,„.^„.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 L^|2^ |2.5 jio ■^" MSB I.I III 1.25 11.4 2.0 1.8 iJ^

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L; -life >*j(5"'"^ -■'Vr/T'"*''^ b-ir/' " A.* ;'l .V A I'iiilu nif-i , v^PARTOf THE UNITED STA0-^ <'(Mii|»iU'«| lioiii \\\\' UiJ<*si .\utlioriii<'s i f H i m ii uMM ii r i^awi \Vi ,-. ^ .v-'-'"'~"X««*;j' ^\i\nx>\ n*^' .,r') :j^4 SCALE OF MILES -^ ' MTii I II Ot thr P">''l^t(f'■S^ _ Mv lii-sh.^r.ii.. l..i|l ^ I'nhl-.' rmni V MmilrMl C5 Ifppp ■ -•'1^-i THE \ SASKATCHEWAN CODNTR^ OF THE NORTH-WEST OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, PRESENTED TO THE WORLD AS A NEW AND^INVITING FIELD OF ENTERPRIS FOR THE EMIGRANT AND CAPITALIST, ITS COMPARISON AS SUCH WITIL,TIIE WESTERN STATEI AND TERRITORIES OF AMERICA: It8 Climate, Soil, } oriculture, &c. ; Minerals and Manufacturin Facilities, and the Elements of its Future Greatness an Prosperity ; Points best Suited for Immediate Settlement ; Latest Inforj^ tion, Outfit, Prices, &c. ^By THOMAS SP^NCE, Clerk of the Ligidative Asseri.jly of ManltoJa^ Pontveal : PRINTED BYJ^OVELL PRINTING AND;PUBLISHING COMPANY; 1877. OPINION AND REPORT or. A M ■f SELECT COMMTTTEP: on AORICUI/raRE OF THE LEGISLA- TIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANITOBA, PnESKNTKD 16th Fkbbcart, 1877. Committee Room, 16th February, 1877. Mr. Thomas Spence, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, by- request, this (lay appeared before the Committee on Agriculture^ and read Irom the manuscript his new pamphlet, entitled : The Saskatchewan Country of the North- West of the Dominion of Canada, as a new field of entrbprisb for the J^migrajjt a«d Capitalist, and its vast superiority compared with the Western States of America. In the opinion of this Committee the pamphlet is ably written^ and evidently vs^ith great care, in draw^ing the comparison with other fields for emigration which have hitherto occupied the atten- tion of the world. It contains a great deal of important and reliable information of a new character, and cannot fail to attract atten- tion to the Saskatchewan Country as a new and yet almost un- known field of enterprise for the emigrant, and for the investment of capital at the present time. With this viow, tlie Committee beg respectfully to recommend in the interests of the whole Dominion, Mr. Spence's pamphlet to the favorable consideration of the Government of Canada, at a time when the liberal distribution of such an economic medium is so much required to enlighten the press and those interested in emi- gration in Europe, as well as to draw public attention to the vast resources of that fertile portion of the North-West thro'igh which the Canadian Pacific Railway will pass for a thousand miles fed by a large agricultural and industrious population. The Committee consider that Mr. Spence's efl^orts are d^se'-ying of every encouragement, his former pamphlet on the resources of Manitoba having proved highly beneficial to the interests of the Province, giving entire satisfaction to those who, through its m.eaiis, were inc'acej to immigrate, and have since had practical opportuni- ties of proving its correctnesss. (Signed,) J. NORQUAY, Chairman and Minister of Public Works. Attest. (Signed,) J. Royal, Provincial Secretary. Entered according to Act of Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, iu the yi^ar one thouBand eight hundred and seventy-seven, by Thomas Spbncb, in the Office of the Minister of Agri- culture and Statistics at Ottawa. ^1^15 I t ' PREFACE. TO THE INTENDING EMIGRANT. II Mi The time having arrived when the Government of Canada may fairly invite immigration from all parts of the Old World into thai vast and magnificent portion of Canada presently knowrn as the Saskatchewan Country of the North- West Territories, presenting a new and vast field for prosperous settlement and commercial euterprieje : the richest prairie lands in the world, within twenty days travek of ''home" and twenty minutes communication by telegraph. No longer is the United States without a competitor •, no longer will their prairie lands occupy tiie attention of the whole world. Canada can now cry aloud in every language, to millions : Ho, every one that wants a farm, come and take one, where you will enjoy the best of health, happiness and freedom under the flag " that's braved a thousand years," and where the industrious will soon attain that end to which all men aspire, independence. A careful perasal of this work will amply corroborate this assertion. The ancient maxim has been '' Settle up the country, and the people will build railways if they want them ; " Canada's new and better maxim is now *' Build railways, and the country will soon be bettled,," and she is now building a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, which will run for a thousand miles through this rich and beautiful country. No longer need the ignorant and unwajry emigrant be led astray by the influences of glowing j>dvertisements, and floods of pamphlets in every language, and the hind ofsr of free railv/ay passages, to induce him to invest his little all in almost valueless railway lands in the far Western States and Territories of the United States — this pamphlet is offered to the intending emigrant that he may pause and consider well, before deciding that momen- tous question in his life, Where shall I emigrate to? for his own and his family's best future interests. The information which it mtm ^mfw I embraces will be found generally useful and valuable to tiie immi- grant after hi? arrival in the new home. If any neighboring intend- ing emigrant friend of the reader wants a copy, or several, let him apply to the address of any of the gentlemen named at the end of this pamphlet — it will be sent to him promf>tly. In addition to its usefulness, it will be found strictly reliable, correct, and disin- terestedly written, bejond that of hoping to benefit the thousands of the writer's fellow-beings of any nationality or creed, who are now toiling for daily bread in the old world, afraid of hard times, sickness, and old age. Encouraged by the great success which attended his pamphlet on ^* Manitoba and the North- West," 60,000 of which have been distributed in Europe and the older Provinces of Canada, and which received not only the most flattering notices of the Press, bat the grateful thanks of those who have by experience proved its reliability and correctness. '* When what are wild woods now, be cities then; Wlien lands, as yet scarce known to human ken, Shall be the fertile field, the shaven lawn, Or garden reeking in the dews of dawn, Then shall they bless the hand that guided here Who e'er, or what he be, the sturdy Pioneer." As an illustration, the writer would only state in conclusion, that at the time of the issue of his first pamphlet in 1872, what was then almost a wild prairie with a few scattered houses, is now one of the fastest rising young cities of America, and the capital and commercial centre of^^the flourishing Province of Manitoba, as w^ell ap the gateway of the Great North-West to the Rocky Mountains. In this pamphlet there is, for obvious reasons, no attempt at strictly scientific classification. Its humble, but perhaps more practical, purpose will have been secured if it shall help to make the North-West of the Dominion of Canada better known both at home and abroad. T, S. St. Boniface, Manitoha, 16th February, 1877. INTRODUCTORY. " Though there are softer airs and brighter skiep. And art despoiled, in splendid ruin lies, Can glittering gems, or polished marble vie With all this fresh and youthful majesty? Broad lakes, bold niountains, prairie, rock and flcol, These nature formed, in wild fantastic mood, •Then careless smiling threw away her mould." That vast and magnificent portion of the North-West of the Domi- nion cf Canada, known as the Saskatchewan Country, now presents to the intending emigrant and the capitalist, who desire to reap the reward of industry and enterprise, the most inviting field for imraigrat'on in the world, one which, in comparison with that of the Western States of America, or the more distant colonies of Australia and New Zealand, now claims the serious consideration of all who J»re interested in the important question of Emigration. With this object in view, and to supply the desired information regarding this vast, but yet scarcely known, garden of the world, thia pamphlet is offered for careful perusal. Its assertions regarding the great agricultural capacity of the country are amply corroborated by the highest known testimony given in another part, and its general correctness and reliability fully attested by the opinion of a Select Committee on Agriculture, of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, which will be found preceding the Preface. The projection and actual commencement of the construction of the Canada Pacific Railway, now being vigorously prosecuted, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, through the very heart of this vast rich valley of the Saskatchewan Country, has caused Canada to make rapid strides within a few years, in claiming her rank as among the first of compe- titors for the hardy and enterprising emigrants of all nations, offering 10 millions, free and happy home!-:, health and prosperity. One of the most eminent of American statesmen, the late Hon. William Seward, at the time Prime Minister of the United Stales, thus writes his im- prcissions of Canada, twelve years ago, since which time she has de- veloped herself under one Federal Government into a country greater in extent than even the United States. He wrote the following words: " Hitherto, in common with most of my countrymen, as I suppose, 1 have thought Canada, or, to speak more accurately, British America, a mere strip lying north of the United States, easily detached from the Parent State, but incapable of sustaining itself, and therefore ultimately, nay right soon, to betaken on by the Federal Union, without materially changing or affecting its own development. I have dropped the opinion as a national conceit. I see in British Nortb America, 1 1 15 6 Btretcbing as it doep acroBs the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and occupying a belt of tlie teniijerate /one * * * * a region grand enough for the seat of a great empire— in its wheat fields in the West, * * * * its invaluable fisheries and its ir.ineral wealth. I find its inhabitants vigorous, hardy, energetic and per- fected by British constitutional liberty. Southern political stars must set, though many titnes they rise again witli diminished splencior, but those which illuminate the pole remain'for ever shining, for ever increasing in sjjlendor." , No one acquainted with BritiBh 'America, and oBpccially with that part now known as the North-West Territories, particidarly the portion of which we are now writing, will diypute the Justice of the parallel. It ih to be a first-class new world power with its Danube of the {Saskatchewan, and its Baltic and Black Sea of Lake V/inni|>ciapi)iMaclia!iie. You can to-day take rail from here to the North- ern Paciiic crossing uf the Red Rivtr, and there take your choice of seven steam- boats, of from oOO to 600 tons each, to Fort Garry, Manitol)a. At Fort Garry take a lake propfller (like tliose on Lake Erie ".nd other Eastern lakes) through Lake Wmnipcu to its Nortlieni end. 275 to 300 miles, then take a river steamer and go up the Saskatchewan ami its Nortliern branch to Fort P^duKjiiton and lieyond, 1400 miles, or witiiin 450 or 500 miles ot the waters ot the Pacific Ocean, and when you gel there (Edmonton) you can go ashore and telegraph the same dav to your home in the Ctiiuiecticut valley, or tiie Berkshire hills in England. Ihese are tacts, the wires are d]), and the boats are running'." GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT. That section of the North-West Territor}- known as the Saskatch- cv/an being ot pi'imary importance for the extension of settlement and commerce, and the highway of the Inter-Oceanic Railway, now build- ing to the Pacific Ocean, may be briefly described as bounded on the South by the line of latitude 49" North, the Northern boundary of the United States; on the West by the cre.sts of the Kocky MoUntaln8,which' 'If diride it from the Province of BritiMh Columbia; on tho North by the piaraltel of latitude 55° North, an Souti) anu ^Vc8t sjireads the beautiful "Park Country," which haa given the SJi.^kalchowan farmers, natural fields of generally the richest land, dotted with lakes and groves. In 1874, an English gentleman, on a hunt- ing tour, attracted by the advantages ottered by this location, estab- lished, at great cost, in the settlement of Prince Albert, a steam saw «nd grist mill, the first in the Saskatchewan country. Such enterprises and such men are the mile-stones of a countr3''s progress towards settle- ment and empire. Hereafter many niills will be established on the fer- tile banks of the Saskatchewan, through tlw) cnter])rise of other ca])i- taiists to follow. About GO miles by the river, above its junction with the North branch, is aiiother good settlement called St. jjaureiit, and here the main high road crosses the river. The two bi'anches rtin nearly •])ai-allel, forming a neck of land about 20 miles in width, the land being of the ver}^ best qiuilit}', prettily wooded and dotted Avith numerous small and pretty lakes. All this neck will rapidly fill up with settlers, pi-esenting, as it does, unusual inducements. The jneseut ])opul!ition is also priiici])ally French Half-breeds, numbering jibout 400. A Koman Ciitholic mission is established liei-e, with two resident ])riesls, and a school. About twenty miles West, fol- lowing the main higbvvii}-, i.i Dcck Lake, one of the numcn'iis small lakes above refen-ed to. There is the nucleus of a very llourishing- f^ettlement here, which will, no doubt, rapidly increase. The enter))ris- iiigfirm of Kew, Slobart & Co., of London, England, and Winnipeg, in iManitoba, have an extensive store and trading-j)0.st established, where settlers will be able to procure everjtiiing in the way of necessaries. The character cf the country around is very similar to that described iit St. Laurent. For about 130 miles up its course, or 100 miles in direct distance, its valley preserves the same character as that of the main river between tlie Forks and Fort a la Corne, the banks varying from 100 to 40 feet in height, exposing sandstone cliffs, where, cut by the bends of the river, the country on each side having a rich soil, with abundant woods in clumps and grovesfor agreat part of the way. Above this it becomes gradually less wooded. 70 miles further up, or nearly 100 miles by its course, the " Moose Woods " are reached — a rich alluvial expansion of the low valley of the river, partly wooded with rich glades bet\veen. It is 25 miles in length and 6 or 8 miles 'n breadtir, and 12 w«'ll lulapied for 8tocknii«in;^. ;{5 milos nl.iove tlii> ilio Soiilli branch upproiiiIioK tlio Cypress Hills, wliicli oxtciid one hiitulrod iiixl .sixty iniloH. 'I'hin section iw alno woll udaptud for sto(lc-raiHin<(. boitiw- oovorotl witl» tine timber, uboutulin^ in excellent ^rass, and well watered. Battle. lliVER enters the North branch of the Sankatclicwan, about one hundred and seventy miles above the Main Forks. It drains a lar^e part of tho country between tho Nortli and South branches. It has its source about 10 miles from the North branch, 30 miles above Edmonton, but they are 130 miles apart at tho middle of its course, and between them the pasturage is very rich. Coal presents itself tliere in the luinks of the stream, 250 miles from its mouth. The rich prairie country which covers the course of tho Battle lliver and the Northerly part of Bed Deer River, and includes the North branch fi-om the Forks uj) to 30 miles about 100 miles at the Forks; 70 miles at the mouth of Battle Biver; 150 miles ai its middle course, and about 70 at its source, beyond which the b<>lt of fertile prairio becomes gradually narrowcu*, and, turning to tho Southward uj) thecourse of the Red Deer iiiver, becomes merged in the fertile region on tho skirt of the mountains below Bow Fort on tho South branch. It is bounded on the Nortii by the line of the Thick woods, which sweep Northerly- parallel to the coui'so of the North branch, at the distance of 40 to 20 miles beyond it, then coursing to the Southward, crosses it about 30 miles above P](imonton, and, continuing in that direction, strikes tho mountains near Bow Fort, making a circuit from tho Forks of about 700 miles. The climate of this section is decidedly milder than that of Manitoba. Battle Rivor runs, from its junction, nearly par;illel with the North branch of the Saskatchewan for about 8 milos, making a tonguo of land between, and on this tongue or point is the new town of Battle- ford, the site of the now capital and seat ol Govern meni, an<.l is also head- quarters of the Mounted Police. At this point the Canadian Pacifikal^ho\van, and, if nol ()uite equal for fiirtnin^ in ^rain raif*in^, will, from its vast extent of rich nutritious ^i-ashos, hecomo tht* j^^reat stock-raining country of the North-West. It tnkos hut little cnpital to make a coniinoncemont by which a man mn}- soon hoconio independent. At Fort McLeod, a few miles further South on the Belly Kiver, where two troops of the Mounted l*oIice arc stntioncd. they hnvc a tlu'atre and billiard table, which proves how civilization is gradiuilly stealing over the " Groat Lone Land." Jloot or Carrot Tliver rises in rich lands on the South flajik oftl'O Lum])y Hill of the Woods, (10 miles South-West from the Forks of the •Saskatchewan and 13 miles from the South branch, and flows chiefly through a woo(Jed country with many lakes, generally from 80 to 45 miles South of the Main Saskatchewan, into which it falls after a course of about 240 miles. Prof. Hind estimates that theie are thei-e millions of acres of land of the fii'st quality between it and the Saskatchewan. There are several other tributaries of the Saskatchewan, but not of HuflSciont immediate importance to bo enumerated within the limitH of this guide book. Of the rivers not ti-ibutary to the Saskatchewan, but running within its country, and which invite settlement :o their rich and l)eautiful valleys, the most important of which is the Assiniboino, by its very winding course, is over tiOO miles in length. For 220 miles in dii'cct dis- tance from its mouth, its course is nearly West, and above that its •course for upwards of 200 miles in direct distance is North- VVe.sterly, lying nearly parallel to Lake Winni])eg, at a distance of 240 miles West of it. At 2ii0 miles West from its mouth, where it turns Northward, it receives its tributary, the River Qu'Appelle, which continues directly Westward 250 miles further, having its source near the elbow of the South branch of the Saskatchewan, 470 miles directly Westwai'd from the mouth of the Assiniboine, at the City of Winnipeg in Manitol"). Ascending the Assiniboine from its mouth, for uj)wards of 70 miles, lo the Sand Hills, the country through which it flows within the Provinces of Manitoba is of the satne rich alluvial character as the Ke,hvwun croHses this rivor at a point about twont v milo*^, by if^ conrHe ,fi'()m ItM con- fluonco witbtlio Ansiniboirio.und from thonco Wextwanl tontinuos througb a beautiful an- nj/outh thero aro nornu very valukblu Hult Hp)*in>{H, hh uImj uii Lako^ HIVinnipe^jooH, the brine of which, taken from Ihn HuHhco, jh ah Htroo^ AH any of the celebrat9ove Swan Luke the prairie re fairly coraraenc6». There the river winds about in a beautiful vul ^ the, banks of which ri(*e fo the height of eighty or orio hundred foe Beyond this an apparently unbi'oken level extends on one side i'or distance of fifteen or twenty miles to the Porcupine Jlills, and for an , equal distance on the other, to tin) high tableland calh.Hi the Duck JJountain. From thiH South-VVestwani to Thunder Mountain, a traveller savH: ^^ Thf. country is the Jj nest I tuvie ever aeen in a .itdteof nature; the pr^npect is bounded by the blue cuJino of the hills named; in the plain, altcrtiale wood and prairie present an appwiranee more pleasing than if either entirely prevailed ; it seemed as if it wanted but the presence of human habitations to give it the appearance of a highly cultivated c- tionally rainy and favorable for agriculture hero, and the post has with great care, and by utilizing all tho available Koason, made an extensive garden with the following results. The garden is situated immediately «n the river bank, about two feet above high water. Potatoes, nativo corn, cabbage, early sown turnips, early peaM, early beans, beets, carrots, parsnips, salsify, cucumbers, lettuce, radishes and asparagus have grown abundantly and have matured ; melons, pumpkins and squashes have not matured ; tomatoes did not turn red ; American corn (early) reached roasting ears; onions, with wheat and oats, matured at Fort Berthold, D. T., one hundred and fifcy miles below, in the Missouri Kiver. I am told by those who have been here a long time that this may be taken as a standard for what may be expected ine most favorable seasons in the immediate bottoms of the streams. Tho native corn matures in about ton weeks from planting. It puts out its ears from six to eight inches from the ground, and has a soft white grain without any flinty portion, and weighs about two-thirds as much as other corn. " My own quarters are situated on the second bench of the banks of the Missouri, ataboutfifty feet above that stream, and six hundred yards away from it. And to raise a flower garden ten feet by forty, the past two years, has required a daily sprinkling of throe barrels of water, for which we were repaid by about throe Aveeks of flowers. " The site of this garden is supposed t(^ bo excoptionuil}' fruitful, but I have before me a letter from Mr. Joseph Anderson of St. Paul, Minn., who was hay contractor at this post in 1872. His letter states that in order to find places to cut the hay required by his contract that season, some nine hundred tons, he was compelled to search over a space of country on the North-side of the river, twenty-five miles in extent in each direction from the post, or some four hundred square miles, and that there was none thick enough to be out for as gi oat a distance beyond. E^especting the agricultural value of this country, after leaving the excellent wheat-growing valley of the Red River of the North, following Westward one thousand miles to the Sierras, excepting the very limited bottoms of the small streams, as well as those of the Missouri and Yel- lowstone^ from a few \'ards in breadth to an occasional water-washed val- ley of one or two miles, and the narrow valleys of the streams of Montana already settled, and a small area of timbered country in North-West Idaho (probably one-fifteenth of the whole,) this country will not produce the fruits and cereals of the last, for want of moisture, and can in no way be artificially irrigated, and will not, in our day and generation, sell for one penny an acre, except through fraud or ignorance ; and most of the here excopted will have to be irrigated artificially. I write this, knowing full well it will meet with contradiction, bat the contradic- tion will be a falsehood. The country between the one-hundredth meridian and the Sierras— the Rio Grande to the British possessions — will never develop into populous states because of its want of moisture. Its counterpart is found in the plains of Northern Asia and in Western Europe. We look in vain for those expected agricultural settlements along the Kansas and Union Pacific Railroads, between these two lines,. B ir-^ 18 ii; u l\ ■and 20 years honcc the f^oarch will be quite as fruitloss. We have in Nevada and New Mexico fair aamplosof what these populations will be. My statement is made fi-om the practical experience and observation of J8 years of mifitary service as an officer of the army, much of which has been upon the frontier; and having passed the remainder of my life a farmer. For confirmation of what 1 have here said, I respectfully refer the reader to General G. K. Warren, of the Engineer Corps of the Army, who made a scientific exploration of this country, extending through several years, and has given us our on Ij'^ accurate map of it; or to Prof. Ilayden, for the past several years engaged upon a similar Avork. The testimony of Gov. Stephens, Gen. Fremont, ard Lieut. Mulians, is that cf enthusiastic travellers and discoverers, whose . In .some places the beds are of enormous thickness, and may be worked without sinking, as it often crops out along the river banks. Cereals of almost every description flourish even under the rude cultivation of the Half-breeds. The same may be said of all the root crops which are ordinarily grown in England, Canada or the Northern States of America." Mr. W. B. Cheadle, an English gentleman who accompanied Lord Milton, also says : " At Edmonton, eight hundred miles distant from Fort Garry, near the Western extremity, wheat grows with eqvial luxuriance, aad yields thirty to fifty bushels to the acre, in some instances even more. The root crops I have never seen equalled in England ; potatoes get to an immense size, and yield enormoudlr. Flax, l)"inp, tobacco, all grow well ; all the cereals appear to flourish equally well ; plums, slruwberries, raspberries and gooseberries grow wild. The herbage of the prairie is so feeding that corn is rarefv given to horses or cattle. They do tlieir haid work, subsist entirely on grass, are most astonishingly fat ; the draught oxen resemble prize animals at a cattle show. The horiseis we took with us were 21 tqrned adrift at t! e beginning of winter, when snow had already fallen ; they had Veen over-worked and were jaded and thin. In the spring we hunted them up, and iQund them in the finest condition, or rather too fat. The soil in La Belle Prairie, where we built our hut tor the winter, was fourjeet deep, and free from rocka or gravel— the finest loam. The climate i.s that of Upper Canada, or perhaps rather milder. The summer is long and warm, the wea'her uniformly bright and fine; with the exception of occasional showcrs.a wet day is almo.st unknown. The ■winter is severe and unbroken by thaw, but pleasant enough to those able to house and clothe theniselves warmly." Prof. John Macoun, M.A., Botanist, who thoroughly explored the Saskatchewan and Peace River Country, says : " In Crofutt's Trans-Continental Tourists' Guide occurn the passage, speak- ing of the Prairie West of Antelope, on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, '' We now enter on the beat grass country in the world,' and further on he aays : ' The country is destined at no distant day to become the great pasture land of the ■continent.' " Now," saya Prof. Macoun, " I have passed over these plains from I>^ramie to Antelope, which are represented as being the best grazing lands in the wprld, and which are now supporting thousands of cattle, and they bear no more comparison to our plains (the Saskatchewan) than a stubble field does to a mea- dow. While they nave 1000 miles of sage plains (valueless), for bunch grass soon dies out when pastured, and sage brush takes its place, we have over 1000 miles, from East to West, of land covered at all time.s of the year with a thick sward of tl^e richest grass, and which ia so nutritious as to keep horses in good condition, though travelling, as ours did, at the rate of forty miles per day." Further on ho says of the Saskatchewan : " That there is a great uniformity respecting soil, humidity and temperature throughout the whole region, is apparent from the unvarying character of its natural productions. Spring flowers were found on the plains April 11th, and the iVogs croaking the same evening, During 20 years in Ontario, he never observed ■our firat spring flower (Hepatica triloba) as early as that except twice." Again he says : " It requires very little propluetical skill to enable any one to foretell, that very few years will elapse before this region will be teeming with flocks and herds." The Eev. George M. Grant, in " Ocean to Ocean," recently pub- lished, says, from his own experience also of the Saskatchewan country : " The climatologica'. conditions are favorable for both stock raising and grain producing. The spring is ae early as in Ontario, the summer is more humid, and, therefore, the grains, grasses and root crops grow better ; the autumn is bright and cloudless ; the very weather for harvesting; and the winter has less snow and fewer snowstorms, and, though in many parts colder, it is healthy and pleasant, because of the still dry air, the cloudless sky and bright sun. The soil is almost everywhere a peaty or sandy ^'^%m resting in clay. Its only fault is that it is too rich. Crop after crop is raised without fallow or manure." The concluding and more recent testimony offered is the following -extract from the Speech from the Throne of His Excellency th3 Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, at the opening of Parliament, on 30th January last. Speaking of the prosperity of the Province of Manitoba, a part of the North West, he says : "A harvest was reaped of such an abundant character, a'« to prove bevond all question that Manitoba is entitletl to take the highest ranK as an agricultural •countrv." Jc; i 22 w III Qhe foregoing corroborating tentimony mii>*t be Hufficient to carry conviction to tne mind of the mopt ordinarily intelligent intending- emigrant or invoHtor, of ihe great hiiperiority, in point of soil, climate- and agricultural capacity, of this vaHt Saii^katchcvvan Country over that of any portion of the United States, which have riKcn so rapidly from the condition of a fringe of Provinces along the Atlantic to that of a mighty nation, spreading its arms across the continent. Minnesota, the best agricultural and healthiest state in America, i* ■not equal to the soil of the Saskatchewan. Its richest part is in the valley of the Red Eiver, and there it contracts to a narrow trough, only a few miles wide, beyond which the Ljil is generally thin and J)oor; but, notwithstanding all difficulties, most of the emigrants to linnesota are prospering. What a proud position the United States- once occupied in the eyes of the whole world I " llo ! every one that wants- a farm, come and take one," it cried aloud, and in every language. Poor men, toiling for a small daily Avage in the Old Country, afraid of hard*^ times, sickness and old age, heard the cry and loved the land that loved them so well and offered so fair. They came in thousands, and found, too, that it kept its word ; and then they came in tens and hundreds of thou- sands, till now less liberal offers have to be made because most of the* public domain that is worth any thing has been absorbed, as the testi- mony of General Hazen amply proves. Poverty and destitution reign everywhere throughout the larger cities of the Atlantic, and thousands of immigrants glad to return, if they have the me.ans, by the ship that brought them out. Now our vast virgin prairies are thrown open to the world, while there is little good land left in the United States available for settlement under the homestead laws, and Railway land which, in the^ Saskatchewan Country would be considered inferior, can only he pur- chased at enormous rates, varying from five to twenty dollars an acre, and even more. Any intending emigrant or each male member of his family over twenty-one years of age is to-day invited by Canada to come and take a farm of one hundred and sixty acres free and ready for the plough and which, in many places, would be envied even by the wealthy. Let the emigrant who may read this, do so carefully, and be no longer deceived by the influences of a vast army of agent paid in proportion to their success. Every principal railway-station in Europe is papered with their glowing advertiscinents, floods of pamphlets in every language, arrangements perfected in the minutest details for forwarding the ignorant and helpless stranger from New York and Chicago to any point he desires. They make the doubter believe that it is better to pay their com- pany from $5 to $20 an acre for " the best land in the world," " rich in minerals," " with no long winters," accompanied with free passes over the railway and long credits, "one-tenth down, the rest when it- suits you," which the chances are, never, — loss of health and discourage- ment, land him and his family, in the great majority of cases, in irretriev- able ruin and misery. These bi'illiant offers and prophecies, are heki out as bettor than to take up free grants in the Saskatchewan Country of the North West of the Dominion of Canada. 01 1 -r, now TO (JET Tl'ilRE, AND WHO SHOULD GO THERE AT I'HESENT, The cmigrarit loavinjL? Kiirope iiiul arriviri<^ in Quebec or IlalifaXy in Canada, may travel direct through hy railway to the Ked lllvor, where a .splendid .steamer will carry him down that I'iver to Winnipeg, the capital and comjnercial centre of Manitoba, and the ij^ateway to his destination, in whatever part of tlie North-West tliat may be. The route fiom (Quebec by railway boin«( as follows: by Grand Trunk via Sarnia and Port lluri»n to Detroit, in the State of Michi^^an ; thence by Michigan Central to Chicago; Chicago to St. Paul by either of the linA; and from St. Paul to a point on the Red River, iroui which first-class steamers run down the river to Winnipeg the fare by this-, route being #51.85, first class, by immigrant cars 834.00. The total distance from (Quebec being about 2000 miles. From New York or Bo,ston, by rail, to Chicago and St. Paul, as. above, at about the same rate. From Quebec by Grand Trunk Kailway to Toronto, 505 mile.s. From Toronto there are two routes to 3Ianitoba by the lakes, antt! regular lines of sphndid steamboats on each: one via Sarnia and the other by the Northern Railway and Collingwood. Both of these connect at Duluth at the head of Luke Superior. From Duluth the emigrant goes by the Northern Pacific llailway 225 miles to a point on the Red River; from which the Red Iliver lino of Steamers carries him to Winnipeg, in the Province of Manitoba. The total distance from Quebec by this fa':orite route being about 1520 miles, fare, first class, ^51.85, tare, second class, 827.50. Information regarding routes and fares should be applied for at any of the Dominion Immigration Agencies in Europe or Canada. For addresses of which see end of this pamphlet. Thoso going to the Saskatchewan country as farmers or stock-rai.sers^ would require to command sufficient capital to make a fair start with, as estimated under the heading of outfit, after landing at Winnipeg. Of course agriculturists with larger capital are the more eligible, and particularly those who desire to go into stock raising, profiting by their experience, and deiiiring larger and quicker returns for labor bestowed and capital invested. An English writer has said : " Formerly the richest countries were those in which the products of nature were the most abun- dant, but now the richest countries are those in which man is the most active." We may justly claim to have both essentials in full meahure. Our bountiful soil ensures the first, and our bracing atmosphere the second. The capitalist and the laboring immigrant are equally invited. The former will find ample inducements for safe and largely re muneru- tive investments. A cordial welcome is extended to all, to partake of the bounties which are otfered to the enterprising and indu.s- trious who may aid in developing the vast resources with which nature has endowed the Saskatchewan Country. It is here, also, that may be possessed the perfect health requisite for their higheist enjoy- ment; it is not too much to claim that it presents unequalled induce- ments to those in search of new homes- in a new land. What ara 24 s* larvosts of golden grain, rich and mellow fruits, and all the earth can yield, if disease must annually visit the settler's l)Ountiful hi wealth the earth can yield, if disease must annually visit the settler s dwelling, and death take away, one by one, the loved and the young? It is well known that some of the fairest portions of the Western States are so fruitful of the causes of disease as almost to preclude settlement. CLIMATE AND ADAPTATION TO AGRICULTURE. Frequent references are made throughout this pamphlet to the superiority and healthiness of the climate of the Sa8katche|ran Coun- try. It is almost identical with that of the Province of jVIanitoba, therefore, the writer cannot do bettor than quote what he has already stated in a previous pamphlet on Manitoba, as follows: "The dry- ness of the air, the character of the soil which retains no stagnant pools to send forth poisonous exhalations, and the almost total absence of fog or mist, the brilliancy of its sunlight, the pleasing succession of its seasons, all conspire to make Manitoba and the North-West a ( limate of unrivalled salubrity, and to make this the home of a joyous, I <'althy, prosperous people, strong in physical, intellectual, and moral (apabilities, and this is sustained by the experience of its inhabitants." Its aistinguishing features in relation to husbandry. The melon growing in open air, and arriving at perfect maturity in August and September, may be briefly explained by reference to the amount of sunlight received during our growing seasons, viz. : whilst at New Orleans in July they have fourteen hours of sunlight, we have sixteen, with much longer twilight than they, consequently our vegetation grows more rapidly than theirs, and matures much sooner. This is a beautiful law in compensation, as what we lack in heat is made up in sunlight during our summers. Changes in our temperature, it must be admitted, are sometimes sudden and violent. We are about half way to the North Pole, and subject to either extremes. This instead of being a disadvantage is rather in our favor, it gives variety, a thing desirable at times. Then again these changes are, for the reasons already given, seldom pernicious. Plants and animals are armed with the proper implements for resistance. I would not infer that we are subject to hurricanes, or other violent commotions of the atmosphere, any more or as much as other places. But we have a touch at times of both extremes, a vibratory movement of the climates of the torrid and frigid zones." Notwithstanding, there is no place south of us where crops are surer, or where the quality of vegetables is better, attaining enormous sizes. Early Rose potatoes were sent from here in October, 1876, for exhibition at the International Exhibition in ^Philadelphia, which weighed 2^ to 3^ pounds, each, and received awards, as well as other vegetables and cereals, wheat in particular. With the progress of the year the supply of heat and moisture slowly declines until the autumn harvest is closed. The autumnal equinox being passed, and the season of vegetable growth ended, suddenly the fall of rain is arrested, Indian summer is ushered in, and then follows the liveliest month, generally well into November, of all the year; the "weather warm, the atmosphere hazy and calm, and every object appear- 25 ing to wear a tranquil and drowsy aspect. A few days more and tho sleeping earth lies quiot and sorone, when winter fairly reigns, tho most healthful and invigorating of tho seasons, and is to many tho charm of tlie year. As a further convincing j)roof of the groat agri- cultural capacity of tho soil, it is only necessary to state that the returns from Prince Albert and other new settlements on the Haskat- chewan show a yield of 40 bushels of spring wlioat to the acre, in sev- eral instances mostly off newly broken land, the average weight being About 63 pounds to tho bushel. The average yield of wheat in tho Province of Manitoba deduced from tho local estimates is 25 bushels to tho acre, while the average production in the State of Minnesota as deduced from its own official returns, and which is considered tho best wheat growing State in America, is only set down at 20 bushels to tho acre. In this comparison there is certainly food for honost pride in our agricultural capacity in addition to the wheat being of a superior qual- ity, as has been proved by large quantities having boon purchased during tho past season for exportation to the older Provinces, and o^en to tho United States for seed purposes, at a high price, samples of our wheat having attracted considerable attention at the Centennial Exhi- bition at Philadelphia, 1876. The fact established by climatologiste that " the cultivated plants yield the greatest products near tho North- ornmoat limit at which they will grow " is fully illustrated in our productions. It is a well known fact that, in Southern latitudes, tho warm spring develops the juices of the plant too rapidly. They run into the stalk and leaf to tho neglect of the seed. Corn-maize, for ex- ample, rises 30 foot high in tho West Indies ; but it produces only a few grains at the bottom of a spongy cob, too coarse for human food. The cool, late springs of Northern climates restrain the undue lux- uriance of the stem or leaf, and throw the chief development of the plant into the ripening period. This remark applies equally to all the cereals, esculent roots and vegetables. The following important analysis of a sample of soil of the country- was made at the instigation of Messrs. Owens of Galashiels and other gentlemen of capital, practical farmers in Scotland, who recently paid a visit to this country and became so favorably impressed as to invest largely in 'ands, the analysis being made by Dr. Macadam, the well known lecturer on Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. Analytical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh, 14M Bee, 1876. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE OF MANITOBA SOIL. Moisture 21 .364 Organic matter containing nitrogen equal to ammonia, 23' 11.223 Saline matter : Phosphates 0.47'^ Carbonate of lime 1 .763 Carbonate of magnesia .937 Alkaline salts 1 .273 Oxide of iron 3.115 7.560 Silicious matter : Sand and silica 51.721 Alumina . 8.132 59.858 100.000 i i 2d '• The uk)vo Hoil in very ricli in organic matter, and contuiriH tho full amount of the ualino fertilizing muttei'H found in all cioils of a good bearing quality." (Signed,) Stevencjon Macadam, M.D., Lecturer on Chemistry, i&c. t Tlia ADVANTAOES OF PRAIRIE LANDS TO SETTLERS. The chief peculiar advantage of tho Saskatchewan Prairie Country as a field for Hcttlement lies in the combination it otters of prairie and wood lands ; tho full advantage oi which can bo appreciated only by those who have had practical experience of tho great and continued labor required to clear ott' and cultivate a now farm in a wooded coun- try, and the obstruction itpresents to the making of tho roads necessary for the formation of now settlements. Much is said of tho advantage of the superior supply of wood for fuel and fencing afforded by wooded countries; but those are inde- finitely over-estimated by many in comparing tho facilities for settle- ment offered by prairie lands and wooded countries respectively. Such a comparison can be best appreciated by reducin':^ tho matter to figures as far as possible. For the benefit of those not familiar with the labor of making a farm in the back woods of tho older Provinces, it may be mentioned : The first and most obvious cause of expense, in money or labor, is. the necessity of cleiu'ing off the wood, before the land can bo even im- perfectly cultivated, the average cost of which is thro© pounds fivt> shillings an acre ; but as the stumps still remain, an outlay of twenty- five shillings an acre may be set down as to be incurred afterwiirds, in getting rid of them. Where the stumps are of pine or the land stony, the cost will be much greater. In general, pine stumps if removed at all will cost at least five shillings apiece, and some will cost twenty-five Hhillings. We have here as one item, at least four pounds ten shillinghj an acre, of expense to be incurred, on account of iho wood, before the land can be brought thoroughly under the plough. This is the cost of those who can aftbrd to pay for the labor of skilled back-woodsmen, accustomed to the use of the axe, who can do twice as much of that kind of work as the immigrant from Europe even though accustomed to other kind of hard labor. To the tenant farmer, or farm laborer from Great Britain, v^hose time and industry, if a])plied to tho cultivation of our rich prairie laud, would be even more valuable than that of the back -woodsman, the cost of clearing wood land in money's worth of his labor will be twice as much. It ho be very young he may learn the use of the axe perfectly, if not he will never learn to use it so as to be able to do as much work with it as the native back-woodsman. As by far the greater part of the immigrants who settle in the woods have to cleai' their farms by their own unskilled labor, admit- ting even that they become gradually more proficient, the cost to them in their own labor, of clearing their farms, and removing the stumps^ may, on a low estimate, be set down at live pounds ten shillings an acre. 27 Wo do not Hpoak hero of tlio valiio which thoir labor in cleanup, would commund. No ono would ^ivo them Hindi ii jumco for it. Wo are Hpouking of tho vuluo of tho labor unavoidably h)Ht by thorn on *.c- count of tho woodn. Hero wo havo, tljon, to a family clearing, a farm of a hundred acrcH in ten or liftoon yearn, a Iohh of jive hundred cmd fifty pounds on account of the woods. Tho settlor oxpondH all this and ten ov fifteen years of the best of hiA life, in toilsome istrugglew to convert his I'arm into Huch proportionH of open and wooded land an the Hottlor on our partly wooded prairie lundH. tindH Imh when he tirwl gooH on it, in other wordn, ho actually recoivort from tho government the free gift of a rea«ly-mado farm of the richoMt kind. Uo can put au much land under the ])lough and reap tho i'ruit of it soon after commencing, as the former can do after ton or tifteen years of crushing toil in (doaring land, which necessarily con- sumes much time which ho wouid gladly devoto to more oxtensivo cultivation and raising larger crops whotj tho woods are not an obstruc- tion to his doing ho. Besides this relief from heavy toil and time lost in clearing there is another advantage of prairio land that operates strongly in tho sottlor'n favor, the full value of which can ordy bo ajjprociated by a ma!j who' has made a beginning in tho unbroken Ibrest, an advantage which telU immediately to the personal comfort and benefit of the settler and his. family — that is, tho infinite abundance of the rich grass for summer and winter food for cattle, with which ho is surround«« cold country. The excessive heat to which their wool sub- jects them in a warm climate, as in Australia, generates disease ; the rot and other diseases so ruinous in warm and moist climates are un- known horo. Although the winters are apparently longer the actual num'^er of days which stock has to bo fed hero is no more than in Ohio, and South- •crn Illinois and Kansas. Tho washing, chilling and debilitating rains of thoHO States are far more injurious to out stoc-k than our severest cold. Any practical man will see that such advantages, for unlimited cattle feeding, without tho labor of clearing land and raising hay crops, combined with oxtremo richness of soil in tho valleys, are weighty oifects against tho coolness of tho winter climate. It may here be well to draw the attention of the capitalist to the fact that this prairie land is the place for steam ploughs, reaping, mowing and threshing machines ; with such machinery one family can be calculated. A full-grown buffalo will weigh from 1,200 to 2,000 pouiidn and even more. In winter his whole body is covered with long shaggy hair mixed with much wool. JIc roams at large thioughout the Saskat- chewan country, particularly in the rich valleys ut the base ot tho Bocky Mountains, and annually thousands are slain merely tor his robe, which is estetnied overyvvhoro on this contint'iit unci in Europe. It is to bo kopcd that tho enactment of judicious laws will in future put a stop to the past wanton destruction of this valuable unimal. A correspondent of the Turf, Field ami Farm gives some intero>>ting facts regartfing the domestication of ihe buffalo in Nebraska. lie began with two cows and a bull, which ho kept with his tamo stock. ]n the Spring tho cows calved, and in throe years tho .•alvos became mothei's, yielding an average of 14 quarts of the richest milk daily, for an average of five months. Ho adds that sufKcient experi- ments have been made in crossing the buffalo with native and grade short-horn cattle, and have been attended with such successful results, that the most sceptical people cannot fail to be satisfied, as to tho ad- vantages and value of the intermingling of breeds. This information and suggestion will no doubt meet with apprecia- tion by those who desire to become successful stock raisers in our Far West. DAIRY FARMING Must also become in a few years an important source of wealth in the Saskatchewan Country. It is now conducted on a very large scale in the older Provinces, in connection with cheese and butter factories for European consumption. In the Province of Ontario alone no less than 200 cheese factories being in opiration, that Province deriving an in- come of nearly two millions ot dollars a year from this single article of F 30 produce, and the quality osteomed almost aa highly as tho best English <;hoeRO. With the progress of improved communications what a vast field is presented for ina development of that branch of agricultural enterprise in this great grazing country. THE BEET ROOT. Beet root sugar manufacturing will certainly, at no distant day, be a question of much interest in this part of Canadji, and occupy the attention of the capitalist, for without doubt the rich deep mould of our soil is immensely superior to anything upon the continent for the production of the sugsr beet. It is the opinion of tho Monetary Times that the production of beet root sugar, if prosecuted on a sufficiently large scale, could be made very profitable. A calculation is given, setting forth the estimated results of the manufacture of a thousand tons of sugar beets in the vStates of New York and Pennsylvania, as made by an American gen- tleman who has given long consideration to the subject. It is as fol- lows : EXPENSES. 1000 tons of boots at $4 por ton $4,000 Esitinmtod cost ol" inaiiulacture at !S5 per ton 5,000 Total $9,000 ItKSULT. 200 tons pulp at $2 por ton $400 :50 " sv-nip at $20 por ton GOO 00 " oV ,-ugar at $250 i.or ton 15,000 Total results $16,000 From which deduct expenses 9,000 Leaves a profit of $7,000 The sugar beet will grow on our prairie feoil to great perfection. ThoFe sent from here to Philadelphia wiiere the surprise and admira tioii of thousands from all parts of the world. This fact being established, it next becomes important to have a j>roper test made of the percentage of saccharine matter the beets i^rown in our soil will yield, and its suitability for manufacture. It is 4iould be stuck deep, leaving not more i'^ any case ban two buds out of tho ground. If stuck in tho full length itis just ... well. It is advised that they should be stuck jn standing, say at the angle of from 30 to 45 degrees and invariably butt end first. For a live fence or hedge, thoy should be stuck as nearly as possible one foot apart, 5280 cuttings will plant a mile of such fence. Two good hands can plant this mile in a day if the ground is partly prepared for them. METHOD OP CULTIVATION. As soon after planting as the weeds and grass show thetnsolvos, hoeing should bo commenced; every cutting should be carefully hood. All of tho four feet margin on each side of tho row should bo hoed thoroughly, as soon afterwards as the cuttings have started, so that tho row may bo distinctly soon, tho grass and weeds killed, leaving all of the four feet on each side of the row perfectly mellow. This ])roce8s should bo repeated two or throe times during the season, as not a weed or a bunch of grass should be allowed to go to seed. Great care should bo exercised in hoeing not to disturb the cutting of the young tree. C I II 34 After harvest nil the weeds and grasH found within the four foot margin should bo gathered and burnod. Look out for prairie tiros, and, if the j)ljiiit:iti )ii is in thingor, hurn round it. It cannot bo sutiiciertly i.nprcssod upon llio tree phmter thai thorough cultivation the first season will onsuro I ho success of the plan- tation. The second year the plants will do with hidf the cultivation, and the third year no further cultivation will bo rocjuirod. By pursuing this treatment the cuttings will be grown in five years to a size and height which will form an impenetrable barrier to horses and cattle, as well as & valuable windbreak. Ten acres planted in this way in rows eight feet apart will in that period \J3 years) not only furnish all the fuel and fencing necessary to support a iarm, but will also bring a handsome income from tho fence poles which may be spared to less fortunate neighbors. The earlier tho cuttings are planted after tho frost is out of tho ground the better, but tho planting may bo continued to tho Ist of Juno with success. Cutt; i^^ sot in spring ploughing time should have tho earth pressed on oaci* >f them us fast as tho pinnting progrossos. The cuttings may l rocured from tho nearest natural groves or belts of woods on tho margin of etroams or tho river sides. YOUNG TREES AND SEEDS. Young aspen and popla)*, one or two years old, may bo gathered in waggon loads on the prairie in the vicinity of groves which tires have not run over. Tho seeds of the ash-loavod mapl?, tho ash, and tho elm (very pretty and suitable for protection round the house and stables) may bo found in abundance from these trees along tho mar- gins of the streams, and may bo gathered to most advantage lato in tho fall. Forest tree seeds are likely to succeed best if planted just before the ground freezes, tho seed should bo planted in drills in small furrows previously made by the hoe, and should bo liberally sown, then covered with a smaU iron rake to a depth of from one to two inches, beed necessary to be kept throughout tho winter ^ould bo kept in moist sand, in boxes or barrels, two parts of sand to one of seed, ai.d where they will be kept cool, and at about their natural moisture. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. GOVERNMENT. The North West of the Dominion is as yet only under a Territorial form of Government. The Executive consists of tho Lieutenant-Gover- nor and a council, appointed by tho Governor-General, by and with the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Cr.nada by warrant under his privy seal, holding office during pleasure. 35 The Roat of Governmont is located at a Rito lately Holected on the Battle river, an important tributary of the North Branch of the Saskatchewan, already referred to doHcriptivoiy. The site of the new capital iH named Battleford, and, although only a few months in exist- ence, is already assuming importance as a business centre. The Judicial power is for the present vested in ronident stipendiary magistrates also appointed by the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. The Act for the organization of the North West Territories of which the following is a Synopsis provides that the Lieutenant Gt/vernor and Council of the North-West Territories, may make, orduin and establish ordinances as to matters coming within the following classes oi^ subjects: Taxation for local and municipal purposes. Property and civil rights in the Territories. The administration of justice in the Territories, including mainten- ance and organization of courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in civil matters in those courts, but the ap- pointment of any judges of the said courts shall bo made by the Gover- nor-General in Council. ' PUBLIC HEALTH. The licensing of inns and places of refreshment; Landmarks and boundaries ; Cemeteries ; Cruelty to animals ; Game and wild animals, and the care and protection thereof; Injury to public morals ; Nuisances ; Police ; Roads, highways, and bridges ; The protection of timber; Jails and lock-up houses ; And generally all matters of a merely local or private nature. The imposition of punishment by tine or penalty or imprisonment for enforcing any ordinance of the Territories made in relation to any matter coming within any classes of subjects enumerated, provided that it be not inconsistent with certain statutes specified, or that any penalty does not exceed one hundred dollars. A copy of every ordinance must be mailed to the Governor-General within ten days after passing, and may be disallowed any time within two 3'ears after. All such ordinances are to be laid before both Houses of Parliament as soon after their enactment .is may be convenient. The Governor-General in Council may by proclamation from time to time, direct that any Act of the Parliament of Canada or any part or parts thereof or affy one or more of the sections if any one or more of any such Acts shall be in force in the North-West Territories generaftly, or in any part or parts thereof to be mentioned in the proclamation for such purposes. When any electoral district shall be established the Lieutenant- • i 36 ^■i' Governor, by and with tho consent of the Council or Assembly, as the cuHO may bo, will have power to pass ordinances for raising within such (liHtrict by dirc( L taxation, or by shop, saloon, tavern or any other sucii licoriHos, a revenue for local and for municipal purposes of such district, and for the collection and appropriation of the same in the promotion of such purposes respectively. Whenever any electoral district shall be found to contain not less than one thousand inhabitants, the Lieutenant-Governor by and with the consent ot the Council or Assembly, as the case may be, may pass oidinances erecting the same into a municipal corporation or corpora- tions, as they may think fit ; and thenceforth the power of the Lieute- iUint-Govornor and Council or Assembly in respect of taxation for municipal purposes shall cease; and every such municipal corporation shall thencei'orth have the right to pass by-laws for raising within such municipality, by taxation, a revenue for municipal purposes in such district, and for the collection and appropriation of the same in the promotion thereof; and the Lieutenant-Governor and Council or Assembly, as the case niay be, shall pass an ordinance or ordinances prescribing the process and authorities which may bo exercised by any such municipal corporation and the mode and extent of such taxation. But it is provided that the power given to the Lieutenant- Governor and Council or Assembly, as tho case may be, of taxation for local purposes of such district shall not be prejudiced by the erection of the same into a municipality or municipalities, but such power shall continue vested in them in respect of local purposes not comprised within such municipal purposes, as to which powers may be conferred. When any system of taxation shall be adopted in any district or por- tion of the North-West Territories, the Lieutenant Governor by and with the consent of the Council or Assembly, as the case may be, shall pass all necessary ordinances in respect to education, but a majority of tho ratepaj'ors, of any district or portion of the North-West Territories, or any lessor portion or subdivision thereof, by whatever name tho same may be known, may establish such schools therein as they may think lit, and make the necessary assessment and collection of rates thorelbr ; and, further, the minority of the ratepayers therein, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, may establish separate schools therein, and iti such latter case the ratepayers establishing such Protestant or Koman Catholic Schools will be liable only to assessments of such rates as they may im])0se upon themselves, in respect thereof. ELECTORAL DISTRICTS. -1^- Whcn the Lieutenant-Governor is satisfied by such proof as he may require, that any district or portion of the North-West Territories, not exceeding an area of one thousand square miles, contains a population of not less than one thousand inhabitants of adult *age, exclusive of aliens or unenfranchised Indi.ans, he is authorized to erect by proclama- tion such district or portion into an electoral district by a name and with boundaries to be respectively declared in the proclamation, and such electoral district will be thenceforth entitled to elect a member of 37 the Council or of tho Legislative Assembly, as the case may be. The persons qualified to vote at any election are tho bona fide mule rcHidoiitH and householders of adult age not being aliens or unonfranchisod Indians, within the electoral district, who may have rcspoctivoly re.sidcHl in such electoral district ^r at least twelve months immediately preced- ing Llie issue of tho Biiid writ, and any person ontitlod to vote may bo elected. Whenever the Lieutenant-Governor is satisfied as aforesaid, that any electoral district contains a population of two thousand inhabi- tants of adult ago, exclusive of aliens or unonfranchisod Indians, ho is to issue his writ for the election of a second member for tho electoral district. When the number of elected members amounts to tvvonty- ono the Council before appointed will become defunct, and tiio rneniborH so elected will be constituted and designated as tho Legislative Assem- bly of the North-West Territories, and all the powers by tho Act vested in the Council will be thenceforth vested in and exorci.sablo by tho said Legislative Assembly. The number of members so to bo elected is limited to twenty-one, at which number the reprosontation is to remain ; the members so elected are to hold their scate for a period not exceeding two years. LAWS OF DESCENT. The Act goes into minute particulars in defining tho succession to real estate, in cases whore the owner dies intestate. Relatives of tho half blood are to inherit equally with those of tho whole blood in the same degree, and the descendants of such relatives to inherit in the sumo manner as the descendants of the whole blood, unless the inheritance came tO the intestate by descent, devise or gift of some one of his ances- tors ; in which case all those who are not of the blood of sucli ancestors are excluded from such inheritance. On failure of heirs under Mie ])i-o- scribed rules tho inheritance descends to the remaining next ol' kin of the intestate,, according to the rules in tho English statute of diHtributioii of the personal estate. Children and relatives who are illegitirnato aio not entitled to inherit under any of the provisions of this Act. ALIENS. Aliens may acquire, inherit, grant, lojwe, arjddoviso real ostutc witi)- in the North- West Territories. The Act provides thut all lands, toiio- ments, and hereditaments, and any share or interest therein, shall, as regards the conveyance of the immediate freehold thereof be doomed to lie in grant as well as in livery. Deeds of grant to bo executed and dellvorea in duplicate, attested by one witness, and tho execution and delivery thereof duly proved in oath, for the purpose of registration. No deed of bargain and sale of land in tho North-West Territories will require enrolment or registration to supply tlio place of enrolment for the mere purpose of rendering such bargain and sale a valid and ott'oct ual conveyance for passing tho land thereby intended to be bargained and sold. 88 DIHP08ITI0N OP REAL ESTATE. Every pornon mny (IovIho, bequeath or diHposc of, by will, in man- ner horoinjillor mentioned, all real estate and porHonal estate which he nhall ho entitled to, either at law or in equity at the time of his death, and which, if not so devised, bequeathed or disposed of, would devolve uj)on his heir at law, or upon his executor or administrator. No will made by any ])orson under age of twonty-one years will be valid. No will will bo valid unless in writing and signed at the foot or end thereof by tlie testator, or by some other person in his presence, and by his direction ; and such signature must bo made or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of two or more witnesses present at the same time; such witnesses to attest and subscribe the will in the pre- sence of the testator, but no form of attestation is necessary. Every will executed in the above manner shall bo valid without any other publication thereof PROTECTION TO MARRIED WOMEN. Duo provisions is made for " woman's rights." It is enacted that the real estate of any married woman, which is owned by her at the time (jf her marriage or acquired in any manner during her coverture, and the rents, issues and profits thereof respectively shall, without pre- judice, and subject to the trusts of any settlement affecting tho same, bo held and enjoyed by her for her separate use, free from any estate or claim of her husband during her lifetime, or as tenant by the courtesy, and her receipt alone shall be a discharge for any rents, issues or pro- fits ; and any married woman shall bo liable in any contract made by her respecting her real estate as if she wore a fomme sole. All tho wages or personal earnings of a married woman, and any acquisitions therefrom, and all proceeds or profits from any occupation or trade which she carries on separately from her husband, derives from any literary, artistic or scientific skill, and all investments of such wages, earnings, moneys or property shall hereafter be free from the debts or dispositions of her husband, and shall be held and enjoyed by such married woman and disposed of without her husband's consent as fully as if she were a fommo solo ; and no order for protection shall here- after be necessary in respect of such earnings or acquisitions ; and the possession, whether actual or constructive, of tho husband, of any per- sonal property of any married woman, shall not render tho same liable for his debts. A husband by reason of marriage does not become liable for the debts of his wife contracted before marriage, but the wife is sub- ject to be sued therefor. A married woman may maintain an action in her own name for recovery of wages, earnings, etc., her separate property under the Act and in like manner may be sued or proceeded against, separately from her husband, in respect of the same. . REGISTRATION. The 54th section provides for the appointment of a Registrar ot deeds at an annual salary not exceeding $2000. 39 ADMINISTRATION OP JUaxirR. Duo provision Ih mivdo for tlio tulmiiiislrntion of juHtico. A ^point justices of the peace, and, with the (*ouncil or Assembly, may hy oi-dinance, suhject to the provisions of tho Act, sot apart any portion of tho North-West Territories as a judicial district. For every court of civil and critniiuil jurisdiction u cleric is to bo ftp])ointo(l at a salary iu)t exceeditujj 8500. Each sti- pendiary magistrate has jurisdiction, and may exercise withiij the North- West Territories tho magisterial, judicial and other lunctiotis appertain- ing to any justico of tho peace, or any two justices of the peace under any laws or ordinances which may from time to time be in fbice in the North-West. The Chief Justice or any Judge of the Court of (Queen's liench of tho Province of Manitoba, with any one of tho 8tij)endijiry magistrates as an associate, is empowered to hold a coui't to hear and determine any charge preferred against any person for any otfence alleged to have boon committed within the North-West Territories. In tho case in which tho maximum punishment for such oticnce does not exceed five years imprisonment, in a summary way and without tho intervention of a jury. In any case in whicri tho maximium punish- ment for such ort'enco exceocis five years imprisonment but is not y)unishable with death, then either in a summary way and witlujut the intervention of a jury, if the accused assents thereto, or if the accused demamis a jury, then with the intervention of a jury not exceeding six in number. In any case in which the punishment for such otl'eneo is death, then with t!io intervention of a jury not exceeding eight in number. A person convicted of any otl'eneo punishable by death may appeal to the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, which shall have jurisdiction to contirm the conviction or order a new trial. The administration of civil justice summarily and without a jury is limited to cases in which the amount in dispute does not exceed $500 or in a case of a contract $H)00. Section 73 provides that: Any person feeling himself aggrieved by the decision of any sti- pendiary magistrate or presiding judge or court, in a claim, dispute or demand under the second sub-section of the seventy-tirst section of this Act, may appeal to the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, which shall have jurisdiction to confirm tho decision or to order a new trial. The prohibition of all importation or trafHc in intoxicating lio'iors is to bo enforced under a penalty not exceeding SlOO or less than S50, with costs of prosecution, one half the tine to go to the prosecutor. The penalty for illegal manufacture is limited to 8-00. The strictness of the Act is exhibited by tho following sub-section : Any person who knowingly has in his possession any article, chattel, commodity or thing purchased, acquired, exchanged, traded or bartered, either wholly or in part, for any intoxicating liquor or inUjxicant, shall i 40 forf'oit and pay for •ucli olTonco a j)enaliy not oxceoding 8200 nor Icbh than $50, one half of which Hhall po to tho informer. Any porHon wiHully giving false information to the authoritioH, or neglecting or refiining hin aid, is liable to a fitie not exceeding $200 or less than 850. The cuHtom of making a mihl form of grog out of " Davis' I^iinUiller," '* Hadway'n'Jteady Relief," etc.. will receive u latal blow it the following subsection bo acted uj»on with strictness: The expression " inboxicating liiiuor" shall mean and include u'l s))iritH, strong waUu's, spirituous liquors, wines, fermeiiled or com- jjounded li()uors, oi* intoxicating fluics, and the expression " intoxicant" shall include ()])ium or any prej)aracion thereof, and any other intoxi- cating ilnig or substance, aiid tobacco or tea mixed, compounded or ira- pregtuiled with opium or with any other intoxicating drug, spirit or substance, and whether the t-ame or any of them be liqjiid or solid. Intoxicating liquors im]>orted or brought into the North-West Territories frotn any ]tart of Cunnda by special permit are liable to the general excise law if in exoess of one galloi>. OUTFIT. Immigranls on their ai'rival at the city ol Winnipeg, in Manitoba, can obtain agricultui-al im])lemeuts, stoves, iron and tin ware, gro- ceries and dry goods of every description, also necessary articles of furniture and building, nearly as cheap lis in the Eastern partof Canada, and save all the trouble of exti-a baggage, etc., but each family should bring with them a good tent necessary for the journey over tho plainb aftei- leaving Winnij)eg, together with (in addition to bedding) a largo water-proof or India I'ubber blanket, which will be found of groat value in wet wealhe]- to lay next the ground, and thereby keep tho bedding always (Jry and comfortable ; a small medicine chest and carpenter's tools should be added, together with a good stock of ammunition. 'JMie ])i()neer immigrant going into the Saskatchewan Country should (tt l('i(;^t have sutlicient iiieans to carry himself and family over a year in ])rovisions, besides the ])urchase of Oii«' yukf ofoxt'ii iiiui yoke orimrneHs $120 to $1.50 U iR' waggon 85 to 90 JJreukiiig plougli uiid harrow 40 to 45 Chains, shovel, tool.'', etc., say 20 to 00 Stove (cooking) witli furniture 26 to 30 Seeds, etc 10 IJesiik's contingencies i'or building, etc., say 25 Total $320 equal in sterling nu)ney about £65.0.0. This is the lowest estimate, and is merely otVered as a guide; of course, the outfit and stock depends altogether ujion the desire, intentions and means at tho emigrant's dis- j)Osal. 41 The- following is a moro •Ictailoil list of i>ro8ont prices at Wiimipog WagpoiiP, oompU'tr $00.00 " witliout l..)x 70.00 Kxtra pmiric Itrciikinjj i)ltab- linhod thoro will hoon ho noar itH contro tho ntorokoopor, blacksmith, earpontor, etc., ]»oHt otHco, Hchool houno and church, and, with the pro- ^roHK of (ho Pacific Railway and Stoamboiit navijijation, a market. Until then an am])lo mai-kot, commanding hi^ii j)ricoH, is created i^y tho influx of following HottlcrH, aw Iuih boon alreiuly itiHtuncod at tho fl(»uri(shing Hottlomont of Princo Albert on tho Saskatchewan and <»thorH. Tho attention of tlio capitalist intending to oniigi-alo is drawn to tho imjwrtanco and mutual udvantage of this Hystom, in which capital, directed by Bngacity and entorpiiso, poswoHSOs such unquo^lioi\ablo ad« vanlagoH, unitoe connected with the land biisinesH ; and, theretore, hopes that none of his readers will corres- |»ond with him on that subject, but rather direct their k'ttor« to real OHtato n^'ents. My object is to present the facts relative to this portion of the Dominion ofCanalioppcrs in their own. sight," soon desire to return into Kgy|)t. On the contrary, noni'ly all of those who count the cost before starting, and who convince themselves they arc able to overcome those tall sonH of Anak, succeed in subduing the ian'/, EMIGRATION TO MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST. Emigrants may obtain information respecting Manitoba, Routes and Plates of Passage, from Dominion Government, Department of Agricnlture. OOVEENMENT IMMiaRATION AGENTS IN CANADA. ADDRESSES : Halifax, N.S.—E. Clay. St. John, Y.B.—B. Shives. Quebec — L. Stafford, old Custom House, and Grand Trunk Station, Point Levis, where he is always in attendance on the arrival of the mail steamers, passenger vessels, and on the departure of all immigrant trains. Montreal — John J. Daley. Sherbrooke — Henry Hubbard. Ottawa — W. J. Wills, St. Jjawrenco and Ottawa Railway Station. Kingston — R. Macpherson, William street. To.onf^ — John A. Donaldson, Imm||p'ant depot, corner Strachan avenue. IlamiltGn — John Smith, Great Western Railway wharf (opposite Station.) London — A. G. Smythe. Winnipeg, Manitoba — W. Hespeler. DuffeHn, Manitoba — J. E. Tetu. GOVERNMENT IMMIGRATION AGENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND EUROPE. ADDRESSES: London — F. J. Doro, i^anadian Government Etnigration Agent, 31 Queen Victoria street, London, E.C. Liverpool. — John Dyke, Alexandria buildings. Belfast. — Chas. Foy, 11 Claremont st. Dublin. — H. J. Larkin, 14 Eden Quay. Limerick — J. Murphy. Glasgovi — A. G. Nicholson. Paris. — Gustave Bossange, 16 Rue de Qiir.tre Septerabre. " Paul de Cazes, 12 Avenue, Lamothe Piquet. Hamburg -J. G. Klotz, (Klctz Brothers). Kornthal. — E. Von Koerber. T 45 PROVISIONS RESPECTING dominion Public Lands, Homestead Rights, and Forest Tree Culture. HOMESTEAD BIGHTS. ALL PERSONS interested in obtaining HOMESTEAD GRANTS or purchasing DOMINON LANDS ill give attention to the following provisions respecting the Public Lands of the Dominion : Unappropriated Dominion Lands, the surveys of which have been duly made and confirmed, shall, except as otherwise hereinafter provided, be open for purchase at the rate of one dollar per acre , but no such purchase of mor« than a section, or six hundred and forty acres, shall be made by the same per- son, provided that whenever so ordered by the Minister of the Interior, such unoccupied lands as may bo deemed by him expedient from time to time, may be withdrawn from ordinary sale or settlement and offered at public sale (of which sale due and sufficient notice will be given) at the upset price of one dollar per acre, and sold to the highest bidder. Payment for lands, purchased in the ordinary manner, shall be made in cash, except in the case of payment by scrip, or in military bounty warrants as provided by law. Any person, male or female, who is the sole head of a family, or any male who has attained the age of eighteen years, shall be entitled to be entered frr one quarter section or a less quantity, of unappropriated Dominion Lands, for the purpose of securing a Homestead Right in respect thereof. The ?n«-,ry of a person for a homestead right shall entitle him to receive at the same time therewith an entry for any adjoini.ig quarter section then un- claimed and such entry shall entitle such person to take and hold possession of and cultivate such quarter section in addition to his homestead, but not to cut wood thereon for sale or barter ; and at the expiration of the pei-iod of three years, or upon the sooner obtaining a patent for the homestead under the fifteenth sub-section of section thirty-three of "the Dominion Lands Act," shall entitle him to a pre-emption of the said adjoining quarter section at the Government price of one dollar per acre ; but the right to claim such pre-emp- tion shall cease and be forfeited, together with all iaiproven ents on the land, upon any forfeiture of the homestead right under tt.e Dominion Lands Act. Provided always, that the rigiit to a pre-emption entry as above given shall not belong to any settler brought in under the provisions of sections four- teen and fifteen of the said Act. When two or more persons have settled on and seek to obtain a title to the same land, the Homestead Right shall be in him who made the first settle ment. Every person claiming a Homestead Rigiit on surveyed land must, pre- viously to settlement on such land, be duly entered therefor with the Local Agent within whose District such land may be situate ; but in the case of a claim from actual settlement in then unsurveyed lands, the claimant must file t 48 puch application within three months after due notice has been received ut the Local Office of such land having been surveyed and the survey thereof con- firmed ; and proof of settlement and improvement shall be made to the Local Agent at the time of filing f>uch application. A person applying for leave to be entered for lands with a view of secur- ing a Homestead Eight 'herein, must make affidavit before the Local Agent (Form B.), that he is over eighteen years of age, that he has not previously obtained a Homestead under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Act ; that the Ipnd in question belongs to the class open for Homet-tead entry ; that there is no person residing or having improvements thereon ; and that his application is made for his exclusive use anu. benefit and with the intention to reside upon ard cultivate the said lauds. Upon making this Affidavit and filing it]^with the Local Agent (and^on payment to him of an office fee of ttn dollars — for which he shall receive a receipt from the Agent) he shall be permitted to enter the land specified in the application. No Patent shall be granted for the land until the expiration of thee years from the time of entering into possession of it except as hereinafter provided. At the expiration ©f three years the settler or his widow, her heirs or devisees — or if the settler leaves no widow, his heirs or devisees — upon proof to the satisfaction of the Local Agent that he or his widow, or his or her representatives as aforesaid, or some of them, have (excep: in the case of entry upon contiguous lands as hereinbefore provided) resided upon and cultivated the land for the three years next after the fyling of the affidavit for entry, or ii) the case of a settler on unsurveyed land, who may, upon the same being surveyed, have fyled his application as provided in sub-section five, upon proof as aforesaid, that he or his widow, or his or their representatives, as aforesaid, or some of them, have resided upon and cultivated the land for the three years next preceding the application for patent, shall be entitled to a patent for the land, provided such claimant is then a subject of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization. Provided always, that the right of the claimant to obtain a patent under the said sub-section as amended shall be subject to the provisions of section fifteen herein lastly quoted. Provided further, that in case of settlements being formed of immigrants in tv/mmunities (such for instance as those of Mennonites or Icelanders), the Minister of the Interior may vary or waive, in his discretion, the foregoing requirements as to residence and cultivation on each separate quarter-section entered as a Homestead. When both parents die, without having devised the land, and leaving a child or children under age, it shall be lawful for the executors (if any) of the last surviving parent, or the guardian or guardianp. of such child or children,, with the approval of a Judge of a Superior Court of the Province or Territory in which the lands lie, to sell the lands for the benefit of the infant or infants, but for no other purpose ; and the purchaser in such case shall receive a I'atent for the lands so purchased. The title to lands shall remain in the Crown until the issue of the Patent therefor ; and such lands shall not be liable to be taken in execution before the issue of the Patent. 47 I' In case it is proved to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior that the settler has voluntarily relinquished his claim, or has been absent from the land entered by him for more than si.r months in any one year withoutleaveof absence from the Minister of the Interior, then the right to such land shall be liable to forfeiture, and may be cancelled by tie said ^lini-^ter; and the settler so relinquishing or abandoning his claim shall not be permitted to make more than a second entry. Any person who has availed himself of the foregoing provistons may, before the expiration of the three years, obtain a patent for the land entered upon by him, including the wood lot, if any, appertaining to the same as hereinafter provided, on paying the Government price thereof, at the date of entry, and making proof of settlement and cultivation for not less than twelve months from the date of entry. Proof of actual settlement and cultivation shall be made 1»y affidavit of the claimant before the Local Agent, corroborated on oath by two credible witnesses. The Minister of the fnterior may at any time order an inspection of any homestead or homesteads in reference to which there may be reason to believe the foregoing provisions, as regards settlement and cultivation, have not been or are not being carried out, and may, on a report of the facts cancel the entry of such Homestead or Homesteads; and in the case of a cancelled Homestead, with or without improvements thereon, the same shall not be considered as of right open for fresh entry, but miy be held for sale of the land and of the improvements, or of the iyiprovements thereon, in connection with a fresh Homestead entry thereof, at the discretion of the Minister of the Interior. All assignments and transfers of Homf^-tead rights before the issue of the patent shall be null and void, but shall be ■ "erne \ (jviden<'e of abandonment of the right ; and the person so assignin" or transferring shall not be permitted to make a second entry. Any pers'^n who may have obtained FTp.mesiend entry shall be nnid- ered, unle.-, and until such entry be cancelled, a' having an exclusive right to the Ian.; «o entered as against any other person or persons whomsoever, and n:ay bring and maintain action for trespass committed on the saii land or a«j part thereof. The provisions relating to Homesteads shall only apply to agrn;uUural lands; that is to say, they shall not be held to apply to linds set apart as timber limits, or as hay lands, or to lands valuable for stone or marble quarries, or to those having water-power thereon which may be useful for driving machinery. Any Homestead claimant who, previous to the issue of ' ' ^)atent, shall sell any of the timber on his claim or on the wood lot appciiaining to his claim, to saw mill proprietors or to any other than settlers for their own private use, shall be guilty of trespass, and may be prosecuted therefor before a Justice of the Peace ; and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine or imprisonment, or both ; and further, such person shall forfeit his ckim absolutely. If any person or persons undertake to settle'any of the public lands of the Dominion free of expense to the Government, in the proportion of one '?; 48 family to ench al|ernate quarter section, or not leas than sixty-four families in any one township, under the Homestead provisions of the Act hereby amended, the Governor in Council may withdraw any such township from public sale and general settlement, and may, if he thinks proper, having refer- ence to the settlement so affected and to the expens incurred by such person or persons in procuring the san; , order the sale of any other and additional lands in such township to such person or persons, at a reduced price, and may make all necessary conditions and agreements for carrying the same into c.Tect. The expenses, or any part thereof, incurred by any person or persou", for the passage money or subsistence in bringing out an Immigrant, or for aid lu erecting buildings on the homestead or in providing farm implements or seed for such Immigrants, may, if so agreed upon by the parties, be niade a charge on the homestead of such Immigrant ; and in case of such Immigrant attempt- ing to evade such liability by obtaining a Homestead entry outside of the land withdrawn under the provisions of the next preceding section, then and in such case the expense incurred on behalf of such Immigrant as above Suall become a charge on the Homestead so entered, which, with interest thereon, must be satisfied before • patent shall issue for the land ; provided as follows — (a) That the sum or sums charged for the passage money and f ubsist- •nce of such Immigrant shall not be in excess of the actual cost of the same as proved to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior ; (b) That an acknowledgment by such Immigrant of the debt so incur red shall have been fyled in the Dominion Lands office ; (c) That in no case shall the charge for principal moneys advanced against such Homestead exceed in amount the sum of two hundred dollars ; (d) That no greater rate of interest than six per cent, per annum shall be charged on the debt so incurred by such Immigrant. FOREST TREE CULTURE. Any person, male or female being a subject of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization, and having attained the age of eighteen years, shall be entered for one quarter section or less quantity of unappropriated Dominion lands as a claim for forest tree planting. Application for such en^^^ry shall be made (Form F.) for the purpose of cultivating forest trees thereon, and the applicant shall make an affidavit (Form G) that he or she is over eighteen years of age , that he or she has not previously obtained an entry of land for forest tree culture the extent of which, added to that now applied for, will exceed in all one hundred and sixty acres; that the land is open prairie and without timber, and is unoccupied and unclaimed and belongs to the class open for entry for tree culture; and that the application is made for iiis or her exclusive use and benefit. The applicant shall pay at the time of applying an office fee of ten dol- lar?, for which he oi she shall receive a receipt and also a certificate of entry, and shall thereupon be entitled to enter into possession of the land. No patent shall issue for the land so entered until tho expiration of six years from the date of entering into possession thereof, and any assignment of such land shall be null and void unless permission to inake the same shall have been previously obtained from ihe Minister of the Interior. At the expiration of six years the person who obtained the entry, or if 49 not living, his or her legal representative or assigns shall receive a patent for the land so entered on proof to the satisfaction of the Local Agent as follows : 1. That eight acres of the land entered had been broken and prepared for tree planting within one year after entry, an equal quantity during the second year, and sixteen additional acres within the third year after^such date : 2. That eight acres of the land entered had been planted with forest trees during the second year, an equal quantity during the third year, and sixteen additional acres within four years from the date of entry, the trees so planted being not less than twelve feet apart each way. 3. That the above area — that is to say, one-fifth of the land — has for the last two years of the term, been planted with timber, and that the latter has been regularly and well cultivated and protected from the time of plant- ing : provided that in cases where the land entered is less in extent than one quarter section or one hundred and sixty acres, then the respective areas required to be broken and planted under this and the two next preceding sub- sections shall be proportionately less in extent. If at any time within the period of six years as above, the claimant fails to do the breaking up or planting, or either, as required by this Act or any part thereof, or fails to cultivate, protect and keep in good condition such timber, then and upon such event the land entered shall be liable to forfeiture in the discretion of the Minister of the Interior, and may be dealt with in the same manner as Homesteads which may have been cancelled for non-compliance with the law. Provided that no person who may have obtained pre-emption entry of a quarter section of land in addition to his Homestead entry under the pro- visions of sub-section one of section thirty-three of the said " Dominion Lands Acts," as amended by the Act of 1874 and by this Act, shall have the right to enter a third quarter section as a tree planting claim; but such person, if resident upon his Homestead, may have the option of changing the pre-emp- tion entry of the quarter section or of a less quantity of such quarter section for one under the foregoing provisions, and on fulfilling the preliminary con- ilitions as to affidavit and fee, may receive a certificate for such quarter section or for such portion thereof as may have been embraced in the application, and thereupon the land included in such change oi entry shall become subject in all respects to the provisions of this Act relating to tree planting. Any person who may have been entered for a tree planting claim under the foregoing provisions, and whose right may not have been forfeited for non-compliance with the provisions thereof, shall have the same rights of possession, and to eject trespassers from the land entered by him, as are given to persons on homesteads ; and the title to land entered for a tree planting claim shall remain in the Government until the issue of a patent therefor, and such land shall not be liable to be taken in execution before the issue of the patent. For further information apply to DONALD CODD, Ay ent of Dominion Lands^ VVlNNIP' 50 ' * ; ■ lij.fK »|! .-■'A ; i I: I i .If: IMMIGRANTS ON ARRIVAL AT 'WIMMIFlSCt-^ MAMITOBA, will find all the nccoHsary outlit roouired in the way of PROVISIONS AND GROCERIES, FOR LOWEST PRICES, at the large establishment of 4-* €« S# ^Am^AtT^^p Main Street, Winnipeg near the Post Office, DEALER IN bieral Crra 1! Jl ■ I SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SETTLERS' USE, FOR SALE: 3xrE3 zx TJ ro* 13 XI £3 Choice Quarter Sections (160 acres each) in the most desirable localities of the Province, ALSO City Property in Winnipeg and Selkirk, on easy terms. 51 HiiiliiMall G-reat TlvroizgTi Liixe SI TO ;iilUfei mi |(iptli ^ni \m\\mi%. Through Tickets"to WINNIPEG can be obtained at the ^ery lowest rates on'*application to Agents of the Company at QUEBEC, MONTREAL, TORONTO, and all principal points in CANADA and the UNITED STATES. B^^Specical rates for Emigrants from the Eastern States and Lower Provinces. ALSO. ArrangementsTor through Card connecting with Efi Bmr Traaiftrtatlti Ctrnjaay, AND RATES FOR Hou^seholcL G-oocLs, ^^c, ON APPLICATION TO THE fiRANO TRyNICiAUTHORITIES. J. HICKSON, W. WAINWRiaHT, L. J. SEAROEANT, MOMTREAL. Manitoba ! Manitoba !! Manitoba ■f : ; I Ciilliie&SLPai'!. :t % . ■» I THE GREAT THROUGH LINE. CHICAGO NORTH-WEST. MANITOBA. Paesing through a finer country, w!th grander scenery, and connecting more business centres and pleasure resorts than any other North-western Line* Connecting in Chicago with all Eastern Jind Southern Lines. Chicago Depot, corner Canal an 1 West Madison Sts. Horse Cars and Stage Lines for all parts of the city constantly passing. Chicago City Office, 61 and 63 Clark Street. THE ONLY THROUGH LINE BETWEEN GHIGAOO, MILWAUKEE, SPARTA, LACROSSE, WINONA, MADISON, MCOREOOR, OWATONNA, ST. PAUL, AND MINNEAPOLIS. Traversing the Valley of the Upper Mississippi Eiver, and along the shore of Lake Pepin, and through Northern Iowa and Central Minnesota. J|@*Palace Sleeping Cars and Day Coaches, with Westinghouse's Improved Automatic Air-Brake on all through trains. S. S. MERRILL, General Manager. A. V. H. CARPENTER, Oen. Fats. ^ ^Ticket Agent JNO. C. OAULT. Ai^t. Gen. Manager, 53 T, ore oe. ind ± A. of 'ed mi er. THE MANITOBA ROUTE, THE ChicagOj St. Paul and Minneapolis Line, (Chicago and North Western and West Wisco.^sin Railways^) Is the Sh(r;e8t and Best Route from Chicago to St. Paul, Moorehead, Winnipeg Citr (Fort Gar 7;, and all points in Manitoba. This lin<- connects at Chicago wiih the Through Trains of ine Michigan Central and Gra»d Trunk Railways, and is the only line Let Chicago and St. Paul that runs the world-renowned LetwecQ PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING CARS. All Express Trains on this Route are equipped with Westinghouse Patent Air Brake and Miller's Patent Safety Platform and (Couplers — the Most Perfect Protection agaius Accidents known. This popular route is unsurpassed for Speed, Comfort and Safety. The Smooth Well-Ballasted and Perfect Track of Steel Rai's, the Celebrated Pullman Palace Sleeoing Cars, the Perfect Telegraph System of Moving Trains, the Regularity with which they run, the admirable arrangement for running Through Cars from Cnicago to all Points West North and North- West, secure to passengers all :he COMFORTS IN MODERN RAILWAY TRAVELLING. This Line Presents to the Traveller Facilities that Are Not and Cannot be offered by any Competitor. ALL TICKET AQENTS CAN SELL YOU TICKETS 07EE THIS ROUTE. If you wish the Best Travelling Accommodations you will buy your Tickets by this Route and will take none other. When buying your Railway Tickets at Quebec, Montreal, TorontOj Portland or any- other point, ask for and insist upon having tickets that are good via the Chicago and North- western and West Wisconsin Railways. These Roads pass through the finest hunting, shooting and fishing grounds there is in the Western country. Our Agents will meet you at the Depots at Chicago and render you any^ desired assistance free of charge. NEir YORK OFFICE: No. 415 Broadway. BOSTON OFFICE : No. 5 State Street. IfIIL.l¥AIJKEF CITY TICKET OFFICE: 102 l¥lBConsin St. ST. PAVIi TICKET OFFICE: Corner Tblrd and Jackson Sts. CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES : 63 Clark St., und«r Skerman House. Ktnzle Street Depot, cor. l¥eat KInzle and Canal Sts. Wells Street Depot, cor. IVells and KInzle Streets. OniAHA TICKET OFFICE: 345 Farnkam St., corner 14tk. SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE: 121 montKomery Street. i MARVIN HUOHITT, General Manager. W. H. STENNETT, General Fassenger Agent. 5J HARDW ASE, STOVES. TINWAM, '» AND AGRICULTURAL JMPLEMEIITS, ' and imilQeilNTS' eUTFITS CONSTANTLY ON HAND.. Everything adapted for the Settlers use in our line, in Mani- toba, or the North-West, at McMICKEN & TAYLOR, Jilctirx Stj^eet, 'Wiruxipag. The led River Transportation tompany. OFFICE, 120, East Third Street, ST. PAUL, MINN. n. W. KITTSON, • General Manager. 0. Ml HEL, itecre'.ary and Treasurer. The Line of Steamers of the above Company run daily, in connection with the Northern Pacific RaHway, from Crook^town in the State of Minnesota to 'Wvnnipeg, J\lanitohcL. c % m G5 MANTTPACTURER OP Mm, Wii ai GENERAL JOBBING, HORSE SH0EIN6, BLACESMITHIR6, AM) DONE IN THE BEST STYLE. THE aaitoba Carriage ^ud Sleigh MANUFACTORY, CORNER OF McDermot Avenue and Arthur St. 'WINNl'PMG', 5C Higgiiis, Young & Jackson, MAIN STREET. WINNIPEG, (OJ'POSITE POST OKKICE,) DEAL ERS I N • • ;'ifisiiis aitt wtciriis OF THE BEST QUALITY, Specially Imported for Outfitting Immigrants, Preserved Meats and Vegetables in Cans. ALSO, ALWAYS ON HAND A LAHGE STOCK OF CAREFULLY SELECTED. OurPriceswill befoundvery low GALL AND EXAMINE THE STOCK. ►♦-♦-♦^ Immigrants will receive every attention and information. I 57 K EW, STOBART & CO., Duck Lake, Saskatchewan, AUD ^ 8 JTe rtclxTLVcTt S tv act , LONDON, ENGLAND. WHOLESALE and RETAIL Dry Goods, Clothing, Blankets, Httblbea? BlaaketSt TENTS, INDIAN GOODS, OBOCSBIIBS, POBK, Powder, Shot, Guns, &c., Settlers' Outfits, ROBES, FURS, SKINS AND BOUGHT AND SOLD. The Latest Engush and Parisian Fashions. ALL THE NOVELTIES OF THE SEASON. Tk« bsitaia largest assirtedSkckii tie Gity. !■ I- ^11 58 *® ® A1BP# f WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER LV SHELF AND SS&VY HARDWARE, REAPERS AND MOWERS, S TILL T H'A. Y HjLICJ^S, AND ALL OTHER AiBJOULTyEAL limPLEIIEAITS, ALao COOK HEATING ST0]/E8, TINWARE, &e., &e.. w WINNIPEG. ■ f Our Extra Breaking Ploughs are specially manufactured for the Western Pxairie Country, the ordinary Canadian Plough not being suitable. 59 DOMINION LINK Sailing between LIVERPOOL and QUEBEC in Simmer, and LIVERPOOL, HALIFAX and PIIILAIJELPIIIA in W^inler. Calling at BELFAST to embark Passengers. The following and other first-clas-!, full p&wored Steamships will perform thid service : Tons. Tons. DOMINION, 3,200 ^^ J ^ ONTARIO, 3,200 QUEBEC, 2,200 >>^!^^t^ TEXAS, 2,350 MEMPHIS, 2,500 MiyS^PI^^ll^ MISSISSIPPI 2,200 BORUSSIA, 2,150 "^^ttii^lip^^ ST. LOUIS, 1,850 TESSTONIA, 2150 tons. These Vessels have VERY SUPERIOR ACCOMMODATION for both Cabin and Steerage Passengers at REDUCED PKICES. Tickets issued, available by any Steamer of the Line, to or from the United Kingdom and Canada. For Rates of Freight and Passage apply, in Liverpool, to the Managing Director?. Flinn, Main & MoNTGuMEur, Harvey Buildings, 24 James Street; in Belfast, to Henry Gowan^ Queen Square; in Toronto, to W. H. Howland ; in Quebec, to W. M. Macpuerson. General Agents in Canada, BAVID TOREANCE & CO,, Montreal. THE MANITOBA FREE PRESS, DAILY AND WEEKLY, IS THE LEADING NEWSPAPER OF MANITOBA, Having a larger Circulation than all other Papers in the Province combined. i/^e best JVewspaper to read to gain information about tf^e Prairie rrovince. SUBSCRIPTION RATES :— Weekly, $2.50 per year; Daily, 25c. per Week. — Advance payment, KENNY & LUXTON, Publishers. ^ ItM 6u f.!: 1877. IMMIGRATION. 1877. GROCERIES. PROm/0/\/S, &c. Thornton & Sutherland, IMPORTERS, WHOLESALE AND EETAIL DEALERS IN IMMIGRANTS WILL FIND THIS The largest and most complete assortment in the North- West, comprisino- MILL STUFFS, Hams, Tobaccos, &c., 'And cveiytliing usually found in a First-Class Eslablir^l iniont. Office and Salesroom - - - Wholesale AVarehouse - - MAIN STREET, McKENNEY'S BLOK. In rearofOLDMERHANTS BANS. - ■ WINNIPEG.