IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> ^ >. ^ II 1.1 11.25 WWu U Ii6 I — A" 7 ^-^^ '/ KiotografAiic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N,Y. I.4SS0 (716) S7!l-4S03 '^V^ V 4r .V , I CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHJVl/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notoa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa anamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. 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Original copias in printad papar covara ara fllmad baglnning with tha front eovar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iiluatratad impraa* sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baglnning on tha firat paga with a printad or iiluatratad impraa* sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or iiluatratad impraaalon. Tha laat racordad f rama on aaeh microfleha shall contain tha symbol — ^ (maaning "CON- TINUEO"). or tha symbol ▼ (maaning "END"), whlehavar appllas. Las axamplairaa originaux dont la couvortura an papiar aat imprim^a sont filmte wn commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la dami^ paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon lo caa. 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Las diagrammas suivants illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1^ ^"SlMfCTn* The following is from an eminent Professor in Mont- real :— I bare looked caiefally over the "Classical English Spelling- Book, hy George G. Yasey,** and can speak in the highest terms of the plan upon which it is constructed. To Teachers it will be invaluable; and even to those who are not directly engaged in teaching, it will b^ acceptable on account of the information connected with tbe origin of the words of our language which it contains. I shall do all I can to recommend it. and trust it may have a wide circulation. WM. HICKS. Professor, McGill Normal School. Montreal, 'January* I860. J I LOVELUS SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS. THE CLASSICAL ENGLISH SPELLING-BOOK; IN WHICH THE HITHERTO DIFFICULT ART OF ORTHOGRAPHY 18 RENDERED EASY AND PLEASANT, AND SPEEDILY ACQUIRED. Compmins all ^t mpuxttmt i^oMSSSfotlHs from i^t Snfllo^^apcon, tfje iLatin> aiUi tge ^reefc ; AND SEVERAL HUNDRED EXERCISES IN DERIVATIONS AND IN VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. BY GEORGE G. VASEY. iWontwal: PEINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOTILLj AND SOLD BY R. & A. MILLER t Zaxontai R. & A. MILLER. 87 YONGE STREET. Entered, according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament* in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty, by John Loybll, in the Office of the Registrar of the Provinoe of Canada. !:V- h:4. T^3 PREPACE. 1 \ «»i it. >y 90 Spelling is, doubtless, one of the most difficult arts which a child has to acquire ; and it must not be disguised from either parent or teacher, that this important art can not be attained but by diligent application and perseverance. This being the case, it is incumbent on the experienced teach- er, or other qualified person, to endeavor to lessen this diffictdty, —to render the application attractive, and the perseverance less irksome. And this can only be done effectually by analysis and classification ^— by a careful and minute analysis of the materials to be employed, namely words, and by a judicious classification or arrangmeut of these materials into genera and species { beginning with the simplest and most elementary com- binations, and proceeding, by minute grades, to the most difficult compounds. This process has been attempted, with more or less success, by many former compilers ; but there is still a large and undefined margin for further improvement, and the present publication is the result of an earnest effort to occupy a portion of that margin. The English language, althbugh presenting greater eccentrici- ties (and consequently greate?tlifflculties) in its orthographical department than perhaps any other language, is nevertheless susceptible of a well-marked division into two great classes : — First, into those words which can be arranged into species, of which, when the sound of one is given, the sound of all the rest of that species is immediately known ; as in the following list : bat bust blow snake fat dust flow drake hat fust glow shake mat gust grow flake pat just slow spake rat lust snow slake sat rust show stake Tat must trow brake Tl PREFAOB. Second, into those which cannot be reduced to any rule i Buch as— shoe, once, ache, yacht, drachm, &c. The Introductory Lessons in Spelling-Eooks have rarely been simple enough ; and in those cases in which a degree of simplicity has been attained in the first Exercises, these have been invariably succeeded by abrupt transitions to those of a difficult character. The method adopted on the present occasion, and which consti- tutes the special feature of this Spelling-Book, is that of minutely analyzling and carefully classif^inr, according to their sounds, all the monosyllables in the English language. These monosyl- lables, so arranged, constitute the first series of lessons, com- mencing with the small and easy words of two or three letters, and proceeding, by the gentlest gradations,up to the longest and most difficult monosyllables. The orthographical difficulties of the child are thus reduced to the minimum ; and the pupil, at the same time, becomes familiar with all the principal root-words in the language. When this step has been accomplished, the longest compound words will present no difficulty. A short experience of this method will demonstrate to the teacher, that it is unquestionably the gi*eatest improvement which has yet been made in this department of Education ; a» it enables the pupil to acquire a thorough knowledge of English orthography in half the usual time. The important departments of S3monymes, Homonymes, and Etymologies, have been treated at considerable length ; and the genera and species of each class have been displayed in such a distinct and orderly manner, as to afford the greatest possible fecility to the progress of the student. GEORGE G. VASEY. r PAET I. Containing all the Monosyllables in the EngKtk Language: beginning with the easiest,—- words con* sisting of two letters ; and proceeding, by the simplost gradations, to the most difficult,--«word3 consisting of eight letters. CLASS FIRST. MONOSYLLABLES OP TWO LETTERS. In these Spelling Exercises on the Monosyllables, it will be the Teacher's duty to explain the meaning of such useful or important words as are unknown to the pupils. Or it would be even better to refer them to a good Dictionary : they cannot be too early taught t« consult the Dictionary. be bo am ox pa my me go an on ma by he BO at or ah I fy we lol as of haS to ye no in us ohl do ho is up wo Thest B are all the English words of two letteiS. \ CLASS SECOND. MONOSYLLABLES OP THREE IJITTERS, ban can dan fan man pan raa tan van wan ben den fen hen ken men pen ten wen bin din fin gin kin pin Bin tin win don con non BOB ton bna dun fun gun nun $ PART r. pun 0an tun bat mat fat •at pat rat vat hat tat bad mad dad gad had lad pad sad wad bed fed led red wed bet pet jet get set let met net wet yet bit pit tit kit fit sit cit lit nit hit wit bid did hid kid lid mid rid cot dot got hot jot lot not pot rot sot wot cod god hod nod pod rod sod tod but jut gut cut nut tut bud cud mud map cap gap tap lap sap rap pap nap dap hap bag dag tag cag fag lag rag nag hag wag gag jag jam dam kam ram ham bar jar tar par dar car far peg beg keg leg dip sip lip nip pip hip rip tip big dig pig • • Jig fig gig rig wig cab dab nab fib nib jib rib bib fob job bob sob lob rob nob top sop pop cop fop lop mop hop gum sum mm mum cup sup pup tup tub dub cub rub bug pug tug dug jug lug rug mug hug saw paw taw daw jaw caw law maw haw few dew jew pew new hew mew yew day say lay may nay bay gay hay way tey hey cry fly fry spy sty sky sly ply pry try dry lie die pie tie fie hie vie tea sea pea lea toe doe foe roe hoe woe due cue rue sue bee gee t i MONOSYLLABLES. 1 1 » fix mix • wax car rye for cow vow In the boT BIX fur nor now silent. joy pix vex sex bur pur buy tor pro fro how bow sow row mow bow sow low row coy soy hoy him I box fox guy eye too coo mow tow rim dim t tax bye loo mim m IRREGULARS. all elm ash spa ice own ell ask pas ire sew ill abb ebb add odd ape age alb the awl war 1 ace oak she awe was ate ail oat oaf key ley 1 ere e'er wot web off egg aid aim oar ore why Wye eve eke won one ass air o'er err } w gas apt aft act art ark oib ode old ■ yea yes lux axe her fir eel end ewe ure naeverb usenoun ( I » eft oft elk elf arm ant and are imp ink baa out our owl two who owe put his %■ EXVRCISBS ON FINAL E. k lad lade hid hide hop hope mad made rid ride mop mope 1 bat bate bit bite rob robe ! mat mate kit ki.e dot dote 1 rat rate din dine con cone ll ban bane fin fine ton tone ^p can cane pin pine tun tune 1 fan fane cod code fir fire man mane cot cote sir sire « I pan pane rod rode cur cure ■ met mete nod node her here bid bid* not note 'C 10 PART I. CLASS THIRD. MONOSYLLABLES OF FOUR LETTERS. band land hand sand bend lend send fend vend tend rend mend wend pant cant rant pent bent tent cent sent vent lent rent kent went bank dank lank rank sank hank pang bang gang fang rang sang hang fast mast hast last cast past vast best pest test jest vest lest rest west nest dast bust just gust fust lust rust must pond fond bond ding king sing ling wing ring song dong long bung dung sung rung lung hung baok hack jack lack pack rack sack tack peck beck deck keck neck pick tick dick kick sick lick rick nick dock cock sock lock rock hock buck tuck sack luck muck busk dusk tusk rusk musk husk dump pump bump jump lump rump plum drum chum grum scum pink link link sink zinc part tart dart cart mart wart hart bard ca.d lard hard ward bark cark dark lark mark hark sar^ park bask task cask mask dash cash gash sash lash rash mash hash wash rush gush tush bold hold told cold gold fold sold bolt dolt jolt colt damp lamp i M0H0aTX4*A])lLI8. camp vamp born horn dorn lorn morn worn corn torn fiBt list mist hist tilt kilt jilt gilt milt hilt tint dint lint mint hint gift sift lift rift farm barm harm barn tarn darn barb garb fork cork pork cord lord junk Bunk lurk murk Turk pimp gimp limp bilk silk milk pact tact fact prim brim trim grim kern fern path bath lath hath pelt belt felt melt stag brag crag drag Blag Bnag shag stun spun shun post most host trip drip grip slip clip flip ship chip snip blow glow grow flow stow snow show dawn pawn fawn lawn purl hurl burl curl furl carl marl clam flam slam dram Bhaa raft haft rasp hasp pomp romp port fort cost lost soft loft pulp gulp bulk hulk blur slur spur curd surd grub drub club slub chub snub stub prop drop crop chop shop stop slop salt malt halt brew drew crew grew claw flaw draw craw thaw plod clod Bpod plot blot clot trot grot spot shot scot star spar char scar plan clan bran cran sp&n scan than chin shin thin skin dish fish disk riAk 12 PART I. chid slid prig brig brit grit flit slit spit smit chit slim skim lift rift perk jerk term germ glen when then verb herb pert vert ■wert hawk gawk moth Goth grog frogj glut slut shut scut sput scud such much fort mort port sort text next help kelp weft left heft reft mist hist gist wist bind find hind kind mind rind wind clap slap flap chap snap trap stab slab bUb drab crab scab plat flat spat chat brat that glad clad brad pelf delf self fled sped shed tret fret step pith sith stem them pate bate date cate kate gate fate sate late rate hate tame dame came game f^me same lame name pane bane cane fane vane lane mane wane pale bale tale gale dale vale sale male hale wale face dace pace lace race mace bace case pare bare tare dare care fare rare mare ware nare fade lade made jade cade wade page cage sage gage rage wage bake take cake sake lake rake make wake pave cave gave save lave rave nave wave tape cape gape rape nape vase daze gaze raze maze naze haze play pray •*' f MONOSYLLABLES. 13 bray tray dray clay flay fray stay siay prey trey grey they pine dine kine fine vine sine line mine nine time rime mime sore more tore bore pore core gore fore lore wore Nore bone tone cone ' lone zone home tome dome gome Rome hove rove wove cove Jove mope pope cope rope hope lobe robe dote cote vote rote mote note code rode node lode poke joke coke pose rose nose hose dose doze pole bole . dole jole cole sole hole bite kite cite rite mite bide tide side ride nide hide pipe ripe jibe kibe pike dike like dice vice lice rice mice nice pile bile file vile mile Nile tire dire fire sire mire hire pyre lyre gyre give live five rive live hive fife life rife dove love come some beet feet leet meet peel keel feel reel heel been keen seen ween seem deem teem deed feed seed reed meed need heed weed peer beer deer jeer veer S"er leer meer seek leek reek week beef reef peep deep keep weep book rook took look cook hook boot foot ' coot moot hoot food rood mood moon noon soon loon boon * 14 1 ' 'V-'^" PART t. "lV. • ', ' ' fool' t)air ' 'V, , weak toad cnll J tool cool pool fair hair lair beam •team seam goad load road woad dull ~ mull gull hull poor seat ream null boor . meat tear coax hoax lull. moor neat dear bull pull full heat gear soap doom beat fear soak loom peat sear teat rear loaf ball ^ roof feat near tall hoof bell fall wood peal teal wear bear tell well pall call good deal veal pear tear dell fell gall hall bait seal pier cell mall gait meal bier sell wall wait weal tier hell buff paid laid leap reap vein pill puff cuff maid neap rein bill luff pail heap boat coat till dill ruff muff bail tail bead lead goat mnfl.t gill kill huff jail read XLftV/CUU fill bass fail mead coal sill pass ^ail goal rill lass J sail head foal mill mass ail read boar niU less mail nail lead goar will hill mess hail bean soar AAAAA cess wail dean roar poll ness * boss toss lean foam boll pain mean roam toll tain wean loam joU loss main roll moss vain peak loan noil wain beak roan doll miss Gain leak moan loll hiss MONOSYLLABLES. u i bttss fowl fuse clue twig fuss howl soil swig purr burr town down pure dure lure toil foil coil brow prow gown mure boil girl doit blew moil girt coit burn turn haul maul caul Paul brew slew stew chew mule pule tune lune June tube cube lute pout gout rout lout bout cere gird cloy j Troy ^ weld held ■ 1 Yule mute sere four Gaul duko blue mere pour Luke glue plea rise cowl muse flue IRBEGULASS. flea size coif jagg butt raff tiff,] doth rich lens lomp ruse dost itch deaf done rule does this earl monk sure gone lisp earn suds true font gild firm duct mild form glib said flux pint from film char tuft type . oath inch babe thus gyve 1 sloe heir safe cusp void 1 door ne'er vase bulb thou soul kept aunt hurt loud fowl etch flax urge noun mown edge have turf fume beau sect Alps hunt feud sour clef calx fund lieu each desk carp bird view eave else arch first quit east helm bald lose huge ease herd daub ooze newt fief hemp laud ouze lewd mien wool cauf tour news ceil iione bawl rude mewl buza - "lilllMI. i«U»»i.l 1 " • ' • 16 PART I. j» '* ' push yarn word wisp swim twit yawl work wink swam J yard wold were swum suit yoke wont whet swag lynx your warn whip sway year yean yerk want wand wort warm wasp welt whim whin whey with swop swab y:iwn worm wick ■■ '■■■\ ' ■ '.TV,. ■ ^ =■ - ■ n CLASS FOURTH. i MONOSYLLABLES OP FIVE LETTERS. i! i\ smell quaff cross cheer stoop spell gloss fleer droop shell scoff gross troop quell cloff green dwell sheep sheen bloom swell stuff sleep gleen gloom snuff steep broom /.. spill gruff creep beech groom still leech skill stiff fleet spoon frill chiff greet geese spool trill skiff sleet teeth shoot drill sniff sheet reeve proof chill whiff sweet booth swill cheek sweep. quill bless sleek wheel blood "" "/; ■ press creek flood ,'T stall dress Greek goose small cress loose sooth f: scall chess speed moose tooth 'ij guess steed « A. ^11 , creed shook queer troll droll class breed flook queen glass bleed crook ;'l brass brook swoop "* staff grass steer swoon - draff sneer sloop bring chaff dross sheer scoop cling •■ -•• fling blest sting cliest sling crest y ONOSTLIABLES prong Uiong drink chink clink stink trick erick stick chick thick drift clift shift pitch ditch fitch bitch bitch strip scrip split sprit pinch finch filch milch ledge hedge sedge check speck fleck cleft theft ,.«i»f; fresh flesh fetch ketch vetch punch burch lunch munch hunch burst durst print stint croup group bruit fruit patch batch catch latch match hatch black clack slack track crack brack smack snack draft i craft 4, graft shaft plash trash clash flash slash crash smash shark stark spark chart start smart stamp cramp clamp champ plant slant grant scant bland gland brand grand stand blind grind plank blank clank flank prank drank brank crank slank shank thank block^*' clock flock brock crock ^ ,., frock stock ' '^ smock shock broth ' cloth troth potch hotch notch Dutch hutch pluck truck chuck cluck stuck march larch marsh harsh clasp grasp clang staug spent franto*.,'^ » scent stank blend spend bench tench strap scrap short snort ./ chura spurn scrub shrub shrew % screw threw slunk «-'^ skrnk stunk drunk *i^i j trunk , i slung ! stung flung clung plush blush flush brush plump ,^ ^ chump \ clump '^ crump thump '? stump i ' blunt brunt "; grunt I stunt h / /^' e'««t*4 trust ii vGa. cnift " pence fence henc* tense dense tense ^: grape crape ibape plate ilate prate grate state ' skate blade glade trade spade Bhade brare drare grare glare SteTO slave share place . trace brace space ' pnake brakf dra)i« flaHe •takt shake blanie flame frame sbame pratejB plane crane tbane blase glaze braze blare glare ^are spare stere snare share scare broke spoke smoke choke stoke thorn yhotn scorn slope scope grope trope drore clore grore store prose ClOM l^ABT I, gloze those horse morse corse gorse snorf shore store score prone drone crone stone probe globe lodge dodg^ badge fadge wedge ledge sedge hedge ridge midge budge judge fudge barge large terge marge dandi glore shore prude crude since mince sing^ hinge rangp mang^ serge rerge purge gurge surge purse curse nurse burse taste paste baste haste bathe lathe serve nerre verse terse delve helre •v'e Stele scale, •nip* < , bribe -& tribe ,j ,, bridiff '-^ chidf . ., slide ■' .. price trice spice slice •'1^. r ../*«: prim^^j "(I >' chime. 1 L: clim^ , v:^ crim^ , , ^' slime ami-:- brine '•^^* trine ~ ; chine ^^^^ thine *»^ - spine^'^ H shine " ^ spite smite , prize brize bleat treat :£u cheat ^■; bleak ^^^ creak-'-*^* speak ;.i;.n' •nea]|..^v? trip« grip* ^'^ dreani^ brea^ft %:■■% S i U01IOfiXJJ,JipUU, w i fleam ■team fleam clean clear -•♦;- ■pear--'-*'^ shear fmear drear '.Y bread tread dread stead a::;? break"''^' steak ^':^ plain train ;5vjr^ brain. :^^'^«r draiiirf;!^ chain --^^^ grain- yf stain.. ^.-j; slain blain ^ v^ frail trail grail flail snail trait . plait chair ^,,f.|< stair ' braid^i staid ^^^.. ■praj stray; -■"■/': scraw . trout clout grout glout flout spout stout scout snout shout raise baize maize paint taint faint saint beach peach teach reach beast feast least leave reave heave cease lease tease lease,t.n. (to glean) heath Meath brief ' chief • grief th|«f \ piece nieo^ siege liege float bloat gloat stoat scoat coach poach loach roach boast toast coast roast croak cloak board hoard taunt daunt jaunt gaunt vaunt haunt pause cause gauze brawl crawl drawl shawi:: twain.; 8waii|. spa#n spasm *. chasm plasm phasm blown grown shown .. throw strow bourn mourn moult poult build guildi :: . . . 'ifia^if foist ''"" roist:^-^ moist : hoist -.; K prawn 'XO'i brown clown crown frown drown growl prowl crowl thowl pound bound found' -: sound v. I round mound ' ■ bounds' •: count , fount mount vv house :,,i' mouse lousa i. ^1 dcus6::"•^ soasv ' Vr touse .';i rouse, a VI bouia^ h proud' :]; cloud i* croud i pouch ■ i couch ^ ^ vouch ' louch ^ soutli ,^. mouth. ., point ;ii: joint. ..; poise !';.' noise ' a^-^^ broil^;^'^ spoil ^r J, tithe %! lithe hithe \.: wield ! yield f field -' shield *^rj: farce* • parse ' ^ ' mon4r '' nfj ^0 • ' PART I. vi5% blast- fiend scalp. . twang 4. , "*r %t "»Ptf■3^» MONOSYLLABLES. 9t ■■i m 1 1 DIFFICULT IRRSqULARB OF FOUB,,FlYB.ft BIX LVTTBRB. debt doubt • ache shoe kiln corps knit knot knob 'I} kno|ik kuab knap knag knar knur knurl knub knew know known knee kneed kneel knelt knife knitch knell knoU - knock knack knave knead knight knout vague ( vogue rogue fugue ■plague pique wrap wry m'writ write wrote wring wrong wrung wreck wrack wreak wren wrench wrist wrest wrath wroth wreath wreathe writhe Wright wrought whom ; whole gnat gnaw gnash gnarl burgh aught ought qualm drachm phlegm talk walk balk calk chalk stalk deign feign reign sigh nigh high hight night tight light sight right fight might bight chyme thyme rhyme calf half nymph lymph^ sylph laugh isle aisle calve halve salve psalm palm calm folk yolk lamb jamb plumb crumb thumb dumb numb weigh neigh limb limn tomb coomb myrrh pshaw whirr whurr niche guage disme cinque yacht once width depth bomb rhomb eight]; sixth fifth filth eight feint skein thigh sign chyle comb .j chord ghoatf sword truss . damn pngh anl.^ holm wolf skiilt bliss iA jia The following list qontains all the monosyllables enaing in oughf with the pronunciation marked : > ow. vff, off. ' ok. plough tough cough hough bough rounh trough shou^h slough slough wp. chough hic-cough* tl 0. dough thou^ 00. trough * To compete the sounds of o up A, we have here added the dissyllable Atcco«pA. n jr'aiHd PART I. CLASS FIFTH. ^'•r"?» ^•.f MONOSTLLABLES OF SIX, SEVEN, AND EIGHT s&us.:' ^.M ■1 ;s' ■!^%; Ktieaftf ^ itreftKv- ^^ ;'. ... ,.,.r. brmch •er«tt|6fa blotch: erotoh' 8cot{cl^, flinch tprain ■tcaia blttBch trench ^..dirench < tltfejB^a ititch mtch * LETTERS. ;wn:i thvash epUsh Stroud shroad praise f^aiae chaise phrase cringe spriige crease grease coarse hoarse coarse source sprawl acrawl breech speech cheese breese freeae sneeze wlieeze squeeze spleen screen griere thieyeti pierce flerce tiercf change strange grange pledge- fledge sledge dredge • V ounce .,.| pounce,*^ bounce .; flounce frounce. thrall H thrill -M shrfU f? thrift ^/ U league .^ teague.v, feague^j brogue, ^ prauci) ^ttco?,,^^ ■i>, , f , chance glance. , naught fraught- '^.fl. bought brought fbught thought BOUghti ^nottghl:; bllght^^ flight sUght 'J'O'' A. :vU plight Wright fright clutch crutch' smutels drudge grudgfi sludge :i9 smudg* ^IJ striTe< shrire* splice^ thricA< throre strore, chouso' grouse- thatchi snatch ; launch haunch paunch would^ could should scheme phleme dearth hearth bre»th» iheatht ■iil3 . V ' L' ■>?' .\k Mrape ttrake chaste •caree ftareh charge starve ftrait iphere deare •eethe fleeoe ^eze priest Miti6i shrimp spUat pliAth p^rinoie pleaM^ €M ,T^ iioiroaTi.LAB&it« weight sketob freight stretch 'U :) brooch sprite shrunk shrine thirst tbenoe threat IMetii . breath breast ' ieatoh ccrpse icotoh; groats i prompt throQf .^ tliroat thirdiis tlirown spranf ilp^g Sprting strsaif 1 - striiif strong stmlig etmch thrust tbrusV church sphite sluite bruise choice spffdu* crouch SilUSOl iqluash squsM Squirt B(^uiU sijuiBit stride strike itrlAF rt«M*i hsight sleight clause flaunt loungt quench cuaint quince swaths thwitt thwvtk! lenslh twelfth crtfnneih sfcsatclivr soourjls S'«8ome orthsdptits set forth atf eighth ^ruto^ tU pronouncing the ObHureo in the second syllahtSi c(F boroj^QU^jkorooQUf &c. ; but a greAt majority o^llyin^ Aiiilioritieft (pulpit senate, bu. and stiige) aib in wsr «l^the^dii^theiiiibi& ••7 ^, . ^ A , ^1 »^^<^^::.4 »^ 14 to ' -V PART 11. ORTHOGRAPHY. , WORDS AND SYLLABLES. Spelling 18 the art of expressing a word by its proper letters, or of riglitiy dividing words into their syllables. Of SyllahleSj and the Rules for o/rranging tAem. A SELLABLE is a sound, either simple or com- pounded, pronounced by a simple impulse of the voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word \ fts, a, an, ant. The following are the general rules for the divi- sion of words into syllables. ^ i. A single consonant between two vowels,,mu8t be joined to the latter syllable ; as, de-light, bri-dal, re-source : except the letter x ; as, ex-ist, ex-amine : and except likewise words compounded ; as up-on, nn-even, dis-ease. T ^' 2. Two consonants proper to begin a word, or syllable, must not be separated ; as, fa-ble, sti-fle. But when they come between two vowels, and are such as cannot begin a word, they must be divided ; as, ut-most, un-der^ in-sect, er-ror, cof-fin, 3. "When three consonants meet in the -middle of a w(Mrd, if they can begin a word, and the pro- ceeding vowel be pronounced long, they are not to be separated; as, de-throne, de-stroy. But "when the vowel of the preceding syllable is pro^^v ORTBOORAFHT. 25 > nonnccd short, one of the consonants always bo- lonffB to that syllable ; as, dis-tract, dis-prove, dis- train. t ,, 4. When three or fuiir consonants, whi"h are not proper to begin a syllable, meet between two vowels, such of them as can begin a syllable belong to the latter, the rest to the former syllable ; as, ab-stain, com-ploe, en-broil, dan-dler, dap-ple, con-strain, hand-somo, pai'ch-roent. 6. Two vowels, not being a diphthong, must be divided into separate syllables ; as, cru-el, de-ni-al, so-ci-e-ty. t 6. Compound words must be traced into the simple words of ^hich they are composed ; as, ice-house, glow-worm, over-power, never-the-less. I Y. Grammatical, and other particular termina< tions, are generally separated : as, teach-est, teach- eth, teach-ing, teach-er, contend-est, great-er, wretch-ed ; good-ness, free-dom, false-hood. Of WordSf and the Rules for spelling them^ * "Words are articulate sounds, used, by commpn consent, as signs of our ideas. • A word of one syllable is termed a Monosylla*' ble ; a word of two syllables, a Dissyllable ; a word of three syllables, a Trisyllable ; and a word of four or more syllables, a Polysyllable. .^f.,,y,%jf * All words are either primitive or derivative. A primitive word is that which cannot be re- duced to any simpler word in the language ; as, man, good, content. A derivative word is that which may be re- duced to another word in English o*" greater sim- plicity J as, manful, goodness, contentment, York- shire. n ]PARt II. .There *re many English words which, thougli compounds in other languages, are to us primitive : thus, circumspect, circumvent, circumstance, de- lude, concave, complicate. &c., primitive words in Engh'sh, will be found derivatives when traced iii the Latin tongue. , ,^^ The orthoofraphy of the Engh'sh Lan^asfe \i ftttended with mm^h uncertainty and perplexity. But a considerable part of this inconvenience may be remedied, by attending to the general laws of fiHrmation ; and, for this end, the learner is pre»' sented with a view of su(?h general majt^ims iof ipetling primitive and derivative words^ as have been almost universally received. .. . .^ .. - ., . •■ . ■ HULK' I. :-■ -^^ , b\J<^.Wn^ Monosyllables ending with /, ?, or », preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant; as, staff, millf pass, &g. The otily exceptions arc, of, if, as, is, has, wms, yes, his, this, us, and thus. RULE ir. Monosyllables ending with any consonant but /, /, or #, and preceded by a single vowel, never double the final consonant; excepting add, ebb, butt, egg, odd, err, inn, bunn, purr, and buzz. ., RULB IIL •1 • ji m i- '> Words ending with y, preceded by a conso- nant, form the plurals of nouns, the persons of verbs, verbal nouns,, past participles, comparatives, and Superlatives, by changing y into i : as, spy, spies ^ I carry, thou carriest ; he carrieth, or carries ; oar-' tied; happy, happier, happiest. r '"' The present particijtle in tn^, retains the y, that i may not be doubled : as, carry, carrying ; bur^ |. burying, &c. i r ORTBOaRAPHT. §f iflL But y preceded by a vowel, in such instancet as the above, is not changed: as, boy, boys; I cloy, he cloys, cloyed, &c. : except in lay, pay, and say ; from which are formed laiil, paid, and said ; and their compounds, unlaid, unpaid, unsaid^ Ac. -. ^ , f'^''::^^'^^i ' :..^.-V-.,*:- ■'■ RULE IV. ^^r —v-^-'^ • .3.J :'?*4l Words ending with y preceded by axsonsonan^ upon assuming an additional syllable beginning with a consonant, commonly change y into t ; aa, happy, happily, happiness. But when y is preced- ed by ft vowel, it is very rarely changed in the additional syllable: as, coy, coyly; boy, boyisb| boyhood ; annoy, annoyer, annoyance ; joy, joylieaa^ joyful. ; RULE V. ; ■ . " rr " Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant when they take another syllable beginning with a vowel : as, wit, witty ; thin, thinnish ; to abet, an nbettor ; to begin^ a beginner. \ But if a diphthong precedes, or the accent is 6# the preceding syllable, the consonant remains sin- gle : as, to toil, toiling ; to offer, an offering ; maid, maiden, Ac. _, ^•r, ,«•-■".. -Hi ■" -.• RUXiB yi%- .■■ " i' if <*■.,■•».'» ■:i«^».^j,v * ■' ■ ,,■■ .'J Words ending with any double letter but ^ and taking nest, less, /y, or ful, after them, preserve the letter double; as, harmlessnes^, carelessness, stiffly, successful, distressful, &g. But those words which end with double /, and take ness, ly^ or ful^ after them, generally omit one 2; as fulness, sldlf; less, fully, skilful^ Ac "'' 28 PART II, RULE VII.. ?T->' NesSj less, ly, and ful, added to words ending with silent e, do not cut it off; as, paleness, guile- less, closely, peaceful : except in a few words ; as duly, truly,* awfuL-"' - ,» ^^ -. - ; <^ i,f^ - ; h% RULE VIII. Ment^ added to words ending with silent c, generally preserves the e from elision ; as, abate- ment, chastisement, incitement, &c. The words judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, are devia- tions from the rule. Like other terminations, ment cbanges y into % when preceded by a consonant : as, accompany, accompaniment; merry, merriment. • '■•■^'"'•''fc RULE IX, H Able and -i&Zc, when incorporated into words ending with silent e, almost always cut it off; as, blame, blamable ; cure, curable ; sense, sensible, &c. ; but if c or g soft comes before e in the original word, the e is then preserved in words compounded with able ; as change, changeable ; peace, peaceable, &c. >?";■»' \v ' * ■m" >!' RULE X. When ing or ish is added to words ending with silent c, the e is almost universally omitted : as, place, placing ; lodge, lodging ; slave, slavish ; prude, prudish ; blue, bluish ; white, whitish. c,., ... - • . ■■■ . -^?>' ,„. ,_,v RULE XI. s - ^-.n t ' ' ' Words taken into composition, often drop those letters which were superfluous in the simple words; as, handful, withal, also, chilblain, foretel. ^ i ■■'K ■'t se a; ORTHOGRAPHY. ^-"^^^ REMARKS. '^^^'^^^^ 29 The ortliography of a great number of Eng- lish woids is far from being uniform, even amongst writers of distinction. Thus, honour and honor, inquire and enquire, negotiate and negodate, control and controul, expense and expence, allege and alledge, surprise and surprize, complete and compleat, connexion and connection, abridgment and abridgement, and many other orthographical variations, are to be met with in the best modern publications. I DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. ■■^ A diphthong is the uniim of two vowels, pro- nounced by a single impulse of the voice ; 'I ' ' "' As, ea in beat, oum sound, '' 1 A triphthong is the union of three vowels, pro-'i nounced in like mannner; *^. *, , ^ v?jf' 'Wi *'f< ^. ; ri ,y As, eau in beau, iew in view. >- ^^; *.H*Wt A proper diplithong is that in which both the*, vowels are sounded ; ^' •■ ' '7 As, oi in voice, ou in ounce. ■' 1.* ^ 5 ,u^^': . PROPER DIPHTHONGS eu in feud. ow in now. id •■*f" spaniel. ua t( assuage. ^ oi ii voice. ue « desuetude. ou (( sound. oy u boy. An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels sounded : As, ea in engle, oa in boat. f i / 19 ■* IMPROPER diphthongs; i^'=r in caasar. 60 in people. ■Sr*ii^'^ M pain. ey " they. ^'hv^V''.^ . ao « gaol. ie " friend. .4 AU M haul. oa ** boat. aw 41 law. OB ** cesophaguB* ^ ea (i beat. 00 ** soon, r' '^i o:^-- 44 either. ow ** crow,' x.i5:'.^.'=M Jaa^ ':i^. 'li.HVv ' XT^;. ■J&.^.c- ■ ■:>■»;; ;;a ri^:^\^^:^>ii"' ;'-■?!;« , ; ^-i: ^■•. '•;-'-,^t^! ■•Ti.tl^^ REMARKS. Each of the diphthongal letters was, doubtless, originaliy heard in proni'uncing the wnrdft which •ontain them. Though this is not the case at present with respc -t to many of them, these oomf^ binations still retain the name of diphthongs; but, to distinguish them, they are marked by the term improper. As the diphthong derives its name and nature from Its sounds and not from its letters, and pro- perly denotes a double vowel-sound, no union of two vowels, where one is silent, can, in strictness, be entitled to that appellation ; and tlie single letters i and u^ when pronounced long, must, in this view, be considered as diphthongs. The triphthongs, having at most but two sounds, are merely ocular, and are therefore, by some grammarians, classed with the diphthongs. ■A , t i-t ^- ., - ^-. -*■ ■ • 'f i- •I'fn . :^. .":;;■- i5i: t. u:i: ^^■ta.:"t ';i... JL .'..-.O; /:-^-'^& '»€>•;»»..» — ; ti-«*i *. ■''■*'"- -iij. r "i^i,: - . -f^^ ftS.^UAvM'gi - ft i;ii':.^Vi;.:.ii> 4Jv-'Ve.;^ > \ r. I OKTBdaturar. n '■i?. -«♦ J The Diphthongs £I avd IE. The letters ei and ie occur in several words with the same sound, that of long e (i) ; but persons are often at a loss to recollect which of these let- ters stands first. We have therefore arranged the principal words of these classes in two distinct tables, that pupils may commit them to memory, and thus their order will become as familiar as that of the letters of the alphabet. WOW^ IN WHICH THE LETTER E STANDS BEFORE I. -^ lit il ki receive Either '^'^ ^^ ceil ' receipt * • neither - ' * ceiling '^^ivsm^ conceit ?* ob^ijsance -^ J siignior ^^ > ] .Ti| coneeiTf.'r^ r pbeisant seine ^^.^.^jj;;,,^,^;^ deceit disseize seize, „,,, . .-,, deceive disseizee seizm ; ^ ^ perceiTe disseizor seizure "*-:'-' sj"^c ' disseizin •■ r^^?;'T>n: '■■•'?' 'T*:|r ' ^ '■^^i '^/s W0RD9 IN WHICH THE LETTER / 9TANDS BEFORE E, 1 . »A'A- S-. , . 2- .- *v" ■ • i,.li •;.«■» J, n. •. . ■jf.f. fi«f -^ aggrieve ...,.;. siege ; u iv^.u;*5/a lief ;r . retrieve ..j.,.,, li€ge ,f.;^ ;.? -./^ # brief relievo ,,.,.,./,., lien ^,. %;,.... ,,,: chief achieve mien thi«f ^ • flfild ■ , -■••■?; V, fi€nd n:vr^: .-ff ^ thieve i, wield -i,^ , . » .. ihriek ^i-^f^.- i-i$, belief yield ,,, brevier .^-ruiu shield brigadier ^^ belieye relief tier bombardier reliere tierce grenadier grief fierce cannoDiir gri^ye pier financier grievance pierce cavalier griAvoui piece obeTalier prilst k PART II. PARTICULAR COMBINATIONS AND TERMINAL SYLLABLES, WITH THEIR PRONUNCIATION. Vt ' /'^ * ce, ci, «ci, si, and ^i, are pronounced like sh» Otif -!-♦' sion, iton, cAeow, are pronounced like shun ;— * mo-tion na-tion dic-tion ^. ,^.^ por-tion i man-sion pen-sion ten-sion C'' J Ter-sion f, fu-sion . . frac-tion .x junc-tioii ' ac-tion auc-tion sta-tion iun-c-^eon ;*?>! h'aZ, ciaZ, pronounced like sAaZ ;— ,^, par-tial, ter-tial, spe-cial, so-ciaK ■ ^' * ciouSf sciousj tious, pronounced like shus ;— V'»:rx*iv cap-tious 'i"^v^. cau- tious con-scious pre-cious spa-cious spe-cious i im^5 cientf tient, pronounced like shent ;— ancient. -r; patient, quo-tient. 'r^y -«?:••? % ^ sciencCj Hence, pronounced like shence .— con-science. pa-tience. geony gioRj pronounced like jun :— - ^fj^ sur-geon, re-gion. 1,^ dun-geon, ^•v: -^ **^- /»»•*;> ifiw-" t^i- m ;, .;.* PART III. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelt differently^ arranged according to their vowel-bounds. Like a in mate, Abel, a man's name, able, capable. Ale, beer, malt liquor, ail, to be sick. Ate, devoured, ait, a small island in a river, eight, a number. A't^, goddess of discord, eigh'ty, fourscore. Bale, a pack of goods, bail, a surety. Base, low, mean, bass, a part in music. Bate, to take less, bait, an allurement. Bay, a color ; a tree, bey, a Turkish governor. Bays, bay trees, baize, a kind of cloth. Brake, a thicket, break, to part by force. Cane, a strong reed. Gain, a man's name. Dane, a native of Denmark, deign, to vouchsafe. Day, a period of time, dey, a Moorish governor. Days, periods of time, daze, to dazzle. Faint, languid, weak, fi^int, a pretence. Fane, a temple. ^'■ fain, willingly, gladly. feign, to dissemble. Frays, quarrels. phrase, an expression, i Gage, a pledge. gauge, to measure a cask. Gate, a sort of door. gait, manner of walk- ing. Grate, a fire-place. . great, large. Gra'ter, a sort of rasp. great'er, larger. Grays, mixed colors. graze, to eat grass. Hale, strong, healthy. hail, frozen rain. Hay, dried grass. ^ > hey! an exclamation, i Jane, a woman's name. jean, a sort of cloth. Lade, to load. laid, placed. Lane, a narrow road. lain, remained. Made, finished. maid, a girl. Male, a he-animal. mail, a post-bag. Mane, hair on a horse'g or a lion's neck. main, principal, chief. i 84 PART III. Maze, an intricate place, maize, Indian corn. Nave, middle of a wheel, knave, a rogue. Nay, not. neigh, the voice of ahorse. Pale, wan, dim. pail, a wooden vessel. Pane, a square of glass, pain, uneasiness. Place, a situation, plaice, a flat fish, [panse. Plain, distinct; a flat ex- plane, a carpenter's tool. Plate, wrought silver, plait, a fold, a double. Pray, to beseech, prey, plunder, booty. Prays, entreats, praise, to commend. Bain, water from the clouds, rein, bridle, reign, to rule. Raze, to destroy, raise, to lift, to elevate. Ra'zor, a shaving-instru- rai'ser, a lifter. [ment. Sale, a selling, sail, to move with sails. Sairer, a sailing-vessel. iaiFor, a seaman. ' Sane, healthy, sound. Seine, a river of France. Salver, he that saves, sa'vor, relish, taste. Slay, to kill. - sley, a weaver's reed. Stake, a pest ; a wager, steak, a slice of meat. Sta'tionary, fixed, •ta'tionery, paper, pens,t&c. Strait, a narrow pass, •iraight, direct. r*% Tale, a story, tail, the hinder part ; a li- mited estate. Tray, a sort of dish. '"; trey, a three at cards. Vale, a valley, vail, or veil, to cover. Vane, a weathercock, vain, proud, fruitless, vein, a blood-vessel. Wale, a rising in the skin, wail, to lament. Wane, to decrease. ^ • wain, a waggon. '* Waste, to consume, waist, a part of the body. Wave, a billow, waive, to give up, to quit. Way, a manner, a road, wey, forty bushels, weigh, to balance, topoiso. Like a in mare, ^'"^^ Air, the atmosphere. Ayr, a town in Scotland, ere, before. '^ ''- j j^- ;- e'er, ever. ' ' iieir, an inheritor. ' '^^t Bare, naked. '^j bear, a beast of prey. --^^^ Chair, a movable seat, char, to work by the day. Fare, food ; price of passage, fair, beautiful ; honest. Glare, splendor. ^ glair, the white of an egg. Hare, a timid animal, hair, covering of the head. Pare, to cut thinly, pair, a couple. --'^ pear, a fruit. '1 Stare, to look earnest*y/^- stair, a step, i EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUB WORDS. 85 lay. sage. legg. lead. 1-9 t% 4 Tare, an allowance in tear, to rend. [weight. Their, belonging to them, there, in that place, they're, they are. » Ware, merchandise, wear, to waste with use. Like a in inat. Adds, increases, adze, a cooper's axe. An'ker, a liquid measure, an'chor, a heavy iron for e, Ass, abeastofburden. [ship, as, a Roman weight and Bad, vicious. [coin, bade, commanded. Cal'lender, to dress linen, calendar, an almanac. Can'non, a great gun. can' on, a law, a rule. Dam, a beast's mother, damn, to condemn. Dram, a small weight, drachm, an ancient coin. Jam, a conserve of fruit, jamb, a supporter. Lack, to want, lac, a sort of gum ; sum of Laps, licks. [100,000. lapse, a fall, a slip. Man'ner, mode, custom, man' or, a lordship. Man' tie, a cloak, a garment, man'tel, the chimney-piece. Nag, a little horse, knag, a knot of wood. Nap, a short sleep, knap, to break short. Nat, Nathaniel, gnat, a stinging insect. Pal'las, goddess of wisdom, pal'ace, a prince's house. Pal'let, a little bed. pal'ette, a painter's board. Pan'nel, a rustic saddle. ' pan'el, a jury-roll. / Pan'nic, a plant. '/^ pan'ic, sudden fear. >r. Rack, to torture, wrack, ruin ; a sea-weed. Rap, to strike. as^*t. wrap, to fold. 7 Tacks, small nails. >| tax, a rate imposed. .'t Trav'el, to go a journey, i trav'ail, work, trouble. ; Like a in inart. I '•1 Ark,, a chest, arc, part of a circle. Cask, a barrel, casque, a helmet. Cast, to throw. - >" caste, rank among Hindoos Oas'ter, one who throws, cas'tor, a beaver. j Hart, a sort of stag, heart, the seat of life. Lanch, to cast as a lance. launch, to push to sea. ^,. Mark, a sign, a note. marqu6, license of reprisals Mar' tin, a kind of swallow mar'ten, a kind of weasel. /.; 1, Like a in all. •■■^t .-.e All, every one. - -■^: awl, a sharp-pointed tool. Al'ter, to change. > al'tar, thecommuniontabiv Au'gur, a soothsayer, aug'er, a boring- tcol is Aught, anything. ■t^tiM ought, shoald* r^it$ ^ • ^,mso-: PART III. ^A-i^fVirrttf? Ball, any round thing, bawl, to cry out. Gall, to name, to appeal to. caul, a membrane; a net for Caws, does caw. [the hair, cause, a reason, a motive. Claws, talons. [&c. clause, part of a sentence, Cord, a small rope; 128 cubic feet, chord, a line in a circle. Gall, bile, bitterness. Gaul, a Frenchman. Hall, a large room, haul, to pull. Haw, the berry of the thorn, haugh, a meadow ; a dale. Mall, a wooden hammer, maul, to beat, to bruise. Pall, a funeral-cloth. Paul, a man's name. Paws, a beast's feet, pause, a stop. Like e in mete. fie, to exist. bee, ahoney-making insect, fieech, a kind of timber, beach, the sea-shore. Beer, malt liquor, bier, a carriage for the dead. Beet, an eatable root, beat, to strike. Ce'der, he that gives up. ce'dar, an evergreen tree. Creek, a small bay. creak, to make a harsh Deer, a swift animal, [noise, dear, beloved ; expensive. Discreet', prudent, discrete', distinct. Feet, parts of the body. ftat, an exploit, an action. Flee, to run away, flea, a biting insect. Freeze, to congeal, frieze, coarse woollen cloth. Greece, a country of Eu- grease, soft fat. [rope. Greaves, leg-armour, grieves, laments. Heel, hind part of the foot, heal, to cure. he'll, he will. ■ ; , '^^ Hear, to hearken. <; jfn here, this place. • - Key, an instrument to open a lock, quay, landing-place from ships. Lea or ley, a meadow, lee, opposite to the wind. Leeds, a town in Yorkshire, leads, conducts. [book. Leaf, part of a plant or of a lief, willing';-. Leek, a sort of onion, leak, to run out. '' Lees, settlings, dregs. ^ lease, to glean. Meed, reward. — -><- Mede, a native of Media, mead, a liquor made from honey. Mean, paltry, low. mien, air, deportment, as- Meet, to encounter, [pect. meat, animal food, mete, to measure. Me'ter, one who measures, me'tre, measure, verse. Need, want, necessity. H knead, to work dough. "^ Neal, to temper by heat.' kneel, to rest on the knees. Peace, quiet, tranquillity, piece, a bit, a part. ,.4^i k tl EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 37 i \ Peak, a point, the top. pique, a f^rudge. Peel, a rind or skin. peal, a chiming of bells. Peer, a nobleman. pier, support of a bridge. Heed, a tall sort of grass. read, to peruse. Reek, steam,yapor.[geance. wreak, to exercise ven- See, to view, to behold. sea, the ocean. Seal, an impression. ceil, to make a ceiling. Seed, whatproducesplants. cede, to give up, to resign. Beem to appear. seam, a joint. Seen, viewed, beheld. seine, a fishing-net. scene, a sight, a view. Seer, one who sees ; a pro- phet. sear, to burn, to wither. Sees, views, beholds. seize, to lay hold of. Se'nior, elder. Seign'ior, the Turkish em- peror ; the owner of a seigniory. Shagreen', a kind of lea- chagrin', vexation, [ther. Sheer, pure, unmixed. shear, to clip, to reap. Sleeve, covering of the arm. sleave, knotted thread. Steel, refined iron. [fer. steal, to rob, thieve, or pil- Sweet, the taste of sugar. suite, succession, retinue. Tear, water from the eye. tier, a rank, a row. Teas, different kinds of tea. tease, to torment. Teem, to abound. t^/i • team, a set of horses. Weald, a wood or grove, wield, to handle. Week, seven days, weak, feeble, infirm. Ween, to think, wean, to withdraw from. ,.'? Like « in met. \v "1?>' Assent', agreement. ascent', a going up. Bell, a hollow, sounding metallic vessel, belle, a gay young lady. Berry, a small fruit, bury, to put underground. Bet'ter, superior, bet' tor, one who lays wa- Bred, brought up. [gers. bread, food made from the ' flour of wheat, etc. Brest, a French seaport, breast, a part of the body. Led, conducted, lead, a soft, heavy metal. Les'sen, to make less, les'son, a task; a lecture. Let'tice, a woman's name, let'tuce, a salad-herb. Lev'y, to raise money, &c. lev'ee, attendance at court. Met'al, iron, silver, &c. met'tle, spirit, courage, '^o Pen'dant, a naval flag, pen'dent, hanging, sus- Rest, repose, ease, [pended. wrest, to force, to strain. Sell, to vend, to di^voseof. cell, a small cavity ; a hut. Sel'ler, one who sells. cel'lar, place under ground. Sense, feeling, perception, cense, a public tax. ^«r^ ^ PART in. i ■k< > ' fc/ J ' » ' |/ 1 i 1 -i Sent, conyeycd. cent, a hundred ; a coin, scent, an odor, a smell. Weth'er, a sheep, weath'er, state of the air. ^ Likeiinpmg. By, with ; near. , bye, indirectly. buy, to purchase. Clime, climate, a country. climb, to mount up. High, tall, lofty. hie, to make haste. Hide, to conceal. hied, went in haste. Hight, called. height, space upwards. I, myself. eye, the organ of sight. ay, yes. I'll, I will. isle, an island. aisle, passage in a church. Indite',to compose, to write. indict', to accuse. Lie, a wilful falsehood. lye,liquor from wood-ashes. Li'er, one who lies down. li'ar, one who tells lies. Mi'ner, a worker in a mine. mi'nor, one under age. Mite, an insect in cheese. might, power, ability. Night, darkness. knight, a title of honor. Pri'er, a close inquirer. pri'or, former, previous; the superior of a priory. Pries, inquires into, prize, a reward, a premium. Pride, self-esteem, pried) inquired narrowly. Quire, 24 sheets of paper, choir, a band of singers. Rime, hoar-frost, rhyme, verse, poetry, lli'ot, a tumult, an uproar, ry'ot, aa Tndian peasant. Rite, a ceremony, write, to do writing. ' * ' right, straight, correct, wi'ight, a workman. Rye, a sort of corn, wry, crooked, distorted. * Sine, a geometrical line. ' sign, a mark, a token. [lem. Si'on,a mount near Jerusa- ci'on or sci'on, a sprout. Site, a situation, cite, to summon, to quote. sight, a view; vision. Size, bulk, magnitude, sighs, deep breathings. Slight, to neglect, sleight, an artful trick. Stile, steps over a wall or enclosure, style, mode, manner. Time, duration, season, tliyme, an aromatic herb. Tire, to fatigue, to weary. Tyre, an ancient city. [tie. Vi'al or phial, a small bot- vi'ol, a musical instrument. Like i in pin. Gild, to adorn with gold, guild, a corporation. Gilt, plated with gold, guilt, wickedness, sin. Gris'ly, frightful, hideous, griz'zly, somewhat gray Him, that man. hymn, a divine song. y Id, within. < inn, a public-house. ''* \ i I i i EQUIVOCAL OR IIOMOPHONOVS WORDS. 89 ty r Kill, to take away life, kiln, a sort of furnace. Lick'er, one who licks, liqu'or, a fluid, a liquid. Links, torclif s, flambeaux, lynx, a spotted beast, [ner. Mil'linery, goods of a milli- mil'lenary, 1000 years. Nit, an insect's egg. knit, to make stockings, &c. Prim'mer, more precise, prim'er, a child's first-book. Rig'ger, one who rigs, rig'or, severity, sternness. Ring, a circle, wring, to twist. Sig'net, a seal, cyg net, a young swan. Sil'ly, simple, foolish. Scil'ly, the name of a group of islands on the Cornish coast, England. Sin'gle, alone, cing'le, a girth. Sink, to fall down, cinque, five. Sit, to rest on a seat, cit, a citizen. Sticks, long pieces of wood. Styx, a river of the poets. Sym'bol, a sign, cym'bal, a sort of drum. Like in no, Blote, to dry by smoke. bloat, to swell. Boll or bole, a round stem. bowl, a basin. Bore, to make a hole. boar, the male of swine. Borne, carried, supported. bourn, a limit, a boundary. Close, to shut up. elotheSi garments, dress. } J'- ,'1 ij Oole, a sort of cabbage, coal, mineral fuel. Coarse, rough, gross, course, a race-ground, corse, a dead body. Core, the heart of a tree, Ac. corps, a body of troops. Cote, a fold for sheep, ice, coat, a part of dress. Doe, a female deer, dough, unbaked paste. Doze, to slumber, does, femaie deer. Pore, going first, four, twice two. Fort, a castle. " ' ' forte, what any one knowf Forth, forward. [best, fourth, next after the third. Groan, to sigh deeply, grown, increased. Gro'cer, a dealer in sugar, gross'er, coarser. [&c. Hoard, a treasure, horde, a tribe. Hole, a hollow place, whole, entire, unbroken. Home, one's dwelling, holm, the evergreen oak- Lone, retired, solitary, loan, a thing lent. Moan, to lament, mown, cut down. Mote, a particle of dust, moat^ a ditch. No, not so. ' '■■'- know, to understand. Nose, part of the face, knows, understands. ! or Oh ! alas ! owe, to be indebted. ' Ore, unrefined metal. K.ri> '-.h oar o'er , a pole to row with« over. 46 PART III. Pole, a long stick ; extre- mity of the earth's axis. |>oll, a list of voters. Pore, a minute aperture. pour, to stream. Port, a harbor. Porte, the Turkish court. Boan, a color. Bhone, a river in France. Koads, highways. Rhodes, an island in the Levant. Rode, did ride. road, a way. rowed, impelled by oars. Roe, a female deer. row, a rank, a tier. Roes, female deer. rose, a sweet flower; a knot of ribbons. Rome, a city of Italy. roam, to wander, to rove. Rote, mere memory. wrote, did write. Sloe, a wild sort of plum. slow, tardy, not quick. So, in such manner. sow, to scatter seed. sew, to work with a needle. Sole, the bottom of a shoe. soul, the immortal part of man. Sore, tender, painful. soar, to rise high. Throe, extreme agony. throw^ to cast, to heave. Throne, a seat of state. ^ifthrown, cast. Toe, part of the foot. tow, dressed hemp. Yoke, a bond, a link. yolk, the yellow of an Like oinnot, cod'dling, parboiling. Cod'ling, a sort of apple; a young cod. Col'lar, covering for the neck. chol'er, anger, rage. Oom'pliment, kind words. com'plement, full number. Hol'low, scooped out ; emp- ty ; not solid. hollo, to call aloud. Lock, a fastening for doors^ ' drawers, &c. loch or lough, a lake. Not, denying. nott, to shear. ~'^!, knot, a tie. On'erary, fit for burdens. hon'orary, giving honor. Sor'rel, a sour-tasted plant; a reddish color. sor'el, a buck in its third year. Like in move. nf^' Brews, does brew, bruise, to hurt. Brute, a beast, bruit, a noise, a report. Crews, ships' companies, cruise, to sail up and down. Gru'el, savage, inhuman, crew'el, a ball of yarn. Rood, quarter of an acre, rude, uncivil, untaught. Root, part of a plant, route, a road, a way. Threw, did throw, through, by means of. Too, over ; also, two, one and on*. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 41 e; 9. er. ip- rs. 1 •» ' . It; rd \T n. ■■•T> -i. Like u in tube. Blue, a color. blew, did blow. Chews, grinds with teeth. choose, to select. Due, owing. dew, moisture. Ewe, a female sheep. you, yourselves. yew, an evergreen tree. Feud, a quarrel. r feud, a tenure. Flue, soft down; passage for smoke in a chimney, flew, did fly. Hue, a color or tint, • hew, to cut down. Hugh, a man's name. Jury, a set of men sworn tq give a true verdict. Jew'ry, the land of Judea. oS'^'-'- EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.— No. 1. Does anything at7 the child ? Me is a fermented liquor, made from malt. The awl is a tool used by . I shoemakers and harness- makers. Ml quadrupeds have four legs. The Prince of Wales is heir to the crown of England. We breathe air. The moon alters its appear- ance every night. The Jews burned sacrifices upon altars of Ltone. Cruel horsemen beat their horses. The6«e^ is a vegetable from which sugar can be made. A fine beau wears fine clothes. The bow in the heavens is caused by the sun's shin- ing upon falling rain. The great bell in Moscow, weighs two hundred and twenty tons. A belle is fond of gay par- ties. Some kinds of berries grow on briers. The farmer, when he plants seeds, buries them in the ground. [rye. Wheat is a better grainthan One who lays a wager is a bettor. The wind blew. The color of the sky is blue. A father's or mother's sister is an aunt. The ant is a small insect. Carpenters bore holes with &n auger. An augur fore'* tells. Boys love to play at ball. Children bawl for trifles. Bears live in the woods. An oak bears acorns. We bear evils. Trees bare of leaves. A wild boar is a savage beast. Miners bore holes in rocks. 42 ■mm>y^ FART III. The wood of the beechmBkes a good fire. Waves beat lOn the beach. The bolls of plants are seed- vessels. The potter makes bowls. The planks of our national vessels are fastened with copper bolts. Millers separate the bran from the flour by large sieves called bolts. The breech of a gun is its butt or club end. Rams butt with their head. A iutt contains two hogs- heads ; but a barrel, 30 or 32 gallons. The brake is a useless weed. We break flax and hemp in dressing it. Well-bred people do not al- ways eat whiie-bread. We judge of people's mo- tives by their actions. We cannot buy a seat in heaven with our money. Clothiers smooth their cloths with calenders. Almanac-makers publish calendars every year. Sails are made of canvas. Candidates canvass for votes. Since the cession of Florida, the United States have been bounded on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. The magistrates' court holds its session in the City Hall. We call the membrane that covers the bowels a caul. Consumptive people are af- flicted with bad coughs. Live fish* are kept in the water, near our fish-mar- kets, in caufs. Brass cannons are more costly than iron ones. Church laws are canons. Farmers are sellers of apples and of cider, which fill our cellars. A liar is not believed. The lyre is a musical in- strument. ]:^ Galileo made the telescope. Virginia was a handsome maid. The Missouri is the main branch of the Mississippi. A horse's mane grows on his neck. The male bird has a more beautiful plumage than the female. The mail is opened at the post-office. Children should imitate the manners of polite people. The grounds of the English nobility are called 7^0- nors. A mite is an insect of little might. Lying is a mean practice. We mean to study grammar. Miners work in mines. Minors are not allowed to vote. [Absalom. David did moan the loss of When grass is mown and dried we call it hay. The Richelieu and the St. Lawrence meet at Sorel Salt will preserve mi(U, EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 4t A fort is surrounded by a tnoat. A mote is an atom. Brass is a compound metal. A lively horse is ahorse of mettle. Pishes are caught in a net. Clear profits are called net gain. Boats are rowed with oars. Ores are melted to separate the metal from the dross. A bird ^c?u over the house. The smoke ascends in the flue. Gums ooze through the pores of wood. The tanner puts his hides into ooze. "We carry water in a pail. Gardens are sometimes sur- rounded bjr a pale fence. Sick people look pale. Panes of glass are cut in oblong squares. Pains are distressing. Shoes are sold by pairs. Pears are not so common as apples. The cook pares apples to make pies. The painter holds his pal- ette in his hand. A person who has lost his • pa/afgcannotspeakplain. The child sleeps on a, pallet. The comma is the shortest pause in reading. Bears seize their prey with their paws. Good people love to live in peace. Give James a large piece of brtad. The peak of Teneriffe is fif- teen thousand feet high. The Jews had. a pique or ill- will against the Samari- tans. The bells ring a loud peal. Farmers peel the bark from trees for the tanner. The carpenter works with a plane. The essential principles of religion are written in plain language. Babylon stood upon an ex- tensive plain. K Polite people please their companions. The courts of common pleas arc held at stated times. The builder uses the plumb and line to set his walls vertical. The pium grows on trees. One dollar is a hundred cents. The gamblers won all his money. Oats prey on mice. We should pray for our enemies. [books. The student pores over his The Niagara river pours down a precipice of a hundred and fifty feet. We sweat through thepores. The Hudson is the principal river of the State of New York. A man of good principle merits our esteem. There is no profit in profane swearing. The prophet Daniel was a prisoner in Babylon* 44 ■.imvM ■ ii^iJi: FART III. .1:. -i 4 ^U^* ' Panel doors are more expensive than batten ones. A list of jurors is called a panel. God sends his rains on the just and on the un- just. Horses are guided by the reins of the bridle. Queen Victoria reigns over Great Britain. The barber shaves with a razor. A farmer is a raiser of grain. Laplanders wrap them- selves in furs in the winter. When we wish to enter a house, we rap at the door. Reeds grow in swamps. The minister reads the Bi- ble with seriousness. We should often think upon what we have read. A hyacinth is a large red flower. Nero wreaked his malice upon the Christians. Brutus held up the dagger which reeked with the blood ofLucretia.'v- ,. He rested on a sofa. The English wrested Gib- ^ raltar from the Span- iards. Ladies are fond of gold rings. The bell rings for church. A washerwoman wrings <"' her clothes. A rigger rig» vessels. Hannibal crossed the Alps in the rigor of winter. Baptism is a rite of the Christian church. It is not right to pilfer. A vfheel'wright makes carta and waggons. The Kennebec road of Lower Canada leads from Point Levi to the Eastern Townships. King David rode upon a mule. Children often learn the al- phabet byrofe before they know the letters. OliverGoldsmith wrote sev- eral good histories. '^ '" A cheap paste can be made from rye-flour. Children make wry faces when they eat sour grapes. '^ ' A roe-deer has no horns. Men row boats with oars. Corn is planted in a roio. The joiner rabbets boards. Rabbits are lively ani- mals. The river Danube runs into the Black Sea. Owls can not»cc well when the sun shines. <-■» Seals are caught in dififerent parts of the sea. A mason ceils with lime- mortar, t One seals letters with wa- fers or sealing-wax. A plastered ceiling looks better than one made of boards. A thunder-storm is a sub- lime scene. h> ^ EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOCS WORDS. 45 iWe have never seen a more dazzling object than the sun. Fishermen catch shad in a seine. John Smith senior is fa- ther to John Smith ju- i The Israelites went through the Red Sea. Grocers subtract the tare from the gross weight. Never tear your clothes, a. The plumb-line hangs straight toward the cen- ter of the earth. The Strait of Gibraltar se- parates Spain from Mo- rocco. A good man succors his brother in distress. Suckers sprout from th« roots of old trees. We fasten down carpets with tacks. People pay a heavy tax. Monkeys have long tails. Hogg and Grabb* wrote many tales. 46 FART III. rj ^J.wV*^\ t Young ladies wear sashes round the waist. Foolish children waste their time in idleness. Time does not wait for any one. Butter is sold by weight. £arthen-t(;are is baked in furnaces. Turks wear turbans in- stead of hats. Sickness makes the body weak. Seven days constitute a week. We weigh gold and silver by Troy weight. The way of a good man is ^ilain. Men have a great toe on each foot. Horses tow canal*boat8. Tow is hackled from iiax. Good scholars love their books. There are many kinds of books. Mii;t.i/i'i>'.' The valley of the Missfs- sippi is one of the largest vales in the world. Women wear vails. Vanes show which way the wind blows. The arteries convey the blood from the heart to the veins. A vial of laudanum. A viol is a large fiddle. We shed tears of sorrow when we lose our friends. Ships often carry two tiers of guns. A team of horses will tra- vel faster than one of oxen. Farmers rejoice when their farms teem withpioduce. The tide is caused by the attraction of the sun and the moon. A black ribbon tied on the left arm is a badge of mourning. \-.- ■A-i':^ EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.— No. 2. When John went to Green- wich fair, he ate eight bunns. He stole a bale of goods, and his master was ob- liged to become bail for him. The Dey of Algiers came to the city to-day. Jill the poor cobbler bad washigowi He appeared to be very faint, but it was soon discovered that it was a mere feint. My grater is greater than yours. If you wish that berry to grow, you must bury it. This grate is not quite great enough for so large a room. a EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 4t We found a man lying in the lane where he had lain all night. The little boy fell against the pail and turned quite pale. The bear seized him by the the bare leg. I could not bear to look on. It was a large club, and not a small cane, with which Cain killed Jibel ; with a sn^all cane he would not hare been able to kill his brother. The rose sent forth a most agreeable scent. He broke a pane of glass and cut his hands, which caused him great paiii. On the way to Greenwich, I saw the toll-keeper weigh a large waggon. Did you wait to see what weight it was ? I saw a peer of the realm appear upon the pier at Brighton. We beat the dog with a large beet. The ship was obliged to sail in a very straight line, in order to pass the strait in safety. The heir of that estate is sailing on the ^yr to take the air; but he will be back ere it is dark. ril walk down the aisle of the church that stands upon that isle. The band will soon be here, ^- and then we shall hear \he music, My uncle dhews tobaccd; but as it ispoisonouSy and injures the mouth and the stomach,and causesa stinking breath, I choose to abstain. The baker is in need of a man to knead his dough. It is iiiiie to transplant this thyme. How much is the fare by the steamboat to Green- wich/air? Shall we go and see the far- mer's wife sew the strings on the bag that the far- mer uses when he goes to sow his corn 7 Yes, let us do so. After the horse had carried the lead to the factory, ho was led to the stable. If you meet the dog's-meat man, buy some meat, and mete it out to the dog. Near the beach is a row of beech trees. A naughty boy ^Arcii> a stone through the window. The wind blew away my blue handkerchief. All their family were going there, but theyWe not yet arrived. In passing the 5ougAof that tree we must bow down our heads. I have bored several holes in this board. His manners are coarse, and his conversation is, of course, similar. I want a plaster to heal this sore on my heel. 48 FART III. ^\ '^ The two deer which he bought were considered too dear. Did you see the old ewe standing under the yew- tree. The kitchen ^ue took fire, and the sparks flew in all directions. He took aim and shot the hart through the heart. The whole of the party con- cealed themselves in a large hole on the cliff. The chamber-mai(2 has not made the bed. It is not convenient to pare a pear with a pair of scissors. I folded up mj mantle^ and placed it on the mantel- shelf. In the prince'B palace there was a beautiful statue of the goddess Pallas. Take your plane and make this board smooth and plain. Whenthefuneral-bellbegan to ringy she began to weep and to wring her hands. When I reached the inn, I inquired if the landlord was in. He sprang upon hia feet and performed the extraordi- ry feat of leaping four paces. So grand a scene was never seen before. He went into the cutler's shop to steal a bar of steel. He has been ill and weak for more than a week. After I rowed him over the ferry, he mounted his horse and rode along the new road. You gave two apples to my sister : will you give two to me too ? Does anything ail you ? My stomach is sick since I took that draught of ale. Though I threatened to cite him before a magistrate, he fixed upon a site^ and began to build even in my sight. I asked him if his eye waf sore, and he said jSye. The gallant knight^ being in haste, rode all night. When I went to Aim, he was singing a hymn. His mien is coutemptibls and mean. EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.— No. 3. We are not allowed to speak aloud during business. He should not be permitted to alter either the appear- ance or the position of the altar. The ball struck him on the ear, and he began to bawl as if it had been a bullet. In fact, he bawled so loud that old Stephen popped his bald head out of the win- dow to inquire wh«t w"'' t^'* motfo.. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 4(i' One of the bridal party stepped forward and caught XLiy horse by the bridle. He is a seller of old cl'^ .ds, and he lives in a cellar. His choler was so vehement, that he seized him by the collar in the presence of the by-standers. A member of the council suggested that they should take the opinion of counsel. The dyer said that this was dire news to him, fornow he could no longer live by dyeing. By referring to the register, I find that he too was fined on two occasions. His guest guessed it without difficulty. The hire of servants is higher in this country than in Europe. He made a hole, and put the whole of his money in it. . - ■ -"'^ , His time was wholly spent in holy contemplation. He asserted that no lord of the manor ever before acted in this manner. This brazen horse, though made of metal, cannot be said to be a horse of mettle, A miner whom we met near the works, told us that the proprietor of the mines was a minor. The mist was so thick that I almost missed my way. The cobbler having soled the shoes, sold them to a pedlar for a trifle. He told the sexton, and the sexton tolled the bell. As I am not to be stationary here, I shall not encum- ber myself with a large supply of stationery. The principal portion of the meeting approved of the principle. If an ode could have paid the debt which he owed, the poor poet would have been happy. The ship rode at anchor, and the boats from the shore rowed round her. Kf 80 PART III, Words 80 nearly alike j thatj although differing in pro-' nunciatiouy spelling j and meaningy they are frequently misapplied by careless speakers. Accept^ to takcy to receive. Except, to take out, to ob- ject to. Access, approach, admit- tance. Excess, superfluity. Accede, to comply with. Exceed, to go beyond. Adherence, attachment to. Adherents, followers, par- tisans. A dd ition,some thing added . Edition, an impression or issue of a book, — the number of copies printed at one time. Affect, to act upon, to aim at. Effect, to bring to pass, to accomplish. Alley, a walk or passage. Ally, a confederate. Allusion, reference to. Illusion, false appearance, mockery. Apposite, fit, appropriate. Opposite, contrary. Assistance, help, relief. Assistants, helpers. Attendance, the act of wait- ing on, service. Attendants, persons who attend. Ballad, a simple song. Ballot, a little ball. Baron, a lord. Barren, sterile, not prolific. Cease, to stop, to leave off. Seize, to lay hold of. Currant, a small berry. Current, running, or pas»« ing. Decease, death. Disease, a malady. Decree, to ordain ; an ediet. Degree, a step, rank. Defer, to put off, to post- pone. Differ, to disagree. Deference, respect, submis" &ion. Difference, disagreement. Dissent, to differ in opinion. Descent, declivity; lineage. Divers, several. Diverse, different. Elicit, to draw out of. Illicit, illegal, not lawful. Elude, to escape from. lilude, to mock, to de- ceive. Emerge, to rise out of. Immerge, to plunge into. Emigrant, one who leaves one country to settle in another. Immigrant, one who set- tles in another country. Eminent, distinguished. Imminent, impending. Errand, a message. Errant, wandering. Eruption, a breaking out. Irruption, a breaking into. Extant, surviving. Extent, space, compass. Fibres, threads, filaments. Fibrous, having fibres. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHOSOUS WORDS. 61 \ rl Fisher, one who fishes ; a fur-animal. Fissure, a cleft, a crack. Gamble, to practise gam- ing. Gambol, to frisk ; a frolic. Gri8tly,con8isting ot gristle Grisly, frightful, hideous. Grizzly, somewhat gray. Impostor, one who imposes upon the public, a cheat. Imposture,imposition,fraud Ingenious, having ingenu- ity. Ingenuous, candid, noble. Least, smallest. Lest, for fear that. Lineament, a feature. Liniment, an ointment. Lose, l.> suffer loss, not to win. Loose, untied, slack. Missal, the mass-book. Missile, a weapon thrown by the hand. Monetary,relatingto money Monitory, admonishing. Oracle, one famed for wis- dom. Auricle, an ear,an opening. Ordinance, a decree. Ordnance, cannon, &c. Pastor, a shepherd ; a cler- . gyman in charge of a flock. Pasture, grazing-ground. Patience, the being pa- tient. Patients, sick persons. Presence, the being present. Presents, gifts, donations. Preposition, a ])art of speech Proposition, a ]tropo8al. Prophecy, a prediction. Prophesy, to foretell, to predict. Radish, an esculent root. Reddish, somewhat red. Racer, a race-horse. Razor, an instrument for shaving with. Ruse, a trick, a stratagem. Rues, does rue. Rot, to decay, to putrefy. , Wrought, worked. Salary, wages, hire. Celery, a vegetable. Sink, to descend ; a drain. Zinc, a metal. Sculptor,an artist in sculp- ture. Sculpture, the art of car ving. Soar, to fly above. Sower, one who sows. Spacious, wide, roomy. Specious, showy, plausible. Statue, an image or figure. Statute, an act of Parlia- ment, Track, a vestige ; to trace. Tract, a region, a treatise. 0S PART III. EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS— No. 4. His disease w r.s so severe that it brought on a speedy decease. I suspected that he was engaged in an illicit traffic, but I oould not € licit the fact. He was very clever and ingenious, but exceedingly cunning, and by no means ingenuous. All your presents I accept, except the last. At this access to his fortune, his joy was in excess Though your charges exceed what was agreed upon, I shall accede to them. His adherence to these extreme views, cost him many of his adherents. New editions, with additions, are in preparation. Till he effected his purpose, he affected to be ignorant of the whole matter. Assistants wei e assigned to me, but they rendered ' me no assistance. I had to " dar ce attendance " upon him, as if I had been one of his laid attendants. ^ Baron Humboldt describes the whole region as a barren waste. The decree applied to persons of evory degree. With all due daference to you, I think there is a great difference. On all the extensive tract of country we passed over, we saw no track of any carnivorous animal. His ruse was t ery dexterously contrived, but he now rues having put it in execution. The grocer grows, sir, grosser every day. The mob riish(Ml into the palace, and the throne was immediately thrown down. m EQUIVOCAL OR IIOMOPIICNOUS WORDS. 63 a LOW EQUIVOCAL WORDS: Such rt«, althous^h written and pronounced alike^ have very dij^'ercnt meanings^ and require to be translated by different words. Address, v. To accost. — s. Deportment. — Dexterity.— The direction of a letter. — A petition. Air. «. What we breathe. — Music. — Mien. Angle, s. A corner. — ". To fish with a rod and hook. Ap[)arent. a. IMain, visible. — Seeniin{f, not real. Arch. s. Part of a bridge. — a. Mirthful, roguish. , Ashes, s. Certain timber-trees. — What remains after combustion. Axis. s. The centre of a wheel, or of any other revolv- ing body. — An animal of the deer kind. Bachelor, s. An unmarried man. — A university degree. Bait. s. A temptation. — Refreshment. — v. To worry with dogs. BMl. s. A round thing. — An entertainment for dancing. Bank. s. A heap of earth. — The place where money is kept. Bar. s. A piece of wood to stop a passage. — The place where the criminal stands in court. — A division in music. — V. To hinder. Bark. s. The rind of a tree. — A kind of ship. — v. To make the noise a dog usually does. Base. a. Vile, worthless. — s. The foundation. Bat. s. A stick lo strike a ball. — A flying mouse. Bay. s. A tree. — An opening on a coast. — A color.— V. To bark. Beam. s. A large piece of timber. — A ray of light. Bear. v. To carry ; to endure. — s. A rough savage animal. Bed. s. What we sleep on. — The channel of a river. Beetle, s. An insect. — A heavy mallet. Bill. s. The beak of a bird. — An account of goods, with the prices. Billet, s. A. log of wood. — A note. — A small paper. Bit. s. A small piece. — The iron put into a horse's mouth. Blade, s. The cutting-part of a tool. — A leaf of grasa or of a corn-stalk. Blow. s. A stroke. — v. To puff. — To blossom. Board, s. A thin plank. — v. To have one's meals in a public or a private house, for a certain price. 54 PART III. :;i)^ I ' I I Boot. s. A covering for the leg. — Profit, advantagA. ' Bound, s. A limit. — A leap. — v. Did bind. Bowl. s. A vessel for liquids. — A ball. — v. To roll. Box. s. A tree. — A case or chest. — A slap on the ear.— '' A seat in a playhouse. — v. To fight with the fists. Brace, v. To bind. — s. A bandage. — A couple. Brazier, s. A worker in brass. — A pan to hold coals. Brook, s. A rivulet. — v. To endure. Bugle, s. A hunting-horn. — A cylindrical glass bead. Bull. s. The male of a cow. — An edict of the pope.— A blunder. Butt. s. A large barrel. — The point aimed at. — v. To strike with the head. Calf. s. The young of a cow. — The thick part of the human leg. ' Can. s. A metal jug. — v. Is able. Cape. s. A headland. — A collar-piece. Caper, v. To skip and jump. — s. A pickled bud. Card. s. Thick stiff paper. — y. To comb wool. Case. s. A covering. — State of things. — Variation of nouns. Cast. V. To throw. — To form in a mould.— s. A mould- ed form. — a. Discarded. Cataract. «. A waterfall. — A disease in the eye. Charge, s. Care. — Command. — Accusation. — Expense. — Attack. Chase, v. To hunt. — To carve on metal. Cleave, v. To split. — To stick or adhere. Clove, s. An aromatic spice. — v. Did cleave. Club. s. A heavy stick. — A society. — v. To pay to- gether, [grain. Cockle, s. A shell-fish. — A weed that grows among Comb. s. An instrument for the hair. — The crest of a cock. — The cells in which bees put their honey. Commit, v. To intrust. — To be guilty of a crime.— To send to prison. Concordance, s. Agreement. — An index to words in the Bible. Content, a. Satisfied. — s. Capacity. Copy. A model to be imitated. — An imitation. Corn. *. Grain. — A horny substance on the foot. — v. To salt. [pleading. Count. V. To reckon. — s. An earl. — A point in a Counter. «. A shop table. — A sort of coin. — a» Contrary. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 66 -V. a. Beloved. — Precious. — Expensive. [share. s Tlie floor of a ship. — v. To dress. — To adorii. Court. V. To solicit, to woo. — s. Space before a house. — A little street. — A ball of justice. — An assemblf Crab. «. A shell-fish. — A wild apple. [of judge*. Craft. «. Cunning. — A trade. — Small sailing-vessels. Crane, s. A long-legged bird. — An engine to raise weights. — A bent tube to draw liquor out of a cask. Cricket, s. A chirping insect. — A game with bats and balls. [short. Crop. «. The harvest.— The craw of a bird. — v. To cut Cross, s. A body or line laid over another. — Misfor- tune. — a. Peevish; — v. To thwart, [voice of a cock. Crow. s. A large black bird. — An iron lever. — The Cry. V. To call out. — To weep. [fine water. Dam. s. The mother of an animal. — A bank to con- Date, s. A time. — The fruit of the date-tre€. Deal. 5. A great part. — A pine plank. — v. To traCBc. — T© Dear. Deck. Desert', s. Merit or demerit. — v. To forsake Die. V. To cease to live. — s. A stamp. — A colon — A little cube. Diet. s. Food. — An assembly of states. — v. To eat by rule. Divers. «. Those who plunge under water. — a. SeveraL Dock. s. An enclosure in ports where ships lie to take in or to discharge their cargoes.— A place ia a court- room. — An herb. — v. To cut off. Down. s. Soft feathers. — An oi)€n plain. — adv. Not up. Draw. V. To drag. — To take from a cask. — To delineate. Drill. V. To bore holes. — To exercise recruits. Drug. s. A medicinal simple. — Any worthless thing. Dun. a. Dark-colored. — s. A clamorous creditor. Ear. 8. The organ of hearing. — A spike of grain. Elder, a. Older. — s. The name of a tree. Ellipsis, s. An omission of words. — An oval. Engross, v. To occupy the whole. — To «opy law-writ- Entertain. v. To amuse. — To hold in the mind. [ings. Even. a. Level. — Not odd. — s. Evening. Exact, a. Accurate. — v. To require authoritatively. Express, v. To utter. — To squeeze out. — a. Exactly similar. 5Fair. a. Beautiful. — Just. — Favorable. — s. A periodical market. Fare. s. The price of passage by land or waters — ^Pro- v yisioas. 55 PART rti. fast. a. Firm. — Swift. — s. Abstinence from food. Fawn. s. A young deer. — v. To court servilely. Feed. v. To supply with food. — part. Rewarded. Fell. V. Did fall. — To knock down. — a. Cruel. — s.A hill. Fellow, s. An associate.-One of a pair .-A mean wretch. Felt. V. Perceived. — s. The substance of which hats are made. Ferret, s. A sort of weasel. — A kind of woollen ribbon. Figure, s. Shape. — A statue. — A numerical character. File. s.A rasping- tool. — A line on which papers are put. Fine. a. Thin. — Clear. — Splendid. — s. A forfeit. — The end. [trade. Firm. a. Strong. — Steady. — s. The name of a house of Fit. a. Proper. — Suitable. — s.A paroxysm. — v. To suit. Flag. s. A water-plant. — A paving-stone. — Colours OP ensigns. — v. To hang loose. — To grow spiritless. Flatter, a. Smoother. — v. To praise falsely. Fleet, s. A number of ships. — A navy. — a. Jfimble. Flock, s. A company of birds or sheep. — A lock of wool. Flue. s. The interior of a chimney. — Soft fur or down. Foil. s. A defeat. — Leaf-metal. — A blunt sword. Fold. s. An enclosure for sheep. — A double or plait. Foot. s. The part of the body on which we stand.— Twelve inches. For. prep. Instead of, on account of. — conj. Because. Forge. V. To form by the hammer. — To counterfeit.— s. A smithy or blacksmith's shop. Founder, s. One who establishes. — A caster. — v. To sink to the bottom. — To fail. Fret. V. To be peevish. — To wear away by rubbing. Fry. s. A swarm of young fishes. — v. To drepp* ood in Fuller, a. Nearer full. — s. A cleanser of clotn. [a pan. Game. s. 'Sport. — A single match of play. — Animals chased. Gin. s. A snare. — Spirit flavored with juniper-berries. Gloss, s. Superficial lustre. — A comment. Gore. s. Clotted blood. — A taper slip. — v. To pierce with a horn. Grain, s. Corn.-Any minute partiele.-A small weight. Grate, s. A range of bars. — v. To wear away by rasping. — To make a harsh noise. Grateful, a. Thankful. — Delightful. Grave, s. The place where corpses are put. — a. Serious. —v. To carve. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 57 Graze, v. To feed on grass. — To touch lightly. Green, a. Colored like grass. — Unripe. Gross, a. Large, coarse. — s. The chief part. — Twelve dozen. Ground, s. Earth. — The first coat of paint. — v. To found. — part. Sharpened by grinding. — Heduced to powder. Gum. s. The flesh about the teeth. — A sticky sub- stance that oozes from trees. Habit, s. The state of a thing. — Custom. — Dress. Hail. s. Frozen rain. — v. To salute. Hamper, s. A large packing-basket. — v. To perplex.— To clog. Hautboy, s. A wind-instniment. — A sort of strawberry. Heaven. ..To speak. — To publish. — ri.Extreme, outermost.^ Vault. «. An arched cellar. — v. To leap upon or over. > Vice. 8. Wickedness. — Small screw-press.-A substitute. Wages. 8. Pay to servants and work-people. — v. Carries on. Well. 8. A deep narrow pit of water. — a. In good health. Yard. «. Enclosed ground by a house. — A measure of three feet. — Extending spar for the support of the sails of a ship. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 63 Words spelled bxactlt alike j but the meanings of which are changed by changing the place of the accent. In pronouncing the following words, when used as HOUNS the accent should be on the first syllable ; but when employed as verbs, on the last. Thus " Absent, not present," is pronounced .^6'-sent ; but when used as a verb, the accent must be on the last syllable, riz., Ah-sent', AV-senty not present. Ab-sent', to keep away. Ab'-stract, an abridgment. Ab-stract', to draw or se- parate from ; to abridge. Ac'-cent, a peculiar tone in speaking or pronoun- cing ; stress or force given to a particular syl- lable in a word ; a mark by which the accent is denoted. Ac-cent', to mark the ac- cent ; to give or express the accent. Af-fix, a post-fix or termi- nating particle. Af-fix', to join or unite to. At'-tribute, a quality. At-trib'-ute, to assign to. Aug'-ment, an increase. Aug-ment', to increase. Au'-gust, the eighth month Au-gust', great, majestic. Buf-fet, a box or blow with the fist ; to strike. Buf-fet',a shelf; a side-table Com'-pact, an agreement. Com-pact', firm, solid. ColMect, a short prayer. Col-lect', to bring together. Com'-ment, an exposition. Com-ment' (upon), to ex- pound. Com'-merce, large trading transactions. Com-merce', to hold inter- course with ; to traffic. • Com'-pound, a mixture ; an enclosure. Oom-pound', to mix ; to come to terms of agree- ment. Con'-cert, a musical enter- tainment ; agreement or design. Con-cert', to contrive, to plan. Oon'-cord, harmony. Con-cord', to agree with, Con'-duct, behaviour. Con-duct',to lead, manage. Con'-fine, a boundary. Con-fine', to limit ; to im- prison. Con'-flict, a struggle, a con- test. Con-flict', to oppose. Con' -jure (frwn'-jMr), to practise the arts of a con- jurer. Con-jure', to call upon with adjuration ; to entreat in the most earnest man- ner. Con'-sort, wife or husband ; a companion. Con-sort', to associate with. / 64 PART III. non'-test,a dispute,a strug- gle. Con- test', to dispute, to contend. Con'-tract, a binding agree- ment. Con-tract', todraw together Con'-trast, opposition of figures. Con-trast', to place in op- position. Con'-verse, conversation ; the opposite or contrary. Con-verse', to discourse fa- miliarly with. [cd. Con'-vert,a person convert- Con-vert',to change or turn Con'-vict, a person convict- ed. Con-vict', to prove guilty. C on'-voy , an escort or guard Con-voy', to escort, to ac- company as a guard. Coun'-ter-raand, an order to the contrary. Coun-ter-mand', to revoke a former order. Courtesy (Arwr'-Ze-se), court- ly or elegant manners ; civility; anact of civility. Courtsey (Jiurt'-se)^ an act of respect or reverence made by females. Des'-cant, a yong ; a dis- course. De-scant', to harangue. Desert (dez'-ert)^ a wilder- ness ; a deserted place. Desert(^e-s^r/'),that whicli one deserves i degree of merit. [ed. Di'-gest, materials arrang- Di-gest', to arrange ; to dissolve. Dis'-connt, abatement for ready money. Dis-count', to make an abatement for ready money. En'-trance, the act or the place of entering. En-trance', to put into a trance or ecstasy. Es'-cort, an armed guard. Es-cort', to accompany as a guard. Es'-say, an attempt ; a trea- tise. Es-say', to attempt, to try. Excuse (ex'kucc')j an apo^ logy. [an excuse. Ex-cuse' (ex-kuze'), to give Ex'-ile, a person banished ; banishment. /I Ex-ile', to banish. Ex'-port, a commodity ex- ported. Ex-port', to carry or ship goods out of the country. Ex'-tract, something ex- tracted, [from. Ex-tract', to draw out or Gal'-lant, brave (applied to military men). / Gal-lant', particularly atr tentive to ladies. Fer'-ment, a boiling, a tu- mult. Fer-ment', to cause or pro- duce fermentation. Fre'-quent,ofteu occurring. Fre-quent', to visit often. Im'-port, any commodity imported; meaning ; con- sequence ; tendency. Im-port', to bring from abroad ; to mean or sig- nify. . w ,. .' . .^, a>. BQUIVOOAL OR UOMOPHONOUB WORDS. 65 at-. tu- pro- from sig- In'-cense, perfume or fra- grance exhaled by fire. In-cense'y to inflame, to en- rage. In'-crease| augmentation. In-crease', to malse more or greater. In'-lay, something inlaid or inserted. In-la/, to lay or put in. ' In'-sult, an affront. In-sult', to treat with inso- lence. In'-ter-change, a mutual exchange ; commerce. In-ter-change',to exchange with. In'-ter-dict, a prohibition. In-ter-dict', to prohibit. In'-ti-mate, inmost ; fami- liar. In-ti-mate', to hint, proper- ly to convey by a hint our intimate or inmost thoughts or opinions. Invalid (in'-va^lid)^ one weak or disabled by sick- ness, wounds, or old age. Invalid (in-val''id)f weak ; of no force or weight. Hin'-ute, the 60th part of an hour; a small po^rtion of time. Mi-nute', small,diminished, |iis-;Oon'<>duct, bad beha- viour, [badly. Mis-con-duct', to behave Notable (no'tarbl)^ worthy of note, memorable. Notable (nofa-bl)j skilled in the science of house- Ifeeping Ob'-ject, something seen; an end or purpose. Ob-ject', to make an objec- tion to ; to oppose by argument. O'-ver-charge, too great a charge. 0-ver-charge', to charge too much ; to crowd. O'-ver-throw, defeat, dis- comfiture, destruction. O-ver-throw, to defeat, to discomfit, to destroy. Per'-mit, a written autho- rity from an excise officer for removing goods. Per-mit', to authorize, to allow. Polish, pertaining to Po- land. Polish, to smoothe, to brighten, to refine. Precedent (jpres^e-dent), a previous rule or example. Pre-ce'-dent, preceding or going before ; former. ' Pre'-fix, a particle or pre- position prefixed to a word. Pre-fix', to put before. Prel'-ude, something intro- ductory, as to a concert. Pre-lude , to serve as an introduction; to begin with. Pres'-age, a prognostic or sign. Pre-8age',to foretel or fore- bode. Pres'-ent, something pre- sented, a gift or offering. Pre-sent , to give formally . it PART III. Prod'-uce, that which H produced : the product or amount. Pro-duce', to bring forth. Proy-ect,adesign,ascheme, a contrivance. Pro-ject', to form in the mind ; to jut out. ProV-eBt, a solemn or legal declaration. Pro-test', to declare so- lemnly or legally. Provost (j)ro'-vu8t)j the head of a corporation, kc. Provost (pro-vo'), the exe- cutioner of an army. ReV-el, one who rebels. He-beV, to oppose lawful authority ; to rise in re- bellion. Rec'-ord, a register, a me- morial. Re-cord', to register. Ref-'use, what is refused as useless ; worthless re- mains. Re-fuse', to reject. Rep'-ri-mand, a censure. Rep-ri-mand'i to censure, to chide. Sub'-ject, placed under ; liable to ; one under the dominion of another ; the question or matter under consideration. Sub-ject', to place under, to reduce to submission. Su'-pine, a kind of verbal noun in .the Latin. Su-pine', lying with tbp face upwards ; indolent. Sur'-vey, a view taken. Sur-vcy', to take a view,,^ Tor'-ment, torture; vexia- tion. Tor-ment', to put to pain ; to torture or to vex. Trans' -fer, the act of transt ferring ; delivery ; re- moval. Trans-fer', to assign or make over to another ; to remove. Trans'-port, rapture; a ves- sel for conveyingsoldierB over the sea. Trans-port', to convey from one place to another ; to enrapture. '^ Un'-dress, a dishabille. ' Uu-dress', to divest of clothes. ^^ IQUIVOOAL OR HOMOPRONOUS. WORDS. M BXBR0ISE3 ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS.— No. I. It was on the twelfth, and not on the eighthj of Aur gust, that our august monarch died. Though I acknowledge it to be nothing more thaa my desert, yet I beseech you not to desert me in thii desert. The incense of flattery must offend and incense tbt wise and good. As you are his intimate friend, I shall vt nture to intlf jmate to you a circumstance of which it will be advf a- tageous to him to be apprized. The objections to the admission of the invalid into the hospital, were shown to be invalid and frivolous. • A minute is a very minute portion of time. The provost of the corporation was cruelly consigned to the provost of the army. Can you wonder that he should refuse to acce^^t tiie mere refuse 7 or Wards ipelled exactly alike ^ but differing in pron^n' ciation and meaning. of A' Abuse (a-buee^j ill use. Abuse (a-'buze'), to injure by use ; to reproach. Bow (60), for shooting ar- rows. Bow (bou)f an act of cour- tesy or reverence. Char (t8har)j to turn wood to charcoal. Char (t8hare)f to do turns or jobs of work as a char- woman. Cruise (Artice), a small cup. Cruise (kruze)j a predatory Toyage ; a rambling ex- cursion. Diffuse (dif-fu'ce)j scatter^ ed ; not r.u. oise. Diffuse (dij-j uzef\ to scat- ter, to spread abroad. Does {doze)^ the plural of Does {'iuz)j doth. [doe. Grease (gre€c«),melted fat. Grease (greezejj to smear or anoint with grease. Gout (rhymes with bout)^ a disease ; a drop. Gout (goo), taste, desire. Gill(usually Gills, g hard)^ the lungs of a fish. Gill (g soft), the fourth part of a pint, PART III. U %;{ 'Mi 0^ /. i. Lead (leed^j to conduct, to guide. [metal. Lead(ierf), did lead; a heavy Live (liv)j to exist in life. Live (Wre), living : (put for alive.) Lower (/o'-«r),to bring low. Lower (lou'-er), to appear dark and gloomy. House, an abode or resi- dence. ' House (houze)j to put into a house. Mouse, a small animal. Mouse(mouze),tocatchmice Mow (mo), to cut with the scythe. Mow (mou)f a heap of hay or corn when housed. Read (reed)^ to peruse, to read. Read (red), perused, did read. Row (ro)j a rank or line • to propel with oars Row (rou), a riotous noise, a brawl or scuffle. Slough (rhymes with cow^^ a deep miry place. Slough(sZujf), the cast skin of a snake. Sow (sow), a female pig. Sow (so), to scatter seed for growth ; to disseminate. Tea.r(tare), a rent ; to rend. Tear (teer), water from the eye. Use (uce)f act of using j utility. .-.-... Use (wze), to make use of. Wind, air in motion. Wind, to turn round,totwist Wound (woond)y a hurt given by violence. Wound (wow7id)j participle of the verb To Wind. .'i EXERCISES ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS.— No. II. I was once as straight as an arrow, though now obliged, by age and infirmity, to bow like a bow. The chairman said that his wife was a charwomanj and that she sold charcoal. Though he suffers the most excruciating pain from the gout, yet he continues to indulge his gout for con- vivi:ility. We hoped, but our hope was in vain, that the vein of lead would lead to silver. ^ Lower the sails, as the sky begins to lower. I heard that there was a great row in Paternosteiv Row yesterday. At the edge of the slough we observed the slough of a serpent. She bursts into tears, wrings her hands, tears her haifi and shows every sign of woe. He woun4 his handkerchief about the wound. EXERCISES ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS. '■VA4-. A.#A*- .■> 69 Many nouns are converted into rerbs by changing the sound of the last consonant. Thus, from the fol- lowing nouns, verbs are formed by changing the hiss* ing or sharp sound of s into the soft or vocal sound of 5; — Nouns, Abuse Close Excuse Grass Glass Brass Price Verbs. Abuse Close Excuse Graze Glaze Braze Prize Nouns. Mouse Use Grease House Advice Device Practice Verbs, •'■ Mouse r' Use . 53" Grease *", House , ,y' Advise ^^. Devise ■- Practise Prophecy Prophesy^ •.>a:;A fji .1', ".' „ T U'^'j:s PES'' ■ In the following, the sharp /in the noun is changed into the flat v in the verb :— Nouns. Behoof Proof Reproof Belief Verbs, Behoove Prove Reprove Believe ,: »j.,;j 1> Nouns, Grief Thief Life Wife Verbs, Grieve Thieve Live Wive a a In the following the aspirate or hard sound of th in the noun is changed into the vocal or soft sound in the verb : — ■■ ■' " • • ■ .. 7 Nouns. Verbs, Nouns. Verbs. Bath Breath Cloth Bathe Breathe Clothe Mouth Sheath Wreath Mouth i . Sheathe Wreath© ? .'» ,fl., .'... ':t.' ;V Vi i I' 70 PART III. ,n-^'. THE LETTER H. • Words in wMchj as well as in their compourdSf H is silent, H is always to be sounded at the bep^inning of words, except in the following, and Id all the words that are produced from them :— : .. : - vt « -iii Spelled. Heir, heiress. Honest, honesty. Honor, honorable. Herb, herbage. Hospital. Hostler. Hour. Humor, humorous. Pronounced, Eir, eiress. Onest, onesty. Onor, onorable. Erb, erbage. Ospital. Ostler. Our. Timor, umorous. '..*" Before the above words and their compounds, instead of a, we make use of an ; likewise before words begin- ning with H that are accented on the second syllable j such as habit'ual, hero'ic, histor'ical, heptag'onal, hydraul'ic, hypo' thesis, harmo'nious, &c. EXERCISES ON THE ASPIRATE.— No. 1. Words spelled and pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair has H initial, and is aspirated. Ail, to be sick. hail, frozen rain. Air, the atmosphere. hair, the covering of the Aft, behind. [head. haft, a handle. Ale, fermented liquor. hale, strong, healthy. All, every one. hall, a court of justice. Al'ter, to change. hal'ter, a rope. Am, I am. ham, the leg of a hog cured. And, also. [arm. hand, the fore part of the Anker, a liquid measure, hanker, to long after. Ar'bor, a bower of trees, har'bor, a shelter for ships. Ark, a chest. , ,; .; hark 1 listen ! Arm, a limb, a branch, harm, hurt, mischief. Ar'row, a pointed weapon. har'row, a farming imple- Art, skill, a trade, [ment. hart, a he-deer. As, like. , • has, possesses. Ash, a timber-tree, hash, minced meat. -.1 i BXESCISBS ON THX ASPIRATE. 11 Asp, a serpent. r / hasd, a fastening. At, in, near, to, &c. hat, a cover for the head. Ate, did eat. bate, to dislike. Aunt, a parent's sister, haunt, to frequent. Ear, the organ of hearing, hear, to hearken. ^ Eat, to consume, heat, warmth. Eaves, the edges of the roof, heaves, throws. [blade. Edge, the cutting part of a hedge, a fence of buslies. Eel, a serpentine fish, heel, the back part of the Elm, a timber-tree. [foot, helm, a rudder. Err'ing, wandering, her'ring, a sea-fish. Ew'er, a water-jug. ■ \iiisM hew'er, one who cuts dovrn. Ides, a Roman term of time. hides, the skins of animals. Ill, bad, unwell. ' hill, a mount. Ire, rage, anger, hire, wages, salary. Is, it is. his, belonging to him. It, that thing, hit, to strike. Oar, a pole to row with, hoar, white. 7 Old, aged, ancient. . hold, to keep, to possess. O'rai, delivered by mouth, ho'ral, relating to the hour. O'sier, a sort of willow, ho'sier, a seller of hose, &c. Ot'ter, an amphibious ani* hot'ter, warmer. [mal. Owl, a bird that flies by howl, tocry as adog.[night. EXERCISES ON THE ASPIRATE.— No. 2. Al'oe, a plant. hal'low, to consecrate. Ar'dor, warmth of affection. har'der, firmer. Ar'ras, tapestry. har'ass, to vex, to plague. Art'less, without art. heart'less, insincere. Awe, reverence. haw, fruit of the hawthorn. Awl, a sharp-pointed tool. haul, to pull. Axe, a chopping-tool. hacks, chops. [son. Cow'ard, a basely timid per- cow'herd, one who tends Earl, a nobleman, [cows. hurl, to throw violently. Ed'dy, a whirlpool, head'y, rash, heedless. Eight, a number, hate, to dislike. .^ . Ere, before, hare, a timid animal. ,^ Err, to mistake. J her, she. [language. Erse, the Irish or Highland hearse, a funeral carriage. Eye, the organ of sight. -" high, tall, lofty. Islands, lands in the sea. Highlands, partof Scotland. Oaks, timber-trees, hoax, a deception. ^_ Owe, to be indebted. ^^ hoe, a gardening-tool. j ^2 PART III. Owes, is indebted, hose, stockings. Own, to acknowledge, hone, a whetstone. ■Wale8,part of Great Britain, whales, large sea-animals. Ware, merchandise, where, in what place. "Way, a road, [curdled milk, whey, the thin part of Weath'er, state of the air. wheth'er, which of the two. Wen, a fleshy excrescenct. when, at what time. Wet, moist, whet, to sharpen. Wile, a trick, while, as long as. Wine, a fermented liquor, whine, to moan. j ■, Wit, sense, imagination, whit, a bit. ? -, j ;>, t v" > With'er, to fade. , .r whith'er, to what place« ,, ,{-T The following beautiful Enigma, attributed to Lord Byron, will form an appropriate and interesting appen* dix to these Exercises on the Aspirate : — ^i 'Twas whisper'd in Heav'n, 'twas muttered in Hell, V /^ And echo caught faintly the sound as it fell. /. On the confines of earth 'twas permitted to rest, And the depths of the ocean its presence confest. ' ^^ 'Twill be found in the sphere when 'tis riven asunder ; Be seen in the lightning, and heard in the thundec. 'Twas allotted to man with his earliest breath. Attends at his birth, and awaits him in death; Presides o'er his happiness, honor, and health ; ' . ' Is the prop of his house, and the end of his wealth. In the heaps of the miser 'tis hoarded with care, But is sure to be lost by his prodigal heir. It begins every hope, every wish it must bound ; With the husbandman toiis,and with monarch is cxown'd. Without it the soldier, the seaman, may roam ; , , But woe to the wretch who expels it from home ! In the whispers of conscience its voice will be found, Nor e'en in the whirlpool of passion be drown'd. 'Twill not soften the heart. Though deaf to the ear, ^i 'Twill make it acutely and instantly hear. But in shade let it rest, like a delicate flower : breathe on it softly ! — it dies in an hoikr. (' . 'i .■■■ - . \. ,- »; _ »-.., -i^k t.\ ^ : I ■1 1>.1.. .' •* . . * ^i;i^ /i\: y.'. mis ., -, './ ■ ^0 ■-' ■- «,- • '• > «•'■ J» ■TS" PAET IV. UNIVOCAL OK SYNONYMOUS WORDS. There are many examples in all languages of words which, by careless writers and speakers, are employed as perfectly synonymous ; but on a critical examination, it will be found that no two words are perfectly synony- mous in all their relations. Their significations may be very similar, but they are rarely identical. The more we analyse the constituents and modifications of such apparently synonymous words, the more precisely and intelligibly shall we be able to communicate our ideas to others, and the more easily shall we be able to de- tect and to expose those ambiguous and equivocal terms which usually confuse our discourse; and result in mis- apprehension. I.. The following Examples, from Blair's Lectures, will furnish excellent models for Exercises on the various groups of Synonymous Terms given in the succeeding lists. Each group may serve as the subject of a theme or short essay for the exercise of senior pupils in Composition. ;i^, r ;. t, y ; ^ . •: ? , AUSTERITY, SEVERITY, RIGOR. t. ..1. Austerity relates to the manner of living ; severity, of thinking ; rigor, of punishing. To austerity is opposed effeminacy ; to severity, relaxation ; to rigor, clemency. A hermit is austere in his life ; a casuist^ severe in his application of religion or law ; a judge, rigorous in his sentence. CUSTOM, HABIT. Custom respects the action ; habit, the actor. By custom we mean the frequent repetition of the same act ; by habit, the effect which that repetition produces on the mind or body. By the custom of walking often in the street, one acquires a habit of idleness. u. PART IV. f^ SURPRISED, ASTONISHED, AMAZED, CON- \ S FOUNDED. I am surprised with what is new or unexpected ; I am astonished with what is vast or great ; I am amazed with what is incomprehensible ; I am confounded by what is shocking or terrible. -> DESIST, RENOUNCE, QUIT, LEAVE OFF. - ,> Each of these words implies some pursuit or object re- ■ linquished, but from different motives. We desist, from the difficulty of accomplishing ; we renounce, on ac- count of the disagreeableness of the object or pursuit ; we quit, for the sake of some other thing which interests us more ; and we leave off, because v/e are weary of the design. A politician desists from his designs, when- he finds they are impracticable ; he renounces the court, because he has been affronted by it; he quits ambition, for study in retirement ; and leaves off his • attendance on the great, as he becomes old and weary of it. '••.•'■ ' - • .. ■• :-'' ■•■ - •-'"■-■>-M ; ' - PRIDE, VANITY. ' ^ ' ^ : I- Pride makes us esteem ourselves ; vanity makes us desire the esteem of others. It is just to say, as Dean Swift has done, that a man may be too proud to be vain. HAUGHTINESS, DISDAIN. /i,|J Haughtiness is founded upon the high opinion we entertain of ourselves ; disdain, on the low opinion we have of others. ,- TO DISTINGUISH, TO SEPARATE. ../^C'l We distinguish what we want not to confound with another thing ; we separate what we want to remove from it. Objects are distinguished from one another by their qualities ; they are separated, by the distance of time or of place. TO WEARY, TO FATIGUE. The continuance of the same thing wearies us; la- bor fatigues us. I am weary with standing ; 1 am ' fatigued with walking. A suitor wearies us by his- perseverance, fatigues us by bis importunity. VmVOOAL OR BTROtlTMOVa WORnS. 7^': la- am his TO ABHOR, TO DETEST. To abhor, imports simply strong dislike ; to detest, imports also strong disapprobation One abhors being in debt ; he detests treachery. TO INVENT, TO DISCOVER. . •-■? We invent things that are new ; we discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the telescope ; Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. ... ONL^^ ALONE. .nip Only, imports that there is no other of the same kind ; alone, imports being accompanied by no other. An only child, is one who has neither brother nor sister ; a child alone, is one who is left by itself. There is a difference, therefore, in precise language, betwixt these two phrases : " Virtue only makes us happy," and *' Virtue alone makes us happy." " Virtue only makes us happy," imports that nothing else can do it. *' Virtue alone makes us happy," imports that virtue, by itself, or unaccompanied with other advantages, is sulS&cient to do it. , V ENTIRE, COMPLETE. . v - ., A thing is entire by wanting none of its parts ; com- plete, by wanting none of the appendages that belong to it. A man may have an entire house to himself; and yet not have one complete apartment. TRANQUILLITY, PEACE, CALM. i^k Tranquillity respects a situation free from trouble, considered in itself ; peace, the same situation with respect to any causes that might interrupt it ; calm, with regard to a disturbed situation going before, or following it. A good man enjoys tranquillity in him- 8)elf, peace with others, and a calm after a storm. A DIFFICULTY, AN OBSTACLE. ^ A difficulty embarrasses ; an obstacle stops us. We remove the one ; we surmount the other. Generally, the first expresses something arising from the nature and circumstances of the affair ; the second, something tuning from a foreign cause. Philip found difficulty in .V .^ 70 PART IV. hf •?'' managing the Athenians, from the nature of their dis- positions ; but the eloquence of Demosthenes was the greatest obstacle to his designs. fj/ WISDOM, PRUDENCE. Wisdom leads us to speak and to act what is most proper ; prudence prevents our speaking and acting im- properly. A wise man employs the most proper means for success ; a prudent man employs the safest mean*^ for not being brought into danger. j> >^ ■':',» - , ENOUGH, SUFFICIENT. ' ' ^ Enough relates to the quantity which one wishes to hare of anything ; sufficient relates to the use that is to be made of it. Hence, enough generally imports a greater quantity than sufficient does. The cove.tous man never has enough, although he may have more than is sufficient for nature. - ,, ; vTO AVOW, TO ACKNOWLEDGE, TO CONFESS. ! ' Each of these words imports the affirmation of a fact, but in very different circumstances. To avow supposes the person to glory in it ; to acknowledge, supposes some small degrees of faultiness, which the acknow- ledgment compensates ; to confess, supposes a higher degree of crime. A patriot avows his opposition to a bad minister, and is applauded ; a gentleman acknow- ledges his mistake, and is forgiven ; a prisoner confes- ses the crime he is accused of, and is punished. iii TO REMARK, TO OBSERVE. We remark, in the way of attention, in order to re- member ; we observe, in the way of examination, in order to judge. A traveller remarks the most striking objects he sees ; a general observes all the motions of his enemy. EQUIVOCAL, AMBIGUOUS. - -: An equivocal expression is one which has one sense open, and designed to be understood ; another sense concealed, and understood only by the person who uses it. An ambiguous expression is one which has appa- rently two senses, and leaves us at a loss which of them i!3c-iqmiyj £)!}mu}i,?.A. lUl l«..»i->9»2' UNIVOOAL OR STNONTMOUS WORDS. 11 ;o re- to give it. An equivocal expression is used with an intention to deceive ; an ambiguous one, wlien it is used witti design, is witli an intention not to give full information. An honest man will never employ an equivocal expression ; a confused man may often utter ambiguous ones, without any evil design. WITH, BY. , . .; Both these particles express the connexion between some instrument, or means of effecting an end, and the agent who employs it ; but with expresses a more close and immediate connexion; by, a more remote one. We Itill a man with a sword ; he dies by violence. The criminal is bound with cords by the executioner. The proper distinction in the use of those particles, is ele- gantly marked in a passage of Dr. Robertson's History of Scotland. When one of the old Scottish kings was making an inquiry into the tenure by which his nobles held their lands, they started up and drew their swords. " By these," said they, " we acquired our lands ; and with these we will defend them." " By these we acquired our lands," signifies the more remote means of acquisi- tion, by force and martial deed ; and, " With these wo will defend them," signifies the immediate, direct in- strument, the sword, which they would employ in their defence. In the following Exercises every word (where practi- cable), should be subjected to an etymological analysis ; for in general it will be found that the etymology of a word leads to its true meaning, and consequently to its proper application. TABLE OP SYNONYMS. 'J ^ ^Ixo Abdicate Abettor Abhor , Resign Accessary Abominate Relinquish Accomplice Detest Abandon Desert Forsake •■* o ^'•^sH Ability Absorb Abusive Accommodate Capacity Swallow up Reproachful Adjust Talent Engross Scurrilous Suit Abjure Abstain Accede Accomplish Renounce Forbear Comply Fulfil Recant Refrain Acquiesce Completo B I il ^ PART IV. ilbridgfe Abstemious Accelerate Curtail Temperate Quicken Shorten Sober Hasten Abridgment Absurd Compendium Pi cposterous Epitome Irrational Absolute Abuse Arbitrary Reproach Despotic Revile Account Actual Reckoning Real Bill Positive Account Sake Keason Actuate Induce Impel Accident Chance Casualty Accidental Casual Fortuitous Adjourn Prorogue Postpone Admit Allow Grant Acoompliihfld ' Finished Complete Accost Salute Address Account Narrative Description ^ Air Mien Look Alleviate ; Mitigate J Relieve -^ Accountable Acute Responsible Sharp Answeruble Keen Admission Allot -1 Admittance Apportion Access Assign Acc'imulate Adage Adorn Heap up Proverb Decorate Amass Aphorism Beautify Accurate Add Exact Join Precise Unite Adroit Dexterous Clever Alter ;it Change t^afe Vary T*i Ambassador Envoy Pleuipoteutiaiy Achieve Address Advantageous Ample Accomplisib Direction Beneficial Plentiful Perform Superscription Profitable Abundant Achievement Exploit Feat Acid Sour Tart Acquire Obtain Gain Acrimony Bitterness Harshness Address Adversary Ancient Adroitness Opponent Antiquated Dexterity Antagonist Antique Adduce Affinity Animate Bring forward Consanguinity Enliven Advance Relationship Inspire '^i -.A Adequate Affirm Commensurate Assert Sufficient Aver Adhere Stick Cleave to Affix Attach Annex Annals ■f' Chronicles Records Announce Proclaun Declare UN I VOCAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS. a t re tion te B [,ion ■ ' "■' it e i: f*_ sador '. «ntiary ^ 111 t mt St * i. ated ;e sles 3 ice m Adherent Agreement Follower Contract Partisan Covenant Adjacent Aim Adjoining View Contiguous Design Association Behaviour Society Conduct Company Demeanor Apathy Assurance Behead Insensibility Confidence Guillotine Indifference Effrontery Decapitate Act Action Deed Active Quick Nimble Apparition Spectre Phantom Appear Look Seem Apprehend Seize Catch Apprehend Fear Dread Apprehend Conceive Imagine Artifice Trick Stratagem Artificer Artisan Mechanic Ascribe Attribute Impute Assail Assault Attack Assemble Muster Collect Augmentation Behold Increase View Addition Observe Avarice Covetousness Cupidity Baffle Balk Frustrate Banish Exile Expatriate Barbarian Savage Uncivilized Barren Sterile Unfruitful Binding Obligatory Compulsory Blamablc Culpable Reprehensible Defy Blood-letting Brittle Phlebotomy Frangible Venesection Fragile Answer Reply Response Anxiety Perplexity Solicitude Boundaries ijimits Confines Bounty Generosity Liberality Brace Couple Pair Brave Courageous Valiant Brave Dare Blend Mix Mingle Blot out Obliterate Erase Basis Bodily Foundation Corporeal Groundwork Corporal Bear Carry Convey Bear Endure Bog Fen Marsh Border Margin Verge Building Structure Edifice Bud Germinate Sprout Bulk Size Magnitude Burdensome Weighty Onerous Bury Inter Entomb -, m PART IV. ■ ' ^ Associate Companion Partner Beautiful Pretty Handsome Boundless Unlimited Infinite Cabal T Clique Junto Calling Vocation Profession Choleric Passionate Irascible Competent Qualified Fitted Gontemptible Despicable Paltry Carnage Massacre Slaughter Civility Politeness Urbanity Complexity Complication Intricacy Gontomptuous Disdainful Scornful Carriage Bearing Deportment Clear Lucid Perspicuous Compound Mixture Medley Gonversation Colloquy Conference^ J Cast down Dejected Depressed Cloak Palliate Screen „,.. , Conceit Fancy Imagination Convivial *; Jovial Social ^^^.^ Celebrated Famous Renowned Close . , Shut Conf^lude Conciliate Propitiate Reconcile Contrivance Device Scheme . Changeable Mutable . Variable^ Clothes Garments Dress Conclusion Inference Deduction Convention Congress Convocf^tipn ^ Cheat Defraud Trick Colleague Partner Associate Conclusive Decisive Convincing Check Curb Control Colours Ensign Concord Harmony Unity Crafty , . .r Cunning . Chide ... Rebuke Reprimand Gommodious Convenient Suitable Confute Refute Disprove Cross _. ,^ Perverse \ Froward ^!: Cherish Nourish Foster Common Ordinary Vulgar Console Solace Comfort Gross ,« Thwart ""1-^ Obstruct "; • Childish Boyisl^ Puerile Communicate Impart Pisclose Constant Continual Perpetual Curious ... InquiaitiTe ■ ' Prying Choke Suifocate Smother Compensatiou C on templato Curse Recompense Meditate Imprecation Remuneration Ponder Anathepi^a CNIVOOAL OR STirONTlIOVS W0B08. 8\ wtnferous Perilous Hasardonii Design Purpose latent Effort Exertion Endeavour Emnlatioii Rivalry OompetitioB Dead Lifeless Inanimate Design Plan Project Elderly Old Aged E«8«y Dissertaifloit Treatise Decay Decline CionaumptiMi Discernment Emblem Discrimination Symbol Penetration Type Essay Try Attempt Deceive Delude Impose upon Disembodied Empty Incorporeal Vacant L Spiritual Void Esteem -'^ Value Priae »**'l'»^ Decency Decorum Propriety Disengage Disentangle Extricate Encomium Eulogy Panegyric Estimate ' Compute Rate '•'! '^ ' Decided Determined Resolute Distinguished Gonsplcuout lUnstrious End Excess 1 Termination Superfluity Extremity Redundancy Decree Edict Vroclamition Divide Separate Part End Finish Terminate Excessive Immoderate Intemperate Deface Disfigure Deform Earthly Worldly Terrestrial Endurance Sufferance Toleration Exigency Emergency Necessity Defect Imperfection Blemish Ecstasy Rapture Transport Enlarge Increase Extend Extraneous Extrinsic Foreign^ *"^ Delegate Education Deputy Instruction Eepresentative Tuition Enlighten Illuminate Illumine Face Countenance Visage Disown Disavow Disclaim Effect Result Consequence Enmity Animosity Hostility Faithless Perfidious Treacherous Derive Deduce Trace Effectual Effective Efficacious Enthusiast Visionary Fanatic Fame Renown Reputation Fame Report Rumor Pit out Equip Prepare Frolic Freak Gambol w Harsh Rigorous Severe 82 PART IV. n.:>€<-(j^ I ' Fancifttl Flattery Fulness Imaginatire Adulation Repletion Ideal Sycophancy Satiety Farewell Good-bye Adieu Fearful Timid Timorous Flexible Pliable Supple Flock Herd Drove Fearful Form Formidable Figure Terrible Shape Feign Forbid Pretend Prohibit Dissemble Interdict Gentile Hoathen Pagan Gift Donation Present Grave Serious Solemn Grave Sepulchre Tomb Fervor Ardor Zeal Fiction Fabrication Falsehood Final Conclusive Decisive Find out Detect Discover Firm Solid Stable Fit Apt Meet Force Vigor Energy Forefather? Ancestors Progenitors Forerunner Precursor Harbinger Foretel Predict Prognosticate Found Establish Institute Frank Candid Ingenuous Idea Lean Notion Meagre Conception Thin Imminent Lean Impending Incline Threatening Bend ■-%■■ Haste Hurry Precipitancy Hasten Speed Accelerate Hazard Risk :-., Venture Head ' ■-■ Chief Prinicipal - ' Healthy Salubrious Wholesome Greatness Heavy Grandeur Ponderous Magnificence Weighty Guess Conjecture Surmise Guide Lead Conduct Happiness Felicity Bliss ■• Hardened Obdurate Unfeeling Harass Distress Perplex Necessary Requisite Essential Negligent Careless Heedless ■ :> Hide Conceal Secrete Hint Intimation Suggestion Hire Salary Wages Hopeless Desperate Forlorn Huge Vast ' ' "'.' Enormous Overturn OverthroY/ /^ Subject Outside Surfacr '^': Superficies UNITOOAL OR BTNONTHOUS WOBDB. 8? •'j-M' r. acy •^■•■,-»;A, & ..■■*'' '■' la >n an ■ :? T/ Importance Learning Consequence Erudition Moment Literature Inconsistent Leave Incongruous Liberty Incoherent Permission Inborn Innate Inherent Liveliness Animation Vivacity Ineffectual Madness Fruitless Insanity Vain Frenzy Infringement Martial Infraction Warlike Violation Military Interpose Mistake Interfere Error Intermeddle Blunder Justice Equity Right Kingly Regal Royal Kind Sort Species Last Final Ultimate Perceive Discern Distinguish New ^.,,-].- Fresh ,:., ; Recent ; -^; ■. Outward Exterior External News Tidings Intelligence Pace ^^// Step Degree ...A Notorious Painting Noted Picture . Well-known Portrait ...... i: Mishap Mischance Casualty Modest Bashful Diffident Mutual Reciprocal Alternate Name Appellation Title Preliminary Preparatory Introductory Odd Singular Strange OflFer Propose Tender OflFering Oblation Gift Omen Prognostic Presage Origin Beginning Source ..i Pale Pallid .u. Wan .,i« Part .-, Portion ^',; Share ,; ^ Partake Participate Share Pellucid Transparent Clear Penetrate Pierce Perforate J \ ■ ■ t.: Overbalance Penetration Outweigh Acuteness Preponderate Sagacity Overbearing People Domineering Populace Imperious Mob ., Pity Primary Compassion Primitive Sympathy Original Polite Polished Refined Privacy Retirement Seclusion Rapacious Ravenous Voracious Rapine Plunder Pillage Rashness Temerity Restitution Reparation Amends Retribution Recompense Requital Revile .^ Vilify Precipitancy Upbraid m- 'fffO'v/ ■Til- PART IV. "1 "J f:'*^C'^''*y^l I I ,■ I ! ! 't i l!' ' ! Position Postare Attitude Production Produce Product Progress Proficiency Improvement Prorogue Adjourn Postpone Put in order Refuse Possessor Owner Proprietor Powerful Potent Mighty Praise Commend Eulogize Praiseworthy Commendable Foresight Laudable Wisdom Pressing Quack Urgent Mountebank Importunate Charlatan Presumptive Querulous Presumptuous Peevish Presuming Fretful Ratify Confirm Sanction Retire Retreat Recede Reckon Count Compute ?/, Arrange Dispose Prudence I Pretence Pretext Excuse Predominant Ruling Prevailing Sedulous Diligent Assiduous Separate Sever Disjoin Servant Domestic Menial fiervitude Slavery Bondage Question Query Interrogation Race Lineage Pedigree Skin Rind Peel Slow Dilatory Tardy Smell Scent Odour Smooth Level Plain "-- Reject Decline Relation Relative Kinsman Repeat Recite Rehearse Reproach Riches " Wealth ; Opulence Riot Uproar Tumult Robust Stout Strong • Root out Eradicate Extirpate Rot ^^" Putrefy Corrupt Round ;. Globular Spherical Sanguinary ,[•;♦. .uv- Contumely Bloody Obloquy Rest Remainder Residue Rest Cessation Cruel Scatter Disperse Dissipate Secular Temporal ^Ay. ,'>"• Intermission Worldly State Term Realm Limit Commonwealth Boundary Thick Straight Right Direct Stranger Foreigner Alien Strengthen Fortify Invigorate Dense Compact Thin Slender Slight Thoughtful Considerate Deliberate CNIVOCAL OR STNOKYMOUS WORDS. m ■y.A •■w'-- f te Shake Agitate Toss '!;?>.,! Solitary Lonely Desolate Shift Solitary Subterfuge Sole Evasioa Single Show Display Exhibit Special Specific Particular Show Speech Ostentation Oration Parade Harangue Signification Speech Meaning Language Import Tongue Surround Encompass Environ Sustain Support Maintain Take Receive Accept Talkativeness Loquacity Garrulity Tax Impost Rate Simile Similitude Comparison Simpleton Natural Idiot Sketch Outline Delineation Spurious Tease Supposititious Annoy Counterfeit Vex Stagger Reel Totter Stain Sully Tarnish Tumultuous Utter Tumultuary Articulate Turbulent Pronounce ii Turgid Tumid Bombastic Unbelief Incredulity Infidelity Undervalue Disparage Depreciate Understanding Intellect Mind Valuable Precious Costly Value Worth Price Vicinity Suburbs Environs Violent Vehement Impetuous Transient Transitory Fleeting Tendency Drift Aim Way Road Route Way Method Manner Wayward Froward Perverse Weaken Enfeeble Debilitate Wearisome Tiresome Irksome Thrift ol Frugality yK Economy Timely Seasonable ^. Opportune » C Trade Commeroe Traffic Transfigure Transform * MetamorphosA Trembling "> Tremor Trepidatioa Trial : * . ' Experiment Test V. ,.. Trivial v v, ^ Trifling Frivolous ,1 Trouble .7 Di;-turb / • ■ •■ ', Molest _h:i, • :; Wise :>;>-; P"udent • H Di!?creet - Womanish i Effeminate Feminine Wonder AdmiratiojJ = Surprise , , Wonder - -^ Miracle . rio ' Marvel i>i;j :/ Work Labor . — ; Toil " ,.^ (■1 ili -f] r^- .■■■■ ..ri-J^.^Mr-^-' 86 '^^^^ •'■ - PART IV. '■ -^'^^ ^r:fW:*-<: . Unfold Unravel Develop Vote Suffrage Voice , We£.rinesg Lassitude Fatigue World Earth Globe Unimportant Insigiiiflcant Inconsiderable Wakeful Watchful ( Vigilant Weight Heaviness? Gravity Worth Desert Merit Unoffending Inoffensive Harmless Want Indigence Necessity Well-being Welfare Prosperity Worthy Estimable Valuable Unruly Ungovernable Refractory Want . Lack Need Wilful Headstrong Testy Worship Adore Venerate Unspeakable Unutterable Ineffable Warn Caution Admonish Whim Freak Caprice Youthful Juvenile Boyish Unworthy Worthless Valueless Wave "' Billow Breaker Whole Entire Total Zealous Ardent Warm Uprightness Rectitude Integrity Waver Fluctuate Vacillate Willingly Voluntarily Spontaneously Girdle ' Zone * Belt .•J *.■!■ 1 The following pairs of words, which are strikingly synonymous, illustrate the mixed character of the Eng- lish language. The leading word in each pair is of English or Anglo-Saxon origin, the latter is derived from the Latin. , * Begin Commence Dark Obscure Heavenly Celestial Opening Aperture Bequeath Devise Die Expire Hinder Prevent Overflow Inundate Binding Obligatory Earthly Terrestrial Inside Interior Outlive Survive Bitterness Acrimony Eastern Oriental Keeping Custody Outside Exterior Bloody Sanguinary Enliven Animate Kingly Regal Outward External k UNIVOCAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 87 Bodily Corporeal Enough Sufficient Lean Meagre Overall y > Surtout "? Boyish Puerilfl Errand Message Likely Prol)able Overseer ^ Inspector 1 Boundaries Confines Fellowship Live Companionship Exist ' ' Owing Due " Breed Engender Freedom Liberty Lively Animated Shepherd Pastor ,,K Brotherly Fraternal Friendly Amicable Lucky ' Fortunate Shock ; -^ ■ Concussion Childhood Infancy Fulness Plenitude Milky Lacteal Shun "'[[ Avoid ^^t Choice Option Fulness Repletion Motherly Maternal Step -'-^ Pace Corner Angle Happen Chance Odd Singular Straight "* Right '^T Sweat Perspire Truth Verity W^nt Necessity Witness : Testify ^J Tasteless Insipid Sorrowful Tristful Waver Fluctuate Woman . Female Teaehabk Docile Understand Watery Comprehend Aqueous Womanly Eflfeminat9 ! Thick Dense Understanding Weaken Intellect Invalidate Wonderful - Marvelloui ' Threat Menace Unspeakable Weapons Ineffable Arms Woody '^*ff Sylvan '"^>* Thoughtful Pensive Unutterable Weep Inexpressible Deplore Wordy ;^^ Verbose I Timely Seasonable Unwilling Involuntary Will Volition Worth . j Value Time-serving Temporiziug Uprightness Rectitude Will Testament Worthless * Valueless x ,:»sLii>. ;;'»",» ,-. jS'Jii. .. ""■■■'' ■ \-'^-ii-i '.ij^.J.'.'-i ,.. ..:..._.._.. _. ^ - - .^■-;. . ■ . -^1.:' '^ r'jf PAET V. ETYMOLOGIES. I if V I' ; .1 %i ;', i DERIVATION OR ORIGIN OP WORDS. " There exists, in the most ancient languages of the Hast, a word, which,, if written in Roman characters, w^ should pronounce Tinn or Ttm. It signifiei?, literally, perfectionj and, figuratiTely, truth or justice. This word, united, among the Greeks, to the article B, 'A'iL6. lengthened by the pliable osy became the adjec^ 11 V -3 E-TUM-os, and signified true or just. The Greeks afterwards, connecting this adjectire with the subs tan* tive Logia (know^ed^r? or discoitrse)f formed the word E'tumo-togittf and which, consequently, signified per^ feet knowledge, and they designated by it the know* ledge oiilM origin and value of words. " We are far remored from the wisdom of the Greeks when we consider Etymology as a frirolous kind of knowledge : we confound the theory with the itbuse of it." The grand object of all onr studies relatire to Ian- guage, is to attain to v. correct use of it, and thus be ftble to communicate onr ideas to olhors clearly, pre- eisely,and comprebensiiely. To facilitate the accom- plishment of this object, no exercises are of so much advantage to the juvenile student as those which are occupied in analysing words, and in tracing their derivation. By snch exercises, he gains a more accu- . rate knowledge of orthography, and a more extensive>^ knowledge of words, than could possibly be obtMaecl by any other xmeans. ETTMOLOGIES. ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. Words are either Roots or Derivatives. Roots are words which cannot be traced back to anysimpler words for their orig^in, but are them- selvesthe simplest form; »s^ strike. Derivatives afe words formed from Roots; as, itrokey striker. Derivatives are either Primary or Secondary. Primary Derivatives are made by an internal change or modification : as, Root, strike; Prim. Deriv. stroke. Secondary Derivatives are made by an external addition, that is, by Affixes or Prefixes : as, Root, strike; Sec. Deriv. */nAr^r. Note. — The Primary Derivative stroke is formed by the change of i in strike to o. The Secondary Deriva- tive striker is formed by the addition of the affix er. Thus the two classes of Derivatives correspond to the two classes of Verbs,— Strong Verbs and Weak Verba} and they may be called, respectively, Strong Derivatives and Weak Derivatives. ^- Explanation of the Difference between Strong Verbs and Weak Verbs, Verbs of the strong conjugation form their past (or preterite) tense from the present by simply chancing the vowel. ThuR, sang is formed from sing by changing i into a; thu8,/«22 is, formed from fall by changing a into e : and so on throughout;^ as, speak, spoke or spake; steal, stole; drink, drank; draw^. drew, &c.— Verbs of the strong conjugation form their parti- ciple passive by the addition of en, genercUy accoroi^»*niod by a' change of vowel ; as, speak, spok'en. Verbs of the toeak conjugation form their past tense from the present by the addition of the sound of d, t, or ed : as fill, JUUd - (pronounced fild) ; dipp, dipped (pronounced dipt) ; in- struct, instructed. ' Words like sang are called strong because they are formed • independently of any addition. Words like filled are called . weak because they require the addition of the sound of d. The Irregular Verbs are the Strong Verbs $ the JRegnlar ' Verbs are the Weak Verbs. U,^ 90 .'<^ PART V. '^ PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. T. « » ^ Primary Derivatives are formed : ^' (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel of the Root: as, Root, bind ; Prim. Deriv. bond, , (2.) By changing or modifying the last con- sonant: as. Root, stick ; Prim. Deriv. stitch, ,- (»3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and the last consonant : as>, Root, weave ; Prim. Deriv. woof. :^'Ml;(^o ir - (4.) By the initial augment « or ^ ; as, Root, melt; Prim. Deriv. «me/^ i .m ' -^r^n REMARKS. 1. By a OHANGB of the vowel is meant the putting another vowel in its place : as Root, hind ; Prim. Deriv. bond. By a multiplication of the vowel is meant the shortening or the lengthening of the same vowel : as, Root, bite ; Prim. Deriv. bit. 2. By the chanqb of the consonant is understood the putting another consonant of the same kind in its place : as Root, dig ; Prim Deriv. dike. Or the expand- ing it into a fuller sound : as, Root, dig ; Prim. Deriv. ditch. By the multiplication of the consonant is un- derstood the softening or the sharpening of the sound : as, Root, loie ; Prim. Deriv. loss. 3. Many Primary Derivatives, however, exhibit no change of vowel or of consonant, but rre tlie same as the Roots. Thus from the Verbs topraise^ to fall, to wit (meaning to know), we have the 'Sodns praise jfallf wit. „. ., i-. ,. ^.. 4. Generally, where the Verb and the Noun are the same in form, the consonant is pronounced soft in the Verb, and sharp in the Noun ; as, to houte (houze)f a hotm. / I BTTMOLOOIES. 5. A letter is to be judged of by the iound, not by the mere character which represents it. The charac- ter may remain the same when the sound is dififerent ; as in the verb house and the noun house. So far from the same character necessarily representing the same sound, the rules of orthography sometimes render it necessary even to change the letter in order to keep the sound ; as in mouse^ mice. If this were written misey it would be pronounced mize^ lilce wise. On the same principle, c is changed into k in cat^ kitten ; cook^ kit-' chen ; cow^ kine : because c followed by i has the tound of «. Verbs are formed as Primary Derivatives : (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel. V'* •in* 'JTi'*'^ Boots. Fall Shake Best Knell Bit Dehiv. Fell Shcick Roost Knoll Set Roots. Rise Lie Din Sniff Deeiv. \ r Raise X Rouse Lay Dun Snuff Roots. Chop Drop Sop I Fly Dbbiv. Chip Drip Droop Sip Floe< { (2.) By changing or modifying the last consonant. Stick Stitch | Cling Clinch | Dog Dodge (3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and the consonant. o 5: ,i>^ Hound Hunt Wake Watcli Hook Hitch Cling Clench Drink Drench Wring Wrench Glass Grass Drag Glaze Graze DrodefO (4.) By the initial augment s or t. Plash Splash Wag Swag. Sway WWrl Swirl Twirl Dun Stun Mash Smash Flash Splash Knap Snap Melt Smelt Wag Swag, Swaj Lash Slash Nip Snip Whirl Swirl Twir Nouns are forraod as Primary Derivatives : : ' (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel. ui .Boots. Gape Scrape Crack Bear Sell Sneak Bless Deeiv, Gap Scrap Crealc Bier Sale Snake Bliss Roots. Deeiv. Roots. Dbbit. Let Lot Bite Bit Tell Tale Click Clock Deal Dole Sing Song Lear-n Lere Knit Knot ^> Feed Food Drive Drove Deem Doom Strike Stroke Leu-d Loan Sit Seat u % 92 PABT v.-.rf-i-: (2.) Bj changing^ or modifying tlie last consonant. Strive Believe Behoove Prove Strife Belief Behoof Proof DiK Ditch Speak Speech Wreathe Wreath Gird Girth L«y LawJsatfing, Say Saw (a wUe Use Use DeviseDevi*;^) (3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and the consonant , ' - » ' Seethe Bathe Lathe Break Sud Bath Lath Breech Breathe Weave Live Lose Breath Woof Life Loss Choose Hold Clothe Bake rhoiqe HJt Cloth Batch Adjectives are formed as Primary Derivatives. (1.) By changing or modifying the voweL (De)flle Foul ^ V Flit Flirt "'■ Shine Sheen (2.) By changing or modifying the last consonant, ,^y Loathe Loath | Milk Milch (3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and Heal Hale String Strong Heat Hot Wring Wrong Fill Full Pride Proud the consonant. "Wih (Js- Mow) Wiae I Love Lief a- tff%-;r' SECONDARY DERIVATIVES. Secondary Derivatives are formed by Affixes or Prefixes made to the Roots ; as, P . , , j Affix, ery Sec. Deri v. leader. * ' ( Prefix, mis, — mia-lead, Affixbb are letters or syllables put at the end of words • as the letter t in weigh-t, and the syllable ly in king-ly. Prefixes are letters or syllables put at the beginning of words ; as the letter a in a-board^ and t|ie syl^ble mis in mis'take. XTTMOLOOIBS. n onant vSsaying, r (a wtte I wel and Choipe Hilt Cloth Batch ivatives, '• '*>'■ i'J p. 'oui ;>: 'lirt 'v^ heen )nant« ;^<,. ch >' wel and ..i i- -;i ■■•"■'• •If' ixes or ider, I'lead, /ordsj It the idtbe Afiixes are either mere terminations ; as er, n«««, in leader^ weakness : or distinct words, which have come to be used as terminations ; as^ /i^e, fullf in warlike, fearful. -••4 fl.. * 'H". fll REMARKS. ■i. h."i'i u ».i:) 1. In Secondary Derivatives, the vowel likewise is very often changed or modified : a" longf length ; stealf stealth, , - * 2. Saxon Affixes are usually added ^axon words ; as in handsome f some is a Saxon afl aud hand is a Saxon word : while Latin and other foreign affixes are added to Latin and other foreign words ; as in ftnal^ fin is a Latin word (finiSf end), and al is a Latin affix (alis $ fin-alis). im ■l it 3. But to both these general rules there are some exceptions. In the first place, we hare many foreign words which take Saxon Affixes or Prefixes ; as in un-justf just is a Latin word (Justus)^ but un is a Saxon prefix. So, in the second place, we have many* Saxon words which take foreign affixes; as in truismf true is a Saxon word, but ism is a Latin and Greek affix. But the former case is much more common than the latter, — it is much more common for foreign words to have Saxon, than for Saxon words to have foreign aflixes and prefixes. Saxon with Latin AfiBxes or Prefixes. tm-ism bond-a^0 1 dis-like ' "'' ! /',J 9*6-bind "••'< •*•>•»>? *• V Latin with Saxon AflSxes or Prefixes. ; ► ,;2 •■"'*''■'" apt-ness ordeT'ly < i.u'.v. .■■ mt«-conduct fen-just ;, \ > ■■ ■ r'-ii .','i..i.:.:iSSi'i. '- -.lUii-^i^r iC iii i* Kf ©y*!!"^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I ■x Ui 122 S us. 12.0 L25 IHU U ^ 6" HiotDgraphic Sciences Ckjrporaition v <^ 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WEBSTIII,N,Y. M5M (716) S7!l-4S03 ■^ $i PART r. j'lii'sISS' ^'f •'il!**?^ ■i*f''f ?**«^' ■ ^**'*'- •{*f»>V*^' »?Xi^.*''4i-« •:'- JH*. *ft3/*r',•^■* .•i?'»,4r"5[ ;^:iCsJ rxf ^^^Ainivjx- AFFIXES AND PREFIXES. VERBS. — (Affixes fr(m the Saxon.) Verbs are formed by the terminations en, le, er, y, andisA. , , .♦ (1.) By en ; as weak-en^ strength-en. Dark-en Glad-d-en Wliit-en KoTB.< — £n, added to Adjectives, has the force of Ho make ' ; as weaken^ ' to make weak ' : added to Nouns, it has the force of 'to gire'; ba atrength-eriy^ xo give . strength to J , . ^ . *? ; • .' »? «i ^i (2.) By le ; as hand-le, start-le. 8trag-g-le, from stray, crumb-le — crumb. "v^rig-g-le "wad-d-le shuf-f-le pad-d-le wray. wade, shove pad. scuf-f-le, from scuff. nib-b-le — drib-b-le — wrang-le — grap-p-le — ramb-le — drip. , wring, gripe. ^,^ roam .,^^ NoTB. — After a vowel or an r, only I (not le) is put as knee-lf from knee. So draw-lj from draw ; mew'l from mew ; gnar-lj from gnarr^ an old word meaning a knot in a tree ; snar-l^ from sneer. . . ..,;f; t (3.) By er ; as glim-m-ery from gleam* .u clamb-er, from climb, whim-p-er — whine, wav-er — wave. sput-t-er, from spit, .ling-er — long, bat-t-er — beat. \t -:s.f; f lt\. wand-er, from wend (to go), frit-t-er — fret (to eat away), stag-g-er — stigan (Anglo-Saxon) to walk. Bwag-g-er — sway or swag. Note. — Most of these Verbs in le and er are a sort of Diminutives from other Verbs, and often imply that the action is repeated again and again, or done by little and little : as nibble^ from nip^ implies a number of ' ETTMOLOOIES. small Dippings ; patter from paty implies many small pattings. We say, that s person pats another on the shoulder ; but, that rain patters against the window. (4.) By y ; as wor-r-y, from wear. So sul-l-yj from soil; bull-^f from bull; teftin-n-yi from whine. (6.) By ish ; as hurn-ish, publ-uh. Vi-'t 4\^^ it: i% '/. m NOUNS. — {Affixes from Saxon,) if # rf ft Nouns denoting Persons are formed by the terminations cr, yer, ar^ ard, ster, man^ Masculine and es8y stress^ ine^ woman, maid, Feminine. [\» ^; itlT'I Masculine. — (1.) By«r; a& sing-er. Note. — These may be divided into four classes ; the first three on the same principle as the Verbs above. The fourth class has the y changed to i before the vowel. f Talk-er Plod-d-er Writ-er Fli-er Nouns denoting inanimate objects are also* formed by this termination ; as, nut-cracker, feU t-^r (from /oo<), break-er, stop-p-er^ shut-t-er, (2.) By yer ; ns bow-yer, saw-yer, law-yer, -, Note. — These are words ending in w: but not all' words ending in w take yer; for we have kew-er, draw'ery TOoio-er, &c. (3.) By ar ; B:a U-ar^bey-g-ar. r^^t-i^-'- (4.) By ard; as slug-g-ard, from slug, slow. nig-g-ard. cow-ard, to cow. dast-ard. lag-g-ard. I drunk-ard. dot-ard. duU-ard. wiz-ard (to wis). v. tkm r. 'iiV)f».--^otn^ '!Nfoiiiiis with this termination ai^ not names of persons ; as standard. This termination is the same as ar, only strengthened by the letter dy as soun^ is. So 9al-t is strengthened by ^. (6.) By »ter; a8^»-«^ So whip'Sterj young'Ster^ upholsterer (uphol(d)ster)» '■H NoTB. — The termination sfer was in Anglo-Saxon con* fined to Feminine Nouns ; and so it was formerly in En- glish, as is seen now in spiU'Ster. This class of words was very numerous. Some of them have gone out of common use, and are known now only as Proper Names ; such as Web'Stery weaver. Kemp-stery comber. IBreW'Stery brewer. FoT'sterj forester. back-ster, i. e, baker. Baxter or Bag'ster^ (6.) By man ; as tin-many wood-man, H . ' ^ • REMARKS. .; ; j .^t' 1. Sometimes a word has the termination er, . and man also ; as fish-er-man. Sometimes we have a word in er, and one in many from the same root ; as tin-n-er and tin-man. So, also, hunt-er and hunt-8-man» :.% Frequently an s is inserted to improve the sound (hence termed a euphonic letter) ; as in Atm^-«-man, teecf^f-man, 8V)ord'»-inan, "-' ' '■■ 3. This termination is common in Proper Names; as Young-many New-many Uol-man or F nan {Old-man), Feminine. — (7.) By ess ; as god-d-ess. - ' r So poet-ess ; mistressy from master ; shepherd-ess, f- (8.) By «^r««« (ster-ess) J as son^-«^reM, (9.) By woman or maid; as ckar-womany work-" toomany milk-maid. Note. — Sometimes with the termination tr also ; viosh-er-womany \i)s.Q fisherman. &. STTMOLOOIE8. 97 Diminutives. — Diminutives are formed by the terminations kin^ ling, ock, let i (1.) By kin ; aa lamb-kin, ,'■ So pip-kin, from pipe ; firkin, from four ; being th6 fouriti part of a barrel ; mannikin, from man. Here the i is only a euphonic insertion : the » of coarse ^ doubled. NoTR. — This termination is common in Proper, Karnes, as : Wat-kin, from Walter. Simp-kin — Samuel. Per-kin — Peter. Tom-kin, from Thomas. Wil-kin — William. Eaw-kin — Hal. (2.) By ling ; as dar-ling^ from dear. gos-ling (goose-ling), duck-ling, # found-ling, '■'. . ' under-ling, suck-ling. ^ lord-ling^ wit-ling, '^l strip-lmgy^\S\ sap-ling, ^ hire-ling. (3.) By ock ; as hill-ock, bull-ock. (4.) By let ; v^ ring-let, stream-let^hrook-leU :^^ t.7- i-,s '•m*^:r .-'(.:r>'«r-.f*'?*ir\ ABSTRACT NOUNS.— (J^arw/rom Saxm:^ Abstract Nouns denote state, quality, or the like ; as, irw^^, the being true. . ; REMARKS. 'C:^m^ 1. Here from the Adjective true we have the Abstract Noun truth, which denotes the state or quality of being true. So from weak we have weakness, the state or condition of being weak. 2. Many abstract Nouns may be applied from the quality or condition, to the whole body of those who possess the quality or are in the condition specified; sometimes also to one person. The word youth wUt exemplify all three uses : P4.RT T. (1.) The youth of the king vtat a iuadvantage. Here youth means youthfulnets. (2.) The British youth are distinguished for their tense of honour. Here youth means the whole body of fhose who are youngj the young men. ' (3.) ■Hie youth came to tovm yesterday. Here youth means a person in the state of youthfdness or youthf ft young man. Abstract Nouns are formed by the termi];mtlQn9 i^distiA nesa ' head red j>im^. •..!'. ery ship lock -.. -^iii^^ th, t dom ledge ■M.^C. / hood ter ing . :x^ (1.) By ness ; bs dark-ness, white-ness, (2.) By ery ; as mock-ery, slav-ery^ cook-€ry. ..An'',-! i \ REMARKS. .f'■J^-^..<^i^.t Z' c f 1. If the word ends in w^ or two consonants, only ry is added : as Jew-ry^ fr. Jew ; out-law^ry, fr. law ; hus- band-ryj fr. husband ;found-ry^ ft. found : and if the word already ends in er, only y is added ; &ajlatier-yy fr. fatter. So beggar-y^ fr. beggar. Smith-y has the er omitted for fuphony. -Oki'^i:;.*^^ ■'.■';..■ ". '^^^ s*^i|#.^ fi 2. Words with the terminations ness or ery also denote, 1. A place, as wUd-er-ness, nurs-ery; or, 3. A person or number of persons, as voit-ness^ soldi-ery. Of course, such words are not Abstract Nouns at all. (3.) By ih; as leng-th from long, ; ^ grow-th, from grow. " steal-th — steal. ' dear-th — dear, heal-th — heal. '^' m-th — (defile)i,^ ■treng-th, from strong, mir-th — merry. Hea-ih — die. yoQth — young. ru-th — rue. tra-tb -^ trtt9 or trow, meaning to luoWt STTM0L0OIB8. w (4.) By <; as siffh-t^ from see, . fj? (i} migh-t, from may. fligh-t — fly. vvcvii heigh-t — high, weigh-t — weigh, shif-t — shape. fro8-t — freeze. draugh-t, from draw, pligh-t — pledge, wrigh t — work, *a, sleigh-t — sly. iA guil-t — guile J,; drough-t — dry. blas-t -^ blaisan (Anglo-Saxon), to blow. »'V^«" ' ' -; •• REMARKS.- ' 1. This termination is only a yariatibn of th. We had formerly high-t, low-th. Eighth (which is the word always used by Milton) has become heigh-t^ and low'th has gone out of use altogether. 2. In the words sights mighty &c., the gh belongl to the root, and is lost or disguised in the Verbs. Y^ in may and Jly^ represents a g-sound, which is peen, though not heard, in Jligh-t and migh-t. ,'- yf ^ o v^ (6.) By hood ; as man-hood^ hardi-hood, ,. (6.) By head : as God-head, ,. ,, ^ Note. — This termination is only a variation of hoodi. (7.) By ship ; as hard'shipyfriend-ship.''p^% A'A Note. — The termination ship is from theYerbio skape^ the original meaning of which is to make ; which sense ifi still seen in the word shapen^ in the Bible, Psalm 61. heathen-dom. ''^ martyr-dom. ??^ -* free-dom. thral-dom; ^ ^^i^^'^' .■■4- ;■•» ft .^ Note. — This termination or'ginally signified posses^ sion, property, or rule ; as in king-dom^ earl-dom; biit afterwards merely quality or condition ; as in fru'dofni^ thrcU'dom, ■ i\. j(8.) By dom ; as king-dom, earl-dom. duke-dom. ^ christen-dom, from christian-dom. T'^A PART V. >,iir'.'hOO^'.^'^ Von.-^Kindred was formerly written kinred : the d if euphonic. If- - (11.) By /ocA? or ledge; as wed-lock^ know-ledge. Note. — These terminations are frorr the Anglo-Saxon V>nnination/ac, in which many Anglo-Saxon words end. ; (13.) By ing ; 2a read-ing, writing, V^^*^,, Many Nouns are formed also by the terminations d, m or om, ow^ en or n, /«, et^ el. (1.) By c? ; as w«-c?, from «oii^. Bo (2ee-(2, fr. do ; /or-d, fr.A.-S./ara», to go; nua-df fr. mou; ; Jloo-dy fr. ^ow ; bran-dy fr. bumf cu'dj fr. cAeto. j^di (2.) By m or ow ; as bloo-my from 6/owf. .T JT .f^.^'i So Mo-w, fr. «eti> ; teU'Trif fr. ^ow ; qual-rriy fr. quail ; glea-^y fr. gZow; isi*^^ bJ blossom^ fr. A.-S. 6/««af», to blow. V J (3.) By 0M> ; as »Aarf-ot*>, from «/iac?tf. ^ ' '' So bar-T'OWf fr. /o bear ; mead'OWy fr. mea(2 ; iinnd-oi0| fr. toind. Note. — ^In the words sorrowj morrow, tallow, and some others, the ow represents a g; which is seen in German, where the corresponding words are sorge^ morgenj talg, (4.) By en or n; as ward-en, from ward (guard)^ maid-en, from maid, heay-cn — heave, gard-en, connected with yard. burth-en, connected with bear, mai-n, from may, as in the phrase might and main,^ BTTM0L00IB8. •V ^^ (5,) By le ; M gird-hf from gtrd, ^ -^ lad-le, flrom Ude. ] thumb-le — thumb, prick-le — prick. * let-t-le, from set. bund-le — « bind, ipit-t-le — • spit. Bpiii'd-le -— spin, rund-le — round. shut-t-le — shoot, tread-le — tread. f ^n (6.) By el ; as satch-el, from sack, stoiv-elj fr. A.-S tw^Uff to turn round. So thov-ely fr. thove ; kern-el (Germ, kern); iram-'m-elf fr. tram ; (Y.) By et ; as hatch-ety from AacAr. J . * So thick-et; pock-etj fr. A.-S. pocca^ a poke or bag (mo// is used by old writers) ; latch-ei^ tick-etf cask'tt, Jlowr'ttj crick-et. Vv \.' v^, ' 2. In many words a euphonic n is inserted before g, ^ passenger, from passage, messenger from message, porringer ~ porridge, wharfinger — wharfage. ^ nightingale, fr. night, and A.-S. galan, to sing. r The t before n in nightingale is only a connecting vowel to join the two parts of the word together (Qerm. wuhtigall^t ^ ,';: .5 i 'ivo^'fJ^w-Byt *''~'"' ■'^ ' V'"^ -^'l^lj^^ m:^lt A*>^^V>^?i i^^'V'^^O '^^^'•^'— "^^ 'i.;UiV;^i,»,-i;..^^'iJ|»i»; .^"Xf^t.'' -.ji*i:>.5«t irlt>4 ;"i v^.^i»A>^ ;1 ^urns li-r:^; ,-\iv.i*J^^ ,^>>^^^^v? ,r}':tu'di i&-::)hrb)fY}it^-^[%i^ .ma. ij^Jd ;«.¥ ><4 r^&&imi:^i'- ^rnuu.^ Os-'-'fe" -.|?&,^is4i^J*%<> "*^^.j^ fi«<^" ' m .*A PART v; * ' ADJECTIVES.— (A^a?c«/rom Saxon.) ^ Adjectives are formed by the terminationB, 7. ish erly less th vM' • like some ed tytn em ly ful ward fold (1.) By y; as might-'i^ head-y. So ra4n-y, Jlower-y, luck-y^ stead-y^ angr-y, fr. angtr, Mindr-y, fr. sunder. If the word ends in y, ey is added ; M clay-ey. (2.) By en ; B& lead-en, (j/old-en, .i , So Hlh-efij braz-erif bar-r-en, fr. bare ; sull-en, fr. stUk, If the word ends in r, only n is added ; as leather-n, ,x. ifoTB. — Adjectives with this termination denote, for the most part, the material of which anything is made. They were formerly more numerous than they are now. Cedar-iiy ston-eny silver-n, were in use. Now we use the Noun cedar ^ stone, silver, as Adjectives as well as Nouns. (3.) By em ; as north-em, south-em^ east-eriiy and west-em, (4.) By ish ; as black ish, slav-ish, Rom-ish, Note.' — This termination is used in three ways : 1. In a Diminutive sense, as black-ish ; 2. For opprobrious words, as thiev-ish ; 3. In proper names, as GauUish, - ' (5.) By like ; as lady-like, wartlike, ' ^^- '^ NoTB. — ^Wordsof this class may be called ComponndSi as they are, in fact, compounded with the word like, (6.) Bj ly ; a,s gentleman-ly, king-ly. Note. — This ly is only a softened form of like. Gene- rally when added to a Noun, it forms an Adjective ; as, man-ly : when added to an Adjective it forms an Adverb ; aS| bad-ly, . (7.) By erly ; as norih-erly, south-erly. BTTlfOLOOlKS. lot^ (8.) By some ; as tir€'9ome, hand^scme. So iotn-»ofne, game'some, glad'Some, fuhowie, buxom (buck-8ome)| mettlesome^ irk-some. - V':''' ■;i«^ NoTB.—- This termination denotes possession of som« quality. (9.) hyful ; 9.%fear'ful^fruit'ful, ^r / -\ NoTB.— Words of this sort are, in fact, compounded With the word/««. Fearful, full of fear. (10.) By less ; as Inw-less^ sense-less. KoTB. — This termination denotes the abunoe of ^ thing ; as, lawless^ without law. (11.) Bv ed ; as wretch-ed, rag-g-ed, NoTB. — This termination abounds especially in Com- pounds, as neat-hand-ed, golden-wing-ed, (12.) By ward ; as south-ward^ fro-ward. So UTb-to-ward, down-ward, atpk-ward^ fr. autk, an old word meaning /e/*/ : awkward iBleft'-handed^ the opposite of dexterous^ which means right-handed. Note. — The termination ward implies direction i J^O' wardj in the direction from. (13.) By th; R&four-tk, six-th. '''^ ''^' ^^^ KoTB. — These Adjectives are all Ordinal Numerals. (14.) By ty ; mfor-ty, six-ty. ' ^*, ^-^z,'^'* KoTB. — These Adjectives are all Cardinal NumeraU. (15.) By fold ; rs four-fold^ sixfold, y -^ ADVERBS,— (Affixes from Saxon.) Adverts are formed by the ' terminations, s wise ward ways -Wards timei ce I 104 f^ PART y. ii^' I < >,i (1.) By ly ; at badly^ nobly (noble-ly). (2.) By ce ; as on-c^, twi. k * Secondary Derivatives are formed also by Pre- fixes ; as Root wise ; Sec. Deriv. un-wise, r (1.) By the Prefix a ; as a-rise, a-shore. So (Yebbs) a-rou8€, a-^wake; (Adverbs) a-head, a-board, - Note. — ^ often means on; as a-shore, i. e. on sbore. (2.) By be ; as be-speak, beside, , So (Yebbs) he-have, he-take ; (Adverbs) he-neathy ht" REMARKS. The he changes Neuter Verba into Active ; as^ tpeak, he-speak : or it changes a Noun into a Verb ; M, friend, he-friend : or it modifies the meaning of the Verb; m, take, he-take, ~ In Adverbs he means hy ; as, he-cause, i, e. 62^-eause. ^.f^-i. (3.) By w» ; as, un-da, un-wise,. Note. — Un means not. In Verbs it means the undoing of the aetion implied hj the simple Verb. ' , 7 v *' (4.) By mis ; &s, mis-take, mis-lead. Note. — Thia Prefix implies wrongness or error ; and if connected with the Verb to miss. S1TM0L0QIK8. y lOlf * or fore; as So f or Attar ^ foT'twar^ for-lornf for^givCf for^akj^tr, teek). NoTi. — For has a negative meaning : it is somotimes equiyalent to off or away. Though it i» sometimes spelt /ore^ as in forego, it must not be confounded with the /ore which is seen in /ore-^e//. vy i ....^ (6.) By ffain ; as, gain-say, ■ •' ^'"^ * So gairi'Stand and gain'Strive wore used formerly. Note. — Gain means against, which is derived from gain (Germ, gegen). The Verb to gain is quite another word. ' ' • (7.) By fore; tLs^fore-te!, fore-shew, NoTB. — This Prefix means before, or beforehand, (8.) By n ; as, n-ever^ none, n- either, n-or, NoTB. — This is a negative Prefix, and means not. (0.) By to ; as, to-day, to-morrow, to-night, NoTB. — To is a corruption of the or this. In some parts of England, to-year is used as we use to-day, (10.) By with; as, with- stand, with-draw, / NoTB.— This Prefix means against, or away. "^ ''^ . - f "? >^>S COMPOSITION OF WORDS. Words are either simple or compound. A compound word is one made-up of two or more simple words : &9 home-shoe. i ' .*l---^ -'.7'; - Instead of saying the horse^s shoe, or the shoe of the ,. horse, we use one word, horse-shoe^ made up of horse ' and shoe, • The unity of the word is shewn, in speaking, by the accent. The principal accent falls on one word, and the other loses its accent as a distinct word. Thus, in horse-shoe, horse has the principal accent, and shoe has ~, only a subordinate one. Compound words may be made up of several words; aSi handicraftsman^ from hand, craft, man. m ]?ART V. n i i i The parts of a Compound may be different parts of speech. They may be two Nouns ; as steam-boat^ coach" box : or they may be Adjective and Noun; as, holi-day^ safe-guard : or Adjective and Verb ; as vouchsafe : or two Adjectives ; as golden-feathered : or Adverb and Adjective; as ever-lasting : or two Adverbs, or Prepo- sitions, or other particles ; AS here-after. Compound words consisting of an Adjective and a Noun, often take the termination ed; as from neat and handy the compound neat-handed. So blue-eyed^ bright- kdired. The termination means having or being emitted with. This class of Compounds is very numerous, especially in poetry. The pupil, having understood the foregoing exam- ples, will readily explain the composition of the fol- lowing words :— -^ ^ i -^ =r % Mid-night, Hedge-row, Sun-shine, Sun-set, Earth-quake, Wood-land, Shower-drop, Golden-winged, Foot-step, Over-step, Truth-loving, Under-sell, Hus-band, Up-land, Ware-house, Sea-sick, Hot-house, Horse-dealer, ' Never-failing, Olive-grove, After-noon. And also account for the various parts of the fol- lowing words; thus : — Verb. Sport Euphonic Letter. - 8* - Hand • i - craft - s - man Back - wood - s - man. Wear - i • some - nesti. Hard • heart - ed - ness. Un - like • li - hood. Mis- trust -ful-ly. Noun. man kdv. Term. like. Mir -th-ful- ness. Streng - th - en - er. Un - sight - 11 - ness. ■ Short • com - ing - s. ., Un - wear - i- ed - ly. Mis - un • der - stand • ing. ^■\, •'! * Or denoting Possessive Case. •S ii if) I Jm« ^^ ■ v.v ■••■•t^ •?(iC••- l!4, *V u-i^ It) li' i.' I* : ZTTMOLOdlBS. m ^-Vv ** ■• ^"^ *ff ^.■? ANGLO SAXO^,— {Roots and Derivatives.) EXAMPLES OF ILLUSTRATION. FROM AND TO. FROM. — from /rwm, — beginning, original, source, author. Figs come from Turkey ; i. e., Figs come heginnir^ Turkey. TO IT. — As/ro7tt denotes beginning, to denotes (ac- cording to Tooke) termination, and is derived from the Gothic noun tanij act, or effect. , ,: ,.,.,,. ■_i^] Figs come /rom Turkey to Canada; i. e., Figs como' beginning Turkey, terminating Canada. ,v •,: THAT AND IF. THAT, from thaet (Saxon), thata (Gothic). It is usual with Grammarians to consider this word as belonging to three or four different parts of speech, according to its use and meaning. The following observations (from Nuces, by E. Johnson) will throw some light on this highly interesting subject : — That — the word that (call it what you please, either article, or pronoun, or conjunction) — retains always one and the same signification, and is, in fact, a yerb. Unnoticed abbreviation in construction and difference of position have caused an appearance of fiactuation in its meaning ; and have misled the grammarians of all languages, both ancient and modern, for in all they make the same mistake. What is called the conjunction THAT and the pronoun that are one and the same word, having the same signification. And this is true in all languages. EXAMPLE. • ^ I wish you to believe that I would not wilfully hurt a fly. BBSOLUTION. I would not wilfully hurt a fly ; I wish you to beliexe thati 108 PART V. ii ti' \\ She, knowing that Grooke had been indicted for forgery, did so and so. RESOLUTION. Crooke had been indicted for forgery : she, knowing ihatf did so and so. There is no conceivable use of what is called the conjuction thatj which cannot, by resolution, be shown to be nothing more than the pronoun thatj as it is call- ed, but which is in reality a verb. , ^^ ,v^ ;., . IF is morely the imperative of the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon verb gifan, to give. And in those lan- guages, as well as in the English formerly, this sup- posed conjunction was pronounced and written as the common imperative, purely gif. Thus : .7 ■ • "My largesse ' ''^^': Hath lotted her to be your brother's wife, Gif she can be reclaimed ; gi/notf his slave." And accordingly our corrupted if has always the signification of the English imperative givCj and no other. And this accounts for one particular use of the conjunction that (so called) which could not otherwise be explained. ' * " I wonder he can move ! that he 's not fixt ! ' • *^ ' If ^Aaf his feelings be the same with mine." ''^'*^ RESOLUTION. .--, His feelings be the same with mine; give that, I won- der he can move, &c. So that the resolution of the construction in these instances of the use of the so- called conjunction that, is precisely the same as in all others. And here, as an additional proof, we may ob- serve, that wherever the datum, upon which any con- clusion depends, is a sentence, the pronoun that, if not expressed, is always understood, and may be inserted after if As in the instance I have given above, the poet might have said, ' " Gif that she can be reclaimed," Ac. ; •, * .; for the resolution is, " She can be reclaimed ; give that^ my largesse has lotted her to be your brother's wife. She cannot be reclaimed ; give that, my largesse hath lotted ber to be your brother's slave." But the pro- !^» < ■ ' »,% ETYMOLOGIES. 100 noun that is not understood, and cannot be inserted after ify where the datum is not a sentence, but some noun governed by the verb if or give. As— BXAMPLB. " How will the weather dispose of you to-morrow ? If fair, it will send me abroad ; if foul, it will keep me at home." Here we cannot say, If that fair, it will send me abroad ; if that foul, it will keep me at home." Because, in this case, the verb if governs the noun ; and the resolved construction is, ^^Give fair weather, it will send me abroad ; give foul weather, it will keep me at home." But make the datum a sentence, as, " //"it is fair weather,it will send me abroad ; if it is foul weather, it will keep me at home" ; and then the pronoun that is understood, and may be inserted after if; as, "If that it is fair weather, it will send me abroad ; if that it is foul weather, it will keep me at home." The resolution then being— "It is fair weather, (give that) it will send, me abroad"; . i\U " It is foul weather, {give that) it will keep me at home." And this you will find to hold universally, not only with if, but with many other supposed conjunctions ; such as but that, unless that^ though that^ lest that, &c. (which are really verbs), put in this manner before the ^Tononn that. : .; .l. IT. IT— -our pronoun it — is merely the past participle of the Anglo-Saxon heetan, to name, and means the namedy or the said. It was written hit by all our English writers down to Elizabeth. Shakespere so wrote it. In Anglo-Saxon it is written hit, hyt, and heet. Our old word hight, i. e. called, is the same word. This meaning of the pronoun it, viz. the said, will perfectly correspond with every use of the pronoun it in our language. The pronoun that is, in like manner, the past parti- ciple of the verb thean, and means taken, assumed. It and that always refer to some thing or things, person or persons, taken, assumed, or spoken of, before. See Bone Took* for «x«mp1«s and proo*. m PARI Y. f .1 But (prep.) I from beon to be, and utariy to be out. But (conj.), the imperative of botan^ to boot, to super- add. ^ NoTS.— Occasion might be taken here to notice that the same word cannot be employed as belonging tb more than one of the parts of speech. The word bid does not form an exception ; for but the conjunction Is of a different extraction from but the preposition* The former was formerly written bot ; and in some parts of Scotland H is still pronounced bot as a conjunctKon^ And but as a preposition. f* The derivation of prepositions, conjunctions, Ac. 18 useful in explaining to the pupil the real nature of these parts of speech, that they were originally nouns or verbs. In fact, with regard to prepositions, unless they are referred to verbs, no distinct idea can be conveyed of the. r force. The verbal form of many of the pre- positions — such as regarding^ during^ &c. — ^readily sug- gests to the mind of the pupil their real meaning, and prepares him to admit the derivation of those whidi Are not so obvious. The similarity of the derivation in regarding, reject" ingf and concerning, should be pointed out. "I spoke regarding, or respecting^ or concerning him"j that ifl| looking At him, ^\^^-^^0,^:^i:^'n~x'-*'%^ii^'t}^ti^''^'-' En and ed, and by contraction t from an, to give. The difference of meaning between the primitive noun and the adjective derived from it, terminating in ^ is commonly thus explained : > NOUN. ADJEOTIVB. Wcxod, the mbstantive wood. Wooden, made of wooi, - Now, it is evident that all the difference between the words wood and wooden must reside in the syllable en, And this syllable does not mean made of, as the com- Hion explanation implies, but give, add, join, &c. It Sives no additional meaning to the word, but simply eiiotes that its meaning, in that place, is incomplete tiU BTT^OLOOIIBS. ^1^ some other word is added to it. Thus, T may say^, " Men love gold," and proceed no further ; but iif I sajr, V Men love golden," the sentence evidently wants some- IhiQg to be added. The question is " Golden what?'' Answer, " Golden watches, golden treasures," Mq. ( Ute^ally gold^ add watches ; gold, add treasures, Sr, in the comparative degree often spelt in Saxon ar^ er, aer, or, kc, is still the same word, originally signifying ere, before, in point of time ; and thence, < >'-; by an easy gradation, before, in point of quality. Esi^ vi'lJa the superlative degree often spelt aest, ist, ost, &c., ^•'' is in each form the same word, and signifies first f originally, like er, applicable to time, but second- ^f arily to quality. Our English words before And first are used equally in both these senses. '1- Brn, from €Bm, a place, signifies towards : thus, souths ern^ towards the south; north-em, towards the nortii^ ftc. Alone, all-one ; only, one-like. bf, Anon, in one ; in one instant. a '--■ Farewell, tvomfaran, to go, and well, y ** So on hefare8, and to the border comes of Eden.**— Miltow. Rather, from rath (3a^op} soon, comparative rather^ *' sooner. -^ v .,%. ■ •■•• I had rather go myself. — ^I had so(mer go myself. ^M^r^i^- ROOTS AND DERIVATIVEa 'f ^f^lj Ac, an oak, ac-orn, i. e. ac-corn, (/r. ac, anfl^ corn, a grmn,) Ackworth. .^r, before,,',, ........ ere, ear-ly, er-st. JBthel, noble Athel-ing (the title of the heir to the Saxon throne), Ethel- red, Athel-stan, Atheln-ey .-,,.,: (in Somersetshire, where jU" j> fred and his nobles con* %.-.ti\r-4.,' cealed themselves from tht m:m-y'::- ■ Danes), . r 1»ABT V. jLUfOnef t an, a, an-j, on-17. r-, /Note. — Our English an, now in use, is the original article from the Saxon ; which we have abreviated or •ontracted into a, only now using the original article before words beginning with a vowel or a silent h. This an is nothing more than the adjective onCj and corres- ponds to the French un. ^? Bsetan, to rein w, . . .V . .bit (for horses). ^3 Bald, brave^ bold. Bald-win, Ed-bold. -^ Bana, c2ea^A, killer y, . . . .bane, baneful, ratsbane, wol&- , hnhd ^ane. -^ Beodan, to order j bid, bed-el or bead-le. '^ B^organ, toprotect^ .... burg, burh,borough,Ed-burgha, Edinburgh (i. e. ^4w|ii'8 :^ /■ -"- 7- ■;. burgh). ....... : \.,,^.,q Beorht, bright j Ethel-bert, Al-bert. i Blaesan, to blowj blast, blossom, bluster. , ; Bot, a satisfactionj .... boot (in the phrase to boot), ■ boot-less ; connected with : ^ «r- ' ,, . ,v . bet in better. , ._, ,.... .,.; ,„,.fi Bidan, to waitj, bide, a-bide (A.-S. hotl, adwelh- ing)y Both-well, El-bottle. Brad, broady Brad-burn, Brad-hurst. Brucan, to use^ broke (an old word meaning ' to ■■ * ' "K? ^Vft' 5. ^^"^^ ^^^ ^*^ of y* found in jsni^l ^^5^' ^",: broker, anrf tn Brookman, '?^'??': V ' ' ' '''"""" , i. e. Broke-man (like Chap- man). Buan, to cultivatey boor (i, e. apcasanO^neigh-bour. Bugan, to bend bow, bough, bay, bight, el-bow. Burne, stream, Ash-burne, Brad-burne. ^^,^^ h^j,- By, bye, dwellingy Apple-by. • Ceapian. ^0 buyj., ..... to chop(m the sense of to barter)y '7 ! chaflf-er, cheap, chap-man, ^' ' *' ' "' ^ Cr*i !!,//• chap, Cheap-side (i.e. Mar^ .^ ^ V v> .' A^>' %j<-.^ Ar«f sirfe), East-cheap, Chep- H^.ii'^^i t^ ^^i^4v^ stow Chippenham, Chip- * • ping Norton. Oeaster or Cester,/orf, ' ^ ^^' town^ Chester, Lei-cester, Man-ches- ter, Col-chester (fort on the Coin). ^ ,. „. . Campian, to fighty champion. BTTMOLOOIBS. HJ; 0«orl, a countryman^ . . . churl. Ceowan, to chew, ....*. chew, cud ; to chew the cud therefore means to chew ';¥a«fi.^ .-iMi 3'f ■ thet which has been al- (ya.r ready chewed,-—!, e. to : - thew the chewed, Oiiafa, a 6oy, tervant^* .knave (Germ. knabe,a6oy), i^ Cunnan, to know^ ken, uncouth. \ :^ai < 7 ri^*tda/we, fee. ,^ ^^.; Feorm, /oo(2, farm. Fiain, to hate^ fiend, foe, feu-d, fie I Fleot, a river, a place -jii where vessels ^oa/,. North-fleet, Fleet Street. -^i Fon (contr./r. fengan), ^ . "^J* to take hold of J ....Mger, fang. "' ' ' j Frcon, to love, fri-end, God-frey. ' ^ Frician, to jump, frisk, freak, frog. *; Fngol, any bird, fowl, fowler. ^^^ ; Fulian, to corrupt, foul, fil-th, defile. "' - ' : Fullian, to whiten, fuller. -v^l * "rf Fysan, to hurry, fuss . '^ '. » f'ebban, to scoff, gabble, gibberish, jibe, jabber. Galan, to sing, nightingale. . v^tc^^j^ ,, Oangan, toga, gang» gangway. ^^ . Oaard, enclosure, yard, garden. Ir ^ Geotan, to pour, gut-t-er, gush. "P ' ■■ Gerefa, a governor, .... borough-reeve, sheriflT, i.e. shire- , , . -^ i reeve (G. graf. an earl, "f ' ' landgrave). ^ Gbd, good, God, god in godspeed, t. e. good ^: -^ spcgrf,gospel,i.e. good-spell. r Gorst, furze, prickly . ' bush, gorse, gorse-lettuce, goose- berry (i. e. prickly-berry). Grafan, to dig, grave, engrave, groove, Greot, dust, grit, grate. /'^ • ^ Hdd, condition, hence the affix head in God- ., head ; and hood, as in priesthood. Hafo'Ci havik, Laferc, laverock, contracted to . lark. Hals, ne^, halter. • 9MBf kiUMi diMlling • . MalUuuDi BuDp-giMd* , , ETTMOLOGIES. 115 Hleaw, a mall hill^ tract "V^'^ ^ of ground rising gently f Hounslow, Wardlaw. ' " filidan, to cover ^ lid, eye-lid. '^ Holm, small island^ loxo fat ground^ Axholm, Langholm. ^ * iB[on(con^r./r.Hangian), ^ V to hangf hang, hinge, Stonehenge (t. 8. hanging rock). Httnd, dog hound, hunt, Hounslow. '' } Hurst, wood J for est f, , Brad-hurst, Mid-hurst, Pefl»> hurst. Hyth| a port^ haven,. . . . Aithe, Grcenhithe. ^'"^ Ingi a pasture, meat/ott^,. Read-ing. ' Lacnian, to cure^ leech (doctor), horse-leech. Lflpccan, to seize, leech. ^, , Lsedan, to lead, lead, lode, lode-star, lode-stoii0: he&g, field, meadow, . . .lea, Elmsley. Leasian, to lie, leasing (Psalm 4). ^ ,^ Lit, a ship, lighter, lighterman. , x-^*'^t*^-''-: Lynis, an ttxic-^ree,.. . .linch-pin. - ' Msenan, to think, mean, min-d. ' Magan, ^0 be able, may, might, mai-n (in might and main), Mengan, to mix, mingle, among, a-mongst. Mere, lake or marsh,., . .Mere Street ; Winder-mere. Metsian, to feed, meat, mess, mess-mate. Mund, defence, Ed-mund, Godmundham. Nsesse, a promontory, -'^^ headland , ness in Sheer-ness, Caith-ness. Nyther, down, nether, nethermost, be-neath| under-neath, Nether-by, Nether-lands. Nord, north, Nor-wich, Nor-folk, Nor-ton, Nor-ham. h-'--^'' Rsepan, to bind, rap, rope. lUethe or Rath, soon . . .rather. ^' '^ ^r Red, a reed, Red-bridge, Rad-ford. Red, counsel, wisdom, . . Ethel-red, Mil-red, iBlc-red (i. e. each or all counsel)^ Rein, clean, rin-se ; as cleanse, fr. clean, Rethra, rower, , Rother-hithe. RiC| dominion, bishop-ric ; in old English^ king-ric. ^ Rim, nutfirer^^i-i^, * r.*;*.Thyme. W' ••'^-•^''*' i '^w.a . 4»4»«[i^ . - ;l \t i ^16 PART V. Ripan, to etif, reap. Rude, redj rud-d-y. ' '» Sceapan, to /orm,maA;e,. shape, shop, ship, land-skip; the affix thip as in Ariend* ship. .t Scethan, to injure j scath-less, un-scath-ed. Sciran, to ck<, shear, shears, share, plough- *-'■■- :.i.u .j,. ci share, shire, sheer, scar^ v" V score. Scufan, to thrust^, ..... scuff, scuffle, shove, shovel. Seazan, Saxonf Es-sex, Sus-sex, Wes-sez, Mid* die-sex. Seothan, to 6ot/, seethe, sod, soap-sud. - Slacian, to be slow^ .... slack, slug. - V'*^?^ Slean (contr.fr* slegan), ^' '^ " ''^' "^ to killf slay, slaugh-ter, on-slaugh-t. ^^ Slefan, to cover^ sleeve, sleeveless (a sleeveteif »M c4 ^.i Waepen, a weapon^ .... wapentake. Wald, a woodf weald (of Swsez), Walt-ham, Walt-bamstow, Walden. Wanian,^o decreaseffail.vr&Tie, wan, want. Wealdan, to govern^ ...wield, Bretwalda (a namt m- iumed by the most powerful . of the early Saxon Kiitgtf meaning governor of tk§ Britons). Weallan, to spring up^ .well, Holywell. ^^^i*^*^ Weard, guards ward, warden, guard, guardian, Wenan, to think, ween, overw,een-ing. ' ^'* '*■» Wenden, to gOj wend, went, wander. , Weorthan, to become, . . worth (in woe worth the daj^ which means woe be to th€ * ' ^ day). Wesan, to be,. . • was, were. Wic, dwelling, Aln-wick, Oreen-wich, Hack* ney-wick. Wiht, athingfCreaturef.-whit, wight, aught (a whit), naught (con^rac^e(2 ^0 not), naughty. Witan, to know, wit, wot, weet, wise, wis, witen* '*'•■ ^' ■ J K^'^ '^ ' agemote (i. e, assembly of councillors). Win, war, Ed-win, God-win, Bald-win. Wolcen, cloud, welkin. Worth, a /arm, vtV/agre, . Bridge-worth, Wal- worth, i^i Writhan, to bind, twist, . writhe, wreathe, wreath. < 1 Wyrt, root, herb, colewort. ^ Thincan, to seem, me-thinks, me-thought (m«^ thinks means to me seems ; '^ methought, to me seem$dy, Thirlian, to pierce, drill, thirl, Thirl-wall, nos*tril ^t-z-^-:* (in old English noseihitle), ■■ ..i v»sv..-.v., thrill. .^'',^^\,^ Thorpe, a village, Al-thorp, Bishop-thorpe^jj^^l^;:, Thweor, across, thwart, athwart. ll bl 118 PART V. LATIN AFFIXES. Verhs are formed by the termination ateorite ; as, vac-ate, exped-ite. Nouns denoting persons are formed : 1. By the teiminHtion tor or 8or ; as, ree-tar^ tpon-sor. 2. By trix ; as, execu-trix, NoTi. — Trix is the fern, affix, answering to the mate* tor. Abstract Noans, and Nouns denoting things, are formed : - ..> 1. By the affix ion, as, . . reg-ion, * '^ j Hon, or j ac-tion, : ( sioUj ( extension, 3 /y or itj/y digni-ty, ftuid-ity. 4 t . . . . tude, longi'tude, 5 ence or ance, . . . depend-ence, 6 ture or sure,, ,pic'ture, era'Sun» 1 acyy .fallacy. v 8 ice, just'ice, 9. mony, acri-mony, 10 ,,.ment, monu-ment, 11 our or or, ... . ard-our, 12 t or tCy ,faC'ty da-te, ; | ^1^4 A Diminutives are formed: l.By the affix as^er, m,. , poet-aster, ulv^-'l* ' *^ ' (radic-le, ^, 2. le, ule, or ula i gloh-ule, " ' (form-ula. ... .zc^, part'icle, veh-iole* 4 .iCulej ....... ,animal-cule, ^ , *'i STTMOLOQIES. Il» Adjectives are formed : L By tho tor- niination a/, ii^,»i^^'. ( crws^-ffc^ow* (from • .,..aceo«s, ..-J ^^^to, a shell). ' I oifcw^, or j vi-olent {vii, Ibroe), •* ( uleniy.. \ucrb-ulenU • . . • i6/*. r^ Sup- pose, to place under. .-. , , ^ , v y -xk Trans- pose, to place across. ; u ;ff The modern English language may be considered as comprising two Languages ; namely, the Vulgar Tongue, and the Classical or Literary and Scientifio Language. .■.-.■ The First is chiefly formed of monosyllabic words from the Saxon. The Second is chiefly formed of compound words of two or more syllables, fron the French, the Latin, or the Greek. , ,. Almost every word composed of two or more syllable! may be translated by old English or Saxon words, equalling in number the syllables of the compound word, as for example :— , . . , ; ^ Ab-ject, cast down. Ab-lution, the washing from. Ab-rupt, broken down. Ab-solve, loose from. Ab-stiact, drawn from. Ad-apt, fit to. 'tfm-^ff-i Ad'here, stick to. -/£ Ad-junct, joined to. Ad-vent, coming to. Ad-vert, turn to. '>: si* fi.t • i -»■;.. *< ■m\ Gircum-ambulate, walk round. Circum-ference, bearing round. ' Gircum-fiuent, flowing round. Gircum-navigate, sail round. Glrcum-spect, looking round. Gircum-stance, '..standing round. Go-equal, equal with. Gol-lapsed,: falling together,' ^ Gom-mission a sending with. '^*^**^^*'**^ Gon-cur, run together. ^ "^«i -i'J Gor-respond, answer with another. P^ '^ ETYMOLOOIBS. De-cline, bend under. Dif'fer, bear asunder. Di-gress, step aside. E-ducate, lead out. Bf-'fulgence, shining out. Ex-ceed, move out. Ex-port, carry out. Im-port, carry in. In-spire, breathe in. Ob-ject| thrown in front. Per-ambulate,walkthrough Pre-cede, go before. Pro-ceed, go forth. Re-cede, go back. Sub-ject, cast under. Suc-ceed, go after. Suf-fer, bear under. -^ Sup-plicate, bend under. T Super-scribe, write upon. Trans-port, carry across. •^^pii ■»-■ <\\:. ^-i n^ ij \ ,■■ ■■.. i ,ir i DISandUN. M As un commonly undoes or takes away, so dis denies or divides. Some verbs admit either prefix : for, though While one generally takes away a positive action, and the other communicates a negative one, the ideas must nearly coincide ; yet no less certainly may they often be discriminated,— ti " — ~ ; fite PART y. 2. Not : as ig-noble, not noble ; il-legal, not legal ; im-moral, not moral ; in-active, not active ; ir-regular| not regular. 3. An intensive signification; as inveterate, impetaous. LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. ■/•'■• Acer, sharp, pungent, . . dcrid, acridity, dcrimonj. Acuo, Imake sharp acutCji^ acumen. ^•r Acidus, sharp dcid. - Mdes, a building, ^ditice, ^dify (i. e. to build up by teaching). jfiquus, equal, equdlity, equivalent, equidfs* taut, equdtor, iniquity, ade- , ,\^ ' '''■''' quate, equanimity, equilifb- -'-'''' j^Jj,.'^''';-:u'i - , . rium (libra, a pound or a . 7 -^' balance). JBains, the tide, Estuary (that part of a river which the tide comes up). ^vnm, an age, life,. . . . coeval, primeval longevity. Ager, afield, agrarian, agriculture, peregrin- ation. Ago, / do ; actus, done, act, dctual, agent, dgitate, ndvi- gate. Alius, other; dlienus, ' ..*, anothefs, alienate, dlien, dlias, alibi. Altus, high, altitude ; alto-relievo (Italian), ; . said of sculpture that standi T' out higher than the mass it is CM^ OM^ o/; basso-relievo, ' ' ' '' ' • . is cut into the mass, and is ,, i^ ; tuui* , v^ 5 f. little above the general sur- face. Ambulo, / walk, dmble,perambulate, somndmbu- list (somnus, s/egp). Amo, I love,. amiablf, amorous, amity. ;^ Amicus, a friend, dmicable, inimical. Ampius, large, dmple, dmptify, dmplitude. Angiilus, a corner, angle, triangle, rectangle, reo- tdngular. Jy|kima» life^ dnimate, iodnimate, dniinaly ,,,..^,j,^ Animdlcul«. , I ETTMOLOOiES. lif An!mii8, mindf magndnimotis, pnsilMnitnoaa (pusillas, little) jUn^nimons. Annus, a yeavj Annual, biennial, per^nniarl, aii- niv^rsary. Annulus, a ring, annular (said of an eclipse of the sun, when, from the moon^a covering its central part, '" only the outer part is seen • ' like a ring). Antlquus, old, antiquity, antiqudrian, Anti- quated, antique. Ap6rio, /open, .. c .... aperient, dperture, April (the month in which vegetation begins to open). Appello, I call, 5Mm7/ion,appeal,appellation, appellative. Aqua, water, dqueous, aqudtic, dqueduct, terrdqueous. Arbiter, an umpire, a wit- "^ ness, drbiter, Arbitrary, Arbitrate. Arbor, a tree, o drbour, arborescent. ,/ Ardeb, 1 burn ; arsum, ' ' ' burnt, drdent, drdour, drson. Arena, sand, the Roman Amphitheatre was so ' '• called, becajjLse the floor was covered with sand to drink* ""' *''^'''' "- up the blood of the gladia- '\' . \' i V ^^t > fQ^g^ We now use the term ' • - -' ' : ' for any place in which a ' ■ ' ' contest is ^oing on. i Aro, I plough, Arable, indrable. "^ Ars, artis, skill, art,. . .art, artist, artifice, artificial, in- ' ert. Artus, a joint articulate, inarticulate, drticle (a written bond). Asper, rough, asperity, exasperate, dspirate (i. e. rough breathing). Audio, I hear, dudicnce, audible, dudit, dudi- tor, auditory. Augeo, 1 increase ; auc- tus, increased, augment. Auction, Author. Auxilium, htlp, auxiliary. Barba, a beard, bArber,barb, barbed, Barbardssa (i. e. red-bearded). Barb&ru8,/or«ig:ny bdrbarous, barbiriaU, >bcatoiri -sr >r. A . ■ j^fjiiig ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ quarter), Oedo, I crity or kill ; C8BSUS, killed^ .... incfsion, incfsor, concf se, pdrri- cide, suicide («ui, of one'i j^h-^h : n - — ,g//^^ fratricide, matricide, regicide, infdnticide. Calculus, apebbkj cdlculate {from the old mode of •;• : '^ reckoning by pebbles)^ cAl- ' culable, incdlculable. Oandeo, I 6um, or be- come bright J inc^ndiarj, cindid, cindle,c cr^e, secrete, secretary. Gertus, sure, certain, certify, eerUfieatei in* c^rtitud«, Charta, paper^ charter (something toritten)^ Magna Gfaarta, cartdon (a ,-,^v*., .»•..'. painting on paper )^ chart, . cdrtridge. Circus, a circle^ circulate, circular, semicircle, cfrcus, cfrcuit. CHo, / call, or roiue^ . . . cite, excf te, rec/te, incite, cit4* '^? tion, excitement. CXvis, a citizen^ ciril^ cfviiize, cirflitj, cMc, civilian, cfty. Gl&mo, I speak aZou(2,. .excl&im,accldim,recl£im, claim, cl&mor. Clino, I bend, decline, inclf ne, reclfne, de- clension. CUvus, a«Zo;)i»gfgroawd, acclfvity, declfvity. -'^ Cogno8co,/^arn,A;noto,c6gnizant, cognizable, r^cogi" nize. €51o, / till, cdlony, cultivate, culture, hdr- ticul ture (hortu8,a garden)^ Gdmes, a companion, . . . count, conc6mitant, cdoatable -j (stabulum, a stable)^ an of" j^:„',~'^/ Jicer who first hod charg§ of the horses and afterwards ' of the cavalry. . qi Gomm6dus, convenient^ . commodious, commddlty, In- commdde. ,>r| Oommunis, common, . . . community, communicate, ex- .3-ui^.i,,ji communicate. i,,,.^^^y Copia, plefity, c6pious, cornucdpia (corau, a ^q horn). Cor, cordis, /^e A«arf,.. c6rdial, accord, cdncord, dXf-- cord, record. Corpus, the body,, ..... corp6real, corpse, corps, cdr- ,^v, pulent, incdrporate* . r, . 1 . • 180 PABT r; CHdOflbtlUvtf truttj,QT6d\i, credible, cr^dulofif, crediility, incr^dible^or^di- i,. ,:__ tor, creed, credence, cre- i- ' d^ntiais, discrdditablei ac* '^•.;jii-rr-ss.'};/ . credit. n CtMf Imakefprodttcej »crei.te, creator, cre^tioDi rec- reate, recreition. .i €re8c<>, / grow ; eretus, groum « increase, d^cret^se, crescent .toft'SrfV rjib ;r' i<^ ' {used of the moon when '^hn\b ^imti'ih^, i.if>ii^ I. uhf'> ,'y : growing larger)^ cdncrete, excrescence. OrfmeOy a crimen erfminal, crrminate, recrimi- nate. Oruz, a crotSf criisade, crucifix, cruciform, , ■ ;;,ru* excruciate, crucible. OubO|/6end..........Buccumb, recdmbent, inciim- bont. Oubitus, the elboWf, . . . ..cubit, the measure from the elbow /iiuMto the end of the fingers. ,: Gulpa, a faulty ........ culpable, exculpatory. Cura, care^ cure, cun£tor, curious, yirociirei secure, Accurate, s/uecure »ot.-h ixinzjiii'i'i :^'^'i..>f» t«M»-. fi {sine^ without). CurrO) 1 ncfiy current, curricle, course, ciir- .y.^i vu - .. , u> sory, concur, inciir, occ6r, . \ f r- V '4ai>;x:rM,tv. recur, excursion, precur- ^r sor, succor. Gurvus, crookedf curve, curvilinear (linea^ a imf^mkr «v^:ri«.'miifr.r >tni /tne), curvature. j^ Danino, I condemn^ .... condemn, ddmnatory. Debeo, / otr< ; debitum, ■.% owed debt, ind^bt, debtor, d^bit. Decern, ten^ decimal, duo-decimal^ de^i- ;ii..;»ji>s:i mate. ..- ,''A^uv,^^\ ,01-^^ Decens, becoming^ decent. . . . ..^ 45 5.. ^iditidq/c^, Decorus, becoming decorum. Dens, dentis, a ^00/A,. .dentist, dental, indent, ^(4^^* Densus, thicky condense, density. ,^\ 'Z^-, <).><: Deus, a god^ deify, deity, deist, deodand, Divlnus, divine^ .divinity, divinely. DlcQ, I speak \ dictus, : *! tpoken^ ..diction, dictate, contrad/ct, in- nii'trngiiOfiili^. d(ct, predict, edicV in" tterdict, vdrdiot^ ]ttftledi xmioLoaiES. 131 Diet, a day^ diiirnal, dfal, dfary, mer/dian. Digitus, a finger f dfgit, dfgitate. Dignus, worthy^ drgnity, d/gnify , condrgn, ind/g- nity, deign, disddin. Disco, / Uarn^ discrple, d/scipline, disciplini- rian. Divido, Idividej. .... . .dividend, divfsion, indivfsible, indiTfdual. aj^ i ; 1 Ddceo, / teach ; doctus, [trine. taught d6cile, docHity, d6ctor, ddc- Do, I give] datus, gtv ddta. Dodo, I present^ ....... dondtion. ; • !i I- .rs^rrtl; j D6ieo, / grieve conddle, ddlorous. Ddminus, a master^., . .ddmineer, ddminant, preddmi- nate. D6mus, a housey dome, domestic, ddmicUe.; .i;/U Dorinio, / «/e«p, ddrraant, ddrmouse, ddrmitorj. Dorsum, the backy ddrsal, enddrse, endorser.... . Diico, IdraWf Educate. Duco,//ead; ductus, /£(/, duke (a leader)^ adidtice, coo- i^^tii^iii^iq^^i^tsKMji; \^rij!i; ,;jx^:^^^t^QQ^ iuduce, produce, se- h '>•: duce, induct. Duo, twOf ^ . . . . diiel, dual, duet, dubious, duo- decimal, indubitable. Durus, hardy lasting^. . .durable, endure, fndura'te. Edo, leaty Edible, Esculent. Ego, / Egotist. Emo, I takej buy ; emp- ^ " '^ turn, bought y redeem, redemption, rdnsom, -'■ -S;j;^T/E5.;I-to^i/: exempt. t'^u'-Ti-; \ ..mfitJ^lC! Bo, / go ; Uum, gone, .. exit, initial, inftiate, transit, parish, refterate, ambition. Iter, a journey ^ . . i . . . . . itfnerant, itfneracy. Erro, / wander y ....... error, erratic; aberrdtion. BxpSrior, / try^ experience, expert, experimenti peril. i>7M;rJ(tj> Bxtra,toiMou^ orfr«yo7u/,extradrdinary, extrdvagant. 1 Fdcies, the facet fdcial, efface, superffcial. ! F&cilis, easy^ . . . t facility, facilitate, difficulty, fi- . -n^zi-vmirjim ■ culty. . ■- .vjf-u \> MinifBl Fallo, I deceive^ fdllible, infdUible, . folse, follii^ '■'■•' - '.4Si0U8. ,."-.wuji, 'F*iii«, d report^ ; i'^; . . , . &me, fdmous, fnfamous. ^^.:>.:^^. ,,-:K.'Vr- .^^.*■.-v 1^ 1. 182 Tjon ▼• X V&cio, / do or make ; fao- tU8, done or made^ . fact, fictions, benefdctori male- factor, manufactory, sdltis- ... fy, affiSct, infect, certify, ,^%'7k/«^jjr deficient, perfect, g^cri- fice, factdtum (totus, allt ,••■0. r»r^ . •; , A j^^^] q^ QJ^g i^^^ ^jj,^^ ^j A:t;irf« of things) ; crucify. Fells, a eat feline. Fanum, a temple^ fane, profane (said ofthoee caet -v^; forth from the temple), "'*'-''• fan dtic, fanaticism (,, r. , : refuse, confuse, diffuse,suf- fuse, transfuse. fi\sible. Fundus, /ownda/ton,.. .fundamental, profdund. G61u, frost, geiid, congeal, gelatinous,jeily. Gigno, / beget J primogeniture, progenitor, in- »i^ v) ginious, indigenous, ge- nius, regenerate. 0«D8, gentis, a nationj . gentile. Ot&tilis, proper to a fa- <»%} ••.••« gentle, genteel. i ' 184 ''' PART V. ^'^ G5nus, generis, a kindj . gtSneral, generalize, gen^riCi gender, degenerate. Germen, a shoot, germ, germinate, cousin-ger- man {acousin on the father^ t *" '' side). '■ Gero, / bear; gestus, borne, belligerent, gesture, gestfcu- late, congestion, digestioni suggestion, vicegerent. Glfibus, a round body,, .globe, globule, gldbular. ^ , Gr&dior, /s/ep ; gressus, ;- . ,.^... « ,^ , stepped] gradus, a ' : step, grade, gradation, degr&de, re- ^'';, trograde, gradual, pro- i*^' :'. ' gress, transgress, congress. (jfraudis, great, grand, aggrandise, grandilo- quent. GrHiA, favour,. . ... . . . grace, ingrdtiate, gratuitous. Gratus, thankful, grateful, gratitude, ingratitude. Gravis, heavy, * grave, grdvity, gravitation. Gre2, grSgis, a flock, ..gregarious, Aggregate, cdngre- gate. . ,„ H&beo, / hold, or have ; habitus, held, hdbit,habftual,exhrbit, prohfbll. Habito, / dwell, habitation, inhabit, coh&bit. ^ Haereo, / stick ; haesus, stuck, adhere, cohere, adhesion, co- hesive, hesitate. He res, heredis, an heir, hereditary, inherit, inheritance. Halo, / breathe,. ....... exhale, exhalation, inhale. Haurio, / draw ; haustus, ^ - - '• drawn, exhdust, inexhaustible. ■ .^ Hdmo, a man ; humanus, human, hdmicide, humdne, humdnity, VioTveo, I dread ov shitd- * -f der, h6rrid, hdrrible, hdrror, abh^r. Hospes, hospitis, ague5^,h6spitable, hospital, host. Hostis, an enemy, hostile, hostility. Humeo, / am wet, humid, humidity, humor. Humus, ^^e ground/ ; hii- milus, low, inhiime, exhume, humble. Ignis, fire, fgneous, ignfte, ignition. Imago, an image, imdgine, Imagery, imagindtion. tmpiro, / comma/u^i •••imperative, emperor, Empire, -" ^^^^ ' ' imperious. gen^rie, Eite. ousin-g^r* ■hefather^t , gestfcu- digestion, j6rent. Liar. ^r&de, Fi- lial, pro- congress, grandilo- tuitous. gratitude, tation. 3, cdngre- , prohfbit. >habit. §s?on, co- b^ritance. hale. i. ' v* t* imanitj. or, abhdr. lost. cior. ■4 ble. on. igin&tion. Empire, BTYMOLOQIES. 135 Indlco, I point out; in- - v^ dicatus,j90inied(m^,fndicate, indfcative, /ndek. "^ - InfiSrus, low, inferior, inferiority, infernal. Initium, beginning^ .... initiate, ini'tial, initiative. Insula, an island^ peninsula (p«ne, almost)^ fasu- lar, fnsulate. Int&ger, whole^ . . • integer (a whole number, not a fraction), integral. Ira, anger, I*,,. .ire, irascible. J&ceo^ / lie down, adjacent, iiiterjdcent,subjacent. J&cio,i lay down, I throw,Q}6ct, inject, deject, dbject, ad- jective, ejaculation, inter- A : M'ii' ; :.i;: jection, conjecture, object, projectile, reject, subject. Judex, jiidicis, ajudge,. judicial, judicature, judicious^ Ju^um, a yoke, subjugate, conjugate, conjugal. Jungo, / join ; junctus, joined, jiinction. conjunction, juncture, i- Adjunct, subjun-ctive, joint, ~ ' * ^ adjoin, subjoin. Jua, juris, law^ right j . juro, / swear, jury, justice, justify, fnjury, per- jury, jurisdiction, jurisprik- ' dence. Juvenia, young^ juvenile, junior. " " , Labor, work, labor, elaborate, Idboratory, 'I Labor, / slip ; lapsus, slipped, collapse, elapse, rel&pse. Lac, lactis, milk, lacteal, lactary, lactescent, v, LApis, lapidis, a stone^.. Idpidary, dilapidate. " Latus, broad, Idtitude. — For, ' latus,' carried^ see Fero. LS,tus, lateris, a side,. . .idteral, quadrilateral, equilat- eral. Laus, laudis, praise, . . .laud, laudatory, laudable. ^ Laxo, / loose, lax, relax, Hxity, laxative. ' Lego, I send, I impute, I bequeath, legate, deiegate,aliege, legacy. LSgo, / choose, I gather, Iread; leetua, cAo- " ■ ^' ' r '^t'ci M£n, Sfc, eldct, neglect, Elegance, ineli- gible, select, fntellect, col- .,.;.., ; , l^ct, recollect, cdllege, df- •'.;-* <:v2'i .i«'j " ligence, sicrilege, Ucturei, l^ssofii ill^gibte. J I I I : M 136 PART ▼.*' Lfiro, I liftf Elevate, l^yity, relfcTe, '^ "LeZf legiSf a law ilieiixiSy lawful f I^gal, legftimate^l/cence, illfcii. Liber, freCy liberty, liberate, deliver. Liber, a hook\ libellus, a little hooky library ,librariaia,h'bel,Ubellous. LigOy / hindy Ugament, oblige, religion,, league, allegiance, IfablOp Ljfmes, limitis, a&o«n(2,.lfiDit, unlfmited, illimitable. Lingua, a tongue^ linguist, language, lingual, z^ Linquo,./ leave; lietus, left, relinquish, rdlic, r^Iiet, delin- quent, oblique. Liqneo, I meltf liquid, liquefy, liquor, liquidity, Literr , a letter, literal, literature, literary. Locus, a place, local, locate, dislocate, colloci$r tion, locomotion. '^ " Longus, long, longevity, longitude. ( The an^ cients thought the earth to extend further from east to '■'''" - ' west than fraiAaorthtosouth, L&qnor, I speak; 15 cu- ius, spoken, loqudcity, soliloquy, colloquial, Eloquent, elocution, cir- cumlocution, yentrfloquist (Tenter, . r BUS, measured ; men- sura, a measure^ . . . mete, measure, mensurition, commensurate, incomm^Q- ' ' ' surable. Migro, Jc/mn^e my a5oie,mf grate, migration, ^migratei immigrate. ^\f.M' Miles, militis, a «o/e2ier,. military, militia, mflitant. MlUe, a thousand^ milienium, million (a thousand thousand) ; mile (the Ro* man mile was a thotuand Ji::^;yu-?. : paces)^ mfUeped. 138 PART V. V Mineo, / hangs proml- . ,*..;.. ■ .t \\'^riU'. . neOf to hctiig over J to \i;' jut out ; immineo, to threaten^ to exce/,.. prominent, Eminent, fmminent, prominence. Minister, a servant, .... mmister, mfuistry, administer, liiauo, / lessen; minu- tus, lessened] minor, ir. minus, /^ss, minority, minute, mfniature, rua <> ,M. c diminish, diminution, di- minutive. Mirus or mirabilis, won- der/ulf miracle, ' admire, admirable, marvellous. Hlsceo, I mingle ; mix- tus, mingled, mix, miscellany, promfscuous. Miser, wretched, miser, misery, miserable, com- miserate. Mitto, / send\ missus, ,,, .u.-Kv sent, mission, missionary, mfssfle, Emissary, admit, commit, 5»iiiv^fn«?^:, .;. V, ,^. ^; . intermit, permit, remit, ?\fi&';^K s ,v" ;*. :. i . ; . transmit, promise, admis- -...,i^ :*>■■'; ;;v:^ '. _-.■ Sion. , _ .■^.:'-y',v ^i:tS;>*i M5du3, a nuasure or manner, ..mode, mood, modify, moderate, ,r? :, , model, modesty, immodest, commodious, commddity, ao ' Incommode. i-, ,,'!,yr.i. ?-^ Mola, a millstone ; meal . sprinkled onthe sa- crifice, .molar, immolate, emolument ^_i:nxihi:\ ?; - . : ' (originally the miller^ s toll, but now any profits). Mdneo, I warn, remind,. momtor, monument, admdnish, money, mint. lfonSi ^ mountain, dismount, surmount, promon- ..v>4iii'Auiti^'i .'y.t.:u •• .■• tory. Monstro, / shew] mon- T: stratus, s/ietret/, ...demonstrate, rem6nstrate. ./: Mora, mortis, death, . . .mortal, mortality, immdrtaU Mordeo, 1 bite ; morsus, ~: iw . bitten, . remorse, m6rsel, remdrseless. Mo3, moris, a manner ^ . . moral, immor&lity, dem6ralize. Multus, many^ miiUitude, multiply, multiform. j t-A ETYMOLOGIES. t39 H^yeo, I move ; motus, ji; r .1 ' Mnli- moved J moveable, mdrement, commd- tion, emotion. Munio, //or^i/V; muni- tus, fortified, munition, ammunf tion. : < Munus, mun^ris, a gift '. or ojfficef remunerate, munfficent, mu* nicipal, immunity. Mosa, a aongf music, the muses, musical, mu- . vi^.ja. i-.i.ii! ; ?..::*::.^L s^iim, amuse. Muto, / change, mii table, immutable, mutdtioO| commute, transmute. N&tnB,6orn, .r;..U. ..native, natal, nation, cdgnate, fnnate. Natura, nature, ndtural, supernatural, ndtural- ,..■. ...^.i ize, naturalist. Nftvis, a ship, ......... ndry, naval, circumnavigate. . Nauta, a sailor, . . . . . . .ndutical, nautilus. Ne, not, nefarious. i r^^nU , Necto, I tie ; nexus, tied, connect, ann^x. » v -"H <; N^go, 1 deny; negatus, denied, .negation, negative, renegade. > Neuter, no^ either,. . . . .neutral, neutrality, neutralize. Niger, black, n^gro, Niger (the river going through the country of ike :*::^i V ' '^ blacks). t Ndceo, / injure, ....... fnnocent, noxious, obnoxiouSy innocuous. Nomen, a name,. . . . .. .nominal, denominate, nomina* tive, fgnominy, noun. :.li. Non, not^ nonsense, nondescript, noncon- formist. ^ Norma, a rule, a pa^^ern, normal, enormous, endrmity. Nosco, I learn, I know, ' notus, A;/ioion; ndta, ;: ..-^;i^.u,-' ^/^^^i? * i3o\y6i:^I a mark, note, ndtable, notify, dendte, -' notion, noble, ignoble, cog- nizance, recognize. N6vem. nine, November. -i ^ ! Ndvus, new, novel, innovate, novice. Noz, noctis, night, noct6rnal,equinox, equinoctial. Nubo, / marry, nuptials, connubial. NdmdruSy a fiumfrer, . . . numeral, innumerable, enume* -^ -^iyf ; X rate, superniimerary. ^ 140 PART V. ^ Kuntio, I tellj annoiince, denoiinee, pro- nounce, renounce, nuncio. Nutrio, I nourish ; nutri- tu8, nourishedj .... nutriment, nutritive, nurse, , ' Oblivio, oblfvionis, /or- getfulness, oblfvion, oblivions. ' '' Octo, eight ; octavus, eighth, . , octave, octavo, Octdber. Ooulus, the eye, oculist, ocular, inoculate (at a tree with a bud, or a person ,. - with small'pox), ji. Odor, scent, 6dour. Officium, duty, office, officer. Omnis, all, omniscience, omnipresent, 6m« nibus {a carriage for all), Opto, I wish, or choose, . option, optative, adopt. Opus, op^ris, a work, . . operate, co-operation, dpera* tive, opera. Orbis, a circle, orb, orbit, orbfcular, exorbitant. Ordo, ordinis, or£{er,. ..ordinal, ordain, ordinary, in- ordinate, subdrdinate. Orfgo, the beginning, . . . origin, original, aborfginal, originate. Orior, I rise ; ortus, risen, orient, oriental (the east, whtrt the sun rises), abortive. Oro, I speak, entreat, . . oral, orator, oracle, ad6re, in* ^xorable. Ovum, an egg, oval, oviparous. Pagus, a village, pagan (the villagers remaining ,.,. idolators after the people cf ,:>> .-... .;, .. the towns had become Chri^ tians), paganism, peasant. Pallium, a cloak, pall, palliative. Palpo, I touch, palpable, palpitate. Pando, / spread ; passus, spread,, expand, expanse, pace (the foot I being stretched out), en- compass. Par, equal, peer, pdrity, disparity, dispir- X,,,, ,.; age, compare, compdrisoB. Pilf^o, I appear, appdrent, transparent, apparf- tion. P^rio, I beget, parent, oviparous, vivrparons^ Pftro, / get ready f . • . . . prepare, preparation, repdir impdir. pro* #,.. XTTMOLOOIES. 141 pars, partis, apart^ ...pdrtj, pdrticiple, particle, par- tial, partfcipate, particular, bj partite, parse, iinpart,de- ' part. - Pasco, Ifeedf pdstu re, pastor, repdst, dntepast. Pater, afather^ paternal, pdtrimony, pdtron, patrfcian. Pdtria, fatherlands na- •' \ t • ^ K-mo tive country f patriot, patriotic, expatriate. P&tior, / suffer J ...... .patient, impatience, p&ssion, , .; passive. Pauper, poor^ . . . .' pauper, pauperize, paiiperism, poverty. Paz, pacis, peace, pacrfic, pacify, peace,p^aceable. Pecco, / sm, peccant, impeccable, pecca- dillo, peccavi. ,^ Pectus, pectdris, the ^^ ' <' breast J pectoral, expectorate. *'' P^cunia, money j pecuniary. Peculium, private prop- eriyj peculiar, peculate. " "* ' . , ;,^ Pello, I drive ; pulsus, driven^ • • .expel, expulsion, compel, dis- pel, imp^l, repel, repeal) propyl, pulse, repulse. Pendeo, / hang^ pendulum, pendant, pending, appendage, depend, im- pend, perpendicular, pro- pensity, suspend. *"^^: - Pendo, / weighy I pay ; ^^,., pensus, weigAcrf, ..expand, expanse, dispense, dis- I,. p^nsary, compensate, r^- ,' . _. compense, pension, pen- . sive, ccmpendium. -^r PSne, almost^ penfnsula, antipenultim&te, pe- numbra. P^nStro, I pierce ; pene- tratus, pierced^ .... penetrate, impenetrable. Penuria, want^ penury, penurious, peniirioiis- ness. Persona, a person, personate, personify, personal. Pes, pedis, ^Ae/oo/,. ..pedal, pedestrian, pedestal, ex- pedite, impede, qu&druped, ■l\h ... V, . .V . aliped (ala, a wing ; wing' ' . footed like the hat). -*-■ 143 c PAKT V. ^ FMtig| M« |)/a^ei;r^r.pe8t, p^stileneei pestfferouffi poster. VlitOflaakflseek] petl- ftrif^^vu .rt,\% \ la:-*'! tuB, askedf petftion, competitor, repeat, fmpetus, centrf petal, Appe- tite, dppetencj. Pingo, I paint; pictus, painted J picture, picturesque, pfgrnent, .i'.K'i^.-j^ depfct, Pict8 (people who si> t ': '] r ' * painted themselves) . Pflo, Istealf . ; . .' .;^r. ;pf11age, compilition. ' ^ I Piscis, a fishf pfscatory. Planta, a plants plantdtion, displAnt, replint| suppldnt, transplint.'^ <^f ; Plaudo, Intake a noise by '" ^'l clapping^ ........ .applaud, applause, pldudit. Pius, religious^ pfous, piety, impiety, pity. Pl&ceo, / j9//e,pleb4 ian . Plenus, fvllf plenitude, plenary, plenipo^ t^ntiary, replenish. Pleo, I fill ; pleta8,yl/^(2, complete, replete, supply, c6m- plemeat. ^ Plecto, I twist] plexus, '"' " '^ twistedf complex, perplex, sitnple (the x ■' '-f'''*'' lost). •" ^lioo, Ifoldy bend ; plic&- -'-n *^^-/ " ' ^ M - "l ^ ^^ ^^ ^"^ tus, folded, ...... .pliable, apply, complicate, du- •' ■ •^■. ,; ; . plicate, duplicity, explicit, ''■''''■■^^'y-\^']^''-']^M^fMi% implicate, reply, suppliant (one praying, from, having .w^^mi s • At« knees bent under him)j ■ '■/.;■■:■■: q ^''f^y ■ sikrplice, triple, i.^-v^ Tl6r\>y I seek, complain; plor&tus, sought. . .deplore, explore, impldre. Plumbum, lead, plummet, plumber. Pluma, a feather, ...... plume. i^-^ »<:;%-< c ^5 1 ^ Plus, f luris, more, plural, pluperfect, nonplus, sdr- plus. Poenai punishment, re- V moruy.. . . . . « . . . .penal,jrepeiitliBt,penitftnt, pitn* V :■'... .::vi-i4M« anco. Pdlio, /jN)/t«ft ; polltus, poHthidf^UJi^ii .f6\ktktt poirt«, pol^liiif^l "i XTTMOtOQlKS. 443 Fondui, a weight f, pound, p6nderoiii| pdnder, pre- ponderate. FonOy / plcKe ; p5situs, placedf post, position, apposf tion, com- p6se, compound, compd- nent, cdmpost, depdse, de- pdnent, dispdse, imposey ,.„- . »*>*.' ,^ preposaion,suppdse,iuzta- ■''i* posftion (juxta, next to) ^ x^n^- prepdsitus. P6pulus, the people f . . .popular, populous, p^bliO, peo- ple, publish. :;;,, I Porta, a door, pdrtal, portico, pdrthole^ :/$, n Portus, a harbour f port. Porto, / carry f porter, pdrtable, port (the c^f- ,^-:'..> f .a ,. mg"* 0/ ^^« ^ody), depdrt, . / • — ' "• > export, impdrt, report, sup- ^'^ ~ ' p6rt, transport, portfolio. Possum, I am able ; po- tens, powerful,, . . .pdssible. omnipotent. ^ .:; >d ?Vi Post, after, posterior, posterity, postdii&<- vian (diluvium, a flood), r postmeridian (merldi^s^ r ift- V , noon), postpone, pdstscript. Postulo, 1 demand ; pos- : ;>! i, tul&ttts, 0101. .prdper, prdpepty, SC<^^Hetyi i : apprdpriate. Puer, a boy, piierile. ; ^ or i w j ja ' : W \ i ^ # (44 PART ▼« - - Prdbo, Itn/y make good ; iv ^«>t ri^sl^ - * probp.tus, triedy proved^ probdtion, approbition^reprobdU tion, probablOi probO| prd* bity. Prdpe, near ; proximus, neareet^ ......... .propfnquity,proxfmity,appr6xl* mate. Pugna, a fight J pugndcious, rep&gnance, im* pugn, oppugn. Pungo, I prick ; punc- tus, pricked^ pungent, punctnre, punctudU tion, punctual, expunge •,^^,;^ J, , j,j;,, (referring to the oblitero' tion of writing ontoax), Purgo, J c/eanse; purga- * tus, clean sedy purge, purgatory, expurgate. Fiito, I prune^ I think; putatis, thought^ . . compute, Amputate, depute (to cut off from the main body)^ deputy, dispute, impute, repute. Pntris, rotten,.,, f putrid, putrify, putrefiction. Qusro, / ask ; quassia H _ , ... tuSy askedy qu^ry, quest, quiz, question, acqufre, Exquisite, iuqufre, ^, , Inquest, inquisition, p- j , uine, consungu/nity. Stalls, ioundf sane, insdne, insdnity, sdnatWe. Sapio, / taaU , or J am ^, wUef sdvour, insipid, sdpid, sdpienti'* sdpience. S&tiB| tttoughf sate, sdtiate, sdturate, satfetj, sdtisfy, insdtiable. ^ SoandOj / climbf ascend, ascension, dese^ad, transcend, scan. Scindo, / cut ; scissus, eutj rescind, scissors, abscfssion. 8ciO| / know; scitus, knotonf science, conscience, oonsci^iif> tious, conscientiousness, conscious, conscionsnesSi prescience, omniscience. ; Scribe, I write ; scriptus, !* written^ scribe, scribble, scripture, de* scribe, description, super* "^ scribe, transcribe, p6sW cript, rescript. '^ Scrator, I search ; scru- ^ t&tus, searched J .... scrutiny, scrutdtor, inscrutable." ' 8fteO|/eik<; sectas, cu/^ sect, section, secant, sector, segment. Insect {having their bodies deeply cut)^ dissect, dissector, inteii*!. s^ct, bisect. ^^ St&qnor, J follow, secu- '^ toBf followed f sequence, consequence, sequel, ■« subsequent, Execute, per- secute, prosecute, consecu* tiye, second. STYM0L0QIE8. Ijijff BidtOflsit] sessum, Beub "if felt f insensate, sentient, scent, s^n* sual, sentence (so man^ words as convey a thought)f ' , assent, consent, diss^nW.' resent. >^ Septem, ««ven, septennial. . , .^^ Sepultus, buriedf sepulture, sepulchre. S€men, seminus, seed^. < seminal, seminary, disseminate. ? Serrio, I obey^. serve, servant, servitor, servile. Servo, / keep ; serv&tus, keptf conserve, observe, observ^tiooi^' preserve, reserve. . ..^^t Sex, six, sextant. '*'■ Sidus, a staty sidereal, Georgium Srdus . ^ {George's star). Signum, a sign^ signal, Ensign, signify, signlfi* cant, insignia. Slmul, af the same timCj simultaneous, assemble. Similis, like^ similar, assimilate, sImulatSe|.^> fac-slmile, dissemble. Sisto, I stop^ assist, consist, exist, insist, per* . .ri sist, resist, subsist. SOcins, a compahidn,. , .a6cm\, society, associate, dissd- ciate. iv Solj, /&<; sun, solar, parasol, solstice (where'' ^ "''"' " \ , the sun stops in its courier ' j^' ' going no farther north or ^^^ south. Our summer solstice ^iX , , ' . is the 2] .si ofjune.the winter -4«mi^.*v .M^ fAe 2lst of December). 851idus, ySrm, s61id, consolidate, solidify, 851«'-> der. Sdlum, the ground^ soil. T fl ii H ' 14$ PART T. ;« Solor, I comfort f s61ace, eons61e, eonidlatoi^^ consolation. Solus, atonCf sole, solitude, s6l0| soUloquji desolate. SoIyo, I loosen ; solutus, -Aimj^ loosened^ solve, solution, s61yent, ab- solve, dissolve. SdnuS| 80undf sonorous, consonant, dissonant, *^ iinison, sound. yv /: Spargo, / scatter ; spar- sus, scattered^ asperse, intersperse. Specio, /se«, or / look] ^^^ spectus, seen,. ... .species (a kind distinguised nij /rom oMer»), special, sp^ci- I men, spacious (Ma^ wAicA /oofcs good), speculate,8pec4 titor, spectacles, despfso, inspect, perspective, r^- ■''•*-'^' trospect. .'I'-iiv; k v^-, ■„ \ 8pero,/Aope; speratus, hopedj despair, desperate, desperado. Spiro, I breathe J spirit, aspire, conspfre, exprre, inspfre, respfre. Spondeo, / promise ; - l*F sponsus, promised, . sponsor, respond, spouso. -^ Sterno, / lay flat ; stra- "* ' tns, laid flat f stratum, prostrate, consterni- tion. ,f„ Stilla, a drop,, still, distil, instfl. Stirps, a root, \ extirpate. r % Stimulus, a spur, stimulate, stimulant, stimulus. " Stinguo, I mark, ;7ncA;. extingui3b,distinguish,in8tinct| extinct, fito, / stand] st&tum, _ ..^Mood, stdtut'', state, stdtue, st&ture, ^ ' ^^. stationer, stable, constant, distant, extant, instant, ^a ^ obstacle, constitute, insti- tute, substitute, supersti- tion, &rmistice(arma,an}t«)i interstice, fftrlngo, / draw tight] striotus, drai{>»%A^, strict, constrictor, stringent. Buadeo, / advise] sua* .^rniViilstf Sum, advised^ su4 dissuide, ptrsuida. XTTlfOLOOIlB. I4i 8trao, Jfrut&f; sfruttTis, '^<' buUtf structure, constriict| constHiei f\ deetruction, instruct, ob- striict, destroy. Substantia, a sumptuous. Surgo, I rite ; surrec- tura, men, ...... .surge, insurgent, resurr<$ction^ T&ceo, / am silent^ tdcit, taciturn, taciturnity. Tango, / touch ; tactus, touched, tangible, tangent, c6ntact, con- tagion, contagious, contfn- V i^ .< i ' i gent, contfguous, int^g- >" -- ~ r^^* rity, attdcb, attdin. T£go, I cover; tectus, /^ covered, integument, detect, protect. Temno, I despise, contemn, contempt, contempt- ible, contemptuous. Tempus, tempdris, time, tense, temporal, extempore, contemporary, temporize. Tempero, I season, I mod' ^; erate, temper, temperate. Tendo, / stretch, I bend ; tentus, stretched, . . tend, tense (tight), tendon, tent, attend, distend, intend, \^ subtend, superintend, por- tend. Tl^aeo, / hold ; tentum, held, tenantjtenable, tendcious, tene- -ilaia;|t^K ^h ment, tenet, tenor, tendril, /}^^}0^.t^^^j:- ■ - abstdin, continent, con- tinue, detdin, entertdin, obtdin, pertdin, pertinent^ ^ retdin, retinue, BUBtdin. Tftnto, / try, .......... tempt, attempt. ■ ,! , : ! i i fl ^80 ^*>ART Y. ^ . -Ai.'y'iy >?'«.v>.>.^ '■■^':^:'^ Tjopeo, lamwarmj tepid. vTerminus, a boundary^ or an end^ term, terminal, terminate, con- ,^ t^rminous, determine, e^- :-_}, ! terminate, interminable. l!firo, / rub ; tritus, rubbedf tr/turate, contritei attrf tioii| detriment. , STcrrSy th€ earthf terrestrial, terrace (ratted earth)^ sV* ' terrier, int^r. Tcrreo, I frighten^ terror, terrible, terrify, det^r. rTeirtiSi a witness^ test, testament, testate, attest, contest, detest, protest. V Ttto, I weave ; textus, XA .H: tooverij » . texture, text, contextj text- hand. Tlttdo, I fear J tfmid, timfdity, intfmidate, t£m- orous. ^Tprpeo, / am befiumbedj torpid, torpedo (a kind of fiih *• ^ that benumbs by giving an electric shock), Toreo, I parch ; tostus, <^ ^.„ j parchedf t6rrid, toast. '' *^''* Torqueo, I twist j tortus, v ,"* Teho, i corry ; Tectus^ carried, r^hicle, convey, c6ny8Z| in* vefgh, veterinary. V^lum, a covering, veil, reveal, develop, eny^lop. Tendo, 1 sell, vend, vender, y^nial, y^ndible. V Y^nio^ / come ; yentum, came, Advent, venture, convene, cdn- yent, Covent Garden, con- y^nient, eovenant, ey^nti Afl*'". prevent, revenue. Verbum, a word, yerb, ddverb, verbal, verbosity, verbiage, prdverb. ' »/ ^Vergb, I bend, y wge, converge, convergent, diverge. Vermis, a worm, yermin,yermfGular, vermiform, --\ 4*«#V vermicelli {the c eounded like eh in chess), vermifuge. Verto, / turn] versus, . turned, . . . . ^ yerse, version, versatile, avert, advert, adverse, advertfse, convert, divert, divdrce, fi-:. i^i avui; pervert, revert, subvert, ' .*#;%- transverse, universe. Y€jnka, true,., iVik,»^.»Y6ntj, very, verify, verdcity, •?v>^m^^. * 4>i/fA^' verisfmilar, aver. Testis, a garment, yest, vesture, vestry (robing ^ room), invest, investiture, ■- ' ■ divest. Tiftyaway, .••gW^...yi& (by the way), deviate, eb-> f.nf»T viate, obvious, pervious, vidticnm, trivial (commoTif; ^tt^fb^S^'^'^^^^^''^' '' ':^'^i^''"'''<:^' liter ally where three roads -■''■'■ meet, and, consequently, are much resorted to). TiciB,acAan£re, t»«/ea(f,..yielssitude, vfcar, vicirious, vice-president, vice'-ch£n> ixQiii^^-^i^notai^r,!^ ^^m^ cellor, vice-gerent, viceroy (roi, a king), yiseount. Vinco, I conquer; vic- tus, conquered,, , , . victor, victim, vanquish, con* vince. Tir, a man, triumvirate, virtue (whai be* comes a man)^ virdgo, dt» cemvir. XTYMOLOGIB0. 19B Tided, Itee \ tIsu^ «een, Tfsion, yfsible, Tfanal, TfsioB- ary, yfsage, vfsit, vfsta, ' f i ,•> ^nvy, Evident, provfdei prudence (providence), prov/sion, purvey, surT^y, revfae, superyf8e,yfde (. Ydlo, Iwithf voluntary, voltftion, volunteer, malevolent. Volvo, I roll J volutus, ^v rolledf • vdlume (books in former timee ; ,tgf5i • having been rolled up) J vdl- uble, voliite, convohrului, devolve, evolve, rev61ve. Ydro, I devour J vordcious, graminfvoronB (gro- ^-^ ^^ruj J^^^f^> men^ grass), granfvorous afeijifii; (granum^ grain)^ herbfvo- rous (herbOf herb), piacfr- orous, omnfvorous. Vdvco, I row, / pray ; votus, voKTM^, vote, votive, v6tary, dev6te, devdut. Yulgus, the common people, vulgar, vogue,vulgate, diviilge. Velio, / pull ; vulsuB, V pulled, convulse, convulsion,revulsion. - '''!j'i- .*.ri*.*t, v \^\ ^yf^f\ tilt- '' I !■ ! ■i i r ■ii GREEK AFFIXES. p. Verbs are formed by the termination ize or tw / as critic'ize. exerc-ise. Nouns denoting persons are formed by the termination tat ; as, soph-ist. - *^^Abstraot Nouns, and Nouns denoting thikoSi are formed : '1. By the affix arf or idy as, Ili-ady Aene-id, . 1^. By ma, as, panora'ma, 3. By sm or tsm, .... as, spa-sm^ magnet-ism^ soph* ism, '4. By y or «, as, monarch-y^ anatom-y, epi» tom-e, cftta-stroph-e, 5, By sis, as, crisis^ emphasis, 6. By ic or tic, ics or tics, as, rhetor-ic, arithme'tie^eth' ics, mathema-tics. Diminutives are formed by the affix isk, as, aster-isk, ohel-isk (obelos, a spike). ' * ' -7 jr-- '^ GREEK PREFIXES. Ji or crn denotes pri- vation, as, amorphous, shapeless ; anarchy, want of gov- ernment; apathy, YftLJii of feeling. Amphi, about or both, as, amphitheatre, an area with seats about; am- phibious, living in both air aud water. Ana^ back, again,. . .as, analyze, to reBolve into its component parts. Anti^ against, as, an^zWo/^, a counterpoison. Apo, from, as, apostle, a person sent from another. . ;, Cata (JToito), against, according to,. . .as, c^tar'^ % a waterfall ; Cfi- *^ ^iot V a list of pan- culars. Dia, through, as, diameter, a line passing through the centre of a circle; diaphanous, that can be se«n through. £/ny em, in, on, as, encaustic, burnt in ; em- phasis, st ress on a word. ^pi, upon, «. . . .as, epidemic, a disease upon many people at onco.H Sx, out, as, exodus, departure out of. Syper, over, as, hypercritical, over-nice. Hypo,\km\^T, as, hypocrite, a dissembler. Meta, beside, denotes v u-. ' if change, as, metamorphosis, a change •<-.!.Hk>j -s. ^ of shape. -^^,^,xilui- Para, from, with, be- side,. as,paraioyy, false reasoning; parallel, resemblance ; paradox, an assertion contrary to appearance. Peri, about, as, periphery, circumf«ient«. Syn, sym, with, toge- ..^ : , ther,... as, synod, an assembly ; sym" J- ; pathy, compassion. PART V. n;flu» ,ft DERIVATIVES FROM GREEK. ''"^ >,y* i:: 1^ So many of our most ezpressiye words are derired from the Greek) that without a knowledge of the com- pounds adopted from it, we lose all the beauty and in* genuity of our terms of art and science ; which, for want of the interesting associations which a knowledge of their origin would create, appear to us a mere jum^^ ble of letters unmeaningly put together. Acros, tiid or top of^,»», acrd-stic, acro-polis. ^- Adelphos, frro^Aer, Phil-ad^lphia, Ad^lphi. Aer, air^ aero-naut. ^^ Agogos, leader y ddm-agogue, p^d-agogue. , Agoge, leading^ syn-agogue. ^ ' ^''^ Akouo, / heary acdu-stics. Agon, contest y ant-dgon-ist. n* v«*«*^t^ ,i»j?^!?7 A.' Bu, well, eu-log-y, eu-phon-y* '-^' .^i jiff? A' G&mos, marriage, poly-gam-y, bl-gam-y. Oaster, stomach, gastro-nom-y, giLst-ric. ' Ge, earth, ,, ged-log-y, ge6-graph-y^, ge6^ metry. [eous. Genos, kind, sort, hetero-g^n-eous, homo-g^n- Genea, genesis, genera- tion, gened-log-y, Genesis. Glotta, glossa, ^on^e,.p61y-glot, gloss, gldss-ary, epi- gldttis. Glnpho, I carve,. .,,„, hfero-glyph-ic, trf-glyph (trfA, three). GignoskOy / knoWf. , . . .pro-gno-stic, gn6-stic. gn6-sti- cism. ■ • ■ .-'yHHsW^ »» I - IM PABT V. Oonia, co«*ii«r, polj-gon, h^pts-goU) h^ztrfM^' trf-gon. Grapho, / torite grdpb-ic, panto-graph| bigi(B«> graph-y (hdgioBi «acr«4). ^ Grammai grammatos, writingj ina-gram, ^pi-gram, d/a-fIMg^^ Gumnos, naJeed ; gum- ;« n&zo, / exercise, . . . gymnas-tic, gjmnis-ium. Hedra, seat, catli6dra-l, octa-b^dr-on (octo, eight). Helios, suTiy hell-acal, par-hdlion. Hemi, haiff . • h^mi-sphere. Himerai daf^ eph^mera-l (i. e. lasting for # day), eph^mer-is. Hepta, seven,. h^pta-gon, h^pt-arcl»-y. ^^ H«teros, other, differ ent,heierO'g6n-eouB, h^tero-dox. Hex, six, h^xa-gon, hexa-meter. Hieros, sacred, hiero-glyph-ic, hfer-arch-y. ^ Hippos, horse, bippo-potamus, hfppo-droiQe. -^ Hodos, way, mdtbod, ^x-odus, p^ri-od, eyn* • od, ^pis-ode. -• Homos, same, homo-log-ous, bomo-g^iHM>U8| -.iV^ homoBO-pathic. j^^ "Horlzo, bound, limit, de- termine, horfzon, ipboris-m. Hudor, water, bydr-aul-ics (aulos, a pipt), bydro-staticSjhydro^meteri bydro-gen, hydro-pbdb-ia (pbobos, /car). .,.. Idios, peculiar, fdio-m. Eidos, form, spb^ro-id, cyclp-id) cal-e^4Q?» scope. ) Ikthus, fish, ictbyo-log-y. ,|>r Isoa, eqwU, iso-sceles, iso-cbron-om, isp* tb^rm-al. Eeran, hortk, rbino-ceros (rhis, rbfnoa, iia«f)y mono-ceros. Kratds, power, demd-cracy, aristo-cracj. LawbaQQ, / take ; syl- '0 labe, taking toge- ther., .syl-Iab-le (i. e. tbose lettiers» fr, a word wbich are taken to»i ^Tfc : gether to make % sound). '^ Laoi, people, lay, la-ity . BTTMOLOeiiBS. 1IS0 L^xii, phtatey I^zi-oon, lezicd-gi«pk-gr. Lipsis, seizure f ^pi-lepsy. Lithos, stoney litho-graph-y. Logos, ii9eaw$¥y «ctenc<,chron5-log-y, ge6-lo^*7| pv6- logue. Lnsis, loosening f pard-ly^is, and-lysii. UtkUitLf madnesiy m4nia-c, biblio-minift| moiBO* m&nia. IfartUFi witness^ mdrtyr, martyr-dom, martjrd- log-y. Math£ma, sciencey mathemdt-ics. .i MecbanS, machiney mechdn-ics, m^chan-ism. B IfeloB, iongy m^l-od-y, melo-drama (dria*,^ an act J play). Hetron, meoMurey baro-meter (baros, weight),, sym-metry, hygr6«Bi«ter (hugros, moiit). Micros, imally micrd-meter. MeKr, mother y metro-politan. 5^ M Imos, imitator y pdnto-mime, m/m-ic. Mlseo, I hate y mis6-gam-y, mis-iathrnpy. Mnem£, memory y mne-monics. Monos, aloney monarch, mon-andria, montf^ tony (tones, tone)y monis* ^ tic, monk. ]forphe,/orm, meta-morpbose, meta-mdrpho* sis. Mntbos, fabUy my th-i cal, my tb6-logy . Naus, ihipy nau-sea, nauseate, nautical, dero-naut. »>.*v-j*j .»! Kecros, deady n^cro-mancy (manieia, pro* i phecy), necro-polis. NeoBy «eio, ned-log-y, n^o>pby te (pbii6, / grow), Naples (Nea-polis). -• Nf SOS, hlandy P^lopon-nese, Poly-ndsia. Nomos, laWy astro-nom-y, eco-nom-y, deu* 1 tero-nom-y (deuteros, «e- cond). '^' Ode, singingy poemy , . .ode, par-ody, mon-ody, psilm* • ody. Oligoi, fewy 61ig-arch-y. Homalos, regular, an-6mal-y. Oaoma, namtf • . an-dnym-ous, syn-cny m-oun^ partF-onym-ic (pater, yii- 'I ther). • I \ \i 1 1 1 * f ■ ( 1 i 1 1 1 1 i ' 160 PART Ti 2*J Optomaii / Mf y pp«ticS| oap-dp-trios, dl*^p« •.»''•'.*' tricp 8jn-6p8i8. Ophthalmos, «y«, ophtbdlm-ic, opthilmia. Or&o, / Me, di-orima, cosm-orima, pan- o-rima. Orni«, ornlthoB, bird^ , . . ornith6-log-y . Orthos, right f drtho-dox, ortb6-graph-j, op- th6-ep-y (epos, a word or •\v\ tpeech). Ozu8, iharpf . . . . i . V . . . 6xy-gen, oz-dlic, 6xy-hydro- gen. Pais, paidos, 6oy, p^d-agogue, p^d-agog-y. Paideia, education^ .... cyclo-peedia. Pan, pantos, a//, pan-th^on, p&n-oply (oplon, a . weapon). Pathos, /ee/tng, lym-path-y, antf-path-y, 4- path-y, path^-tic. Pente, five^ p^nta-gon, penta-meter. Ptttalon, afiower ZeojT,. .p^tal, mono-p^tal-ous, poly-p<* tal-ous. Petra, rock^ ttone, p^tri-fy, petri-faction, salt-p^- tre, Peter. Phago, / eat^ sarc6-phag-us (sarz, fietK)^ ic« thyo-phagi. Phant&zo, / make ap- pear^ phdntasm, phintom, phintasy (fancy), fantastic. Phainomai, J appear,.. phen-6menon, B!pi-phan-y. Phemi, / «ay, '• ' turns J going no further north or south), ...,,a->i Tupos, a stamp J a like- ness, type? typ6-graph-y. ZooD, animal J zo6-log-y, zoo-phyte (phuton plant). ^ ,i,. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE. INTERROGATIVE. "^l. What are the Greek Roots of Philosopher ?— of Geography ? — of Telescope ? — of Misantrophy ? — of Mythology ?— of Orthodox ? — of Chronometer ? &c. 2. What other English words are derived from the same Roots ? — Telegraph, Chronology, Philantrophy, Orthography, &c. k'^'.-. ,. . .-^i ~:.^ •^v ,. ...,-, . •. i iv ; '£.r?:i' ., .. :, , i i NAMES OP THE PRINCIPAL SCIENCES, .s> .. WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND EXPLANATION. * ^ PHYSICS, — (from jaAwsis, nature,) — '.i;- Also called Natural Philosophy, treats of the proper- ties of all bodies, r. . »j . i- MECHANICS— (from mechani, a machine)— • •"' Treats of the laws of motion, of the forces by which bodies may be made to act on each other, and the means by which power may be increased. ..., .»- HYDROSTATICS— (from hudor^ water, and statikS^ standing, or settled)— v -. ?- Treats of the gravity and pressure of fluids, and the method of weighing solids in them. v HYDRAULICS — (from hudor^ water, and aulos, a pipe)— ^ . .- Teaches to calculate the velocity and momentum of fluids in motion. • ^ '^ ' A. BTTUOLOOIES. 1^ *''''"4'^ PNEUMATICS— (from pficwmfl, brtfttti or ntf)**- , ^. Is that branch of Natural Philosophy which treats of the weight, pressure, and elasticity of the air, and of their efifects. ■•J' I^^T ncntum of .^hU: ACOUSTICS— (from akouOj to hear)— Treats of the naiare and laws of sound. OPTICS,— (from ops, an eye,)— The science of vision, and of the laws which relate to light. '-■,,, •■ ..V,.,,.. .* I i--, . ■ '^ . ;-■ ^•-■V-r;, J rl'-J-'f f TV ■ METEOROLOGY— (from meteorisj sublime, lofty, and logos J a description) — Treats of the phenomena of the atmosphere. ... di r )4 MINERALOGY — (from mine, a pit, or subterraneous passage, and logos, discourse)— .. { Treats of the properties of minerals, and classifies them. BOTANY— (from botanS, a plant)— Treats of the vegetable kingdom, the properties of its various productions, and their classifications. ZOOLOGY — (from zoon, an animal, and logos, a dis- course)- Is the branch of natural history which treats of animals,— their various genera and species. ^ CHEMISTRY— (from the Arabic &mia,the secret art)— Teaches to analyse and to combine all bodies, so as to ascertain the simple elements of which bodies are composed, and to produce new combinations. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY— (from A;rMOs,frost,andgrrapA^, a writing) — Treats of the forms and structure of crystals. ELECTRICITY— (from eUktron^ amber)— Treats of the phenomena of the electric fluld| and of the laws which govern it. m PART V. s MAGNETISM — (from Magnesia^ a town in Asia Minor) — Explains the properties of the magnet or load-stone. ASTRONOMY — (from astrorij a star, and nomoSj a law)- Treats of the heavenly bodies, their size, motions, and eclipses, and of the laws which regulate them. OEIOGRAPHY — (from gre, the earth, and graphic ..r, .,,,^ , , , / * a writing) — .,. Is a description of the surface of the earth, its natural and political divisions, and the state of its inhabitants. GEOLOGY — (from ge^ the earth, and logos^ a dis- course) — Treats of the structure and changes of the body of the earth, and the classification of its component parts. GEOMETRY, — (from gc, the earth, and metroUj a mea- sure,)— That branch of mathematics which regards the measurement of all magnitudes. ARITHMETIC, — (from arithmosj number, and metrotif a measure,)— The science of numbers ; that part of mathematics which treats of the properties of numbers. ALGEBRA, — (from a/, the, and^wftr, force or consolida- ;.,. , .,. .- ^ tion.) — A kind of arithmetic in which quantities are repre- sented by letters instead of by figures. <<, Jii ^ r^r MATHEMATICS,— (from ma/Amcf, science,)— ' The science which embraces all computations of number or magnitude, and therefore includes the sciences of Geometry, Arithmetic, Algebra, &c. i; •,i.< « "> . t ' ->, . I ., . ' . : . . _ ' •. ^ .' J .<" ■:■.':'■ ... ■• ■ ' '■■■i '' , '- • -- ' !'■' ' ■^aV ' - ■ -, -■.--■'■ ■■-■- ■' : ^-r- v ETTMOLOGIES. 165 V .-i.--. f^ DERIVATIONS OP STANDARDS OP MEASUREMENT. ^ If we investigate the Standards of Measurement, we find that many of them have been derived from the human body, and more especially from its operative instrument, the hand. Thus we have a nail — pollex, pouce, pulgada, (Swe- dish, turn) — for an inch ; which word has been misap- plied by our Saxon predecessors, and corrupted from the Latin uncia^ which only related to weight. . . ,, We still measure by digits^ by fingers^ breadth^ by hands high. Cuhit^ from cubitus, was used formerly. , . ^-^,.,„n. We now retain Ell, aune, ulna, ' '»'? i>>'>' , tnM .a} Foot, pace, pas, pes, ' ' ^'-^U C H f ^ Yard, (not, as Tooke supposed, from the Saxon gyr- wan, to prepare, but) from gyrdan (cingere), and is employed to represent the girth of the body. Fathom, the distance of the arras when extended to embrace, from which the meaning is implied in most languages. I - ; i ■ * ' ^^^ 'ix'X Vf DERIVATIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. It is equally curious to observe that Geographical positions, and the principle features of the sea and land, have derived their origin from the rude anatomy of the human body. Thus we have a cape, or Acarf-land ; ness, noss, or nose ; the brow of a mountain ; tongue of land ; mouth of a river ; chaps of the channel ; neck of land j arm of the sea ; coast, costep, the ribs. ' -'-^ i,v *iKw^*^; We are said to penetrate into the very heart of the country, or to remove to the back settlements. We de- scend into the bowels of the earth, in order to discover a vein of ore. We ascend from the foot of the moun- tain, and from its ridge (back) survey the prospect sur- rounding, &c. &c. r ■ i n l»t ^m^iylrmTA^ ^^f^^- '7 "* • ■ • * «>. ill 1 I ;ls •^■iiir^-t'*o6 ' *yi?^ ;; ;^^^'-u. i>v -iis:f— liii^^^K ,4n^j' PAJSiT VI.-'^"''' '•'^''''^•*'■-^'•'- A SELECTION OF LATIN PHRASES ; MOTTOES, PROVERBS, MAXIMS, ■. 'V ••.rt^;Vvt^Ai .i AND SENTENCES MUCH USED AS QUOTATIONS. 5^ ' . M extra^ from without. ^b intraj from within. »Ab initiOj from the begla- ning. jld arhitrium^ at pleasure. jS.d captanduMf to attrapt or captivate. M eundeMj to the same. jld infinitum^ to infinity. JLd libitum^ at pleasure. Ad valorem^ aQcoriding to value. JS. fortiori (a-for-she-o-ri), with stronger reason. Alma mater^ benign mo- ther. Aurora borealis^ the nor- thern lights. Communibus annisj one year with another. Cui bono? (ki bono,) to what end? to what 'good? Dei gratidj by the grace of God. De jure J by or of right, by law. DefadOf in fact, in reality. Delirium tremens^ a disor- der of the brain, almost peculiar to drunkards. De novoj anew, from the beginning. Durante vitd^ during life. Ex cathedrdj from the chair ; speaking authori- tatively. ' ^^ Ex animdf heartily, sin- cerely. Exempli gratidj as an ex- ample. ^'' Ex officio, by virtue of of- fice. ' ' ' -^ Ex parte, on one side, on one part. ^^^' ' Ex profesaOj by profession. LATIH PHRASES. 167 n 1 Flagrante hello, while the « ■ ; ■ war is raging, during hostilities. :' t; j Flagrante /ieZic^o,during' the ,•1, :,. ■■ . commission of the crime. LSES ; In commendamj in trust or recommendation. ^ < -^ : *,^ • %. 1 In esse, in existence. j,v,tw 'Ami 1 f/i posse, possible existence. .-...'. -I 1 In limine, at the outset. • i. * In re, in the matter or busi- ONS. "■ J 7 ness of. • ' ^ ^ e grace 1 /nvi^a Minerva, Minerva • ' r ^- • 1 being unwilling; without ight, by ] the aid of genius. . ^ ■'•'' ' •. ,' Ipse dixit, mere assertion. reality. | Ipso facto, by, or in the a disor- 1 mere fact. ^ >.; ,. a , almost J Jure divino, by divine kards. ' i right. rom the 1 Jus gentium, the law of i nations. „=..,, ,, Ig life. 1 Lex talionis, the law of re- m the J taliation, like for like. author!- || Malum in se, a thing evil &.«» iit .; in itself. ,..,;. y, sin- Malum prohibitum, a thing ^. .,■.:- evil because forbidden. an ex- Mens conscia recti, a mind 5 : J. conscious of rectitude. 8 of Of- Mirabile dictu, wonderful /- ■ _ ,>>'._; to be told. tide, on 3 Modus operandi, manner of I f <«;? fl operating. ^ ... . ,, fession. ] Multum in parvo, much in little. Mutatis mutandis, after making the necessary changes. Ne plus ultra, nothing be- yond, the greatest extent, the utmost effort. Ne quid nimis, too much of one thing is good for nothing. ...v .<»• NenK con, (nemine contra^ dicente), no one oppos- ing, unanimously. " Noscitur € sociis, one ia known by his associates. Non constat^ it does not appear. Nudum dictum, a bare statement. _ t _■■- Nudum pactum^ a contra^^' without consideration. Odium theologicum, the ha- tred of polemical divines. Onus prohandi, the burthen or labor of proving any- thing. , , Parvumparva decent, little things become little men. Peccavi, I have sinned. Per fas aut nefas, through right and wrong. Per salium^ by a leap, by a jump. Per se, by himself^ by it- self, alone. „ Primd facie, at the first view or appearance. im r;?'fi- PART Tl. 8 II Primum mobiUf the first mover. Principia.f first principles. Post mortem, after death. Probatum est, it has been proved. Pro ratdj in proportion. Pro re natd, for the occa- sion. Qucmtmn lihetj as much aa is pleasing. Quantum valeaty as much as it maj be worth. Quantum sufficitj sufficient quantify. Redudio ad absurdttrrif a . species of arguHientwhich proves, not the thing as- serted^ but the absurdity of whatever contradicts it Smndalum iuagnatum^QSbi&- dal or ©f)probium done to any high personage- Sub judice^ before the judge. ._ .,. ..,, .. • '* Sub silentiOf in silence. Tempora mutantur, times are changed. vf:\ . Toties quoties, as often as the thing shall happen. Toto CislOf by the whole heaven; totally. Totidem verbis , in just so many words. Ultima ratio, the last rea- soning. Ultima ratio regum, the last reason or resort of kings, i. e. war. Utile dulcif the useful with the agreeable. Vade mecum (go alon^ with me), a book or ma- nia>al thait a person al- ways carries with him. Vi et armiSf by main force. Vice versa, the terms being reversed. Vis inerti(Sf the force or property of inanimate matter. rt ■■♦i. Jib hoc et ab- hac, from this and fromi that ; confusGdl5. ./^ inconveniente, from the inconvenience of it, .,,. . . , .^ Ab incunahulis, from the cradle. ,.,, ^y,\ ;^^., M>normis sapiens, wise without schooling;. >>^ • » ;ivj i:iv Ab origine, from the origin. .^ ,.. ..^ , ^^ ., tt;sfv^j^ j^ ^ri^jv,^ Jlliena optimum frui insania^ it is well to profit by the folly of others, "-jr'o ^jt '^-^rHf-.^v^'^ifna -wvH'^'&.ri^^ Aliquando bonus dorminat Homerus, even the good Homer sometimes nods, a -->,i u\i;A%^ n* :'^w-:Am'^^mm)^ jimare et sapere vix deo concediturj to love and be /-y wise is scarcely granted to the highest. Amicus certus in re incertd cernitur^ a real friend is -^ discovered in adversity, ^rr 't*T'A^ii4\ Amicus humani generis, a friend of the human race, i Amor nummij love of money. ^^^-, -:,m^^^ %t.'<^v.u^tf^ Amor patri(Bf love of country, patriotism. ih m^rfw Amato quceramus seria litdo, setting jesting aside, let us attend to serious matters. ,\,:xvi%\y>' '» Animi cultus humanitatis cibus, mental culture is the food of humanity, t ti ^« n^^.v, ^s^ i j» AnimOj non astutia, by courage, not craft. r,,w.^ti«^^j Animum rege, qui nisi paret^ imperety govern your temper, which, unless it obeys, will command, ^j^,,^^^ Animus, mind, intention. -^i„ -ib*^ t m *^^^ 'm^t Ante lucem, before daylight. •; y? mi^^:miu^^^^^ ^.^m^v Aperto viverc voto, to live with every wish freely ex- pressed. ^^ -.i-'jli.il ^ffV'v TOA*Jiv|ft.?» W^ifr'3*H?^KiV^- A posse ad esse, from possibility to reality, -,f[^i|*i^|> ^ i^fipetitus rationi pareat, let appetite obey reason. LATIV PBBABBS. m .t<. tt ti tt tt tt tt jtrdentia verhay words that burn. .*j.^« tt*Jfit?>»tjtiafji !f>K. Jlrgumenium ad crumenam^ an argument to the purae* ad homimrtif to the man. js^'a m iQix^vr. ad ignorantianij to ignorance, or founded *'' ■ ' on an adversary's ignorance of factB»"'^ ad judicium^ to the judgment. ^- ''ass^y.i^**^.' . ad verecundiamj to modesty. ^^ i*ifp» ' baculinum, club law; an appeal to farce; >'^- Jlrs est celare arttma^ it is true art to conceal art. »w\ .fv Jluctor pretiosafacitj the giver makes the gift precious Audax at cautusj bold but wary. * • ' ^-^ liw^iwrr ^ude saperey dare to be wise. " - ^ji v\ s'.^i!^ua, ^udi alteram partem.^ hear the other side. ^ iv (^liirt j9urea mediocritas^ the golden mean. *»'*"- ^iui«\ ly^^^ £asis virtutum constantia^ constancy is the foundation of the virtues. \a'-w' s.jiv.v ,:.ji}ir-i.ra-,,.3.>3»;4''**''"''^ mmi^¥»9 Beneficium accipere^ libertatem vendere^ to receive a benefit is to sell one's liberty. ^^ *»>' to«i,?.«y*».vu«;Ai BU dot qui cito dat^ he gives twice who gives prompt- ly, or seasonably. --■ »^^*^' ■ • < •' »<'»>**> .viU)4\i-,ifv«>»!»fcfwiv> fonts noce/ quisquis pepercerit malis^ he hurts the good who spares the bad. «t t,"' ' ' »• i v "*,:»» viT>%«^rt'^vu!«-. CacomeSf an evil custom. '«i -'' ' >2 «jt!w. ;a^^ &i .^j^^Kr.. *t carpendif a rage for collecting. M^-*>'t** s« ' v ^fi^ »f- 5 loquendij « speaking. *'^*^> uivi^. *«* scribendij " writing. ^^*4 j^f^ouitt CcBteris paribus^ other things being equal. ^- ^* j'^J!»ii«^ Cassis tutissima virtus j virtue is the safest shield. ^^^'^^'^ Causa latetj vis est notissimay the cause is concealed} the eflfect is notorious. .^* •♦*« -i.* , >^'**'* *<"^^^'^»^^ Causa sine qua norij an indispensable condition. '=>i*^» • Cito maturum cito putridum^ soon ripe, soon rotten. V^ Ccelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currenif they who cross the seas, change their sky, but nojfc their a£fbction. ^^'^^*W'i*» ;>..•.» >-«w-ifj.v ■.-'"^.•.(!ii.iv'y-i>>^*-v- 172 PART VI. . O"0 fiffii isii;? ?J -j.a .v-uViT..'. V. 'i.f-..», nTI Come* jucundut m via pro vehiculo c«/, a pleasanl . companion on the road ia as good as a coach, tt v%. Conditio sine qua noUf an indispensable condition. Consequitur quodcunque petitf he attains whatever he pursues, ifli+j fiy*('iit>>i*Hi «,, v, . , ,\*« ,i: ^ i Cor unuinj via una^ one heart, one way. r.t , ,\ ^*s ^^ , < Crecfo quia impossibile esi^ I believe, because it is im- possible. itA.ttt fii.r A'. \ iH.,'.; T'^v'^. Credula res amor estj love is a credulous thing. ; Tj, Crux criticoruniy the puzzle of critics. ^-^^c t* r;t')»!"Ai " medicorum 'iV,H»'i physicians. ivtrj, « i.^\ " mathematicorunij " mathematicians, fvt u^»s\v Cucullus nonfacit monachum^ the cowl does not make the monk. ,c •! , t;.!// -r a /ri-* .*..:?. >nr..\ Av. \fi jf* 'slx Damnant quod non intelligunt^ they condemn Wuat they do not understand, u i>^.i *^\..tKs -*.iv. :i Davus suMj non (Edipus. I am Davus, not (Edipus ; I cannot solve the problem, t .?ntv»\s» \^".»t uA ^t ^icn w*v.^ Decipimur specie rectij we are deceived by the appear- ance of rectitude. V ' n f^ rc'tJir-^tf , -nu^\ JDocendo discimuSf we learn by teaching. %■ s^:^i<^\. >tii\ i)u»i spiro, sperOj while I breathe, I hope. ■ &.- / f^j^i^" Dum vivimuSf vivamus, while we live, let us live. !a«a E pluribus unum, one from many — Motto of the United States. The allusion is to the formation of one federal government out of a number of independent states. • i?i.>,Ai.Wt. '<'>''isAT<"^ Est modus in rebus^ there is a medium in all things, f^ Esto quod esse viderisj be what you seem to be. r, •.<\,ii;0 Et hoc genus omne^ and every thing of the sort. ,4*^. [^ Et sic de similihus and so of the like. ^Ji ,jii: bhv* i«oii de ctElevvS M rest. >*».,•,?! u -i^UiJ Ex abundantid, out of the abundance, j-a ' Aivi-.u s>i =>l^ Ex abusu non arguitur ad usum^ no argument can be drawn from the abuse of a thing against its use. LATIN PHRASES. 173 Ex aquo et bonOf according to what is just and good. Ex facto ju* oritur J the law arises out of the fact. Ex mero motUf from a mere motion ; from his own free will. Exnihilo nViilJitf nothing produces nothing. >o'0» Experientia docet s/u/^os, experiences teaches fools, v Ex post facto^ after the deed is done ; retrospective. Ex uno disce omnesj from one learn all. V*^fv i * V^ Faber suafortunte, a self-made man. .£>:ai>.4!ofT Facinus quos inquinat aquat^ guilt makes equal tboso whom it stains, ^-ti'v l* .>{.\;.jl i .;; -i.v-. rQ Fax populij the dregs of the people. '»* ' '^: w *' Fare,fac, speak, do. '• i a va .u,'v. uv •* Fari qusi\> -i^Af. V.-vsv- \;ut44w»U. Felicitas multos habet amicos^ prosperity has many friends.-"-' •''-•^I >i^\'^'^~ LUvl Festina lentej hasten slowly. .' u . j ;<;, '.%> .'./'j? Fiat justitittj mat c"■ ■ •iiWJ' .(.'t^jt^v jO^'^^ iViis^A. Finem respice^ look to the end. - ,av ;uj. • .>,>^,ui,*j. •; .iwr^^l. Finis coronat opus^ the end crowns the work. ^ '^ Forsan et heec olim meminisse juoabitj perhaps it will hereafter be pleasant to remember these things. JFor/iY«r,^de/i76r,/(e/ici^€r,boldly,faithfully,successfully. Fronti nulla fideSf there is no trusting to appearances.' ^v Gratis dictum^ mere assertion. "^^ -i***^ ' V'V*»^ Gutta cavat lapidem^ non vij sed seepe cadendOj the drop hollows the stone, not by force, but by frequent fal- ling. --■■' ^-M ' Hie et ubiquej here and everywhere, -^-i.^' -:|, Hicjacet sepulttM^ here lies buried, '<>5 j v\ ^»i ? H ^L'i T.ur; ^ts I» 'WJ 174 >• <• PART VI. • ,, I • i ; Hodie mihif era* tibij to-day be mine, to-morrow thine. Hoc age^ do this ; attend to what yoa are doing. Homo sum^ humani nihil a me alienum puto^ I am a man, and nothing that relates to man is foreign to mjr sympathies. Humanum est errare, it is human to err. " " *' ~ gnorantia legis neminem excumt^ ignorance of the law excuses nobody. gnoscite Kupe alterij nunquam tibi^ pardon another often, yourself never. gnoii nulla cupidOf no desire is felt for a thing unknown . mo pectore, from the bottom of the heart. Improbis aliena virtus semper formidolosa est^ the virtue of others is always a terror to the wicked. In atticulo mortis^ at the point of death. Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim^ in striving to avoid Charybdis, he falls into Sc/lla. Indignante invidia Jlorebit Justus^ the just man will flourish in spite of envy. Inest sua gratia parvis^ even little things have their peculiar grace. nfra dignitatem, below one's dignity. Ingratum si dixeris, ommia dicis, if you call a man un- grateful, you say everything against him. Jniquissimam pacem justissimo bello antefero, I prefer the most unjust peace to the most just war. In loco parentis, in place of a parent. In median res, into the midst of things. Jn medio tutissimus ibis, you will go safest in a middle course. Jn omnia paratus, prepared for all things. In omnibus aliquid, in toto nihil, a little in everything, in nothing complete. Jn perpetuam ret memoriamj in perpetual remembrance of the thing. * .iM. it x*," \i L ATI Br POBABSB. 175 In puri* naturalibutf naked. *' v ,.-*.; \^> t '^v>^l In reru/n naturd^ in the nature of things. , * \i In secula aeculorunif for ages on ages. Intanus omnisfurere credit ceeteros^ every madman be« lieyes all other persons are mad. In statu quo ante beUunif in the same state as before the war. Integra mens augustissima possession a mind fraught with integrity is the noblest possession. Inter arma silent leges^ laws are silent in the midst of war. *■ ■ -'' ..-..- . ... Interdum stultus bene loquitur ^ sometimes a fool speaks to the purpose. * - » Interdum vulgus rectum videtf sometimes the rabble dis- covers what is right. . \i»^j\*^^. .A Inter spem et metum^ between hope and fear, >, .^t v«iV'vi /n/er j9ane^e«, within walls ; in private, i !>;,,, .,► /nvino v^riYas, there is truth in wine. .,, •.iiv«w-i*.v; i //iviM Mtnervf^ without capacity. , ,,,»-, f;vr:.v,{f /pmsimis t;er6i<, in the very words. •...-. , ; vir';^^ Ita lex scripta estj thus the law is written. -^ t Jacta est alea^ the die is cast. ' ^ ^vi..,v. »♦., Jucundi acti labores, past toils are pleasant. Jitstitia vertutum reginOj justice is the queen of the vir- tues. . . ■ ■ ■ .,..+.. .V,^ /i^ Labor ipse voluptas^ labor itself is a pleasure. Labor omnia vincit^ labor conquers all things. -f Laudibus arguitur vini vinosus^ the drunkard is discov- ed by his praises of wine. . - • » ^ '. i ... « Longum est iter per precepta^ breve et effi.cax per exempla, instruction by precept is long, by example short and effectual. . . .; . , . , ^ . Lapsus lingua^ a slip of the tongue. Lusus natura^ a freak of nature \ anything apparently unnatural. 176 PART VI. i- ■.■ I, * I Magna civitaSf magna solititdOf a great city is a great solitude. Magna est Veritas et pravalebitf truth is powerful, and will prevail. Magnum est vectigal parsimonia, ecouomy is itself a great income. Maledicus a inalefico non differt^ nisi occasione^ an evil speaker differs not from an evil doer, except in tho opportunity. Manibus pedibusque^ with hands and feet. Maximus in minimis^ very great in very little things. Mens Sana in corpore sanOj a sound mind in a sound body. Mutato nomine y de tefabula narratur^ the name being changed, the fable applies to you. Necessitas non habet legem^ necessity has no law. Nee scire fas est omnia j it is not permitted to know all things. Nefronti crede^ trust not the face, or first appearance. Nem^ me impune lacessit^ no man annoys me with im- punity. Neplus ultra, the utmost limit ; perfection. Nil desperandum, never despair. Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus, virtue is the true and only nobility. Nomina stultorum parietibus hcerent, fools' names are written on walls. Non compos mentis, not of sound mind, Non est inventus, he has not been found. Non est vivere, sed valere vita, life is not mere existence, but the enjoyment of good health. Aon libet, it does not please me. Non omne licitum honestum, a thing may be lawful, and yet not honorable. Non quis, sed quid^ not the person, but tho deed, is to be judged. LATIN PHRASSB. mes are Ak \ /n Non quo sed quomodo^ not by tt honii but how. NoH sequituvj it does not follow. Non sum qualis eranij I am not now what I once waa. Nosce teipsum^ know thyself. Noscitur ex sociisj he is known by his companions. Nudis verbis^ in plain words. Nulla dies sine linedj no day without its mark. Nullum numen abestj si sit pruientia, if prudence is present, no protecting divinity is wanting. Nunc out nunquam, now or never. Obscurumper obscurius, explaining what is obscure by something more obscure. Obsequium amicos^ Veritas odium parity obsequiousness procures friends ; truth, hatred. Opinionum commenta delet dies, naturajudicia confirmatj time obliterates speculative opinions, but confirms the judgments of nature. Orator fitj poeta nascitur^ an orator may be made by education, a poet is born a poet. £thus t O si sic omnia ! 0, that he had always spoken or acted Os rotundum^ a round mouth ; a flowing and eloquent delivery. O tempora, O mores ! 0, the times and the manners I Otia dant vitiOj idleness leads to vice. Otium cum dignitaiej leisure with dignity. [death, Otium sine Uteris mors est^ leisure without literature is Patria cara^ carior libertas, my country is dear, but liberty is dearer. Periculum in mora^ there is danger in delay. Philosophia stemma non inspicit^ philosophy does not look into genealogies. Post hoCf ergo propter hcc^ after that, therefore in con- sequence of that ; said of any ignorant or supersti- tious inference respecting events which have no relation but that of succession. 1' -^ ■ I ; t ' 1 > \ I i' ¥ m ■iyf- ^ PART vr.'- Pro aris etfocis, for our altars and our heart&sr. ' ^^^^'i* Probitas laudatur et alget^ honesty is praised and starTes. ''-^' -"'^' •^-^"■' -"'- — - Proprium est Jiumani generis odisse quern leeseris^ it i» the nature of n^an to bate one whom he has injured. Pro regCj lege, et grege, for the king, the l&Wj and the people. Qu whom, ■ores too [keepers? keep the ho knows ilarly no- [strated. e demon- unknown t always true. ii'.'„ '\ Quod Deus vult perderCf prius dementatj those whom God would destroy, he first makes mad. , Quot homines, tot senteniicc, many men, many minds. Rtcs in urbe, the advantages of the country in a town. Salus populi suprema est /car, the welfare of the people is the supreme law. Sartor resartus, the cobbler mended. Sat citOj si sat bene, it must be done soon, if done well. Satis superque, enough, and more than enough. Satis eloquentice, sapientice parvum, plenty of eloquence, but little wisdom. ,. . , , , .^ , . , . Secundum artem, in order, regul&Tly. . ,,,, , Semel et simul, once and altogether. ._^^ Sic transit gloria mundi, thus the glory of the world passes away. Site et philosophus estOj be silent and pass for a philoso- pher. 4 Similia similibus curantur, like is cured by like. Similis simili gaudet, like is pleased with like. Sola nobilitas virtus, virtue is the only true nobility. Solitudinem/aciunt, pacem appellant, they make a de- sert of a country, and call it peace. Sperate, miseri ; cavetc, felices, let the wretched hope, and the prosperous be on their guard. Spero meliora, I hope for better things. Sponte sua, sine lege, Jidem rcctumque colehant, of their own accord, without law, they cherished fidelity and rectitude. Stemmata quidfaciunt ? of what value are pedigrees ? Sua cuique voluptas, every one has his own pleasure. Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, gentle in manner, forci- ble in execution. Sublata causa tollitur effedus, the causes being remov- ed, the eflfect ceases. .. V A 180 PART VI. !■! \h: r i ! i ■ Sum quod eris ; fui quod es, I am what you wil! be j I was what you are. Suum cuique^ let every one have bis own. Suus cuique jnosy every one has his peculiar habit. Tempora mutantur^ et nos mutamur in illiSf times change, and we change with them. Tertium quidj a third something. Trahit sua quemque voluptccsy every one is attracted to his peculiar pleasure. Triajuncta in unoj three joined in one. [my country. Ubi bene, ibi patria, where it is well with me, there is Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum, where the law is un- certain, there is no law. [sary. Unica virtus necessaria, virtue is the only thing neces- Ut ameris, amabilis esto, that you may be loved, be de- serving of love. Ut sementem faceris, ita et metes, as you have sown, so shall you reap. Varium et mutabile semper fcemina, woman, ever a changeful and capricious thing, Veni, vidi, vici, I came, I saw, I conquered. Veritas odium parit, truth begets hatred. Veritatis simplex oratio est, the language of truth is simple. Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur, he is a wise man who says but little. Virtus in actione consist it, virtue consists in action. Virtus millia scuta, virtue is a thousand shields. Virtuti, non armisjido, I trust to virtue, not to arms. Vox et prceterea nihil, voice, and nothing more ; sound without sense. Vox populi, vox Dei, the voice of the people is the voice of God. Vultus est index animi, the countenance is the index of the mind. m' rA. 'Id^t -0,81 . ^. I *, ',-»t t-'^uV vn^,- le voice ■.!.■ : ,1 j,:;^^ / .^& A>Mj:v. ..iSX ; ^t; i'".!t^ :m*i^ .;jU) i;:,>V .Lyti;-.'/ {..JUT?- . '< ■ PAET VII. ?V ^AJJl! :: "S.'.;.^'.'.''^. EXPLANATION OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. LATIN. A.B. Artium BacealaureuSt Bachelor of Arts. ,; ; A. C. Ante Christium, Before the Christian era. A.M. Artium Magister, Master of Arts. A.M. Anno Mundi, In the year of the world A.M. Ante Meridiem, Before Noon. [city. A. U. C. Ah Tlrle Conditd, From the building of the. B.D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bachelor of Divinity. B. L. Baccalaureus Legum, Bachelor of Laws. B.M. Baccalaureus Medicina, Bachelor of Medicine. B.V. Bene Vale, Tarewell. C. Cent. Centum, A hundred. . ., ,, Clk. Clericus, Clergyman. . Cap. Capitulum, Chapter. C. P. S. Custos Crlvati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal C. R. Gustos Botulorum, Keeper of the Rolls. C.S. Custos Sigilli, Keeper of the.SeaJ, , D. Denarius, Penny or Pence. ' , D.D. Doctor Divinitatis, Doctor of Divinity. Del. Delineavit, Drew: placed on an en- • '■ graving with the name of the drafts- man. D.G. Dei Gratia, By the grace of God. D.V. Deo Volente, God willing. e.g. Exempli Gratia, For example. - r H. E. or h.e. Hoc est or hie est. That is, or this is. ^ H. J. S. Ilicjacet sepultus. Here lies burled. Ibid. Ibidem, In the same place. Id, Idem, ■"- The same (author),-* ^ i.e. Id est. That is. Incog, Incognito, Unknown, concealed. I ntrans. In transitu, On the passage. If, 185 PART vir. ^^K J. H. S. Jesus Ilomlnum Salvator, Jesus the Saviourof men. ■ : LL. D. Legum Doctor^ Doctor of Tiaws. Hi ' L.C.orl .c. Loco citato. In the place before cited. Mi ^ L.S. Locus SiffilU, The place of the Seal. ^P L S. D. Libra, Snlidi, Denarii^ Pounds, Shillings, Pence. K M.D. Medicinee Doctor, Doctor of Medicine. 1 1'i . »I.S. Memorits Sacrum, Sacred to the Memory. N.B. Nota Bene, Note well ; take notice. ^H ' Nem. con. Nomine Contradicentet No one opposing it. k H 1 ' Ob. Obiit, Died. ^^K Oxon. Oxonia, - ' Oxford. H '' Per cent . Per Cent' m, ' By the hundred. H S. T. D. Acres jT/ . • 'ooiee Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. ^R P.M. Post Mcrid r>m, In the afternoon. H Pro tem. Pi', tempor'f. For the time. H Pros. Prciui'io, Next (month or term). H P.S. Post Scyi; tun, Postcript (writtenafter). ^m Q.E. Quod est, Which is. H \ Q. E. D. Quod erat demonstrandum, Which was to be proved^ H Q.E.F. Quod erat faciendum. Which was to be done. mm H Q'^* Quod vide. Which see. ^^Hb Sc. ScilUcet, To wit; understood. m Sc. Sculjpsitf Engraved: placed on an ^m ( cngr.aving with the ^^i name of the engraver. ^9 S. 0. Henatus Consulti, A decree of the Senate. 1^ Ult. Ultimo, ' In the last (month). mm V.R. Victoria Begina, Queen Victoria. ^M Vid. Vide, See thou ; refer to. c H Viz. . ;'•; Videlicet, To wit; namely, [forth* u &c. M cetera. And the rest; and so H i ENGLISH. HnB A. Answ. Answer. C.E. Cannla East. mS Admrs, Administrators. C.W. Canada West. 1 Abp. Archbishop. C.P. Common Pleas, j Acct. Account. Ch. Chapter. i' '• Anon. Anonymous. Co. County or Company. i'Ui B.A. Bachelor of Arts. Col. Colonel. m Sart. Baronet. Comr. Commissioner. I ^Mr Bp. Bishop. Cwt. Hundred weight. Brijr. Brigantine. Dr. Debtor or Doctor, m Capt. Captain. [Bath. Do. Ditto; the same. " M C.B. i Couipauiou of tba D. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law, 1 ABBREVIATIONS. 133 lofmen. Itmo. Duodecimo. ^^."s j Mrs. Mistress. .{ ^ Dwt. Pennyweight. M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal F. L. S. FeltewofftheLinnroan ' College of Surgeons . Society. M.R.LA. Member of the Royal F. G. S. Fellow of the Geolo-* Irish Academy, E. East, [gical Society. MS. Manuscript. E.L. East LoHKitade. MSS. Manusw-ipts. ^ y Exch. Exchequer. N.B. New Brunswick, Esq. Esquire. [Society. ' Xfld. N'^wfoundland. F. R. S- Feliow of the Royal N.S. New Stylo (since 3F. A. S. Follow of the Anti- 1752). ,„,,i q«a rian Society. X«. NAimber, . , j F.S.A. Fellow of the Society N.L. North Latitude. -^ ;;, of Arts N.T. New Testament..; ', F.T.C.D, Fellow of Trinity Col- ■ N. North. ]:.-■ : . lege, Dublin. N.S. Nova Scotia. . , ^ Oent Gentleman. 0. s. Old Style. .!' Crcn. General. 8vo. Octavo. ; . „ Hhcl. Hogsiiead. a.'.L Old Testament, H.M. Iler or His Majesty. oz. Ounce. .' , Inst. Instant ; present Prof. Professor. month. P. E.L Prince Edward Isla&d J. P. Jaslke of fclie Peace. P. S. Postscript. Knt. Knight. Q. Question. K.G. Knight of the Garter. Q.B. Queen's Bench. K.R Knight of the Bath. Q.C. Queen's Counsel. K.C.B. Knight Commaudov 4to. Quarto. ^ oftheBafh. Qy. Quory. K.G.C.B. KiiiglU Grand Cross Rev. Reverend, of the Batli- Rt. Hen . Right Henorable. K.P. Knight of St. Patriclx. R.A. Royal Artillery. K. T. Knight of the Thistle. R. E. Royal Engineers. L. C. J. Loid Chief Justice. R.M. Royal Jlariiios. Lieut. Lieutenant. R. M. Resident Magistrate. M.A. Mastei* of Arts. R. N. Royal Navy. Messrs Gentlemen. Sec. Secretary. .^,,-, M. L. C. Memberof Legislative S. South. \^. ^ CounciL S.I^ South Latitude. M. P. Member of Parlia- St. Saint. nent. U.S. United States. ,,r M. P. P Member of Provincial w. West. * ... Parliament, W.L. West Longtituda. Mr. MasitcE. ., . ) Xmas. Christmas. ,„,. . --■■*- d U TT1 ilJiiliHrT liflrtihllfp.iiiiiMri.ii'rf-. \ m ^184 ■j^.m^. pj^uT vii. '^'•■' t »i%iul--V>r ■J. ■■»•» -* J* J J-* STOPS AND MARKS USED IN v^S^\v■.4<■t^<■,'WBITING AND IN PRINTING. ^..f, ^ COMMA — ( , ) A camma is used to separate the smaller parts 'of a compound sentence, and requires a pause in TeadxDg whilst you can count one^ SEMICOLON ( ; ) - " - >^ A semicolon divides the larger parts of the same sentence, and requires a pause whilst you can count two. ^ . ^/ . y " . , >.r; . a. I COLON — ( : ) A colon separates those parts of a sentence which, though they form complete sense of themselves, are yet connected with one another \ and requires a pause whilst you can count thet^. CK''*^' ^1.'.^'^: il = PEBIOD OB FULL STOP— ( . ) -^ ' A period^ or full stop, shews a sentence to be complete, and requires a pause whilst you can tOMiiifour, ly NOTE OP INTERROGATION — ( ? ) A 7iote of interrogation requires as long a pause as a full stop, and is always used when a question is asked; ^^ Who is that v«v"j"*-^' \. i! ■ ■ f = 8T0PB AND MARKS. 185 NOTE OP ADMIRATION OK EXCLAMA- ^MJ^AW TiON— (!) qoTS A note of admiration, or exclamation, requires the same pause, and denotes some wonder, or sud- den emotion of the mind ; as, How a/re the mighty fallen! ._ . APOSTROPHE — ( ' ) An apostrophe, marked by a comma at the top of a letter, shews some letter or letters to be thero left out ; as hv^d for loved, caiiH for cannot, e^er for ever. It is also used to show the genitive or possessive case ; as, my father's house. :.c y QUOTATION — (* ' OR " **) "^^^^ A quotation, marked by inverted commas, in- cludes a passage taken from some author ; as, An old philospher once said, " I carry all my goods about me. . ...<•*.,■ •' •'■•••i(n;.fi '^-^-^ ♦ '£ Ap- acute ( ' ), placed over either the vowel or th^jj' diphthong, or after i he last letter, of any syllable, shews tha^ the stress or f jrco of the voice is to be laid on siicL fijUable ; as, constant, boisterous^ besef. r .- ' The long (a, e, &c.) gives tbe towcIs their long or n\ li.r c-tical sound; as, in lade, miVde: the short (a, fe, k\'. |./ivf them their short or stopped sounds ; as, in MARKS OP PARENTHESIS — ( ) , A parenthesis includes some short sentence with- in the body of a large one, which, though not absolutely necessary to the sense, yet should serve to explain or illustrate it. For example : Know, then, this truth (enough for man to know),— Virtue alone is happiness below. , , ;^ ^Jk BRACKETS OR CROTCHETS — [ ] ]'^,i »>.; Brackets or Crotchets include an explanation which we insert in the body or text of a quotatioa STOPS AND MARKS. 187 PARAGUAPH — ( %) A paranraph is seldom used except in the Bible, and points out the beginning of a new subject. ■ / SECTION — ( § ) -"• ^' - '"- * A section is used to divide books or chapters into smaller parts. It serves also as a mark of reference. 1 if'- rv •• . '•>« I. : INDEX OH HAND — ( (^^ ) '' An index or Aa^ic? points to something remark- able, that should be particularly noticed. ■>■ -r, ,,. f. ^sTEEISK— ( * ) '' •''''^' ,«'♦ DAGGER OR OBELISK — ( f ) ''* '^^ ^ DOUBLE DAGGER — ( J ) ; ^^ ^.'^ PARALLEL — ( || ) '^.'v' A .1 4 > «• > An astei'iskj a dagger or obelisk, a double dag- ger, a parallel, &c., direct to some note or re- mark in the margin, or at the bottom of the page. '" ■(.' " BRACE — {f*^^^) '■-%-*' A brace couples words or lines together ^ that have a relation to the same thing ; and is some- times used in poetry where three lines rhyme alike. ^ ,. , . , .^ ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ■^ ^.^^ 4is % 1.0 1.1 11.25 Iti lU w u 114.0 2.0 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences CorpoTdlion 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WiBSTiR.N.Y. 14SI0 (716)t7i-4S03 ^^" ^ / o ^ ^ »> ^ .^yia ,*:. i»ARt VIU ^'^^^ - "^ DIRECTIONS ^ " ; HESPEOTING THE USE OP CAPITAL LETTEBS. It was formerly the custom to begin every noun with a capital letter; but as the practice was troublesome, and gave the writing or printing a crowded and confused appearance, it has been discontintied. It is, however, very proper to begin with a capital — 1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other piece of writing. 2. The first word of every sentence ; and, if the two sentences are totally independent^ after a note of interrogation or of exclamation. ■'*'^ fXnah '" But if a number of interrogative or exclamatory sentences are thrown into one general group ; or if the construction of the latter sentences depends on the former, all of them, except the first, may begin with a small letter : as, " How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning ? and fools hate knowledge?" "Alas! how diflferent ! yet how like the same !*Vt .r,/,-ji'ij<5u iiu..u Mxii\^ 3. The appellations of the Deity; as, "God, Jehovah, the Almighty, the Supreme Being, the Lord, Providence, the Messiah, the Holy Spirit" . 4. Proper names of persons, places, streets^ mountains, rivers, ships; as, " George, Yoik, the Strand, the Alps, the Thames, the Sea-horse.*' 6. Adjectives derived from the proper names of places ; as, " Grecian, Roman, English, Fi'ench, and Italian.'* "6. The first word of a quotation, introduced after a colon, or when it is m a direct form; as, " Always remember this ancient maxim,—* Know thyself.' " ** Our great Lawgiver says, ♦ Take up ' 8T0F8 AKP MARKS, ETC. 1^ thy cross daily, and follow me."' But when a quotation is brought in obliquely after a comma, a capital is unnecessary ; as, ** Solon^on observes, that * pride goes before destruction.' " The first word of an example may also very properly be^in with a capital; as, ^^TemptatioQ proves our virtue." 7. Every substantive and principal word in the titles of books ; as, " Johuson^s Dictionary of the English Language, " " Thomson's Seasons, '* '*Eollin's Ancient History." 8. The first word of every line in poetry. * ' 9. The pronoun / and the interjection are written in capitals: as, "I write"; "Hear,^Q earth I" ^^r '« i-^*^/^ ^ Other words besides the preceding may begin with capitals, when they are remarkably emphatical^ or the principal subject of the composition. t( 8^'',;^nef I?' DIRECTIONS r ON THE DIVISION OP ESSAYS, OR OTHER i LITERARY COMPOSITIONS, INTO i-' .»Av; i :)0^ PARAGRAPHS. :-:<,( jt|n,.Ui It may not be improper to insert in this place a few general directions respecting the division of a composition into paragraphs Different subjects, unless they are very short, or very numerous in small compass, should be separated into paragraphs. When one subject is continued to a considerable length, the larger divisions of it should be put into paragraphs. And it will have a good effect to form the breaks, when it can properly be done, at sentiments of the most weight, or that call for peculiar attention. m PART VII. The fact?, premises, and conclusions, of a subject, s6metiines naturally point out the separations info paragraphs ; and each of these, when of great length, will again require sub-divisions at their most distinctive parts. i In cases which reqaire a connected subject to be formed into several paragraphs, a suitable turn of expression, exhibiting the connexion of the broken parts, will give beauty and force to the division. BOOKS, CHAPTERS, AND SECTIONS. Treatises and Dissertations on subjects of im- portance are frequently separated into large divisions called Books ; as the Books of the Old and New Testaments, the Books of Euclid's Elements. The Books are again divided into lesser divisions, called Chapters; the Chapters into smaller divisions, called Sections ; and these again into Verses or Paragraphs. These various divisions (which constitute Cla&- sification and Method in Literary Composition) are of great importance in the proper treatment of a subject, and likewise greatly facilitate the comprehension of it by the Student. The mor« judiciously aud precisely these divisions are drav so much the greater is the pleasure and profit oi the reader. No Book of any importance should be written without a careful attention to its Chap- ters, Sections, and Paragraphs, TITLES AND ADDRESSES. mi DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING PERSONS OF EVERY RANK, BOTH IN WRITING .AND SPEAKING. ' ' ;< * 1 1 - .' ROYAL FAMILY. • ' • ^ Kino or Quebn. — Superscription. — To the King's (or Queen's) Most Excellent Majesty. Commencement. — Sire (or Madam). -fr^^itvW) ' ■ .riiivi Conclusion. — I remaini With profound veneration, Sire (or Madam), Your Majesty's most faithful Subject and dutiful Servant. Address in speaking to. — Sire (or Madam). Your Ma- / jesty ; or, May it please your Majesty. Pbincb Albert, and Princes and the Primcesses of the Blood Royal. Superscription. — To His (or Her) Royal Highness, Ajo» Commencement. — Sir (or Madam). Conclusion. — I remain, with the greatest respect, f Sir (or Madam), ,, . Your Royal Highness's most dutiful "^'^ *^''^^*^^^'and most obedient humble Servant. Address in Speaking fo.— Sir (or Madam) ; or. Your Royal Highness : or, May it please your I^oyal . Highness. ^ . ,,,,3,,i.,,,jnr , 4 NOBILITY AND GENTRY. ' u 1)UKES k Duchesses. — Superscription.-^To His (or Her) Grace the Duke (or Duchess) of . Commencement. My Lord Duke (or Madam). Contusion. I have the hon- our to be. My Lord Duke (or Madam), your Grace's most devoted and obedient Servant. In speaking to. Your Grace ; or. May it please your Grace ; or, My Lord (or Madam). in PAHT VII. Harquissbs and Mabohiovissis.—* /9ifper«crtp/t9n. — To the Host Honourable the MarqaesB (or Marchioness) of -*-<—. Com.— My Lord Marquess (or Madam). Con, — I hare the honor to be, my Lord Marquess (or Madam), your Lord8hip's(or Ladyship's)mo8t obedient «nd most humble Servant. In speaking to,-^My Lord (or Madam); or, May it please your Lordship (3r Ladyship). Barls and GouNTEssBS.^5ifper«crt/>tto}i. — ^To the Right Honourable the Earl (or Countess) of——-. Com. — My Lord (or Madam). Con, — I have the honor to be. My Lord (or Madam), Your Lordship's (or Ladyship's) most obedient and very humble Servant. In speaking to, — ^My Lord (or Madam) ; or Your Lordship (or Ladyship). ,.£'-*^ VisoouMTS and Visoountbssbs, Baboks and Babon- BSSBS. — ^The form of superscription and address the same as to Earls and Countesses ; as. To the Right Honourable the Viscount (or Viscountess, or Baron, or Baroness) — — . Babonbts and K.mQws^.^^Superscriptum,' (and in the case of a Baronet) Bart. -To Sir WivBS of Baronets and Knights.— To Lady — . Madam. EsQUiRBS. — ^The persons legally entitled to this title are —1. The eldest sons of Knights, and their eldestsons in perpetual succession. 2. The eldest sons of the younger sons of Pe^rs, and their eldest sons in like succession. 3. Esquires by virtue of their officC] as Justices of the Peace. 4. Esquires of Knights of the Bath, each of whom constitutes three at his installa- tion. 5. All who are styled ^' Esquires " by the King TITLES AKD ADDRESSES. mS (ot Queen) ia their commissions and appointm^td. Thus Captains in the Army are Esquires, because they , are so styled in their Oommissions, which is signed by the King ; but Captains in the Navy, though of higher military rank, are not legally entitled to this title, be- ' cause their commissions are signed, not by the King, but by the Lords of the Admirality. This title is, however, now given to every man of re- spectability. To persons who are entitled to superior consideration, << Ac, &c., &c.", should be added. Titles by Courtesy. — The sons of Pukes, Marquesses, and the eldest sons of Earls,^ ace called Lords, and their .daughters Ladies When there are other peerages ii^ the family, the eldest son in such cases takes the title next in dignity. Thus the eldest son of the Duke of Leinster is styled the Marquess of Kildare ; and the 'eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk, is called the Earl of Surrey; oSm Btsfm, ,{^f}Xi'M. to ,«£; .> -rj 1 Right Honourable.-— The title of Right Honourable is given<^l. To the sons and daughters of Dukes and Marquesses, and to the daughters and the eldest sons ,-of Earls. 2. To all the members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. 3. To the Speaker of the House of Commons. 4. To the Lord Chancel- lor, the Lord Chief Justices, and the Lord Chief Baron. 5. To the Lord Mayor of London, Dublin, York, and to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, during the time they are in oflfce. ij.i*?!.i : Honourable. — The title of Honourable is given to the younger sons of Earls, and all the sons and daughters of Viscounts and Barons ; also to the Puisne Judges an 1 the Barons of the exchequer. tT" 104 PART VII. ExoviiLBKOY. — This title is given to all Ambassadors, Plenipotentiaries, the Lord Lieutenant and Lord Justices of Ireland, the Governor- General of Canada, Archbishop. — To His Grace, the Lord Archbishop of — — . My Lord Archbishop. — In speaking /o.— Your Grace ; or, My Lord. Bishops. — To the Right Reverend, the Lord Bishop of — . My Lord Bishop. — In speaking to. — My Lord j or, Your Lordship. Deans. — To the Very Reverend the Dean of Dean : Reverend Sir. Mr. Archdeacon. — To the Venerable, the Archdeacon of — . Mr. Archdeacon ; or. Reverend Sir,,^,. ^^^ Clergymen. — ^To the Reverend John (or whatever the Christian name may be) . Reverend. Sir. itiGBftWoRsWpfUL and Worshipful .--To the Sheriffs, Aldermen, and Recorder of the City of London, the title of Right Worshipful is given ; and that of " Worshipful to the Aldermen and Recorders of other CorpQrations. Justices of the Peace are also entitled to Worshipful ; and Your Worship. » r Q! PARt VIII. THE PRECEPTS OF WISDOM BET FOBTH IN PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. Proverbs and Maxims are undoubtedly the most iu- teresting and effectual media of imparting to the dawn- ing mind the finest sentiments and the best moral pre- cepts. By using them as copy-head-lines, they will be easily impressed on both the memory and the understand- ing ; and by using them as Parsing Exercises, they will establih and improve the pupil's progress in gram- matical knowledge. FUT JUSTITU—LET JUSTICE BE DONE. This is the first and best of human proverbs ; it if the highest principle that can enter into a moral ,cod *, it is the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, of all that is right and true. It is just to do right ; it is just to be true. Fiat justitw— -let ^uBtice be done — ^is, in fact, saying, Let us always do as we ought to do under all possible circumstances. Do that which is right ; speak that which is trut. Do to others as you wish others to do to you. . Cease to do evil ; learn to do well. t It is better to do well, than to say well. A virtuous-minded youth ' Will ever love the truth. A youth that would excel, Must mind his learning well. ^ )} 116 PART VIII. Practice makes things easy and familiar. Accastom yourself to do well upon all occasions. Do not return to. iwy one ctII for cyII. Even a child is known by his actions. it.you would be happy, be honest and good., . If yon would be wise, be willini; to be taught. i . Good manners and truth Are ornaments to youth. ' End^aydur to imitate Examples good and great. I That which yon have to do,- do with all your might. Envy no man's talent, but improve your own. Good words cost nothing, but they are worth much. *' No man is wise and safe but he who is honest. " ». to be of use, ought to .biB.the aim pf Ijfe. . r •■ Do at all times as you would be" done byV* A glutton lives to eat, a wise man eats, to live. u i ■ V-Ai - rolling stone gathers no moss. A stitch in time saves nine. Time and tide for none abide. ■I . A use for every thing, and every thing to its proper «te. A place for every thing, and every thing in its ^ro;er place, " ; A time for every thing, and every thing in its proper Hme, PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 197 ' BD0CATIOS. Good education is the foundation of man^s happiness. ■ . ■■■ ^ •♦ 'Tis Education forms the mind : ' ^ Just as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined. t ■ 1 A yowig sapling is easily bent or straightened, and the tree will continue to grow in the direction wbioh has been given to it. We must therefore while we are young Itarn to do what is right. To wait till we grow old, is like waiting to straighten a tree until it is full groTT n. Parents and Teachers act your part ; ' Imprint just morals on the heart. "^ Precept and practice is the plan ; Just education forms the man. %''■■■ Just as you sow, so shall you reap. «• -.- •, - DELAY. >4 Delays are dangerous, — take a friend's adricev^ Begin, be bold, — endeavour to be wise. He who defers this work from day to day, Does on a river's brink expectant stay, Till the whole stream which stops him will be gone, Which, as it runs, for ever will run on. PROCRASTINATION IS THE THIEF OP TIME. .*»•» '>1l"S» Whatever thou hast to do, do it quickly. Defer not till the evening what the morning may accomplish. * What you've to do, get done to-day, And do not till to-morrow stay ; There's always dajiger in d^lay. '-A a ^ Do right things in a right manner. Always consider ike consequence of your acti .«..■« m- ' ■ ' * ^ " ■ '■'*'*■'■ TT im PAUT Vllt A LIB HAS NO LEGS. A fabricated tale (made up for the purpose of con- cealing our faults or crimes, or for the purpose of de- ceiving others in any way) cannot stand of itself, but requires other lies to be invented to support it ; and those again require others to support them ; and so on, without end. Hence it is said, that '* liars need have good memories." The Poet has well said, Oh, what a tangled web we weave. When first we venture to deceive. A liar is seldom believed, even when he speaks the truth. Sin is sin, though it be not seen. There is no virtue in being merely ashamed of a thing found out. A good man is ashamed of doing what is wrong, not merely of others knowing it ; and he will remember that there is One who sees what is hidden from Man. Every sin brings punishment along with it. If thou hast Wit and Learning, get Wisdom and Modesty. One ounce of Wisdom is worth a pound of Wit. Keep good company, and you yourself will be good company. Moderation in all things is the first rule of Wisdom. The time which is idly spent, is so much lost forever. Keep good decorum in your words and deeds. Practical jokes belong only to the vulgar. Nothing can be polite ^ That is not good and right. s^t^r' Knowledge without Virtue, is but learned ignorance Omitting to do good, is committing of evil. Pi^oe all things and hold fast that which is good PROVRRDS AND MAXIMS. 190 CONTENTMENT IS GAIN. The man is blest beyond all measure Who has contentment for his treasure ; 'Twill prove a sweet and lasting pleasure. A happy and contented mind Is the best treasure we can 6nd. This proverb is not meant to make people satisfied with any low, degraded situation in which they may find themselves, either as it regards poverty of circum- stances or poverty of mind. When any one finds him- self in poverty or misery, it is his duty to raise himself, by every honest means, from such a state to more com- fortable circumstances. When he perceives his ignor- ance, it is his duty to enlighten and furnish his mind, by his utmost diligence and perseverance, with all useful knowledge ; and, ir orcover, it is his imperative duty to improve his manners and conversation, and to increase his benevolence and kindness, in order that ho may impart rtore happiness to all around him. The meaning of the proverb is, that, under all cir- cumstances, misfortunes, or accidents which may befal a man, and from which lie has no power to extricate himself, he is to demean himself with manly fortitude, and not to repine at that which cannot be avoided. What can't be cured, Must be endured. Evils of life that cannot well be cured, - Must, with becoming patience, be endured. JUDGMENT AND CONDUCT. ■Wlw Mind what is taught you, with attentive ear ;. Judge for yourself the truth of whatjjrou bear, ' And, when convinced of right by T^hat you've heard, All wrong avoid, and all that's right regard. It is good to begin well, But better to end well. If you will not take pains, pains will take you. Where there is a will, there is a way ; and every- thing that is right to be done, may by perseverance be accomplished. '•^•i^ >,.f.* '.'.^.v •• f/ ' 5 15 ' •" 200 PART VIII. I FRUGALITY. 5 Nor trivial loss nor trivial gain despise : Mole-hills, if often heaped, to mountains rise. Weight every small expense, and nothing waste : Farthings, long saved, amount to pounds at last. ' ' Haste makes waste, and waste makes want. Out of debt, out of danger. ■• ■'• * - Not he that hath little, but he that wants much, is poor. Of all poverty, that of the mind is the most deplor- able. / ^ , Noise and talk without rule, , - ' Show well who is a fool. i ;■ -' K ;•> He that cannot hold his peace, -,. , Will never live at ease. ' Evil communications corrupt good manners. Good books are a guide to youth, and a comfort to old age. Our minds must be cultivated as well as our plants. An honest mind makes a pleasant face. The most laudable ambition is to be wise, and the greatest wisdom is to be good. The conquest of evil habits is the most glorious triumph. v r He who gives way to anger, punishes himself for the fault of another. Choose and practice that which is the most proper, and habit will make it the most agreeable. To do that which is good, and to love that which is true, ought to be the great aim of life. Every employment that is useful, is honourablcf. ii^; rt* PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 201 -H tJnder mean garments more true worth may be Than under silks and splendid finery. Virtue, though clad in rags, is brighter far Than Vice, though deck'd in coronet or star. I will not willingly offend, Nor yet be soon offended ; , What's amiss I'll strive to mend, And bear what can't be mended. :il:l.i .'■*t He that is good may hope to become better, and he that is bad may fear that he will become worse ; for Tirtue, vice, and time never stand still. Make choice of such company as you can improve, or which can improve you ; and if your companion cannot make you better, and you cannot make him better, rather leave him bad, than grow worse by him. ,,, .^ Do not be pursuaded by any means to do evil ; but do good without any persuasion. Let no pleaf?ure tempt thee, — let no profit allure thee —let no ambition corrupt thee, — let no persuasion move thee, to do anything which thou knowest to be evil. i«.' Not led by false opinions blindly go ; But freely search, if you would truly know ; Nor till you cease to live, desist to learn : To practice right, the right we must discern. Try to think of that which is good, and you will not then think of that which is evil. Be you to others kind and true, As you'd have others bo to you ; And never do or say to men The thing you would not like again. 202 .,&?*. PART VIII. ,;/r ALWAYS LOOK AT THE BRIGHT SIDE. A a>od temper is one of the principal ingredients of happ^ess. This, it will be said, is the work of nature and must be born with us ; and so, in a great measure, it is. "5^t oftentimes it may be acquired by art, and may always be improved by culture. Almost every object that attracts our notice, has its bright and its dark side. He that is in the habit of looking at the disagreeable side,, will sour his disposi- tion, and consequently impatf 'lis happiness ; while ho who constantly looks on tne bright side, gradually improves iiis temper, and, in con^quence of that, im- proves his own happiness and the happiness of all about him. Labor, not only to know what you ought, but to practice what you know. That is true learning which makes one wise, and that is true wisdom which makes one good. Virtue consists in knowledge and action : we must first learn to know, and then learn to practice. .«. f THE COUNSELS OP WISDOM. Put a bridle on thy tongue. / Set a guard upon thy lips, h In much speaking cometh repentance. In silence there is safety. « On the heels of folly treadeth shame At the back of anger standieth remorse. Let prudence admonish thee. Let temperance restrain thee. Let justice guide thy hand. Let benevolence warm thy heart. 'A f ; PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 203 ■;v.. -rn-r-oCUSTOM. Ill-customs, by degrees, to habits rise ; Ill-habits soon become exalted vice : Ill-customs gather by unseen degrees, As brooks make rivers, rivers swell tk^e V. Choose such a course of life as is honest and praise- worthy, and custom will soon make it both easy and delightful. HABIT IS SEgjOND NATURE. It is true that mere creatures of habit we are; That custom can change e'en our natural tone, — Make us this thing, or that, by degrees, and as far As we practice it often or leave it alone. ood or ill habits are so easily gained, when they are gained, become a strong feature, mbent on all to beware we're not stained Withlhabits of vice, to dishonour our nature. r^ WHether in wealth or poverty you share. Let all your duties be performed with care ; Let virtue guide all actions of your life ; Let no rude passion lead you into strife ; Let vigorous exercise your health promote, And see that cleanliness be ne'er forgot ; Let patience, mildness, govern all your ways. So you in happiness will pass your days ; So you shall constant health of body find, And ever feel a lasting peace of mind. FOLLY AND WISDOM. ! ■ >.t. Fools do as they see others do ; "Wise men do what they think will be best. Fools act from opinion ; Wise men act from reflection. Fools are governed by example ; • Wise men are governed by reason. ■-^» c ?^ 204 «i1JiiJ ^PART vui. v>?careless person was apt to shoot very iquickly, without deliberate aim, and he generjtUj missed the mark. So, a thouglitless and ignorant man will often hastily make up his mind on any point, and deliver his opinion on it, without taking time for con- sideration and inquiry ; and he will thus generally miss the truth. '' Do not ride a free horse to death. When any one is willing to be of service, and to exert himself, like a free-going horse, it is an injustice to impose on his good nature by making him do and bear more than his fair share. -S)ti2i i ' Empty vessels make most sound. People who have the least knowledge, and the least merit, are apt to be great talkers and boasters. > rM'j Be old when young, That you may be young when old. ^f)- Those who while young, take great liberties with their constitution and do not husband their health and strength, are likely to break down early and rapidly ; while those who, in their younger days, practise some of the caution of the old, are likely to live the longer, and have a better chance of a vigorous and comfortable old age. If each one would mend one. All would have their work done. Some say, " If each would sweep before his own door, we should have a clean st^^reet." Many a man talks and thinks much about reforms, without thinking about the reform Which is most in his power. — the reform of hira- rwif. % ■l>4 The wheel that's weak Is apt to creak. When matters go on smoothly, like a wheel that is in good order, we seldom hear much of it. But when any thing goes wrong, complaints are made. A few per- sons who are suffering misfortunes, excite much more attention than a great number who are thriving. And it is the same with nations : from which cause it is, that their histories are chiefly filled with accounts of wars and tumults, earthquakes, and other disasters ; and that peaceful and prosperous periods afford the smallest amount of materials for the historian. • ><■ - j ■- ^•^y ax'j >'.v?-f THE GOLDEN RULE OP PYTHAGORAS. - ••■ill- j Ne'er let soft slumber close your eyes, Before you've recollected thrice. Your train of actions through the day : Where have my feet chose out their way ? What have I learned, where'er I've been, ^,r .J, From all I've heard, from all I've seen ? What know I more that's worth the knowing ? What have I done that's worth the doing ? Wbat.ha.ve I sought that I should shun 7 What duty have I left undone ? Or into what new follies run ? These self-inquiries lead the mind ^^^ ^^^ To aU that yiftuQus, good^^^nd f^ma. ^?;/ J^^ 1 Train up a child in the way h« should go, ^ < And when he is old he will not depart from it. PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 201 'Tis the thunder that frights, But the lightning that smites. All the damage /that is done in what is called a thunderstorm, is by the lightning ; the thunder being only the noise made by the lightning : yet many persons are more terrified by the sound of the thunder than by anything else. In like manner, in many other cases also, men are apt to be more alarmed by what sounds terrific, but is in reality harmless (blustering speeches, for instance), than'by what is really dahgerous. BETTER LATE THAN NEVER. And what are those things which are done better late than never ? It is not so easy to mention them as some would be apt to suppose. There is a sunny period, a high noon of opportunity, for every important achievement j and but ffew, comparatively, can be accomplished at all when the set time for performing them has passed away. To every thing there is a season, And a time to every purpose under heaven. If we do not ' • "Make hay while the sun shines^** we cannot make it when the rain is descending. If we do not sow in seed-time, is Is useless to sow in harvest : we only waste the seed, and lose our labour. In applying our proverb, " Better late than never," we run great risk of lessening our terror of that most fearful of all felons, — " The Thief of Time." Procrastination will not appear such an unprincipled robber, if we regard him as one indulgently forbearing to do his worst. It is true that delay, though dangerous, is not abso- lutely fatal, if, according to what this proverb supposes, late is not too late. But who is to guarantee, in a single instance, that late will not be too late? The first opportunity has been the last in a multitude of cas^s in which it was thought that " any time was time enough." Procrastination, whilst apparently taking only thai which could be well spared has, in most instances, i ■ i 1 ^„^.»n»»^ 4-. 208 TART VIII,*' PROVERB! AND MAXIMS. plundered hin unhappy Tictim of tbat single precious moment, the loss of which was irreparable ruin. The. records of men, in all ages, abound wi;th examples 6f ftlariaing import to all who delay and. presume. . The admonition implied in this proverl) is addressed to those who, A«vi»g delayed, would delay «/tW, and despair. " Better Ute than never" suggests to us, that oppor- tunity sometimes lingers; and, in such cases, it ex- horts us to Begin immediately and delay ne longer. That which was an easy task in the morning, may still be a possible one even at the going down of the sun. , It we have left till late that which we ought to have done ear/y, so much the wors*; but that is surely a ^ost despicable excuse for continued inaction. . It5s, a wretched subterfuge of indolence to make the difficulty which our own delay has occasioned, a plea for exemption from fiirther effort. If it be still our duty to act, it matters not that the opportunity has »€«*•% fled. We may ba|^ been long idle ; the day may be far spent *, the night) in which no one can work, may be at hand : ye.tj if there be an eleventh hour unspent, we are bound to arise and employ it with oar best exK ertions. We can scarcely b* expected to reap the full reward of those who have borne the heat and the burden of the day. It will be well if, in any degree^ we are enabled to ■ ■ ■ -. »•• Vi ff Redeem the Time. " ''—Never despair. ^^^!ffi^2i^^^ '■f ■:^s- vi-->/f..f«:,-.i • f. -v I- - •f%.\'^^i^-~1firv^_ . *« ^ / 'Ot'^ CC10U3 imples 0. ressed /, and oppor- it cx- ?, may of the [) have irely a %ke the a plea lat the be far may be nspent, est ex^ t ,.-.-' -t ,»>■-?*' 1 'WWW*»^>*# reward 1 of the jnabled ^V , ,)fcif!»»Hi»«<-*»'«'*'««****»"