« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (Mt-3) // O "^S ^4i<^ / ^^ ^ ^ Al W ^l^/ %""' >^> '^ 1.0 I.I ■ 50 ^^* ^ us 12.0 2.2 11,25 1.4 m 1.6 X Sdences Corporation 23 WtST MAIN STRHT ■ WIBSTCR,N.Y. 145M (716) S72^S03 .;i:iiikkt\ ■ ..'■> •-^tell-.i-^/^V^t!.*;-.,*. <^'Si. i i:: tliL^.'^.'Jii 4^ L^i CIHM Microfiche Series (IMonog raphe) iCIMH QoHection de microfiches (monographles) / Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroroproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas V iV Technical ^nd Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques tott The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significahtly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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Tha following diagrama illuStrata tha mathod: -/ 1 *a 3 L'axampiaira/ filmA fut raproduit grica A la ginArosit* dfb: |ta biblioth^ue des Archives rationales du Canada Las imagas suivantas ont *t4 raproduitas avac la plus grsnd soin. compta tanu daTa tfondition at da la nattat* da I'axampiaira film*, at •n conformity avac laa conditiona du contrat da filmaga. » ■ « ■• Laa axamplairaa origlnaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat imprim4a sont filmte an commahpant par la pramiar plat St •n tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui compprta una amprainta d'imprasslon ou d'illusthition/ soit par la sacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua 1^ autraa axamplairas orlginaux sont filmAs an oonlinanfant par la pramlAra paga qui comp6rta una amprainta dimpraaaion qu d'llluatration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta'. — Un daa aymbolaa sulvants spparaftra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbols ^^ signifia "A SUIVJRE", la symbols ▼ aignifia "FIN". Laa cartaa. planchaa. tablaaux. ate. pauvant Atra filmte A daa tSux da reduction dlff*rantS;^ Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour ttra raproduit an un saul cllch*. il aat filmi i partir r da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha i droita'. at da haut 9n baa. an pranant la nombra d'Imagaa nAcaasaira. Las diagrammas sulvants illustrant la mAthoda. \ 6 32 X ■s t\ 4; METHODS AND RESULTS —OF— TORONTO OBSERVATIONS Paper read by Lieut. Andrew Gordon, R.N., Deputy Sup't Meteorological Service of Canada, before the Hamilton Association, April 13th, 1882. The Toronto obeemtory was one of ftre whioh were eaUbUshed by the ImperUl Qovernment with a view to extending th^ knowledge of magnetic phenomena. ^^ Tht elementa on whioh the determination otihe earth's magnetie force is baaed are the dMination, inclination, and intensity. The oewination determines the direction of the ftwee reffmd to the pUne of the mEridian (tttronomual). The inclination determines ito dbeetion in reference to the horiiontal Elane. If in addition to these qaanUties we now the «eiware of the intensity expressed in some aboolnto unit, the force wiU he com- pl«tely determined. The absolute nnit whict on beef adopted by English observers is for BMs, the grain, for space the foot; and for ttae the second. The idea may be readily gnapad from the following : When two ■ontll poles. cUatant one foot from each other. Me charged to equal strength, and repel one another with a foree which, if oontinned mulorm, woold prodace in one second a Tdo- mr of one foot per second in a mass of one gnfai,eaeh pole is said to be charged with volt magnetie force. For the porpoee of detecting and examin- tagttie mm;* minnto ohanma in the magnetio iMMadUrnent system •***"*•* *»tt>e total iBtanalty and the inalination, being eon- 1M«« With tlMm by the irtrttois. where X and T are the horiamtal and ter- tipal oomponentoof the force, and £ and J the intensity and inclination respeetiTely Yaria- tionsin R and I are then expressed in terms of the variations in X and 7. Of these demento the declination was the first to be examined, and I shall now treat briefly of it. The declin|ktion caUed by<«ailon the variation has beoi Mw mbjeot of invssti- gation for hoodreds of years. ^Hnm. ' boldt awards the distinction of hav- ing discovered the cbangea in deelin- ation to Oolambas, who on the 18th September 1492 reowds ihe fkot that in lat. M o north and long 38 o wtat or thereaboata. the direction of the needle changed from east of north to west of north. It appears how. ever, that the heathen Ohi^ee was aware of this fact as early as the twdfth centoir. tor in a treatise 1^ a Ohineee pMlosopher at this date it is distinctly stated tUu the magnitlMd needle did not point north and south bvt always deelined to the east ol sooth. ItMtheboslnessof apentaaneiitobserva. t«»y to watch and rwitaAaieehangaa whioh take plMeintheek^VtroftnagnetielonM. ThcM changes are of thnel finds, ^w lltd secular changes, periodie ehonMa and diittt. banees. , , r' The seei{lar change is ttiat which tafcus plaoe from month to maoX^waAjm* toyvar ' *^ takingthn TVtrontft ftltsar r''**--^ -* /— .#' nation, the change haa been fkom I'U'* 8 west in 1841 to8on, West at the pieseat ume;the annual inetaase vaning in nuoBt from 1- 8 bi 1848 to 7' 8 in 1878. The neoasri^ foreanfal andkae( ii'.j. .** ■<« tKS* M ■X- Ife-.' ' i : -^w V METHODS AND RESULTS OF TORONTO OBSERVATIONS. iv{ V ed obterrttionB is in thia kmply exempUflod, ** » moBt be raniMnbezed tlwt the ebarto on wueh ■hipe wte navigated h»Te the deolination enrree laid off on them, and bare « fixed amount to be ftpplied^M an annual ineieaae or deereaM te the deelination laid down, bnt ttila annual oorteetion iaa floetoating qnan- u^rhenoe nnlesa eometed fram time to time •now would loon aeonmolate. The diornal or flrat periodic range in de« dination haa at Toronto an amplitade of from . eight to ten minntea of are. the needle mov- T**?^?'lv'"** •" extreme «aater}]r poaiUon ,alion( 7 to 9 a^n., to an extreme w«eterly one ata p^., returning, ihjDogh with a minor rarve weatwarda, and generally remaining to the eaat of the mean poaition all night The other elementa have alao a regular daily .floetoation. ' "DuixuhtnaoB are anddao and irregolar flaataationa of the magnet, aome of whioh ■eem to be oomparatiTeily local, whilat otbera •re practically nniveraal ; ohangea of a'aimihtf eharaeter and ahnoat aimilar amoonta ddehr lag at Zika Wei, in China; at To. "^*". ,f*r^'' ^ <*«»»* Briton; ud at Melboaae, Aoatralia, at ahnoat ,tbe aame mrtaot of time. Of the caoaea oi tfaeM in^olar moTementa. or aa th^ were . ohriatened by Baren Spmboldt, magnetic notm», httle can at preaent be aaid that ia not ooniectue. TUs maeh may however. M Mfely aaaertad. that all the greater dia- torbaneaa when their mean effeeta an taken m • poffioient period of time, have a AwMter of periodicity. Thia waa flrat aog- gaa^d by.Geneial Sabine in hia oommanta on>the obattvationa at the Toronto obeerva. .tor]({Mnt aay by what phyaical agene* thaae 5i^.«!!?'^°' ¥• «»»,««al« diurnal Tariationa have ahw a diurnal law. and aince the sun ia at leaat a primary aouNe of aU magnetic variationa which depend on loqaltimeit ia natural to inquire >helber the ann haa any periodical vartetipn hwhii a coineident fpofh. --»«»« "^»™g Mow, Mona. Sehwabe'a inveatigationa ez* tending from 1826 onwarda aeem to ahow an affection of the aolar atmoaphen. ^hxm fwnoda of muima and minima exactly oein- d^ with thoae of the magnetic diatnrbaaeaa andthaaxtmit of the diurnal laitMof the needlB. In Humbolda oocmoa iSTbe found a Ublcoontahibig the rendta of H. Schwahe'a *^^S^f "! ■'"' "P®*" *«>"* 1826 to 1860. andinWalker'atreatiaeon temetriadWl netiam the aame table extended up to iSbT and from thia we find that the fbllbwing ire tbe^minuna yean: 1888, 1848. 186^and .^f"?*^f "IngiUar pofait is on reooid ;iihiflh •dda to the weightmf proof that the ooaSSon of the Bon'a outer envelope b«an ita^ooS- part in ^e magnetic oonStion of tiie earth. obaerving the ann'i diae. .aTiSIrtffii obaervatiena of the torn»a andnod«onM* the8(darapota.theaun'a bna8e>Zri^ jectadona plate of glaai.^qMedr38i3ff temper of a pale atraf color, at a di«tMMe, •nd under a pow# whiah pSSd apictnn of about 11 inehee ja auilagr Suddenly within the ana of tl^o largeetSronn toen bi^ke out two »»tohas ™t£!B bright whUe ligiit. tki' oattawrtdB inetoariog loh depend on inq«ire wMber ▼wNon htfriag iveatigationa ex* ■eem to ehraen AoepheN, #hoM nu naotly oojoa Btie diatariMueae lal iUtu» of the oa will te (oond of M. Sehwahe'a m 1836 to 1850, tatxaatrial Bag- dad np to 18«l. w fbllowinsare 1848. 1856 and ■nnootd idU^b uat tiM eondUltion MM ita^oonntar* »^,ti»a)tttli. udjooaitipoa^ I in ^Oimmi. \9UnmMt9w • ft ipt#n^ ridl7d|ad,MjMr, • loqaa^STat VIM thapl)^ •toMpJijwe nine of doi;^ rith(__ 9t ph-iwii UktAnfaanqr METHODS AND RESULTS OF TORONTO OBSERVATIONS. 8 of thraohtf apota, leaved. I think, Uttle doabt that ttaw* eoineidfliifle ia dot aeddeotal bat PfohaanBaUoarBtswart, of Oven'aool- uga*. Manaheater, haa Utely been iaTeatigat. ing the obaenratioDs of tempentni» taken at the Toronto obawratory with a tM to de- teradning the ezistenee of^a ther- mmnatrie period similar to the ann spot period. Hia reaolta are published in *PP«ndiz G, to the report of the oommittee to advise on the methoda of earrying on obaer- ^wUoaa in aoUr physios. I shall now qaote non the ooaeloding portion of Professor Btewart^s report : ^J'ln the eoorse of this pi^per I have given eridenoe whieh leads to show th«t there are in aU probability solar variations of short period, and that these are eonneoted with ▼ariatlona in the temperatore range. Toronto waa ehoaen aa a station from which aooarate information, with regard to temperatore, was to be obtained, and also aa one which, being in Amerioa. may be sappoaed to be inflnenoed more direotly and. immediately by solar wangea than an equally good station in Bnrope." Bimilar resoUs have been obtained from a oomparison with the temperatnre ranges at Kew and Utreeht, as well as in the magnetic dariinationnngesat Eew.Pragaeand Trevan. dYnm. Bridenaehta also been addneedto show thft ttie pfaaae of a given meteorological in- •oaallty is not the same at dtiferent stations, bat that the maximomorany other salient point reaehea Kew about eight days after it haa appeared in Toronto, and Utreeht about a day and a haU after it has appeared at Kew. A. aimilar progress from west to eaat, but oaljaidtkm; la animeeted in what Itaay be eaUedntagnetld mtatqer. IfreoDDlnaidn PMfeasor Stewart saya the evidenoe tenda not only to show that aohur variatidoa of «hortperiod exists but to render it possible, if not probabl«i, that they ate tha eaase of teatperatan range periods of aimilar length, ivanch a^way that a maximum aUoant of spota oorresponda to a maximum Md not ipminfmumiemperature range, ta in other wdtda dtootes, in all probability, an aaiaastou of aolar energy and not a diBun» qHdb tMtaaCi „ jphofM^i then, may be admitted aa eatab- l«Md thai theee an flaetaatimia in the BMlaoroleBieal and magnetleal conditions of ua eatth, wMab have epoeha ' eoineident with nMQthinoea.' im the^ aaiar atmoaahiirii »nA tiM tlM> ua|or pwiod ia approxiiMtdy •l^yaan; Ittaaa aiM» been determined tiM> both Magaaliual and m ateo ro togioal waathar mval fros weat to eaat. Xh*nae> netle weather (as wemayiiaUit) pneeding the meteorologioal, and it remaina far eOn- tinued earefal observatien and atody to develop results which may be of the greateat practical utility, for if the hiwa whieh govern the relations between magnetlam, aolar spota and terrestrial meteoroU^y wwe onee eetpb- liahed, the magnetie needle would take ita place as one of the instrumenta to he eart- fnlly watched in making weather i»ediotiona, extending over comparatively longer poioda than we are at present able to attempt. I shall now endeavor to deeeribe the mag* netio instrumental applianeea in uae at the Toronto observatory. Besides the instrument used for making the absolute determinations, we have two aets of differential instraments, one for noting^ the changes by direct eyo observation, and' the other r^rding by aid of photogriiphy. the changes whieh take phtee in the magnetie elements. Theobangasin declination are nteaaoied by means of a magnet enoloaed in a box and suspendedby athread of onspan sOk. The magnet carries a mbror which reflects a finely divided scale fixed some distance off, the scale being read by means of a telescope which is securely fastened to a stone pillar. In this way small changes inaaamuth of fpur or five seconds of arc can be immediately d*- tected. The changes in the horizontal eou- ponent of the fproe are measured by an instrument invent^ by M. Qauss many years ago. In thisJnstmment the magnet is suspended by two threads separated by an arbitrary interval, the circle to which the upper ends of the thrted are aUaehed is then turned until the torSioQ of the threads eom- pelKtbe mtgaet to tak^ up a position aa nearly as possible at \right angles to the magnetic meridian, any increase of force will theapuU the marked ipd of the maalat towards the north; whiTst it the force deoieaaO. the toirsioa of the threads Wlls the marked end southward^ again. As In the deelinome. ter the needle earries a mirrbr which refleeta the fixed soale by means of which the aotoont ' of change ia meaanred. T Ghangas in the vertical eoM)poiMnt of tiia foiee are measured by a ougaiat' aoapendad by maana of knife edges onagMa planea and therefore oBly,f(ee to movei^Ttaa vettiaal- plane, thia needle ia raeehanioaU* halanoad ao that at the normal fcaaa the hm^cm* ahall boaa oeMiy^aapeaflibl* hotiaoqtalwi la> - oreaae of foroe* will eaoae the nohh ead of the lyagnet to dip. the angle thiou|h wUeb It moves being meaaued by — itntt olAiMo. mataia. ' > t ./-. 4». 1 A ft I.-' i * METHODS AND RESULTS OF TORONTO OBSERVATIONS. Imr ' rsf*'" fke i^Mlognphts iiutnmiMiti an plMed la Ml andergMaad ehaiBlwr idtli • ^ewof •ipodng UMBMHtUa MpoMrititotoduuueof !S??f*'^^ ^ *» **>• Mn»"Ma»^tted for oiiMl (Mdiag, «tah Uutrameat hM atUMhid to tt • uuU ninor mad immadiAtely Mow • flseamimgriaaMMbadto the ilate bed oo irtiieh Mm iutmmen^ ue piMed. Tlie li^tirMB^a gM jet panee tbroogh • eUt into • flolUauktiBg tabe the inutfe of the •Ut pMaM then through » lense and ii thrown on to the two mMnon and b/ them cefleeted *'"'?5«'*.,*^ VUndrioil lenae wUeh foona* ■ee the light into two bright pointa whieh are projeoted on »f.^,»inor attached to the magnet nhiUting the direetion and amSimt ?I. ?^u «•«"«•«»»• ot the needle. It ia to the conthinona reeord thoa obtained Bj photography that we moat look to obtain tha it^onaatiim neeeaeaiy to eatabliah the lawa of ahange in the magnetio elemento, and onth^ooeaaion of violent magnetio atorma UMf^ oa the meana of comparing the moatmiaotochaageaaaweUaa thegreateat, whlflh Aa I have already mentioned, PnfaaMr Balfour Stewart haa pointed ont that than an aimilar perioda of ahotp range in the aolar apota and in the floctnationa of tempantan at Twonto and other atotiona whan reaolta ban been worked np. «««•■ The oonoloaion which he draw from then unatigaUona waa that the inn emitted mon heat at timea of maximnm nomber of apota than at minimum. In order to teat dinei^ whether. thia was the caaa he dcTiaed an in- atonmrat called an aotihometer. One of then inatramenta of a moat improved pat* tern haa been porohaaed for OM at the !nnen. to observatory. The hiatrament itaelf conaiata of a laroa mereori^ thermometer, with ita bolb in tin n^dle of a cobieal chamber of bnaa, the chamb^ being ao nuaaive that ita tampan, taro wiU remain aenaibly wmatant for aoma time. Thia manive chamber ia lined ootaida • ^J^' •»*«"*• •««»in aottooi^ed by pol<. lahed braaa pUUn*' the onbieal chamber, and in taking tha ob. ■ervation theann'a raya are foeoaaed by tUa Ittiae. and projected directly on the bnlb of the thermometer. In taking an obaemtion the aperton in the cnbical chamber throogh which the aan'a nya an projected iaflrat fa»t oloaed, and aay that the time of espoaan haa been aelected aa two minotea, the thaimoma- teruflratiead ekaoUytwo minntaa bafon expoaon begina. It ia agafai read at the expiration of the two minotea, and tha expoanie at once made by d«aw^ 6|a| the ahde which coven the aperton. B»kotlv two minotea after it ia again read and Sm ) tixppanndiacontinned. Again, at the ax- ' pintum of another two minotea, tha thM. , mometeriaread. The oompantin ^tn Hna ^ power of the nm ia dedoaed £oib tha teatioS ^ "ti' • •^ (*#■.' ^an B ia tha amoont of heat gained doriac ex|K>Bare, and r and r' the dJUaaaoea haiaMaS' tbi let and 8d. and 8d andiTSunaHS^ pectivaly. which indicate tha haaTwUSli W inatniment ia loaing hj radiatioo fttm linlt -The great diiBcnU^ in tha way d maUag then direct obaervationa ia the variaU^rM^ the condition of the eatlh'a atmoapbm. which forma a madiom ol anrvimrfaff opacity, throogh which we an lonaAlo^; tha ann. Thia aoom of naaartafaita mldil b anioaad to a-biaifm . « --^^^- '"^ «-iil*52J!![?'*?**" aaith. even allowing tortha iiOMMa ia ih« nan of the aon ud *tota m m m imistitmmamm the top of a high moanMa iri 4.1^ - - Sftbahiad;' OlflM .Tv* t> i^nailmtowar aw^Aha^ '■\7 METHODS AND RBStTLTS OF TORONTO OBSERVATIONis. Ib Tomato «• htm hikmnAwl to ponw Ml* obMmtions fanlaily MidcndMTorto •llow lor (he «ileel of the '?M<^itfffln of th* •tmcaphan at Um ttatf of tho obMrrktfon by oanfnl iimiiltoiMou obMrmtiou of eleiid and Um hjgtoBMtrie oonditioa of Mm •tOMMt- pban, eto.. ato. I am atrongljr of opinion that, whan traa obaar*atioiui hava bean taken for a aniBoant length of time to detecnine the effeel of the ■mi'aaltitade, light etkrodeload, ate., we ahall be aUf to deteet the edatenee of any vaiiaUl- itj in the dhwet heating power of the eon. One great dittoolty whieh mlaboe onder fat the Toronto obeertataey \m that in eonneption with the meteiologlaal Bmlaa.thania aooh a vaat amount of roatine and panriy aledoal waek,aeeaCTeMoiideMeoheeUacobawTatloaa ete..ti>atbatllttieean be do«e in the wi^ ladodng the oba«rratioBa and eodeaTocing to dedaeH teaolta, at pieeMoit aooM of oar reaattaaieMttgworked np alhoine by the eoouBitteeoftheBomlSooi^oa Solar Fhy. aiea. bat ttwoold be a grert point gained if the Oovemmeot woald w add to the etall that aonatiaMaight be deroted totheworidng op of oar own reeolta. eepedally hi viewol the faet that theiaiB efccy reaaon to be|ie?* that theae reanlta woold oltimatily prata of great pablio utility. , ' '^^ '--t^\- I / .' I \^i\ •■.t ■jt''/"'*3^KLa ^^\r. / "W ,, t •V-"!P