, " we d^tametl a complete victory over fjifitieism. All the ciiurdH's were stripjietl of their riches, whicli nromotod ^he hixm-y of tht^ir priests, and the delusion of the people. The idols of stone were broken, those ot wood burnt; and the people now believe that the most precious al- tars that can be raised to the Divinity is in the heart of a vir- tuous republicatV."; In the mulncipality of Paris, « a letter was rend, amid the applause of the galleries, written by CoUom- beau, vvbo Mention* Ihat at Nancy every kind ot religtoui ., i I , '. . . ■ • • Lyons, Ndv.ioth, 1793. Letter fi-om an cye-witntw. ilatcd Laiiwnnc, Nov, • ' '..1 I MM , , , , .^ i .■ t Convention Nov, 21st, 171)3. t Municipality of Paris, Nov. 24th, 170.^. § Convcntifcsi, Nov 5,-.th, 17(1.-. !! Nov, 28tb, 17!0. , C<»»v«»nti*ni Dec. lWt«, 1T»5. Y8$ j^orship is abolished, and every object which could recal reli- gion to the imagination was destroyed; and that all the churches were shut." And at this sitting a civic festival was instituted at the end ot every month, the one to " Respect to old men," and the other to " llcspect to pregnant women, the hope of their country." As religion was the object of their peculiar hatred, so th«i teachers of it were marked out, as the most devoted pbjects of their vengeance.. Eyery effort was made to induce them t« deny the religion they had formerly taught, and in many in- Btances with too piuch success. At the celebration of the feast of Reason. Gpbety Archbjshop of Paris, received 100,000 livres to renounce Christianity, which he did; onti with a hammer in his hand, he went before the procession, and demolished the image of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, which were in the church of Notre pame, The apostacy of such men was an- nounced in the most public and joyful manner. A Representa- tive from the army of the ISouth thus wrrites the Convention: " J send you the letters of prjesthood of a citizen who has just mar- ried a fema'i' citizeri, poor in specie, but rich in virtues and pa- triotispi. Instead of giving souls to God, he will give bodies to the Republic, Amen! (Insertion in the Bulletin-t)" More how. ever, refused to abandon their principles; and the majority who were of this class, wej-e persecuted >vithout mercy. They were buiciiered wherever found— hunted like vild beasts, and drown- ed in hundreds together, without either accusation or triah The following, from a multitude of examples, may serve to give the Reader an idea of tlie situation of these unibrtunate men. An- drew Dunant tJms writes the Convention. " To destroy ^ana- ticism (the republican name for religion) I order all priests, who celebrate festivals on Sundays, to be arrested, I make crucifixes, as well as crosses, disappear; and I shall include in my proscription — all those black animals^ called priests — I am getting out for Reauvau, which I shall put upon soup meagre^ before I administer physic to it. The Republic, or death !— citi- • Municipality of Paris Dec. 30th, 17W, ^ Ccn»e|)tiDn, Jan, Lfitb, 17S4k zens, colleaguee, i fractory priests lit bai/e du Guards X inveterate Aristoci were discovered if ere gone to a dun^ sity here was equa profession and the ing amongst these only another nam< «(] out, that it woi Such are a few lity of the French and their anxious to eradicate evsry very true, that pa hostility was a spe< disgraceful to ma all shared the sam not because that it went under the directed against it relate, shews the minds of the lo>v easy it was to mat time when the pol from all obedienc I might extend th tations in support ficient for my pur Couthon, ^< three formerly called lei an auto defe of th Arising from the p charge of some cr ^(id • email relit zens, colleagues, a new capture of infamous bigots : some re- fractory priests lived amidst heaps of hay in the ci-devant Ab* haije du Gtiard, their long beards seemed to announce how inveterate Aristocracy is: these three black brutes, ex-monks, were discovered in their concealment, and the three monsters are gone to a dungeon to await their trial, &c."* The animo- sity here was equally directed against the person as against the profession and the principles. Indeed, it was a common say- ing amongst these madmen and athiests, that Christianity was only another name for Royalism; and that, if it was not root- ed out, that it would bring round a counter-rfvolution. Such are a few authentic instances of the determined hosti* lity of the French Republican Government against Religion, and their anxious care to endeavour, by every possible means, to eradicate evsry principle of it from the human mind. It is very true, that part of the system to which they directed their hostility was a species of the grossest ignorance and superstition, disgraceful to man, and degrading to our nature. But then, all shared the same fate. They made no distinction; and it was not because that w'as a disgraceful superstition, but because it went under the name of Religion, that their vengeance was directed against it. Some parts of the superstition which they relate, shews the lamentable state of ignorance into which the minds of the lower classes oi France were plunged; and how easy it was to make such men the4ool9 of rogues and fools, at a time when the political power of their governors set them free from all obedience to what they had formerly lived in fear o£ I might extend this part of the subject to a great length, by quo*- tations in support of this{ but the following I consider as suf- ficient for my purpose. " We could have brought you," said Couthon, ^« three waggon loads of brevets, of Charlatanism, formerly called letters of priesthood; but we preferred making an auto dej'e of them. I could also have brought many millions arising from the plate of the churches, but I would only take charge of some crosses of St. Louis, a holy mute of the Pope, ^nd A email relic that wrought great miracles. This relic • CowKTHion, 0««r; 24th. 17^9. 7^\ was said to c.->ntain part of the blood of Jesus Christ. It maac tht' lame lo walk, the deal, to hear, and the Wind to see. By it, barren women, who coinnnlted themselves to the priests ju whose custody it was, became t'ruitf'ul; and it had the power of punishir.g the pi-otane hand tiiat dared to touch it. I ordered it to be i)rougiit to me; but it neitlier withered my arm, nor cured me ot" the palsy, with whieh I have long been alJlictcd. I resolved to examine its contents. I sentfor a skili'ul chemist, who analyzed them; and the precious blood which enriched a whole community, was found to be Teiebinthine guni, dilulcd Kith spirit oj'xmne. 1 lay the relic on the table, and move tiiat my account of it be inserted in the Bulletin, for the inlormu- tion of the country people, (Ordered)."* In another account to tiie Convention, Bourbette, and Thureau, &c. write horn Mouh, that ihey had sent u number of relics taken from the Royalists, umongst which were the following, viz. >6tli, a piece of the robe of the Holy Virgin. 7Ui, a piece of the frock of the infant. 11th, two viais of the r.iiik of the most Holy Vir- gin, (much laughter )''\ ' "' i It is sca'cely possible to determine whether we are most shocked at the abominable impcsition here related, or at llie contempt and ridicule with which these cidldren of Jacobinism treated every thit)g that had any reference to wlvat was sacred. This sad example, however, is sufficient to show how anxiouhly and strjctly a well regulated and watcbtul government should watch over the religious establishnic|it» of the country, lest .a ^'tiil Ju;i'., . , ,1 • Convention, t)cii -tthj J ?93k f Convention, Dvc. IJiij, 1 7U5, i if ,!<")! Mj}"^ *<"■« wanting to shew the levity and char.geablc.aisiJOhitioii of tli^ .Frencli niityjii,. tlie follcwing grave relation, a* convinced of rhc ffOth ofuhattlipy formerly so much ridiculed, is a strikin- in- dtenee, nnd sttJWs liow' niiserably tlie pUhJtc nilnd was neglected, and how litlle it ,fc»d benefited by either th«ir. freedom or experience. " On the nth iint," stid the Journal du Wm, •' was otlehraU'd dt Vtrona, tJie beatifictition of Sistwr Veio- ■ique GuiUiano, late .superior of the Convent of Caijuchins, of St. Claire. Tlic uii- Facles, (lerformed by the female Saint, are, according to the legend of the faithful »ery numerous, and amount to upwards .rf 300. tiJtcly, the wrft? of a win© mcr- -hant. whose favourite iuiintshe had alwaJrB been, experienced the eflects of 1* piay. ers and presents, l.y being delivered at once of three strong and healthy boys, altt'r a marriage of 18 years, diirine wbich i«he never buforc? Iwd a child. 'J'he hu^bani! these Jcgenerate into ignorance and superstition, andof couesc bccomu hoibeds of corruption and vice. Whilo tlie whole energy of the leading men in France was exerted with the most unrelenting j)erseverance, and niercilesE power, to tear up religion by the roots, throughout that un- Ibitiinate country, morality was at the same time systematical- ly undermined and destroyed. To such a length did this sys- tem proceed, that the Jacobin Club, in 1793, and which tiien ruled France, proposed, " that to prevent the soil of the Re- puLilic from beiug polluted, all the wives and daughters of emi- grants and Royalists shall be obliged to mai ry, or cohabit with such Sans Cullotcs as nuiy condescend to pa_) them their addres- ses."* When Laplance and Fouche ol Nantes were accused, part of the accusation ajiaiii i them was, diat " they idundti! Re- publican morals up- > dissolution of all morals. Laplance publicly invited thi j ; ■ <.o get children, and told them that the Rejublic wanted citizens." Multitudes of females at this time were as abandoned as the other sex. They forgot every iemale feeling, and with these every female virtue. Tliey wulopt- td the Red cap ol Liberty as part ol'their dres', and compelled tJie more modest ol their sex to wear it; they appeared in bands ill the Convention, whose deliberations thty controled, and di- rected to the most atrocious purposes. At length even the profligate Convention became ashamed ol their conduct, arid Hcaried with their patriotism. On the 2Uth Nov. 1793, a de- putation of these Amazonian reil capb appeared ni the Hall of the Convention, but for what purpose they did not choose t» in gratitude, ba& presented tlic saint with a riib diamoiul cross, and there is not a wil'c or a liiisband in lliatpart of Italy, who desires the sterility of their beds to cease, who ilocs not address prayers, and oiler sucriiices to her shrine. It is said, that three convents, pottsessing lor a long time saints I'auious for the same qualities, in- tend to bring suits at liome, against the number of the paradise, as an intrnder, «r interloper, their Convents being entirely deserted by customers." Journal de Taris, Aug. 'J'.'d, ISOl. * 'Ibis system was revived by Bonaparte, who enacted a law. forbidding all fe- mak'R nf property to marry any one but a soldier in bis service, and none to niar- fy withiiut bis consunt Jiu'obiiiisii! iinly cl.aUL^ s names, as suits its convenience, liut it( principled are thu finxa.*, and dirtcted to the same mischievous and dcmoiai- Jwng piirsuils. I?: t; mi 786 declare. Tliey wete commanded to retire, but this tfiey otily diil at the / own pleasure. Chautnette endeafoured to poiut out how much they had mistaken their sphere, and concluded bis speech with the following sagacious observation, " If nature had isoilled that leomen should be meti, nature 'would have given ivomcn beards." Therefore, as they were without beards, they could not be men, and were not entitled to Republican privileges. In the same sitting, Chaumette complained " that the -woinen of ike tu'cin lairre becoming devotees — and that they continued to ho- nour Jesus Christ," &c. »« Foucbe of Nantes,* improved upon the atrocities of his predecessor Laplance. Chaumette and him concerted the dreadful project of depraving the public, by de- stroying all the principles of morality and religion. A profes- sor was named by the latter to instruct the children. He abo- lished all forms of religious worship, demolished the churches, and caused the following inscription to be displayed in the bii~ Tying places, " l^eath 18 Only an etertial sleep."f One system of folly sprung np after another, till infidelity anil atheism itself became wearied with following their footsteps, £ven the burial of the dead was repiiblkanised. The Council of the Couimons of Paris determined that a civil Commission- €r, wearing a red cap, should precede all burials. On the 26th "November, 1793, " the section of Quinze Vingt, in Paris, fc- quested of the Convention that an altar might be erected, on which a perpetual fire should be kept up by young vir- gins." Each fool had thus his particular system; each more im- pious, delirious, and ruinous than the other. These pernicious doctrines already mentioned took a deep root, grew to an a- larming height, and spread their baneful branchesroundthehind. The public mind was completely tainted with every thing that was bad; and the ideas of the rising generation were totally alien-* ated from every thing that was honourable or good, therebjj • Now Duke tff Otranttfr t CoDTODtion, Aug. 8tb; 9th. 1793. ni (Perishing and collecting a dreadful fund of misery afid wo for Europe. Of the alarming heif;Itt to which this national tiepravity bad arisen in 1793> the following is a remarkable md melancholy instance in the sentiments of the leading Jacobini- cal Journal of that pericHJ, It is such a compound of cruelty, mischief, depravity, and folly, as was perhaps never protiuced amongst mankind in any other age or country. " Ca Ira I — Ca Ira! Go to it again, my lads! — the humbug Kings arc once more in the suds — one hundred thousand of their trenchor scrapers are drowned in the Rhine— t)/uf /a Republique! the reign of Louis XVII. is at an end. — The Loire runs wine (blood) from Noirmoutier to Nante.«: and the Saper? would we not very justly conceive, that both her justice, hev morality, and religion, were at the very lowest ebb. But, itt this instance, we must bear in mind that k was not an obscure and insignificant Journalist who penned this, but the official organ of that Jacobinical party which then governed France, nnd terrified Europe. That Journal, for which, after the massacres at Lyons, f:'ollot de Herbois, wrote to the Conven- tion, saying, « Send me the Journal of Pere Duchesne to en- lighten the people;" and were the London Gazette to adopt such a style, or recommend such proceedings, we might fairly conclude, that the government, whose organ it is, was actuated by principles similar to those which governed France at this moment. France, indeed, at the time of which I F.neak had • Journal Le Pere Ducbesne, 1795. 9 <> ^5 iMOLM 788 more tlic appearance of an hospital of be.llaniitos broke loo^^ from their confinement, tJian a nation of reasonable beings. The conseqnonces that resulted from this delirious and lio-- rible conduct, renniined after the phren/.y which produced thenr was gone. Its bitter elVects France felt through all her bor- ders; and unhappy Europe was also destined to feel its direlui effects. France, while six; was attinj? thus, waa suiferin-r eveiy internal misery which the barbarous passions of n.un, when un- restrained by any fear of punishment either here or hereailcr, could devise or inllict. Wearied, at last, with roM^ery and mur- der, these banditti, like all other lawless horde.'r, betook them- selves to every species of immorality and debauchery. They sent forth the fiercer passions to scourge and destroy their neighbours, and continued to exercise anu)ngst themselves all that was low, beai^tly, ami disgraceful. Speaking of the mannii^ of Paris, in 1795, tho Journal de Paris proceeds: «. Pomi), dinners, debauchery, awl a rage for gaming have become ilu prevailing passions of ev^ery individual; and in this univcr-d phren^y The most sacred ties are broken without shame, the vilest bonds arc openly formed. Marnage becomes an object of speculation— divorce a branch of for(»stalling— and women i» mercantile cmnmodity. The tender names of father and cliiki; of brother and sister, can no longer move the soul which pre. vious interest has hardened— these banditti have no lon^^wii country."* The consequence!-, of this odious system of dopra- • vity brought upon France what such a course has ever brouglit, and alwa'ys will bring, upon every country.. Famine, sick- ness, and the sword, took, up their abodes in e»'ery dwellingi and in every ftinnly. The situation of Paris, said the Cow-ur Univcrsdk, (long.'aft^r Robespierre's massacres were past) ib dreadful. *' 2\i:o ounces of hr cud, daihjrfor each 2)enon-lo-x murmurs heard in evcrij corner. Bodies constantly thrown inti^ • the river— inexpressible grief pervading every quarter, &c."t Ofthc length to which immorality had arrived in France^ .. during the illumination of liberty and equality, the following i.^ * Journal do Paris, November 3d, 179o. t Courier UniverscUc, May IGtli, K!)5. yS9 sTcmafkable instance. In the sitting of tlie Council of 500, December 25lli, 17'J6, " a citizen who had married, sueccssive- Iv, two sisters, and lost ihemi both, (whether by death or other- Wiiie is not stated,) desired to know whether he might not marry his motiier-in hvw? The re(]uest was disposed of by the order of the day; and conse<|uently the petitioner directed to follow the suggestions of his own depraved mind." It is ahnost unnecessary to observe, that such an individual could know notidng of religion; nor could his be the nnly case of the kind, when lie brought it forward, without bliaiue, into die highest branch of legislation, where it .was beard without indignation. Worn down with internal anercliy, find domestic bloodshed, France sunk into a state of stupor, as far as regarded herseUi and became the easy tool of every desperate adventurer. Yet, , while the arm of tyranny crushed amongst themselves that fac- tious spirit which had produced such direful scenes, and direct- ed, in one collected mass, its fury to other objects; this, by no moans, rendered any benefit to the cause of virtue and religion. France may justly be said to have remained without a God, though her governm^ut ventured, now and then, to speak of re- ligion. During the year 1802, a deputation of the Missi ure is temping, because it is very cheap. For a bottle of beer, ifj i^m 7do W which cost 6 sous, (.1(1.) and 2 sous, (Id.) tothc fiddler, « husband find xoi/'c, xvii/i their c/iildren, mm/ amuse Ihi'msclvcsjrom thref o'clock in th< aftfrnoon to eleven o'clock at vight. As this cxcr- cise both diverts the mind and strenfrthens the body, and Sun- day is the only day in tlie week which the most numerous class- es of people can dispose ofrvithout ifijnry to themselves or the State, Government encoura;tes as much as possible these innoccnl umusemrnts on that dar/. In llie garden of Chuumievre, on the Boidevard nnif, we observed in the same quatlrilles, last Sun- ^9.y,four generations, the great grandsire dancing with his great grandaughter, and the great grand-mama with her great grandson. It was a satisfaction impossible to express, to see per- Bons of so distant ages, all enjoying the same pleasure for the present, not remembering past misfortmes, nor apprehending future ones. The grave seemed equally distant from ihe girl of 10, and from her great grand-mama of 70; and from the boy ■who had not seen three lustres, and from the great grandsire reaching nearly fourscore. In another quadrille danced four lovers w'^h their mistresses. There again was nothing observed but an emulation who should best enjoy the present moment. Not an idea of ihe past, or time to cojie, clouded their thoughts; in a xew words, they were perfectly happy. Let those tormented by avarice or ambition frequent these places on a Sunday, they will be cured of their vile passions, if thoy are not inti'rable."* In reading the above, the effusions of one wlio saw, felt, and enjoyed, what he describes, it is difficult to say whither we should consider it " more in pity than in anger" There is a time for every thing, for laughter, and for sorrow— for levity and for reflection ; but the Sabbath, certainly, never was intended for a people to spend in fiddling and dancing. Would not the people in Paris have been as well employed in « improving" as in diverting their minds on that day? and if they had spent it in reflecting upon the past, and thinking upon the future, it might have been no worse for themselves, and would have been belter for their neighbours. Bat th.e diversion was cheap. tnd therefore tc * Journal le Citoyen, Francois, August 2d, 1804. 791 tntl therefore tempting? This only shews how easily a French- man is tempted, liow cheap it is to make a slave of him. Ev- en the Brascer* himself, at this rate, might have become an Em- peror. That the government encouraged this innocent diver- «ik)n there can be no doubt, and that they paid for it there can be as little; for the reader will observe, tiiat this mode of spend- ing the Sabbath, vfa^ encouraged by the government, wlicn it was iur"'ing chains for the necks of its subjects; as it was during that year, and very soon after, that Bonaparte was made Emperor; and when he v/as preparing the materials from this tliought- It'ss, irreligious, fiddling fraternity, which, like the volcano, was to spread its destructive lava over the tiiirest part of the ha- bitable globe. This diversion was very cheap! Was it? The piime cost indeed was not a great deal, but the charges occa- sioned by its consequences have been enormous. It has cost France since that period, 15 milliards of money,t (.^670,000,000 jitcrling,) upwards of 5i,000,000 of lives, and Europe nearly as much more; and it at last brought her indignant sons from the East and the West, from the North and from the South, and thiTugh carnage and death, planted their vengeful cannon a- gainst, and their victorious standards upon, the same Boulevards of Paris. Such at this period were the people of Paris— suck was the conduct of their government, both which stands upon record as an example which ought not to be forgotten, as it fliews the true origin of the miseries of Europe, and demon- strates beyond the possibility of a doubt,- that the government who can once bring its subjects to that state where *\fo}n- generations ofmaLs and females in the same quadrille^ inhere the husband and the wijc, -joith their children^ all without cither remembering the past or thinking on the future, spend the Sabbath, from three in the afternoon till eleven o'clock nt flight, in ^^Jiddling and dancing" will find no difficulty in set* # Santerro. At the rate of Id. to the fiddler for two persons, =^830 would keep 400,000 persons, or all l>aris, above five years of age, that coulJ ivag a foot, dancing; /ei,600 would set all London on foot; in France; therefore, it costs less to be made -.n Empero!', than in England, in some instances, to be a momher of IV.rliammt.l f Chataubriand's calculation and address, as regards the money; the lives from 4» calculation of my own, "W I 12D ting them to rob the pockets niicl cut the throats of their neigh- boms timing the rest of the week. But with one extract further I shall conchulc tljis sulijccf. Tile same Journals iutorms us, tJiat in 1806 tlieir maiiiiLis were not memled. " Our beloved I'aris has recently inij)rov- ed in an extraordinary degree in external morality, wiiliout, however, losing the smallest jiortion of its i«/(.r«c/ ilepraviiy. There is no violation of morals, as long as the children li.ivc not ;w//«/£'t/ the paternal habitation. It is quite sufiicicnt, ilit be not obvious to the public eye, whether the young progeny are legitimate or illegitimate, and if they do not come into tlie world before the face of tlieir parents." " The most important duty is not to refrain from sin, but to conceal it. In the church it has now become to such a pass, that a certain coqitetri/ is thought meritorious in the sight oF God; but the .Almighty appears to have conferred the delicate gift of di-essing in a very fascinating, at the same time yet de- cent manner, -to but few elect. The priests make use oj thm as a kind of angels ; "xhen these angels distribute the consecrated bread, arid at the same time hold out the box of Christian benevo- lence, the blessing oJ Heaven never fails to accompany it; the looks of the fair suitor penetrate the hearty and then to the purse t^ 1 he prqfiiguLc sinner"* Such was the lamentable situation of reh'gion and morals in Fiaiice at this period. That they are not improven in either the one or the other, all their public conduct, to the latest per- iod we are acquainted with, clearly shews. Those who have lately .visited them in the walks of private life, bring bat k such accounts as shew how improbable it is that such a nation will return to the paths of justice and truth in peace or quietness. Nor is it those who, it may be said, are prejudiced against them thai afibrd us this information. Jt is from their staiinch fnuuls and admirers, who could see nothing but justice and wisdom in their conduct, and only happiness, security, anii peace, under the enlightened and mild reign of Napoleon. The following is one authority, from many of the same kind. • Paris, September 6tli, 1806. 793 ^Iv. BIrkbcck, who travelU'd through a considerable part of rraiico during the autumn of IbH, and whom tlie Edinburgh Ucview calls " an imlq)cndi.'Ut thinker, a shrewd observer, and uiicKpcriencod farujcr," gives us the following account: " Suu- tliiy, (siays he,) is bul; slightly observed in this part of Trance '50 niilcs 8<)Uih of I'aris) at any season; very slightly indeed ia lime of harvest. Some go to church for al>out an hour; but, before and after, no great marks of Sabbtith are perceptible;' :iik1, continues he, " it is pleasant to peuceivk huw liUlc hold Ik Church has upoti the minds oj the people; mrehf it can never iixnvcV its influence."* In this picture there is evidently no exiiggeration; it i^J indeed certain tliat it is but too failht'ully liiu'iitt'd in all its parts. Ill this manner diti France continue to root ont or to sport with every thing sacred. In u society so constituted, and held to'rt'lher by such feeble ties as this society was, crimes that de- grade human nature must have been dreadfully frequent. Ac- cordingly we find that these were so. A few of those in the curly part of the revolution we shall presently have occasion to iv;vicw; of the latter periods it may be sufficient to observe, that, according to the report of the Prefect of Police to the Grand Jiuin'o, the following was the situation of Paris for the year, end- iiv Sept. 22(1, ,lSO;i, viz. 490 men and 167 wonjen committed suicide; 81 men and 69 women were murdered, of these 55 mull and 52 women were tbreigners; GH divorcesj 155 uiur- ilerei'j executed; 1,210 persons condemned to the gallies, thains, &:c.; 1,626 persons to hard labour, and 64) marked witU hot irons; 12,076 public women f were registered; 1,552 kept • It appears that the moment the " CliHd and Chamjiion of Jacobinism" return- ed to them again, that tlwy hailed his approach as adeliverapcefroin the burdens of 8 religious life. " All the merchants, (said the ^loiiileur) rejoice that they are na ioiiger olligcil to ihut their shops on Sunday. Trade will no longer be shackled; aud the workman, who has no other day than this to make his little purchases, will no lodf^er be obliged to sacrijice a part of his time devoted to labour, for this pur- ji.i.c " — Moniti'iir, Paris, March L'3d, 1815 In ITa'J, it required tlic terrors of the j;iiillotine to compel the merchants to do w'^at, without compulsion, they rejoice to ]ferformin 1815. Giddy, thoughtless, peojle. In vain will Europe look for safety •r repose, while such sentiments direct the proceedings of France. f The French GovernmcBt, wh» drew money from every source, levied large 79i irtistresfics were noted down by the poTIcc; and 380 piil)li(, brolliels licensed bv tlie Prefecl. Amongst tlie criuiiniila vyi- cuted wore 7 lathers lor poi^oninj; their childr»'n; 10 busbaiui* iur murdering their wivea; 6 wives that had miirderetf their hus- bands; and, 15 children who had poisoned or otlierwise de- •troyed their parents. Drendful ns this catalonrue is, it is small in comparison to those of the years which preceded it; but so odious and atrocious were these Hsts, that even the profli^MU authorities to whom they were addressed endeavoured to pre- vent their reaching the eyes of the public. It is only necessary further to observe on the previous head, that this I'^l was inadt up in a city whose population was then but half the number of the present population of London ! I No wonder that a nation like this should commit, intcriialiy and externally, every crime of the deepest dye, moral or politi- eal. They had no tie to bind them to each other, except the bonds of a domineering ambition and unreflecting vanity — none that could knit iheni in the bonds of real friend>hip with r-tiic: nations. War and violenct; were the proper elements for siicli unprincipled beings; and it was only when driven back at the point of the sword that they could be compelled to abandon their odious pursuits. Few, after contemplating the preceding picture, which I conceive it unnecessary to lengthen ati I uiigiit easily have done, can be astonished at the tragical seines I am about to relate. A nation reduced to the situation I have de- scribed, certainly, without exaggeration, and governed as th:/ were by men with «« opiNroNS dark as Erebus," were fit fiu' any evil purpose. As they lost their religious principles they lost the feelings of humanity. The latter advanced as the for- mer were driven back; and scenes of blood and misery over- spread that unfortunate country, such as were altogether un- heard of, or unknown, till then, amongst mankind. That spirit of discontent and hatred against the government, fanned by factious demagogues and profligate and desperate ad- sums from these wretched creatures. Fouche made tlicm pay from .9s. to 10 guinea* each, monthly, according to their rank, beauty, or fashion; and the police uffiucn^ extoittd vast sums from them for their own use, and that of their moBten 733 voiifiu'CV!; — tliat spirit of evil aiul iiii/sfcn/ oftn/'r/iti/!/ so lonif die • rislii'd and so widely spread in rraiiec, at length hepaii to make its appearance. The ooinuls ot'lliiH work })rev(.nls ine Ironi enter- ing at fi;reat lengtli into the details ol ti)is period ol blood, and I must thereiore confine myself to u concise narrative ot' the most remarkable oi'tliesc event-*. As early as l'iations to be brought against the ♦ '*ueen, " what iHX'ds (said Julien) the llevolutionary Tribunal stand upon formalities; if it has no material proofs, it ought to deem .noral proofs or probtibilitics suiRcient ! !''* At the trial of the Brisso- tiiics, Brcchet recommended as the best, because the most ex- pcditii us mode oi' trying the accused, tiuit "after Brissot was coiulenined, the President of the Tribunal sliouki otdy ask, h Vcrgniaud, Ac^ convicted of having co-operated with him, Sic. &c. If the Jury says yes, tlie same judgment shall be passed on all."f in the early periods of the career of this infernal tribunal, Tinville Fouquier was the public accuser. He also perished in his turn. The acc^isations against him were, " of iiuving caused an innumerable multitude of citizeuo to perish un- der the lorms of law — of having ordered women with child to be executed — of having tried and condemned 30, 40, ninl even ()0 j^crsons al a (intr, and caused them to be executed within three hours — of having drawn out indictments iu such a con- i\i.scd manner, tuat the father has often been guillHincd Jor the son, aiut the sou fur the father — of Ijaving reiuscd to persons ac- cused a copy of the accusation against them — of having packed juries instead of clui^ing them by lot, &.c."| Such were the engines ;^mployed to administer justice, under the maiulates of Liberty and Equality; and su:;h the scorpions who scourged France and terriiicd Europe, Name and num- ber were the only tlemand of this infernal quoium. Sceiios of tlelibcrate destruction, became so common, that the multitude either beheld them with the most unieeling indifference, or joined in them with the most savage exultation. To such u iL'iigth had this bari)arous trait in the hun'an character arrived, jpi • Club of Corduliers, August 2!id, 1793. t Jacobin Chib, October -Uh, 1799. | May 8tb, I79j. 800 that David, the celebrated Painter*— DaVtd, a member of the national institute — Daviil, a mcniber of tlie Legion ot Moiiour, was accustomed to accompany the innocent victims of tyiiiniu' to the scaffold, wliere he employed himself in taking hketclics from the last agonies of expiring nature, in the murdered per- sons of his own countrymen. Yet, it is not a little remarkal)l(-, that this man and his works are mentioned even by English. men, as affording, in contemplating tliem, the most deligliti'ul sensations. Were the feelnigs of litnianity assisted by nic- mory, one would naturall" imagine, that hov;ever well execut- ed the woi k, that tl:t name of David, and his conduct on the scail'olds of expiring .inocence, would fdl the mind with horror, and tlnill the heart with anguish. — What a pity that this man was no* chosen by his master to accompany his armies, in or- der to take bkilches in Germany and Russia. There, where bh.stcd by the breath of the Almighty — where .scattered in thousands on llussian snows, '■'• food for dogs and crows ;'']— where, crushcil l)y the burning beams of the bridge, and fiii.t- ing ice at the Berezina — weeping like children round the gory • This monster was itic ardent admirer and particular friend of the infamous Ttarat. IIf, was dcpiitid l)y llie C."' invention to arrange the ceremony ci'the pulilic tunoial of Ilia deceased tVitnil. It was intended to hiy him cnt in state; biit said David to the Convention, " liutreliiction lias rendered the corps of Marat so iiil'ic- tious, that ii will be impossible to lay him out in state Only one half of his Inicy vill be prisenicd to view, covered with a wet sheet " Marat was eat up wtli the leprosy, the ccnsequentes of his abandoned lile. Such was the triend of David— congenial souls, no OouLt ' I have read (said David; the lives of the Aiistides, Cc.ii Catus, the I'aliricii, and the great nicu of antiquity; all I can do is to adniiie lliiii!, |)ut not to make their panegj ric. 1 am exacll;/ thus siluiited with regard to Maial : 1 liave seen liini---! have known him---/ '.cive conslanl/i/ admired /i/>H-"l'ostciit)- will be his judge." Convention, July 16tli, 1~93. i'es, it tvili judge him; and couple David's naiiie with his in this legion (if hvnoiir Charlotle la Cordo whoso iiurcpid arm freed the world from Marat, was immediately guiliolina! for tin deed. Her undaunted spirit struck even the Jtevolutiouary 'IVibunal with astoiiisli- xnent " I did not (said she to her judges) expect to ai)i;car before you; I always thought that 1 should he delivered up to the rage of the people, torn in pieces, and that my head, stuck on the lop of a pike, would have preceded Maiat on his stale- bed, to serve an u rallying point to rrenchmeu, if' I here sl/ll are any wurlhy of that name" f Very likely sone of those very men, the consequences of whose handy work he had coiv.euiplattd with such satisfaction, nt the guillotine, io 1703 and 1 79'i. 801 walli of Leipsic*— or where " a cry qfdismmj spread from rnnic to rank" at the Elbter, there mijirht he have seen the a^'oiiics ol' ex- piring niiture, amongst his countrymen, in colours such as would have appalled his callous heart, and far exceeded liis art to de- lineate. At this outrageous period, a look or a sigh of pity, expressed for the fate of the nearest relative, was instant ruin. On the fatal 10th of August and 2d September, 1792, even pity seems to have bee^ banished from what has hitherto been snp- posed, her last rtiuge on earth — from the female bosom. The refuse of Paris, some ofthem-, no doubt were; but they were wo- men, and far outdid the men in acts of violence and brutality. They tore to pieces, the bodies of the victims of their fury, and carried their bleeding limbs in triumph through the streets, as was done with the Princess Lamballe, whose bleeding head they mounted on a pike, and thrust into the window of the Queen's apartment, during that night of horror. Barbarity, from which the tygei would have turned with shame; indigni- ties which the most ferocious ape which traverses the wilds of Borneo would have shunned with disgust, and which mo- ilesty forbids us lo reveal, were heaped upon her dying body. The Swiss guards were massacred under circumstances the most horrid and atrocious; and many of the inhabitants of Pa- ris particularly the women, by way of triumph, carried their bloody clotiies on t'-e points of their lances, through the streets, 111 the midst of this carter of phrenzy and blood, these furies already mentioned broke open the Royal cellars, intoxicated ♦hemselvcii with the wines there deposited, and pourin<>- it from cups 'nlo the mouths of their slaughtered countrymen, exclaimed, with the fury of demons, " Here take your last drink, F drink to the nation ! .'" Every sense of justice — every feeling of humanity or sham.c, were at this moment obliierated from the minds and the hearts of that banditti, v/hich new controled and tyrannized over France. The want of these not oniy dictated the measures they pursued, with regard to their interna! concerns; but the opposite sentiments were boldly and openly avowed in their fionnexions v/ith other nations. Their fury was directed • Narrative, Battles at Leipsic. &0J- ij'vjiinst every nation \\lv:v wishfd to \villi,4;uitl dieir pfi.ki;. • , anil the now code ct' politics oriitiiiatliig iVom these; and it i)c':* its utmost strencrih and fi rccst anifcr aj^rainst i!ic lirjpy Coii- stitutioa of Great Britain, (hen tlireut. irjd by similar «;>inci- ples, and attacked by simihiV storms. •• 'ilicvc must he no mo.c King's in Europe," said D:inton; « one King would be sxll;. cient to endanger the .uvneval Liberty: and I rcn.,iie'-i, that a Committee nia.y be established, for llie })V: pose of y.cjmolhi^ i/iat trllt/i'' tyrants 'werecut in small pieces, and that a pie w^rt' madr oj'thm J xw'dd cat thcni Kith pleasure, although I do not lU.,: himan ■flesh:' \. Crueltv indeed, was tlie distinguishing attribuie of llic French government at this moment, and all those that it em- ployed in office were of the same stamp. Mercy was prescrib- ed in France. "And you sacred mountain" said the Mayor of Paris, " be the Sinai of the French; hurl the eternal tlumclcis of the will of the people, llolij mountain, become a Volcano, in which shall be consumed every heart that wishes the des- truction of Liberty. . Legislators, av^ajj -^ith pit^—amuj -Ailk mercy. If we do not anticipate our enemies, they will auiiti- ., pate us. Let us put between them and us the barrier of elcr- nitv."§ Paris at this moment was the centre of every criiii', mid the focus of every mischief. Never in the annals of niu;> - kind were any class of rational beings so completely brutali/ ed as its inhabitants wt re at this moment. Murda and bloo'l fccemed their only delight; and these they accomph by any means which cyr into their minds. From the ' - 'Cit to t!i'.' ■•i^ • Convention, S.pv. : .h, I79L'. A decree was publicly !■ >..C'l »:i iroycmber I'ui lowing, for that purpose. t Jatoliin Clul), April 9tli. 1703. J Do do. Dec. s;9rti, 1703. Tlir viomtcr spvl.c nx if n .'-id. § Speech of ilic IMoyor of Paris to lUu Convention, Sg^t ' - "JT, SOS lowest tank amongst them, all were equally savage and guilty. On til » 20th Jan. ITi)*, the commune of Paris, " denounced tbe milkmen of j'Uulterating the milk so much, that several children died in consequence of it." Paris, said Barrcre, " ne- ver contained so many niiscreanta and traitors, aa at this mo» ment. All the villains of Europe seem to have made it their rendtwous"* In the meantime, while such principles dictated their con- tiuct to foreign nations, the Revolutionary Tribunal continued its atrocious labours and bloody career with unceasing activit)'. All that was eminent for knowledge or abilities, throughout France, were singled out as victims to its prey, and leil beneath its odious judgments. When glutted, but not satiated, with the blood of innocence, its vengeance was turned against those which gave its fury birth. Friends and foes were sent, without distinction, to the guillotine. The party who commanded one faction to be guillotined to-day, were sent to the block to-mor-i row by another faction, again destined to perish in their turn; The system spread throughout France. Every town had its Revolutionary Tribunal assiduously employed, and glorying in the work of destruction. Their labours I shall have pre* sently occasion to mention, more in detail, as I enter apon the (scenes connected with the Provinces; but one thing it may be here necessary to mention, as illustrative of the true state of the administration of what was called justice in France, by this odious Tribunal. It took place at Marseilles, and is no doubt a faithful portrait of its conduct in other places. " Of 13 indi- viduals condemned to suffer death, one of them having heard his sentence, puHcd out a dagger, which he had concealed ia his sleeve, and rushing towards the President, cried out * Re- venge' Brutus did not appear in the least frightened, as EVERY JUDGE UPON THE 3ENCH kas two loaded jiistvls in his girdle, and a havga- by his side. The President having usually his pistols be/ore him vn the tablcy cocked them at the em aged cul- prit, who suffered himself to be intimidated. The /nan was then stiZed, and led off to execution. In his way, he broke * Convention, Marcli 30th, 1794.. 26 80« from his guards — threw himself into the sea, from whence Ik was taken and guillotined, the last of the 13.* Where, in the courts of justice or injustice, shall we find a parallel to this,? In Paris, however, this odious tribunal presented the widest scenes of destruction. In the short space of 18 months, pro^ vious to the death df Robespierre, from 2500 to 3000 peo- ple were guillotined in Paris alone. The monsters employed in these scenes had lost all feelings of mdn, nil regard for any thing here, or dread of a world hereafter. Danton, when brought in his turn, before the Revolutionary Tribunal, which he had so often supplied with victims, amused himself by pelt- ing his Judges with little balls. At Marseilles, when the popu- lar Tribunal of that place sentenced to death one Paulct, m- raignetl for having murdered 13 persons; so far was he from feeling any n-gret at his crimes, that he told them with the greatest unconcern, that they were wrong in their accusation iigainst him : " Your charge, said he, is false, I only killed nine oj ihem."f Camille Desmoulines, when questioned by the Revo- lutionary Tribunal about his age, said " T/iat he was Just as old as the Sans CuUotte, Jesus Christ, 33 i/eais.X The following is a list of those condemned and guillotined, for two months previous to the death of the tyrant Robespierre. In some 'lays it is the numbers condemned which is given, and who icre generally executed tiie same, or the following day; but in geno- rid, it is those who were actually guillotined, who are giveoj and the daily list are always fresh victims. PARIS, 1794. April 9th, i April 16tb, — i3tli, 27 And many other per- i — 19th, som of distinction. ; — :20th, Ht'bcrt editor of the j — SJiJd, Journiil i't'reDucUe^ne, } an utheiiit. and iVJa. J — 24th, daiTieUesinoulincs,who i — 27th, persionatcd the God- J dess of UeasoQ, were t amongst tliis aum- f — 29th, Iter. } May 3d, 18 1 'J And several otlicm. B 27 and many others of le$s note. 15 1 J and a prodigious num- ber of the inhabitants of Verdun. 45 15 * Marseilki, Jan. 28tb, 1794. t Paris, July 18th, 1793k | Paris, April 3d, 1795. May 5tli, 2r, — Tth, 31 — 8th, 31 — I'Jth, 33 — Hth, 14 - 17tli, 15 — 21st, 29 — 25d, 8 — a7th, !) _ 28th,'. '9th 17 _ .31 St, 18 June 2d, 13 _ 3d. 2(i — 4111, 20 — filh, 23 — 8th, 4 — 9th, 18 _ loth. 12 - Llth, 27 _ 12th, H - Hth, 41 It must be obser^ eluded the namt generally concluc this addition, *' s they could not la effigies represent] guillotined these, parrot, which hat unpardonable cri Man and beast w termed it, and up Feb. 1794, the T ing caused clover Such were the res of the consequen* FiMnce. In no i degree of civilizat witnessed, and i thoughtless pcxp] throughout the c standing, by stigm known as harbari baneful centre of 805 May 5tli, 2r, — Tth, 3-1 — Hth, 31 — I'Jth, .-.7 — Hth, J4 - 17th, IS — L'Ist, 29 — 2.1(1, 8 — 27th, <) _ 28th,'. 9th 1 7 _ .list, 18 June 2(1, 13 _ 3(1. 2() _ 'Ith, 20 — fith, L'.j — 8th, 4 — 9tli, 18 - lOtli. 12 — Llth, 27 - 12th, 8 - Nth, 41 JunelGth, 17tb, 113 — . 18th, 5r, — 24th, 50 (•ondemne(f. 54 accused. 48 mnny of these were — 25th, women f.;m 17 t(» 22 years ofage; ovcry day from 40 to 50 aro cut off. — 27th, 29 July .3il, 4th, 5th, 72 — 0th, 30 — 7th, 78 condemned, — 9th, 71 executed. -- loth. 41 condemned. ~ 22d. 44 — S.ld, HI — 25. 26, 2" ■til. 135 — 24lh many. — 28th, 71 llobuflljierre, &c. — 29th. 76" It must be observed, that, in the above numbers, are only in- cluded the names of persons nf rank. Eacli dnys butchery generally concluded, in the accounts by the Paris Journals, with this addition, " and a great number of inferior rank." When they could not lay their fangs on Royal blood, they dressed up effigies representing the different Sovereigns of Europe, and guillotined these. In La Vendee, one of the inhabitants had a parrot, which had been taught to cry Vive le Roi. This was an unpardonable crime. The parrot was caught and guillotined. Man and beast were led to that terrible national razor, as they termed it, and upon the most frivolous pretences. On the 12th Feb. 1794, the Marquis de Narbseuf was guillotined for hav- ing caused clover to be sown in his fields, in place of grain! ! Such were the results of /iie;7j/ r7//rf Equality: and such a few of the consequences of the New Light of Reason, spread over France. In no nation that could ever lay claim to tiie smallest degree oi' civilization, were such cruel and degrading scenes ever witnessed, and in none were they ever surpassed; yet that thoughtless po{,ple, after having carried blood and destruction tlu'oughout the civilized wt/ ' dare to insult the human under- standing, by stigmatizing ot.ei nations, whereno such scencswere. known as h.arbarians and sav.as ! () Paris 1 0uiltv Paris ! thou baneful centre of all that is odious and unjust; vengeance lowers '^'^^.M HOfi over thy haught" i. rn.u • Uie unless thy conduct in time lo come shall wi^^c away thy faults, the irresistible arm of un- erring justice '♦ will sweep thee with the besom of tlestruclion;'' and thy ruins form a terrible beacon to future generations, to shun thy baneful footsteps, that t'. y n-j •. .id thy awful fate. Bit lot us, for a moment, take a more detailed view of tht consequences of these horrible proceedings. In this 1 shall be as concise as possible, and follow the best authoiities. Undtr the Constituent Assembly, from June 17th, 1789, till 1st Oct. 1791j there perished by massacres.. %5iO persons, of whom I Aclve were women, and 2*? children. Under the Lc^^isiative assembly from the 1st Oct. 1791, till the iiOth Sept. 1792, there perished by massacres 8,044 persons, of whom 292 were priests. The principal part of the latter number fell during the bloody clays of the lOth August, and 2d Sept. These numbers un< ited, make 11,584 persons. As we advance, however, the scene becomes more bloody, nnd the pronpcct more gloomy. Untler the National Conven- tion, from the 20th Sept. 1792, till the end of 1795, there were guillotined throughout France, 18,613 persons, amongst wht^i were 360 nuns, 1467 wives nf mechanics, and U 3.5 priests. At Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, Bourdcaux, and Nant2,and at other places, this inlVrnal machine wj* kept constantly employed. One hundred, ai. even i,vo huntucd per day, was no uncom- mon prospect, to see thus butchered At Paris, as has already been noticed, two ppt?-"anent guilloiincs were employed, which, for many months running, frequentl} I'.ecapitated 300 weekly; yet the prisoners increased; and in June Ky*, they exceei'.ed 8000 in Paris alone. To take one life i\. a time was not suilicitnt. Ingenuity was stretched to jit ive in cruelly. " I can assure you," said Chaumette, " thi jrl en are employed to make guillotmes of .SO collars, to b^.cad tht- rebels in a more expedi- tious manner."* About the same time another propo lion was made to the Convention, to construct machines to strike ofi OQ .heads at once, in order to get clear of the prisoners. D'Qrlcuille * Chaumette, Cooventioo, June 7tb, 1708. 8»7 wb He he announced to the Convention tlie fx.ciition of 140 J^yonefie, proposed to dispatch 500 at one blow. " Jpiilnuifrd, find ordered to be inserted in the rSullctin."* In the sma)l town ot" Arras, the birth place of Robespierre, 27 persons were guillotined in one day.f Here they had a yuillotine which cut oft' 17 heads at once. In Strnsbonrg, and other towns, be- sides those in other places as afterwards more j)articularly nun- tioncd, there fell still greater numbers. But it was not only tluit life was taken unjustly, but the last moments of the victims of op- pression were embittered by the basefit insult and agonizing sus- pense. Lebon kept a man under the suspend' blade of the guil- lotine, while he read to the surrounding multitude some public news which lie had at that moment received.:}: When that mon- ster, Robespierre, at last fell beneath the axe of Justice, the po- pulace of Paris, whose idol he formerly was, " rushed upon his body, mutilated it v, ith a thousand slashes, and carried the bleeding lembers in triumph through the city."$ Lanau,thc de- puty, uas ' nounccd by the Conmiuneof Brienne, because "he exposed oh iie public scaffold, for 48 hours, the body of an old man, the fath* of 12 children, whose sentence of death he had unjustly protured."|l Bo, the deputy, averred, « that 12,000,000 of inhabitants wer ifficient for France, and that the rest ought to be guillotine '% Priory, the de[iuty, wrote to the Society of Sans Cullottes, at Nivres, in the following terms; " Brave and vigorous Satis Callottes; you were desirous to have with you a good b of a Representative. I will be shortly with you, along with my colleague Lug rand. In the mean time, you may destroy, burn, j llage, and guillotine, at no allotB- ance'\ It may be said, that these were the ravings of mad- men. Perhaps they were so; but still they were madmen who had method in their matlness, and who governed France — such men she obeyed and into her mind they instilled princi- ples which laid Europe waste. • Paris, Dec 19tb, 17a3. f M«T. 17th, 1794. \ Charles I. roix's accusation aguinst him, Contention, Au^. 2d. 1794. § Pi?!S, July Sath, 1794. H Cop.Ttntio!: Aisg. 8ths.".d 9th, 1795. f Convention, Aug. 3th and 5tii, 1795. « Convention, Aug. 8t}i uod 9tli, i 795. 808 To escape in these perilous times, was nlmost impossible; no niiiii was hiife, let his conduct be what it mij^lit. Amongst tlio luunbcrs denounce ns suspected persons, which step was the first stage on the journey to death, were the following persons.: *' Those who arc ever ready to report bail news, with a kind nl Hflected sorrow — those who have changed their conduct and liui- guage accordiHg to events — and those who have done nothing ci- ther for or against Ijberly," &c. Sic.* Of il)e summary and uii- juslifiable proceedings of those friends of Liberty, tlieir con- duct at liourdenux allbrds a striking example. " The miliiury conmiiasion proceeds in a Uevoiutionary manner; the hesuls of the conspirators fall on the scaffold; the suspected are shut up till peace shall be concluded; and the moderate, the indifl't'i- ent, and the egotist are punished by the jjursc. Lately, all the actors of the Grand Theatre, to the number ofG8, were arrested. It was a focus of Aristocracy; we have destroyed it. On the evening before the Theatre was surrounded, when tberc were upwards of 2000 persons in il; all suspected persons, who were re-united in great numbers, were imprisoned; the same night 200 capital merchants were arrested, and seals put upon their papers; and the military commission irili soon do thcmjus' tice. I'lie guillotine, and great fines, will purify the mer- chants, and will exterminate the monopolizers, and money- changers. Reason makes here a great progress, all the churches have been shut."f In consequence of the expulsion of the Brissotines, on the 31st May, 1793, and the capture of Lyons, there perished at that city and other places, 31,999 persons. The massacres at this city were dreadful. It felt the full vengeance of the Con- vention. On the 12th Oct. they decreed, that it should be de- stroyed, its name changed, and five Commissioners were ap- pointed, to try its inhabitants by military law. Amongst the number who perished during the siege, were 348 women in childbed, 184' died of fright, 45 by suicide, and many others in various ways, to escape the rage of their enemies. The following * Cbauinette fo Council General, Paris, Oct '3th, 1793. f Bourdeaux, Dec. iiOUi, 1793, i09 is a shoil'list of some mlirdcrs committcil in cold blood by th^ dt-piities of tlie Convention. D'Orfeuillc, {aplajjer) President of tlie Ilc'VoUitioiinry Tribunal, thus writes. « Every day tlie sword of justice striuk ofl'30 heads; and the two tribunals, al- ways ill a state of activity, liave already sent io the scaflbld more than 200 counter-revolutionists.* «« We wish," said Couthon, «« for a total destruction to this city. We hnvo al- ready destroyed it walls, and places of defence, as well as every monument which mi^rht tend to recal despotism to remem- brance. We have established a military commission, wliiclj every day, since we entered Lyons, has passed sentence on many guilty heaids; and we have formed a Revolutionary Tri- bunal for all criminal politicians— the municipality, and com- mittee of vigilance, are making out a list oi all the houses which belong to the rich, as well m t/ie propertij of f/wsc Gcnllcmtn, which we shall take good care of."f Very soon atler this, ano- ther person proceeds in relating the conduct of the Republican party at that place, as follows, viz. « Since Saturday, the tower de Pierre Seize has been demolished, and all the front of Belle Cour. The arrests continue, and multiply without end. There are already from 12,000 to 14,000, which we expect to see, every moment, murdered. The colleges serve .-is a supplement to the common prisons. Some of these prison- ers are shot daily, and their goods confiscated.":}: On the 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, and 11th Dec. 3$l persons were shot, and 21 guillotined.^ From the 13th to the 17th Dec. 1793, 995 per- sons were guillotined, and 300 shot ! || On the 4 days, endinj. the 22d. Jan. 1794, three hundred and twenty-nine person^ were guillotined, and 339 shot.H Feb. 1st. 1794, says an ac- count from that city, 62 persons were condemned. Two day^ after, they were shot in the great squa'e. The women and children employed themselves in stripping che 'lead, to divide I * Letter read in Convention, Her. 3d, 1793. t Letter to Convention, Oct. 16th, 1793. J Lyons, Oct. 29th, 1797. § Letter to the Convention, by Peltier, reiid Dec. 17tli. Ij raris, January 28th, 1794. 1 Letter to the Conyemion, dated Jan. 2ad. 1794. 810 their bloody rag«. On the -ttb, 5th, 6th,. 8th, 9th, 11th, anS 12th April, 88S persons were guillotined or shut.* Yet thesi wore trifling in comparison to what foUoweil; for in on- day 300 were guillotined, and 400 shot; while at anotlier time, Nov. ISlh, 1793, from 2 to 3000 were taken out lo the square of Belle Cour together, and destroyed by grape shot. " These Lyonese," said Peltier, " must be dis{jcr^. td into different parts of the Republic; and the population of the city, which now is 140,000, must be reduced to 25,000 nt the most."f Kousin, Commander in Chief of the Rcvolu- tionary army, wrote, " that his army entered Lyons on the 25th ultimo; and that from the 5th inst. 400 people were ei- ther o-uillotined, or shot to death; that a new Revolutionaiy Committee, presided by Parien, fearing lest the slowness of formal proceedings revived the hopes of the traitors, intend, within a few days, to destroy 4000 conspirators at once, by placing them at the mouth of the cannon. The Rhone, he adds, must roll their carcases along; while their flaming den* proclaim far around, the punishment reserved for them vsho dare to imitate lhem."| It would appear that this threat was fully put in execution. On the 18th December, 1793, a deputation from Lyons ap- peared at the bar of the Convention; and amongst the other horrors they related, proceeded thus: « The new Tribunal re- ceived orders to repair the prisons, to judge in one and the same moment the great number of prisoners with which they were crammed. That commission punctually fulfilled its ri- gorous orders: and no sooner had it pronounced sentence than the cannon arrived, and a thunder of case shot was discharged upon the condemned! Struck by the fatal fire, the victims of the laws fell in heaps upon each other; and, frequently but mutilated, they were only half killed by the first discharge. Those victims who had still breath left in them after that pun- * Official Account, sent to Commune of Paris, April 17tb, 1794. f Ptliler's letters, assistant Commissioner to tlie Convention, wad Dec. 17th, 1793. \ Rousin. to Convention, 5th Dec. J 793, Paris, Dec. 13tli, At Uiis sitting Hu- bert saiil. " tliat he looked upon Je»us Christ m« ti»e fjundor of popular societiee." 811 ishment, were dispatched with the sword or the musket. Eveo the pity of a weak and feehiig seK has been cons*»'ued into 4 crime: two women were dragged to the pillory for having im- plored mercy for their lathers, husbands, and children! All tears, all coramisseration, were rigorously forbidden. Nature has been forced to stifle her justest and most generous emo- tions, under pain of death. Four thousand heads are now de- voted to the same punishment, and will be struck off before the expiration of this day," This unhappy city also suffered most se- verely during the siege. It was taken on the 9th October, 1793, and previous to the 10th September, 500 bombs, apd 100,000 red hot balls, had been thrown into the place, besides what were thrown in from that period till its surrender. Many of its finest streets were laid in ruins. Collet de Herbois was onQ of those infamous commiss-ioners from the Convention, which covered it with ruin and mourning. This monster, along with the other members of the Committee of Public Safety, viz, Robespierre, Amar, David, Vadier, Carnot, ^c. kept a num- ber of witnesses, who went under the appellation of " the sheep^* and deponed against the prisoners for money,* All classes in Lyons felt the vengeance of these republican monsters. " We ough \ (said a deputy in a letter from Lyons to the Convention, June Tfh, ? 79+,) to come to a resolution respecting the con- demned wuiPen — we are quite stunned with their petitionsj they regret move the loss of their property than the loss of their husbands: they got fresh ones quite ready. Judge with what vermin they mean : poison the Republic if we do not reme- dy it." During these dreadful massacres what inhuman aiCtions must have been committed, and what scenes of agony and distress riust thousands hav.j suffered? It would far exceed my lir mits to detail many of these. I^et the following suffice as examples. Amongst the numb-r of those guillotined, was a Mens. Loyer, a [)crson of note. " His young, tender, nuti charming wifo accompanied him to the place of execution, and ^hcAp harangued the ^ohlicrs and the people with » couiage an4 0»yentlw, August 29th, n$i, 5 %■ 99 812 sensibility which moved every heart but that of a Jacobin. « It was I (she exclaimed,) who solicited, prompted my husband to take up arms. Death is all I ask of you; I alone am guilty - save him.' Saving this, she covered with her body that of her hnsbami, and 'batlred liim with her tears. But all in vain. The savage rlgictdes threw her down from the '.caffold, and murdered" her husband. Arrived at her house, she dcstroyea herself in a fit of despair. The wife of M. Sauve also destroy- ed herself in the Rhone, on the very same day her husband was executed."* " In one of these sanguinary scenes, 209 person were taken to the T'lace des Brotteaux. They were fir- ed upon with grape shot. About 15 were killed. Upon the rest, mangled in the most horrid manner, the republican sol- diers who"protected this cruel execution, rushed in the ut- most fury, and killed them with cutlasses, pikes, ami bayonets. During another exhibition of the same kind, on tlie place des Taremx, Madame Auriol, a young lady of 25 years of age, who came to solicit a pardon for her husband, one ot the ncli- est merchants in the town, was tied to one of the posts of the guillotine, and thus forced to see the execution of her husband, and of all the other citizens who suffered that day"\ In other places, similar scenes of agony ami horror took place. When the Revolationary Tribunal of Paris, « passed the sentence of death upon Lavignac, governor of Longwy, a woman rose, and exclaimed, ' we must have a king-yes, we must have onel This Tribunal, is only a tribunal of blood, and a thousands deaths would be preferable, to living in such a.i age of horror and barbarity.' This woman, was immediately seized by the sanguinary Sans Culottes and proved to be Lavig- nac's wife. She was drugged before another section ot ibe Ilc- volutiotiary Tribunal, and immediately tried-t Madame du Uarre, who was guillotined on the 9th Dec. 1793, had coun- terfeited pregnancy, to prolong her life. But the fatal moment at last arrived. From the prison to the place of execution, the executioner was obliged to support her. At the scallolil, the fainted, and was carried on it by two men. W hen upor • Lawsanuc, Novemljcr 2-lth, 1793, + Lausanne, Novembur, 'J-lth, 17;t-. J April -Ith, 1794. 813 the point of fastening her to the plank, she exerted all her strength and ran to the other side of the scaffuld. She wns soou brought back and tied. Her head was immediately struck ofil"* Cicile Renault, a beautiful young woman, who was ex- ecuted at the age of 20, for an alleged attempt to assassinate Robespierre, behaved with uncommon resolution. Her luther was executed along with her, as an accomplice; and all her re- lations, friends, and accjuaintances, were involveil in the same fate, on her account. Some of the victims of this Woody axe, met their fate with the most shocking indiflercnce. When Danton's party were executed, Vincent and lioiisin, looking at Genei'al Laumur, at the very moment when his head was be- neath the guillotine, said to Hebcrt, " Had it not beenjhr the unskillfnlness of that blockhead, 'uoc should have succctded."\ Dreadful, however, as were the bloody tragedies which were acted on the noble banks of the lllionc, they were still tiir out- done by the atrocities perpetrated on the desolated borders of the Loire. During the Proconsulship of Carriere, at Nantz, there perished 40,000 persons: of these, 264 women and 500 children were shot; 500 wojnen and 1500 children were drown- ed; 360 priests were shot, and 460 were drowned; 1 400 nobles were shot ^sr drowned; ^500 mechanics shared the same fate, and 8000 died in prison of the plague. Amongst all the tools of cruelty employed by the Convention, this man was certainly the worst. His conduct was a disgrace to human nature. The butcheries which he occasioned, and the cruelties which he committed, are altogether incredible, were they not estab- lished under his own hand, or from official authority. He boasted of stripping young men and young women naked, ty- ing them together in a situation which modesty forbids us to describe, and then of throwing them into the Loire, which hellish operation he called consuinii^iting a Republican marriage. Women, of all ranks, who refused to gratify his lust, were de- stroyed without mercy, and many also who did not. Drown- ing the royalists in hundreds was a daily and common occupa- tion, by cramming them iniu vi'S:,els and sinking some ia th'- * y-Axh, Dec. Iltli, 179'. t Paris, April 1st, 170^. Loire ntid some in the oceari. Amidst the plaudits of the Con- ven'ion, iJ.verre announced, thit at Nantz 58 refractory priests were shut up in a barge during the night, and sunk in the Loire."* This fell monster yet lives, and was employ- ed by Bonaparte to write political paragraphs in the Mon- iteur, having escaped tlifoughout the revolution. The num- ber of La Vendeans shot and guillotined at Mantz was in- credible. According to the accounts to the Convention,] on the S-tlh December, 179'}* the country people had brought in 500 royalists who had thrown away their arms and implored pardon. This xoas refused^ and they were all put to death- The same account adds, that more than 600 had been brought into Anconnis, 800 to Angers, and a great num- ber to S lumur, of wliom the representatives of the people would soon rid the earth, by ordering them to be thrown into the Loire* The killed in the late battles amounted to 30,000. *' Besides the guillotine, (said an account from Nantz inserted in the French c.Ticial paper,) the commission, ad hoc, dispatch- es' from 4 to JOO at a time, they shoot or drown them, and bury them 40 or 50 in a grave, which occasions such a stench that a plague is apprehended ."J •' During the trial of the 94 inhabitants of Nantz, who have been acquitted by the Revolu- tionary Tribunal, atrocities have come to light, at the bare mention of which humanity shudders. Eight hundred unfor- tunate persons were drowned at once near Nantz; and 1000 more, among whom were a number of children, were shot to death. Theif property was confiscated, and divided among the assassins."^ These bloody accounts, however, do not stop here. " Ii appears, (saic' the Paris Journals,) from the depo- sition of the 80 witness! s from Nantz, heard on the trial of the 14 n. embers of the Revolutionary Tribunal of that city, that there hnd perished, viz. By siiknesy and misery, iO,000 Drowned and shot, 30,000 40,000 '> Convention. Dec. 'JCtb, 1793. 4 Kunti, F«?b. J5iti, 1794. f Convention, t)cc. t'61li. 17f>* § Puris, Sej)t20th, 1791. 815 of which number from 4 to 500 were workhouse children, the oldest of which did not exceed M years of age. Fouquet boasted that he Imd dispatched 9000. Carriere caused six sis- ters to be butchered, without trial or counsel, the eldest only 16. This monster appeared publicly with u poinard in his hand, and tore the children from their mothers' breasts and murdered them.* Never were such a set of devils let loose among men. They were worse than the wildest bedlamites ever let loose from their chains. The following is a speci- men of their mode of communicating their bloody news. « Viclon/, damnation! — 1 am harassed, and sleep to-night at Nournioutier. All is taken — all is ours; Debee, Dubois, Tingry, D'liauterive, Mussey— all the chiefs of the rebels are under keys; and the national razor will put an end to the feast. Forty pieces of cannon; 30,000 pounds of pow- der; Debee in agony. I cannot say more, the post in a hur- ry."t On the 23d December, '273 royalists were shot, and next day 7 ladies were guillotined. On the 24th .July, 1794, 300 persons were guillotined. Around the whole country the same systcoi was continued. From Rochfort, Lcquinio thus writes the Convention. " Between 4 and 5000 banditti (royal- ists) taken prisoners, cram the prisons of Fontenay le Pcuple. When Charette threatened an attack, 1 gave orders that all the banditti prisoners shouM be shot, without any form of trial, as soon as the enemy shall make their appearance. A military committee is organized, as more expeditious than the Revolu- tionary Tribunal, to destroy all without mercy upon the first alarm. In La Vendee I wrote every where to take no more prisoners."! This was the same Lequinio who afterwards pub- lished a book, by orders of the gover.-.nent, detailing the hor- rors committed in La Vendee} and, certainly, none could de* gcribe so well as he could, the scenes in which he was so deeply concerned. This man, and Laignelot his asi;ociate, were after- wards brought to justice. They were accused of «' establishing • See accounts to Convention, Nov. 8th, 1 7.94, and Paris Journals at that time. t General Uiitry's letter to Carriers, dated, isle Marat, Jan. 3d. 179^. \ Lequinio'8 letter, nochfort. DcteniLer Hth, 1786. ,1 816 at Rochfort, H permanent guillotine, and the making innocent blood (low In large streams — making a foreigner executioner, when no one else would undertake the office— of ordering for ex- ecution an individual, by virtue of a law posterior to the crime with which he stood charged — of converting the scaffold of the guillotine into a tribune for haranguing the people — of having forced young persons to come forward and trample upon the gore of their murdered relations — of having assassinated, with his own hand, (Lequinio) a prisoner, amidst his companions, and cf insulting public morals by horrid obscenities."* Such were the wretches who scattered desolation over the beauliin: banks of the Loire. At Nantz, said an account transmitted to Paris, " The republicans guillotine all the royalists the mo- ment tht?y are taken. The butchery was such, tluit the blood ran in rivulets through the streets. So many had been guillo- tined, that it was necessary to inclose the spot with boards, and cover '.twith a layer of sand, in order to absorb the blood, anil prevent it from overflowing the square. "f The following interesting and authentic story, may serve to give the reader, once for all, an idea of the lawless and deplor- able scenes which took place in this part of France; of those private griefs and wrongs, which power and cruelty can inflict, but which no human power can alleviate, nor kindness heal. " SoussAY, widow Tarret stated, that she was 57 years of age, had been a prisoner 13 months; that she had lived on the revenue of her estates, which are situated on the rijjlit side o! the Loire, and three leagues from Nantz. On the 23. Oct. 1793, the armed force, composed of Macks and ixhitcs, among whom was Pinard, surrounded my house. They carried away all our family papers, between 4000 and 5000 livres in assignats, 21 Louis d'ors from one of my sisters-in-law, and one, together with some silver from me. When going away, they threatened us with a second visit on the following day; and really return- ed at two in the morning. Pinard was again with them — they were headed by a negro. This time, they made us all get up, ami descend to the hall, where we Mrere confined — the whole ol iiiss, concvivo til Convention, Aug. eth and 9tb, 179J. t Nunt/, -Ariil 29th, 1:Sj 81V (Mir effects were packed up, and loaded in 30 warjgons, which were waiting at the gates, the poultry being placed in one- of them. The waggons set off, and the wliole family were like- wise carried away; among these, were ray four sisters-in-law, c« reUgeuses, one of whom, upwards of 83 years of ago, had been robbed. One of my sisters-in-law, had saved from 700 to 800 livres; and having been informed, that it was intended to burn our house, she offered them to her guards, if they would prevent this conflagration : they appeared to agree to this con- dition, and accepted the money, bui the house was consumed. (Emotions of horror were expressed by the judges and audi- tors.) Pinard was present. After this, they placed us in a tumbril; there was a Cabriolet that belonged to us, but they forbade us to use it, and tied it behind the cart. Mi/ husband, 63 ijears of age, Jbllo-jL-ed on foot. We were then conducted .before the Revolutionary Commitee at Nantz. When we were there, the mulatto Lieutenant made the recital of his capture, and boasted of his moderation; since he said, his orders authorized 1dm to kill and burr . The Committee answered him, that he would have done right. My sisters-in law, and I, were conduct- ed to the Bon Pasteur, and my husband was taken to the Saintes Claires, the Eperronniere, and ultimately to the Sanitaire, where he died. Four others of my relations have also died; and she, who w^s 83 years old, and was stripped of every thing, outlived her imprisonment but three weelis. When we enter- ed the prison, we were informed, that we were to be fed on bread and water, and not to be allowed straw: Nevertheless on the representation of a nund more tenderly constructed, the latter was granted to us. I am ignorant as to what has been done with the furniture, cHects, anil plate, which were taken away. I have to atld, that, about 15 days prior to our arres- sition, Benare tame to put a mark upon our horses, and look- ing steadfastly at our house, he said to one of his companions, ' I have burnt handsomer ones than this/' * and if you have,' re- plied his friend, ' I do not think th:it such actions, have been amongst the best of your life.' We did not, continued the wit- ;!i.;v:, coiiciivc- that wc iiad iiietileu suiii tnutment. We had cheerfully submitted to all the taxes and re4ui8itions, which had 818 been imposed on us; and, having nothing to reproach ourselves with, we remained at onr homes, thinking to terminate our days, under the protection of tlie laws."* It is unnecessary to quote further references, to shew the nature of this system. Hundreds of thousands, not only of similar, but actions of deep- er atrocity, cruelty and guilt, were at this period perpetrated over France. Never was human nature so outraged and degraded as it was by the actions and conduct of that villain, Carriere : The following abstract of the accusations brought against him before the Con- vention, exhibits a picture of depravity which could hardly have been supposed to exist in the human heart. Yet, bad as this is, it is not all the wicked actions of which this man was guilty. His accusation ran thus: " of having, on the 27tb Frimairc, given Philips, President of the Criminal Tribunal at Nantz, a written order to execute immediately, without trial, 24 royal- ists, two of them only 13, and two only H years of age— of having on the 29th of the same month given a written ordiT to cause to be executed 27 rebels, among whom were 7 women.-. Of having authorized a military commission to shoot the coun- try people, part of whom had not taken up arms — of investiii" communes by night, and shooting the inhabitants, without dis- tinction, and without interrogatory — of having caused to be drowned or shot, a great number of rebels who had come to Nantz on the taith of an amnesty — of having made some rebel cavalry to suffer the same fate as the other prisoners, though they came to surrender, and ordered to give hostages that they were sent in the name of the whole army — of having ordered or connived at various drownings of men, women, and children, several of the xcomen being pregnant — of having given unlimited powers to one Labertye, who made use of them to drown priests and other persons, and for tying young men and women toge- ther and plunging them into the river, which was called a re- publican marriage."— -Lebattcaux, furnished with powers from him, did many arbitrary acts, and caused 8 individuals to be Apprehended and shot, though two of them produced certiti- * Aceouiu of Widow Turret, given to the Tribunal, instituted to inquire ;r.t» these enomnitie-s, taken frpna the Paris OflBcialJoura*), Ngv. 1794, 819 cates of civism— of havln,:T written to General H,ix.o on the 'J.'kl Frimaire, that it was the intontion of the Convention to cause all the inhabitants of La Vendee to be exterminated, and all the habitations of it fiwrw/. (In consequence of this, some commanders cansed a great number of communes of that coun- try, and also of the farm houses, to be burnt, and the inhabi- tants to be butchered, without distinction of age, or birth, pa- triots, or rebels)— of having ordered 80 refractory priests to be drowned, who should only have been transported— of having ordered several women to be thrown into the Loire, after hav- ing enjoyed them— of having in his drunken revels given as ii toast, « Iknse who have drank out of the large cup,' (meaning those who were drowned) and of having feasted in the same boat used for drowning the unfortunate victims— of havin'» given Norman, a convicted viihiin, u place of 8000 livres a yeai° as the price of a criminal connexiun witli his wife— of havino- written to General Haxo on the 18th December, « It is my plan, and the intent of the Convention, to strip that province (La Vendee,) of all corn, burn down all the houses, and des- troy all the inhabitants who have torn the republic by a civil war,"* &c. &c. In many of these charges he attempted to de- tend himself, by bringing forward the orders of the Conven- tion, particularly one, which said, « The banditti vf La Vendee must he exterminated before the end of October:' In fact, the Convention was, at that time, as bad as himself. He, how- ever, at last, met the flUc he justly deserved. The career of these monsters were in general short; but, unfortunately, for a long period, they were succeeded by others equally wicked iind atrocious as they themselves were. At Toulon, there peris4ied during the siege, and were drowned, &c. upon the evacuation of the place, 14.,325 persons, of whom 1265 women and children were drowned in the sea. The imniher miSssacred afterwards cannot be ascertained, but, be- srdes what was guillotined, it perhaps exceeded 3000. The fol- lowing authentic documents, while they confirm this, exhibit a picture of depravity and barbarity not exceeded in the annak * Convcntioii, Nov. 25th, 1705. 5 h £6 S'iO 1)1 Ilevolulioiiary I'rance. ♦' Let us be terrible, lliat we may not have to become weak and criicl," said Fouclie; *' let us, in our wrath, annihilate, by one blow, all the rebels, all the coi> spirators, all the traitors, in order to spare us the grief, tiu' lasting pain to punish them as Kings. Let us exercise justice us nature does; let us take revenge as u people; let us strike with the might of thutuler; and let even the ashes of our ene- mies vanish from the earth. Let the treacherous and .'''jrocious Britons be assaulteil from every side; let the whole republic form but one volcano, launching upon them its devouring lava, and the inlamous island which produced these monsters, be swallowed up by the surrounding seas. Farewell, dear friend' tears of joy are trickling dawn mij c/ieeh, and inundate w,) soitl. The Courier is setting off; the next shall bring another letter from me. P. S. We have oidy one way to celebrate this victory; 213 rebels shail be shot this evening."* " The blood of traitors, (said the same monster on another oc- casion) ought t/; Katten the soil of liberty, and to establish it:- power upon « oii,' basis/'f On the 20th December, 1793, Ro- bespierre, I i . >., Salicetti, and J. Barras, wrote the Convention from Toulon; * Hie national vengeance is begun, we are shoot- ting criminals in numbers, ylll the ofRcers of the marine arc already exterminated. The Republic shall be avenged in a manner worthy of it," &c. It was confidently stated that at the time when this unfortunate city was taken, 400 demo- rrates went out of the place to meet their new friends, hut these were so exasperated against every one in the place, that they refused to receive them, and immediately butchered the whole, cut off the ears of several of them, and placed these in their hats as cockades, and thus entered the city in tri- umph. This account, which in any other nation, or at any other period, would seem altogether incredible, ceases to be so when we consider the bloody tragedies at this time act- ed in France. On the 26th December, 1793, th« deputy Freron thus writes the Convention, " Lvcry thing goes on * I'ouche's letter from Toulon, to CoUot do Herbois. f Jacobin Clu{», PariiJ, August, 1T04. 821 charmingly here. Wc have 1200 masons of the surroumf- ing departments, to demolish and raze the town to its founda- tion. Every day since our entrance we have cut off 200 heads." On the 5th January, 1794', he again wrote thus, «« 800 Tou- lonese have already been shot."* Lsnard, in his reply to, and accusation against, this monster, said, «« When I asked who it was that covered the country with universal mourning, with millions of widows and orphans? They said it was Freron. Freron (he proceeds) comes within our walls (Toulon.) li publishes a proclamation, commanding all good citizens to re- pair to the Champ de Mars, under pain of death. I was a good citizen, and so was my son. We went to the Champ de Mars. Three thousand citizens went there along with us. Freron assembled us for the purpose of being massacred. This Sardanapalus was on horseback, surrounded with artillery, with troops, and with a hundred constrained votaries of their God, Marat. Freron said to these butchers, " enter the crowd, set aside all whom you think proper, and arrange them along the wall. These cannibals rushed in among the ranks, and selected their victims as chance, caprice, and passion dictated; one seiz- es his enemy, another his rival; this man his creditor, and that the husband of the woman mth rvhom he lived in adtdteri/; all fix- ed UPON THOSE WHOM THEY BELIEVED TO BE RICH They tear me from the arms of my son. They drag me amid 200 vic- tims. Freron gives the signal, the guns on all quarters are fir- ed; the work of death is consummated ! ! The earth is drenched with blood: the air resounds with cries of despair. The wound- ed and dying faU together and roll upon one another in heaps. All on a sudden, by order of the tyrant, a voice proclaims^ ' Let them all who are not lead rise up.' The wounded think that he wished to succour them; they rise; they are fired upon anew; aTuI, in a short time, the sword begins to glean all that the fire had spared. 1 was only wounded. I lay motion- Itss lik6 a carcase; they left me for dead. It was now twilight * Tlic'se njonstcrs, while fhcy acted thus, had the most savage antipathy against tht'ir companions in ;;iiiit. " 1 demand," said Froron in the Convention, August Jd, 1791, thiit rouijiiitr 'I'invilli', may be scut to crpiotc iK /((■//, the torrents of Wood, fvhiililieliathshcil." flauilt't-, and inmicfHutuly DECUEED. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 7 c^: ¥^"9 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ? ^'.. U.x \> ^. ^ <> o-^^. 6^ 82'i and the sliadcii of night vellerl this horrid inns?acrc. Then somff men, what do I i:iy? .Some harpies the Ibrorimnors of the ra- vens, and more rapacioiis siili than they, run to plunder the dead; they strip them from head to foot. 1 was, amont4 « I wiU p,^«e(6aid Gen Uamcamp) that old men were imasaered in their beds, th«tial fanls were murdered at Uicir loother's breasts, and that pw^nant women were guillotined. The praciice of drownteg waenoTcon. fined to Nant?; n extendetl 30 leagues up the Loire."§ '« The works of Lequwa, «p<,„ the war in La Vendee, have compjetelv opened the eyes of ihepublic. Facts are mentioned in LequL's report that make the blood c.rdle. and would be thoughtTn! ..edible, ifthe prqceedrng, at Nanlz had not demonstrated the l>oss.baity. A n,i.erabk ^.ip carpenter, avowed before the re- volutionaiy tribunal, that he had been paid 2D0livres for sink, nig three vessels, full of these devoted people: the first of ^n .a.v.duals of all age. the second 400^ Ld ZXl Z •Maay of tbe«e vieti.ns who had been freed from their irons, were ecu (liru^tmg their hands. and arms through the planks of the • Tal!ienac.c««.^gDul.aiw. Convcntiop, October. 22d, 1794 t Accusation pgaiost Carrier, Convention, September 29th. 1794. t Conveatioo, Sept 26Uj, 1794. 5 General Dmcan^p's Letter to Convention, October 2e brutality of the mon- ster.* In the dreadful conflicts which took place afterwards, in which the savagecommissioners of the Convention, leagued them- selves with the negroes, against the whites, the mott horrible cruelties were committed. In one house, 300 persons were shut up, and burnt by the negroes, and the party attached to the Commissioner, Santhonax.f Monsters such as these, scarcely deserved mercy; and none was shewn unto them. One of the mulatto leaders was taken : him, the victors placed on an elevatetl seat in a cart, and secur- ed him in it, by driving large spiked nails through his feet into the boards. In this condition he was led a miserable spectacle through the city. His bones were afterwards broken, and lie was then thrown alive into the flames! But these horrid scenes did not terminate at this period. They were continued, after the extermination of the whites, amongst the mulattoes, and blacks themselves for many years! The formidable expedition from France in 1802, united them for the moment, when the war of extermination between the Blacks and the French again began. No language can de- scribe these horrid scenes of cruelty, in which the French were not behind with their savage adversaries. «« I have now « been several weeks here, (said a person, in a letter from Port- " au-Prince, dated October 19f? 1802.) and witnessed scenes of "the most deplorable calamir . The French lately began a « war of extermination. I have seen 3 or 400 blacks, whom "the fortune of war had thrown into the hands of the French, "put on board an old crazy vessel, ordered out to sea, an(l "after having been scuttled, sunk; when all the miserable " wretches were consigned to the bottom. One of Touissant\ " field officers was destroyed in this manner. The French troops " employed in this service think nothing of it." The number that were destroyed in this manner, was very great— accordino .5oe Speech to the NaUonal A»embly, Nov. aJ, 1791. by the d.putie, fn-r pfc Uotiuago, f Convention, Oet. Htl), I7p3. b3'J lo the oflicial account of the Empevor of Hayti, dated Sept. 18th, ISl*. the number cut offby the cruelty of the French was <5000, independent of those who fell in the field of battle. The following horrible conduct of General Boyer, wlien in St. Do- mingo, is related l)y persons of veracity from that place. '< He had invited the Commander-in>chicf, Le Clerc, to a dinner party. Amongst the dishes prepared, was one of turtle soup, which it was found, the cook, a black man, had spoiled. The unfortunate man was immediately ordered out into the yard- every avenue was barred, dnd a hungry blood hound let loose up- on him. The animal had been accustomed to receive food from the hand of this negro, and refused to touch him, till a stick was put into his hands, and he was forced to beat the blood- ImuiiJ, who immediately tore Itira to pieces!" But it wns not against the blacks alone, that French fury wns directed, but aUo againsi their own countrymen, who differed with them in political opi- nions. *• The cruelty of SanthonuK and Polverei, two deputies pent by the Convention to St. Domingo," said Verneuill " was liorriblc. The wife of La Coste, to escape their barbarity, al- ter seeing her husband murdered, threw her eldest chikl into the sen, and seizing the other, plunged with it into the water herself, and was drowned."* Such was the fatal effects of the uiflammotory harangues oi the Society, called " Amis des Noirs" at Paris, amongst wliith was that monster of iniquity, Robespierre. Thi-ir frantic con- duct and decrees, destroyed the finest colony in the world, and entailed indescribable misery and wo on thousands.f Thai these things are not exaggerated, 1 am well aware, from ni) own personal knowledge of the tragic scenes perpetrated in other islands in the West Indies. St. Domingo has continucJ till this day, a set ie of butchery and horror; a scourge to her- self, and terror to her neighbours; and under the blasting sway of a ferocious despot. That such scones should be contem- ♦ Convention, August 22cl, 1794. } fn the Council of 500, November lOth, noG, Bourdon of the Oisc sfate(!. and 1807, which reduced Prussia to a French province, are fresh in the recollection of all. The battles of Jena, Lubeck, the siege of Dantzic, the bloody battles of Pultusk, Mochringcn, and the horrible carnage at Eyluu and Friedland, can never be forgotten. In the battle of Eyluu a^ ? TariE, September 4tb, 1759. In consequence of th 643 one, 42,000 French and 20,000 Russians covered the l)'oody field; nnd Friedland was, perhaps, equally as bloody. These years, by famine, sickness, and the sword, cost France at least 180,000 men, and Prussia and Russia 150,000. 'J'hc campaign of 1809 was also most destructive and san- guinary. The desperate resistance made by the brave Tyrol- cse, ihvoured by the impervious nature of their country, is well known. The havoc they made amongst their enemies, with triHing loss on their parts, was prodigious. It cost France a- bout 70,000 men to subdue them. Deserted by Austria, the miseries this brave people suffered were such as harrow up the feelings of the soul, and which will hand down the name of Fiance and her Tyrant, with execration, to the latest posterity Forty-one towns and villages, containing 7000 houses, were burnt by the French and Bavarians. In this retreat, early that year, they burnt and plundered the town of Nauders, Molo, and Schluderno. They took away the sacred vessels from the churches, and burnt all the pictures. Women who had taken refuge in stables were burnt in them, together with the cattle. At Schwatbz, 1200 people, mostly women and children, perished in the flames. A party of children coming from school were driven into a barn by the soldiers, and there burnt alive. All Tyrolese and Voralbergers taken in arms had their tongues torn out. Old men were hung up as marks for the mjisqiictcers, children sabred, impaled on the bayonet, and borne about in mockery; pregnant women were ripped up, their breasts cut off, and their embryos were crammed dcron their throats to put an end to the shrieks and moanings of the wretched victims.* Betwixt the regular armies, the carnage • Terrible as is this picture, it will cease to excite our astonishment, when we,* coll«ct who was the inuncdiate instrument of tbe tyrant's vengeance. It was Lefebr^ Ml.e uifanjous Lefcbre, who, in 1794, wrote the following order: Liberty, Indivisibility, Equality. " Pierre Mace, Captain of tl>. ve^ol Le Destin, is ordered to land the fen,ak na,«ed Jeanne Biclet, the wife of Jean Pirand. The remaining persons to be con-' - '- '•' "«> of^positt; io Pierre Bioine, and there tlirown iota Ui« s«a, as rebels to the law. This having done he is to retui n to his post. (Signed) LEFEBRE, Adjutant-General.- In consenuence of this order, at seven in i. , , ning gf the 23d February, 176% 5 Q 2: 844. wns also peat. The battle of Aspenie is well kiiosvn. On that fatal ilay, '22,000 Austrians anil 4G,000 Frenchmen were killed ami wouncletl, and b^'sides these many of the latter were drowned in the Dunnbe. The battle of \Van and women, belonging to St. Vincente, Molins del Rey, and Pal- ige, who were peaceably cultivating the fields, met with a simi- lar fate. They, at the same time, violated all the virgins they • Rio Seco, 14th JiOy, 18O8, from a British officer whp fought under Blake «t th* battle near that place. , Sib mil lOtlating in this mniiiicr their hrulal uppLtiu's"* Spnin, for years, niuJ from ono ond to tiiu other, exhibited scenes ol'o cimilar nature. Fearful as has been the waste of human life in the periods we have related, these sink into inkignificancc when compared to the bloody tragedies we have yet to record. Can tJio events of 1H12 ever be forgotten? 'i'he measure of the inicpiity of ilie tyrant nnd his followers was now become full; and the arm of uncrringjustico was prepared to pour out the vials of indigmitiin upon their devoted heads. The South of Europe, in t« ( ; array, under the banners of the most unfeeling tyranny, was led without any cause of complaint, and with a violence apparently irresistible, against the mighty Russian Empire. The world bt- held the contest with terror and alarm. The firmness of Alex- ander—the bravery of his jieople at last tiiumphed. Tiicir courage struck the weapon frotn the aggressor's arm— the breath of the Almighty withered his strength; and the cnm- paign against Huf«ia will be handed down to the latest poster- ity, not only pre- ainently remarkable for its consequences, but for the destruction and ruin it brought amongst men. Wlioic provinces were laid waste with fire and sword. Moscow was re- duced to a heap of ruing, and millions were driven abroad without clothing or fooil. The slaugJjter was terrible, Around the bloody walls of Polotsk 32,000 met their fate. On the ruins of Smolcnsko 30,000 fell, On the carnage covered fields of Borodi- no 100,000 brave men were laid low. At Malpyaroslavit/, Vias- ma and Krasnoi, thousands on thousands were immolated. In the waves, and round the fatal banks of ' 1 o Berezina, nrmies were swept oway. B\t the fate of these wfs fuv." ibk, Nc lan- guage can depict the misery and w , *., ^t^ which per- ished from Moscow to the Niemen, where the <« living o,. the approach of the French army, hml Hcd into their cellars, were <,nickly driven from their a.yluniH by U.e pr«extinffui.sh«ble, and wh,. terrible be- vonu i.l! description. Each en■ ^'^ '«-* young females, '^ho Jed to their weepin, mothers for vroter'ion an, .hose rne^ctual efforts to escape] tended onh/t ' ila,n^2 m.n of their violators:' But .by should I puri t.. Jourt 848 fill subject; no language can describe half its horrors. TIiow horrors and those tears are registered in Heaven. The angels of destruction points to the source of them all — to Paris, and says • remember Mosco'o.^ This fatal year cost France and her allies 420,000 men, and Russia 170,000, besides prisoners on both sides; and the destruction amongst the defenceless inhabitants. In Spain also, the contest was destructive. The walls of Ciu- dad Rodrigo and Badajos were scaled through carnage and death, and the laurels of Salamanca were deeply dyed in hu- man blood. Equally terrible were the events of 1813. The population of Europe, equally balanced, met each other in arms. From the centre of Asia to the pillars of Hercules, the voice of the trumpet called the combatants to battle. The struggle was terrible — the stake immense — Europe fought for freedom and independence — the tyrant for his dominion and for his throne. Justice triumphed most signally. The palm of victory enriched the brow of patriotism, but how deeply was it dyed in blood? 60,000 were killed and wounded at Lutzen and Bautzen. Round the trembling walls of Dresden 25,000 fell. From the Katzbach to the Bober 30,000 were cut ofF. On the bloody plains of Dennevitz 20,000 were destroyed. Culm and other places were the graves of thousands. One hundred and thirty thousand covered the desolated environs of Leipsic, while the Waves of the Partha, Pliesse and Elster, were swelled with tor- rents of bloods. Hanau saw 25,000 perish; and the banks ol' the Izonzo, Tagliamento, and the Adige, were covered with thousands of slain. In Spain, also, the contest was equally se- vere. On the plains of Vittoria 15,000 fell. Amidst the Py- renees at least 30,000 were destroyed; and the walls of St. Se- bastian, with the bloody banks of the Bidassoaand Nive, swell with thousands more this volume of blood. In killed and wounded alone, this campaign cost France 400,000 men; and the other nations of Europe 200,000; besides prisoners innu-. merable taken fiom the former power. Thus, in 18 months, about 1,200 000 iTcn, the flower of the youth of Europe, have perished by famine, sickness, and the sword; the terrible et- fects of the ambition of one individual. Although less bloody, the year 181* was productive gf S4» .l,e moil i„lcr«li„s events. Tho 2d of April, I S14, will for,,. «. ofAo „,os. conspicuous and beneficial epochs n loZ „«lsofh,s,ory U is a day doubly dear un.o BriJ, Q,. A t f*" • T- "' Copenhagen, ,he arm oHh ir i^ «r al Jvelson crushed .he Confederacy which threat ed Z atstenee; and a return of Iha, day in isu, saw her bitter « ene„y overthrow„-saw the '' sac.-e,l ..U»,,* ,„I tei" the iau„M cou,u„f invaded, and feeling, „„1, j^''^ .hare ot those woes and miseries which its rulers had ^ f' .njustly inflicted upon other nations. Euro, i'" LT, '!"« ..ddened w,th the cruel wrongs she had long sufll-reraiv"^ c«l w,th a determined step to the combat. The tide of fc orv .h ch iiowed from the lines of Torres Vedras and the g^r Z banks of the Moskwa, advanced with accumulating fofce Id accelerated speed along the streams of the Seine a,:i Garon e ce. The ensangumed environs of Montmirail, Chateau rhtery, Na„g,s, and Monterean, enlivened his I ope^ bu" naveiler, only led him on to more fatal dcstrnciinn 'I'l -ordofBlneher, on the bloody plains of ^ „, dJa'ted ht «,ost strength At Arcis sur-Aube he met th^ tl^^t mce. 1 he wisdom ol h,s Ibe., with the rapidity of li,,htnin„ f„gZ „„, , Jj^^'l . le the blood ol the millions which he has shed, ye.lall a load lor vengeance upon his head. In the So,„l, ,l •as short but severe. The plains of (^,l,e ""'°'" -age, and the environs ofZul"!' :;:■ l^r tl- :rw::' r";?;^.^^''" "-' ""V.-fectiy'-rmcd ,. -y ^*^^'^ o'^-ii' lo the losses in these h-AttU. , ;:onoti:,r:\rt;;n!er;:;^^^^^^^^ ■ranee at least ..0,,«0 men, and the allies . 0,00(1 ' " ""' SaO In this grand contest, Great Britain has also prol'iiscl}' bloJ; but her blood has not been shed in vain. She has been the sheet anchor of the world. Nor has her triumphs cost justice a sigh, or honour a tear. Where is the country that docs not at- test her prowess — the spot that does not add a wreath lo her fonie? Amonost the thousands ol'heroes whose names will live to future ages the name ol' Wellington will be pronounced with respect and gratitude by millions delivered from oppres- sion; and the name ot" Nelson be remembered witii entliusiasiu and admij-ation, while Aboukir, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar adorn the page of history, and the billows, over which h? s© long rode triumphant, shall continue to roll. The total loss sustained by Great Britain, I estiiuatc in the following manner. From 1793 to IbOO, the loss in her army, from killed, or who died in consequence of their wounds, was 48,791 men— in 1801 we shall suppose 2000— from 1802 to November 1812, the loss in killed, or who died in consequence of their wounds, was 86,405 British, and 14,697 foreign and provincial. Allowing the loss in 1813 to have been equal to that of 1812, about 15,0C0, which makes the loss for the last '22 years 167,000, During the above period, 133,000 have been discharged on account of wounds and other inlirmities, which gives 800,000 for the waste in the army, or nearly 15,000 annually. We can scarcely take less than 7000 as the waste in the navy by similar causes, which, for 21 years of war, makes 147)000 men. We certainly do not exceed the truth if we estimate the l-Vench loss, as opposed to Great Britain, at one half more, which makes a loss to France of 673,000. I know of no instance, at least very few, where the enemy's loss, when opposed to British forces, was not double; and, in our naval combats in particular, the loss was perhaps ten to one. 'J'he preceding accounts of the losses of the British army arc taken from the official returns as published at the Adjutant- general's office for the respective periods mentioned. The waste among the inolTensive inhabitants of Europe, from the wide extended calamilitsof war throughout the whole of it and in its most hideous and destructive forms, is beyond calculation and impossible to determine. The disease and mi- 851 scry the French armies introduced into so many garrisons, towns and provinces, during the last two years, is almost in- credible In all the towns of Russian and Prussian Poland, it was dreadful. Dantzic. Modlin, Hamburgh, Torgau, Leipsic. Mentz, &c were perfect graves for the garrisons and inhabi- tants In the latter place and its environs, it is calculated that 2.,000 persons fell victims to contagious distempers; and ia lorgau, the contagion was so great, that when the place surrendered, they durst not introduce fresh troops into it. Saxony, so long the abode of the French armies, Franconia, &c. the road of their disastrous retreat, have had thousands upon thousands of their inhabitants swept away. The loss unius manner throughout Europe for the last 23 years, I cer- tmnly uo not over estimate at 300,000 men. Portugal, during the last six years, by the French invasion, and of her troops since, cannot have lost less than 60,000, in- cludmg the inhabitants destroyed by assassination, sickness and the sword. France as opposed to them, may have lost 40,000 men. The cruelties committed in this country, by the French troops, were unequalled, even in their atrocious conduct in other countries. The fidelity of the Portuguese, to their country and their sovereign, so far from obtaining respect, only called forth the deeper vengeance, from these destructive furies, employed by France m the work of ambition. Whole districts were laid waste by fire and sword, the inhabitants who did not fly, mur- dered, and their properties, and dwellings destroyed-" I am concerned." said Lord Wellington. « to state, that the conduct ot the French, throughout their retreat, has been marked by a, barbarity seldom equalled, and never surpassed."* 'i'he towns of Torres Novas, and Thomar, were plundered, and beat down. The beautiful town of Lcyria, and the Convent of Alcobaco, wore burnt. « by orders from the French head quarters.'^^ The enemy d.gged out the bodies of the Portuguese Kings, and de- nroyed their tombs. I., one house, an old man and his wife were murdered, and their heads and fingers cut off; and by them, lay their grandson, with his throat cut. The nuns were • Wellington's dispatches, 1811, 6 P fDo. do. 27 8- violated by wliole troqis of barbarians— to bear the resemblance of a female was to be tortured— to be an infant, to be a sacri- fice. Eleven uuns^ with two priests, endeavouring to escape from Villa Franca were taken— the priests were shot, und the nuns violated by succe8«ivc liamls of thew; Gaibc banditti, till disease made tk-ir njiscnible victims, loathsome to them. When sent to the Bi-itish ju-ruy by a flaj? of trtiee, the sight is described as shocking beyoiul all description. From one hovel, was with- drawn, tlic tutlior, mother, son, anen cut tlie throat of another like a pirocctdi)igs towards them" Edin. Kcvicw, No. ST. ing severity; o 8j3 their barbarities. But the hour of Uieir punrsluncnt drew nigh. Divine Vengeance, which they had so long provoked, was preparing for the guilty lips of the authors of all this, thJ bitter chalice of severe retribution. On tlic banks of the Dwina, and the Berezina, it was pl-.ced in their hands, by the arm of the Most High— there they wrung out, amidst anguish unutterable, the bitterest dregs of His anger and their (niilt. The war between Russia and Turkey, which ended in 1812. was very bloody j and I am certain, I do not go beyond the truth, when I state the Russian loss at 40,000, and the Tur- kish loss at 60,000 men. For many years, the Turks and Ser- vians have carried on a bloody and destructive warthre, and the loss, which is perhaps nearly equal, may be estimated at 50,000 men to each p^rty. This htter contest, however, can scarcely be said to have sprung from the French Revolution. That, however, between Russia and Sweden, was corrfesscd- ly of French manufacture. The loss was liowever, not very severe, but might be near 20,000 men on eacii side. The con- test between Britain and Denmark, is included in the British and other losses. The war kindled by French intrigue, betwcea Britaiu and the United States of America, has, perhaps, cost the latter 55,000 men. The Revolution in South America, has also sprung from, French wickedness and ambition; throughout two-thirds of the American Contin'..it tin flames of civil war rage with unrelent- ing severity; of the operations in these i-egions, we liave but an imperfect account. All we know is, that jt is attended with much bloodshed; while the convulsed and distracted state of tlic different provinces is the means of the introduction and spreading of cor tagious disorders, which, in these ch mates, are most destructive to tlie human race. During a short period, previous to the latter end of October 1813, a contagious disor- der swept away l-7th (27,000) of the inhabitants of Mexico, 400 dying in one day. If we estimi.tc the loss throughout Spanish America, by sickness and the sword, at 130,000, we certainly do not exaggerate. The calculation in the subjoined Table for the numbers wlioi 83i would have died a natural death, during the period mentioned, had there been no war, is allowing one sixth for Great Britain, &c. and for France only one-seventh; because the principal part of her levies were composed of young men, from 17 to 25 years of age; whereas, those of the other nations, are generally from 25 to 40 years of age. The number deducted from the French losses, and added to the others, is, on account of the numbers belonging to other nations, who fought and fell under her banners. That the numbers are nearly correct, is obvious from the number which France has called out to arms during the last 22 j-ears. The mode of doing so, was by the galling yoke of con- scription. Of the nature and extent of this tremendous engine, it may be necessary to say a few words, as its magnitude is not generally known. It has proved a weapon, which, like the pro- jected lever of Archimedes, has moved, and almost overturned the political and moral world. By the decrees of the Convention, Feb. 22d. and August 23d, 1793, every unmarried man, from the age of 17 to 42, was declared a soldier, if required. This law, has since been confirmed in a stricter manner, under the most dreadful penal- ties, and includes all from 16 to 43 years of age. These are divided into three classes. The first class is from 16 to 25 the second class from 25 to 35— and the third, from 35 to 45 years of age. The numbers in the first class in 1793, were 3,700,000, and at that time, France had obtained no accession of territory. The total numbers liable to serve, and under 45 was about six millions. The average births for five years, end- ing Oct. 1792, in France, were 928,916, of which, 479,649 were boys, and 449,269 girls. As one half, however, die under 37 years of age, the number that would remain for the annual conscription, woi^ld be 240,000. By the usual mode of com- putation, the number of inhabitants in France at that time, would be 25,000,000. From the annexation of Belgium, Savoy, and other places in It.,ly, &c. forming an additional population of 10 or 12 millions, this tremendous engine, was proportionally augmented in Strength. Before the annexation of Holland and the coun- tries from the Rliine to tlic Elbe, accorOing to tlio report oF the Conservative Senate, Oct. 3d, 1809, it stood tli us, viz. 15 months, ending I80C,««'m« For 1807,-. 181 0|^^^^%%«««^%%%%«^%^ 423,000 3.12,000 361,000 362,a)0 362,000 Or an yearly blood treasure of 360,000 men; and, it mu?t be observed, that this only includes Old France, and the coun- tries incorporated with her territory, and did not at that time include Holland with the countries to the Elbe, nor at any time Italy, Switzerland, the Iliyrian provinces, and the whole Confederation of the Rhine. The above number of 360,000 by the usual computation, gives about 40,000,000 as the p'opul iation of France, under her most extended sway. Such was the French Conscription, wielded by Bonaparte as he pleased. The numbers stated in the following table, as called out by France, are, where the date is particularly specified, from the official decree for the levy. The others, viz. Italy, &c. are in the same proportion to France, according to the population; and the Rhenish Confederation are according to the nnmbers settled by treaty. Those for Prussia, Austria and Denmark, are from the same source; and those for the navy are estimated according to what was, and has been the strength of thenaviei of the different States when leagued with France. The numbers called out from 1800 until 1805, I have found most difficult to ascertain from the documents within my reach. All we know is, that the whole annual Conscriptions were ex- hansted. During that time, there was a short peace, when it was necessary for Bonaparte to conceal his enormous levies as much as possible, that he might not alarm his neighbours, till lie was an overmatch for them. The following is the data I have to go upon, and which will bring us near the truth. The ordinary conscription amounted to 50.000 annilftllv- whirh f^r l cm nr.,1 lonci I'lL ,-- --.- ■ ~ ---j7 ••-»— '"^'^ «"« i OU-, wuUlU DC lUUjOOU. In Nov. 1802, a conscription of 200,000 were called out. Oct. 20th, 1803, all the conscripts of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 1 0th 856 year?, and even men above 40, not included in the military con. scription, were ordered to join the service and repair to St Omcr's. These would amount to 520,000, a]Iowiiiv««'v««x'»v«v«m.>« CO.OOO 1801 and 1802, as noted •.'>.'>av>.«,.v>.««v«.>«.v««^...^^«v«>..w« 100,000 Carry foni'ard, •<^'«*.v»v**» »» 2,848,000 • By Lindct's official report, France in 1794, bad 1,500,000 men in arm*, f The number eallud out in 1 7t)9, was much mure. I here only allow the annual conscription : but the decree of the Directory called out the whole conscriptions, of which Uicy took what they pleased, and (be real number was prrhaps double. 857 Novemlier, ISOC, conscription ■►*»»..^»^»,.»»»»»^»,^»,„ Conscriptions, 1803, as noted • »»**»»*»v*»»»*»»„^^ Conscriptions of IHOl, do. »«.v»-.*v»*.»»**^v»»,^^„ Do. ***" Do. Do. Two do. Do. Dd. Do. Do. 1H05, do. ■M.v^^^v, Dec. 4th, 1806*»*%^ April 7th, 1807 •.•»~.»'..»»»»v»v,,v»v»v^ Sept. 7th, do. of 80,000 ench»»v»^»^ January l'jcI, 1 808 vx««««v September 13th, 1808'» during 1809 ^^^^..^v^^.v Dec. 9th, 1810, Army *^v ^^^^^^^-.^-W^^^X*^ Ordinary conscription, 1810 Do. February 1811 -.%»»»• Dij. September, do. ^v^.*^^ Do. December, Ofh, 1811 ■^.^^^vx*,*^.^^ Do. March, 1812 *»v*»,^»»^v,^v»»»..»»» Do. September. 1812^ v»»..».,»^^ iio. January, 1813 ***»v*»»x»»^^»xx^,^^ l^o. April, 1813»%»»»*»»»w..^^»^^^,^^ Do. September, 1813 *»-^*i»*.,^»*»*»x»»^ Do. October, 1813 Do. November, 1813 Poles, from 1808 '>«v..%%»««»mx«v- Confederation of tlie Rhine contingents, till end of 1813 Italy, Svvisserland, Holland, Illyria, &c. from 1 799,ciU 1 H 1 3, Ptty******-^*****^**..^*^^.**^****,^*^^^,*^,^^^ Spain and Portugal ■►»■ French Navy, in 1791 Do. suppose 8000 annually^****^»,»*»»^^»^ Navy of otJier powers with. her, — -^^.^»,^v»..^,»»^ Do, say, raised annually, 7Q00»»'^»«.»*»»..,»,»*»»»x»»^ Austria, Prussia and Denmark, for 1812 and 1813»»v»^ National Guai-ds at Pari!*, &c. 1814 «, 848,000 200,000 520,000 530,(XX) 520,000 80,00O 80,00O ICO.OOO 80,009 lG0,00O 200,000 120,000 50,000 80,000 80,000 120,000 100,000 150,000 350,000 lOOkOOO 30,00O 280,000 300,000 200,000 S30,00O 740,000 30,000 +80,000 J 176,009 80,000 i 54,000 80,000 40,000 Total, 8,648,000 No account can be taken of the additional numbers called out in 1793, under the operation of the levJ/ en masse, but it was very great. To these I am not certain, but I should also add • In this, and the two following year., it must not be supposed that Bonaparte placed all these in actual service. II« only placed part ; but the rcm-.ir.de? was htid liable to march at .ny future period, withoui any fr'erf, decree for 'that purpoT t Legislative Assembly, Oct. 31st, 1791. J By French official Expose, Feb. 25th, 1815, the number of Conscripts for the n«vy, during the J years preceding, amounted to 80,000. 8i8 the ordinary conscriptions, from 1795 till 1799, and from ISO.. till ISH, (excluding ISIO) or for a period of 12ycnrs, uliich makes 600,000 more. France therefore, for the last 2'i y<'ar>i may safely be said, to );ave called to the field of battle, S.a,'} 1-,S()0 men, independent of tlie JSttites obedient to her nod. These latter cannot be less than what I have stated them, if they cJ» not exceed that number. The conscription quota of Switzer- land, Zurich, May 3d, 1807, was 15,000. That for tlickin-r. .v'.^««««. 7,034,000 Do. do. Ordinary do. exclusive of levies en moiSf-»%'v».»-.»,,» COO.OOO Wounded in some campaigns, not noticed, may liave rejoined ■v»%».*» 220,»00 Suppose embodied, or raised by Iloyalist5^«««^>^v«.««v>.v««vv«.«««.«^««, .500 OOO Total 8,354,800 Lost by war as enumerated<'«'«^'>^«««««-.'M 5,335,757 Deduct massacres in France not military 326,600 Do. losses of other nations in their armies 400,000 726,600 4,609,157 Lost by ordinary course of military establishments^^»«««v« 690,000 Kcmains in arms at the overthrow of Bonaparte*»-»»-v»*»»^ 376,870 Garrisons, in Germany, Spain and Frontiers ^v-.^^'.^^^^,, 1X3,000 Jtcmains Navy and Naval depots '-««'v%^-^««««««wv«««,v«v« 90,000 P'isoners taken, including tliose of other nations, above 700,000. but at least 250,000 of these were foreigners-.^ 450,000 iBeniains have been discharged by wounds and accidents in war«««^'>-''-««<.'«>«««««%««^>^«..,»«'w..v^.'-«^M.'w«»'v«««««/vk»«'Vk J, 946,773 8,354,80# * By an official r»;port, Jan. 17th, 1809. The French army exclusive of auxili- aries, then was 900,000 infantry, and 1CX),000 cavalry, and afterwards much aiig. mentcd. Deduct recovered from si Deduct from France, ABSTRACT OF THE DESTRUCTION I OF Mj^NKIND since the FRENCH REVOLUTION. TEAR, CAUSE, OR CAMPAION. Constitutent and Legislative Assembly ^ jConvention, Guillotined, till 1793 iEipulsion, Drissotineii, Lyons, &c. jl'nder Carrier at Nantz >^'>v Toulon, Siege and Mas»acresvv»»»»»,»»»^ jB; terror, famine, &c. ->^*«.*«. Ittick on Marseillen, &c. {l> Vendee, to end of ." 795v*-v» 'internal wars to 1 800 «« IiMurrection in Colonies In battle nd sickness to end of 1795. iSfurders in South of France, after 1795 jAics Campaign, 1 792 Do. do. 793 -».» Do. do, nyi-^^ Do. do. 1795 Cunpaigns of 1 796, and 1 797 Eipedition to £gy|it by Prance Campaign of 1 799 Campaign of 1800 and 1801 »» Expedition to St. Domingo, by France -. Campaign of 1 805, & with Naples to 1 806, Campaign of 1806 and 1807«* Campaign of 1 809' Spain six years, ending 1813»».»» Campaignof 1812, Russj:»» Do. 1813, Germany, Italy, Spain Uo. 1814 ^^^^^^^^-^^^-v**^^^,^,^^.^^^ Great Britain to end of campaign 18I4*» InhablUnts of Europe, by si«kness, &c.-m Portugal, war with 'v«^x,.«m.v«.-«% Russia and Turkey, 1811, &c,*» Turks and Servians Russia and Sweden .>»».x>.....».>^,^^^^ Great Uritain and America, to 1815 Revolution in South America ■**-.~. ■*»»»»*»^»*»»v»/,^«,»»». Deduct recovered from slight woundsv Deduct 1 -6th for natural deaths .- Do. 1.7th for do. CD French loss 457,000 5,000 500,000 Deduct from France, and add to others, 83,335 120 000 150,000 120,000 300,000 1 70,000 200,000 !)0,000 300,000 60,000 100,000 100.000 40,000 5.T,000 1 30,00(1 2,955,000 298,000 500,0002,657,000, 442,833 41S,6S7p,2i4,i67l 400,000 SOfiOC 240,000! 60,000[* 245,0O( 100,000 60,000 130,000 180,000 170,000 300,000 420,000 400,00( I30,00( 673,000. 40,00( 1 1,584 18,613 31,999 40.000 1 7,325 28,740 2,329 900,000 100,000 495,000 800,000 23,000 40,000 200,000 180,000 80,000 440,000 180,000 405,000 I90,00of 60,000 250,000 330,000 290,000 600,000 590,000 600,000 22o,0od 5.628,590 292,833 5,335,757 763,251 i,55J,5ur 400,000 »1. 130,000 * 300,000 ■ 100,000 * 100,000 * 100,000 40,000 * 60,000 * 130.000 9,083,590 590,833 8,492,757 1,283,417 7,204,340 _416 .667|2.61 4, 167||4, 193,506 7,204,340 5 a 27 bCO Tile numbers wliore the loss may l)c considoroJ as total I ■ nave marked. ' *' Of tlic remaininn ter however opp; held up as the c lions and objects |)lotting, by inni hardihood to pre even a more dan Spain; overturn! subservient to he ed the shores of into her vast doi secured her dow] and destroy the iiiained free iron Early did they c act of the Conve same system wa: whole was crown tion of Bonapart and to bend Eur Jaws and usages 883 ufllliction, turn for succour and assistance. Hero, first sprunn- the mine which shook the tyrant's throne. Long uiey contend- ed against Ibarful odds, and long without hopes of success. But their example was equal to victory; and soon the efforts of the ge- nius of the Thames and the Ebro, awakened to resistance, glory, and renown, the guardians of the Wolgaand Moskwa. There the giant's arm was withered; and there those limbs of iron which supported the mighty fabric of Gallic power, and which had so long trampled nations in the dust, were broken to pieces. Its strength was shattered at Borodino— its pride rebuked at Moscow— and its glory buried for ever in the immortal plaias of Leipsic. Amongst the extraordinary events of the last 20 remarkable years, this was not the least surprising, that the conduct of France, by many, was considered as right, and that she was the injured party; nay, even to this day, these sentiments remain; and strange to say, I believe, remain no where else, but in Great Britain. No matter, however odious her conduct— no mat- ter however oppressive her arbitrary demands— still these were held up as the climax of wisdom and of justice. With inten- tions and objects inimical to all other countries, and constantly (ilotting, by innumerable means, their ruin, yet she had the hardihood to proclaim, that she alone was injured. Peace was even a more dangerous state than war. In peace she seized on Spain; overturned the constitution of Swisserland; made Italy subservient to her will; swallowed up Holland; and incorporat- ed the shores of the German Ocean to the confines of Jutland, into her vast dominions. In peace she corrupted Prussia, and secured her downfal; and, in peace, she wanted to dismember and destroy the Russian empire. Great Britain, alone, re- mained free from her arts, and beyond the reach of her power. Early did they commence this career of ambition. The first act of the Convention was to annex Savoy to France; and the same system was continued by all their successors, until the whole was crowned with the shameless and remorseless ambi- tion of Bonaparte. France thought to change times and laws, and to bend Europe to her imperious will. All their ancient Jaws and usages were declared the work of ignorance— were 864 even made null and void. The new fangled and iiioiistroiis laws and rcgidations of Gallic tyranny and oppression wore substitut- ed in their stead. Yet Francewas guiltjess— yet was she proclaim- ed the benefactress of the human race, at the time she was de- J>riving them oiliberty, property, and principle; of all that could render them comfortable here, or prepare them for happiness liereafter; for, in the moral as well as the |)oIitital world, Iier baneful arts were alike pernicious; destroying every noble feel- ing or honourable principle in the human soul. Wherovcr French power was established, there immorality planted tliiek I»er baneful seeds — wherever French dominion extended, there infidelity raised his ferocious countenance and established liin gloomy pavilion, Every tie that could bind man to man in so- ciety, was broken. The father was turned against the son, and the son against the father; female manners, the strongest bond of social order, were corrupted and destroyed : every cf, fort of violence and seduction were openly employed to destroy the peace of thousands and the happiness of millions. The on- Jy knowledge taught was the knowledge of the sword. The only science studied, was the science of crime. Eiuope was rapidly approaching to a state of bjirbarity worse than that under Pagan ignorance. Intoxicated by success, France and her leader lost their reason; apd he, in particular, endeavoured to exalt himself a' jve the sphere of mortality. « IJ^e has ceas- ed to reign,"* uttered by him, made Kingdoms fear and Em- pires tremble; till, at last, " Fate drags them qn—let their dcSf • This was a favourite expression with this overbearing despot " TIic House of Braganzu," said lie, wlieii speaking of the sovereign of Portugal, " lias ceased ta reign." Speaking of the Queen of Naples, who endeavoured to throw off his gall- ing yoke in 1809, l^e proceeds, " Gen. St. Cyr advances to punish the treason of the Queen, and to precipitate from the throne this culpable woman, who h;is violated in so shameful a manner, ail that is held sacred among men. So atrocious an act of perfidy, cannot be pardoned. y4e Queen of Nnpki has ceased to reign. Tills last frinic, has C(rmpleted her destiny. Let her go, to cncrease the number of her intri- guers, and form a sympathetic ink committee, with Drake, Spencer, Smith, Taylor. and Wickham, &c." .'^Ttli Bulletin, Schocnbrun, Dec. 26th, 1805. And shall one sympathetic voice advociite his cause, when Europe says to Napoleon, you must !-«'«gn no longer— gd to your traitors, intriguers, and murderers, Canjyt, Fyuci*-, 3Iurlij), Davoust, Caulincourt, Ney, .Jc. 8GS tinies he fulfilled,'' fofmed the climax of human folly, and which never did and never can escape unpunished. Discomfited however, and humbled, Napoleon Bonaparte ab- (licated the throne of France, and dared to live amidst the exe- crat.on and contempt of mankind. To the confusion of Im friends and admu-ers, his conduct in adversity shewed, beyond the power of controversy, Ins real character to be that of a being without feeling, pnnciple, or honour. Had he the feehngs of a man, how wretched must be his state! Driven from a throne, he consented to abandon many of his firmest friends, before he knew that they would abandon him. No future conduct of hi, can ever wipe away this stain, •' Is tills a General's voice, which calls to tlight, While war hangs doubtful, while hh ivldicrsjight." To preserve his life, he disgraced his wife and deserted his f ' /lo appease the vengeance of Europe, which his crimes had called forth, he was content to abandon every thing which then seemed could constitute him an object either of fear or attention. Europe was avenged while humanity was spared, ihe heroes of the Danube, of the Wolga, of the Oder and of the Elbe, have seen their oppressors, on the banki ot the Seme, supplicate for and obtain that forgiveness and mercy they were never known to bestow. The Cossack, a name France will long remember with dread, and Europe pro- nounce with regard, have vanquished France, not only in arm. ..t humanity. Where are now the eulogists and admirers oi the character and policy of the greatest captain of the age? \V here those men who, while ^^ trembling every inch of them^ hail yet the presence of mind coolly to observe and admire with what dexterity Napoleon, pushing right onward to bis object, " planted the dagger in his antagonist's heart, while the limbs, m convulsive agony, trembled at the shock?"* Let them stand • Kdinburgh Review.... In No. 3G. these Geatletnen have also the following ex. traordinarv romnrlis- « Vn- ->»" "-, ,^^— ,^^ i - i-, ^ . "•'■• "••" ^5 persuadi; ourselves (which God forbid Mr. should ev«r suffer ourselves to doubt!) that England will, in any circumstances make head against France on U.e Continent; o«r army^ u beaiUiful, but unj.rofi,. B$9 forward a,Ti(l advocate liis cause; let them say in whose bosom thfe dagger was at last planted; was it not in that of the great Captain himself? — for wliose dowufal even Whitbrcad sung TV jPeinn, while Burdctt was silent, and Hutchison mute! On the causes and conduct which has accelerated these pre- eminently glorious events, I need not further dwell — they are seen and appreciated by all. "While a noble field is open for the industry of the future historian, the present generation exclaims in the inimitable language of Isaiah upon a similar oc- casion. " Is this the man that did shake kingdoms, that made the world as a wilderness and destroyed the cities thereof, that opmed not the home of his prisoners?" How blind is man ! and how insignificant, when he dares to war with him " who can arm the creation to take vengeance on his enemies?" " Hitherto shalt thou come and no farther, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed," is a command equally applicable and irresistible " Wlien addrcst To tlie wild wave, or wilder human breast;'* and never was it exemplified in a more striking manner thai; in the events of the last three vears. Lonj; had this ambitiou- mortal set at defiance every thing that is good and virtuous- long had he trampled upon every thing civil and sacred — and long had he been the terror and the scourge of mankind; when, lo, in the midst of his gr^aatest security and proudest strength, CONTRIBI " Even handed justice, Commands the Ingredients of the poisoned chalice To i^is own lips." Of this cup of fury he has drunk and been drunken; and he has yet to wring out the bitterest dregs thereof, unfriended and unpitied by any principle of honour or justice. The terrible events of the last t ?nty years can never be for- gotten. They will stand a beacon to future generations to shun the baneful conduct of the present, that they may avoid the evils we have witnessed and borne. From these things let 867 us also learn wisdom. He must be blind and thoughtless in- deed, who does not see the finger of Providence in all this. And shall we not acknowledge it and bless his mighty name? The fool, indeed, may say in his heart, there is no God— the ir- religious, that the works of man are below his regard] but let not us act sucK a thoughtless part. " Shall the poor Indian's weak untutor'd mind See God in clouds and hear him in the wind;" and shall not we> who have been taught, from our cradles, that the hairs of our head are numbered— that a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his permission — that he rulcth and reigneth amongst the kingdoms of men, and giveth them to whomsoever he will — shall not we, I say, perceive, when hia judgments are abroad in the earth, and when the messenger of his Almighty will " Rides in the whirlwind and directs the storm." A HISTORY OF FRENCH CONTRIBUTIONS, REQUISITIONS, LOANS, &c. IN EUROPE, FROM 1792. " X HE palace of Fontalnbleau has been preserved. The Austrian General Hardegg had entered the town, and placed sentinels to defend it against the excesses of the Cossacks, who* however, succeeded in pillaging some door-keepers, and carry- ing awai; some horse cloths from the stables. The inhabitants do not complain of the Austrians, but of these Tartars; mon- sters who dishonour the sovereign who employs them, and the army who protects them. The brigands are covered with gold and jewels. There have been found from eight to ten watcher upon those whom the soldiers and peasantry'^have kijUed. fh^ arc true Highwaymen."* • Bonaparte's dispatch, Feb. Hth, 1814, 5R S8 868 Is it possible that there should be an individual, and, more ])articularly, that Napoleon Bonaparte should be that person, wiio could have the presumption to step forward and complain, when the foes, which their detructive ambition had raisocl up against them, retaliated upon them and their " heaufiful country" (allowing that it was true that they did so) afaintspe- cimen of what him and his myrmidons inflicted upon Eu- rope. Did not he and the profligate race which he govern- ed, plunder and rob every nation in it? and, shall they complain, when their victorious antagonists had it in their power to repay their enemies for the atrocities committed against them, by tak- ing from those enemies, by force, what after all was very pro- bably theif own? With equal justice might the wolf complain, when his hiding place was ferreted out; and the prey, of whith he had robbed the fold, was retaken from his grasp. ^Werc " hmse cloths and watches" the only articles which, during 22 Qveritfui years, the nations of Europe have been robbed of by Frenchmen? Whence catne al! 'he gaudy furniture of the pa- lace of Fonlainbleau? or could the brave and indefatigable warrior of the Don forget the tragic scenes perpetrated by the " roving Gaul," on the desolated banks of the Moskwa? 'Die palaceofFontarnbleau was preserved; Was it? Was the Krem- lin saved? Did not Mortier, Duke of Treviso, by the order!? of Napoleon the Great, Emj)eror of France and King of Italy, spring the mine which destroyed what he could no longer keep; and that too, after the Emperor, like a ** true highxvni/- man" had robbed it of every thing that was valuable. And who could have blamed the Cossack had he reduced Fonlain- bleau to ashes? No one. Blush, Frenchmen, when you recol- lect your own conduct, and endeavour to asperse the character of the Sons of the Don. Whpt reason France had tO'Complain of the conduct of the na- tions which her unpi-incipled ambition had raised up against her, Jiad that conduct even been ten times worse than she represented it to be, is the object which I have at present in view to shew to the readei:. Can France have already forgotten the regular organized system of plunder carried on by her in every coun- try in Europe, from the commencement till the close of the revolution? ^' In future," said Duhesme, " instead of attach- ing any conquered provinces to France, would it not be more prudent to make them furnish us with provisions and stores, and conduct some erf' the Belgic saints to Paris? Certainly, re- plied the 'wh(He assembly, wit/i much applause. The proposition ■was immediately sent to the Committee of Fublic Safety."* *' All the armies of France," said the Directory, " shall be marched beyond the frontiers. All the troops of France shall * Convention, September 10th, 1793. 86» live at their expense; all the calamities of war shall be transftT-. rod to their territorj', until they please, at last, to accept the just and moderate conditions of peace."* The same system was continued under every form of government that ruled in France. " The French urmyy according to itsfrndamrntal lati:, subsists upon the counlrij upon -which it makes war"]- " The observation," said the Moniteur, " of Trevulcio to Louis XII. has bwn often repeated: ♦ To make war with success, you must first have money; 2*lly, money; Sdly, money. How much more just and noble is the maxim proclaimed by Hanni- l)al, adopted by Frederick, and of whicli we have so often seen the brilliant application^ btj that hero who has surpassed them both: — ' IT BELONGS TO WAR TO suppoBT WAR.' Must a natioii begin by exhausting itself, in order to inflict vengeance on n^ onemy? and should not all the weight of the contest be made to fall on those adversaries voho have provoked it? The first con- sideration then, the first duty of the head of a great nation, is to render sacred and inviolable the country whic|» he in- habits.":t By this diabolical principle has France maintained all the wars kindled by her ambition. These cost her, comparatively speaking, nothing; for the expense was extorted, at the point of the bayonet, from the population of Europe. No wonder then that France should appear prosperous, while other nations are struggling with difficulties brought on them by her robberies , and her ambition. Thus, said the Morning Clironicle, when commentuig upon the budget brought forward by Talleyrand, in 1814. " It afibrds, however, a melancholy confirmation of what we stated long since, that England would ullimately be found to be the greatest sufferer by the "war. We see that in France the debt accumulated is comparatively of trifling ai- mount, and will be paid off" in the course of three years, &c."§ I do not quote this because it is the sentiments of the Morning Chronicle; but because I know of no better way in which I coidd. embody the sentiments of a. very numerous class of men in Bri- tain, with regard to this subject^ than the manner in which the writer already quoted has done it in this place. The contrast here stated may be true; but even if were so, it is most invidious, most dangerous, and unjust, to bring it. forward in this manner. Sure- ly these gentlemen would not recommend us to pursue a course similar to that which France has done,, in order to render war * Letter from the Directory to the Minister at War, i» tlrc. Paris papers, Septem- ber 9th, 1796.— The just and moderate terms were, that Fraqcp sliould keep all her "onquestsi ! f Moniteur, Paris, February 26th, 1811. t Do. uo. October 18th, 1812. S Morning Chronicle, September 15th, 1814, 870 i' Jess biirthensome and our debts light. The situation of France* adds nothing to her honour — her present boasted prosperitv has been purchased at a price, which, were she willing and "ust, the wealth of Potosi could not repay — and the lightness of ler burdens is in reality an indelible disgrace to her name. But has she suffered less in this combat than Britain? We have already seen how much more she has suffered in the loss of hu- man life; and, a short investigation will shew us, that her loss in every other thing is proportionally great. While these invidious and thoughtless comparisons of t!ie present happy and prosperous state of the French nation arc jnade by others, we cannot be astonished that from her niouili should issue murmurs and regrets, at the wresting from her, for ever, all the sources from whence that wealth and that prosperity has flowed. But as impolitic and unjust as are these compari- sons with regard to Great Britain, so improper and ill timed is the high tone and spirit of accusation adopted by France a- gainst the nations of Europe. Complaint at this moment should not be the language of France: nor is arrogance becoming from the lips of a Frenchman, Instead of onemurmur of indignation at the humiliation they have suffered, they ought as individuals, and as a nation, to '< lay their hands on their mouths and tlieir mouths in the dust;" and in the language of the bitterest sor- row and sincerest contrition, cry out for forgiveness from man- kind, whom they have so cruelly injured, and mercy from Heaven, whom they have so grievously offended. I wish not to keep alive animosities — I wish not to see the sword un- sheathed for no other purpose but that of vengeance; but tlieir are characters who, when it ivas unsheathed, by the calls of jus- tice and arm of necessity, deserved no mercy — who had plac- ed themselves, by their conduct, without the pale of humanity; by trampling upon every principle of justice or honour. Sudi vas a Lefebre, a Santerre, a Barrere, a Fouche, a Suchet, a Davoust, a Caulincourt, and a Vandarame, with many others. Tliese, for their infamous conduct, should have been gibetted ; as a terror to the present, and a warning to future generations. No man could have defended them, or he must have been as wicked as themselves. But no; we «re told, let the world beware how it touches French honour, or wounds the feelings of that high spirited nation. O this French honour and feeling! how dear have they cost Europe? These principles murdered thousands for the good of the nation, and then plundered millions for her honour. During one quarter of a century these have made Europe weep tears of blood. These have 'covered lier with mourning and desolation. These have destroyed the industry of past generations, entailed sorrow upon the present, and ot' their crimes, tl toms, whicTi had 871 hxMupi upon generations yet unborn. Tlirou-bout the word, these set the father against the son, and the son against the latiier; and, lelt the moral and jjoiitical world, one cUcarv scene ol monrniiig, misery, and contusion. But li such men find forgiveness, shall they also meet with cntotuagement.^ or shall we fear to speak of their conduct and cranes as we ought? Forbid it justice— forbid it truth, trance, though she renounceil Bonaparte, possesses millions who would pursue the same course under any leader. Awak- vned horn their (ream of security, and in some degree to a sight 01 their crimes, the policy of that volatile people, which seldom iorsakes them, did in the hour of peril, by renouncing and de- nouncing the man whom they formerly worshipped, wan! olithe vei™icewhich indignantEurope was readyto inHictuponthem; and which man, Europe erroneously conceived, was the sole cause ot all her woe and misery. French vanity and arrogance have, however, undeceived the world. In vain do they Sow labour to throw the blame of all their mischief upon the head of that great Scape Goat, which has been banislied to Elba for the good of the world. The revolution only produced that tyrant as It did thousands of othersj but be alone had the superior address to arrange and controul the fearful and destructive ma- terials which stood ready at his call, in order that, with their assistance, he might enslave and oppress mankind. The French nation marched after him with a willing mind. When misfor- tunes lowered their vanity and humbled their strength, then only did they abandon him. But have they foigot or aban- doned his prmciples? Every succeeding day shew's to Europe that they have not: and that millions in France are as unprin- cipled and profligate as their leader was: and that he was only the head of a banditti who set all the usages, laws, and cus- toms, which had hitherto guided and governed mankind, at dehance; with whom might was right, and the sword the only arbiter. Yet such men live, and dare to lift up their heads under their glowmg titles, and complain of the dismemberment All ^r^^^ empire, as taken in the French sense of the word. Although France is left greater than she was under any of her toimer Kings, yet these men attempt to be angry at the loss of Belgium, which never justly belonged to them; and of the an- nexation, with the consent of its legitimate sovereign, of part ot that country, which never was an independent state, to the jlominions of Holland, in order to strengthen her against her l|)rmidable neighbour. Yes, these men complain, who, in strict just!j-(" and sound policy, should have seen their beavthul coun- ('J contracted in her limits; and instead of being rounded, by adding 700,000 mhabitants to its population, might and ought W have been so, by taking an equal or a greater number from iij 872 nnd who, it" to part of the Nethcrhinds, had Picanly, Ai lois, Al- sace, and Loral lU', been added to Germany and to llol!an{l,()iic>|it to have been silent, and thankful too, that more was not tkniaiul- t'd. It is impossible to contemplate without indignation, this un- manly cry, for tenderness to French honour and to I'rciuh I'ec'ling. Deeply wounded, no doubt, these passions now are, and 1 hope incurably; for these are that s|)ecies of honour and otTccl- ing, which had almost banished feeling from the human bosom, and justice fro.Ti the human mind. Can the recognition of their ancient Princes eradicate from the recollection of ICurope, or from tlie page of history, their conduct and their crimes.'' Are those woeful accounts of sufferings, which from time to tiiur harrowed up the feelings of the soul, all falsehoods? Were tlie massacres at Avignon, of the 10th August and '2d September, 179'2, with that nifernal quoram, the Revolutionary 'I'ribuiial, all fictions? or was their conduct and their thirst of blood con- fined to their native land? No. From the cataracts of the Nile to the bottom of the Gulph of Mexico — from the Pilhirs ofj Hercules to the shores of the Gulph of Finland, and the banks of the Moskwa — has not all that portion of the globe, by sea or by land, been covered with bloodshed and wickedness, ot' a shade so deep that even Nero would have shrunk from the scene with fear, and with destruction and misery at which tlie .savage heart of Caligula would have wept. France, to atone fo>- her conduct — to reinstate herself in the good opinion and tl.e confidence of mankind, must long pursue a dilierent course, than, in the language of menace, to speak to other nations of her tarnished honours and her wounded feelings. At such com- plaints Patience lierself, when considering what the conduct ol' the allies has been, is provoked to cry out in the indignant language of Elisha, " thou shouldest have smitten five or six times, then hadst thou smitten Syria till thou hadst consumed it:"* and at the same time not to remember, but with fear, the more emphatic language of Elijah: " because thou hast let go out of thy hand the man whom I appointed to utter destruc- tion, therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his peoplr."f But, let us consider for a moment, what French rapacity has at different times inflicted upon Europe; and from that Jearii what a different contrast her conduct affords to that of other nations. In doing this, I shall cotifine myself to authentic do- cuments, (principally their own;) which documents, ottentr than once, made the profligate Convention ashamed; which drew even public expressions of indignation from their lips; but • 2 Kings xiii. 19. f 1 Kings XX. 22. , 873 • .hich more atrocious scenes were never able to effect unon tho I'liity bosom of Bonaparte and his tbilowcrs. Hut before proceeding to notice their conchict to foreimi na- j ;;aiis, It may not be uninteresting to observe what it first nro- uiced to thcn,selves. It is a terrible picture of human vilLnv I lui othmna.. misery; and both conjoined, inculcate a lesson. , .hich il these do not, to the remotest period of time, deter man jMu bom smular revolutionary changes, I know not what can" It the whole hosts ot Pandemonium itself had been let loose upon this world, their career could scarcely have been marked intli more oppression and destruction. Previous to the revolution, France had accumulated a con- hiderable oad ot debt, particularly in her impolitic assistance rendered to the United States, which cost her 1,500,000 OOO liancs. or ^'63,000,000 sterling. The people were heavily taxed, in comparison to their means; but these taxes were iither shametully evaded or altogether unproductive. A soi- rit aUo at this time began to make its appearance in France « uch set legislation at defiance; and this evil of an accumi hlating delr, the destruction of confidence, and a denrc- ciatiou of the national credit, advanced with alarmin^r strides Ihecvd, however, was not irremediable, had the im'tion had tiie patience or the will to meet it with boldness. But the re volution took place, which swept away honour and honesty and hiriicd tlie plow share, and other weapons of industry, into the -wor( ot violence, and the weapons of war. No taxes could l)e collected, from the state of internal discord. The channels ■jtthe old were dried up— no new ones could be laid on where MLie was no object of industry or trade on which to lav it Lut the wants were urgent— the exactors merciless— their pow- er unlimited— and public and private peculation the order of tie (lay I o support the enormous expenses which their nro- ..i^atc demagogues and frantic conduct led them into, no other Ksource remained but that of an almost indiscriminate mas- sicre and confiscation of the property of the wealthy; and «liich was immediately put in execution, and carried to an ex- tent never betore known in any age or country. Ill order more clearly to appreciate the extent of these nox- ious nu-asures, it may be necessary to state what the cxncnses HTc durmg the early period of the revolution. 'I'hc war'in La Vemiee, while It lasted in force, according to Fermont,* co^t b nation 1,000,000,000 livrcs, annuallyf The campaign of M in the Netherlands, on the Rhine, and the c.nLcst of i, r ' '' "^^^•^i"o '■^ "'=-" <>"icial statements oi ihe Con- vention, 1,000,000,000 more; her share of which Holland was akerwards obliged to pay. On the side of Italy, in JSpain, the polomcs, and for the navy, it must have cost 1,000,000,000 • Report to tlio Directory, August Icth, 1706, H n ? s . *74. livrcs more. Accord in frly, the Paris ofKciul .Tt)urnftls, Min> 1795, stiiteil positively, timt the expenses of the prccedinj^ cam- paign amounted to 3,00(),000,()0() livrcs,* or jfc' 126,000,000 Merling, independent oftlic civil establishments of Goverunicnf, above 1,100,000,000 additional, and also the enormous ex- pense of supplying Paris with provisions. Caiiilron's financial ivportsf to the Convention states, that the expenses of thi. three first years of the revolution were r),0(K),000,000 livrcs more than the expenses of the three last years of the Kin^', which amounted to 2,73i{,973,000 livre*.:}: ^he annual exptii- ilitnre, therefore, for war alone, must have been more than 3,000,000,000 livrcs; and including all other expenses, from documents which we shall presently see, it must in some years have been treble that amount. On the 25th November, 179;,. Barrerrc informed the Convention, that the expenditure was 400,000,000 livres monthly, which would at that rate givt 4,800,000,000 livres, annually. But it afterwards greatly ex- ceeded that sum, as the following accounts will shew. — For the month ending the 2lst December, HQ*. The Revenue wa^w»»»»* 4<),72I,090livrM The Expenditure was,'>« 268,503,571 •218,779,481 Dcliciciicy of Revenue, April, 1 ^95, x.ixv******,******^*****. 253,000,000 Do. do. May, do. »«»• ».»v»»wvv»«»»»».vw»»»»-w* 315,000,000 Exiwnditure for month Pluvoise, 1794, ■►^^■.^vv.w* 504,478,863 Revenues for do.^****^**^^**'*^*^**'*^'**^**^'**** 60,580,6 IH Deficiency, August, § i794,«»»«-»«" Deficiency per moulh, ending Jan. 22d, 1795,*»- Expenditure for month Nivose,'w»»»*».»*»^v»v«.»» 428,374,109 Revenues for do. *****^*******^*^*^*^*^*^****** 57,168, 53'T Deficiency for month preceding Germinal, 1795, 443,Rn8,215 1 93,027,200 218,779,475 371,205,67« 660,000,00v'> Deficiency for 8 months, about 1 12 millions sterling, or l="-xi)enditure for month Germin i, year 3d (1795) I'or the civil administrations, .v*^»^»-i/w«v.*»*v* ,'^Oia),000 Committee of public instrucliun, ^^•^•►^■vk^^v^'v*. 2,000,000 Committee of Agriculture, ^^■k****.***^.******** 1,000,000 2,673,690,077 Curry forward, •**«*»*«/»»*»» 8,000,000 • Dccreeofthe Convention Janu ,7 10th, 1794. " jEi/raorrfmary expenses of llii: j year will exceed 3,000,000,000 livres. t Official report, Janwiry 22d, 1795. t In 1790, Income was,** 200,000,000 Expenditure, 650,000,000 Deficiency, -^ 450,000,000 In 1791, Income was ♦*♦* 175,000,000 Expenditure, 'v- 720,000,000 In 1792, Income was** 2S2,OOO,000 i Expenditure, 1,, 362,973,000 i Deficit, 1,089,973,000 In 1793. Income was ** 150,000,000] Expenditure,** 5,6UO,000,uw j Deficiency,-"** 545,000,000 • Deficit, § Convention, September 8tb, 1794. ****** 3,450,000,0001 Pi\h1ie OiiilHin)^ < pDsta and Cunveyaii Marine, •******•*«* Armi and Gunpuwij Provisions for Paris, Independent 220,000,000 mc In December, t navy, was 279,2 260, and even t provisioning Pa 1793, was cstin The expense oft enormous, and < army amounted tion, added 400 port to the Con< attendants, then 179 J, the Direct For the Min Minister of t Extraordinai Minister of I Minister at V Do. Mai Do, £xt Which at the ra the time allowed Shortly after the useofih< public. • In« few days after this Dec. 2'M. for War Mii Jan. 10th, 1796, Mini- Do. do. do Feb. 2d. 1796, Minister iio. Home d« March 27tli, Minister e Do. Adminisi Do. 21st, Minister April 9lh, Minister of li Mesit 87.^ •■**•'* V* •*** ■V* V* V* %■♦ „ , ,. n -.J- bought firward,' y)iti and Cunvcyaiices, Marine, *>v«««>««»«««,«m«^m«« Arm4 and Cunpowrdor, '>«««w««w FroviiJoni for Fitris, ike. ««..«« 8.000,000 1 0.000,(KiO 70,000,0(X) 20,000,000 30,000,000 000,000,000 For one month, 73w,ooo,000 For la monUis, 8,856,000,000 Independent of the expense for the army, which exceeded 220 000,000 monthly. In February 1793, itV^lsfoooTooo In December, the extraordmary expenses of the army and the navy, was 279.264,333 Hvres, and in 1793 and 1794, U rose to 2G0, and even to 400,000,000 livres monthly. The expenscof prov.s:onmg Paris in 1795, was prodigious; and on Nov. 29th. 1793, was estimated at 350,000,000, each decade or 10 days The expense of the French Government at this period, was truly enormous, and can hardly be guessed at. In August 1 793, the army amounted to (501,902 men, and a decree by the Conven- tion, ad(led 400,000 more to it. According to Lindet's re- port to the Convention, Sept. 30th, 1794, th?army, navy, and attendants, then amounted to 1,500,000 men. In November 179^, the Directory demanded the following sums, viz. For the Minister of Justice ««'>^^v«.«««MVMvk Minister of the Interior-.~^.^*-.«**»,^»»^^ Extraordinary expenses of ctory *»*v*» Minister of Finances Minister at War»»»- Do. Marine ; ul Colonic* »»•> Do. Exterioi iCelations ■»»-»*»w.%*.h^v*»,v« 50,000,000 900,000^000 100,000,000 200,000,000 1,100,000,000 600,000,000 50,000,000 • 3,000,000,000 lirres. Which at the ate of depreciation, that the Government at ^he time aUowt>d for ass.gnats, was equal to 200,000,000,000+. Jjhortly after the following demands were again made for the use ot th« public. In » few days after this ■.^< Dec 22d. for War Minister^**-...^, Jan. lOth, 1796, Minister of Police »*.»,,*, ^ I'd- do. do. Interior*^- Feb, 2d. 1796, Minister of Marine^, fo. Home de|>artment •«»», ^, March 27tli, Minister of Finances-***^^^ Do. Adtninistrntion of the Treasury »»*» Do. 21st, Minister at War »»«..,w*.,.^»U*w. Apnl 9ih, Minister of Interiorw«^.»*,.w»,»,.^»„.*. SI ,000,000 livres in ipMia. 50.000,000 3,000,000 20,000,000 12.000,000 25,000,000 2.500,000 59,000 100,000,000 20,000,000 Carryforward 253,559,000 * Message to the Council of 500, Nov. 8th. 1795. , But the real depreciation was equal to 200 per c«nt 28 876 3^^ lf%%««%^^V%%^V%^^ Brovght forwdrd April IStli, War cxprnRcS'M.««v%'VN.'<.'>.«/wv^>'vv«'v«««'>^ — — Navy 'v'>^v««^«^'».«v%«'«'V'^'w«^->««^w'>'..%^««. — 30th, ^I'lustfr of Finances 'v«'>^«'v«^^«/>.'v>.'v«»'>.«/t. — — Home ilepartment**^**^**********.^^**^, — — IMimlMy tor Interior ■»»-w«.»»»*»».»v»*»»»», May 18th, Minister of Finances- June 6th, iMinister at War»*» — 7tbi Vftrions -^-.^.-v.***. — 19th, Minister of'lnterior — '_'4th, Minister of Marine*- S«'pt. 26th, Minister 'for Foreign affairs ■»>.■»»'**»»»* Oct. 5th, Minister of Interior ^■< — Jltli. Minister of War ^»*« — — Home department ■.•..■..■»< — 23(1. Permanent expenses-. — — Extk-aordin&ry war expenses .» *^% v*.%*.*^v% V w^%^^ IS*****^^^*^v^«^«^^^-%^ ?.i3„';,5<),000 200,000,000 fixta value. 50,000,000 do. 8,000,000 specie. 30.000,000 do. 100,(XX) do. 12,000,000 fixed value. 220,000,000 specie. *540,0OO,O(X) mandats. 80,000,000 1 20,000,000 1,500,000 25,000,000 mCtalic value, 100,000,000 specie. 25,000,000 t enor- mous, and perhaps exceetled a fourth part of the whole debt of Great Britain, besides the loss upon the 1 1 milliards first no- ticed. This mode of swindling could go on no longer. The national domains were hourly disposed of, and hourly swal- lowed up in this Revolutionary vortex, without any of the na- tional pledges being redeemed. No person would take the asjignats at almost any value. Their depreciation was so great as 200 to 1, and afterwards it rose to 2000 to 1. In this dilemma, the Directory had recourse to a compulsory loan of 600,000,000 livres, or j£.2S,200,000 sterling, to be paid in specie, cr a proportionate number of assignats, according to the value fixed upon them. This loan was not to be reimburs- ed, nor any interest to be paid for it, but to be deducted out of the taxes of tlie next 10 years, y This loan it was calculated, * Camiion's Tfpoit lo Cuuvention, J, the Louncil ol .500 decreed the issue ol 600,000,000 livres value in a new species of money, called mandais, and which was de- dared to be of equal value with specie. This was given to the war Minister, and by the 6th June following, 540,000,000 of U were gxine mto circulation at par, and on which the holders aterwa- , , .uored a prodigious loss. Continuing this species of dm; .,„.;ii. the same aswmbly, on the 26th March, 1795 de- creed _. ^ • ..uc of 2,400,000,000 livres, value in mandats, which irom that date, for three months following, were to be exchang- ed for assignats, at the rate of 30 livres in assignats, for oneTn mandats, and after the expiry of that perio-', only the one for the other. All these mandats were declared equal in value to specie. Whatever assignats nvre withdrawn in exchange lor these, were to be burnt, as were the mandats themselves, when they were redeemed by ;:he proceeds of the national pro! perty, 1,800,000,000 Ifvres in value of which, had been pre- viously decreed by the same assembly, to be immediately sold, in order to accomplish this object. But these, like the proceedn ol other sales, were applied to another puqiose. In tlie mean- time, the mandats, like their brethren the assignats, got into bad credit, and became useless. To replace them, the Direc- tory on the 10th Dec. 1796, proposed to issue hypothecary notes upon the security of the national domains to be discount- ed m a bank— but all fhiled— public credit was gone— and the demands most urgent, as the contributions from Foreign coun- tries, had not yet found their way Into France. '1 he national debt continued to nicrease in a terrible ratio. At the begin- ning of the Kevolution it was 4,503,788,000 livres. In the beginning of 1794, it was 8,000,000,000,* and accoidinr to Mons. Cclonne at the cndof 1795, it amounted to 20,000,000, WO Jivres, or ^.840,000,000 sterling, and which, for the succeed- '=' " -. — I 'h "V «"vit.-n5co, tvwi the interest alone, was equal to 2,000 millions, and the addition to the priiici- * Sourdon de I'Oise, Convention, \T)i, sso pal perhaps as much. At this time, according to Ramel'a report to the Convention, Feb. 1796, the arrears of taxes, a- mounted to 13,000,000,000 livres, or ^£.546,000,000 ster- ling. On the 1st January, 1793, the arrears of the taxes a- mounted only to 648,000,000 livres, or .£.27,200,000 sterlino. llevolutionary ingenuity could no longer find its way in tlTe labyrinth which its injustice had created ; and therefore, llevolu- tionary justice was brought forward to cut the Gordian knoJ'^ ■which they had formed, but could not untie. Bourdon de J'Oise declared, that all France did not contain rags sufficient to make assignats if the rentiers (annuitants) petitions, weic attended to.* To prevent their being obliged to import this comnipciity horn other nations, they fell upon a simple expedient. On the J,5iK Sept. 1797, the Council of 500, received a message, stating, that the national debt of France was reduced two-thirds, di- from about 24,000,000,000 as we have seen, to 8,000,000,000 millions, tvcn had they allowed the whole to be just, but which they did not. When indignation was expressed at the message, the re- porter coolly replied, that ^'^ the justice of nations had its limits." kSome time afterwards, Rosseau declared in the same assembly, that the plan would ruin 200,000 families;! no matter, that was an object of little import.tnce to Liberty and Equality; 16,000,000,000 livres, or j£.67 1,000,000 sterling, saved rags, which was an economical way of paying their debts. Thus, after swindling the inhabitants with the loss of several hundred millions sterling, by assignats, and a ranch greater amount by confiscations and robberies, as we shall presently see, the ho- nest and enlightened French Government came forward with 6s. 8d. per pound to its creditors, who had previously lost an equal sum, by the manner in which their interest for some time had been paid; for Cambon informed us, that 1,000,000,000 livres in assignats went annually to pay the interest of the na- tional debt.J But this was not all, for this debt so reduced, was afterwards understood to be reduced two-thirds more, leaving only about 2,666,000,000, or j£. 108,240,000 sterling. For this debt also in its most reduced shape, the French Go- vernment for many years never paid any interest. Such was tlio lamentable consequences of the French Revolution in this point of view; and, we shall presently see, that it was in. reality the least of its evils. It was of no consequence, or rather the consequences were more deplorable, how many of these assignats and mandats were Tedeemctl; because these were so from the confiscations of the prcpertif s, and by the murders of innocent men. To this gloomy subject, let us ibr a moment direct our attention, it is an ia- • Convenu'on, Jan. 26 th, 1796. t Council of rco, Scjit. SOtli, 1797. J Convention, Jan. 2d, 1795- SSI tricate niicl dimcult subject to unravel, liut it is one worth whild to ascertain as near as possible. According to tho National As- sembly, the value of the national property, and the domains ot the crown, on the 9th Sept. 1791, was 3,'t00,000,000 livres 1 his, as the property of Government, we will allow that the Government, under whatever form it was constituted, had arghtto. But not so of the other property. The property of the Clergy, was the first object of their prey. The estatJ lands, and chattels, of this body of men seized, were estimat* al by Cambon, at 2,2*4 millions, which he afterwards inform- ed us, on the 10th July, 1792, were all sold. To the 26th Jan. 1793, the same official authority informs us, th-t the confiscated property sold, amounted to 3,100 millions, in which 'Z^ the following Items, viz: 2,400 millions national lands; 400 millions lands of the order of Malta: 200.000,000 woods ''';i^'i''^l^^ J^^^^^ Nuns, and 15,000,000 Bishops palaces. At this date, there remained woods and forests, valued at 1,200,000,000 livres; and lands belonging to the civil list, 200,000,000 livres. To ascertain the whole therefore, of the fixed property confiscated in France we only want the amount of that sold from Jan. 1793 till J-.„ 179+, in order to complete it. As this year was one of Uie grcfitt'st of the ..evolutionary frenzy; it is not likely, that the amount uisposed of was less than the next. In all probability Jt was much more, as I shall have occasion *o notice pre^entiv According to Cambon's official report, Feb. llth 1794 thJ national archnect valued the national domains h. Pari's at l.jOOjOOOjOOO livres, and throughout the rest of Fr-ince' -.f 20,0OO,OOO,O( livres, together 9O3 millions sterling On the;22d. Jan. 1795, Cambon again estimated all the remainino- nationa property throughout France, at 15,000 millions, o? 630 millions sterling. On the 27th March, 1796, Fermont in the Council of 500 stated, that from authentic documents there still remained unsold, national property throughout France to the value of 8,000 millions, but 1800 millions of which was on the 10th of that month decreed to be sold, which would leave 6,200 millions after that period-much of which was nho disposed of. Taking therefore the difference between 17 94. and 1795 as the amount sold in 1793, the whole would stand 882 >f:uioniiI laiitis anj domains of ilw crown, 1 7!)t, Cliiirch lands and goods of Prie^sts, 179iJ ** *>ther CO liscated property to January n93-^^'^'^-»>.-^-^^->'^ IV). from January i 793, to January 1 794, sa-.ie as next yuur Do. from dilferunctibetwuen value, Fub. 1794, and J.iii. i7i>i I)<>. from January 1795, to March 1796 Do. deurecdin March, 1796 to sell fc*^*%»% ^^^^v«»« »**%*% *^*%*% %^»v»^ *%»%»»%»%% %%»^»%v» Sold qff. 2.»(X),CX)0,000 a,244,O0O,(X)0 675,000,000 6,500,000,001) 6,500,000,000 7,O0O,OOO,00(.t 1,8(X),000,000 Heiiuuns in France in the end of I Ida-^-^,^^ Deduct value crown domains, &c. in 1791 27,lJ.'i,000,000 6,200,000,000 as,,? 19,000,000 3,400,000,000 29,919,000,0011 Or j^. 1,251,680, 000 sterling, ns the immoveable property con- fiscated thioughout France, and of which there remained after the decree of 10th, March 1796, i€.260, 100,000 sterliiifr. If must also be observed, that the value above mentioned, is only the estimated value; but when sold, the property brou<'ht much more, as the following quotations will shew, and which will at the same time afford us some idea of the amount dispos- ed of in 1793. Authorittf. Place, ^c. Leg. Assembly, Feb. 1 9th, 1792, Seine Infericure, Convention, .Tuly CAh, 179.7, property in 97 districts Do, July Gtli, 1794, OOP estate .^^-.^.^^^^.o^^o^*. Feb. 28th, 1794, district Grenoble ^^^^^^ And to June additional '>«'>^ >«*%.v«.vk'w.v««« Feb. 12th, 1794. estates of Emigrants-.«.«. January 4th, 1 794, district Cogniac, and not half finished ■^*^*^^^**%»»*»»^*.> <^^jvx.v«, April 15t)i. in 415 districts put up »»*»^v»»» May fJth, in 206 districts, la.st decade**^'** April I5tli, in the de|>artment of Isere^^^^ May fill', in R4 districts«««««««vv«^v%.v«.^»« September 21sN one estate 'v«'v>.«^««.v«««.« l)o. do. do. ^.^^.v^^-^x^^^^^^^^ November 12th, do. Do. do. d(>. Bo. Do. Do. Va/urd at. Soldfor. 20,000.000 45,000,000 14,717,424 37,871,930 10,'5,344 252,000 3,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 8,488,501 11,752,246 2..-.00,000 117,699.084 241,6.'53,10f> 14,981,712 51,573,805 7,(XX),000 20,000,000 160,000,000 312,474,05.'5 1,900,000 110,000 1,100,000 iNOOO 31,000 69.000 123,000 Do. Do. Do. Da Do. Do. Do. 343,1G9,0()5 699,714,140 leaving n excess above the value, of 3'H,615,075 livres, or ra- ther more than one-half. Part of the property confiscated, was no doubt restored. What the amount of that was, it is im- possible to fitttrniine, but if we are to judge of it from the pro- portion of emi^iTunts which returned, to tlie whole which emi- jjrated, and which we shall presently notice, it could not be above onc-twelflh; while many of tlioso who were allowed to return to France received back no part of their property. But Jit any rate, it is obvious from the price which the property brought beyond the estimated value, that after deducting the fipcnes of sale [Hculation, still pockets of Govt The tbllowinj 1 multitude of t of the sales of n Itition. — In the iiouucL'd that in ^,230 ofFei-s the value ol And on the 5 were made money depc 17,739 sales a ed for these 1,313 ofTertis returned to Again on the ' assembly sa for ettates, t 39,026 sales a( ed for these, Do. do. 2,907 dt faultei cd to them,. The above is con number of these thp.so. But this was o; jfovernment of Fi (il projierty of em The extent of this and imiiioveahle f the latter includet the general head port of Cambon, t'lni^rnited, to tlu coiUisciited, amoi livres, or .sfe'2I0,0i :iiul the expenses jtioduce 3000 mil oF 1795, the nun and according to the number that \ 15^,000; and 13, 88^ pspctics of sales, and allowincf a fourth to have been lost bv pt'culation, still the estimated value must have gone into the pockets of Government. The foUowinf,' authentic documents, selected by chance from n multitude of the same kind, will shew the nature and extent of the sales of national property at another period of the revo- lution — In the Council of 500, June 23d, 1706, it was an- iiouacfd that in 52 departments there were made 46,^^30 offci's to pur(;hase national estates to Livrcs. the value of, 79,000,000 And on the Sth August, 1 796, that there were made 161,153 offers for estates, and money deposited for these ^51,692,325 17,739 sales accomplished, and cash receiv- ed for these 155,591,187 1,S 1 3 ofFerei-s withdrew, and 875,016 livrea returned to these, Again on the 'Jd September, 1796, the said jissembly said there were 194,553 offers for estates, and money deposited for these, 488,236,000 39,026 sales accomplished, and cash receiv- ed for thcso, 344,678,171 1^0- do. do. paid on account,... 532,843,057 2,907 defaulters, and 3,978,614 livres return- ed to them, The above is considered as sufficient to shew the very great number of these sales, and the imineuse sums received for these. But this was only one species of plunder to the rapacious fjovernnient of France. Another fund remained in the person- al projierty of emigrants, which amounted to a prodigious sum. The extent of this it is impossible to determine,, as their moveable and immoveable property is often blended together, and much of the latter included in what I have included and considered under the general head of National Property. According to the re- port of Cambon, January 22d, 1793, the number of persons ('migrated, to that date, were iO^OOO; whose properties being coiiliscaced, amounted, as then estimated, to 4,800 millions of livrcs, or j^'2 10,000,000 sterling. After deducting their debts, and the expenses of sale, the neat proceeds were estimated to l»mduce 3000 millions, or jfil 26,000,000 sterling. To the end •:!* 1195, the number of emigrants were increased to i2J,000, imd according to Fouche's report to Bonaparte, October, IbOO, the number that was still on the emigrant list at that time was 130,000; and 13,000 more had been struck oft' that list by the 5 T 28 I I I > U\ l! ' M 88if three u.-rsoniblios, ,ur1 1 200 by the Consul, m.-iking the total niim ber fiiiigrated to have boeii 1(J4,'J()(). If we are to estimate the vahie ot their property by the .same scale as the 4(),000 niMi- tioued by C^ambon, it would make tlie amount of the whole to be 19,680,000,000 livres; a compensation only for about one- twelfth of wliich was restored, if taken by tiie number struck off the emigrant list. From the value of the national property as given by Cambon, and others, at diilerent limes, and which lui^ already been referred to, it is evident that this is not far liom the truth. Still it is much deficient from the amount given by these estimations; but then we have to add to this the property of those who were ot emigrants, but who perished beneath the edge of the guillotine, and whose property was immense. The sums thus laid holcl of by government, and property conliscated belonging to those in this manner cut off; was cer- tainly enormous. It is well known that it was all the weaUhicsl of the people who were singled out as the victims, and frequent- ly, indeed, for no other reason than because they were so. In this number also was included those Ilepublican Generals, of- ficers, anil members of the government, who fell under tlie'sus- prcion aiid axe of the reigning party. Tliese men hail, gener- ally speaking, risen from poveity; and their immense fortunes were e|ther the plunder of tbreign nations or the fruits of pecu- Jntiou in their own country; and which wealth, by tlicir death was again dispersed amongst another set of men, equally un- principled and profligate as they W4>re. Were we to est mate Jhe value of the property of those guillotined and shot, through- out I ranee, by the scale of the property of the first 40,000 em- igrants, we should find that as their numbers were as many, so their property was as great, or 4,800 millions. I do not mean to uichide the numbers m the general massacres, but the nam- ber of more respectaljle individuals shot ir. a systematic nian- wer. But the property of those guillotined and massacred was l)erhaps greater in proportion than that of those who eini-n-at- ed, and a greater jmrt of it was in moveable than in immoveable property. Tiierefore they were cut ofK The followiii.r in- stances out of many may give us some idea of the total value of the property of these persons cut off in this manner. Xoveraber 2d. 1795, Rid.. Mayor of Bourdeaux, guillotined, . ""• «»■ two rich Jews of do. do ^ - l>e. 28tli, do. Paris, General La Vcrdypx-comptiollor Go . eral, aged 74, giiiiIofined,»x»^ ^ ^^,, ^^^ ^ Oo. do, do. liuice de' Orleans personal property, "° ««>• do. do, landrd craDerfv. .,_^,_ Lines. 100,0()0,(X)0 23,000,000 4,000,000 50,000,000 1 00,000,0)0 277,000,000 885 I so Such was tlio property of •; uulividuals: and as 18,619 person* were gu.Uotn.ed besulos what were shot, we iJy tJu so.ne Idea ot the great amount of property belonging to the whole- perhaps it is not estimating it too high to rate it at 5000 millions! Aceordmg to an account by the Convention, January 14th, 1794, all the property ot the Farmers General was confiscated, and amounted to n.uny „,iI!ions. Hy „„other account to th^ Convention, tebruu. v -^Ttl., 1794, the n.inister of public con- tributions liad received, fbr the ,iso of government, from the nioveable eilects ot emigrants, 20,117,783 livres. The system Huieed was most dreadful, ruinous, and extensive. " Twenty tee-JO,000 lathers ol lamil.es have had their property sci/- .(I, amKilmost all the land in France is in a state of confi s- JjlZ'^^^"" T'' were extorted both by the govennnent and llicir agents, Irom wealthy individuals throughout France, in order to save themselves from the nnprincipk.l an4,000 livres in specir, and lii,W() livros in assignnts. From the Commune of Vassy, .SOjOOO livres in specie and 90,000 iivres in assii^nats, the produce of the church plate, was sent for the benent of the nation.* Convention, .lanuary 17th, 17yi. at Lille, the gold and wealth of churches was great — estates !)c- Jonging to llu- cl)urch there, sold for 18,000,000 livres, and emigrant property for 2,000,000; and in the same Asscinhlv, December 3d, 1793, the spoils of the churches in the depart- ment of Pill/ (If Dovu: amounted to 1,0(M),000 livres. I iiu-rc ]y instance the accounts from these places to shew what a v;i«t iium such jv system, throughout France, nuist have pnuiiiad; «nd if we estimate the value of bells and church plate convert- ed to the use of government, or stolen by individuals, to Ix the same as the value of the gold and silver Saints, we slnill \\u\ be far from the truth. During the month of October, I7;);j, the Convention laid hold of all the property of foreigners in the French fimds, and all their property which was in the liands of their bankers, who were glad to comproniise matters by paying the government a sum, according to the papers ol the day, equal to 15 or 20 millions sterling. A compulsatorv loan was raised in August, 1793, of 1,000,000,000 livres. From the bank of Genoa they obtained a loan of jfe'800,000 sterHiif, lor which the crown jewels were pledged; :ind various fines and contributions from cities and individuals, as the follow:ing short table will shew more clearly: 1705. August 28tli, a compulsory loan ■»»**».»*,^»».w»v»»*.»*»»*»*> 1,00(),cxk),(K)i. Peter Mignot, and Francis I'esan, fined for want of energy Umf) Oct. — - Contribution laid on Marseilles »^»-»^'v%v»»»«*.»»»»..»* lS,000,0(jO Kov. 13tli, Convention— cities and country places, round Strasburgh, of suspected persons, &c.««'>'<''vv«x^«%«>.««'v«, 15,fi00,00O — I ;»lh and 20th, 2 Jev% named liabas in Paris, fined'»*'»». 500,(X)() Oct. O'tli, Foreigners and Bankers property«%««v«'«M^«««««> 420,000,00(1 — — From rich Aristocrats, Strasburgli'M^w«M'»««<'»'v%.'v« i.'9,(XJ0,(X)0 Nov, 'Jd, Rouen — a loanfromrichv«.'W'v^««^^»««»«^'v«'.^..««« 7,000,0'^ — • — Exacted troin Lyons •v»,»**»»»»*v»»«'»*«.»<^v».»^.»»* 2ii,()00,000 — — Chaumette, plundered from prie!»ts, for the good of the nation, 1 7 boxes gold, worth many millions, say »-. <)',00'>,'Kio — — Loan from Genoa, for crown jewels, nev«rpaidv»-»* ]9,()oo,(X)o — 20th, Gold and silver saints »»^»»»*»»..^*»»»-»».v**».vwv». 1,000,000,000 ■— — Bells and Church plate .».^v«^.^>;««^.v«««.>..^««^.>««v 1,0 ■»«■■»«• 100,000,0(X) — M. Bormase, singly •»**^-» v. ».**»»^«»*»»» »»«,»*»»» 1,800,000 June 18th, Suspected persons in Paris when imprisoned, .^ 1,200,000 Stripped of gold and jewels * Convention, Pccembcr 1st, 1793. 3,0'47, 112,000 887 or jCI.^.^SOCOOO stcrlinj,': it must bo observed that, w'nh res jTiird to the liiios and coiitrilmtioiis, tlifso are only a small part iiidet'il of this w idi' s))roa(liii;r systt-m of injiistico. But what sums wore drawn Jroiu other idaces os welJ us these, at ollur periods, I caiiiiot tell. The next soiiree oCgain wns the moiiev and plate hid in th..- ihtttrent places in Franee, by emifrrants and others who wisli- ed to keep their specie from the hands of Sans C'ldoltes and assignals. Tliis was very great, hut im})ossil)le to ibrin a cor- rect idea oi; The abodes of the iivinj,' and the receptacles (.(" the dead were si'arched with e(jiial care.* At Aviouon the .lews hurietl their treasures in colKns, as if it had heetr their deceas- ed r'>lations. These were du^ up, and innneiise smiis obtained out ot them. In order to lonn some idea of what j)ropertv was lost, and seized in this manner, we have only to considi'r the amount of the .sjatie in circulation in France at the com- mencement of the revolution. According to Calonne, this was 1,8()0,()00,00(> iivres; but according to Lecointe's report to the Council of .500, March iifith, 1 799, it amounted to 2,500,000,000 hvres, {^I 05,000,000) in specie, besides l,800,ono,000 Iivres HI goml paper. Perimps the greater i)art of this was secreted to escajM! the grasp of the rapacious government; and if we es- timate one iburtl) of it as afterwards discovered, or lost bv ex- change lor assignats, we certainly do not exceed the truth. The next thing was plate and jewels concealed in a similar iiianner, 'J'hese must have been to a very large amount, and if we take them in proportion to the value of the same articles m Britain, they would amount to j6\jo,000,000; much of this was also dug up nnd made away with in variousi ways. The * In 1794, "file Coinnjuneof -Sens caiiswUlie remains of the naupli.n and Diul phinesse, Father and MotJier of Louis XVI. to be taken fronuhe tomb in whidi they were inclosed, burnt their superb mausoleum, and converted the leaden coffins into mus<,uet balls." J'aris, Jan. im, 1 794. Duri.i- the r. ..jn of the Guillotine which instrunient, I.equinio and Langvlot called "the I'v^iple'sjuitke." Barrere on \hl '.'3d July, 1 7!)5, caused it to l«> decreed, that " all the tombs of the Kings at St. Den- nis, and IP the departments, should be destroyed on the ioth of Au^nist." 'llie f„| lowing ret'ulations were adopted for the burial of Uie dead during the mania when death was declared an eternal sleep. " The dead stjall have their face uncovered. They arc to remain twelve hours ia their place of abode; they shall be carried on a litter, covoied with a drapery, cha- tacttrising the three stages of life: the drapery ornamented with tii-coloured lace shall be of one plain colour, namely, for youth, whUc, bearing this inscription • He grew tor the country!' for the age of manhood, it is to be red, with this inscription. • He lived for the country!' and blue for old people, with this inscription, ' I have lived tor the country!' " I'he litter is to be carried on the heads of four citizens, in a pantaloon and short vaistcoat, with trwcoloured girdle. Over it, they shall wear a tunic, which is to come down to the-r kne.s. .-md or. their !-.oad-^ . rrd Cup. Children .hall be borne bv cl.iU dren, from eight to twelve years of age. I'he body, after having lain twelve hour. 15 to be carried to the FiKio op Kkpose, accompanied by those whom the burial shalj toncern. The dead are to oe buried at midnight." following' particulars, picked out at rjiDflom from a niultitiu.'. of others, will serve to shew us that the property lost wiis m-eat. In Oetobcr, 179;{, there was fonnil in the house <.| \ Jllemuuj, in I'aris, '25,000 livres in ;roIcl; 4(),00<) do. in sil- ver; from 50 to 60,0()() in plate, and from 12 to 1.5,000 in Jca . •>ls. In the house of an emi^'rant at St. Florent Vieux, uiid Belle I'ontainc, there was funiid, about the same tiuie, hinicd in a cellar ;{8,000 livres in gold, 30,000 in usHignnts. and .m\ merks of silver. In the Convention, Novi-nibev 7ih, Mau/c'l stated that he f.uuid at Beauvais, 17,208 livres in gold, 4..'1,-i,-)'» do. ui silver, 120 mcrks silver, and 120 crosses, which IumI htvn f)iiried in a cellar. In the Convention, November lOtli, I7();i, 'rallifet wrote that he liad disc:«)V(Ted and dug up in the casllis of some emigrants, plate and specie to the value of l(iO,()oo livres. In the Convention, Sept. -hber I9th, 170% Vonllanna .said that there had been IbiftuI in the hou.se of the < i-devuni Marquis Vaupalierre, coricealc liv... A set of dia^nc : r'f '\t.uU,?'' '''''l'^ . .mlh..j. liurs, and also valuable portr its^et w ' b j, ^ '' .. the Caventioti, October Mth, nO'J, k was ^^f . ' luruuure olthe castle of lla.nbouillJt no l.ad lu^^t "'" iHs.des 'i. it was stated that 5 wn..«L we,^ J S./^'':,'''^^ H.rnitn,o of Versailles «old aiulX-V 1 ^e & 'H • '''" pi,- whic-h conducted L water wer^/ciS/a^.^vtdth" lion lead, ami pewter, amounted to 1.435 79- |b« u • , tlicse, a very considerable • a> ^v:n dcrh^dV om tl.< r' "^' tioa of literary works "hf Tin,. 1 I "" fojihscu- Mu\ valuable, ^u thedirte e^' ,S' ^'"""'l ""'''' ^"''^"^'^'^^ 1 , f " "'<- ""It ct I incna; -nes in l-rance 4 yoo onn volumes, (.no-fourth of vl..-!i we- reckoned . .1 T'. '.'r)0,0()0 manuscripts were alar .. " - «»,. I i ''^^'^'-'s^') '"»! -5,000,000 livres. ''*"^'^'" •• ■^- 'v«t«-'d-altogether, perhaps. But this system was not confined to France, it extended .1 «o to her colonies. In the Convention, AuLnist ^'/d 1 70 " Verneu.l accused Santhonax and PolverJl of )!;;: ,,:' u„ J ed on their own account, in St. Domingo, to the an.Cunt f Jn ...illions l.vres. Others pursued the same course to hrU mount. Accordinrr to Fermont's renorf f,. tl,^ n "^ Aumist ith, 1795, funded up", the El.'^fvLt'u "'.'''' 1" that body, dated Guadaloupe, June' 1 170/ j.^ '^''"'' elfccts confiscated in that isla,.';! ^mo nt« 'to 800 OoS oKf ^' he Frencii Government had also, at cliiferau [huS, 1' om": ni/y,, a.cltrkui tlie Ireasury, by oriK-r of Govermm.nf "t in IMS own name, drew upon another clerk Lan.'e ' ,' Hamburgh, tor 50 millions livres, in value Tl " Ki .old throughout France, but of coirse never paid ''"'" Absfracl ofltobberies and Cotifiscations in France, f.n.son circulation of 45.000.000,000 «s«ignats to Covrrntncnt H,ul nu ,v,d,.als. s.^. „,. an average, only ?o percent. "IZT^ Tm l{«duci.on of National debt, and payment of interest.. 1'mi.iTty confiscated, of Eniigra, ,.„&cL;.r" ' "" Property of thos*. guillotined, and n>ovcabIe i-rop^rtrrbmu^:: Hn»s, contributions, saints. &c . .LJ^ ^ auout.,.. Mo,.y, plate, and jewels 1:^::::'^:^::^'^ SiMidrics, about ^ ^j;^ " (onfiHcationsand llobberies in the Colonies ^^.^^.^I^IT Los. on 0,000.000.000 mandat*. 1796. su,.,,ose only 20 r„7lZ. .::dtS^-!i!-r::^:-^rr---— ^0. do. 1 79d z;;""*""""""' 13, 500.01 nooo IC.OOO.OtW.OOO -'ii.iuy.ooo.ooo 5.000.000.000 o,(A 7, 1 1 '.',000 500.000,000 1^5,(XK),000 1,000,000,000 €00,000,000 tiOU.OOO.OOO 1 50,000,000. Carry fcrwaya, 70^94 1,11?, TOO sno Voluntary Contribution, ITDV*" IJrougkt f.irward. Total Rol)lieries for the good of tlio nation Of National domains, remaining in 179(i 70,nn,II2,fW! y00,0O(),00l) 71,141,1 IL'.CK 10 (J,'J(K),000.000 Tolal dis|)osinl of (;4,94I,II'J,000 Or ^\2,727,7 48,000 stcrliug. , Such is a faint and but a faint sketcli indeed of the system of i\)bbery and op})re!«sion exercised in France, durit)ff tlic ifoldeii days of Liberty ami I'^cjuality — and siicli tlie resource*. ot' the proiligatc government of Franco at that j)eriod. In a hliort time also they received at least 100,000,000 hvrt-i in specie, in voluntary gifts. Enormous as all these sums were, the whole quickly disappeared, leaving the nation constantly in misery and want, in all their public establishments. They guil- lotined, coniiscated, and sold — they fought and plundered tlicir neighbours and themselves, and yet were in distress. ♦' You are not ignorant," said the Directory to the Council of .500, " that every branch of the public service experiences the utmost dis- tress. The pay of the troops remains unsettled; the defendeis of their country suffer ail the horrors of nakedness — the hospit- als are in want of food, medicines, and all other necessaries; the public alms and work-houses experience the same want, and for this reason they reject the needy and infirui citizens. Th(! creditors of the state — the contractors of the armies, with grem difficulty, obtain only a suiall part of the sums ilue them — tl)( public roads are impassable— the salaries of the public function- aries remain unpaid, &c."f The collected history of human oppression and injustice can alibrd no })arallel to a system such as I have here described. The euinings and works of i)ast ages, the wealth and prosperity ol the present, anil the resources and hojws of future generations, were alike ' wept away by it, for no pur))ose and for no use hut what was bad. We have unquestionably ■ittered nmch, but liovv nc-r were we of being plungeil into a situation, where all the hardships we iuive encountered would only have been as a diop in the l)iickei, and a grain in the balance, cotupared to what we should have then endured. W'iiercis the num wh'' venat the present moment, dares to look back to that awfu. , tcipicc, from the brink of which we most Ibrtiuiately escap' ', and rc- ilect upon it without trembling? We also had our National (Convention — we also our Corresponding Societies — we also our Friends of the People — the honours of the sitting— our patri- * Paris, .Tanuat-y SOtiJ, tht'loan was called voluntary, wlit-re all ere//rce'7»i' con- tribute: all persons whom they sni>jiosi'd had obtained their money by diJiumt' mjanSt "src to pay oiJc half to the Government. f Mcissge, Dec. lotli, 1790. 891 cts, equalisers, and levellers, whose bewildered and distracted ideas had parcelled out the properties and divided tiie wealth of the superior c'asses amongst us. And what would have been the consequences had they succeeded in their diabolical views? The same, uncjiiestionably, which has been the case iu France'. Our National debt might have been extinguished by the ruin of our National character, the credit, and the fortunes of millions. Commerce and coniidence would have deserted our land, and /led to more secure and equitable abodes. The lawful jwner of property would have been cut off. He who destroyed him, would with his ill-gotten gain, have been destroyed in his turn —multitudes would have been ruined— millions slaughtered the chains of tyranny would have been twined round our necks, and the dagger of the assassin found at our bosoms— the evil would have spread to the uttermost corners of the earth; and, while the British nation was a scourge to herself, by the means; of her navy, she would have been, to countries which French Republican tyranny could never reach, a terror and a consum- ing lire. The cruel sufferings of Europe were now about to commencci The plunder of nations was about to supply the exhausted cof- fers of the French Government; and to replace the destruction occasioned in France, by Republican fury and barbarity. The entrance of the French troops into Spain, Belgium, Holland, and Germany, was characterised by every species of oppression^ plunder, and destruction. Nothing was safe— nothing was sa- cred. Tluir iVantic and fimished troops, lived at will upon the inhabitants. Remonstrance or opposition, only aggravated the evil. From the General downwards, plunder was the order of the day; and the Liberty and Equality which they carried along with them, entitled them, as they conceived, to make every one alike, with regard to property. To such a length did this system go, that even the Convention, was obliged to order se- vere Pleasures agahist the troops, and many of them were shot in different places; but still the same iniquitous and unmerci- ful system was continued, for the benefit of the Government and many of the civil and military officers. It would be endless to relate, if it was possible I could, every Mt of French injustice, during the last 22 years throughout Europe. These are wrote in feariil volumes of destruction and blood; and form a sum of injustice and human misery, which no period in the history of mankind can afford any resemblance unto. Great Britain alone, has escaped the immediate effects of this tremendous scourge. All else have suffered. From the hanks of the Wolga to the straits of Gibraltar, and from the shores of the Reil Sea, unto the extremities of the Gulph of Mexico, French cruelty and ropacity has been felt in woeful 5 U 28 i i ' S92 Kxamplos, sncli, ns will hand down the name of Frenchmen, with detestation and execration through succeeding ages. The un- principled luaxim of tlie French Clovennneiit, wliich has been the same since the Revolution, of " making Kcir support tiv/r," aa tliey boasted they would do in Russia, is well known, and has at all times been rigidly acted upon, whether enforced l)y the pike of Liberty, and cries of " Vive la llepubliqiic" or tin- imperial cannon, and " Vive la Enipereur." The latter only did it in a more imperial style; and while the puny Conven- tion, conliiuied at their child's play of robbing town aft*r town, of what weahh they had, he plundered an empire at one blow, not only of all the wealth it had at the moment, but of all ii could possibly make tor half a ccntuiy to come. Belgium, the wealth of whose inhabitants was prodigious, was in the first j)lace destined to feel this infernal system. Wiicn Duiiiourier entered the country in 1792, he j)huulercd the lands of the church of 4(),0()()",000 French Ecus. Tlie r.io- nient the French troops passed tlie frontiers in 1794', they lived nt the expense of the iid^abitants. The army not only cort France no more nuMiey to support it, but they sent enonnous sums of money to France. The diurches whit,4j were innncnso- ly rich, were stripped of all their plate. That of private fami- lies shar^.'d the same tate. Ail was melted in the Revolution- ary crucible On the 1 ^th August, 1 794-, says Chambon to the Convention, 3,815,179 livres in specie, have been received from the Netherlands. On the 17th, 11 waggons, with 10 millions specie from the Netherlands. On tije 30th Sep- tember he stated, that on the 25th, 29 waggons loaded Vrith gold and silver from Belgium, had arrived in Paris, the value a- mounting to I8,'i69,4,0i< livres, together with the Electoral Throne of the Bishopric of Treves. On the 28th Oct. he stat- ed, that 1,000,000 florins, had been received, and many other convoys at different times. On the 24rj/ond the actual means and ability of that country. The peujUe groan under the tvight of 2y distinct _ descrijjtions of contributions. The Dutch nation sinks under its contributions, and can r.o lonaer pav them." e 1 .y " Nevertheless, the necessary expenses of the Government icqiiire, that this burden should be augmented. The budget tor the marine amounted in 1809, to S millions -nly, of Horins, ii smn scarcely suflicient to pay the administrators, the officers, and seamen, and to defray the expenses of the arsenals, and which has not admitted of the equipment of a single ship." For 1810 it would require triple that sum. " The war budget has ♦ Tlie expense of Holland in 1800, was estimated at 19,,rrA,GM guilders. The ilencitnf tin- two VfttTs jiri-cuillnir 1h07, was SO.QOO.'.XH) tioriiis, and t!'.e ann-.s.i! ds»- iim aticr that period was tlien suppt)*(«l to amount to G'l,tXX),000 florins. By an iitfiiial article, Hague, July 2 9tli, IbOO, inserted in the Dutil; official .Journal, the merest of the Xulional debt then amounted to '-'5,000,000 Horins, consequently llieintfreBt ut Z per tent, givei 500,000,000 tloriiiii, or about 45 inillioHB sterling. 89* scarcelij afforded a sufficiency for maintaining \G battuluiris, ' therefore Holland must be annexed to I'rance, "• she ought to be associated in our blessings, as she has been associated hi out calamities."* From the entrance of the French troops into Holland, &c. *' Brabant formed a part of our territory, and Holland was ir- recoverably contjuered. There has not passed since, a single day, when her union with th»> French Empire would nut liavi- been a benefit; and we ^ay it tuitli confdencc, an invaluable be- nefit, siiice she wou'd have been spared a Ipng scries ol' priva- tions, of losses, and of misfortunes." " Tlio public debt, which had not then received that im- mense 'icrease to which it latterly arrived, might have been £t .reli/ saved from shipwreck; vast coniriumications of coiii- ir. ce, might have been opened with France; c«o/-wo!« charges •would not, lor fifteen years have weighed down these interest- ing countries; and for what? To obtain the barren honour of a Government pretcndcdly national, as if a nation could exht where there was neither indej)c?'de?2cc, nor armj/, nor tenUoty, suscep- tible of defence." " Those times are past, when the conceptions of some states- me:'. gave authority, in the public opinion, to the system of ba- lances, of guarantees, of counterpoises, of j'olitical equilibrium. Pompous illusions of cabinets of the second order! \isions of imbecility! Which all disappears before necessity, tha jio-m which regulates the duration, ami the mutual relations of Em- pi res."t Machiavcl himself, could never have uttered any thing like this. Such was the fate of the most interesting country iu Eu- rope, and such the misery and poverty of a power, which once contended for the Empire of the Ocean; whose revenues were Si millions sterling, whose army was 40,000 men, and navy, 40 sail of the line, and who lent money to almost all nations. Im- mediately upon entering that country, the enemy issued a sweep- ing decree, Jan. 1795, for a requisition in provisions and cloth- ing, equal in value unto jg. 1,600,000 sterling, and about the same time^ 1,500,000 sterling i.i money. To procure peace, they were to pay 100,000,000 guilders. By treaty of peace 100,000,000 florins, to take 25,000 French troops to uiautain and pay, which cost 1,000,000 florins monthl}-, but nearly double was extorted under that head. This for 1 9 vears, woulii amount unto 499,200,000 iivres, or 0^.32,554,200 sterling. Iroan upon loan, and contribution followed upon contribution, ^niongst which were ihe following. In 1796 a decree for iOC-,000,000 iivres, see Convention (France) Oct. 8th. In 1195 * Charapagny's Report to the Emperor, July 9th, 1810. f ^Conservative Senate, Dec. 13th, 1810. S93 » forcod loan of 100,000,OOQ. In 13cc. 1802, a 1 ,an for ]ms of I(,0,00(),000 Iraiics, or 80,000,000 Hoi-ins. ].'el). 1808 •! conlnbul.on ot 40,000,000 florins. Nov. isoi, a loun iVoui Ani- .;d ,000,000 .lucats, wJuch were intoiakd as a co.Mpcnsation looommT "» ^^••^'"o'-^ In 1808, aiVcsh contribution of 100,000,000 i.vros and ui March, a forcci: loan of 30,000,000 ^?. . Ten.:"'''""'' '■"''"""'* ^y " '''-^^'•^■^' *''•»■» Jf>^'"i^- Nov. ;-M, 1808, unto 20,000,000 guilders. lnnun.cral,le oli.cr ex- act-ons by nu iv.duals iook place as well as die Government, huinense robberies were also committed, under iiretcnce of burm„g and con/iscatinir Britisli goods, the principal of which shull be nofced in another place. All the old taxes were alwavs continued, and nmny iie;v and highly oppressiveones were laid on. Spain about the ..ime tinic, ielt the ellects of this baneful po- itcal tornado ^n Biscay and Navarre, thenlunder wasdread- lil. Ill Catalonia it was equally so. The robbery of tin: sol- diery was so great, that the Convention were obliged to send commissioners to investigate, punih, and repress "t. In Na- varre It was calculated at 30,000,000 livres, and it was ceriainJv as much in other places. Trance, wlicn slie did not force Spain into a war With .Migland, made|ier pay about 00,000,000 francs annually, for her neutrality, and in war as much. Tiie diabo- lical invasion ot that Peninsula, I mean to notice in a parti- cular manner m chronological order. Early in the campaign of 1796, Germany next suffered. In- numerable requisitions and contributions, had previous to that period, been laid on the towns on the left bank ofthcKhine aniountnig unto at least 54,000,000 francs, as is particularly del taile." m the general table. From passing the Rhine early in 1.90, until driven across it by the Archduke Charles, the whole ITmn'nZV' "'""rf ""•' i?'-«y'«'»"«' ^'' amounted unto 200,000,000 lures. I he principal of which were, viz. in money mm Iranklort 3,000,000 livres; from Neustadt 7,000,000 do Baden '2,000,000 livres, Wurtemberg 4,000,000 livres. Cir- cle et Irancoma ^0,000,000 livres, Circle of Suabia 19,000,000 iivros, Bavaria 10,000,000 livres, liamberg 4,000,000 livres. Ijuremberg 2,500,000 livres, country between the M vne and ■ non nnn\'"\' ^" iivres, City and Bishopric of W.: /burgh .,000,000, &c. .Sic. as with the account of the provisions, is particularly detailed in th^ t^ble, It may here be necessary, once or all, to state, thai tjie amount of the French contribu- lons laid on the different places were regulated, so as that about tie same value was taken in specie, that was in proviMon- supplies, itc. though the Jat^er was generally the creatct- hence, wlien we have the valu. of one kind, we cannot go fa; \nottg with regard to the other. During this campaign in Ger- 89Q inany in 1796, the conduct of the i'ronc!' troops vas, a=i ir. hag alwayy been in every country, particuhuiy wanton aii human n itiire; robbery an i peculation have been universal iu -very ran! . und in every department of the arnn." " Every sjiecies of violence has been c-:ercist'il on the pvr- >*ons as well as on the prf'pertics of i? dividuals. Many vill:i"cs liave been rciiced to asfics, v^ithoultho exi-slence oftvcn apVc- I'.'Xt for tills act of barbarity; unci tiio countiit M-ou^^h which their army b^.s passed, (-xhibif every wher',', a spectacle uf the utmost desol .ion and distress.''* Italy i xxt felt the utmost stretch of their rapacity. Dui- ing the career of their mighty Emperor, in 1796 and 1797, iuid when as yet he was but a C-meral, as good a Sans Ca- lotte VIS ever lived, the system of robbery was carried to an cxteni never before known; and 'iiat fine country was plun- dered of every thing valuable. Ijesiiles the immense stores iiiid property which belonged to f'le Austrian Government, which the fortune of war threw iuto his hand.s, the requisi- tions and contributions were to an enormous extent in every thing. So great were the sums levied, that Bonaparte iu liis oiKcial dispatches, March 10th, 1797, and the Convention in their public debates, boasted that their wholparmy in Italy was not only maintained without any expense to them, but that en- ormous sums of gold and silver, and other precious effects, were sent to I'Vance, together with 300 masterpieces of the arts, whose value is incalculable. Wlien the inhabitants, driven to despair by the exactions of an unprincipled soldiery, rose iu arms to protect that property which the rapacity of the Govern- ment agents hail spared, they were given over to military exe- cution, and their towns to indiscriminate pillage, as was the case, in a most signal manner with Pavia, by the special com- niaiid of Bonaparte. In addition to the robberies committed iu it, upon the first entrance of the French troops, the city was afterwards taken at the point of the bayonet, given up to general pillage, and then a contribution of 60,000,000 livres imposed on it. Xjytow mustering the troops, " I 'bund, says the ferocious villain, that only one soldier was mi " r, which saved the place from total ruin, for if the blood b'H'n shed, I was determined to er ruiMmn, with this inscriptiu) > //-, ' .Teil the municipality to bi! '.hot, single Frenchman had ou the ruins of Pavia, a isas the city L/f Pavia, I md seized 200 hostages, whom 1 have sent to France.'^ T.he individual plunder was also ♦ Kobcrt Anstriifher's dispatdi, lOth t^^rt. T-'OO. London Gazette ExtiaorUinar)-. f IJumipartu's dispatch, I'csci^'.: ■, une 1st, 179G. 397 I to an amazmg cxlont. It h weil known that tl.osc who no^v I gure av^ay as 1 )akcs and Marshal's gained their fortune "t I j time m the above n.anner. When Masscna was ace led by CO leagues ot carry.ns this to an extent which made even thu fee shame, and was called to an account for his comW 1 e ''^;^T''''\r'^^''^' l'-"ting to this oflice, " yo 'a : a lobbe, ; to .no her, « y„u too are a robber j» and to llZ \«,Ma, fcciul tlie clnef, m a satirical tone; and with a lu.ol, nl' conteu.pt lelt the confounded and guilty ^ssembTy ° "^ According to the report of the Minister of Finance to the Directory, October 18th, 1796, previous to that dZ the co, tribut.on. m n.onoy received from Italv were 300 000 000 b ry, and due at that time 150,000,000 ire . From ^S pi dow,. to the peace, more than 400,000,000 hvres were Je - \L loX'ooo'li'vrr'j- '"' •^'''^^' ^""^^ "«^ '- --«'■'-« man 100,099,000 Jnres_for one picture, that of St. Jerome Bonapar e rehised 1,000,000 livres. The plunder by inS uais must have exceeded 100,000,000 livres; and the enonuu conlnbutions and requ sitions during these two dreadft^ve' r" 10 support the necessaries, waste, and extravagance of Lftirl n, must 111 this case have at least equalled the public coi.tri- utions in money, viz. 720 millions of IKancs, or litre but cJl 1 only hah, or 360,000,000, and the pay of the French nnii th,;i*''S^i •;f Jtr '''-'' and^irua;:n Seair:^! .u^ ion. 1 he chief of these contributions in money, wore for he hrst sweep, viz upon the conquest of Savoy 30,000 OO^ livres, ironi the lands of the Clei-ffv. In 1796 Lnl> 2,000.000 livres-from Milan and^iiIanso,'75,2 0,000 l™;:; -Genoa, 4,000,000 livres-from the Po ,e for arin s ^ mi hons hvres-from do. for peace, 30,000,000 do. Tou" nois-lrom Venice for preliminaries of peace 6,000 000 n. In;nal store.. 3,000,000; ships, (six sail of'the lie Y^OO OOO vres_k,r peace, J 30,625.000 livres, &c.~Verona, 5 4.00 000 s-(>irand Duke ol luscany, 2,000,000 livres-Trieste, 2.; I oris hvres, and various others, as are particularly noted in I able, besides many other places not mentioned.^ Du , toe lollowing years, immense sums were paid in the extrw i n" jy contributions, some of which only':are know^a^ ^.^^^^^^^^^ ules nuu.itaming French troops, of whom the Italian u": public supported 35.000, Naples often 50,000, and other laces i;'r?C'7: .^i^'-r^' ->»-ily. to Fra'nce, 10 nXon:: iird thr* iKlL '""Vi-^"'"''"' ^ "''"'^"^' ^«"«"' 3 millions; 1 11(1 the Italian Republic, 32,000,000 livres. %pt next foh their merciless hosts. Of tlie depredations 895 ihore, wo arc iiol rorroctly iiiforincci, hut thei^o wore to a prodi- {rioiis amount.. From Ciiaiul Cairo, at one time, in 1798, tliey look 600,000 piastres, and, shortly alter, 2,000,000 more. Hut in order to come; near it, wo have only to recollect that an ar- my of M),0()0 men wer • siipportetl tor three years, upon tin- war establishment, sol-iy at the expense of that country. JuJianf from what proportionate numberfj cost in Europe, the whiiTe expense could not be less than 120,000,000 francs. Tiic waste and destruction were also very great, as every species of barbarity was exercised upon the unfortunate inhabitants. 'I'he terrible campaigns of 1799 and 1800, gave their liordos fresh liberty for destruction, robbery, anil uiischief. Duririjif the former year, Naples suffered severely, and paid, besides the support of the troops, 19,.'500,000 livres. This campaign was most disastrous to them in Italy; yet still that country had their army wholly to maintain, with tiie most aggravated waste and destruction. Of the extent of the contributions and requisi- tions we are not correctly informed; but their army could not be less, upon an average, than 100,000 men, and these, situat- ed as they were, would cost Italy, at least, 100,000^000 livres. On the side of Switzerland and the Rhine, very considerable sums were exacte*" 1«06 and 1807, the fun ; effects ot the tyrant's vengeance. In a fow months she va" n^^^^^^ plies m her fortresses, surrendered almost without resistance, may perhaps, be accounted a lawful prey to the invader and tr^ Fr:nlT on"'' I " '■''^'""^ '''"'• ^""^ Pl""3ert;de""by aid ife ToU. F.T I'i'n'* .^^ '"^o"««ivable: « some hussars/' said the 19th I-rench bulletm, October 29th, 1797, « had made prices to the amount of 500,000 francs." Perhaps 20 ininion! IS not too much to allow under this head. By the 29th bX! tin, November 9th, 1796, a contribution of 1 Jo,Soo^OO franS Z Fr.nT°". *' •'[ ^''l "*' '^' ^'•"^«^^» '^'^^ then occupied by ?ard?conLroT''' U.'' ^"'•^•'^'* "P°" the dominionLfter- wards conquered; and the requisitions in provisions, and foracre &c. are certamly» to the end of the war, much uiderrateK the same amount as the contributions in money. rSsic a contribution m money and provisions, amountin-rfo 3,460 OoS runtririh'Vl?' •"•^'"^' ^^^■"s-'-ter, as thVarrear'soH? amountec, on the followmg year, to 7,000,000. Other towns in SL "7.^ 7t f ' l^r "S^'^^^g' ^^y^ the 80th Ind 82d bulletins, " several hundred thousand quintals corn, 300 shins all loaded, unmense wealth, and magazines were taken "A ^i: Tutrah"' " "T^^".^^ afso laid upon the i^habt tants. rt-ussia has smee suffered in various ways, and by vari- ous exactions; and according to the secret journa called « L ;r1o oS^'" t'^ ™"-' -r-"^' - loa'ns :' othi" wibe, 6u,uuo,O00. Her sufferings under the confiscatini, «n^ burning decrees belong to a different head. ^^'^"^'''^''"S ^"^ Ihe system of robbery throughout Germany now became no.t flagrant and regularly organised. The domains of cS! oSsoS'"' ^""''''■' ^«"«burgh. and Fulda, amounUng to 180 millions, were confiscated in November, 1807 Tbf Government property in Hanover eith.r had been or w;s daily pledged for large loans from the Hanse Towns, whS were niost grievously oppressed with contributions, exa^dons, and IS'oo f^"" T') ^^l^ «Hstofthes'e, amounUngto 1^,000,000 francs, besides what was paid for British «ood» when seized, and the maintainance of the French troops at one T't^v"-^''r'^§\^'''^^^ Lubeck, &c. aZuSd t, '*' L i';. 1? ^^'' accurate account. In 1806. the whola Ws u'?^*'!- M "f «JH^f «' amounting to 16,000,000 doil lars was seized by the French troops. «='»"* Once more, Austria was obliged to wring qut the dregs of 5x ji^ I ? ;) S 900 the lytMnt*'^: ).! ccl tliP severest cfR.ct3 of those devn.stating swarms which had iimde huropc a wildornoss. Spain had bfed pro" Jy to s p: port Ironch amb.t.on in war« not her own. The whole Ss ot her Hulustry, and all her treasures had for n.any n rs beei exerted and p,>ured out for that purpose. Yet it ibt r,ed S her no mercy, or ratlier, it made her doon. n.ore ( rm u The 'nlT\Lr *"""^::»"S ^''"^ ^In^t-^-' at the immense amount, lie whole revenue ot S,)aiiK which formerly amounted, annu- ally, to SIX mdl.ons sterling, in tin.eof peacef and Xdi f3 rapacy perhaps trebled by war taxes.'was completdy i'sor , cd and dissipated. In addition to the several items d Jtailed , the tables, and which it is uiecessary here to vcpeat. ai d winch are but a trifle in con.parison to the whole, th SL n^ tTi 1 -J t'.'^'^^'" "' '''^t country. By an ollicial decree Madnd July 30th, 1810, the Provinces of MbStoI^^^^^^^^ sit on of 960,000 bushels wheat, and 750,000 bushels bar ev. to Lm r • '? ^''fT i '^' ^'"«^^«"^ "^' SP«i" niay enable ^ to loim an idea ot what the amount would be, in the samenro- portion over all the kingdom. The kingdom of Leon conta ns td urTv7^'^"r"'',^''"^r?-"' A Salamanca, LeTn nvfn'n^ f R '^'^'''''^^ V^' ^^'''S^^'^'" «f ^U Castile, the ovinces of Burgos, Soria, Segovia, and Avila. The king- dum o. New Castile, the Provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Toll ^0, ^ tjuadalaxara. Andalusia, the Provinces of Seville Cordov. Jam, and Granada, &c. &c. The kingdom of New Castde contains 1,200,000 inhabitants, Leon the same, and the Province of Andalusia an emial number, or onctenth of thepo- pulation of the kingdom. At least two-thii;ds of the kingdom upon an average, during five years, was in tlie handsof the en^ my. It, therefore, every par of the country furnisher >a earal proportion to t.e Provinces above-mentioned, in the re, id-, ions m grain, or something else in lieu thereof, the whole 'fifio nnn"!!""!^' "T?""J '" 6,400,000 bushels wheat, and 5,660,000 bushels of barley; and for five years, 32,000,000 bushels of ..heat, and 28,300,000 bushels of barley the whole, upon the most moderate calculation, worth -25 mil- bons sterling. To these we must add requisitions in cloth- ing of all kinds, warlike stores^ and every thing necessary tor an army a the war establishment,, and engaged in a ruin- .ms contest where no econoi .^ was observed, or was considered >vorth attending to. This must, have exceeded .ho nrn.;o„. »uia, 1 ne contributions in money were enormous, but of their real amount I have not been able to obtain an accurate return. UQ the Province of Soria, in 1810, there was laid a contribu- I ' u» ■'»^ 9QJ tion of 2,000,000 dollars. On tlir Province of ValiadolitI, 100,000,000 reals, or about 33,000,000 francs. If w<- take tlir J royinco of Sorin to estimate ^he projTorf ion for tlie otlitr parts ot tho kingdom possessed by the enemy, it would amount to above f>^ ,000,000 dollars, annually, or about 20 millions sterlinc; mid or hve years, 1 00 millions. If we take tlic Province of Vallado- Jid as the scale, it would amount to nearly three times the smu- hut if, as I conceive, the Province of Valladoljd is, in this instant , ,' put for the kingdom of Leon, then the amount would in pro- portion to the rest, be very nearly the same. One hundred millions sterling, may therefore be taken without exagj/eratioii as the amount of the French contributions in Spain, even sui)- posmg that they levied these upon tho scale mentioned only once every year. But it is more probably that it greatly ex- cccdcd this sum. The private plunder was enormous. It is in vain to calculate it. Money, plate, jewels, every thing dial was valuable became the prey of the French soldiery; olRcers and men, of all ranks and degrees, civil as well as militarv, made It their business. I have heard British officers say, that they have seen in the knapsacks of some of the French sol- diers slain on the field of battle, from ^1000 to .^t'l^oo ster- ling in money, bullion, plate, and jewels, And when we recol- lect what an army Franco /or many years hqd in Spain, we may be satished that the private plunder was enormous. It IS well kno'.vn that these armies cost France nothing; and «iat they subsist* li on tho countries on which they made war. 1 hey made it a boast that thoy did so; and, tp encourage the sol- diers, they were allowed to do ^s they pleased. France had gen- erally 300,000 meu of one description or other in Spain.* 'Hieir pay alone would exceed six millions sterling per annum; and the whole military establishment could not be maintained at less than 20 or 25 millions sterling; which, for five years, is much the same as thp amount of th< contributions and requisi- tions by the previous calculation. The total amount, therefore, or the French robbery in Spain cannot be less than 150 millions sterling; including the plunder by individuals, and independent of the loss sustained by the dest^-uction of property. In addition to the items mentioned in the tables, the following are a few particulafs, in which no amount is stated, but whivh will shew the nature of the system. All the property of the Inquisition, aniounting to many millions of French money, was seized, and sold in December, 1808. At Palencia, August 1808, all die public money, the plate from tho chapels, private plate, and, in short, all the wealth of the people were taken. Rio Seco, in the sqme year, was sacked and plundered. All the estates of • In the Council of 500, June 1 ;, 1 796, Lucien Bonaparte slated, that the ex- |)fnsp of each soldier, in time of war, was at that time equal to 700 livrcs, annu^^. those who remnini were confiscated j perty at Florence 'iHrragoua was pi )>laces shared the siry, and would e 1 shall not here (numerate the inr leieiit times over i iiiense, but refer li td under diflereiit Confiscations, s( were the next ob, tarrietl to a dreaif which had the apj common evil.. At two and a half mill hie of 350,000 pia Feb. 1804-, goods livres. In Helv( " many milliotis," (i nccording to the I British goods wer ready been offered 1 {.'oods were confisc flamburgh, Decer cd, 16,000,000 frai Mth, 1810, at K< loaded, were seized .'iO,000,000 francs; belonging to Prusi mount seized at th< ent at an equal sun ty of 50 per cent, c produce on the Coi poly of colonial j 100,000,000 francs Next came the < Of all the villanous hatched in the brai odious, unjust, ant them was prodigioi ed the amount in tl were to be burnt, a tar\f\nA ...C*K :^: ••-!i«iv« mm itillUiHi minions, 90,000,00 Ipss in this manner, I'many nillions" iii f>03 tliosc who romninccl faithful to For.linan.l, to n rrrat nmounf ucr. con toted and soM in ISJO; and dl th. ^'nishToI P.Tty at llorenco in 180H, was confi>catc.l for tlu- same reason, i arra^rona was piUufrcd, and then destroyed hy Suehet. Other J.luces shared the same fate. To e.niu.erate "more k unn.Te- bfiry, and wjujUI exceeil the limits «.f this work 1 shall not here take up the reader's time with nttemptinff to cmmicrate the ninnmerahlc tontrihntions, &c c\e. levied at dif- ierent times over all the North of (Jermany, whieh were im- inense, but reler ln,n to the tables where these are particulariz- ed under djflerent heads. ' Conliscations, seizures, and enormous duties on Brili^Ii croods were the next objects of French rapacity. This system v.^; carnet to a drendtul extent; and not only British poods but all winch hud the appearance of bcjn^ so, were involved in ono common evi At Leghorn, in I79fi, goods to the amount of wo ami a half mdhons were confiscated. At Salicetti, to the va- S; , Kor''' T'"'''- ^' ?^'"^'^^" ''"^' ^''^^-^H'. January and leb. 1804, goods were seized and sold to the value of 5,900,000 Lyres. In He yct.a, 1806, Oudinot found and confiscated many mtlhom (suppose \ 0,000,000 11 vres.) At Lcipsic, 1 806, nccordmg to the 15lh French bulletin, October 23d, so much British goods were found, that « 60 millions francs have al- ready been offered tor them." At Leghorn, September 5th, 1 807, ^mods were confiscated and sold, worth 180,000 pieces of eieht Hamburgh, December 18tli, 1807, paid tbr British ijoods seiz- 'r;/^',TA°^^. ^'i^""'- ■^"""''■"g to the Moniteur.'becember ..5th, 1810, at Komngsbcrg 210 vessels, 150 of which were loaded, were seized, confiscated, and sold, their cargoes worth |iO,ooo,000 francs; and an equal amount in the other norts Lelongmg to Prussia. We certainly much underrate the a- mount seized at the same time in all other ports of the Contin- ent at an equal sum, or 60,000,000 francs. The enormous du- ty 50 per cent, on all colonial produce, was calculated would produce on the Continent ^'9,000,000 sterling; and the mono- poly ot colonial produce yielded Frapce, from 1807, fuUv 100,000,000 francs per annum, ^ Next came the delirious measures of the burning decrees. Ut all the villanous and ilifir.ntctod proceedings that were ever Imtched in the brain cf tyranny, these were certainly the most (Hhous, unjust, and absurd. The property destroyed under lliem was prodigious. The Moniteur, above quoted, calculat- ed tlie amount in the ports of Prussia, December, 1810, which were to be byrnt, at 10,000,000 francs; and as this system ex- •—..va rrii.i «!ii,,itigalcu scveriiy tnrougliout all the French do- minions, 90,000,000 is certainly not too much to allow for the pss in this iiianner, At Frankfort alone, December 4th, 1 810. ^'* many nillions" in value were burnt. I ! do* Louisiana was taken from Spain, and sold to America for 4,000,000 dollars. Under the Rambouillct and other dcTrecb, France seized and sold American property to the amount of j£5,000,000 sterling. Many vessels and cargoes were seized and sold under various other pretences. The amount I can- not accurately ascertain. In 1809, in a few months, I find it stated at 467,000 dollars, and altogether it was a much greater sum. The secret Jon rnal, already quoted, and circulated at Paris, cal- culated that Mecklenburgh paid, annually, to France, 1,500,000 livrcs. Hesse, annually, 6,000,(jOO livres. Brunswick, annii- ally, 1, 300,000 livres; and Saxony, annually, 4,000,000 Ijvro- besides 18,000,000, annually, from the Northern Imperial ci- ties, in loans, contributions, and requisitions. During the year 1812, Prussia must have suffered prodi^i- ously. For a year and a half preceding, immense bodies "^ol French troops were scattered over that country, and for seve- ral months before the Russian campaign, 500,000 men were supplied with every thing. According to the manifesto of the King of Prussia, France took no fewer than 70,000 horses and '20,000 carriages from the inhabitants, without any })ayriciit. Avhateyer. She also owed the Prussian Government 94 mil- lions francs lor supplies furnished, but which she would not pay. In Dantzic the requisitions in grain and clothing amouiit- td, during 1812, to 25 millions francs. In other plates it wai equally great. The sum altogether was inconceival)le. In the Russian dominions the amount was less than n^ any country in Europe. A dismal solitude met the invaders stor', and placed his wonted pursuit beyond his grasp. Still, hou ever, he bbtained a considerable sum. In the province of ('ourland he levied about 12,000,000 francs; and if we allow 28,000,000 more as the aiuount which he obtained in the Go- vernments of Witepsk, Polotsk, Smolensko, and in the advance to and occupation of Moscow, we, perhaps, ate not far from the truth. These sums make 40,000,000 francs, and the plunder must have far exceeded that sum. In this I do not include the pillage and plunder of Moscow, &c. as I class that under the head of the destruction of property. At Witepzk a magazine of salt fell into the hands of the French, which Bonaparte valu- ed at 15,000,000 francs. The dreailful campaign of 1S13, which put an end to French tyranny and oppression in Europe, was indiscribably gallii-g, destructive and oppressive. It is scarcely possible to estimate it, but the subsequent accounts will convince the most thought- less, of'the prodigious amount, Nm?' 700,000 Freiichmci:-, and otliers in the service of France, and all their necessary a})pendages for war, were to be supported in Germany and Italy, It was not what the Fren od, which swcl ports of the Cc lower Silesia, o ho levied in or Money, rix-do hi cloth, linen. In quartering n at a moderat In wheat, rye, la Potatoes .... in Spirits , in Hay ami St Horses 12,333 y~i,02i-, iheeo i. 3,000, 000 st( ony must have quoted. At R extortions durii harvest and the consumed or ca tbeir fields, bou and were again French troops, all round Haml order to supply Dresden, many I'ure provisions ; tered on him. adjacent country cenc.ated there, iiewalof hostiliti under uccumulat in Saxony, at t men, and if thes( the forces in low "lily J?(),OoO stroi they no doubt di sustained in tha Leipsic, would a to review tJie ho tries, once so poj sum, great as it i; not take in the d tions, Leipsic fro Cl- 905 what the French army really required, but what they also wast- ed, winch swells the enormous a.ao«nt. Accordin/ to the re- ports oj the Comm.ttee for the German suflbrers, in'that part of "inv! l'- "' ° r "'"'^ ^^ '.'^^ ""'■'"y' ^"'•'■"g ^''^ armistice alone, he levied in ordmary requisitions, besides plunder, viz. Money, rix-dollars 589,74-1 la cloth, linen, wine, &c, do 2,336^510 In quarterinfT upon the inhabitants, at a moderate calculation 4,068,787 In wheat, rye, barley and oa^s 1,524,054 Berlin .^cheffol iilotatoes g^gOQ j " ^>'-'ts. 27^^,3 ^,^^ It^ Hay and blraw 1,254,715 Rix-dollars. Ilorsos 12,333: Oxen 16,025; Milch cows 43,681; Heifers i3m,(Vnn ;.«7'*^1;V— ting altogethe'r, t^ Tea ly ,£.3,000/.)oo sterhn^r This was .rifling however, to what Sax- Zed" a'T ."'M' r^:^'"^ '^'''''' ri°rts alreac?,^ footed. At Ratziburgh, besides immense contributions and exton.ons durnig 1812, and beginning of this year, the whole harvest and their provisions, and 10,000 head of cattle were consumed or carried away. The farmers, in order to cultivate tbe.r fields, bought their own horses again from the French i^rid were again plundered of them. Lubeck hadalways 10,000 Irench trcHjps, to maintain at its own expense—The country all round Hamburgh, was plundered by French soldiers, in order to supply that place with provisions for 9 months. Ai Dresden, many a Housekeeper, though he could scarcely pro- aire provisions for his own family, had 20 and 30 men quar- tered on him. During a truce of 10 weeks, that city and tlie adjacent country was oi,liged to support a French force, con - ctiurated there, about 200,000 men. For 8 weeks after tiie re- newal ol hostilities, this place had to support an equal number, under accumulating difficulties and distress. The French forte 111 baxonv, at the renewal of hostilities, was at least 400,000 men, and if these required the same expense as we have seen tlie forces in lower Silesia did during the armistice, which was <"iiy ;m,0o0 strong; and which, considering everv circumstance, they no doubt did, if not much greater, the total amount oHoss sustained in that part of Germany, down till the battles of Uipsic, would amount to 1 5 millions sterling. When we come to review Uie horrible distress which overspread these coun- tries, once so populous and prosperous, wo shall find, that this =">«, great as u is, ,s not exaggerated; and which, after all, does not take in the destruction of proprrty-besides other requisi- tions, Leipsicfrom the 2d May, to the 19th Oct. was obliged to I I • 906 pay 30,000 dollals weekly* towards the expenses of the I'Vench Hospitals, crowded to excessj and unable to contain half the miserable patients. In Germany therefore, and Italy for this year, the expense must have exceeded 20 millions sterling. In the numerous towns besieged, the contributions and re- quisitioiis wore enornjous. Hambur^jfl), a contribution of 4«,()00,000 francs; requisitions to more than 40,000,000 francs the tnciwy iu the bank 19,000,000 francs. The country phin- flered all round ibr j)rovisions2 immenseniugazioes and t^upplies, hiid in at the expense t)r tlu; people; all thest were al'terwartl.^ seizod by Davoust— 60,000 inhabitants driven from the towns; and the property of those which had any, divided amongst the solihers. T!)e,3e things amount to an amazing sum. Stettin had paid in n)oney 10,000,000 francs, and in requisitions of })rovisions, &c. &c. about 1 4,000,000 irancs. Allowing we take Stettin 518 a criterion, by which we are to judge of what other places, held by Fvench garrisons, would have to pay, and which we may salely do^ as few were smaller than it, and the greater part double and even treble its size in poptdation, wealtli, and tne number of the garrisons; the principal worth noticin uncertain. Piiintings, &o. &c. »* J toiNcii. of 5(X), August 5th. 1 790. Monasteries in Relgium de- creed to bo sold, value, not including books, church plate, and other ornaments •»» -^ ** .^» .^ Convention, January 26tb, 1 79.5, Diimourier drew from Bel.;__;__ •5 y .5,000,000 4, "^ ,■.0,000 2,000,000 l,00f-,000 140,000,000 10,000,000 Carr^ furward, C, 168,000,009 29 yos JlruKghtfonrnvd, li.ooo.ooo C,lG8,000,0(ij \I()KS, (JiiN ■^» »v ■•»■ ■•»• Do. -lO.tMXI rations liroail daily Ho. '_'0,()llO (|uii)tals ( orii -» »«• Do. L'O.OtX) do. do. IVom country round Besides An iinnionsc ([iiautity of otlier tliin;^s, y;.'/),"'// l.niii-ciU'.'i Letter, 'Jl.s/, Mf^iUtiii, .ye. GiiKNT, Coiitril)ution »«- »«• ■" 7,000,000 flor. rAMiiiiAY, Mjy '.'7tl», 1794, Contribution (>,000,000 do. Loi'v.MN, moncv »- -- -* 2,000,000 liv. Do. cattle' -- *- -- «,00y Do. pairs hoots ^» ->•■ KXCXIO .Mm isKs. money »» »«• -^ 1,500,000 liv. Do. Ints ». .X 10,000 D". pairs sliocs »^ -"^ 10,000 Antweiii-, inoney •♦■^ -■' ■»* 10,000.000 And pp'ialiios of 100,(KX) livresper day forfeitetl. Nam'R, Halkms of l)rea(l »■>■ l'J,000 J)o. do furagt" »* iOO Do. blankets »- ■"• 1.4CX) Do. iiialre^ses »» ••■» 1,I(X) Several liundrisl pleees linen, several do. do, of clotli, a vast ipiantitv of hardware, old load, tin, brass, iron, &c. from e^ory place. OsTEMN nivMiey »» •"• ^-^ 2/X)O.0O0 !»uilderf fien. Custine, 1792, 1,000,000 Horlns ^v ^» ,v Spires do. Oclober, money Do, do. 15euedieti]K- monks •»» Do. do. C!ler;:y, .Spires as indivliluiil Do. do. Chapter and Clergy, of do. BiSimlMlir AND Ci.EIKiV 1)1' \\'ol!MS -^■^ Do. do. Sacks of lloiir ■^x Do. do. I5;\rley and Oii! j •••>. Do do. Trusses' of bay '■>. Li:ic.K, Clergy of, money CitEvr.r,, Duke of AVurtemberg's property ■»■» Diiteby ofCleves, December 1793 Contribution, by Laniorlierri; -^ »«■ From middle o/"lT93, till April 17f).^. ** ^V 3„'oo,por) **. ^V 5(X),(X)0 ««, «.•«. 40f','100 ;<, ^•^ i'-'n.(X)(' ^ laO.'W ■V* l,'i(X),000 O!) J l.',7i.'(J l,!)-!7, &c. as murh IjCOClXW 100,1100 florin^ ."00,000 do. ■I 7lL',O0O t%. "»* 80,000 I.Eicr, Contributions *«• «» «* , Do. Impositions on 52 merchants, at .•iOO Horitis, each ■>» •■«■ -»»■ Do. do. upon Custom-house -»«• Do. do. Coflee 100,000 lbs. Do. Loaves su;'ar, 100, Of K) »■>• 3,190,000 florins 2'^,00O do. 20,000 do. T.^OOO do. 5S0,0fX) Ao. .■7,8') I. O- 10 (•, .1-'/ /' I ■in.-d, 2,000,00(1 Cleves and Meuu;;, i Si'iuEs, Dec. 1 793, Cu Do. do. I0( Do. do. f>0( Do. do. jO,( Do. tlo. .50,' Do. itions lii.OUO.OOO florins 7,0;iO,(H)() do. Coi-ooNK, Ekvlorute of, money 1^"' ilr". Requisitions Cologne, Iinjiorial city of, money, &c. Do. do. ammunition carried off -.v.i,,„vw uo 1)0. do. library, drawings, engravings &c. 1(X),000 do Bo. do. lodging troops .v ,. 570,000 do. ll.',()00,(H)u do. l.^.J(i(),000 do. i.',C(X),()(;0 do. '100,000 do. Saakhruck, country of, money »•>. »^ 4'J0,(XX) do. Do. do. Itequisitions fiom Farinurs 370,000 do. Cleves and Meuks, money, &.c. .v» , TUEVES AND COBLENTZ, llionev ■»» »» Do. do. Requisitions •»* ». L'50,000 do. ',300 OtX) do. 7(;0,0(X) do. TiiEVEs, Electorate of, I3ourl)otte's letter lo Con.vcntion, August 9tli, 17;i4. -V .V »» „» ^^ ..X ° ^ OcEBSHEiM AKU GEiniEKSHELM, Raiiliewiclvs, money, 4,000,000 llm-. O"- J"- RKjuisilions 210,000 do. Phanke-nthal, 80,000 floiins, KiiuniiEKf!, 70.000 J .iO.OOO do. SiMMEKN, !)0,000 do. Kkei;tzna. 36,000 8,000 1,000 12 150 6 The French Cominissioners, with the armies of the Rhine, and ■ Moselle, on the 25tli Feb. 1794, exacted from the conquered countries, the following supplies, to be ready in 6 weeks, from that daU'. 29,000 pairs boots 150,000 shirts 1(X),000 hats 25,000 pairs pantaloons '25,000 great coats 47,000 suits of clothes ' 52,000 waistcoats 100.000 pairs breeches 134,000 pairs stockings 300,000 pairs shoes The value of the above, is supposed to be included in the previ' ous sums. To the above^s to be added, wood, iron, pew^icr, lead, copper, plate, cloth, and the property of the Emigrants, calculated about 31 ',000,000 tjoiins .«,. »^ »» .»^. »^ And the los:i by aisignats in these departments ■»» »v Subsequent to Aprili 1795. May, 179', Clergy on West Bank ot the Rhine, 8,000,000 florins July, 1795, anew Contribution on the conquered countries, be- tween the Maese and the Rhine ■»». ••^ »» PussEiDOKF, Sept. 24th, 1795, money .v^ «« 'v* Do. do. wheat 10,000 quintals 200.1)0,. M, 000,000 770,00.") 400,000 660,000 Bo. tio. bsuley 8,roo do Currii foTvard, 6",000,ftXt 65,oavv''0 16,000,000 30,000,000 800,000 J73,e3.1,0C0 DussFLnoar, Sept : Do. Do. CuLor.NE, August £ litu of 2,000,0< Do. October Do. Nover In 1 796, Contribut 1797, do, 1798, do. 1739, do. Prussian Provinces, Wesei., April 23d, : Do. d Do. di faris, Jan. 4th, 179' 10 procure peace in Uy Treaty of peace ■ Forced loan, Ai Pay and maintaina monthly for 1 ye ('0NTlaBITT10N.S, uion ItfQuisiTioNS, ration Do. rations Dc, pairs sh Do, Do, Do. (lairsb cloth c do. wa Do, Do, Do. Do. pairs, s coarse shirts hats Do, oxen And about this time, Hague, Oct. 1796", i Fkench Convkmiok Dutch and French J ' vincc. of Holland a Paris, Nov. 25th, 1 7 20,000,000 florii .la Dec. 1802, the U Feb. 1804, Contr ■\ov 1804, a loan 31uiiey seized by Vei • AJx la Chapcllc, Ac eye of the Consti fiirnishid by Uie Pn raiy, at 257,5 15,00( \ Hague, August i^ie^d, ^ lb. meat ps] 911 Broil phtfurward, DussFLnoftF, Sept. 24th, 1795, rye lo.ooo quintal*. Do- do. sheep (joo ^"- <•"• •••attle 50O&C.&C. worth CuLor.NE, August 26th, «()00 lbs. meat, for French army, and in liiiu of 'i,OCX),000 livres, Clergy to maintain JOOO men Do. October 3 1 si, money »^ ,» *» ^ Do. November 6'tli ■** •^ ■»* ...^ [n 1796, Contributions on tliesedopartmenls «,* ^ 1797, do. do. ^ ». ^ ^ 1798, do. do. ^ «^ ...* ^ 1739, do. do. -^ »* »^ .^^ Prussian Provinces, West Bank of the Rhine, to furmsh WiSEi., April 23d, 1795, wheat 1.5.000 quintals Do. do. barley 15,000 do. Do- do. oats & m?al 'J2,000 do. together ftris, Jan. 4th, 1797, between Maeseand Rhine countries, 4,000,000 373,633,OOfl 800,000 2,000,000 76,000 30,00O 9,0(X),00M 1'1,000,(XK> 1 l,000.0(KJ 9,000,000 I .^OCOOtt 8,000,000 Total HOLLAND, To procure peace in ? 795, morey 100,000,0(J0 guilders By Treaty of peace f »* ^ ** *, .^ Forced loan, Aug',. 1 15th, 1795 »* ^ »^ Pay and maintainance of 25,000 men, about 1 million florins Bionlhly for 1 9 years ^ .^.^ .».,. .^ ^ CoNTiuKiTTiONs, monoj-, .«. ..^ ^ 36,000.000 Rfquisihons, rations hay, at 15 lbs. heavy weight, 5 millions ' Do. rations straw at 10 lbs Do, pairs shoes ■»* -w Do. pairs boots -^ .^^ Do. cloth coats ■<-<. *» Do, do. waistcoats »» Do. pairs, stocking Ijrecches Do. coarse linen trowsers Do. shirts -.^ »» Do. hats ♦•» »» Do. oxen .»* .»» ... altogetlior worth 38,0{H),000 And about this time, a duty of 3 per cent, on all property for France Hague, Oct. 1796, Government sent Gen. Rournonville -.^ French Convkntiok, Oct. Sth, 1796, a loan of ^ Dutch and French Journals, April I T'JT, levied by French on P,o- ' Vina: of Holland alone last year, 6I,7.5H,751 florinbv^^v^..^*.^.,. Paris, Nov. 25th, 1797, an extraordinary impo«t, to create a navv 20,000,(X)0 florins, b\i« would cost ^ ^ ', In Dec. 1802, the lo-m to France for 1 SOS, was 80 millions floriii= Feb. 1804, Contributions of 40,000,CX)0 do. Nov 1804, a loan frcun ,\mstmdam and Hk>tter.lani, to France Money seized by Verhcuil, 5,000,000 ducat* ♦» ,» ^ *428,8.'59,0OO or £.18,766,607 210,000,000 100,000,000 100,000,000 499,200,00« iOO.OOO 150,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 1 50,000 200,000 50,000 12,000 74,000,00i* i,2*;<),ooo 100,000,000 129,69'i,3ji' 84,(K>>),000 1 68,0(K),000 84,000,000 ■^ .»i),(XX),000 CaiTi/foTu^ard, 1,61. ",153,335 • Aix la Chapcllc, April 1795. •' Tho Journal de Speculateur, published under oyeofthc Constituted Authority, estimates i he raoncy, clothes, and provision-^ inishtdby iJie Provinces, between the Jlacse and the Rhine, unto the French ^irmy, at 257,515,000 livres— to tlwt date. t Batavian t .invention, .'Vug. 8th, 1798. \ Hague, August Cist, 1 795, pjiy of French Hoops, fixed at 5 stivers lilbs 3re»d, ^ lb. meat ^ler day, Cohvcnlion, Aug. 18th, 1798, yearly, D,679,S35. Ol'J Until gill fur waril, i 808, a fresh Contribution ■»* •»» »» *» •»* Do. in March, II ion-vd loan of,)0,()(X),(X)0 giiildors, ntk'rwnrds reduced by liouis, Nov. 'J^tli, IWH, to '_'()niilb'ons »* « April jd, IHOO, loan of 10 or I 'J millions, (Vom Merchants, com- muted by Uonaiiartc's lettth- to C millions from Oovernmeul Total, 10(),()00,0()(j •H.OOO.OOO 6',(XK),0()U or X'.77,15S,.S3-. GERMANY, PiU-is Papers, July 2$tli, 1 7i)G, oflieial. I'ttANKioRT, 1st ('ontiibution, money *» Do. Uequisitions *«• *» Uo. 2d Contribution, by DuilVetou Do. atXX) oxen, ivc. i\c. worth Besides I 1 can loads private property 8,300,000 -1,00(),0()0 i.',(K)0,000 'j,oa),(X)t) carried oil' Black Fokust, doijrcdations in it tipial to many millions, llnest trees cut down, Ac. /V/Vumr^', Aug. 17th ■»■>. KEUSTAnr, Contribution money »» -w Duke OF Wlhtkmueiu;, .Idly, 179f) Do. To i)ay lor suspeu'^ion of hostilities Do. -lOOO horses -(XX) oxen, provisions, &c. &c. to Moreau, .Inly 17th, 17117 *» Do. 'J'rc.ily of IVace »• »v Baden, Treaty, ,hdy '25t\\, 17!)0", official. Do. Contribution, money ■»» »» Do. llequisilions, horses (4iX) draught) » Do. quintals graii\, L'-jds wheat ••v » Do, sacks oats, of I 'J bushels each '-v^ -< Do. (juintiils. hay ** »v . Do. pairs shoes ■»» •»» -vr. « Do. oxen »* ■»» *» ^» , Circle of Swabia, 1 790', money in '2 months Horses, (one-hnlf draught and one half cavalry) Do. Chaise do. ■»«. -•»• »^ Oxen »*»»,»» », Quintals Wheat ■«•». ••• »» Do. Kyc ■»»■ »■>. ■^ ■^■> Sacks of oats 1 - bushels -»* »* Quintals hay »■«. ■»». ». Pairs shoes ■•» »» •♦v », Money I'lom the abbeys and the l>ench »» Paris, Auiiusl \2lh, 17!i(i. W'urtemberjr, ISaden, and Swabia have already yielded the Repub- lic in money, he. *^ ♦» »» 5.1,000,000 And the anny of the Sanibre, and the Meus*", have sent ■** »» 1 2,(X)0,'.XK). Circle of FmJiconia, 1796, French accowitb. 10,000,0(10 7,000,000 4,(XX),000 4,000,000 l'.i,(KX),(XX) i;,ooo,o(x) l(XM) y,N(X)() 'JOOO J0,00() 24,0(X) 5(X) 12,000,000 «0(X) ■1(X) 5000 l() S Do. drajjo Do, quint Do. do. Do. do. Do. pairs Do. do. Do. ells ol Do. chosci ^loreiiu's Hie Paris Journal, , tributions and He ("iTY Avn Bisiiorui Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. <)o. .Do. do. •"(iiitribution , mono; ISwjuisitions , gallon Do. lbs. 111, Do. lbs. o;i Do. lbs. ha Do. pairs s Do. do. bo Do. gaiteii Do, shirts Do. horses vinegar, ilc. i ^'outitry lutween tlu and the roqu l'islio])ric of Fulila Do, Canonryi City and Uisliopric 10,(XX),(XX). T)o. Landgrave of Hess*-, And Uequisitio supiHised to c The whole am<: the crossing, army in 17!)') Inli.ibitnnts i\l' IVuss to pay of the 1797, after passing t FKANKiour, August to jiay »•» JO,000,Ofti Lavaria, 179G. Oniunht forward, 10,l)00,(K)() i'onfrlbutions, mnney •»* » RiHjiiisitioiis, .~(M) rciildles, nml fiCH) cavalry horses Do. (ii'»!rooii do. and 1. ■)()() urtillory do. (|uiiitiils wln'at and rye »». do. oats ■.» »» do. liay ••>. »», pairn shoes ■»». »i do. Imots •«» »» oils of olHi'crs cloth •»» clioseii pictures (Voin Munich ^forcau's Treaty, Sept. 7th. he Paris Journal, [.'nmr ttrs Lois, Sept. fith, says, the whole Con- tributiuns and Kcfjuisitioiis, aniuiinted to .ji-'.OtMXOoo Horins. Do. Do. Do. J)o. Do. l)o. l)o. 9()0 .'5,."0O 2(K),(XK) I(«),(M)0 y(X),(){K> IlX),(VK) 10,(XX) 30,(XX> 2() Bamhcrii, 1795. City .\sn Bisiiopnir, Contribution money Do. Do. Do. Do. 1)0. do. do. do. do. do. sljirts pairs shoes do fjixiter-. do. boots horses and varioiLs other things. KXJ.CXX) I(H),(K)() .TO.tXX) 100,CHH) COO 1,000,000 8,000,000 XiircmOirg, 179G. I ontribution, money lleijuisitions, gallons brandy 2,. "on. Of /o Do. Uo. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. lbs. meat lbs. n;its lbs. hay pairs i,li(U's do. boots gaiters shirts horses 2.';,tx)o 1 .';o,(x)o 1 .^O.(XK) 50,(XX) IO,{l(X) .ICl.tXX) ."JO.OCK) 6'CK) and rliith. vinegar, S:c. .^vc. to a grcit amoinit. f oiintry between the .Mayne and the Lahn, exclusive of FrankCorl, iuul the requisitions, money -w» -.» 5()"00 0()0 l!islio]nic of Fulda ■.■>. ■»* »» »» ,^ 70 (XX) Do. Canonrydo. »>. ...» »» .^^ ,^0,000 City and Uisliopric jf Wurtzburgh, twice, each time .';,000,()0() 10,(X)(),(XX). Do. -w. »x »» ...» .^.^ eoo Jiorsp^ Landgrave of Hess»s Darmstadt, money v» ,'),(XX),00(> And Uequisiti'iiis of diH'ercnl articles, from all these places, supimsed to cijual tlie amount in cash »» L'0,7thi,(XX) The wliole aniouni oi' Coiitriliutioiis and Ke. »» .»» 10,000,000. 200,(XX),00O 1,-0,000 r>,.K5,ooo e,ooo,ooo 217,675,000 911, Brought f'nuard. And immenic quuntities of wood cut down, and sold (o Dutch spfculators. Pkbikt's Joi;bival, Paris Sept, 26tb, 179G. Tlie Elector Palatine to p-.y for peace ** •>• 02,000,000 Horins Fbahkfort, August 27th, 1799. Requisitions by Baraguay de Hilliers. lbs. leather ■»» ->* 217,67J,0(X'» 80,000,00(3 lbs. lead ellsblui' cloth clis linen pairs sLnes do. stockings lbs. bread quintals hay sacks (lats bundles straw Contribution, money. 100,000 .';no,000 4(MJ,000 200,000 50,000 60,000 48,00O 10,000 J 0,000 10.(K)0 250,000 dollars The City unable to furnisli all of the latter, and afterwards commuted to 22,00G Louis d'Ors .v>. ««. ..k.. „ TIiELuoRN, August, 1799, money, 80,000 florins MnusciivL, August 30th, 1799) 1.50,000 do. D J. do. 800 pairs shoes, &c. l-IiEDEi,BER<3, Sept. 1 799, moncy 12,000 tlorin.s do. do. 35,000 do. 100,000 do. 350,000 do. HlKI.BORN, do. do. JiiKnrLBERO, Oct 1799, do. IVI \NirEiM, do. do. Dl'CHV OF WllRTEMBERG, Nov. 4lh, 1799 -•■» »». *• Also, a monthly Contribution, uncertain. Ehrenureisttetn, Contribution, to repair works, 275,000 dollars i^OO oxen, &c. &c. to a great amount, say as much ■»» Ofeenberg, by General Suzanne, April, 1800. Contribution »» ** ..^ 12,000 florins Memmingev, May, 1800 *»»%.»% 60,000 do. Urerlenoen, do. ■»» ••»-v^ ^.v 50,000 do. Bregenz, do, •»* ... vx li.',0O'', do. AUOSBURGH, exacted by Lccourbc, May IGth Do. money ..^ ....... »» 600,000 Do. rations bread .w. ». 50,000 Do. quarters beer *v ■.. 30,000 Do. bottles wine ■.. *» 500 D.1. do. brandy .. .. JOOO Do. ells blue cloth .. ^ lOOO Do. ells white cloth .. 300 Do. ells scarlet cloth *. 300 Do. pairs shoes »» ■.■. 600O Do. pairs oflicers boots ■.* O'OO Do. horses and accoutre.incnts 1 5 A Ca/riugc for the General. The Cliairter of Money, •»* ». »* 400,000 Do. ells blue cloth, ..^ »^ 1 ,o(X) Do, ells white dc. ■.. «. 300 Do. ells scarlet do. *. .. 300 ©0. quintals oats •. »» 290 Carryforward, 4 5-1, (.ICO .'i?5,000 1,245,000 i.',000,000 1,100,00" 1,I00.0!K' J5.i5,O00 304,4'3-l.(.>', m 915 T«. Chapter of money, oxen, 50 civt each ^"Sht finvarj. Do horses ,» »» ,^ ^^ pe whole, within 6 weeks exceeding 2,000,000 florins MuNirtf, June 2«th. 1800 ■»» *» ^ Contrihiition hy General Ducaen »■«■ ^ v» DucHv OK WiRTjtMBERO, Contribution ♦* «» ^ ^"^ „ . Ke<]uisition, 1 5,000 cloaks, &c. andTu tolls and revenues due the Duke KaAMtpOBT, July, IT!)!>, l>o. Contribution, money ** ^^ Do. Uif|uisitions »^ ^ ^q.OOi ^ Cou.vTY OF BrisoAu, March 1799, Contribution, 200,000 do. «„ ^°' T 1 . »^ «, K(!quisitions 500,000 do. owabia, July, 1800, to Moreau Koquinitions, quintals wheat •»» », 50,000 10,000 ^,000 90,0OO 50,000 20,000 100,000 20,000 Do. do rye »» »» .^ Do. oxen, at 450 francs »» Do. (]uintaU hay »» .^^ Da sacks o.-\ts, each 1 -14 francs *> Do. cwL forage »» ^ Do. pairs shoes <^ .»^ Do. cloaks ••» .^ ■€^ . To furnish, monthly, (l\,ru jmpers) if only 6 months, woddb^ Ratlsbon, .Fuly 25th, Contribution ■«. .^ Electobate Mkntz, July 2Sih, that part of it occupied Contribution, money, *» .^ Do. clothes, provisions Ac. Ac.to a (?reat amount HiiLBORN, August 1st, 1800, Contribution by Moreau, ' Manheim, and parts adjacent, August 8th, Do. Requisitions, rations bread, »» 1^0. do. nicdt, •»■.. ^ And many oUier necessaries for the French army Arnheim, 1799, 66,000 60,000 7000 10,000 20O 1(X)0 l.'JOO Do. Requisitions pairs shoos. Do. do. lbs. candles, ♦» J)o- do. bulUnks ^ ''"■ do. gallons brandy, .^.^ IJo- do. pairs boots Ac. »* I'lRfi.ROF FRANro.\iA, Morcau, July lyth, 1800. Contribution, *■'■"»■•** SwABiA, August 14th, 1800. Since the armistice, Moredu has levied in Contributions but princijjally on Swabia »* ■>* .,^ After the armi tiee, the French poured in 150,000 more troops «hich were all n untained and supplied with every thin-r in Ger- many; and as they supplied one set, they withdrew these.'and then sent a ircsh horde of naked hungry wretches. Klectobate Mentz ANii THE Mayne, October, 1800. Contribution by Augereau, »* ■«.'*» I'm, Octo!>er, 1800, necessaries left by Austrians andsoiil, ^^ ^ ,, 100,000 florins. ^ssENBERG, Sept. 1 800 for peace, ^ i (K),o()0 livres. ■*uiMcn, 1800, pr.-viously by Moreau, .^^ 100.000 do •TiiL' French took 1 1,192 musquets, 51,000 s-ibres 144 pieces of cannon, 3200 bombs, 1 662 grenades J 2fi,000 bullets 3 1 63 bayon- ■is aooo pisti'ls, 2 pieces small cannon in silver, &c. &c. the whole o z Carry fiinvatd, 30i,46li,000 5,500,000 1 0,000,0hole. To pay for the'assassination of the French min- ister Basville, -i^ ^ ^ PoPK, I St October, 1796, to pay, monthly, till peace with Austria, Naples and France, in all about 21 months, '^ -v^ «« .m. Milan, November 25th, 1797, Cisalpine Repub- lie demanded from the Pope as the debts due it from those parts of his territories incorporat- ed with it 'tx ««, «^ .w>. Italt, August gth, 1797. Country round Mantua, monthly, 75,000 liv Verona, May, 1797. Contribution, money, «« v%. ^ And all plate, public and private. Pavia, revolted, stormed, pillaged, and then forced ' pny »* ««««««.««. MoDENA, Duchy of, 1 796, treaty with Bonaparte, Contributions, money, ^m. ««, «^ Requisitions, provisions, ^^ «v •>.. Do. horses, .^ «« .^ 20,000 Uo. musquets, »» »* lO,0OO Do. choice pictures, •»» »-v 21 One of which was St Cecilia. LoMBARDY, Bonaparte's Proclamation. May 24th, 1796, Contribution, »» 20,000,00() Leghorn, Paris July .5tb, i797. British goods conflspated, about »«. 8,000,000 Jionaparte's Dispatch, July 2d, Contribution, *^ *v »* »^ 6,000,000 Do. Paris Aug. 9th, paid Bonaparte, to with- draw garrison, 1 ,000,000 piastres ^ 5,000,000 Do. October 28th, 1796, . Paid Salicetti, .380,000 piastres »* 1,900,000 Paris, March 27th, 1797, garrison retired, paid Bonaparte again ,to evacuate it, by the Grand Duke of Tuscany -^ «« «« «« 2,000,000 Cassal Macgiore, 1796, money »» -^ 1,000,000 pBAND Duke of Tuscany, money ^^ *». 2,000,000 4>Ai.iCETTi, British goods ransomed »* «* 1.750.000 SOO.OOO 6,300,00(» 50,000,000 5,400,000 000,000 7,500,000 2,500,000 ^arryfirwari. 50,000,000 fll9 Brought forward, ■^ 300,000 75,400 24,000,000 150,000 25,000,000 50,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,00<.> 4,000,000 ** 21,000,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 400,000 SAto, 1 797, ransomed for ^ ^ Silver plutiM 075 lbs. ■-* ^ ^ ^ Cisalpine Kkhublic, Redacteur, Oct 4th 1797 to 1,000,000, to be exempted from all reni.isition"s. supposeonly till 1799, or two years ^ Udina, Sept. ii6th, 1797, French troops cost us 100 ducats daily. Prkscio ani, Ukrgamo, all wrought silver in them. " on'y equal to Salo, is ^ ^ ^ Bologna, a large Contribution, uncertain, and by Bo- naparte-s Uippatches, June 23(1, and July 2d, 1 796, 50 choice pictures. Trieste, 1797, money 10,000,000 florins, ^ And all loaded sliips in the harbour. Aaples, for peace *»>*»». By s.;cret article in the treaty, to furnish iiTpro. VlSlOIiS -^ 1^ \* ^ Paris, May 1 7th, 1 797, demanded b7 Bonaparte REPUBLIC OF Lucca, 1796, Contribution, money Mgsquets 6000, &c. &c Tuscany, June 23d, 1 796, money *. ^ 300 Manuscripts and Pictures, &c. Mband Duke of Mobbka, 1796. .«. ^ XT ^^f'l^y^ Venice, and forced to pay in 1 797, Novi, Inhaoitantsof, 1796, »» U. ^ Besides immense sums in other plaops; and alTthe requisitions for provisions and stores ^br tlie French army, which Bonaparte in his Dispatch, March 1st. J 797, boasted that he maintained without any ex- pense to France. It must be remarked, that all these contributions were solely for the French Government. and exclusive of the maintenance and pay of the troops, also furnis^ied by these countries. The pay „lone, of Bonaparte s army in Italy during 1796 and 179., was equal to 200,000 livres per day, or 73,000,000 per annum which, for 1796 and 1797 alone would be 146.000,000 lo this must be added, the syppUes in -lothing, provisions and stores, at least equal to half the amount «f the money contributions, if not much more, and the immense plunder and peculation of individuals, which was enormous and incredible. Received from Italy by France, to 18th Oct 1796 Do. in arrears at that time *» ^ „ .^ Levied afterwards till peace, about ^ .», Pictures, Statues, Ships. &c. worth ■»* .^ ^ ^ Provisions, stores, clothing, &c. &c. ^ ^ ^ ^ «y, French army **>»»»»»,» Individual plunder and peculation ^ ^ !^ i^ Independent of all the property belonging to the Austrian Government and army. Austria lost in this campaign 2000 cannon, 500 field-pieces, and 300 mastcr-pieces of the Arts, were sent to Paris from ♦wly. Bonaparte's Dispatch, March loth, 1797. Carryforward, * Rrt of this was due from Germany. SO,000,OC» ii 500,000,000 * 150.000,000 400,000,000 100,000,000 360,000,000 146,000,000 150,000,000 'I 1,636,000,00(1 920 Jiroughl forward, 1,056,000,000 Subsequent to 1191. KoME, Aug. SHtFi, 1798, From ricli families in G montlis ««««««.««. Sai'.uinia, October 1798, a loan, »«. »v »* ^ Co'i'.ributions of 6tli year, ending Sept. 22(1, 1798, chiefly from Italy •^ ^^ -./i. •«.»-»*«» »» TuscANV, Jan. 21st, 1799, Sums paid France lately ««. -^ «» «« .«« NAri.Es, Jan. lOth, 1799, I'aid for Armistice, '«^ ««.'«'>. ^^^ .» «« llevolt, city assessed for, 2,500,000 ducats -.v »* »» Kt Elnirt when it surrendered, found in it, fi,000,000 ducats, which liad been collected by the French troops in Neapoli- tan territories .w »* .»% ,^ .»»..»». Ftrkara, 17!)9, I'lundored of 200,000 florins in gold ->«««. ^ UoLOGNA, June, 1799, Cunlribution, money '»« 'm 'm, «^ m «« Pi.AcvNZA, June 29th, 1799, Contribution, money, 'v«. «« .w «« ««, .^ JMoDF.NA, 1799, money, ■*»■»*•»»****.,» Ot.sciA. Tur/n,Juli/ 26lh, 1799, Contribution, money ««.■>.« «^ .«<. «^ «;« .Savona, money ■»* •v^ *» »^ .»^ »^ .^ i'miMONT. Paris, Jan. 25th, 1 799, 70,000,C'J0 levied by King of .Sardinia, on Ecclesiastical prp. perty, se(piestered by order of the Directory .^ ^ Lucr\, 17;iS, Serrurier's proclamation, Dec. 28th, C'ontriliution, money ■»».■«*«».»» ,»^ .^ Ti'SCANV. Paris, Feb. 25th, 1799, 1/oan from produce of church plate -^ *w .v* .*» Do. Florence, March 12th, 1799, A further loan, demanded by France ^ .^ «« Komi-, Feb. 15tb, 1799, Kccltsiastical property, sold to defray expences of the French army, i0,(X)() crowns -^ -^^ .».» ^ ^ Lucca. Milan, July 13th, 1799, by Massena, Contribution 'm ««««.«« .^.^ »v Tax on Commerce -w*. *»..<.»..*». .v» «■», Do. upon Nobles ■w »^ »v »» .»» »», Do. of 8 dcrniers, per crown, Genoa, Florence, March 8th, 1800, Contribution by Massena «> »* .»» «« »> TuRiv, July 2«th, 1 800, Contribution, by Massena -v^ ««. «^ ««, ««. PiEWMONT, Turin, Aug. 5th, 1800, Contribution, by Massena -w^. ■>» «« .m. «> Bkiocna, Oct, 'id I'SOO, Colli ribut ion, money '^ ««««.«%««, «« Ami all blue and green cloth. licmoR'J, Oct. 1800, ti lintals wheat •»«««.««,«« 500,000 Carru forward. 1.862.000,000 C.50O,00O 8,O'JO,O0O 50,000,000 800,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 24,000,000 400,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 70,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 12,000,000 500,000 1,000,000 8,000,000 2,000,000 800,000 2,500,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 Do. ryi Do. dried Found and sei the enemies Do. Nov. aot War Contribu pLOaENCE, Oct, 23 Confributiou, Hequisitioii, 8i NArLE.s, .^larch iiHt To |)ay, mone; ay, money ■«•■«•»«.»». Genoa, Jan. Gill, 1800, tl.?'"i^L'"'tr"'° ,"'".?'"' ^°"^"'' '° "tate the inability for tJ 47^1 fran"' f •? ^""""^ "-""P" ^'"'' -^ieh amounted "^l^Z^t^^^TT •^"'^?''' ^°' '*•''*=" J«''""« P^Perty of i „jOO,000 ducats was pledced *» r f / ui I-KGHORN, Sept 5tli, 1807, ^ «. ^ British goods confiscated, (some .accounts say more) LiGUKiAN REruHuc, I>aiis, Dec, 12th, ' "•"•^"f Contribution, and sundry articles ' ^ ^ -«,. ^ Do. |;«f extraordinary expense of the army ** Do. Pairs slioes ,» ^ ^ Do. Watdi-coats ■«. ^ ^ Do. Cartridges •«• ^* ^ ,^ And specie for the pay of 25,000 men. Verona, Vienna, Jan. 17th, I80I, Contribution, by Brune, 100,000 ducats ^ ^ _ Campaign 1 799, maintenance of French troops &c »^ T, SLANv- 1801, Moniteur, Feb. LMst, """i"^'*'=- ** On absent subjects, 100,000 crowns .«. Co. xr,i, of ,^00, July 1799, Laurent said he Antf recwj^gj miU lions of .he Contributions levied in conquered couiitrifs ^ »,.lhor.s o, which had been levied in aslany days, lolto( tlus was irom Italy, and much was not then received. \1 26,00O a.5,(xx) 200,000 1,862,000,000 1 7,000,000 2,000,000 5^.000,000 5,000,003 17,155,000 vt,500,000 6,000,000 700,000 1,00(^000 i.'J,000 400,000 100,000,000 .5.'5O.00O 6.T,000,OOfl Livres '.^()84,.~,~o,(HX> or, i-.yi,l68,oj» AUSTRIAN STATES. TvRoi, 1809, Kxactions contributions, sale of property, fully 20,000,000 florins; and by>,wrf depreciation of Austrian Bank money ;iO,00{),000 florins more. -- ^ ^ ".«"Kjnoney, Mines OK D. Viibia, Bonaparte's Dispatch, 22d, WarthVTS-^ *" lor armislice. Peace ond Contributions ^ vv ^ SAiTinunaH. Dec. 1800, Contribution ^ »v ^ "^ ('rn:i-. Ai-.-iiniA. 1801, Bavaria, Jan. 4th, Coiitiibution, reduced to -»*.»* .^^ In 1S05, ■** ■J'o nth, Nov. in money and provisions ^ .»* .„ Jleqniiitions at Vienna, 42,000,000 florins ^ ioo,ooo,one» '',000,000 100.000,(X)i' 5,000,000 8,000,000 14,000,000 J05,« «^ '>^ -»« «« 'v>. .^ 1 0O,(K»O,l nvi Treaty of Peace, 50,000,000 florins •«,»*»* 1 2J,000,0(> Austrian 'iiagazines, sold for benefit of the French army, prooeeds very great. Besides, the French army from passing the lihine, levied On countries through whici) they passed, at least «* ■«. 100,000,0(J^ AusTUiA 1H()9, «««.««« 19th Bulletin, Oct. 29th. 1807. At Spandau, magazines of meal and oats, Ac. suflicient to serve the army 2 month:,, 60 schujts, laden with meal and etiectsfrom Berlin, taken. Some grenadiers had made prizes to the amount of 500,000 francs, altogether worth at least m, ..^ ^ «« Carrt^ forward, l,200,00fi 60,000,000 10,000,000 7 1 ,200,0()(» BmsuAW, 1 799, l..-;t C Do- Sd. Basle, April, 1800, Contribution, by BftEOENz, May, 1800, Contribution, mo or. Gatf Jiifi.. I "Tirt MS value, iarf*, il/ny J7M, 1807. * Leipsic,180C, omitted last page, ^ ' Lwpsic, April 1807, »' 8«. *- ** ♦* Contribution, in monev, aiMiit « .300,000 quintals wheat- 1 7no(Wi i.,..i ^- .JTajni tributionlf 30.000,SVraJc?^ "l'" "'"*'• «"«* C™" Bosides the above, tl.is city from 1807, till 1814 lolt^n r„n" St«ttin, ContribuUonstol8l3, tl H *" "" ** Requisitions, do. .»» ■»* ** »v If we estimate the other fortifications after naill^d at Jhe MmT amount, we shall not exceed the truth, vi" Modhn^orn Low« S,".*^""' ,^'°«^\Magdebu.rgh, WittembergrTo gku ' i;OWER Silesia, during the arniisUce, 1815. K;^*"'^K»" AiNo s DtcLARATioN against France ** ** Adv^ced in specie, to French Government ^ ^ <0,000 horses taken away, say ^ ■«*•«. 20,000 carriages, say \. ^ "* "* ** And maintenance of all French armies,7rom lTo7 tilMslS*" which was prodigious. '""» lou/ tui 1813, KoNiGsa«Ro, April 28th, 1 8 1 2, Contribution, ^ ^ KoNiosBEBO, Paris, Dec. 25th, 1810 ■»***• -^ Cargoes seized here, and at Memel. and sold ^ _ At Colberg, Stettin, &c. as much .,^ ^ ^ KusTBihf, Feb. igth, 1813, "^ -^ *„ 'Tn^^r^ScS^dXr ''^''" t*'^'^^ ^«-^ «-^- " V'';Sn« *' 'l' ''"'"='' ^""^^"' ^«'.00o';,ttlo, wi^e ?1|200,000 150,000,000 150,000,000 20,000,000 l.','-'0O,00O •** 14,000,000 8,000,000 53,000,000 521,000,000 10,000,000 14,000,000 168,000,000 75,000,000 94,000,000 42,000,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 30,000,000 30,000,000 150,000 1,200,000 Livres SWISSERLAND. BnisuAW, 1 799, i.st Contribution ^ .,.^ Do- 2d. do. .^ .^ ^ BAiiLE, April, 1800, ** Contribution, by Morcau «, ^ BaEGENz, May, 1800, Contribution, money .v» ^ ^ Sr. Gali., Jnn. !r93^ Cor.albutiun Z 1,467,750,000 or, ^£.64,21 4,062 500,000 200,000 1,500,000 5o>oao 2,000,000 64 Carryforward, * 4,250,000 29 i^2« • BroughtforwarJ, /L'Hitii, June 1799, Contribuiloii, 2 raiUioiii florin* •** «»• St Gali, Oct 179!>, do. by JVlusbeiia ^ »» «» ■«. Zurich, do. do. ,»».»•►»■»* ♦«. Basi.E) I7!>9, Contribution »»»»»»«»»* lluiuHACH, 1799, do. »» ^ »,»»»», .^ Extraordiniu-y Contributions on parts revoltud, in 1806, gruut, but uncertain. 12,0« Hanover and other Places, 1803. Expense and Phinder of French array, till 21st Sept •» *»• Jan. 29th, 1804, to clothe and arm the army «*»*** Do. 1350 horses, and a quantity of coats *» •»* Nov. 1 8th, 1 80S, to arm and clothe anew Mortier's guard ■*» Pay of French troops monthly, till Sept 1805, at 800,000 livres monthly -»■ »»• ■»*• ****** Provisions and stores, for do. as much ■*» »v ** »«. All arms and clothing of Hanoverian army ♦»*»*» Individual plunder gre&t. Commissary Michaud, alone amassed EuuDEN, Jan. 1804, British goods seized and sold, ^ *», »% »* Antwerp, Jan. 1804, British goods seized and sold ^ »» •% »4. 'Hanovbr, Jan. 1'804, MoRTiKR, an extraordinary tax of 3 per cent, on all public salaries; 2 do. on all descriptions of private property, &c. 3 do. on all landed estates. Do. April 1807, war Contribution, *%■«■*»♦* Livres HAMBURGH. Nov. 4tb, 1803, This city, Bremen and Lubec, a loan, for which the King of Great Britain's property in Hanover is pledged July 91 8^ 1804, demanded of the Senate, to celebrate Bonaparte's coronation »v -.^ ■"■**■»«■•** ■** Do. Lubec **»!.•»»■«.» »^ »* ** Do. »f Bremen «*««•»»■<.*»*.•»» • Carry fun'.arii, 10,000,000 1,600,000 800,000 80,000 19,200,000 19,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,900,000 4,000,000 1,200,000 61,780,000 or >e.2,702,87i 9,000,000 670,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 April 5th. ISO/) huvcn, v Sept. 1 H04, pai( gfigitl to March, IHw;. L nover Nov. IH0(;, lien Do. and imm British goiN 24,IXXJ nu-n Hamburoh, Jul} £xpense tu J)o. Jul Do. IHI Do, do. Do. do. Do. llec 12,670,000 r.ouisiAVA, Spain J>T. Domingo, 180 Bills on Gov( Offirer-i had British, aOi Prince or Hcsss, All his treasu dollars And one mayj America, Property 25,000,0(X) Extraordinary duty culated to pi 10 millions Holland, Aug. 21i Imperial decre of Hesse Pomfpania. 1812, Seized all shipi JVIoncy in the ' And immense and next, uii Britain, Claimant! parte, 2 above i Prince of Hesse, 1 Bonaparte dem Saxony, do. • Answer to the ] tenborn, Hamburgh t Debt of Hainl beries. 92L . _ , . , , _ , . Brought fiirward, .April 5th, iao.>, Two ship* from Britain, seiied and Mild at Cux- liuv«n, very valuable ■^ *^ »» ,* ^ Sept. 1804, paid Hourifiine to evacuate Cuxliaveii, which he en- giigi'd to do, but forgot ** *• ~. »» »^ March, imr,. Loan demanded under gnnranlee, States of Ha- """'■•'■ ^ -- - ^ ^ ^ Nov. iMw;, ItequJsitions, 1 5fl,000 pairs shoes. ^"- do. 50,000 great coats, and immense supjilies of other kinds ,» .»» British goods conliscated, and ransomed for ^ .^ a4,(X)0 men rjiiartered and supplied there. Hambiikoh, July, 1808, Expense to celebrate the feast of Napoleon, ^ ^ Jh). June 'i'2d, 18 10, a forced loan* ,» .^ 1813, Contribution ««.««,.»« ,^ do. Retfuisiiions »* .» .^k .»* do. Money in the Bank *, », .,^ Ue<]uisitions from Muy 1813 to May ISMf .»» Do. Ho. J)o. Do. J 2,(570,000 2,000,000 l,5fX),000 8,000,000 Io,ooo,(X>n 16,000,(XK) 180,000 2,(X)0,(KX) 48,()0(),ootX),(KK1 19,'KW,00() 18,500,000 Livres Various Countries, ^c. Louisiana, Spain robbed of it, and sold it to America 4>T. UoMiNoo, 1803 and 1804. Bills on Oovernment, refused payment »» »» Officer.* had plundered inhabitants, afterwards taken by the British, 500,000 dollars ** .^ -^ ^ Prince ok Hessk, 180«, All his treasure fell into tlie hands of the French, 16,000,000 dollars *•«•»***.»».«. .,^ And one majjnificent service of gold, and one do. silver plafe. Amxrica, Property seized and sold under ItambouiJlet decrees, 25,000,0(X) dollars -^ -^ .»* .^ .^ ^ Extraordinary duty of 50 per cent, on Colonial produce, was cal- culated to produce on the Continent frona Russia to France, 10 millions sterling ♦«. .««, ^ .^ ^ HOIIAND, Aug. 2l8t, 1811, Imperial decree, rescinding debt due bj Holland to the Prince ot Hesse »* «^ ' »» .^^ .^ POMIir.AVlA, 1812, Seized all ships at StralsuDcT. Money in the Treasury, 100,000 dollars »* .,*. And immense Contributions on the inhabitants, both this year and next, uncertain. Britain, Claimants in the French funds in 1802, kept by Bona- parte, 2 above millions sterling ■»» .^^ .„^ Prince of Hessk, Hamburgh, July 12th, 1806, Bonaparte demanded from Hessia the sum wanted last year Saxonv, do. do. -* *, ■«. ^ 1 77,850,000 or L.7,780,936- 83,000,000 11,000,000 2,600,000 88,000,000 138,500,000 240,000,000 1,000,000 525,000 50,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,00<) Carryforward, 593,625,000 • Answer to the Moniteur, 1813, said to the date of delivery of the city by Tet- tenborn, Hamburgh hail paid 60,000,000, which exceed', this account t Debt of Hamburgh 5i.',000,000 marks banco, occasioned by French roN beries. ' 'I i, ii ( \ < 'i 'I ' I I i 926 FoiAKi) «n Ifljc. gave Bonaparte in money, providoni and itorci, M millions ttcrling, ««*««««« In 1807, also lHr){«9ium^* Monopoly of Colonial prodiuo, produced anniiBlly to France, lOO.fXXUXX) tVoncs which from l«07 till IHIi.', in ^ Saxony and other pnrti of Germany, in I8J'i, lakui) in the tamo ratio as Lower Silesia, 15 miiliona ilorling •.* »^ CouBi.AND. 1812, Contributions ^ », ^ ^.^ Other placrs in Huasia, inchiding plunder of Moscow, and maintenance of French troop* wh.Je there, at lcai>t *,, Saxonv, IM13, Prince Repnin's Address, Nov 8th, IHH, Public iin-cts taken from Saxony by French, besides the jew. els of thecrown ■»* %» ^ ^ Mainieiiance of French »ro«)ps duri.ig that eventful year. Gkrmakv, \r. French Expose. 1811, 16 New nepartmcMts, added to France, yield an annual re. venue of IOJ.000,000 francs, this for 10 years, as an ave- rage of the whole, some being added earlier, and some lau ter.f *«• v» ^ .,^ ^ ^ By the Secret Journal referred to \ the following countries, besides those already enumerated, paid annually to Franco in tri- bute, loans or otliurwise, viz. 593,625,0(n 888,000,000 ■^ 30«,000,0('n .■^ 60,000.000 I li.OOO.UHl 10(),000,(X)0 4,500,000 1,000,000,000 Spaiw, m FOKTUOAL, »* .v« Kaflks, «« .««, .^ l?OtZt ^% ^^ ^m, Xtruria, »<. *». Okkoa, «a. «« «.» ItALIAK RErtlBLIC, «^ HaMOVER, WjSSTrHAUA. &c. JlsSSFt ♦^ V*. %^ IVIecklenbuhoh, «« Brunswick, m. ^^^ Saxony, 'v^ ««, «« Denmark, ««. m. ., , ^ „„. Those, from the trme the system began, in 1 SO^, till it ended, in each, would amount to *^ And to the above should be added the sums drawn from Bavaria, Baden, Wurtemburg. &o. and 25,000 French troops paid by the King- dom of Italy. Eorrr, 1798, 1799, and 1800. Grand Cairo, 179S, Contribution, 600,000 piastres, 60,000,000 francs. ao.000,000 do. 1 0,000.000 do, 4,000,000 do. 6,000,00 do. 8,000,000 do. 32,000,000 do. 32,000,000 da 6,000,000 do. 1,500,000 do. 1.500.000 do. 4,000,000 do, 4,000,000 do. i,ooc,ooo,ocio 3,000,000 Carrif forward, 3,861,125,000 • 52d. French Bulletin, ..anuary 19th, 1807, City of Warsaw furnishes dailv 100,000 rations. ' f France, from her acquisitions and immediate vassals, armed and iiaid for her own aggrandixement, even in 1800, no fewer than 268,000 men. From French Jour- nals of tliat period. t Tlie account here given, is taken from a secret Journal, called, " les nouvelle* c la Maine," circtiiated in Faris in 1805, at tlie rupture of the peace of Amiens, in order to shew die pi n,ile of France, that war was no burden to them. In 1809. the war expenditure ot Franco for her army, was 650 millions francs, only 350 mil- ions, of which, .vas chargeable on the public Treasury, leaving a deficiency of 300 m lions to come from some other source, and most nrrhsMv A-nnj th» "u.ur'" her* mentioned. ' -• -- 927 to pny two uiilli,,,, piastres ^ ,^ <|"«"in. N.H. IMriH. /\prilTth. I79y. French .rmy .ugmcnted'hy ^'mv'it'r; "^'T'''?"'' ^'°''' ^"creed for, bear. hL^/-^^';' '•■';"•'■ «'^y"^ 15.000,000 francs, to oe ..vo / '" '^^'""^:'""""" •'"•re levied; of co,.r«,th.,en.ust li.'vo heen morp, but MV '.d. I7.).>, kl.lK-r'»i„,er.cp.ed letter. Levicd^y l.y ouaparte. a few months after hi. arrival. ()„ ,ner^ l'MMl.-t, •• »* v» »^ ^n landed proprietors, -^ »» CC '» ** Expense of 'lie French rrmy nniRt have cost ^I I! From A^r^ ,i„ December, IsZ, ..ken by bZco and ,er al^o. «rom America, 470,000 dollars, ^ ^ W.ST.MAI.U, IHIO, by Jerome, official, Rox "X-lHia""""'' ^'"""''""""» «" P^vlnces due .. *-' '"""Iting French troops £00,000 guilders. ^ _ Beesien, March and April, 1813. « "«". ** -* ^fioin levied by the French, 80,000 dollars toffcther 1 CO OOO Com rilT" 'r""""*' *"" ^—"O. Mar h, ^3 ' Coniributionn alwve .500,000 dollant .^ ' B.uGKsMarch, 1813, Contribtiuon, ^ ^ B«CEK-Or-ZooM, March l,t. 1813. Contribution, IT ^ CiiMANv.Nn I^Ai.v, 181.1 not yet enumerated, 90 millions ster- liiig; deducting 3 millions for Lower Silcin, .. Z. Uo. Garrison towns, besides those enumerated in Prussia. 10,000,000 45,000,(XX> 4,000,000 i.aoo.ooo 100,000,000 2,58.'7,000 21,922,000 400,000 800,000 2,500,000 i!00,00O 60,000 840,000,000 217,000,000 SPAIN. N » vARiii AKD W.ST Coast. 1 793, ^ ^ *,AST Coast exceeded that sum, ~.. .»* ^ Madkii,, April 5th, J 808, 50,000 watch-coats, August £d and Cth, Joseph fled, plundered the Treasury and Bank, A n rf l"!"'""" «>»»»« (perhaps francs,) AU Church plate, Ac. and 1 000 carts plunder. DuroNT. captured in 1 808, taken from him, Suits miUtary clothing, ^ ^ Musquets packed up, ..^ '^or^T "'""°"' ""'' Semortars; 116 coachc", 2000 horses, 200 ammunition chests; all the Church plate of Cordova, wWch was melted, and 6,00a000 dollars. From himself, of private plunder, 8000 ounces gold, 60,00O piastres, besides platfi. fAMHuNA, August 1 7th and 20th, 18o8. 'Streets are covered with Church plate, lineP. clothes watches jewels, &c. stolen from Na- ▼Brre, and exoosed for cats »» Uw .>^... •> Livres 4.60e,792.000 or L201,.i46,71 2 sterling. .10,000,000 30,000,000 77,000,000 17,000 30,00H Carry foruwif 60,000,OW ' t , Contribution, ♦» BiLBOA, Au^rust 8lh, 1810. A new Contribution, ** Pkovin(;e of Sokia, 1810. Contribution, •«■ «« Rases, September 2d, 1 808. Dollars, »* *^ v» Do. daily, for some days, Granada, December 1810. Last months Contribution, Ayamonte, December 23d, 1810, Castel legos, Contribution, Alenit'da, do. •»«. I'ort St. Mary's do. ■»». Kingdom of Jaen, J»ily, 1810. Ratioi's, »». «* Granada, August .'5d, 1810. Daily, for Soult's expenses, Contribution, «* ** Do. Cordova, •»»• Vailadolid, August 12th. Contribution on this Province, »* 100,000,000 reals. Projierty, of the rich, near Baytorga, sold by Bonaparte, *»«*»» Madrid, February 24th, 1811. .Vrovi.nce of Bi'KGos, by Bessicres, Contribution, »»••»»«,»» 1/A Mancha, Coiitrihutlon, ***».»% SjsviLUE, Dcormber, 18 10, Contribution, ■»«. Do. April i)th, 181 1, \ new Contri. bution, not staled. .SeviiLE, May 31st 181 1, to supply Soult's expenses, daily, rcis, ■v>' ■^ V«iENciA, February 18th, 1812, by Surliet. 60,Q00,(i0(^ 8,000.000 reals. 60,000 dolls. ."5,000,000 reals. 2,000,000 dolls. 16,000 6000 •* »* 700,000 francj. »«• »» 200,000 reals. ** •* 60,000 do. »* •«• 25|000 dolls. •» ** 600,000 »» »«• 62,000 reals, »». »* 12,000,000 do. ** •» 3,000,000 do. 3,000,000 francs. 24,000,000 francs. 13,000,000 reals. 5,000,000 francs. 1520 I» 1 797, as price of nUEHLANDS, Carry forward. b,'),OCK),L'W 929 Contribution, 'm. .^ .m. And 10,000 reals and 8900 rau'ons daily, and ail jewels and precious effects. VikLLAnOLIl,, 1812. Wlien evacuated by Wellington, Contri« bution to the Trench »» »* Valencia, November 1812. Sucliet, Contribution from 800 persons SiGUENXA, May 7th, 1810. ' ' Plunder retaken, .w »» »^ Fanegas wheat, •>.» ^ ^ On the country from Avila, Toledo, and Caceres, to Talavera, by Marraont, Sep. tember, 1811, Contribution, Tarragona. April 20th, 1811, found at Fi- gueras when taken by the Spaniaids, 8acks wheat ** -..i ^ ^ llations bread, ^» »^ ^ Quarters barley, •*» ^ ^ Sides bacon, *»»»,» ..^ Pipes brandy, *» .^ ^ Live oxen, »* ^ ^ ^ And 2,000,000 livres. Total, Spain, from 1 808 to 1 81 4, Jirougitt forward, 20,000,000 tjrmics. 600,0000 reals. 16,000,000 reals. 800,000 reals. iOOO&c. 4,000,000 reals. ",000 ,000 i 1,000 4,400 «0O .500 tiO.OOO.OOO ** *♦ 3,36I,571,4S28 Livres 3,428,571,4i.'8 or, ^,150,000,000 H PORTUGAL. Ik 1 797, as price of peace, i»? various ways, *» »» .^ T . o.,^ J . , » ^'"'''' papers, May '2d. In 1800, demanded from her, ^ .^ L ^ In 180,5, Contribution by Lasne's embassy,' ^ ,^ J December 5th, 1807. 500,000 alquires wheat, 500,000 dollars. All -joods, jewels, and silver, as weU as moveable property of any nauon whatever. r r j February 1st, 1808, extraordinary war Contribution of 42,000,000 crusiidoes, by Junofs decree, -^ ». ..^ .^ Evora, July, 1808 Stormed by Lr.ison, Contribution 400,000 dollars, »* Lisbon, carried off at the ovacuatibn of that place by the troops, "* plunder and Contributions about ;£1, 500,000, »^ Various districts, in 1 811, plundered, »- »^ ^ ^ iixpcubc of the French army for 6 months, ^ Livres or. 50,000,000 5B,00O,00O 1 7,000,000 2,000,000 147,900,000 2,200,003 36,000,000 5,000,000 36,000,000 312,700,000 L.13,680,624: ABSTRACT. N fVUBHLANDS, 6,168,000,000 , Carryforward, 6,l68,000,00u * Paris Oct. 21 sU 1 805. Spain to avoid toking an active part in this war, is to P»yt« trance 4 millions montliJy, and guarantee Uie payment in Uke rannner. of 1 HiuUon luoiithly by Portugal. n \M ; mo BrovghtfuTWard, bMPH.OOO.OOS Departments from France to the Rhine, *» *» •« 4'28,839,0CW Holland, ^ ^ ♦» *» *, *• ^ 1,763,1 asisSi Germany, right bank of tlie Rhine, •» *» »» 6'04,7HooO ITALv, .v****^ *» ^ ■»» ^ ^ 2,084,o30,000 Austrian Dominions, .%««««« »» *» 1,077 000 000 Prussian, do. ** ^ «, ^ »v ^ ^ l!*»t;7,'T5o!oOu SwissERLAtio, ■«***.»».»».»» «» »». J55 325 0rK' Hanoveb, »* *v ^ vv ** ^ ,^ 6l!780,'o()u Hamburgh, ^ *» ^ ^ -^ ^ ^ 177,850,000 Various countries, till 18H, »* »* ^ «. ^ 4,(506,792,000 aoktuuaLi *% «^ «(v ^^ «^ ^^ ^^ 5ltJ 700 (XX) SfAlN, ** »* ^ ♦^ ^ ** •^ 3,428,5 71, 4 L'a Burning decrecx, »»■»>.■»*»* .»» «» 70,000 000 Total, over Europe, in Franc* or Livres, at IO|d. each, '-'2,406,804.765 or, ^980,2117,708 sterling, N. B. The Contribution of 42 millions Rix-doUars, said to have been paid hv Denmark, is hero omitted, as it was only dcrivud from priviUc authority. DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY BY THE FRENCH RE VOL UTION. Under this head I have, comparatively speaking, but few certain particulars; but the few which I have, will excite the as- tonishment and regret of mankind; and may enable us to form a tolerably correct idea of the loss occasioned by those events, the particular accounts of which I have not in my possession, I do not mean to include in this article the loss in military stores, and captures on the field of battle. This will be includ fd in the statement of the general expenses the war has tost every nation in Europe. Contrary to my former plan, I uieon in following out this subject, to take the latest period first, be cause it is that wherein I am enabled to be most correct in; ami principally, because I wish, if possible, to take the data which th( tiiemy himself has given us in his official bulletins, to form our aiMttMBitt 931 £ in iE±^ P^^^'^"'-' ^^-- ' - «' P--t defi. .l./Vti' ^ «''a",begin with Russia. In the French bulletin dated Moscow, September I7th, 1812. it is stated th^. f hi l' occasioned by the destruction of Moscow a mould n to "^ Tn ^A -I , ' '^f ^'"»- ^"""^^ subsequently to that event, all the builduigs and villages, for many miles round iL were he^^'oleir^'h "J"r^' «"' P^^''-^ ^'> ^hat cata^^^ pne, bmolensk, where the enemy informed us there were im- mense magazmes of colonial produce, was completely desLoveT The devastations ,n other places and province^ from the S inen to Moscow, where the routes of the armies lay, were as« 2bfr':l^ffrmT-^ '''^^''' ^'"T^' ^^^^^^ ^^'^ ^--'^: numuer o^ arm houses, &c. were destroyed in the finest nart eng 1, by 50 to 100 m breadth, was laid waste, and we cer- urn y do not exaggerate when we state the loss in other par?; ol the Russian Empire at the same as in Moscow, which to! gather makes SIX milliards of francs, or ^262^500,000 stlrl VrhZ'^n ISr ^"'^r^^"'- V° ^^^5"l«te the enormous loss of Ciorf AfV .^ ' "^"""^ ^^"^ "^" ^'«'- ^»d revolutionary ho, rors. After the scenes recorded in a previous part of this took '. r ''r^' r"'^*^'* '"'- '^^^ destruction of property which took place throughout France. Robbery, murder, and X perTort'heTocn' 'T1? ^'^^^^^ ""^ ^"^^^ ^' '^^ --h^ fZr^t ^\^'^'^^'' f . Reason. A felon, who had assumS ie s^ «f ^rutus chief of a Revolutionary Tribunal at Ren- nes, said to his colleagues on Good Friday, "Brothers we niust put to death this day, at the same hour the Counter're! andLrrnrn ; ^'^'V'^.^g ^^dy was guillotined accordingly; T vnnc Tu "'""«^"''^"t «f a vast multitude of spectators.* At Lyons, Jabogues,the murderer, next in rank in atrocity toD'Or! >L fil '"J^i' 'P'^*^^ '"^ ^^^^ Democratic Society, said, " do^ with the edifices raised for the profit or the pleasure of the HcT £Z ; ""'T' ^OMMEHcEand AhtsL useless to a ar! ke people, and are the destruction of that sublime equality 'in till will' f '^r ^'"■''' '^""^^r^^' destruction and cruel- •li^ bZt.T • '"' 'T' r'""^"" ^"'•'"«' t"^'' "P their abode, mat beautiful river, in the lancuatrn nf that mon^te- ^^h-^ 'l'0»n«l in It, Its waters became nutrid, and public edicts fioio • General DanJcawB'gmciacirs, i h 1 1 ; i I 1 •SO 9a2 the Rc))iiblican iiullioriiies Forbade Uie peojile, on that account, to use these. Nothing escaped their nige in this devoted spot. " Tlie departmeiit of La Vendee," said Merlin of Thionville upon his arrival from that country, " is vow only a heap of os/ies DYED WITH BLOOD."* Whoever considers with attention the career of the French armies over Ein-opc, will perceive, that under whatever authority they, fought. Conventional, Directorial, Consular, or Imperial, still the principles of Jabogues and Merlin, already mentioned, directed their proceed' ings, and [iroved these to have been hatched under the bloody throne of the Goddess of Reason, and instructed in the same siciiool, one and indivisible. From her followers, nothing but destruction, as wanton as it was wicked, could be expected; and while one of them survives, under whatever garb they may disguise themselves, mankind may rest satisfied that the point, of the bayonet, iuTeniber 6ti), 1793, !n 995 In the colonies the loss was also prodigions, and altogetTiOT' irretrievable. In Grenada, St. Vincents, St. I.ucia, and Guad- nioupe. It was at least .^5,000,000 sterlin^r. In St. Doniin"0 20 times sis much. The amount of this, as of the former,'^! state the first trom actual knowledge, the last from authentic documents. In St. Domingo, at the connnencement of the in- surrection, there were 500,000 slaves, who, at an average, were worth £^5, sterling, or, altogether, ^'32,500,000 sterling. The value ot lands, buildings, stock, and the growing crops, are ra- ther more than twice the value of the slaves, which, together, makes ^'97,500,000 sterling. Add to this the valueof merclian- gusting, must be recorded, as they may be useful. For the substance of what follows I am indebted to the excellent re- ports published by that meritorious body, the Committee in London on account of the suffering Germans. In extracting from these, I shall endeavour tq be as short and connected a" I can, in order to give a clear view of the subject, as relatino- to different places. " LFJPSIC. — « We have before our eyes many thour sands oi the adjacent villages and hamlets, landed proprietors, farmers, ecclesiastics, schoolmasters, artizans of every descrip- tion, who, some weeks since, were in circumstances more or less easy, and at least knew no want; but now, without a home, and stripped of their all, are, with their families, perishing of hunger. What the industry of many years had acquired was anniliilated in a few liours. All around is one wide waste. The numerous villages and hamlets are almost all entirely or partially reduced to ashes; the yet reroaininfr buildings are per, lorated with bails in a most ruinous condition, and plundered of every thing; the barns, cellars, and lofts, are despoiled, and ttores of every kind carried off; the implements of farming aad" 1 I I) « i It 9Si domestic economy, for brewing and distilling;; in a word, for every purpose; the gardens, plantjitions, antl fruit trees were destroyed; the fuel collected for the winter, the gates, th«; floors, the woodwork of every description, were consumed in the watch-fires; the horses were taken away, together with all the other cattle; and many families are deploring the loss of belov- ed relatives, or are doomed to behold them afflicted whh sick- ness and destitute of relief. The miserable condition of these deplorable victims to the thirst of conquest, the distress which meets our view whenever we cross our thresholds, no language is capable of describin;jr. Tlie horrid spectacle wounds us to the very soul."* " There are, in Saxony alone, a million of souls who are reduced to misery too severe to be capa- ble of taking any part in the general joy, and who are now shedding the bitterest tears of abject wretchedness and want. All that the oppressive imposts, contributions and quarterings, as well as the rapacity of the yet unvanquished French had spared, became on these tremendous days (the 16th and ISth October) a prey to the flames, or was plundered by those who called themselves the allies of our king, but whom the country acknowledged as such only through compulsion. Whoever could save his life with the clothes upon his back, might boast of In's good fortune; for many who were obliged, with broken Jiearts, to leave their burning houses, lost their apparel also. Out of the produce of a tolerably plentiful harvest, not a grain is left for sowing; the little that was in the barns was consumed in bivouac: or, next morning, in spite of the prayers and entrea- ties of the owners, wantonly burned by the laughing fiends. Not a horse, not a cow, not a sheep is now to be seen; nav, several species of animals appear to be wholly exterminated m Saxony. I have myself lost a flock of 2000 Spanish sheep, Tyrolese, and Swiss cattle; all my horses, waggons, and household utensils. The very floors of my rooms were torn «p; my plate, linen, important papers and documents, were carried away and destroyed. Not a looking glass, not a pane in the windows, or a chair is left. The same calamity befel my wretched tenants," &c.f " Consider the state of the circumjacent villages, to the, distance of 10 miles, all completely stripped. The shells of the houses were converted into forts, and loop holes made in the walls, as every village, individually, was de- fended and stormed. Winter is now at hand; the inhabitants have no prospect before them but to die of hunger; for all Sax- ony, together with the adjacent countries, has suffered far too ieverely to be able to afford any relief to their miseries." J " Only *Memorialofthecity of Leipsic to the British Nation, October, 1813, ■)■ Count Sclionfield's Letter, Leipsic, November, 28d, 1813. I Mr. G. Frege's letter, Leipsic, November I Otb, 1815. m 953 two flocks of fil.ccp tlid I sor, until appropchinT Lplnslc. and not two herds or cattle. The plains .2a Loipsfc hncK .'ppe^r- nncc of straw yards, strc-Mcd wi.?, the carcasts of man and beast, ll.csuhinbs ot Leipsic have jrrontly sufForcd. The fidd of mttle comprehended more than 60 villages, all of which have been coni.Jetely phmdered, and many burnt. In this whole range, extcndmg to the distance of 10 miles round the citv there are scarcely to be Ibnnd either animals of any desc.in- t.on, or corn, or hay, or any implements of agriculture. The houses that still remain are uninhabitable. The inhabitants of this country, which was once among the most flourishinff and populous in Germany, are represented as crowding by thou- sands to Leipsic, lor relict; winch the general statt'of m isery makes it impossible to grant. Whole families, once in affluent or easy circumstances, now without a home, are actually dvinir of hunger. No grain is left lor sowing; and there will be no harvest this year, unless the means are immediately supplied."* A letter dated Holmstadt, near Grimma, 7th Dec'en.blr, 1813, S'l' .^.\ ^'"'"'^ PJ"*'^' ^"S''^''^'' (^'>*^ ^>''««e« Stotteritz and Holmstadt) contain from 6 to 700 houses, and at least 5000 inha- bitants, half of whom are without shelter, and even without ap- parel oreffects of any kind; for here the battle raged most furious- ly, and almost every house was a fortress, which was taken and retaken till it was converted into a heap of ruins. In spite of the roost active exertions, an infectious disease broke out in Lein- 8ic, and prevailed to a very wide extent throughout the sur- rounding country. The French army seems to have carried with it a contagious fever to all the places through which Its retreat was directed." « Besides our own neighbourhood, the environs of Lutzen were dreadfully ravaged, on occasion of the battle of the 2d May; several villages were burned, toge- ther with churches and schools."f ** . LOWER SILESIA.-" The small town of Lochn, on theBobr, consisting of 139 houses, is entirely destroyed; and the undermentioned towns have considerably suffered bv fire and pillage VIZ. Bunslaw, Goldberg, Haynau, Leignitz, Lo- wenbeip Naumberg on the Quiesse, Jauer, Primkenau, Raut- den, Ncustedtel, and Neusatz. Besides the above, the fol- Jowing number of houses have been burnt down; in the circle ot Leignitz, 108; of Goldberg, 143; of Lowenberg, 809; of • Accounts, by John Hobhouse, Esq. a.id others. + Letter from FregeA Co. Lcipsic, sad February. 1814. ^r,vl- *- *''""^^°*^ " '"'"', T?'^''' "<'''' "'«» .-^00 children have been A^rlv^A •he™" L„Z 1 ^.t''."'*'" ^"P:'''" ''b«"t 2000 cl,ildren of the poor in leipsT '''^°'"''*^'""«'>"'P'"-*''«»bythew8r, cr di«caE<8 attendant on it.- i i. ! 03a Jauer, RO; of iSif^in, .'^fi; of Gruenbcrg, 20. In the otiicrcircloic Homewliul less." Official s^tafemcnt. " The number of houses bnint'd down witlun a small part of this range ainoiuited to considerably more than 2000." Official statement. " On the borders of Silesia, aeventi/ villages have been almost entirely destroyed. The loss in horses, cattle, mile! eows and sheep is enormous. In Upper Lusatia, the whole traet be- tween liautzen and Gorlitz, which has been repeatedly tra- versed by the marches and counter marches of the armies, is reduced to a desart,"* " On advancing from Laun, a town on the river Eger, in the Austrian dominions, towards ihr Bohemian frontier, the eilects of the long and tremendous struggle, between the French and the allies, at the com- mencement of the late contest, begin to be seen and felt. Be- tween 'iopiitz and Dresden, /jOOjOOO men were encamped lor three months: and, it is at ...• Krcntost sullerin^s b<..rar. ul.on the army of Eknu I.I t(,ok a ."Mno„ Lore ng. nst, the Kussinn corps „nd^r Cl,e n duff I «i..i Jed at my !,o..so 1495 men and their l.orses. n.e snnlKt houses of the peasants had, daily, fron, HO to 100 , en To sohhers took Iron. then, whatever they co.dcl find: ml peo- P le fled Irom then- hornet. All nronnd us is a .cene of dS- d :"';,: I:;^'"" "/"''' ^>"'^:^ ? *-' -- ^'-^royed,. all th «a : tie IS, wine are the principal means of the .upnort of the in- tJ.n • I . . '^''^^~''"'''''''"' ""'• ""fortunate Ilnmburch, all the v,„ls ol the tyrant's wrath, under the nmst mercilessStLse HjUe l.tes whuh in his nan.e have devastated Kuropejs ^m f. h^vo )«n poured out upon thee. « Murdcs and arri.iations arc Jho iYsar^'o omf ''^''°T'"''""^" ''''y thonsan" iXbi! lants—i say 50,000, and perhaps even 70,000, have left and partly been driven from their homes, destituted' all means ^ml l.terally starvu,. for want of the common nece sarTes of ii?b ^ome hundreds of children, from infancy to twdve y^ars of age, were by order of Davoust, conducted to a village aboufe Wo mdes from the city, and there turned adrift in ^n opCx Wil^ ' 1'"''"^ "P ^y ^^'' ^°""^'T people or perish "+ "W.thn. a space of 4500 feet round the rampartrall bouses were destroyed and burnt down. Sixty-onc hou e! at Hamm uxn-e al^o burnt. Whoever knows the populous ZT/ ,r* ""'"'"'•gh, will be able to form an idea of the i>les. 1 he week before Christmas all the suburbs and adjacent vdla.es were burnt down, after eight hours warning: the Ham- bn.gherberg, c-ontaming 6000 inhabitants, the Keeporbahn, Sehul terblatt, KosenhotF, ShafFerkamp, GHndel, &c. S beau ,hd country seats, near the Alster, shared the same fate. All lo houses^. n the v.c.mty o^ the ramparts, Kehrivieder, li? % l''' ['"'^ «rook, Wandrahm, Schweinemarkt, Mess- beig, .\c ice. have been given up to the military. At a latter period, Harvestihude the beautiful village of E.msbuttel, .a a^nsulerable part of the Stadt Dcich, and part of the Gartner! strasse, at Altona, were burned. At Christmas and New vears rve large bodies of inhabitants were turned out: younoT and stout persons, as being dangerous; and old and infinn oifes, as being useless consumers. Soldiers and pc.lice ollic^-rs cnteretl he houses by night, dragged the unhappy people from their beds, sullered them hardly to dress themselves; much less to I, Hanover, 5lh Janiiarv, * Litttr from the Iteverviul Mr. Kitsdier of Gilfliorn f .Aiithoiitic lelterTi, 30 4 i! Id 040 ttilc hours in cliiu'lits, atidtiinu'd tliotisaiulH ot' thorn, at iluy hrcak, out of the gates, f\p()'iug them to the iuelciiiency of the wentlur. The Or|ihuii How»«t? was eviiciiated, iiiul upwiuils ot' four huM< ilred ciiildicii (h'iw n out of the dam-pnte, to Kppeiidorl'. Kroni ihe liospjuils and infirmaries, oUI and weal< persons were (hi via ill herds out of the Ahoiia-ujate; dre&scd in their festival hahits, tlie ()iiiy ones that wire left them, four of them were upwards of lt/() years old. Sihmis having been unaecustomed, for a k^ngtli of tiouring field, where they lay till waggons arrived, on which the nervous, the blind, maniacs, and those aflHicted with infectious diseases w (.'e promiscuously laden. Eight hundred of these wretches were carried to Eppendorf, where no ))revi- ous notice hail been sent, and conse(|uently where no prepara- tions had been made for their reception; so that three days af- ter their arrival, many of them were without shelter, and man- iacs ran about the streets, at the very time this place was taken by assault, by the Russians. To the end of January, 20,000 people have lost their houses and property, by fire, in the su- burbs; and yet, tlaily, more are expelled, and more houses burned. The roads about Hamburgh, in all directions, are crowded with children, women, and old men, half starved and frozen: long trains, conducted by Cossacks, are seen lingering on the roads to Lubeck and Bremen. Tiie wom^n and cMI- dren, being unab^ lo withstand the rigour ol lie season, iiv, consequently, fro/en lo death In/ n?-"''\i!: at ." time, 'llie number of exiled Hamburghers at present (March 16th) resid- ing in Bremen, Altona, and Lubeck, persons of the poorest class, and in want of the commonest necessaries of life, is said to airiount to 13,000, not to mention the number who are dis- perse(i over the country, or who hnve taken refuge in other to^v'^K. The hospitals here (Lubeck) are filled with 11,000 of the unfortunate women anil children, dying partly from fatigue and partly 'oni the inclemency of the season; and the deaths are from iO to 13 a-day. It would be useless to dwell any "¥T- H^i l)am/ic .niHo H.m.ml mon sovcrclv. 'I'I.e opulent iuJ.ah. ^. s ucro .xcLu-ccI K, bo^^ary. All classes shhItccI M ^I^^ am liorrc,,- o«k up lUon- al,»se all the valuables which e to eheve the dis ress and ti.e wants of the sick and woundeck J Ins generous deed havmg been reported to Count de Har- (lenber;r l,e endeavoured to find out the identical tresses, and Hucceeded He then directed those to be wrought into iZ broaches, See &c. and sold to the admirers of tl^is .,ak of '^a! notisni, and they produced in this state to the fund for which they were originally destined, iijiwards of 400 rix-doilars. The destruction and distress which marked the countries th.ougU which the Irench army fled fn,m the bloody fields of LeiS was altogether indiscribable. Dead bodies covered the roads Half consumed French soldiers were found in the ruins of the villages, destroyed by the flames. Whole districts were depo- pulated by disease-every ki«d of property was destrovetL every liv.ag cr.'ature abandoned these melancholy spots. For a month after the retreat, said the Prussian Camp Aiper, No 0, dated Frankfort, November 9th, 1813, « no human beinff,* o liTf " /I"""" ' "° ''''"^'^y' "">'' "°^ ''^«" « sparrow, was tobemetwith: r.«/y raj«,„s in abundance, feeding on corpses. Xh'-»'>"" t-J -i---- - •• ■ ■ m- Wood runs cold to contemplate such distressing cnoi '\qs; and • Authentic Statements. li: u Ij 91'-' the bosom burns with indignation to think tliat ihc ])eipctia- tors of it should date to lilt up their audacious countenances a- mongst men. What is the life of that villain Davoiist? — what a poor compensation would it be lor the thousands that have perished by his merciless decrees. It is impossible that this man can escape. He may evaiie for the moment the justice uf man, but the arm of the Almighty will overtake him, armed with terrors and vengeance. But leaving this, let us proceed to our immciliate object, and from the jM-eceding account sum up, as shortly as possible, the amount of property destroyed in Gcrmaiiy during the year 181:?, Sixty villages, some of which contaipr-d from 3 to -lOO houbcs, were totally ruined in October, be.-' l-s what Leipsic itself svil- fered Several villages were burnt in May> near Lulzen. The number of buildings, therefore, in this quarter, vith the property in t!ie country round Leipsic alone, is esti- mated at 2,580,000 dollars or j?520,000 sterling. In Lower Si- lesia, above 2000 buildings have been consumed, besides what was damaged. On the frontiers of Saxony, towards Dresden, 70 villages were almost totally destroyed ; and tlie towns of Baut- ;5en, Goriitz, and many others, suHered much. From Dresden to the Bohemian frontiers even greater destruction has taken place; and from thence to the Rhine nothing is seen but ruin and de- solation. Upwards of 10,000 buildings more have certainly been destroyed in these places, and tlic finest country in Europe ren- dered a complete wilderness. In Hanover, Hamburgh, and olher places, at least 10,000 other buildings, still more valuable than the others, have been destroyed. Here then is a desi ruction of jiropertj', in buildings alone, of about three times the number that were destroyed in Moscow, but many of tliem were not so rich; yet, there was a much greater destruction of property in tlie countries surrounding, and a population of near yo times that of Moscow was reduced even to as great misery and want. W'hut then shall we, from this data, calcuhite the destruction of }iro- perty in Germany, besides what was in Italy? The amount must be enormous — the industry of centuries will scarcely re- place it; and the total amount must be equal to that of Moscow, but call it only one half, or ^£65,600,000 sterling. During the tremendous campaign of 1 809, the destruction of property was prodigious. The suburbs of Vienna sulfered much. Besides, according to the 26th French bulletin, dated "Wolkersdorf, July 9th, 1809, " twelve of the most consider- able villages in the beautiful plain of Vienna, such as are seen in the neigl'ibourhoou of a great capital, have been burnt dur- ing the battle" (of Wagrara.) At Asperne even greater dc- Etriiction took place. The environs of Kalis' on suffered in- 943< calculable i.ijmy durinn; the tremendous ccflicts near tl.al place. n cufrerent places of the Austrian .states, m.cI, as Had tot illv oest.uyal, r.nd the country laid waste. Ik-re then is a destruction at least equal to the total number of buil ,'! s in Moscow; and co.isidering the devastation over the e Icis these hue countnes, we n.ay safely estimate the lo.s n 18^ a pne milliard, or ^13,730,000 stediiisr. ^"^ '''■ Ihe next object of importance is, 'the destruction of proper- ty in binkhngs, and other things, in the numerous towns and till contest. 1 hese are so numerous that it is scarcolv Possible ot them. 1 he ilata 1 have Irom which to estimate this lo.s is fur- nished by the enemy himself, and is as follows, viz. Wd lloV^ m. u;"f ''"f "' ''^^'^'1 ""'^^ ''''^ ^«07' ^'--1- "c- Jiancs. In 181. i it must have sulfered as much, if not more to- gether, 42,000,000 francs. .The following important fonre'sse. sieges, vu. Valenciennes, twice; Lisle, once; Ostend, once- Luxembourg, Tournay, Ehrenbrietstlen, M.nheim Sm"es' tlm""' G^:r'";' ^^•'^^' "-^■■"^--' -P-tedly; .Ak'ntzXco limes, Genoa, twice; Mantua, twice; Venice, AiessandiT. lortona, Verona Flushing, Antwerp, I3erge„-op.Zo:nf S ' Sebastians, (twice) Burgos, Ciudad Uodrigor Badajos, V dc.n "n '..••""?!!' ^j^7g«"«' Sarragossa, Gero'ua, Almeid , Alex- allowing .„. ....t; muiiuious places ot Jess imnor- tauce, we estimate the total loss at an average in each a c here enumerated, for each time, at the same amount as A. it- ^.c, or for facility of calculation, at 20 millions francs, the whole would amount to 1,200,000,000 francs, or ^52,500,000 ster^ Jing. Next in rotation we may consider the destruction at the im- mediate vicinity of the places where the different bloody bat- tics were fought. This must have been very great. In ^18oI Llm and it>i environs sustained a loss of 2,000,000 Austrian Horins, or 5,000,000 francs. Now, this is cenuinly a Ty\Z derate scale for calculating the loss in those battles and daces, the particuKars ol w iich are not already mentioned and i nc udl al under other heads. During 1793 and 1794, the en^™. nenj.swcre iiumcrous and severe; and in Germany, thel^e- 00 000 onoT* "^'''""'t ^ "''""'^ ^'° ""^ «^^"- -'""''te this at 100,000,000 francs, la 1797, the loss by the engagements ■' f 94i between the Archduke Charles, and Joiirdan and Moreau, at '-'0,000,000 francs. In Italy, 1796 and 17!)7, in the numerous battles between Bonaparte and the Austrians, at .50,000,000 irancs. The tremendous campaigns of 1 799 and \ 800 to the a- uunnit of at least double the former two. Austerlilz, Jena, Pul- tusk, Eylau, Friedland, Co})enhagen, llatisbon, Haab, Salaman- ca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Valencia, Albuera, Vimiera, liusaco, 'i or- res Vcdras, Talavera, Orthes, Thoulouse, Lutzen, Ilaiuiu, La Itothiore, Montmirail, l>oyes, Laon, Montmartie, and iuimcr- ous others in various parts of the world, in later times, too tedious to menticm, at least 150,000,000 francs more, or, altogether, 500,000,000 francs, .£24,500,000 sterling. This sum howcvei', we shall sujiposc is included in the general loss sustained by tach country, lu the last article, I merely allude to the destruction of pri- vate property from the diects of a general battle, without ah) ■wish on either side to aggravate or extend that loss bevoiui what cannot be prevented; but which, however, was not al- ways the case. Of the excessive Avaste and destruction ol" pro- })erty, ami the works of industry over diJferent fertile countries, during 1793, 1794, and 1795, 1 have no accurate data to judge by; but when we look at those periods where we have, and con- hider the nature of the contest, then we cannot, throughout the Netherlands, in Spain, Germany, Italy, and other places, esd- Jiiate it at less than ^30,000,000 sterling. Italy has at different periods had her full share of waste and destruction. Independent of the numerous towns besieged by both parties, the destruction amongst the ojjcn towns, viUao-c;-, and hamlets, was very great. It is scarcely possible to iorm any thing like an accurate estimate of it. The beautiful town «)f Pavia was nearly destroyed by Boiiaparte. Lugo was sack- ed and plundered by Auge'reau. " Every inhabitant (says that worthy associate of Napoleon) convicted of having fired at a I'renchman, shall be shot, and his house set on fire. Every village which shall take up arms shall be burnt."* " Any who treat us as enemies, to them we will be terrible as the fire from Heaven; we will burn tlie houses and lav waste the territories of villages which shall take part in a war in which they have no conceru."t This personajro never failed in making threatenings of destruction good. In the same he says, " Lasnes marched against the Iraj)erial fiefs, he burned the rebel's houses, and made the chiefs of them prisoners, who have been shot." Bonaparte, the same year, burned the town of lienasco, and massacred 800 of the inliahi- taiits= Various other places shared the samf* i'-^tP If u.'rm!ii i u fate. It W{ * Proclamation, June, 179C, Banapartc's proclumotio be endless the conduc their repuL dreadful ca digious; wl of the clinii ed. Inchu rian Proviii takeone-foi ty in Italy j£32,875,6c In Germ periods, sul The last of period, in tl been very g Diet, early i sustained a amount of 4, devastate tin round, wc l places no do Anstruther, been exercis of the inhab without the and the cou passed, exhi tioii and dist says an acco have crossed inhabitants, which have t in 1801, the zcrland, the \ was immense, those years al noted. The loss ol rally omiinerji ami expenses siiflercd mucl Ju those year? 1813; and j£ low fbr the d I'oland. the Tyrolew, June Hth, IVJ^ it'iil Iowa .'as Slick- says that red at a Every " Any •rible as • la' I K 9i5 he emlless to particularize tliem. We have ^con what hn - hnr^ the eonduct of these Gallic swarms in otl'e; 1^0^ nn"! here then- republican luror reigned without eontro d Durhur he readlui c.nnpa.gns ofnyo and 1800. the destruction s^>ro: d g,ous; what the industry of the inhabitants and the excellence o the clnnate had n. some degree repaired, was again de roy' ed Inchuinog he wars against Naples, and those in the lU- mn Provinces, m 1805, &c. I certainly do not exceec when 1 ^ia'sT^illjoo't'tr ' ' "" ''''''''''' '•^'"^^'^'• In Gennany, and°thc West Bank of the Rhine, at di^ront pe o r „" , ' iirr '"""^ ----rated already. P.-ovfous to^ tha Lrverv o e. t t ^«"^P^'g'- ^{^J^* and 1795, it must have been vciy gieat 1m om a memorial presented to the German p.et, early m 1 794, it appears that the Bishopric of Spire Td sustained a loss of property by the French inroadsfto he amount of 4,000,000 florins. « We continue," said Lavat "to loTnd't ; "T/' 'rr'y-' "'^^•''^ '^^ -^-^ of 40 Inile^ lound, M- leave the mhahitants only eyes to 'weep."* Other places no doubt suffered equally. In 1 796, says^Sir Rober Anstruther, Sept. 10th, 1796. « Every species of violence ha b en exercised upon the persons, as wdl^s on the propertie without the existence of even a pretext for this act of barbarity and the countries through which their army (retrea in. ,« t^r: nd'd "tr" '"""^r "iT' " ^'"^^'"^^^ ^' tL^tnio^t dVsol : ^v . 1; ? r ^" T^' "»'"" '^^'^•^''"■"- «Sainst Austria, hale cro H m'" '''"' "°""'''>' " ^''^ ^''''''^ "^"'y "1^" have crossed the Rhine, are maintained at the expense of tho m abitants, and the scenes of mi.ery, distress, terror ;;;;d ig ! h t ',1?;??'' r '"^^'-'-'^^ble." In 1799, in 1800, an.I in.. ' .1 1 ,'■"''"?" ,"^ property along the frontiers of Swit- zerland, the borders of the Upper Rhinet Swabia and Bavaria was immense, mul it is not perhaps over estimating it for all thesc> years at ^16,000,000 sterling, half that of Itafv, as above The loss of Prussia in 1806 and 1807, has been already .rene- ally enumerated under the head of battles, and besieged phices, am expenses for the war. Still, however, the countr3- must hav^ f iMcd much from the passage of such mighty destroying hosts Zt.l i*^'?^^'^^^ ^'•.'••i'".^' '^ P^'-I'aps not too m'uch to al- i'Tl nd '^''''■"'^''"" ""^ P'"P"-'y "' ^^^^ and Prussian I I : f 1 i\ ♦ Convention, Feb. -lUi, 1734, flta In the Peninsula, ilesolatlon anil (icstrnctiy the' L'eHca:; uieniseives, in their flight from Canada; and, perhacs. twirp •»«. much more smce that time; at Washington, Tnd in all other places together, about ^1,500,000 sterTing. The havoc of the French armies in Egypt, and the ruin spreading over aU W ish Americn, It is impossible to estimate to any certainty but « may safely be said to amount to ^IO.OOO,OOO^teilir.'' "' .nd destSop""; P""''''' ^''n'y '' '''' ^'•''"^ the c%tures Lrrcat R^t r P'°^'"^' '" fh'P^' "^"^t ''^^^^ been very g«cat. But the amount is very difficult to ascertain. Ameri- ca has captured and destroyed of British ships and WssdT a- Lout 6 or 700; and Great Britain has captured from ImTrica about HOO sail of merchant vessels. Ships of waTi a^cS 'ui t tVh"u "^ "P'" V '''' '^''^'^' "''tions, as tie'Tere •on iffl^ . '^- ^'"'"'"^ to 1799, France had captured tiomdifferen powers 1400 vessels. " Since the new tribunal o pn.es '.aid accounts from Copenhagen, December 10th 1810, lias been established at Christian.and, in Norway, it has F,br.ia>-y 7th, 1 soy. nornble. Order oj the Suprcmt Junta at Saiillc, 6 D 20 n n i! IM ! i^ • Mi ,, i ii Qi8 coiulemued 118 English vessels." The vessels' seized at Cnrls- ham, &c. ill 1810, &c. were very valuable, and occasioned a }ji-oat loss. Some accounts stated that they were at la«t got oft' with the loss of 1,500,000 rix-doUars. On the 4th February, 1799, Arnoult stated in the Council of Elders, that from 179S, till 6th September, 1798, France had captured from different nations '2658 vessels; and if we double this number as the sum total till 1814, we perhaps do not exceed the truth. What number Great Britain captured from the difftient nations I cannot ascertain; but, including the shipping taken in the dit- feront colonies captured by her arms, perhaps an equal number is not too many to allow. Her naval captures were a national loss, and therefore their value may be considered to be includ- ed in the annual war expenditure. According to the accounts of the Dutch, from the commencement of the war in 1795, till June 20th, 1799, Britain had captured from their merchants | and ship owners, property to the value of 120,000,000 guilders. The value of the British factories destroyed o« the coast of Africa, by the French, in 1 795, was estimated at 50,000,000 livres; and Bonaparte, in a dispatch from Egypt, 1799, esti- mated tlie captures in the Red Sea, principally British proper- ty, at 20,000,000 francs. But the first sum may more proper- ly be said to belong to the destruction on land. A French squadron, under llichery, also occasioned a great loss in the British fishing settlements at Newfoundland. The amount I am unacquainted with. The loss of property at sea, to all na- tions, may safely be estimated at 30 millious sterling, during the last 24 years. Abstract of the Destruction of Property. Russia, ** . *• *^ ■»v 262,500,000 West India Colonies, ■•» ^^ '%■% 120,000,000 Germany and Prussia, 1813, ■*■«• ^% 65,600,000 Austria and Tyrol, 180<>, •* *^ *•. 43,730,000 Forts besieged or blockaded since ivoa, «% 52,500,000 Germany, Belgium, &c.&c. before 179S, ■%^ 30,000,000 Italv, as noted, -.-«. «^ ^ 32,875,000 Grrlnany, from 1795 to 1810, «^ •»-* 16,000,000 Prussia, 180G to 1812 inclusive, ^^ v^ 6,000,000 Portugal, 1810 and 1811, -^ ■**. «% 15,000,000 Spain, 1808 to 1814, -^ •*^ ■V*. 50,000,000 America and Africa, ■" %*► «(« 10,000,000 Destruction on the Ocean, ^y. %V 30,000,000 France, -*» *■• %V **. 328,125,000 L.l,042,330,OOW FR X HAVEUOt* enormous los- in military st< trous campaij war expenses that Jiead. T amount of th consider is tri ope drtjined a history. The and the hopes lowed up in tl tical world, Xn this catai alone, amongs civil and sacre following has 1 the war. But for four years, and that of th( but call it £ie thus. Year, ending J Bo, Do, Do, Do, Da Do. Do. Do. I>o. Vo. d d d d d d< d< d< di d( 949 LOSS OF EUROPK BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. — WAJl EXPENSES. l""o"^' uecause that nronerlv ho nno-s t,^ tu^ i consider is troUn^tSl'in^l,'','"^' ' "" "°" "''out to anfl fj;^ I,.«« f f P"'' ''S^'' ^he comforts of the present lor four yoar" ^d '„i T^ f*"' ""' *"■• ""'"«» '''P^diturc thus. ^^»"«"'Q00. Her expenses, theftfore would stand Year, Ho. Do, Do, Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. l>o. Wo. ending 5th January, 1795, (at peace) =f 16,000.000 do. do.j do. do. do. do. do., do'. ifo.. do. 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, IPOI. 1802, 1803, ^25,401,95!) 41,599,225 45,453,34(5 .';3,538,358 63,076,10*1 47,390,06V5 54,140,069 57,260,125 62,2.52,179 53,369,020 :^50.v780,54S I ^ f f i' 950 Sulsequcfit to the Peace of Amiens. Po. do. 1804, Do. do. 1805, X)o. do. 1806, Do. do. 1807, Do. do. 180S, Do. do. 1809, Do. do. 1810, Do. do. 1811, Po. do. 1812, Pa do. 1813, Do. do. 1814, Do. do. 1815, From the peace of Amiens to the peace of Paris, Brouglit forward to the peace of Aroicns, 'v« Deduct peace establishmpnt of 1792, f«?r 2? years, L 49,83C,904 f;0,475,82S 69,995,s)77 69,a60,0,55 70,024,713 77,336V-'a2 73,i!3fi,222 83,099,186 89,000,000 104,398,348 108,398,218 115,000,000 L.970,0C1,6T3 I*J03,3H0,542 ;£1,47,-,442,215 352,000,000 j€ 1,1 2 1, 442,2 15 It may be said that the gradual rise in every thing, subsc^ qucnt to 1792, would have occasioned a proportionate rise in our peace expenditure, as stated fpr that year; but then, it must be recollected that it was tlie war which occasioned much of this rise; and also, that the progressive increase of the sink- ing fund would, very considerably, have lowered the expendi- ture; and we, perhaps, are not fat from the truth by supposing that the one cause wo^ild have lowered the expense ds much as the other would have increased it; and, therefore, the expendi- ture of 1792 is a fair average sum to deduct from the expenses of each succeeding year, in order to gain the true expense of the last 23 years. But to this we must add a grpat deal for the increase of the interest of the national debt," and for the very gi:eat additional expense a peace establishment must now be, in comparison to what it was in 1792. The national debt, at the close, of that year, amounted to about j£233,733,609. The interest, j6'8, 176,336. On the Sth January, 1812, the funded and unfund(*d tlebt amounted to jC869,399,925, and its increase since that period was so considerable, that in J Si** the unfunded debt, amounted to j£993,077,608, besides the loan of 18 millions, together .£1,021,077,608. Of this sum j£2« 2,000,000* is re•«. »» Other objci-ls, »«•«,« 6l!>,000,000?ivm. 25,000,000 do. 70,000,00) -lo. 20«,(XX),O(K)tl(). .')(>.000,(M)0 .(o. f a000,(X)() do, l?0,P00,O()O do. 1,0!H,00(),000 livTes. Siicli were tl»c resources for loss tli.nn flirce monti)!-; iiiid it i, ^vdl kiu)\vii tliMf these never were ;ib!o to meet the exiieiitliture. Ciiriioi ill Ills niessa;;-ivanfs, it recjuiretl 20 niillioiis e:ich flr- cadt'y w 10 (hiys. Ladebat, in the Council of 5(<», Nov. ISth. 3 796, stated the expense of the vear running (Ilepnbhniii ve.ir) M-as 1,17U,0(K),000; nnd Treilhard, March 8th, 1797, slated the war expenses for the same year at one milliard. Vor 1 7.98 it could not be less, {or 1 7.09 it must have been miicli ntoic; tmd tbr 1800 it nujsv litive been the .same. The expense from J79,'5 till the end of 1800 would therefore amount to 9,000,000,000 livres. From this period our data is certain. Bonaparte liiiii- Kelt, December 'J9th, 1810, tells ns that the war expeiiditme of iM-ance wt.s " 900,000,000 frart^. nnd may amount to 1,100,000,000 francs." This is ccUainlv not cxafrfrcrfited; for Jrom 'I'alleyrand's Expose of the FrencirEmptre, 1814, we find that much more was expended than was really stated, and which was taken 'from private funds to supply the war service. One milliard, and one hundred millions, annually, gives, dur- iaw 14. years, till Uonaparte's abdication, 1.5,400,000,000; winch agreas with Chatebriand's address to the French nation, wherein he says, that Bonaparte frf)ni the time that he was at ihcjr head, expended, or rather squandered away in ambitious ^v•ars, 1 5 milliards. By a pamphlet published at Paris, in Mnv, )814., by J. X. T. L'Aine, he states that the revenue of France, under Bonaparte, amounted to 1,500,000,000 francs; and thiit Spam, annually, cost him one milliard, independent of all the pay, contributions, and requisitions there levied. The loss uf France by war, therefore, will stand thus: Till the end of 179.". aceordins^ to Odonnp, From 1 7i)j till 1 HOO, inclusive ^* 9,000,000,000 fmnw ") iVoin JSOOtill ISM, .. .. 1.5,400,000,000 do. J.o« by assif^iiats iniindats, I'ic. ..» I -1,100,000,000 do. ! JA-ft in debt by honapartf.!- ** 1,645,000.000 do. f L.I,77I,G5C, Deslnclion of iii-oporiy, by Talleyrnnd's ! i;.\pos6, -.. ,v ..^ ,v 350,000,000 do. J *L78O,OO0,000 ,250 • This Is supposed to indudr flio nebt contracted from 1795 till tliecnd of lTP;i ■f I'ulli'v r inU's i:^xposK. 953 lo He pn'co(!inntly, cah-uhitin;; at 5 per cent, the principMl nmst have ainoi.ntec to 2,220,000,000 irancs, and the additional d» bt lett by Honnpartc, makes it co,ne to nearly 4,000,000,000 Iranes, or i:r, milHons sterlin^r, as the j)resent debt of France, almost equal to what it was at the !.>e!rinninf,^ of the Revolu- tion, notwithstandin^r idl her tyraimy and plunder. The in- terest on the debt left by Bonaparte, aiMounts to upwards of «0,000,000 francs annually, and that of t, > whole debt at com- niou interest, is 200,000,000 francs, or L..s,:50,000, and which, without a sinking fund to reduce it, will add more than an equal sum, as the expenditure occasioned by the war, thus makin.r the whole L.2,72(;,65G,2-,0. Franco therefore, after haviin^ lo.st millions ot lives; under^'ono nlmost a complete change of pro- pert}- trom the most atrocious means; her commerce annihi- iiitecl, her name detested, her National character lost— France, alter all this, lias lost by war almost four times the sum which Britain has; !br I only account the loss of Britain, the Nati- onal debt, that remains unpaid, and it must be recollected, that; hiiJI ot the National debt that is redeemed, beloiitrs to the ilebt which has been contracted since the French Uevolution, as the resource, to lapiidate it were raised with the other supplies, and lorms part ol the total expenditure. Britain has a sinkin.r fund to pay oil" her debt, France has none— Britain preserved her Lik'rty, Laws, Constitution, Capital and Credit— France bus lost every one of these— yet wc are told Britain has suilered most by the war! I Austria is the next power who has suffered most frflm e.\- ])enditure by war. To the end of 1 794, the expenditure of thr. Austrian Monarchy, Prussia, and the whole German Empire was estimated from good information, to amount to 887,807,;5.-52 Franktbrt florins, 450 millions of which at least must have; been spent by the Austrian States. It was calculated, that to pre- serve Flanders, it cost Austria on tiiat side, 30 millions ster- lin^r. What the amount of the expenditure was in the dread- ful campaigns of 1795, 96, 97, 91), 1800, 1801, and 1805, I liave not been able to trace with accuracy. But from Bona- parte's 8th Bulletin, dated Vieiuut, May Kith, 1809, we learn, Uiat to suppoi t the expenses of that campuii-n, Austria had issued 300 millions florins, of paper money, aiul that her debt then amounted before that issue to 1500 millions— Consecniently iht- expense of tiiat campaign must have amounted to, at' least,* 300 millions, and if the others are taken at the same aveiiiL'e, only accounting 1795 and 1801, equal to each of the other.s the whole would b« I,SOO ruUlicr/;. The ca:nT)aigu of 1813 and I i «. 95i 181 1, must liiivecnch cost ns much nn that of 1809, if not more, but ut the same rate, the whole would stand tiius: Ciiiiipaif^ns to end of ITfH 0"03,00(),()0() IVom 1791. till 18()U 1,8()0,000,00() C'ii:upuij,'n 1800 300,000,000 Cami)uigns 181i and 1814 (iOO,000,000 Austrian florins 3,303,000,000 Or jf.3Gl,2G.';,625 stcrlinit. Nor can this sum In; exag<;orated. It is more probably still below the truth. It was calculated, that in thecanipain;n of 1793, the transportiiif; the lie.ivy artillery alone cost 58,000,000 florins. In 1 79(), the loss of mai^'azinJs between tiie «ei<,' and the Lahn, was estimated by the French Generals, at 90,000,000 livres; and in Italy, it must have been tluee times the sum, during that and the succeeding year. The number of men called forth to war in the Austrianlstatcs, wore immense. Hungary alone, from 1792 supplied the following recruits to the army, viz. ** From 1792 till 1796, 88,000 1796 till 1800 2l2,00a .030,000 The same proportion over the empire, would give 880,000 men, but it is well known, that the quota of Hungary was smaller in proportion than any of the other States. The Prussian and other states, afterwards known by the name of the Rhenish Confederation, expended, as we have al- ready seen, 137 millions florins of Frankfort. Frrm that period, whether the latter States were engaged in war, for, or against Franco, their expenditure was equally great; and if we estimate their expenditure in war, at only half the amount of their peace establishments, it will for that period, atnount to 70 millions sterling. Holland till the Revolution, expended 16J millions florins: from that period, her expenses has amounted to I'rom 65 to 80 millions florins, annually, at least 40 millions of which, may fairly be calculated as expenses, occasioned by war. This for 20 years is 800 millions florins, about 67 millions .sterling. These two sums make 80 millions sterling. Spain to the end of 1795, had expended 52 millions ster- ling, during three Campaigns, or say 17 millions, annually; and from that period till the Revolution, or rather invasion by Bonaparte in 1808, a period of 13 years, we can scarcely sup- pose her expenditure less than half that sum in war alone. 955 Tlusi8li(),5Pj,000 stcrllnff. From the Revolnf Jon »». » overrun, ,1,0 was never subdued, und D7rhlr.n mV*^°"«'' war expenditure 27 .nlliroJ.s ^*''' ^""'^ '"""^^ ^""^ »''« test, tbr and OKninsi France 1.1, ' i '''''"™' '™- lions ..eriing. ^ri,c wlj^lo" rKlljltHfnr" " " ""'^ he' ar:;at'"«at.^\tri:f«^'.°^!r r "»'• -"' ••» least ^20 000 OOoTnilin^ H ^ ^"'*' '"'^'^ expended al: an., '^"y!:^.:^:J!;L^'^z':f^::{:z''"''it t- suras make 45 millions steriing. ^ ' ^'"•'' '""» Turkey and S»e.le„, i'.^^fh^t^l^dTuX'ZlVr'l' lions seer ,ng and l.erpmdigion's exertion. Tn's^.'-rs, '3" ™d 1814, at least an equa sum, or toffethpr ion ^;n- ^^*'^' «"^ Sweden and Denmark misThave cxponl^ lions in the diflerent contests bwlichXv 1 ' . ""**' ^^ *"''- In an evil hour, Mr. ^dCtol uTnt'^hlt^dX^^^ would become a military hem TK« ^ ""* "« 1...S been a loss .o aS oTat £ 2^X007,1° l"'"^'' war, or 45 millions .terling. ■'00.000,000 dollars m tlmt will be expe'ided before i. is aba JoLf^^^^e"; ;:'!",'' and cannot be est mated. BesidPA «1I tl.; i ^^^y ff^eat, all these nations and couuui::'Sj^^2j:^f\;''!t vvi h enormous loads of debt, whic!i it wiirreSe th.T? industry, and cares of future generations onnv A ^V^l"' has all this vast expense been^nt^ul ron ?nSind? I Tt"''"' Mble, that .t could only bo to defend the.r libmiesa Jn ^'l oJ madmen, and public robbers, who wer. u thn.-^f '?''^ " '*' honour or principle? Yet it is htor" l, T" ''!" °" • "'^^'n^nt, ception of [jreat 'Britain, Utlo^lLCuTc"^^ ^'" ^- 2,^-^ - ;»'!"^-- !'!-«h exertions ll^^lH,;: JT;^ ^' "' "'■■'•' ^"-•'■''■'^ca in i-ecovcrin^r wharthey had Jost" 6 fi 30 " * I. i ii I 111 I !■ 9iJ(i ABSTRACT Comparative Statement of the loss nf France and Great Britain. FRANCE. Liires. Lost by Expenditure in War «. *» .w» T)o !)>■ asbignats and mandafs *«. 14,100,000,000 Tlo. di'tit before 1793, reduced -» 4,500,000,000 }'roperty contiscatod, incliiriinjr i-olonios •43,0O0,OO0,00<) JX'struction of property, iacliidinjj colonics. ■»» »■» Shareof destruction on the Oceaii ■»• ■»»■ •»•»■ Total France GREAT BRITAIN. Expenditure by War ■^ ^ Ll,4'21,44i3,'J15 Loss in colonies, -% ** 5,000,000 _ Do. for share, lossca at Sea, suppose I Q,«XX).00rt Sterling. 2,726',656,2JO 2,09.5,000,000 3'J8,125,00O (.',000,000 Lj,745,781,2.SO 1,456,442,21 J L.4,309,339,045 Balance a^jjainst France, Or even allowing that the robberies by confiscating the pro- perties of individuals, anioiniting to .^'1,881,250,000 sterling, is not robbery, and no loss to the nation, still the sum of • Tliat this sum is citlur v.-ry mucli v>itliin tlieiimount of the value of property con- fi-.cated in France, or certainly does not exceed it, the foUowingdocument, which has been received while this sheet was in the jjicss, is a convincinj; proof. At the meetinj; of that fre.sli monument of I'rench folly, the i'arisian Assembly, named the Champ di- !\Iai, held on the 1st June, 181,j; M. Dliioys he Angers, the organ of it, states, that the number of proprietors interested in the overthrow of the Legitimate, and in supiwrt of the Usnri)er's authority, amounted to six millions. " We are," said he, " 6,0(X),000 OF PrOPKIETORS invested with PUOI'ERTY by the UEVOLrTION." In page iSiSl, the Reader will find the total amount of innnoveahle property con- fiscated in France, calculated from the best autlioi ities 1 could obtain, at 53 milliard, livres, or one thousand, two hundred and fifty-seven millions sterling, but taking, as we should do, the livre at lO^d. it is L l,4'l5,7,)0,00O. A small part of thisonly was the old national domains. About one-tii'lh of the above, remained unsold in March 1796; but till 1800, I find fiom numerous doc'inients that perhaps one-half of what remained at the former period, was disposed of at the latter date, and much afterwards The Reader will also bear in mind, that the above is only the estimat- ed value, while from numerous instances, i|Uoted in page S82, it appears, that the property sold for double. According to oflicial authority, (jnotcd page 883, it ajv ))cars, that the average value of ."9,000 estates was OOOO livres (L.383) each. At this rate, 6,000,000 of proprietors, who had been invested with property by the Re- volution, would ffive a4 milliards, or L.y,a9H,U0O,0OO sterling, as the amount of the property confiscated, and that changed masters in France. This sum is e(|ual to half the value of all the ])roperty in the British Empire, and is perhaps efjual to half the value nf the whole fixed projjerty in France. The move.ible property in France confiscated in the early stages of the Revolution, is estimated, page 889, at 9 mil- liards L.395,7.'50,000 sterling, which now forms part of the moveable projjcrty in France, which has changed hands by Revolutionary robbfiios bv.t which, as it re- mains in France, Liberty and Equality, denied to be robbery. " We do not rob you," said a French officer, to some of the inliabitanfsof Germany, " when we take your money from you, wc do it all for your good, and give your money back to you in return for your provisions, which we purchase, or your provisions for our money." Perhaps there is not an instance upon record, in the annals of any other nation, where such a comidete change of property, by similar diabolical and tragical means. j,(;2.> 7O,0(X),00O 212,500,000 8O,()(X),0O() 27,OIX),000 115,000,000 40,000,000 120.000,000 10,000.000 45,000,000 10,000,000 50,000,000 'I'otnl expenditure in war Confiscations and Loans over ICurope »■» Destruction of Property over Europe »^ L.5,0<)I,yG4,09O 985,113,556 1,042,330,000 Total L. 7, 119,307,440 Tills is without including the confiscations in France, which we shall allow only chaiiged masters, and was no real loss to die national wealth. Taking, therefore, the inhabitants of Europe at 160 millions, and one-fifth of that as the number between 16 and 60 years of age, viz. 32 millions as the num- ber whose labour may be allowed should accpiire property, it follows that each individual of that number has paid L.222 sterling, or about L.IO sterling, annually, for 22 years, ending 1814. If we take in to the account the confiscated property in France, tlien it would be, in round numbers, L.13 sterling, which each person, from 16 to 60, and about L.2 : 10 whicU has been pi\id by every individual, male and female, old and young throughout Europe, in order to defray the expenses of laying the ^'fmmdiUions of the Grand Empire^"* to be establish- ed by Franco. What a building it would, have been, if finishetl upon the same scale— Babel wiis nothing to it. And for what has all this been done? Why, for nothing else, but that France might gain the liberty to deny her God— murder her Royal Fa- mify— overset all Constitiuions^-^make one for herself annually —overthrow Royalty— fight for Liberty and P^quality— obey :i tyrant, and become the delirious tool of military despotism. • " I have renounced the idea of the Grand Empire, of whicli, dur-ng 15 year / had but Jhunded the 60575.". Uonnparte's Speech, .March 25th, 1 815. » : I ! i' i f Pt APPENDIX. The following important extract, which while it refutes the charge of duplicity, brought by Bonaparte against the Aus- trian Government in her conduct previous to her junction with the Allies in .'813, (see page 379) shews at the same time, the desperate and deliberate falsehoods which the French Govern- ment had recourse to, and boldly practised. On the 31st Dec. 1812, he boldly published to the world, that France and Aus- tria were " inseparable" (see page 289). In the following do- cument, which I had quoted on another subject, but this part of wh'ch escape9 till the last moment. The bad faitli of the Ali m i the c apitiil.-it ions of Dresden, Dantzic, and Gore les in respect to ns to endeuvonr not to be duped. Ileler therefore, tl nni, aiitliorises ', these que; tion.s, to a mihtary arrangement, as w«s done at Preshur-r, Vi- enna and Tilsit. His Majesty desires, that yon wouhl not h)so sight ot the disposition which he will fkei,, not to deliver. VP THOSE THREE KEYS OF Flt.ANCE, tf luilitanj CVeiltS, OH 'which. lie js K-illi>iul Hi. mJ2 the- LmpcroroJ Austria King of Hung.ry a.ul BoLcni... and his Allies, on te ..tl; part, tho.r heirs and successors, their rc.specli>e states and sul.iects in n.r Jit'tuity. •> 1"-'" -n.e high contracting parties shall apply all their rares to maintain, not onlv be- iweon themselves, but also as fur as depends on thcin between all the Stales of Eur ope, the f;oad agreement and understanding so necessary to its repose. Art II. The Kingdom of Trance preserves the integrity of its limits such -..4 .hey ox.sted at the perio.1 of the 1st of Ja,. 17:..-. It sf.all receive h lides.rL:^ i"r"«ic!eV-'''"'''''^ """'""' "■''^"'" "'° ""^■"''^•^'""'■^'"i"" i"^^d by the follow. Art Hi Outhesideof Iklgium, Germ.-iny, and Italy, the ancient frontier s.ich «sue.,sc.. on the 1st January, I7<>- shall be re-establishe.l. the simie cZ. enci hon. the North Seu between Ounkirk and Nieuport, even unto the fti^ES between Cagnes and Nice, with the following rectiHcations-— *^"ttrraucan 1. In the IX-partment of Jeinappes, the Cantons of Dour. Merbes le-Chatei., Beaumont ami Chn.ey shall remain to France: the line of de.narkat on. wE it touc'Ijes the Canton of Dour, shall pass bc-tween that Canton and those of Boussu onjfndrZrrhtu-n. "^ " ""' """■"" ""' "*' ^^^"'•'^"-'-t;hateau, and tht^ 2. In t),edcpartment of the Sambrc and Meuse, tlie cantons of Valcourt Floren nes IJeauramg, and Gedume, shall belong to France; the demarkation, upon e'ch" mg this department, shall follow the line which separates the foremen fold i^n" Suse'""' ■ '''•"P"'^""*^"' of Jemappes, and from the rest of thu.of t4ie Sambremul •'• I" t'le department of the Moselle, the new demarkation where it .lifTe.-s fm™ the ol, , shal be formed by a line to be drawn from Ferle as far as F J. a^,^, o" Moselle" '^''""'" '■■'"""" °*"'^'''"''-'^' '''"'" ""■' '"'' "*■""' J^'lMiiment of the 4. In the department of the Sarrc, the s-antons of Saarbruck and AVnwal sinll remain to Iranee, as well as that part of the canton of Lebacb, which is suat^tj the south of a Ime to hi drawn along tJie coulines of the villajies of uVr l , . Ul^chosen, Millsbacl. and Hall (leaving these di.ferent pla^.tti, out le iS:,' h ronfei) to t],e no.nt where taken from Querselle (which belongs ,o IVance) ,e line which separates the c-intons of Arnwal and Ottweiler, reaches that w Icb le paratc-s those of Arnwal aiul Lebacb; Uie frontier on this side shall be fo nS b y tt- rin/"'''r''''''''''"p^^"'^*"*'-^'''"^' P"°'' *"«''« .vwr 1792, formed .-lu insulate,? point lu Germany, France retains beyond her frontiers a uart of.),., .(..nl..!, 1 !• Mont Tonnere and the Lower Ubinc, in order to joht tlHwtss 0^^" u -md Its district to the rest of the kingdom. The new demarkation procml, g tm tl^ point where, at ObersteinlKtch, (which remains without the Ireuc "o,u . Z Jront,er enters the department of the Moselle, and that of Mont Ton ere, Vn I department of the Lower Rhine, shall follow the line which cpam^,h;..-^rr''f ^X eissenburgb and Berg.abcru (on the side of France) fron. t^"!^ o of F "nf ens, l)al,n. and Anweiler (on the side of Germany) to the point wbeTt. f. '^ uearthe villag, of Wonnersheiin. touch the ancieL\listrict'<^^ht;^^^^^^ dau. Of this district, which remair.s as it was in 1 7!i'J. the new fron ier l h , f li ^armof U,e river Queich. which, in leavingthis dis.nct ,": ^^m, f ,^ ^^ «.s.s with I-rance) passes near the villages of Slerlenhelm, Kiiil cNh ei 'd ^ .e.i„(„ls,, remaining French) to the Uhine. which thence contuuHs' nmS nt Utucvn Iranceand Gerinany. As to tiie Ithine, the Thahe.^ or c, or. • . 1^ .■.yer. shall form the boundary; the changes, howecr. whl n.r;," u nX ' otther^vei, shall have no e«ect on the property of the isles w,,U: a" " m^M;^ ov;;.^;;;^':^-;;;^;::;:;^" ^'"' '- ''''''-' -"'" ^"^ ^"- -" - - ^be ,;crio.i 6. In the Department of the Doubs, the frontiers sbail b.. drawn n ..c t^ , »ncnceabove U Rancontucrc, ..ear the LociJ, :uui ,Ulc J tLe c;::rc" ," JS;^'!:;; ;r 002 twcen Ccrncaux I'uquigiiot and the village of Fontenelli-s, so far as tliat summit of the Jura, which lies about sevon or tight niilt-s to the north-west of the village uf La Ureviiif, where it will turn bnck within the ancient limits of France. 7. In the department of the Lenian, the frontiers between tlie French territory, the Puis de Vaud, and the diflerent portions of the territory of Geneva (which shall make a part of Switzerland) reinair. as they were before the incorporation of Gene- va vvith France. Uut tlie Canton of FranKy. that ot St. Julien, (with the exception ol that part lying to the norUi of a line to be draw.i from the point where the river ot La Laire enters near Chancey into the Genevese territory, along the borders of Sesseguin, Laconex, and ScHeneuve, which shall remain without the limits of France) the cantoil of Uegnier (with the exception of that portion which lies eastward of a line following the borders of the Muraz, Uussy, I'ers, and Cornier, which .shall he without the French limits) and the Canton of La lloclie (with the excel)tion of flit places named La Hochc and Arman.iy with their districts) shall rest with France. The frontier shall follow the limits of those diifereut cantons and the Hues separat- ing those portions which France retains from those which she gives up. K. In the department of Mont IJIanc, France shall obtain the Subprefecture of Chambery (with exception of the Cantons de I' Hospital, St. Pierre d'Abigny, La Uocette and Montmellan) the Subprefecture of Annecy (witli exception of that part of the Canton of Faverges, situated to th') East of a line passing between Oiir- cchaise and Martens on the French side, and >Iarthwl and Ugino on the opposite side, and which then follows the crest of the n mtains to the frontier of the Can. ton of ITiones.) This line, with the limits of the afore-named Cantons, shall con- etitute the new frontier on this side. On the side of the Pyrenees, the frontiers remain as they were, between the two kingdoms of France and Spain, on the 1st of January, 1792. There shall he ap- pointed ou the pait of both, a mutual Commission to arrange their final demarka* tion. France renounces all claims of sovereignty, siij)remacy, and possession over all TOuntries, districts, towns and places whatsoever, situated without the above statid irontier. The principality of Monaco is replaced in the same situation as on the 1 st of January, 1792. The Allied Courts assure to Prance the possession of thejirincipality of Avignon, the Venaissin, the county of Wonflieliard, and all the enclosed districts oncTe be- longing to Germany, coinprised witliin the above indicated froni'er, which had been incorporated with France before or after the 1st of January, 1792. 'J'ne Powers preserve mutually the full right to fortify whatever point of their ^States they may judge titting for their safety. 'I'o avoid all injury to private property, and to protect on the most liberal princi- jiles the posse-sjons of individual;; domiciliated on the frontiers, there shall be nam- «id by each of the States adjoining to France, Commissioners to proceed jointly with French Commissioners, to the demarkation of their respective boundaries. So soon as the office of these Commissioners shall be completed, instruments shuil be drawn up, signed by them, and posts erected to mark the mutual limits. Art. IV. To secure the communication of the town of Geneva with the other parts of the Swiss territory on the Lake, France consents, that the roads by Versoy shall be common to the two countries. The respective Goverinnents will have an nmicable understanding on the moans of jjreventing smuggling, tlie regulation of . the posts, and the maintenance of the road. Art. V. The navigation of the Rhine, from the point where it becomes navigable to the sea and back, shall be free, so as to be interdicted tu no person. Piiiiciples hhall be laid down at a future Congress, for the collection of the duties by the Stales on the Banks, in the ...aniier most equal and favourable to tiie commerce of all nations. It sh-ill be also inquired and ascertained at the same Congress, in what mode, for the purposes of more facile communication, and reiuleiiiig nations continually less strangers to each other, this disposition may be extended to all rivers that in their navigable cuurae separate or traverse dificrcnt Stales. Art VI. Holland, placed under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, shall XHf^ive an. increase of territory, 'ilie title, and the exercise of its sovereignty, cannot, undc foreign crow The Gern Independt without the I of Sovereign Art. VIL sioii and sov< Art. VI II gages tc rest! cd, the Colon posseiseil on ,'\frica, and / rfn, .and the i ies, all wliicli His IJiitanni Peace of Bas Majesty, in fi Art IX. rangcments e tide, consent jesty, and ceti Art. X. II to with his A od hereafter f Ti.o elFect riod as to linn cable arrange Art. XI, Most Clnistii the state in w Art. XII. Christian Ma and propcrtie di.1, the same most favoure< more at heart and England forwani, suci good mutual establishment Britisli severe only the num Art. XIII land, on the c of St. Lawret Art. XIV. Most Chiistia viz, those in t and Africa, w six months aft Art. XV. Article of tin Treaty of Pet •vhioii arc in the said Conv not armed, as ^♦ruction and ! lat summit of tho village ul' nch territory, I (which shall ion ul" tifiii'- theuxcuptioi) lere the river If borders of its of France) eastward of a hid! shall hu i1)tion of tilt with I-'rume. lines separat- prefecture of 'Abigny, La ption of thai etween Our- tho opposite of the Can* IS), shall con* »'een the two ! shall be ap- lal dcniarka*- sion over all above stated us an the 1st of Avinrnon, cts once be- lch had been lint of their beral princi- lall be nam- 1 jointly with ;s. So soon uU be drawn h the other Is by Versoy k'ill have an .'gulation of es navigable I'riiiciples ly the States lerce of all It mode, for tinually less that ill their ran^^e, shall wvereignty, SG3 cannot, under any circuir stance, belong to a Prince wearing or designed to wear a foreign crown, Tho German Suites shall be independent, and united by a federative league. Independent Switzerland shall eontinne under its own Government Italv williout the limits of the countries which shall return to Austri;^ shall be composed of Sovereign States. ^ Art. V 11. The Island of Malta and its dependencies shall belong, in full posses- sion and sovereignty, to His Uritannic iMajesty. Art VI If. His Britannic Majesty, stipulating for himself and his Allies, en- gages tc restore to His Most Christian Majesty, within periods afterwards to bo fix- ed, the Colonics, Fisheries, Factories,and Establishments of every kind which France possessed on the 1st of January, 179^, in the seas or on the continents of America, Africa, and Asia, with the exception, nevertheless, of the islands of Tobago. St. Lu^ da, and the isle of France and its dependencies, namely, Kodriguo and the Sechel- los, all which His Most Christian Miyesty cedes in full property and sovereignty to His Uritannic Majesty, as also that part of St. Domingo ceded to France, by tho Peace of Basle, and which his Most Christian Majesty retrocedos to his Catholio ZMajesty, in full property and sovereignty. Art. IX. His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway, in consequence of ar- rangements entered into with his Allies, and for the execution of tho preceding Ar- ticle, conseiiu that the island of Ouadaloupe be restored to his Most Christian Ma- jesty, and cedes all the rights which he might have to that Island. Art. X. His Most Faitliful Majesty, in consequence of arrangements entered in. to with his Allies, engages to restore to His Most Christian JIajesfy, within a peri- od hereafter fixed, French Guyana, such as it was on the 1st January, 1792. T;.c effect of the above stipulation being to revive the dispute existing at that pe- riotl ah to linnts, it is agreed that the said dispute should be terminated by anami- cable arrangement, under the mediation of his Britannic Majesty. Art XI. The fortresses and forts existing in tho colonies to be restored to His Most Christian Majesty, in virtue of Articles VIII. IX. X. shall be given up in the state in which they shall be at the time of tho signature of the present treaty. Art. XII. His Britannic Majesty engages to cause the subjects of His Most Christian INIajesty to enjoy, in regard to commerce and the security of their persons and properties, within the limits of the British sovereignty on the continent of In- dia, tho same facilities, privileges, and protection, which are at present granted to the most fovoured nations. On his side. His Most Christian Majesty having nothing more at heart than the perpetuity of the peace between the two Crowns of France and England, and wishing to contribute, as much as in him lies, to remove, hence- forward, such points of contact between the two nations as might, one day, alter a. good mutual understanding, engages not to erect any work of fortification in the estal)Iishinents to be restored to him, and which are situated within the limiu of Britisli sovereignty on the Continent of India, and to place, in those establishments, only the number of troops necessary for the maintenance of the police. Art XIII. As to the French right of fishery on the grand bank of Newfound- land, on the coasts of the isle of that name and tho .idjacent isles, and in the Gulph of St Lawrence, every thing shall be restored to the same footing as in 1792. Art XIV. The colonies, factories, and establishments to be restored to Hi» Most Christian Majesty by His Britannic Majesty or his Allies shall be given up, viz. those in the seas of the North, or in the seas and on the Continents of America and Africa, within three months, and those beyond the Cape of Good Hope within six months after the ratification of the present treaty. Art. XV. The high contracting parties having reser\'ed to themselves by the 4th Article of the Conventio-i of April '2,-d, the regulation in the present Definitive Treaty of Peace, of the fate of the ."rsenals and vessels of war, armed and not armed, •vliieh arc in maritime for:rcsses, surrendered by France lii execution of Art ^. of the said Convention, it is agreed that the said vessels an Fnuue ot' tlie IVeneh workmen, so imen, nnd agents. The vessels and .ir.enals exi-tin^ in the maritime fortresses whieli shall have fal- len into the power i>f tlie .Vllies, anterior to the '29d of April, are not inehuled in the aho\o stipulations, nor the vessels and arsenals which belonged to Holland, and in partieul.ir the Texel fleet. The French Govern/nent binds Itself to withdraw, or raiiso to he sold, all that shall helong to it hy the above stated stipulations, within the period of three months after the division ha!i been ejected. In future, the IVirt of .\iitwerp shall lit solely a poit of Commci^ce. Art. XVI. The high oontractinR parties wishin/j to place nnd cause to be placed in entire oblivion the divisions which have aj;!ilated Europe, declare .ind iiromise, that in the countries restored and ceded by the jjrescnt treaty, no individual of what- ever class or condition, shall be prevented, hara.ssed, or disturbed in his person or iiroperty, under any prete.\t, or for his attachment either to any of the contracfinf; parties or to Governments 'vhicli have ceased to exist, or for any other cause, un- less for debts contracted to individuals, or for acts jiosterior to the present treaty. Art. XVII. In all the countries which may, or shall change masteis, as well in virtue of the present treaty, as of arrangements U> be hiade in consequence thereof, the inhabitants, both natives and foreigners, of whatever cliiss or condition, shall be aMowed a space of six years, reckom'ng from the exchange of the ratifications, in or- lics. or advancfs whatsoever, made to the French Go- vertiitient in the differrnt rvars which have taken place since 1 792. His Most Christian Mnjc.',ty, on his side, renounces every claim which he might inake on the Allied Po'wers on similar grounds. In execution of this article, the high contracting parties engtige mutually to give tip all titles, bonds, and documents relating to debts which they have reciprocally renounced. Art. XIX. The I<>ench Government engages to caus« to l>e liquidated and paid ,ill sttms which it shall iind itselfbound in duty to pay in countries beyond its terri- tories, in virtue of nontract;; or t>ther formal engagements entered into between in- dividuals or private establishinents, and tlie French authorities, both for supplies and legal obligations. Art XX Tlie High Contracting Powers, immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of the iiresent treaty, will appoint Commissiuies to regulate and etlec- tuate the execution of the whole of the measures contained in Articles XVIII. and XIX. These Commissaries shall employ themselves in the examination of the claims menlioned in the preceding Article, of the liquidation of die sums claimed, and of the mode which the FVeiich Government sliall iirojiose tor paying them. They shall also he charged with the giving up of the titles, obligations, and docu- ments relative lo the debts which the high contracting powers miifiially renounce, in such way that the ratification of the result of their labours shall complete this rec^l)Toc.^l renunciation. Art. XXI. The debts specially hypothecated in their origin on the countries which cease to belong to France, or contracted for their internal administration, sliall rpir.;iin a chargi' on these same countries. An accnimt shall in consequence be kept for the French Government, commencing with the 2L'd December, J8I.~, of such of tlioso debts as have been converted into.inscriptions in the great book Ot ! I;' the public (?e1)t of France. The titles of all micJi as have not been prepared for «he inscription, nor have been yet inscribvil, shall be given np to the Government* o( the respectivf countries. Statements of uU these debts shall be drawn up by ii mixed coniniission. Art. XXII. Thr; French Government, on its side, shall remain charged with the lepaynient of all the sums paid by the subjects of llie above-montioned coun- tries into the French chests, wtietlier under the Iiead of cautionniBiiu, dei>osits, or consijinments. In like manner, French subjects, servants of the said countrie,s. who have paid sums under the liead of cautioinucnts, dejiosits, or consignments, . into their respective treasuries, shall be faithfully reimbursed. Art. XXIII. Tlie titulars of places sniyected to cautionment, who have not the handhnf; of the money, shall be repaid willi interest, until tlie full payment at Pa- ns, by fifths and annually, commencing from the date of the present Treaty. With rej^ard to those who are ac>:guntable, the piiyvi,ient shall lake place, at the latest, six months after the presentation of their accounts, the case of malversation alone excepted. A copy of the last account shall be trausniitu-d to the Govern- nieut of their country to serve it for information, and as a starling point. _ Art. XXiy. The judicial deposits and consignments, made into the chest of tlio sinking fund in execution of 'he law of the aisth Nivoise, year 13 (18th of January, 1H05,) and which belong to the iiiluibitants of the countries which France censes to possess, shall be restored within a yeai", dating from the exchanijc of the ratifications of the present treaty, into the hands of the autliorities of the said countries, with the exception of such deposits and consignments as French s.idyecls arc interested in ; in which case, they simil remain in tlic ihest of the sinking fund, not to be restored Luton proofs resulting fi-;.m the decisions of the competent authorities Art. XXV. The funds deposited by the commynes and public estitblishments ip the chest of service and in the chest of the sinking fund, or any other, coverr.pient client, shall be rejiaid ty them by tiftlis from year to ycir, reckoning frmn the date of the present treaty, with the deduction of advances which shall have been made to them, and saving the regular claims made upoii these funds by creditors of tlie said communes and public establishments. Art. XXVI. Dating from the 1st of January, 1814, the French Government ceases to be charged with the payment of any pension, civil, military, or ecclesias- tical, pension of retirement, or Imjf-pay, to any individual, wlio is np longer ii Prench subject. ' ' Art. XXVII. The national domains acquired for a valuable consideration by French subjects, in the ci-devant departments of Belgium, on the left bank of the Rhine and of the Alps, without tUQ anciynt limits of France, are and remain gua- ranteed to the purchasers. Art XXVIIl. The abolitbn of the droits d'anbaine, detraction and others of the same nature, in tlije countries which reciprocally stipulated it with, France, or which had been antecedently annexed to it, is expressly contirmed. Art. XXIX. The French Government engages to cause to be restored the obli- gations and other titles which shall have been seized in the jirovinees occupied by the French antiies or administrations; and in cases where restitution caiinot be made; these obligations and titles are and remain annihilated. Art. XXX. The sums which shall bo due for all works of public utility not yet terminated, or terminated posterior to the S 1st of December, 1812, on the Rhine, and in the dcpartn;ents detiiched fnim France by the present treaty, shall pass to the charge of future possessors of the territory, aiidslii\ll be liquidated by the comniissiou charged with the liijuidalion of the debts Of the districts. iVrt. XXXI. Ail archives, charts, plans and documents wh.itsoevcr, belonging to the countries ceded, iuid connected with their administration, shall be faithfully restored at the same time with the countries; or, if that be impracticable within u period not more tiutii l:.\ nionihs after the surrender of the said countries. Xhis stipulation h applicable to archives, charts, and plan.s, which may have been v'fi'.fii'd pir.iii cutinuies for the monicut occiipiud by the tliffcrent arnues. I ; i;ii 1''^ 96(> Art, XXXII. Within a period of two months, all the Powors kIio Iiave bc«n engaged on botli hidus in the |ir«si.-nt war, sliuU !,i'iid I'lfiiijKitinliaiies to Viuiiiia, in ordur to rcgulati*, in a Uuncral Congress, the urruiigcmonts ni'c'C!>!>l Uussian Ordtrs, (ii.ni.ral in liis ainiies, nnd his Ambassador Lxtraordinarv and I'lciiipotontiary to his Majesty the Kmpcror of Itussia; And the Hon. Charles Williuni SteWHrt, Knight of'thc most liononraMc Order of the Halli, Meinher of his Parliament, Knight of the Prussian Orders uf llie HI lek and Red Kagle, and of many others, and his Knu.y Extraordinary and MiixklLi- J'lenniotentiary to his Miyesty the King of Prussia. The Treaty between France ami Prussia; lor France, by C. IM. Talleyrand Perigord, Prince of Uenevento ^„t .yuprn J And (or Prussia by M.M. Charles Augustus Uaron Ilardenbeig. Chancellor of ftlate to his Majesty the King of Prussia, Knight of the Orders ol the lilack and Kid l.agle, and of niuiiy other Orders, and Charles William Uaron Humboldt, Minister of Stale of his said Majesty, and Envoy Extraordinary and JMiiiisttr Pit- niljotcntiary to liis Imperial, Uoyal, and Ajjostolic Majesty. With tlie following additional articles: ARTICLE ADDITIONAL TO THE TREATY WITH RUCSIA. Tlie Uudiy of Warsaw having been under the administration of a provisional lunincil es -bljshud by Iliissia ever since that country was occupied by her arms, tjic two liigh cc.itraeting parties liave agreed to appoint immediately a special commis- sion, composed on both sides of an equal number of Commissaries, who shall he charged 'vjth the examination apd li<|uiU ^uiilraotiiig puwcri, or of tlicir sulijects. ** 'I'lic samu CoiDiiiissaries mentioned in Art II. sliall employ themselves in tli.; cxHminalion and lii|ui(laii(>ii of the ilaims of his IJriiannic i^Iiijcitty upon l\w I'n.fu |', eace of B.tslrt between I'russia and Prance, are already in fact annulled by the present treaty, tlie bigh comi i.tinff parties have judged it i tvertheless proper to declare again exprvsi- ly ir.at the said treaties cease to be obligatory, Imth in tiie articles that are expressed, and those that are secret; and that they mutually renounce every right, and disen- gage themselves of every obligation which might result froui them. His Most Christian Majesty i)romises, that the decrees issued against French, or reputed Prencli suhjccts, being or having bee., in the service of his Prussian Ma- jesty, shall remain without etlect j as also the judgments which have been given in the execution of tbotie decrees. The present additional article shall have the same force and- validity as if it had bit-n inserted in those words in the treaty of this day It sluiU be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at the same time. In faith of which the respectiv,© plenipotentiaries have signed it, and affixed the seal of their arms. Done at Paris, the .'3()tli of May, in the year of our Lord, 1814. The Prince of Hi XEVENTO. CHARLES AUGUSTUS, Baron of HARDENBURGIL CHAllLES W1LLL\M, Baron de HUMBOLDT. A Treaty of His Bri tlcsirous o hc'twet'ii tl perfect ret between tl Plenipoler part, has u Admiral o liis Majebt Jtnperial I liain Atlatr of the Uii of the Sena A. HayanI tin, Citizet; niimieation til ,< Ibllowii Article 1. 7 jesty and the I towns, and pen] tilities lioth by fied liy liotli pa whatsoever, tak taken after the fd; shall l)e re in;; away any o said forts or pi; tications of this records, deeds, sons, which in I either party, sli: to the proper ai Suchoi the i shall remain in time of the excli the title to tlie i Article of this ' No dispositio ritorics claimed the right of eith Art. 11. Imi in after-mentiin and citizens oft causes of eoinpli at sea after the s seis and effects v fications upon .i grces north, to t Ocean, as the 3(: be restored on c 96!) A Treaty of Pence and Amity I.ctwcon l.ls nritannic .Vojcsty and the United Statti of Amuriai; signed at (ihi'nt, i)ctcnil)t>r i!lth, ISH. Tlis Britannic Majesty niul tlic United Stales of America desirou-s ortermiiiutiii such possession of the ,lands .ind ter ritories claimed by both parties, shall in any manner whatever be construed to afteet the riglit of either. •unci _ Art. 1 1. Immediately afler the ratification^; of this Treaty by both parties, as here- m alter-meutioned, orders shall be sent to the arniies, wpiadrons. officers subiects aiulcitiieiisofthe two powers, to cease from all l.ostililics. And to prevent all causes of complaint which might arise on .ircouut of the prices which may be taken at sea after the said ratifications of this Tre:ity, it is leriprocallv agreed, that all ves seis and effects which may be taken after the spnce of twelve days from the said ratil fications upon ..11 prirti of the coast of North \inericn. from the IntituHo of".T de grces north, to tiie latitude of TO degrees north, and as fir eastward in the Atlantic. Ocean, as the 3:()th degree of west longitude from the meridian of Greenwich shall be restored on each side; that the time .slioU lie thirty day.s in all oilier parts of the I 'I t 970 Afiantic Ocean north of the equinoctial lino or equator, and tlic same lime t'of elm British anJ Irish Channel, for the Gulf of Mexico, and all parts of the West Indies ; forty days for the North Seas, for the Baltic, and for all parts of the Mediterranean ; sixty days for the Atlantic Ocean, south of the e(iuator, as far as the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope; ninety days for every other part of tlie world south ofthe equa- tor, and one hundred and twenty days for all other parts of tlie world without ex- ceptiou. Art. III. All prisoners of vvat, taken on either side, as well by land as by sea, shall be restored as soon as practicable, after theraiilicationsof this Treaty as herein after-mentioned, on their paying thedebts which they may have contracted durinjj their captivity. The two contracting parties, respectively engage, to discharge in specie the advances which may have been made by the other, for the sustenance and maintenance of such prisoners. Art. IV. WIiL'reas it was stipulated by the 2d Article in the Treaty of Peace of 178.3, between his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, that tlie boundary of the United States should comprehend " all islands willliu twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United Stales, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries, betwct'u Nova Scotia on the one part, and ijast Florida on the other, shall respectively touch the Bay of I'undy and the Atlantic Ocean; exceiaing such islands as now are, or heretofore have been, within the limits of Nova Scotia." And, whereas, the several islands in the Bay of Passamagiiody, which is part of the Bay of Fundy, and tlie island of Grand Menan, in the said Bay of F'undy, are claimed by the United States as being comprehended within their aforesaid boundarie.s, which said islands are claimed as belonj^ing to his Britannic Majesty, as having been at the time of. and previous to the aforesaid Treaty of 1 783, within the limits of the province of Nova Scotia; in order, thereibre, finally, to decide upon these claims, it is agreed that they shall be referred to ttvo Commissioners, to be appointed in the following manner, viz.— -One Commissioner shall be appointed by bis Britannic Majesty, and ».i:e by the President of the United States, by and with the advice antl consent of the Senate thereof; and the said two Commissioners so appointed, siiall be sworn im- partially to examine and decide upon tlie said claims, according to such evidence a^ shall be laid before them on the part of his Britannic Majesty and of the United States respectively. The said Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrews, in tlic province of New Brunswick, and shall have power to adjourn to such other place or places as they shall think fit. The said Commissioners shall, by a declaration or report, under their hands and seals, decide to which of the two contracting parties the seveial islands aforesaid do respectively belong, in conformity with the true iiitent of the said Treaty of Peace of 1783; and if tlie said Commissioners shall agree in their decision, both parties sliall consider such decision as final and con- clusive. It is further agreed, that in the event of the two Commissioners differing upon all or riny of the matters so referred to them, or in the event of both or either of tlie Kaid Commissioners refusing or declining, or wilfully omitting to act as such, they shall make, jointly or separately, report or reports, as well to the Goveniment of his Britannic IMajesty, as to that of the United States, stating in detail the points on which they diijbr, and the grounds upon which their respective ojiinions have been formed; or the grounds upon which they, or either of them, have so refused, declined, or omitted to act. And his Britannic Majesty, and the Government of the United States, licrehy agree, to refer the report or reports, of the said Com- missioners, to some friendly Sovereign or State, to be then named for thatiiurposc, and who -sJiall be requested to decide on the difi'erencies which may be stated in the said report or reports; or upon the report cf one Commissioner, together wilh the grounds upon which the other Commissioner shall have refused, declined, or tiiiiittcd to act, as the case may be. And if the Commissioner so refusing, declining, or (iinitting to act, shall also wilfully omit to state tlie grounds upon which he has fo done, ID ^uch manner that the said statement may be referred to such friendly Noveruigti r,t State, together with the report of such other Commisioner, then such hovercigii or State bhall decide, ex parte, upon tlie said report alone; and h\^ Britannic A the decision the matters Art. V. 1 source of thi two powers t of Connect!* dsry line bet of the river ! Nova Scotia, themselves ii Ocean to the middle of thi on said lati..i surveyed, it it pointed, swoi those mentio sent aitiele. New Brunsw tbey siiall thii termine the p Treaty of Pej of the river S ed accordingl the said bourn tifying it to b and longitude of Connectieu deem proper. nally and con( Commissioner omitting to ac eitlier of them all respects, as manner as if tl Art VI. W of the United the River Iroq the middle oft strikes the coir tfao middle of s until it arrives the middle of e Superior;" an( lakes, and wate ■were within th< order, thercfun missioners, to b rected with res] wise specified ii first instance, at to such other ph a report or decl the said river, li Contracting Pa communication' ci.l IV-...*.. -/• , — I.- - ..'...J. ^.i i cision as final at fering, or both t reports, declarat frieiuiiy 971 Britonnic Majesty and the Government of the United States enmee to eon.M«H s:i'='rrAir^' w^,„ „s«.. .Ob..™, j-ffiisr,'!" ^^' y^u^"**^ "*'*^' ""** P°'"' °f 'h* Highlands lyinK due north from th^ jource of the nver Si. Croi., designated in the fofmer TreatyVptaTbetwera Z t»o powers «. the north west angle of Nova ScoUa, nor the north westem^st head of Connecucut R.ver have yet been ascert^ued; and whereas that p^rt ofZboun of'tfle, Tvirrr *" f "'r""* "'■^•^ '"» P"""^ -•'-'> extends'^SmtK source" ctfthenverSt. Croix directly north to the above-mentioned north-west ande of Nov. Scoua, thence along the said Highlands whiclx divide thos^ nUs Lt fL^ themselves into tha river St. Lawrence^ from tl.ose which fTintrX Atffi Ocean to the north westernmost head of Connecticut River. U^ence down aknrthe on « H 1,^"a "''' V"" ^'"' ^"^''^ °f »»'*'» l'*'i'"de. th'ence by a iTne d^V^t on said la. jde, until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraguy, hw not v« b^^™ purveyed. U is agreed that tor these several puiposes, two ComSion^rTshaU L an- ?h2'^' T"™!"'* ""thorised, to act exactly in the manner directed w7th reL^tTo seraSe "S '" ^Mr"' "'■'^■'^'"^ """*' ""'«« °'^''^'^ specified in SrS f^"lT -^ sajd Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrew^Hn the prcWn^-e rf ^r P'nT'^/"''^^"" •"*'« P"'^^' t° "djourn to such other place orpUcMas Si'!;: /h • ^ u^^ "aid Commissioners shall have power to^a^^Tnd de! ?eTofPr;tf'l'^85.rdt",f '""^^^ ^•^ provisions^the'i ofSiverSt r^iltn i^^^^r ''"*'^*'"' boundary aforesaid, from the source 01 tne rwer St Croix to the nver Iroquois or Cataraguy, to be surveyed and mark tl^nt,"* ^ *° *" f^ provisions, the said Commi^ioner. shall SkeTiZ^of ifvin^ it^?'."^' t'"'-''"""^^ *« i' " deckration under their hands a^d s^aW- rS^5n!.J^^!."'"^TP°*^ *•'*»''* boundary, and particularieing thHatitude of cinnSitwr]' T'7«'l°'''°."'^'''''^«^^^ deemDr^er i^Hw^ of such other points of the said boundary as th^^r m^ aeem proper. And both parties agree to consider such map and declaraUon as fi niUly and conclusively fixing tl.e said boundary. And in the evenroS saiS^tw; Commiss oners differing, or both, or either of Aem, refusing, decliniL or wilfuUv Srof ^ """ '"'f' 'T"^:' ''^•^''"•''tio"'^ or statements sha* be made^by them "j «U.er of them, and such reference to a friendly Sovereign or State shall be mde^n all respects, as m the latter part of the fourth article isfontaiLd/Ind in J^ull « manner as if the same was herein repeated. "" * oft'^vlJiH^^^ the former Treaty of Peace, that portion of the boundary SLllivi^ t!1 1 T ""^ »"""' ^'•^'^ "'« ^^"' '^^Sree of north lautude strik^ Ee m Hdl 7^"t ■" C.'""'''S"y' «° ^he Lake Superior, was declared to be " SoS he middle of said nver mto Lake Ontario, throu<.h tl.e middle of said lake, un U k S^i^^ «7T!"""'i''« by water between that iJce and Lake Erie. Ece a o,4 U.em.ddle of s«d communication into Lake Erie, through the middi; of LTd iX .hemMdII'7''-/,*r*''u'^'''"'"""'''''''''» into the Lake Huron, thence through S..r,i..^'''^'*^'''V''' *'*'"'■ •communication between that lake and Lake lakes, and water communications, and whether certain islands Iving in d^eTme were within the dominions of His Britannic Majesty or of the Un iW Stlt^ T.^ order, therefore, finally to decide these doubts, they shall be referr^ to twrCom T^r-X *" ^^ "^^"T'^' """'"' ""-^ ''"^'°"-'' to act exactly }^1hemrnn?S^ rected w. h respect to those mentioned in the next preceding ^^tkl^ unTess othfr wise specified ,n d.is present article. Tl.e said Commissioners sl.aH meeT itZl first instance, at Albany, in the State of New York, and shall have powTr 'o adLrn to such other place or places as they shall tl.ink fit. The said Coni-niS^ Til S . repor or declaration, under their hands and seals; designate the boundirv through the sa.d nver lakes, and water communications, and decide to wh"ch of S.e tw Contracting Parties .he several Islands lying within the said rivers akesanjwarer l'^^r!,:~;:.l"'-"r^'r'y '!!'°''S' - --'--ty with the t;ue .nten" of the .TJJ'S^ V T '■ f^"" °'" ^'■*""-'' "«""-' '" consider such designation and de- osion as hnal and conclusn o. And in the event of the said two Commissioners dif ZoLZT :■ ^''^«="""''-'" '«^-'"K. ^'^clining. or wilfully o2i~ct,suU reports, declarations, or statements, shall be made by them, or cither of them! ami 6 a 31 ri 1 I i! (: I 972 such reference to a friendly Sovereign or State shall be made, in all respects as in the latter part of the fourth article is contained, and in as full a manner as if the same was herein repeated. Art. VII. It is further agreed, that the said two last mentioned Commissioners, after they shall have executed the duties assigned to them in the preceding article, shall be, and they are hereby authorised upon their oaths, impartially to fix and de- termine, according to the true intent of the said Treaty of Peace of 1783, that part of the boundary between the dominions of the two Powers, which extends from the ■water communication between Lake Huron and Lake Superior, to the most north western point of the Lake of the ^Voods; to decide to which of the two parties the several islands lying in the lakes, water communications ard rivers forming the said boundary, do respectively belong, in conformity with the true intent of the said Treaty of Peace of 1783, and to cause such parts of the said boundary as require it, to be surveyed and marked. The said Commissioners sliall by a report or declara- tion, under their hands and seals, designate the boundary aforesaid, state their deci- sion on the points thus referred to them, and particularize the latitude and longi- tude of the most north western point of the lake, of the woods, and of such other parts of the said boundary as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to consider such designation and decision as final and conclusive. And in the event of the said two Commissioners diffeHng, or both, or either of them, refusing, declin* ing, or wilfully omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or statements shall be made by them, or either of them, and such reference to ^ friendly Sovereign or State sf?all be made in all respects as in the latter part of the fourth article is contained, and in as fuM a manner as if the. <>anie was herein repeated. Art. V 1 11. The several boards of two Commissioners, mentioned in the four preceding articles, shall respectively have power to appoint a Secretary, and to em- ploy such surveyors or o«her person:, as they shall judge necessary. Duplicates of all their respective reports, declarations, sUtements, and decisions, and of their ac- counts, and ot the journal of their proceedings, shall be delivered by them to the agents of his Britannic Majesty, and to tho agenu of the United States who may be respectively appointed and autliorised to manage the business on behalf of their re- spective Governments. The said Commissioners siiall be respectively paid in cucli manner a? shall be agreed between the two Contracting Parties, such agreement being to be settled at the time of tlie exchange of the ratifications of this TVeaty. And all other expenses attending tlie said Commissions shall be defrayed equally by the two parties, And in the case of death, sickness, resignation, or necessary «bsence, the place of every such Commissioner respectively, shall be supplied in the same manner as such Commissioner was first appointed, and the new Commissioner shall take the same oath or affirmation, and do the same duties. It is furtlior agreed between the two Contracting Parties, that in case any of the islands mentioned in any of the preceding articles which were in the possession of one of the parties, prior to the commencement of the present war between the two coun- tries, should, by the decision of any of the boards of Commissioners aforesaid, or of the Sovereign or State so referred to as in the four next preceding articles contain- ed, fall within the dominions of the other party, all grants of land made previous to «he commencement of the war by the party having had such possession, shall be as valid as if such island or islands had, by such decision or decisions, been adjudged to be within the dominions of the party having had such possession. Art IX. The United States of America engage to put an end, immediately af- ter the ratification of the present Treaty, to hostilities with all the tribes or nations of Indians witli whom they may be at war at the time of such ratification, and fortb- witli to reshireto such tribes or nation* respei rlvely, all the possessions, righu and privileges which they may have enjoyed, or been entitled to in 1811, previous to such hostilities. Provided always, that such tribes or nations shall agree to desist fVom all hostilities against the United States of America, their citisens and subjects, upon the ratification of the present Treaty being notified to such tribes or nations, and shall so desist accordingly. " And his Britannic Majesty engages on his part, to put an end, immediately after tlte ratification of the present Treaty, to bostUities with sli the tribes or na- 978 fSfif^w'"*".' *'?* *''"r •?! ""^ *"* "' ''''"' "* '^'^ "'""^ "^ ^"'^'^ ratificatioi:, and forthwith to restore to such tnbes or nauons respictively, all the possessions, righu. •nd privileges, which they may h*^ve enjoyed or been entitled to in 181 ], previous to such hostilities. Provided a ways, that .uch tiibcs or nations shall agree to desist from all hostilities against his Bntannic Majesty and his subjects, upon the ratification of the present Treaty being notified to such tribes or nationrand shall so S t ac- coruingly. " "^ Art. X. Whereas the traffic in slaves is irreconciloable with the priuciplcs of hu inanity and jusUce, and whereas both his IMajesty and the United States are desi. .T"f,l?'"l*'"^'"* ^^^^^ ''"'""' '" P"'"""'"' '"* '^^'"''■^ abolition, it is hereby agreed dl^tir^e mmS!^^"^ "'"'^' ''''"" ""' *'"'''' '''''* «"'1«'^°"" to accornplilh so Art. XL 'tbit Treaty, when the same shall have been rau"fied on both side« with, out alteration by flther of tl.e Contracting Parties, and the ratifications mutually «. changed, shall ^binding on both parties, and the ratifications shall be oxchaLed at Washington in the space of four months from this day, or sooner if practicable In taith whereof we the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty and have thereunto affixed our seals. '' Done in t, lioite at Ghent, the twenty-fourth day of December, one thousa-d eight »d and fourteen. (L-S) GAMBIER. (Jf-S.) H. GOULBURN. (I^S.) WM. ADAM& (L.S.) (L.S.) (LS.) (L.&) (L.S.) JOHN QUINCy ADAMS. J. A. BAVARD. K CLAY. JON. RUSSEL. ALBERT GALLATIN. eIeS;V'!Sr:'th:ntful£;!^'~'^ were amy e„ha„^d at WaiUington. at t I i i !| i Khiill ^ Co. Printers, 7 S. Saltmarket, Glasgow. J DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER TO PLACE THE PORTRAITS. The Emperor Alexander I. to face page Prince KoutousofF do. Prince PlatofF do. The Duke of Wellington do. Prince Schwartzenberg do. Prince Bluclier do. 82 90 124 363 451 413 R 1 1 I