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AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 A COMrLETE CIVIL, POLITICAL, AND MILITARY HISTORY OP 
 THE STATE, 
 
 FROM ITS Fmar EXPIORATION down to 187»; 
 
 UfCLCBtNQ 
 
 A CYCI.OP/KDIA OF l.KOISI.ATIO.V DllIINfi THE • ADMIXISTFIATION OF EACH 
 
 GOVEIINOli, KliOM THE OHO AXIZATIOX OF THE TF.HIIITOUEAI, 
 
 GOVEUXMENT DOWN TO CiOVEllXOU TAYLOR; 
 
 WITU 
 
 C5 
 b: 
 
 E 
 H 
 
 Pd 
 
 X 
 
 HISTOmCAL AND DKSCTJTPTIVF. SKKTCnES OP EACH COUNTY FN 
 
 THE STATE REI'AllATEIA', EMHUACING TNTEHESTINO IVAKRA- 
 
 TIVE8 OF IMONKEIt UTK; INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OP 
 
 THE COMMEUCIAK, ACiUICUI/rUUAL, AND 
 
 EDUCATIONAL GUOWTH OP 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 BY CHARLES R. TUTTLE, 
 
 Author of " lllufltralrd Ilixtury of the State of Indiani." " Ilhiitrttpd Iliitoryof the Border W«n 
 of Two CciituricB," " llliutratcd History of thu State ut Uichigau," Jto. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 SOL.O ONLY BY CANVASSING AGENTS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY B. B. RUSSELL, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 MADISON, WIS.: B. B. RUSSELL & CO. 
 1875. 
 

 Entereii according to Act of Congress In the year 187B, by 
 
 B. B. KussELL AXD Charles B. Tuttle, 
 lu the OIHco of the Librarian of Congress at Wasliington. 
 
 BosTox : 
 
 8TKBEOTTPKD AND PRIRTKD BT 
 
 Baho, Avbby, k Co. 
 
TO 
 
 WILLIAM RUDOLPH SMITH 
 
 LYMAN C. DRAPER, 
 
 TO THE JOINT LABORS OF WHOM THE AUTHOR IB INDEBTED FOR 
 VALUABLE MATERIALS, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 
 
 ^A^(\^ 
 
p R p: f ace. 
 
 In the preparation of this volume, I have not aimed so much 
 lit literary excellence as to produce a work of usefulness. The 
 materials for its paj^jes were ripe in abundance ; and it has been 
 a work of no little difficulty to select from tliese contemporariea 
 subjects most appropriate for a History of Wisconsin, and to 
 group them in the order best calculated to niiiice their presenta- 
 tion acceptable. In the pursuit of this end, the following 
 range of general subjects has been considered in the order 
 designated. 
 
 The opening chapters are intended to familiarize tlie reader 
 with the physical and antiquariitn features of the Territory now 
 embraced within the limits of the State. This is not only 
 necessary to a better understanding of the events that have 
 transpired upon it, but furnishes in itself much of interest and 
 instruction. 
 
 The EARLY HISTORY of Wisconsin constitutes the second dis- 
 tinguishing feature. In tiiis part, pains have been taken to 
 present a strictly chronological narrative of all the important 
 events in the early history of the Territory, covering a period 
 from its first exploration by the French down to the organiza- 
 tion of the Territorial Government, in 1836. 
 
 The tliird division of the work may be designated by a cyclo- 
 pasdia of legislation during the administrations of each of the 
 governors, from Dodge to Taylor inclusive. It is believed that 
 the vast amount of labor which has been expended in condensing 
 this digest from the official documentary journals will result in 
 the enlargement of useful information among the people of the 
 
 s 
 
PRKFACE. 
 
 State, — information tendinis to familiarizo the citizen witli the 
 stiitutoiy laws, as well as with the legishition by wliich tliey 
 were enacted. Tiiis pliasc of the volume includes a review of 
 Wisconsin's record in tlio war for the Union, as also a brief 
 mention of the consecuiive political contests that have char- 
 acterized tiie State and Territorial Governments. 
 
 The volume closes with statistical and descriptive sketches 
 of each county in the State, presenting at a single glance the 
 present condition of every county, with its facilities for future 
 growth and development. 
 
 I have been assisted in the compilation of this work by 
 Daniel S. Durrie, Librarian of the Wisconsin State Historical 
 Society, especiall)' in (he legislative and war records of the 
 State, with which he had become familiar. I am also largely 
 indebted to the Collections of the Historical Society, and indi- 
 rectly, through tliese Collections, to the labors of Dr. Lyman 
 C. Drajjcr, wiio has for more than forty years spent much time 
 and means annually in enlarging the usefulness of the society. 
 
 Witii each edition of this work, additional chapters will be 
 added, bringing the records down to the latest possible date, 
 thereby keeping pace with the march of events. 
 
 CHARLES R. TUTTLE. 
 Madison, Wis., Septuinber, 1875. 
 
m. 
 48 
 
 oa 
 
 73 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
Si-.M.K OF Mn.t-.S 
 
 KlUUM _______ 
 
 5 ID lo lo 
 
 ■iixiii'd r-.rjir, Axlif lor 
 liitths Hislorii of W'isroiLsiit. 
 
 "><\'% 
 Z' 
 
 
 
 
;<^ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CIIArXER I. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTIOX. 
 
 « PAOB. 
 
 Physical Features — Geology and Minerals — Climate, Soil, and Productions 
 — Antiquities .49 
 
 CHArTEU n. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF WISCONSIN FROM 1639 TO 1848. 
 
 . 02 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES OF WIBCONBIN. 
 
 72 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The French in America — Tlio Fur Trade — Jesuit Missionaries — Jean 
 Nicollet— Green Bay — Its Eirly History — Labors of Fatlier Allor.ez, 
 Dablon, Andr(5, Marquette, and otliers — La Salle, &o 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. 
 
 Green Bay and Prairie du Cliieu — Early .Jesuit Missionaries — The Fox, 
 Saulc, and Frendi Wars — Growtli of tlie Frencli Settlements — Green Bay 
 in 1745 — End of French Dominion — British Supremacy . . . . 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Green Bay and Prairio <lu Cliien — Charles De Langlade — Conflict between 
 the Americans and lUilish in tho Nortli-west — A Glance at the Settle- 
 ments in Wisconsin at the Close of the Itevolutionary War — The Surren- 
 der to the United States by the British 
 
 y 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 GREEN UAY FROM 1790 TO 1836. 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 The "War of 1812 — Bre^tion of Fort Howard — Tlio Early Settlement of 
 Green Bay — Travels and Adventures — Niunlier aiid Condition of the 
 Indians — Tlie Kinhryo City of Green Bay — Arrival of Government Troops 
 
 — The Early I^iul Traflic — Green Bay i : 181.'4 — Indian Troubles — Murder 
 
 — Formation of the Wisconsin Territory, &c 103 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 FRAIRIE DU CIIIEX FROM 1796 TO 1836. 
 
 Description of Trairie du Chien in 1803 — Tlie Fur Trade— AVar of 1812 — 
 Capture of rtairie du Chien — Deternnned Besintanco — The Fur Trade after 
 the Peace of 1815— Major Long's Observations of the Fort and Village, &c., 113 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 EARLY IIISTOUY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The War of 1812 in the North-west — Operations at Prairie du Chien— Col. 
 JIcKay and his Forces — An Ac(.ouut of the Capture at I'rairie du Cliien by 
 Col. McKay — Scenes and Incidents of the Surrender 119 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The Early History of the Lead Mines — The Lead Excitement — Slavery in 
 the Mines — Description of the Country — Insults to the AVinnebagoes — 
 Shocking Murders at I'rairie du Chien —The AViunebago Outrages — Great 
 Excitement at Prairie du Chien — Arrival of Troops 128 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY — WINNEDAGO WAR. 
 
 Major Wlilstler'g Operations — The Surrender near the Portage— End of the 
 AVar— Treaty of Peace — An Indian prefers Honor to Life — A Native 
 prizes his AVord higher than Life — A AVell-nierited Beprieve . . ,138 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PIONEER RECOLLECTIONS. 
 Early Settlers — Pioneer Agriculture — Stills — Prices and Features of Traiflc 
 
 — Interesting Eemluisceuces — Sketches of Travel and Adventure . . 143 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE PIONEERS OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 149 
 
 THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 The Sanks anil Foxes — British Interference — Black Hawk and his AVrongs 
 — Battle of Stillnian's Run — Battle of the Pecatonica — Battle of AViscon- 
 »in Heights — The Battle of Bad Axe— Capture of Black Hawk, &c. . . ]5;j 
 
CONTENTS. » 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY. 
 
 PAGE. 
 Tbe Old North-western Territory — Virsinia's Jurisdiction — Ordinance of 
 1787 — Organization of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wiscon.iin Terri- 
 tories — Tlie First Settlers of Wisconsin — Green Bay — Military Govern- 
 ment — Courts and Trials 17G 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL OOVERSMEXT. 
 
 Wisconsin Territory — Its Ori<:;inal Boundaries — Civil Rights, &o. — Elec- 
 tions — Early Legislation — Gov. Dodge — Hanks — The Capital — Specida- 
 tiou — Madisou — Tbe Kijjht over the Location of the Seat of Government, 189 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL COVEIIXMEXT. 
 
 Building Coramissioners — Their Journey from Jlilwaukee to the Site of 
 Madison — Condilion of tlie Territory — The Iloutes and Modes of Travel — 
 Early Land Sales — The Sijuattors and their Exponents — Seccmil Session of 
 the Territorial I^egislature — The Wi-iconsiu University — Educational — 
 Early Schools — The Milwaukee and Jlock lUver Canal Company — Special 
 Bession of the Legislature 197 
 
 CHAPTER XVni. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL GOVERXMEXT. 
 
 Population and Apportionment- The First T.egislative Assemlily at Madison 
 — The Condition of the New Ca|iitcil — Hog< and Assendily-Men in the 
 Same Ten — Amusing IJemiiilsiciues — The Now (Old) Capitol Wrangle — 
 luvestigatiug Comuiiltees — Itecess — Second Session — Laws passed, &o. . 209 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL GOVERXMEXT. 
 
 Land and Boundary Questions — Courts — A Contested Election Case — The 
 Sllnernl Point Bank — Us Failure — Capitol luiproveiiients— Tlie "Baxter 
 Claim" — Oen. I>odf^ siureeded liy .lames Duaue Doty — The Latter's 
 Views — Dilliculties — The Ijoaii Agent and his Differences with the Canal 
 ComuiisHiouers — Injurious EiTects 219 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL G0VER.V5IEXT. 
 
 Gov Doty'a Conflicts with the Lo;;l-<lature— The Canal Company Tragedy 
 in the Council Clmuilier — Hot Debate — One Mendier shoots Another — 
 ropulatiou — New Ap()oilionmeut — Uaidiruptcy Laws, &c 226 
 
10 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CIIAPTEK XXI. 
 
 THE TERRITOIIIAL OOVKUXMEXT. 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 War betxveen tlie Oovernor aii<l the Lcui-itntme — The Governor prevents flie 
 Sossioii o{ the IiC^;ishiHtr« In refiiihi^ lo fo-operrttc — A .roint IlBSolution 
 is passed, pniyiiic the rresideiit to remove tlie Oovcnior — Tlie Session of 
 Vetos — Ijively Coiillicts — InlLMC-ttiu;; IleiiiliiiscenceH — Seeoml Session — A 
 Stale Oovoinnieut de-iiieil — Tlie (Jnvernor's OrthoKrapliy — Tlie Debt — 
 The First Ta-': — Govs. Taliiiailjie and IJuwey — Itenry Dodge asaiu ap- 
 pointed Governor— I'ruvisiuns fciv {oniiin;{ a Statb Governuieut . . .231 
 
 CHAPTER XXir. 
 
 TKnRITOniAL OOVF.IIXMEXT. 
 
 Gov. Dodge's Second Administration — Indiiin Tronliles — Vote on IiavinR a 
 Stale — CoiigressiiMial Measures <!naliliii;; the People of WistMnisin to form 
 a Stale Government — First Ouiistiuitional Conveutiou- Its Work rejected 
 by the People 210 
 
 CIIAPTEli XXIII. 
 
 TERniTOniAL COVKHNMEXr — OOV. DODGE's SECOXD ADMINISTRATION. 
 The Serond Constitutional Convention — The Supreme and other Courts^ 
 Conjiiessioiial I^:jisla'.ion — The Work of the .Second Constitutional Con- 
 vention ratilied by the People — Wisconsin admitted into the Union as a 
 Sovereign State — Statistics — Keview 246 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 ADMIXISTRATION OF XELSOX DEWEY. 
 
 OrEaniz-ation of the Stjite Government — Itevi 'ion of tl.o Statutes — Organisa- 
 tion of the State Uuivirsity — The Presidential Campaign — The Free-Soil 
 Party 254 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 ADMIXISTRAVIOX OF (iOV. XELSOX DEWEY. * 
 
 Second Session of the State Legislature- Gov. Dewey's Afessage- The Slave- 
 ry Qnestion — The Stale Legislature outspoken on the Subject — Dewey's 
 lie-election — Election Statistics — Great Increase of Population — The 
 AViunebago Scare — The Opening of the University — State Prison, &c. . 200 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 ADMIXISTRATIOX OF GOV. L. .T. FARWEII,. 
 Events of 1832 — Governor's Message — Land Grant Diflicnlties — liCgislatlou 
 Statistics — A Cyclopiedia of Events during the Year 1»52 . . . .273 
 
 CHAPTER XXVH. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OK OOV. L. J. FARWELL. 
 
 Events of IR.'J.I — Legislation — Trial of Judge Ilubbell- State Historical 
 Society — Election Contest, &e 270 
 
CONTENTS. 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 ADMIN-ISTIIATION OF GOV. nARSTOW. 
 
 11 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Eventi of 1854 — LeKlslntioii — Newspaper CiitlciHiua on tlie Leprlslature — 
 Great Exoiteiiient in Milu-iiiik«e iiml Knriiie over a FiiKttive Slave — Uia 
 AiTe:<t. auil Capture — LiliKalluu — Tim Suliuui Uuai'd Vruuii , . . .287 
 
 CIIAPTKR XXIX. 
 
 ADMINISTIIATION OK GOV. BARSTOW. 
 
 Events of 1853 — I^$;^slatiuii — General l'nt;;i'eHS uf Private and Public Affairs, 299 
 
 ClIArTEIl XXX. 
 
 GOV. MAltSTOW's 8KCOXD TERM. 
 
 Events of 18oC — Tlie Gubeniatoriul FlKlit— Barstow vt, Baslifonl 
 
 309 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE BARSTOW-BASIIKOKD CO.NKLICT CONTINUED. 
 
 Events of 1850 — DerNloii of tlie Siiproiiie Court — liesiKiiMinn nf Gov. Hbt- 
 stow — Plmk of l.ieiit.-CJiiv. McArtlmr — f!ov. liaihronl uniiis the Day, and 
 is placed iu Cliarge uf tliu Exeuiitivu OIHt'e — l.JijUlatiou, jw • . .320 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 ADMIMITIIATION OF GOV. DASHFORD. 
 
 Events of 1857 — Le-iishitioii — Klei-tion of Uuited States Senator — Leglsla- 
 tiou — The Capital — Klectioii Contest, &o 332 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OK GOV. RANDALL. 
 
 Evenlf, .if IR-W — Tlio flcivernor'H Message— Alle<xeil Framls conceniinKLand 
 GninLi — Tlie Iiive.sti(;ailou — IJill for the Uumuvul of the Capital to Milwau- 
 kee — Leijiiilatiou 811 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. RANDALL. 
 
 Events of 1850— lyefrisUiiion —The Hashfonl luvestigation — The State Instl- 
 tutiuuii — Death of Chiuf-JuHtice Wheatou 853 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. RANDALL. 
 
 Events of 18ri0 — Statistics— Legistlation — Presidential Election- 
 siuuai Kleutiun, &c. 
 
 - Congres- 
 
12 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 CHAPTER XXX\T 
 
 ADMIXISTKATIOX OF COV. RANDALt. 
 
 PAQB, 
 
 Events of ISfil — Lpj;i>ilation — Tlie Tlmiulers of Civil Wnr trenking over the 
 State — The ricsiileiit'!* I'rouhunuioii — Gov. ItamlaU'a rrocluiiiation — 
 Preparations for War 308 
 
 CHAPTER xxxvn. 
 
 Wisconsin's wau iiecord. 
 
 Events of isr.l — Movements in lielialf of Soldiers' Families — Liberal Sub- 
 scriptions — Tlie First lie^imciit— Its Tliree-SIonths' Itcccird — The Seconil 
 Ite^'inicnt— Camp I'amlall — The Tiiinl Itegiinent — Tlie Fourth, Fifth, 
 Sixtli, Seventh, Eit-hth, Nintli, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, aud Thirteenth 
 Itegimeuts 375 
 
 CHAPTER xxxvnr. 
 
 Wisconsin's war hecord. 
 
 Events of IRGl, continued — Ucp;imcntal History — Gov. Tlandall's Froclama- 
 tion calling aSjjecial Session of the Ix^gishiture — Legislation — The War, &o. 387 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 Wisconsin's war rkcord. 
 
 Events of lSfi2 —Administration of Gov. Harvey and Lieut.-Gov. Edward 
 Salomon — Sail Death of Gov. Haivey — Consternation throughout the 
 State at his Death — Legislation — Investigations, &c 896 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. SALOMON. 
 
 Events of 18n2 — T^gislntion — Tlie Draft —Opposition to the Same — High 
 I'itcli of the AVar Excitement — Indian Troubles in Minnesota and on onr 
 Western Border . . 400 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 18fi2, continued — Regimental History — Incidents and Accidents 
 of the War 4H 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events nt lS(i2, continued — Regimental History — Bravery of WiHconsln 
 Soldiers — Echoes from the Battle-FieldH 422 
 
CONTENTS. 
 CHAPTER XLin. 
 
 13 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Events of 1802, conHnnetl — Kesimental Ilistory — The War Eeconl to tlie 
 Close uf tbe Year 18G2 — Meinorio!) of the Battle-Field 433 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP GOV. SALOMON. 
 
 Events of 1803 — Administration of Gov. Salomon — Legislation — Election 
 Contest of 18(13 — Election of James T. Lewis as Governor — Triiiinpli of 
 the Kepubllcan Party 4iiii 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 1803 — Regimental History — Progress of the "War — Triumphs and 
 Defeats — Echoes from the Battle-Fiehls — Bravery of Wisconsin Soldiers . 407 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 Events of 1803, contiuned — Regimental History — The Progress of the War 
 
 — Battle-Field Incidents 
 
 470 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 1803, continued — Military History of Wisconsin during the Ye.ar 
 1863 — Regimental Records — The Cavalry 491 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIH. 
 
 administration of gov. lewis. 
 
 Events of 1804— Legislatior —War Measures — Military Operations within 
 the State 804 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 1804 — Regimental History — Sketches of the First, Second, Third, 
 Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Regi- 
 ments— Their Operations in 18(i4 612 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 1804, continued — Regimental History — Army Movements— Batlle- 
 Field Incidents BiBi 
 
14 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 Wisconsin's war hecobd. 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Events of 1804, continued — ileHiincntal History — Acciilents ami Inciaents 
 of War — Jlovoinents of ■Wisconsin Troops 840 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 Wisconsin's war recohd. 
 Events of 1801, concluileil — Miiitary Matters — Kegimental History — Battle- 
 Fleld Pictures — Home Politics — Election 803 
 
 CHAPTER LIU. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. LEWIS. 
 
 Events of ISfi.") — Legislation — Message of Gov. Lewis — War Measures— 
 Surrender of Gen. Lee — The Draft, &o 867 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 WISCONSIN'S WAB RECORD. 
 
 Events of lUKi, continued — KeKimental History — Battle-Fleld Scenes and 
 Incidents — The Last Year of the War 673 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 Wisconsin's war becobd. 
 
 Events of ISfi.'), continued — Conclusion of War History ■ 
 Echoes — Wisconsin's Name and Fame , . • . 
 
 ■ BaUle-Field 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 administration of gov. FAIRCniLD. 
 
 Events of ISfiO — Leslslation — Full Keports from the State Institutions — 
 Statistics— The Soldiers' Orphans' Home — Public Services of Mrs. Harvey, 698 
 
 CHAPTER LVH. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events of ISTiT- Legislation- Statistics — Death of Senator Hadley — Con- 
 test for the United States Senatorship— Criticisms on the Legislature . . 604 
 
 CHAPTER LVHI. 
 
 SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events of 1808 — Legislation — Statistics — Description of the State Capitol — 
 Election Contest — Presidential Election 610 
 
CONTENTS; 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 15 
 
 SECOND ADMINISTKATION OF 007. FAIRCIIILD. 
 
 PAQB. 
 
 Events of 1809 — Legislation — Statistics— State Election of 1869— Contest 
 in the liCKislature for the United States Seuatorship — >L H. Carpenter 
 Successful >..•. 616 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 
 TUIRD ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Erents of 1870 — Legislation and Stnlii'tics — A Movement to reuiove the 
 Capital to Milwaukee fails — View of the State Institutions , , , .620 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 THIRD ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events of 1871 — Cyclopicdia of LeRisIation — Statistics — Election Contest — 
 Election of Washburn for Governor — Defeat of Doolittle .... 623 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. WASURUiUT. 
 
 Legislation, &c. — 
 
 Events of 1872 — An Account of the Great Fires of 1871 
 Election — Statistics 
 
 629 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP GOV. WASHBURN. 
 
 Events of 1873 — LoRislation -Statistics- Closing Events of Gov. Wash- 
 linrn's Administration — The Election of 1873 — Defeat of the Republican 
 Party 636 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. W. B. TAVXOB. 
 
 Events of 1874 — First Message of Gov. Taylor — Legislation — Statistics — 
 Itailroad Litigation 641 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. W. R. TAYLOR. 
 
 Events of 1876 —legislation —State Institutions— The United Stat«s Senator- 
 ship Contest — Defeat of Carpenter — Triumph of Cameron .... 650 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 
 SKETCHES OF COUNTIES. 
 
 The Agricultural, Mineral, Lumbering, Educational, and Manufacturing Re- 
 sources and Developments of AVisoousin by Counties — Notes and Statistics 
 of the leading Cities of Wisconsin ggg 
 
Ifl CONTENTS. 
 
 CIIAPTEU LXVII. 
 Wisconsin's women. 
 Short niograpliiool Sketches of the Pioneer and I'ronjlnent Women of "Wls- 
 
 cousiu 
 
 6»8. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 Wisconsin's men. 
 
 Brief Biographical Sketches of the Plouoer anU l^rominent Men of Wisconsin, 720 
 
INDEX TO COUNTIES. 
 
 FAOB. 
 
 A(lam8 . . . 366 
 
 Ashland 657 
 
 Bayfield 657 
 
 liarron 658 
 
 l?rown 659 
 
 Buffalo 661 
 
 Biirnette 662 
 
 Calumet 662 
 
 Chippewa 662 
 
 Clark 664 
 
 Columbia 664 
 
 Crawford 685 
 
 Daue 668 
 
 Dodge 686 
 
 Door 667 
 
 Douglas 668 
 
 Dunn 668 
 
 Eau Claire . 688 
 
 Fond du Lao 669 
 
 Grant 670 
 
 Green 671 
 
 Green Lake 671 
 
 Iowa 672 
 
 Jackson 672 
 
 JefEerson 673 
 
 Juneau 673 
 
 Kenosha 673 
 
 Kewaunee 674 
 
 La Crosse 675 
 
 Lafayette 676 
 
 Manitowoc ..,........■• 677 
 
 Marathon 678 
 
 a 17 
 
18 
 
 Marquotte 
 Mihvutikeo 
 Moiiroo . 
 
 OODlltO . 
 
 Outiiffauiio 
 
 Ozaukee 
 
 P«inn . 
 
 Pierce . 
 
 Polk . 
 
 Portage 
 
 Racino . 
 
 Richland 
 
 Rock . 
 
 St. Croix 
 
 Sauk . 
 
 Shawano 
 
 Sliuboygan 
 
 Taylor . 
 
 Trempoaleau . 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Walworth 
 
 Wasliington 
 
 Waukesha 
 
 Waupaoca 
 
 Waushara 
 
 AVinnebago 
 
 Wood . 
 
 INDEX TO COU STIES. 
 
 PAOS. 
 
 . 679 
 
 . 070 
 
 . 080 
 
 . 081 
 
 . 082 
 
 . 081 
 
 . 084 
 
 . 085 
 
 . C8o 
 
 . 685 
 
 . 080 * 
 
 . 087 
 
 . 087 
 . 680 
 . 080 
 . 000 
 . 090 
 . 0!)'2 
 . 00-2 
 . 69'2 
 . OOiJ 
 . 004 
 . 004 
 . Of/5 
 , f05 
 . dOfl 
 . 607 
 
INDEX TO WISCONSIN'S WOMEN. 
 
 Ann'f.ke, Mrs. . . 
 Harstow, Mrs. Maria . 
 Kiiin, Mrs. I'riisper 
 llutixsoN, Mrs. I'iinina . 
 Cami'iikm-, Mrs. Loriiula 
 Colt, Mrs. Iloiirictta L. 
 DoDOK, .Mrs. Dorotlipa G. 
 DoDdK, Mrs. Gov. Ilunry 
 Doty, Mrs. .Sarah C. . 
 Faiiic'iiii.i), Mrs. Sally 
 Fakwki.l, Mrs. Francos A. 
 IIai!Vi;v, .Mrs. Conlolia A. 1 
 IIa/ki.tine, Mrs. Dorcas 
 JuNKAiT, Mrs. Jost'ttf . 
 Ki-iNi:. Mrs. Elizabeth . 
 Lkwis, Mrs. Oriiiia 
 MKNAitn, Mrs. Mary A. 
 Mii.i.s, Xfrs. Maria Louisa 
 Pahkinson, Mrs. llubecca 
 Pkck, Mrs. Rosaline 
 rKNXocK, Mrs. Elizabeth J. 
 UoY. Mrs. Arnable 
 Ri;sK, Mrs. Mary J. 
 Salomon, Mrs. Eliza . 
 SciiiXDLKlt, Jlr.i. Thereso 
 Smith, Miss Nanny 
 St. John, Mrs. Samuel 
 TiCHKNon, Mrs. Abby . 
 WlIKELKll, Ella . 
 
 VVjlson, AIis. Gardner . 
 
 Paob. 
 . 702 
 . 710 
 . 708 
 . 774 
 . 711 
 . 717 
 . 715 
 . 000 
 . 707 
 . 698 
 . 715 
 . 000 
 . 718 
 . Vl'-» 
 . 712 
 . 710 
 . 714 
 . 710 
 . 711 
 . 710 
 . 701 
 . 713 
 . 703 
 . 70.3 
 . 719 
 . 713 
 . 713 
 . 700 
 . 704 
 . 718 
 
 10 
 
INDEX TO WISCONSIN'S MEN. 
 
 Allen, Hon. George W. . .790 
 
 Arnold, Col. James Middleton 788 
 
 Atwood, Hon. David 777 
 
 Baird, Hon. Henry S 730 
 
 Barron, Hon. Henry D . . . . 789 
 
 BiNTLiFF, Gen. Jamea 785 
 
 Blair, Hon. Franklin J 754 
 
 Blake, Hon. Lucius S 785 
 
 Bragg, Edward S 775 
 
 BuAYTON, Alfred Augustus 795 
 
 Brayton, Judge Thomas 795 
 
 BuoDHEAD, E. H., C. E 787 
 
 Brunson, Rev. Alfred, AM., D.D. 773 
 
 Brunson, Hod. Ira B. . . ' 780 
 
 Campbell, Hon. James 741 
 
 Case, Hon. Jerome 1 745 
 
 Catlin, Hon. John 707 
 
 CiiAi'iN, Hon. E. E 771 
 
 Chapman, Hon. T. A 770 
 
 Chase, Hon. Enoch, M.D 780 
 
 Chase, Hon. Horace 792 
 
 CoNODON, G. B 771 
 
 Cot/.hausen, Frederick William 780 
 
 Dahlman, John 783 
 
 Davis, Hon. H ratio Nelson 743 
 
 DonoE, Hon. Henry 743 
 
 Doty, Hon. J. D 744 
 
 Douglass, J. S., A.M 743 
 
 Draper, Lyman C 797 
 
 Elwill, Hon. E. . . , 789 
 
 Fairchild, Gen. Cassiua 724 
 
 Fairchild, Hon. Jairus Caasius 724 
 
 20 
 
INDEX TO WISCONSIN'S MEN. 
 
 21 
 
 rAOB. 
 
 FAincniLD, Hon. Lucius 720 
 
 Farwei-l, Gov. Leonard J. . 735 
 
 FisK, lion. Joel S 779 
 
 FisK, Hon. W. J. 780 
 
 Frank, Hon. M 782 
 
 Frisby, Hon. Leander F. 772 
 
 Gage, Dr. M. R 764 
 
 Graham, Hon. Carson 793 
 
 GuppEV, Gen. Joshua J 708 
 
 Harbiman, Joseph E 775 
 
 Harrison, Hon. Jerome B 759 
 
 Harvey, Hon. Louis P. 735 
 
 Henni, Archbishop John M 737 
 
 Hopkins, Hon. Benjamin Franklin 742 
 
 Houghton, Charles E., M.D 790 
 
 Hunt, Dr. John Warren 734 
 
 HuRLBUT, Hon. Edwin ''55 
 
 Irish, Rev. Joseph E 775 
 
 Juneau, Hon. Paul 800 
 
 Juneau, Hon. Solomon 731 
 
 Kellogg, Hon. Levi H 793 
 
 Ki LLY, David Marsh 794 
 
 Kingston, Hon. John Tabor 799 
 
 KuEiiN, Hon. Ferdinand 770 
 
 Lewis, Hon. James T > 779 
 
 Loc K.WOOD, Hon. James H 738 
 
 MAi:iARLANE, Hon. Hugh 759 
 
 JfclNDOE, Hon. Walter D 799 
 
 Man.v, Judge J. E 769 
 
 Martin, lion. Morgan L. 709 
 
 Merbili,, William P 792 
 
 MoFFATT, .Judge John Shaw 739 
 
 Mills, Hon. Simeon • 740 
 
 Myrrick, Nathan 739 
 
 Nazro, John 794 
 
 Noggle, Hon. David 758 
 
 Pahdy, Judge William S 786 
 
 Parker, Hon. Charles D. 767 
 
 Parkinson, Col. Daniel M 740 
 
 Paul, Hon. Georgu II 729 
 
 Pennock, Kev. Amos C 791' 
 
 Pkttitt, Hon. Milton H 727 
 
 Pope, Hon. Carl C 769 
 
 Prentiss, Hon. Theodore 795 
 
 Randall, Hon. Alexander W. 726 
 
 BiCHARDBON, Rev. H. Stone 779 
 
22 
 
 INDEX TO WISCONSIN'S MEN. 
 
 RouNTHEE, Hon. John H. 
 KvAN, Col. Samuel . 
 Sai.omox, Gov. Edward . 
 Seymouu, Daniel E. 
 SiLsnEE, Arnzi . 
 Small, Judge David W. . 
 Smith, Angus . 
 Smith, Hon. Augustus Ledyard 
 Smith, Rev. Reeder . 
 S.MiTH, Gen. William R. . 
 Smith, Hon. William E. . 
 Si'OONEit, Hon. Wyman . 
 Starr, Hon. William 
 Sutherland, Hon. James 
 Taylor, Hon. William R. 
 Tyler, Hon. Thomas B. . 
 Upham, Hon. Don A. J. . 
 Vilas, Hon. Levi B. 
 Walker, Hox. J. P. 
 Walworth, Rev. John . 
 Weld. Prof. Allen Hayden 
 Wheeler, Lucius A. 
 WniTFoRD, William C, A.M. 
 Whiton', Hon. Edward V. 
 Whittlesey, Hon. Asaph, Sen. 
 Wight, Orland W., AM, M.D. 
 Williams, Hon. Charles G. 
 WiNo, Alonzo . 
 Wolcott, Gen. Erastus B., IM.D. 
 YouMAN, Hon. Henry A., M.D. 
 
 page, 
 . 757 
 . 761 
 . 736 
 . 782 
 . 750 
 . 796 
 . 707 
 . 765 
 . 781 
 . 7:53 
 . 750 
 . 706 
 . 767 
 . 732 
 . 747 
 . 763 
 . 765 
 . 725 
 . 727 
 . 763 
 . 768 
 . 796 
 . 728 
 . 732 
 . 762 
 . 774 
 . 761 
 . 7.55 
 . 760 
 . 705 
 
INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 
 
 J. R. Doolittle 
 Philetus Sawyer 
 Ilou. William R. Taylor 
 James T. Lewis 
 J. I. Case 
 n. Liidini^on 
 John Nazro . 
 Hon. J. T. Kingston 
 A. II. Wild . 
 Lucius Fairchild 
 Cassius FairchilJ 
 Gen. E. S. Rragg 
 AV. E. Smith 
 J. A. Lapliam 
 G. W. Allen . 
 Edward El will 
 E. P. Allis . 
 
 D. A. J. Upham 
 II. N. DavLs . 
 L. A. Wheeler 
 
 E. II. lirodhoad 
 L. V. Frisby 
 Jamns Kneeland 
 George II. Paul 
 William P. Merrill 
 Enoch Chase 
 Levi II. Kellogg 
 John Dahlman 
 F. J. Hlair . 
 II. S. Allen . 
 Theodore Prentiss 
 Horace Chase 
 
 Page. 
 . 53 
 . 61 
 . 07 
 . 7:3 
 . 79 
 . 85 
 . 91 
 . 97 
 . 103 
 ..109 
 . 115 
 . 121 
 . 127 
 . 183 
 . 139 
 . 145 
 . 151 
 . 157 
 . 163 
 . 109 
 . 175 
 . 181 
 . 187 
 . 103 
 . 199 
 . 205 
 . 211 
 . 217 
 . 223 
 . 229 
 . 233 
 . 211 
 
 23 
 
24 
 
 INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 
 
 Edwin Ilurlbut 
 David W. SmaU 
 David Atwood 
 Angus Smith 
 Itev. R. Smith 
 R. M. Gage . 
 M. Frank 
 
 Charles G. Williams 
 David Xoggle 
 Aloiizo Wing 
 Lucius S. Blake 
 M. L. Martin 
 Thomas B. Tyler 
 J. Vj. llarriman 
 Hugh Macfarlane 
 W. Starr 
 W. C. Whitford 
 J. E. Mann . 
 
 C. D. Parker 
 J. J. Guppey 
 W. II. Chandler 
 J. M. Beimett 
 Carl C. Pope 
 W. J. Fisk . 
 Charles L. Pierce 
 Carson Graham 
 O. AV. Wight 
 T. A. Chapman . 
 George B. Congdon 
 
 D. E. Seymour 
 D. M. Kelly . 
 
 F. W. Cotzliausen . 
 C. E, Iloughman . 
 
 G. T. Mandt 
 Hon. John Shuette 
 John S. Jenkins . 
 Hon. Alexander Mitchell 
 Rev. A. C. Pennock 
 Rev. J. E. Irish . 
 Gen. J. C. Starkweather 
 Hon. Peter Doyle . 
 Hon. L. B. Vilas . 
 Hon. L. II. Youman 
 Hon. Nathan Myrick 
 Lyman C. Draper . 
 J. S. Douglass . 
 
 PAOK. 
 
 . 247 
 . 263 
 . 259 
 . 265 
 . 271 
 . 277 
 . 283 
 . 280 
 . 295 
 . 301 
 . 807 
 . 313 
 . 319 
 . 325 
 . 381 
 . 337 
 . 843 
 . 340 
 . 355 
 . 861 
 . 367 
 . 373 
 . 379 
 . 385 
 . 391 
 , 397 
 . 403 
 . 409 
 . 415 
 . 421 
 . 427 
 . 433 
 . 439 
 . 445 
 . 451 
 . 457 
 . 403 
 . 469 
 . 475 
 . 481 
 . 487 
 . 493 
 . 499 
 . 505 
 . 511 
 . 517 
 
INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 
 
 25 
 
 John H. Rountree 
 
 Joel S. Fisk . 
 
 W. S. Purdy 
 
 A. Bronson . 
 
 J. S. Mofiatt 
 
 E. B. Walcott 
 
 D. E. Reed . 
 
 lion. John E. Thomas 
 H. D. Eaton . 
 Archbishop Henni 
 Robert E. Spencer 
 Hon. Frederick Kuehn 
 Hon. A. Ledyard Smith 
 Rev. G. M. Steele 
 Gen. John BintlifE 
 R. H. Stone Richardson 
 H. D. Barron 
 J. M. Arnold 
 W. G. Ryan 
 J. B. Harrison 
 Dr. D. W. Perkins 
 Ira B. Brunson 
 P. J. MacBride 
 Asaph Whittlesey . 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 . 523 
 . 529 
 . 535 
 . 541 
 . 547 
 . 553 
 . 559 
 . 665 
 . 571 
 . 577 
 . 583 
 . 589 
 . 596 
 . 601 
 . 607 
 . 313 
 . 619 
 . 625 
 , 631 
 . 635 
 . 639 
 . 643 
 . 647 
 . 651 
 
cSosscuFfWsTrmuT 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Wisconsin, although not the greatest .State in the Union, is among 
 the greatest ; and, with her present developments and vast resources, 
 she may be considered in most essentials as second to none. Al- 
 though young in years, she is by no means obscure in those events 
 which render historj' full of interest and instruction ; nor have the 
 great industries of the State lagged in their march to prosperity. 
 
 Agriculture is and must continue to be the chief object of industry, 
 and the foundation of much of tiie wealth of the people of the State ; 
 but wc have said so much on this groat and leading industry in the 
 county sketches, in the latter part of this volume, that a lengthy 
 notice of it in this place is made superfluous. 
 
 Manufacturing, and particularly lumbering, constitute the second 
 great industry of the State. In fact, lumbering has so thoroughly 
 entered into the history of the State, that, did we not make some 
 mention of its rise and progress in this Introduction, the following 
 chapters would seem, at least in this respect, void of that complete- 
 ness demanded. Mr. Augustin Grignon, in his "Seventy-two Years' 
 Recollections of Wisconsin," published in vol. iii. of the Collections 
 of the State Historical Society, says, that the earliest mill in the 
 present State of Wisconsin was erected by Jacob Franks, about the 
 year 1800. He first built a saw-mill, and then a grist-mill. They 
 wore located on Devil River, two or three miles east of De Pere, in 
 the present county of Brown, and were erected for Mr. Franks by an 
 American named Bradlej-. In 1813 a brother of Mr. Grignon erected 
 a grist and saw m'" on Reaume's Creek, on the west side of Fox 
 River, about four miles above Green Baj*. In 181G, after the Ameri- 
 cans had taken possession of that place, the government, having use 
 for a large quantity of lumber for buildings in the garrison and other 
 
 39 
 
so 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 fort puri:)ose3, caused a saw-mill to be built on the Fox River, at the 
 Litllc Knnkalin. 
 
 The next attempt to erect a saw-mill was made by Col. John Shaw, 
 ■who, in the year 1819, proceeded up Black River to the first fall, 
 about six feet in descent, and erected a mill on the south-eastern 
 bank of the stream. He had scarcely succeeded in getting it fairly 
 in operation, when hundreds of Winuebagoes came tliere in a starving 
 condition, and importuned him for every tiling he had for eating or 
 wearing purposes. And he was soon left without supplies, and 
 returned to Prairie du Chien. The next spring he went up there 
 again, and found the Indians had burned the mill. Mr. Shaw then 
 rafted down a quantity of pine-logs he had cut the previous year- 
 Tins is believed to be the first saw-mill erected in Western Wisconsin. 
 During the same year, 'Wilfred Owens of Prairie du Chien, then con- 
 nected in business with the late Gov. McNair of Missouri, associated 
 with two other men b^' the name of Andrews and Dixon, built a saw- 
 mill on Black River, and commenced sawing lumber ; but, before they 
 had done nmch business, the mill was burnt, supposed to have been 
 set on fire hy tiie Winnebagoes. The mill was not rebuilt, owing to 
 the declared hostility of the Winnebagoes to it. 
 
 The next eflbrt at lumbering, as far as can be ascertained, was 
 made in the jear 1822, when a man by the name of Harden Perkins, 
 from Kentuckj-, eame to Prairie du Chien for the purpose of building 
 a s:nv-mill in tlie Indian country, and obtained permission from Major 
 Taliaferro, then agent for the Sioux Indians, with the consent of the 
 Indians, to erect a saw-mill on their land on the Chippewa River and 
 tributaries ; but Perkins not having the capital to carry out his 
 project, or suQlcient influence to obtain the permission of the Indians 
 to erect this mill, solicited Joseph Rolette and J. II. Lockwood of 
 Prairie du Chien to join him, which tliey did, and contracted with 
 Wabashaw's band of Sioux, who claimed the Chippewa country, for 
 the privilege of erecting a mill, and cutting timber for it, paying them 
 about one thousand dollars per year in goods, and furnished Perkins 
 the necessar3' means for the purchase. He proceeded to the Menomo- 
 nee River, and on a small stream running into thr.t river, about 
 twenty miles above its mouth, erected a saw-mill, and had it so near 
 completed, that he expected to commence sawing in nvery few da3's, 
 when one of those sudden freshets to which hilly countries are sub- 
 ject came upoti him, and swept away the dam, mill, and appendages ; 
 and Perkins returned to Prairie du Chien with his family and hands. 
 
 Owing to ill-feeling manifested by Col. Snelling at Fort Snclling, 
 against Mi-. Perkins in his efforts to erect and cairy on his mill, and 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 81 
 
 a hostile feeling to Mr. Rolette entertained by the colonel, Mr. Per- 
 kins concluded not to rebuild until he could be authorized by the 
 authorities at Washington. In tlie year 1829 permission was received 
 from tlie secretary of war to erect mills, &c., provided the consent 
 of the Indians could be obtained. The contract with the Indians 
 was renewed, and in May, 1830, tt mill-wright, superintendent, and a 
 proper force to build on tlie Chippewa River, were procured. The 
 first site was selected on the Menoinonee River, and a canal dug across 
 a point of land from what is known as Wilson's Creek. The owners 
 had much difficulty with some of their employees, and with the In- 
 dians, who were very troublesome. The mill was ready to commence 
 in March, 1831, and, b}' the 1st of Juno following, had sawed about 
 a hundred thousand feet of lumber. 
 
 Judge Lockwood, in his paper on Early Times and Events in Wis- 
 consin i)repared for the Historical Society, gives a full account of the 
 difDculties encountered by those who began the lumbering business in 
 the State. 
 
 Prior to the efforts made in lumbering by Perkins, and in 1829, 
 Col. Z. Taylor, commandant at Prairie du Chien, sent a body of men 
 to the pineries of Menomonee River to cut logs, hew square timber, 
 and to make plank and shingles to be used in the construction of the 
 fort and its defences. The party left in seven Mackinaw boats, with 
 ten men in each boat, and were offlccrod by Lieuts. L. Gale and 
 Gardenier, Sergeant Melvin, and J. H. Fonda of Prairie du Chien 
 as pilot. The latter person has given a full account of this expedi- 
 tion (Historical Society Collections, vol. v.). Tlie party returned 
 with the timber to Prairie du Cliien, after enduring much suffering 
 from cold weather and want of saitablc provisions. Another party, 
 in 1829, under tlie charge of Lieut. Jefferson Davis, was detailed to 
 ascend the Mississippi in l)irch-l)ark canoes. They proceeded to the 
 mouth of the Chippewa River, which stream they ascended until they 
 came to the mouth of what is now called the Red Cedar, and ascended 
 some fortj' miles. At this point, where the thriving village of Menom- 
 onee now stands, and where the mammoth mills of Knapp, Stout, and 
 Company, are located, thcj- disembarked and went into camp, and 
 began their work. The required amount of timber was cut, however, 
 rafted, and floated down to Prairie du Chien, and was used in the con- 
 struction of Fort Crawford. The following summer, it became neces- 
 sary to use a hivger amount of timber and lumber at the fort. A similar 
 expedition was fitted out, except on a much larger scale ; aud it was 
 provided with every thing necessary to build a small saw-mill ; and 
 Lieut. George W. Garey was put in command. The paity arrived 
 
32 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 early in tho season, and stopped a month at what is now called CJilbert 
 Creek, where they Imilt a (lain, and erected a saw-niill. This »vas 
 known as the Government Saw-niill. It was on a small scale, having 
 hilt a siniile sasli-saw, and a capacity of aliont one thoiis.'ind feet per 
 day. Tlie return of tlie party in the fall of 1h;U), and the reports 
 of the superior pine-forests on the banks of the Chippewa and its tri- 
 butaries, created much interest ; and Mr. Lock wood and his associates 
 connuenced their operations as before referred to. The government 
 expedition, as far as we lia.e knowledge, was not annoyed by the 
 Indians as those that followed, win 'li were private enterjjrises. 
 
 Tho mill at Gilbert's Creek, previously referred to, was placed in 
 charge of George Wales, an ex-lieutena'nt of the regular army, who 
 continued to conduct the business for the company initil 18;};') ; and, 
 in the mean time, the same parties had caused to be erected another 
 mill at Gilbert's Creek, about a mile from the month. In 1835 
 Messrs. Street and Loekwood sold both these mills to H. S. Allen, 
 with the permit of tlic Indians. Lieut. "Wales, before referred to, 
 passed over to Eau Galle, and built a mill on the site where the pres- 
 ent mill of Carson and Rand now stands. In 1837, after the treaty 
 at Fort Snelling, and the cession of these lands by the Indians, a 
 number of persons connected with the American Fur Company, 
 including II. L. Dousman, Gen. Sibley, Col. Aiken, and Lyuian 
 Warren, fitted out an expedition to erect a saw-mill at the Falls of 
 the Chippewa. The work of building the mill progressed slowly. A 
 great many unexpected obstacles impeded the undertaking. Owing 
 to the intense hardness of the rock in excavating the race, the mill 
 was a costl}' enterprise to all who had an interest in it. 
 
 In 183!) II. S. Allen built another saw-mill on the west side of the 
 Red Cedar, two miles below Gilbert's Creek, which was rebuilt in 
 1841. This was the third mill owned and run by him at the same time. 
 In the year 1827 Col. Ebenozer Cliilds, with Judge J. raniett, 
 received permission from the secretary of war to build a saw-mill on 
 tlie Indian lands, provided the principal Jlenomonee chiefs would give 
 their consent. This was ol ained on the chiefs receiving three bar- 
 rels of flour per annum for the privilege. The^' commenced the erec- 
 tion of a mill twenty-six miles below Fort Howard, on the west of 
 Green Bay ; the partners making a contract with a party to put up 
 the mill, and erect a dam. When the mill was completed, word was 
 sent to the owners to come down and receive it. On arriving at the 
 building, they found the doors and windows barred and bolted, and 
 were told that tho Indians had threatened the lives of themselves and 
 party, and declared they would burn tho house and mill; and the 
 
INTRODUCTOnr. 
 
 88 
 
 whites bad to keop giiard nil the time to prevent the Iiuliana from 
 burning the property. Tbej' succeeded, however, in making friends 
 with tiiem by feeding them when hungry, and treating tlieni kindly. 
 
 In 182G pine-timber was made into boards, with whip-saws, by 
 the United States soldiery at the building of Fort Winnebago, from 
 timber cut on* a small island about ten milco above the Wisconsin 
 portage. 
 
 In the winter of 1827-28 Daniel Whitney obtained permission of 
 the Winnebagoes to make shingles on the Upper Wisconsin. lie 
 employed twenty-two Stockbridge Indians, and one white man to 
 Buperintenil the party ; and Col. Childs was engaged to take the 
 party up the Wisconsin, and supply them with provisions. He con- 
 veyed them to the mouth of Yellow River, where he left them. On 
 his return, subsequently, ho was informed by Major Twiggs, com- 
 manding officer at Fort AVinnebago, that Whitney's men must be 
 sent out of the country, and, if he went up the river, he would get 
 into trouble. Disregarding all the advice of Twiggs, Childs went up 
 to where the men were at work. They had made about two hundred 
 thousand shingles. Major Twiggs, not long after, sent up the Wis- 
 consin, and took away a part of Whitney's shingles, and burnt the 
 balance. Mr. Whitney is said to have lost not less than a thousand 
 dollars bj- his shingle-operation, all through Twiggs's malice. Mr. 
 Whitney, in the year 1831, obtained a permit from the war depart- 
 ment to erect a saw-mill, and cut timber on the Wisconsin, and built 
 the first mill at Whitney's Rapids, below Point Bausse, in 1831-32. 
 Messrs. Grignon and Merrill obtained a similar permit, and put up a 
 mill at Grignon's Rapids in 1836. These two establishments were 
 the pioneers in the lumbering business on the Wisconsin River. In 
 1830 Gov. Dodge made a treaty with the Menomonec Indians at 
 Cedar Point, on the Fox River ; and the Indian title was extinguished 
 to a strip of land six miles wide, from Point Bausse, fort}- miles up the 
 stream. This was done specially to open the countrj' to the lumber- 
 men. The high price and great demand for the article quickened the 
 business ; and the river was exi)lored from I'oiut Bausse to Big Bull 
 Foils that year ; and the occupation and claiming of the most eligible 
 sites quickly followed. Two mills were soon established at Grand 
 Rapids, one at ]\Iill Creek, and others on same stream ; one at 
 McGrccr's Rapids, on the Plover ; one at Conant's Rapids (these 
 were built in 1837). In 1839 one at Big Bull Falls, and one at Little 
 Bull Falls, were put up. The Indian title to the Indian land was 
 extinguished in 1848. This opened the whole Upper Wisconsiu coun- 
 try to the settler. 
 
84 
 
 INTROnVCTORY. 
 
 Such iw a brief sketch of the early cirorts in the himbcring business 
 in Wisconsin, wliidi niii;lit be liroufrlit ilown to a later period ; and it 
 may bo proper to say tlie tinil)er of Wisconsin consists of wiiite, yel- 
 low, and Norway pine, rocii anl soft maple, nearly all the varieties 
 of oalv, balsam-fir, white and red cedar, spruce, hemlock, ash, pop- 
 lar, basswood, hickory, &c. The most northern portion aboiw.,' in 
 those varieties most essential to the use of man ; and such i;i "lo s.t- 
 uation of the country with respect to water-communication and rail- 
 roads, that nearly all parts of it may bo supplied with pine-lumber at 
 a moderate price. The home-demand, however, is but an insignifi- 
 cant part of what is used, as the markets of all the States west of tho 
 Mississippi arc dependent for their supplies upon this State. 
 
 The pineries of Wisconsin may be divided into four distinct 
 sections. A large amount of lumber in the north-west part of the 
 State finds its way out through the Chippewa, the Black, the St. 
 Croix, and other rive;s flowing into tlie Mississippi. The " Wiscon- 
 sin Pinery," so called, lies along the Wisconsin lliver, in the central 
 part of the State. The lumber from tliat region also goes out mostly 
 to the Mississippi market Tho Wolf-river Pinery lies in tho valley 
 of the Wolf and its tributaries. By the construction of new lines of 
 railroads, its hunl)cr is now sent to the interior of the State on the 
 cars. The Green-ba3- Pinery includes all that region extending from 
 Do Pero seven miles up to tho Fox lliver, along both shores of tho 
 bjft', northward to tho upper waters of the Esconawba, which flowa 
 into Ba' do Noquet, at tho northern extremity of Green Baj'. Of 
 this particular pinery, Hon. C. D. Robinson says, — 
 
 "It3rtiiicipnl luinlieritijj-points, wlicre mills are locateil, are at Do Pere and 
 Grc«n Kay City on tlio Fox lliver; ISij; Siiainico, T'oiisaukec, 0(!c)iit(i, i'oslite;jo, 
 Muiiiiiaoiicc, I'lird, and (/'I'llar liivcrs, on tliowott slioru; Hay do Noiinot, at tlio 
 nortliorn oxtrennty uf llu! liay ; I.ittlo and Ilij; Siiu'};l'ou I!ay, on tliti east slmro; 
 and ClianilierH Island on tlie liay. Tlio wliolo imiiilier of mills at these points in 
 the year lR{iO was about forty ; having a total sa\viii<j-i'apai:ity of ationt (Jiie hundred 
 and thirty millions of feet per year. For several years previous, tho aggregate 
 Rawing has averaged about eighty millions of feet." 
 
 The limits of the AVisconsin land district are, Township Fifteen to 
 the State line. Range Two to Eleven oast inclusive. The highest 
 estimate of the number of acres of pinelands within the area mentioned 
 does not exceed two millions. The Wausau District comprises at 
 least one-fourth the pinelands of the State ; and, allowing two millions 
 of acres within that district, we have a total of eight millions of 
 acres. Average pine yields five thousand feet to the acre. As a gr.tnd 
 total, then, of the stumpage of Wisconsin, we have forty billions. 
 
ISTRODUCTORY. 
 
 8S 
 
 This PHliinatp IirUkK'H a vast amount of pinc-timbcr that can never 
 Ijc iililizcMl. And it is liiiis iliMiionstratcd that the entire pineries of 
 the Stiitc will lust at least lllly years. 
 
 The city of OshkoHh is extremely well situated for the various lum 
 l)(M'-interosts that ront'i-iitnite there. The Wolf River, with its trihu- 
 tiirii's, extcndin;^ throuijh and into the counties of Oconto, Shawano, 
 Jlaratlion, Waii|>aeca, Outai^aniic, and Wiiniebago, drain a territory 
 of not less than threi? thonsaml aqiuire miles in extent, embracing one 
 of the llnost pineries in the West. A gentleman who visited that 
 place in 1873 states the machinery then in use was capable of cutting 
 annually three hundred millions of feet of lumber. At that time, the 
 mills were running at about one-half their actual capacity, while tho 
 shingle-mills were doing proportionally a much larger business. The 
 year 1873 was an unfortunate one for tho lumbermen ; and tho 
 amount cut and manufactured was much reduced. 
 
 One of the important mills located in the Chippewa co\mtry is that 
 of the North-western Lumber Company, having a paid-up capital of 
 four hundred thousand dollars. This company was organized for tho 
 facilitating and carrying-out their immense business, and is composed 
 of first-class business-men. The ofUce of the company is at Eau 
 Claire. 
 
 The size of their present lumber-mill (1873) is fifty-four by a 
 hundred and thirty-six feet, two stories high, with engine and boiler 
 rooms twenty-three by thirtj'-six feet, using four boilers and three 
 engines. One hundred thousand feet of lumber, thirty thousand feet 
 of lath, and fifty thousand shingles arc cut dail^-. During tho run- 
 ning-season of six months and a half, llfteen million feet of lumber 
 are cut ; two circular and one gang of saws doing all the work, and 
 giving cmplo^-ment to a hundred and tnenty men. The shingle-mill 
 is three stories high, and is one of the most unique and convenient 
 mills in the State. 
 
 The La Crosso Lumber Company have a building eightj--six by a 
 hundred and flft^'-six, with a capacity of manufacturing two hundred 
 thousand feet of lumber, sixty thousand shingles, and fifty thousand 
 lath in ten hours. They cut fifteen million feet of lumber per year. 
 The machinery is operated by two engines of six hundred and one 
 hundred horse-power rcspectivelj'. 
 
 Roference has been made to the firm of Knapp, Stout, and Company. ' 
 This finn have three mills at Menomonee, and one at Downsville ; 
 own a foundery and m.achine-shop, several grist-mills and stores, 
 three steamboats. Their hog-pen costs them fifteen thousand dollars. 
 Twelve hundred men were on theii- paj-roU in 1874 ; and instead of 
 
S6 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 the single saw, with which thej- first commenced business, they have 
 now about a hundred and fifty running in their four mills. The com- 
 pany own a hundred and fifteen thousand acres of the choicest pine 
 and hard wood lands, and thousands of acres of fanning-land. Sixty 
 million feet of lumber, twenty-five million shingles, and twenty 
 million lath and pickets were manufactured 1873-74 by the com- 
 pany. 
 
 The Eau Claire Lumbering Company own four mills, besides 
 grist-mill, store, shops, &c. Tlicy manufactured (1873) fortj'-five 
 million feet of lumber and twelve million shingles. They own three 
 stean.boats, and give employment to about eight hundred men. 
 Their retail sales are about five hundred thousand dollars j-earlj'. 
 The capital stock of the companj- is two millions of dollars. 
 
 The saw-mill of the Union Luk 'ber Company of Chippewa Falls is 
 claimed to be the largest of its kind in the world ; that is, capable of 
 sawing more lumber than any other mill. The building is wooden, 
 fifty feet wide by one hundred feet long. There arc four gang-saws, 
 each containing twenty-four saws, and capable of sawing a log a foot 
 and a half square into twenty -three boards iu four minutes ; three 
 rotary saws, each of wliich will saw a board in a minute ; one mulc^-, 
 for sawing joist ; five sets of edgers, eight trimmers, two lath-mills, 
 one picket-mill, one header, and three slab-grinders : the latter are 
 used for grinding all the slabs and waste material into sawdust. 
 The mill has a capacity- of sawing a hundred and eighty thousand feet 
 of lumber per day, or llfty-flve million feet per year. This year 
 (1875) only about thirty million feet will be sawed. Now only a 
 hundred and sixtj- men are employed in running it ; but when in full 
 running-capacity (night and day), tlu'cc hundred men are employed. 
 The mill is run by water-power, ten water-wheels ))eing used. The 
 lumber is rafted on the Chippewa River to the Mississippi, and 
 distributed at points along tlie river at the principal cities. fShingles 
 are also manufactured to a large extent. The boom-works of the 
 company extend up the river a distance of six miles : hero the logs 
 are assorted, the Union Company retaining its own, and letting tLd 
 logs of the other companies puss down the river. One hundred men 
 are employed in the sorting of logs. The capital stock of the com- 
 pany is 81,r)00,000. Hon. Tliaddeus C. Pound is president; D. M. 
 J'eck, vice-president ; and N. Pierce, secretary. S. Bernard of New 
 York, Senator Wallace, and F. Coleman of Pennsylvania, are direc- 
 tors. In the winter, tlie mill is idle ; and all the men go up the 
 river to the logging-camps, and suUlcient timber ia cut for the next 
 season. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 37 
 
 Among the other mills in this section may be mentioned one of 
 Stanlej- Brotliors, on the Chippewa, above the falls, who manufac- 
 ture eight million Ave hundred thousand feet of lumber, and one mil- 
 lion five hundred thousand lath j'early. They have, also, a grist-mill 
 and a large store, employing about a hundred men. Jackson Thillips 
 has a mill at Jim's Falls, above Chippewa Falls, cuts about five mil- 
 lion feet of lumber, and employs about fifty men. John Robinson's 
 mill is about three miles below Chippewa Falls. He cuts about four- 
 teen million feet annually, and four million lath, and emplo3'8 a hun- 
 dred and fifty men. The French Lumbering Company has a mill 
 situated farther down the river, and six million feet of lumber, and 
 two millio» of lath are manufactured ; employs fifty men ; ofllce at 
 Chippewa Falls. Ingram and Kennedy operate five saw-mills, and 
 cut last j'car (1873) twentj'-six million feet of lumber, eight million 
 shingles, and three million two hundred and fifty thousand lath. 
 They own a large store ; and their retail sales amount to over three 
 million dollars. They give emplojTiiont to about four hundred men, 
 and own two steamboats. D. Shaw and Company cut thirteen million 
 five hundred and eighty-four thousand feet of lumber, three million 
 two hundred and fifty thousand lath, and three million one hundred 
 and ten thousand shingles. Thej' own a store and shops, and a fine 
 grist-mill. They employ two hundred men. Carson and Rand of 
 Fan Galle cut, last season, eleven million foct of lumber, and will 
 soon close opcr.itions, as the lumber on the stream is exhausted. 
 
 To sum up the business : in the valley of the Chippewa, for the 3ear 
 1873-34, there was cut by tha mills in the valley 297,759,000 feet of 
 lumber, 82,900,000 lath, and 72,000,000 shingles. About $4,470 
 were received bj' these men, whose wages will range from twenty-eight 
 dollars to a hundred dollars per month, and will average about forty 
 dollars, board included. 
 
 " The 'Wisconsin Lumberman" of February, 1875, gives the fol- 
 lowing statistics for the year 1874: "Chippewa River, — lumber 
 manufactured, 278,000,000 logs ; cut into shingles, pickets, and lath, 
 80,910,000 feet. Black River, — lumber manufactured, 00,500,000 
 feet. Wolf River has fifty-nine saw-mills ; of these, Oshkosh has 
 twenty-two, and five shingle-mills. Fond du Lac has cloven saw- 
 mills: lumber and shingles manufactured in 1S74, 152,000,000. 
 Wisconsin River manufactured 1 19,000,000. Mononionee River manu- 
 factured 128,837,535 feet. Oconto River manufactm-ed 50,000,000." 
 
 From what has been written, the reader can form some idea of the 
 business of lumbering as now carried on in this State. Capital has 
 not been spared in introducing new improvements in machinery ; and 
 
88 
 
 INTRODUCTORT. 
 
 the business has been so great, that the gi-eatest inventive talent haa 
 been called into requisition to provide machinery to simplify and ex- 
 pedite the work required at the mills. Those who were familiar with 
 the simple machinery that was used in the manufacture of lumber 
 some twenty-five or thirty years since would be surprised, indeed, 
 to see to what extent improvements have been made, and how much 
 more work can be performed, in a given time, by improved faci'ities. 
 Few States have the same valuaole resources as Wisconsip. Her 
 agricultural products are equal to any ; her lead mine. 'nj\ , able; 
 and her lumbering facilities adequate to supply the i ■'■■\^- : ■ ' ■•nly 
 of her own people, but of those States to whom Nature has withheld 
 this valuable product. 
 
 Other manufacturing interests of the State might be mentioned, 
 outside of that of lumbering ; but this is the most important, and 
 demands a conspicuous place in this volume. 
 
 But Wisconsin has a history of progrcfj in her educational and 
 moral departments, as well as in her material resources. Perhaps no 
 State in the Union, in respect to population and resources, has ex- 
 pended as much money in the way of permanent improvements for 
 benevolent, educational, and charitable institutions, as the State of 
 Wisconsin. These improvements have been carried forward in an 
 enlightened public spirit ; and those of her citizens who have, by 
 misfortune, lost their reason, eye-sight, or been deprived of the organs 
 of speech, can have all such assistance as may be needed for their 
 im])rovcmcnt, furnished gratuitously, with the aid of experienced and 
 qualified persons. 
 
 Reference has been made, in this volume, to the State Capio. 
 building, — one of the finest of the State buildings. It is an elegani. 
 structure, and was built in an economical innner. It could not be 
 rebuilt, probably, for double the original ti'st. The whole cost was 
 about five hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The Uiiiversit>i of Wi'<mnsiii is one of the State in.stitutions that 
 the State justly takes pride in. An .mccount of the erection of the 
 buildings has been heretofore given. They are beautifully situated 
 on University Ilill, one mile west of the State Capitol. The institu- 
 tion is governed by a bopnl of regents, ten in number, and has 
 twenty-seven professors and instructors. John Dascom, LIj.1) , 'a 
 president. It wn? founded upon a grant of seventy-two secti^'r-.'- .jt 
 land, made by Congress to the Territory in 183H, and subseqUv r 
 grants, including the Agricultural College Grant, These lands aro 
 Bold, and the income arising from the sale appropriat'Hl to the wants 
 of the universitj-. It has experienced all the ■ icissitudcs of similar 
 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 3d 
 
 4^ 
 
 State educational Institutions, but is now firmly established, and has 
 the confidence of tlie communitj-. The institution lias been repeatedly 
 re-organized, and at present consists of (1) a college of arts, in- 
 cluding the department of agriculture, the department of mining and 
 metallurgy, the department of military science and of civil engineer- 
 ing; (2) the college of letters, with a preparatory department ; (3) 
 law college ; (4) female college ; and (o) post-graduate course. 
 
 l&y the law of 1872 all graduates of graded schools who shall have 
 pursued a regular course, and shall have passed an examination satis- 
 factory to the faculty of the universitj', shall be entitled to free tui- 
 tion in all the colleges of the university. In the year 1875 the total 
 number of students in attendance, at the opening of the fall term 
 of 1874, was four hundred and eleven. 
 
 The State Normal Schools of Wisconsin are under the direction of 
 a board of regents, and are supported by a portion of the income 
 of the school-fu'id, and twenty-five per cent of the proceeds arising 
 from the sale of the swamp and overflowed lands. In February, 
 1866, Plattevilb was selected as the site of a school; and in the 
 month of JLiy of the same year, AVhitewater was selected as another. 
 The school at Platteville vas o;jened in October, 1860. It is now 
 in charge of Prof. E. A. Charlton. The school at Wliitewater was 
 opened .\pril 2l, 18G8, under the charge of Prof. Oliver Arey. A 
 third normal school was projected and located at Oshkosh. It was 
 completed in 1870, and opened in September, 1871. It is in charge 
 of Prof. G. E. Albee. These three schools have in training an ave- 
 rage aggregate of about six lumdred normal students, and possess 
 superior building^i for their accommodation. A fourth school has 
 recently been located at River Falls, Pierce County, and will be 
 opened in tlie fall of 1875. 
 
 The Institution for the Education of the Blind is located at Jancs- 
 ville. It was first supported by tlic citizens of Janesville ; and in 
 1850 the State adopted it, and erected a suitable building for its use. 
 It is under tlic charge of five trustees, with a superintendent. The 
 institution was first opened in October, 1850. On the first of Octo- 
 ber, 1873, it had seventy-seven pupils in attendance. The building 
 occupied by the institution was destroyed by fire in 1874 ; and a new 
 building is in process of erection. 
 
 The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb is located at Delavan, Wal- 
 worth County, on tlie Western Union Railroad. It was incorporated 
 in 1852, and is in charge of five trustees. Instruction is given by 
 signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class 
 by oiticulation. Two trades are taught, — cabinet-making and shoe- 
 
40 
 
 ISTRODUCTORY. 
 
 making. The whole number of pupils who have been instructed in 
 twentj-one years is three hundred and seventy-four, of whom one 
 hundred and forty-eight were in attendance Oct. 1, 1873. The insti- 
 tution is in charge of George L. Weed, jun., as principal. 
 
 Tlie Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane is located near Madi- 
 son, and near Lake Mendota ; tlie railroad to Barraboo passing near 
 the grounds. It is in charge of a board of trustees. It has an elegant 
 and substantial hospital building, with longitudinal and transverse 
 wings, and all surrounded by ornamental grounds and farming- 
 lands, to the extent of three hundred and ninety-three acres. The 
 institution is in charge of A. S. McDill, M.D. In 1873 the whole 
 number of patients was five hlindred and eighty-five, and the average 
 number three hundred and twenty-nine. 
 
 The Northern Hospital for the Insane is located at Oshkosh, and 
 includes three hundred and thirtj-seven acres of land. The north 
 wing and central building have been recently completed, and the first 
 patient was admitted on the 21st of April, 1873. Room is afforded for 
 the reception of about two hundred and fifteen patients. The build- 
 ing will be immediately enlarged to accommodate the wants of the 
 people. The whole number of patients received was two hundred and 
 fourteen, and two hundred and five remained on the 30th of Septem- 
 ber, 1873. 
 
 Tlie Soldiers' Orphans' Home was opened Jan. 1, 18G6-; the ne- 
 cessary means being contributed by private subscription. The prop- 
 erty became the property of the State in March, 186G, and was for- 
 merly known as the llarvey Hospital for the Care and Treatment of 
 Sick and Wounded Soldiers. In 1873 ther'e were one hundred and 
 fifty-three children in the Home. A law was passed subsequentlj', 
 authorizing the board of trustees to secure homes, for those remain- 
 ing, with farmers and others ; and in 1875 the institution was closed, 
 and the property transferred to the regents of the State University, 
 to be used by them, as they may think best, for the interests of that 
 institution. 
 
 Tlie Wisconsin State Prison is located at Waupun, and was occu- 
 pied in 1852. It is a flue stone structure, and has all the appliances 
 for carrying out the workings of an institution of this kind. The 
 number of convicts in the prison, on Sept. 30, 1873, was one hundred 
 and eighty-. 
 
 The Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys is situated about three- 
 quarters of a mile west of the railroad depot, at Waukesha, in the 
 county of the same n.ime. It was organized as a house of reftige, and 
 opeuetl in 1860. The name was afterwards changed to State Beform 
 
INTRODUCTOnr. 
 
 41 
 
 School, and again to Wisconsin Industrial School forBoj's, its present 
 title. The buildings are located on the southern bank of the Fox 
 River. The object of the institution is to afford a place of confine- 
 ment and instniction to all male children between the ages of ten and 
 sixteen years, who shall be legally committed to the institution as 
 vagrants, or on conviction of any criminal offence, or for incorrigible 
 and vicious conduct, by any court having competent authority to make 
 such commitment. 
 
 The whole number of inmates since it was opened, in July, 1860, to 
 Sept. 30, 1873, is nine hundred and sixty-six. The whole number of 
 inmates at the beginning of 1873 is three hundred and sixty-two; 
 and, at the close of the year, two hundred and eighty-one. 
 
 The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, although an incorpo- 
 rated society, is, to all intents and purposes, a State institution, 
 supported mainly by a State appropriation, and may be regarded aa 
 the miscellaneous department of the State Library. It has rooms on 
 the second story of the south wing of the Capitol, comprising two 
 large rooms and a hall, all having connecting galleries. The hall is 
 devoted, on the main floor, to the cabinet and museum ; and the rooms 
 and galleries, to the library proper. From the Annual Report for the 
 Year 1874, it appears that the additions to the library were 1,945 
 volumes of books, 1,186 documents and pamphlets, or, by titles, 
 3,131. The whole number of books and pamphlets, to Dec, 31, 1875, 
 is 00,385. The additions to the 15th of August, 1875, will increase 
 the whole number to sixty-live thousand. 
 
 The library is the best in its department in the North-west. D. S. 
 Durrie is librarian, with two assistants. 
 
 The Wisconsin State Library occupies the east half of the second 
 story of the north wing of the Capitol building ; the west half is used 
 by the Supreme Court ; and two rooms communicate. This library ia 
 devoted to law-books and law literature, and is very complete and 
 valuable in English and American works of reference. The library 
 is in charge of Frank Massing, librarian. 
 
 Aside ftom the State institutions, those supported by the State, 
 there are a large number of endowed institutions of learning in 
 Wisconsin, most of which are in a very flourishyig condition. There 
 are manj* of these under the patronaga of the Catholics, all of which 
 are a credit to Wisconsin. Besides these, the Protestants have 
 several well-established colleges, among which we may mention the 
 following : — 
 
 Lawrence University. — This institution had its inception in the 
 offer (about 1846) of Hon. Amos A. Lawrence of Boston, Mass., to 
 
4S 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 give ten thousand dollars towards the foundation of a school to be 
 located in tlie Lower Fox Valley, provided the Methodists of Wis- 
 consin would raise an additional ten thousand for the same purpose. 
 The offer was accepted. A charter was secured from the Ten-itorlal 
 legislature, under the title of the Lawrence Institute of Wisconsin. 
 ''Ihebill granting the charter was signed by Gov. Dodge, Jan. 17, 
 1M7. The organization of the board of trustees was effected the 
 sa ne year. After considerable canvassing, the location of the new 
 liirftitution was fixed near the Grand Chute, now the city of Appleton. 
 The place where the city stands was then a wilderness ; and the 
 original building for the institute was one of the very first that were 
 undertaken. In 1849, Nov. 12, the school opened, with Rev. W. II. 
 Sampson as principal, II. 0. Kellogg, A.B., professor of languages, 
 James M. Phinney, professor of mathematics, and Miss Emeline JI. 
 Crooker, receptress. The number of students during the first year 
 was about sixty. The accommodations were meagre, the surround- 
 ings, in many respects, disagreeable, and the moans very scantj'. But 
 the school had a good reputation from the start, and increased in 
 popularity. The sacrifices of those who had the inunodiate manage- 
 ment were very great, and at times the prospects very discouraging. 
 In the latter part of 1852, Rev. Edward Cooke, D.D., of Boston, 
 Mass., was elected president. The charter had been altered, so as 
 to confer collegiate powers upon the institution ; and it had taken the 
 legal title of the Lawrence University of Wisconsin. 
 
 Dr. Cooke was installed in office at the annual commencement, 
 the last of June, 1853. At the same time the corner-stone of the 
 main building of the college was laid b^'Dr. M. C. Darling, president 
 of the board of trustees. This structure was completed about three 
 years after, but not before the frame-building previously occupied 
 had been destroyed by fire. The present college-building is a hun- 
 dred and twenty feet long by sixty wide. It is built of stone, and is 
 three stories and a half high above the basement, containing a com- 
 modious chapel capable of seating eight hundred or a thousand 
 people, six recitation-rooms, a large library-room, two fine societj-- 
 halls, large cabinet and reading-rooms, apparatus-rooms, and dormi- 
 tories for about fifty students. 
 
 The first college-class was graduated in 1857, and consisted of 
 seven members, — four gentlemen and three ladies. The whole number 
 of graduates up to this time (1875) is one hundred and sixty-two, of 
 whom one hundred and six are gentlemen, and fifty-six are ladies. 
 From the beginning, ladies, as well as gentlemen, have had the privi- 
 leges of the iiifititution in all its deparbnents ; and for the last ten 
 
INTRODUCTORT. 
 
 48 
 
 years there litis been no discrimination in any respect between the 
 scxos as to advantages and opportunities. 
 
 Like many otlier institutions East and West, this one has had 
 experience of great liardships and much poverty. There were many 
 mistalces, as was almost inevitable, in the early management of its 
 affairs ; and some of these proved nearly fatal. It had, for a long 
 time, an excecdinglj' small endowment-fund, although a large number 
 of scliolarships had been sold, thus cutting off the tuition-fees. The 
 present property of the institution amounts to nearly two hundred 
 thousand dollars. Of this, about sixty thousand dollars constitutes 
 a perpetual endowment-fund, in addition to which a recent but 
 not yet effectual conversion of unproductive property will probably 
 give- forty thousand dollars; maliing tlie whole endowment nearly 
 a himdred thousand dollars. There are, however, some liabilities 
 and contingencies connected with a part of this, which is likely to 
 diminish the amount. Tliere is, also, a fund of ten thousand dollars 
 donated by lion. Samuel Appleton of Boston as a library-fund, the 
 income only to be used for the benefit of tlic librarj- of llie college, 
 which from him talces the name of the Appleton Library-. 
 
 This librarj' now numbers over seven thousand volumes, and is one 
 of the largest, as well as, perhaps, one of the best, working college- 
 libraries in the West. 
 
 The institution has a good collection of apparatus, and a valuable 
 cabinet and museum. 
 
 Besides the collegiate department, with its four j-ears' parallel 
 courses of studj', — classical, scientific, and civil engineering. — there 
 are a preparatory and an academical department, a commercial school, 
 a conservatory of music, and a school of drawing and painting. The 
 number of different students in all departments found in the last 
 catalogue is three hundred and seventy-two, of which ninety are 
 reckoned in the regular college-classes. The faculty consists of 
 fourteen professors and instructors. 
 
 The presidency of Dr. Cooke terminated in 18G1. He was suc- 
 ceedod by R. Z. Mason, LL.D., wlio resigned in 18G5, and was 
 succeeded by Rev. G. M. Steele, D.D., the present head of the insti- 
 tution. 
 
 Jtlpon College, — In the j'car 1851, at the first settlement of the 
 town, the citizens of Ripon began a movement to establish an insti- 
 tution of learning of a high order. A charter was obtained, and in 
 the first year tlie building, now East College, was erected and 
 enclosed. After this beginning, the trustees, aiming at a larger 
 usefulness for their new institution, transferred Ihc onliio property 
 
44 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 to the care of the 'Winnebngo District Convention of Presb3teriaD 
 Ministers and Chiirclio'i. Tlie churches in the region being very 
 weali at that time, the Convention, deeming it not practicable to raise 
 the small sum ($400) expected in the transfer, requested Rev. J. W. 
 Walcott to hold the property in trust until the churches could raise 
 the money to take it legally and formally off his hands. Mr. Walcott 
 consenting, according to agreement, completed the college-building 
 80 far as was then needed, and opened a school in the summer of 
 1853. Under Mr. AValcott's administration, the school was continued 
 with a good degree of success. The college-grounds were enlarged ; 
 and a second building, Middle College, was erected in 1857. The 
 financial disasters of this year affected the resources of the institu- 
 tion very severely. For about five years it struggled with great 
 financial difflcnlties, in consequence of which, at the opening of the 
 war, the school was suspended for a j'car. 
 
 In 18C2 a subscription to pay the debts of the college was so far 
 succossAil, that the trustees re-opened the school ; and, in September 
 of that year, Mr. E. 11. Merrell, now professor of Greek, assumed 
 the charge of it. The college, from that date, has had a uniform and 
 rapid growth. In July, 1863, Rev. William E. Merriman of Green 
 Bay was elected president, and E. 11. Merrell, professor of ancient 
 languages. At the opening of the term in September, 1863, the first 
 collegc-cl.iss was formed. In that j'car the debts of the college were 
 all paid, the two college-buildings were completed, and the library 
 was begun. Since its permanent organization for collegiate work, the 
 number of students has steadily increased ; a full faculty has been 
 organized ; and the college' has constantly progressed, not only in 
 facilities for instruction, but also in reputation and influence in the 
 State. In 18G6 it had outgrown its accommodations ; and in 1867 
 the West College building, larger and better than either of the others, 
 was erected and occupied. Sixty-eight have graduated from the 
 courses. The total number of students last j-ear (1874-75) was three 
 hundred and forty, of whom seventy-five were in college-classes. 
 
 The design and policy of Ripon College are clearly defined. The 
 two sexes are educated together, and may take the same courses 
 of study, and enjoy the same privileges. Tlie managers of the col- 
 lege do not regard this as an experiment, but are satisfied fVom expe- 
 rience, us they affirm, that the co-education plan is in every way 
 best. It requires better conditions, and produces better results, than 
 the education of the sexes separately. 
 
 Health, Christian character, and Christian usefulness are made 
 prominent ends of instruction as conducted at Ripon. The insti'uct- 
 
INTRODUCTORT. 
 
 45 
 
 ors seek to have the college pervaded with a Christian spirit, and 
 cbaracterized by Christian principles ; and, as a result, they hope to 
 secure a proper Christian morality in their students, and a devotion 
 to service in Christian lives. An academical department is con- 
 nected with the collegiate. The institution is open to all students 
 of suitable age, when they have concluded their studies in the higher 
 public schools. There are two courses of study in the collegiate 
 department, — the scientific and the classical, differing chiefly in the 
 relative attention given to sciences and classical studies. In extent 
 and thoroughness of stud}', the standard of a liberal education is 
 maintained, while instruction is studiously adapted to the wants 
 of the times. 
 
 The site of Ripon is among the most beautiful in this beautiful 
 State. The college-grounds include nearly twelve acres, and are 
 high, convenient, and pleasant. The three college-buildings are built 
 of stone, and afford room sutBcient for the instruction of four hun- 
 dred and fifty students, of whom about two hundred may reside in 
 the buildings. There are no encumbrances of any kind on the college- 
 property ; and its financial management has been remarkably thrifty 
 and economical. Since the organization of tlie institution as a col- 
 lege, in 1863, it has been operated on its own earnings and the income 
 of its limited endowment. Every dollar contributed to it has been 
 used in building up the college, without any diminution for current 
 expenses, or for management, or for raising money. 
 
 The design of the trustees is to keep the college near to the poor. 
 The expense of education is very low. The entire cost of board, 
 room-rent, tiution, and incidentals for a school-year, is less than $135. 
 Ilesides, students are encouraged to help themselves. Tlie last cata- 
 logue has the following, "It is tlie purpose of the college to afford 
 every possible encouragement to worthy students of limited means. 
 Young ladies who wish may assist in the domestic department, and 
 thus pay, in part, for their board. None are required to render any 
 domestic service, and none are allowed to work more than two hours 
 and a half a day, except in special cases. . . . Persevering stu- 
 dents of economical habits and good health may, by taking time 
 enough, complete the course, and earn a large portion, or even the 
 whole, of their own support. . . . Those who are in earnest for an 
 education, and have tact in helping themselves, need not be deterred 
 for want of means." 
 
 One of the prominent features of the college is the musical depart- 
 ment. In 1868 the trustees decided to appoint a professor of music, 
 under whose direction the most thorough instruction should be 
 
46 
 
 INTRODVCTORT. 
 
 secured. Accordingly, Mr. John C. Fillmore, a pupil of the Conser- 
 vatory of Music of Leipzig, Germany, tlien in clinrge of tlie Conser- 
 vatory of Music of Oherlin College, was appointed to the place. 
 The department was thoroughly organized, providing instruction in 
 piano-playing, theory, vocal culture, and chorus singing. It is the 
 steady aim of the professor and his assistants to maljc his department 
 one of fcliolarship and intellectual discipline, as much as tiiat of 
 Latin or mathematics. Tlie most profound compositions of the great 
 masters arc studied ; and while the most thorough technical training 
 is provided, yet this is nuide a means to the end sought; viz., the 
 ability to understand and interpret the best compositions. Three 
 courses of study arc provided. The rates of tuition, as in the 
 literary departments, are very low. The chorus of mixed voices, 
 called the Mendelssohn Society, studios weelvly selections from the 
 best oratorios and other compositions. 
 
 Tliis sketch furnishes but a glimpse of one of the best organized 
 institutions of Wisconsin, and one which is contributing its full share 
 toward making the history of the State honorable. It has about it 
 tlie signs of vigorous growth and permanent usefulness. 
 
 Beloit CoUetje originated in the deliberations of ministers and 
 laymen of Congregational and Presbyterian churches in "Wisconsin 
 and Northern Illinois. In May, 1845, a convention of sixty-nine 
 members, after prayerful deliberation, decided unanimously that the 
 exigencies of Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, in the matter of pro- 
 viding for the liberal education of the youth of that region, required 
 the establishment of a college for young men, and a female seminary, 
 of the highest order, on either side of the State line. Beloit, iu 
 "Wisconsin, was fixed upon as the place for the college ; and Rockford, 
 in Illinois, for the female seminary. A self-perpetuating board of trus- 
 tees for the college was then elected, and incorporated by charter from 
 the Territorial legislature of AVlsconsin in 1846. The corner-stone 
 of the lirst building was laid in June, 1847 ; and in the fall of the 
 same year five young men were received to the first college-class. 
 Jackson J. Bushnell, A.M., and Joseph Emerson, A.M., both gradu- 
 ates of Yale College iu the class of 1841, were the first regularly 
 appointed professors, in the spring of 1848. Rev. Aaron L. Chapin 
 of Milwaukee, also a graduate of Yale, was elected first president in 
 1849, and continues still in that office. 
 
 The institution embraces a collegiate department and a preparatory 
 sciiool. The collegiate department offers two parallel courses of four 
 years, called respectively tlie Classical and the Philosophical Course. 
 In the classical course, the branches of study, and the standard of 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 47 
 
 scholarship, correspond with those of the best colleges in New Eng- 
 liuiil. Tiie pliilosopliical course comliincs, with Biieii an amount of 
 Latin and Greek us is considered essential to tlie best prodcicnc}' in 
 an}' art or science, a more varied range of stud}' and a more exten- 
 sive culture of science. In tlie preparatory school, also, two parallel 
 courses are defined, called respectively the Classical Course and the 
 Elementary Scieutilic Course. These courses occ. i y three j'cars, and 
 are adapted to meet the requisitions for admission to the courses of 
 the collegiate department. For such as do not contemplate entering 
 college, they olfer opportunities for advanced general culture, well- 
 balanced and tliorougli as far as it goes. The faculty of the college 
 is now (187u) composed of the president, eight professors, and two 
 instructors of the prei)aratory school. 
 
 About two thousand joung men have received more or less of cul- 
 ture in the institution ; and the graduates of the full course number 
 two hundred and twelve. Its gi-aduates occupy positions of influence 
 in our own countrj' and many foreign lands. Nearly onc-hulf of 
 them have chosen the clerical profession. 
 
 For its endowment and support, this college has depended entirely 
 on private benefactions, (jenerous donations have been received 
 from friends in both the East and the "West ; Pud its property is now 
 estimated at something over two hundred thousand dollars. It has a 
 beautiful location on the banks of Rock River. Its most prominent 
 building is the Memorial Hall, erected in honor of the sons of the 
 college who fell in the late war, and devoted to the collections of 
 the cabinet and librar}-. 
 
 The sister institution at Rockford has h.ad a successful career, and 
 done a noble work for the young women of the region, having sent 
 forth two hundred and fourteen graduates from its full course, and 
 thirty-eight normal graduates, and having had more than three thou- 
 sand pupils under its instruction. 
 
 Both institutions have contributed much to elevate the general 
 standard of scholarship, and to propagate right ideas of education in 
 these new States. 
 
 In this somewhat lengthy Introduction, I have departed from the 
 usual course, and instead of telling what was not included in the 
 volume, thiit should have been, I have used the space for the present- 
 ation of those features that were unavoidably crowded out of a more 
 proper location. 
 
 In conclusion, let me say, that, in giving my fourth work to the in- 
 telligent reader, I am not only sensible of past failures, but impressed 
 with the belief that the future offers much room for improvement. 
 
Pliyslci 
 
 Pri 
 
 on th 
 of its 
 the IE 
 few u 
 only 1 
 has a 
 above 
 water 
 sourci 
 feet { 
 shed, 
 towai 
 latter 
 byth 
 
 Th 
 mingl 
 a can 
 five i 
 to th( 
 
 In 
 moun 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 QENEBAL DESCniPTION. 
 
 Physical Features — Geology and Minerals — Climate, Soil, and Productions -' 
 
 Aatiqiiities. 
 
 Propeisly speaking, there are no mountains in Wisconsin : 
 on the confrivry, the distinguishing features are the uniformity 
 of its elevation, and the condition of its surface, whicli is, for 
 the most part, gently rolling. The whole surface may, with a 
 few unimportant exceptions, be regarded as a vast plain, broken 
 only by the cliffs fringing the streams and lakes. This plain 
 has an elevation of from six hundred to fifteen hundred feet 
 above the ocean. The highest lands are located along the head- 
 waters of the tributaries of Lake Superior, which, near the 
 sources of the Montreal River, are about eighteen hundred 
 feet above the level of the sea. I'^rora this important water- 
 shed, the land slopes contiiuu)U4<ly toward the lake, as also 
 toward the south, to the Lower Wisconsin River. From the 
 latter point, there is another slope, still to the south, drained 
 by the waters of Rock River and its tributary streams. 
 
 The waters of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers a^jproach and 
 mingle at Portage City. Near this point they are connected by 
 a canal, from which there is a descent of a hundred and ninety- 
 five feet to Green Bay, and a hundred and seventy-one feet 
 to the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. 
 
 In the south-western part of the State there are numerous 
 mounds, some of them of considerable proportions. Among 
 
 49 
 
60 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSflN. 
 
 the latter are the Blue, seventeen hundred and twenty-nine 
 feet above the sea; the Platte, twelve hundred and eighty- 
 one feet above the sea ; and the Sinsincwa Mounds, eleven 
 hundred and sixty-nine feet above the sea. These elevations 
 formerly served as guides to th6 adventurer, marking certain 
 well-known points, wliich accounts for their frequent mention 
 in the early annals of the Territory. There is also a class of 
 ancient earthworks still visible in Wisconsin, containing many 
 peculiarities. They have been made to represent quadrupeds, 
 birds, reptiles, and even the human form. In the vicinity of 
 the well-known Blue Mounds, there is a specimen of these 
 earthworks, representing a man. It is a hundred and twenty 
 feet long, with a body over thirty feet wide, and a well-shaped 
 head. Its elevation is six feet above the surrounding prairie. 
 The mound at Prairioville is a very faithful and interesting 
 representation of a tu.lle. The body is nearly sixty feet in 
 length, and the shape of the head is still well preserved. Not 
 far from the Four Lakes, there are over a hundred small mounds, 
 of various sliapes and dimensions ; and, in the same neighbor- 
 hood, fragments of ancient potter}', of a very rude kind, have 
 been found. A well-formed mound near Cassville represents 
 the mastodon ; which has given rise to many speculative opinions, 
 among which is that very reasonable one, that the ancients 
 who built tliese earthworks were contemporaries with that 
 huge animal. This theory is strengthened l)y the presence of 
 mastodon bones in these mounds. But we will return, for the 
 present, to notice more particularly the surface of the country. 
 The south-eastern portion of the State is broken by ravines 
 bordering the streams ; but these iue depressed only a little below 
 the surrounding level. Tiie prairies are destitute of trees or 
 shrubs, and are richly covered with grass, interspersed with l)eau- 
 tiful flowers of all shades and colors. The oak-openings are also 
 a remarkable feature of this portion of the State, as also the tracts 
 of woodland which border the streams, and the natural mead- 
 ows. As one proceeds north to the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers 
 and Green Bay, the timber increases in quantity and v;due, and 
 the soil changes gradually from the vegetable mould of the 
 prairie to the sandy loam. The surface of the country becomes 
 comparatively uneven, changing from forest to rolling prairie, 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 51 
 
 from prairies to swaraps, and from swamps to extensive marshes. 
 And still north, in the vicinity of Lake Superior, it partakes 
 somewhat of a rugged, mountainous appearance. 
 
 In the geological structure, there is nothing remarkable, 
 be3'ond that met with in the surrounding States. Limestone 
 underlies a great portion of the southern part of the State. 
 In the mineral districts we encounter the cliff limestone, and in 
 other parts the blue.' The northern part seems to be composed 
 of primitive rocks, for the most part of granite, slate, and sand- 
 stone. Commencing a little south of the Wisconsin River, and 
 along the Mississippi as far back as the falls of its tributaries, 
 sandstone, with layers of limestone above and below, i? the 
 principal rock, and forms the cliffs on the Mississippi below St. 
 Anthony's Falls for over thirty miles. The streams in this region 
 are considerably obstructed by changing beds of sand. " From 
 Lake Michigan, westward to the other sections named, is a 
 limestone region, in many parts well timbered, while in others 
 a considerable portion is prairie. Underlying the blue lime- 
 stone is a brown sandstone, which crops out on the sides of the 
 hills ; but no lead has ever been found in it. A section through 
 Blue Mound would give the following residt, descending verti- 
 cally : hornstone, 410 feet ; magnesian lime, or lead-bearing 
 rock, 169 feet ; saccharoid sandstone, 40 feet ; sandstone, 3 
 feet ; lower limestone (at the level of the Wisconsin), 190 
 feet. The elevations of diffei'cnt parts of the southern section 
 of the State are given by Chancellor Lathrop : at Blue Mounds, 
 1,170 ; head waters of the Rock River, 31G ; egress of the 
 same river from the State, 1,280 ; and the portage between the 
 Fox and the Wisconsin Rivers at 223 .i.ove the level of 
 Lake Michigan and the Wisconsin River.' 
 
 The minerals of Wisconsin constita' i one of its most dis- 
 tinguishing features. A portion of the celebrated lead region, 
 extending from Illinois and Iowa, is included in the south-west 
 part of Wisconsin. The whole region occupies an extent of 
 nearly 2,880 square miles, about three-fourths of which is in 
 Wisconsin. And we may add, that the portion of this valuable 
 mineral region included in Wisconsin is as rich and remunera- 
 tive as that in the other States. The lead is mixed with copper 
 
 • LIppincott's Pronouncing Qaz^tteer. 
 
 « Ibid. 
 
82 
 
 HISTORY OF WlSCONSm. 
 
 and zinc, the latter in lari^e quantities, together with some 
 silver. Copper ii also found in La I^inte, Chippewa, St. Croix, 
 and Iowa Counties. " In Dodge County, at the so-called Iron 
 Bridge, is the most promising locality of iron ore in the State 
 yet discover;d ; but on the Black River, and other branches 
 of the Mississippi, good iron ore occurs. The iron ores of the 
 Lake Superior region extend from Michigan into this State in 
 abundant deposits of the richest quality. The other metallic 
 substances are magnetic iron, iron pyrites, and graphite, or 
 plumbago. The non-nietallic earths are agate, carnelians 
 (found on the shores of the small lakes), bitumen, peat. Mar- 
 ble of a fine quality, some gypsum, saltpetre, and other miner- 
 als, have bee.T found. A vein of copper ore was discovered in 
 1848, near the Kickapoo River, which yields about twenty per 
 cent of copper ; but to what extent the bed runs has not been 
 a--certained. Mines were also worked at the Falls of Black 
 River, and in its vicinity ; but they have been abandoned. 
 Facts do not justify any expectations of great deposits of 
 vjopper in the north-west part of the State. A great bed of 
 magnetic iron ore lies south of Lake Superior, near Tyler's 
 Fork of the Bad River, in strata of metamorphic slate. The 
 amount of lead received at Milwaukee for the 3'ear 18G3 was 
 848,625 pounds. On the completion of the Southern Wiscon- 
 sin Railroad to Dubuque, it is estimated that 2.3,000,000 pounds 
 will seek an outlet at Mil waukee. Beautiful varieties of mar- 
 ble have been leccntly discovered, or made known to the public, 
 in the northei-.i part of Wisconsin. According to l\Iessrs. Foster's 
 and Whitney's report, they arc found on tbe Michigamig and 
 Meuomonec Rivers, and afford beautiful marble whose pre- 
 vailing color is light pink, traversed by veins or seams of deep 
 red. Others are blue and dove-colored, beautifully veined. 
 These are susceptible of a fine polisli ; and some on the Me- 
 nomonee are within navigable distance from the Lakes." ' 
 
 The lakes and rivers of W^iseonsin are invested with much 
 of beauty. Besides the (xreat Lakes, Superior and Michigan, 
 which bound the State of Wisconsin on the north and east, 
 the State contains a number of smaller lakes. Many of tlies<,! 
 are noted for unrivalled natural scenery. The principal of 
 
 • LippincoU's Gaxattcer. tlie best work of the kind In Aiiievica. 
 
DISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 53 
 
 these is Lake A^^innebago, a short distance south-east from the 
 centre of the State. It is about twenty-eight miles long, and ten 
 miles wide, and communicates with Green Bay, a north-western 
 arm of Lake jMichigan, through the Fox, or Neenah River. 
 " These small lakes are most abundant in the north-west, and 
 are generally characterized by clear water and gravelly bottoms, 
 (if ten with bold, picturesque shores, crowned Avith hemlock, 
 tipruce, and other trees. They afford excellent fish. In the 
 shallow waters on the margins of some of them grows wild 
 rice, once an important article of food with the savages of thia 
 region." ' 
 
 The rivers which traverse the interior, for the most part, 
 How generally in a south-west direction, discharging their waters 
 into the Mississippi. The latter river bounds Wisconsin on the 
 south-west for more than two hundred miles. Commencing on 
 tliis line at the south, we have, in their order, the Wisconsin, 
 PukI Axe, Black, and Chippewa Rivers. Of tiiese, the largest 
 is the Wisconsin, which flows nearly directly south for over two 
 liuudred miles, and then west about indred miles, into the 
 Mississippi. It is navigable for stL.u. ".its for nearly two 
 hundred miles. The Chippewa is about iwo ii'.indrcd. ami the 
 Black about a hundred and fifty miles long. Tlie I' \ River, or 
 Neenah, is the outlet of Winnebago Lake, and connect it with 
 Green Bay. The Wolf River, from the north, is tlio main 
 supply to this lake. Tlie Menomonee emptying into Green 
 Iiay, and the Montreal into Lake Superior, are very serviceable 
 streams for manufacturing purposes. These rivers form part 
 of the north-east boundary of Wisconsin. " The Menomonee 
 has a descent of 1,019 feet. The St. Louis (considered as the 
 primary source of the St. Lawrence) coasts this State for twenty 
 or thirty miles on the north-west, and is full of rapids and falls 
 in this part of its course. These rivers are not generally favor- 
 able to navigation without artificial aid. The Wisconsin may 
 be ascended by steamboats to tlie rapids, where it approaclies 
 a tributary of Lake Winnebago, within a mile and a half, 
 where a canal is being constructed, which, when completed, 
 will open an entire inland navigation from New York to the 
 Upper ^Mississippi. The Rock River is sometimes, at high 
 
 ' I.iX>I''u>^'>it'^ Gazetteer. 
 
64 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 water, ascended by boats to within the limits of Wisconsin. 
 The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix arc important 
 channels for floating timber to market from the pine regions in 
 the north-west uf the State. The rivers flowing into Lake 
 Superior are small ; and, though unfavorable for commerce, their 
 rapid courses make them valuable for mill-sites. Col. Long 
 estimates that the Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock 
 Rivers are respectively capable of a steamboat navigation of 
 seventy, sixty, a hundred and eighty, and two hundred and 
 fifty miles ; but at present they are a good deal obstructed by 
 shil'iing sand and rapids." ' 
 
 The climate, though quite severe in winter, is free from those 
 sudden changes that prevail farther south. The summers are 
 warm ; the winters, cold, and usually very long : but upon tlie 
 whole, for general health, Wisconsin may bo regarded as the 
 most desirable place of residence. The natural scenery is not 
 excelled for beauty in North America ; while, on the other 
 hand, in many of its rivers, inland lakes, and mounds and dells, 
 it presents features of marvellous beauty far surpassing other 
 localities. 
 
 The soil and productions of AVisconsin are considered at 
 length in the chapters on agriculture, farther on in this volume : 
 hence the absence of any mention of them here. 
 
 We now come to notice briefly, and more particularly, some 
 of the principal features of tiio ancient earth-works, or antiqui- 
 ties, of Wiscon in. These arc found in numerous localities, — 
 near tlie bordeis of the lakes, or on the margin of water- 
 courses, — all over the State. It is curious to notice, says Rev. 
 William Barry, that tliey are chiclly found at points already 
 selected as the most favorable sites for modern settlements, 
 showing that the instincts of botli civilized and uncivilized are 
 alike attracted to those localities which combine at once the 
 beautiful and the useful. ' 
 
 We are further informed liy Mr. Burr}', that, in proceed- 
 ing north on Lake Michigan, the fust point noticeal)lo for it.s 
 remains is a few miles south of the Wisconsin line, in Illinois, 
 where are found some niin; conical or round mounds, from 
 
 1 Lippincott's Oazettoor. 
 
 » From a review of Dr. I. A. I aplmnrs work, l)y Eev. William Barry, Chicago. 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 three to five feet in height, and about thirty feet in diameter. 
 These are disposed in a serpentine row along the crest of a 
 ridge of sand, and were, undoubtedly, burial-places of the dead. 
 At Kenosha were found indications of a manufactory of arrow- 
 heads and other articles of flint, for which abundant material 
 was furnished by the bowlders and pebbles along the lake 
 beach and shore. At Racine, there are a number of very inter- 
 esting remains, chiefly on the high ground near Root River, 
 from one to two miles from the lake. Here are numerous 
 circular burial-mounds, though of small size and elevation, em- 
 braced in one circular enclosure, with several tapering ridges. 
 The mounds are without systematic arrangement, from five to 
 fifty feet in diameter, and from one to seven feet in height. 
 Dr. Hoy of Racine opened one, in which were found the 
 skeletons of seven persons, in a sitting posture, facing the 
 east, but unaccompanied with ornaments. In another he dis- 
 covered two vases of pottery, one made of cream-colored clay 
 and white sand, like pale brick, of the capacity of five quarts : 
 the other, which was of a red brick color, was smaller. Both are 
 thought to resemble those in culinary use among the Burmese. 
 The great antiquity of these remains is made clear by the 
 gig. ntic size of the trees now standing upon them ; one with 
 three hundred rings showing, as Dr. Hoy estimates, an aii- 
 tiqi ity of a thousand years. But the most numerous group of 
 these mounds lies about a mile west of Racine ; and a part 
 of them has been embraced in the modern cemetery of that 
 beautiful city. 
 
 The numerous earth-works about Milwaukee attest at once 
 the attractiveness of that favorite locality to the aboriginal 
 inhabitants. They extend from Kinnicklnnic Creek, near the 
 " Indian fields," where they are most abundant, to a point six 
 miles above the city. They occupy the high grounds contigu- 
 ous to the lake and streams, but not the immediate shore ; and 
 a considerable number are appropriately enclosed in the " For- 
 est Home " cemetery of Milwaukee. Many of the mounds in 
 this re:j;ion are of large extent, chiefly from one hundred to 
 four hundred feet in diameter ; and are laid out in fanciful 
 forms, resem'iiling the figures of turtles, lizards, birds, tlie 
 otter, ami buffalo : not a few have the form of a wur-club. lu 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 87 
 
 
 some instances, one mound is elevated so as to overlook or com- 
 mand many others, which has led to the conjecture of its being 
 cither an observatory, or, more probably, an altar-mound for 
 sacrificial or religious rites. 
 
 At Sheboygan and Manitowoc, similar antiquities are found, 
 though to a smaller extent. Many bear resemblance to simple 
 breastworks for defence ; being about four feet in height, and 
 twelve feet broad at the base. 
 
 On leaving the lake-shore, fine remains are to be found on the 
 borders of the interior waters of Wisconsin. On the Fox or 
 Pishtaka River are several interesting localities, — one a little 
 north of west from Chicago, Avhere were counted on the brow 
 of a hill twenty-seven mounds from a foot to four and a half feet 
 in height, and from fifteen to twenty-five feet long. The prin- 
 cipal points of interest on the Pishtaka are at or near Wauke- 
 sha, where have been disinterred many pipes and specimens of 
 pottery, and in the neighborhood of the village of Pewaukee, 
 where is a remarkable >^ollection of lizard and turtle mounds ; 
 one having a length of four hundred and fifty feet.' 
 
 •' The basin of Rock River, with its tributaries, is, perhaps, exceeded by 
 no part of the North-west in the intccsting character of tliese aborig;inal 
 remains. Witliout particularizing those found a few miles above Fulton, 
 where the river expands into a beautiful lake, abounding in fish, a natural 
 attraction to the red man, it may be worth while to notice more at length 
 the very remarkable remains found at what has been termed the ' ancient 
 city of Aztalan.' This locality has attracted much notice as one of the 
 wonders of the West; and exaggerated accounts have gone fortii of its brick 
 walls and buttresses, its stone arches, &c., in all of which there is hardly 
 a shadow of truth. These remains were first discovered in 1830, and has- 
 tily surveyed by N. F. Ilyer, Esq., the year following. 
 
 " On the west bi'iinch of Rock River may be seen a ridge of earth (not of 
 brick) extending around three sides of an irregular parallelogram, the river 
 forming the fourth side. Its length at the north end is 031 feet; on the 
 west side, 1,419 feet, and 700 feet on the south side ; making an aggregate 
 length of L',7J0 feet, and enclosing an area of seventeen and two-thirds 
 acres. The ridge is about twenty-two feet in width, and from a foot to 
 five feet high, the corners not rectangular, and the end)ankmciit not 
 straight. The so-called ' buttresses ' are simple eidargements, about forty 
 feet in diauiotor, at intervals varying from sixty-one to ninety-five feet, 
 giving the appearance of so many mounds with a connecting ridge. Irreg- 
 
 ' From Rev. William Barry's Paper on the Antiquities of Wisconsin. 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ular in;issps of red cliiy in tlie cnibankment, in somo instaiicfis partially 
 bak(!il by Imniiii,,' glass or straw, liavo led to the popular belief of thj 
 einiiloyiiiciit of briek ia its conslruction. 
 
 " At the soiitli-west corner of the intariur is found a square truncated 
 mound, liavinj a level area on the top fifty-tlirco feet wide on its west side, 
 and, seen from Iii'^h ground near, has the appearance of a jij'ramid ' rising 
 by successive steps, lilco tiie gi,gaiitio structures of Mexico.' This is sup- 
 posed to have been tjie most sacred spot, as well as the lu,c;lipst. The exte- 
 rior wall cuives arouiul tiiis ]iyramid, and is also protected by two parallel 
 walls outside the principal enibanlcnient. A similar pyramidal elovatica is 
 found at the north-west corner ; whilo various low and smaller ridges are 
 to be seen within the enclosure, witli connecting rings or circles, supposed 
 to be the remains of mud-houses. That the structure above described was 
 intended for sepulchral or other religious uses, rather than for military 
 defence, is made probable by the disinterment of half-burned human 
 remains from one of the buttresses, together with fragments of pottery and 
 fiharcoal. It is confirmed by the material fact, tliat the whola structure is 
 commanded, in a military point of view, by a parallel ridge, extending 
 along tlio west side, within arrow-shot distance. 
 
 " Tlie strong resemblance tins struetui'o bears to tl.o temple mounds of 
 Oliio, and the States soutli, places it in tlie pame family with that class, 
 which finds its highest type in the fmislied monuments of Mexican art. 
 Hence tiie name given to this locality of Aztalan, — a derivative from the 
 Aztecs of Jlexieo, among whom existed the tradition of a migration from 
 the north. The dis^ .llirity of these remains to the animal-shaped mounds 
 commonly found in the West is worthy of notice ; and it may have been, 
 as Mr. Lapham supposes, a sort of Mecca, — the periodical resort of the 
 race that constructed it. It is sad to say, however, that this highly-inter- 
 esting work of antiquity, like many others, is .suffering injury at the hands 
 of civilized man, who is fuirowing it for grain, or digging for its hidden 
 treasures. C'anr.ot this work of the destroyer be stayed, and these precious 
 monunvnts of a race tliat no longer lives to tell its story be preserved? 
 
 "Besides the antiquities of Aztalan there are yet otiiors in the valley of 
 Rock lliver, beyond Ixonia, at AV'olf Point (memorable as the point where 
 Black Hawk made his stand in 1S:J2), at Hartford, where has been found a 
 bird-shaped stone, much revered by the Winnebago Indians, and, five miles 
 farther, a ridge one thousand feet in length. But the most extensive and 
 varied group is at Iloricon, numlieriug about two hundred common mounds, 
 among which are modern graves of the Tottawattomies. Sixteen of tho 
 mounds are of a cruciform shape. 
 
 " It would require more space than propriety allows to give in detail tho 
 various works of antiquity on tlie Xeenali or Tox River of Green Bay; on a 
 branch of Graml River, where are soma one hundred mounds, one called, 
 from its figure, ' tho man,' though with some inequality in (ho length of 
 its members ; on the basin of the fine River Wisconsin, wh(>re, at the ' Delis 
 of the Wisconsin,' is an enclosure with an area of forty-five thousand 
 
msTOitr OF \viscOi\si!f. 
 
 59 
 
 square fuct, largo enough to hold two thousauil persons, fortified by double 
 walls, wliich tn:iy have been protected by palisades; and at Iron Creek is 
 still anotlior fort siirrounded by a fosse, or ditch, in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram, and symmetrical iu its figure. Wo might pass on to notice the 
 curiosities of the Lake Vieux Desert, with its beautiful island so favorablo 
 for cultivation and defence to the primitive race, and showing an intarcsting 
 elliptical embankment in its centre; and the yet more attractive remains in 
 the region of Lake Superior, where have been found mounds in tha forms 
 of mathematical figures, one a regular pyramid, liko that witliin tho walls 
 of Aztalan. 
 
 "Should tho reader desire a more detailed account of these relics of 
 American antifjuity, and others wo have not particularly referred to, at 
 Madison and elsewhere, he will find them in Sir. Lapham's valuable Me- 
 morials, from which we have freely drawn. It is gratifying that public 
 attention is directed to these remains, which desarve a thorough examinatiou 
 from men of science. It is clear, that but little is yet known of them. 
 Further and more careful examination may throw a flood of light upon tha 
 race who have left them to us, of whom we now know little more than what 
 a glimpse at tliese remarkable eartli-mounds reveals. A few bones, a few 
 bits of pottery, pipes wrought sometimes iu artistic forms, a few rude im- 
 plements, — tills is all. A single example of hieroglyphic characters is 
 given us at Gale's BluiT, near La Crosse, on the Mississippi, forbidding the 
 hope of learning much, save by inference and comparison. Yet much is 
 possible to scientific research, as is witnessed iu the long obscured monu- 
 ments of Egypt and Babylon." * 
 
 Dr. I. A. Lapliam suggests, that tho people who left these 
 monuments were the progenitors of the fast-facling Indian 
 tribes of North America, and that thi.s is made probable by the 
 resemblance of the pots and vases in figure, &;c., to those 
 afterwards found in old Indian villages, and to those still 
 made by the women of the jMandan and other tribes. " He 
 also supposes there was a gradual transition in the form of 
 the mounds. They are found in all figures, from the full 
 circle, through the oval and elongated mounds, to the oblong 
 and long ridges. He considers the oldest to embrace those 
 formed in tho figures of animals, and tho great works at 
 Aztalan ; that the next in the order of time were conical 
 mounds erected for sepulchral uses, these coming down to 
 a recent period. Indications of garden-beds have been found 
 in connection with some of the mounds, which are planted 
 in geometrical figures, or in right lines. These he places 
 
 1 Mr. Barry's Paper. 
 
no 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 later. The most recent are those bearing marlcs of phanta- 
 tions by modern Indians, witli no observance of reguhuity or 
 order. This theory supposes a singuhir and sad degeneracy 
 in the latter race of the red men. It is worthy of notice, 
 that the animal-shaped mounds are chiefly confined to the 
 territory embraced in the State of Wisconsin." ' And we may 
 add, that the antiquities of the State, in all their varied features, 
 present a wide field for scientific research, — a labor that 
 ought to, as it no doubt will, receive, as it has in the past, 
 ample government support. 
 
 ' Kov. W'iUiam Barry's Paper. 
 
CHAPTER TT. 
 
 CnnONOLOOY of AVISCONSIN from ir>39 TO 184S. 
 
 1639. The country as far as tho head of the Wisconsin 
 River was explored by Nicolct. 
 
 1054. Tlio territory nnw embraced within tho limits of the 
 State in the vicinity of Green Day was occupied by fur-traders. 
 
 ICGO. Ren6 Menard explored the country to Chegoimegon 
 Bay, Lake Superior, where a mission was afterwards estab- 
 lished. 
 
 IGCl. The same traveller crossed the country from Lake 
 Superior to Black River Falls. 
 
 lGC-1. The French minister oflicially orders, or grants, tho 
 sale of brand3' and other liquors to the Indians. 
 
 1605. Claude AUouez, an eminent pioneer missionary, estab- 
 lished a mission at La Pointe, Lake Superior. 
 
 1GG7. Louis Nicholas joined Allouez at the mission at La 
 Pointe. 
 
 1GG9. Father Allouez established a mission at Dcs Peres, or 
 Green Buy. This mission was at the Rapids of Dcpere, a short 
 distance above the present city of Green Bay. 
 
 1G70. Father Allouez made a voyage of the Fox and Wis- 
 consin Rivers to within a short distance of tho Mississipiii, — 
 a near approach to the discovery of the Father of Waters. 
 
 1671. In this year the French took fonnal possession of the 
 whole North-west. 
 
 1673. Father James Marquette discovered tho Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 1674. The same explorer coasted Lake Michigan, from Green 
 Bay, by IMilwaukec, to the site of the present city of Chicago. 
 
 1670. Father Allou.ez made a voyage to Chicago by Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 62 
 
niSTOHY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 68 
 
 1079. " The Griffin," a schooner built hy La Salic, and the 
 fust to make a voyage of the lake above the Niagara, arrived 
 at Green B.ny. 
 
 1679. La Salle made a voyage on Lake Michigan, from Green 
 Bay to the St. Joseph River. 
 
 1G79. Capt. Du Lath held a council, and concluded a peace 
 with the natives of Lake Superior. 
 
 1G80. Tonti established a military port and garrison at Green 
 Bay. 
 
 1081. Marquette's journal and map of his travels and explo- 
 rations in the Norlh-wcst were publislied in France. 
 
 1083. Lc Sueur made a voyage of the Fox and Wisconsin 
 Rivers to the Mississippi. 
 
 108.3. Durantaye erected a fort at Checagua. 
 
 1088. l-'ort St. Nicholas was built at the mouth of the 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 1088. La Hontau made a voyage through the country, making 
 valuable observations. 
 
 1088. Parret established a trading-station on Lake Pepin. 
 
 1088. Fort St. Antoine was erected at the mouth of the 
 Chippewa River. 
 
 1088. A military port named Beauharnois was erected on 
 the north side of Lake Pepin. 
 
 1G9.J. Lo Sueur built a fort on an island in the Mississippi, 
 below (he St. Croix. 
 
 1G99. John Buisson do St. Comes made a voyage of Lake 
 Michigan, stopping at Milwaukee. 
 
 1700. Le Sueur made a voyage up the ^lississippi in search 
 of copper ore. 
 
 1714. Le Louvigny's battle with the Fox Indiana at Butte 
 des Morts. 
 
 1719. Francis Renalt explored the Upper IMississippi Avith 
 two hundred miners. 
 
 1721. P. de Charlevoix made a journey tlirough Wisconsin. 
 
 1720. A French furt was established at Green Bay. 
 
 1727. The French established a fort on Lake Pepin, with 
 Sieur de Lappcrriere commandant. 
 
 1728. There was a great flood in the Mississippi ; and Fort 
 Beauharnois was submerged. 
 
64 
 
 nrsTonr of wisconsw. 
 
 1728. A French expedition, under De Lingnery, from Green 
 Bay, puni.slied the Foxes. 
 
 17'i4. A battle took place between the French, and the Sauka 
 and Foxes. 
 
 1745, Green Bay w. « ^settled by Augustus and Charles De 
 Langlade. 
 
 1747. Capt. De Voioheres takes command at Green Bay. 
 
 17o4. Sieur Martin, in command at Green Bay, makes a 
 peace with the Indians. 
 
 1755. A French post, or fort, was established at Prairie du 
 Chicn. 
 
 17G0. Capt. Balfour and Lieut. GorrcU, with English troops, 
 took posscs.'-ion of Green Bay. 
 
 1702. A depiUation of Indians went from Milwaukee to 
 Green Bay to complain of dishonest traders. 
 
 1703. The English, under Lieut. Gorrcll, abandon Green Bay 
 in consequence of the approaching Indian war. 
 
 1703. The great Pontiac w.ir. 
 
 1703. Treaty of Paris, by whicli all the temtory of New 
 France, iinjluding Wisconsin, was surrendei'ed to the English. 
 
 1704. Green Bay re-occupied by the Biitish under Capt. 
 Howard. 
 
 1704. Louisiana ceded to Spain by tlie French. 
 
 1700. The laws of Canada were extended over the north- 
 west. 
 
 1700-08. Jonathan Carver makes an extended tour through 
 the couuti'v. 
 
 1774. Organizatici of the Nouh-wcstern Fur Company. 
 
 1'h"4. A civil government was csutbli.hed in the North-west, 
 by the celebrated " Quclicc Act." 
 
 1777. Indians froiu Wisconsin joined the British against the 
 Americans. 
 
 17S0. Lieut.-Gov. Patrick St. Clair of Canada purchased 
 Green Bay, Prairie da Chien, &o., from the Indians. 
 
 1785. There was a great (lood in the Mississippi River. 
 
 1780. Julian Dubuque explored the lead :egiou of the 
 Upper Mississippi. 
 
 1787. The well-known Ordinance of 1787 was passed by 
 Congress for the government of the North-west. 
 
nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 65 
 
 1788. There was a.i Indian council at Green Jiay. Permis- 
 sion to work the lead mines was given to Dubuque. 
 
 1796. Green Bay, Prairie du Chit n, <Scc., were surrendered by 
 the English to the United States. 
 
 1796. Laws of the Ordinance of 1787 extended over the 
 North-west. 
 
 1800. Indian territory organized, including Wisconsin. 
 
 1800. Louisiana ceded to France by Spain. 
 
 1803. Antoiue Barth settled at the portage of the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers. 
 
 1803. Louisiana ceded to the United States by France. 
 
 1804. Indian treaty at St. Louis ; Southern Wisconain pur- 
 chased. 
 
 1805. Michigan Territory organized. 
 
 1805. Lieut. Pike ascended the Mississippi River. 
 
 1809. Thomas Nuttali, the ' otanist, explored Wisconsin. 
 
 1809. Illinois Territory was organized, including Wisconsin. 
 
 1809. First saw-mill built, near Green Bay. 
 
 1812. Indians assembled at Green Bay to join the English. 
 
 1814. Gov. Clark took possession of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 1814. Prairie du Chien surrendered to the British. 
 
 1815. The American Fur Company began to establisli trad- 
 ing-posts. 
 
 1815. United States trading-post established at Green Bay. 
 
 1816. Indian treaty confirming tliat of 1804. 
 
 1816. United States troops took possession of Prairie du 
 Chien. 
 
 1816. Col. Miller commenced the erection of Fort Howard 
 at Green Bo . 
 
 181G. Indii-ii treaty ; lands relinquished to Indiana. 
 
 1816. Jaqucs Vicux settled at Milwaukee. 
 
 1817. Indian treaty at St. Louis. 
 
 1817. Major S. II. Long ascended the Mississippi. 
 
 1818. State of Illinois was organized ; Wisconsin attached to 
 Michigan. 
 
 1818. Solomon Juneau built his cabin. 
 1818. A saw-mill built four miles above Prairie du Chien. 
 1818. Brown and Crawford Counties organized, including the 
 who'e State. 
 
 s ' 
 
66 
 
 nisTORT OF wrscoNsm. 
 
 1819. A saw-mill erected at Black River Falls, by C. A. 
 Andrews. 
 
 1819. Fort Snelling built and occupied. 
 
 1820. United-States commissioners adjusted land-claims at 
 Green Bay. 
 
 1821. Oueida and Stockbridge Indians settled near Green 
 Bay. 
 
 1821. First post-ofFice established at Green Bay. 
 
 1821. Fort Crawford built at Prairie du Chiea. 
 
 1822. The New York Indians purcliase lauds east of Lake 
 Winnebago. 
 
 1822. James Johnson obtained from the Indians the right to 
 dig for lead by negro slaves from Kentucky. 
 
 1823, January. Wisconsin made a separate Judicial District 
 by Congress. 
 
 1823. First government leases to lead-miners. 
 
 1823. Land-claims at Prairie du Chiea adjusted by the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 1823. !Mnjor S. H. Long's expedition to the Upper Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 1823. First steamboat on the Upper Mississippi, with jNIajor 
 Taliafero and Count B(,'ltrami. 
 
 1823. Lieut. Bayfield of the British navy made a survey of 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 1823. An Episcopal mission established near Green Bay. 
 
 1824. James D. Doty ap^iointed judge by Pres. ^lonioe ; held 
 the office nine years. 
 
 1824, July 12. First court held in Brown County. 
 
 1824. Oct. 4. First term of United-States Circuit Court held 
 at Green Ba}'. 
 
 182'), Aug. 1 and 19. Indian treaties at Prairie du C'-'en. 
 
 1825. Tlie Carver grant of land rejected by Congress. 
 J82G. First steamboat on Lake Michigan. 
 
 1826. Indian treaty at St. Louis. 
 
 1826. Great flood in the Mississippi, twenty-six feet above 
 low water at Prairie du Cliiea. 
 
 1827. A rush of speculators to (he lead-mines. 
 
 1827. Difficulties with the Indiaas. Troops sent to settle 
 them. 
 
68 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1827, Aug. 11. Treaty with the Menomonee Indians at 
 Butte des Morts. 
 
 1828. Fort V/innebago built at " the portage." 
 
 1828.. Indian treaty at Green Bay; the lead-region pui-- 
 chfsed. 
 
 1828. Lead ore discovered at Mineral Point and Dodgeville. 
 
 1829, July 29. Winnebago treaty at Prairie du Chien. 
 
 1829, A Methodist mission established at Green Ijny. 
 18C0. A Methodist mission established at La Pointe. 
 
 1830, May. The Sioux killed seventeen Sauks and Foxes 
 near Prairie du Chien. 
 
 1831, Feb. 8. Menomonee treaty at Washington. 
 
 1831. Public lands in the lead-region surveyed by Lucius 
 Lyon and others. 
 
 1832, June 16. Battle with the Sauk Indians on the Peka- 
 tonica. 
 
 1832, July 21. Battle on the Wisconsin River. 
 
 1832, Aug. 2. Battle at mouth of the Bad Axe ; Black Hawk 
 defeated. 
 
 1832. First arrival of steamboat at Chicago. 
 
 1832. Schoolcraft discovered the true source of the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 1832, Sept. 15. Winnebago treaty at Fort Armstrong. 
 
 1832, Oct. 27. Treaty with the Menomonoes. 
 
 1832. High water in the ^lississippi. 
 
 1833. A Methodist mission established at Ottawa Lake 
 (Chi[)pewa River). 
 
 1833, Sept. 20. Indian treaty at Chicago ; lands south and 
 west of Milwaukee ceded to the government. 
 
 1833, Dec. 11. First newspaper (" Green Bay Intelligencer ") 
 published. 
 
 1834. Public lands near Green Bay surveyed by A. G. 
 Ellis. 
 
 1834. Land offices established at Mineral Point and Green 
 Bay. 
 
 1834. Population by census taken, 4,795. 
 
 1835. First settlement at Milwaukee, Samuel Brown and 
 family. 
 
 1835. George W. Jones elected delegate to Congress. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 69 
 
 1835. J. N. Nicollett commenced scientific exploration. 
 
 1835. Public lands at Milwaukee surveyed by William A. 
 Burt. 
 
 1836, Jan. 9. The legislative council of Michigan met at 
 Green Bay. 
 
 183G, April 30. Henry Dodge appointed governor by Pros. 
 Andrew Jackson. 
 
 183G, July 4. Territory of Wisconsin organized. 
 
 1836, July 14. " Milwaukee Advertiser " published at 371 
 Third Street. 
 
 18C6, Sept. 3. Treaty with the Menomonees at Green Bay. 
 
 1836, Oct. 10. George W. Jones elected delegate to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1836, Oct. 25. First legislature of Wisconsin convened at 
 Belmont, Wis. 
 
 1836, Dec. 3. Seat of government established at Madison. 
 
 1836. First school opened in Milwaukee (at No. 371 Third 
 Street). 
 
 1836. United States land-office opened at Milwaukee. 
 
 1837, Jan. 26. Michigan admitted as a State. 
 1837, July 20. Chippewa treaty at Fort Snelling. 
 
 1837, Sept. 29. Sioux treaty ; lands east of the Mississippi 
 ceded. 
 1837, Nov. 1. Winnebago treaty ; lands ceded. 
 
 1837, Nov. 6. Legislature met at Burlington, lo. 
 
 1838, June 11. Special session of the legislature at Burling- 
 ton, To. 
 
 1838, Sept. 10. James D. Doty elected delegate to Congress. 
 
 1838, Nov. 26. First session of the legislature at Madison. 
 
 1839, Jan. 21. Legislative session ; statutes enacted. 
 
 1839. Lidian (Sioux and Chippewa) battle ; two hundred 
 killed. 
 
 1839, September. James D. Doty re-elected to Congress. 
 
 1839, Doc. 6. Legislative session commenced. 
 
 1840, Aug. 3. Extra session of the legislature. 
 
 1840, Dec. 7. Legislative session. 
 
 1841, Sept. 27. Henry Dorlge elected delegate to Congress. 
 1841, Sept. 30. James Duane Doty appointed governor by 
 
 Pres. John Tyler. 
 
70 
 
 nrsTonr of ir/scojvs/x 
 
 1841, Dec. G. Lcfijislature met. 
 
 1842, Oct. 4. Chippewa treaty at La Pointe ; lands ceded. 
 
 1842, Dec. (J. Legislutivo session commenced. 
 
 ' 1843, Sept. 25. Henry Dodge re-electeu tteiegate to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1843, Dec. 4. Legislative session commenced. 
 
 1844, June 21. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge appointed governor 
 by Pres. John Tyler. 
 
 1845, Jan. 6. Legislative session commenced. 
 
 1845, April 8. Henry Dodge appointed governor by Prep. 
 James K. Polk. 
 
 1845, Sept. 22. Morgan L. Martin elected delegate to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1846, Jan 5. The legislature met. 
 
 184G, April. A vote of the people in favor of a State 
 government. 
 
 1840, Aug. 6. Act of Congress authorizing a State govern- 
 ment. 
 
 184C, Dec. IG. A State constitution adopted in convention. 
 
 1847, Jan. 4. The legislature met. 
 
 1847, April. The proposed State constitution rejected by 
 vote of the people. 
 
 1847, Sept. 27. John H. Tweedy elected delegate to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1847, Oct. 18. Special session of the legislature. 
 
 1848, Feb. 1. A new State constitution adopted in conven- 
 tion. 
 
 1848, Feb. 7. Sixteenth (and last) session of the Territorial 
 
 Legislature. 
 
 1848, March 13. The State constitution adopted by a vote 
 of the people ; and Wisconsin became one of the States of the 
 American Union, being the seventeenth admitted, and the 
 thirtieth in the list of States. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 IKDIAN TRIBES OP WISCONSIN. 
 
 It is not our intention, in this chapter, to write any extensive 
 notice touching the manners and customs of the native tribes 
 of Wisconsin : such would be foreign to the scope of this 
 volume. Nevertheless, a list of the tribal names of the Indians 
 who inhabited the Territory, together with a few hints as to 
 their location and successive removals, will be expedient. In 
 this, as in some of the succeeding chapters, our remarks will be 
 statistical rather than descriptive. 
 
 We may, Avith good results, give a list of the different names 
 by which the Indian tribes of Wisconsin have been known: — 
 
 Ainoves =Iowa8. 
 
 Assistaeronons =: Mascontina. 
 
 Ayauways = lowas. 
 
 Bay Indiana = Winnebagoes. 
 
 Brothortowns. 
 
 Bevau-ac3 = Sioux. 
 
 Bewauacs = Sioux. 
 
 Cliippewas = Sauteurs = Ojibbeways. 
 
 Courterrielles = Ottawas. 
 
 Cynagos =: Sinagoux. 
 
 Dacotalia = Sioux. 
 
 Folks Avoines = Menomonees. 
 
 Foxes = Reynard = Outagamies. 
 
 Gens de Feu := Mascontina. 
 
 Howahs = The Sioux name for lowa.'j. 
 
 Hutauke = Sioux name for Winnebagoes. 
 
 Hurona = Wyandotts. 
 
 Illinoia. 
 
 lowas. 
 
 Isle cuz Noix = lUinois. 
 
 ri 
 
72 
 
 nr STORY CF w/scoKsm. 
 
 Keinouchcs. 
 
 Kickapoos. 
 
 Kiskakons. 
 
 Kitchigainick. 
 
 Mascontins = Gens de Feu. 
 
 Makou. 
 
 Makoueone. 
 
 Mdramog. 
 
 Jlenomonees. 
 
 Miainis. 
 
 Mikissoiia. 
 
 Miisquakies = Outagamies = Foxes. 
 
 Nadowessi = Sioux, their Chippewa name. 
 
 Noqucts. 
 
 Ojibbcways := Chippewas. 
 
 Oneidas. 
 
 Ontehibouse = Chippewas. 
 
 Osaukies = Sauks = Sacs. 
 
 Othun-gu-rahs = Wiunebagoes in llieiv own language. 
 
 Ottawas. 
 
 Outagamies= Foxes. 
 
 Pottawattomips. 
 
 Puans or Puants = AVinnebagoes of Green Bay. 
 
 Reynards = Foxes. 
 
 Sakis = Sauks. 
 
 Sauks. 
 
 Sauters = Cliippewas. 
 
 Sinagoux. 
 
 Sioux. 
 
 Stockbridgps. 
 
 Tawas = Ottawas. 
 
 Winnebagoes. 
 
 Wyandotts = Ilurons. 
 
 By reference to the above list, the reader will be enabled to 
 trace the connection between some of the half meaningless 
 Indian names used, and the nations or tribes to wliich they 
 belong. We can only mention, however, the names of those 
 tribes, or families, over again, giving the dates at which they 
 occupied certain lands. 
 
 In the early part of the last century, says Dr. Lapham, the 
 Chippewas numbered about one hundred and fifty warriors at 
 Chegoimegon Point, Lake Superior ; the Menomonees, at the 
 north of Lake Michigan, one hundred and sixty; the Sioux, at 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the head of lake Superior, three hnmlrcd ; the Pottawattomlea, 
 at tlie outlet of Greon Bay, twcntj- ; the Sauks, at the head of 
 Green Bay, one hundred and fifty ; the Foxes, on the river that 
 Btill bears their name, one hundred; the Kickapoos, about 
 eighty; and the Mascontins, about sixty men capable of bear- 
 ing arma. The whole Indian population within the district 
 under consideration was then estimated at about fifteen thou- 
 sand souls. 
 
 Three tribes are known to /. ve, at one time, resided at or 
 near Milwaukee ; viz., the IMcnomonees, the Pottawattomies, and 
 the Ottawas. The first-named occupied the lakc-siiore to the 
 northward ; the second and last, the country to the southward. 
 The Ottawas were residing near where Milwaukee now stands 
 as early as 17G2, 
 
 When Jonathan Carver made his journey through Wisconsin, 
 he found the Menomonees occupying the western border of 
 Green Bay; the Winnebagoes, on the Upper Fox River; the 
 Sauks and Foxes, on the Wisconsin ; and the Mascontins were 
 believed to have possession of the southern and interior portions 
 of the State. " Were we .able," says Dr. Lapham, " to trace 
 accurately the history of the Indian nations, we should find, 
 upon a small scale, a counterpart of the vritten history of the 
 Caucasian race. One, by fortunate location, good government, 
 and peaceful habits, becomes prosperous, and therefore ambi- 
 tious : without international law, and with no respect for the 
 rights of others, they crowd upon and soon displace their less 
 fortunate neighbors. These are hence compelled to encroach 
 upon the hunting-grounds of other tribes ; and in tliis way the 
 map of North America, like that of Europe, required adjust- 
 ment from time to time. Thus the, names of places, of rivers 
 and lakes, handed down to us, may be those given by tribes 
 long since driven from their vicinity ; and we may, perhaps, 
 understand why, in all the modern Indian languages, we can 
 find no explanation of the origin of the name of our State. 
 They must be names applied by some tribe now extinct, or to be 
 found in some far distant country." 
 
 The Indian tribes of Wisconsin may be classed under two 
 great national names ; but it must be remembered that the tribes 
 we have named as residing within the boundaries of the State 
 
nrsTORY OF jviscONsr.v. 
 
 75 
 
 
 constituted Lnt a small fraction of thcso nations. These 
 nations are tlic Algouquins, or Alf^onkins, and the Dacotas. 
 
 In 1821, and evun later, Wisconsin, and a portion of Illinois, 
 were inhabited, for the most part, only by Indians. " On the 
 occasion of a treaty held at Chicago in 1821, they assembled 
 from all quarters to the number of three thousand souls. 
 Stragj^ling ])artie3 were seen everywhere, proceeding to the 
 appointed place, usually on horaebaok, and decorated, according 
 to the Indian taste, with medals, silver bands, and featiicrs." 
 Schoolciaft tells us. tliat " the gaudy and showy dresses of tlieso 
 troops of Indians, with the jingling caused by the striking of 
 their ornaments, and their spirited manner of riding, created a 
 scene as novel as it was interesting. Proceeding from ill parta 
 of n verj' extensive circle of country, like rays converging to 
 a focus, tlie nearer we approiichcd, the more compact ami con- 
 centrated the body became ; and we found our cavalcade rapid- 
 ly augmented, and consequently the dust, confusion, and noise 
 increased at every b}'-path which intercepted our way." 
 
 But wo have no space for the long and interesting chapters 
 that might be compiled on the manners ;ind customs of the 
 Wiscon-iin Indians, and must, therefore, confine ourselves to a 
 brief mention of the important events in the history of the 
 several tribes, their migrations, and their final disappearance. 
 For our materials in this particular, we are indebted to a pam- 
 phlet edited by I. A. Lapham, Levi Blossom, and George G. 
 Dousman, now among the Collections of the Wisconsin His- 
 torical Society. Indeed, we shall take the liberty of quoting 
 from said pamphlet, as the following paragraphs cannot easily 
 be improved upon, for the purposes which they will serve in 
 thia chapter. 
 
 "The Mascontins, as before remavkeil, early disappeared. Their record is 
 fully made up ; their decUiio and fall is complete : but what has become of 
 them — whether removed to some distant part of tiie country, amalgamated 
 with some other tribe, or destroyed by poverty and disease — wo are not per- 
 mitted to know. Alas! the destiny of the Miucontiu is the destiny of the 
 red man. 
 
 " The Kickapoos were removed at an early date, west of the Jlississippi 
 River ; and then- name does not appear among those tribes that disposed of 
 their lands to our government. 
 
 " The Siiuks and Foxes appear at one time to have joined the Sioux iu 
 
76 
 
 nisTonr of wiftcoNs/x. 
 
 thoir pfFort tn mnintain a fnotint upon tho oast bank of the Mississippi, 
 against tin; Cliippowas. In ITiili tlmy woni upon thn Tpprr Wisconsin, 
 occupyiMOf the country from (Jrcon Uiy t > Lac <h Flam'irau, and nvon to 
 Lake .Superior ami Upper Mississippi, givinof tlioir name (Sank) to a river 
 and rapids in Minnesota. From tliis position, wliicli they occupied but a 
 short time, tliey were driven b.vek by tho Cliippowas, under tlio leadership 
 of their famous elii'f, Wali-l)no-jeo!» (Whit^ Fisher), who died at Clicp[oime- 
 ffrm in 1703. The decisive battle was fou.^ht at the Falls of tiio St. Croix. 
 They wore thus forced to tho Lower Uock llivcr, beyond our border ; 
 and they do not appear as claiming any share of Wisconsin in the general 
 apportionment among tho Iiidi.'vn tribes at Prairio du Chion, in 1825. 
 
 "The Winncbagoes are supposed to bo an offslioot of tho great .Sioux 
 nation ; they liave figured l.irgejy in the Indian history of Wisconsin. They 
 ■were but a sm.all tribe when first encountered by tho French on tho shores 
 of Green Hay, and named by them Pii.ans (.Stinks), on account of their filthy 
 habits. Tliey afterwards became a very bold and warlike tribe. They 
 joined Ponti.ic in his effort to eradicate British rulo in tho North-west, in 
 17C'), and afterwards fought witli tho British ag.ainst us (tho Americans) 
 in 1812. In 1837 they sold their lands in Wisconsin to tho government, 
 and were removed, in the spring of 1819, to their ' reservation ' at the West, 
 where it is supposed they are to remain permanently. 
 
 " The Sioux struggled manfully for their ancient hunting-gi'o .mds on the 
 St. Croix River, and only relinquished them in 1837 to tlio I'/iited States 
 Government by treaty. The Cliippowas on tho north, and thu Winnebagoes 
 on tho south, h.ad already crowded them into a very n.arrow sp.acc along the 
 cast bank of tho Mississippi, between Prairia du Ciiicn and Lake St. Croix. 
 It i.s supposed that they extended much farther eastw.ird, along the southern 
 borders of Lake Superior, whence they were driven by the C'hippewas, 
 who were themselves crowded by otiier still more eastern tribes. Their 
 very name, iu tho langiuago of the Cliippowas (Xada wessy), signifies an 
 enemy; and these two tribes, like British and French, were always at war. 
 
 " The Cliippowas h.avo persistently maintained their position on the 
 south shore of Lake Siiporiov, stretcliing, in 1832, to the head waters of 
 Chippewa and Wisconsin Rivers. At this time they numbered 2,820. 
 
 " Among them were thirty-five trading-posts, visited annually by traders 
 licensed under the Act of Congress of May 20, 1821. Tho Chippewas sold 
 their Land to the government in 1837 and 1812, except a small reservation 
 near tho mouth of Bad River, on Lake Superior, which is still occupied by 
 them, though the great body of tlie tribe have been removed to Minnesota. 
 
 " From tho Report of tho Commissioners of Indian Affairs from 1850, 
 we le.arn that the Chippcw.as of Lake Superior, including tho b.and on Bad 
 River, in the northern part of Wisconsin, have been furnished with a liberal 
 supply of f.arming-iinplcmonts, carpenter's tools, household furniture, and 
 cooking- utensils; and every Indian Ii.iving a house, and residing in it, has 
 been supplied witli a good cooking-stove and the usual cooking utensils, a 
 table, a bureau, chairs, bedstead, looking-glass, and many small articles for 
 
II f STORY OF W/SCONSltr. 
 
 77 
 
 household use. Thn effect of this policy is quite perceptible nnd snlutiiry, 
 and has stiniiilutcil many to cnct, niid provide for Bi-ectiiiff, new iiount'S ut 
 Bad Uivor and .s<;veral otiier places. This is evidontly a move in the right 
 direction, and one that mig;ht have been adopted with advantage at an 
 earlier date. 
 
 " Tiiu Monoraoneos, or Wild Ilice Eaters, appear to have been a quiet, 
 peace-lovinij people, usually ranked above the average of Indian tribes ia 
 personal ai)pearancn and intellectual qualities. Tor a long time the Milwau- 
 kee! River W.1S the boundary separating them from the Pottawattomies at the 
 south. Tomah appears to have been, in fonnc^r times, a good nnd great 
 chief among them, advising always against war and all other kinds of wick- 
 edness, lie has been very properly remembered in the namo of one of our 
 flourishing towns. 
 
 " In 1813 the Monomonees ceded their entire country in this State to the 
 General Government, and were to bo removed to Minnesota; but, the district 
 assigned them not being found suitable to their wants, they wore, with 
 the consent of the Wisconsin legislature, allowed to remain upon u small 
 reservation (270,180 acres) on the Wolf Uivor. In 1H32 tliey were removed 
 to this reservation, which it is expected will remain tlieir permanent homo 
 80 long as they shall maintain their organization as n distinct tribo. 
 
 " In August, 1853, Oshkosh, the renowned chief of tliis tribe, whose 
 name is very properly perpetuated in the beautiful city on the shores of 
 Lake Winnebago, represented to the government that his tribe had never 
 been so poor and destitute of provisions, having fallen almost to a condition 
 of starvation. About half of the tribe were devoted to a.;^ricuUurc : the 
 remainder still adhered to the roving life of the hunter. 1'ho government 
 aid extended to this tribe as a compensation for their lands appears to have 
 been administered with very little care and judgment. ^Irs. Uousman and 
 her daughter resided upon the reserve; the latter as a teacher, occupying 
 temporary buildings, entirely unfit for the purposes for which they were 
 used. 
 
 " The Pottawattomies were one of the largest and most powerful of the 
 Indian tribes. They were represented, in 1821, as thinly scattered in tents 
 over a very great extent of country, stretching, on the south, along both sides 
 of the Illinois River, on the western shore of Lake Michigan, 'to the 
 Menomonecs of Millewacky, and to the Winnebagoes of (.iieeu IJay ; ' on 
 the east, beyond the St. Joseph to the headwaters of th ; Maumee and the 
 Waba.sh; and towards the west their territories extended *o Rock River, 
 (ind to tlie lands of the Sauks and Foxes on the Jlississippi. At the treaty 
 held in Chicago in 1833, they relinquished to the government all their Lands 
 in this State south and west of the Milwaukee River, which then became 
 public land, and wivs open for settlement and improvement by white people. 
 
 " In 1853 the remnant still rem.aiuing of tliis once powortul tribe were 
 removed to their ' permanent homes ' west of the Upp'-r Mississippi. 
 
 " The Ottawas appear to have been intimately associated with the Potta- 
 wattomies: they joined in relinquishing the lauds south and west of Milwau- 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF \VISCOSr,[N. 
 
 kce. Their proper home seems to i. ive been upon the cast of Luke Jlichigan. 
 Oil C'h;ir'oviiix' map, tlie Chippewai. are set down us Ottawus. 
 ' " 'I'hu I'rotlicitowiiS were rcniovi d to (he cast bank of Lake Wuinebago 
 f.'om t!iC iStata of 'Saw York. They liavc n.'lhiqiiishcd their tribal orL,'unizu- 
 tion, ai;d iuivt- been uJ^>nt..'() ^Ylth fidl privileges, as citizens of the United 
 States. 
 
 " The Stockbriilgos weio also removed to the east banks of Lake Win- 
 nebago, from ;hc State uf New York. They were but few in number, iiuu 
 made some coiisiderable advance in civiliz.ition, the arts, kc.\ and iii IS.JG, 
 after some dillieulli.'s uilh the government, they .vere induced to reiuovG 
 to a, truet of luiul .adj'jiiiing lii " AI 'nonionee resci-vution on AVolf Uiver. 
 
 " Tlio Oncidua, a mere remnant of a once important tribe, were removed 
 to a ri'sorvatioi, near Green Bay, from the State of Xew Y'ork. They still 
 retain their Indian or;.5u;'.izn vion asul government distinct from that of tho 
 Stute; have miaie considerable advances in the right direction. Their patches 
 of cu'l'iv.'i' '. l.ii.a have bee •m !':irms; their log-huts have been replaced by 
 good iubstant'al buildings, iUK; t.iey have blacksmiths, carpenters, &c., 
 from among ih'.ir own peof-lc. 
 
 •'It 8t .Pi't pioper hert;, ir, say a, few words of the action of our Xation.'d 
 ar I Statj luverumont -ith reference to tha Indian. I'efore the law, an 
 hidian is regaruel as ui .ilicn, and treated as such. Indians not taxed are 
 not eniinieratad, and iiioiucl"d as a p.art of (he population, as a basis of 
 repres'.'ntation in th(! t'on.rress of tlio Unitc'd States. 
 
 "The celebrated ordin.incr for tan government of the territory of tho 
 United Statps norlh-wef*; of ti. ■ Ohio liiver. adopted in Congress in July, 
 1787, provided, that 'the nt: i';il good faitii .-hail always bo observed 
 towards the Indians: ilieir landj and jiroperty shall never bo taken from 
 them witl'.out their consent; and in th'.'ir prop.'rty, riglits, and liberly, they 
 never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and luufid wars, 
 authorized by Congress. lUit laws fcnuided in justice and humanity shall 
 from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and 
 for preserving peace and f.iendship among tln'n:..' 
 
 " This eminently just and humane jiollcy has ever been lield in view by 
 our government; and, liad the Indian department been a little more fortu- 
 nate in inevonting individuals from conmiitLing some of tho most flagrant 
 wrongs to these ' nations,' all would have been well, and the Indians of to- 
 day would not have been tho degruded beings we now, unhappily, see about 
 us. 
 
 " By tho statute law of the Territory of Wisconsin of 1830, it was made a 
 punishable offence to furnish spirituous li(piors to the Indians. As a sainplo 
 of /offl/ legislation so common in this State, we may cite the law of January, 
 1810, in whicli it was gravely enacted that it should be unluwfid lokeepiciVAm 
 fii-e iv'dcH of l/ic iiiDUth af U'li'J Hirer, in Brown County, any inloxieating li.|Uors 
 for tlie piUi ise of supplying tlii Indians. To show that our law-makers 
 were entirely in earnest in the in.dter, it was further enacted, yi'ce ijears 
 vjlerwards, that the offender mighi, bo ii.Jietcd j and it was made the 
 
HON. JEROME I. CASE 
 
80 
 
 nisTonr of wiscoxsin. 
 
 imperative duty of tlio courts to give tha matter specially in charge of the 
 gi'auJ jury. Still, Indians would get drunk ; the temptation of \Yhito 
 men to sell whiskey to tlicni being too strong to be thus easily overcome. 
 
 " The constitution of the State of Wisconsin, adopted in 1818, recognized 
 the rigiits of Indians who had once been declared by law of Congress to bo 
 citizens of the United States, and of civilized Indians not members of any 
 tribe or ' nation,' to vote at all elections Tlie property of Indians waa 
 exempted from taxation ; and tlify wore arkivrcd the jirivilogQ of suing and 
 being sued, with the same judicial riglits a.? other inhabitants." 
 
 We are not iireparecl to follow the gentlemen named in our 
 quotation, through their critiei.sm of the United States Govern- 
 ment in its relations with the Indian tribes. It is certain, that 
 if the government could have had any valuable precedents, 
 either in history or in contemporary governments, from which 
 a wiser policy than that pursued might have been drawn, the 
 results would liave boon more salutary to the interests of the 
 natives, as well as a lighter burden upon national blood and 
 treasure. That the Indians as nations have been shamefully 
 treated is an unwelcome truth. The solemn engagements 
 into which they have entered with their Great Fatlier have, 
 for the most i)art, received greater respect and compliance from 
 the Indians, who were generally forced to make them, than from 
 the government, wliich, in nearly every case, dictated its own 
 terms. And yet, alter all, it seems to ^<;xve iieon within the 
 scope of a divine jirovidonce that tlu aborigines of North 
 America should vanish l)efore <ivilization. Nor does the 
 writer believe that any policy of the United States Government, 
 no matter how deeply fraught with forces calculated to foster 
 and j)erpetiuite this dying race, could have saved them from 
 the extermination which they liave already suffered. It is, 
 however, u stigma upon our national lionor, that the decline 
 and rapid disappearance of the nativea ia so heavily freiglited 
 with unnecessary cruelty. 
 
 We ma)- properly close this chapter with the following list' 
 of Indian treaties, all of which have to do, either directly or 
 indirectly, with the relinciuishment of the territory now in- 
 cluded Avithin the boundaries of the State of Wisconsin. 
 
 ■ V\'a are ijulvbted tc the Cullectiou'j of the Wisconsin Uistoriual Society foi 
 this Ust. 
 
HISTORY OF wrscoNsnf. 
 
 81 
 
 1804, Nov. 3, at St. Louis, between Gov. William H. Harri- 
 son, and the Sauks and Foxes, at which Southern Wisconsin 
 was purchased. 
 
 181G, May 18, at St. Louis, confirming that of Nov. 3, 1804, 
 with a portion of the Winnebago tribe, residing on the Wis- 
 consin River. 
 
 1816, Aug. 24, at St. Louis, with Ottawas, Chippewas, and 
 Pottawattomies residing on the Illinois and Milwaukee Rivers, 
 &c. Lands relinquished to the Indians, except nine miles 
 square, at Prairie du Chien. 
 
 1817, March 30, at St. Louis, with the Menomonees. A 
 treaty of peace, friendship, &c. 
 
 1821, the Oneida and Stockln-idge Indians settled near Green 
 Bay. 
 
 1822, Sept. 3, at Fort Armstrong, with the Sauk and Fox 
 tribes. 
 
 1825, Aug. 1 and 19, at Prairie du Chien, with Sioux ancB 
 Chippewas, Sauks and Foxes, Winnebagoes, Ottawas, Pottawat.- 
 tomies, &c. Boundary between Sioux and Chippewas agreed' 
 upon ; also between the Chippewas, and between the Winne- 
 bagoes and other tribes. 
 
 1826, Aug. 5, at Fond du Lac, with the Chippewas, who 
 assent to the boundarie.s agreed upon at Prairie du Chien. 
 
 1827, Aug. 11, at Butte des Morts, with the Menomonees, 
 in wliich they relinquish their right to a tract of land near 
 Green Bay. 
 
 1828, at Green Bay. Purchase of the lead-mine region. 
 1820, July 29, at Prairie, with the Winnebagoes. Purchase 
 
 of the lead-mine region confirmed. 
 
 1831, Feb. 8, at Washington, with the Menomonees, who' 
 ceded to the United States all their lamls east of the Milwaukee 
 River, Lake Winnebago, and Green Bay. 
 
 1832, Oct. 27, with the iMenomonces. Lands purchased for 
 the New York Indians. 
 
 1833, Sept. 26, at Chicago. Lands south and west of the 
 Milwaukee River purchased of the Chippewas, Pottawattomies, 
 and Ottawas. 
 
 ISr.ft Sept. 3, at Green Bay, with the Menomonees. Lands 
 purchased west of Green Bay, and a strip on the Upper Wis- 
 consin River. 
 
«2 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1837, July 29, at Fort Snellinrr, by Gov. Dodge, with the 
 Chippewas. Lands south of tlie divide between the waters of 
 Lake Superior and those of the Mississippi ceded to the 
 
 government. 
 
 1837, Sept. 29, with the Sioux. Lands east of the Missis- 
 sippi ceded to the government. 
 
 1837, Nov. 1, with the Winnebagoes, who ceded all their 
 lands east of the Mississippi River to the government. 
 
 1842, Oct. 4, at La Pointe, with the Chippewas. Lands 
 ceded, &c. 
 
 1848, Oct. 18, with the Menomonees, who ceded all their 
 lands in Wisconsin. 
 
 1848, Nov. 24, with the Stockbridges ; purchase of their 
 reservation on the east shore of Lake Winnebago. 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF •\\^SCONSIK. 
 
 The J'renoh in America — The Fur Trade — Jesuit Missionavies — Jean Nicollet 
 — Green Day— lis Early History — Labors of Fatlier Alloucz, Dablon, 
 An/.rd, Marquct.'i!, and Others — La Salle, &c. 
 
 The territoiy now embraced within the limits of the 
 Stite of Wisconsin Avas, according to the best autliority, first 
 visited by Europeans in 1G39, nineteen years after the Puritans 
 arrived in " The Mayflower " on the shores of Massaclmsetts. 
 Charles I. wa; then king of England, and was engaged in his 
 war against Scotland ; and at the same time Louis XIII, was 
 king of France, having nearly closed his reign. Europe was 
 in great commotion. The French Government luul already 
 manifested a disposition to extend her territory in America by 
 conquests, and, as early as 1604, had colonized Acadia. In 
 1608 Quebec was founded ; and in lGG-5 Canada, or New France, 
 was made a roval colony. 
 
 The reports circulated in France concerning the advantages 
 of the fur-trade with the Indians were such as to induce many 
 of the nobility and gentry of that nation to invest their for- 
 tunes in the New World. With this patronage, and the con- 
 stantly increasing number of colonists, New France grew rap- 
 idly in commerce, extending its nominal dominion far towards 
 the Great Lakes. 
 
 Hand in liand with the traders came t!ie Jesuit fathers, ever 
 anxious to carry the news of the goipel to the native trihes of 
 the North-west. As earl\' as IGGO thoy established a mission 
 on the south side of the western extremity of Lake Superior, 
 at a place called, in the Indian tongue, Che-go-ime-gon ; and iu 
 IGG'J Father AUouez, whose name is deservedly identified with 
 
 83 
 
84 
 
 iffSTonr OF wrscoxfnv. 
 
 1639. 
 
 the early history of the lake country, organized a mission at 
 Green Bay. 
 
 A Frenchman named Jean Nicollet is supposed or believed 
 toluvveheen tlic first white person who visited the territory now 
 called Wisconsin. In 1G39 this cnterprisinij explorer visited 
 Green J?ay, and concluded a peace with the Indians 
 then residing there, in the interests of the j^overnment 
 of New France. In the same year he asc( iided the Fox River 
 to the portage. Crossing this, lie embarked on tlie Wisconsin 
 River, and explored that stream within a few days' sail of the 
 Mississippi. In 1G42 this faithful French explorer lost his life 
 while on a benevolent mission to rescue a poor Al>enaqui from 
 the Algonquins. He servrd a valuable part on the early stage 
 of action in this region, t only in reporting the favorable 
 condition of the country tc his countrymen, but in furnishing 
 information in regard to tlie names and situations of the native 
 tril)es, which formed the basis of subsequent explorations. 
 
 From this time, lG-59 to 1673, we have but little to record 
 that transpired i.i Wi.-.conin. Now and then a zealous mis- 
 sionary endangf red or lost his life by penetrating the country; 
 and, pcrchancf , an occasional fur-trader was seen among the 
 natives at Gnen Bay. But aside from this, and the constantly 
 recurring cot, diets between the Indian nations, there is nothing 
 authentic tiiat can be ]irosented in these pages; and even 
 accounts of t "ese come to us on the winds of uncertain tradi- 
 tion. However, there is now and tlien a raj' of light from this 
 earlv chaotic period. In tG54 Father Men ier visited tiie 
 Indians at (jnen Bay, and remarks eoncernin';- them, to his 
 superior at Quebec, that, "at the i lands of the lake of the 
 peo[)lc of the sea known as ' Sliidcards,' there are many tribes, 
 whose language closely resembles the Algonquins, and that 
 they arc only nine days' journey fiom the Great Lake; and 
 that, if the government would M'ud thirt\ Frenchmen into that 
 country, not only W(uild ihey jjain many souls to God, ])ut 
 wonUl receive a i>rotit abov(> the expenses incurred." 
 
 .\ little la'cr, in IG')."), Jeai do (Juens, a missionary, writes 
 concerning the same place (Green Bay), saying that the 
 iiiUions located there were very large and powerful. One 
 of them, according to this authority, nund)erud sixty villages, 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
86 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 another forty, and anotlier thirty. Tlieso Indians were then 
 living in a state of cuniiih^to baibarit}-, making war on the 
 nations, or tribes, west of tliem ; conducting their councils 
 with all Iho curious ceremonits and formalities peculiar to their 
 ancient traditions. In the same year, fifty canoes of these 
 Indians visited Quebec for tlie purpose of establishing a trade 
 witii the French. They were successful in tliis mission, as 
 might have been expected, and returned with thirty Frencli 
 traders and two priests. 
 
 In 1GG9 an effort was put forth to found a mission at Green 
 Bay ; and, on the od of November, Father Claudius Allouez 
 left Sault Ste. Mario to execute this purpose, accom[)anied bj' 
 two Frenchmen and two canoes of Pottawattomie Indians. 
 After a journey fraught Avilli much of hardship and danger, 
 the venerable Jesuit reached the end of his journey, and spent 
 the winter preaching to the Pottawattoniies, Menomonces, Sacs, 
 Foxes, and Winnebagoes, whom lie found mingled tlicre. He 
 established a mission on the Fox River, at tin; Rapids des 
 Peres. He said his fii'st mass Dee. !>, the festival of St. 
 Francis Xavier, and called the mission by liis name. Allouez 
 found quite a respectable number of Indians at tlio rapids. 
 They comprised four nations, nund)erlng, in all, six hundred 
 souls. These Indians were living in a siatc of progress, prac- 
 tising agricultui-al industry, raising large fields of corn, beans, 
 toliacco, &c. The surroundiiig forests v.crc a'ivo with excel- 
 lent game, and we may infer that these Indians were, in many 
 re-pects, peculiarly blessed. 
 
 In September, 1GG9, Allouez was joined l)y Father Marquette, 
 whose name will ever justly live in the names of streams, 
 counties, towns, and cities in the North-west, as a tribute to 
 his lieroic services as an explorer, and missionary among the 
 Indians. This pious father, in company willi Claude Dablon, 
 had, ill 1GG7, visited the Cliippewas at the Sault, and established 
 the mission of Ste. Mary's, the oldest settlement begun by 
 Europeans within the liounds of the State of Michigan. And 
 now, two years later, filled with a spirit of enterprise and 
 duty, wrought up to impatience by the highly-eolored repre- 
 sentations of the savages, he determined to reach the Father of 
 Waters. But he was frustrated m his designs until 1G73, 
 
nisTontr OF wi scon am. 
 
 87 
 
 1763. 
 
 owing partly to the want of patronage from tlio French colo- 
 nial government, which was withheld only because of its own 
 feeble condition, and partly to the many unfavorable circum- 
 stances arising from the ever-recurring difficulties with the 
 Indians. IJut in this year the venerable father, accompanied 
 by Joliet and five other Frenchmen, embarked in 
 two fi'ail uavk canoes, arriving at Green Bay in 
 June. This party, with two Indian guides, passed up the Fox 
 River to the portage, and crossed over to the Wisconsin, and 
 slowly sailed down its current, amid its vine-covered isles, 
 encountering, of course, its countless sandbars. No sound, 
 save tiie songs of the wild birds, broke the wearisome stillness; 
 no human form, civilized or savage, appeared : but at length, 
 after a voyage of seven days, and on the 17th of June, they 
 floated out into the majestic current of the great river. After 
 an absence of four months, Marquette returned to Green Bay, 
 by way of Lake Michigan, having travelled about 2,549 miles. 
 From this date until the war between the Sacs and Foxes, 
 which extended over the first quarter of the eighteenth centu- 
 ry, we have but little of importance in the history of Wiscon- 
 sin. Yet there are a few incidents in the cluiin of events 
 worthy of mention here, if for nothing else than to complete 
 the record. Th(!se things are, for the most part, of no very 
 great importance. The missionary work among the native 
 tribes went steadily on. In this year the Indians of Green 
 Bay were under the excellent ministration of Fathers 
 AUouez and Andre. They had many souls for their 
 hire ; an<l the enthusiasm and zeal which characterized their 
 labors come up to us from those early days like the deeds of 
 divinely -inspired pro])hets. AUouez, leaving Andre to conduct 
 the routine of worship at the regular mission at the Bay, 
 pushed out to the ntighboring tribes in the surrounding forests. 
 In its immediate results, tlicir work was successful. Two years 
 later, when Marquette ])assed through the country on his mem- 
 orable voyage of discovery, of which we have already spoken, 
 they had baptizctt over two thousand souls ; nor did their 
 work cease here. .\o ob.'-tacle, no discouragement, turned them 
 a.side. The missions went steadily on ; and in this 
 year, notwithstanding that Father Andre's house at 
 
 1671. 
 
 1674. 
 
88 
 
 msTonr of wrscossrfr. 
 
 1675. 
 
 Green Bay had been tlcsUdycJ by fire, lie roiilhmeil his Cliris- 
 tiaii work with undiiniiiishL'd zoid. His little church of live 
 hundred native converts wiis quite prosperous in good words 
 and works. Living, for the most piirt, in his canoe, and travel- 
 ling in sunshine and storm, from point to j)oiiit in his wild par- 
 ish, he continued to care for the spiritual needs of his six tribes, 
 the number included in his charge. Allouez continued his 
 work, reaching out farther and farther, jjlanting mis- 
 sions in new quarters, and rearing the cross among the 
 wigwams of new tribes, disregarding danger, and disobeying 
 the voice of obstacle. This year is memorable on account 
 of the death of Fatiier Marquette, Avho went to his reward 
 from the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, near the river that 
 now bears his name. He lived a true hero, a luimble but aggres- 
 sive Christian worker, and died in the midst of his good deeds, 
 in a rude camp in the wild forest. 
 
 In the same year, or that following, the venerable Father 
 iR7fi Charles Albancl became Superior of the western 
 missions, and took up his post at Green Bay, where 
 a second church was raised near the ruins of that occupied by 
 Father Andre. It stood near the Raj)ids des Peres. This 
 church comes up in the memory of this, as it will to that of 
 all succeeding generations, as a monument to the enterprise 
 and benevolence of Nicholas Perrot, well known as an early 
 Western explorer, and one of the Western traders of that day, 
 as well as of the praiseworthy zeal of Father Albanel. We 
 should observe, in this connection, that Father Allouez was 
 assigned to the post made vacant ]>y the death of Marquette. 
 This was among the Illinois Indians. The good and pious 
 Father Allouez left Green Bay for this centre of savage tribes 
 in October, 107G. 
 
 We can only glance at the great work of La Salle in this 
 short chapter. This celebrated exi)lorer, accompanied by Henry 
 De Tonty, Father Louis Hennepin, and others, made 
 a voyage up the lakes in 1G70, in " The Griffin," the 
 first vessel built above the Fiills of Niagara, and arrived at 
 Green Bay on the 2d of Sejitember. While at this point, La 
 Salle collected a load of furs, and sent the vessel back ; but 
 it was unfortunately lost in a storm on the lakes. La Salle, 
 
 1079. 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. "^ 
 
 With his company of Bcventeen n.en ami V^c^U^ni^u^^A 
 their route bv canocH to the St. Joseph Il.ver, ot LAe MiUu 
 ': ;heu they entered the country of ti>e M.an.. .md^on- 
 tinned tlieir explorations southward, an account of ^vhi.h is 
 foreign to tlic subject of this volume. 
 
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 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
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CHAPTER V. 
 
 1680. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. 
 
 Greia Day and Prairio lUi Chieu — Early .Testiit Minslonarios — The Fox, Sauk, 
 and French Wars — Growth of fho French Settlements — GrecD Bay ill 1745 — 
 Eud of French Dominion — Britisli Snpreniacy. 
 
 In the previous chfipter, the incidents considered, in so far 
 as they related to Wisconsin, centred round Green Hay ; hut 
 from this point, nnd for a considcrahlo jieriod, our attention 
 will he directed, on the one liaud, to that po'at, and, on the 
 otlior, to Prairie du Chien. From this date to the 
 fonnation of the Territorial Government, in 18o6,' 
 hoth civilized and savage commerce in Wisconsin was con- 
 fined, for the most part, to these points. 
 
 Father Louis Hennepin, who accompanied La Salle on the 
 expedition mentioned at the close of the previous chapter, 
 parted wiih him on the twcnty-nintli day of Fchruary in this 
 year, and made a journey up the ^Mississippi, and was the first 
 to discover tlie falls, which he named the " Falls of St. An- 
 thony of Padua." After a scries of remarkable adventures 
 amonjT the Indian trihes, he returned to Green Bay by wa}' of 
 the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers. At the latter point he found 
 Frenchmen trading without a license. " The published narra- 
 tive of his journeys is full of contradictions and misrepresenta- 
 tions ; and, wliile his account of Wisconsin and the upper 
 country may he regarded as truthful, a large part of liis work 
 cannot he depended upon.'' During tliis year tlie mission at 
 Green Bay was ahly sustained by Father Enjalrau ; and a 
 remarkable incident in the history of the place during the 
 
 ' From a paper by Daniel S. Diiiile, A.M., librarian of the V.'isconsin State 
 Uintoi'ioal Souiuty. 
 tlO 
 
92 
 
 msTonr of wrscorfsrif. 
 
 1681-89. 
 
 same pcriwl was the establishment of a military post and 
 garrison by De Toiity. 
 
 The exact time at which a mililaiy post was established at 
 Prairie du Ciiien has been, and still is, the subject of 
 much speculation ; some putting it as late as 1775, 
 while it is stated in a report of a committee of Congress to 
 have occurred in 1755, wliich was the year following the 
 reconciliation of the French, and Sauks and Foxes. The latter 
 date may be the correct one, as the French surrendered Canada 
 to the English in 17G0 ; but it is very evident that there must 
 have been a post, at a much earlier date, upon or near tiie prairie. 
 The evidence of this early occupation is found in the official 
 document of the tJildng possession of the Mississippi Valley, in 
 the name of the French king, by Nicholas Perrot, " command- 
 ing at the post of the Nadoussioux," at the post of St. An- 
 thony, May 8, 1G89, " to which documents among the names 
 of witnesses was Mons. De Borie-Guillot, commanding the 
 French in the neighborhood of Ouiskonche, dii the Mississippi. 
 No more suitable place could have been selected for a military 
 post than Prairie du Chicn ; and, from all tlie information thus 
 far obtained, its location must be conceded as an established 
 fact. Judge George Gale, in his work on the Ujipcr Jlississippi, 
 says, We may safely infer that tlie country about Prairie du 
 Chien was occupied as a French poat at least as early as April 
 20, 1G89, and possibly the previous fall.' " 
 
 In the year 1G83 Perrot visited tlie tribes west of the Missis- 
 sippi, and established friendly relations between them and the 
 French ; and it is believed tliat the information whieli he fur- 
 nished touching the geology of the Des Moinco and Fevre 
 Rivers led to the discoveiy of the lead-mines in that vicinity. 
 In 1G89 Le Hontan visited the site of Prairie du Chien, wlule 
 on an exploring-expedition up the Mississippi. 
 
 In 1683-84 Le Sueuer went, for the first time, up the Fox 
 River from Green Bay, and down the Wisconsin, to visit the 
 Sioux tribes ; and about the same time Nicholas Perrot took 
 command at the post at Green Ba^' ; and in the year following, 
 or in 1G84, Lieut. Duluth aiTived, and assumed military occu- 
 pancy of the post, under the superintendency of the command- 
 ant at Mackinaw. Dulutli began his preparations for war 
 
nrsTonr of w/sc Nsm. 
 
 93 
 
 1685-89. 
 
 against the Iroquois, and was assisted by Perrot, who was then 
 engaged in active and profitable trade with the Foxes near 
 Green Bay. 
 
 From this point, and for a considerable time, we have no 
 further accounts of the missionaries in this section, which is, 
 in some measure, due to the opposition which they received 
 from La Salle, and to the violent dissensions among the Indians 
 which followed. The French began to lose their hold on the 
 affections of the Indians. England had begun to contest with 
 France for the supremacy of the North-west ; and, as the con- 
 test merged into action, the missionaries retired. 
 
 On the 8th of May, 1G89, Perrot — who was then commanding 
 for the king at the post of the Nadoussioux, commis- 
 sioned by the Marquis De Denonville, Governor of 
 Canada, to manage the interests of commerce among the 
 Indian tribes and people of Green Bay and vicinity — took 
 possession, in tlie name of the king, of the countries inhabited 
 by said tribes. The records inform us, that the papers were 
 signed in duplicate, — one at the post of St. Anthony, and the 
 other at Green Bay. Le Hoiitan visited Green Bay in Septem- 
 ber, 1689, and was entertained in a distinguished manner by 
 the Sauks, Pottawattomies, and Menomonees. He passed up 
 the Fox River, and noticed in his travels some of the features 
 of the count y, and manj' of the characteristics of the Indians. 
 
 From this time, until the Sauk and Fox war, there is little 
 or nothing to record. During the first quarter of 1700^0 
 the eighteenth century, however, these Indians, 
 occupying the valley of the Fox River, became so exasperated 
 against the Frencli, that they cut off all communication be- 
 tween the posts on the frontier, extending from Detroit on the 
 east to Green Bay, on Lake Superior, on the west. The numer- 
 ous acts of 'r.arbarity in killing and plundering all who came 
 within their reach caused the French Government to send 
 several expeditions into the valley of the Fox River, to chas- 
 tise these nations. These expeditions were as follows : that 
 of Pe Louvigny, in 1716 ; De Lingnery, 1728 ; Martin, in 
 March, 1730 ; and De Villiers, in September of the same year. 
 By these expeditions, the hostile Indians were severely pun- 
 ished, and the beautiful valley occupied by them opened up to 
 
94 
 
 nrSTORT OF WISCOSSfN. 
 
 adventure, exploration, and settlement. This war and its good 
 results formed the basis of the claims of France to the Green 
 Bay country. * 
 
 In 1726, says Rev. Dr. A. Brunson, a man named Cardinell 
 settled near the site of Prairie du Chien. He was a hunter 
 and ti-apper ; and we suppose he may be regarded as the first 
 settler in that locality. He came from Canada with his wife ; 
 and the latter is supj)0sed to have been the first white woman 
 who visited the prairie. He probably came to Green Bay Vith 
 the French troops to punish the hostile Foxes ; and, being in- 
 formed liy the traders of the attractive hunting-grounds on the 
 Mississippi, he set out for that section, filled with the heroism 
 of the pioneer French fur-trader. The next settler at Prairie 
 du Chien was a Frenchman by the name of Gamier, whose 
 descendants are still found in the vicinity. 
 
 The settlement at the prairie, from this time, increased quite 
 rapidly ; and in 1756 the government of France established a 
 permanent military post near the mouth of the Wisconsin, and 
 near the site of the present city. Following this came a num- 
 ber of French families ; and in a short time quite a prosperous 
 French village grew up, and attracted around it a very consid- 
 erable traflSc in peltries. The fort near the Wisconsin, estab- 
 lished in 1689, had been abandoned some time previous to the 
 establishment of this post. 
 
 Turning our attention again to Green Bay, we may observe, 
 that, in 1721, Father Charlevoix, the distinguished historian of 
 New France, visited that section, in company with Capt. De 
 Montigny, who was appointed to take charge of the fort. We 
 learn from this early writer, that the post at Green Bay, at that 
 time, stood on the west side of the Fox River, half a league 
 from its mouth. There were a number of Indian villages both 
 above and below the post ; and the good missionary was then 
 dtill laboring among them, but with ill success. In 1826 we 
 find Fathers Aniiton and Chardon both laboring as missiona- 
 ries at Green Bay ; and, two years later. Father Emanuel Cres- 
 pel, but the war against the Foxes interfered with their labors : 
 
 ' An account of this war would, we think, occupy more space in this vohime 
 than ibt importance deserves ; lience tlie reader ia referred to the documents of 
 the 'Wisconsin Historical Society on this matter. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 M 
 
 hence they were among the last of the early French mission- 
 aries who held up the cross to the tribes in the vicinity of the 
 bay. 
 
 The first permanent settlement at Green Bay, and also of 
 Wiscon^iiii, was made in 1745. In this year Augustine De 
 Langlade and his son Charles migrated to Green Bay from 
 Mackinaw, aud became the principal proprietors of the soil. 
 They sci'led on the east side of Fox River, near its mouth, 
 somewhat »l)ove and opposite the old French post, and near 
 where the residence of the ' ite Judge J. P. Arndt afterwards 
 stood. They were accompanit by M. Sauligny (the son-in-law 
 of the Sieur Augustin De Langi le) and his wife. These per- 
 sons were afterwards joined by Mons. Carron, who had been 
 for more than twenty years an Indian trader, and otheiti. This 
 first colony in Wisconsin was composed of probably not more 
 than eight persons. Capt. De Velie was commandant of the 
 little garrison ; and the infant settlement moved along slowly. 
 It appears that the garrison was withdrawn shortly after the 
 settlement was founded, and not long before the comn. •^ncement 
 of the old French r,nd Indian war of 1754 : nevertheless, the 
 little hamlet struggled on, Augustin De Langlade continuing 
 in the Indian trade, and Charles De Langlade as Indian agent. 
 
 It is impossible to present now a complete history of this 
 post. We find Capt. De Vorchieres commanding in 1747, and 
 having very good success in quieting the Indians. In 1754 the 
 Sieur Perrier Marin commanded, and effected a valuable treaty 
 with the Indians. In 1756 Capt. Dumas, commanding at 
 Green Bay, concluded a peace with the Illinois Indians, in 
 behalf of the traders in the vicinity of the post. The French 
 and Indian war had now commenced, although it does not 
 appear that it had any special influence for good or evil upon 
 the Green Bay settlement, as it was probably too remote from 
 the scene of action to receive any sensible effects from the 
 operations of the combatants. It, however, opened a new field 
 for the enterprising spirit of Charles De Langlade. In 1755, 
 with a strong army of Ottawas, Chippewas, Menomonees, and 
 other tribes, he set out for the defence of Fort du Quesne, in 
 which contest he was a commanding oflficer. In 1757 he 
 served under Montcalm, in the capture of ^ort William Henry, 
 
n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 bt the liead of Lake George. Indeed, this active pioneer of 
 Wisconsin took part in the contests of Ticonderoga and Crowu 
 Point, and at the hist great conflict that sealed the question of 
 supremacy on the Phiins of Abraham, where his truly great 
 commiinder fell mortally wounded. 
 
 In 1758 a sad event transpired at Green Bay in the wretched 
 slaughter of eleven Frenchmen by the Indians. The com- 
 mandant escaped ; and the storehouse was plundered. 
 
 With the fall of Canada, in 1759, the whole country passed 
 into the hands of the British. At the close of the war, Charles 
 De Langlade was by the government of Canada, Sept. 3, 1760, 
 ordered to take charge of and conduct the Canadians under his 
 command to Mackinaw, the Indians to their villages, and for- 
 ward two companies of English deserters to Louisville. Thus 
 the way was opened for English occupancy ; and on the 12th 
 of October, 1761, Capt. Balfour and Lieut. Garrell, with British 
 troops, took possession of Green Bay The English found the 
 old fort quite rotten, and the stockade fast falling into decay. 
 Lieut. James Garrell was made commandant, Capt. Balfour, 
 retiring ; leaving a detachment under the former of one ser- 
 geant, one corporal, and fifteen privates, in possession of the 
 fort, which was slightly repaired, and called Fort Edward 
 Augustus. This fort was abandoned two years later, when 
 the memorable Pontiac war was raging. 
 
 (Charles Do Langlade was re-appointed Indian agent, and re- 
 instated in command of the militia ; but there is no evidence 
 that the fort at Green Buy was ever rc-occupied by a garrison 
 during the period of British dominion, or until after the war 
 of 1812. When the celebrated traveller, Capt. Jonathan Car- 
 ver, reached Green Bay, in 1766, there was no garrison there ; 
 nor had the building been kept in repair since it had been 
 abandoned by Lieut. Garrell. Mr. Carver found a few families 
 living at the fort ; and opposite to it, on the east side of the 
 river, there were also a few French settlers still remaining, 
 who cultivated the land, and appeared to live comfortably. 
 This distinguished traveller passed on to the west and north, 
 making valuable observations of the territory of the Upper 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Following our distinguished traveller fiom Green Bay, our 
 
 
t 
 
98 
 
 n I STORY OF wiscoysm. 
 
 attention is properly drawn to Prairie du Chien, wliicli had 
 made but little or no progress since our last mention of its first 
 settlers. Mr. Carver observed tlie ruins of a large settlement 
 in a very pleasing situation on the east bank of the Mississippi, 
 evidently the site of the ancient Outagamie town, from which 
 place that singular tribe had removed, professedly at the 
 bidding of the Great Spirit, to the opposite bank. At the 
 Prairie or Dog Plains, he found a large town containing about 
 three hundred families. The houses were well built, after the 
 Indian manner (log-cabins covered with bark), and pleasiintly 
 situated on a very rich soil, from which they raised a profusion 
 of every necessary of life in great abundance. He also observed 
 many hoi-ses of good size and great beauty. It appeared to 
 this traveller, as it ) doubt the fact, that this town was 
 
 the great mart w1 I the adjacent tribes, and even those 
 
 who inhabited the n.ost remote branches of the Mississippi, 
 annually assembled about thr, latter end of ^lay, bringing with 
 them their furs to dispose r f to the traders. It is a singular 
 fact, that when Carver was at the prairie, in 17CG, he found no 
 white inhabitants : at least he does not speak of meeting with 
 any, although he describes the large Indian town and its com- 
 mercial importance. He tells us, however, that the traders 
 who accompanied him took up their winter residence on the 
 opposite side of the river : this they would not have done, if 
 there had been, at that time, a settlement of whites near the 
 mouth of the Wisconsin. This may be accounted for by the 
 fact, that, inasmuch as Canada had been surrendered to 
 England, the French had, of course, evacuated their fort; 
 which tradition says was burned the second year of the Ameri- 
 can Revolutinu. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 EABLT HISTOIIY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Green Day and Prairie Du Cliicn — Charles De Langlade — Conflict between 
 the Americans and British in the Xnrth-west — A Glance at the Settlements 
 In Wisconsin at the Close of the Uevolutlonary War — The Surrender to 
 the United States by the British. 
 
 During the last quarter of the eighteenth century, but little 
 is presented worthy of consideration in the history of Wiscon- 
 sin, either at Green Bay or at Prairie du Chien, the only 
 points around which much either of civilization or of barbarism 
 centred. Both places were under British rule. There were but 
 few families residing at Green Bay ; and the only business 
 transacted was in furs and peltries. Upon the breaking-out of 
 the Revolutionary war, Charles De Langlade, then fiftv-two 
 years of age, was persuaded to take an active part, should his 
 services be needed. He had fought gallantly in the interests of 
 France in the old French and Indian Avar, but on this occasion 
 was ready to take t. place in the army for the English cause. It 
 is said, however, that he was not called into open battle during 
 the war, though he served a valuable place in the Indian 
 department. During this war, nearly all of the French and 
 English inhabitants at Green Bay, though virtually Ameri- 
 can citizens, were found in active work in the ranks of the 
 enemy; and the few Americans that resided there were at 
 the mercy of the English. Some were taken prisoners, and 
 conveyed to Detroit ; and some made captive by the Indians. 
 
 Turning our attention to Prairie du Chien, we find no 
 further accounts of visits of travellers, or doings of residents, 
 until 1780. At that date, Capt. J. Long, while at Mackinaw, 
 was sent by the commanding officer to accompany a party of 
 
 S0 
 
100 
 
 niSTOBY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 Indians and Canadians to the Misaissiiipi. Information had 
 been received at Mackinaw, that the Indian traders had depos- 
 ited their furs at Prairie du Chien, where, we are informed, 
 there was, at the time, a town of considerable note, 1)uilt 
 under the command of Mons. Langlade, the king's intei-preter ; 
 and the object of the expedition was to secure these furs, and 
 keep them from the Americans. Capt. Long left Mackinaw 
 with thirty-six Indians of the Outagamies a"'' Sioux, and 
 twenty Canadians in nine large birch canoes, lit .en with Indian 
 presents. The party arrived at Green Bay ia four days, and 
 proceeded through the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers to the forks 
 of the Mississippi, where they met two hundred of the Fox 
 Indians, and had a feast of fivs. Indian dogs, bear, beaver, deer, 
 mountain cat, and raccoon, boiled in bear's grease, and mixed 
 with huckleberries. They proceeded to Prairie du Chien, where 
 they found the merchants' peltries in packs in a log-house, 
 guarded by Capt. Langlade and some Indians. They took three 
 hundred packs of the best skins, and filled the canoes. Sixty 
 more were burned to prevent the Americans from taking them. 
 They then returned to Mackinaw via Green Bay. 
 
 In the year 1781, Lieut.-Gov. Patrick Sinclair of Upper 
 Canada held a treaty with the Indians, at Mackinaw, for the 
 purchase of that island. Green Bay, and Prairie du 
 Cliicn. Pierre La Pointe testified l)efore Judge Lee, 
 in 1820, that he was interpreter at the treaty. The present 
 settlement of Prairie du Chien Avas begun in 1783, by Mr. 
 Girard, Mr. Antaya, and Mr. Dubuque. There had formerly 
 been an old settlement about a mile below the 
 present city, which existed during the time the 
 French held possession of the Canadas, and of which we have 
 already spoken ; but it was abandoned, chiefly on account of 
 the unhealthy situation, being near the borders of an extensive 
 tract of overflowed land. At this time, or soon after, saya 
 Rev. Dr. Brunson, " twenty or thirty settlers constituted all the 
 white representatives of the place ; and, previous to 1793, the 
 whole prairie was claimed and occupied, amounting to forty- 
 three farms, and thirty or forty village lots, most or all of which 
 had previously been built upon." This fact was established in 
 1823, by testimony taken before Judge Lee, who was appointed 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 101 
 
 to take testimony for the government on the private land 
 claimH of parties at tlie village. The greater part of the set- 
 tlers came as hunters, or employees, and, talsing wives of the 
 natives, commenced farming on a small and primitive scale ; 
 cultivating tlio land with rough ploughs ironed at the point, 
 while they also hunted, trapped, and voyaged. 
 
 From a report made to Congress Feb. 25, 1818, we Icam 
 that the village and fort were formally surrendered 1784- 
 by the British to the United States on the first day 1800. 
 of June, 1786. Gen. W. R. Smith thinks there is a douLt. 
 about tiio formal surrender be'ii.; made at that time. It Is well 
 known that the general surrender of the western outposts took 
 place in July of th;., year. 
 
 In April, 1785, there was a great flood in the Mississippi : the 
 waters rose from fifteen to twenty feet above the highest mark 
 they had ever been known to make before ; and the whole 
 region of country drained by the rivei presented the aspect of 
 an immense sheet of water studded with islands. 
 
 In settlement, Green Bay, from its inception (in 1745) to 
 1785, had made but little progress ; but, as we have seen, it 
 struggled along, sometimes without a mihiary garrison, and 
 sometimes with a well-fortified post. But at lengtli, in 179G, 
 the settlement, with its improvements, which were few indeed, 
 was surrendered to the American authorities by the British, 
 from which time the United-States Government has controlled 
 the interests of Wisconsin. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 GREEX BAY FROSI 1796 TO 1838, 
 
 The War of 1812 — Erection of Fort Howanl — The Early Settlement of Green 
 Bay — Travels nnd Adventures — Nuniher and Condition of the Indians — The 
 Eniliryo City of Gioen Bay — Anival of Government Troops — The Early Lead 
 TrafHc — Green Bay in 1821 — Indian Troubles — Murder — Formation of the 
 Wisconsin Territory, &o. 
 
 We have noted, in the foregoing chapter, some of the impor- 
 tant incidents in the history of Wisconsin, from its first explo- 
 ration by Europeans, to the end of British rule in the Territory, 
 in 1796. At the latter date, as through the whole narrative, 
 there were but two points of interest, — Green Bay and Prairie 
 du Chien ; nor does the narrative change in this regard until 
 the organization of the Territorial Government, in 1836. It is 
 therefore the purpose of this and the following chapter to follow, 
 first, Green Bay, and, secondly, Prairie du Chien, in the prin- 
 cipal events of history, from 1796 to 1836. This chronological 
 record will not include any elaborate notices of pioneer life in 
 Wisconsin, nor even an account of the me;iiorable Black Hawk 
 war. These and other important features of the early history 
 follow these chapters in their regular order. The ol)ject in the 
 chapters named is to present a skeleton of events in the period 
 mentioned, as free as possible from remark or embellishment. 
 First, then, as to Green Bay. Soon after the declaration of 
 war, in June, 1812, Col. Robert Dickson, an English 
 trader at Prairie du Chien, and agent, collected a 
 considerable body of Indians at Green Bay for the purpose of 
 rendering assistance to the British forces in their operations ou 
 the Great Lakes of the North-west. At the taking of Macki- 
 naw by the British (July 17, 1811), we find this Col. Dickson 
 very prominent, and also Capt. Rolette of Prairie du Chien. 
 103 ■ 
 
 1812. 
 
104 
 
 BISTORY OF WISCONSIS. 
 
 1815. 
 
 The official report of the surrender of that post shows that four 
 hundred Indians of the Sioux, Folle Avoines, Puans, and Chip- 
 pewas, were engaged in the British interest. After the taking 
 of Mac'.vinaw, Col. McKay of the British army proceeded west 
 to Green Bay, passing up the Fox River, and down the 
 Wisconsin, ■with a large force of British and Indians, and cap- 
 tured the Fort at Prairie du Chien after a desperate resistance.' 
 But this renewal of English rule in Wisconsin 
 was only temporary ; and, in 1 815, a United States 
 trading-port was established at Green Bay, and Col. John 
 Bowj'or appointed Indian agent. 
 
 On the IGth of July, 181G, Col. John Miller commenced the 
 
 ,' ,„ erection of Fort Howard with the troops which had 
 arrived. He subsequently returned to Mackinaw, 
 leaving Col. Talbot Chambers in command. The only survivor 
 of those who went there with the troops is Moses Hardwick, a 
 native of Kentucky, now nearly eighty years of age, residing in 
 the town of Scott, a few miles from the city. He came in the 
 first American vessel laden with troops and supplies, in August 
 or September, and anchored in Fox River. In the same year, 
 Judge J. H. Lockwood arrived at Green Bay, finding forty 
 or fifty Canadians of French extraction cultivating the soil. 
 The country then, as also for some eight years following, was 
 under military rule, and extremely arbitrary. Green Bay was 
 then a portion of Indiana Territory ; Vincennes being the seat 
 of government. American settlers began to come in. Previ- 
 ous to this year, there was no regular physician nearer than 
 Mackinaw. 
 
 S. A. Storrow, ' idge-advocate in the army of the United 
 States, was sent by Gen. Jacob Brown to visit the North-west- 
 
 1H17 "^^'^ posts, and on the 19th of September arrived in 
 an open boat at Fort Howard. He found Major 
 Zachary Taylor in command, by whom he was kindly enter- 
 tained, and by the officers of the Third Regiment. While there, 
 he made observations on the ebb and flow of the lake tides. 
 From Fort Howard, he proceeded south, through the eastern 
 tier of counties of Wiscouoin, to Milwaukee and Fort Dearborn, 
 at Chicago. Two young men by the names of Smith and 
 ' See uocuiuit uf the capture of Prairie du Cbien fartlier on in this volume. 
 
BISTORT OF wrscojvsjy. 
 
 105 
 
 1818. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Gunn, grandsons of Capt. Jonathan Carver, left Green Bay 
 this year in a bark canoe for Prairie du Chien, by way of the 
 Fox and Wiscoiisin Rivers, at which place they met Major S. H. 
 Long, and proceeded with him up the Mississippi to the Falls 
 of St. Anthony, with a view to establish their claims to the 
 lands granted by the Indians to their grandfather. 
 
 In the summer of this year, William Farnsworth, now of 
 Sheboygan, and Ramsay Crooks of the American 
 Fur Company, embarked in a birch-bark canoe from 
 Mackinaw, passed up the lake and Green Bay, to the mouth of 
 Fox River, thence through the Fox, Wisconsin, and Mississippi 
 Rivers, to St. Louis. Col. Abraham Edwards of Detroit ar- 
 rived at Green Bay in May ; while there, Inspector-Gen. John 
 E. Wool arrived. The post was then in command of Major Z. 
 Taylor, with John Bow>er as Indian agent. 
 
 In 1819 a census of the Indians was taken, showing that 
 there were forty-ei}.'!it hundred natives in the Green Bay 
 agency. One jear later II. R. Schoolcraft, as one 
 of the expedition under Gov. Lewis Cass, appointed 
 by the government to visit the North-western posts, &c., 
 arrived at Green Bay, by way of the Wisconsin and Fox 
 Rivers, on the 20th of August. The expedition consisted of 
 Gov. Cass, Dr. Alexander Wolcott, Capt. D. 11. Douglas, Lieuts. 
 A. McKay, R. A. Forsyth, C. C. Trowbridge, A. R. Chase, 
 H. R. Schoolcraft, and J. Duane Doty, secretary. He says of 
 Green Bay, that there were over sixty dwellings and five 
 hundred inhabitants, occupying about eighty buildings. The 
 Algonquin name of the jilace is Boatchweewaid, a term which 
 describes an eccentric or abrupt bay or inlet. Of the fort, he 
 says, " Log barracks facing three sides of a square parade, 
 surrounded by a stockade of timber thirty feet high, white- 
 washed, and garrisoned by three hundred men, under Capt. 
 William Whistler, in the absence of Col. J. L. Smith ; also that 
 there was at Camp Smith, three miles above Fort Brown, three 
 hundred infantry. Preparations were being made to erect a 
 permanent fortification of stone." 
 
 Daniel Whitney, for many years one of the most enterjirising 
 men of Green Bay, arrived in this year, and soon 
 after purchased a large tract of land, on which he 
 
 1820. 
 
106 
 
 arsToitr of w/scoxsin. 
 
 1821. 
 
 laid out the embryo city of Green Bay, now constituting the 
 second and tliird wards. His widow and family are still resi- 
 dents of the city. In the same year, Isaac Lee was appointed 
 agent, and visited Green Bay to collect evidence of titles and 
 claims to lands held by the French settlers under Jay's treaty, 
 and to report them to the United-States coipmissioners sitting 
 at Detroit. None were allowed, except such as were occupied 
 in July, 179G ; and few came within the provisions of the Act 
 of Congress. A subsequent Act, passed in 1823, made provision 
 for donation of all such as were occupied July 1, 1812. 
 
 In this year, the steamer " Walk in the Water," which has 
 justly become celebrated in the history of the lake region, left 
 Detroit for Mackinaw and Green Bay, July 31, 
 1821, with two hund ed. passengers and government 
 troops, and arrived at Green Bay, Aug. 5. Among the number 
 was Rev. Eleazar Williams, missionary to the Oneida Indians, 
 with a deputation of the Six Nations. Gen. Albert G. Ellis 
 of Stevens's Point, Wis., accompanied the party, and was, for a 
 time, school-teacher for the mission school of the NcAv-York 
 Indians. Difficulties, however, occurred with the Menomonees, 
 who. gave tl^ Oneidas their land ; and nearly ten years were 
 spent infnagotiatione, which were concluded in 1832 ; and soon 
 after the most of tliis band, and a part of the St. Regis band, 
 removed, and settled in WiscoDsin. 
 
 On the 12th of September, 1822, the schooner " Tiger " arrived 
 at Detroit, from Green Bay, with twelve thousand pounds of 
 lead, transported from the lead-mines, the whole distance 
 by water, except the portage. The other events of this 
 year are as follows : Col. Ebenezer Childs, an early settler, 
 arrived May 20, and made a trip to St. Louis in a birch 
 canoe. The first post-office at Green Bay Wtis established 
 this year, with Robert Irwin in charge. The mail was carried 
 from Green Bay to Detroit, in the winter season, by sol- 
 diers 5 and gr rally two mails within six months were all 
 that were received, A Frenchman named Ulrich was stabbed 
 in October, near Camp Smith, by a Menomonee Indian named 
 Kewabiskim, and another, named Pierre Grignon, was mur- 
 dered near the portage by a Menomonee. The murderers of 
 Ulrich were caught, tried, and convicted at Detroit, and sen- 
 
nrsronr of wiscoNsiy. 
 
 107 
 
 1824. 
 
 tenced to be hung Dec. 27, 1821, at which time a Chippewa 
 Indian named Ketaukah was also hung for the murder of Dr. 
 William S. Madison, near Manitowoc. Father Gabriel Richards 
 of Detroit visited the bay this j'ear. He was afterwards the 
 delegate of Michigan Territory in Congress. 
 
 In July of this year, Hon. Henry S. Baird became a resident 
 of Green Bay, where he remained an active and 
 respected citizen until 1875, Avhen he died. In his 
 "Early History of Northern Wisconsin," he speaks of Green 
 Bay, as it appeared in 1824, as follows : " The grounds around 
 Fort Howard were used mostly for fields of grain, and gar- 
 dens. A portion of the present town of Fort Howard was 
 used as a parade or drill ground. The garrison consisted of 
 four companies of the Third Regiment of United States infan- 
 tr)', and was commanded by the late Gen. John McNeil. The 
 settlement, so called, extended from Fort Howard on the west, 
 and from the premises of tho late Judge J. P. Arndt on the east 
 side of Fox River, to the present village of De Pere, a dis- 
 tance of about six miles ; and beyond De Pere, south or west, 
 there was no white settlement, with the exception of two or 
 three families, until you reached Prairie du Chiei^ a distance 
 of two hundred and fifty miles. There wer^^ix5:'<J^ eight 
 resident American families ; and the families of .the officers 
 stationed at Fort Howard, in number about the same. On the 
 23d of August, J. H. Lockwood was admitted to practice as 
 an attorney by Ji:dge Doty, the first lawyer in the State. He 
 had previously received a commission from the government as 
 prosecuting attorney for the counties of Brown and Crawford. 
 The first term of t!i .ited States Court was held in October 
 of this year, and Hon. H. S. Baird admitted to practice, and 
 appointed prosecuting attornf^y ^ro ^em. The first grand jury 
 of Brown County was impanelled, and found one indictment 
 for murder (a man named Joice, who was tried, and convicted 
 of manslaughter), and forty-two for le?ser offences. 
 
 Col. W. G. Hamilton arrived at Green Bay on the 28th of 
 June, 1825, with a drove of cattle, which he had 
 contracted with the government to deliver at the 
 fort. Ho found Major Whistler in command of the fort, 
 and Col. Brevoort acting in the capacity of Indian agent. 
 
 1825-29. 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Col. E. Childs says he built the first frame house at Green 
 Bay, in this year ; which was, probably, the first house of the 
 kind erected in the State. The Episcopal Church established a 
 mission in 1825, under the superintendence of Rev. Mr. Nash, a 
 worthy missionary ; but it was discontinued in 1827. It was 
 revived in 1829, under the care of Rev. R. Cadle, and again 
 discontinued in 1837. Dec. 2, 1838, Rev. Bishop Kemper con- 
 secrated a church at Duck Creek, erected by Oneidas, the funds 
 being received from the government ; and the following year 
 Rev. Solomon Davis was placed in charge. Gen. Lewis Cass 
 and Col. T. L. ^I'Kenney, commissioners appointed to treat 
 with the Indians at Butte des Morts, met at Green Bay in 1825. 
 J. H. Fonda of Prairie du Chien wab there at the same time. 
 He says, " There were seven or eight hundred persons here, from 
 the native Indian to the sons of Africa, and of all shades of 
 color." The Indian affairs throughout the Territorj' had assumed 
 a threatening aspect. Reports of murders and disturbances 
 had spread through the settlements. Mr. Fonda, at the request 
 of the United States quartermaster, carried the mail to Fort 
 Dearborn through the eastern tier of counties. 
 
 During the year 1827, the missionary society determined to 
 erect extensive buildings for a boarding-school, in which they 
 might educate " children of full or mixed blood." Rev. 
 Richard Cadle was selected to conduct the enterprise. This 
 gentleman labored devotedly as teacher and missionary at 
 Green Bay and its vicinity, and became afterward chaplain at 
 Fort Howard, and, a few years later, at Fort Crawford. The 
 buildings which were erected in 1829 were situated on a high 
 plateau overlooking Fox River, and cost nine thousand dollars. 
 The institution was not a success, and was closed in 1839. 
 
 This year Judge Arndt built the first saw-mill on Indian 
 hind, with the consent of the war department. During the 
 year, a party of men from Green Bay went up the Fox River 
 to Fort Winnebago, co-operating with a force of men under 
 Gen. Atkinson in boats, and Gens. Dodge and Whitesides, with 
 companies of volunteers coming from below. The Indians, 
 finding a formidable army in the midst of their countr)', con- 
 cluded a treaty of peace, and surrendered "ed Wing, who had 
 a year previous massacred a family near Prairie du Chieu. 
 
O^U'U^.ct*^ ^y7^tyu^.i/L^£j^ 
 
110 
 
 niSTORT OF fV/SCOffSm. 
 
 1828. 
 
 In the fall of this year, the Fifth Regiment of United States 
 infantry came in barges from St. Louis up the 
 Mississippi and Wisconsin, and down the Fox 
 Rivers, to Fort Howard, without unloading. The high water 
 enabled them to cross from the Wisconsin to the Fox River, at 
 Portage, fully laden, and to run the rapids of Fox River. A 
 remarkable case of attempt to murder occurred at Fort How- 
 ard in this year. William Prestige, a soldier, entered the 
 quarters of the notorious D. E. Twiggs, then a major, and in 
 command at the post, while he was taking his after-dinner nap. 
 Prestige was armed with a musket, the muzzle of which he 
 put to Twiggs's ear, and pulled the trigger, intending to be, 
 and supposing he was, sure of his victim. The gun missed fire ; 
 but the click of the 1 ok awoke Twijgs, who sprung up and 
 seized the gun, and struck his assailant over the head, inflicting 
 a terrible wound, fracturing the skull, and laying him senseless 
 upon the floor. Prestige had about six months mort to serve 
 out his enlistment ; and Twiggs, instead of turning him over to 
 the civil authorities, to be tried and punished for the offence, 
 detained him a prisoner under his own control, and subjected 
 him to every species of torture he could devise. In the following 
 year (1829), his term of service as a soldier having expired, he 
 was indicted, tried, and, on conviction, sentenced to five years* 
 imprisouiaont. The President (Adams), upon representations 
 to him of the brutal treatment to which Prestige had been 
 subjected by Twiggs, immediately pardoned him. 
 
 A log schoolhouse was built this year. Miss C. Russell 
 taught, and was succeeded by Miss F. Sears. Fort Winnebago 
 was established this season by Twiggs. His prisoner, Prestige, 
 was kept chained to a tree, with no shelter or bedding, and 
 without comfortable clothing. 
 
 In 1829 a Methodist mission was established at Green Bay, 
 by a young Mohawk, who hud been converted 
 Canada. In the month of May, Judge Doty, M. 
 L. Martin, and H. S. Baiid left Green Bay on horseback, 
 and travelled over the country to Prairie du Chien; being 
 the first party of white men that had attempted and accom- 
 plished the journey. In October the first public meeting of the 
 inhabitants of Green Buy was held, — Louis Grignon, chair- 
 
nisTOJtr OF wiBcoifsiif. 
 
 Ill 
 
 man, M. L. Martin, secretary, — to represent to Congresa, among 
 other matters, the necessity of a road from Green Bay to 
 Chicago, and the improvement of the navigation of the Fox 
 River. 
 
 In August of this year, Hon. Erastus Root, John T. Mason, 
 and J. McCall, United States commissioners, arrived ,_ ^ 
 
 1830 
 
 to settle Indian difficulties, but did not succeed. 
 The commission broke up without accomplishing any thing. 
 A little later, a Catholic misHion school was opened by 
 Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli, an Italian priest. The mission was 
 aided by the government, out of the annuities pjvid to the 
 Menomonee Indians. In the same year, the town of Navarino, 
 now known as the north ward of the city of Green Bay, was 
 laid out by Daniel Whitney. Col. Stambaugh, Indian agent, 
 went to Washington with a delegation of the New York 
 Indians, and Menomonees, to settle a difficulty between these 
 nations on the boundaries of their lands. A census report 
 shows that the population of Brown County, in the same year, 
 was fifteen hundred. 
 
 In 1831 the government purchased from the Indians the 
 country lying between Lake Michigan and the Mis- 
 sissippi, Fox, and Wisconsin Rivers. Hitherto these 
 lands, except a narrow strip on both sides of the Fox River at 
 Green Bay, and the reservation of the New York tribes, were 
 owned by the Menomonees and Winnebagoes. Tlie tardiness 
 of the government in acquiring titles to these lands was a great 
 drawback to the settlement and improvement of the country. 
 In the same year. Judge J. D. Doty and Lieut. Centre were 
 appointed commissioners for surveying and locating a military 
 road from Green Bay to Chicago, and west to Prairie du Chien. 
 The year 1832 is memorable on account of the Black Hawk war, 
 which is spoken of at length hereafter. Green Bay was not 
 particularly affected, as the government had made necessary 
 preparation at its post at Fort Howard. It is well known that 
 Black Hawk had invited the tribes at the bay to join the 
 confederacy. This war, for a brief period, retarded immi- 
 gration, and the settlement of the State. 
 
 In 1833 the first newspaper published in Wisconsin made its 
 appearance at Green Bay ; viz., " The Intelligencer." J. V. 
 
 1831-32. 
 
112 
 
 niSTOltr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Snydam and A. G. Ellis were the publishers. The importance 
 of tho improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers was 
 realized by the people of Green Bay ; and a second public 
 meeting was held Nov. 10, 1833, to memorialize Congress on 
 the subject. There were eight muider-trials in the five years 
 terminating in 1833: only three of the parties were executed, 
 all soldiers from the garrisons at Fort Howard and Mackinaw. 
 In July, Daniel Le Roy, M. L. Martin, and P. B. Grignon 
 explored the country from Green Bay, south, as far as Mil- 
 waukee. There were only Indian villages at Milwaukee, She- 
 boygan, Manitowoc, Waukesha, and Fond du Lac. S. Juneau 
 was trading at Milwaukee. Ho was the only white on tho 
 whole route. A United States land-office was opened at Green 
 Bay in 1834; and in the sivme year Judge Arndt shipped the 
 first cargo of lumber from Green Bay to Chicago. It was 
 shipped on Devil River, at the mouth of Hell Creek, and, as 
 Mr. Durrie remarks, was doubtless well seasoned. In 1835 tho 
 town of Astor, now known as the south ward of the city, was 
 opened and laid out by John Jacob Astor and othei-s, on the 
 land formerly owned by John Lawe and the Grignon family, 
 and originally owned by the American Fur Company. Thus we 
 reach 1830, the year in which the first session of the legisla- 
 tive council of Michigan convened at Green Bay, at which a 
 memorial to Congress was drawn up for the formation of the 
 new Territory of Wisconsin. The Territorial Government was 
 established by Congress April 20, 1836, and was fully organ- 
 ized July 4, 183G, as hereinafter recorded. We have in tliis 
 manner run abruptly over the noticeable events in the early 
 history of Green Bay. Many of these same events are treated 
 of at g -cater length in the chapter succeeding that which 
 immediately follows. We have given this brief and pointed 
 chain of events merely as a framework. And we may now 
 turn to . Prairie du Chien, and present some of the principal 
 features in the history of that place in the same manner. 
 
CHAPTER Viri. 
 
 PBAIKIE DU CHIEN FROM 1796 tO 1836. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Description of Prairie du Chien in 1805 — The Fur Trade —War of 1812 — Cap- 
 ture of Prairie du Cliicn — Determined Resistance — Tlio Fur Trade after 
 tlie Peace of 1815 — Major Long's Observations of the Fort and Viilage, &c. 
 
 In the year 1805, Major Z. M. Pike, having been appointed 
 to the charge of an expedition to explore the Upper Mississippi, 
 left St. Louis in August with a party of twenty officers and 
 privates, in a keel-boat. He arrived at Prairie du Chien on the 
 4th of September, and found Capt. Fisher in com- 
 mand at the fort. He proceeded up the river, and 
 returned to Prairie du Chien April 18, 1806. On the 20th, he 
 made a speech to the Puants, and demanded the murderers of 
 two Americans. These the Indians promised to deliver at St. 
 Louis, and to return all British flags and medals in their posses- 
 sion. The ft)llowing is his description of the village : " Situ- 
 ated about a league from the mouth of the Wisconsin. On the 
 east bank is a small pond, or marsh, which runs parallel to the 
 river in the rear of the town, which, in front of the marsh, 
 consists of eighteen dwelling-houses in two streets (near the 
 present Dousman House), sixteen in Front Street, and two in 
 Second Street. In the fear of the marsh (east of the Marais 
 de St. Ferriole, and ne.ar Kane's Hotel) are eiglit dwelling- 
 houses. Part of the houses are framed ; and, in place of weather- 
 boarding, there are small logs lot into mortises made in the 
 uprights, joined close, daubed on the outside with clay, and 
 handsomely whitewashed within. There were eight houses 
 scattered around the country at a distance of one, two, three, 
 and five miles ; making, in the village and vicinity, thirty-seven 
 houses, which, at ten persons to each house, would make a popu- 
 
 113 
 
114 
 
 nisTonr of wiscoysw. 
 
 1806-15. 
 
 lation of three Imndretl and seventy souls. In the spnnjj nncl 
 full, (iwiiKj ti) the concourse of triulers and their engagees, there 
 fire lietweon five lumdred and six hundred. A fair is usually 
 hold in the sprincj, when three hundred or four hundred Indiana 
 ore hero to exchange peltries for goods." lie speaks of the old 
 village, which was a mile below the present one, which had 
 existed during the French occu])ancy of the country. The 
 present village was settled under the English riovernment, 
 and the ground purchased of the Indians. The prairie on 
 which the village is situated is bounded on the rear by 
 hii^h, bald hills. While there, he selected a location for a 
 fort. 
 
 In this year, a trader named Campbell was appointed by the 
 government sub-Indian agent, and by the governor of Illinois 
 as justice of the peace of Prairie du Cliien. Ills 
 price for marrying was one hundred pounds of flour, 
 and, for dissolving the marriiigc-rclation, two hundred jjouuds. 
 On the ISth of June, 1812, the declaration of war against Great 
 Britain was made by Congress. The jn-otection of this part of 
 our frontiers was consideri'd of great importance to ourselves, 
 as its possession was to the British. Early in 1814, the govern- 
 ment aulhoritics at St. Louis fitted out a large boat, having on 
 board all the men that could be mustered, and despatched it 
 up the ^lississippi to protect the upper country. This boat 
 reached Prairie du Chien ; and on its arrival the men com- 
 menced putting the old fort in a state of defence by repairing 
 the outworks, and fortifying it. Not long at'ter taki ig posses- 
 sion. Col. McKay of the British army descended the Wiscon- 
 sin with a large force of British and Indians, piloted by Joseph 
 Rolette of the village. The fort was captiued after a deter- 
 mined resistance against an overwhelming force ; and the 
 utmost exertions of Col McKay were required to prevent an 
 indiscriminate massacre of the Americans by the infuriated 
 Indians. The prisoners were finally put into a boat, and sent 
 down the river. The fort was left in command of Capt. Pohl- 
 man with two Mackinaw companies under Capt. Anderson and 
 Lieut D. Graham.' He continued in command till after the 
 
 > See account of the rapture of Prairie du Chien farther on. 
 
^Z^<1^ .^yL^t^ ^ 
 
 ^t-t-t^ 
 
 a^A-i^c^C^ 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 peace, which ensued the following year, when the fort was 
 evacuated by the British. 
 
 After the peace of 1815, a profitable business was carried on 
 between the merchants of St. Louis and the traders and Indians 
 of the Upper Mississippi. Goods were periodically sent up to 
 the tradera, who, in return, transmitted by the same boats pel- 
 tries and lead. In the period between 1815 and 1820, Col. 
 John Shaw made eight trips in a trading-boat between St. 
 Louis and Prairie du Chien, and visited the lead-mines where 
 the city of Galena now stands. At one time he carried away 
 seventy tons of lead. On the 21st of June, 1816, United 
 States troops took possession of the fort at Prairie du Chien. 
 Brevet Gen. Smythc, colonel of the rifle regiment, in the 
 month of June selected the mound where the stockade had 
 been built, and the ground in front, to include the most 
 thickly inhabited part of the village, for a site to erect Fort 
 Crawford. During the ensuing winter, or spring of 1817, Col. 
 Chambers arrived, and assumed the command ; and, the houses 
 in the village being an obstruction to the garrison, he ordered 
 those houses in front and about the fort (near Col. Dousman's 
 residence) to be taken down by their owners, and moved to the 
 lower end of the village, where he pretended to give them lots. 
 Judge Lockwood arrived Sept. 16, 1816. He says the village 
 at that time was a traders' village of between twenty-five and 
 thirty houses, situated on the banks of the Mississippi, on 
 what is in high water an island, now called the "Old Village," 
 as it was at the time. There were on the prairie at that 
 time about forty farms cultivated along under the bluffs, and 
 enclosed in the common field, each farm divided by a road or 
 highway. This year, there were four companies of riflemen 
 under command of brevet Major Morgan, building the old 
 fort, which was constructed by placing the walls of <he quar- 
 ters and storehouses on the lines, tlie highest outside, and the 
 slope of the roof descending within the fort, with block-houses 
 at two corners, and large pickets on the others, so as to enclose 
 the fort. This fort was erected on the island formed by the 
 river and the Slough of St. Fcrriole. 
 
 In 1817 Major S. H. Long made some observations of the 
 fort and settlement. Ho says of Fort Crawford, tliat it was a 
 
niSTORY CF WISCONSIN. 
 
 117 
 
 on 
 
 square of three hundred and forty feet each side, of wood, with a 
 magazine (twelve by twenty-four) of stone ; that it would accom- 
 modate five companies. The block-houses were two stories high, 
 with cupolas or turrets. The building of the works was com- 
 menced July 3, 1816, by troops under command of Col. Hamilton, 
 previous to w'a'^h time no timber had been cut, or stone quarried, 
 for the purpose. Exclusive of stores, workshops, and stables, 
 the village contained only sixteen dwelling-houses occupied by 
 families. In the rear of the village, about three-quarters of a 
 mile, were four others ; two miles and a half above Avere five ; 
 and at the upper end of the prairie were four, and seven or eight 
 scattered over the prairie ; so that the whole number of family 
 dwellings then occupied did not exceed thirty-eight. The 
 buildings were generally of logs, plastered a\ ith mud or claj' ; 
 and he thinks the village and inhabitants had degenerated since 
 Pike was there (in 1805). The inhabitants were principally 
 of French and Indian extraction. One mile back of the village 
 was the " Grand Farm," an extensive enclosure cultivated by the 
 settlers in common. It Avas about six miles in length, and one- 
 quarter to one-half a mile in width, surrounded by a fence on 
 one bide, and the river-bluffs on the other, thus secured from 
 the depredations of cattle. lie speaks highly of Capt. Dufflicj", 
 the commanding officer. He says of the name of the village, that 
 it derived its name fi'om a family of Indians formerly known by 
 the name of " The Dog ; " that the chiefM name was " The Dog." 
 This family, or band, had become extinc t. The following tradi- 
 tion concerning them came to his knowledge: "that a large 
 party of Indians came down the Wisconsin from Green Bay ; 
 that they attacked the family or tribe of ' The Dogs,' and 
 massacred almost the whole of tlicin, and returned to Green 
 Bay ; that the few who had succeeded in making their escape 
 to the woods returned, after their enemies had evacuated the 
 prairie, and re-established themselves in their former place of 
 residence ; and that they were the Indians u;habiting the prairie 
 at the time it was settled by the French." 
 
 In the spring of this year, a Roman Catholic priest from St. 
 Louis, named Pi*re Pricre, visited Prairie du Chien. He was 
 the first who had visited the place for many years, and perhaps 
 since the settlement. lie organized the Roman Catholic (Church, 
 
118 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 and disturbed some of the domestic arrangements of the inhab- 
 itants. He found several women who had left their husbands, 
 and were living with other men : these he made, by the terror 
 of his church, to return, and ask pardon of their husbands, and 
 to be taken back by them, which they, of course, could not 
 refuse. 
 
 From this time to 1836, when the Territorial Government was 
 organized, the record of Prairie du Chien is a dull routine of 
 unimportant events. The early courts and court-decisions of 
 the place present much of interest ; but these are noticed else- 
 where. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 EAKLY HTSTOKY OP WISCONSIN. 
 
 The War of 1812 in the Xorth-weat — Operations at Prairie du Cliien — Col. McKay 
 and his Forces — An Account of tlie Captnro of I'ralrie ilu Cliieu by Col. 
 ilvKay — Scenes and Incidents of the Surreuder. 
 
 Having referred to the early history of what is now the 
 State of Wisconsin, more particularly in reference to Green 
 Bay and Prairie du Chien, which, in reality, comprised all 
 there was of civilization in this section, it is only necessivry to 
 state thnt the rest of the Territory was occupied almost exclu- 
 sively by Indians, who held tlie title of " eminent domain " 
 by actual possession, although the United States held the 
 supremacy. 
 
 The declaration of war on tlie part of our government against 
 Great Britain was made by Act of Congress on the 18th of 
 June, 181 2; and on the foUowuig day a proclamation of the 
 contest was made. By soma unaccountable neglect or misman- 
 agement on the part of the officers of the government, the 
 information of this important event did not reach the North- 
 western posts until some days after the British authorities in 
 this region had full knowledge of the fact, and were enabled to 
 act accordingly. This egregious blundering, or reprehensible 
 omission of duty, on the part of the officers of the General 
 Government, proved disastrous in the extreme. 
 
 Without going into dutails of the taking of Mackinaw on the 
 17th of July with a force of British, Canadians, and savages, 
 and the crownhig misfortune that befell the American cause in 
 this quarter of the seat of war by the unparalleled act of the 
 surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull, together with fourteen hun- 
 dred brave men longing for battle, to three hundred English 
 
 110 
 
120 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 soldiers, four linndrotl Canadian militia disguised in red coats, 
 and a band of Indian allies; of the unfortunate fate that befell 
 tlie garrison of I'^^rt Dearborn at Chicago, — it is only neces- 
 sary to say that Wisconsin took a part in this contest, even 
 though it presented a small theatre for action. The protection 
 of this part of our frontier was regarded as of great importance 
 to ourselves, as its possession was to the British. Early in 1814, 
 the government authorities at St. Louis had fitted out a large 
 boat, bullet-proof, having on board all the men that could be 
 mustered and spared from tlie lower country, under command 
 of Capt. Yei.ser, and despatched it up tlie Mississippi, to protect 
 the upper country and the few settlers that were then in it. 
 This boat reached Prairie du Chien ; and, immediately on their 
 arrival, the men commenced the Avork of putting the old fort in 
 a state of defence by repairing the outworks, and fortifying it 
 in the best manner they were able. Lieut. Perkins, Avho accom- 
 panied the troops, was directed to take and retain iwsoCi-sion 
 of the place ; and he built a stockade on a large mound near 
 the residence of the late H. \j. Dousman. In the mean time, the 
 traders in the British interest, resorting to Mackinaw as the 
 British headquarters of the North-west, learning of the American 
 occupation of Prairie du Chien in 1814, and anticipating, that, 
 so long as this force should remain there, they Avould be cut off 
 from the trade of that place, its dependencies, and the Sioux 
 country, at once set on foot an expedition for its recapture. 
 The command of the same was confided to Lieut.-Col. William 
 McKay, a man of intelligence, activity, and enterprise, and well 
 fitted to command the contemplated expedition. The party 
 consisted of a sergeant of artillery, with one brass six-pounder 
 (another authority says three pieces of artillery), and three 
 or four volunteer companies of the Canadian voi/ar/curs., com- 
 manded by traders, and officered by their clerks, all dressed in 
 red coats, ■with probably, in all, not less than five hundred, and 
 perhaps more, Indians and half-breeds. A small party of regu- 
 lars, under Capt. Pohlman, was placed under McKays com- 
 mand. The Indians were composed of three bunds of Sioux, 
 under their chiefs, Wau-ba-shaw, or " The Leaf,"' Red Wing, 
 Little Crow, and others ; and the Winnebagoes were in charge 
 of Pe-shen, or " The Wild Cat," Tar-eel, or " The Teal," Car- 
 
122 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ry-marr-nee, Wino-sheek, Sar-ro-chan, Neo-o-kantak, or "Four 
 Legs," and Black ^Volf. 
 
 Col. McKay came with his force in boats to Green Bay, where 
 he tarried to increase his numbers, and make all necessary prep- 
 arations. A company of the Green Bay militia, of about thirty 
 persons, and many of them old men unfit for service, was 
 raised, of which Pierre Grignon Avas captain, Peter Powell and 
 Aug. Grignon, lieutenants. Here about seventy-five Menomo- 
 nees, under Ma-cha-nah, or " The Hairy Hand," I-om-e-tah, 
 Kish-kon-nan-wan-kan-hom, or " The Cutting Off," and a party 
 of about twenty-five Chippewas mixed with the Menomonees, 
 joined the expedition. Mr. Grignon, in his " Recollections of 
 Wisconsin," says, " Our entire force now consisted of four hun- 
 dred Indians and one hundred and fifty whites." Such was liis 
 understanding ; and, if the newspapers of tlie day represented it 
 larger, it was for effect on the part of the British to impress the 
 Americans vnth an idea of their great strength in the North- 
 west, and, on the part of the Americans, in palliation of their 
 loss at Prairie du Chien. 
 
 At length the expedition moved forward up Fox River, the 
 whites in six boats or barges, and the Indians in canoes ; and, 
 carrying their craft over the portage, they descended the Wis- 
 consin. Reaching the old deserted Fox Village on the Wiscon- 
 sin, tAventy-one miles from Prairie du Chien, the force stopped; 
 while Michael Brisbois, Aug. Grignon, a Sioux, and a Winne- 
 bago Indian were despatched to Prairie du Chien in the night 
 to obtain a citizen, and bring him to Col. McKay from whom to 
 obtain intelligence. Descending the river to where the ferry 
 has since been located (Wright's Ferry), some five or six miles 
 from the prairie, they went across by land, and reached the place 
 without difficulty. They saw the sentinel on duty at the fort. 
 They went to Antoine Brisbois, the uncle of Michael Brisbois, 
 one of the part}', who lived throe miles above the town, and 
 took him to where they had left the canoe (the present ferry), 
 then called " Petit Gris." There they awaited the arrival of 
 Col. McKay and his force, Avho made their appearance the next 
 morning early. Mr. A. Brisbois reported the American strength 
 in the garrison at sixty. The party then proceeded down to the 
 mouth of the Wisconsin, and thence up to Prairie du Chien, 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 123 
 
 through a channel, or bayou, between a continuous number of 
 ishinds and the IMississippi. From Mr. Griguon's valuable 
 paper before alluded to, we take the following detail of the 
 capture of the place. The old gentleman was an active parti- 
 cipant in the affray on the British side ; and his memory is very 
 clear on the details, which are the only full accounts we possess 
 of the takuig of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 " They reached the village at ten o'clock, unperceivcd. The day was 
 Sunday, July 14, 1814, and a very pleasant one. The officers of the garri- 
 son were getting ready to take a pleasure-ride into the country, and, had 
 McKay been an hour or two later, tiie parrison would iiave been found 
 without an officer. Nicholas Hoilvin had directed a man to go out and 
 drive up his cattle, as he wished to kill a heifer that day, and have some 
 fresh meat. 
 
 "The man went out, and soon discovered the British approaching, and 
 knew, from the red coats worn by the regulars and Capts. Rolette and 
 Anderson (for none of the rest had any), and the dozen Hritish flags dis- 
 played by tlie Indians, that it was a British force. IIo returned, and 
 informed jAIr. Boilvin, who went and found the report a correct one. Mr. 
 Boilvin, who was the American Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, now 
 hastened to his house, and conveyed his family and valuables to the gun- 
 boat belonging to the fort, for safety. All the citizens now left their houses, 
 and fled from the impending danger, — some to the fort, but mostly to the 
 country. 
 
 " Upon arriving at the town, and making a very formidable display for 
 that quiet place, Roktte and Anderson, with their companies, the Sioux 
 and AVinnebago Indians, were directed to take post above the fort; while 
 Col. McKay himself, with the Green Bay Company, the regulars, the Me- 
 nomonees, and Chippewas, encompassed it below. A flag w!is sent, borne 
 by Capt. Thomas Anderson, demanding the surrender of the garrison, with 
 which demand Lieut. Perkins, the commandant of the post, declined to 
 comply. The six-pounder, under the management of the regulars, was now 
 brought to bear on the gunboat of the Americans. The first shot, however, 
 fired by it, was a blank charge, intended as a sort of a war-flourish, or 
 bravado. But our men did not take a near position, and were, probablj-, half 
 a mile from tlio gunboat, if not more; and hence the firing upon tlie boat 
 by the cannon, and the firing by the guns, were generally ineffectual. When 
 the firing first commenced on the gunboat, Capt. Grignon, with a part of 
 his company, and several Menomonoes, was directed to cross the river in 
 two boats, and take a position on land, so as to annoy, and aid to drive off, 
 the gunboat, the position of which was at first near the middle of the 
 river, but, when fired upon, had moved over nearer tbe western shore. 
 During the day, the gimboat was at least once or twice hit by the balls of 
 the six-pounder, which caused a bad leakage; and which, when the sim waa 
 
124 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 about half an hour high, induced Capt. Yeiser to move down stream. 
 Seeing this movement, tlie Americans on the fort called out to them not to 
 go off ; but, this being unheeded, they fired their cannon at the boat to stop 
 it. Meanwhile, Capt. Gri^non and hia party over the river had been 
 annoying the boat. One writer says that tliis party had taken position on 
 an island opposite Prairie du Chien, covered with timber, wliich served to 
 screen them from the shots of the gunboat. Had we (the British) 
 manned some of our boats, and pursued, we could, \nidoubtedly, have taken 
 it, as we afterwards learned that it leaked so badly, that tiie Americans 
 had to stop at the mouth of the Wisconsin to repair it. The only injury 
 the firing of the latter vessel did was, a ball, before noon, striking a fence- 
 post, some of the slivers of which inflicted a flesh-wound in one of the 
 Menomonees. 
 
 "While this contest was progressing with the gunboat, McKay's party 
 of whites and Indians, on all sides of the fort, kept up an irregular firing 
 of small-arms, which, from their great distance from the fort, was harm- 
 less ; and thus, if they did no harm, they were out of the way of receiving 
 any in return. At length, towards noon, Col. !McKay ordered his men to 
 advance over the Marais de St. Ferriole, a swampy spot, and take a position 
 much nearer the fort, — not more than a quarter of a mile distant. Tliis 
 was obeyed by those on the lower side of the fort, who had a sufRcionry of 
 houses to shield them from the guns of the garrison. From this new posi- 
 tion, the firing was somewhat increased. In tlie fort were four iron cannon, 
 somewhat larger than six-pounders; and these were occasionally fired. 
 It was well known that the gimboat contained the magazine of powder, 
 and that had gone down the river with Capt. Yeiser. A couple of ^Vinne- 
 bagoes, discovering that tliere wore some hams in a house which had been 
 deserted, and to which they could not gain an entrance, mounted upon the 
 roof, intending to tear off some shingles, when they were espied from the 
 fort, and each wounded in the thigh, when they quickly retreated. 
 
 "The second day, the men and Indians amused themselves with some 
 long shooting; but Col. JIcKay and his officers spent the day in counselling 
 as to tlie best course of procedure. 
 
 "It was about resolved to make an assault, and they towards evening 
 assembled the leading Indian chiefs, and laid the plan before them; but the 
 Winnebago chief, Sar-cel, remarked that lie and his people iiad had some 
 experience in assaulting American forts (referring to the attack on Fort 
 Recovery, in 1703), and that they would not like to resort to so hazardous 
 an experiment, but proposed a plan of springing a mine from the river- 
 bank to blow «p the garrison; to which suggestion, Col. McKay answered, 
 ' Go at it.' After spending a part of the evening, and penetrating a dozen 
 or fifteen feet, they gave it up as a bad job, as the fort was several hun- 
 dred feet from the river-bank. 
 
 " Xolhing of moment occurred the third day, except some occasional 
 firing. Col. McKay sent into the country about three miles for a load of 
 straw, which was made up in small bundles to have in readiness to place, in 
 
BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 125 
 
 the darkness of the night, with kega of powder, near the fort, and fire a 
 train of straw leading to the powder, and thus make a breach on the enclo- 
 sure. But this was only designed as a dernier ressort. 
 
 " During thi° day, or the precfding one, a Fox Indian received a spent- 
 ball, which lodged between his scalp and skidl. It was cut out; and the 
 ■wound did not interfere in his sharing in the further events of the siege. 
 On the fourth day. Col. McKay resolved to accomplish something more 
 decisive. About three o'clock in the afternoon, with his troops projierly 
 stationed, and cannon-balls heated red-hot in a blacksmith's forge, I was 
 sent to go around and specially direct the interpreters to order the Indians 
 not to fire on the fort till the cannon should commence playing the hot-shot, 
 and the fort shculd be set on fire. Scarcely had these directions been given, 
 when the Americans, probably seeing from indications that a severe assault 
 of some kind ".vas about to be made, raised the white flag. Two officers 
 now came out, and met Col. McKay; strict orders having been given to the 
 Indians not to fire on these Americans, on the pain of being themselves fired 
 upon by the British troops. The result was, that a surrender was agreed 
 upon. Col. McKay should have possession of the fort and public stores, and 
 the Americans be permitted to retire unmolested in boats down the river. 
 By this time, it was too late to go through a formal surrender, which was 
 postponed till next morning. When the American flag was hauled down, 
 Col. McKay was the first to observe the singular fact, that, though it was 
 completely riddled elsewhere with balls, the representation of tlie Ameri- 
 can eagle was untouched. The Indians, during the whole four days, had 
 directed many shots at the flag, and had shot off one of the cords, which 
 let the banner part way down on the flagstaff; and there it remained till 
 the surrender." 
 
 Several days elapsed before arrangements were completed by 
 which to send the prisoners down the river. Col. McKay gave 
 the Americans their arms as they embarked. Gen. Smith, in 
 his " History of Wisconsin," says, " The utmost exertions of Col. 
 McKay were required to prevent an indiscriminate massacre 
 of the Americans by the infuriated Indians, and the lives of 
 the prisoners were for some time in the most imminent danger, 
 as the exertions of Col. McKay in behalf of humanity were 
 doubtful in their results." Mr. Grignon, in his " Recollections," 
 further says, that Col. McKay had given such strict orders to 
 the Indians against massacring or molesting the Americans, 
 and to the regulars and militia to keep the Indiiins in awe, 
 that nothing, as far as lie knew, transpired that had the least 
 appearance of treachery on the part of the natives. Capt. Pohl- 
 man, with his regulars, remained in command with the two 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Mackinaw companies until after the jieace, which ensued the 
 following year, when the fort was evacuated. 
 
 In connection with the taking of Prairie du Chien, it may be 
 remarked, that iNIajor Campbell liad ascended the river from 
 St. Louis, with a squadron of boats and a detadnnent of United 
 States troops, for the purpose of re-enforcing tlio garrison at 
 Prairie du Chien. When lie arrived at llock Island, he held 
 some comniunication with Black Hawk, Avho was apparently 
 neuiral, at least not openly inimical ; but a party of Indians 
 came down Rock River with the newy of the capture of Prairie 
 du Chien ; and, as tiie boats of Major Campbell had by this time 
 departed, they were immediately pursued by Black Hawk's 
 band, and a severe fight took jilace, in which the Indians 
 captured one of the boats, and Major Campbell liimself was 
 wounded. The expedition continued down the river, having 
 lost several men killed, and others wounded, in the fight. 
 
 A short time after this event, the British commander at Prai- 
 rie du Chien, then called Fort McKay, descended the river to 
 Rock Island, taking with him two field-pieces and a detachment 
 of soldiers : these lie placed in position to check, or at least 
 annoy, any force that might attempt to pass up the river. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 EABLY HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. 
 
 The Early History of the Lead-Mines — The IjooH Excitement— Slavery in the 
 Mines — iJesorlptlon of the Country — Innults to the WlnnelmKoes — Shocking 
 MurJers at I'ralrle dii Chien — The AVlunobagu Outrages — Groat Excitement 
 at Prairie ilii Chlcn — Arrival of Troops. 
 
 There was little of general interest that transpired in this 
 section of country until after the peace of 1815. When that 
 event was made known to the Indian tribes, many were willing 
 and eager to make treaties of peace and friendship with the 
 United States ; and Black Hawk and his band were particularly 
 urged to such a measure by all their fi'iends. Several treaties 
 were entered into at the Portage des Sioux, in 1815, between 
 the United States commissioner and various bands of Indians ; 
 and in May, 1816, by the treaty at St. Louis, Black Hawk con- 
 firmed the treaty of 1804, thereby ceding the lan<fs on Rock 
 River, on which his village was located. 
 
 The settlements of the whites continued to increase in the 
 Indian country ; and, doubtless, many outrages were committed 
 bv 'hem on the persons and effects of the Indians, in order to 
 ha.-icu their voluntary departure from the country which they 
 had ceded to the United States, anl in which already govern- 
 ment surveys had been made, and certificates of land entries 
 issued ; but these matters did not extend in any objectionable 
 manner beyond the northern boundary of the State of IlUnois. 
 A lucrative business was carried on between the merchants of 
 St. Louis and the traders and Indians of the Upper jMississippi. 
 Goods were sent to the traders, who, in return, transmitted 
 peltries and lead. At Galena, the Indians had about twenty 
 furnaces, which they managed in their unskUful manner; 
 
 128 
 
nisTonr of wisconsis. 
 
 129 
 
 and Col. John Sliaw, formerly of this State, states, that, between 
 ISlf) and 1820, lie made eight trips from St. Louis to Prairie du 
 Chien, visiting the lead-mines at Galena; and at one time car- 
 ried away seventy tons of lead. 
 
 The exact date of the discovery of lead in Wisconsin does not 
 appear; but C- ^)t ' nathan (Carver visited the IJluo Mounds in 
 17CG, and speaks of lead as abounding there at Sunk Prairie, on 
 the Wisconsin River. lie says, "So plentiful is lead here, that 
 I saw liirge quantities of it lying about the streets in the town 
 belonging to the Saukies." In 1822 the leud-trade began to 
 attract attention ; and Mr. James Johnson, a government con- 
 tractor for the army, made a treaty with the Indians, and ob- 
 tained leave to work the mines for a limited time, probably four 
 years, as they left in 182G. Mr. Johnson let in other parties to 
 dig ; and one firm of the name of Ware brought from fifty to 
 four hundred negro slaves. In 1826 there was a great rush of 
 miners to Galena, somewhat like the California excitement at a 
 later period. Mr. J. S. Miller located at Gratiot's Grove ; John 
 Ilay, near Platteville ; William Adney, near Hazel Green ; J. 
 Armstrong and J. W. Shulls, at Shullsburg; and Ebenezer 
 Brighara and John Ray, at the Blue Mounds. 
 
 This advent of the miners upon the territory of the Winne- 
 bago Indians, without any treaty, deprived them of their previ- 
 ous profit in the lead-trade, and, with other difliculties, was the 
 cause of much trouble. 
 
 Col. Charles Wliittlesey, who made a tour through Wiscon- 
 em in 1832, writes as follows in reference to the mining-coun- 
 try : — 
 
 " On the second day we passed the foot of the Blue Mound. It is a high 
 hill of regular ascent, overlooking the country, and sencs as a beacon to 
 the traveller thirty miles distant. At night we slept in a bloclc-house in the 
 mining-district. Within sight of the station, a newly-made grave lay at the 
 roadside, in the miiist of a solitary prairie. The person over whom it was 
 raised had ventured too far froni the house, and approached a thicket of 
 bushes. Suddenly a band of concealed Indians sprang upon him, with the 
 fatal whoop on their tongues. His scalp, heart, and most of his flesh, were 
 soon stripped from the body, and a savage dance performed about the 
 remains. 
 
 " The country is still prairie, with scattering tnfts of inferior timber. 
 The huts of the miners had been deserted on account of the difHculties now 
 
130 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tenninated; and the business of making lead was about to recommence. 
 Occasionally a farm iiii;;lit be seen running out from an island of timber, 
 and supplied with comfortable buildings. But most of the improvements 
 were of a temporary nature, consisting of a lead-furnace and the cabins 
 adjacent. The process of reducing lead-ore is very simple and rapid. The 
 fui'nace is a face-wall, about two feet thick, located upon a gentle slope of 
 the ground, with an arch or passage through the centre. On each side of 
 the arched opening, and in the rear or up-liill side, two wing-walls run out 
 transversely to the face- wall, between whicli the wood is laid. The ore is 
 placed upon it, and a continual fire kept up. The lead gradually separates 
 from the dross, and runs into a cavity in front of the arch. 
 
 "The 'mining-district' east of the Mississippi must include ten thou- 
 sand square miles. Galena, or lead-ore, is found in veins, or threads, more 
 often in a square form, of various sizes, and running in all directions with 
 the horizon. They are liable to disappear suddenly, to enlarge and dimin- 
 ish in size, to combine with other materials, rendering the operations of 
 mining very uncertain. Their course is generally straight, and not curved, 
 seldom exceeding a foot in breadth. The analysis yields eighty-five to 
 ninety per cent of lead, of which the first smelting of the furnace extracts 
 about seventy-five per c.nt. It requires skill and experience to discover the 
 vein, but very little of either to work it when discovered. The limestone 
 formation of Green Bay and lake Jlichigan extends to this region, embra- 
 cing copper ore at Mineral Point, and at other places. At this time the 
 government leased the ground to practical miners, who rendered a propor- 
 tion of the product in kind. In consequence of tiie derangements of the 
 times, although the supply was small, lead was then dull at three cents per 
 pound. The supply appears to be inexhaustible. In one respect, this 
 r?gion differs from the mineral regions of other countries. There are but lew 
 veins that justify a pursuit to great depths; and, although they are very 
 numerous, the pits and trenches are easily filled up, and the rich soil loft in- 
 capable of cultivation. The great drawback upon the agricultural prospects 
 of the mining-district ari.ses from the consumption of the little timber that 
 grows there in melting the lead. IIow long the , >rcsence of tliis mineral has 
 been known, and its value understood, is not exactly known; but there are 
 mines which were worked by the French soon after they ascended the 
 Mississippi. The Indians could scarcely have found use for it before the 
 introduction of fire-arms among them. 
 
 "Arriving at GalcMia, v. e found the place crowded with people. The 
 mineral riches of the Dubuque country were well known; and it was ex- 
 pected that Gen. Scott would secure the title to a considi'i able tract west of 
 the river, including the richest mines. The negotiation was still pending 
 at Rock Island relative to the purchase. Thousands of adventurers lined 
 the eastern shore of the Jlississippi, ready to .seize upon the possession and 
 pre-emption rights in the new Territory the moment they became perfect. 
 In this case, as in many otliers, guards of soldiers wer» necessary to keep 
 the whites from taking unlawful occupancy of Indian lands. It has become 
 
JIISTOItY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 131 
 
 fashionable to abuse the government for its conduct toward the red men. 
 5Iy observation lias, on the contrary, led me to admire, rather than to cnn- 
 dnmn, the practice of the Federal authority in thin respect, believinjj, that 
 in general, its magnanimity, kijidnoss, and protection demand the lasting 
 gratitude of the Indian race." 
 
 In the early p<irt of the year 1827, a party of twentj'-four 
 Chippewas, being on their way to Fort SncUing, at the mouth 
 of St. Peter's River, were surprised and attacked by a war-party 
 of the Winnebagoes ; and eiglit of them were killed. The com- 
 mandant of the United States troops at the fort took four of 
 the offending Winnebagoes prisoners, and (certainly with great 
 imprudence) delivered them into the hands of the exasperated 
 Chippewas. who immediately put tliem to death. This act was 
 greatly resented by a chief of the Winnebagoes, named " Red 
 Bird," and in addition to this source of enmity was to be added 
 the daily encroachment of the whites in the lead-region ; for at 
 this time they had overrun the mining-country from Galena to 
 the Wisconsin River. In the spirit of revenge for the killing 
 of the iuMY Winncbagoo ■;, Red Bird led a war-party against the 
 Chippewas, by whom he was defeated, and thus, having been 
 disappointed, he turned the force of his resentment against the 
 whites, whom he considered as having not only invaded his 
 country, but as having aided and abetted his enemies in the 
 destruction of his peojile. 
 
 Some time previously, a murder by the Winnebagoes had 
 been committed in the family of a Mr. Mcthodc, near Prairie du 
 Chien, in which several persons had been killed. It was appar- 
 ent that a spirit of enmity between the Indians and the wliites 
 had been now effectually stirred up ; and, for the first time since 
 the war of 1812, disturbances were daily looked for by the 
 settlers and minei-s. 
 
 On the 28th of June, 1827, Red Bird, We-Kaw, and three of 
 tlieir companions, T.itcred the liouse of Registre (iiignier, about 
 three miles from Prairie du Chien, where they remained several 
 hours. At last, when ]Mr. Gagnicr least expected it. Red Bird 
 levelled his gun, and shot him dead on liis hearthstone. A j)er- 
 son in the building, by the name of Sip Cap, who was a hired 
 man, was slain at the same time by We-Kaw. ^Madame Gagnier 
 turned to fly with her infant of eighteen months. As she was 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 i;l)nut to leap through the window, tlio child was torn from hor 
 ayins by We-Kaw, stabbed, scalped, and thrown violently on the 
 floor as dead. 
 
 The murderer then attacked the woman, but gave way when 
 she snatched up a gun that was leaning against the wall, and 
 presented it to his breast. She then effected her escape. Her 
 eldest son, a lad of ten years, also shunned the murderers ; and 
 they both arrived in the village at the same time. The alarm 
 was soon given ; but, Avhen the avengers of blood arrived at 
 Cragnier's house, they found in it nothing living but his mangled 
 infant. It was carried to the village, and, incredible as it may 
 seem, it recovered. 
 
 Red Bird anil his companions immediately proceeded from 
 the scene of their crime to the rendezvous of their band. Dur- 
 ing tiieir absence, thirty-seven of the warriors Avho acknowl- 
 edged the authority of Red Bird, had assembled, with their 
 wives and cliildren, near the mouth of the Bad Axe River. 
 They received the murderers with joy, and loud approbation of 
 their exploit. A keg of liijuor which they had secured was set 
 abroach ; and the red men began to drink, and, as their spirits 
 rose, to boast of what they had already done and intended to do. 
 Two days did they continue to revel ; and on the third the 
 source of their excitement gave out. They were, at about four 
 in the ai'ternonn. dissipating the last fumes of their excitement 
 in the scalp-dance, when they descried one of the keel-boats, 
 which had a few days before passed up the river witli provisions 
 for the troops at Fort Snelling, on her return in cliarge of Mr. 
 Lindsay. Forthwith a proposal to take her, and massacre the 
 orev, , was made, and carried by acclamation. They counted 
 upon doing this without risk ; for they had examined her on the 
 way up, and supposed there were no arms on board. 
 
 Mr. Lindsay's boats had descended the river as far as the 
 village of Wa-ba-shaw, where they expected an attack. The 
 Didcotahs on shore were dancing the war-dance, and hailed 
 their ajjproach with insults and menaces, but c'ld not, how- 
 ever, offer to obstruct their passage. The whites now sup- 
 ])(iscd the danger over ; and, a strong wind at that moment 
 beginning to blow uj) stream, the boats parted companj'. So 
 Ktrong was the wind, that all the force of the sweeps coiUd 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 scarcely stem it ; and, by the time the foremost boat was near 
 the encampment at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, the crew 
 were very willing to stop and rest. One or two Frenchmen, or 
 half-breeds, who were on board, observed hostile appearances on 
 shore, and advised the rest to ' ■"'■ th'" middle of the stream ; 
 but their counsel was disregarac ost of the crew were 
 
 Americans, who, as usual with our cj rymen, combined a pro- 
 found ignorance of Indian eliaracter witii a thorough contempt 
 for Indian prowess. They urged tlie boat directly toward the 
 camp with all the force of the sweeps. There Avere sixteen men 
 on deck. It may be well to observe here, that this, like all keel- 
 boats used in the J^Iississippi Valley, was built almost exactly 
 on the model of the I'.rie and Middlesex Canal boats. 
 
 The men were rallying their French companions on their ap- 
 prehension, and the boat (named " Oliver II. Perry) " was within 
 thirty yards of the shore, Avhen suddenly tlie trees and rocks 
 rang witli the blood-chilling, ear-piercing tones of the war- 
 whoop ; and a volley of rifle-balls rained upon the deck. Hap- 
 pily the Winnebagoeu had not yet recovered from the effects of 
 their debauch, and their arms were not steady. One man only 
 fell from their fire. He was a little negro named Peter. His leg 
 was dreadfully shattered, and he afterwards died of the wound. 
 A second volley soon came from the shore ; but, as the men were 
 lying at the bottom of the boat, they all escaped but one, who 
 was shot through the heart. Encouraged by the non-resistance, 
 the Winnebagoes rushed to thoir canoes, with intent to board. 
 The whites, having recovered from their first panic, seized tlicir 
 arms ; and the boarders Avere received witli a very severe dis- 
 charge. In one canoe, two savages were killed with the same 
 bullet, and several were wounded. The attack was continued 
 until night, when one of the party (named Mandeville), who 
 had assumed command, sprang into the water, followed by four 
 others, Avho succeeded in setting the boat afloat, and went down 
 the stream. 
 
 Thirty-seven Indians were engaged in tliis battle, seven of 
 whom were killed, and fourteen wounded. They managed to 
 put six hundred and ninety-three bullets into and tlirough the 
 boat. Two of the crew were killed outright, two mortally, and 
 two slightly woiuuled. The i^resence of mind of ^landeville 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 135 
 
 imdoubtecUj' saved tlie rest, as well as the boat. Mr. Lindsay's 
 boat, the rear one, did not reach the mouth of the Bad Axe 
 until midnight. Tlie Indians opened a fire upon her, which was 
 promptly returned ; but, owing to the darkness, no injury was 
 done, and the boat passed on safely. 
 
 The date of the attack on these keel-boats is stated by Judge 
 J. H. Lockwood to have been June 26. Gen. Smith's " History 
 of Wisconsin " says June 30, on the authority of Judge Doty. 
 It is, however, quite certain, that the murder of the Gagnier 
 family, and the boat-attacks, were on the same day. 
 
 Great was the alarm at J'ruirie du Chien when the boats 
 arrived there. The people left their houses and farms, and 
 crowded into the dilapidated fort. An express was immediately 
 sent to Galena, and another to Fort Snelling, for assistance. A 
 company of upwards of a himdred volunteers soon arrived from 
 Galena, and the minds of the inhabitants were quieted. In a 
 few days, four imperfect companies arrived from Fort Snelling. 
 The consternation of the people of the lead-mines was great, and 
 in all the frontier settlements. This portion of the country then 
 contained, as is supposed, about five thousand inhabitants. A 
 great many of them fled from the country. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 EAELY HISTORY — WLNNEBAGO WAR. 
 
 Major Whistler's Operatioua — The Surreuder near the Portage — Knd of the 
 War — Treaty of Pea o — An Indian prefers Honor to Life — A Kative prizes 
 his Word liiglier tlian Life — A Well-merited Reprieve. 
 
 On the 1st of September, 1827, Major William Whistler, with 
 governmeut troops, .arrived at the portage ; and, while here, an 
 express arrived from Gen. Atkinson, announcing his approach, 
 and directing the former to lialt ami fortify himself at the port- 
 age, and wait his arrival. The object of the joint expedition of 
 Gen. Atkinson from Jefferson barracks, below St. Louis, and 
 of Major Whistler from Fort Howard, on Green Bay, was to cap- 
 ture those who had committed the murders at Prairie du Cliien, 
 and put a stop to any further aggression. At the opening of 
 the council at La Butte des Morts, between tlie government 
 and the Indians, the Winnebagoes were advised that the secu- 
 rity of their people lay in the surrender of the murderers of the 
 Gagnier family. While Major Whistler was at the portage, he 
 received a call in a mysterious way. An Indian came to his 
 tent, and informed him, that, at about three o'clock the next 
 day, " they will come in." In reply to the question, " Who will 
 come in ? " he said, " lied Bird and We-Kau." After making 
 tliis answer, he retired by the way he came. At three o'clock 
 the same day, another Indian came, and took position in nearly 
 the same place, and in tlie same way, when, to like questions, 
 he gave like answers; and at sundown a third came, confirm- 
 ing what the two had said, adding that hifhad, to secure that 
 object, given to the families of the murderers nearly all his 
 property. 
 
 Col. McKcnney in his " Tour of the Lakes," 1827, who ac- 
 
 136 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 137 
 
 companied Judge Doty as one of the commissioners to meet the 
 Indians iit La Butte des Mort, and who was of Major Wliistler's 
 party, referring to this matter, says, — 
 
 " There was something heroic in this voluntary surrender. The giviiicr- 
 away of property to the families of the guilty parties had nothing to do with 
 their determination to devote tiiemselves for tlio good of tlieir people, but 
 only to reconcile those who wore about to be bereaved to the dreadful exp(v 
 di;;nt. The heroism of the purpose is seen in the fact that the murders com- 
 mitted at Prairie du Chien were not wanton, but in retaliation for wrongs 
 committed on this people by the whites. The parties murdered at the prai- 
 rie were, doubtless, innocent of the wrongs and outrages of which the In- 
 dians complained; but the law of Indian retaliation does not require that ho 
 alone who commits a wrong shall suffer for it. One scalp is held due for 
 another, no matter whose head is tiiken, provided it bo torn from the crown 
 of the family, or people wlio may have made a resort to this law a neces- 
 sity." 
 
 About noon of the day following, says the same writer, — 
 
 " There were seen descending a mound on the portage a body of In- 
 dians. Some were mounted, and some wore on foot. By the aid of a glass, 
 we could discern the direction to be towards our position. Tliey bore no 
 arms, and we were at no loss to undei-stand that tlie promise made by the 
 tliree Indians was about to be fulfilled. In the course of half an hour, they 
 had approached within a .short distance of the crossing of Fox River, when 
 on a sudden we heard a singing. Those who were familiar with the air 
 said, ' It is a death-song.' When still nearer, some present, who knew him, 
 said, 'It is Tied Dird singing his death-song.' The moment a halt was 
 made, preparatory to crossing over, two scalp-yells were heard. 
 
 " The Menomoneos and other Indians wlio had accompanied us wore 
 lying careli'.ssly about the ground, regardless of what was going on; but, 
 when tlie ' scalp-yells ' were uttered, they sprang as one man to their feet, 
 seized their rifles, and were ready for battle. They were at no loss to know 
 ■what these ' yells ' were; l)ut they had not lieard with suffieient accuracy to 
 decide whether they indicated scalps to bo taken or given, but doubtless in- 
 ferred the first. 
 
 " Bargi.; were sent across to receive, and an escort of military to accom- 
 pany them within our lines. The white flag which we had seen in the dis- 
 tance was borne by Ued Piird. 
 
 " And now the advance of the Indians had reached half np the ascent of 
 the bluff on which was our encampment. In the lead was Car-i-mi-nie, a 
 distinguished chief. Arriving on tlie level upon which was our encamp- 
 ment, and order being called, C'ar-i-mi-nio spoke, saying, ' Tiiey are here. 
 Like braves they have come in ; treat them as braves; do not put them in 
 irons.' Tliis address was made to me. I told him I was not the big cap- 
 tain. Ilis talk nmst be made to Major Whistler, who would, I had no doubt, 
 
188 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIS. 
 
 do whut was right. Jlr. Marsh, tlie sub-agent, being there, an advance was 
 made to liim, and a liopc expressed that the prisoners might be turned ovei 
 to him." 
 
 For the remainder of the incidents connected with this sur- 
 render Mr. McKeiuiey quotes from a letter adtlressed by liim to 
 Hon. James Barbour, secretary of war : — 
 
 " The military liad been prt!viously drawn out in a line. Tlii> Menomo- 
 nee and WabanackiR (Oiioida) Iiulian.s were in groups, upon tlii'ir liainiclics, 
 on our left ilank. On thu ri.t;ht Nvas tlie band of nuisic, a little in advance 
 of the line. In front of the centre, about ten paces distant, were the mur- 
 derers. On their right and left were those who had accompanied thorn, 
 forming a semicircle; the magnificent Red liird and the miserable-looking 
 AVoKau a little in advance of tlie centre. All eyes were fixed on tiie lied 
 Itird. as well they might bo; for, of all the Indians I oversaw, he is, without 
 exception, the most perfect in form, face, and gesture. In hcigiit ho is 
 about six fci^t, straight, but witliout restraint. His proportions arc those 
 of most exact symmetry; and these embrace the entire man, from his head 
 to his feet. During my attempted analysis of this face, I could not but 
 ask myself. Can this man be a murderer? 
 
 '• He and AVe-Kau were told to sit down. At tliis moment the band 
 struck up Plcyel's Hymn. Every tiling was still. Red IJird turned his 
 eyes toward the band. The nuisie having ceased, ho took up his poueli, and, 
 taking from it kinnikinnic and tobacco, cut the latter in the palm of his 
 hand, after the Indian fashion; then, rubbing the two togetlier, filled the 
 bowl of his calumet, struck fi'o on a bit of punk with his flint and steel, 
 lighted, and smoked it. All sat, except tlie speaker. The subject of what 
 they said w;is as follows : — 
 
 "We were recjuired to bring in the murderers. They had no power 
 over any, except two : the third had gone away ; and these had voluntarily 
 agreed to come in, and give themselves up. As their friends, they had come 
 with them. They hoped their white brothers would agree to accept the 
 horses, of which there were, perhaps, twenty; the meaning of wliieli was, 
 to take them in commutation for the hves of tlieir two friends. They asked 
 kind treatment for them, and earnestly besought that tliey might not be put 
 in irons, and concluded by asking for a little tobacco, and something to eat. 
 
 " Tliey were answered, and told in substance that they h.ad done well thus 
 to come in. I?y having done so, they liad turned away our guns, and saved 
 thoir people. They were admonished against placing tiienLselves in a like 
 situation in tlie future, and advised, when they were aggrieved, not to resort 
 to violence, but to go to their agent, who would inform the (rreat Father of 
 their complaints, and he would redress their grievances ; that their friends 
 should be treated kindly, and tried by the same laws by which their Great 
 Fatiier's white children were tried ; that, for tiie present, Red llird and 
 Wo-lvau should not be put in irons ; that they sliould all have Bometiiing to 
 eat, and tobacco to smoke. 
 
140 
 
 IJ I STORY OF W J SCON SIN. 
 
 " Having beard this, Red Bird stood up; the commanding officer, Major 
 Whistler, a few paces iu front of the centre of the line, facing him. After 
 a moment's pause, and a quick survey of the troops, ho spoke, saying, '/ 
 am ready.' 'i'lien, advancing a step or two, ho paused, saying, 'I do not 
 wish to ho put ill irons. Let mo he free. 1 have given away my hfe: it is 
 gone ' [stooping, and taking some dust hetwceii his finger and thunih, and 
 Mowing it away], 'iikotiiat,' eying the dust as it fell and vanished from 
 his sight, adding, ' I would not take it back : iV is f/one. ' Having thus spoken, 
 ho threw ins liaiids behind him, and marched up to Major Whistler, breast 
 to breast. A platoon was wheeled backwards from the centre of the line, 
 when, the major stepping asiile, Red 15ir<l ancl We-Kau marched through 
 the lino, in cliargo of a file of men, to a tent provided for them in the rear, 
 where a guard was set over them. The comrades of the two captives then 
 left the ground by the way they had come, taking with them our advice, and 
 a supply of meat, flour, and tobacco. 
 
 " Wc-Kau, the miserable-looking b'ing, the accomplice of tho Red 
 Bird, was iu all things the opposite of that unfortunate bravo. Never 
 were two persons ") totally unlike. 1'lie one seLincd a prince, and as if 
 born to command, i, .d worthy to be obeyed ; the other, as if he had been 
 born to be hanged, — meagre, cold, dirty in his person and dress, crooked in 
 form, like the starved wolf, gaunt, hungj', and bloodthirsty; his entire ap- 
 pearance indicating the presence of a spirit waiy, cruel, and treacherous. 
 The prisoner.^ were committed into safe keeping at I'rairio du Chien, to 
 await their trial in tho regular courts of justice for murder." 
 
 In the course of the year, the people of the lead-mines in- 
 creased in numbers and in strength, and encroached upon the 
 Winnebago lands. The Winnebagocs complained in vain. The 
 next spring the murderers of JMethode and tlie otlier Indian 
 prisoners were tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. A 
 deputation of the tribe went to Washington to solicit their 
 pardon. President Adams granted it on the imjjlied condition 
 that the tribe would cede the lands then in the possession of 
 tho miners. The Winnebagocs have kept their word, and 
 Madame Gagnier has been compensated for the loss of her 
 husband and the mutilation of her infant. At the treaty held 
 at Prairie du Chien in 1829, provision wa.i made for two sec- 
 tions of land to Madame Gagnier and her two children ; and 
 the government agreed to pay her the sum of fifty dollars per 
 annimi for fii'teen years, to be deducted from the annuity to tlie 
 Winnebago Indians. 
 
 Red Bird died in prison ; and We-Kau died of the small-pox 
 at the prairie, in 183G. In closing this accomit of the troubles 
 
11 /STORY OF WlSCOtfSfX. 
 
 141 
 
 at Prairie du Chien, we pivc an anecdote which places the 
 Winnebago charactor in a more aniialile light than any before 
 rchited. Tiie militia of I'rairie dn C'hien, inunediately after the 
 aft'air of the boats, seized the old chief, I)e-kau-ray, and four 
 other Indians ; and he was informed, that, if Red Bird hhoidd not 
 be given uj) within a ccrtuin time, he and the others were to 
 die in his place. Tiiis he steadfastly believed. A messenger, 
 a young Indian, was sent to inform the tribe of the state of 
 affairs ; and several days had elapsed, and no information was 
 received of the murderers. The dreadful day was near at liand ; 
 and De-kau-ray, being in bad state of health, asked permission 
 of the officer to go to the river to indulge in his long-accustomed 
 habit of bathing in order to improve his health ; upon which 
 Col. Snelling told him, if he would promise, on tlie iionor of 
 a chief, tiiat he would not leave town, he might have his lib- 
 erty, and enjoy all his privileges, until the day appointed for his 
 execution. Accordingly, he first gave his hand to the colonel, 
 thanking him for his friendly offer, then raised both hands aloft, 
 and in the most solemn adjuration promised that he would not 
 leave the bounds prescribed ; and said, if he had a hundred lives, 
 he would sooner lose them all than forfeit his word. lie was 
 then set at liberty. He was advised to flee to the wilderness, 
 and make liis escape. " But no ! " said he : " do you think I 
 prize life above honor?" He then complacentl}' remained until 
 nine days of the ten which he had to live had elapsed, and 
 still nothing was heard promising the apprehension of the 
 murderers. His immediate death became apparent ; but no 
 alteration could be seen in the countenance of the chief. It 
 BO happened, tlu't, on that day. Gen. Atkinson arrived, with his 
 troops, from JeL'^rson barracks ; and the order for the execution 
 was countermanded, and the Indians permitted to return to 
 their homes. "There can be no doubt," says Judge Doty, 
 " that the murder referred to was intended by the Winnebagoes 
 as the fii'st act of hostility in the commencement of a war upon 
 the whites." 
 
 It is an error that many writers have fallen into, in saying 
 that some of the Indians implicated in this tragedy were exe- 
 cuted. This is not so : no one was executed. 
 
 This outbreak was generally termed the " Winnebago War," 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 in contra-{lit*tinction to the Black Hawk war of 1832. Thia 
 first outbreak was soon quieted. The re.-.toiatiun of traiiiiuil- 
 lity brouglit with it, as before roinurked, an influx of miners 
 and settlers in the Itad-region ; and an impulse was quickly 
 given to a great portion of Western Wisconsin, which afforded 
 every promise of future prosperity. The lake-shore and the 
 interior of the Territory did not, as yet, in an}- considerable 
 degree, receive the benefits of industrial immigration. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PIONEER RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 Early Softlors — Pioneer Agriculture — Mills — Prices ami Features of TrafBc — 
 esting Reminiscences — Sketches of Travel and Adventure. 
 
 So )ount of the manner and customs of the early 
 
 settlers of the Territory will prove interesting. It Avill be 
 remcraberetl that Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were the 
 only places where the whites cultivated the arts of peace, 
 before the lands in other portions came into possession of the 
 government. At Prairie du Chien the farmers were a thrfity 
 and industrious people, perhaps more so than at Green Bay. 
 They raised a large quantity of small grain, such as wlieat, 
 barley, oats, pease, and also some potatoes and onions. Every 
 two or three farmers, says Judge Lockwood, had a horse 
 flouring-mill ; the stones being cut from the granite rock found 
 in the country. There they ground their wheat, and sifted the 
 floiu- by hand. The surplus flour was sold to the Indian traders 
 for goods, or exchanged with the Indians for venison, ducks and 
 geese, or dressed deer-skins, as there was no money in circula- 
 tion in the country. Any purchase made was payable in goods 
 from the traders, or flour from the inhabitants. The manner in 
 which the traders dealt with tlie farmers was as follows : They 
 let the farmer set his price on any thing he had to sell, without 
 grumbling, or saying any thing about its beii'g high, as it was 
 payable in goods, the trader charging his price for the goods ; 
 so that each party got all he asked, and neither had cause 
 for complaint : but, of course, the trader was not the loser by 
 the transaction. Mr. M. Brisbois related a transaction to 
 Judge Lockwood, which took place between himself and a 
 farmer by the name of Lariviere. This man was ambitious 
 
 148 
 
144 
 
 njiTonr or w /scons rN. 
 
 to pass with his neij^hbors for the best farmer in the country, 
 and went to Mr. Brisbois to see what he was paying for 
 flour, which at tliat time was worth six dolhu's per hundred 
 pounds. But Mr. Lariviere, desirous of the opportunity of 
 boasting to his neighbors that he had gotten more for Ms 
 flour timu thej' did, expressed a wi.sli tliat j\Ir. Brisbois would 
 pay liim more tlian tlie marlvet-prico for the same ; wliich the 
 former declined to do. " Oh ! " said Mr. Lariviere : " 3'ou can 
 make it up by charging more for the goods with which you 
 pay me ; " r>nd so they closed the bargain, not to Mr. Brisbois' 
 loss. The prices compared somewhat like this: when flour 
 was worth eight dollars per hundred pounds, hyson or young 
 hyson tea was worth eight dollars per pound ; if the flour 
 was Avorth only six dollars, tea would remain the same price. 
 When the farmer got nine dollars per bushel for onions, 
 and one dollar per dozen for eggs, lie paid the above price 
 for tea. The women at the prairie, mostly daughters of the 
 'ndian traders, liad been raised in the habit of drinking a great 
 >'jal of tea in the Indian country, where other beverage for 
 children couhl not be procured : and it thus became, from long 
 habit with them, almost a necessary of life, and they would 
 make any sacrifice to obtain their favorite beverage. When 
 (^g'^X-^ were worth one dollar jior dozen, rosin soap was worth 
 one dollar per pound ; and calico that at this date would be f.;old 
 for ten or fifteen cents per yard was then sold at two dollars 
 per yard, clay pipes at forty cents each, and conuuon tobacco 
 at about two dollars per pound. So much flour was made at 
 Prairie du Cliicn at this time, that in 1820 Joseph Kolette 
 contracted with the go.v.riiment to supply the two companies 
 at Fort Crav. lord with it ; they preferring tlie coarse flour of 
 the prairie, which was sweet, to tiie fin(; flour transported by 
 keel-boats on the long voyage fr<i;n Pittsburg, wliicli would 
 be sour on its arrival. 
 
 The lands about Prairie du Cliien were not purchased from 
 tho Indians, and none surveyed, except the private claims on 
 the prairie, for many years after the government took posses- 
 sion of it as a military post. There were not, until 1835, any 
 Americans who emigrated to the prairie for settlement ; and 
 even then, as the country about was luit in market, very few 
 eame. 
 
146 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 It may be remarked, that, of all the foreigners that came to 
 this section of the country, the Canadians of French extraction 
 seemed to have the least idea of the privileges of American 
 citizenship. It appeared almost impossible to ins+'l in their 
 minds any thing of the independence of self-government ; and 
 this was not entirely confined to the uneducated, but would 
 apply more or less to the partially-educated classes. They did 
 not consider it a privilege to vote for the officers who were to 
 govern them, and considered it only desirable to use the elective 
 franchise in order to gratify some friend who has asked them 
 to vote for himself or his _ candidate ; and, when so requested, 
 they were too polite to refuse, unless a previous promise had 
 be"n made to some other. 
 
 The early inhabitants of Green Bay were very much the 
 same as at Prairie du Chicn. In 182-4 there were but six or 
 eight resident American families ; and the families of the 
 officers stationed at Fort Howard, in number about the same. 
 The character of the people Avas a compound of civilization 
 and primitive simplicity, exhibitinc: the polite and lively charac- 
 teristics of the French, and the thoughtlessness and improvi- 
 dence of the aborigines. Possessing the virtues of hospitality, 
 and the warmth of heart unknown to residents of cities, 
 untrammelled by the etiquette and conventional rules of 
 modern " Ir ' life," they were ever ready to receive and enter- 
 tain their iimals, and more intent upon the enjoyment of tlie 
 present than to lay up store, or make provision, for the future. 
 With few Avants, and contented and happy hearts, tliey found 
 enjoyment in the merry dance, the sleigh-ride, and the exciting 
 horse-race, and, doubtless, experienced more true happiness 
 and conlpntment tlian the plodding, calculating, and money- 
 seeking people of the present day. This was the character of 
 the settlers who occupied this country before the arrival of the 
 Yankees, — a class now entirely extinct, or lost sight of by the 
 prcsf'nt population ; but it is one wiiicli unites the present with 
 the past, and i'ur \\liiim tiio old seltlera entertain feelings of 
 veneration and respect. 
 
 Hon. 11. S. Baird says, — 
 
 " During' the pari}' years of my rcsidnncR hore, the facial circle, nltliough 
 limiteil, was by iiu iul'Liiis iiifciLjiiiticuiit. It was composud of tlio luiuilics 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 147 
 
 of the garrison and the Americans, and several of the oiJ settlers. If it 
 was small, it was also united by the ties of friendship and good feeling. 
 Free from the formalities and customs which are observed by the elite of 
 the present day, we met to enjoy ourselves, more like members of one family 
 than as strangers. The young people of that period (and all felt young 
 then) would assemble on a few hours' notice at the house of a neighbor, 
 without form or ceremony. Young ladies were then expected to appear 
 at an early hour in the evening, and not at the usual hour of retiring to 
 rest ; nor were they required to appear in court or fancy dresses. The 
 merry dance followed, and all enjoyed themselves until the early hours in 
 the morning. One custom prevailed universally among all classes, even 
 extending to the Indians, — that of devoting the holidays to festivity and 
 amusement, but especially that of ' callin;]^ ' on New Year's Day. This 
 custom was confined to no classic oarti''alar. All observed it; and many 
 met on that day, who did not again meet until the succeeding year. All 
 then shook hands, and exchanged mutual good wishes. All old animosities 
 were forgotten, all differences settled, and universal peace established. 
 During the winter season, Green Bay was entiiely insulated. Cut off from 
 communication with all other parts of the civilized world, her inhabitants 
 were left to their own resources for nearly half a year. The mails were few 
 and far between. Sometimes but once a month, never more than twice, did 
 we receive them ; so that the news when received here was no longer news. 
 The mails were carried on a mun's shoulders from Chicago to Green IJay, 
 through the wilderness, a distance of about two hundred and fifty miles, 
 and could not contain a very great quantity of interesting reading-matter. 
 Under such circumstances, it became necessary that we should devise some 
 means to enliven our time, and wo did so accordingly; and I look back upon 
 those years as among the most agreeable of my life. The country at that 
 early day was destitute of roads or places of public entertainment. Nothing 
 but the path, or ' Indian trail ' traversed the wide expanse of forest and 
 prairie from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi; and the travel by land was 
 performed on foot or on horseback. But tliere was then another mode of 
 locora *ion, very generally adopted by those who took long journeys, now 
 becon • obsolete, and which would bo laughed at by the present fast-going 
 generation, — that of the Indian or bark canoe. The canoe was used in all 
 cases where comfort and expedition were desired. These may appear strange 
 words, when you reflect that the traveller sat cooped up all day in a space 
 about lour feet square, and at night encamped on the bank of the stream, 
 cooked his own supper, and slept upon the ground, with no covering but a 
 tent and blanket, or, oftentimes, nothing but the wide canojiy of heaven, 
 having, after a day of toil and labor by his crew, accomplished a journey of 
 thirty or forty miles. But these journeys were not destitute of interest. 
 The voyar/eur was enlivened by the meriy song of his liglit-hearted and 
 ever-happy Canadian crew, his eye delighted by the constant varying 
 scenery of the country through which ho passed, at liliorty to select a spot 
 for his encampment, and to stop when fatigued with tho day's travel, and, 
 
 
 '■■I i:l 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 
 
148 
 
 nisToiiY OF w/scoysm. 
 
 above all, free from care, and from the fearful apprehensions of all modern 
 travellers on railroads and steamboats, — that of being blown up, burned, 
 or drowned. 
 
 " I can better illustrate this early mode of travel by giving an account of 
 a party of pleasure undertiikon and accomplished by myself. In May, 
 1830, being obliged to go on the annual circuit to Prairie du Chien, to at- 
 tend court, I concluded to make it a matter of pleasure, as well as business. 
 I accordingly obtained a good-sized and substantial north-west bark canoe 
 (about five fathoms, or tliirty feet, in length, and five feet widi? in the centre), 
 a good tent, or 'marquee,' togetlier with mattresses, blankets, bedding, 
 mess-basket, and all things required as an outfit on such expeditions. The 
 party consisted of my wife, self, two small children, two young ladies as 
 companions, and a sei-vant-girl ; my crew, of four Canadians (experienced 
 men, and good singers) and two Menomonee Indians as bow and steers men. 
 The canoe was propelled both by oars and paddles. We ascended the Fox 
 River to Fort Winnebago, and descended tlio Wisconsin to the Missis.sippi, 
 and thence up the latter, four miles, to Prairie du (Jhien. The voyage occu- 
 pied eight or ninff daj'S in going, and about the same length of time in re- 
 turning, durin'j which the ladies camped out every night save two. They 
 did all the cooking and housekohl work. The former was no small item; 
 for with appetites sharpened by pure air and exorcise, and witli abundance 
 of fresh veni.son, with fowl and fish to satisfy them, the quantity of viands 
 consumed by the party would iiave astonished modern epicures, and, perhaps, 
 shocked the delicate tastes of city belles. We frequently encamped early in 
 the afternoon, — at some siiot which attracted our attention from its natural 
 beauty or romantic appearance, — and strolled along the bank of the stream, 
 plucking beautiful wild flowers, which abounded; or, clambering up some 
 high bluff or commanding headland, obtained a view of the surrounding 
 country, and traced the meandering stream throui^li its high banks, far in 
 the distance. It was in the merry month of May, when the forest was 
 clothed in its deepest verdure, the hills and prairirs redolent with flowers, 
 and the woods tenanted by melodious songsters. It was tmly a trip of 
 pleasure and enjoyment. Many trips for pi 'iisuro have been undertaken, 
 where jiarties may have experienced the refinements and accommodations, 
 and enjoyed the luxuries, to be found in the present day in old and long- 
 settled countries; but I believe few, if any, realize more true delight and 
 Batisfactiou than did this party of pleasure in a bark canoe." 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE PIONEERS OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 H 
 
 We might further illustrate the manner of life and living of 
 the settlers who were here in the pioneer days, at these twoearly 
 outposts of Wisconsin ; but what has been written, it is believed, 
 will suffice. As time passed along, many changes took place. 
 Other men and their families came in, and became a part and 
 parcel of the community, introducing new ideas, and bringing 
 with them the customs and habits of the places from which they 
 removed. The title acquired by the government, by treaties 
 with the Indians, and these lands being surveyed and brought 
 into market, and offered at a mere nominal price, increased the 
 number of settlers from the Eastern and other States. By 
 energy and perseverance, they surmounted all obstacles, and by 
 their courage and firmness ; and to them is owing the develop- 
 ment of the country, the opening the Wcay for the introduction 
 of civilization, education, and the arts and sciences ; and to them 
 should be awarded the merit of having largely contributed, by 
 their talents and labor, to the formation and organization of 
 the Territory, now State, of Wisconsin, Less than fifty years 
 ago, the whole State of Wisconsin, except Green Bay and 
 Prairie du Chien, was a wilderness, with here and there a set- 
 tler, and those in the lead-region in the south-western part. It 
 seems almost incredible to think, or in any way realize, what has 
 since taken place, as it scemt' almost like enchantment. The 
 narratives of the early settlers of Wisconsin, that have been 
 published in the Collections of the State Historical Society and 
 in the newspapers, where details are frequently given, and 
 incidents related at the pioneer meetings held in the various 
 portions of the State, all show what difficulties and hardships 
 
 140 
 
150 
 
 nisTORT OF rrrscoNsm. 
 
 these settlers had to pass through, before they could live with 
 any tolerable degree of comfort. Hon. C. M. Baker, in his 
 
 address at the old settlers' meeting of Walworth County, 1809, 
 says, — 
 
 "I have spoken of the men who first settled old Walworth ; but what, old 
 comradi's in this life-battle in the wilderness that was, — what of our com- 
 panions, tlie vnmen T 
 
 "Most of tliem h.id been delicately reared, and were accustomed to the 
 luxuries and reflneinents of cultivated society; and most, or all, had good 
 homes, with tlie necessaries and conveniences of life in abundance, and 
 were surrounded by kind friends and dear relatives. To these they had 
 been bred ; to all tiiese they were stronjjly attached. But these ties were 
 sundered, these homes were left behind, when, after the last trunk was 
 packed, .nnd the last farewell was sadlj' uttered, they set their faces west- 
 ward for a new life and a new home, ti\ey knew not wliither; but they knew 
 it must be amoiig strangers. They siiared with us the toils of the journey, 
 the weary miles of sunshine and storm, as we journeyed on and onward. 
 They partook \\ith us of the co.irse fare and rude accommodations of the 
 wagon and wayside, the canal-boat and the steamer, tiie log-t.avcrn, and the 
 bivouac under the open heavens, — all this they encountered without mur- 
 muring, and cheerfully. 
 
 " And when, late in autumn or early sp ing. it m.iy be, in the cold storm, 
 or driving mists and chilly winds that cut ti the bone, they took their de- 
 parture from Chicago or Milwaukee, the last outposts of civilization over 
 those low, lonely jirairies wiiich surrounded the one, or throiii;h the gloomy 
 forests which enveloped the other, over disir d roads beset with ruts or 
 stumps, without sign of cultivation or human '.abitation. — then it was that 
 the hour of bitter trial came to their hearts ; then it was, that, amid their 
 loneliness and utter heart-desolation, the dear homes and kindred tliey had 
 left, rose up before them, and. tlirough their tears, they looked down upon 
 the little ones who cliuig to them. lUit not a murmur, not a word of regret 
 or repining, escaped them. The feelings, too deep for utterance, which 
 swelled within them, were smothered in their bosoms. When we, at last 
 (some later, some earlier), had found a ]ilace where to make a home in those 
 pleasant groves and prairies, — pleasant to us men; for here there were 
 herds of bounding deer, and flocks of wild fowl, the wolf and the sand-hill 
 crane, and game, large and snnill, to give us sport. The lakes and streams 
 abomided in fish, and we could take them at our will. The country was 
 all open, and free to roam over as one great park. There was excitement for 
 us in all this, suited to our rougher natures and coarser tastes. We could 
 roam and fish or hunt as we plea.ied, amid the freshness and beauties of 
 Nature. But how was it for our wives ? From all these bright, and, to us, 
 fascinating sci'nes and pastimes, they were excluded. They were shut up 
 with the ihililren in log-cabins, — when they were fortunate enough to get 
 them, — rude huts, without floors often, and, not unfrequently, without doors 
 
^!l 
 
152 
 
 nf STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 or windows, wliile the cold, bleak winds of March and December whistled 
 through them. Frequently they were covered with shakes fastened on with 
 poles, between which the stars at night looked down upon the faithful 
 mother and her sleeping infants. Here, in one small room, filled, perhaps, 
 witli smoke; without furniture, except a little of the rudest kind, — rough 
 slab stools, an equally rough table, and a bedstead, if any, made of poles 
 fastened into the house ; without kitchen-utensils, save, perchance, a kettle, 
 a skillet, and a frying-pan ; destitute of crockery, and with a little tinware, 
 — they were called upon to do, unaided, the duties of a housewife. With 
 these conveniences and these surroundings, they took upon them for weeks 
 and months, and even for years, the burden of their households in a con- 
 tinued struggle with hinderances and perplexities. These were the heroic ' 
 women to whom our hearts did homage ; and I should fail in my duty at 
 this time, if, in the roll-call of worthy and honorable names, they should 
 not be remembered." 
 
 In writing the above, Judge Baker spoke from actual expe- 
 rience. He knew well the privations of the early settlers and 
 their families, and coidd sympathize with them in their early 
 experiences of pioneer life. The experience of the settler in 
 Walworth County, however, was no worse, and in some respects 
 better, than those who lived farther in the interior of the State. 
 Some of these pioneers have passed away: ma"/ are still 
 living, and are enjoying, in the evening of their d ys, wealth, 
 and the comforts obtained by honorable toil and industry. 
 Their conduct and action as public servants will bear the scru- 
 tiny of posterity, and they Avill lose nothing in comparison with 
 legislators or rulers of the few past years. May those who suc- 
 ceed them in either capacity follow their example, and prove as 
 true to the interests of the State as did the old settlers in their 
 time ! and may the present and future legislatures, by their 
 acts, retrieve the character and credit of the country from the 
 odium brought upon it by reckless and inconsiderate legislation I 
 
CHAPTER XIV.« 
 
 THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 Tlie Sanks nnd Foxes — nritlsh Interference — Black Hawk and his Wrongs — 
 Battle of Stilliiian's Run — Battle of tlie I'ecatonica — Battle of Wisconsin 
 Heiglits — The Battle of Bad Axe — Capture of Black Hawk, &c. 
 
 The acquisition of territory has always been a fruitful source 
 of trouble. In ancient as well as in modern times, the stronger 
 have generally overpowered the weaker nations, appropriated to 
 their own use the territory of the latter, and resorted to arms 
 in defence of their enlarged dominions. 
 
 In this, no more fitting example can be found than that which 
 is afforded by the United States in its intercourse with the 
 aboriginal tribes whose hunting-grounds and burial-places were 
 within its boundaries ; and when the victims have mustered 
 courage and numbers sufficient to assert their rights, and 
 endeavored to maintain them, the entire strength of the con- 
 federacy, as Avell as that of the border States, has generally 
 been brought into requisition, and the audacity of the savages 
 has been visited with the severest penalties. 
 
 Among those tribes with whom the Federal Government has 
 been in trouble are the Sauks and Foxes, — powerful nations, 
 whose homes were then on the banks of the Mississippi, in the 
 present States of Wisconsin and Illinois, — with some portions 
 of whom, on the 3d of November, 1804, a treaty was signed at 
 St. Louis, ceding to the United States a large district of their 
 territory. These negotiators had not visited St. Louis for such 
 a pui-pose, however; and the act of cession was promptly 
 
 1 This cliapter, -written hy Henry B. Dawson of the New York Historical 
 Society, is taken from a work entitled " Battles of the United States by Sra and 
 Land," by permission of the author. 
 
 168 
 
154 
 
 ntsTonr of wibconsin. 
 
 repudiated by the groater part of both nations. For many 
 years, a scries of troubles, based on the rival elaims of the 
 parties, occurred between the government and the nations ; and 
 these troubles increased with the influx of settlers into that 
 portion of the mighty West at a later date. Taking advantage 
 of this tlisaffection, Tecumseh, and the agents of the British 
 Government, at an early day prompted them to move, with 
 other nations of the West, for the redress of the grievances 
 under which they lived ; and a series of " wars " occurred, of 
 which tlie reader has been informed in preceding chapters of 
 this volume. 
 
 The troubles which this state of affairs produced grew 
 more and more serious until 1831, when, in accordance with 
 subsequent treaty stipulations, all, including Black Hawk, 
 removed from Illinois, and settled on the western bank of the 
 Mississippi. During that year, however, with his band of 
 warriors and his family, he appears to have returned to his 
 former home, and caused much annoyance to the settlers, 
 although he showed no disposition to resort to hostilities. 
 After a display of the military forces of the State under Gen. 
 Duncan, and of the United States under Gen. Gaines, the 
 troubles were settled by another treaty ; and Black Hawk and 
 his party returned to their new liomes west of the Mississippi. 
 
 Notwitlistanding the apparent settlement of the troubles in 
 1831, the emissaries of the British Government in Canatla 
 ajipcar to have continued tlie agitation of the treaty question 
 among the Indians ; and in the spring of 1832, encouraged by 
 their promises, Black Hawk prepared for another visit to his 
 former home in Illinois. Still he assumed no warlike attitude ; 
 but with his band of warriors on horseback, and their families 
 and prfjperty in canoes, they crossed the Mississippi at the 
 Yellow Bank, on the (5th of April, and moved slowly towards 
 Rock River. It is difficult to conceive how such a cavalcade 
 could have been considered an Indian invasion, especially since 
 the squaws and children never accompanied war-parties on their 
 excursions ; j-et the people of Illinois considered it in that 
 light, and treated their visitors as enemies. The governor called 
 for volunteers to repel the invaders. Gen. Atkinson, then on 
 hia way up the river with six companies of the Sixth infantry, 
 
ntSTORY OF. WISCONSIN. 
 
 159 
 
 to demand some murderers from the Sauks, joined in the cru- 
 sade ; three conipaiiies of the First infantry were ordered f.om 
 Fort Crawford ; tlie militia of Nortli-western Illinois and of 
 Michigan were ordered to be held in readiness for active duty ; 
 the co-operation of the Dakotaa and RIenomonecs, hereditary 
 enemies of the Sauks, was solicited by the Federal authori- 
 ties ; and stores and supplies were ordered from St. Louis to be 
 in readiness for the campaign. In the mean time the Indians 
 pursued their way quietly but steadily, interfering with none, 
 and without inflicting any injury on the settlers. To the 
 messengers who were sent after them, they replied, they would 
 not go back, as they were acting peaceably ; and when the 
 messiiges became more urgent, threatening to drive them back, 
 they were informed, if Gen. Atkinson " wished to fight,'' he 
 could " come on," as they were determined never to be driven, 
 and, equally so, " not to make the first attack" 
 
 While the cavalcade, under Black Hawk, was thus pursuing 
 its way up the Rock River, Gov. Reynolds and Gen. Whitesides, 
 with about eighteen hundred volunteers, were mustered into 
 the service of the United States, when Gen. Atkinson detached 
 them in i^ursuit of the Indians ; while, with his regulars and 
 the stores, he followed in boats in the rear, but at too great a 
 distance to afford any support to the former. On the 12th of 
 May, this detachment, eager for action, reached Dixon's Ferry, 
 where it was joined by jNIajor Stillman with two hundred and 
 seventy-five men from the northern counties. The major, con- 
 sidering the command an independent one, declined to join 
 Gen. Whitesidcs's brigade ; and on the next day he solicited 
 f»"om the governor, as commander-in-chief, an order to go out on 
 a scout. In accordance Avith that request, with Major Bailey, 
 he received orders to march to the Old Man's Creek, and to 
 ascertain, if possible, the movements of the Indians ; and the 
 two battalions, after wading through unusually muddy roads, 
 3ncamped in company, but independent of each other, some 
 eight or ten miles from the ferry. On the folIoAv^ng morning 
 (May 14), the two battalions were temporarily placed in com- 
 mand of Major Stillman ; and under his orders they continued 
 the pursuit until sunset, when they encamped m front of a 
 small creek kno^vn as the Kish-wau-kee (since then kno%vn as 
 
 \'i 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 is 
 
186 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONStN. 
 
 Stillmnn's Run), in the vicinity of Sycamore Creek, and about 
 thirty miles above Dixon. 
 
 In the mean time. Black Hawk had learned that the promised 
 assistance of the British would not be available ; and ho began 
 to relent. At the same time, intelligence of the approach 
 of the two battalions under Majors Stillman and Bailey 
 reached him ; and lie " immediately started three young men 
 with a flag," to meet them, and conduct them to his camp, 
 that a council might be held, and that he might descend Rock 
 River agivin, probably with the design of retm-ning to the 
 western bank of the Mississippi. Five others were soon after- 
 wards detached after the former messengers, as a party of ob- 
 servation. The first party, it is said, reached Major Stillman's 
 encampment in safety, and were taken prisoners, notwithstand- 
 ing their flag; and when the second party came in sight, also 
 with a flag, with their guns held horizontally over their heads, 
 and knocking the priming out as a signal of peace, they were 
 pursued, and two of them were killed. On the arrival at Black 
 Hawk's camp of the three messengers who had escaped, all 
 ideas of flags and truces ended. Blood had been shed by the 
 whites while the victims Avere extending assurances of peace ; 
 and those who, before, had merely travelled over the soil of 
 Illinois, without committing anj' offence, were instantly changed 
 into active and determined enemies. 
 
 At this time. Black Hawk had only about forty men with 
 him, the greater part of his party being ten miles distant ; and 
 with this small force he started back to meet the assailants. 
 There is no evidence whatever that the chief had either desired 
 to engage in hostilities, or expected the whites woiUd do so ; 
 and it is equally clear, that, in this invasion, the first act of 
 aggression was committed by those among whom the Indians 
 moved. What wonder, then, need there be, when his flag had 
 been disregarded, and its bearers seized as prisoners, when his 
 messengers of peace, subsequently despatched, had been shot 
 down, or pursued with that intent, that Black Hawk, with the 
 fort)' who were with him, should turn on his pursuers, sound 
 the war-whoop, and sell their lives as dearly as possible ? He 
 did 80 ; and he did that only which any one, unless the veriest 
 poltroon, would have done under the same circumstances. 
 
m 
 
158 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Rushing upon the cowardly pursuers of the peaceful cmhassy 
 with his handful of braves, and senduig the shrill war-whoop 
 into their ranks in advance of his rifle-balls, or tomahu'vks, the 
 indignant Black Hawk accomplished in a few minute .vhat 
 had been considered the work of a host : he scattered ^ p --m in 
 every direction, and filled their minds with the greatest alarm. 
 A few minutes aftetwards, the main body of ^lajor Stillman's 
 command also came in sight, having followed in pursuit of 
 the fugitive embassy; when the chief concealed his forty 
 braves among " some brushes," and in concealment aAvaited its 
 approach, shrewdly intending to have the first fire, — knowing its 
 effect on militia, — "when it approached close enough." As 
 Major Stillman halted on the prairie before he came within gun- 
 shot distance of the ambuscade, it is probable he had discovered 
 the Indians ; but the latter did not wait for a development of 
 his plans, or for his fire. Giving another of their terri': fe yells, 
 the chief and his little party rushed from their hiding-places, 
 and charged on the irregular mass of mnunted men ; and that 
 also — unnerved by the injustice of the cause in which it was 
 engaged, and magnifyii;. every Indian warrior tenfold — also 
 turned and fled in the j^reatest confusion. The Indians, of 
 course, pursued ; but, although twenty-five of his braves con- 
 tinued it, the chief found it useless to follow, as they rode so 
 fast ; and, after returning to his encampment, he " lighted his 
 pipe, and sat down t^ thank the Great Spirit for what he had 
 done." 
 
 On the following day, incited b" the terrible st ries of the 
 fugitives, as they reached Dixon after a flight of fifty miles, 
 Gov. Reynolds issued a proclamation calling f(3r an additional 
 force of two thousand mounted volunteers ; and, throughout 
 the entire West, the exaggerated stories of Major Stillman 
 and his followers, enlarged in the proclamation of Gov. Rey- 
 nolds, and increased in horrible incidents in every subse(iuent 
 version, were creating the greatest alarm. 
 
 On the day after the battle, after burying the two Indians, 
 belonging to the secon'' party, who had been shot, and one of 
 the first party, Avho had shared the same fate, Black Hawk vis- 
 ited the deserted camp of Major Stillman's party, and found 
 " arms, ammunition, and provisions, all of which, especially the 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSm. 
 
 169 
 
 latter, he was in want of ; " the empty whiskey-kcgs which he 
 found there creating the greatest surprise, as he liad understood 
 that all the pale faces belonged lo the temperance societies. 
 
 In this action (" the battle at Stillnian's Run," 3Iay^A, 1832), 
 and in the pursuit which followed it, the Indians lost none. 
 The volunteers lost IMajor Perkins, Capt. Adams, and nine 
 men, and, perhaps, twenty horses killed ; and five men Avere 
 wounded. On the morning of the 15th, Gen. Whitesides, 
 with his brigade of volunteers (fifteen hundred in number), 
 moved forward to the battle-ground, on Stillman's Run, and 
 buried the dead ; when he, too, without venturing beyond the 
 bounds of acknowledged safety, returned to Dixon. The troops, 
 in the mean time, having become " dissatisfied, wished to be 
 discharged from the service." On the 17th, Gen. Atkinson 
 reached Dixon's Ferry, with his regulars and a suppiy of 
 provisions; and on the 19th, Avith the entire army, twenty- 
 four hundred in number, he also advanced up the Rock 
 River, towards the scene of the late battle. The disaffec- 
 tion of the volunteers continued, however, and on the 27th 
 and 28th of A^ay, they were disbanded and discharged at 
 Ottawa, by Gov. Reynolds, leaving tlic defence of the fron- 
 tiers Avith the regular troops, and Avith a small body of citizens, 
 who voluntee'ci, temporarily, for that purpose. 
 
 Ill the mean time, the Indians Avere Avaging Avar in accord- 
 ance Avith their usages. The settlements Avere visited and 
 destroyed ; the settlers and their families AA'cre butchered, or 
 carried aAvay captive ; and, as has been said elsewhere, " the 
 Indians had now shoAvn themselves to be a co-„ageous, actiA'e, 
 and enterprising cnemj-." They had scatterea 'heir Avar-parties 
 over all the North, — from Chicago to Galena, and from the Illi- 
 nois River into th: Territory of Wisconsin: they occupied 
 GA-ery groA'c, Avaylaid every road, hung around every settlement, 
 and attacked every party of Avhite men that attempted to pene- 
 trate the country. 
 
 Among those Avho temporarily volunteered to defend the 
 frontiers on the discharge of the troops at OttaAva, Avas Adam 
 M. Snyder, to Avhom Avas assigned the command of a company. 
 In the night of the 17th of June, Avhilc he Avas encamped 
 near Burr Oak Grove, thirty-live miios east from Galena, he 
 
160 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 was iirod on by the Indiana ; cind on the follo-\ving morning 
 (June 18) he went in pursuit of them. After a spirited chase, 
 he overtook them {four in number^ ; and after a warm engage- 
 ment, and a vigorous charge, lie succeeded in killing all of 
 them, with the loss of one of his own command. It appears, 
 liowever, that later in the day, while Capt, Snyder's company 
 was returning to its encampment, the action was renewed by 
 a largo body of Indians (seventy or eighty, it is said) ; two 
 " gentlemen " of Capt. Snyder's command being killed, and one 
 wounded, at the first (ire. The suddenness of the attack, and 
 the loss which the company experienced, fdled it with alarm ; 
 and many of the men, terror-stricken, commenced a retreat. 
 The captain, with great presence of mind, halt-'d, and endeav- 
 ored to form them for action; but so compictely were they 
 overcome with fear, that it was only after Gen. Whitesides — 
 who was acting as a private in the company — had threatened 
 to sluKjt the hrst man who attempted to run away, that any 
 thhig like order could be restored. 
 
 At length they formed; and talcing to the trees, as the Indians 
 had done before them, the action was carried on with great 
 warmth, until the fall of the leader of the Indians dispirited 
 them, and they rctii'cd. Besides the loss referred to (one 
 killed), the Indians appear to have sustained no loss in this 
 affair ; while the whites, besides the two "gentlemen" who were 
 killed, arc said to have had one wounded. Capt. Synder im- 
 mediately marched to headquarters (Fort Williourne) ; and as 
 the levy under Gov. Reynolds's "proclamation " had assembled, 
 and was ready for duty, the temporary force of volunteers, of 
 Avhich Capt. Snyder's company was part, was disbanded. 
 
 'While these [jroceedings of the temporary volunteer force in 
 the vicuiity of Kellogg's Grove were adding to the interests of 
 the struggle, on the 14th of June, a party of men were attacked 
 in a cornlield near the mouth of Spafford's Creek, and five were 
 killed. Information of the affair was immediately conveyed 
 to Fort Defiance, when Capt. lloai'd despatched an express to 
 Col. Henry Dodge at Dodge viUe, with the intelligence; while, 
 at the same time, I.,ieut. (!harlcs Bracken, the second oflicer of 
 the garrison, was despatched to the scene of the massacre with 
 eleven men, — all for whom horses could be obtained. Stopping 
 
 a 
 
niaroRT of Wisconsin. 
 
 161 
 
 all night at Fort Hamilton (^Wiola, Wiscoimn), on tlie following 
 morning he was joined by nine men ; and, with his entire com- 
 mand of about twenty men, the lieutenant proceeded to Spafford'a 
 cornfield. After burying the victims, the expedition returned 
 to Fort Hamilton, where it found Capt. Gentry with a few men ; 
 and on the next day (June 16, 1832), Col. Dodge came in, and 
 assumed the command. 
 
 As the colonel with two friends approached Fort Hamilton, 
 they met a German, named Apple, a settler in that vicinity, 
 who was returning to his log-cabin to prepare for active service ; 
 and immediately afterwards he was shot by an enemy concealed 
 in the bushes. As soon as the colonel reached the fort, there- 
 fore, he sallied out again at the head of the party which Lieut. 
 Bracken had commanded, and of Capt. Gentry's party, t^^■enty- 
 eight men in all ; and, taking their trail, he pursued the In- 
 dians, overtaking them on the bank of the Pecatonica, behind 
 which they had concealed themselves under a sand-bank and in 
 the bushes. Having " told off" in sections of seven, the fourth 
 or central man of each section remained on horseback, and took 
 charge of the horses of the other six ; while four others were 
 sent on the neighboring height as lookouts ; and the remainder 
 dismoimted, and prepared for the attack by renewing their 
 flints, repriming their guns, imbuttoning their shirt-collars, and 
 tightening their belts. When all were ready. Col. Dodge ad- 
 dressed them in a few homely sentences ; and the party in line 
 waded the stream, and entered the thicket. As soon as the 
 position of the enemy was seen, he occupied the bed of a pond, 
 in front of which was a natural breastwork three feet m height. 
 The order was given to " Charge 'em, hoys: charge 'em.'" Mount- 
 ing the embankment after having received the enemy's fire, the 
 whites engaged with the Indians in a hand-to-hand conllict, 
 before the latter could reload their pieces ; and with such spirit 
 was the attack conducted, that hi a few minutes, with the loss 
 of three men, the enemy Avas completely overpowered ; eleven 
 having been killed on the spot, while two others, wounded, were 
 tracked up the bank of the stream, and were scalped ; and four 
 others crept beneath the surrounding brushwood, or into the 
 long grass on the neighboring prairie, and died of their wounds ; 
 not one of the seventeen assailants escaping to tell the story of 
 the Battle, of the Pecatonica. 
 
 w 
 
 frh 
 t-."i 
 
 m 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 While Col. Dodge Avas thus engaged with the enemy at Peca- 
 tonica, Capt. James W. Stcplienson, with the Galena Company 
 of volunteers, was on the lookout for Indians near the head of 
 Yellow Creek, Avliei'c he discovered a party of them, and pursued 
 them into the bushes. The I idians, liaving secured the advan- 
 tage of position, immediately stood on their defence ; and, having 
 lost three (if his men, Capt. Stephenson, after a spirited attack, 
 was obliged to order a retreat. 
 
 He appears to have eliangcd his mind after withdrawing from 
 the action, however, and returned to the thicket, charging a 
 second and a third time on the hiding-places of the enemy, with 
 greater determination than succe.j:-, until, having received a 
 severe wound, he was compelled to retire. It is not known 
 what was the strength of the enemy, or his loss ; and, although 
 the assault was spirited and well contested, the loss of the 
 volunteers indicated a spirited and gallant defence. 
 
 On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with one hundred and 
 fifty Indians, made an attack on Apple River Fort, near the 
 present village of Elizabeth, 111., and twelve miles from Galena. 
 This work was a square stockade of logs driven into the ground, 
 and strcn<'-thcned with a block-house at each angle. It was 
 garrisoned with twenty-five men under ('apt. Stone; and was 
 designed as a place of refuge, during the night, for the miners 
 and their families, although, during the day, they attended to 
 their affairs outside the walls, as they hid done before the war. 
 In the afternoon of the day in .juestion, an express of three 
 men, on its way from Galena to Dixon's I'crry, passed the fort, 
 and had not proceeded more than three hundred and fifty jards, 
 before it was fired on by the Indians, who were concealed in the 
 bushes. One of the three was womided ; and, although all were 
 intoxicated, his comrades covered his retreat to the fort, afford- 
 ing an opportunity, at the same time, for the miners and their 
 families to secure their safety in the same manner. As the ex- 
 press entered the fort, the enemy dismounted, hitched his horses, 
 anil opened a heavy fire on it for upwards of an hour, without 
 inflicting any injury beyond killing one man, and wounding 
 another. At length the Indians entered the log-houses which 
 .stood near the fort, and, having knocked holes in the walls for 
 portholes, they continued the fire, without exposing themselves 
 
164 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 to that of the garrison. Finding that his rifles were useless in 
 such an attack, and fearing to set fire to the fort, or to the 
 houses, lest the liglit or the smoke should discover their position, 
 and direct the army or the people in their pursuit, Black Hawk 
 " thought it more prudent to he content with what floui', pro- 
 visions, cattle, and horses he could find," and to retire. Before 
 doing this, however, it is said, the Indians plundered the houses, 
 " chopping, splitting, and tearing up a quantity of fine furni- 
 ture." It is said by an eye-witness, that " there was scarcely a 
 man or woman that was left with a second suit of clothing." 
 They went into my father's house, '* he continues. There was a 
 large bureau full of fine clothes ; and they took six fine cloth 
 coats and a number of fine ruffled shirts. With their tomahawks 
 they split the drawers, and took the contents. Tliey ripped 
 open the bedticks, emptied the feathers, took all the bed-cloth- 
 ing, and broke all the delf in the cupboards. Some of the out- 
 houses were kept for the purpose of storing away provisions. 
 They got into those houses, where a number of flour-barrels were 
 stowed away. They would lie down on their faces, and roll a 
 barrel after them until they would get into a ravine, where they 
 were out of danger, and then would empty the barrels of flour. 
 After they had destroyed this necessary article, and when they 
 found they could not succeed in taking the fort, as ihey ex- 
 pected, they commenced a warfare upon the stock. They killed 
 all the cattle that were near the fort, and took a number of fine 
 horses, to the number of about twenty, which were never got 
 again by their owners." At length, having remained before the 
 fort fifteen hours, and done all the damage they could, the 
 Indians retired with the loss of several of their number. 
 
 In the mean time, the volunteers which Gov. Rej-nolds had 
 called for had assembled at Fort Wilbourne, been organized into 
 three brigades, mustered into the service of the United States, 
 and ordered to rendezvous at Dixon's Ferry. The battalion 
 of spies, commanded by Major John Dement, and attached to 
 the first brigade, Avas ordered to move forward as an advance- 
 guard ; and it had reached Kellogg's Grove, when, on the 
 morning of the 25th of June, an express reached that place, 
 reporting the existence of a heavy trail on the north side of the 
 grove. At daylight, the major went out with twenty-five men 
 
 ai 
 ai 
 e] 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOySlN. 
 
 166 
 
 to reconnoitre, at the same time directing the remainder of his 
 battalion to saddle theiv horses, and hold themselves in readi- 
 ness to act as circumstances might warrant. He had not pro- 
 ceeded far from his encampment, before he discovered a small 
 party of Indians, when part of his men, disregarding his orders, 
 pursued it, and were drawn into an ambuscade. The major 
 immediatel}' formed those who remained with him, together with 
 a few who had followed from the encampment, into a covering 
 party ; and with them he gallantly endeavored to rescue those 
 who had been led into danger. The yells of the enemy, as he 
 rushed from his coverts, intimidated the greater part of those 
 who were with him ; and they fled, leaving the major to contend 
 with the enemy, with but few supporters. With these he gal- 
 lantly resisted the Indians, while, at the same time, he fell back 
 on the main body, and occupied a line of log-houses, from which 
 he was enabled to hold them in check, until, an hour afterwards, 
 they retired, with the loss of nine of their niunber. Although 
 the strength of the whites was much greater than that of the 
 Indians (the latter being the same party, under Black Hawk, 
 who had attacked the Apple River Fort on the preceding day), 
 and although the personal gallantry of the Major called forth 
 the admiration of the chief who opposed him, and afforded an 
 example to his men which they did not imitate, this affair has 
 properly been considered a defeat of tlie whites, of whom five 
 Avere killed, and three wounded. Upwards of sixty horses be- 
 longing to the battalion were also killed. 
 
 While Major Dement was thus engaged, one of his men was 
 sent back to Gen. Posey for assistance, and met him on the 
 road; but, notwithstanding his march was quickened, the 
 Indians had retired in the direction of Lake Koshkonong before 
 he could reach the field of battle. 
 
 During the succeeding three or four weeks, the several divis- 
 ions of the forces appear to have succeeded in none of their 
 undertakings. At one time they concentrated their strength in 
 the vicinity of Koshkonong Lake, probably for the purpose of 
 enclosing the enemy, who was supposed to have been there ; and 
 at another, finding that Black Hawk had slipped away from them, 
 and scattered his forces, they, too, separated, and Avent in differ- 
 ent directions in pursuit of the fragments of their enemy's party. 
 
 :h1 
 
 11 
 
166 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. . 
 
 At one time, the several divisions, in full pursuit, promised a 
 speedy termination of the conflict ; at another, a few days after- 
 wards, they were brought to a sudden halt for the want of sup- 
 plies, or the victims of Indian shrewdness (the deception of an 
 enemy can be called nothing more than this), in leading them 
 into quagmires and over streams, which, without bridges, were 
 impassable. 
 
 At the same time, the Indians were not in a condition to take 
 complete advantage of these delays and mistakes. Originally 
 entering Illinois without a liostile intent, and accompanied with 
 their women and children, and all their worldly effects, — a peo- 
 ple returning to the homes of their fathers, as the Israelites re- 
 turned from Egypt, — they had been forced into a war without 
 preparation, or the opportunity to disencumber themselves of 
 their families ; and they were not only checked in their move- 
 ments from this cause, but they were also suffering for the 
 means of subsistence. A gallant officer of the army, then with 
 the troops, has recently alluded to the position of the Indians on 
 the White Water and Rock Rivers, and said that " here they 
 found some game, roots, and vegetable substances, on which 
 they had subsisted or existed. But our delays, our marches and 
 countermarches, had misled and deceived them, and prevented 
 them from separating to hunt or fish : hence their suiiplies were 
 exhausted, and they were actuall)' in a state of starvation. Our 
 masterly inactivity, occasioned by treacherous advice, and want 
 of stores, had already conquered them ; but we were not yet 
 aware of this fact." The brave but unfortunate Black Hawk 
 also bears testimony to the same sad truths. " During our en- 
 campment at the Four Lakes," he says, " we were hard put to 
 to obtain enough to eat to support nature. Situated in a swampy, 
 marshy country (which had been selected in consequence of the 
 great difficulty required to gain access thereto), there was but 
 little game of any sort to be found ; and fish were equally scarce. 
 The great distance of any settlement, and the impossibility of 
 bringing supplies therefrom, if any could have been obtained, 
 deterred our j'oung men from making further attempts. We 
 were forced to dig roots, and bark trees, to obtain something to 
 satisfy hunger, and keep us alive. Several of our old people 
 became so much reduced as actually to die with hunger." 
 
niSTORY OF xviscoystN. 
 
 167 
 
 The singular spectacle was thus seen of two contending forces 
 severailj^ held in check by the want of the means of support, 
 and of each being ignorant of the position or condition of the 
 other. For the purpose of relieving the wants of the whites, 
 Gens. Henry and Alexander, and Col. Dodge, with their 
 commands, were detached to Fort Winnebago for a supply of 
 provisions for twelve days ; while, for the relief of the Indians, 
 soon afterwards. Black Hawk " concluded to remove his women 
 and children across the Mississippi, that they might return to 
 the Sauk nation again, " while, it is probable, he with his braves 
 intended to continue the contest. 
 
 It appears that Gen. Alexander returned to the camp with 
 the stores, while Gen. Henry and Col. Dodge, with their com- 
 mands, moved towards the Hock River Rapids in search of the 
 enemy. Without knowing that the escort had not included the 
 entire detachment, Black Hawk immediately moved towards 
 the Wisconsin River, with the purpose of descending that 
 stream to the Mississippi, and was hastening in that direction 
 when Gen. Alexander and Col. Dodge struck his trail. The 
 bones of horses which had been killed to prevent the star- 
 vation of the women and children were hourly passed, and 
 eventually a few stragglers in their rear were 'discovered in the 
 vicinity of the Wisconsin. 
 
 At this moment, the force of the whites, under Gen. Henry 
 and Col. Dodge, embraced a thousand men, besides a battal- 
 ion of volunteers from Michigan and Galena, and was well sup- 
 plied with stores, and anxious for the engagement ; while that 
 under Black Hawk numbered less than three himdred half- 
 starved and dispirited warriors. A rear-guard of twenty men, 
 under Ne-a-pope, had been thrown back, to give notice of the 
 approach of the whites ; and the remainder of the party was bu- 
 sily employed in transporting the women and children, the aged 
 and the infirm, to an island in the river, when suddenly (the 
 outpost having been avoided) the head of the American col- 
 umn came in sight. Black Hawk was then compelled to fight, 
 or to sacrifice his women and children, and the helpless of his 
 party ; and he appears to have acted promptly and honorably in 
 the emergency. Leaving the greater part of his party to con- 
 tinue the removal of their families, with fifty braves he went 
 
 :>1 
 
108 
 
 ir/STony of wiscoy.-^/N. 
 
 out to meet Gen. Henry, and dispute ]m progress. He wag 
 well mounted ; and, after addressing liis warriors in a few well- 
 timed remarks, he moved forAvurd, and endeavored to secure a 
 position on a liigh ground near by, " that he might liavo some 
 advantage over the whites." 
 
 In the mean time, Gen. Henry had formed his troops, and was 
 ready for action. His first line was formed with Major Erving's 
 " Spy Battalion " in the centre, the companies under Capts, 
 Gentry and Clark on the right, and those under Capts. Camp 
 and Parkinson on the left. His second line was composed ( 
 Col. CoUins's regiment in the centre, with that under Col. Fry 
 on his right. His men were all dismounted, and his horses were 
 left in the rear, the central man of each section of seven having 
 been detailed for that purpose ; and he had formed his men on 
 foot, in the order referred to, and had prepared for action. 
 
 Against this force, Black Hawk and his fifty braves moved, 
 without wavering, or manifesting the least fear, " raising the 
 war-hoop, screaming and yelling hideously, and rushing forward, 
 meeting it with a heavy charge." The superior force of the 
 whites, however, insured the safety of their positions ; and 
 "with a tremendous volley of musketry, accompanied with 
 the most terrific ;fells that ever came from the head of mortals, 
 except from the savages themselves," they succeeded in occu- 
 pying the high ground which Black Hawk aimed to secure, 
 and in driving the fifty Indians into a deep ravine, notwith- 
 standing the determined attempts of the latter to turn, first the 
 left of the American line, and then its right. With the utmost 
 determination the fifty "savnues" withstood the three regi- 
 ments and two battalions of whites (but little less savage than 
 the former, in their habits and mode of warfare, and much 
 more so in the spirit which actuated them) until sunset, Avhen, 
 " finding that the whites would not come near enough to receive 
 his fire in the dusk of the evening, and hiowing that the women 
 and children had had nvfficient time to reach the island hi the 
 Wisconsin" Black Hawk ordered his warriors to disperse in 
 different directions, and to " meet him at the Wisconsin ; " and, 
 strange as it may appear, the victors "were not disposed to 
 pursue them." 
 
 The loss of the whites in this action was one killed and eight 
 
170 
 
 JIIRTORY or WtSCONSIS. 
 
 wounded ; and althougli the army isiipjiosed that of the Indians 
 to have been " about sixty killed, and a pieat number wounded," 
 there is no reason to disbelieve Hluck Hawk when lie says, "I 
 defended my passage over tlie Wiseonsin with the loss of only 
 six men, though opposed by a host of mounted militia." 
 
 In recording the result of this engagement, the battle of Wis- 
 consin Heights, July 21, 1832, it is difficult to determine which 
 to admire most, — the self-sacrificing si)irit of the chief and 
 liis fifty braves, or tlie skill and determination with which they 
 accomplished their purposes. And IJlack Hawk, in referring to 
 it, was excusable in indulging in a little self-gratulation, when 
 lie remarked, " Whatever may be the sentiments of the white 
 people in relation to this battle, my nation, though fallen, will 
 award to me the reputation of a great brave in conducting it." 
 
 During the succeeding day, the troops remained on the field 
 of battle ; and, early on the morning of the 2.3d, they were 
 terrified by the sound of something on a neighboring hill-top, 
 which, in their fright, they supposed was an Indian chief giv- 
 ing orders to his men. In the mean time, while part of the 
 Indians descended the Wisconsin, with the hope of reaching 
 the Mississippi more speedily. Black Hawk and his band started 
 over the rugged country for tlie same purpose. His progress 
 was necessarily slow ; and, ha>Ting no means of support, several 
 of his old men and little children perished from hunger on the 
 way. Soon afterwards. Gen. Atldnson, with the main body of 
 the army, joined in the pursuit of the famishing " invaders " of 
 Illinois; and following their trail over the "rugged country" 
 of which the chief speaks, as will be seen, he came up with 
 them near the mouth of the Bad Axe. 
 
 While the Indians and their pursuers were thus traversing 
 the Avilderness towards the Upper Mississippi, intelligence of 
 the action at the Wisconsin Heights was conveyed to Prairie 
 du Chien by express ; and Col. Loomis, the commander of that 
 post, immediately employed a steamboat to cruise on the river, 
 and to cut off the retreat of the miserable fugitives. This ves- 
 sel (" The Enterprise ") soon gave place to a faster one (" The 
 Warrior " ) ; and on the Ist of August she discovered the 
 Indians on the bank of the river, near the mouth of the Bad 
 Axe, mailing preparation,'} to cross the river. The chief was ac- 
 
nrsTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 171 
 
 quainteJ with the captain of the vessel, and onk^rcd hia war- 
 rif)rs not to fire, " as he intenck^l to po on hoard of Ikt, so that 
 he might save their women and chihU-cn ; " and, M'ith this pur- 
 pose, he disphiyed a white flag, "and called to the captain. of 
 the hoat, telling him to send his little canoe ashore, and let him 
 come on hoard." He was hailed from the hoat with the in- 
 quiry if they were Sauks, or Winnehagoes ; and, when he an- 
 swered they were Sauks, a fire was opened on him and his 
 party, with a six-pounder, by Lieut, Kingsbury, and a detach- 
 ment of regular troops, who occupied the forward-tlcck of the 
 boat. As Lieut. Kingsbury and Capt. Throckmorton of " The 
 Warrior " have stated that they saw the flag, this fire appears 
 to have been a wilful violation of every rule which governs 
 the actions of military men ; and when Black Hawk's party 
 returned the fire with their small-arms, they were justified by 
 every law both civil and military. 
 
 After the first discharge of the six-pounder, the Indians took 
 to the trees, and returned the fire, keeping it up until " The 
 Warrior " found it necessary to return to Prairie du Chien for 
 another supply of fuel. 
 
 It is said that twenty-three warriors were killed in this dis- 
 graceful affair ; while of the crew of " The Warrior," .and the 
 troops on board of her, only one was wounded. 
 
 On the following morning (Aug. 2), Gen. Atkinson and 
 his force approached the Mississippi ; and at an early hour the 
 spies came in sight of the Lidian outposts. The latter imme- 
 diately attempted to surrender by exhibiting a white flag ; " but 
 the whites paid no attention to their entreaties, and com- 
 menced slaughtering them. " When forced to resist, or submit 
 to the sacrifice, they resolved to sell their lives dearly, and re- 
 turned the fire. The main body hastening forward to support 
 its light troops, the Indians slowly retired, firing as they re- 
 treated, and fell back on their main body, which was on the 
 bottom, busily employed in transporting the women and chil- 
 dren, and the aged and infirm, over the Mississippi. 
 
 At this moment, the scene was a touching one. In front were 
 a people who had been led, by influences which controlled their 
 action, to seek the recovery of the homes of their fathers, which 
 had been fraudulently taken from them by the whites 5 and who, 
 
172 
 
 n/STOUt' OF fr/scoysrtr. 
 
 in tlie course of their journey, without provocation on ti eir 
 part, and without any overt act of liostility, had been forced o 
 resort to arms in defence of their li%c3 and the lives of their 
 famiUcs who accompanied tliem. Without friends to counsel 
 theiii, without aid to strengthen their force, witliout food to sus- 
 tain the demands of nature, without sympathy, aiid denounced 
 as "mojistcrs" of the most hideous character, they had been 
 liurled from one point to another with all the power of the 
 Federal Government, with all the voluntary strength of Illinois, 
 Michigan, and Wisconsin, and with all the energy of indi- 
 vidual cupidity. Seeking shelter in the Fwamps, they liad 
 sought existence among the roots wliich they could dig up, or 
 the young grass, whicli they boiled for their little ones, or the 
 bark which they pulled from the trees for those who required 
 more delicate nourislnnent ; or flying anxiously towards the 
 Mississippi, the boundary of their new homes, they had killed 
 their horses for their families' nourishment, leaving nothing but 
 the bones and the hair of the animals to tell the story of their 
 sufferings. Those who, from any cause, had fallen into the 
 hands of tlicir pursuers had been " left behind," as it was 
 heartlessly called, notwithstanding their " jjleas for quarters ; " 
 and wlien they had begged for peace and shelter, and had urgi>d 
 the acknowledgment of tn- sacred character of a wliite Hag, a 
 Federal cannon, and Federal grape and canister, had communi- 
 cated the answer of the Federal Government to their mercy, 
 and the indorsement of the Federal Government of the acts of 
 their spoilers. They were now busily engaged in removing 
 their families to their acknowledged liomcs. With canoes and 
 temporary rafts, on horseback, or being towed over by their 
 faitlii'ul steeds, and even by swimming, bearing their little ones 
 on llicir backs as they went, tlie women were eagerly pressing 
 forward to a place of supposed safety, while their husl)ands and 
 fathers and brothers, as B'ack Hawk had done at the Wiscon- 
 sin, covered the retreat by preparing for battle. 
 
 Behind these, five times more numerous than they, were the 
 Federal troops and the vohmteers; the latter not less savage, 
 in every respect, than tlic Julians, who were the instruments of 
 their spoliation, or the supporters of the wrtmg. Tlic former, 
 under their experienced and gallant officers, were but the iustru- 
 
BISTORT OF WISCOySIN. 
 
 173 
 
 ments of an unjust policy of the government under whose orders 
 they acted ; while * ne latter, moving in their own cause, were 
 regardless of discipline or order, relentless in their animosities 
 against an unresisting or an overpowered enemy, unreliable, if 
 not cowardly, bexorc a determined opponent, and anxious for the 
 slaughter rather than the battle. The latter had been formed 
 in ordor of battle, — Gens. Pasey and Alexander, with their 
 brigades, being moved to the extreme right, up the river, to 
 prevent the escape of the Indians in that direction; Cols. 
 Jones and Collins, and Major Erving, with their regiments, 
 under Gen. Henry, in line, moving down against the Indians ; 
 Gen. Dodge with his volunteers, and Col. Zachary Taylor 
 with the regular troops, on the right, being engaged with the 
 outposts of the Indians ; and Col. Fry, with his regiment, cover- 
 ing the rear. After a short contest. Gen. Dodge and Col. Tay- 
 lor, with their commands, moved to the loft, and joined the line 
 in its attack on the main body of the Indians ; and with such 
 resolution did the latter defend themselves, and cover the 
 retreat of their families, that soon afterwards the companies 
 commanded by Capts. Gentry, Gruer, and Ilichardson, and the 
 regiment of Col. Fry, — the former generals. Dodge and Alexan- 
 der, on the extreme right; the latter, from the .rear, — were 
 found necessary to support and strengthen the line of attack. 
 The action on the river-bottom continued but little longer, 
 when the Indians, overpowered, eiJier fell before the rifles of 
 their pursuers, or fled to one of the iL-lands, with wl'ich the 
 Mississippi, at this place, abounds, vainly hoping that they 
 would not be pursued. 
 
 Unfortunately for the luckless fugitives, at this moment (ten 
 in the morning) the steamboat " Warrior " returned to the 
 Eccne of her exploit on the preceding evening, and opened fire 
 with her cannon on the fugitives (men, women, and children), 
 wlio were huddled together on the islands referred to ; and at 
 the same time she sent her two boats to transport the regular 
 troops, under Col. Taylor, to the islands, to complete the Avork 
 of destruction. As may be readily supposed, the scene no 
 longer deserves the name of a battle, as it possesseil none of the 
 characteristics of one. It wp-, in truth, a massacre of unresist- 
 ing Indiiii, • of every age and sex ; and, of the entire party, only 
 cue escaped. 
 
tn 
 
 iiisTOJir OF wiscoNSiy. 
 
 In this important engagement, the battle of the Bad Axe, 
 Aug. 2, 1832, tlie wliites lobt twenty-seven killed and Avounded ; 
 while of the Indians it is supposed that one hundred and 
 fift}' were killed. It is said by an ej'e-witncss, tliat, " when 
 the Indians were driven to the baidc of the ^Mississippi, some 
 hundreds of men, women, and children, plunged into the river, 
 and lioped, Ijy diving, to escape tlie bullets of our guns. Very 
 few, however, escaped our sharpshooters ; and those who did 
 escape to the -western bank of the jNIississiiipi Avere butchered 
 in cold blood by a part}" of Dakolas, — their hereditary ene- 
 mies, — Avho had been brought there for tliat purpose by tlie 
 Federal officers. 
 
 This Avas tlie finishing stroke of the Avar. The vengeance of 
 the government, like Die mutterings from Moloch in the Valley 
 of Tophet, having been appeased by the sacrifice of (he scpiaws 
 and their children, if not by that of the braves Avho had fallen 
 by hunger or the rifle-ball, no longer asked for blood ; Avhile the 
 settlers ill Illinois and Wisconsin, no longer annoyed l)y "the 
 monsters " Avho had dared to ask a restoration of the homes and 
 the graves of their fathers, turned back to enjoy the plunder of 
 AA'hich theii' cruelties had confirmed the pos.sessinn. Soon after- 
 wards, tlic gallant chief — AA-ortiiy a better fate — surrendered 
 himself into the hands of the Federal authoiities; and. like 
 many a patriot in ancient times, he Avas chained to IIh^ ear of 
 the victor, and gave cclat to the triumphal march of the con- 
 (jneror through the country. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE ITORTH-WESTERX TERUITOKY. 
 
 1783. 
 
 The Old North-western Territory — Virsinia's ■ruriMlidiion — Onliuance of 17S7 — 
 Or;;ai)ization of Imliann, Jlicliigaii, lUiiiuis, and Wistcmaiu Territories — Tlie 
 First Settlers of Wisconsin — Grceu Bay — Military Government — Courts and 
 Trials. 
 
 The judicial and legislative history of what is now known as 
 the State of Wisconsin is so intimately connected with that of 
 the atljacent Territory, tliat it will be necessary to give, in an 
 abridged form, a history of the whole, or what is usually knoAvn 
 as the Xorth-western Territory. 
 
 In consequence of the con<iuest of the Ilhnois country by 
 Col. George Rogers Clark, Virginia claimed the Territory of 
 which wliat is now Wisconsin formed a part, l)ut 
 ceded it to the General Government ilarch 1, 1T84. 
 At the pacification of 1783, Great Britain recognized the north- 
 ern lakes as the boundary ; but, as several of our States passed 
 acts thwarting the collection of British debts. Great Britain 
 refused to surrender the North-west Territory until 179G, when 
 it was yielded, under provision of Jay's Treaty, the preceding 
 year. 
 
 Meanwhile, a government was provided for the territory 
 north-west of the Ohio River by the celebrated ordinance of 
 July 13, 1787. On the 7th of August, 1780, an act of Congress 
 was passed to give full effect to the ordinance of 1787, and to 
 adapt it to the Constitution of the United States, providing for 
 the organization of a government consisting of executive, legis- 
 lative, and judicial departments. 
 
 By the Act of Congress approved May 7, 1800, it was pro- 
 vided that all that part of the territory of the United States 
 lying north-west of the Ohio River, with certain specified boun- 
 
 170 
 
 ri: 
 
 cfi; 
 
 ma 
 
 1)01 
 
 all 
 of 
 
mSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 17V 
 
 1809. 
 
 1818. 
 
 daries (including Wisconsin), should Le constituted a separate 
 Territory, called the Indiana Territory ; and by an act of Con- 
 gress of Jan. 11, 1805, the latter Territory was divided, and 
 the Territory of Jlichigan was organized ; and the same pro- 
 visions Avere made respecting the tenure of office of the judges, 
 and other offices, as in the original ordinance. By this organi- 
 zation, what is now Wisconsin was not included in the Michi- 
 gan Territory, but remained a portion of Indiana Territory. 
 
 15y an Act of Congress approved Feb. 3, 1809, a division 
 was made of Indiana Territory, and a separate Territory consti- 
 tuted, called Illinois ; and, by the provisions of this 
 act, WisvOnsin then became a part of the new organi- 
 zation. Illinois was admitted as a Stat'^ iiy act of Congress of 
 April 18, 1818, which established tbo north boundary of that 
 State at forty-two degrees and thirty minutes nortl latitude, and 
 provided that all the remaining part of the North- west Territory 
 lying north of such northern boundary should be ittached to, 
 and made part of, Michigan Territory ; including all 
 of the present State of Wisconsin, part of Iowa, all of 
 Minnesota, and a part of \ -hat now constitutes the Territory of 
 Dakota. The only settlen^ents which had been made uji to- 
 this time, within what now constitutes the State of Wisconsin, 
 consisted, principally, of Frenci- and English traders, and were 
 at, and in the vicinity of, fortt^ and trading-posts; those at 
 Green Bay and Prairie du Chicn being the only ones of any 
 particvdar importance. By the treaty of peace of 178o, and by 
 Jay's Treaty of 1795, ii. n'ls stipulated by the English Govern- 
 ment, that the North-webN'''n Territory, with its forts, trading- 
 posts, and dependencies, .should be surrendered and transferred 
 to the United States . anc' dl the inhabitants, of whatever 
 nation, then res" • "f ■ country, were to be protected in 
 the full and . i.ul possession of their property, with the 
 right to reraaii. in, or, at their option, to withdraw, with their 
 effect;, from the country and one year was allowed them to 
 make their election. A:, who did not withdraw within that 
 period Avcre to be dce;,ied American citizens, allowed to enjoy 
 all the privileges of citizciLship^ and to be under the protection- 
 of the government. 
 
 But few of the settlers left the country ; but of those who' 
 u 
 
178 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 remained nearlv all who were French or English were siibse- 
 qnently found in the ranks of the enemies of the United States. 
 Several bore commissions under the King of England, and, with 
 their English allies, assisted iu taking Mackinac, Detroit, Prai- 
 rie du Chien, and other places during the war of 1812-15. 
 
 Notwithstanding these trei>ty stipulations, the jurisdiction 
 which the United States exercised in the Territory previous to 
 the war of 1812 was nominal rather than real ; and, during the 
 war, nearly all of this portion of the North-west was in the pos- 
 session of the British ; and the few Americans who resided here 
 were, in fact, subject to their authority. At the termination of 
 the war, actual possession was taken by the American troops in 
 the North-west. 
 
 Hon. II. S. Baird of Green Bay,* who settled at 1" 't place 
 in 1824, says, " At that date there were at the ' Bay /Ut six 
 or eight resident families, and the families of the officers sta- 
 tioned at Fort Howard, in number about the same. 
 The character of the people was a compound of civili- 
 zation and primitive simplicity, exhibiting the polite and lively 
 characteristics of the French, and the thoughtlessness and 
 improvidence of the aborigines. With few wants, and contented 
 and happy hearts, they found enjoyment in the merry dance, the 
 sleigh-ride, and similar amusements, and, doubtless, experienced 
 more true happiness and contentment than the plodding, calcu- 
 lating, and money-seeking people of the present day. The 
 
 1824. 
 
 • Mr. .Tauies Vf. Diddle of Pittsburg, Pcnn., states, that, \n the fall of 1810, he 
 was connected with Col. .laines Thniiias in the supply of the troops lit Detroit, 
 Maikinaw, Cliii a(;o, and Green Bay, witli an nndeistaiidiiij; that a ndlitniy post 
 Bhould be estalilislied »t the latter plare within the year. The post at Mat kiuaw 
 was tlicii under poDiiiiand of Col. Talbot Chambers; but in Anpiist, or there- 
 abouts, Col. .fohii iMilIer, afiiTwards Clovernor of Mn.soiiri, arrived, and, liiUlug 
 conmiaud, detern.ineil ou establishiui; :i post at Green Ray. Vessels were aiiord- 
 Inftly chartered; and iluce companies of rilleuien and infantry wore p\it on board. 
 Mr. Uiddlo supplied ilm provi->iona. In tim month of Oi tober, IHKi, tlie ti.wips 
 were occupying qua.lin prepared for them by Col. Gratiot, the cn;:iiieoi who 
 a»!cinnpanicd C..1 Miller to the pi>»' The fort at (Ircnii Uay. calb d " I'm t llmv- 
 ard," was liuilt lower down l'o.\ Uiver, and oo.iivr the laki- ilian any of ilio seiilo- 
 menta, and ou the rt;;lit us yon asceudwV (ho river. This fort was an important 
 point in Wisconsin; and its history nnder tho variuus ndlitary ofiicers of the 
 I'aitctl Suics, .some of whom \m'vi' subsei|Meiiil > prominent an. 1 distinj^nisliod lu 
 tU« M«>xi> an war, would u\ak« au iutenMtiutS eliapter, if it lonUl bo written out, 
 ol eacly froutiei times. 
 
niSTORT OF wiscoifsm. 
 
 179 
 
 buildings and improvements in the country were then few, and 
 circumscribed within a narrow compass, and, in a great degree, 
 partook of the unpretending and simple character of their occu- 
 pants." 
 
 At the time Wisconsin became a part of Michigan Territory, 
 in 1818, Gen. Lewis Cass was its governor, and continued to 
 hold that office \intil 1832; but though a part of Michigan, 
 which had been fully organized as a Territory, with its laws and 
 courts, and officers to administer and execute them, still the 
 rule that bore sway was substantially military until 1824, when 
 civil authority became fairly established in this part of the 
 North-west. While this state of affairs continued, offenders 
 against the laws Avere sent from these remote settlements to 
 Detroit for trial, or, perhaps, more usually escaped prosecution. 
 
 The military code, such as it was, more than supplied the 
 deficiencies of the civil ; and it not uiifrequently happened that 
 military commandants woidd so arbitrarily exercise the powers 
 which they practically possessed, as to produce great injustice 
 and oppression, and render the condition of the citizen ex- 
 tremely uncomfortable. 
 
 The proceedings of these military tribunals were speedy, 
 short, and decisive ; and their decisions were rigorously exe- 
 cuted. The delincjuent debtor or unfortunate culprit had little 
 to hope from " the law's delay ; " and, while the proceedings 
 of these tribunals were summary and exccedingl}' arbitrary in 
 their character, it is probable, that, in many instances, the ends 
 of justice were substantially attained. 
 
 Col. Ebenezer Childs, in his " UeooUections of Wisconsin," 
 published in vol. iv. of the "Collections of the State Historical 
 Society of Wisconsin," gives many instances of tlio tyranny of 
 the military oflicers at Fort Howard over all civilians. Judge 
 J. V. Arndt was rcfiised the piivilc^t'* *'' maintaining a ferry 
 across Fox River, for wlilcli ho had obtaii\»'(l a license from the 
 proper authorities, aiiit, on his crossing the river, was arrested, 
 and carried by numbers of the troops to the fort. Judge 
 Arnilt subseciuently commenced suii; against the commanding 
 officer for false imprisonment ; and the latter was fined fifty 
 dollars and costs ; and the court decided that Fox Iliver was 
 a public highway, aiul any properly-licensed persons could 
 
180 
 
 IIISTORr OF WISCONStN. 
 
 maintain a ferry, and the military liad no right to interfere. 
 Numoroiis cases of tlie military tyranny of Major, afterwards 
 IMajor-Gen. Twiggs arc reported. 
 
 Altliongh the country was principally sid)ject to military rule 
 for eight years prior to 1824, it was not entirely so, as there 
 was a species of civil authority occasionally exercised in a few 
 places hy justices of the peace, and judges of the county 
 courts of JJrown and Crawford Counties ; but they seem to 
 have enjoyed, for the most part, only a divided authority with 
 the military commandants. Among these early judicial func- 
 tionaries was the notable Charles Keaume, concerning whose 
 proceedings many amusing anecdotes are recorded in the Col- 
 lections of the State Historical Societj-, and in Mrs. Kenzie'a 
 " Waubun;" but it is a matter of doid)t as to the source whence 
 he derived his appointment, if, indeed, he ever had any. It is 
 said by some, that he was appointed l)y Gen. Harrison, then 
 the governor of Indiana Territory, in 1802 or 1803, while Wis- 
 consin was included within its limits. That he was dc facto 
 judge or justice, liistory abundantly testifies, as well as that his 
 authority was tacitly acquiesced in by all. 
 
 Until 1823. all that part of the Territory of Michigan now 
 forming the State of Wisconsin Iiad no separate courts, except 
 county courts of very limited civil and criminal jurisdiction, 
 and justice's courts. All important civil cases, and all criminal 
 cases, except for pietty offences, were tried by the Supreme 
 Court at Detroit. Suitors and witnesses were consequently 
 compelled to travel, at a great expense, a distance of from four 
 hundred to eight hundred miles to attend court. The only 
 mode of conveyance in those diiys Avas by sail-vessels during 
 about six or seven months in the year : the remainder of the 
 year there were no moans of travel either by land or water. 
 
 In January, 1823, an act of Congress provided for the 
 appointment of an additional judge for the counties of Brown, 
 Crawford, and Michilimatkinac. That court had concurrent 
 civil and criminal jurisdiction Avith the Supreme Court of the 
 Territory, sid)ject, however, to have its decisions taken to the 
 Supremo Court by a Avrit of error. The law provided for hold- 
 one term of court in each year in each of the counties named 
 in the act. The late lion. James Duane Doty, was appointed 
 
182 
 
 niSTOIiT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 judge of this court at its organization, and licld the office until 
 May, 1832, wlicn lie was succeeded hy Hon. David Irvin. This 
 court continued until 183G, when it was abrogated by the 
 organization of tlie Territory of Wisconsin. 
 
 On the IGth of October, 1818, all the country now included 
 in and constituting the State of Wisconsin, being then a 
 part of Michigan Territory, was divided into two counties, 
 Brown and Crawford, by , an act of legislative council of 
 that Territory. Brown County included all the territory east 
 of a lino drawn due north from the northern boundary of Illi- 
 nois, through the middle of the portage, between the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers. Crav/ford County embraced the territory 
 between the Mississippi lliver and the western boundary of 
 Brown County. .And on the 9th of October, 1829, by act of 
 the Legislative Assembly of ^lichigan, loAva Avas formed from 
 that portion of Crawford County lying south of the Wiscon- 
 sin lliver ; and on the Gth of September, 1834, the Avestern 
 boundary of Iowa County was changed to the line between 
 the Green Bay and Wisconsin land districts, which was a 
 north and south line from the northern boundary of Illinois 
 on the range line between ranges eight and nine. 
 
 It may not be improper to notice, that within the boundary 
 of Crawford County, as originally constituted, is included what 
 is called the " Carver Grant," which has excited considerable 
 attention, and to which, probably, thousands had acquired titles 
 within the last fifty years. The pretended grant was from the 
 Falls of St. Anthony, running along the east bank of the 
 Mississippi, nearly south-east, as far as the mouth of Lake Pepin, 
 where the Chippewa River joins the ^lississipjii, and from 
 thence eastward five days' travel, counting twenty English 
 miles per day, and from thence north six days' travel, and from 
 thence back again to the Falls of St. Anthony on a direct 
 straight line. Within these boundaries would be at least six 
 millions of acres, or about ten thousand square miles. This 
 grant is said to have been made to Capt. Carver on the first 
 day of May, 17G7, for and in consideration of his services to 
 the Nan-do-wissies, the Dakota or Sioux, by Ilaw-no-paw-jar 
 tin (the Turtle), and O-toh-ton-goom-lish-can (the Snake), two 
 chiefs of that tribe or nation. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 188 
 
 1834. 
 
 Without going into full particulars of the history of this 
 claim, it is only necessary to say, that every effort was made by 
 the heirs of Capt. Carver to obtain a confirmation of this grant 
 from the government of Great Britain, and the Congress of the 
 United States ; but neither government would acknowledge it. 
 A liistory of this claim, the evidences upon which it is based, 
 and the reasons for disallowing it, may bo found in an article 
 by D. S. Durrie, published in vol.vi. of the "Collections of the 
 State Historical Society of Wisconsin." 
 
 On the Gth of September, 1834, Milwaukee County was 
 established, and set off from Brown County, and fully 
 organized, including within its limits all the territory 
 bounded by the south and east lines of the present State, north 
 to the north line of townships numbered twelve, and west to 
 the range line between ranges eight and nine. 
 
 The terms of the District Court for the counties of IMichili- 
 makinac, Brown, and Crawford, which was established by the 
 Act of 1823, were held once in each year in each of those 
 counties. 
 
 Although Judge Doty had received his appointment in 1823, 
 yet he did not arrive in the district until midsummer ; and no 
 regular term of court was held that year. In October, 1824, 
 ho appointed and held a special term, for the trial of criminal 
 cases at Green Bay. At this term the first grand jury was 
 empannelled in Bro^vn Country ; and Hon. Henry S. Baird, who 
 was the pioneer lawyer of Wisconsin was appointed district 
 attorney. A large amount of criminal business was brought 
 before the Grand Jury. Forty-five indictments were found and 
 presented to the court, — one for murder, on which there was a 
 conviction ; some for assault and battery, larceny, selling spiritu- 
 ous liquors to the Indians, and last, hvX 'mt least, twenty-eight 
 cases for illicit cohabitation. The large nun^ber of the latter 
 class arose from the practice, adopted i v the viaders and French 
 inhabitants, of taking Indian women a;^< v.-iv"° according to the 
 custom of the natives. Those cases weic generally disposed 
 of in this manner : The defendants were brought into court 
 on a warrant : most of them pleaded guilty, Avhen the Court 
 suspended sentence until the close of the term, with the intima- 
 tion that all who presented the Court, in the interim, certificates 
 
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184 
 
 niSTOliY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of legal marriage, ■would be let off by paying a nominal fine ; 
 which fine was afterwards fixed at one dollar and the costs of 
 prosecution. Some of tlie delinquents refused to marry, and 
 were fined fifty dollars and costs, with the further intimation, 
 that should they continue to live in the same condition, and be 
 again indicted, they would be subjected to the highest penalty 
 of the law, — fine and imprisonment. One case excited consid- 
 erable amusement in court. A party who had been indicted at 
 the first term, and refused to marry, and paid a fine of fifty 
 dollars, not having the fear of the statute in such cases made 
 and provided before his eyes, and disregarding the friendly 
 admonition of the Court, continuing to live in the same 
 primitive style of connubial felicity, was again indicted at a 
 subsequent term. Before the grand jury had returned the 
 indictment into court, the delinquent was informed of the find- 
 ing of the bill, and advised to marry before the opening of the 
 court on the next morning, otherwise he would be severely 
 dealt with. On reflection, he thought it prudent to take his 
 friend's advice. Accordingly, early in the morning, lie culled 
 in a justice of the peace, and had the ceremony duly performed. 
 At the opening of the court, he appeared, and presented the 
 marriage-certificate ; and, as he retired, ho audibly exclaimed, 
 " There, I suppose you are satisfied, as I have married the 
 squaw." This being satisfactorj-, he was permitted to " go 
 without day." 
 
 James W. Biddle of Pittsburg, Penn., in liis " Recollections 
 of Green Bay, 181G " (Collections State Historical Society, vol. 
 i.), saj's of the settlers then residing there, — 
 
 "They were mainly old enrjages, Canadian boatmen, who had with- 
 drawn from the employment o*' the fur companies, and fixed themselves 
 down on a piece of land fronting on the river, and married to whole or half 
 breed Indian women. The custom prevailin;; here was somewhat uni(iue of 
 its kind as a leading feature of the ccnmiunity, though something of the 
 kind still exists at New Orleans among a distinct class. The young people 
 then were generally a cross between the French Canadian and Indian ; and 
 marriage between girls of this class and the white men arriving was of a 
 conventional or business kind, to suit the convenience of the case; th(! resi- 
 dence of the men not being permaiient, or intending to be so. Marriage, 
 therefore, was limited as to time, and was contracted — cither for life, or for 
 .six or twelve months, as the cose might be — with the white men arriving. 
 
nrSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 185 
 
 It was generally of the latter kind. The lover, having made choice of a 
 companion applied to her parents, with whom he entered into a limited 
 marriage-contract, specifying the amount to be paid them for deprivation 
 of her services, the amount to be paid her in hand for her own benefit, and 
 the amount per week for her boarding and rent of a room in the house, if to 
 remain in the dwelling of her parents. These payments generally were 
 made in provisions, clothing, &c. In case the lover or husband removed 
 from the place before the expiration of the time agreed on, he had the 
 right — as in the case of the engagoo — to transfer his marital claims thus 
 acquired to another; so that, during the term of the stipulated coverture, 
 the girl might find herself the wife of two or more husbands. The con- 
 tracts entered into in this manner were regarded by them as sacred ; and no 
 evidences were adduced or known of infidelity on the part of the ivomen, 
 and were consequently highly resented if occurring on the part of the 
 spouse." 
 
 Hon. M. L. Martin, in his address bef<ire the State Historical 
 Society, Jan. 21, 1851, says of the people of Green Bay in 
 1824,— 
 
 " The laws of Michigan were introduced, and among them the marriage 
 act, of which they had no knowledge. The first exercise of judicial authori- 
 ty was to enforce that enactment. Not a marriage had been celebrated ac- 
 co.ding to the requirements of that law or any other, except the customs in 
 force in the country ; and thereupon the w hole community was declared 
 amenable to the penalties of the statute. Jlen of venerable age, who were 
 themselves the fruit of these connections, now, for the first time, were de- 
 clared incestuous, and whose children and grandchildren had sprung up 
 vnder their care and protection, and whose conduct and social relations 
 were every way reputable in the highest degree, were brought before this 
 new tribunal, and sentenced to the penalties the law inflicted." 
 
 The first term of the court held by Judge Doty continued 
 ' for two weeks, during which nearly all of the business was dis- 
 posed of. 
 
 In those early days, th(^ accommodations for holding the court 
 were neither extensive nor elegant. There were no regular 
 court-houses or public buildings ; and the courts were held in 
 log schoolhouses, where there were such, or in rooms provided 
 for the special occasion, destitute of comfortable seats and other 
 fixtures for the convenience of the court, bar, and jurors. In 
 lila}', 1826, when the term of the court was to be held at Prai- 
 rie du Chien, on the arrival o*" the judge and attorncj's from 
 Green Bay (which trip was made in a bhch or bark canoe, by 
 
186 
 
 nisTORY OF mscoNsm. 
 
 the way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers), they found the old 
 town entirely under tvater ; the inundation being oaused by the 
 overflowing of both the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers. The 
 troojjs of the fort had abandoned the same, and the inhabit- 
 ants had fled to the high grounds near the bluffs: but two 
 or three houses were occupied, and only the upper stories in 
 those. 
 
 After the organization of Iowa County in 1830, the county 
 of Crawford was attached to Iowa County for judicial purposes, 
 and remained so until Wisconsin Territory was organized in 
 1836. In the spring of 1835, the legislative council of Michi- 
 gan passed an act authorizing the people of the peninsula to 
 form a constitution and State government for Michigan. By 
 this act, all that part of the Territory of Michigan lying west of 
 Lake Michigan was left without organization, though measures 
 were being taken in Congress for the organization of Wisconsin 
 Territory. In the inter-regnum, John S. Horner, secretary of 
 Michigan Territory, as acting governor, issued a proclamation 
 on the 9th of November, 1835, convening the legislative coun- 
 cil of Michigan (comprising tlic excluded Territory referred to) 
 at Green Bay, Jan. 1, 183G. The following were the members: 
 First district, John Lowe, George 11. Walker, Gilbert Ivnapp, 
 William B. Slaughter, and B. IL Edgerton; second district, 
 William S. Hamilton and James II. Vineyard ; third district, T. 
 P. Burnett; fourth district, Allen Ilill and J. Parker; fifth 
 district, J. B. Teas and Jeremiah Smith. Col. William S. 
 Hamilton was elected president ; A. G. Ellis, secretary ; Levi 
 Sterling, sergeant-at-arms ; and W. B. Long, recording secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Air. Burnett, from a committee appointed to notify the gov- 
 ernor that the council was organized, and prepared to receive 
 any communication he had to make, reported that Gov. Hor- 
 ner was absent, probably at Detroit, and that the committee 
 iiad no definite knowledge on the subject of his return. A 
 memorial to Congress on the organization of Wisconsin Terri- 
 tory was presented by Col. W. B. Slaughter, from a commit- 
 tee appointed to draw up the same, which memorial was 
 adopted ; also a memorial on the subject of Indian titles on the 
 Lower Iowa River. 
 
188 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 Owing to tlie absence of the governor, who did not come near 
 the council, nor send any written conmu' nication, no hxws were 
 passed. An appropriation of nineteen hundi-ed dollars was 
 made to defray the expenses of the session. 
 
 The legislative council adjourned March 5, 1836. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE TEnnrroKiAL governjient. 
 
 WUtconsln Territory — Its Original Boundaries— Civil RiKlita, &c. — Elections — 
 Early I^nislalioii — Gov. DoiIko — Ranks — Tlie Capital — Speeulutiun — Modi- 
 son — Tlio FIglit over the Location of the Seat of Government. 
 
 1836. 
 
 The act of Congress " establishing the Territorial Govern- 
 ment of Wisconsin " was approved April 20, 1836. It provided 
 that all the country included within certain prescribed bounda- 
 ries, including all the territory now embraced in the 
 States of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, and a part 
 of the Territory c " Dakota, should form, and after the third 
 day of July, 183G, constitute, a separate Territory, for the pur- 
 poses of tlie temporary government of Wisconsin; at which 
 time all the power and authority of the government of Michigan 
 in and over tiie said Territory ceased. 
 
 The executive power over the Territory was vested in a gov- 
 ernor, Avho was also superintendent of Indian affairs, and whose 
 approval of all laws was necessary before they sliould take 
 effect. 
 
 The act provided for a secretary, whose duty it was to record 
 and preserve the laws and proceedings of the legislative as- 
 sembl)'^, and the acts and proceedings of the governor, and who 
 was to execute and perform the powers and duties of governor, 
 in certain contingencies mentioned in the act. 
 
 The legislative power was vested in the governor and a legis- 
 lative assembly, consisting of a council of thirteen members, 
 elected every four years ; and a house of representatives of 
 twenty-six members, elected every two years. And it was pro- 
 vided by the organic act that the governor should appoint the 
 time and place of the first meeting of tlie legislative assembly ; 
 
 18S 
 
190 
 
 niSTonr of wisconsix. 
 
 that he should cause a census of the inhabitants to be made 
 previous to the first election, and should make un apportionment 
 among the several counties, for the election of members of the 
 council and house of representatives. 
 
 The act further provided " that every white male citizen of 
 the United States, above the age of twenty-one years, who shall 
 have been an inhabitant of the Territory at the time of its 
 organization, shall be entitled to vote at the first election, and 
 should be eligible to any office within the said Territory." 
 
 The organic act further directed, that the judicial power of 
 the Territory be vested in a supreme court, district courts, 
 probate courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme 
 court to consist of a chief justice and two associate justices ; 
 any two of whom to constitute a quorum, and to hold a term at 
 the seat of government of the Territory annually. The clerks 
 of all the courts were appointed by the judges thereof. The 
 act also provided for the appointment of an attorney and 
 marshal. The governor, secretary, chief jus+ice, associate 
 judges, attorney and marshal, it was provided, should be 
 appointed by the governor and council, or elected by the 
 people. Such is a brief synopsis of the principal provisions of 
 the act organizing the government of the Territory. 
 
 The first appointments made by the President oud Senate, of 
 the several offices, were : — 
 
 April 13, 183G, Governor, Gen. Henry Dodge. 
 
 May 0, 183G, Secretary, John S. Homer. 
 
 August, 1830, Chief Jiutice, Charles Dunn. 
 
 September, 183G, Associate Justices, Duvid 7rvin and William C. Frazer. 
 
 1830, Attorney, W. W. Chapman. 
 
 183G, Marshal, Francis Gehon. 
 
 The machinery of a complete temporary government, and 
 the instruments for its proper working, were thus provided; 
 and it only remained to set the machine in motion. And on the 
 fourth day of July, 1836, the governor, secretary, and judges 
 took the prescribed oath of office at Mineral Point, which 
 event contributed a novel and interesting element to a grand 
 celebration of the national jubilee, which wvs very generally 
 participated in by the inhabitants of the lead-mine region, of 
 which that hamlet was the then recognized metropolis. 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 191 
 
 The first important thing to bo done to complete the forma- 
 tion of the embryo government was the organization ol the 
 legislative assembly, preliminary to which a census was to be 
 taken by the sheriffs, and an apportionment of members of the 
 two branches made by the governor, among the several counties. 
 
 That portion of the Territory which comprises the present 
 State consisted of four counties, — Brown, Crawford, Iowa, and 
 Milwaukee. Brown County embraced all the lorruory east of 
 the Wisconsin River and range eight, and south as far as, and 
 including, town Twelve and the State of Illinois, extending 
 west to, and including, range Nino. Iowa County was bounded 
 north by the Wisconsin River, cast by the lino between ranges 
 Eight and Nine, south by Illinois, and west by the Mississippi 
 River ; and Crawford County embraced all the remainder of the 
 Territory east of the Mississippi. The census, which had 
 been taken agreeably to law, exhibited the following figures : 
 Brown County, 2,700 ; Crawford County, 850 ; Iowa County, 
 5,2C4 ; and Milwaukee, 2,893. Total, 11,083. 
 
 The apportionment made by the governor gave to the differ- 
 ent counties representation as follows : — 
 
 Uembcn of noii* e of 
 
 Council. neprwcntitlrM. 
 Brown 2 8 
 
 Crawford 2 
 
 Milwaukee 2 8 
 
 Iowa 3 6 
 
 Dubuque 3 S 
 
 Dcs Moiucs 3 7 
 
 13 20 
 
 Tlie time fixed by the governor for the election was the 10th 
 of October, 1830. The election excited a very considerable 
 interest, growing, chiefly, out of local considerations. The 
 permanent location of the " seat of government," the division 
 of counties, and the location of county seats, were the ques- 
 tions tliat chiefly influenced the elections ; while the views of 
 candidates in relation to national politics had little or uo influ- 
 ence upon the results. 
 
 Mr. John Atchinson, an enterprising citizen of Galena 
 during the summer and autumn of 1880, having laid out a 
 
192 
 
 n I STOUT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 town plat between the two Platte IMounds, to which he gave 
 the name of Ik-lmout, erected there several buildings designed 
 for the iicconimodation of the legislative assembly ; and the 
 governor, by his proclamation, appointed that place, and tho 
 25th of October as tho time, for tho meeting of the first session 
 of the assembly. 
 
 A quorum of each house was in attendance at the time fixed 
 for the meeting ; and the two houses were speedily organized by 
 the election of Hon. Henry S. Baird of Green Day, president 
 of tho council ; and Peter Hill Engle of Dul)uque, speaker of 
 the house of representatives. Each of the three branches of 
 the infant government was now in working order, except that 
 it remained for the legislative assembly to divide tho Territory 
 into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges. 
 This was speedily done. Crawford and Iowa constituted tho 
 first district, to which the chief justice was ivssigned ; Dubuque 
 and Dcs ^loines the second, to which Judge Irvin was assigned ; 
 and Judge Frazcr to the third, consisting of Milwaukee and 
 Brown Counties. 
 
 Gov. Dodge, in his first message, directed attention to 
 defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, 
 and of matters connected with their administration ; recom- 
 mended memorializing Congress on extending the right of pre- 
 emption to actual settlers, and to rainerj on the mineral lands, 
 the removal of the obstructions in the rajiids of the Upper 
 Mississippi, the construction of harbors and light-houses on 
 Lake Michigan, the improvement of the navigation of the Fox 
 River, and a survey of tho same from Green Bay to Fort 
 Winnebago, the improvement of the llock River, the increase 
 of lands to the Territory for school-purposes, and for organi- 
 zing and arming the militia for the protection of the frontier 
 settlements. 
 
 The first act passed by the legislative assembly was one 
 which privileged the members from arrest, and conferred on 
 themselves power to puniih for contempt. The next one, with 
 tho exception of that already referred to, establishing judicial 
 districts, was "to borrow money to dcfi'ay the expenses of 
 the first assembly. 
 
 Three banks were incorporated, — the Miner's Banlc of 
 
194 
 
 BIBTORY Of WISCONSIN. 
 
 DubiKiue, the Bank of ^linerul Point, and the Bank of Mil- 
 waukee, all of which were organizetl and weut into operation, 
 and ail fiu'jd, and became utterly bankrupt; and one of them, 
 the Bank of Mineral Point, with a loss to the comnumity of 
 over two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The protection of tlie lands donated to Wisconsin by the 
 United States Government for school-purposes, and the crea- 
 tion of a common school fund, first called the attention of our 
 public men to the cause of education. The first resolution on 
 school-matters ever introduced into the legislative assembly, 
 was at -is session, and referred to the report of a bill, to 
 " Prohibit perscms fron* trespassing on the school-lands in the 
 Territory, by cutting and destroying timber." A memorial to 
 Congress was adopted, requesting that body to authorize the 
 sale of the school-section in each township, and to a{)[)ropriate 
 the money arising, towards creating a fund for the su])port of 
 common schools. 
 
 All the territory south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox 
 Rivers was subdivided into counties as they now exist, except 
 that Ozaukee, Waukesha, Kenosha, and Lafayette have been 
 formed out of Washington, Jlilwaukee, Kacine, and Iowa. In 
 most of the counties, the county-seats were located at the same 
 session. These questions, however, did not create much dis- 
 cussion, as the questions, where any existed, had been mainly 
 decided at the elections ; and the members had only to give 
 effect to the expressed will of those citizens by whom they had 
 been elected. 
 
 The great and paramount question of the session was the 
 location of the seat of government. To this, all others were 
 subordinate and made subservient. The wild spirit of specula- 
 tion, — which, in the earlier part of the year 1836, had, like a 
 tornado, swept over the whole country, and which, having 
 invaded and unsettled the prices of every species of jjci-sonal 
 property, seized upon the unsold public domain, which was 
 transferred by millions of acres from the control of the gov- 
 ernment and the occupation of the settler, to the dominion of 
 the speculator, — although on the wane in the last mon hs of 
 that year, was still omnipotent, and exerted a marked influence 
 upon many of the members of the Belmont legislature. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 195 
 
 Numerous speculators were in attendance, with beautiful 
 maps of prospective cities, whose future greatness was por- 
 trayed with all the fervor and eloquence which the excited 
 imaginations of their proprietors could display. Madison, Bel- 
 mont, Fond du Lac, and Cassville were the points which were 
 most prominently urged upon the consideration of the members. 
 Hon. James Duane Doty, afterwards a dek^tite in Congress, 
 and governor of the Territory, and more recently governor of 
 Utah (where he died) had resided for m .ny years at Green 
 Bay, as additional judge of Michigan lerritorj. His frequent 
 journeys in the discharge of his judicial duties, in tho different 
 parts of the Territory, had rendered him familiar with its geog- 
 raphy and topography, and had given him superior advantages 
 for judging of the eligibilities of different pcnnts as sites for the 
 capital of the Territory and future State. Judge Doty fixed 
 upon the isthmus between the third and fourth of the Four 
 Lakes, and in connection with Stevens T. Mason, the governor 
 of Michigan Territory, purchased from the government about 
 one thousand acres of land, in Sects. 13. 14, 23, and 24, upon the 
 common corner of which tho capital now stands. Upon this 
 tract of land, a town plat was laid out, called Madison, and, 
 under the allspices of its founder, became a formidable competi- 
 tor for the honors and advantages of being selected as the seat 
 of government. Madison town-lots in large numbers were 
 freely distributed among members, their friends, and others 
 who were supposed to possess influence with them. 
 
 Nearly four weeks were spent in skirmishing outside the legis- 
 lative halls, when, on the 21st of November, the battle was 
 formally opened in the council, and the bill considered in com- 
 mittee of the whole until the 23d, when it was reported back 
 in the form in which it became a law, fixing on Madison as the 
 seat of government, and providing that the sessions of the 
 legislative assembly should be held at Burlington, in Des 
 Moines County, until March 4, 1839, unless the public build- 
 ings at Madison should be sooner completed. 
 
 When the bill was reported back by the committee of the 
 whole, and was imder consideration in the coimcil, where the 
 ayes and nays could be called, a spirited attack was made 
 upon it; and motions to strike out Madison, and insert some 
 
196 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 other place, were successively made in favor of Pond du Lac, 
 Dubuque, Portage, Helena, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Min- 
 eral Point, Platteville, Green Bay, Cassville, Belleview, Koshko- 
 nong, Wisconsinapolis, Peru, and Wisconsin City, but all with 
 one uniform result, — ayes, six ; naycs, seven, — .and the bill was, 
 by the same vote, ordered engrossed, and next day passed the 
 council. In the house of representatives, the opposition was 
 not so formidable ; and on the 28th, the bill was ordered to a 
 third reading by a vote of sixteen to ten, and passed, the same 
 day, fifteen to eleven, thus ending one of the most exciting 
 struggles ever witnessed in the Territory of Wisconsin. 
 
 It was quite evident that the Des Moines County delegations 
 in both liouses favored the location at some central and con- 
 venient point between the Mississippi and Lake Michigan, 
 anticipating the early division of the Territory of Wisconsin, 
 and the organization of the Territory of Iowa, when they appar- 
 ently hoped to secure tlie location of the capital in their por- 
 tion of Iowa Territory, which they eventually accomplished. 
 Aside from any do-nceur consideration, this alone v/as a suf- 
 ficient inducement for the solid vote of that delegation for 
 Madison as the seat of government. 
 
 This question having been disposed of, but little remained 
 which was thought expedient to act upon at that session. A 
 proposition f(.)r a commission to codify the laws was made ; but, 
 as the opinion was prevalent that the Territory would soon be 
 divided, it, and others of a similar character, met with but little 
 favor. 
 
 The ^irst legislative assembly having enacted that the annual 
 sessions should thereafter be held on the first Monday of 
 November, adjourned, sine die, on the ninth day of December, 
 183G, having been in session forty days, and passed forty-two 
 laws, about one-half of which were of a private nature. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE TEERITORIAL GOVEENMENT. 
 
 Buililing-CommiHsioners — Tlieir Journey from Milwaukee to the Site of Madison 
 — Condition of tlio Territory — Tlie Routes and Modes of Travel — Early 
 Lantl Sales — Tl>e Squatters and their Exponents — Second Session of the 
 Territorial Lepslature — The 'Wisconsin University — Educational — Early 
 Schools — The Milwaukee and Rock River Canal Company— Special Session 
 of the Legislature. 
 
 By Sect. 3 of the act locating the seat of government at 
 Madison, it waa enacted " That there nhall be three commis- 
 sioners, elected by joint oallot of the council and house of 
 representatives, whose duty it shall be to cause the necessary 
 public buildings to be erected at the said town of Madison for 
 the accommodation of the assembly, and other oflBcers of the 
 Territorial Government. The said commissioners, or a majority 
 of them, shall agree upon a plan of said buildings, and shall 
 issue proposals, giving due notice thereof, and contract for the 
 erection of said buildings without delay. One of their num- 
 ber to be treasurer, who shall be authorized to draw on the 
 treasury of the United States for such sums as may be needed 
 out of the congressional approprial . for the erection of said 
 building, giving proper security ; another to be acting com- 
 missioner, whose duty shall be to superintend in person the 
 erection of the buildings ; the commissioners to receive such 
 compensation for their services as may hereafter be allowed by 
 law." 
 
 In pursuance of this section, the legislative assembly, on the 
 7th of December, 183G, in convention, elected Augustus A. 
 Bird, James Duanc Doty, and John F. O'Neill commissioners ; 
 which board at their first meeting elected Mr. 3ud acting 
 commissioner, and Mr. Doty treasui-er. On the 10th of June, 
 
 la; 
 
198 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1837, the acting commissioner, accompaniod by a party of 
 
 tiiirt3--six workmen, an-ivetl, to commence the work. 
 
 They were ten days on the route from Milwaukee, 
 
 making their own roads, travelling through a country without 
 
 settlers or any evidences of civilization. 
 
 The workmen, after the erection of temporary houses and 
 cabins, commenced the excavation for the foiuidation-wdls ; and 
 the work was so far advanced, that preparations were made to 
 hiy the corner-stone with appropriate ceremonies on the 4th of 
 July, and a celebration was had. Among the guests was a 
 party of Winnebago Indians with their chief. Dandy.' 
 
 Of the twenty-one members from the counties east of the 
 Mississippi, it is believed that only five survive at this date 
 (187o), — Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Sweet, and J. B. Terry of 
 the council, and Gen. A. G. Ellis and Thomfvs Shanley of the 
 house. But few persons realize the condition of things as they 
 were in 1836. In recalling the changes that have taken place 
 in the Territory and State since that date, it seems almost like 
 a dream. It is not forty years since the Territory was organ- 
 ized ; and yet, in tliat length of time, a State has grown into 
 existence of at least a million of inhabitants. In 18-30 there 
 were but three newspapers published west of Lake Michigan, 
 and north of Illinois, in the vast territory extending to the 
 Pacific, — one at Milwaukee, " The Advertiser." established in 
 July, 183G ; one at Green Bay, in August, 1830, "The Green- 
 Bay Intelligencer;" and one at Belmont in the ijresent county 
 of Lafayette, in the fall of tiie year, called " The lU'lmont 
 Gazette ; " the latter being established merely to do the Terri- 
 torial printing, the first legislature having been summoned to 
 meet at that place. What is now Iowa — with the exception 
 of two or three points on the Mississippi, Dubuque, and Bur- 
 lington — was an unknown wild, without even a name, as was 
 Western Wisconsin, and the country extending north to the 
 British Possessions. The lead-mines in the west, and the 
 military establishments of Forts Howard, Winnebago, and 
 Crawford, and the villages of Green Bay and Milwaukee, and the 
 fewmining-settlementa, — numbering an estimated population, 
 
 1 Dandy was a prominent Winnebago chief, aou of uld Four libf^, and died at 
 the Tunnel, we believe, in 1873. 
 
200 
 
 BIBTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 in all, of some ten thousand inhabitants, — ivera all there was 
 of this vast Indian country unexplored and unknown except 
 io its native people, to its scarcely less wild traders and trap- 
 pers. There were no regular routes of travel in the interior ; 
 and all communication between distant points was either 
 through exploring-parties made on foot or on horseback, along 
 well-worn Indian trails, or under the direction of Indian 
 guides. From one military station to another, the government 
 had opened passable roads ; but elsewhere the routes of travel 
 were neither direct nor comfortable, being such as the Indian 
 or the lazy half-breed had opened at the least expenditure of 
 labor, regardless of distance or convenience. 
 
 In the year 1836, there was no land in market, save a narrow 
 strip along the shore of Lake Michigan and in the vicinity of 
 Green Bay, at which place the government land-oflSce was 
 located ; the balance of the surveyed portion of the Territory 
 being open only to pre-emption. Settlers were governed in 
 the possession of these lands by laws and regulations adopted 
 at public meetings ; and these were faithfully adhered to, as a 
 matter of common safety. When the lauds finally came into 
 market, these settlers, or "trespassers," as they were held 
 under the law, bid off the tracts to which they respectively 
 laid claim ; no interference oi over-bidding on the part of out- 
 siders being permitted. At the first land-sale at Milwaukee, a 
 citizen speculator of that place was taken to the river and 
 thoroughly ducked, because of his having bid against a settler. 
 These settlers were mostly Eastern men, who, leaving their 
 families, came to the Territory to lay the foundations for new 
 homes. They went to the wilderness, built themselves cabins, 
 improved the land, and, when they became owners of their 
 claims, brought their families to the enjoj-ment of their new 
 possessions, which have since grown into beautiful homes, or 
 theatres of active business. The land-claimants were a hardy, 
 enduring, hopeful class of people; but many of them only 
 opened the way for others, falling back before the tide of 
 immigration to other undeveloped portions of the West. 
 
 Such was the state of matters less than forty yeais ago. A 
 country rich in natural resources had passed into the hands of 
 young, energetic men for development ; and undertakings were 
 
EISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 201 
 
 1837. 
 
 entered upon then that would seem impossible to less hopeful 
 and less self-relying minds than are generally possessed by early 
 settlers. 
 
 The second session of the legislative assembly convened at 
 Burlington on Monday the sixth day of November, 1837, and 
 continued in session until the 20th of January, 
 1838, when it adjourned to meet again on the second 
 Monday in June. The two houses were composed of the 
 same members as at the previous session, with the exception of 
 four persons elected to fill the places of four who had resigned. 
 Of the council, Arthur B. Ingraham was elected president; 
 George Beatty, secretary ; and Levi Sterling, sergeant-at-arms. 
 And of the house of representatives, Isaac Leffler was chosen 
 speaker ; John Catlin, chief clerk ; and William Morgan, ser- 
 geant-at-arms. The governor, in his message, recommended, aa 
 he had at the previous session, a codification of the laws, the 
 organization of the militia, the improvement of rivers and 
 harbors, and other measures which had not been considered by 
 the legislative assembly. This session was not marked by any 
 events of peculiar interest. The whole num' ">• of acts 
 passed was a hundred and six. Of these, eighteen related to 
 the laying-out and organization of counties, locating county- 
 seats, and to town, village, and city organization ; ten, to the 
 establishment of eighteen different seminaries and universities ; 
 nine, to the location of roads ; and thirty-six, to the general 
 conduct of the public affairs of the Territory. There was also 
 passed thirty-two private acts, of which one was to incorporate 
 a bank at Prairie du Chien, which was disapproved by Con- 
 gress, and never went into effect ; and six to grant divorces, all 
 of which took effect immediately after, and some, perhaps, 
 before, their passage. 
 
 Of the public acts, the two most important were the act 
 providing for taking another census, and the act abolishing 
 imprisonment for debt ; which relic of barbarism had continued 
 in force, by operation of the laws of Michigan upon the 
 organization of the Territory. Among the eighteen universi- 
 ties and seminaries established was the University of the 
 Territory of Wisconsin at Madison, to which Congress was, 
 by joint resolution, urged to make an appropriation of twenty 
 
S02 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSm. 
 
 thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land. The 
 money was net appropriated. But on the 12th of June, 1838, 
 Congress made an appropriation of the amount of land asked 
 for, — two townships, or 46,080 acres, which was the fundamen- 
 tal endowment of that noble university, whose spacious build- 
 ings now adorn the capital of the State, and whose facilities 
 and capacity for educating its youth reflect so much credit 
 upon those who have manifested so great an interest, and such 
 untiring perseverance, in promoting its welfare. Some account 
 of this act, and of the early history of the university, will 
 prove of interest. The following is a synopsis of the original 
 charter of the university, which was approved Jan. 19, 1838 : — 
 
 Section 1. "That there shall be established at or near 
 Madison, the seat of government, a university for the purpose 
 of educating youth, the name whereof shall be the ' University 
 of the Territory of Wisconsin.' The said university to be 
 under the government of a board of visitors, not exceeding 
 twenty in number, of whom the governor and secretary of the 
 Territory, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the president 
 of said university, shall be a part, and Bushnell B. Cary, 
 Marshall M. Strong, Byron Kilbourn, William A. Gardiner, 
 Henry Stringham, Charles R. Brush, Charles C. P. Arndt, John 
 Catlin, George H. Slaughter, David Brigham, John F. Scher- 
 merhorn, William A. Coryell, George Beatty, Henry L, Dodge, 
 and Augustus A. Bird, the remainder, who shall hold their 
 oiEce during the pleasure of the legislature, bj' whom all va- 
 cancies shall be filled." 
 
 Sect. 2 creates the Board a body politic and corporate, with 
 perpetual succession, under the name of the " Board of Visit- 
 ors of the University of the Territory of Wisconsin," with all 
 the usual powers of a corporation ; eleven to be a quorum for 
 all necessary business. 
 
 Sect. 8 provides that it shall be lawful for such Board, 
 from time to time, to apply such part of theii- estate and funds 
 in such a manner as may be the most conducive to the promo- 
 tion of literature and the advancement of useful knowledge 
 within the Territory ; providing, that, when grants shall be 
 made to them for certain uses and purposes therein expressed 
 
nisTOsr OF iriscoNsm. 
 
 208 
 
 and declared, the same shall not be applied, either in whole or 
 in part, to any other uses, -without the consent of the grantor. 
 
 Sect. 4 provides for the election of secretary and treasurer, 
 by ballot, by the Board, with the usual power, duties, and 
 responsibilities. 
 
 Sect. 5 authorizes said Board of Visitors, from time to 
 time, to establish such colleges, academies, and schools, depend- 
 ing on the said university, as they may think proper, and as 
 the funds of the corporation will permit ; and it shall also be 
 the duty of said Board of Visitors to visit and inspect acade- 
 mies and schools, to examine into the state and systems of edu- 
 cation and discipline therein,* and to make a yearly report 
 thereof to the legislature. 
 
 Sect. 6 provides that persons of every religious denomina- 
 tion shall be capable of being elected visitors ; nor shall any 
 person as president, professor, instructor, or pupil, be refused 
 admittance for his conscientious persuasion in matter of reli- 
 gion, provided he shall demean himself in a proper manner, 
 and conform to such rules as may be established. 
 
 Sect. 7 provides that the act of incorporation may be re- 
 pealed or modified by the legislative power of the Territory, 
 provided that such power of repeal shall never be extended to 
 divert to any other purposes than those expressed therein, if 
 any shall be expressed in any grant of property to such corpo- 
 ration. But such property, in the event of the dissolution of 
 such corporation, or in case such grant shall be disapproved 
 by the legislative power, shall revert to the grantor or his heirs. 
 
 Sect. 8 requires the first meeting under the act to be held 
 on the first Monday in July, 1838, and, if a quorum should not 
 be in attendance, to adjourn from time to time until a quorum 
 shall attend. 
 
 Sect. 9 provides, that, whenever the word " ' Territory ' 
 occurs in the act, it shall be read ' State,' after the Territory 
 becomes a State." 
 
 A few more items relative to the territorial history of the 
 university may be desirable at this time. 
 
 A full meeting of the Board was probably held in July, 1838, 
 as required by the act of incorporation. 
 
204 
 
 n I STORY OF wiscoysm. 
 
 The first record of any such session is the foUoM^ng, which 
 is taken from " The Wisconsin Enquirer " of Dec. 8 of that 
 year. 
 
 " A meeting of the ' board of visitors of the University of the Territory 
 of Wisconsin ' was held at Madison, Dec. 1, 1838. Present : Henry Dodge, 
 William B. Slaughter, Jfarshall M. Strong, David Brigham, George H. 
 Slaughter, Augustus A. Bird, George Boatty, and John Collins. 
 
 " On motion of William B. Slaughter, the Board proceeded to elect a 
 treasurer and secretary by ballot ; and, the votes having been taken, it ap- 
 peared that Henry Dodgo had received a majority of all the votes for the 
 oiEce of treasurer, and that John Catlin had received a majority of the votes 
 cast for the office of secretary ; and they were declared duly elected. 
 
 " On motion of M. M. Strong, Ordered, That a committee be appointed to 
 examine the lands proposed to be donated by Josiah A. Noonan and Aaron 
 Vanderpoel, and the lauds generally in the vicinity of JIadison, and 
 report to the Board at their next meeting a suitable site for the location of 
 the university ; and Messrs. A. A. Bird, David Brigham, and George H. 
 Slaughter were appointed such committee. 
 
 " Ou motion of D. Brigham, Esq., it was Resolved, That a committee of 
 three be appointed to request the legislative assembly, at the present session, 
 to memorialize the secretary of the treasury of the United States to locate 
 the lands donated by the act of Congress, approved 12th of June, 1838, 
 for the use and support of a university within this Territory, in pursuance 
 of said act ; and to request the legislative assembly that the same be appro- 
 priated for the benefit of the University of the Territory of Wisconsin, to be 
 located at or near Madison, in the county of Dane. 
 
 "On motion of Col. William B. Slaughter, the Chair appointed the 
 following committee : William B. Slaughter, George Beatty, and Marshall 
 M. Strong. 
 
 " Ou motion of Mr. George Beatty, it was /Jeso/i'e(/„That the secretary be 
 authorized to procure a seal, with suitable devices, for the use of the board 
 of visitors, as early as practicable. 
 
 " On motion of M. JI. Strong, Ordered, That the proceedings of this meet- 
 ing be published in the Madison ' Enquirer ; ' and, on motion of Col. W. B. 
 Slaughter, the Board adjourned to meet on Saturday next, at three, p.m." 
 
 There is no further record of any meetings following this 
 adjournment. The legislature, at its January session in 1839, 
 adopted a joint resolution providing for the selection of the 
 lands, appointing J. V. Suydam of Brown County, F. O. Rirk- 
 patrick of the county of Iowa, and J. B. Zander of the county 
 of Milwaukee, commissioners to locate a portion, not exseeding 
 tVrO-lhirds of all the lands donated by Congress by the act 
 
206 
 
 ni STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 approved June 12, 1838, for the use and support of the univer- 
 sity ; requiring them to meet at Madison, in the county of 
 Dane, on the fust Monday in May, and proceed to examine 
 and select equal quantities of such lands, Avithin the limits of 
 the United States land district in this Territory, as would best 
 promote the interests of the university. 
 
 Within thirty days after making such selection, public 
 notice was required to be given of the same for six successive 
 weeks i and, on completion of the same, a report to the gov- 
 ernor, to be by him transmitted to the treasurer of the United 
 States, with a request that the lands so selected be set apart 
 and reserved for the purposes mentioned in the said act of 
 Congress. 
 
 This commission, for some retson, did not at the time, or even 
 afterwards, select the lands authorized by the foregoing resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 At a later period, we find the work was performed by 
 Nathaniel F. Hyers. 
 
 The history of the university will be continued hereafter. 
 
 At this second session, a bill was passed to " regulate the sale 
 of school-lands, and to provide for organizing, regulating, and 
 perfecting schools." It was provided, that, as soon as twenty 
 electors should reside in a surveyed township in which was 
 a school-section, they should elect three commissioners of 
 common schools, who should hold their oflSce for three years, 
 apply the proceeds of the leases of school-lands to pay the 
 wages of teachers in every township, and call school-meetings ; 
 each district to elect three directors. And five inspectors were 
 elected annually to examine schools, and inspect teachers. 
 
 The first school-district in the State was organized under the 
 old Michigan school-law, in Milwaukee, in the fall of 1836, 
 about the same time that the firat session of the legislative 
 assembly was held. The first public school was kept by a Mr. 
 West, in a framed schoolhouse in the second ward of that city, 
 — the first in the State. 
 
 On the 16th of February, 1837, Col. William B. Slaughter 
 was by Pres. Jackson appointed secretary of the Territory, in 
 the place of John S. Horner removed. 
 
 It was at this session that an act was passed " to incorpoi-ate 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 207 
 
 . the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal Company," which con- 
 tained, among other things, an authority to tho company to 
 apply to Congress for an appropriation, in money or lands, to 
 aid in the construction of its works. In pursuance of this 
 authority, application was made, and an appropriation obtained 
 in June, 1838, of the odd-numbered sections on a belt of 
 territory five miles in width on each side of the lino of 
 the proposed canal. Tliis grant of land, if it had be0n 
 judiciously managed, would have produced a fund adequate 
 for the construction of a canal connecting Rock Uiver with 
 Lake Michigan, which would have been followed, no doubt, 
 by slack-water navigation on Rock River, providing a cheap 
 means of transit to market, of the bulky agricultural products 
 of the extensive and fertile valley of Rook River and of 
 other parts of the State and of Illinois. But, instead of 
 the blessing it might have been, it proved a cui-se and a 
 blight upon the early prosperity of tho Territor}-, owing 
 mainly to the antagonisms which grew up between the 
 oflBcers of the canal company and the Territorial oflBcers 
 intrusted with the disposition of the lands granted by Con- 
 gress and of their proceeds, and to the conflicts between the 
 beneficiaries of the land grant, and some of the leading 
 politicians of the times. 
 
 A special session of the legislative assembly was held at 
 Burlington, June 11, 1838, and was a short one, last- 
 ing only two weeks, iuljourning on the 25th of June. 
 The only change in tho officers consisted of William B. Sheldon 
 being elected spciiker of the house of representatives. 
 
 The session was held mainly for tlie purpose of making a 
 new apportiomont of members of the house, based upon the 
 census taken in May. Thirty-one acts were passed, of which 
 six related to counties, five to roads, seven to the conduct of 
 public affairs, and the remaining thirteen to private matters, of 
 which four were to grant divorces. Among the public acta 
 was one postponing the general election from the first Monday 
 of August to the second Monday of September ; and another 
 making a new apportionment of the members of the house of 
 representatives to be then elected. Of the twenty-six mem- 
 bers, twelve were apportioned among the counties east of the 
 
 1838. 
 
208 
 
 niSTORY OF WlSCONStN. 
 
 JMississippi River, and fourteen among those west. This 
 api)ortii)iim(;nt was, however, to be contingent upon the divis- 
 ion of till! Territory; upon which contingency it was made 
 the duty of t ho governor to make an apportionment. Tliis act 
 was approved on the 2.'id of June; and the act to divide the 
 Territory, and cstahlisli the Territorial Government of Iowa, 
 was approved on the 12th of June, twelve da^'s previous ; but 
 in tliose da,v8 of slow mails, and while the electric telegraph 
 was an experiment, the news of its passage did not reach 
 Durlington until after the passage of the apportionment act. 
 Having provided that the next session should be held at 
 Madison, the first legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory 
 adjourned June 25, 1838. On the 20th of February, 1848, the 
 commissioners of public buildings advertised that they would 
 receive proposals for the erection of the public buildings, and 
 gave spcciflcations of the plan of the Capitol and its interior and 
 exterior work; in reply to which, bids were received, ranging 
 from $24,450 to 6*125,000; and the contract was awarded to 
 James Morrison for $20,200 on the 17t!i of Api'l. By an 
 act of Congress, approved June 18, 1838, the further sum of 
 $•20,000 was appropriated for finishing the work. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE TEURITOUIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Population nnd Apportionment— The First Lcglslallvo AsscniMy nt MadlHon^ 
 Tho Cunditlon of the New Capitol — IIoj^h anil AiHenibly-Mun In the Same I'ea 
 — AmuHlng Itcminiiicence.'i — The New (Ohl) Capitol Wrangle— In veittigutiug 
 Comnilttoos — Jtecoss — Second Session — Laws Passed, &c. 
 
 By tho act of Congress to divide the Territory, it was pro- 
 vided that tho terms of tho members of the council and house 
 of representatives be deemed to liave expired, and that a new 
 election of members should bo had upon an apportionment to 
 be made by the governor, and that they should meet at Madi- 
 son at such time as the governor should appoint. 
 
 The population of tho Territory in May, 1838, as shown by 
 the census, was as follows : — 
 
 Counties. Fopulatlon. 
 
 Brown 3,018 
 
 Crawford 1,220 
 
 D.tno 172 
 
 Dodgo 18 
 
 Green 404 
 
 Grant 2,703 
 
 Iowa 3,218 
 
 Jefferson 408 
 
 Milwaukee 3,131 
 
 Racine 2,054 
 
 Eock 480 
 
 Walworth 1,019 
 
 Washington 04 
 
 Total 18,140 
 
 The time fixed by the governor for the meeting of the first 
 session of the second legislative assembly, and the first under 
 
 14 20» 
 
210 
 
 IIISTOItT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the re-organized Territorial Goveriir.ient, was the twenty-sixth 
 day of Nuveinber, 1838. 
 
 On the 8th of November, 1838, Hon. Andrew G. Miller of 
 Pennsylvania was appointed associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court to succeed Judge Frazer, tlien recently deceased ; and 
 Chief Justice Dunn, and Associate Justices Irvin and jNIiller, 
 constituted the Supreme Court until the organization of the 
 State Government iu 1848. 
 
 At the July term of 1839, Franklin J. Munger was appointed 
 attorney-general for that term, in the absence of that officer 
 (11. N. Wells) ; and the clerk, John Catlin, having resigned, 
 Simeon Jlills was appointed to fill his jilaee ; and Lafayette 
 Kellogg, now and for many years the faithful and efficient 
 clerk of the Supreme Court of the State, was apjjouited deputy 
 clerk, and attended to the duties of the office. From that 
 time, a term of the coiu-t was held annually, as provided by 
 law, until Wisconsin was admitte<l a State. Mr. IMills liaving 
 resigned the office of clerk in 1840, ]\Ir. Kellogg was appointed 
 to fill the vacancy. 
 
 Party lines had not yet been drawn in the Territory ; and the 
 members were elected without reference to, and perhaps with 
 out a public knowledge of, tlieir views upon national politics. 
 Among tlie members elected were Edward V. AVliiton, ^sclson 
 Dewey, Daniel Wells, jun., Morgan L. JIartin, and Marshall M. 
 Strong. 
 
 Upon the convening of the legislative assembly, it was 
 found that the Capitol was in an unfinislied state ; and so much 
 dissatisfaction existed with tlie accommodations at Madison, 
 that it was a matter of doubt for two weeks, whether or not 
 a temporary adjournment to Milwaukee would be cfi'ected. A 
 committee appointed for the purpose of investigating tlie extent 
 of the acconunodations reported " tliat at tlie Madison House 
 there was one room that would accommodate six persons ; at 
 the Madison Hotel, two rooms that would accommodate four 
 persons ; and, at tiie American Hotel, eight rooms, suflicient to 
 accommodate twenty-six persons : but thej- could not ascertain 
 that more tliaii fifty persons could be accommodated witli suffi- 
 cient rf)oms for tlie transaction of business. Tlie session was 
 organized in the couueil by the election of William Bulleu, 
 
212 
 
 niSTOHT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 president ; George Beatty, secretary ; and S. N. Ives, sergeant- 
 at-arms ; and in the house, by the election of John W. Black- 
 atone, speaker ; John Catlin, chief clerk, and Thomas !Morgan, 
 sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 Gov. Dodge, in his message, recommended the investigation 
 of the banks in the Territory, memorializing Congress for a 
 grant of lands to be sold, and applied to the improvement of the 
 Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the revision of the laws, the divis- 
 ion of the Territory into judicial districts, the claims of the 
 miners, and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan, 
 
 Col. Ebenezer Childs, who was a member of the legislature, 
 in his " Recollections of Wisconsin," published in vol. iv. of 
 " Collections of State Historical Society " says, — 
 
 '* The new Capitol edifice was not yet in suitable condition to receive the 
 legislature : so wo had to assemble in the basement of the old American 
 House, where Gov. Dodfje delivered his first message at the new seat of gov- 
 enunent. We adjourned from day to day, until we could get in the new 
 Capitol building. At length we took possession of the new Assembly Hall. 
 The floors were laid with green oak-boards full of ice. The walls of the 
 room were iced over ; green-oak seats, and desks made of rough boards, 
 one fireplace, and one small stove. In a few days the flooring near the stove 
 and fireplace so shrunk, on account of the heat, that a person could run his 
 hands between tlie boards. The basement-story was all open ; and James 
 Morrison's large drove of hogs had taken possession. They were awfully 
 poor ; and it would have taken two of them, standing side by side, to have 
 made a decent shadow on a bright day. We had a gioat many smart mem- 
 bers in the house, and sometimes they spoke for Buncombe. AVhen mem- 
 bers of this kind would become too tedious, I would take a long pole, I'o at 
 the hogs, and stir them up; when they would raise a young Pandemonium 
 for noise and confusion. The speaker's voice would become completely 
 drowned; and ho would be compelled to stop, not, however, without giving 
 his squealing disturbers a sample of hi.s swearing ability. Tiie weather was 
 cold; the halls we. ■? cold; our ink would freeze: so, when we could stand it 
 no longer, we passed a joint resolution to adjourn for twenty days. I was 
 appointed by the two houses to procure carpeting for both halls during tlio 
 recess. I bought all I could find in the Territory, and brought ittoMadi.san, 
 and put it down, after covering the floor with a thick coating of liay. Alter 
 this, we were more comfortable. We used to have tall tinn's in liios : days, 
 — days long to be remembered. Stealing was carried on in a small way. 
 Occnsionally a bill would bo fairly stolen through the legislature; and Iha 
 legislature would get gouged now and then. " 
 
 Judge J. G. Knapp, also, in referring to this session, says, — 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 213 
 
 " Ilaring organized the legislature, the next question was for members, 
 officers, and lobbyists to find places to eat aiid sleep in. Though we paif^ 
 metropolitan prices, it cannot be said that we liad exactly metropolitan fare. 
 But men were remarkably accommodating in those days, and could eat ' hog 
 and hominy ' or ' common doings,' when ' chicken fixens ' could not be had. 
 A frontier life is a mighty lovelier, — much like poverty, making men 
 acquainted with strange bed-fellows. The ' school section ' of the ' Ameri- 
 can,' embracing most of the garret, was marked into lodging-places by 
 cracks in the floor; and its other rooms were equally crowded. At the Mad- 
 ison House, only six men were placed in a room sixteen feet square; and four 
 others had a place at the fire during the day and evening. The floors were 
 also nightly covered with shake-downs for travellers and transient visitors. 
 Happy were those men who could find places in the few private houses, 
 where four men might find two beds in a cold room ten or twelve feet 
 square." 
 
 Owing to the want of suitable accommodations, the legisla- 
 tive assembly remained at JIadison about four weeks, when they 
 adjourned from the 22d of December to the 21st of January, 
 1839. 
 
 The attention of the assembly had, however, during this short 
 session, been directed to several matters then consid- 
 ered of great importance. Among these were, an 
 investigation of the mode in which the commissioners of public 
 buildings had discharged their duties ; an investigation of the 
 tliree banks then in operation at Green Bay, Mineral Point, and 
 Milwaukee ; a plan for constructing the Jlilwaukee and Rock 
 River Canal, in aid of which a grant of land had been made by 
 Congress ; and, what was of greater importance than all ek;e, a 
 revision of the general laws of the Territory. 
 
 The governor also took occasion to speak of Wisconsin and 
 her prospects. He said, — 
 
 "From the great cxtf^nt of this Territory, the fertility of her soil, the 
 salubrity of her climate; with the great lakes Miciiigan and Superior on the 
 east and north, and the ' Father of Rivers ' on the west ; witli her inex- 
 haustible treasure of minerals of lead and copper; with her extensive for- 
 Oot.' of pine, and abundantly sujiplied wati'r-pri\i!egcs; with every natural 
 facility for foir.i'.iig a general system of internal improvement between the 
 Mississippi and the Lakes (our inland laki's), supported by tlie fostering 
 care of this patriotic and enlightened administration ; with the intelligence, 
 industry, and enterprise of her citizens, — her march will be onward; aiid 
 the time is not distant when she will form a strong link in the chain of 
 States iu the great Valley of the Mississippi." 
 
 1839. 
 
 'J.I. I 
 
214 
 
 nisTORT OP wiscoxsm. 
 
 At that session, a new assignment of judges for holding dis- 
 trict courts was made. Judge Dunn was assigned to the first 
 circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant, and Crawford ; 
 Judge Irvin, to the second district, composed of the counties of 
 Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth, and Green ; Judge Miller, to 
 the third district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, 
 Brown, and Racine. At that session, the legislative assembly 
 annexed to the several districts a number of unorganized coun- 
 ties for judicial purposes. 
 
 The investigations furnished no valuable practical results. 
 They showed that the building commissioners had misapplied 
 the money appropriated by Congress for the construction of the 
 Capitol ; and, as a consequence, the old commissioners were 
 removed, and N. C. Prentiss, J. L. Thayer, and L. H. Colton 
 were appointed to fill the vacancies. 
 
 Mr. Bird, in his examination before the Territorial legislature 
 (Feb. 15, 1839), states, that, fit the first meeting of the commis- 
 sioners, they adopted a plan of the building estimated to cost 
 from forty thousand dollars to forty-five thousand dollars ; that 
 they did not advertise for proposals agreeably to the provisions 
 of the act, because they were of the opinion that it could be 
 built mucli cheaper than any one would be willing to contract 
 to do it. They, therefore, in the exercise of their discretionary 
 power, concluded to commence and continue the work until 
 they were able to ascertain how it could be done with the least 
 expense and best advantage to the Territory. The construction 
 of the work was continued by him until the month of Septem- 
 ber following, when notices for proposals were issued for the 
 first time, and a number of bids presented. None of them 
 Avere accepted ; and the work was continued as before, until 
 April 25, 1838. 
 
 Tlie work was continued by Mr. Morrison until 1841, at 
 which time the Avork was unfinished ; and Mr. Prentiss, as build- 
 ing commissioner for and on the part of the Territory, entered 
 into a contract with Daniel Baxter, by the terms of which ho 
 was required to finish the work as specified in the contract, for 
 the sum of seven thousand dollars, to be completed on or before 
 December, 1845. It is not necessary to give further details of 
 the history of the Capitol building. Much contention arose 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 215 
 
 between the first board of commissioners and tlieir successors, 
 as well as the contractors, Messrs Morrison and Baxter, and the 
 Territorial legislatures. Mr. Baxter has since died, leaving an 
 unsettled claim against the State for alleged damages. 
 
 The investigations of the banks resulted in an official prom- 
 ulgation of the previously well-known insolvency of the 
 Bank of Wisconsin at Green Bay, and a wliitewashing of the 
 Bank of Mineral Point, declaring it to be " in a solvent condi- 
 tion," when the experience of a short time demonstrated its 
 utter insolvency. 
 
 The opportunity which the recess afforded enabled those who 
 took an immediate interest in the matter, to devise a plan for 
 aiding in the construction of the Milwaukee and Rock River 
 Canal, by disposing of the land-grant, which, upon the re- 
 assembling of the legislative assembly, assumed the form of a 
 law, that would, probably, have resulted in completing that 
 important work, but for the unfortimate difficulties abeady 
 referred to. 
 
 The legislative assembly at this session revised the school- 
 law of the Territory ; and tlic office of town commissioners 
 was abolished, and their duties were transferred to the inspec- 
 tors, who had bestowed upon them the additional power to 
 listen to complaints against teachers, and discharge incompetent 
 ones, to keep the schools in repair, and to make returns of the 
 number of scholars in the towns to the county commissioners. 
 It was also made the duty of the last-named officers to levy a 
 school-tax on the whole county, and to appoint inspectors in 
 the towns which refused or neglected to choose them. The' 
 name of district officers was changed to trustees. Every town 
 with not less than ten families was required to become a school 
 district, and provide a competent teacher ; and, with more than, 
 ten families, it was to be divided into two or more districts. It 
 will be seen, that although the Territory was but recently organ- 
 ized, and with a limited population, the settlers were awake to 
 the importance of educational privileges. 
 
 The most important Avork, however, of that session, or of 
 the two sessions (for there was a complete re-organization of 
 both houses upon their rc-assembling), was the revision of the' 
 laws, which was perfected dui'ing the recess, and submitted to 
 
 i.'J 
 
21G 
 
 niSTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 the two houses at their second meeting. The committee for 
 this purpose consisted of jMessrs. [Martin, Marshall jM. Strong, 
 and Collins of the council, and ^Icssrs. Whiton, Story, and 
 Shackleford of Iho house of representatives. They were 
 required by the resolution to make a division of the labor of 
 revision ; and the portion allotted to each branch of the com- 
 mittee was to be reported to the house of which thcj' were 
 members. The committee, during the recess, prepared, and, at 
 the succeeding session, reported, numerous bills, which were 
 passed by that body, and compose the principal part of the 
 laws contamed in the volume of the Revised Statutes published 
 in 1839, and which took effect on the 4th of July of that 
 year. 
 
 Hon. Edward V. Whiton, the late able and upright chief 
 justice of the State, was intrusted by the legislative assembly 
 with the care of the printing and publication of this volume, 
 and the preparation of marginal notes and indexes. 
 
 Before lands were brought into market by the President's 
 proclamation, the settlers had adopted a system for their mutual 
 protection. The settler who first entered on a quarter-section 
 of land, or a fraction of a section, was protected in his posses- 
 sion, against jumpers of his claim. By the settlers' code, the 
 jumper was summoned before their committee, who iuimmarily 
 disposed of the case. If the complainant Avas found to be an 
 actual settler, and entitled to his claim, the jumper had to sur- 
 render without delay. There was no resisting the judgment 
 of the committee ; for the whole town formed a posse to enforce 
 the execution. This was, imder the circumstances, a wise and 
 humane provision for the early settlement and improvement of 
 the country ; and, in many instances, personal quarrels were 
 thereby prevented. At this session, two other committees, of 
 three members each, were appointed to inve.-tigate the banks 
 in the Territory, which they were required to vi.jit in person. 
 It was at this session the act was passed to incorporate the 
 Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, Avhich, imdcr 
 the power to " receive money on deposit, and loan the same," 
 filled all the channels for money circulation in the y alley of the 
 Mississippi for j-ears with its certificates of deposit, in the 
 similitude of, and which supplied the place of, bank-notes ; 
 
or 
 id 
 
218 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 although the charter expressly provided that nothing therein 
 contained should give the company banking privileges. This 
 is a striking illustration of the futility of legislative restrictions 
 upon the exercise of corporate powers, especially when sus- 
 tained, as that company was, by popular sentiment. 
 
 Other questions, of more or less temporary interest, occupied 
 the attention of the legislative assembly during its long and 
 laborious session, which it is unnecessary to refer to in 
 detail ; and it may with truth be said, that, as a whole, no ses- 
 sion during the existence of the Territorial Government ever 
 performed more labor, or in a more satisfactory manner, thai, 
 the one of which we now take our leave. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE TEBRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 pi 
 
 Land and Boundary Questions — Coiirts — A Contested Election Case — The 
 Mineral I'oint IJnnk — Its Failure — Capitol Improvements — The " Baxter 
 Claim " — Gen. Dodge succeeded Ijy James Duane Doty — Tlie Lattcr's Views 
 — Difficulties — The Loan Agent and his Differences wltli the Canal Commis- 
 sioners — Injurious Effects. 
 
 The next session of the legislative assembly commenced on 
 the second day of December, 1839. James Collins was chosen 
 president of the council, George Beatty secretary ; and Edward 
 V. Whiton speaker of the house of representatives, and John 
 Catlin chief clerk. The term for which the members of the 
 house were elected was about to expire ; and a new apportion- 
 ment was desirable. The census to be taken the ensuing June 
 by the United States marshal presented a favorable oppor- 
 tunity of basing a new apportionment upon a fresh enumeration 
 of the inhabitants. For this purpose, a short session was 
 resolved on, and an adjournment to August, Avhen it was 
 expected the census would be completed ; and the two houses 
 consequently adjourned on the 13th of January to the 3d of 
 August, 1840, having been in session forty-three days. 
 
 But little of public interest transpired at this session. Two 
 subjects occupied most of the attention of the members. One 
 was the condition of the Capitol, and the conduct of the com- 
 missioners intrusted Avith the money appropriated by Congress 
 to defray the cost of its construction ; the other, the Milwaukee 
 and Rock River Canal, and the claims of settlers upon the lands 
 granted to aid in its construction. 
 
 The hisloiy of the early measures taken to secure the erection 
 of a building in which to hold the sessions of the Territorial 
 legislature is a history of speculation with the appropriations 
 
 210 
 
220 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 made for that purpose, as disgraceful to tlioso concerned in it 
 as it was destructive of tiio manifest intentions of Congress. 
 It is not necessary to enter into particulars in reference to this 
 matter : all steps were taken which could be to recover by law 
 from the first board of commissioners, and from the contractor, 
 the funds which they had misapplied ; and, after several years 
 of litigation, the suits wero settled by authority of a subse- 
 quent legislature. 
 
 The grant of lands by Congress to aid in the construction 
 of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal was of the odd 
 numbered sections on a belt of ten miles in width from Lake 
 Michigan to Rock River, which amounted to 139,190 acres. 
 The commissioners reported to the legislative assembly at this 
 session, that they had sold 43,447 acres at two dollars and a 
 half per acre, amounting to $108,G1G, for which they had 
 received in cash $12,277 ; and the remainder was payable in 
 five, six, seven, and eight years, with seven per cent interest. 
 There was also remaining unsold 95,743 acres, the proceeds of 
 which, it was estimated, might amount to four or five hundred 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 The act making the grant provided that the alternate sec- 
 tions should not be sold less than two dollars and a half per 
 acre, nor be subject to pre-emption. This was regarded by 
 the settlers upon them as a great hardship ; and they presented 
 their complahits to the legislative assembly, who mcmoralized 
 Congress to grant a pre-emption right to all who had settled on 
 these alternate sections, previous to the grant, at a dollar and a 
 quarter per acre. 
 
 The question of the southern boundary of the future State 
 of Wisconsin was one Avhich had occupied the thoughts of 
 many, who felt an interest in its prosperity, at a period as 
 early as the " Toledo war," which originated in the same ques- 
 tion, and grew out of the rights of boundary secured to the 
 States of Michigan and Wisconsin by the ordinance of 1787, 
 which was older than, and was claimed to be paramount to, the 
 Constitution of the United States. The right of the State of 
 Wisconsin, when it should be admitted into the Union, to em- 
 brace all of the territory north of a line running west from the 
 southern bend of Lake Michigan, was believed to bo inviolable, 
 
BISTORT or WISCONSIN. 
 
 221 
 
 1840. 
 
 and that tho act of Congress, udmitting Illinois into tliQ Union, 
 80 far as it violated that right, was a usurpation of power, and 
 a nullity. This belt of territory cmbraeeil the entire valley of 
 Rock lliver, and the cities of Chicago and Galena. A joint 
 resolution was passed, taking preliminary measures for ascertain- 
 ing by vote the scntimenti of the people upon the disputed 
 territory, in relation to which State they preferred to give their 
 allegiance ; but the question did not elicit such interest as to 
 call out a general expression of opinion ; and no prac- 
 tical results were effected. At an adjourned session, 
 commenced on the 3d of August, 1840, but little business was 
 transacted. James Collins was elected i«esidcnt of the coun- 
 cil, and Edward V. Whiton tpeaker of the assembly. 
 
 A new apportionment of nicmbers of the house of repre- 
 sentatives was made, and but little business transacted. The 
 session lasted but twelve days; and only thirteen acts were 
 passed, generally in relation to the organization or boundaries 
 of towns or counties, or the holding of courts, and a few of a 
 private nature. 
 
 Tho census showed a population of S0,744 against 18,130 
 two years previously. Some changes Avcrc made in the appor- 
 tionment of members of the houie of representatives. Tho 
 counties of Brown, Iowa, and Grant, each lost a member ; while 
 Rock and Walworth and the Dane districts gained. 
 
 At the term of the Territorial Supreme Court for 1 840, the 
 common law rules of practice for all the district courts were 
 adopted. These rules were uniform throughout the Territory, 
 and were acceptable to the profession. The same rules, more 
 in detail, were adopted as the rules of the Federal Comt. The 
 Constitution of the United States recognized the distinction 
 between law and equity; and the Territorial courts enforced 
 it, independently of the provision of the organic law. These 
 courts piu-sued equity and common law practice with techni- 
 cality, but with liberality as to amendments. ^lany valuable 
 precedents and principles of law were established by the Terri- 
 torial Supreme Court. 
 
 The first session of the third legislative assembly commenced 
 Dec. 7, 1840, and was adjourned on the 19th of February, 1841, 
 Laving continued seventy-five days, the maximum time limited 
 
 "1 
 
222 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1841. 
 
 by the (H'f,'iuiic ait. James Maxwell was jiresident of the eouu- 
 cil, ami David Mewlaiid si)eaker of the house. Tlio lueiubers 
 of tho latter body had been roeently elected under a now 
 upportionnient, and were nil new members, with three excep- 
 tions. 
 
 The extreme length of this session was owing, in a great 
 degree, to a very interesting contested election-case between 
 Messrs. IJruee and Ellis from Brown County, which elicit d 
 very considerable feeling. Each of the contestants had em- 
 ployed counsel ; and, by resolutions of the assendjly, the attorney 
 for each contestant constituted a joint travelling connnission, to 
 take the testimony of all the witnesses whicli either party might 
 desire. The commission travelled over the district embracing 
 Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Oconto, Portage, and the Wisconsin 
 Pinery, and necessarily consumed much time ; so that a fmal 
 result was not reached until the last of January, 1841, oidy 
 nineteen days before tho adjournment. The most 
 important (iuesti<ui involved in the contest was the 
 right of the nrothertown Indians to the elective franchise. 
 The decision was in favor of the right, which has never since 
 been questioned. 
 
 Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of 
 legislation. Tlierc was, however, a departure, in the passage 
 of two acts granting divorces, — a species of legislation which 
 had been tabemed ever since the Durlington session, and whicli 
 was indulged in now expressly as exceptionable. 
 
 The ]»a,ik oT Mineral Point, having gone into operation with 
 no capital except its charter and the financial ability of its 
 cashier, had managed to throw upon the community a circula- 
 tion of about two hundred thousand dollars, and was regarded 
 by many with great distrust. The governor, in his Annual 
 Message, directed the attention of the legislature to it, and 
 recommended measures to avert the threatened danger. It was 
 of no avail. A bill was introduced by Mr. Whiton, designed to 
 protect the people. But the money-power of the bank was 
 omnipotent. The bill was defeated ; and, within six months, the 
 bank failed, with liabilities to the amount of a quarter of a 
 million of dollars, none of which have ever been, or ever will 
 be, redeemed. 
 
224 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The interest of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal of 
 course demanded attention. The former legislation had author- 
 ized the issue of Territorial bonds for fifty thousand dollars, 
 at six per cent interest, and had required them to be sold at 
 par, and the proceeds deposited in the city of New York. It 
 was found impossible to negotiate them ; and the rate of interest 
 was increased to seven per cent, and the deposit of the proceeds 
 authorized in any sound specie-paying bank which should be 
 selected by the commissioners and the governor. The amount, 
 also, was increased to one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 No material improvement had been made up to the com- 
 mencement of this session, in the conveniences and comforts 
 which the Cai^itol building presented to the members ; and a 
 large majority were ready to remove the seat of government to 
 some other place ; and nothing but the inability of the majority 
 to a^ijree upon that other place prevented its removal. The 
 prospect of obtaining from the old commissioners any part of 
 the funds they had received and retained, appearing hopeless, 
 the legi^lative assembly authorized the issue of seven thousand 
 dollars '''"crritorial bonds for the purpose of completing the Capi- 
 tol. Wiih this fund as a basis, Daniel Baxter undertook the 
 work, and was, in a great measure, successful, not without a con- 
 tingent claim, which at every subsequent session has served to 
 impress upon the members investigating the " Baxter Claim," 
 some of the events of Territorial legislation, Mr. Baxter died 
 some years since ; and his family still think they have a valid 
 claim against the State, which is unsettled. 
 
 In the interim between this session and the next. Gen. Ilar- 
 risrn, the President of the United States, had died, and John 
 Tyler had been inaugui'ated as his successor. One of the early 
 acts of the new President was the removal of Gov. Henry 
 Dodge, and tlie appointment of Judge James Duane Doty 
 (Sept. 30, 1841), and Augustus P. Field as secretary of the 
 Territory. Most unfortunately for the Territory, Gov. Doty 
 entertained ideas in relation to the relative riglits and powers 
 of Congress and the Territorial legislature wliich tended, for all 
 useful purposes, to destroy the powers of the legislative as- 
 sembly. 
 
 He boldly avowed, in his message aud elsewhere, that no 
 
!l'»l 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 225 
 
 law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by 
 Congress ; thus giving to Congress directly the power of legislat- 
 ing for the Territory ; while the organic act provided that " the 
 legislative power should be vested in the governor and legislar 
 tive assembly, but that the laws should be submitted to, and, if 
 disapproved by Congress, should be null, and of no effect." Act- 
 ing upon this theory of the invalidity of Territorial laws. Gov. 
 Doty disregarded such as conflicted with his supposed interests 
 or his •wishes ; the result of which \va8 a continued warfare be- 
 tween the governor and the legislative assembly. 
 
 During this interim, there also arose a serious feud between 
 the loan-agent appointed by the governor to negotiate the loiui 
 of one hundred thousand dollars, for the benefit of the Milwau- 
 kee and Rock River Canal, and the canal commissioners. The 
 agent reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars 
 of the bonds ; but he did not report that the money to be re- 
 ceived for them was the notes of " sound specie-paying banks." 
 The commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not 
 to recognize any loan made for currency of which they disap- 
 proved. The loan-agent denied that the commissioners had 
 any such rights or duties, and claimed that he was the sole 
 judge of the kind of money which should be received in ex- 
 change for the bonds. 
 
 Whatever were the merits of the dispute, the effect was to 
 defeat the loan, and, as a further consequence, to stop all further 
 work on the canal. 
 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Gov. Doty's Conflicts with the Legislature — The Canal Company Tragedy in the 
 Council Chamber — Hot Debate — One Member shoota Another — Population 
 — New Apportionment — Bankruptcy Laws, &c. 
 
 The second session of the third legisln+lve assembly convened 
 on the 6th of December, 1841, and adjourned Feb. 19, 1842. 
 James Collins was elected president of the council, and David 
 Newland speaker of the assembly. About the only matter 
 of public interest, except the quarrel between the legislative 
 assembly and the governor, was the disposition of the various 
 questions growing out of the connection between the Temtory 
 and the canal and Canal Company. Congress had made a valu- 
 able grant of lands to the Territory in trust. The Territory was 
 the trustee, the Canal Company the cestui que trust. The 
 trust had been accepted ; and a large portion of the lands h; 
 been sold, one-tenth of the purchase-money received, and amil 
 securities held for the balance. Tlie Territory was in a dilemma : 
 it could not go forward, and had no ri t to go backward, with- 
 out the consent of Congress and the Canal Company. The 
 result was, that it repealed all laws authorizing a loan, and all 
 which contemplated the expenditure of any money by the 
 Territory in constructing the canal. It remitted and dis- 
 charged to the purchasers of the canal-lands all interest on 
 their purchases, which had or might become due, except the 
 small sum which might be necessary to pay interest on loans 
 and expenses, not exceeding three hundred dollars, but >■ ok 
 care that the principal of the securities received for the , .'!a /? 
 lands should remain intact, to await the result of future evt'-uj. 
 The legislative assembly also declared, by join- resolution, that 
 9iM 
 
niETORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1842. 
 
 all connection with the Canal Company ought to be dissolved, 
 and the work of the canal by tlie Territory be abandoned, and 
 that the Territory ought not further to execute tlie trust ; that 
 Congress be requested to divert the grant to such other inter- 
 nal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, 
 subject to the approval of Congress ; and that, if Congress should 
 decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back 
 the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands as other public lands 
 are sold. 
 
 In the council chamber, on the 11th of February, a scene 
 occurred which caused great excitement in the Ter- 
 ritory, and over the whole country. On that day 
 Charles C. P. Amdt, a member from Brown County, was in- 
 stantly shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant 
 Coimty. Fiom the testimony before the coroner's inquest, the 
 following facts in relation to the same are obtained. The 
 difficulty jjrew out of a debate, on motion to lay on the table 
 the nomitiation of E. S. Baker. Mr. Arndt opposed it, be- 
 cause the gentleman from Grant (referring to ^Ir. Vineyard) 
 had given the highcL't tcotiraonials as to the character of the 
 nominee. Upon his making that remark, Mr. Vineyard turned 
 partly around in his seat, and said it was a falsehood. Some 
 words passed, and order was restored. Soon after, a motion to 
 adjourn was made, and a division had thereon; and imme- 
 diately after the members had arisen in the negative, before 
 announcement by the Chair, most of the members and by- 
 standers arose, as Mr. Arndt had passed over to Mr. Vineyard's 
 desk. Many words, in a high key, were passed between the 
 two parties. Mr. Arndt demanded from Mr. Vineyard an ex- 
 planation. The parties were parted by the bystanders, when 
 Mr. Arndt moved about eight feet towards the fireplace. He 
 stood there, and Mr. Vineyard at his desk, until the Chair an- 
 nounced an adjournment ; after which, ]\Ir. Arndt came up to 
 Mr. Vineyard's desk, when the former asked the latter if he 
 imputed to him falsehood in his remarks. Mr. Vineyard replied, 
 " Yes," or, that they were false ; on hearing which, Mr. Arndt 
 struck at Mr. Vineyard's face or forehead, the parties being 
 about three feet apart. While this altercation took place, Mr. 
 Vineyard levelled a pistol, and fired at Mr. Arndt, when the 
 
 m 
 
228 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 latter reeled around, and moved several steps, with his hands on 
 his breast, and soon fell in the arms of Mr. Derrinj?, and died 
 in a few minutes. He said nothing, and did not appear to be at 
 all conscious. It appears from the evidence that Mr. Vineyard 
 was defending himself against the assault, although by means 
 of weapons of death, which the occ£ision by no means de- 
 manded. He immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff, 
 waived an examination, and was conmiitted to jail. After si 
 short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of 
 the Territory, on habeas corpug, and admitted to bail. He was 
 afterwards indicted for manslaughter, and was tried, and ac- 
 quitted. Immediately after the homicide. Vineyard sent his 
 resignation to the council ; which body refused to receive it, or 
 have it read, and immediately expelled him. 
 
 After a few days sjient with heavy hearts in the mournful 
 task of finishing up the work, in much of which the two mem- 
 bers whose seats were now vacant had taken a part, the second 
 and last session of the third legislative assembly adjourned on 
 the 18th of February, 1842, to give place to new members in 
 both houses, to be elected under a new apportionment, to be 
 made by the governor, based tipon a census to be taken the 
 next June by the sheriffs of the several counties. The census 
 of this year showed a population of 46,678, — an increase of 
 9,934 since 1840. 
 
 The representation in both houses was increased in Mil- 
 watikee and the central counties, Avhilo it was correspondingly 
 reduced in the cotmties of Brown and Iowa. In most of the 
 districts, the elections Avere conducted on political issues ; and 
 the result showed a very decided Democratic majority in each 
 house. The governor professeJ to belong to the Whig party. 
 
 The second act of Congress to establish a uniform system of 
 bankruptcy throughout the United States was approved Aug. 
 19, 1841, and took effect from and after the first day of Febru- 
 ary, 1842. Jurisdiction of eases in bankruptcy being, by the 
 act, conferred upon the Supreme or Superior Courts of the Ter- 
 ritories, the Supreme Court of this Territory discharged three 
 hundred petitioners out of three htindred and fifteen. A ma- 
 jority of these petitioners had failed in business in the Eastern 
 States, in conseqtience of inflation of the currency, and of 
 
till 
 
230 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCOXSIIf. 
 
 speculation, in the year 1836. It was estimated that the debts 
 of those three hundred bankrupts exceeded two millions of dol- 
 lars. The judges were empowered, by the act, to form the rules 
 of their court in bankruptcy, and to establish the fee-bill, under 
 the fee-bill of the Supreme Court. The fees in cases did :;ot 
 avvage twenty dollars. The act was repealed on liie 3d of 
 Maich, 1843, having been in operation thirteen months. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE TERBITOEIAL GOVERSTMENT. 
 
 War between the Governor and the Legislature — The Governor prevents the 
 Session of the Legislature, by refusinji to co-operate — A Joint Itesolution Is 
 passed, praying tlie I'rcsiilent to remove tlie Governor — The Session of Vetos 
 
 — Lively Conflicts — Interesting Ileniinisceuces — Second Session — A State 
 Government desired — The Governor's Ortliograpliy — The Debt — The Fii-st 
 Tax — Govs. Talmadge and Dewey — Henry Dodge again appointed Governor 
 
 — Provisions for forming a State Government. 
 
 The first session of the fourth legislative assembly organ- 
 ized on the fifth day of December, 1842, by the election of 
 Moses ]M. Strong as president of the council, and J. V. Inger- 
 soll secretary, and Albert G. Ellis, speaker of the house of 
 representatives, and John Catlin clerk. The convening of 
 this legislative assembly exhibited a contest between the gov- 
 ernor, on tlie one hand, and the two houses on the other, which 
 threatened to result in anarchy, and the disruption (tempo- 
 rarily at least) of the Territorial Government. The law of the 
 Territory required tliat the annual session of the legislative 
 assembly should commence on the first Monday of December. 
 On that day the members elect convened at the Capitol, and, 
 after organization, Avaited upon the governor, by a joint commit- 
 tee, in the customary way. He was informed that the two houses 
 •were organized, and ready to receive any communication he had 
 to make. The governor replied, that, " not conceivii:g ihat the 
 legislative assembly had authority by law to meet at the pres- 
 ent time, he had no communication to make to them." The 
 subject was referred to a joint select committee of three mem- 
 bers of each house, of which Hans Crocker was chairman, and 
 of which Morgan L. Martin, M. C. Darling, and others, were 
 members, wlio made an elaborate report, showing that the pre- 
 
 231 
 
232 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tence of the governor for refusing to co-operate with the legis- 
 lative assembly was, that no appropriation had been made by 
 Congress to defray the expenses of the session, and, conse- 
 quently, no session could be held. An appropriation had been 
 made May 18, 1842, which the governor claimed was only ap- 
 plicable to the expenses of the past session, but which the com- 
 mittee demonstrated was applicable to the expenses of this 
 session, and that there was no valid reason why a session could 
 not lawfully be held at that time. Many members, among them 
 the late Chief-Justice Whiton, were in favor of proceeding with 
 the work of legislation, and throwing upon the governor the 
 responsibility of defeating it; but it was finally decided to 
 make a representation to Congress, then in session, of the ob- 
 jections of the governor, and to adjourn a few weeks, thinking, 
 that perhaps another appropriation would be made, and thus 
 all objections to the session be removed. 
 
 A memorial to the President of the United States, praying 
 for the removal of the governor, was adopted by the unanimous 
 vote of the council, and with only a few dissenting votes in the 
 house. Whigs joined with Democrats in this emphatic con- 
 demnation of the factious course which he had adopted. The 
 two houses then adjourned on the 10th of December to the 
 30th of January, 1843. 
 
 On the 24th of December, 1842, Congress made another 
 appropriation for the expenses of the legislative assembly, 
 which, it was supposed, woidd remove all conflict about the 
 legality of the session. Both houses met at the day appointed ; 
 but there was no quorum in the council until the 4th 
 of February. On the 30th of January, the governor 
 issued a proclamation, convening a special session on the 6th of 
 March. 
 
 On the 4th of February the two houses again waited on the 
 governor, through a joint committee ; and he again informed 
 the committee that he had no communication to make, except 
 a copy of his proclamation. 
 
 Mr. Whiton, the late chief justice, offered a resolution, " that 
 the legislative assembly will now proceed to discharge its 
 duties, without regard to any course that has been or may be 
 pursued by the governor." This was lost by a tie vote. Reso- 
 
 1843. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 988 
 
 lutions were then adopted, by the unanimous vote of the coun- 
 cil and a large majority of the house, declaring, among other 
 things, that the only excuse for the conduct of the governor 
 could be found " in his determination to prevent all legislation, 
 and sacrifice, for his own private purposes, the welfare of the 
 Territory," and that his conduct was " another evidence of his 
 violation of law, and utter disregard of the duties of his station, 
 and of the wishes and interests of the people." And then, by a 
 divided vote in each house, the legislative assembly adjourned 
 until the 6th of March. On the 6th of March both houses met, 
 and sent the usual committee to wait on the governor ; and, 
 on the same day, he delivered his message, which was referred 
 to the appropriate committees, and harmony was apparently 
 restored between the governor and the two houses. But the 
 harmony was oidy in appearance, and the conflict was again 
 renewed. After the session had continued several days, and a 
 printed copy of the journal of each house had been daily fur- 
 nished the governor, he took exceptions to the journal of the 
 first day, which did nut state that the two houses had met in 
 pursuance of his proclamation ; while the journal of the council 
 stated that the meeting was in pursuance of adjournment. 
 Finally, on the 18th of March, both houses passed a joint reso- 
 lution, declaring that they were holding " the special session 
 appointed by the proclamation of the governor." Thus ended 
 this conflict, which was only renewed in the legitimate form of 
 veto messages, which were sent to each house in the utmost 
 profusion ; Congress having amended the organic act changing 
 the executive veto from an absolute to a qualified one. Only 
 fifty-four acts were passed ; and, of these, six were passed by a 
 vote of two-thirds, notwithstanding the governor's veto. The 
 session was a long and an acrimonious one; and, wherever 
 impartial history shall affix the blame, it cannot record a large 
 amount of good accomplished. 
 
 The second session of the fourth legislative assembly com- 
 menced on the 4th of December, 1843, and terminated the 
 31st of January, 1844, having occupied a period of fifty-nine 
 days. Of the council, Marshall M. Strong was chosen presi- 
 dent, and B. C. Eastman secretary; and, of the house,'George 
 H. Walker was chosen speaker, and John Catlin clerk. 
 
284 
 
 nrsTosr of Wisconsin. 
 
 1844. 
 
 The most important act of this session was the one which ex- 
 tended to persons of foreign birth a right, in common 
 with all others, after a residence of three months, to 
 vote upon the question of forming a State government, and for 
 the election of delegates to a convention to form a State consti- 
 tution. This question had excited much interest among the 
 people, and produced an animated conflict of opinion among 
 their representatives ; which resulted in the adoption of the 
 measure by a decided majority, composed, chiefly, of the Demo- 
 cratic members. It was the germ of that provision of our Con- 
 stitution which has given a similar extension to the right of 
 suffrage in this State. 
 
 At tliis session was also submitted the question of the forma- 
 tion of a State government, by authorizing a vote to be taken 
 at the general election in September, and the returns to be 
 made, through the secretary, at the next session of the legisla- 
 tive assembly. 
 
 Questions connected with the Milwaukee and Rock River 
 Canal, of course, occupied much attention ; and the members 
 spent much time upon matters pertaining to the general i^ublic 
 laws of the Territory. 
 
 Of this session of the legislature, a Milwaulceo paper re- 
 marks, " About sixty acts and memorials to Congress, of a gen- 
 eral and private nature, were passed, many of which, we believe, 
 will prove very beneficial to the Territory. It is to be regretted 
 that the public debt could not have been ascertained, and some 
 provision made for its prompt payment. The legislature la- 
 bored faithfully, during the greater part of the session, to ascer- 
 tain the financial condition of the Territory ; but owing to the 
 absence of the secretary, and the loose manner in which the ac- 
 counts have been kept by the secretaries, no definite result was 
 arrived at. During the session, the auditor and treasurer were 
 required to report, at the succeeding session, the amount and 
 nature of the debts against the Ten-itory. This report was with- 
 held till within a few days of the close of the session." 
 
 It must not be supposed that the dignified attention of the 
 members to their ordinary duties was not occasionally relieved 
 by some displays of wit, and exhibitions of mirth. As an illus- 
 tration, the following incident is mentioned : A self-important, 
 
230 
 
 iJisTOJtr or WISCONSIN. 
 
 bombastic member, from one of the western counties, had intro- 
 duced into tlio house of representatives a memorial to the sec- 
 retary of the treasury, for tlio purpose of correcting some abuses 
 which were complained of in the manner in which the United 
 States marshal disbursed, or failed to disburse, the public mon- 
 eys provided for paying expenses of the courts. The language 
 of the memorial was mere fustian and rhodomc itade, and con- 
 tained, among other thhigs, the expression, that, during a cer- 
 tain i^eriod of time, the marshal had not paid out *' one solitary 
 cent." It was alloAvcd to pass the house as an act of courtesy 
 to the member who introduced it. When it came before the 
 council. Col. Crocker moved to amend, by inserting between 
 the words " solitary " and " cent " the word " red," f to read, 
 " one solitary red cent." The amendment was .adc \nd the 
 
 memorial returned to the house with the amcni.. .. The 
 house refused to concur, and the council refused to recede ; and 
 the bombastic memorial was lost. 
 
 The time for the annual meeting of the legislative assembly 
 liaving been changed from December to the first Monday in 
 January, the next session commenced on the 6th of 
 January, 1845, and adjourned on the 24th of Febru- 
 ary, — a session of fifty days. 
 
 Of this session, Moses M. Strong was president of the coun- 
 cil, and George II. Walker speaker of the assembly. A new 
 election for members of the house of representatives had been 
 held, which resulted in a very general change ; only three of 
 the former members having been re-elected. lu some districts, 
 especially in Grant County, the repeal of the law of last session, 
 in relation to the qualifications of voters on the question of State 
 government, had made an issue in the election. A bill was 
 introduced to repeal the law ■without qualification ; but, on a 
 test-vote, the friends of the law were found to be in a majority, 
 and amended the repealing bill by extending the period of resi- 
 dence from three to six months, and requiring a declaration of 
 intention. The bill, in this form, passed both houses; and, 
 under its provisions, the vote was ultimately taken. 
 
 A bill passed the council to again submit to the people the 
 question of forming a State government ; but it was defeated in 
 the house of representatives, and the only measui'e adopted 
 
 1846. 
 
nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 287 
 
 tbis session, upon tliut subject, was a joint resolution reciuesting 
 our delegate in Congress to ask for an appropriation to defray 
 the expenses of taking ii census, and of holding a convention to 
 totta a State government. 
 
 Gov. Doty had persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a " k " 
 and nn "a" (Wis-fcn-san), and some of the newspapers and 
 his admirers imitated his example ; so that the legislative assem- 
 bly thought it a matter of sufficient importance to pass a joint 
 resolution, declarinct that the orthography siiould bo that 
 adopted in the organic act, which has over since ujiiversally 
 prevailed. 
 
 A Territorial indebtedness, from various causes, had grown up 
 during the eight years of the Territoi ,it government, which was 
 estimated to amount to about fifty thousand dollars. No means 
 had been provided for its payment ; and at this session a Territo- 
 rial tax was for the first time levied. The tax was only a 
 mill and a half on the dollar. The assessment was very low ; 
 lands being assessed at about two dollars per acre, excluding all 
 improvements. The object of exclusion was to assess the unim- 
 proved lands of speculators as high as the improved lands of the 
 actual settlers. 
 
 At this session, the unsold lands granted to aid in the con- 
 struction of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal were author- 
 ized to be sold, — a measure adopted chielly to enable those 
 who had settled upon them, and who desired to do so, to secure 
 titles. The effect of this was, as was anticipated, that those 
 portions of Milwaukee, Waukesh.i, and Jefferson Counties 
 covered by the canal-grant, were rapidly occupied by an indus- 
 trious and wealth-producing population. Before the meeting of 
 this session. Gov. Doty had been superseded by Gov. N. P. 
 Tallmadge (appointed June 21, 1844), between whom and the 
 legislative assembly the utmost harmony prevailed; and the 
 session was short, pleasant, and not without some beneficial 
 results. 
 
 James K. Polk was inaugurated President March 4, 1845. 
 He removed Gov. Tallmadge, and, on the 8th of April, 
 re-appointed Gov. Henry Dodge, under whose admin- ^aAf^ 
 istration the fourth and last session of the fourth 
 legislative assembly convened on the 5th of January, 1846. 
 
238 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Nelson Dewey was elected president of the coiaicil, B. C. 
 Eastman secretary, Mason C. Darling speaker of tho assem- 
 bly, and Lafayette Kellogg clerk. This session lasted but 
 thirty daj^s, having adjourned on the 3d of February ; but, by 
 taking the preliminary steps for the formation of a State gov- 
 ernment, it was the most important session ever held. An act 
 was passed, not without some opposition, providing, " that, on 
 the first Tuesday in April next, every white male inhabitant 
 above the age of twenty-one years, who shall have resided in 
 the Territory for six months previous thereto, and who shall 
 either be a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed 
 his declaration, &c., . . . shall be authorized to vote for or 
 against the formation of a State government." The act pro- 
 vided for taking a census, and, in the event of a vote in favor 
 of a State government, for an apportionment of delegates by the 
 governor, on the basis of one delegate for every thirteen hun- 
 dred inhabitants, and for every fraction exceeding a moiety of 
 that number, and one to every organized countj\ The governor 
 was to issue his proclamation annoimcing the apportionment, 
 and calling an election at the time fixed for the next annual 
 election, Avhich, by an act, Avas changed from the fourth to the 
 first Monday in September. The delegates were to assemble in 
 convention on the first Monday in October, and to have full 
 power and authority to form a republican constitution for the 
 State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to a vote of the people 
 before it should become effective. 
 
 Numerous interesting questions arose during the progress of 
 the bill, among which was a proposition by Mr. Whiton, in the 
 council, to give colored persons the same right to vote as white 
 persons ; which was laid upon the table by a vote of seven to 
 six. In the house, a motion was made to strike out the word 
 "white;" but it was defeated, — ayes ten, noes sixteen. This 
 was almost thirty years ago, before the negro-question had 
 been much agitated. 
 
 With the close of this political year, the terms of members of 
 the council who had been elected for four years, and of the 
 house for two years, closed also. The legislative assembly, 
 therefore, re-organized the election districts, and conferred on 
 the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 239 
 
 based upon the census which it had authorized to be taken. An 
 act was passed, repealing unconditionally the chartei* of the 
 Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, granted Feb. 
 28, 1839. Several memorials to Congress were adopted, among 
 which was one asking for an appropriation for a penitentiary. 
 
 A gloom was thrown over the closing days of this session by 
 the awful news that the dwelling-house of one of the members, 
 Marshall M. Strong of Racine, had been consumed by fire, and 
 his only two children had perished in the flames. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 TERRITORIAL GOVERNJIENT. 
 
 Gov. Dodfie'a Serond Administration — Indian Trouliles — Vote on having a 
 State — Contrressional Measures enalilinf; tlie People of AVisconsin to form 
 n State fiove-nment — First Constitutional Convention — Its Work rejected by 
 the People. 
 
 Ix the winter of 1845-46, ancT while the legislature was in 
 session, a rumor that an Indian war hail broken out came with 
 fearful forebodings, and i^rodnced great excitement at the Capi- 
 tol. From a communication sent by the governor, it appeared 
 that the citizens of Muscoda, on the Wisconsin River, in Grant 
 County, and the surrounding country, having been for several 
 months annoyed and harassed bj' the depredations of the Win- 
 nebago Indians, were forced to take up arms for their protec- 
 tion. On the 1st of February, 1840, a skirmish took place 
 between the Indians and the citizens, in Mdiich four of the for- 
 mer were severely if not mortally wounded, the Indians having 
 first fired their guns without doing any serious injury. 
 
 The two houses of the legislature held an evening session to 
 receive the communication of the governor, and to devise ways 
 and means for the jDublic defence. The militia-law, wiiich had 
 been abolislied, was re-enacted, and approved by "le governor ; 
 and immediate measures were taken to eh.astise the supposed 
 marauders. Subse([ucnt information showed that the state- 
 ments first received were miu'ii exaggerated. Tlie excitement 
 soon died away, and no more troul)le was anticipated. 
 
 On a vote of the people, taken in April, 1846, there was 
 12,334 votes for State government, and 2,084 against it. The 
 result of tlie vote taken indicated strongly that the people of 
 the Territory desired a State government ; and, until this was 
 effected, it was evident that the people could not have, among 
 
 210 
 
242 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 other things, a good system of common schools. When the 
 State government was organized, the funds accruing fi-om the 
 sale of the school-lands could be received from the General Gov- 
 ernment, and the income of this fund Le applied toward main- 
 taining schools, and not before. The benefit of obtaining and 
 using this immense fund supplied one of the main arguments in 
 favor of State government. 
 
 Agreeably to a joint resolution of the legislative assembly, 
 Hon. Morgan L. Martin, delegate to Congress, on the 9th of 
 January, 184G, in the house of representatives, gave notice for 
 leave to introduce a bill to enable the people of Wisconsin to 
 form a constitution and State government, and for the admis- 
 sion of such State into the Union. On the 13th, he intro- 
 duced such bOl; wliich was read twice, and referred to the 
 committee on territories. On the 11th of May, S. A. Douglas, 
 from said committee, reported an amendatory bill, which was 
 committed. On the 8th of June, the bill was taken up in the 
 committee of the whole, when an exciting debate ensued. 
 The question turned on whether the ordinance) of 1787 was or 
 was not obligatory on Congress, or that part of it which 
 restricted the number of States to be formed out of the North- 
 western Territory to five. It was contended, on one hand, that 
 it did bind Congress, because Congress had accepted the cession 
 from Virginia with that condition in it. On the ether hand, it 
 was maintained tliat other States also claimed the Territory, and 
 also ceded it, and in their deeds of cession no such condition 
 was found ; tliat Virginia had no more right to bind the United 
 States than they liad ; that it was doubtful whether the Terri- 
 tory belonged to Virginia at all, or, at least, whether she had a 
 better title to it than the other States which claimed it ; and, 
 finally, that whether the deed of cession had or had not once 
 been binding, it was superseded and virtually annulled, as to 
 the restriction of new States, by the clause in the Constitution 
 which allowed Congress to admit new States into the Union, 
 without any restriction as to number or size. 
 
 After the addition of t\\ amendments, the bill was reported 
 back to the house on the day following (June 9), and the 
 amendments adopted, aii'l (ho bill passed. On the 10th of 
 November, Mr. J. A. Rockwell moved to reconsider the vote 
 
BISTORT OF WISCOffSIff. 
 
 243 
 
 passing the bill, on the ground that the bill contained provisions, 
 and gave power to the convention of Wisconsin, of which the 
 house had not been aware, and which, when understood, it 
 never would sanction ; that the proviso left it discretionary 
 with the convention to fix such boundariies on the north and 
 west as it should deem expedient ; and that the phraseology 
 was loose, and the terms employed ambiguous. The question 
 was discussed by M. L. Martin, Mr. Vinton, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. 
 Dillingham. The house, by a vote of a hundred and twenty- 
 five ayes to foity-five noes, reconsidered the passage of the bill, 
 and also its engrossment. The proviso relative to boundaries 
 was stricken out, when the bill was ordered to be engrossed, and 
 was again read a third time, and was passed, and was sent to 
 the senate for concurrence. On the 11th of June, the bill was 
 received in the senate, read twice, and referred to the commit- 
 tee on territories, and was reported back on the 14th without 
 amendment, and on the 5th of August passed through the 
 committee of the whole ; ordered to a third reading ; was so 
 read ; and the bill was concurred in. 
 
 The census taken in June, 1846, showed a population of 
 155,277 ; excluding Chippewa, La Pointe, and Richland Coun- 
 ties, from which there were no returns. 
 
 The governor issued his proclamation for the election of 
 a hundred and twenty-five members to a convention to form a 
 State constitution. The estimate of population jissumed by 
 the legislative assembly for fixing a basis was a hundred and 
 seventeen thousand ; but the excess exhibited by the census 
 over this estimate resulted in a more numerous body than had 
 been anticipated. 
 
 The convention met at Madison on the fifth day of Octobei', 
 1846. D. A. J. Upham was elected president, and Lafayette 
 Kellogg secretary ; and after forming a constitution, and adopt- 
 ing it, they adjourned on the IGth of December. This consti- 
 tution was submitted to popular vote on the first Tuesday of 
 April, 1847, and was rejected, — ayes 14,119, noes 20,233. 
 It contained several new features. Those which were made 
 the chief points of attack by its opponents were the prohi- 
 bition of all banks and the circulation of small bills, the 
 homestead exemption, the woman's rights article, and the 
 
244 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1847. 
 
 elective judiciary. The united opposition to these several 
 features was sufficient to defeat the entire constitution ; 
 although it is believed, that, if tliey had been separately sub- 
 mitted, all would have been adopted. At the same election, 
 the vote on negro suffrage was, ayes 7,604, noes 14,G15. 
 
 The first session of the fifth legislative assembly met on the 
 fourth day of January, 1847, of which Horatio N. Wells 
 was president of the senate, and Thomas McHugh 
 secretary ; and William Shew speaker of the assem- 
 bly ; and liafayette Kellogg clerk. New election districts 
 had been formed, and a new election of members in both 
 branches had been held under a new appointment. The result 
 was, that both houses were almost entirely composed of men 
 without legislative experience. In tlio council, there were but 
 three members, and in the house but one, who had ever before 
 held a seat in the legislative assembly. Wisconsin was in a 
 transition state. A convention had framed a constitution, 
 which was then before the people for their consideration, and 
 was about to pass the ordeal of their suffrages. It was wisely 
 thought that but little legislation was expedient under the 
 circumstances ; and hence but little was attempted, except tem- 
 iiorary and local measures, and to provide for the holding of 
 J uof her convention to frame a new constitution in the contin- 
 jfcncy of the defeat of the one then pending before the j)eople. 
 For this purpose, a bill was reported in the council. It was 
 opposed in both houses, chiefly on the ground that its passage 
 would tend to prejudice the pending constitution. The bill 
 was passed in the council by the close vote of seven to six, and 
 indefinitely postponed in the house by eighteen to eight. 
 Quite a number of private acts were passed, among which were 
 five granting divorces. After a short session, the legislative 
 assembly adjourned on the 11th of February, 1847. 
 
 On the 25th of January, the President of the United States 
 sent to Congress a communication received from the president 
 of the constitutional convention, informing that body of the for- 
 mation of the constitution of the State of Wisconsin by the con- 
 vention which had finished their work on the IGth of December, 
 184(), with a certified copy thereof; which was referred to the 
 committee on territories. On the 9th of February, Mr. Doug- 
 
n I STORY Of WISCONSIN. 
 
 245 
 
 las, from said committee, reported a bill to ^.c^n'^t the Terri- 
 tory of Wisconsin into the Union as a State ; Avhich was read 
 and committed. On the loth of February, the house, in com- 
 mittee of the whole, reportetl the bill back without amend- 
 ment ; and in the liouse it was proposed by Mr. Rockwell to 
 amend by adding a section donating to the new State the 
 thirty-sixth section in addition to the sixteenth section of all 
 townships for school-purposes. A vote was tiiken on the 
 IGth, and the proposed amendment was rejected, — aj'es fifty- 
 eight, noes eighty ; after which the bill was ordered to a 
 third readlii!?, and passed. On the 20th of February, Senator 
 Ashley, from the committee on the judiciary, reported back the 
 bill without amendment, which, after going through the ordi- 
 nary routine of business, was concurred in. 
 
 On the 27th of September, 1847, the governor issued his 
 proclamation convening a special session of the legislative 
 assembly, to be held on the 18th of October, to take such action 
 in relation to the early admission of Wisconsin into the Union, 
 and adopt such other measures, as in their wisdom the pub- 
 lic good might require. On tlie day named in the proclamation, 
 the two houses assembled, and were immediately organized. A 
 bare majority of the house of representatives were in favor 
 of entering upon the work of promiscuous legislation ; but a 
 large majority of the council was opposed to it, and tlie work 
 was confined to the passage of a law for the holding of 
 another convention to frame a constitution, and fixing a time 
 for the next session of the legislative assembly. The special 
 session adjourned on the 27th of October, 1847, after nine days' 
 labor. 
 
 The act in relation to the convention provided for a body of 
 sixty-nine members, which were apportioned among the several 
 counties. It differed from the act providing for the first con- 
 vention, in ignoring representation of counties as such, and 
 basing it exclusively on population. The time fixed for the 
 election of delegates was the last Monday in November ; and 
 the time for the meeting of the convention, the third Wednes- 
 day in December, 1847. 
 
 The population of the Territory on the 1st of December, 
 1847, excluding St. Croix and Chippewa, from which no reports 
 were received, was 210,516. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 TERRITORIAL GOVERXTMENT. — GOV. DODGE S SECOND ADSIIN- 
 
 ISTRATIOX. 
 
 The Secoiid Constitutional Convention — Tlie Supreme and other Courts — Con- 
 gressionui Legislatioii — Tlie AVorlj of the Secoml Constitutional Convention 
 ratified liy tlie People — Wiscousin admitted into the Union as a Sovereign 
 State — Statistics — Review. 
 
 The second constitutional convention met at the Capitol 
 on the 15th of December, 1847, and was organized by the 
 election of Morgan L. Martin as president, and Thomas 
 McHugh secretary, and conthmed in session until the first day 
 of February. The result of its labors was the constitution 
 submitted to the oople on tlie second Monday of ^March ensu- 
 ing (1848), whicii, has'ing been duly ratified, constitutes the 
 present fundamental law of the State ; tlie vote being 16,667 
 for its adoption, and 6,252 against it. The second and last 
 session of the fifth legislative assembly, and the last legislative 
 assembly of the Territory, convened Feb. 7, 1848, of which 
 Horatio N. Wells was president of the council, and 
 Timothy Burns speaker of tlie house, and adjourned 
 on the 13th of March, having held a session of thirty-six days. 
 
 Immediately after the adoption of the second constitution 
 submitted to the people, so great was the demand for changes 
 in the school law, tliat the first State legislature enacted laws 
 which carried out, in a certain form, the provisions of the 
 article in the Constitution on education. At this session, three 
 commissioners were appointed ; viz., Hon. M. Frank, Hon. Charles 
 S. Jordan, and Hon. A. W. Randall, to collate and revise the 
 statutes. A. W. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was 
 appointed by the governor in his stead. Their labors were 
 divided, and among other portions assigned to Mr. Frank was 
 
 246 
 
 1848. 
 
248 
 
 HISTORY OF n'iscoysfy. 
 
 the laws relating to schools. This work was carefully done ; 
 but several features were in direct conflict with those adopted 
 at the previous session of the legislature. 
 
 One of the most remarkable events in the history of the 
 State was the adoption of the free-school system by the people, 
 and the readiness with which, in most sections, it was put in 
 operation. The principles involved in this system had been 
 violently and persistently opposed in others States. Col. Frank 
 8a5's, that, " prior to the acceptance of the State constitution, 
 wherever, in the suuth-eastern part of the State, the measure 
 was introduced of supporting the schools by taxation on the 
 assessed property of the districts, it encountered the most 
 determined opposition ; " but, when voted upon, scarcely a 
 prominent voice was raised against it. It is believed that the 
 question which overshadowed all others in the constitutional 
 conventions so engaged the thoughts of the people, that the 
 free-school provision Avas almost lost sight of in the heated dis- 
 cussion. The reason for the ready acquiescence is more obvious. 
 The people had become somewhat accustomed to paying taxes 
 , in the counties to maintain schools ; the income of the magnifi- 
 cent school-fund could lessen very materially the burdens of tax- 
 ation ; and the noble utterances of Govs. Dodge, Doty, Talmadge, 
 and Dewey, in their annual messages, in favor of the broadest 
 education of the people, had prepared them, to some extent, to 
 accept the measure. It is a generally-received opinion, that 
 the school system of Wisconsin was framed after that of the 
 State of Xew York. This is a mistake. Our statute laws were 
 copied, even in their principal headings, their arrangements, 
 their wordings to a great extent, and, of course, their sub- 
 stance, from those of Michigan. A few minor provisions were 
 taken from the New York statutes ; such as those creating the 
 office of town superintendent (now abolished) and the district 
 library, which first originated in that State. The other features 
 differed widely from those of the New York system in many 
 respects. 
 
 The last term of the Supreme Court adjourned on the second 
 day of August, 1847 ; but the several district courts continued 
 in operation imtil the admission of Wisconsin as a State of the 
 Union, which occurred March 29, 1848, when the Territorial 
 Government was merged into that of the State. 
 
BISTOIiY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 249 
 
 The people of Wisconsin, in Territorial times, were particu- 
 larly fortunate in that the judges who administered the law 
 were educated, intelligent, learned in the law, of undoubted 
 integritj', and diligent and faithful in their tru,«.ts. They 
 usually prepared their opinions the same week, or within a few 
 days after, the arguments ; and while, in some instances, they 
 may seem meagre and unsatisfactory to the profession, yet the 
 judges sought to arrive at correct results more especially than 
 to write long and elaborate opinions. Aided by a bar which 
 was constantly increasing in numbers, very many of whom, in 
 point of intellectual power and legal training, would have occu- 
 pied high positions at the bar of the State, the record of their 
 rulings may be regarded by the people and profession with 
 satisfaction and with pride. 
 
 The very general conviction, amounting almost to a certainty, 
 that the constitution, formed but a few days before the com- 
 mencement of the session, and voted upon by the people on the 
 day of its adjournment, would be ratified, seemed to render it 
 unnecessary that any extensive schemes of legislation should 
 be entered upon, and to suggest the wisdom of deferring to 
 the legislature of the coming State Government the work of 
 perfecting and revising the laws affecting the general welfare 
 of the people. Such was the opinion of the legislative assem- 
 bly now assembled ; and consequently, with the exception of 
 some legislation in regard to the canal and canal-lands which 
 was deemed necessary, their work was confined almost exclu- 
 sively to laws of a private nature. The two first of these, and 
 afterwards twenty-one others (in all, twenty-three) were acts 
 granting divorces from the bands of matrimony, — one of which 
 was to divorce the wife of John Smith, without reference to 
 his residence or other circumstances to identify which of the 
 thousands of John Smiths was intended. This last session 
 appeored to be prolific in divorces ; a greater number having 
 been granted than at all previous sessions since the organization 
 of the Territory, which may have been owing to the fact, that 
 the new constitution prohibited the legislature from granting 
 any divorce. 
 
 Previous to the new constitution being acted upon by a vote 
 of the people (the first constitution having failed of confirmar 
 
250 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tion), another bill was introduced in Congress on the 20th of 
 March, 1848, by J. II. Tweedy, delegate to Congress from 
 Wisconsin, for the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. It 
 was referred to the committee on territories, reported upon 
 favorably, and made a special order for May 9 ensuing, when it 
 came up in the committee of the whole ; when Mr. Smith of 
 Indiana moved to amend the first section by adding at the 
 end thereof, the words, " with the boundaries prescribed by the 
 act of Congress, approved Aug. G, 1846, entitled, ' An Act to 
 enable the People of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitu- 
 tion and State Government, and for the Admission of such 
 State into the Union.'" Mr. Smith of Illinois proposed to 
 amend the amendment by defining the boundaries of the new 
 State. A spirited discussion took place ; in which IVIr. Bowlin, 
 Messrs. Smith of Illinois and Indiana, Mr. Tuck, Mr. Vinton, 
 Mr. Collamer, and others, participated. Mr. Tweedy stated 
 that Wisconsin preferred Rum River as the northern boundary, 
 but would acquiesce if the St. Croix route was decided upon. 
 The bill finally passed the House May 11, 1848, and concurred 
 in by the Senate June 1. On the 18th of July, Senator 
 Walker of Wisconsin succeeded in having the fourth clause 
 of the bill modified. 
 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, with an equal foot- 
 ing with the other States, on the 29th of May, 1848. 
 
 It may be here remarked, that the western boundary of the 
 new State, by the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, left out a 
 full organized county, with a sheriff, clerk of court, judge of 
 probate, and justices of the peace, which had formerly been 
 included within the limits of the Territory, under its govern- 
 ment and laws. A bill had been introduced at a previous 
 session in Congress, by Hon. Morg-.n L. Martin, the delegate 
 from Wisconsin, to organize a Territorial government for Min- 
 nesota, including the district left out on the admission of Wis- 
 consin ; but which failed to become a law on account of the 
 slavery question, which was then agitating Congress. The 
 citizens of what is now Minnesota were very anxious to obtain 
 a Territorial government ; and two public meetings were held, 
 — one at St. Paul, and the other at Stillwater, — advising Hon. 
 John Catlin, who was secretary of Wisconsin, to issue a proc- 
 lamation as the acting governor, for the election of a delegate. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 S51 
 
 On consulting with Gov. Dodge, who had been elected to 
 the senate (and consequently liad vacated the office of gov- 
 ernor), and oil the resignation of Hon. John H. Tweedy of the 
 office of delegate, Mr. Catlin repaired to Stillwater, and issued 
 a proclamation for the election of delegate. Hon. H. H. Sibley 
 was elected ; and nearly four hundred votes were polled at the 
 election. Gen. Sibley presented his certificate of election to 
 Congress, which was referred to a committee, which reported in 
 favor of the admission of the delegate; the committee taking 
 the same view Mr. Catlin had taken. Gen. Sibley was admit- 
 ted to his seat on the floor of Congress by a vote of two to 
 one ; most of the Southern members opposing, contending that 
 the Territorial government fell on the admission of Wisconsin. 
 The admission of Gen. Sibley facilitated and hastened the pas- 
 sage of a bill for the organization of a Territorial government 
 for Minnesota ; which Gen. Sibley was enabled to get passed, 
 notwithstanding the opposition of Southern members. 
 . An election for officers of the new State of Wisconsin was 
 held on the 8th of May, 1848. From the report of the board of 
 state canvassers, it appeared, that, for governor, Nelson Dewey 
 received 10,.538 votes, and John H. Tweedy 1-1,449 ; for lieu- 
 tenant-governor, John E. Holmes received 19,.537, and John H. 
 Ronntree 14,355 ; for secretary of state, Thomas McHiigh 
 received 19,485, and Cliauncey Abbot 14,584 ; for treasurer, 
 Jairus C. Fairchild received 18,886, and Cliarles G. Collins 
 14,353 ; for attorney-general, James S. Brown received 17,778, 
 and N. S. Baird 13,975. 
 
 In closing this account of the Territorial history of Wiscon- 
 sin, it may be proper to say, that Wisconsin has successively 
 been under the government of Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
 and Michigan. The Territory once l)elonged to Virginia ; or, at 
 least, she has now the full credit of having ceded it, together 
 with all the territory north-west of the Ohio River, to the United 
 States. Up to the year 1800, Wisconsin was under the authori- 
 ty of the Territorial government established in Ohio. In that 
 year she was attached to Indiana Territory, and remained so 
 until 1809, when the Illinois Territory was organized, extend- 
 ing north to Lake Superior, and, of course, including Wis- 
 consin. When Illinois took her place in the Union, in 1818, our 
 
252 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Territory was finally attached to Michigan, and remained so 
 until the organization of tlie Territorial government of 1836. 
 
 It will thus be seen, that, within the space of one hundred 
 and sixty-six ^-ears., Wisconsin has been successively ruled by 
 two kings, one ' ite, and four Territories, and is now in a con- 
 dition to govei ^ herself, and all brought about without any 
 great internal exciting events to produce these revolutions. 
 The people have submitted to each change without a struggle 
 or a murmur. To summarize : Wisconsin has been under the 
 government of France from 1070 to 1759, eighty-nine years ; of 
 Great Britain, 1759 to 1794, thirty-five years ; of Virginia and 
 Ohio, from 1791 to 1800, six years ; of Indiana, from 1800 to 
 1800, nine years ; of Illinois, 1809 to 1818, nine years ; of 
 Michigan, 1818 to 1836, eighteen years: total, one hundred 
 and sixty-six years. 
 
so 
 
 
 las. 
 
 ?le 
 Jblie 
 
 of 
 ind 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP NELSON DEWEY. 
 
 Organization of tlie State Government — Revision of tlie Statutes — Organiza- 
 tion of the State University — Tlie Presic'ential Campaign — Tlie Free-Soil 
 Party. 
 
 The new State government of Wisconsin was organized on 
 the fifth day of June, 1848, with the following officers : gov- 
 ernor, Nelson Dewey ; lieutenant-goveruor, John E. Holmos ; 
 secretary of State, Thomas McHugh ; State treasurer, JairusC. 
 Fairchild ; attorney-general, James S. Brown. These officers 
 were chosen at the general election, held on the 8th of May, 
 1848. 
 
 On the same day, the first session of the legislature was held 
 at the Capitol, pursuant to the constitution ; and the apportion- 
 ment of senators and representatives was also made under the 
 provisions of the same constitution, and so to continue until 
 otherwise declared by law. 
 
 The senate was composed of nineteen members, and was 
 organized by the chair being occupied by the lieu- 
 tenant-governor, and the election of Henry G. Ab- 
 bey as chief clerk, and Lyman H. Seaver sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 The assembly was composed of sixty -six u^^mbers. Hon. N. 
 E. Whiteside was chosen speaker, Daniel Noble Johnson chief 
 clerk, and John Mullanphy sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 The two houses held a session of eighty-five days, adjourn- 
 ing on the 21st of August. 
 
 The message of Gov. Dewey recommended many measures 
 incident upon a change of government ; among other things, 
 the revision of the statute laws, the election of a State super- 
 intendent of schools, the collection and investing the funds 
 iiM 
 
 1848. 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 255 
 
 appropriated by the constitution to create a school-fund, the 
 setting-apart of the five hundred thousand acres of land donated 
 to the State by Congress, a change in the system of county 
 governments, the erection of a state-prison, revision of the 
 militia laws, the canal lands, and the subject of taxation. 
 
 From tlie report of the secretary of state, it appears that 
 that officer had estimated the expenses of the State govern- 
 ment for the current year at S'29,898.26, not including the sala- 
 ries of judges, and some other items, which would raise the 
 amount to about $35,000. 
 
 The valuation of taxable property of the Territory assessed 
 for 1847 was $14,025,631.24, an increase of nearly two million 
 and a half over that assessed for the preceding year. 
 
 The first business of the legislature was the election of two 
 United States senators for the State. Isaac P. Walker and 
 Henry Dodge, having received the largest number of votes, were 
 declared elected. They served until the next general election. 
 Among the bills passed at this session were those for prescrib- 
 ing the duties of the State officers, dividing the State into con- 
 gressional districts, the election of j- dges, the revision of the 
 laws, the location of school and other lands, the improvement 
 of the Fox River, appraisal of university lands in relation to 
 the organization of schools, the construction of plank-roads, 
 the salaries of State officers, some forty acts relative to the 
 organization of towns and counties and local taxes, thirty for 
 State roads, thirty-eight appropriation bills, and ten for the 
 incorporation of villages and cities and other orgaTiizations. 
 Among the important acts, were one for the establishment of 
 the State university, consisting of a board of regents, — com- 
 posed of a president and twelve members, to be divided into 
 three classes, and who shall serve one, two, or three years, — a 
 secretary, and treasurer (this bill repealed the one passed by the 
 previous session of the legislative assembly) ; another, an act to 
 exempt a homestead from forced sale, by the provisions of which 
 a homestead, consisting of any quantity of land, not exceeding 
 forLy acres, used for agricultural purposes, and the dwelling 
 thereon, and its appurtenances, to bo selected by the owner 
 thereof, or instead, thereof, at the option of the owner, a quan- 
 tity of land, not exceeding one-fourth of an acre, within the 
 
256 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 recorded plat of any village or city, with the dwelling-house 
 thereon, should not be subject to forced sale on execution of 
 any final jn-ocesa from a court, for any debt or liability con- 
 tracted after the first day of January, 1849. In the latter part 
 of the session, another act was passed, exempting from forced 
 sale a certain number of cows, swine, oxen, horses, sheep, and 
 farming implements ; also the provisions of a del)tor, the tools 
 and implements of any mechanic, libraries, family pictures, 
 beds, bedding, and all necessary wearing-apparel, besides sun- 
 dry other exemptions. 
 
 The act to provide for revising the statute laws of the State 
 was an important one, by the provisions of which three com- 
 missioners were to be chosen, who were authorized " to collate 
 and revise all such public .acts of the legistaturo, which shall 
 be in force at the close of the present session, as are general 
 and permanent in their nature;" that they sliould lay before 
 the legislature the acts so revised and arranged by them at the 
 next session ; and that the laws so revised should be submitted 
 and approved l)y the said commissioners, who should prepare 
 the same for publication. In July, 1848, the legislature elected 
 M. Frank, C. S. Jordan, and A. W. Randall commissioners. 
 The last-named, however, declined to serve ; and the governor 
 appointed C. ]M. Baker to fill the vacancy. The commissioners 
 immediately entered ui)on the work ; ami the same was so far 
 comjjleted, that the}* were enabled to report to the next session 
 a large part of the work ; which, having been examined by the 
 legislature, was adopted with some few amendments. The law 
 authorizing the publication directed Hon. C. M. Baker, one 
 of the commissioners, to arrange the chapters into parts and 
 titles, to unite or divide the work into subdivisions as should 
 be njcessary. 
 
 '* The Revised Statutes of Wisconsin," as thus revised, was 
 passed at the second session of the State legistature which com- 
 menced its session in January, 1849, and was printed at Albany, 
 1849, and pulilished by C. L. Sholes, who liad the contract for 
 publishing the same. It made a volume of eight hundred and 
 ninety-nine pages octavo. 
 
 The legislati re adjourned its first session without electing 
 regents of the university, having passed a bill authorizing the 
 
ni^TORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 2fi7 
 
 governor to fill all vacancies, which included the whole Board. 
 In the month of September, the governor made the following 
 appointments for the university : A. L. Collins, T. W. Suther- 
 land, J. Catlin, J. T, Clark, J. H. Roundtree, J. Bannister, 
 E. Root, Rufus King, Henry Bryan, Cyrus Woodman, E. V. 
 Whiton, and Hiram Barber, regents. 
 
 The passage of the Homestead Exemption Bill caused much 
 discussion, not only in tlie State, but over the country. It was 
 the most liberal law passed by any State authority. One news- 
 paper at Madison, the leading paper of the dominant party iu 
 the State, said, — 
 
 " The legislature has passed a bill, which, if not immediately repealed, 
 will work some most wonderful changes in the business transactions of our 
 new State. This, to a majority of our people, was the most odious feature 
 in the condemned constitution. We can regard it as nothing more or less 
 than a covert, under which villany can practise its devices unmolested, as 
 it is a permission for rascals to get in debt, if they can, aud pay when they 
 please, not when they ought, as justice demands." 
 
 On the other hand, it was contended that governments are 
 organized to restrain the oppressor, and protect the oppressed ; 
 that it is not an uncommon thing to see the rich and powerful 
 oppress his brother-man, because the law gives him authority; 
 and that cases of forced sale have taken place which make the 
 heart bleed to reflect on " man's inhumanity to man ; " and that 
 proper exemption laws injure no one, as both parties were 
 aware of the law, and contracts could be made whicli work no 
 hardsliip. 
 
 The board of regents of the University of Wisconsin held 
 their first meeting, at which time it was decided to open a pre- 
 paratory department for the reception of pupils in February, 
 1840. John W. Sterling was elected professor of mathemat- 
 ics, and appointed to tiike charge of tlie preparatory depart- 
 ment at the time designated. The present site was selected, 
 and the purchase consummated the following year. The tract, 
 which was purcliased of Hon. Abram Vanderpoel, was the 
 north-west quarter of section twenty-three, town seven, range 
 nine, except block nine in the village of Madison. The price 
 stipidated was five dollars per acre, and the taxes of 1849. At 
 
258 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the same meeting of the board of regents, John 11. Lathrop, 
 LL.D, was elected chancellor, and his salary fixed at two 
 thousand dollars. In the fall of 1848, the election for presi- 
 dent of the United States took place. The Free-soil party was 
 organized this season, and an energetic political canvass was 
 had. The Democratic electors, F. Huehschman, W. Dinwid- 
 dle, S. F. Nichols, and D. P. Mapes, received 15,000 votes, 
 the Whig electors 13,747, and the Free-soil electors 9,548. 
 The Democratic electors held a meeting on the Glh of Decem- 
 ber, and cast the vote of Wisconsin for Lewis Cass for presi- 
 dent, and W. O. Butler vice-Presidcnt. As is well known, at 
 this election in the United States, Gen. Zachary Taylor was 
 ejected president, and Millard Fillmore, vice-President. 
 
 Charles Durkce, Orsamus Cole, and James D. Doty were 
 elected members of Congress from Wisconsin at this election. 
 
il- 
 ls ' 
 as 
 
 SI- 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 ADMINISTEATION OF GOV. NELSON DEWET. 
 
 Second Session of the State Legislature — Gov. Dewey's Message— The Slavery 
 Question — Tlie State Ivegislature out»pol<eu on the Subject —Dewey's Re- 
 election — Election Statistics — Great lncrea.se of Population — The Winne- 
 bago Scare — The Opening of the University — State-Prison, &c. 
 
 The second session of the State legislature met, according to 
 law, on the 10th of January, 1849, and adjourned April 2, 
 1849, holding a session of eighty-three days. 
 
 In the senate, Lieut.-Gov. J. E. Holmes was president, Wil- 
 liam R. Smith chief clerk, and F. \V. Shollner sergeant-at- 
 arms. In the assembly, Harrison C. Hobart was elected 
 speaker, Robert L. Ream chief clerk, and Felix McLindon 
 sergeant-at-arms. Gov. Dewey in his message referred to the 
 rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable 
 energy displayed in the development of its productive capa- 
 city. He said that the government had effected a treaty 
 with the Menomonee Indians, by which their title had been 
 extinguished to that part of the State lying north of Fox 
 River, embracing all the lands belonging to them ; that 
 on the 29th of June, 1848, lie had selected the alternate 
 sections of unsold lands (odd numbered) donated by Congress 
 for the improvement of the Fox River, to the amount of 
 a hundred and twenty-five thousand acres, and that the residue 
 could not be located without further action of Congress ; 
 that two hundred thousand acres of the five hundred thousand 
 acres don.ated by Congress to the State had been selected, but 
 that the approval of the selection had not been made by the 
 government. He recommended the sale of the university lands 
 on a long credit, the locating and erection of a state-prison, 
 and the modification of certain laws. 
 
 2(iO 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 261 
 
 On the 17th of January, the two houses met in council, and 
 proceeded to the election of a senator to the Congress of the 
 United States ; when it appeared Isaac P. Walker received 
 forty-five votes, Byron Kilbourn eighteen votes, Alex. Botkin 
 eighteen votes, and four votes scattering. Mr. Walker was 
 declared duly elected. 
 
 One of the first acts passed was " An Act relating to Inter 
 est," by the provisions of which any rate of interest agreed upon 
 by parties in contract, specifying the same in writing, shall be 
 legal and valid, and that, wlicn no rate of interest is agreed 
 upon or specified in a note or contract, seven per cent shall be 
 the legal rate. This was a step forward beyond any thing 
 taken by any State legislature. It had the effect to bring 
 capital into the State, and to stimulate private improvements 
 and the development of the country. The law, however, was 
 subsequently repealed. An act was also passed relative to the 
 sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, 
 prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who 
 were to have the charge of the same. 
 
 Of the acts passed at this session, ten are relative to the 
 boundaries of counties ; fifty-five, to the laying-out of roads ; 
 eighteen, on the organization of towns ; eight relative to 
 courts; five, organizing school-districts; fourteen, authorizing 
 special taxes ; fourteen, changing the names of towns and indi- 
 viduals ; and a large number of appropriation bills. 
 
 The question of "slavery in the Territories" was one that 
 engrossed the public mind in Congress as well as the indi- 
 vidual States ; and the State legislatui'e ado^jted a joint resolu- 
 tion on the 8th of February, 1849, instructing the senators in 
 Congress, and members of the house of representatives, of 
 Wisconsin, to oppose the passage of any act for the government 
 of New iNIexico and California, or any Territory belonging 
 to the United States, or which may hereafter be required, , 
 unless it shall contain a provision forever prohibiting the 
 introduction of slavery, or involuntary servitude, into said 
 Territories, except as punishment for crime ; also to oppose the 
 admission of any more slave States into the Federal Union ; 
 and also to exert their influence to procure the repeal of all 
 laws permitting slavery and the slave-trade in the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
262 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 On the 81st of March, joint resolutions were i)a88ecl by the 
 legislature, to the effect that " Hon. I. P. Walker, one of the 
 senators of this State in t'ongress, in presenting and voting for 
 an araemhnent to tiic general appropriation hill, providing for a 
 government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio 
 Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting 
 the uitroduction of slavery or involuntary servitude in said 
 Territories, has violated his pledges given before his election 
 on that subject, outraged the feelings of the people, misrep- 
 resented those wli tted him, and has openly violated the 
 instructions contained in the resolutions passed l)y this body 
 on the subject of slavery at the present session ; and is hereby 
 instructed to immediately resign his seat." At the same time, 
 the course of Hon. Henry Dodge, the other senator from 
 Wisconsin, in voting against the proposition of ^fr. Walker, 
 received the cordial approval of the legislature. The report of 
 the secretary of State estimated the expenses of the fiscal year, 
 commencing Jan. 1, 1840, at $46,980. 
 
 The discovery of gold in California produced in Wisconsin, 
 as in other States, a powerful excitement; and the emigration to 
 the Pacific coast was very large. In the mining-districts in 
 South-western Wisconsin, there was a large depopulation. The 
 reports received gave accounts of the distress and sufferings 
 exi)evieneed by those who left the State, and, in some cases, 
 death for want of the common necessities of life. While a few 
 returned in better circumstances than when they left, large 
 numbers returned broken in health, and in a destitute condition. 
 
 The first session of the Supreme Court of the State of Wis- 
 consin commenced on the 8tli of January, 1849: present, Hen. 
 A. W. Stow chief justice, Hon. E. V. Whiton, Hon. M. M. 
 Jackson, Hon. Charles Larrabee, and Hon. Levi Hubbell, asso- 
 ciates. There were about fifty cases on tlie docket. 
 
 From the report of the board fif public works made to the 
 legislature, it appears that the quantity of land within the Fox 
 River reserve, surveyed and located up to that time, was 
 123,988 acres ; lands on the reserve, previously sold by the 
 government, in lieu of which other lands were to be located by 
 the State, 98,370 acres ; lands within the reserve recently ceded 
 by the Menomonees, and granted to the State, 76,000 to 80,000 
 
n I STORY OF W/SCOXSfN. 
 
 acres: total number of acres about 300,000. The estimated 
 cost of the Fox River improvement and tlie canal across tlie 
 portage was estimated at $373,700.09. 
 
 On the 30th of Januar}', the first orpanization of the State 
 Historical Society was made. lion. Nelson Dewey was elected 
 president, one vice-president from each of the orpfanized coun- 
 ties of the State, Rev. Cliarles Lord recording secretary, I. A. 
 Lapham corresponding secretary, E. M. Williamson treasurer, 
 John Catlin, Beriah Brown, and Alexander Botkin, executive 
 committee. Gen. William R. Smith was invited to deliver an 
 address before the society at its next annual meeting, and I. 
 E. Arnold, Esq., as substitute. 
 
 At the general State election held in November, Nelson 
 Dewey was elected governor, S. W. Beall lieutenant-governor, 
 William A. Barstow secretary of state, Jairu C. Fairchild 
 treasurer, and Eleazar Root superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion. On the question of suffrage to colored persons, 5,62.5 
 votes were given for suffrage, and 4,075 against it. Charles 
 Durkee, Orsamus Cole, and James D. Doty were elected mem- 
 bers of Congress 1849-51. During the year 1849, the 
 preliminary steps ior the organization of the institution for the 
 education of the blind were taken at Janesville. A school for 
 the blind had been supported by the voluntary effort of the 
 people of that place and vicinity. Its operations having been 
 brought to the notice of the legislature, that body, by act 
 approved Feb. 9, 1850, organized the Wisconsin Institution 
 for the Blind, the object of which was declared to be " to 
 qualify, as far as may be, the blind for the enjojTnent of the 
 blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsist- 
 ence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, 
 devolving upon American citizens." The institution was to be 
 under the charge of five trustees appointed by the governor, 
 who were empowered to employ a superintendent and teachers 
 necessary to conduct the school, and to perform other duties 
 necessary for the proper mautagement of the same. Like 
 almost all the schools of the kind in the country, it opened free 
 of charge to those who required its advantages. The funds 
 for its support were for the first year derived from a tax of one 
 fifteenth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property, since 
 
2C4 
 
 THRTOiiY OF wiacoysiN, 
 
 which time it has hoen supported by an annual appropriation. 
 Tlic inHtitntioii wns first oppnerl on tho first Monday of October, 
 1850, wlu'u oirrht pupils were a(bnittcd. Tiie estimated 
 expense for the year commencing Oct. 1, 18.50, was fifteen 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 The State superintendent of schools, Hon. Elcazar Root, was 
 chosen by the people in 1R49. He was nominated by the State 
 central committee of both political parties, and elected without 
 opposition. He was favorably known as a firm friend and 
 devoted advocate of the cause of education. His first term 
 consisted of one year. He was re-elected, his second term 
 bein;^ two years. From liis first report, issued in 1850, we learn 
 that there were estimated to be 80,445 children between four 
 and twenty years of age in the State, of which 40,130 were 
 attending school ; that the average wages of male teachers per 
 month were 815.22, and of female teachers. 80,02 ; that tliere 
 were 704 schoolhouses, 850 being constructed of logs ; and that 
 there were ninety-six imincorporated private schools. During 
 Mr. Root's administration, besides issuing a publication of the 
 school-laws with notes and instructions, accompanied with 
 suitable forms for conducting proceedingf; under them by the 
 different school-officers, he gave much attention to the forma- 
 tion of graded schools in various parts of the State. 
 
 The settlement of Wisconsin from the time of the organiza- 
 tion of the State government was marked in a very extraordi- 
 nary degree ; transcending all that had been witnessed in the 
 creation of new political communities, by the peaceful migra- 
 tion of men and of the arts, distancing even all previous expe- 
 rience in the settlement of the New World. During the decade 
 from 1840 to 1850, the population advanced from 80,000 to 
 805,000, while at the corresponding decades of its growth, 
 Ohio presents an increase only from 45,000 to 212,000, and 
 the corresponding increase of Indiana and Illinois was in a 
 much smaller ratio. The migration to Wisconsin, unparalleled 
 as it Avas in the experience of States, has not been the fitful 
 result of the gambling mania which lured its hordes of victims 
 to the Pacific coast: it has been the steady and persistent 
 flow of men and capital, seeking permanent homes for them- 
 selves and their families. Of those of this number may be 
 
266 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 named the Germa.' and the Scandinavian ; both nationalities 
 soon becoming thor aghly Americanized in thought, feeling, 
 and language. From these sources, Wisconsin derived largo 
 accessions of numbers, of wealth, and of enterprise, owing to 
 its excellent advantages of rich, iiroductive soil, at the nomi- 
 nal government price of a dollar and a quarter per acre, its 
 valuable mines of lead and other mineral, its forests of pine- 
 timber, as well as the unlimited water-power of its streams for 
 all the demands of industry. 
 
 The third session of the State legislature convened Jan. 9, 
 18ijO. and adjourned Feb. 11, 18o0, after a short session of 
 thirly-four days ; Hon. S. W. Beall, lieutenant-governor, pre- 
 siding in the senate, William R. Smith chief clerk, and James 
 Hannahan sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, Hon. Moses M. 
 Strong Avas elected speaker, Alexander T. Gray cliief clerk, 
 and E. R. Hugunin sergeant-a'wirms. 
 
 The governor, in his message to the legislature, refers to the 
 continued immigration to the State, to the work prosecuted on 
 the Fox River, and to the contracts that had been entered into 
 for the construction of the portage canal between the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers, and the improvement of the Fox River, 
 Rapids des Pcire, and Rapid CrocLe, for the sum of $60,401 ; 
 also refers to the necetisity of a state-prison, the action of the 
 board of regents of the university in proposing to erect one 
 of the luiiversity buildings the present season, the business 
 conducted by the Wisconsin Miuine and Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany in the issuing of certificates of dcjjosit, which, in his 
 opinion, were unlawful under the Constitution, and other sub- 
 jects connected with the management of the financial affairs 
 of the State. 
 
 The secretary of state reports the total receipts in the 
 treasury the year past (1849), $58,059.04, and estimates the 
 expenses for the 3'ear 1850, including deficiencies, $08,950.79 ; 
 that the number of sections of university lands api)raised is t33|^ 
 aces, and the appraised value $117,691.40; total numl^er of 
 school-sections, 405 ; appraised value, exclusive of expense, of 
 rippraising, $904,924.72; taxable property, $27,450,000. Tho 
 board of regents of the university, in their report to the legis- 
 lature, refer to the site selected as being one of great b.; uty, 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 2G7 
 
 corsisting of about fifty acres, bounded on the nortli by Four 
 Lake (Lake Mcndota), and that a portion of the lesidue of the 
 tract had been surveyed, ;m, 1 laid out in streets and town-lots. 
 Plans and estimates for tlie buildings were submitted; the 
 principal features being a main eilifice fronting towards the 
 Capitol, throe stories high, to be a hundred and forty feet in 
 length, with an extreme depth of sixty feet, to contain thirteen 
 public rooms, four dormitory buildings, two on each side of 
 the main building, each to be four stories high, a hundred and 
 ten feet in length, and foi-ty feet in breadth, containing thirty- 
 two study-rooms for the use of students. The plan as reported 
 was adopted by the Board, subject to the approval of the legis- 
 lature. According to the estimates of the architect, J. F. 
 Rugue, Esq., the buildings would cost nearly seventy thousand 
 dollars. At a subsequent meeting of the Board, held in 1850, 
 proposals were received for the erection o. one dormitory 
 building ; and the contract was awarded to Varney Parker for 
 seventeen thousand dollars. The legislature in joint conven- 
 tion, Jan. 20, elected H. L. Dousman, Caleb Croswell, and 
 Albert S. Story, commissioners of the board of public works. 
 
 There appears to have been Ijut little business of an impor- 
 tant nature transacted at this session, though some three hun- 
 dred bills passed both houses. A large part of the business 
 was of a local character; such as the incorporation of plank- 
 road companic:;, bridge companies, and laying out of roads. 
 There were some twelve laws amending the revised statutes, 
 four on locating county seats, twenty-two road-ljills, sixteen on 
 the subject of local taxation, twelve charters for bridge com- 
 panies, seven in reference to Indians, fourteen plank-road 
 charters, four amending the charters incorporating railroads, 
 and about ninety appropriation liills. One act was passed 
 fixing the salaries of the State officers. 
 
 The population of the State in 1850, as taken by the govern- 
 ment, was 10.", 121, an increase, since 1818, of 91,57.3, 
 
 Ac the congressional elections held this year, Charles Dur- 
 kee, Benjamin C. Eastman, and James D. Doty were elected 
 members of Congress. 
 
 By an act of Congress approved Sept. 28, 1850, all the 
 swamp and overflowed lands in the State were donated to the 
 State. 
 
268 
 
 niSTORY OF WIBCOJiHIN. 
 
 During the winter and spring of 1851, serious apprehensions 
 of danger Avcre entertained by many citizens residing north of 
 the Wisconsin River, from the return of numerous bands of 
 the Winnebago Indians to their old hunting-grounds ; and the 
 military arm of the State was strongly solicited to protect 
 our people, and remove them from the State. Gov. Dewey, 
 not participating in these alarms, and desirous of obtaining cor- 
 rect information relative to tlie presence and intention of these 
 bands, employed an agent — unknown to them, and acquainted 
 with their character — to visit the localities occupied by them, 
 for the purpose of persuading them to leave the State, and 
 quiet the fears of the people. The coui'se jnirsued practical!'' 
 accomplished the desired object. This nation have since been 
 nearly all removed from (he State bv the agent of the General 
 Government employed for that purpose : and it is believed that 
 the mode adopted ]>y the governor at, the time of which we 
 are speaking was effective. 
 
 The fourth session of the State legislature convened at the 
 Capitol Jan. 8, 1851, and adjourned March 18, 1851, after a 
 session of seventy days. In the senate, Lieut.-Gov. S. W. 
 Beall was jirosident, V\'illiam Hull chief clerk, and E. D. 
 Masters sergeant-at-arnis. In tlie assembly, Frederick W. 
 Horn wrts chosen speaker, Alexander T. Gray chief clerk, and 
 Charles M. Kingslnu-y sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 Gov. Dew( ;\ , in his message, referred to the death of 
 Pres. Taylor ; said that the treasury and finances of the 
 State were in a sound condition ; that all liabilities autliorized 
 by law to be paid had been jiromptly met, with a surplus at the 
 close of the year ; that the total receipts into the treasury since 
 the organization of the State government were *1G0,218.53, 
 and tlie expenditures duriiig the same period, i?152,0G9.Gl ; bal- 
 ance in the treasury J;mi. 1. 1851, 87.2-18.02; that the estimated 
 expenditures for 1851 were ^80,193.09. He recommended some 
 changes in the assessment of taxes, gave full statistics of the 
 school and university lands, ^poke of the necessity of a state- 
 prison, and the sj-stcm of literary exchanges proposed by M. 
 Yattemaro, which he higlily approved. He also referred to the 
 operations of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany, which, he stated, were in '• derogation of the express pro- 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 2C9 
 
 vision of its charter, the constitution, and general law of the 
 State." He referred to the question of "banks, or no banks," 
 which was to be introduced for legislative action at the succeed- 
 ing session, and expressed his opinion strongly against the 
 banking system. He also referred to the F'ugitive Slave Act, 
 which was then agitating the public naind, and many other sub- 
 jects of minor importance. The message is a lengthy docu- 
 ment, and, like all that have emanated from Gov. Dewey's pen, 
 is ably and carefully prepared. His recommendations were 
 always entitled to proper consideration. 
 
 The first important measure of the session was the election 
 of a United States senator to fdl the place of Hon. Henry 
 Dodge, whose term of office expired March 4. In a juiuv con- 
 vention, held Jan. 20, a ballot was taken, and Henry Dodge re- 
 ceived sixty-nine votes, James D. Doty seven, Alexander L. 
 Collins three votes. Gen. Dodge was declared elected senator 
 for six years, from March 4, 1831. 
 
 On the 26th of February, the two houses, in convention, 
 elected A. Hyatt Smith, Alonzo Wing, G. Aigner, and J. Duane 
 Ruggles, regents of the State University. Among the important 
 acts of the session was one providing for the location and erec- 
 tion of a state-prison, — a matter that Gov. Dewey had, in his 
 previous message, strongly rcconunended. 
 
 Tliree commissioners were to be appointed by the governor, 
 wlin should, at their first meeting, decide upon all sealed com- 
 munications, specifying the advantages of certain localities, ad- 
 dressed to them, and were empowered to purchase, or accept as 
 a donation, on the part of the Stiite of Wisconsin, and receive 
 deeds for such lands, not to ^'xceed, in the whole, twenty acres; 
 one of their number to be acting commissioner. The Board was 
 required to procure plans for a prison to accommodate two 
 liundred prisoners, with separate cells ; such jjlan as adopted to 
 be apprjved by the governor. Ten tliousaud dollars was ap- 
 propriated for the purpose of carrying mto effect the provisions 
 of the act. 
 
 By this law, Messrs. John Bullen, Jolm Tu\lor, and A. W. 
 Worth, were appointed commissioners to determine the best 
 point for the location of the new prison. Tliey examined 
 Madison, Pfirtland, (Jcnesoo, Iloricon, Kaukauna, and Waupun; 
 
270 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 and on the 4tli of July, 1851, a majority of the comniissioner.s 
 tlccided to lt)cate at Wuupun. Seymour Wileox of "\Vaui)un 
 donated twenty acres of land as a site for the prison building.s. 
 On the 21st of July, 1851, a contract -was made witli James K. 
 Smith for the construction of the main upright part of a tempo- 
 rary prison, for 84,G00. Tlie conunissioners estimated the sum 
 necessary to continue the erection of a state-piison, and pay 
 indebtedness, at §25,000, and also recommended the purchase 
 of an additional twenty acres for the prison site. 
 
 On the 13th of Fehruurj-, the legislature, in convention, 
 elected D. jM. Loy, Timothy Burns, and Caleb Croswell, board 
 of public works, B. S. llenning register of State land-oflice, and 
 James Murdoch treasurer. 
 
 The judges of the Su[)rcme Court on the IStli of June elected 
 lion. Levi IlubbcU chief justice until the election in August, 
 1842. From the report of this Board, made in 1852, it appears 
 that the offices of the register and receiver of the State land-office 
 were opened March 20, 1851, since which time 8,194.73 acres 
 have been sold. Amount still on hand belonging to the im- 
 provement, and subject to entry, 30,231.21 acres; amount re- 
 ceived for quantity sold, 810,303.59. 
 
 There were four hundred and seven acts passed, two joint 
 resolutions, and fourteen memorials to Congress. Of the acts, 
 seventj'-two were appropriation bills, ten incorporating colleges 
 and academies, twenty-seven charters for bridge companies, 
 eighteen for plank-road companies, twenty-seven bridge com- 
 panies and amendments to previous charters, fifty incorporating 
 cities, towns, and villages, sixteen relative t(j counties, seven- 
 teen ferries and mill-dam, thirty-six State and town roads, tt'n 
 railroad charters and amendments to charters, and thirty amend- 
 ments to revised statutes. A joint resolul ion of the legislature, 
 rescinding a vote of censure on Hon. I. ]'. Walker, Uuitf ■ 
 States senator, March 31, 1849, was also passed. 
 
 In relation to the business of the session, one newspaper io- 
 marks, " An immense lunnber of new laws have been ereatea, 
 and pretty mucli all of the old ones altered or amended in some 
 shape ; so that the presumption that every one knows the law 
 is rebutted by a vio' nt susi)icion, at least, that they do not 
 know any such thing, A number of unimportant ones have 
 
272 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 been passed. The principal measure of the session, the appor- 
 tionment bill, was passed on the last day of the session, but was 
 vetoed by the governor as unconstitutional. A bill for the im- 
 provement of the State Caj)itol was also vetoed." 
 
 Tlie trustees of the Institution for the Blind, in their second 
 annual report, stated that the expenses for conducting the institu- 
 tion for the year ending October, 1850, was 81,830. In pursuance 
 of the law of March 15, 1851, they had caused a building to be 
 erected, twenty-six feet in width and forty-two feet in length, 
 of faced stone, wliich would accommodate twenty pupils. Dur- 
 ing the year, eight pupils were in attendance. The dormitory 
 building erected for the State University was completed during 
 that year ; and the ilrst term of the year 1851-52 was opened in 
 the new edifice, on the ITth of September. 
 
 The Democrat" > State Convention was held on the 19th of 
 September, 1851 , id the following persons were placed in nom- 
 ination : for governor, Don A. J. Upham ; lieutenant-govern- 
 or, Tunothy Bui-ns; secretary of state, William A. Barstow; 
 treasurer, Edward Jannsen; attorney-general, Charles Billing- 
 hm'st ; and State superintendent of schools, Azel P. Ladd. 
 
 The Wlug State Convention met on the 24th of September, 
 and nominated for governor, Leonard J. Fjirwell ; lieutenant- 
 governor, James Hughes; secretary of strte, Robert \V. 
 Wright ; treas^irer, Jefferson Crawford ; attornej'-gejieral, John 
 C. Trucsdell. 
 
 At the general election in November, the Democratic ticket 
 was elected, with the exctj)tioii of I). J. A. Uplmm for gov- 
 ernor. L. J. Farwell, the Whig candidate, had a majority of 
 560 votes. 
 
CHAl'TER XXVI. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. L. J. FARWELL. 
 
 I 
 
 Events of ISjJ — Governor's MessaKe — Laiiil Grant Dillicuitiea — legislation 
 Statistics — A Cyclnpa^dia of Events iluring the Year 1852. 
 
 The .admiuistration of Gov. Leonard J. Farwell commenced 
 on the filth day of January, 1852; and, m accordance with the 
 constitution, the legislature met on the 14th of January, at the 
 fifth annual session. 
 
 Hon. Timothy Burns, lieutenant-governor, took his seat as 
 president of the senate. John K. Williams was elected chief 
 clerk, and Patrick Cosgrove sergeaiit-at-arms. In tlie assem- 
 bly, James McMillan Shaffer was elected speaker, Alexander 
 T. Gray chief clerk, and Elisha Starr ..jrgeant-at-arms. The 
 legislature adjourned April 19, after a session of ninety-six days, 
 — the longest ever held under the Territorial or State organi- 
 zation lip to this date. The governor, in his message, says that 
 the expenses of the State for the fiscal year ending the 31st of 
 December, 1851, provided for by permanent appropriations, in- 
 cluding sundry prior indebtedness, was $101,>i8o.l)8 ; unpaid 
 appropriations and salaries for 1851, $27,98").88 ; and the esti- 
 mated expenses for the year 1852, ®100,-283.-29. Ho said that 
 complaints had been made that loans of the school-fund had, in 
 some instai es, been made on insuftiuient securities, and recom- 
 mended a commission to make examination of the title of land 
 mortgaged, to ascertain whether the security was adoquato. He 
 also made the foUowiiig recommendations : to nicmovialize Con- 
 gress to cause the agricultural lands witlun the State to bo sur- 
 veyeil. and brought into market ; to cause the mineral lands in 
 the State to be surveyed, and geologically examined, and oft'eivd 
 for sale ; to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of 
 
 273 
 
374 
 
 HISTORY OF WrSCONSlN. 
 
 rivers and harbors. The question of "bank, or no bank," 
 having been submitted to a vote of the people, and decided in 
 favor of banks by a largo majority, he recommended the neces- 
 sary measures to carry into effect this constitutional provision, 
 and urged tliat every safeguard and precaution be taken for 
 the safety of the bill-holder. 
 
 Many important measures were introduced, and became laws, 
 — a larger number than had been passed at previous sessions. 
 Some five hundred and four bills were passed, and twenty-six 
 memorials to Congress adopted. Among other acts was one 
 for the completion of the improvement of the Fox and Wiscon- 
 sin Rivers, by which act all the luisold lands granted by Con- 
 gress, estimated to be about two hundred thousand acres, 
 should be selected, and brought into the market at a minimum 
 price, — not less than two dollars and fifty cents per acre, — 
 the lands to be disposed of as, the improvements progressed ; 
 or " so much of said lands may be sold as will produce twenty 
 thousand dollars, and until one-half of said sum shall be 
 expended, when a further sale shall be made to le-imburse the 
 amount expended ; and the fact of such expenditure shall be 
 properly certified to." This bill was vetoed by the governor, 
 but was passed, and became a law, by a majority of votes of 
 both houses. 
 
 An act was passed to provide for the organization of a sepa- 
 rate Supreme Court, and for the election of justices thereof ; 
 providing, that on the last Monday of September, after the pas- 
 sage of the act, an election for one chief justice and two asso- 
 ciate justices should be had, whose term of office should 
 commence on the first day of June, 1853 ; the term of office of 
 the chief justice to expire the last day of May, 1857, associate 
 justice to serve until May, 1855, and the other until May, 1859 ; 
 the terms of the two latter justices to be decided by lot. The 
 salary of the chief justice and associates was fixed at two thousand 
 dollars. A bill was passed to provide for the establishment of a 
 commissioner of emigration for the State, in the citj' of New York. 
 The salary of the commissioner was fixed at fifteen hundred dol- 
 lars, and the sum of $12.50 to be expended in printing informa- 
 tion of the State in the English, German, and other languages 
 for gratuitous circulation. A bill was passed to authorize the 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 275 
 
 business of banking ; a bank comptroller to l>e appointed, after 
 the passage of the law, by the governor, to hold his office for 
 two years, with a deputy comptroller, who should provide blank 
 notes to be engraved and printed, and who should deliver the 
 same to any " person, or association of persons, formed for the 
 purposes of banking under the provisions of this act, on llieir 
 duly assigning and transferring in trust to the State treasurer 
 any portion of the public stocks of the United States, or any 
 State stocks on which full interest is annually paid, said stocks 
 to be valued at the average rate at which the stocks may have 
 been sold in New York within six months previous to the time 
 they are deposited with the bank comptroller." By the provis- 
 ions of the act, railroad bonds of the State would be received 
 by the State treasurer in lieu of public stocks, with certain pro- 
 visos. An act was passed to apportion and district anew the 
 members of the senate and assembly, by which the number of 
 the members of the legislature was increased from eighty-five 
 to one hundred and seven. Also the following : a bill to regulate 
 licenses for the sales of ardent spirits, one to quiet tax titles, 
 one to borrow the sum of fifty thousand dollars on the faith and 
 credit of the State to defray extraordinary expenditures, and 
 one to effect the completing of a documentary hi'itory of Wis- 
 consin, and Gen. William R. Smith of Iowa County was by the 
 act appointed to compile said history. Among the railroad 
 incorporations was the Milwaukee and La Crosse Company, the 
 doings of which company in subsequent years was the occasion 
 of much comment. Of the number of bills passed, there were 
 thirty-one plank-road charters, thirty charters for railroads, 
 villages and cities, bridges and ferries, eighteen amendments to 
 general and session laws, eight academies incorporated, twenty 
 in reference to counties, nine to courts and legislation, fifteen 
 change of names of towns and individuals, one hundred and 
 ninety-two appropriation bills, twenty relating to schools and 
 school-lands, and others not enumerated. 
 
 The most important subject acted upon, as before stated, was 
 the bank question. The people had by a large majority de- 
 clared in favor of banks ; and most of their representatives came 
 to the Capitol backed by positive instructions to take such pre- 
 liminary steps as would secure the constitutional establishment 
 
niSTORy OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of such institutions. The provision of the bill as to receiving 
 railroad bonds ns a basis for security of the circulating,' niodiuni, 
 it was thouffht would give an impetus to the railroad ciitcrijriscs 
 of the State. The i)rovisi()n, also, of individual liability was 
 supposed to perfect the bill. 
 
 The trustees of the Blind Institution, in their report, stated 
 that the building proviiled for b3- act of the legislature of March 
 15, 1851, was completed in May, 1852, and was furnished 
 throughout, and fitted for the reception of pupils, on the first 
 of June in that year. 
 
 The judges of the Supii-me Court on the 7th of January, 1852, 
 elected Hon. M. M. Jackson chief justice, who declined the 
 position, when Hon. E. V. Whiton was (docted. 
 
 On the 15th of March, P. II. Frame, William Richardson, and 
 A.ndrcw Proudfit were elected by the legislature a board of 
 public works. 
 
 The Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and 
 Dumb was incorjjorated by act of the legislature, approved 
 April 19, and was located on a valuable and eligible site near 
 the village of Delavan, in Walworth County. The original 
 site of ll-jVff aeres was donated to the State by ^Ir. F. K. 
 Phcenix, a member of the first board of trustees ; and in 1857 
 the trustees purchased twenty-two acres of land lying on three 
 sides of the original site. The organization of the institution 
 was effected in June, 1852. An appropriation of a thousand 
 dollars per year for three years was made, and a contract entered 
 into for a building thirty-fotir by forty-four feet in size, cf two 
 stories besides the basement and attic, to be completed b}"^ June, 
 1854. At the organization, the number of deaf-mutes in the 
 State was a hundred and seventy-five. Eight scholars were 
 then in attendance, who were temporarily cared for in a rented 
 house. 
 
 The railroad mania in Wisconsin in 1S52 was at fever-heat. 
 Engineers were engaged in surveying roads from lieloit to Mad- 
 ison, Janesville to Milwaukee, Milwaukee to La Crosse, Chicago, 
 Green Ba}', and Fond du Lac, from Racine to the Illinois S ate 
 line; and their speedy construction was confidently predicted. 
 
 At the fall elections of 1852, E. V. Whiton Avas elected chief 
 justice of the Supn'iue Coiu't, and Samuel Crawford and A. D. 
 
M. R. GAGE, M.D. 
 
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278 
 
 BIBTORT OF WiaCONSIN. 
 
 Smith, associates : the opposing candidates were Charles H. Lar- 
 rabee, Marshall M. Strong, and James H. Knowlton. B. C. 
 Eastman, J. B. Maty, and Daniel Wells, jun., were elected mem- 
 l^ers of Congress, and the Democratic electoral ticket chosen, 
 which electoi-s, at a meeting of the electoral college, afterwards 
 gave the five votes of Wisconsin for Franklin Pierce for Presi- 
 dent of the United Statco. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 AD>nNISTBATION OF GOV. L. J. FARWEIX. 
 
 Eventa of 1853 — Legislation — Trial of Judge Huhbell — State Historical Society 
 Electiuu Contest, &c. 
 
 The sixth session of the legislature convened on the twelfth 
 day of January, 1853, and adjourned on the fourtli day of April, 
 until the sixth day of June following, when it again met, and 
 adjourned tine die, on the 18th of July ; the whole length of 
 the sessions being one hundred and thirty-one days. In the 
 senate, Hon. Timoihy Burns, lieutenant-governor, took his seat 
 as president. J. K. Williams was elected clerk, and Thomas 
 Hood sergeant-at-arnis. In the assembly, Henry L. Palmer was 
 elected speaker, Thomas McIIugh secretary, and Richard F. 
 Wilson scrgeant-at-arms. 
 
 Gov. Farwell's me^snge was a short one. lie ^ays, " that, 
 during the past season, our citizens have enjoyed unusual pros- 
 perity in ample pioducls and remuneration of their industry 
 and enteqirise, abundant harvests and high niaikets, and a 
 downward tendency in rates of interest, with prevailing confi- 
 dence among business men and in business enterprises." In 
 reference to the finances of the State he says, " The receipts 
 into the general fund, from Dec. 31, 1851, to Dec. ."^l, 
 1852, were 8133,052.0-2, and tiie disbursements, $134,593.33 ; 
 overpaid from this fund, $040.71. The estimated expenses and 
 liabilities to be defrayed for 1853 were $99,275.04, an<l the 
 means applicable to the payment of the same estimated at 
 $118,557.65." The total value of the taxable property of the 
 State at this date was $27,017,502.43. The report of the 
 superintendent of public instruction gives the whole number 
 of school-children, in 1858, as x-±'*,783 ; whole amount of 
 
 27S 
 
280 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 money received, $127,718.42; due on school-lands sold, $081,- 
 931.71. The governor also refers to the progress of work on 
 the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad, and tlie importance of 
 having the general banking-law so amended as to prohibit, 
 under severe penalties, the receiving, paying out, or passing as 
 money in this State, circulating paper, of any form whatever, 
 in the similitude of bank paper, by any person, or body corpor- 
 ate, that is not, at the time of such receiving, paying out, or 
 passing, authorized by some express law of the United Staccs, 
 or one of the United States, or of Canada ; and declaring all 
 contracts, the consideration of which, in whole or in part, 
 consists of such circulating paper, absolutely null and void for 
 any purpose whatever. 
 
 At this session, there were one hundred and twelve laws 
 passed of a general nature, and four hundred and nine of a 
 private and local character. Of the first, fourteen were in 
 reference to counties, sixteen on the courts of the State, ten 
 in reference to school-lands and school-matters, six joint resolu- 
 tions, and tweiiiy-four memorials to Congress generally for 
 postal service. Of the latter, twelve were for incorporation of 
 academies, twenty-four authorizing towns and organizations to 
 perform certain acts, nine incorporating and amending bridge 
 charters, eight to change the names of persons, fourteen for 
 construction of dams, fourteen in reference to ferries, sixteen 
 to incorporate insurance-companies, ten to legalize certain acta, 
 seven charters to manufacturing-companies, nineteen acts 
 relative to the city of jNIilwaukee, thirteen mining-companies 
 incorporated, five to organize certain towns, thirty-one plank- 
 road charters, foi'ty-five chartering and amending charters to 
 railroads, ten to amend session laws, thirt}'-five to lay out State 
 roads, and five in reference to taxation. 
 
 At no previous session of the legislature had as many local 
 measures been enacted. The people of the State were much 
 interested in raih-oad enterprises, as will be shown by the large 
 number of charters granted. On the 28th of March, the two 
 houses, in convention, elected John Taylor state-prison com- 
 missioner. IIu was subsequently removed by the governor, and 
 Henry Brown appointed in his place. Herman Haertel was 
 elected emigrant commissioner; R. P. Eighme, register of State 
 
niBTORT OF WlSCONRtN. 
 
 2S1 
 
 land-oflBce ; James Murdoch, receiver ; Charles Dunn, Rufus C. 
 Parks, J. K. Williams, and Nelson Dewey, regents of the State 
 University ; L. M. Miller, Benjamin Allen, and Andrew Proud- 
 fit, commissioners of board of public works. 
 
 On the 2Gth of January, 1843, William K. Wilson of MU- 
 waukeo preferred charges in the assembly against Hon. Levi 
 Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of 
 divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of 
 the duties of his office. The assembly appointed a committee 
 of five to examine the same ; and, on the 2-ld of February, they 
 reported that they had the same under consideration, and had 
 taken testimony ujion the subject of said charges, and the 
 judicial conduct of said Judge Levi Hubbell ; and, upon the 
 proofs so taken, found that the said Levi Hubbell had been 
 guilty of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in tlie 
 discharge of the duties of his said ofiicc, as set forth in tho 
 charges and specifications against him, and that public justice 
 required that tho said Levi Hubbell should be removed from 
 his said ofiice of judge of the second judicial circuit. 
 
 On the 4th of March, a resolution Avas adopted, appointing 
 a committee to report articles of impeachment, and that " said 
 committee are hereby directed to go to tho senate, and at the 
 bar thereof, ainl in the name of the assembly and of the people 
 of the State, to impeach Levi Hubbell, judge as aforesaid, of 
 corrupt conduct and malfeasance, and acquaint the senate that 
 the assembly will, in due time, exhibit particular articles of 
 impeachment against him, and make good the same." On the 
 22d of March, the committee reported that they had performed 
 the duty assigned them. On the 2Gth of March, a joint resolu- 
 tion was adopted, that " the two houses will, on the 4th of 
 April next, take a recess until the Gth of June," at which date 
 the two houses re-assembled. On the 8th of June, the senate 
 sent a message to the assembly, informing them that they were 
 ready to proceed wii>. the trial of Hon. Levi Hubbell in the 
 senate-chamber. 
 
 In the senate, the trial of the impeachment was carried on, 
 on the part of the State, by a committee of the assembly, who 
 secured the services of Edward G. Ryan, Esq., as attorney ; and 
 the respondent retained Jonathan E. Arnold and James H. 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Knowlton, Esqs., as his attorneys. There were eleven articles 
 of impeachment, and sixty-eight specifications to the same. 
 
 Without going into furtlier details of this trial, which created 
 great interest throughout the State, it may be stated, that on 
 the 9th of July, after a full trial, the senate annovinced, that 
 judgment had been taken upon all the articles of impeach- 
 ment, and upon all the specifications thereuiider respectively; 
 and it appeared that not a suflBcient number, according to the 
 provisions of the constitution, had voted to find the respondent 
 at the bar guilty of any one of the said charges and specifica- 
 tions. The president of the court arose, and declared that 
 Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of this 
 State, was acquitted of all the charges preferred against him 
 by the Honorable the Assembly of Wisconsin, in their several 
 articles of imi)eachnient. When the court adjourned ginc die. 
 
 Among the acts of a general nature passed at this session 
 was one for the incorporation of the State Historical Society 
 of Wisconsin. The object of the society was to collect, era- 
 body, and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pam- 
 phlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, paintings, papers, statuary, 
 and other materials illustrative of the history of the State ; to 
 rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers, and to 
 obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and ad- 
 ventures ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and the past and 
 present condition and resources of Wisconsin ; to promote the 
 study of liistory by lectures, and to diffuse and publish infor- 
 mation relating to the description and history of the State. 
 An act was passed to provide for the geological survey of the 
 State, providing that the governor should appoint a State 
 geologist, who was to appoint an assisir.nt. It was provided 
 that the work should commence in that portion of the State 
 known as the " Lead-mines," the State geologist to report 
 to the governor from time to time during the jirogress of 
 the survey. All specimens of minerals and of geology were 
 to be deposited in the cabinet of the State University ; and the 
 sum of twenty-five hundred dollars was appropriated atuiually, 
 for four years, to carry into effect the provisions of this act. 
 
 An act to submit to the people the question of a prohibitory 
 liquor law was also passed. The question was to bo voted upon 
 
284 
 
 nisTonr of wiscoNsiJf. 
 
 at the general election, on the first Monday of November ; and 
 also an act to provklo for the punishment of murder in the 
 first degree, and to abolish the penalty of deatli, by the provis- 
 ions of which the penalty of murder shall be imprisonment in 
 the Stale-i)rison during the life of the person convicted. 
 Another act was passed, to submit the question to the people, 
 to hold biciniial sessions of the legislature. The regents of 
 the State University reported that the foundation of the second 
 dormitory building had been carefully protected from injury, 
 and asked for a State appropriation of fifteen thousand dol- 
 lars to complete the work on the building ; that the uni- 
 versity grounds had been suitably enclosed, and about seven 
 hundred trees set out. Of the six departments of instruction 
 marked out bv the Board, the chair of ethics, civil polity, and 
 political economy, was occupied by t he chancellor ; the chair 
 of mathematics, by Prof. John W. Sterling ; (hat of ancient 
 languages, by Prof. O. M. Conover, with S. II. Carpenter em- 
 ployed as tutor. Prof. E. S. Carr, late of Castleton Medical 
 College, had been elected to the chair of chemistry and natural 
 history. 
 
 The trustees of the Deaf and Dumb Institution reported 
 that they had engaged the services of Louis II. Jenltins as prin- 
 cipal ; tliat the institute building had been put lu'der contract 
 (a brick building two stories, thirty-two by forty-four feet in 
 size), and were f;atisficd, that, when completed, it would bo 
 inadequate for the purpose. They asked the legislature for 
 an appropriation of five thousand dollars for the erection of 
 the cast transverse wing according tu the plan adopted by 
 the Board, and approved by the governor. 
 
 The report of the bank comptroller showed that there were 
 twelve banks doing business under the general banking-laws 
 during the year 1853 ; that the total amount of circulating 
 notes issued to such banks, outstanding on the 81st of 
 January, 1854, was $593,000, for the redemption of which, 
 securities had been assigned to the State treasurer, amounting, 
 in the aggregate, to $008,000. 
 
 The Annual Report of the State-prison commissioners showed 
 the number of convicts confined on the 81st of December, 
 1853, to have been sixty-one. The prison building oontaiued 
 
BISTOBY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 285 
 
 but sixty-HOven cells, showing room only for six additional 
 convicts. Ho also rei)orted, that, on the 14th of December, he 
 entered into a contract with Andrew Proudfit for doing the 
 mason-work of the south wing of the main building, to be com- 
 pleted by Dec. 20, 1854, upon an cnhirgcd plan of the Albany 
 County Penitentiary, which would contain 280 cells. The 
 indebtedness of the prison on the Slst of December, 1853, was 
 $12,880.28. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention was held on the 9th of 
 September, at Madison, when the following persons were put on 
 nomination for State oflBcers : for governor, William A. Bar- 
 stow; lieutenant-governor, James T.Lewis; secretary of state, 
 Charles D. Robinson ; state treasurer, Edward II. Janssen ; 
 attorney-general, George B. Smith ; superintendent of public 
 iastruction, Hiram A. Wright ; state-prison commissioner, A. 
 W. Starks ; and William M. Dennis, bank comptroller. 
 
 On the 13th of September, the Whig State Convention was 
 held, which nominated Henry S. Baird for governor ; Bertine 
 Pinckney, lieutenant-governor ; J. A. Hadley, secretary of 
 state ; James Maxwell, treasurer ; Orsamus Cole, attorney- 
 general ; J. G. ^IcMynn, LUiperintendent of schools ; B. F. Pixlcy, 
 bank comptroller ; and Elisha Starr, state prison-commissioner. 
 
 On the 10th of October, another convention Avas called by 
 Free-soilcrs and others, known as the " People's Convention," 
 at WatertoAvn, which put in nomination the following ticket : 
 for governor, Leonard J. Farwell ; lieutenant-governor, Edward 
 D. Holton ; secretaiy of state, J. A. Hadley ; treasurer, Samuel 
 D. Hastings; attorney-general, James H. Knowlton ; superintend- 
 ent of public instruction, John G. McMynn ; banlc comptroller, 
 James S. Baker ; and state-prison commissioner, Selah Booth. 
 
 Gov. L. J. Farwell declined being a candidate for re-election : 
 Edward D. Holton was substituted in his place, and Bertine 
 Pickney for lieutenant-governor. At a subsequent date, James 
 H. Knowlton decUned the nomination of attorney-general ; and 
 Orsamus Cole was placed on the ticket in his place, and B. F. 
 Pixlcy as bank compcroller, vice James H. Baker, declined. 
 
 Before the election in November, the nominees of the Whig 
 Convention withdrew their names as candidates, except Henry 
 S. Baird for governor ; and the Whigs generally united mth 
 
286 
 
 niSTOHY OF WiaCONSlS, 
 
 the Free-soilcrs, and those dissatisfied with the Democratic 
 ticket, in voting for the People's ticket. 
 
 The official vote of the State showed the following figures : 
 for governor, W. A. Barstow, 30,405 ; E. D. Ilolton, 21,286 ; 
 H. S. Baird, 8,304. Lieutenant-governor, J. T. Lewis, 82,176 ; 
 B. Pinckney, 28,878 ; scattering, 270. Secretary of State, A. 
 T. Gray, 81,848; J. A. Hadley, 23,599; C. C. Sholes, 216. 
 Treasurer, E. H. Janssen, 81,992 ; S. D. Hastings, 20,811, James 
 Maxwell, 2,778. Attorney-general, G. B. Smith, 81,706; Or- 
 samus Cole, 23,776. State superintendent, H. A. Wright, 
 80,904 ; J. G. McMynn, 23,061. Bank comptroller, William M. 
 Dennis, 30,760 ; B. F. Pixley, 24,368 ; scattering, 211. The 
 vote on the prohibitory liquor law was, for the law, 27,519 ; 
 against it, 24,109. There was no party issues particularly 
 involved in this election. The issues were all confined to ques- 
 tions of State-policy. The prohibitory liquor law was promi- 
 nently discussed in the canvass. 
 
 In April, 185S, Gov. Farwell appointed Edward Daniels 
 State geologist; and the latter selected IL A. Teimey as 
 assistant. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 ADMIKISTBATION OF GOV. BARSTOW. 
 
 EvenUof 1804 — liOp^Mation—KewRpaper Criticisms on the T.cgislaturo — Great 
 Kxcitement in Milwaukee and lUclne over a Fugitive Blavo — Hia Arrest and 
 Capture — Litigation— The School Board Fraud. 
 
 On the second day of January, 1854, the administration of 
 the State government passed from the hands of one set of men 
 to those of another, and this without parade, military display, or 
 ostentatious demonstration. In the morning, Leonard J. Far- 
 well called at the room of William A. Barstow, governor-elect, 
 and, after exchange of friendly greetings, informed him that he 
 was ready to commit to his hands the high trusts of the State at 
 twelve, M. The State officers elect repaired to the Executive 
 office, accompanied hy most of the retiring officers, and many 
 citizens, when the oath of office was administered by Judge N. 
 B. Eddy to all, except Lieut.-Gov. James T. Lewis, who was 
 absent. George P. Delaplaine, Esq., who had been private 
 secretary to Govs. Tallmadge, Dodge, and Dewey, was re-ap- 
 pointed to that position. 
 
 The seventh session of the legislature convened on the 11th 
 of January, 1854, and adjourned on the 8d of April, after a ses- 
 sion of eighty-three days. Lieut.-Gov. J. T. Lewis was presi- 
 dent of the senate, Samuel G. Bugh was elected secretary, and 
 J. M. Sherwood sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, Frederick 
 W. Horn was elected speaker, Thomas McHugh chief clerk, 
 and William H. Gleason sergeant-at-arms. Gov. Barstow in 
 his message referred to the luusual health, and unparalleled 
 prosperity of the people of the State, saying that every branch 
 of industry had prospered, the internal improvements conduct- 
 ed by private enterprise had steadily progressed, and were mani- 
 
 287 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY Of W I SCON BIS. 
 
 festing tlicir importance by substantial boncflts to the people. IIo 
 referred to the death oi Hon. William R. Kinp, Vice-President 
 of the United States, recommended a change in the system of 
 county governments, and gave an exhibit of the condition of 
 tlio treasury for the year 18ij3: general fund, $152,505.32 ; prin- 
 cipal of school fund, 15(07,704.70 ; principal of university fund, 
 $11,095.47 ; income of school and university fund, 1580,207.00. 
 The disbursements were, general fund, §100,780.04 ; school 
 funds, loans, and in'^ome, ijl89,795.55 ; university fund and 
 income, 83,90».04 ; ..verpayments of general fund, 88,281.32. 
 The secretary of staii estimated the probable amount to bo 
 drawn Iron, the treasury during the year 1854 for the general 
 expenses of the State at 8147,210.70, and the means applicable 
 to 'neet the same ; viz.. State tax (six mills on the dollar), 
 $150,000; arroaraget. due from counties, 89,332.74; and mii>- 
 cellaneous, 87,085 : total, 8100,017.74. He referred to the 
 vote on the prohibitory licpior law, and suggested such legis- 
 lation as would subserve the true interests of the State. The 
 State superintendent of schools reported that there had been 
 expended in the erection of schoolhouses ■j<289,34G.89, of which 
 $45,071.84 were expended in 1853, and that, of the forty-live 
 counties in the State, reports had been received from thirty-nine. 
 The whole number of school-<listricts reported in the State was 
 2,072 and parts of districts, 932 ; number of children over four 
 and under twenty years, 138,279 ; increase over preceding 
 year, 13,490. The amount expended for schools in 1853 was 
 $175,134.17. 
 
 Among other bills passed at this session was one for the eon- 
 strnction of the south wing of the State-prison (and twenty-five 
 thousand dollars were appropriated for that pvupose) ; one to 
 prohibit the circulation of unauthorized bank-paper ; one to pro- 
 vide for a State lunatic asylum, commissioners to be appointed, 
 who were to select and purchase not less than one hundred 
 acres of land, and. with the advice and consent of the governor, 
 to cause to be ereited suitable buildings for the use of said insti- 
 tution, to be constructed in accordance with the plan of the 
 Worcester Hospital for Insane. The sum of fifteen thousand 
 dollars was appropriated to defray expenses inciuTcd under tho 
 provisions of this act. As will eventually be seen, this act was 
 
lo 
 
 lit 
 
 of 
 of 
 
290 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCOtfS/lf. 
 
 repealed, and the work commenced on the building discon- 
 tinued. An act to amend Chapter 19 of the Revised Statutes, 
 and to compile the school-laws of the State ; an act to provide 
 for international literary exchanges with Alexander Vattemare 
 of Paris, providing that fifty copies of such Slate publications 
 as may be designated by the governor be procured annually, 
 until otherwise provided, and sent him, under the directioii of 
 the governor, and through the medium of the State Historical 
 Society. The sum of one hundred dollars per annum was appro- 
 priated to defray the expenses of transmission of such books and 
 exchanges, and a bill providing for a final settlement with the 
 Milwaukee and Rock River Canal Company. There were one 
 hundred general laws passed, six joint resolutions, and thirty- 
 five memorials ; three hundred and thirty-seven laws of a pri- 
 vate and local character, of which eleven were relative to acad- 
 emies, twenty-four counties and county-seats, ten authorizing 
 the erection of dams, five for ferries, six insurance-companies 
 and four iron companies chartered, thirteen relative to the city 
 of Milwaukee, twentj'-five cliarters and amendments to rail- 
 roads, thirty-three phmk-roud charters, forty-five for State 
 roads, ten on schools, nine for extending the time for collection 
 of taxes, and a large number of appropriation bills. 
 
 Of the business of the session, there appears to have been a 
 diversity of ojjinion as to the merits of the bills passed, and the 
 refusal of the legislature to pass otliors which were before that 
 body for consideration. One newspaper, referring to the legis- 
 lature, says, " The session has b^en much longer than was anti- 
 cipated, and its expenditures much greater than could have been 
 expected at its beginning, exceeding those of the preceding ses- 
 sion, although quite an amount was appropriated to pay 
 .expenses incurred by the impeachment trial. The people worked 
 .confidently for a prohibitory liquor law, as there was a majority 
 ,of the vote of the people in favor of it at the election of 1853. 
 A bill for a more equitable system of assessment and taxation, 
 tine to protect the extortionate and illegal fees which it was 
 claimed the commissioner of school and university lands exacted 
 from purchasers, and one providing for the creation of the oflico 
 rf State auditor, to protect the State against numerous unjuf t 
 iind exorbitant claims which are liable, without such an officer, 
 
mSTORY OF WISCONSIIf. 
 
 291 
 
 to pass the legislature without due investigation, were de- 
 feated." 
 
 Another paper says, "The great majority of the assembly 
 were elected on the ' Maine Law ' issue. They were good and 
 honest men. They had, however, an eye single to the end of 
 passing that law ; and their zeal and their imcompromising ear- 
 nebtness blinded them as to the best way to accomplish this 
 object. They were elected to pass some kind of a prohibitory 
 litjuor law, and would take none but the one modelled upon their 
 first crude and uud igested idea of one. When that was defeated, 
 they declared that their responsibility no longer existed, and 
 they would have no law. Take it all in all, it has, perhaps, done 
 as well a . the majority of legislatures do, neither worse nor bet- 
 ter. Government is an evil at best, and only tolerable so far as 
 necessary to insure order, tu protect right, and to regulate soci- 
 ety." 
 
 There was a great excitement in Milwaukee and Racine in 
 the early part of March of this year, growing out of the first 
 case under the Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsii;. From the 
 newspapers we have a brief statement of the facts connected 
 therewith. A colored man named Joshua Glover had been for 
 some time employed in the mill of St. Claire and Rice, neai' 
 Racine. He was the slave of B. S. Garland of Missouri, and 
 who, hearing of his whereabouts, came on, procured a process in 
 the United-States District Court, and, with the assistance of 
 Deputy Marshals Cotton and Carney, proceeded to the shanty 
 of Glover to make the arrest. They found him, with three or 
 four other colored men, playing cards. The .M.i'shal and liis 
 posse knocked at the dcor of the shanty. One of the negroes 
 inside ipened the door, and admitted them. As they proceeded 
 to arreat Glover, he made some demonstrations of resistance, 
 when Marshal Cotton presented a pistol. Glover raised his 
 hand either to ward it off, or to snatch it, when Marshal Carney 
 struck him with a club that knocked him down. He was then 
 secured, and placed into a wagon, Avhen, with his captors, he was 
 started oflf to the southward, for the purpose of misleading the 
 mob wliich they expected after them. After travelling south a 
 few miles, they struck off to the west, and reached Milwaukee 
 by a circuitous route, at about tluee o'clock ou Saturday morn- 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 iiig, and lodged Glover in tlie county jail. In the mean time, 
 alarm liad been given in llucino by a negro present at the 
 arrest, and searches were instituted in various directions for the 
 officers and fugitive. As soon as it became known in ]\Iihvau- 
 kee that a fugitive was in tlic jail, that building was surrounded 
 with peo^ile, and a great excitement ensued. Lawyers set to 
 work to devise some plan for releasing the prisoner by legiti- 
 mate means. A writ of Juibeas corpus was applied for by Gen. 
 Paine, which Avas issued by Judge Jenkins, county judge of 
 Milwaukee, and a telegrapliic despatch was also sent to lvacin(3 
 for a warrant to arrest the men who had assaulted and beaten 
 him in the shanty. ^Meanwliilc the thousands congi-egated 
 about the court-house and jail were called to order, a meeting 
 organized, addresses calculated to fan the flame of indignation 
 already kindled were made, and resolutions passed asserting the 
 right of every person to a habeas corpus and a trial by jurj-. A 
 vigilance committee Avas appointed to sec that the fugitive was 
 not secretly taken away. A writ of hah"as corpus was got out 
 by the negro's counsel, C. K. Watkins, Esq., and served upon 
 the United States marshal. This was about five o'clock in the 
 afternoon. About this time, the steamer from the South landed 
 nearly a hundred men from Ilacine, who marched in solid pha- 
 lanx to the jail. The excitement of the multitude Ijccamc over- 
 powering. Demands for the prisoner ■\\erc made, and, on refusal 
 to comply, the door of the jail was attacked with axes, plaidcf., 
 ' &c., broken in, the negro rescued, put in a wagon, and driven 
 towards Racine. An attempt to call out the militia proved a 
 failure. 
 
 The steamer also brought the sheriff of Racine County, who 
 arrested Garland and his accomplices for assault and battery. 
 A Avrit of habeas corjncs was issued from the United States Dis- 
 trict Court. An understanding was finally entered into, that 
 Garland should be forthcoming on Monday morning, and he was 
 left Avith the United States marshal, to bo delivered over at that 
 time. 
 
 Such was the termination of the first attempt in Wisconsin to 
 enforce the Fugitive Slave LaAV. Sherman M. Booth, editor of 
 the " Milwaukee Free Democrat," took an active part in the 
 rescue of Glover ; and on the 8th of July, the grand jury of the 
 
niBTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 298 
 
 United States District Court found a true bill of indictment 
 upainst him, with two others, for being engaged iw tliis case. 
 On tlie 27 tl) of IMay, 1854, while Mr. Booth was in confinement 
 in charge of the United States marshal, he made application to 
 Justice A. D. Smith of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, in 
 vacation, for a writ of habeas corpus, and a release from 
 imprisonment. This application was brought before the Su- 
 preme Court at its Jimc session ; and on the 19th of July the 
 decision was given. Each of the judges read an elaborately pre- 
 pared opinion on both the purely technical points at issue and on 
 the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Chief- 
 Justice Wliiton disagreed with the opinion of Judge Smith as 
 to the power of Congress to legislate upon the subject, but 
 agreed with him that the law was constitutional, inasmuch as it 
 conferred judicial powers on court commissioners, and deprived 
 the alleged fugitive of a right of trial by jury. Judge Crawford 
 read an able opinion, in which he held that power to legislate 
 upon the subject was possessed by Congress and the States con- 
 currently. The reasons urged on the subject of the judicial 
 powers of the commissioners were not, he said, suflScient to cre- 
 ate in his mind a belief that the law was unconstitutional. He 
 considered the case of a fugitive slave as analogous to the case 
 of a fugitive criminal, and that a trial by jury, not being pro- 
 vided for the claim of the owner, did not invalidate the law. 
 Judge Smith also read an opinion affirming the previous position 
 assumed by him on the unconstitutionality of the law. The court 
 were unanimous in the opinion that Booth was entitled to his 
 discharge on the ground of irregularity in the warrant. The 
 further history of this case, as found in the judicial records, will 
 be referred to hereafter. 
 
 Among the matters that took place this j^ear (1854) waa 
 one that created much excitement throughout the State, and 
 had tlie effect, indirectly with subsequent events, to materially 
 injure the Democratic party then in power. The following ia 
 believed to be the history of what is known as the " School- 
 Land Fraud." In April, 1854, the leading Democratic paper, 
 " The Argus and Democrat," announced as authority that all 
 the scliool-lands subject to entry were purchased on the 20th 
 of April at the appraised value. The amount included all in 
 
294 
 
 HTSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the market of the IGth Section, and five hundred thousand 
 acre tract. James Liidington, president of the Bank of the 
 West, was the purchaser. In reply to another ncAVspapcr's com- 
 ments on this sale, this paper took issue as to the numher of 
 acres included in the purchase, and stated the amount to be 
 about one hundred and sixty thousand acres, instead of over a 
 million, as had been published. Mr. Chapman, casliicr of the 
 Bank of the West, stated that the amount would be from one 
 hundred and fifty thousand to two hundred thousand acres. 
 
 On the 1st of June following, it was announced that the 
 parties interested had said "they never intended to take all 
 these lands," they should take what they considered desirable, 
 and leave the rest. The commissioners, in a published state- 
 ment of May 19, state that Mr. Ludington made application to 
 purchase seventy thousand acres of school-land, and was in- 
 formed that such an amount would probably comprise nearly 
 all, or quite all, that there Avas in the market ; and he, in reply, 
 stated he would take all there was for sale, and requested the 
 papers to be made out. A thorough investigation of the books 
 in the land-oiEce showed that the amount still for sale Avas 
 greater than was estimated ; but the fact was not discovered 
 until some weeks after the application was made, as it took that 
 length of time to make the examination. 
 
 It was confidently affirmed by some parties, that no one was 
 allowed to enter any lands, as the agents of Mr. Ludington were, 
 through their agents, selecting the lands ; and, until his pur- 
 chase was completed, others would have to Avait. On being 
 informed of the amount of lands on sale exceeding seventy 
 thousand acres, Mr. l^udington remarked that he would take 
 the quantity applied for as above, and would jiay for it accord- 
 ing to the rules of the land-office. According to Section 32 of 
 the Revised Statutes, everj' person making application for the 
 purchase of any school or university lands should produce to 
 the secretary of state an application in Avriting, describing the 
 tract or lot Avhich he proposed to purchase by the proper 
 number of the section, toAvnship, and range, and the subdivis- 
 ion of the section, and his name subscribed thereto, Avhich 
 application the secretary Avas to file and preserve in his office. 
 Tht commissioners claimed that they acted in good faith ; that 
 
2na 
 
 HISTORY OF WTHCOaSIN. 
 
 Mr. Ludington, after receiving the lists prepared by the office, 
 proceeded to select about seventy thousand acres, and the 
 remaining lands were put again in the market as rapidly as ho 
 could make selections, and the certificates could be prepared 
 for him, and the lands entered in his name on the books;. that 
 no favoritism had been shown him, and that he was treated in 
 all respects ars other purchasers, and in accordance with the 
 lawd of the State. It was claimed, on the other side, that while 
 I,Ir. Ludington may have deposited money to cover all the pay- 
 ments required, a general deposit of money on a blank appli- 
 cation was illegal and void; and that other parties desirous 
 of purchasing, I'or actual improvement found the land-office 
 doors closed against them, and the officers helping a speculator 
 make his application from their books ; and that such a sale 
 was an outrage on the people, and should not have been per- 
 mitted by those Avhose duty it was to protect the people in 
 their rights, and that the best interests of the State were seri- 
 ously injured thereby. 
 
 The ]\Iilwaukee and Mississippi Railroad Company completed 
 their road as far as ^ladison, in the month of May; and on 
 the 23d a great celebration was held at the seat of govern- 
 ment. The opening of this road gave an impetus to emigra- 
 tion, and to the development of the countrj'. When it is 
 remembered, that, before this road was commenced, all the grain 
 raised in tliis section of the State had to be drawn to Milwau- 
 kee by teams, and that tlie expenses on the road often absorbed 
 the price received therefor, it will be seen that it was a cause 
 of congratulation that such an easy and cheap mode of trans- 
 portation was available. In the summer of 1854, Piof. E. 
 Daniels, State geologist, was superseded by Dr. J. G. Percival, 
 by appointment of Gov. Barstow. 
 
 At the election, in November, 1854, C. C. Washburn, Charles 
 Billingiiurst, and Daniel Wells, jun., were elected members of 
 Congress from this State. 
 
 Mr. Ilaertel, commissioner of emigration, in his report says 
 he entered upon the duties of his office on the first of ]May, 
 1853, and appointed John A. Byrne his assistant ; that he had 
 prepared a seriei. of articles descriptive of Wisconsin, and its 
 desirability as a place of residence in an agricultural point of 
 
nrSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 297 
 
 view, its valuable mines, and inducements to emigrants to 
 emigrate to tliis State. lie received three hundred and seven- 
 teen letters within eight montlis, making definite inquiries. 
 During the same period, three thousand j)er::ons visited his 
 office at New York City, of whom two tliousand came from 
 Europe. The visitors were mostly Germans. Some thirty 
 thousand of these pamphlets were distributed, and sent abroad. 
 It is computed that the nimiber of Germans arriving in Wis- 
 consin in 1853 was between sixteen thousand and eighteen 
 thousand; number of Irish between four thousand and five 
 thousand ; and the whole number of emigrants to the State, 
 from fifteen thousand to thirty thousand. In tlie year 1854, 
 some fifteen thousand Norwegians and Swedes came to Wis- 
 consin. They have maintained, at their own expense, an agent 
 at Quebec, who attends to their transportation and location in 
 the United States. 
 
 The regents of the State University, in their report, stated 
 that the second dormitory building will be completed during 
 the present season. Prof. S. P. Lathrop of lieloit College Avas 
 added to the faculty as professor of chemistry and natural 
 history in February; and, in September, Daniel Read was 
 elected professor of mental philosophy, rhetoric, and English 
 literature, though he did not enter upon the discharge of liis 
 duties until August, 1855. 
 
 Reference lias been made to the passage of a law for the 
 construction of a building for a hospital for the insane. In 
 pursuance of this law. Gov. Barstow appointed S. G. Bugh, D. 
 S. Vittum, and A. S. Sanborn commissioners ; and Dr. George 
 R. McLane was appointed superintendent. The commissioners, 
 on the 9th of August, caused to be published a notice for pro- 
 posals for furnishing materials and doing the work for the 
 erection of the lunatic asylum building, or such a portion 
 thereof as the governor and commissioners might deem advisa- 
 ble to have erected ; proposals to be received and opened on 
 the 20th of October, which was subsequently postponed until 
 the first day of November, and the reception of the same until 
 Oct. 20. 
 
 From the report of a committee of the legislature in 1855, 
 it appears that two separate proposals were received by the 
 
208 
 
 iiisTonr OF n'iscoxsm. 
 
 coramiasioncrs, on or about the thirty-firtit clay of October, 1854, 
 one of Avhich proposals was signed by Andrew Proudfit, and 
 the other by Lamar and Ilesley, dated Oct. 31, on which last 
 day the contract for the erection of the building was awarded 
 to Andrew Proudfit, and the work was commenced. Upon 
 the assembling of the legislature of 1855, however, the ques- 
 tion was raised as to whether the commissioners had acted in 
 conformity to the law, either in respect to the plan of the 
 building, the cost of construction, or the manner of letting 
 the contract ; and the whole subject was, as before alluded to, 
 referred to a select committee. 
 
 The committee made a voluminous report, and found that 
 the plan adopted by the commissioners was much more exten- 
 sive than had been authorized, and bore no particular resem- 
 blance to the Worcester (Mass.) Asylum, which the legislature 
 had adopted as a pattern. They also found that the work had 
 been contracted by the piece, with no footings or statement of 
 the aggregate amount ; and, consequently, the total amount for 
 which the State Avould be liable under the contract was entirely 
 uncertain. The committee procured the assistance of archi- 
 tects and builders, who made an estimate of the cost of the 
 proposed structure, upon the basis of the rates agreed upon 
 in tlie contract ; and the result of their figures was 8452,140.42, 
 while the cost of the Worcester Asylum, to which they were 
 limited, was less than $100,000. The result of the investiga- 
 tion was, that the legislature annulled the contract. Mr. 
 Proudfit had expended 827,102.20 on the work when it was 
 suspended. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP GOV. DARSTOW. 
 
 Events of 18S3 — Legislation — General Progress of Private and Public Affairs. 
 
 The eighth session of the State legislature assembled at the 
 capital on the 10th of January, 1855, and adjourned April 2, 
 after a session of eighty-three days. In the senate, Lieut.-Gov. 
 James T. Lewis presided ; S. G. Bugh was elected chief clerk, 
 and William H. Gleason sergeant at arms. In the assembly, C. 
 C. Sholes was elected speaker, David Atwood chief clerk, 
 and William Blake sergeant-at-arms. The Republican party 
 had been organized in the preceding year, and a majority of 
 the assembly were of that party. 
 
 Gov. Barstow, in his message, opens with an appropriate 
 reference to the results of the past year as affording reasons 
 for the people of the State to indulge in congratulations to an 
 extent never before warrantable ; that there was a balance of 
 $22,967.47 in the State treasury on the 1st of January, and 
 that the secretary of state estimated the amount necessary to 
 be drawn from the treasury during the following year, to meet 
 accruing liabilities, at $253,059.52, to meet which the resources 
 of the State were estimated at $288,829.91 ; that the expenses 
 of the State for the previous year, exclusive of the accounts of 
 the school and other funds, were $222,154.12. Of this amount, 
 $80,000 is included in the extra appropriations of the 
 previous year for the Deaf and Dumb, and Lunatic Asylums 
 and for the State-prison ; and that the actual current expenses 
 of the State were but a trifle over $140,000. 
 
 The condition of the school-fund he reported as highly flat- 
 tering, — that there would be for distribution the following year 
 $142,431.29, or about ninety-three cents to every child in the 
 
 1>9 
 
800 
 
 niSTORY OF vriSCONSIN. 
 
 State ; that the increase had been over a half a million of 
 tlollara ; and, in connection with this subject, ho recommended 
 the passage of a law restricting the sales of school-lands in 
 limited quantities to actual settlers. In reference to banks, ho 
 stated that the bank comptroller's report gave the amount of 
 bank circulation as ^937,592, which is secured by the deposits 
 of stocks to the amount of 81,003,000, leaving a margin of 
 $95,408 for depreciation and loss. 
 
 The governor also referred to the institutions of the State as 
 being in a promising condition, and that all the public im- 
 provements were being carried forward .as rapidly as possible. 
 The State-prison, he reported as nearly finished, and of a 
 permanent and substantial character, being fire-proof, two 
 hundred by fifty feet, four stories high, and containing two 
 hundred and eighty-eight cells. He urged liberal provision for 
 the deaf and dumb, and blind institutions ; and reported that 
 the State geologist. Dr. J. G. Percival, had prosecuted his 
 labors with great energy, which had been confined, thus far, to 
 the lead districts. The Fox and Wisconsin Improvement 
 Company had pressed the work undertaken by tliera with 
 energy ; and the expenditures as reported by the president 
 after the transfer of the work by the State, and up to the 
 20tli of December, 1854, were $183,400.53 ; and that the sum 
 estimated as necessary to complete the work was $32,388.84. 
 He also referred to his former message, on the importance 
 of making provision for the sale of the swamp and overflowed 
 lands granted to tliis State by act of Congress, approved 
 Sept. 28, 1850, numbering about 1,G51,0G2 acres, and recom- 
 mended that the lands should be sold, and a portion of the 
 proceeds used in the erection of public buildings, such as the 
 completion of the penitentiary, the construction of the build- 
 ings for the various charitable institutions, and, at no distant 
 day, of a new Capitol edifice, or the enlargement of the one 
 then in use, which even then, owing to the insufficiency of 
 room for offices, seemed to be demanded. 
 
 Tlie superintendent of public instruction reported the whole 
 number of children in the State over four, and under twenty 
 years, at 155,125, an increase of 1G,4G7 over the number 
 reported in 1854; and the amount of money expended during 
 
»02 
 
 nisTonr or wibconsis. 
 
 the year for common schools, at $242,116.54, of which amount 
 |lGy,485.G4 were for teachers' wages, and $o5,809.88 for 
 buiUling and repairing schoolhouses. The total value of 
 Bchoolhouscs was $847,542.55. 
 
 TIic hoard of regents of the State University reported that 
 the building committee, in accordance with instructions of the 
 Board, advertised for bids for the construction of the Bccond 
 dormitory building on the foundation previously laid. The 
 contract was awarded to Messrs. A. A. Bird and William Lar- 
 kin, who, with good and sufficient securities, undertook to 
 complete the building by the first day of June, 1855, for the 
 sum of eighteen thousand dollars ; that the work had pro> 
 gressed under tlie suiicrvision of a competent superintendent, 
 and no doubt was entertained of its completion to the accept- 
 ance of the committee. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board in February, 1855, the 
 department of medicine was ordained by tlie board ; and Dr. 
 A. L. Castleman was elected professor of the theory and prac- 
 tice of medicine. In July following. Dr. D. Cooper Ayres 
 was elected professor of obstetrics, &c., and Dr. George D, 
 Wilbur professor of materia medica. To continue the his- 
 tory of this department of the luiiversity, it may be added, 
 that in January, 185G, Dr. L. W. Thayer, jun., was elected pro^ 
 fessor of anatomy ; and, in July of the same year, the following 
 additions were made to the medical faculty : Dr. Joseph Hob- 
 bins, professor of surgery ; Dr. Alexander Shue, professor of 
 the institute of medicine ; Dr. J. M. McCabe, demonstrator of 
 anatomy. Dr. Castleman at <Ue tame time resigned the chair 
 of theory and practice of medicine, but was re-elected in 
 January, 1857. Dr. McCabe ajjpears to have declined the 
 lionor conferred on him ; and, at the time of Dr. Castleman's 
 re-election, the void was filled by the election of Dr. J. H. 
 Lewis. 
 
 The medical department seems to have perished for want of 
 nutriment. It was thrown upon its own resources from birth. 
 At one time an appropriation of two thousand dollars was 
 voted for its benefit; but, after six hundred dollars of tliis 
 amount had been drawn, the appropriation was rescinded. 
 And fi-om that time the Board seems to have done little else in 
 
nisTonr or wisconsis. 
 
 regard to this department than to institute seini-annunl inquiries 
 as to the use made of the six liundred dollars above referred 
 to, and request the parties who drew the same to return it to 
 the treasury. Aside from a course of lectures delivered hj' 
 Dr. Castleman, no instruction was given under the ordinance 
 establishing the department. In 1859 a chair of physiology 
 and hygiene was established, not as a separate department, but 
 simply as an accessory to the common course. Dr. David B. 
 Reid was elected to fdl this chair, with a salary of fifteen 
 hundred dollars, who, after a year's residence, resigned, and the 
 chair was vacated. 
 
 The trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, in 
 their report for the year 1854, say, that, of the appropriation 
 made by the last legislature, of nine thousand dollars, two 
 thousand were devoted to the support of the institution, two 
 thousand for the erection of outbuildings and other needful 
 fixtures, and five thousand for the erection of the east trans- 
 verse wing. Unfortunately, when ready to carry out these plans, 
 they Avere informed that there was no money in the treasury, 
 and that the amount to which they were entitled could not bo 
 paid until the next year. They, however, raised the sum of 
 two thousand dollars upon their own note, which enabled them 
 to keep the schools going, and to pay debts which had been 
 necessarily incurred. The erection of outbuildings, fences, &c., 
 they were obliged to defer until they Averc in possession of 
 funds to pay the same. Tba whole number of pupils who 
 were under instruction for the year 1854 was thirty-one. The 
 trustees of the Blind Institution reported that the number of 
 pupils in attendance in 1855 was sixteen, which was all the build- 
 ing would then accommodate. Twelve thousand dollars were 
 appropriated for the construction of the central main building ; 
 but, inasmuch as none of the funds so appropriated could bo 
 realized imtil after the first day of January ensuing, the 
 trustees determined to commence the work themselves, and to 
 prosecute it as far as possible that season. 
 
 The first Annual Report of the State Historical Society was 
 published this year for tlie year 1854, showing that there had 
 been received one thousand and fifty volumes for the library, and 
 a number of paintings, autographs, and antiquarian specimens, 
 
804 
 
 IIISTOnr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 and that tlioro liad bccu expended of the State appropriation 
 8497.10. Tliis wai u beginning of the successful efforts of Dr. 
 Lyman C. Draper, its correspondinj:^ ijccretary. The society at 
 this time occupied a small room in the baacment of the Baptist 
 church at Madison. Of the growth and prosperity of this 
 institution, unsurpassed by similar organizations in the United 
 States, reference will be liad in the further progress of this 
 work. 
 
 The legislature, at this session, passed one hundred general 
 Jaws, four hundred private and local laws, and thirty-six memo- 
 rials to Congress, which may be divided as follows: of the 
 general laws, twenty were amendments to laws in force, three 
 in reference to counties, eight changing the time of holding 
 circuit courts, five relative to county courts, twenty changing 
 names, six relative to school-lands, &c. Of the private and local 
 laws, fift3--cight were amendments to railroad, plunk-road, and 
 insurance-company charters ; eight to incorporate bridge compa- 
 nies ; one liundrcd and forty-four eliartcra to railroads, educa- 
 tional institutions, and manufacturing companies ; ten authoriz- 
 ing the erection of dams ; twelve ferry-companies ; eight in 
 reference to ^Milwaukee City ; tv/enty-one organizing school- 
 districts ; sixty-one for State roads ; and twenty-ei;-ht in refer- 
 ence to tuxes. Among other bills passed of a public nature, 
 was one to abolish the office of commissioner of emigration, 
 and travelling emigrant agent ; one to suspend the sale of 
 school and university lands, cxcoj)! iov purjiose of settlement 
 and cultivation; an act relative to the rights of married women, 
 providing that any married woman whose husband, cither from 
 drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refnse to provide 
 for her support, shall have the right, in her own name, to 
 transact bu.incss, receive and collect her own earnings, and 
 apply the same for her own support, and education of her 
 children, free from the control and interference of her liusband ; 
 an act lo repeal an act to provide for a State lunatic asylum, 
 and to provide for a compromise with the contractor ; an act to 
 provide for levying a State tax for the year 1855; an act to 
 provide for taking a census of the people of the Sta'.e ; an act 
 to provide for protection of swamp and overflowed lands, and to 
 grant pre-emptions thereon. 
 
HISTORY OF WrSCOffSIN. 
 
 805 
 
 This session of the legislature was far from being harmo- 
 nious : there was much party feeling displaj-ed ; and the inter- 
 course between the governor and the assembly was not a 
 pleasant one. The assembly had a Republican majority ; and 
 the governor was a Democrat. In a notice of the adjournment, 
 the editor of " The Madison Democrat " says, " A body pos- 
 sessing a less amount of talent never met at the capital. It 
 came with professions of industry, economy, and short sessions 
 upon its lips. An idler, more lavish, and dilatory body has not, 
 since the organization of the State, assembled within the walls 
 of the Capitol ; and the following is the result, in brief, of their 
 labors, — an amount of local legislation unparalleled in the 
 history of the State, a failure to enact a single law which 
 will accomplish a reform in public affairs, time devoted to 
 the piu-suit of partisan and sinister objects to the total neglect 
 of good and wholesome legislation, an amount of appropria- 
 tions never before equalled in a single session, and a State tax 
 of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, seven dollars to 
 every voter, and seventy-five cents to every man, woman, and 
 child in the State." 
 
 This is pretty strong language. " The Madison Journal," in 
 reply, saj-s, "The legislature passed a prohibitory liquor law: 
 the governor vetoed it. It passed a law to investigate the 
 affairs of the State departments : the governor vetoed it. In 
 short, with t-iarcely a single exception, every law to accom- 
 plish a reform in public affairs found an unscrupulous cind active 
 enemy in the governor, and was either vetoed, or — what is 
 still more outrageous — pocketed. And that, as far as the State 
 tax of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars is concerned, 
 the late legislature was not responsible for it ; and, in every 
 contingent expense of the legislature, that body has been the 
 most economical, perhaps, that ever assembled here." From 
 these two extracts, from the two prominent opposing papers at 
 the scat of govei;?ment, one can form his own conclusions on 
 the merits or demerits of the session of 18.3u. 
 
 On the 1st of February, Charles Diukee was elected United 
 States senator ; and N. W. Dean, S. L. Rose, and Dr. A. L. 
 Castleman, on 2d of Apiil, were elected regents of the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 so 
 
306 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The United States District Court 1)}' its grand jury having 
 found a hill against Sliernian ^I. IJooth and John llyecraft in 
 the matter of tlie rescue of Olover, a fugitive slave, the case 
 came before tlie court in January, IS.j'). Tlie parties were 
 tried, and found guilty of a violation of tlie Fugitive Slave 
 Law. Tiio sentence of Mr. Booth was imprisonment in the 
 county jail one month, and a fine of one thousand dollars, and 
 costs of prosecution ; and, of Mr. Ryecraft, ten days' impris- 
 onment, and two luuidroil dollars fine, without costs. On the 
 2Cth of Januar}' the defendants made application to the 
 Supreme Court of Wisconsin for a writ of habeas corpus. On 
 the 4th of February, the court pronounced its decision in 
 favor of the application. Judges Whiton and A. D. Smith 
 gave lengthy opinions on the case. Jlr. (larland, the owner 
 of Glover, commenced a prosecution against Mr. Booth in the 
 United Stales District Court, for the loss of his slave. The 
 case came up for trial on the oth of July, at Madison, and 
 was argued on the part of IMr. (Jarland l^y J. K. Arnold, and 
 J. T. Mills on the part of Glover. The juiy. under instructions 
 and law given by the court, brought in a verdict of one 
 thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act 
 of Cf)ngress of ISCO. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention for the nomination of 
 State officers was held at Madi.idU Aug', ^j], 184o. The follow-' 
 ing persons were noniinated: for govcriinr, William A. Bar- 
 stow; lieutenant-governor, Arthur McArthur; secretary of 
 state, David W. .Foues ; state treasurer, Charles Kuehn ; 
 attorney-general, William 11. Smith ; superintendent of public 
 instruction, A. C. Barry; bank c;)niiitroller, William JI. Den- 
 ni;'. ; :.tate-prison commissio'ier, Edward McCiarry. 
 
 The IJepublican State Convention met at ,^hulison Sept. 5, 
 ISo."), and the following ticket was nominated: for governor, 
 Coles Bash ford ; lieutenant-governor, C. C. Siioles; secretary 
 of state, S. D. Hastings ; attorney-general, Alexander W. Ran- 
 dall; state treasurer, Charles Roesser; superintendent of publio 
 instruction, J. G. ^IcMynn : lank comptroller, F. II. West; 
 state-prison connnisf-ioncr, James (iiddings. 
 
 The State census, as authorized by act of legislature, Mas 
 taken this year: the result showed a population of 552,109. 
 
308 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Orsamus Cole was elected Supreme Court judge, at the election 
 in April, over Hon. Samuel Crawford, the retiring judge. 
 
 A. C. Barry was appointed by the governor superintendent 
 of public instruction, to fill the place of Hiram A. Wright 
 deceased. 
 
 A very spirited canvass was held in November, resulting in 
 the election of the whole Democratic ticket. The vote on Gov. 
 W. A. Barstow was very close; but the State canvassers 
 declared him elected by one hundred and fifty-seven majority. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 GOV. BARSTOW S SECOND TERM. 
 
 Events of 185C— The Gubernatorial Fight — Barr-tow vs. Baahford. 
 
 In reference to the fact that the board of State canvassers 
 had declared Gov. Barstow to have received a sufficient number 
 of votes to entitle him to a certificate of his re-election to that 
 office, the newspapers of the day gave expressions to their 
 opinions in decided language. The Republican papers intimate 
 that there had been, for weeks after the election, unerring indi- 
 cations that Gov. Barstow had friends at work, who would fur- 
 nish the State canvassers the means of arriving at the decision 
 they would reach, even though that decision should conflict 
 with the honest vote of the State, and annul, so far as tlif can- 
 vassers can annul, the real will of the people. To what extent 
 they were privy to these labors, or instigated them, we have no 
 means of knowing ; but says one, though, possiblj', unjustly, 
 " No injustice is done them, when it is asserted that the grant- 
 ing of the certificate to Gov. Barstow was a foregone conclu- 
 sion, and that the knowledge coming to them in their official 
 character has been used for the sole benefit of their personal 
 and political friends.". 
 
 On the 7th of January, Gov. Barstow and the newly-elected 
 State officers Avere sworn into office. Great preparations had 
 been made to have an imposing celebration on the occasion. A- 
 ]arge party from Milwaukee came on by special train to partici- 
 pate. Tliere were five companies of the Milwaukee battalion, 
 and two companies from Watertown. Tliese companies, on 
 their arrival, with the friends of the governor, marched in 
 procession to his residence, where he and tlie other State officers 
 entered a barouche, and were driven to the Capitol. Some two 
 
 «09 
 
810 
 
 lIISTOIiY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 thousand persons were present. Entering the senate-chamber, 
 the newlj-elected officers arranged themselves in front of the 
 clerks' desks, and a statement and certificate of the State can- 
 vassers wiis read by Hon. Alexander T. Gray, whicli certificate 
 was the legal evidence of authority of the State officers elect to 
 assTime the obligations ; and the oath of office was administered 
 b}- Judge A. L. Collins, first to Gov. Barstow, and then to the 
 other officers. During the day, Coles Bashford, with a few of 
 liis friends, called at the Supreme Court room, and took the oath 
 of office of governor, from Chief Justice Wliiton. On the 10th 
 of January, Mr. Bashford called at the executive office, and 
 made a formal demand for the office of governor, of Gov. 
 Barstow, which the latter declined to yield. Mr. Bashford 
 secured the services of E. G. llyan, J. H. Knowlton, T. O. 
 Howe, and Alexander W. Randall, Esqs., as counsel in the 
 suits which he instituted to obtain possession of the office. 
 
 The ninth session of the State legislature convened on the 
 9th of January, 1856, and was organized on that day ; Lieut.- 
 Gov. A. McArthur president of the senate, Byron Paine chief 
 clerk, and Joseph Baker sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, 
 Hon. William Hull was chosen speaker, James Armstrong 
 chief clerk, and Egbert Moseley sergeant-at-arms. The session 
 took a recess from March 31, 185G, to Sept. 3, and adjourned 
 Oct. 1-1. The whole length of the session was a hundred and 
 .twenty-five daj's ; the political status of the legislature being 
 as follows : senate, eleven Republicans, twelve Democrats, and 
 two Independent ; and in the assembly, forty-four Republicans, 
 thirty-one Democrats, and seven Independent. In the senate, 
 that body voted to receive a message from Gov. Barstow, and 
 decided to recognize him as the governor de facto until the 
 decision of the Supreme Court ; and a joint resolution to meet 
 in convention, to hear the message, was concurred in by the 
 assembly. 
 
 On the 11th of January, the message of Gov. BarstoAV was 
 read in joint convention, from which the following extracts are 
 taken : The whole amount paid into the treasur}' to Dec. 31, 
 
 1855, was 8500,973.90, and the total disbursements, §480,714.73 ; 
 leaving a balance in the treasury on the first day of January, 
 
 1856, of 842,526.26. The secretary of state's estimate for the 
 
nrSTORT OF WISCONSIN 
 
 811 
 
 year was $274,044.50 ; which amount, deducted from the State 
 tax levied and equalized, under the act of 1855, of $350,000, and 
 adding to which balance the estimated receipts for bank, rail, 
 and plank-road tax, and miscellaneous resources of $02,470.54, 
 left an estimated surplus, on the 1st of January, 1857, of $138,- 
 432.04. He stated that the five per centum of the net proceeds 
 arising from the sales of government lands, and belonging to 
 the school-fund, was yet unadjusted, and the money withheld 
 by the government. Efforts had been made to procure an ad- 
 justment of this claim, while counter-efforts, it was believed, 
 had been put forth by some parties whose duty it was, and 
 whose object it should have been, to assist the State in obtain- 
 ing her just dues. He stated, that from the report of the bank 
 comptroller the whole number of banks in operation on the 
 first day of January was thirty-two, with an aggregate capital 
 of $1,083,000 ; of the number of banks, four were closing up 
 their business ; that the stocks and specie on hand, aside from 
 individual bonds to secure the redemption of circulating notes, 
 amounts to $1,243,898.75, with a circulation of $1,153,534. He 
 recommenced appropriations for the State-prison, and for the 
 erection of a State lunatic asylum, taking occasion to criticise 
 the action of the last legislature for the hasty manner in their 
 repeal of the law then in force, under which the work had been 
 commenced, without maldng provision for discharging the 
 liabilities of the State already incurred. He recommended 
 the appointment of a committee of the legislature to visit the 
 humane and benevolent institutions of the State, and report on 
 appropriations needed for their successful management. He 
 referred to the importance of a railroad to the Pacific, and rec- 
 ommended memorializing Congress on the subject. He recom- 
 mended that no further legislation be had on the subject of a 
 prohibitory liquor law, believing such a law unconstitutional, 
 and that it could not be enforced, and a number of other impor- 
 tant measures for their consideration. 
 
 On the 11th of January, 1856, the counsel for Mr. Bashford 
 called upon the attorney-general, and requested him to file an 
 infonnation in the matter of a quo tvarranto against ^Ir. Bar- 
 stow, who desired them to present their demand in writing, 
 when he would take it imder consideration. On the 15th, that 
 
812 
 
 H/STOIiT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 officer filcil an information in the Supreme Court, in the follow- 
 ing words: On the 15th of January, William A. Darstow, hav- 
 ing been inaugurated into office on the 7th of said month, and 
 Coles Bashford having taken the oath of office the same day, 
 the following information was filed : — 
 
 " State of Wisconsin', Dane Co., is, 
 
 " William R. Smith, attornoy-general of the State of Wisconsin, who sues 
 for the people of the State in this behalf, coin"s into the Supremo Court 
 of the said State, before the justices thereof, at the Capitol, in the village of 
 Madison, in the county of Dane, in tlie said State, on the fifteenth day of 
 January, A.D. 1830, and for the said people of the State of Wisconsin, at 
 the relation of Coles Bashford of the city of Oshkosh, in said State of Wis- 
 consin, according to the form or the statute in such case made and provided, 
 gives the said Court here to understand and be informed, that William A. 
 Barstow, for the space of one day and upwards now last past, hath held, 
 used, and exercised, and still doth hold, use, and exercise, the office of gov- 
 ernor of the State of Wisconsin, without any legal election, appointment, 
 ■warrant, or aulliority whatsoever therefor. And the said attorney-general 
 further gives the Court here to understand and be informed, that at a gen- 
 eral election for State officers of said State, held at the several election dis- 
 tricts of said State, in the several counties thereof, on the sixth day of 
 November, A.D. 18j.j, the said Coles Daslifoid w.is duly elected and chosen 
 governor of the said State aforesaid ; and that the .said Coles Bashford hath 
 ever since bei-n and still is rightfully entitled t.j hold, use, and exercise said 
 office, which said office of governor of the .State of Wisconsin, aforesaid, 
 the said AVilliam A. Barstow during all the time aforesaid, and .since 
 the time of his election, hath usurped, intruded into, and unlawfully 
 held and exercised, to wit, at JIadison, in the county of Dane aforesaid ; 
 and still ddtii usurp, intrude into, and unlawfully hold and exercise, to 
 wit, at Sladison, in the county of Dane, aforesaid, in contempt of the peo- 
 ple of the iState of Wisconsin, and to their great damage and prejudice. 
 ^^'herenpon said attorney-general prays the Court now here for due advice 
 in the premises, and for due process of law again.st the said William A. 
 Barstow, in this behalf to bo made, to answer to the said people by which 
 warrant he claims to hold, use, exercise, and enjoy the aforesaid office of 
 govei'uor of AVisconsin. 
 
 (Signed) " W>i. R. Smith, A'lorney-General." 
 
 On the ITth, a summons was issued from the Supreme Court, 
 to W. A. Barstow, to appear before said court on the fifth day 
 of February ensuing, to answer unto the State and to the infor- 
 mation of C. Bashford. On the 22d of tlie month, J. H. 
 Knowlton presented a motion on the part of Mr. Bashford : 
 
8U 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 " thnt the infoimation filed by the attornej'^-general bo discon- 
 tinued, and tliat Ihe said Basiiford be thereupon at liberty to 
 file in this court, in lieu thereof, an information in the nature 
 of a quo ivarranto on his own relation, whereof a copy was 
 delivered to the said attorney-general by J. .11. Knowlton, on 
 behalf of said Bashford, on the twelfth day of January 
 instant; and that upon and from the filing thereof, the said 
 Bashford bo at liberty to prosecute amX control the same by 
 himself, or his counsel, as he shall deem advisable, und for such 
 other or further order as the court shall deem proper in the 
 premises." 
 
 The motion was argued before the court by J. H. Knowlton, 
 Jonathan E. Arnold, II. S, Orton, and E. G. Ryan ; and on the 
 24th of January, the decision of the court was announced, 
 denying the motion. 
 
 On the second day of February, 1855, the respondent, by his 
 attorneys, Arnold, Orton, and Carpenter, moved in the said 
 Supremo Court to quash tho summons issued therein, and to 
 dismiss the same, and all proceedings therein, for the reason 
 that the court has no jurisdiction in the premises. The motion 
 was filed, and the argument set down for the 11th of February ; 
 on which day the argument commenced, and was argued at 
 great length by Messrs. Carpenter, Arnold, and Orton for the 
 motion, and by ]Messrs. Randall, Howe, and Knowlton in oppo- 
 sition. The motion was denied by the court. 
 
 On the 21st of February, the time appointed for pleading to 
 the information, the counsel for the respondent presented a 
 stipulation signed by the attorney-general, and all the counsel, 
 for their respective parties. " The counsel for respondent exhib- 
 ited in court a certificate of the board of canvassers, on file in 
 the office of the secretary of stati , of the canvass of votes 
 returned to said Board as having been cast for governor at the 
 last election, in and by which it appears that the said board of 
 canvassers determined that William A. Barstow was elected 
 governor for two yeai-s from the first ]Monday of January, A.D. 
 1856. Also a certificate of election made out by the secre- 
 tary of State, and transmitted to said Barstow, which certifi- 
 cates are in proper form, and the oath of office taken and sub- 
 scribed by said Barstow on the seventh day of January, A.D. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 818 
 
 1856. And tho respective counsels submit to the court, whether 
 said court have any jurisdiction to inquire beyond .said certifi- 
 cates and the said canvass, as to the actual number of votes 
 given at said election for said Barstow for governor." Tho 
 «ouns'!l for the rulater offered to prove that said certificates 
 were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and also 
 that Coles Bashford, at said election for said office of governor, 
 did receive tho greatest nuniljer of votes ; all of which the said 
 counsel offered to prove by competent evidence, and asked 
 the decision of the court U[)on the question raised thereby ; viz., 
 whether the court had any jurisdiction to go behind the state- 
 ment of returns and certificates tliercof, and the certificate of 
 election issued to the respondent by the board of State canvass- 
 ers. 
 
 The court declined to enter the stipulation and to pass upon 
 the questions suggested, as they were not presented in legal 
 form, as no issue of lav/ or fact was made : hence the usual 
 and regular forms of pleading would be required until an issue 
 was formed ; and time was given the respondent, until Feb. 
 25, to file a plea to the information. On that day, the 
 respondent by his counsel made a pica, to the effect that he 
 ought not to be compelled to answer, because, 'by the laws of 
 the State regulating the conducting general elections, and the 
 canvass of votes thereat, applicable to the election stated in 
 said information, it became the duty of the board of State can- 
 vassers, upon a statement of the whole number of votes polled, 
 and for whom given, for said office of governor, to determine 
 what person was by the greatest number of votes duly elected 
 to the said office, and make and subscribe in such statement 
 a certificate of such determination, and deliver the same to tho 
 secretarj' of state, whose duty it was, under the law, to make 
 out and transmit to the pereon declared to be elected to said 
 office a certificate of his election ; and, furtlier, that the secre- 
 tary of state, state treasurer and attorney-general, did as such 
 Board, on the 15th of December, 1855, perform the duties 
 assigned them by the laws of the State, and determined that 
 William A. Barstow was duly elected to the office of governor ; 
 and that they did make and subscribe on such statement a cer- 
 tiCcate of such determination. 
 
816 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIS 
 
 Annexed to tho plea was n tabular statement of the votes 
 polled for governor and the other State officers ; viz., for gov- 
 ernor, 72,508 votes wore polled ; of vliich number, William A. 
 Barstow received 80,355, Coles Bashford received 30,198, scat- 
 tering 45. 
 
 To tlli^^ plea a demurrer was interposed, assigning causes ; and 
 the attorney-general states and shows the following causes of 
 demurrer to said plea : 1st, Because the matter, stated to tho 
 said ploii, as therein pleaded, arc not a legal answer in bar to 
 tho said information, and do not disclose a want of jurisdiction 
 in this court further to proceed upon the said information ; 2d, 
 Because the defendant having, by his motion to that effect, 
 raised the question of the jurisdiction of this court, and sub- 
 mitted tlic same to tho adjudication of this court, and this court 
 having thereupon by its order passed upon and adjudicated tho 
 question of its jurisdiction, tho jurisdiction of this court to 
 entertain, hear, and determine this cause, has become res atJjudi- 
 cata, and it is not competent for the defendant to plead tho 
 above plea to tho jurisdiction ; and for the further reason that 
 the said pica is not verified by affidavit, and is in other respects 
 informal and insufficient. 
 
 On the 29th of February, the argument of the demurrer 
 came on, and was argued by Messrs. Ryan, Knowlton, Orton, 
 and Ilowe. Judge Wliitou gave liis dcciL-ion, sustaining tho 
 demurrer, and the respondent was required to answer over; in 
 which decision Judge Smith concurred ; and the respondent waa 
 then ruled to plead over within four days. 
 
 On the (lay fixed by the rule for tho respondent to plead, 
 Mr. C'ari)entcr addressed the court, to the effect, that, with Mr. 
 Arnold and Mr. Orton, ho appeared at the bar of the court at 
 the commencement of these proceedings, as the counsel for 
 Gov. Barstow, to object to the jurisdiction of the court; and have 
 presented the objection in all the forms known to tho law ; and 
 that the court had asserted and re-asserted its determination to 
 proceed with the cause, and hold and exercise full and final 
 jurisdiction over it ; and that he and his associates can take no 
 further steps without conceding the jurisdiction of the coiirt, 
 and have so informed the governor ; and in reply he has directed 
 me to withdraw from the cause, and to present to the court a 
 
nisTonr or Wisconsin, 
 
 817 
 
 communication from liim as governor of the State, whicli ho 
 then presented. Whereupon the counsel for the relator moved 
 for judgment upon the default of the respondent. 
 
 The attorney-general desiring time to consider what should 
 be done on the part of the people, the further hearing was post- 
 poueu until March 18, on which day he appeared, and presented 
 to the court a paper, in which he pvu tested against the action 
 taken by the court in the name of the people of the State of 
 Wisconsin, whom he represented ; and, by virtue of his authority 
 as attorney-general, thereby dismissed the information, and in- 
 formed the court that lie would no more prosecute the same in 
 the name of the State ; and asked the court that the written 
 dismissal should be filed among the records of this information. 
 The counsel for Mr. Bashford protested against the right or 
 power of the attorney-general to dismiss or discontinue the 
 case to the prejudice of his personal rights ; that whatever 
 might be his power or discretion to dismiss the proceeding so far 
 as the people were concerned, ho should not be permitted to 
 turn the relator out of court Avithout his consent. 
 
 On the 19th of March, the court proceeded to the decision of 
 the motion of the relator's counsel for judgment of ouster 
 against the respondent, and in favor of the relator, as well as 
 upon the motion of the attorney-general to dismiss the suit. 
 
 Judge Colo gave his views at length on the question, and the 
 several eteps taken of its progress from the commencement of 
 the suit, and, closing his opinion, said, " I believe that the 
 relater is now entitled to a judgment establishing his right; 
 and though this is so, and notwithstanding the practice may be 
 anomalous, I do not think it an undue caution, an unreason- 
 able exercise of the discretion of the court (if we have such 
 discretion : and I think we have) to require of the relater some 
 proof which will show, that, prima facie, he has a right to the 
 o£Bce before we give final judgment." 
 
 Judge Smith gave his opinion also at length, and concurred 
 with Judge Cole, that the relator should bo required to show 
 by proof at least a prima facie title. 
 
 On the 20th of March, Chief Justice Whiton said, " We in- 
 timated that we would indicate the amount of proof necessary 
 to establish the claim of the relater. We assume the statement 
 
318 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of the beard of canvassers to be true and correct until dis- 
 proved."' 
 
 ilr. Ivyiui, for the rclater, intimated liis readiness to produce 
 his proofs ; but Attorncy-Ciencral Smith addressed the court on 
 the position he held at tliat juncture, and asked tlio opinion of 
 tne court. 
 
 The court then proceeded to hear testimony at length, touch- 
 ing tlie character of the returns made to the State canvassers, 
 showing, as tlicy said, gross frauds and forgeries in such returns 
 to the State Board, &c.; from all which it appeared, by the find- 
 ing of the court, that Coles Bashford, the rclater, had received 
 a majority of the legal votes cast and returned in conformity to 
 law. 
 
 Chief Justice Whiton, in conclusion, gave the opinion of the 
 court, that there must be a judgment of ouster against the re- 
 spondent, and also one in favor of the relater ; and judgment was 
 rendered accordingly. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE BAESTOW-BASHFORD CONFLICT CONTimTED. 
 
 Events of 1WV> — Decision of the Supreme Court — Resignation of Gov. Barstow 
 — J'luclc of Lieut.-Gov. McArtimr — Gov. Baslifonl gains tlie Day, and is 
 placed in Cliarge of tlie Executive Oiilce — Iiogislation, &c. 
 
 On the 21st of March, Gov. Barstow sent a mepcago to the 
 legislature, in which he announces liis resignation of the execu- 
 tive office, and giving Iiis reasons for the same. He said he 
 could not yield tlie independence of his department to judicial 
 control witliout violating his known duty, and submitting to 
 what he solemnly believed was an infraction of the constitution 
 of the State ; and that, from the time that the chief justice ad- 
 ministered the oath of office to Mr. Bashford, to their announce- 
 ment of their determination to decide who Iiad received the 
 greatest number of votes by an ex parte investigation, lie had 
 seen no indication that led liim to hope for a just determination 
 at their hands. With these views, and influenced by these and 
 other considerations, he tenders the legislature his resignation 
 as governor. 
 
 On the 23d of March, Lieut.-Gov. A. IMcArthur sent a mes- 
 sage to the legislature, announcing tliat the resignation of the 
 governor made it liis duty to take the reins of government, and 
 his determination to perform those duties in the best manner in 
 his power. 
 
 On the 25th of March, Coles Bash'ord, accompanied by some 
 friends, vi.sitcd the executive chamber, then occupied by Gov. 
 McArthur, when ^Ir. Bashford demanded of tlie latter posses- 
 sion of the office, which was by him declined, until his rights 
 had been pa^ssed upon by the Supreme Court ; and inquired 
 whether he would attempt to put him out by force, if lie co Jd 
 
 320 
 
niSTOUT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 821 
 
 I. 
 
 not otherwise. He was informed by Bashford, that, while it 
 would afford liim pleasure to see Mm (McArthur) as one of the 
 citizens of tlic State, he was the only governor ; and that the 
 people had invested him with certain rights, which he intended 
 to exercise, without the employment of force if possible, but 
 with force if necessary. To wliich McArthur replied, that tliis 
 was virtually ejecting him by force, and so construed it. He 
 should retire, protesting against Bashford's right ; whereupon, 
 preceded by his private secretary, he withdrew. 
 
 Gov. Bashford, upon taldng possession of the office, sent a 
 message to the legislature, in wliich he referred to the difficul- 
 ties he experienced in obtaining his right to the office, and of 
 the proceedings which had been taken in the courts by liim to 
 obtain such right, and transmitting an authenticated copy of 
 the judgment of the Supreme Court, determining the case 
 between himself and the late incumbent. 
 
 Lieut.-Gov. McArtl^ur, on retiring from the executive cham- 
 ber, returned to tlie senate, and resumed liis duties as president 
 of that body, wliich he had vacat^il on the resignation of Gov. 
 Barstow. He stated to that body, on taking tlie chair, that in- 
 asmuch as both branches of the legislature, and the subordinate 
 branches of government (the secretary of state, treasurer, &c.), 
 acknowledged Gov. Bashford, he had concluded that it was 
 useless to hold out longer. And on the 27th of Slarch, the as- 
 sembly recognized Gov. Bashford, wliich that body had before 
 declined to do, and had refused to receive the message wliich he 
 had sent them on liis taking possession. 
 
 Such is an account of the famous case of Basliford vs. Bar- 
 stow, as far as it relates to the action of tlio Supreme Court and 
 the locfislature. It has been thouglit advisable to give at some 
 Icngiii tlio points of the case as adjudicated by the court; and 
 the judicial record has been faithfully examined, and the mate- 
 rial facts noted. Tliis case, as is well liuown, created much ex- 
 citement throughout the State, and, in fact, throughout the 
 United States. It must be remembered, also, at the date of 
 these occurrences, that party feeling was very high. Tlic Dem- 
 ocratic party, wliich had the control of the political affairs of 
 the State and Territory mostly from the first organization, was 
 losing its power ; and the Uepublican party, then but recently 
 
 21 
 
822 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 organized, was to take its place. Gov. Barstow came in for a 
 full share of the abuse and opprobrium of his political opponents ; 
 and nothing could be said of him or his administration by thia 
 cl.iss, except that every principle of honesty and integrity had 
 bt "-olated in the transaction of public affairs. The whole 
 bm\( 'le informalities and irregularities in reference to the 
 
 recent e canvass waa placed upon liis shoulders, and there 
 can be no question that he bore much more than he was justly 
 entitled to. 
 
 1 1 Avill be necessary now to note the acts of the legislature, 
 a consideration of whijch has been deferred, owing to the case 
 before the courts. 
 
 The legislature continued in session until the thirty-first day 
 of March, 185G. It passed a hundred and six general laws, 
 and four hundred and fifty-six private and local laws. Of the 
 former, there appears to be but few of general public interest ; 
 and, of the latter, most of the acts were the amendment to 
 chai ters, and charters to various railroad, plank road, and other 
 incorporations. Of the general laws, the most important was 
 an pet providing for a revision of the laws then in force, and to 
 prepare a code of practice and pleading for the government of 
 civil actions in the State, which code was to conform somewhat 
 to the code then in use in the State of Ncav York ; and the 
 governor was authorized to appoint three competent persons 
 as revisers, who should prepare the same for publication, and 
 who should report the same at the adjourned session of tills 
 legislature. 
 
 In pursuance of this act. Gov. Bashford appointed Timothy 
 O. Howe, James R. Doolittle, and Samuel J. Todd to the 
 work. These gentlemen on the IGth of May sent a communi- 
 cation to the governor, declining the appointments ; the reasons 
 given being that the time prescribed avus inadecjuate to accom- 
 plish such a revision as would meet with the views of the legis- 
 lature, or the wants of the State ; in addition, they were by the 
 act re(iuircd to execute another task, which would render use- 
 less a large jiortion of the former labor ; that the adoption of 
 the New York code of procedure to the constitution of this 
 State would render the revision and amendment of at least four 
 very important titles, embracing some tliirty-six cliupters of the 
 
BISTORY OF WISCONBIN. 
 
 323 
 
 previous edition of our laws, quite unnecessary and useless. 
 For these reasons, they declined to act under the appointments, 
 and returned their commissions. 
 
 The legislature re-assembled, agreeably to adjournment, on 
 the 8d of September, 1856. In the assembly, three hundred 
 copies of an act entitled " An Act granting Public Lands to the 
 State of Wisconsin to aid in the Construction of Railroads in 
 the State," was ordered printed. Gov. Bashford sent a message 
 to the legislature. He said he did not feel it his duty to call 
 their attention to any new business, except some matters that had 
 arisen since the adjournment. He referred to the death, in the 
 month of May, of Dr. James G. Percival, State geologist, and 
 said that his report of the survey of 1855 was nearly completed 
 at the time of his decease, and was forwarded to the governor 
 by Dr. Jenckes of Hazel Green. Tliis manuscript was placed 
 in the hands of I. A. Lapham, to be prepared for publicatioa. 
 He called attention to the grant of lands by Congress to the 
 State to aid in the construction of a railroad from Madison or 
 Columbus to St. Croix River, and to the west end of Lake 
 Superior. The amount of land donated, he thought, would 
 exceed two millions of acres ; and he recommended suitiible 
 legislation in connection therewith. 
 
 On the 12th of Septeraber, 185G, the joint select committee 
 of the legislature, appointed " to investigate the offices of the 
 state treasurer, secretary of state, and school and university 
 land commissioners from the commencement of tlie State 
 government" made a report. From this report, which is a very 
 full one, it appears the committee found that the books in the 
 offices of the treasurer and school-land commissioners had been 
 kept in a loose and careless manner; and, in the latter office, the 
 books were disfigured and defaced with erasures of names and 
 figures, and other names and figures substituted with interpo- 
 lations, remarks, and alterations, which, in many instances,, 
 rendered it impossible to ascertain either the original entries, 
 dates, or the amount of principal and interest paid ; that the 
 entries on the journal of the treasurer were made without any 
 regularity of date, entries being made first as late as July or 
 August going back to January of the same year. The vouchers 
 of the treasurer were also found in great confusion, there 
 
324 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 being no arrangement cither of name or date, but being thrown 
 into one confused mass. These, extending through a period 
 of eight yeans had to be arranged and compared witli the 
 corresponding entries on the journal of the treasurer. Many 
 of the voucliers were missing : and many of those hiid before 
 the committee as vouchers Avcre rejected, because they oifered 
 no c\ idence of the payment of money to any person. A list 
 of Luuh missing and rejected vouchers accompanied the report. 
 It also appeared, by tlie report on the testimony cf competent 
 parties, that the State officers and clerks were allowed to take 
 money from the treasury in anticipation of their salaries, leav- 
 ing no other evidence of indebtedness than a slip of paper 
 upon which Avas written, " Good for dollars," mention- 
 ing the amount taken, and signing their names. One party 
 had borrowed money from the assistant treasurer on his own 
 due-bill. A full account of the defalcation of E. II. Janssen, 
 state treasurer, is given ; and the blame attached to that 
 officer is due to Mr. D. H. Scaver, assistant treasurer, as the 
 treasurer Avas absent from the Capitol, owing to sickness and 
 death in his family; and the business of the office was left 
 exclusively in the charge of his assistant. Ilis defalcation is 
 estimated at $8,G28.70. 
 
 The details of the sales of lands in the office of the commis- 
 sioners of school and iniivcrsity lands are given ; and charges are 
 made of favoritism, and that many re-sales of forfeited lands Avere 
 sold a second time to purchasers for a less amount than they were 
 sold for originally, thus making it an object for purchasers to 
 forfeit their lands ; and that the fund granted for the purpose 
 of insuring the lasting establishment of our common school 
 system, instead of Avorking the beneficial results intended, 
 the committee Avere compelled to say that the result of their 
 inA'estigation shoAvcd that there AA'as no foundation for suth hope 
 or belief ; that tens of thousands of dollars of this fund had 
 been embezzled, and many hundred of thousands " lost and 
 squandered," Avhatcver may have been the hope of e\'ery citizen 
 of the State Avho loves the sacred cause of education, to the 
 contrary ; that criminal negligence, Avanton recklessness, and 
 utter disregard for the most responsible duties Avhich could be 
 imposed upon man, had distinguished the management of this 
 
826 
 
 niSTOIiY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 fund. Appended to this report are aiBdavits, and statistics of 
 the condition of the offices referred to. 
 
 In reply to this report, and charges against the late State treas- 
 urer and commissioners of the school and university lands, those 
 gentlemen, on the 19th of September, sent a reply to the legis- 
 lature, vindicating their conduct against these charges. They 
 stated, that, notwithstanding repeated applications to the inves- 
 tigating committee for the privilege of examining the testimony 
 taken before them, they had not been allowed to see it ; but, 
 on the contrary, such privilege had been positively refused, 
 and they had been able only to gather some conception of the 
 import from common rumor, by which they were given to 
 understand that it contained matters reflecting severely upon 
 their integrity as men and as public officers ; that, upon read- 
 ing the report of said committee, but one impression can be 
 made, and that is, that all the irregularities, of whatever descrip- 
 tion, that are alleged to have occurred in the management of the 
 school-fund and sale of school-lands duiing a period of eight 
 years are chargeable to them. 
 
 In reply to the charge " that the books are disfigured and 
 defaced with erasures of names and figures, and other names 
 and figures substituted with interpolations," &c., they have 
 to say that the books in the land-office since the rc-organ- 
 ization of the system of managing the affairs of that office, in 
 the summer of 1854, are not justly liable to any such censure, 
 and that there is not any thing in the exhibits, or the proof sub- 
 mitted with the report, to justify the remark. To the remark 
 that the State officers and clerks were allowed to take money 
 from the treasury in anticipation of their salaries, leaving 
 no other evidence of their indebtedness than a slip of jiaper 
 
 upon which was written, " Good for dollars," it was an 
 
 accommodation to the treasurer to pay moneys in this way to 
 officers who kept their accounts with him, and settled once a 
 year. It was his business to see that we did not overdraw our 
 accomits ; and, so far as they were concerned, there was nothing 
 in the report of the committee, or in the testimony, to show 
 that they were at any time overdrawn. The books in the secre- 
 tary's office show when they receipted for their salaries ; and it 
 was not against these we made drafts. The treasurer accoimted 
 
niSTonr of vrrscoNsrrr. 
 
 827 
 
 to them for their fees, he liaving received them ; and their set- 
 tlements Avith him always showed that they had kept very far 
 from overdrawing their accounts. They were not allowed, as 
 the report states, to take money from the treasury ; but, when 
 the treasury was indebted to them, the treasurer pivid a part 
 that was due upon their giving an acknowledgment for the 
 amount so paid. 
 
 The commissioners also go into minute details relative to the 
 purchase of school-lands by various parties, whenever they are 
 charged Avith irregularities and wrong-doing, which we will not 
 repeat, more than to say that they claim to have refuted all 
 charges against them. 
 
 To this document, the investigating committee on the 10th of 
 October, made a reply to the legislature, re-affirming the position 
 taken by them on their first report, and denying the statements 
 set forth by the late school-land commissioners. 
 
 The session closed on the 13th of October. Of the important 
 measures passed at this adjourned session, there was one to 
 apportion and district anew the members of the senate and 
 assembly, by which the number of the members of the assem- 
 bly was increased from one hundred and seven to one hundred 
 and twenty-seven ; one to secure the enlargement and immedi- 
 ate completion of the improvement of the navigation of the 
 Fox and Wisconsin Rivers ; one to provide for determining, and 
 finally settling and paying, the claim of Andrew Proudfit for 
 ■work done and materials furnished under his contract for build- 
 ing the State Lunatic Asylum ; one to accept the grant, and 
 execute the trust conferred on the State by act of Congress, 
 entitled " An Act granting Public Lands to the State of Wiscon- 
 sin, to aid in the Construction of Railroads in the State ; " an act 
 to simplify and abridge the practice, pleadings, and proceedings 
 of the courts of the Slate; an act comprising three hundred and 
 sixty-eight sections; an act to grant certain lands to the La 
 Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad Company, and to execute the 
 trust created by the act of Congress before alluded to ; an act 
 to provide for the disposal and sale of the SAvamp and overflowed 
 lands ; an act i;o provide for the revision of the general Iuaa-s of 
 the State ; an act for levying a State tax for the year 1S5G, of 
 three hundred thousand dollars; an act to execute the trust 
 
828 
 
 msTonr of wiscoNsm. 
 
 created by act of Congress, &c., by incorporating the Wisconsin 
 and Superior Kailroad Company, and granting a portion of said 
 lands thereto ; also an amendatory and supplementary act, &c., 
 to the same company. 
 
 The bill to accept the grant of lands, and to execute the trust 
 conferred on the State by Congress, to aid in the construction 
 of railroads in the State, was one of great importance, and 
 occupied the closing days of the session. Much difference of 
 opinion was entertained on the merits of the bill introduced, 
 knoAvn as the " ^lilwaukeo and La Crosse Railroad Bill." The 
 various sections of the State had an interest in tliis land-grant, 
 and the benefits to arise from it ; and it was after a long debate 
 that a bill designed as a compromise was passed, but Avas vetoed 
 by the governor ; and another bill similar to the first was intro- 
 duced to obviate the objections of the Executive. This bill 
 passed, and received his approval. It will be necessary to recur 
 to this measure hereafter, as the history of this land-grant, and 
 of the La Crosse Railroad, has had a famous reputation. 
 
 It will be seen while the business of the first part of the ses- 
 sion was limited, and but little accomplished, the latter part was 
 an active one ; and many important measures were considered 
 and enacted. 
 
 To summarize the business of the whole session, we find one 
 hundred and forty-five general laws pasf.ed, three joint resolu- 
 tions, and twenty-seven memorials to Congress. Of the laws, 
 fourteen were amendments to general laws, fifteen appropriation 
 bills, tliirteen concerning courts, twentj'-nino change of name, 
 ten amendments to Revised Statutes, eight on railroads, twelve 
 authorizing the secretary of state to audit accounts, six on 
 schools, three on taxation ; and, of the private and local laws, 
 seventy are amendatory acts to charters of rail and plank 
 roads, ten to booms, tliirteen to bridges, one hundred and tliirty- 
 five charters to institutions and corporations, nine to cemeteries, 
 eleven to mill-dams, twenty-four ferries, twenty-two concerning 
 Illilwaukee, thirty-six to school-districts, seventy-two State 
 roads, nine organizing towns, and thirteen to villages. The 
 superintendent of public instruction reported that the whole 
 number of children in the State on the first day of September, 
 1855, between the ages of four and twenty, was 180,085 ; increase 
 
BISTOnr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 829 
 
 Bince 1855, 30,900. Amount received for the year 1855 for 
 school-purposes, $264,704.03, of which amount 8210,542.72 waa 
 for teachers' wages. The regents of the university reported 
 that the second dormitory building, which was under contract, 
 and in process of erection, at the date of the last report, was 
 completed and accepted in June, 1855. The contract price of 
 the building was eighteen thousand dollars. The whole cost, 
 including furnace, additional fixtures, and extras, was estimated 
 to be about twenty thousand dollars. The trustees of the Deaf 
 and Dumb Institution stated that it would be necessary 
 to commence as early as possible the erection of the main build- 
 ing, which would cost not less than thirty thousand dollars. The 
 whole number of pupils in attendance during the year 1855, 
 thirty-four. 
 
 The trustees of the Blind Institution reported that the erec- 
 tion of the main edifice, and the cast wing connected Avith it, 
 had progressed with all possible speed, with strict reference to 
 durability ; and, further, that they expected to finish the building 
 at an early day, should the legislature furnish the necessary 
 means for that purpose. The number of pupils in the institu- 
 tion Avas fourteen. 
 
 Agreeably to the act providing for a settlement with Andrew 
 Proudfit for work and materials on the State Lunatic Asylum 
 under his contract, the governor appointed Timothy O. Howe, 
 Fred. S. Lovell, and William Pitt Lynde, commissioners to hear 
 the testimony in the case, and to determine the amount of dam- 
 age Avhich he had sustained by reason of the legislature annull- 
 ing said contract. The governor appointed Jrmes R. Doolittle, 
 J. A. Sleeper, and C. Abbott, attorneys on the part o.' ' 'le State ; 
 and Mr. Proudfit secured the services of E. G. Ryan, Orton & 
 Hopkins, and Samuel Crawford, as his attorneys. The commis- 
 sioners, after a careful and impartial investigation of the whole 
 subject, and arguments of counsel, on the 1st of January, 1857, 
 awarded him the sum of ©7,400. The opinion of Mr. Howe, 
 which was concurred in by IMessrs. Lovell and Lyndo was clear 
 and conclusive, and was published in the newspapers of that day. 
 The high character of the gentlemen composing the commission 
 has given the public assurance that justice would be done by 
 them, regardless of all party feeling ; and their award demon- 
 strates that that confidence was not misplaced. 
 
830 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The prcsitlcntial election took place in Novemlier of tliis year 
 (1850) ; luul the canvass waa as exciting as in other parts of the 
 Union. The result was, that the llepubliean party was success- 
 ful in the State; and tlic Kepubhcau electors — E. D. Ilolton, 
 James II. Knowltoa, Grcgor Mcuzel, W. D. Mclmloe, and B. 
 McWilliams — hail a majority of 13,247. John F. Potter, C. C. 
 Washburn, and C. Billinghurst, Ilcpublicans, were elected con- 
 gressmen over Jackson Iladlcy, Samuel Crawford, and II. C. 
 Hobart, Democrats. 
 
 The electoral college met on the 4th of December, 1856, and 
 cast the vote of the State for John C. Fremont for president, 
 and William L. Dayton vice-President. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 ADJUNISTEATIOX OF GOV. BASHFORD. 
 
 Events o{ 1857 — Ijegislation — Election of United States Senator — Legislation 
 — The Capital — Election Coutest, Sso. 
 
 The tenth session of the legislature convened on the 14th 
 of Januaiy, 1857, unci was organized in the senate, Lieut. -Gov. 
 A. McArlhur being prciidoiit, and the election of William 
 Henvy Brisbane as chief clerk, and Alanson Filer scrgeant-at- 
 arms. Tiie assembly was organized by the election of Wyman 
 Spooner as speaker, 'William C. Webb chief clerk, and William 
 C Rogers sergeant-at-arms. The legislature held a short ses- 
 sion of liftj'-foiir days, and adjourned on the Oth of March. 
 The Rejiubliean party had a majority in both houses. 
 
 Gov. Daehford in his message said, " At no time since our 
 cxiotencc as a Stato has a greater measure of prosjjerity and 
 happiness been enjoyed among the people than during the year 
 just terminated." He reported the condition of the several 
 funds as follows : — 
 
 The goner.ll fund was indebted to tlic other funds on Jan. 1, 
 
 i:<50 §13,9ia.88 
 
 The deficiency of the previous state treasurer was 32,3o8.54 
 
 The disbursements during the year from the general fund 
 
 amounted to 310,050.45 
 
 Total 0;W5,055.87 
 
 The amount of receipts during previous year 3S8,0.j3..")D 
 
 Balance due other funds from the general funu, Jan. 1, 1857. $7,002.28 
 
 Tlio total capital of tiiu school fund, Jan. 1, 1857 2,0-17,0();j.74 
 
 The total capital of university fund 310,887.33 
 
 823 
 
niSTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 338 
 
 He also reported that tlio convicts in the State-prison on 
 Dec. 3, 18")G, was a hundred and eight, and the current ex- 
 penses during the 3'ear, 827,384.00; that the number of banks 
 organized and doing business was fifty, the aggregate capital 
 amounting to .S:),290,000,000, an increase of .$1,320,000 over 
 preceding j-ear. The whole amount of circulating notes 
 issued to banks was 81,050,1)07, Avhich notes were secured by 
 stocks, &c., for their redemption, valued at 82,208,470 ; and 
 that several banks had been closed up without any loss to the 
 bill-holder. He also referred to the State University, and 
 solicited attention to their report; from which it appears that 
 the whole number of stu<lcnts in attendance during the year 
 1856 was a hundred and si\ty-nine ; that several new depart- 
 ments had been created and established ; and that it was pro- 
 posed soon to organize the law-school, and the department of 
 civil engineering. He said that the report of the Deaf and 
 Dumb Institution gave evidence of an able and economical 
 administration of its affairs, and that it was in a flourishing 
 condition, and that the rapid accession to the number of its 
 pupils rendered necessary the early erection of the main build- 
 ing ; that the Blind Institution had nearly completed a spacious 
 and beautiful edifice, and asked for an appropriation to finish 
 and furnish it in a proper manner, and to improve the grounds. 
 He reported a very favorable condition of the affairs of the 
 State Historical Society, whose library on the 1st of January 
 contained 3,120 volumes, besides a fine collection of oil 
 paintings, and valuable memorials of the early history of the 
 State and Territory. He stated, that, i.^ pursuance of law, 
 he had appointed John F. Potter, Snnuiel J. Todd, and B. 
 McWilliaras commissioners to revise '■■ he General Statutes of 
 the State. 
 
 Among other svibjects which he suggested for the considera- 
 tion of the legislature, none, he said, seemed to demand more 
 attention than a law to diminish the excessive amount of 
 special le^'jislation wliicli was demanded at each session, and 
 that a strict comi)liance with the provisions of the constitu- 
 tion of the State, in this regard, would greatly shorten the 
 sessions of the legislature, and diminish the expenses of the 
 State. He remarked that nearly two-thirds of all the legislft- 
 
 m 
 
884 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tion of previous sessions inight hav3 been attained through 
 general laws : he also remarked that a general railroad law 
 would be productive of great benefit. 
 
 He recommended that power be granted to the secretary of 
 state to audit and ailow all accounts against the State, where 
 the same could be ascertained by computation. He referred to 
 the State Lunatic Asylum, and the settlement with Mr. Proud- 
 fit, and recommended immediate steps for the erection of a 
 suitable asylum. He also recommended some changes in the 
 laws for the assessment and collection of taxes, and also to the 
 claims of the State against the General Government for the five 
 per centum of tiie net proceeds of the sale of government lands 
 within the State, which amount he eitimated at two hundred 
 and fifty thousand dollars, and which is withheld from the 
 State. He said that patents had been received from the gen- 
 eral land-office, in part for the swamp and overflowed lands 
 donated to the State, to the amount of l,477,545-j*y'*jy acres, and 
 the State would ultimately receive in all about two millions 
 five hundred thousand acres. He said the work on the Fox 
 aud Wisconsin River Improvement had progressed favorably 
 by the company who had the same in charge, and that con- 
 tracts had been let for the entire work, between Portage City 
 and Green Bay. He closed with referring to the troubles in 
 Kansas, and by transmitting to the legislature a petition of six 
 persons, formerly residents of this State, who emigrated to that 
 Territory, and had been thrown in prison at Lecompton upon 
 charijCS of high crimes and treason, for defending their proper- 
 ty against an organized band of armed maraudert- from 
 Missouri. 
 
 On the 23d of June, agreeably to the constitution of the 
 State, the legislature met in joint convention for the purpose 
 of electing a United States senator in place of Hon. Henry 
 Dodge, whose term of office expired March 4 of that year ; 
 and, a vote having been taken, James R. Doolittle received 
 seventy-nine votes, and Charles Dunn thirty-six votes, two 
 scattering ; whereupon the president declared the votes given 
 for James R. Doolittle were out of order and void, and that, 
 no person having received a majority of the votes, there was 
 on election, and proceeded to give the reasons for his decision, 
 
 
nrSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 835 
 
 to the effect that Mr. Doolittle having been chosen a circuit 
 judge in 1853, and the term for which he was chosen not 
 having expired, he could not be voted for at that time : where- 
 upon an appeal from the decision of the chair was taken ; and, 
 a vote being taken, it appeared that forty votes wore for sus- 
 taining the president, and seventy-one votes against it. So 
 the decision of the chair was not sustained. In the Republi- 
 can caucus on the first ballot, Mr. Doolittle received twenty- 
 five votes, Timothy O. Howe twenty-five votes, and E. D. 
 Holton twenty-one votes. On the IGth of February, the legis- 
 lature in joint convention elected Horace A. Tenney, E. S. 
 Carr, J. G. McMynn, and J. L. Pickard, regents of the State 
 University. 
 
 A number of important bills were passed at this session. 
 Among them were the following : a bill relating to the writ of 
 habeas corpus to persons claimed as fugitive slaves, the right 
 of trial I)y jury, and to prevent kidnapping. This was 1 nuwa 
 as the Personal Liberty Bill, and designed to invalidate the acts 
 of Congress on that subject. An a. i"viding for the erection 
 of the main edifice of the State Uni\' ri>ity, and tlio sura of 
 forty thousand dollars appropriated for its consf ruction. An 
 act authorizing the enlargement of the State Capitol, and pro- 
 viding and appropriating means for the payment of u:c same, 
 by the provisions of which the commissioners of school and 
 university lands Avere directed to sell the ten sections of land 
 appropriated by Congress for the completion of the public buil 1 - 
 ings. This act, in addition to securing the funds that won. a 
 arise from the sale of such lands, also provided that the city 
 of Madison should donate the sum of fifty thousand dollars in 
 city bonds, payable in twenty years, to tlie same object. An 
 act to provide for a geological and agricultural survey of the 
 State. To carry out this act, James Hall of Albany, N.Y., 
 Ezra S. Carr and Edward Daniels of Wisconsin, were appointed 
 commis^^ioners ; and six thousand dollars per annum were appro- 
 priated for the term of six years for salaries and expenses in 
 connection with the survey. An act to extend the right of 
 Buffrngc to male persons of African blood who shall have 
 attained the age of twentj'-one years, the act, before taking 
 effect, to be submitted to a vote of the people in November, 
 
886 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1857. An act to consolidate the rail and plank roads in the 
 State. An act to provide a State lios])ital for the insane ; and 
 the Sinn of thiit^'-five thousand dollars appropriated to carry 
 into effect the provisions of the act. To provide for the levy- 
 ing of a State tax of three hundred thousand dollars for the 
 year 1857. An act to authorize the State Historical Society to 
 publish an Annual Report and Collections of two thousand 
 copies. An act to encourage academies and normal schools, 
 and for the appointment of a board of regents of normal 
 schools. An act to establish a house of refuge for juvenile 
 delinquents (subsequently known as the State Reform School). 
 An act to provide for the .appointment of a superintendent of 
 public property, and to define his powers and duties. The whole 
 number of general laws passed was a hundred and two, six joint 
 resolutions, and twentj'-six memorials to Congress, and four 
 hundred and fifteen private and local laws. The recommenda- 
 tion of the governor on this latter class of legislation did not find 
 much favor with the members of the legislature. To summa- 
 rize, there were fourteen amendatory laws to acts passed in 1855 
 and 185G, thirteen authorizing the erection of dams, seven for 
 ferries, sixteen incorporating insurance-companies, twenty-eight 
 in reference to jMilwaukee, seven for plank-roads, sixty-three 
 incorporating and amending railroad charters, fifty-four on 
 State roads, seventeen relief of school-districts, seventeen 
 extending tlie time for collection of taxes, and many others of 
 more and less impoi'ance. At the spring elections of 1857, 
 Edward V. Wliiton, lu [)ublican was elected chief justice of the 
 Supremo Court, by about twelve thousand majority over Mont- 
 gomery M. Cothren, Democratic candidate. 
 
 The governor appointed Ex-Gov. L. J. Farwell, Levi Sterling, 
 and J. P. ^IcGregor, commissioners of State Lunatic Asylum ; 
 and on the 30th of ^larch, j\Iartin Mitchell, W. D. Bacon, and 
 Edwin Palmer, commissioners to select a site for the House of 
 Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents. 
 
 Very soon after the organizatio of the State government, 
 the Capitol building became inadciiuato to the proper accommo- 
 dation of the several departmeir.-i which had been brought 
 into being, and the business of wliich rapidly increased with 
 the growth of the State. Still, by renting rooms in other 
 
838 
 
 BISTORT OF WiaCONSlN. 
 
 buildings, it w<as made to answer the purpose for ten years after 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 
 
 At this time, it had become apparent that a new Capitol must 
 be built without further delay ; and the necessity gave rise to a 
 proposition in the legislature to remove the seat of government 
 from Madison to some other point. Whether there was any real 
 danger of the success of the proposition, or not, the people of 
 Madison became alarmed, and voted to donate to the State 
 fifty thousand dollars in city bonds to aid in the construction of 
 a new Capitol on the old site. Tliis proposition was accepted 
 by the legislature ; and on the 3d of March, 1856, an act was 
 passed, as previously referred to, authorizing the enlargement 
 of the State Capitol. 
 
 By the act of the legislature, approved Feb. 28, 1857, the 
 governor and secretary of state were authorized to adopt a 
 plan, and contract for the east wing of the building. On the 
 27th of April, plans were received from seven architects ; and 
 the one submitted by Messrs. Kutzbock and Donnell was 
 •accepted; and after the time elapsed for receiving proposals 
 fi ^m contractors, and the same being opened, the contract was 
 awarded to John Ryecraft of Milwaukee, as being the lowest 
 biddei at ninetj'-two thousand dollars. Mr. Ryecraft subse- 
 quently gave up his contract; .and it was awarded to A. A. 
 McDo' ,nell. The work was immediately commenced, and was 
 completed, and occupied by the assembly, in 1869. A particular 
 account of this wing will hereafter be given. 
 
 The Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad Company completed 
 their road to the Mississippi in the month of April, 1857. It 
 was an occasion of great rejoicing. On the 16tli of that month, 
 an excursion-trip was made, which was largely attended. The 
 opening of this road promised great results to the western part 
 of the State, which had been entirely cut off from railroad 
 communication with the lake shore. In a accordance with 
 the act of the legislature, approved Feb. 28, 1857, enabling the 
 regents of the State University to borrow forty thousand dollars 
 from the principal of the university fund for the construction 
 of the main edifice of the university, to which reference has 
 before been made, the board of regents, after due consulta- 
 tion, adopted a plan for the edifice of the Roman Doric style 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 889 
 
 of architecture, combining beauty of outline with convenience 
 of internal arrangement. The drawings were furnished by- 
 William Tinsley of Indianapolis, an architect of experience 
 and reputation. The edifice was to contain a chapel, a lecture- 
 room for each department, with study annexed for the use of 
 the professor, apartments for library, apparatus, cabinet, and 
 for collections in natural science and in art. 
 
 The plan was accepted, and the contract for the building 
 awarded to James Campbell for the entire work, to be 
 complete at $3<i,550 ; he being the lowest bidder. The stone- 
 work of the basement story was in an advanced state of 
 forwardness in the fall of 1857 ; and it was expected that it 
 would be completed before winter, so as to enable the building- 
 committee to complete the whole structure before the first day 
 of November, 1858. The committee in their report say, " The 
 exterior plan of the building is a model of architecture, impos- 
 ing and massive ; and the internal arrangements are such as 
 to most fully meet th«; wants and necessities of the institution 
 in all its several apartments. The ground was broken for the 
 construction of the buUding on the Ist of June, 1857. The 
 following is a brief account of its arrangement. It stands on 
 the highest point of ground in the university park, one 
 hundred feet above the level of Lake Mendota, and the water 
 table of the structure will be more elevated than the dome of 
 the present (old) Capitol. The general design of the building 
 is a parallelogram, one hundred and forty by seventy feet, and 
 about sixty feet to the cornice, to be surmounted by a dome 
 whose extreme height will be nearly one hundred and fifty feet. 
 It is not, however, a building of plain surface, like those now 
 erected, but is broken by angles and projections, securing 
 additional convenience, and higher architectural effect ; giving 
 adequate space for its cabinet collections, laboratory, scientific 
 apparatus, libraries, reading-rooms, society-rooms," &c. 
 
 At the first meeting of the commissioners of the State 
 Lunatic Asylum, held May 5, 1857, L. J. Farwell was elected 
 president, J. P. McGregor secretary, and Levi Sterling build- 
 ing-superintendent ; and they employed Stephen V. Shipman as 
 architect. After the adoption of plans, specifications, and 
 detailed drawings, notice was published in every city in the 
 
840 
 
 HISTORY OF WISC0N8TS. 
 
 Stale, that proposals would be received until Sept 1, 1S57, 
 for doing all the work, and furnishing all the materials, in 
 accordance with the plan and specifications. 
 
 On the 1st of September, the bids were opened, and the 
 contract awarded to Nelson McNiel of Portage City, as the 
 best bidder, for building the central or main building, one 
 longitudinal, and one transverse wing for the sum of seventy- 
 three thousand five hundred dollai's. Mr. McNiel, after making 
 some progress on the work, finally abandoned the same, and 
 threw up his contract, which caused much delay in the comple- 
 tion of the building. 
 
 From the first annual report of the commissioners appointed 
 to locate and erect a house of refuge for juvenile delinquents, 
 the commissioners inform us that they accepted an invitation 
 to attend a convention at the New York House of Refuge in the 
 month of May, where seventeen institutions were represented, 
 and also the institutions located at Rochester, N.Y., Massachu- 
 setts Reform School at Westborough, and other institutions, 
 from which they received much valuable information. On their 
 return, they adopted the plan of the Maine State Reform 
 School. The pli i of building consisted of three detached 
 parallel buildings, each fifty-nine feet distant, and all united by 
 a narrow corridor nine feet wide, set in the centre, and across 
 each building, extending through the whole, adapting all in their 
 internal accommodation, and external view, in appearance, to one 
 building. The central building was sixty-four by one hundred 
 feet, foiu^ stories high above the basement. The side-buildings 
 were to be fifty-seven by ninety-four feet, and three stories 
 above the basement ; the corridor two stories above the base- 
 ment, to be built of Waukesha stone. The whole cost of the 
 structure, when completed, it was thought would exceed largely 
 the appropriation of twenty thousand dollars. The institution 
 is located at Waukesha, twenty miles west of Milwaukee, and 
 situated on the Milwaukee and ^Mississippi Railroad. Sixty 
 acres of land were to be donated to the State for the purchase 
 of the location ; and eleven acres additional Avere to be pur- 
 chased. A portion of the work was put under contract to be 
 completed the same season so as to afford accommodations for 
 eighty boys. 
 
HISTORr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 341 
 
 Agreeably to law, the plan adopted, aud the contract for 
 building, were approved by Hon. Coles Bashford, governor, 
 David W. Jones, secretary of state, and William R. Smith, 
 attorney-general. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention for the nomination of State 
 officers was held at Madison, Aug. 28, 1857. Quite a spirited 
 time was had. On the third formal ballot, James B. Cross 
 received eighty-nine votes for governor ; J. C. Fairchild, thirty- 
 seven votes ; F. Huebschmann, fourteen ; and a number scatter- 
 ing. Mr. Cross was nominated. Edward D. Campbell received 
 eighty-three votes for lieutenant-governor, and Henry M. 
 Billings, fifty-one. Mr. Campbell was declared nominated. The 
 other candidates put in nomination were David W. Jones for 
 secretary of state ; Charles Habich, state treasurer ; Gabriel 
 Bouck, attorney-general ; Lyman C. Draper, superintendent of 
 public instruction; J. C. Squires, bank comptroller; Edward 
 McGarry, state-prison commissioner. 
 
 The Republican State Convention met on the 2d of Septem- 
 ber. The following persons were nominated : governor, Alex- 
 ander W. Randall ; lieutenant-governor, Carl Schurz ; sec- 
 retary of state, J. L. V. Thomas ; treasurer, S. D. Hastings ; 
 attorney-general, JI. M. Jackson ; bank comptroller, J. P. 
 McGregor; superintendent of public instruction, J. G. 
 McMynn ; state-prison commissioner, E. McGraw. 
 
 At the election in November, A. W. Randall, Republican, 
 was elected governor by 454 majority ; E. D. Campbell, Demo- 
 crat, lieutenant-governor by 107 majority; D. W. Jones, 
 Democrat, secretary of state, 1,88G majority ; S. D. Hastings, 
 Republican, treasurer, 379 majority ; Gabriel Bouck, Democrat, 
 attorney-general, 516 majority ; L. C. Draper, Democrat, sujier- 
 intendent of public instruction, 391 majority ; J. C. Squires, 
 Democrat, bank comptroller, 835 majority ; and Edward M. 
 McGraw, Republican, State-prison commissioner. 
 
 The year 1857 will be remembered by many as a disastrous 
 one in a financial point of view. Early in the fall,, what is 
 known as a monetary panic came over the country ; and the 
 Western States felt it severely, and Wisconsin among the num- 
 ber. A number of prominent merchants were obliged to j-ield 
 to the pressure and scarcity of money, and close up their places 
 
842 nrsTOBT OF wiscoNsrif. 
 
 of business. Tlio following statistics are from the report of the 
 secretary of state for the year 1856 : — 
 
 Aggregate number of acres of land assessed 
 Aggregate valuation per acre 
 Aggregate valuation of land assessed . 
 Aggregate valuation of city and village lots 
 Aggregate valuation of personal property 
 Aggregate assessed , . . • 
 Valuation equalized . . . • 
 State tax, ratio two mills . . • 
 
 11,891,920 
 
 $3.22 
 
 $38,208,908 
 
 10,423,839 
 
 5,524,455 
 
 64,217,202 
 
 160,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. RANDALL. 
 
 Event!) of IKjR — The Governor's Message — Alleged Fratids concurnln); Land 
 Giants — The Investigation — Bill for the Beuioval of the Capital to Milwaukee 
 — Legislation. 
 
 The administration of Colea Bashford as governor of the 
 State closed on the fourth day of January, 1858. On that 
 day, the inauguration of the new State officers took place at ten, 
 A.M. Only the governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, 
 and superintendent of public instruction, were present, of the 
 new officers. Quite a number of the citizens of Madison were 
 present, though not as many as usual, owing to a misunder- 
 standing as to the time of the inauguration. The oath of office 
 was administered to Alexander W. Randall, governor ; David W. 
 Jones, secretary of state ; Samuel D. Hastings, state treasiirer ; 
 and Lyman C. Draper, stite superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion ; and, subsequently, to William H. Watson, Gov. Randall's 
 private secretary, by Hon. Orsamus Cole, one of the justices of 
 the Supreme Court. The other officers elect were expected to 
 arrive during the day. Gov. Randall appointed Rufus Parks 
 superintendent of public ])roperty, and Horace Rublee, state 
 librarian. Gen. J. Duane Ruggles was appointed assistant 
 secretary of state ; F. A. Sc ofield, assistant state treasurer ; and 
 S. H. Carpenter, assistant s aperintendent of public instruction. 
 
 The eleventh session of the legislature was held on the 18th 
 of January, 1858, and adjourned on the 17th of March, after an 
 unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. 
 
 In the senate, Hon. E. D. Campbell, lieutenant-governor 
 elect, took his seat as presidtit, and J. L. V. Thomas was 
 elected secretary-, and Nathan L. Stout sergeant-at-arms. In 
 
 344 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 845 
 
 the assembly, Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker, L. H. D. 
 Crano chief clerk, and Francis Massing sergeant-at-arma. The 
 political complexion of the legislature was as follows : senate, 
 eighteen Republicans and twelve Democrats ; the assembly, 
 fifty-one Republicans and forty-six Democrats. Gov. Randall 
 in his message gives the following statistics : estimated receipts 
 for the year 1858, $525,824.25, and the revenue to meet the 
 same, $455,478.59, — a deficit of $70,845.66 ; and says in regard 
 to the same, " The report presents a gloomy prospect for the 
 tax-payers of the State, especially in the present time of great 
 financial distress ; " but he added, " This deficit will be reduced 
 by the issue and sale of fifty thousand dollars of State bonds to 
 replace that number which are due the present year, and for 
 the payment of which the new bonds will be issued and 
 sold." He reports the whole number of school-children in the 
 State as 241,647, an increase of 27,701 over the number reported 
 for the previous year ; the number of children who had attended 
 the public schools, 153,613 ; and the amount apportioned to the 
 schools in March, 1857, sixty-six cents to each scholar ; and the 
 apparent amoimt to be apportioned the present year, about 
 $230,000, nearly ninety-five cents to each pupil. He further 
 reported that there were fifty-seven pupils in the Deaf and 
 Dumb Institution, and twenty in the Institute for the Blind ; 
 that the commissioners of the Hospital for the Insane had let the 
 contract for the building, and progress had been made in the 
 work ; that the productive fund of the university was $315,913.46, 
 giving an income of $22,116.74. The institution had one hun- 
 dred and sixty-four students in attendance. He said that the 
 State Historical Society had a library of over four thousand 
 volumes, and about the same number of unbound documents 
 and pamphlets, a collection of forty oil portraits, and a cabinet 
 of geological and antiquarian specimens ; and he recommended 
 every reasonable facility for its substantial prosperity. He 
 gave a few statistics of the agricultural productions of the 
 State for the year, as reported to the secretary of state ; viz., 
 barley, 409,000 bushels ; corn, 5,100,790 bushels ; oats, 6,312,304 
 btishels; potatoes, 2,318,694 bushels; wheat, 8,717,756 bushels; 
 butter, 6,655,686 pounds ; and 22,706,700 pounds of lead ; and 
 he recommended important amendments to the banking-law. 
 
^ 
 
 846 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 He reported that tlie whole number of banking associations 
 orgo'iized and doing business in the State was seventy-five, of 
 which number tAver.ty-seven were organized in 1857 ; the whole 
 amount of circiilatint." nr les to January, 1858, was $3,215,488, 
 which werf secured ^ -y the deposit of public stock and specie 
 in the sum of $3,862,' '^tl ; that the revision of laAvs under the 
 law of 1857 was nearly completed. He referred to excessive 
 local legislation, and to the enforcement of the laws on that 
 subject, and recommended a change in the assessment laws. He 
 referred to the Pacific Railroad, which he heartily recom- 
 mended, and to the slavery question, which was greatly agitating 
 the country, and took strong party grounds against its extension 
 into new Territories. He also referred to the grave charges that 
 had been made the previous year, of corrupt conduct in the 
 legislature, which disposed of the grants of land donated to the 
 State for railroad purposes, and recommended a thorough inves- 
 gation of the same. 
 
 On the 21 ;i; of January, the select committee of the assembly, 
 to whom had been referred that portion of the governor's mes- 
 sage relating to alleged frauds and corrupt conduct in relation 
 to land-grants, made a report, and recommended the adoption of 
 the following resolution : — 
 
 " Renolved, by the assembly, the senate concurring, that a committee of 
 three members of the senate, and five of the assembly, be raised, wiiuso duty 
 shall be fully and impartially to investigate into tlie frauds, bribery, and 
 corrupt acts reported or alleged to have been perjietrated or committed by 
 members of the legislature or others, in the disposal, or procuring the dispo- 
 ss' by the legislature f 1836, of the lauds granted to the State to aid in the 
 construction of railroads, by act of Cc.gress approved June 3, 1850, &c. j 
 and that same joint committee and a majority thereof are hereby vested 
 with plenary power to perform and discharge this duty, and may send for 
 and compel the attendance of witnesses, and the production of papers, 
 documents, and records, with power to employ one or more clerks, to 
 administer oaths, and to report to the legislature the facts found, and the 
 testimony taken by them." 
 
 This resolution was passed by the assembly, and concurred in 
 by the senate, and the committee appointed, of which Hon. 
 Denison Worthington was chairman. On the 13th of May, the 
 committee made a voluminous report on the subject, with the 
 testimony taken in the case. Many persons of political and 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 847 
 
 
 personal high standing were irvolved more or less hy tho 
 report. How far all the charges, light or heavy, are sustained 
 by the testimony, must be left to the judgment of the people 
 of the State, l^^any who had been supposed to have been 
 deeply implicated were but little, if any, involved in any crim- 
 inal action ; and others, whose purity had been regarded aa 
 above suspicion, were believed to be guilty. 
 
 The members of both political parties were involved in the 
 charges preferred and in the result. It appears by the report, 
 that thirteen senators and fifty-nme members of the assembly 
 were implicated ; also the bank-comptroller, lieutenant-governor, 
 private secretary of the governor, a judge of Uic supreme 
 court, three officers of the assembly, and some twenty-three 
 prominent lobbyists and public men interested in the land- 
 grant. Bonds and stock tc : he par value of one hundred and 
 seventy-five thousand dollars were given or assigned to the sena- 
 tors ; four of whom received or were assigned the sum of twenty 
 thousand dollars, and the remainder ten thousand dollars each. 
 In the assembly, bonds and stock ivtre assigned to the value of 
 three hundred and fifty-five tho'asand dollars ; one of which, to 
 the amount of twenty thousand dollars ; eight, ten thousand dol- 
 lars each ; and the remainder, five thousand dollars each. One 
 senator who voted for the land-grant bill in the senate declined 
 receiving his share ; and in the assembly four members voted 
 for the bill who had no bonds assigned them ; and in the sen- 
 ate lOur members voted for the bill, 1 ut had no bonds. Those 
 who voted iigainst the passage of the bill in both houses, to 
 the numbe' of eighteen, were excluded from any participation 
 in the ben -fits being distributed. The tlirer State oflicers 
 received ten thousand dollars eacii, and the private secretary 
 of the goYernor five thousand dollars. 
 
 In making out the list of persona who were to be the recipi- 
 ents of bonds, tne amount designated on the book was given 
 opposite their respective names. The committee report that the 
 figures indicated the number of bonds, of one thousand dollars 
 each, that were to go to some one ; making in all the sum of 
 fifty thousand dollars. In the list were five dashes. These dashes 
 were intended to represent the governor. Coles Bashford. This 
 is (^uite evident fiom a reply to a question propounded to 
 
34S 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 Byron Kilboiirn, as to wlio was the person thus indicated. He 
 was asked if it was the governor. He replied that the inquirer 
 " was a very good guesser." 
 
 It is not necessary to go further into details in relation to 
 this affair. It created great excitement all over the State, as 
 well as at the East, much to the discredit of the people of 
 Wisconsin. It may be proper to give the names of some of 
 the parties whose names are given as the recipients of these 
 pecuniary favors, wlio subsequently denied receiving them ; 
 but we forego the temptation. 
 
 Among otlier measures that were before the legislature was 
 a bill, introduced toward the close of tlie session, for the re- 
 moval of the State capital, temporarily, to Milwaukee. The 
 bill came up ^n its passage, the 15th of May, in the assembly, 
 having been ordered to a third reading the day before. The 
 closest vote of the session was had on it. On the first vote 
 there was a tie, the speaker not voting. Mr. J. H. Knowlton 
 (opposed to the bill) changed his vote for it, which carried it, 
 and immediately moved a reconsideration. The reconsidera- 
 tion was carried by one majority, — thirt^'-nine to thirty-eight. 
 The final vote was then taken ; and there was an exact tie, 
 everj' man voting. As it requires a majority to carry u bill, it 
 was of course lost. 
 
 The history of this movement is a singular one. It was 
 begun onl}' in jest ; but, by one means or another, it grew into 
 a serious matter, and came so near success, that, on the day pre- 
 vious, the proposition had a majority of six in the assembly. 
 The attempt only anchored more firmly the capital at its pres- 
 ent advantageous location. 
 
 There was consideraljle feeling in the legislature in refei'cnce 
 to the management of the affairs of the State University ; and a 
 committee, of which Temple Clark of the senate was chairman, 
 made a report on the same, to the effect that certain changes 
 should be made. In consequence of the public sentiment ex- 
 pressed, the board of regents, at their meeting on the 2d and 
 Od of June, I808, passed an ordinance embodying the plan of 
 organization, in its main features, of the assembly liill on the 
 subject ; organizing the department of '• science, literature, and 
 the arts," of the following schools : agriculture, commerce, engi- 
 

850 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 neering, natural science, philology, philosophy, and polity ; the 
 establishing of five scholarslups yielding one hundred dollars 
 per annum each, to be awarded, on examination, to meritori- 
 ous young men desirous of pursuing an extended course in any 
 of the university schools. The department of " science, liter- 
 ature, and the arts " was to report to the Board a system of 
 higher graduation. All schools or chairs of instruction pre- 
 viously established in the university, by ordinance or otherwise, 
 were abolished ; and all appointments in the same were de- 
 clared to be null and void. This ordinance was to go into 
 full force and effect at the opening of the next academic year, 
 on the fourth Wednesday of September, 1858. A committee 
 of correspondence was appointed to report to the July meeting 
 of the Board. At the adjourned meeting, July 29, Chancel- 
 lor Lathrop resigned his position ; which was accepted, and 
 resolutions adopted, testifying to his untiring devotion to the 
 interests of the institution, and that his long and faithful 
 administration met with their unqualified approval. On the 
 day following, the regents elected the following persons as 
 professors : Hon. J. H. Lathrop, LL.D., professor of ethical 
 and political science ; Daniel Read, professor of mental phi- 
 losophy, logic, &c. ; J. W. Sterling, professor of mathematics 
 and natural philosophy ; Ezra Carr, professor of chemistry 
 and natural history ; J. D. Butler, professor of ancient lan- 
 guages ; J. C. Pickard, professor of modern languages ; and 
 Henry Barnard, LL.D., of Hartford, Conn., as chancellor. 
 
 The legislature passed one hundred and fifty-five bills of a 
 general nature, and two hundred and eighty-one of a private 
 and local character, five joint resolutions, and forty-one memo- 
 rials to Congress. The following are a few of the more impor- 
 tant general laws passed : to authorize the borrowing of money, 
 on the faith and credit of the State, for the purpose of defray- 
 ing extraordinary expenditures, and fifty thousand dollars of 
 State bonds to be issued and sold for that purpose ; for the for- 
 mation of county agricultural societies ; to provide for the 
 incorporation of academies and other institutions of learning ; 
 to provide for disposing of the drainage fund, and the distribu- 
 tion of the interest thereof ; for the organization, enrolling, and 
 discipline of the mihtia of the State ; to amend an act entitled 
 
HiaTORY OF WISCONSIK. 
 
 851 
 
 " An Act to authorize the Business of Banking ; " an act relat- 
 ing to the public printing ; to amend the law relating to the as- 
 sessment and collection of taxes ; to amend the law on offences 
 against the public policy ; a strong anti-gambling law ; to pro- 
 vide for levying a State tax for 1858, of three hundred and 
 fifty thousand dollars ; to authorize the governor to visit the 
 several State and public institutions in other States, and to 
 appropriate seven hundred and fifty dollars for services and 
 expenses incurred in so doing ; and in relation to the publica- 
 tion of the revised statutes. To summarize : tliere were thirty- 
 eight laws amending general laws, ten relative to circuit courts, 
 eighty-three amendatory to private and laws, twelve on rail- 
 roads, twenty on schools, twenty-six State roads, fourteen on 
 taxation. 
 
 In relation to this session of the legislature, " The Madison 
 Patriot " says, — 
 
 " The legislature which closed its labors on the 17th will long be remem- 
 bered as one of the most remarkable, in many respects, of all those that 
 preceded it. That a large majority of the members were :ncn of in- 
 tegrity, and disposed for the public weal, cannot bo doubted; but they 
 were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experieuou. 
 They set out to accomplish a groat good, by holding up to public scorn and 
 execration the wholesale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past : 
 but they lacked concentration of effort; and, for waut of union and precon- 
 certed action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by pro- 
 viding a ' sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed. Although the 
 business of legislation was greatly retarded by the various investigations, 
 still the revision of the statutes consumed loss time than was reasonably 
 expected. This massive work passed through the forms of legislation 
 nearly as perfect as it came from the revisers, — a compliment to the com- 
 mission, of no mean magnitude." 
 
 On the l.jth of June, likk were opened fur the printing of the 
 Revised Statutes as autlmrizeil Ijy the legislature ; and tlie same 
 was awarded to \V. B. Keen of Chicago as the lowest bidder. 
 
 The governor appointed, on tlic 7th of June, H. A. Teuney, 
 state comptroller. Subsequently the law under which the 
 appointment was made was declared unconstitutional by the 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 An exciting criminal case took place at Portage City in the 
 month of April. John B. Du Bay was charged with killing a 
 
352 
 
 BIBTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 man by the name of Reynolds. The jury, however, disagreed ; 
 and the case adjourned to next term of the circuit court at 
 Madison, when another trial was had with the same result. 
 
 At the fall elections of 1858, John F. Potter, Cadwalader 
 C. Washburn, and Charles H. Larrabee were elected members 
 of the Thirty-sixth Congress. The opposing candidates were 
 Beriah Brown, Charles Dunn, and Charles Billinghurst. 
 ]\Iessrs. Potter and Washburn were Republicans, and Jlr. Lar- 
 rabee, Democrat ; and of the members of the legislature of 
 18G0 elected, in the senate there were fourteen Democrats and 
 sixteen Republicans ; and in the assembly, forty-seven Demo- 
 crats, forty-nine Republicans, and one Independent. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 ADMINISTUATION OF GOV. RANDALL. 
 
 Svent8otl869 — Legislation — Tho Basliford Investigation — The State Institn- 
 tions — Death of Chief-Justice Wheaton. 
 
 The work on the east wiug of the new Capitol had sufficiently 
 progressed to admit of occupancy by the legislature in 1859. 
 The legislature convened on the 12th of January, and adjourned 
 on the 21st of March, after a session of sixty-nine days. The 
 officers were as follows : — 
 
 Hon. E. D. Campbell, lieutenant-governor, president of the 
 senate, Hiram Bowen secretary, and Asa Kenney sergeant-at- 
 arms. In the assembly, William P. Lyon was chosen speaker, 
 L. H. D. Crane chief clerk, and Dr. Emanuel IMunk sergeant- 
 at-arms. Gov. Randall, in his message, stated that the total 
 receipts into the general fund during the calendar year, 1858 
 (excluding the bank-tax due Jan. 1, 1859, wliich belonged 
 to the revenue of the following year) were $358,058.11, being 
 largely below the amount estimated by the secretary of 
 state in his last annual report ; and the disbursements from the 
 general fund for the year 1858 were •$440,253.16. The esti- 
 mated income into the general fund from all sources for the 
 year 1859, including arrearages due the State, and excluding the 
 deficiency in the account of Treasurer Janssen, was $632,156.55. 
 The following are statistics from reports of State officers and 
 benevolent institutions. The whole number of banking asso- 
 ciations on Jan. 1, 1858, was seventy-four, having an aggregate 
 capital of $5,940,000 ; thirty-two new banks had been organ- 
 ized in 1858, with an aggregate capital of $2,240,000 ; and seven 
 banks had increased their capital to the amount of $275,000. 
 Eight banks had relinquished business, leavuig the whole num- 
 
 23 353 
 
354 
 
 IIISTOIiY OF WISCOSSfN. 
 
 ber in operation Jan. 1, 1859, nincty-niue, with an aggi-egate 
 capital of $8,045,000. The whole amount of countersigned 
 notes in circulation was $4,882,442, which were secured by the 
 deposit of stocks and specie to tlie value of §5,439,576.95. 
 
 The whole number of children in the State, between the ages 
 of four and twenty, was 264,078 ; an increase over 1857 of 22,- 
 669. Value of schoolhouse property, 8863,478.49; and the 
 amount expended for teachers' wages, over §334,000. 
 
 The Deaf and Dumb Institution reported fifty-two pupils in 
 attendance, and that the main building required some ten 
 thousand dollars to complete the same. 
 
 The Blind Institution reported an attendance of twenty-five 
 pupils, and asked nine thousand dollars for its support, and about 
 thirteen thousand dollars for fencing, grading, school-apparatus, 
 and a workshop for male pupils. 
 
 The House of Refuge reported progress in the erection of 
 their buildings, and recommended a change of name, so as to 
 give the institution the name of " State Reform School." 
 
 The Hospital for the Insane reported December, 1859, that on 
 the 22d of June they appointed J. Edwards Lee, M.D., late of 
 Pennsylvania Hospital of the Insane, superintendent ; that the 
 portion of the building which had been in course of erection 
 was approaching completion ; and that, as soon as the necessary 
 appropriations could be made for the support of the institution, 
 the house could be opened for the reception of patients. 
 
 The whole number of convicts in the State-prison was two 
 hundred and eighty-seven ; and tlie appropriations requii'ed for 
 current expenses were thirty thousand dollars. 
 
 The governor referred to the land-grants and the La Crosse & 
 Milwaukee Railroad, and gave his reason for reftisiug to execute 
 deeds of conveyance of lands to which the company claimed it 
 was entitled ; and said that the comi)any had tailed to build the 
 road from Madison and from Portage City according to law, and 
 recommended some action by the legislature in regard thereto. 
 He recommended a change in the interest law, so as to limit 
 the rate to seven per cent. Ho also reiterated his views in 
 regard to the relative powers and duties of the Federal and 
 State governments, and in regard to the power and duty of 
 Congress to prohibit slavery in the Territories by positive enact- 
 
866 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ment. He recommended a short session, adhesiveness to the 
 laws of the State on special legislation ; and reported that the 
 credit of the State was unimpaired, that the State had been 
 guilty of no repudiation, and that there was no stain upon its 
 honor, although individuals or corporations had been corrupt 
 or unfortunate, and failed of their promises. " Unlike other 
 States, Wisconsin makes no concealment of public crimes, and 
 has no hiding-place for unfaithful servants." 
 
 On the '2d of February. ' ' irrison C. Ilobart, Moses M. Davis, 
 Nelson Dewey, O. M. Con(, . or, and Carl Schurz were elected by 
 the legislature regents of the State University. On the 3d, 
 Coles Bashford, late governor of the State, sent a communication 
 to the assembly, asking an investigation of the charges that had 
 been preferred against him in the public prints and elsewhere, 
 and that he was prepared to purge himself of each and every 
 charge of corruption which had been made against him, in rela- 
 tion to, or growing out of, the grant of lands tu the State for 
 railroad purposes. On the receipt of this communication, a 
 committee of five Avas appointed to examine and report on the 
 same ; which committee on the 9th of March reported that they 
 had given the memorial consideration, and had taken a large 
 amount of testimony relating to all the charges which had been 
 brought against Gov. Bashford toudiing the disposition of said 
 grant, and were of the unanimous opinion that the evidence 
 shows that the fifty bonds referred to in the report of the inves- 
 tigating committee were received by Gov. Bashford, as a gratu- 
 ity from the La Crosse Company, after the grant had been 
 disposed of, and without any previous understanding that he 
 was to receive the same, or any favor whatever, from said com- 
 pany ; but the committee strongly disapproved of the accept- 
 ance of said gratuity, or a similar acceptance by any public 
 officer, of favors from those having business-relations of an 
 official character with him. The committee, however, believed 
 it due to Gov. Basliford to say, that they could not find that he 
 was influenced, in his official action in the disposal of the grant, 
 by any favor from the La Crosse Company ; nor do they believe 
 that he ever intended it should influence his action in the dis- 
 charge of his official duties ; and in conclusion they stated that 
 the evidence during the investigation showed that he was actu- 
 
fffSTORr OF WISCONSm. 
 
 867 
 
 atcd by good motives in the disposition of the grant, and that, 
 in regard thereto, he meant to guard and protect every interest 
 of the State which might be affected by it. 
 
 The legislature adjourned March 21, having passed two 
 hundred and twenty-three general, and two hundred and forty- 
 seven private and local laws. In reference to this session, it is 
 said by one of the local papers at the capital, " that, of all we 
 have seen assembled here, none has seemed actuated by a more 
 earnest desire to promote the public good, and none has sur- 
 passed it in the intelligence and general good sense of its mem- 
 bers ; and, while it has sought to reduce the general expendi- 
 tures of the State, it lias been generous towards all public 
 charities; and, in providing for the completion of the asylums of 
 the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane, and tor public 
 libraries in the several towns of the State, has shown that it 
 was governed by wise and enlightened principles of legisla- 
 tion." 
 
 Among the most important subjects which this legislature 
 considered and disposed of were the amendments to the Revised 
 Statutes, some sixty-six acts; the mortgage law, authorizing 
 the redemption of lands sold under foreclosure of mortgages 
 by judgment or decree of court ; the assessment law, a meas- 
 ure beyond many otiiers difficult to frame, and which it was 
 believed would prove of great value to the State ; to prescribe 
 and limit the rate of interest ; and an act to provide for the 
 government of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane. 
 Five joint resolutions and twenty memorials were also passed. 
 Of the private and local laws, sixtj-four were amendments to 
 charters, twenty-two relative to the city of Milwaukee, twenty- 
 Bix to State roads, eighteen to school-districts, and others 
 of more or less importance. 
 
 The act to provide for levying a State tax for the year 1859 
 was satisfactory to the people, from the fact that only one 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars were levied, — about one- 
 third the amount the State had annually paid for the previous 
 six j'ears. 
 
 Among the measures that were brought before the legisla- 
 ture was one providing for the erection of the west wing of 
 the Capitol, and appropriating fifteen thousand dollars towards 
 
8S8 
 
 nisTonr of wrscossrs. 
 
 the work. Up to tliis date, the city of Mmlison had contribut- 
 ed more than one-half the amount expended on the Capitol 
 enlargement. While a general approbation was expressed and 
 felt in regard to the new Capitol, it was nevertheless thought 
 by many, that in view of the hard times, and heavy taxes of 
 the previous year, it was inexpedient to make any appropria- 
 tion for continuing the work that season. The bill making the 
 appropriation was not introduced until late in the session. It 
 did not reach the senate until the bill fixing the State tax at 
 a hundred and fifty thousand dollars had passed, and become 
 a law. 
 
 The amount of money that had been appropriated by the 
 legislature was $221,575.03, of which amount $G3,210 was 
 for the Insane Hospital, $34,775 for the Denf and Dumb and 
 Blind Institutes, $10,000 for the Reform School, $49,500 for the 
 State-prison, $13,273.17 to the contractor on the east wing of 
 the Capitol, $10,000 contingent fund, and $4,000 for station- 
 ery. 
 
 On the 12th of April, 1859, Hon. Edward V. Whiton, LL.D., 
 chief justice of the supreme court, died at his residence at 
 Janesville, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. A biographical 
 memoir of this distinguished jurist will be found in another 
 part of this volume. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention for the nomination of 
 State oflScers was held on the 24th of August, 1859. F. W. 
 Horn was elected president on the eleventh ballot, Harrison 0. 
 Hobart was nominated for governor, and the" balance of the 
 ticket nominated as follows : A. S. Palmer lieutenant-governor, 
 A. B. Alden secretary of state. Lion Silverman state treasurer, 
 J. C. Squires bank comptroller, Samuel Crawford attorney-gen- 
 eral, L. C. Draper superintendent of public instruction, H. C. 
 Fleck state-prison commissioner. 
 
 The Republican State Convention met on the 31st of August, 
 H. H. Giles president. The following ticket was nominated: 
 governor, Alexander W. Randall ; lieutenant-governor, B. G. 
 Noble ; secretary of state, L. P. Harvey ; state treasurer, S. D. 
 Hastings ; attorney-general, James H. Howe ; bank comptroller, 
 G. Van Steenwyck; superintendent of public instruction, J. 
 L. Pickard ; state-prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. 
 
n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 359 
 
 At the election in NovemLer, the whole Repul)lican ticket 
 was elected. The wliole number of votes polled for governor 
 was 122,982, of wliich number, Gov. Randall received 63,406, 
 and^ H. C. Hobart 59,516 ; the majority fur the former being 
 o,yoO. 
 
w^ 
 
 CHAPTEPt XXXV. 
 
 ADMIXISTEATIOX OF GOV. EAND.VLL. 
 
 Events of V ■>0— Statistics — Legislation — rre^^iileutial Election— Congressional 
 
 Election, &c. 
 
 On Monday, Jan. 2, 18G0, tlie State officers elect were 
 inaugurated at eleven o'clock, A.M., at the assemlily chamber; 
 the oaths of office heing administered by Chief Justice L. S. 
 Dixon. Quite a number of citizens were present to witness 
 the ceremony. In the evening, an informal levee was Jield at 
 the Assembly Hall, which was quite crowded with a concourse 
 of citizens to meet and congratulate the new officers. The 
 Governor's Guards, under the command of Capt. George P. 
 Delaplaine, and che ]\Iadison Guards, commanded by Capt. 
 Samuel Crawford, appeared in full uniform, armed and 
 equipped, upon the floor, and, after going through with 
 various evolutions, were introduced to the governor and other 
 State officers. 
 
 The thirteenth annual session of tlic State legislature con- 
 vened Jan. 10, 18G0, and adjourned Ai>ril '2, 18G0, holding a 
 session of eighty-two days. Butler G. Xoble, lieutenant- 
 governor elect, being president of the senate, J. II. Warren 
 chief clerk, and Asa Kinney sergeant-at-arms. In the assem- 
 bly, William P. Lyon whs re-elected speaker, L. II. D. Crane 
 chief clerk, and Joseph Gates sergeant-at-arnis. 
 
 Gov. Randall, in his message, said that tlie difficulties and 
 embai"assments under which the State bad labored had been 
 outgrown. He gave some statistics from the annual report 
 ci State officers, and trustees of benevolent and humane insti- 
 tutions ; viz., that there was a balance in the State treasvirj', 
 Sept. 30, 1859 (the end of the fiscal year), belonging to the gen- 
 
 3G0 
 
362 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 eral fund, of 811, '205.11 ; and, up to that date, all demands upon 
 that fund luul been promptly paid on presentation, and that the 
 State owed no floating debt. He referred to the demand against 
 the State by James Ross, state printer, which had been audited 
 by tlie secretary of state, the legality and correctness of which 
 was denied by the state treasurer, and which, therefore, he re- 
 fused to paj'. Tlie amount claimed, and unpaid for the above 
 reasons, was 638,762.10, of which §<16,884,0G were claimed from 
 the general fund. The aggregate receipts into this fund dur- 
 ing the calendar year ending Dec. 81, 1859, were $534,051.28, 
 and the aggregate disburfcments, 8490,522.96 : of the amount 
 expended, tlie sum of 8176,875.65 was for charitable institutions, 
 Capitol extension, and State-prison ; and the sum of 8124,768.85 
 was for charitable institutions, certified accounts, &c., belonging 
 to ac'ounts existing previous to Jan. 1, 1859. In reference to 
 this he said, — 
 
 " It is a matter of concfratiilation, that the finances of the State are in so 
 sound a condition. Unlilie most new States, Wisconsin has paid for her 
 public improvements, without crcatinjf a pormauont State debt for such 
 purposes. The school fund, on the 1st of October last, araountod to $3,001,- 
 237.30, producing, o;i interest at seven per cent, §210.090.81 ; and the amount 
 to be appropriiifed in March next is S24") 272.41. The University fund at 
 the same date amounted to $30< 1,725.22 ; and the interest therefrom, $21,- 
 O.')0.70 ; which amount is the income of the University, adding $501.04, the 
 balance in the treasury The swamp-land fund amounted to $988,712.88, 
 and the interest, 8(JO,'ji(it.O0. The number of acres of land in tlic State, 
 assessed last year, was 17,411.418; and lim equalized valuation, $0.78 per 
 acre ; the as^gregatc valuation of personal property is 813,007,893 ; and 
 the total value of all property as equalized, $168,620,233. The total taxation 
 leviorl last year was one and four-tenths mills on the dollar valuation, pro- 
 duciiiif in the aggregate the sum of $234,310.11 of revenue." 
 
 Tliis WIS two hundred thousand dollars less than the previous 
 year, and less than any year f(jr the previous six years. He 
 reported the number of persons of school age for 1859 at 278,- 
 871 ; the average length of time schools had been taught, five 
 and one-half months ; number of school districts, 4,331 ; value 
 of schoolhouso property, 5"!. 185,181; wages paid to male 
 teachers 822.93, and female 814.29 ; and the whole amount paid 
 for teachers' wages, at 8536,860. 
 
 The wlitjic number of banking associations doing businetss 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 363 
 
 Jan. 1, 1859, was ninety-nine, ■with an aggrogute capital of 
 $8,045,000. Fifteen new banks had been organized during the 
 year, with an aggregate caintul of 8575,000. On the 1st of 
 January, 1800, the whole number of banks was one hundred and 
 eight, with a capital of §7,700,000 ; amount of notes issued and 
 in circulation, $4,609,4.32, which were secured by deposit of 
 specie and public stocks, valued at 84,975,120. 
 
 The buildings for the State Hospital for the Insane, he said, 
 would not be prepared for patients oefore the following spring ; 
 that the trustees estimated the amount of money required for 
 the year 1800 at 828,096, and for the extension of the build- 
 ings 820,000 ; that work on the State Reform School was pro- 
 gressing, and that the sum of 815,029.84 would be required that 
 season, according to the estimates of the commissioners ; that 
 the buildings of the Deaf and Dumb Institution were nearly 
 completed, and that 824,500 were required for tRe support of 
 schools, and repairs, for paying indebtedness on main building, 
 and for sewerage, drainage, fencing, &c. The estimates for the 
 support of the Institute of tlie Blind, for current expenses, 
 were 819,200, and there were twenty-two pupils in the insti- 
 tution. The nuniljcr of convicts in State-prison, Jan. 1, 1860, 
 was one hundred and eighty-two. lie recommended the erec- 
 tion of the west wing of the Capitol, and an appropriation for 
 laying the walls immediately. His views on the interest question 
 were given at some lenntli : ho urged a change in the law, re- 
 ducing tlie rate, and concluded his message by expressing his 
 feeling on the question of slavery at length, saying that peace- 
 able and legal remedies alone could relieve us of slavery exten- 
 sion and slavery agitation. 
 
 On the 2d of April, the legislature adjoiuned. In reference 
 to the session, " Th" Madison State Journal " said, — 
 
 " Quite a large miinber of bills remained in the ireneral file unacted upon. 
 Of these, the most important were those providing for the reduction of the 
 rate of interest taken by banks, and authorizing the State University to issue 
 bonds to satisfy the loans whieli it had made, and wiiioli are nearly matured. 
 The failure of the others ij< not a subject of much lamentation. Of the 
 wisdom or the folly of the acts of the session just closed, it is as yet impossible 
 to speak with any degree of certainty. That verdict can oidy be rendered 
 when they have been published and tested. If it does not turn out that some 
 unwise laws have been enacted, the late legislature has been more fortunate 
 
864 
 
 nrSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 than its predecessors : if it is not found that some pood and wholesome acts 
 ■were passed, we shall be much disappointed. The new assossnieiit law, we 
 class among these. It is doubtless the most important measure of the 
 session ; and it is believed that it will be r(!ceivcd with very gonf-ral satis- 
 laction by the people, and be found in its practical operations to distribute 
 the burdens of taxation in a mor;^ fair and equitable manner than any 
 previous law upon this difRcult subject." 
 
 The session was a long one. — much longer than the amount 
 of business to be transacted would seem to warrant. The diffi- 
 culties, however, originated, not through lack of ability, but in 
 consequence of the unfortunate disposition of the people of the 
 State, to send up to the capital annually, with a few cx-^ep- 
 tions, an entirely new body of men to the assembly. Thus it 
 happened that the great mass of the members of that house 
 were wholly destitute of experience ; and six or eight weeks 
 would pass away before they were sufficiently familiarized with 
 the forms and routine of legislation to l)egin upon the real 
 business of the session. Every session, the legislature, under 
 that system, had to pass through a long novitiate, and become 
 versed in rules and parliamentary tactics, by a series of animated 
 contests on such momentous questions as the chaplaincy, the 
 mode of taking newspapers, and the distvibution of postage- 
 stamps, before they were prepared to do any thing better. The 
 necessity of some change by which half of the members of this 
 popular l)ranch should hold over, as the members of the senate 
 did, was beginning to be generally felt. 
 
 The legislatiu-e passed three hundred and eighty-six laws of a 
 general nature, and one hundred and three jirivate and local 
 laws. In addition to the assessment law alluded to, some of the 
 other important acts were, to amend the law relative to the 
 enlargement and completion of the improvement of the Fox 
 and Wisconsin Rivers ; an act to pro^ade for the government of 
 the Wisconsin Hospital for the Insane, and repealing the law 
 of 1859 ; to provide for levying a State tax (.9150,000) for the 
 year 1860; to provide for letting tlie public printing by contract, 
 and to establish maximum jirices for the execution thereof; 
 and many others. Forty-eight of the general laws were amend- 
 ments to the Revised Statutes ; twenty-niuf . amendments to 
 general laws ; and ten, to private and local laws ; twenty-one, 
 
BISTOItr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 865 
 
 appropriation billa ; twenty-three in reference to appeals ; foity 
 relative to courts ; tw;nty-one, to lands ; ten repealing certain 
 laws ; twenty-three, tfj roads ; nine, to railroads ; thirty-four, con- 
 ferring certain powers on the secretary of state ; and forty-five, 
 on taxation, and extending the time for collection of taxes. Of 
 the private and local laws, forty-six were amendments to incor- 
 porations, thirty-one authorizuig banks to reduce their capital 
 stock, seven incorporating and amendment charters to iusm*- 
 ance companies, &c. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1860, the trustees of the State Lunatic 
 Asylum elected Dr. John P. Clement as medical superintend- 
 ent; and he appointed Dr. John Favill as his assistant. The 
 first patient was admitted to the hospital on the 14th of July 
 f i this year. It had been ascertained that the number of insane 
 persons in tht State, of both sexes, exceeded two hundred ; and 
 the trustees w^ere obliged to apportion the few that could be 
 accommodated, among the coimties presenting the most urgent 
 cases, from one ^o three each, while many counties were neces- 
 sarily excluded entirely. In "view of the pressing demand, the 
 medical superintendent, with the executive committee of the 
 board of trustees, consisting of Dr. A. I. Bennett, Simeon 
 Mills, and Thomas Ilaad, set about re-arranging and economiz- 
 ing the apartments ; and so successful were they in then' efforts, 
 that, on the seventeenth day of December of the same year, 
 eighty-nine patients had been received, and only eleven dis- 
 charged. 
 
 At the Republican convention, held in the month of April, 
 A. Scott Sloan was nominated for chief-justice of the supreme 
 court ; and Luther S. Dixon was brought forward as an Inde- 
 pendent candidate for the same office. The latter was elected. 
 
 Henry Barnard, LL.D., chancellor of the University, resigned 
 his position in June, 1860. The board of regents, however, 
 did not accept of the same until January, 1861. 
 
 On the 10th of October, 1860, Gov. Randall appointed Henry 
 D. Barron, of St. Croix Falls, circuit judge of the north-west 
 judicial district, in the place of Judge Fuller, resigned. 
 
 Dm-ing the year, there was considerable fueling manifested 
 in the eastern portion of the State, by parties who had mort- 
 gaged their farms for the building of railroads. Some of the 
 
866 
 
 msTOiii' OF w/scoysm. 
 
 companies who received t]«ese mortgages failed to build these 
 roads, but had disposed of, and realized funds on, these evi- 
 dences of debt. The matter went into the courts, and was the 
 cause of much litigation. A meeting of an association, known 
 as the Grand League of Farm Mortgagers, was held at Water- 
 town, Wis., on the 12th of October, to discuss matters relative 
 to the organization. The fall of 1800 was an exciting one all 
 over the State, owing to the presidential election. W. D. Mcln- 
 dne, Bradford Rexford, W. W. Vaughan, J. Allen Barl)er, and 
 II. Lindoman were put in nomination as Republican electors. 
 Samuel Elmore, N. B. Van Slyke, S. J. Ullman, II. I). Barron, 
 and II. S. Picrrepont were electors on what is known as the 
 Breckcnridgc ticket; and Edward G. Ryan, Charles Dunn, J. C. 
 Fairchild, Emil Roth and Benjamin Ferguson, as electors on 
 the Douglas ticket, 'i ; contest was a lively one : public meet- 
 ings were held all over ihe country, and addresses made b}' the 
 ablest men of all political parties. At the election in Novem- 
 ber, the Republican electors received 80,110 votes ; the Douglas 
 electors, Gu,021 ; the Breckcnridgc electors, 881 ; and 101 votes 
 for electors who favored John Bell for the presidency. The 
 Republican majority was 21,089 over Douglas. The electors, 
 at a subsci|ucnt meeting in the electoral college, cast their 
 votes for Abraham Lincoln and Ilanniljal Hamlin. At the same 
 election, Jolm F. I'ottrr, Luther llancliett, and A. Scott Sloan, 
 Republican candidates for Congress, for the first, second, and 
 tliinl congrcssidiial districts, were clcM'ted, over J. E. Arnold, 
 J. D. Reymcrt, and Charles II. Larrabcc, Democratic candidates 
 for the same position. The Republican party came strongly into 
 power at this election ; and all the subsei|ucnt State elections, 
 iHitil Jan. 1, 1804, were in the inteif st of this political organi- 
 zation. In the senate of 1802, there were twent^'-two Repub- 
 licans and eight Democrats; and, in the assembly, seventy 
 Republicans and twenty-seven Dcmocr'ts. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. EANDALL. 
 
 Events of 18fU — Legislation — The Tliuiulers of Civil War breaking over the 
 State— The President's Proclamation — Gov. Randall's Proclamation — Prep- 
 arations for War. 
 
 The fourteenth session of the State legislatui'e convened on 
 the 9th of January, 1861, and adjourned April 17, and, in pur- 
 suance of a proclamation of Gov. Randall for an extra session, 
 convened again May 15, and finally adjourned IMay 27, 18G1, 
 after a session of one hundred and twelve days. Lieut.-Gov. 
 Noble was president of the senate, I. 11. Warren chief clerk, 
 and J. A. Hadley sergcant-at-arms. In the assembly, Amasa 
 Cobb was chosen speaker, L. II. D. Crane chief clerk, and 
 Craig B. Beebe sergeant-at-arms. On the daj' followmg, the 
 governor in person delivered his message before the two 
 houses in joint convention. The message is a lengthy one, and 
 gives an excellent synopsis of the governmental operations of 
 the State for the year 1860. It contained also recommendations 
 and suggestions for the consideration of the legislature at that 
 session. Some of the statistics given by liim, derived from the 
 reports of State oflScers and trustees of benevolent institutions, 
 are here given. These statistics may appear to many as super- 
 fluous ; but they are given, as showing the growth and pros- 
 perity of the State from year to year. He says, — 
 
 " Tho ngijref^ate receipts into the general fund fluring the year 18G0 
 were $-110,280.12; and the aggregate disbursements from tho same fund 
 were $350,580.29 ; leaving a balance in the treasury, Jan. 1, 1801, of $50,- 
 705.83. Of tho expenditures from this fund, the sum of $109,809.23 was for 
 the State prison, tlic various benevolent institutions, payment of interest on 
 State loan, &c. ; leaving, as properly, the cost of carrying on tho State gov- 
 
 3ti8 
 
HISTORY OF WiaCOSSIN. 
 
 369 
 
 erument. The estimates of the secretary of state for the fiscal year ending 
 Oct. 1, 1801, amount to 9109, 'I'M. 01; and tho expendituri-s for all noccssary 
 expenses of tlm State governmfnt are estimated at §300,712.50. He states, 
 that owinof to the forfeiture of very largo quantities of land (heretofore 
 Bold, and estimated as a portion of tiiu productive school-fund, bearing 
 seven per cent interest), this fund exhibits a large diminution on its nominal 
 capital and actual revenue ; and that, with tlie return of prosperous times 
 in the course of the succeeding years, those land.s will acjain be sold, and 
 added to tho productive fund. This fund, on Oct. 1, 1800, was estimated 
 at $2,330,091. The University fund is reported at $280,725.02, tho annual 
 interest of which is 820,070.08. Tho swamp-land fund amounts to S813,- 
 820.31; and, during tho past year, approved lists of swamp lands coming 
 to tho State under the act of 1850, amountin'j to about five hundred thou- 
 sand acres, have been received at the executive office; and requests have 
 been transmitted to the general land-office, that patents therefor should bo 
 issued to the State." 
 
 The governor calls attention to the necessity of commencing 
 the enlargement of the Capitol, and says, — 
 
 " The public necessities daily require that this work should be com- 
 menced immediately. Millions of dollars in value of public and private 
 property are constantly risked and perilled for want of this permanent 
 public improvement. ' ' 
 
 He reports tho equalized valuation of property in the State, 
 last year, as follows : — 
 
 Value of real estate 
 Value of personal property 
 
 $150,555,774 
 27,500,701 
 
 $181,002,535 
 
 rhe State census was reported, in 18G0, at 777,771 ; an in- 
 croa- 1 in population of 572,380 in the previous ten years, and 
 ii26,»j62 in the previous five years. In 1850 Wisconsin was 
 the twenty-fourth State in popuhxtion, and was, at tliis date, 
 the thirteenth. In consequence of the census being taken, a 
 new apportionment of congressional and legislative districts 
 was urged on tlie legislature of 1861. The number of persons 
 in the State, between the ages of four and twenty, as returned 
 to the superintendent of public instruction, was 288,981. 
 Schools had been taught on an average of six and two- 
 tenths months in tlie j'ear; the whole number of school dis- 
 tricts was 4,211 ; valuation of school-houses, ."SI, 314,716.09 ; 
 average wages for male teachers §24.20, and female teachers 
 815.30 ; amount paid for teachers' wages in 1860, 8367,481.10. 
 
370 
 
 nrsTonr of irrscoNsm. 
 
 The report of the board of normal schools informs lis that 
 the funds at their disposal, arising entirely from the sale of 
 swamp lauds, had been much abridged 1)y the decrease in the 
 araonnt of lands sold from yciir to year ; while the amount 
 apprf)priated directly to the institution in which normal classes 
 liad been taught was lessened by the payment of agencies, 
 employed by the board in cRrr3'ing forward the cause of 
 education. 
 
 The total number of banks in operation on the 1st of Jan- 
 uary, 18G1, was one hundred and ten, with capital amounting 
 to $7,237,000; and the amount of circulating notes issued to 
 banks, and outstanding at that date, $4,580,832 ; which circular 
 tion Avas secured by the deposit of specie and public stocks to 
 the amount of $5,208,805. 
 
 The number of pupils in attendance at the Deaf and Dumb 
 Asylum during the previous year was eighty-seven. An ap- 
 propriation of $20,450 was asked for, $13,500 for support and 
 current expenses, and the remainder for additional buildings, 
 steam-heating apparatus, &c., for the institution. 
 
 The trustees of the Blind Institution reported thirty-six pupils 
 in attendance in 1860, and asked an appropriation of sixteen 
 thousand doUara, of which amount ten thousand dollars was to 
 be devoted to the support of tlie institution, and the remainder 
 to complete existing contracts. 
 
 In the State-prison there had been, from .Tan. 1, 1860, to Oct. 
 1, 1861, two hundred and fort5'-five convicts ; and at the last- 
 named date there were one hundred and seventy confined. 
 
 The whole number of persons subject to military duty ex- 
 ceeded a hundred and thirty thousand ; and the governor rec- 
 ommended that step.-) be taken to place the volunteer militia 
 upon a more efficient footing. He concluded with giving liis 
 views on the slavery question, the state of feeling at the South 
 on the election of Mr. Lincoln as President, and the right of 
 the Southern States to secede, as was agitated at this time, and 
 said, — 
 
 " The hopes of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the 
 answer to this question of dissohition. Tlie capacity for, as well as the 
 right of, seU'-iifovenimont, is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become 
 certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along the 
 skeletons of nations hare been strewn as warnings and landmarks upon the 
 
HISTORY OF W I ^r OS SIN. 
 
 871 
 
 groat liij;h\vay of historic govcrjimcnt. ^Vi^collsiIl is true, au'l lior people 
 fitcadfast. She will not destroy tin.' Union, nor consont that it shall ho doiin. 
 Devised by groat and wise and good men in days of soro trial, it must stand. 
 Like some hold mountain, at whoso hasG the groat seas break their angry 
 floods, around whoso summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have 
 rattled, strong, unmoved, immovalile, so may our Union be, while treason 
 surges at its base, and passions rage around it. Unmoved, immovable, 
 hero let it stand forever," 
 
 Agreeably to the constitutional requirement, the legislature 
 mot in convention Jan. 23, 18G1, to elect a United SiuIlm 
 senator to fill the place of Hon. Charles Durkee, whose terra 
 of office expired March 4 ensuing. Hon. Timothy O. Howe 
 received ninety-two votes, and H. L. Palmer thirty-four votes. 
 The former was declared elected for six years. 
 
 Prior to the adjournment of April 17, 1861, the legislature 
 passed three hundred and nine general laws, and three hundred 
 and six private and local laws. Of the former, the following are 
 among the most important: an act to provide for continuing the 
 work on the State Capitol, by the provisions of which, the State 
 officers, as building commissioners, were authorized to advertise 
 for proposals, and let to the best and lowest bidder the erection 
 and completion of the west wing of the State Capitol, in con- 
 formity with the plan commenced ; the foundation of the wing 
 to the top of the water table to be completed by Oct. 1, 1861, 
 and the remainder of the building to be completed by the first 
 of December, 18(32 ; and, for the payment of the work, the 
 sum of twenty thousand dollars was appropriated for the year 
 1861, fifty thousand dollars for the '.ear lbG2, and the remain- 
 ing amount on the contract on or before Feb. 1 succeeding ; 
 the whole work not to exceed the sum of a hundred thousand 
 dollai\i. .\n act was passed to apportion the State into senate 
 and assemlily districts, by which act three additional senate 
 distii ta \v re created, the whole number of members of the 
 legislul'iirt' to be one hundred and thu?ty-three, instead of one 
 hundred and twenty-seven, as heretofore ; also an act to provide 
 for the enlargement of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the 
 Insane ; viz., to provide for the construction of a longitudinal 
 and transverse wing in connection with the west side of the 
 main building, corresponding hi dimensions and general style of 
 
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872 
 
 BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 architecture mth the wing previously erected on the east side 
 of said building, and the sum of forty thousand dollars api)io- 
 priuted lor the construction of the same, — twenty thousand dol- 
 lars in the j-ear 18G1, and the remainder or balance as may be 
 required, in the year 1862 ; an act for the government and 
 management of the State Reform School ; an act to provide for 
 the defence of the State, and to aid in enforcing the laws, and 
 maintaining the authority of the Federal Government, pro- 
 viding, in case a call should be made b}^ the President of the 
 United States upon this State to aid in maintaining the Union 
 and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion or in- 
 6urre(\tion, or to repel invasion, the governor was authorized 
 to take such measures, as, in his judgment, would provide the 
 speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call ; 
 and to this end he was authorized to accept the services of 
 volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not 
 less than seventy-five men, and to commission officers for the 
 same. He was also authorized to contract for uniforms for such 
 of the volunteers as wcie not provided therewith, and for such 
 other equipments as were necessary for putting said companies 
 into condition for active service ; and the sum of a hundred 
 thousand dollars, or so much thereof as might be necessary, 
 was appropriated out of any money in the treasury not 
 otherwise appropriated, for carrying the law into effect. He 
 was also authorized to prepare and sell State bonds, with 
 necessary coupoiu-i, for the sum of one thousand dollars each, 
 to the number of one hundred, redeemable five years from 
 Jan. 1, 18G2, the proceeds arising therefrom to be used for the 
 purposes specified in this act. 
 
 An act was also passed to enable the regents of the State 
 University to complete and furnish the University Hall ; and 
 the commissioners of school and university lands were au- 
 thorized to issue thirty-five bonds of the amount of one thou- 
 sand dollars each, bearing interest at seven per cent per annum ; 
 and the regents of said university were authorized to dispose 
 of said bonds, and apply the proceeds to any indebtedness which 
 had been, or might be, incurred in the erection of said Univer- 
 sity Hall. An act was also passed to amend an act to provide 
 for the defence of the State, passed at the early part of this 
 
 
Si" 
 
874 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 session, whercl)y the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or 
 such amount thereof as might be necessary, was appropriated, 
 not otherwise appropriated, or out of any money lying idle in 
 tlie treasury not belonging to the school fund, for the purpose 
 of canying the provisions of this act into effect, and to defray 
 the expense of transporting troops, &;c., and, in addition to 
 tliis amount, the sum of twenty five hundred dollars for the 
 governor's contingent expenses as commander-in-chief; and 
 another act to declare ihe rights and privileges of such per- 
 sons as may enroll themselves into the service of the countrj', 
 such persons to be exempt from all civil process, and all pro- 
 ceedings in any action before the civil courts to be suspended 
 while in the government military service. 
 
 The scene in the House immediuti-ly after the adjournment was 
 one, which, for inipressiveness, is seldom surpassed. Members 
 and outsiders united in singing the " Star Spangled Banner ; " 
 every heart swelled with patriotic emotions ; and the most intense 
 feeling pervaded the assemblage. At the close, nine cheers 
 were given for the Union, and three more for the " Governor's 
 Guard," a military company at Madison, which had just before 
 called upon the governor, and tendered their services to the 
 government. 
 
 On the 17th of May, Gov. Randall issued a proclamation in 
 which he said, — 
 
 " For the first time in the history of this Federal Government, organized 
 treason has manifested itself witliin several States of the Union, and armed 
 rebels are making war against it. The proclamation of the president of 
 the United States tells of unlawful combinations too powerful to be sup- 
 pressed in the ordinary manner, and calls for military forces to suppress 
 such combinations, and to sustain him in executing the laws. A demand 
 made upon Wisconsin by the president for aid to sustain the Federal arms 
 must meet with a prompt response. One regiment of the militia of this 
 State will be required for military service, and further service will be re- 
 quired as the exigencies of the country may demand. Oi'iwrtunities will be 
 immediately offered to all existing military companies, under the direction 
 of the proper authoritief of the State, for enlistment to fill the demands of 
 the government." 
 
 The governor invited the patriotic citizens of the State to 
 enrol themselves into companies of seventy-eight men each, 
 and to advise the Executive of their readuiess to be mustered 
 into the service of the States immediately. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 ■WISCONSIN S WAR EECOUD. 
 
 Events of IWil — Movements in Behalf of Soldiers' Familieii — Lilwral Sub- 
 scvipllons — The first Kegiiiient — Its Three-Months' IJeoonl — The Second 
 Eeginient— Camp RandaU — The Third I?egiinent — Xlio Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, 
 Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Kegiments. 
 
 It will be necessary, at this point, to leave, for the present, 
 tho domestic history of the State, and to refer to the moment- 
 ous events which were close at hand, in which the people in 
 every section of the State took a deep interest. It is not 
 necessary to recount the causes, rimning tlirough a long term of 
 years, which led to the insurrection of the people of a portion 
 of the States of the TInion against the General Government, and 
 aiTayed more than a million of citizens in arms, — a most 
 bloody war of four years' duration, involving the expenditure 
 of almost untold treasure, and tho loss, on either side, of hun- 
 dreds of thousands of the country's bravest and best men. The 
 State of South Carolina, as is well known, on the 12th of April, 
 passed an ordinance of secession from the General Government, 
 and commenced hostilities by firing from James Island upon 
 Fort Sumter, garrisoned by Major Robert Anderson, and about 
 seventy men. The fort was surrendered on the 14th of April. 
 On the day succeeding (15th), Pres. Lincoln issued his 
 proclamation, declaring the Southern States in insurrection., 
 and issued a call for seventy-five thousand three-months' 
 volunteers to aid in suppressing the rebellion. In Wisconsir 
 as in all the Northern States, the public pulse quickened undci 
 the excitement ; and on every hand the national flag was dis- 
 played. Public enthusiasm knew no bounds ; and in city, town, 
 and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was for a vigorous 
 prosecution of the war. 
 
 375 
 
876 
 
 HISTORY OF WlSCONSrN. 
 
 On the 15th of April, an informal meeting was held at Madi- 
 son, at the executive oflBce, to consider the events, Judge O. 
 Cole of the supreme court in the chair. He made a speech 
 full of patriotism and the noblest sentiments. On the day 
 following, Gov. Randall notified Capt. George E. Bryant that 
 the services of the Madison Guards had been accepted, and he 
 was authorized to fill up his company ; and, on the same day, 
 the governor issued a proclamation for tl e organization of the 
 First Regiment of Wisconsin voluntecis. The enrolment of 
 men for this company began on April 17, on which day twenty- 
 eight names were enrolled, which on the 20th were increased ti 
 one hundred and eigliteen. On the 17th, the Governor's Guard, 
 a military organization at Madison, by their cajitain. Judge J. 
 P. Atwood, tendered their serx'ices, which were accepted on the 
 18th. The company had seventy-three names enrolled ; and on 
 the evening of that day, a large and enthusiastic meeting was 
 held at the assembly room in tlie State Capitol, at which Hon. 
 H. S. Orton presided. A committee Avas appointed to receive 
 from the citizens, and those in the vicinity, subscriptions for the 
 support of families which should need aid. At this meeting, 
 $7,490 were voluntarily subscribed. The two Madison com- 
 panies, with the other companies composing the First Regiment, 
 rendezvoused at Milwaukee on t! o 27th of April ; and, on the 
 17th of May, the organization of the regiment was completed, 
 and mustered into the United States service, and the war 
 department informed that it awaited marching-orders. The 
 troops remained in camp until the 9th of June, when, in obedi- 
 ence to orders from Washington, they left the State for Harris- 
 burg, Penn., fully equipped by the State, witli the exception of 
 arms. The commissioned officers were John C. Starkweather, 
 colonel ; Charles L. Harris, lieatenant-eolonel ; D. H. Lain, 
 major ; A. R. Chapin, adjutant ; D. W. Keyes, quartermaster ; 
 B. F. White, surgeon ; L. J. Dixon and J. Crugom, assistants ; 
 J. W. Plows, commissary ; Charles Fairchild, assistant. The 
 regiment was composed of four companies from Milwaukee 
 County, two from Dane County, one from Rock, one from 
 Kenosha and from Fond du Lac Counties. The regiment 
 was quartered for a time at HagerstoAvn, Md., under the com- 
 mand of Gens. Nagley and Abercrombie respectively, was 
 
a I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 377 
 
 assigned to the division of Major-Gen. Patterson, July 2 ; led 
 the advance on Martinsburg, participated in the battle of Fall- 
 ing Waters, and won a reputation for bravery and veteran-like 
 conduct excelled by no other regiment. After serviiig out the 
 time for which it was enlisted, the regiment returned to Fort 
 Scott at Milwaukee, and was mustered out of service Aug. 
 22, 1861. A portion of the Madison companies, on their arrival 
 home, were marched to the State Capitol, and a welcome address 
 delivered to them by the governor. 
 
 The next day after the mustering-out of service of the First 
 Regiment, its late colonel, J. C. Starkweather, was commissioned 
 as commanding officer of the " Three Years First Regiment." 
 The enlistment went on rapidly ; and the companies soon began 
 to rendezvous at Camp Scott. It was fully organized and 
 equipped by the State, with the exception of arras, and was 
 mustered into service by companies, Oct. 8 to 19, by Capt. 
 Trowbridge. The regiment broke camp on the 28tii of Octo- 
 ber, and started for Louisville, Ky., and arrived on the 
 80th. The numerical strength of the regiment was : field and 
 staff, 9 ; company officers, 80 ; non-commissioned officers ap- 
 pointed by the colonel, 9 ; non-commissioned officers, musicians, 
 and privates, 888 ; total, 935. Here we will, for the present, 
 leave the First Kegiuient. 
 
 The governor, having determined to organize more rrgiinonts 
 as a reserve for further calls, accepted the proposition of the 
 State Agricultural Society, tendering the use of their fair- 
 grounds as one of their camps. These grounds were ali-eady 
 enclosed with several buildings, which could be fitted up for use 
 until more substantial ones could be built. Carpenters were 
 employed on April 27, and the grounds prepared for use, under 
 the direction of Major H. A. Tenney. W. W. Tredway was 
 commissioned quartermaster-general, and preceded to procure 
 clothing, &c., for the Second Regiment, and for the six infantry 
 regiments subsequently raised under the proclamation of the 
 president. Simeon Mills was about the same time commis- 
 sioned paymaster-general, and paid the several regiments from 
 the date of enlistment up to the time of their departure for the 
 field. 
 
 The Second Regiment was ordered to move into camp at 
 
378 
 
 UISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Madison on the 1st of May, 18G1, which was by S. Park Coca 
 (who was appointed by the governor colonel of the regiment), 
 named Camp Randall, in honor of the governor. Tliis regiment 
 was first organized for three months' service ; but, on tiie 7th of 
 May, orders were received to recruit tliu regiment fur tlneo 
 years, or the war; and the governor, wishing to gratify the 
 wishes of the companies wl i had tendered their services, pro- 
 ceded, also, to organize the Third and Fourth Keginients. The 
 Second Regiment was called out to muster into the United 
 States service, and received orders to move forward to Ilarris- 
 burg, Pemi., and started on the 20th of June, unived at AViish- 
 ington June 25, and went into camp near the city. After 
 remaining in camp some time, Col. Coon was detached, and 
 placed upon the staff of Gen. Shennan ; and the command of 
 the regunent devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Peck. 
 
 The numerical strength of this regiment when it left Camp 
 Randall was as follows : field and staff, 9 ; company officers, 
 30 ; band, 24 ; non-commissioned officers, musicians, and pri- 
 vates, 985 ; total, 1,0-48. 
 
 The fate of the Second Wisconsin, from its very inceirtion, 
 was one of privation and hardship. It was called into camp at 
 an inclement season of the year, amid constant storms and cold 
 w-inds, without shelter or proper clothing. It was in the 
 " onward to Riclimond " movement, participated in the skirmish 
 at Bull Rmi July 19, took an active part in the memorable bat- 
 tle of July 21, and won a fine reputation for bravery ond soldier- 
 like conduct. It took an exposed situation, faced the enemy 
 for hours, and ■was among the last to leave the field at the dis- 
 graceful finish. The thinned ranks at roll-call the next day 
 proved the part it acted. As an evidence of what this regi- 
 ment had been through, it is sufficient to state, that it left the 
 State, June 20, over one thousand strong, and. Out. 1, reported 
 for duty only 089 men. After this battle, a number of changes 
 took place in the officers of this regiment. Lucius Fairchild, 
 formerly captain of Company K of the First Regiment, waa 
 appointed lieutenant-colonel, and many others were promoted. 
 Among the companies comj.osing this regiment was one from 
 Fox Lake, Dodge County, one from La Crosse County, one from 
 Grant, one from Janesville, one from Oshkosh, one from Racme, 
 
MO 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 one from Portage City, one from Madison, and one each from 
 Mineral Point and Mihvankee. 
 
 The Third Regiment was called into camp at Pond du Lao 
 abont the lAth of Jnne, 18G1, and was i)laced under the com- 
 mand of Col. Charles S. Hamilton, a griiduato of West Point, 
 who liad served his country with credit to himself during 
 the Mexican war. Of this regiment, Tlioraas II. Ruger was 
 lieutenant-colonel; Bertino Pinkncy, major; L. II. D. Crane, 
 adjutant. It was composed of companies from Watertown, 
 Oshkosh, Monroe, Waupun, Mayville, Boscobel, Neenah, Dar- 
 lington, Shullsburg, and Madison. Its numerical strength was 
 979 men, and it was mustered into the United States service 
 June 29, 1801, by Capt. Mclntyre, United States Army ; received 
 inarehing-orders .Tidy G, and started for Ilarrisburg July 12. 
 This regiment, like the First and Second Regiments, was fully 
 equipped, with the exception of arms. It was stationed, most 
 of the time after its arrival at the seat of war, at Fredericks- 
 town, Md., and had but little opi^rtunity to exhibit its bravery 
 on the battle-field during the year. Three of the companies 
 (A, C, and H) were engaged in the fight at Bolivar, early in 
 October, in connection with two companies of the Massachu- 
 Ectts Fourth, against more than three times their number of the 
 enemy in position. During the engagement, a charge was made 
 by ihe Wisconsin companies ; and a heavy field-piece was cap- 
 tured, which was afterwards retaken by the enemy. The battle 
 was terminated by another heroic charge by the three Wiscon- 
 sin companies, led on by Capt. Bartram and Lieut. O'Brien. 
 Under command of Major Gould of the Fourth Massachusetts, 
 the enemy was routed and forced from his position, and put to 
 flight; and again the same field-piece was captured from the 
 enemy, and brought off the ground by volunteers of the Third. 
 
 On the arrival of the Third Regiment in Maryland, Col. Ham- 
 ilton was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general ; Lieut.-Col. 
 Ruger was promoted colonel ; Major Pinkney, lieutenant- 
 colonel ; and Adjutant L. II. D. Crane, m.ajor. 
 
 ThQ Fourth Regiment was called into camp at Racine, about 
 the 6th of Juno, 1861, and placed under the command of Col. 
 Halbert E. Paine. Sidney E. Bean was lieutenant-colonel; 
 Frederick Boardman, major; L. D. Aldrich, adjutant; D. J. 
 
n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 881 
 
 McCloy, quartermaster; Dr. A. II. Van Norstrand, surgeon; 
 S. Comptou Smith ami S. W. Wilson, assistants ; and Rev. A. 
 C. Barry, chaplain. The companies were from Whitewater, 
 Ripon, Sheboygan, Kilbourn City, and Columbia County, Jef- 
 ferson County, Geneva, Hudson, Oconto County, Monroe 
 County, and Calumet County. The numerical strength of the 
 regiment was 1,053. On its organization and equipment, it pro- 
 ceeded to Maryland, and was stationc^d at the Relay House, and 
 — with two other regiments of infantry, one company of cavalry, 
 all under the command of Col. Paine — made a brilliant march 
 through Accomac and Northampton Counties, on tlie eastern 
 shore of Virginia. A largo force of rebels was gathering within 
 these counties ; but, on the approach of Col. Paine and his force, 
 they fled, leaving behind some guns and camp equipage. After 
 this expedition, the regiment was stationed at Drummondtown. 
 
 Tho Fifth Regiment was called into camp at Madison, from 
 the 21st to the 2oth of June, and placed under tho command of 
 Col. Amasa Cobb. The oflScers under him were, H. W. 
 Emery, lieutenant-colonel ; Charles H. Larrabce, major ; Theo- 
 dore S. West, adjutant; J. G. Clark, quartermaster; A. L. 
 Castleman, surgeon; George D. Wilbur and C. E. Crane, 
 assistants; Rev. R. Langlej, chaijlain. Tho companies were 
 two from Milwaukee, and one each from Manitowoc, Beaver 
 Dam, Janesville, Waukesha, Berlin, Richland, Taycheeda, and 
 Menomonee. Its numerical strength was 1,057. Tlio regiment 
 was fully equipped by the State (with tho exception of arms), 
 except Company B, which had ninety-nine Clinic muskets with 
 accoutrements complete from the State. The regiment was 
 mustered into the United States service July 13, by mustering- 
 officer Capt. Mclntyre, United States Army; and on the 22d 
 received orders to move forward to Washington. On the 24th 
 they were on tho way, and, on arriving at their destination, were 
 attached to Gen. Rufus King's brigade. This regiment was 
 detailed for advance duty most of the time after its arrival. 
 
 The Sixth Regiment was called into Camp Randall, at Madi- 
 son, about the 25th of June, and was under the command of 
 Col. Lysander Cutler of Milwaukee. The field and staff officers 
 were, J. P. Atwood, lieutenant-colonel; B. F. Sweet, major; 
 Frank A. Haskell, adjutant; J. N. Mason, quartermaster; C. 
 
882 
 
 nisTonr of wibcossik. 
 
 B. Chapman, surgeon ; A. W. Preston and A. D. Andrews, 
 assistants ; and Rev. N. A. Staples, chaplain. The companies 
 forming the regiment were from Sauk County, Pierce County, 
 Crawford County, and two from Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, 
 Beloit, Buffalo County, Monroe and Juneau Counties, The 
 numerical strength of this regiment when it left Camp Randall 
 was 1,084 officers and privates. It was fully equipped by the 
 State, arms excepted ; was mustered into the United States ser- 
 vice July 16 ; received marching-orders July 22 ; broke camp 
 on the 28ih, and started for Washington ; arrived at Baltimore 
 Aug. 8; encamped in Patterscm's Park. On the 29th (.?. 
 August, it was attached to Gen. King's brigade, and moved for- 
 ward. 
 
 This regiment was afterward in camp at Camp Kalorma, also 
 at Camp Lyon, near Chain Bridge, and also at vVrlington 
 Heights, Lieut.-Col. J. P. Atwood resigned in the month of 
 September, owing to ill health. Many changes took place in 
 this regiment during the year among the commissioned officers, 
 by resignation, and otherwise, — more than all the other regi- 
 ments combined. 
 
 The Seventh Regiment was called into camp during the 
 month of August, 1861, and placed under the command of Col. 
 Joseph Vandor. Ilis associate commissioned and staff officers 
 were, W. W. Robinson, lieutenant-colonel ; Charles A. Ham- 
 ilton, major; Charles W. Cook, adjutant; H. P. Clinton, quar- 
 termaster ; Henry Palmer, surgeon ; D. Cooper Ayres and 
 Ernst Kramer, assistants ; and Rev. S. L. . Brown, chaplain. 
 The companies were from Lodi, Columbia County, Platteville, 
 Stoughton, ALarquette County, Lancaster, Grand Rapids, Grant 
 County, Dodge, Green Lake, and Rock Counties. When the 
 regiment left the State, ita numerical strength was 1016. 
 
 This regiment, unlike those that had gone before it, was mus- 
 tered into the United States service by companies, by muster- 
 ing-officers Brevet-Major Brooks and Capt. !McIntyre, after 
 being fully equipped by the State (arms excepted) ; and on the 
 4th of September received orders to move forward to Washing- 
 ton City, where it arrived on Oct. 1, and was assigned to Gen. 
 Rufus King's brigade, McDowell's division. Col. Vandor is a 
 native of Hmigary, and had seen service in the old country, and 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONatN. 
 
 883 
 
 was a thorough disciplinarian. The regiment was in cami) at 
 Arlington Heights in 18G1. 
 
 The Eighth Regiment was called into camp from the Ist to 
 the ICth of September, 1801, and placed under the command of 
 Col. Robert C. Murphy of St. Croix Falls. The other field and 
 staff offlcerfi were, Gou;^i' W. Robinson, lieutennnt-colonel ; 
 J. W. Jefferson, major; Lzid T. Sprague, adjutant; F. L. Bil- 
 lings, quartermaster; f. . I'. Thornhill, surgeon; W. Hobbins 
 and J. S. Murta, assistants ; ;nd W. McKinlcy, chaplain. The 
 companies were from the Counties of Waupaca, Sheboygan, 
 Eau Claire, Crawffird, La Crosse, Racine, and from Fox Lake, 
 Fitchburg, Janesville, Belleville. The numerical strength of 
 the regiment when it left Camp Randall was 966 men, and it 
 was mustered into service by companies, by Major Brooke. 
 
 After being fully equipped (with ttie exception of arms), on 
 tne 80th of September, Col. Murphy received notice that he 
 had been assigned, with his command, to ^lajor-Gen. Fremont's 
 division. On the Is*^ of October, orders were received to move 
 forward to St. Louis, at which place they arrived Oct. 13. 
 The fine appearance of the regiment elicited universal praise. 
 It was received at St. Louis by the secretary of war, Hon. 
 S. Cameron, and Adjutant-Gen. L. Thomas, who paid it a high 
 compliment. This was the first regiment that had passed in 
 that direction from the State. The next day after their arrival, 
 an order came for them to move forward to Pilot Knob with 
 the certainty of meeting the enemy. They went forward, and 
 on the 21st took part in the battle of Frederickstown. The 
 regiment was held as a reserve. 
 
 The Ninth Regiment was organized under a jrcneral order 
 dated Aug. 26, 1861, giving the supervision of the organization 
 to Lieut. AV. Finkler of Milwaukee, who acted as quarter- 
 master to the regiment. The Ninth was organized on a 
 somewhat different plan from the other regiments of this State. 
 The men were recruited, and sent into Camp Sigel, and organ- 
 ized into companies, to a certain extent. The regiment was 
 made up of Germans exclusively, and was placed under the 
 command of Col. Frederic Salomon. The different companies 
 were formed generally from the eastern counties of the State ; 
 viz., Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Kenosha, Racine, Fond 
 
884 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 du Lac, and a portion from Dane, Monroe, and Sauk Counties. 
 The regiment wa3 at Camp Sigel, and was fully equipped by 
 the State. 
 
 On the 28th of December, the regiment was full, and await- 
 ing marching-orders. The Tenth Regiment was organized 
 under a general order from the adjutant-general's office, of 
 Sept. 18, 18G1, and called into Camp Ilolton at Milwaukee, and 
 mustered into the government service in the month of October, 
 and was placed under command of Col. A. R. Chapin. His 
 associate field and staff officers were, Joshua Gnppy, lieutenant- 
 colonel ; J. G. McMynn, major; W. A. Collins, adjutant; 
 Solon Marks, surgeon ; R. Mitchell and J. T. Reeve, assistants ; 
 and J. L. Coffin, chaplain. This regiment was fully equipped 
 by the State (arms excepted), and was mustered into the ser- 
 vice of the United States by companies, by mustering-officer 
 Capt. Trowbridge, Oct. 5 to 14. This regiment, Jilthough not 
 composed of as heavy men as some that had gone before it, 
 was, nevertheless, a splendid regiment. It received orders to 
 move forward to Louisville, Ky., Nov. 1, 1801, and started on 
 its way Nov. 0. 
 
 The companies of this regiment were from Waupun, Platte- 
 ville, Juneau County, Jackson County, Grant County, Dodge 
 County, Menosha and Walworth Counties. 
 
 The Eleventh Regiment, like tiie Tenth, was organized 
 under a general order, Sept. 18, 1861. It was intended at 
 the outset to be a Dane County regiment; but it was soon 
 ascertained that Dane County had already honored too many 
 drafts upon her citizens to be able to fill up the regiment, and 
 it was determined to fill up the regiment outside of the county. 
 It was called into Camp Randall dining the month of October, 
 and placed under the command of Col. Charles L. Harris, with 
 the following field and staff officers : Charles. A. Wood, lieuten- 
 ant-colonel ; Arthur Piatt, major ; Daniel Lincoln, adjutant ; 
 Charles G. Mayer, quartermaster; H. P. Strong, sm-geon; 
 E. Everett and C. C. Barnes, assistants ; and Rev. J. B. Britton, 
 chaplain. The companies were from Dane, Jefferson, Richland, 
 and Iowa Counties, Fox River, and Neenah. Its numerical 
 strength when it left Camp Randall was 1,046 men. It was 
 fully equipped (with the exception of arms) by the State, and 
 was mustered into the service by Capt. Lament, United States 
 
886 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Army. The regiment was unavoidably detained in camp some 
 days after receiving orders to move forward. The delay gave 
 an opportunity to perfect the drill. Col. Harris was a gradu- 
 ate of West Point, served with credit in the three-months' 
 campaign as lieutenant-colonel under Col. Starkweather of the 
 First Regiment. The Eleventh broke camp Wov. 20, started 
 for St. Louis, and went into quarters twenty miles below that 
 city. 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment was called to Camp Randall in the 
 month of October, and placed under the charge of Col. George 
 E. Bryant, formerly captain of Company E, First Regiment 
 (three months), with the following field and staff officers: 
 D. W. C. Poole, lieutenant-colonel; W. E. Strong, major; 
 A. Sexton, quartermaster ; J. K. Proudfit, adjutant ; L. H. 
 Gary, surgeon ; E. A. Woodward and A. F. S. Lindsfelt, assist- 
 ants ; and Rev. L. B. Mason, chaplain. The companies were 
 enlisted in the counties of Pierce, Sauk, Iowa, Washington, 
 Columbia, Oconto, Wood, Brown, Richland, and Grant. On 
 the 12th of November, they were still at Camp Randall, and 
 had been detained for some time for want of money to pay them 
 off. The regimen*^^ was assigned to Fort Leavenworth, and was 
 fully equipped by the State, with the exception of arms. 
 
 The Thirteenth Regiment was organized under a general 
 order dated Sept. 17, 1861, giving the counties of Rock and 
 Green the authority to organize a regiment. The regiment ren- 
 dezvoused in Janesville, and was placed under the command of 
 Col. Maurice Maloney, with the following field and staff oflficers : 
 James F. Chapman, lieutenant-colonel ; Thomas O'Bigney, 
 major ; W. Ruger, adjutant ; P. Eydesheimer, quartermaster ; 
 John Evans, surgeon ; E. J. Horton and S. L. Lord, assistants ; 
 and Rev. H. C. Tilton, chaplain. This regiment, like all the 
 others that preceded it, was fully equipped by the State, 
 except arms. It was the design to make up the regiment from 
 the two counties named (Rock and Green) ; but, as in the case 
 of Dane, it was found that these counties had already honored 
 too many drafts upon their citizens to render it an easy thing 
 to furnish one full regiment more : consequently some aid was 
 extended from other counties, yet Rock County alone furnished 
 five hundred for tliis regiment. The Thirteenth was ordered 
 to Kunsa.i. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 WISCONSIN'S WAE BECOKI). 
 
 Events of 18C1, continued— KeKlmental History — Gov. Randall's Froclamatton 
 calling a Spocial Seasion of the Legislature — Legislation — The War, &c. 
 
 The Fourteenth Regiment was organized and called into 
 Camp Wood at Fond du Lac, during the month of November, 
 1861, and placed under the command of Col. David E. Wood. 
 The following were the field and staff officers : Isaac E. Mess- 
 more, lieutenant-colonel ; John Hancock, major ; B. E. Bower, 
 adjutant ; J. F. Conklin, quartermaster ; W. H. Walker, sur- 
 geon ; D. D. Cameron, assistant ; and Rev. J. G. Rogers, 
 chaplam. 
 
 The companies were enlisted from the counties of Wood, 
 Waupacca, Portage, Winnebago, La Crosse, Manitowoc, Ke- 
 waunee, Brown, Calumet, Sheboygan, Jackson, Dane, and Sauk. 
 Its numerical strength was 859. 
 
 The regiment was fully equipped by the State, without arms, 
 and was awaiting marching-orders. 
 
 The Fifteenth or Scandinavian Regiment was, on the 15th 
 of December, in course of organization at Camp Randall. 
 Hon. Hans Heg was commissioned as colonel of this regiment. 
 As the duties of his office confined him to his former office, aa 
 state-prison commissioner, until Jan. 1, 1862, the organization 
 was for some time under the supervision of Lieut.-Col. K. K. 
 Jones. The other field and staff officers were, H. Borcheenius, 
 adjutant ; Ole Heg, quartermaster ; S. J. Himoc, surgeon ; S. J. 
 Hansen and G. T. Newell, assistants ; and Rev. C. L. Clausen, 
 chaplain. On the 15th of December, about six hundred had 
 been mustered into service. The Sixteenth Regiment was 
 organized, and ordered into camp at Madison early in Novem- 
 
 887 
 
888 
 
 mSTORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 ber ; Benjamin Allen, colonel. The field and staff officers were, 
 Cassius Fairchild, lieutenant-colonel ; Thomas Reynolds, major ; 
 George Sabin, adjutant ; J. E. Jones, quartermaster ; G. W. 
 Eastman, surgeon ; I. H. Rogers and Ira A. Torrey, assistants. 
 The companies were filled up from the counties of Waukesha, 
 Ozaukee, Waushara, Green Lake, Adams, Chippewa, Dodge, 
 Dane, and Lafayette. The regiment was nearly full on the 
 26th of December, and was afterward fully equipped by the 
 State, as were also the other regiments. The numerical strength 
 of the Sixteenth at the above date Avas about nine hundred. 
 
 The Seventeenth, or Irish Regiment so called, was in the 
 month of December in an incipient state. No organization had 
 then been formed, except the field and some of the staff 
 officers. John L. Doran of i\Iilwaukee had been commissioned 
 as colonel. The recruiting was rapidly progressing. Of this 
 regiment, A. G. Mallory was lieutenant-colonel ; Thomas SIc- 
 Mahon, major; William Plunkett, adjutant ; John Gee, quar- 
 termaster. 
 
 The Eighteenth Regiment was organized in the latter part of 
 October, and was called into camp at Camp Randall, and placed 
 under the command of Col. James S. Alban. It occupied the 
 camp immediately after the Twelfth Regiment moved forward. 
 The staff and field officers were, S. W. Beall, lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel; W. H. Tony, major; G. L. Hart, adjutant; J. D. Rogers, 
 quartermaster ; George F. Huntington, surgeon ; L. G. Mead, 
 assistant. This regiment was very nearly full at the close of 
 this year, and was filled up mainly from the nortliern counties. 
 
 The Nineteenth Regiment was being organized at the close 
 of this year (18G1), under the special direction of '" " H. T. 
 Sanders of Racine, who obtained his commission direct from 
 the General Government, subject to the approval of Gov. 
 Randall, Avhich approval had already been granted. The regi- 
 ment was called into camp of rendezvous at Racine. Supplies 
 were drawn direct from the General Government for the 
 regiment, under the direction of Capt. Trowbridge, United 
 States mustering-officcr, who had special charge of subsistence 
 and transportation. 
 
 In addition to the infantry regiments heretofore noticed, 
 there were in camp Utley, Racine, at the close of this year. 
 
BISTORT OF WISCOySIN. 
 
 389 
 
 seven batteries of artillery, each battery comprising about one 
 hundred and fifty-five men. 
 
 A special permit from the war department was obtained by 
 Edward Daniels to raise a regiment of cavalry ; and he received 
 from Gov. Randall, on the 80th of June, 18G1, a commission aa 
 heutenant-colonel, as an indorsement of his commission from 
 the General Government. He immediately commenced recruit- 
 ing, and formed a camp of rendezvous at Ripon, and soon drew 
 together over one thousand men. He soon after broke camp 
 at Ripon, and moved to Kenosha, at which place the regiment 
 Wcas camped at the close of 18G1. The field and staff oflicers 
 were, Edward Daniels, colonel ; O. H. Lagrange, first miijor ; 
 Henry Pomeroy, second major ; H. N. Gregory, surgeon ; 
 Charles Lord and H. W. Cansall, assistants ; and J. E. Mann, 
 quartermaster. The second cavalry regiment, like the first, was 
 organized under a special permit from tli3 General Government, 
 granted to Hon. C. C. Washburn. Col. Washburn received 
 his commission from Gov. Randall, indorsing the action of 
 the General Government, Oct. ■• ^ 1861, and immediately com- 
 menced recruiting for his regiment, and formed a camp of 
 rendezvous on the Fair Grounds at Milwaukee. The original 
 field and staff officers, as far as known were, Thomas Stevens, 
 lieutenant-colonel; H. E. Eastman, major; Levi Sterling, third 
 major ; W. H. Morgan, adjutant ; C. G. Pease, surgeon ; A. 
 McBean, assistant ; W. H. Brisbane, chaplain. 
 
 On the 28th of December, the second cavalry numbered 
 about six hundred men. 
 
 The third cavalry, like the two former regiments, was organ- 
 ized by special commission from the General Government to 
 Ex-Gov. William A. Barstow. He was confined to a very 
 limited space of time to fill up his regiment ; but he was able 
 to do so. The regiment was called into camp at Janesville. 
 The original numerical strength of this regiment was about 
 twelve hundred. Of the field and staff officers, E. A. Calkins 
 was major ; B. S. Henning, second major ; B. O. Reynolds, sur- 
 geon ; W. H. Warner, assistant. 
 
 A Milwaukee cavalry company, consisting of eighty-four 
 members, was raised in that city by Capt. Gustav Von Deutsch. 
 consisting mostly of Germans. The company had all seen 
 
S90 
 
 HISTORY OF Wf SCONS ry. 
 
 service. It was accepted by Gen. Fremont, and left Wisconsin 
 for St. Louis in October. A comimny of sharpshooters was 
 enlisted and raised, under a call of Col. Berdan, by Capt. W. P. 
 Alexander of Beloit. The company left Madison the middle 
 of September ; was mustered into the^ United States service at 
 Weehawken Sept. 23, 18G1 ; and at the close of 18G1 was on 
 the Potomac in the discharge of its duties. 
 
 The number of men in the first thirteen regiments, including 
 the First (re-organized), the company of sharjjshooters, and 
 Milwaukee cavalry, was, in the aggregate, according to the 
 report, 14,002; and the estimated strength of the five addi- 
 tional regiments of infantry being raised at the close of 1861 
 in the State was 5,230. This, with the number of artillery then 
 in camp, and the cavalry rapidly filling up, made the number 
 23,232, an excess of the quota required of Wisconsin (20,000) 
 of 3,232. 
 
 Having given, in as condensed a form as possible, a history of 
 the organization of the different regiments that were fitted out 
 by the State in 1861, and sent forward to aid in the sujjpression 
 of the Rebellion, it will be necessary to return in our narrative, 
 and bring forward the legislative history. 
 
 On the 9th of May, Gov. Randall issued a proclamation in 
 the following words : " The extraordinary condition of the 
 country, growing out of the rebellion against the government 
 of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature 
 of the State be convened for making the power of the State 
 useful to the government, and to other loyal States; and, in 
 pursuance of the authority vested in me by the Constitution 
 of the State of Wisconsin, I do hereby convene the legislature 
 of the State for a special session thereof, to bo held at Madison 
 on Wednesday, May 15, 1861." 
 
 In accordance with tliis proclamation, the legislature con- 
 vened on that day. The same officers that held positions at 
 the regular session were re-elected. 
 
 The governor met the two houses in joint convention, and 
 read his message. He stated, that, within ten days after he 
 issued his first proclamation, a sufficient number of companies 
 containing the requisite number of men responded, — sufficient 
 to make up, at least, five regiments instead of one. He recom- 
 
392 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 mended, at least, six regiments be put into camp, to learn the 
 duties of a soldier, and be ready for subsequent calls ; and sug- 
 gested a calm, firm, deliberate, unimpassioned, yet bold consid- 
 eration and action on measiu-es designed to preserve the Union, 
 and the putting-down of the Rebellion. "These gathering 
 armies throughout the loyal States," says he, " are the instru- 
 ments of God's vengeance to execute his just judgments : they 
 are his flails, wherewith, on his great Southern threshing-floor, 
 he will pound Rebellion for its sins." 
 
 The extra session adjourned, sine die, on the 27th of May. 
 With the exception of an act amendatory of the banking-law, 
 the measures adopted all pertain to the military exigencies of 
 the times. The following is a synopsis of the work accom- 
 plished : An act to provide a military force for immediate ser- 
 vice to aid in protecting and defending the Union, authorizing 
 the governor immediately to call into the service of the State 
 three regiments, in addition to the three already called for by 
 the General Government. It further authorized the governor, 
 when the three regiments should be called into the service of 
 the United States, to call out two more regiments, and hold 
 them in readiness for any subsequent demand that might be 
 made on the State by the National Government, and so on, dur- 
 ing the war ; holding two regiments in camp ready to be mus- 
 tered when needed into the service of the United States. An 
 act to provide for borrowing money to repel invasion, suppress 
 insurrection, and defend the State in time of war. This act 
 appointed the governor, secretary of state, and state treasurer, 
 a committee to negotiate a loan upon State bonds, bearing six 
 per cent interest, of one million of dollars, to be used as a war- 
 fund ; sixty per cent of this loan to be negotiated for specie ; 
 the balance might be exchanged for fully-secured bank-paper. 
 These were the leading measures of the session. Two acts 
 were passed in regard to the maintenance of families of 
 volunteers, — one appropriating from the war-fund five dollara 
 per month to each family ; and the other authorizing counties, 
 towns, cities, and villages to levy special taxes for the same 
 piurpose. Another act amended the laws of the previous 
 session, so as to exempt volunteers from .civil processes as soon 
 as accepted by the State. An act to provide for the payment 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 893 
 
 of discharged volunteers gave such aa may have been called 
 into service, and subsequently discharged (in consequence of 
 the extension of time for which they were called, — from three 
 months to three years), the regular army pay for the time they 
 were in service. 
 
 The sum of fifty thousand dollars was appropriated for the 
 purchase of arms and equipments for the State ; the purchase 
 to be made by three commissioners, appointed by the governor. 
 A sum not to exceed ten thousand dollars was appropriated to 
 pay for extra clerk hire, messengers, and other extraordinary 
 expenditures in the executive department. An act to prevent 
 the rendering of aid to rebels contained stringent provisions for 
 the prompt punishment of offenders coming within that cate- 
 gory. The act amending the banking-law prohibited the bank 
 comptroller from receiving, after the 1st of December, 1861, 
 as security for circulating baii!c-notes, any other public stocks 
 than those of the State of Wisconsin and the United States. 
 
 These were all the measures passed, except appropriations to 
 the chaplains, and to the clerk of the special committee, which 
 reported a bill (that did not pass) in regard to re-organizing 
 the militia of the State, and the act providing that the expenses 
 of the extra session should be chargeable against the war-fund. 
 Three joint resolutions were passed and signed by the governor ; 
 viz., authorizing the governor to be absent from the State 
 during the present war, recommending the war department to 
 form a brigade of Wisconsin volunteers, and appoint Gen. 
 Rufus King to its command. 
 
 Some excitement was hud in the month of May, from the 
 fact that many of the Wisconsin banlcs were discredited in 
 Chicago, and that there was so much currency in circulatiun 
 from banks in remote places, whose responsibility was ques- 
 tionable, that meetings were held at some places at which 
 farmers declined to receive for their produce Wisconsin cur- 
 rency in good repute. Many of the banks reduced their circu- 
 lation ; and bills were destroyed the last week in May to the 
 value of $108,469. T^ j bank comptroller, in April, made a 
 call of two per cent additional security, as many of the bonds 
 held as collateral for the circulating notes in circulation had 
 depreciated in value. 
 
894 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSnf. 
 
 In accordance with tlio act of tlie legislature, approved May 
 11, 18G1, appropriating forty thousand dollars for the enlarge- 
 ment of the State Hospital for the Insane, the executive com- 
 mittee of the board of trustees advertised for proposals for 
 erection of the buildings required ; and, upon t)pcning the same 
 at the advertised time (Juno 6, 1861), the contract was awarded 
 to Joseph Perkins, for the sura of twenty thousand and five 
 hundred dollai-s, for furnishing the materials, and doing the 
 mason-work ; and the painting and glazing, with the material 
 therefor, to Bradley and Norton, for nine thousand and fifty 
 dollars. The heating-apparatus, gas pipes and fixtures, regis- 
 ters, and sewerage, are not included in either of the above- 
 mentioned contracts. The board of trustees, in their annual 
 report for 1861, speak of the commendable zeal of the contract- 
 ors in the prosecution of their work, which was commenced on 
 the first of June of that year, and which was so far advanced 
 as to be roofed and enclosed before the winter set in. The 
 Board also report the whole number of patients in the hospital, 
 since it was opened, in July, 1860, to October, 1861, one hun- 
 dred and forty-five. 
 
 At the spring election of 1861, Orsamus Cole waa re-elected 
 justice of the supreme court. 
 
 Agreeably to an act of the legislature, approved March 9, 
 1861, authorizing the construction of the west wing of the State 
 Capitol, the State building-commissioners advertised for pro- 
 posals for doing the work. On tho 1st of May, the bids were 
 opened, of which there were fourteen, the price varying from 
 §78,300 to $96,500. The lowest bid was that of A. B. Moxley, 
 at the first-named price, who was a partner of J. W. Hai-vey ; 
 and the contract was to be carried out by them. "Work waa 
 immediately commenced. 
 
 The administration of Gov. Randall closed with the year 
 1861 ; and, as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was 
 much interest felt as to his successor and the remainder of the 
 State officers. There was a strong disposition, in some portions 
 of the State, to ignore party nominations ; and, accordingly, a 
 convention of Union men was called on the 24th of September, 
 to nominate a State ticket. The following ticket was put ia 
 nomination: governor, Louis P. Harvey; lieutenant-governor, 
 
BISTORT OF wiscoysm. 
 
 808 
 
 Henry L. Palmer, who subsequently declined, James T. Lewis 
 being substituted in his place ; William C. Allen, secretary of 
 state : S. D. Hastings, state treasurer ; J. II. Howe, attorney- 
 general ; John Bracken, bank comptroller ; Hans C. Heg, state- 
 prison commissioner ; and J. L. Pickard, superintendent of pub- 
 lic instruction. 
 
 On the 2Gth of September, the Republican State Convention 
 was held at Madison, which made the following nominations : 
 governor, L. P. Harvey ; lieutenant-governor, Edward Salomon ; 
 secretary of state, James T. Lewis ; state treasurer, S. D. 
 Hastings ; attorney-general, James H. Howe ; bank comptroller, 
 W. II. Ramsay; superintendent of public instruction, J. L. 
 Pickard ; and state-prison commissioner, A. P. Hodges. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention met at ]\Iadison, Oct. 2, 
 and made the following nominations : governor, Benjamin 
 Ferguson ; lieutenant-governor, II. M. Billings ; secretary of 
 state, Charles H. Benton; state treasurer, H. L. Dousman; 
 attorney-general, P. A. Orton ; bank comptroller, J. Vollmar ; 
 superintendent of public instruction, H. G. Winslow ; state- 
 prison commissioner, J. J. Cilley. At the election in Novem- 
 ber, the Republican State ticket was elected, Gov. Harvey by 
 nearly eight thousand majority ; J. T. Lewis, secretary of state, 
 by over ten thousand ; and the remainder of the ticket ranging 
 from five thousand to ten thousand. Of the members of the 
 legislature elected at the same time in the senate, the Repub- 
 licans were twenty-two, and the Democrats eleven ; and in the 
 assembly, forty-three Republicans, thirty-four Democrats, and 
 twenty-three Union. Of the latter, seventeen were of Demo- 
 cratic antecedents. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 •WISCONSIN S ■WAR RECORD. 
 
 Events of 1802 — Administrutioii of Gov. Harvey and Lieut. -Gov. Edward Sale- 
 uion — Sad Death uf Uuv. Ilarvoy — Consternation throughout the State at liiit 
 Death — Legislation — Investigations, &c. 
 
 The ceremony of the inauguration of the new State officers 
 was held on Monday, Jan. 6, 1862, at 12, M., and was quite 
 imposing, in consequence of the military display wluch attended 
 it. The Twelfth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Regimen;? escorted 
 the officers elect (who, with the retiring governor, Avere seated in 
 an elegant sleigh) around the park, when they proceeded to the 
 east front of the Capitol, the regiments being drawn up before 
 it. A large number of ladies and gentlemen were present. The 
 oath of office was administered by Cliief-Justice Dixon. All 
 the officers were present, except Mr. Hodges, the state-prison 
 commissioner. At the conclusion of the ceremonies, ex-Gov. 
 Randall came forward, and, in a brief and appropriate speech, 
 introduced his successor, Hon. Louis P. Harvey, to the troops ; 
 and a salute of cannon was fired. Gov. Harvey responded 
 briefly. In the evening, the State officers held a public recep- 
 tion at the assembly chamber. 
 
 Gov. Harvey took an active interest in the important events 
 then occurring, and particularly in the welfare of the soldiers 
 who had gone into the government service from tliis State. 
 Soon after the battle at Pittsburg Landing (on the 7th of April), 
 the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered 
 severely, induced the governor to organize an expedition for tho 
 relief of the wounded and suffering soldiers. In less than 
 twenty-four houi-s, supplies were gathered ; and on the 10th the 
 party started on their benevolent object, the governor among 
 8oe 
 
898 
 
 msTOsr OF Wisconsin. 
 
 the number. On their arrival at Chicago, they found ninety 
 boxes of supplies, &c., furnished, which were forwarded to 
 accompany the party. Of this large number, sixty-one were 
 from Milwaukee, tliirteen from Madison, six from Beloit, and 
 the remainder from various parts of the State. On their arrival 
 ' at Mound City, they administered to the wants of some thirty 
 soldiers, and also at Paducali and Savannah, vhere the presence 
 of the governor, and the benefactions of Wisconsin friends, did 
 much to alleviate the sufferings of the sick and wounded. It 
 appears that the party had very nearly completed its labors, and 
 was intending to take a boat for Cairo on their homeward trip, 
 when a disaster occurred, which brought sorrow to many hearts, 
 and the loss to Wisconsin of its patriotic governor. It appears, 
 from the published accounts in the newspapers, that, at first, it 
 was intended to go on board of " The January ;" but that boat 
 had started a little too early. The steamer " Dunleith " was 
 lying at the wharf; and the party went on board of her to wait 
 until " The Minnehaha " arrived, upon which they were to come 
 as far as Cairo. It was not expected that the boat would call 
 for them before morning ; and many of the party had lain down 
 to rest. But, about ten o'clock in the evening, " The Minnehaha " 
 hove in sight, and the party were aroused ; Gov. Harvey and 
 others taking a position near the edge and forepart of the boat 
 " Dunleith." As " The Minnehaha " rounded up, her bow com- 
 ing near the " Dimleith," the governor took a step backward, 
 apparently to get out of the way ; but, the night being very 
 dark and rainy, he made a misstep, and fell overboard between 
 the two steamers. Dr. Wilson of Sharon, being present, imme- 
 diately reached down liis cane. The governor grasped hold of it 
 with such force as to instantly pull it from the doctor's hands. 
 Dr. Clark of Racine immediately jumped into the water, and 
 made every effort to save the governor, but Avithout success. 
 He made liimself fast to the rigging about the wheel of " The 
 Minnehaha," and threw liis body out in the direction of the 
 governor as far as possible. At one time, he thinks, the govern- 
 or came within a few inches of getting hold of him, but was 
 finally washed down the current, — it being veiy strong, — and 
 is sup^wsed to have passed under a fiat-boat that lay just below. 
 Every assistance was given, all persons (acquaintances or 
 
msTORT OF wiscoysm. 
 
 399 
 
 strangers) doing all in their power to aid, first, in saving the 
 life, and afterwards to procure the corpse ; but all efforts were 
 unavailing. A reward of one thousand dollars was offered by 
 Gen. Brodhead for the recovery of the body ; and the offer was 
 ratified by the State authorities. The body was recovered about 
 the 3d of INIay, about sixty miles below Pittsburg Landing, and 
 was identified by his watch, pencil, and papers found on his 
 person. Every thing was secured, including his money. The 
 remains were sent on by express, and special train from Chicago, 
 and arrived on tlie 7th, and conveyed to the State Capitol, and 
 placed in the assembly chamber, under a military guard of 
 honor. The funeral services took place the day following, with 
 imposing and impressive ceremonies. The body was buried in 
 Forest Hill Cemetery. 
 
 No event of public importance ever occuiTed in the State that 
 created such a profound impression as the death of Gov. Har- 
 vey under such distressing circumstances. Public meetings 
 were held in different cities and towns, and resolutions adopted 
 expressing tlie great loss the State had sustained by liis death, 
 and passing resolutions of sympathy for his bereaved family. 
 " He was," says one writer, " a man of incorruptible integrity, 
 an earnest patriot ; and Wisconsin was fortunate in having such 
 a man at the head of her affairs. He was earnest and zealous in 
 calling her sons to the field, and in securing fidelity and thor- 
 ouglniess in every detail of their equipment ; and, a\ hen there 
 came from the battle-field a call for Immanity in behalf of her 
 wounded soldiers. Gov. Harvey was the first to answer to the 
 appeal, and it was the closing act of his useful and honored life. 
 In the prime of life, upon the very threshold of the honors to 
 which he had nobly aspired, the bubbling waters closed over 
 liini, and ho is lost to human vision forever." 
 
 The following is believed to be an extract from the last letter 
 he wrote, addressed to his private secretary, W. II. Watson, 
 Esq., " Thank God for the impulse wliich brought me here I I 
 am doing a good work, and shall stay as long as I am so profita- 
 bly employed." 
 
 On the 22d of April, Hon. Edward Salomon, lieutenant- 
 governor, issued a proclamation announcing the death of Gov. 
 Harvey, and tliat he had by constitutional requirement as- 
 
400 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 sumed the duties of the office which had devolved on him by 
 this event, and, in behalf of the State, tendered to the bereaved 
 ■widaw the deep and sorrowful sympathy and condolence of the 
 people. He also recommended, that for thirty days all public 
 offices, court-houses, and other ' public buildings, be clad in 
 mourning, and that during that time the people of the State 
 wear the usual badges of mourning. He further appointed 
 the first day of May, A.D. 18G2, as a day of public rest and 
 cessation of business, and recommended to the people of the 
 State, tliat on that day, between the hours of ten and twelve 
 o'clock in the morning, they assemble in their respective towns, 
 cities, Jind villages, then and there to commemorate the death 
 of the late governor, Hon. Louis P. Harvey by such public 
 demonstrations as may be appropriate to the occasion. 
 
 The fifteenth session of the State legislature convened Jan. 
 8, 18G2, and adjourned April 7, 18G2, to meet again June 3 : 
 after a short session, it again adjourned, June 17. The 
 governor (Edward Salomon), on the 28th of August, issued a 
 proclamation, stating that business of great public importance 
 rendered a special session necessary, and calling a special ses- 
 sion of the legislature to meet on the tenth day of September. 
 The legislature, in accordance with the prockunation, met at the 
 specified timCf and adjourned Sept. 26, 1862. 
 
 The following persons comprised the officers at the session of 
 Jan. 8: Hon. Edward Salomon, lieutenant-governor, president. 
 of the senate, J. H. Warren chief clerk ; and B. N. Caswell 
 sergeant-at-arms ; and, in the assembly, J. AV. Beardsley spesik- 
 cr, John S. Dean chief clerk ; and A. A. Huntington sergeant- 
 at-arms. On the 10th of January, Gov. Harvey read his mes- 
 sage to the legislature in joint convention. In opening he 
 said, — 
 
 " No previous legislature has convened under equal incentives to a dis- 
 interested zeal in the public service. Tlio occasiop. pleads with you iu 
 rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to tlic exercise of a con- 
 scientious patriotism, becoming the rcpresentat'vos of a Christian people, 
 called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of 
 Uieir virtue, and of the strength of the government." 
 
 He reported the receipts into the general fund for the year 
 1861, $485,536.97, and the disbursements from the same, $418,< 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 401 
 
 960.44 ; leaving a balance in the State treasury on the 31st of 
 December, 1861, of $16,568.53. Of the war-fund there had been 
 received from the sales of bonds, and payments from the United 
 States, and other sources, for the expenses of the first six regi- 
 ments, $957,368.79, which wa^ duly applied. He also recom- 
 mended the suggestions of the officers of the benevolent and 
 humanitarian institutions of the State, and stated that the 
 appropriations asked for in their reports had his cordial indorse- 
 ment. He also referred to the progress of enlistment in the 
 fourteen regiments that had been made in the State, and gave 
 at length statistics of the quartermaster and commissary- 
 general's departments. He also devoted much attention to the 
 subject of taxation, and suggested some important changes in 
 the -law on that subject. On the 7tli of April, the legislature 
 .adjourned until the 3d of June following. A committee on the 
 assessment and taxation laws had been authorized to sit during 
 the recess. A committee was also appointed to investigate 
 the war-fimd, to report also at the adjourned meeting. 
 
 Among the bills passed at the session was one to suspend 
 the sale of certain lands mortgaged to the State, or held by 
 volunteers ; also to establish a system of graded teachers' 
 certificates ; to authorize a collection of agricultural, minei-al, 
 and manufacturing statistics ; to provide for the adjustment of 
 the government tax for 1862; to authorize the borrowing of 
 money on the faith and credit of the State, to defray extraordi- 
 nary expenditure, by which a loan of fifty thousand dollars was 
 authorized for expenses of enlargement of the Capitol, and 
 work on the Hospital for the Insane ; to authorize the issuing 
 of State bonds, for war and other purposes, to the amount of 
 two hundred thousand dollars; to relieve the holdei-a of rail- 
 road mortgages made in aid of railroad companies ; and an act 
 to ascertain and settle the liabilities of the State of Wisconsin 
 to the ^lilwaukee and Rock River Canal Company, and to 
 appoint a board of commissioners to adjudicate the same. 
 
 On the third day of June, the legislature met pursuant to 
 adjournment. The acting governor sent a communication to the 
 two houses, informing them of the death of the late Gov. Har- 
 vey, and the circumstances attending the finding of his body. 
 He also referred to a number of bills passed prior to the adjourn- 
 
402 
 
 BISTORT OF wiscoysm. 
 
 ment, and presented to Gov. Harvey for approval, which had 
 not been signed by him, and stated, that, after due reflection, 
 he had come to the conclusion, that the bills had failed to be- 
 come livws, and that he had no power to act iipon them. He 
 stated tliat it had been a source of embarrassment that no provis- 
 ions had been made for contingencies, which had arisen since 
 the adjournment, concerning the sick and wounded soldiers 
 from the State, and recommended that provision be made for 
 such emergencies. He recommended that the number of 
 judges of the supreme court be increased to five. 
 
 Among the acts passed, w.as one to provide for levying a State 
 tax for the year 1862 (a liundred and fifty thousand dollars) ; to 
 authorize the state treasurer to pay for transporting troops ; to 
 discontinue the active services of certain military ofiicers, and 
 to provide for the execution of certain duties by the secre- 
 tary of state and state treasurer for the relief of Mm. Cordelia 
 Harvey, widow of the late governor, Louis P. Harvey, to the 
 amount of twenty-five hundred dollars ; to authorize the acting 
 governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of Wiscon- 
 sm volunteers, and to appropriate money for that purpose ; to 
 authorize the quartermaster-genertil to order bills for subsisting 
 and transporting volunteers. 
 
 The joint select committee, appointed under a joint resolution 
 of the assembly, — to whom was referred that portion of the 
 governor's message relating to and connected with the military 
 operations of the State, the raising of troops, uniforming, sub- 
 sisting, and transporting the same, the negotiation of the war- 
 bonds, and the disbursement of the ten thousand dollars appro- 
 priated to extraordinary expenditures in the executive depart- 
 ment, — made a lengthy report on those subjects, in which they 
 commented severely on the manner in which the work had 
 been performed ; among other things, that Ex-Gov. Randall 
 appeared to have selected persons to occupy the several home 
 offices, to act for the State in tlie formation of the regiments 
 raised within its borders, without the slightest reference or 
 regard to their qualifications therefor, either physical, mental, 
 or moral. 
 
 The comr.iittee also stated that the negotiation of the war- 
 bonds of the State was not conducted agreeably to law, and 
 
404 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 that the same were sold to Wisconsin bankers at a depreciation, 
 without any effort to negotiate them in Eastern cities ; and that 
 the treasurer and other officers preferred the bonds should be 
 negotiated in their State for banking-purposes ; and, in conse- 
 quence of this action, the State was defrauded out of a large 
 amount. The manner in which army supplies were procured 
 was severely censured, also the the employment of State agents 
 whose services were not needed. The committee also held that 
 much money had been squandered for this purpose, also that 
 the business in the commissary department was injudiciously 
 transacted. Attached to the report is the testimony taken in 
 connection therewith. This report was signed by F. O. Thorpe 
 and T. R. Hadd, committee of the senate ; and J. V. V. Platto, 
 F. S. Ellis, H. T. Moore, and H. C. Hamilton, committee on part 
 of the assembly. 
 
 A minority report of the joint select committee on the same 
 subjects was also made, in which they said that the report of 
 the majority of the committee, as far as the negotiation of the 
 war-bonds is concerned, was a gross misrepresentation of the 
 facts, a perversion of the testimony, and misquoting of the laws, 
 by which the most astounding conclusions have been reached. 
 The minority gave their views on what they considered the 
 true construction of the law, and sustained the course taken by 
 the State officers therewith. The charges of waste and extrava- 
 gance in the management and disbursing of funds in the offices 
 of the quartermaster and commissary-general's departments were 
 grossly exaggerated; and they concluded by saying the ma- 
 jority of the committee, in their report, had discovered no facts 
 or evidence reflecting in the slightest degree upon the integ- 
 rity or capacity of the loan commissioners ; but, on the contrary, 
 the minority of the committee believed that in the sale of such 
 bonds, as large, if not a greater sum was realized than could 
 have been obtained in any Eastern market ; and that, in refer- 
 ence to Gov. Randall, six months of labor had failed to impli- 
 cate him in a single dishonorable transaction in the discharge 
 of the duties of his office. That he had committed errors was 
 true: what man could avoid it, they asked? But in all the 
 charges of waste and extravagance preferred against him, said 
 they, with but trifling exceptions, the volunteers of our State 
 were benefited. 
 
IIISTOIiT OF W/SCOyS/!f. 
 
 405 
 
 In reference to this legislature, the uews^^apers of the day- 
 had mucli to say, and that not in the most complimcntarj' man- 
 ner. It was said that a brief and economical session was de- 
 manded and expected, and that at no previous session had the 
 people sent up so few petitions for legislati ve action ; and yet 
 the session was prolonged till April. In the assembly there 
 was no controlling element; no party or organization was 
 responsible for what was done. Neither Republicans nor Demo- 
 crats had a majority ; but the balance of power Avas held by the 
 so-called Union members, — men, as a class, Avithout positive 
 views, desiring to be on good terms with the two parties, aud 
 hesitating whether to remain on one side or the other. 
 
CHAPTER XL. 
 
 ADMnnSTBATION OP GOVEBNOB SALOMOIT. 
 
 Events of 1802— Lejidslatlon — The Draft — Opposition to the Same — High Pitch 
 of t)ie War Excitement — Indian Troubles in Minnesota and on ourWestem 
 Border. 
 
 Ikasmuch as Gov. Harvey, in his message in January, 1862, 
 gave no statistics of the institutions of the State, it will be 
 necessary to give a few statistics in this regard, taken from the 
 reports of that year. 
 
 The bank comptroller states that the whole number of banks 
 on the first day of October, 1861, according to last annual re- 
 port, was one hundred and seven, of which sixty-eight were doing 
 business on an aggregate capital of $4,247,000, and thirty-nine, 
 whose circulation was discredited, with an aggregate capital of 
 $2,260,000 ; total $6,507,000. The whole of banks domg busi- 
 ness Oct. 1, 1862, was sixty-five, with a capital of $3,298,000, 
 showing a decrease in capital, in twelve months, of $3,209,000. 
 The whole amount of circulating notes delivered to banks, and 
 outstanding Oct. 1, 1862, was $2,240,384 ; which were seciired 
 by deposits of stocks at par value, and specie in the svun of 
 $2,449,301.53. 
 
 The nmnber of students in the State University during the 
 year 1862 was one hundred and twenty-nine. Twenty-six had 
 been taken out of thd classes to enter the army. The regents 
 of the university established a normal department this year; 
 and Prof. C. H. AUei. was appointed principal. It was opened 
 March 16 ; and the entire south wing was set apart for the pur- 
 poses of this school. 
 
 The whole number of pupils in attendance at the Institution 
 for the Blind for 1862 was fifty. Some changes were made in 
 
 400 
 
BiBTORr OF wiacosaiN. 
 
 407 
 
 the instructive force, and the institution had a year of prosper* 
 ity. 
 
 The total number of convicts in the State-prison Oct. 1, 1862, 
 was one hundred and seventy-three ; and the total number from 
 the organization to that date was seven hundred and sixty-four. 
 The appropriation to the institution for 1862 was twenty thou- 
 sand dollars. The whole number of inmates in the State Reform 
 School was eighty. 
 
 The trustees of the Hospital for the Insane reported that the 
 work on the west wing had been carried forward to the entire 
 satisfaction of the Board ; and the whole building was completed, 
 and ready for occupancy, on the first day of June, 1862. The 
 internal management of the institution from and after its open- 
 ing in June, 1860, was under the control of Dr. J. P. Clement 
 as superintendent, with an assistant physician, matron, and a 
 competent board of assistants. Up to Oct. 1, 1861, there had 
 been admitted one hundred and forty-five patients; and from 
 that date to Oct. 1, 1862, the number of patients admitted was 
 eighty-nine ; the whole number from the opening to that date 
 was two hundred and thirty-four. 
 
 The trustees of the Deaf and Dumb Institution reported that 
 there had been in attendance during the year 1862 eighty-two 
 pupils, of whom six graduated at the close of the term, having 
 attended the prescribed number of years. 
 
 From the report of the superintendent of public instruction, 
 we have the following statistics : the whole number of children 
 between the ages of four and twenty, 308,056 ; average wages 
 paid male teachers, $25.45 ; female teachers, $16.61 ; State fund 
 apportioned during the year, $149,891 ; whole number of 
 schoolhouses, 3,909, of which 2,324 are framed, 1,227 log-houses, 
 and 358 stone and brick ; the total valuation of all $1,255,852 ; 
 the highest valuation twelve thousand dollars, and the lowest 
 reported at one cent. 
 
 A synopsis of the report of the adjutant-general will be 
 found in the history of the war for the year 1862. 
 
 The extra session of the legislature commenced on the 10th 
 of September, the day appointed by Gov. Salomon in the call 
 for the same. The same oflBcers were elected as at the former 
 sessions. Gov. Salomon sent to the two houses his message. 
 
m 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 He referred to the fact, that, since the adjournment of the pre- 
 vious session, six hundred thousand men liiid been called for by 
 the government for putting down the llubellion, and tliat it had 
 become necessary to rely upon a system of drafting to furnish 
 the (juota called for from this State, lie referred to the attack 
 of the savages upon the whites in Minnesota, and to the conse- 
 quent '.inissaoro of a number of the inliabitants, and said that 
 he wa.j called upon by the people in the frontier settlements for 
 arms, anuuunition, and men ; that he had promptly ansAvered 
 these calls by sending all of the State arms and ammunition at 
 his disposal into the regions threatened with danger, lie rec- 
 ommended an effective organization of the State militia, and a 
 supply of arms and ammunition for emergencies. He recom- 
 mended the enactment of a law to give soldiers then in the 
 army from this State the right to vote at the next general elec- 
 tion, lie referred, also, to the condition of the Volunteer Aid 
 Fund, and recommended a special tax to meet deficiencies for 
 that purpose. 
 
 The extra session adjourned on the 2Gth of September, hav- 
 ing been in session sixteen days, and enacted seventeen laws. 
 Of the bills passed was one for levying and collecting for the 
 year 18G2 a special tax of $275,000 to apply for the aid of 
 volunteers ; one to enable the militia and volunteers of this 
 State, when in the military service of the United States, or in 
 this State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; one to empower 
 towns, cities, and counties to raise money for the payment of 
 bounties to volunteers ; and one to empower certain towns to 
 levy a tax for a similar purpose. 
 
 From the tone of the newspapers at that time, it would seem 
 that the extra session did not fulfil the wishes of the people in 
 their ena< tments. The law that Avas passed for a tax of S275,- 
 000 could not be made available until February, 18G3 ; and there 
 was a present necessity for the regular and prompt payment of 
 the five dollars per month pledged by the State to the families 
 of volunteers. 
 
 No measure was adopted furnishing this relief ; and it was 
 claimed that a bill could have been enacted, but for the op- 
 position of certain members, who, by political mancemTing, 
 managed to prevent it. 
 
410 
 
 niaroRT of wiacosais. 
 
 In the fJoll of the year, it was found necessary to resort to a 
 draft to raise tlie number of troops required under the 
 recent calls of the government ; and, in the month of November, 
 serious disturbances took place in one of the counties of the 
 State at the time of the execution of the draft. The proceed- 
 ings of the draft were interrupted by a large an'. nu»"erou8 body 
 of armed men, who destroyed the militia-roL '< and ballot-boxes, 
 drove away and maltreated the drafting-commissioner, demol- 
 ished his house, injured many other peaceable and law-abiding 
 citizens, and destroyed the property of many persons who were 
 obnoxious to them. On being apprised of these disgraceful 
 proceedings, the governor took prompt measures to restore peace, 
 and enforce the draft. A large niunber of persons, most of 
 them taken with arms in their hands, were arrested, and turned 
 over to the United States military authorities, that they might be 
 dealt with as ordered by the President of the United States, 
 who had commanded that all persons resisting military drafts 
 should be tried by court-martial or military commission. 
 
CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 WISCONSIN S WAK KECOBD. 
 
 Events of 1802, continued — IteKimental History — Inciilents and Accidents of 
 
 the Wot. 
 
 It will be necessary now to renew the history of the regi- 
 ments tliat were called into camp, and from thence proceeded 
 to the seat of war to take their part in the great conflict then 
 existing. At the commencement of the year 18G2, there had 
 been organized, equipped, and sent from the State, ten regi- 
 ments of infantry, one company of cavalry, and one company 
 of sharpshooters, exclusive of the three-months' regiment. 
 There were at that date remaining in the State, either already 
 organized, or in process of formation, the Ninth, and from the 
 Twelfth to the Nineteenth inclusive, of infantry, three regi- 
 ments of cavalry, and ten batteries of artillery. Of these, the 
 Ninth or German Regiment, recruited mostly from Milwaukee 
 and the Lake Shore, was completed. The Twelfth, sta- 
 tioned at Camp Randall, was in readiness, and awaiting orders. 
 The Thirteenth, encamped at Jamesville, also in readiness, 
 and the first to receive marching-orders. It left the State on 
 the 9th of January, 18G2, for Fort Leavenworth. The Four- 
 teenth, rendezvoused at Fond du Lac, was yet engaged in 
 recruiting companies to reach the maximum. The Fifteenth — 
 recruited under Col. Heg, late state-prison commissioner, and 
 composed mainly of Scandinavians — was engaged in recruiting, 
 and was mustered at Camp Randall on the 13th of February. 
 The Sixteenth, already above the minimum, was still adding to 
 its numbers while awaiting orders. The SeventcMth — being 
 recruited under the immediate auspices of Col. John L. Doran, 
 and made up almost entirely of persons of Irish birth — was 
 
 411 
 
412 
 
 VISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 mustered at Madison, on tlie 18th of March. The Eighteenth, 
 yet organizing and mustering companies, Avas ordered into camp 
 at Milwaukee, on the 16th of January. Col. H. T. Sanders, 
 having, just at the close of the preceding year, been commis- 
 sioned, with special permission from the war department, to 
 raise the Nineteenth Regiment as an " independent acceptance," 
 entered immediately upon the work, and, having met with 
 signal success, encamped at Racine in the month of ISIarch. 
 The three regiments of cavalry, and seven batteries of artillery, 
 were already in camp, and completing their organization ; the 
 regiments of cavalry being located respectively at Kenosha, 
 Milwaukee, and Janesville, and the artillery at Racine. The 
 Eighth and Ten<^h batteries were soon added at Ilaeine ; the 
 Ninth being at Burlington. 
 
 In the organization of the Department of the Mississippi, 
 under ]\Iajor-Gen. Ilalleck, nearly all these troops were ordered 
 to report at St. Louis, and loft the State before the 1st of April. 
 The dates and items in connection with their departure will 
 appear in further mention of their movements. Up to the last 
 requirements to complete the foregoing organizations, there 
 ■was no lack of recruits. The enthusiasm of the people was un- 
 abated, and volunteering Imd suffered little if any decline. 
 The last regiments leaving the State Avere in no Avise inferior to 
 those Avliich had preceded them, in number, patriotism, or 
 physique. Under the call of the President for seventy-fiA'e 
 thousand additional men, requisition Avas made upon this State 
 for but one regiment. Measures Avere immediately adopted for 
 its organization. The subsequent order for five additional regi- 
 ments, and, still later, the order for a draft of our quota of three 
 hundred thousand troops, convinced the people that there Avaa 
 an earnest occasion for another rally. The Avork Avas at once 
 commenced throughout the State Avith a rapidity before un- 
 equalled, and resulted in leaving but a fraction over ff>ur regi- 
 ments to complete our quota under the order for th^ draft. If 
 the time for volunteering had been extended for at least fifteen 
 days, the entire quota could, Avithout doubt, have been com- 
 pleted. The force recruited during this period formed the 
 materiel for fourteen regiments, — from the Twentieth to the 
 Thirty-thud Regiment incluaive, — all of Avhich, except three, 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 413 
 
 were now in the field ; and the others were in readiness to 
 follow. 
 
 The aggregate number of volunteers raised m the Stale for 
 the United States service, as shown by the muster-rolls of each 
 regiment at its departure, was 38,511. 
 
 In presenting the following record of the movements and 
 actions of the regiments from this State in the year 18G2, it 
 cannot be expected that any extended notice would be given 
 within the limits of a volume of the present size. Tliose who 
 take an especial interest in the detailed war history of Wiscon- 
 sin are directed to the valuable Avorks of E. B. Quiner and W. 
 DeLoss Love, on Wisconsin in the Rebellion. These works are 
 very full in their accounts of the incidents of the war, and the 
 personal prowess of our State volunteei-s, and are very valuable. 
 
 The First Kcgiment was re-organized after their return from 
 the three-months' service luider Col. Stiukwcathcr ; and from 
 their arrival at Louisville, Oct. 30, 18G1, to Feb. 18, 18G2, they 
 Avere principally engaged in repairing and guarding the line 
 of railroad extending south from that place to Nashville, Tcnn. ; 
 the headciuartera of the regiment being, most of the time, at 
 Camp Wood, near Munfordville, on the Green River. 
 
 Immediately after the evacuation of BoAvling Green by 
 the rebels, they Avere ordered to that place, Avhence, on the 
 27th of February, they took up their line of march for Ten- 
 nessee, sixtj'-four miles from RoAvhng Green, encamping on 
 the 2d of March at Edgefield, directly opposite Nashville, and 
 separated from it by the Cumberland River. On the 8th of 
 March, they crossed the river, and Avent into Camp Andy 
 Johnson, near Nashville ; and five companies set out on out- 
 post duty. The next day, one of these companies (B) A\'as 
 attacked by rebels; and, during the skirmish Avhich ensued, 
 private J. W. Greenly of that company was killed, the first 
 Union soldier Avho gave his life for tlie Union in Tennessee. 
 
 From Nashville, they marched, on the 5th of April, to Colum- 
 bia, on the line of the Nashville and Decatur Railroad, and 
 forty-six miles distant from the former place. Company K was 
 here detached as provost-guard ; and the regiment Avent into 
 Camp Walker, near that city, li'rom their arrival at Columbia, 
 untd tlie 28th of May, they were almost inc^ ;santly engaged 
 
414 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 in expeditions, of greater or less magnitude, against the nu- 
 merous bands of rebel forces which tlien infested the vicinity 
 of their camp. In one of these expeditions, Gen. Negley's 
 brigade, of which this regiment formed a part, marched from 
 Pulaski, the county-seat of Giles County, in Tennessee, to 
 Florence, on the Tennessee River, in i*.labama, arriving at 
 that place on tlie IGtli of May, having dr."ven the rebels from 
 their ferry-boats, and shelled them out of their camp ; and 
 tlienco returned to Columbia on ' he , having marched a 
 
 hiuidred and eighty miles in ten '' ^ .. the 24th of May, 
 Company K was relieved by Company C as provost-guard at 
 Columbia, and on the 28th, Companies A, B, G, and K, were de- 
 tailed to go with an expedition against Chattanooga in Tennessee. 
 The rest of tlie regiment \'ere occupied during the month of 
 June, principally in guard i;ig railroad-bridges between Columbus 
 and Pulaski. They were marched to Iluutsville, Ala., on tlie 28th 
 of July, from which time until the 18th of August, — wlien they 
 were ordered to Nashville, — they were engaged in performing 
 around Iluutsville the same kind of duty that tliey had so well 
 discharged previously in the vicinity of Columbia ; preventing, 
 by rapid and decisive assaults, any organization or concentra- 
 tion of rebel forces in their vicinity. On the 6th of September, 
 they were again ordered to BowUng Green in Ki^nlueky, at 
 which place thf'y remained until called upon to ; :\: I .ipate in 
 the general movement of the army, Avhich resi. • 'i i' '.ho 8th 
 of October, in the memorable battle of Perr •> >.ii."e the 
 
 rebel forces under Gen. Bragg were defeated Ly i. Union 
 troops under Gen. Buel The gallantry of the men au • • 'leers 
 in this battle deserves special mention. Three times advanced 
 ui^on by the rebels, who were as often repulsed, they stood 
 without wavering, and delivered an effective and witheriiK^ 
 fire. Among their trophies were the colors of the First Ten- 
 nessee, which they captured in a bayonet-charge. That the 
 First Wisconsin did its whole duty is abundantly proved by 
 the record of casualties. Their loss in kil]'"l was fifty-seven ; 
 in wounded, one hundred and twenty-seveu '■■<■ prisoners, seven ; 
 and missuig, seven. The prisoners — amc.i; " \om was Lieut. 
 Caliger of Company B — were all taken at nigia, w;.ilo search- 
 mg the field of battle for thei' dead and wounded. Major 
 
416 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCOSBIN. 
 
 Mitchell, Capt. Green of Company K, and Lieuts. Wise of 
 Company F, and Hambrook of Company E, were severely 
 wounded. 
 
 The regiment, at the last reports (in 1862), was in Murfrees- 
 borough, in Negley's division of the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 The Second Regiment — which had been identified with 
 the Army of the Potomac from its first organization to the 
 present time, and which was the representative of Wisconsin 
 at the first battle of Bull Run — was joined, later in the season, 
 by the Sixth and Seventh Regiments. On the re-organization 
 of the army by Gen. McClellan, these regiments, together with 
 the Nineteenth Indiana, were organized as a brigade, and 
 assigned to the command of Brig.-Gen. Gibbon; Gen. King 
 having been promoted to the command of a division. Thence- 
 forth their history is identical ; and Wisconsin may well be 
 proud of their record, which has procured for them the name 
 of the " Iron Brigade of the West." 
 
 The winter was spent in camp at Arlington, Va., preparing 
 for the spring campaign. In the grand review of the 27th of 
 March, the Wisconsin troops, particularly the Second, were 
 complimented for their soldierly appearance, and thorough 
 acquaintance with military drill. 
 
 Tliey participated in the advance on Richmond, under the 
 command of Major-Gen. McDowell; and subsequently, under 
 Major-Gen. Pope, acted as rear-guard to the Army of the 
 Potomac at the time it fell back on Washington. In the per- 
 formance of this duty, the Sixth Wisconsin, the very last to 
 retire, marched slowly and steadily to the rear, faced to the 
 front again as they reached their new position, and saluted 
 the approachinj enemy with three rousing cheers and a 
 rattling volley. 
 
 In the three-days' fight of the 28th, 29th, and 30th of 
 August, at Gainesville and Bull Run, Gibbon's brigade suf- 
 fered terribly. The Second went into the fight with about 
 four hundred and thirty men, and lost in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, two hundred and eighty-six ; the colonel, and one 
 captain being lulled, and Major Allen, Capt. Smith, and Lieuts. 
 Baldwin, Bell, and Esslinger wounded. Col. O'Connor fell, 
 fighting bravely. He was dearly beloved by his regiment. 
 
HISTOnr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 417 
 
 The loss of the Sixth was seventeen killed and ninety-one 
 wounded ; and the Seventh lost, in killed and wounded, 
 seventy-five men, including Capt. Brayton, Company B, killed, 
 and Capts. Walker and Walthers, Lieuts. Bird and Hobart, 
 wounded. 
 
 Afterwards, in the short campaign in Maryland, under com- 
 mand of Gen. MeCIellan, they nobly sustained their reputation 
 at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, which termi- 
 nated the campaign by forcing the rebels to retire across the 
 Potomac. In the battle of Sharpsburg, Sept. 14, Capt. Col- 
 well of Company B, Second Regiment, was killed while in 
 command of the line of skirmishei-s. The Second went into 
 the battle of Antietam Sept. 17, one hundred and fifty strong, 
 and came out with fifty-nine. 
 
 These regiments were now in the fourth brigade, left grand 
 division of the Army of the Potomac. Of this brigade, Gen. 
 McClellan wrote, — 
 
 "I beg to odd to this indorseraent the expression of my great admiration 
 of the conduct of tlie three Wisconsin regiments in Gen. Gibbon's brigade. 
 I have seen them under fire, acting in a manner that reflects the greatest 
 possible credit and honor upon themselves and their State: they are equal 
 to the best troops in any army of the world." 
 
 The Third Regiment passed the winter of 1861-62 principally 
 at Alexandria, of which place Col. Ruger was appointed pro- 
 vost-marshal. In the spring campaign, they were assigned to 
 the command of Major-Gen. Banks, entering Winchester, Va., 
 on the 12tk of March, and accompanied him in the sudden 
 retreat towards Washington, which commenced on the 25th of 
 May. They acted as a portion of the rear-guard, and lost, in 
 the various conflicts occurring by the movement, about one 
 hundred and twenty men in killed, wounded, and niissing. 
 The retreat was conducted with the most admirable coolness, 
 the men facing about in line, three several times giving the 
 enemy a number of volleys. 
 
 This division returned soon afterwards to Winchester to co- 
 operate with the commands of Gens. Fremont and Sigel, and on 
 the 9th of August took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain. 
 The regiment went into battle with four hundred and twenty- 
 
418 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 three men, of whom one hundred and seven were either killed, 
 wounded, or missing. In the official report of Gen. Gordon, 
 who commanded the brigade, special praise is awarded to the 
 Third Wisconsin and a Massachusetts regiment for displaying 
 great coolness under the terrible fire tbcy were ordered to face. 
 During this action, Lieut.-Col. Crane was killed, who fell gal- 
 lantly leading his men upon the enemy. Capt. O'Brien of 
 Company I was wounded early in the day, but refused to leave 
 the field. Later in the day, he received a mortal wound, and 
 died three days afterwards. Capt. Hawley and Licuts. Snow 
 and Derring were also wounded, and Lieut Widney taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 Subsequently, they took part in the short and brilliant cam- 
 paign under McClellan, in which Antietiim was the finishing 
 stroke to the invaders in Maryland. They took into action 
 about three hundred and forty-five men, and lost, in killed and 
 wounded, one hundred and ninety-seven. In this battle, Lieut. 
 Reed was killed, and Col. Ruger, Capts. Stevenson and Whit- 
 man, Lieuts. Field, Shepard, Parks, and Dick were wounded. 
 On the 7th of December, the regiment was in Gen. Gordon's 
 brigade, headquarters near Antietam Ford, Md. 
 
 The Fourth Regiment (Col. H. E. Paine) remained at Wis- 
 consin Barracks, in Baltimore, during the Avintcr, performing 
 garrison-duty, and perfecting themselves in drill and thorough 
 military organization. On the 19th of February, they left Bal- 
 timore for Newport News ; at which place thoy embarked, on 
 the 6th of March, for Ship Island, as a part of the expedition to 
 New Orleans, under Gen. B. F. Butler. Arriving at their des- 
 tination, they were assigned to the second brigade, inider com- 
 mand of Brig.-Gen. Thomas Williams. Tliey remained at Ship 
 Island until the 15th of April, when they Avere placed on board 
 "The Great Republic" for transport;' tion to New Orleans. 
 From the 17th to the 27th, they were at the south-west pass of 
 the Mississippi. During this time. Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 
 the rebel defences of the river, were, bombarded by the mortar- 
 fleet of Com. Porter. Com. Farragut having succeeded in pass- 
 ing the forts with his fleet, before their surrender, a part of the 
 regiment was sent in small boats to land above and in the rear 
 of Fort St. Philip, for the purpose of cutting off the retreat of 
 
BISTOJtY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 419 
 
 the rebels from that place. To accomplish this, they were com- 
 pelled to wade several miles, dragging their boats with them. 
 
 The expedition was entirely successful ; between four and five 
 hundred of the enemy being captured while attempting to 
 escape to New Orleans. For the manner in which they per- 
 formed their duty, they v,:ere complimented by Gen. Butler. 
 They were the second regiment to enter the city on the 1st of 
 May. On the 8th, they again embarked for Vicksburg, taking 
 possession of Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana. On arriv- 
 ing at Vicksburg, Gen. Williams found his force too small to 
 risk an attack upon that city, and returned to Baton Rouge. 
 On the 19th of June, the Fourth again left this place, to parti- 
 cipate in the second attack on Vicksburg. The fortifications 
 having been materially strengthened, it was decided to open the 
 navigation of the river by cutting a new channel. They were 
 engaged at this work for twenty days. The low stage of water 
 having defeated this project, they returned to Baton Rouge 
 on the 28th of July. Baton Rouge was evacuated on the 23d 
 of August, when they returned to CarroUton, and were stationed 
 at the parapet which forms the defences of KeAV Orleans. In 
 September, they were sent up the river in pursuit of guerillas ; 
 and, having ascertained the whereabouts of a band of Texan 
 " Greasers," they attacked, and pursued them three miles, into a 
 cypress-swamp, capturing four hundred horses and forty prison- 
 ers. Few regiments had done less fighting than the Fourth: 
 no regiment had undergone more hardship and privations. In 
 an expedition up the Yazoo River, Capt. J. W. Flynn of Com- 
 pany I, and six men, Avere killed by a shell while detailed 
 iis sharpshooters upon the gunboat "Tyler." The regiment 
 encamped at Carrollton, about eight miles above New Orleans. 
 
 The Fifth Regiment (Col. Amasa Cobb) left their winter- 
 quarters at Cami) Gritlin, near Lewii.ville, Va., where they had 
 been stationed during the winter, and marciied, on the 9th of 
 March, to Flint Hill, two miles from Fairfax Court House, 
 whence they were marched to the Potomac, within four miles 
 of Alexandria. Tlicre they embarked, on the 23d, to take part 
 in the great expedition against Richmond, under the command 
 of Gen. McClellan. 
 
 From their arrival at Hampton in Virginia, on the 26th of 
 
420 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 March, to the day of the final retreat, their history is thoroughly 
 identified with that of the Army of the Peninsula. Their 
 conduct in the hattle of Williamshuig, on the 5th of May, 
 where Capt. Bugh was severel} wounded, was such as to elicit 
 a flattering encomium from Gen. McCIellan, who, on the 7th of 
 May, addressed the regiment as follows : — 
 
 " My laflS, I have come to thniik you for your gallant conduct the other 
 day. You have gained honor for your country, yourselves, your State, and 
 the army to which you belong. Throuyh you, we won the day; and Wdliams- 
 hurg sliatl he inscribed upon your banner. I cannot thank you enough for what 
 you have done. I trust in you for the future, and know that you will sus- 
 tain the reputation you have won for yourselves. Uy your actions and 
 superior discipline, you have gained a reputation which shall bo known 
 throughout the Army of tlie Potomac. Your country owes you its grateful 
 thanks. As for myself, I never can thank you enough." 
 
 Wliile on picket-duty near Golden Farm, on the 28th of 
 June, Capt. Evans of Company K received a severe wound, ivorr. 
 the effects of which he died on the 1st of August. Ciipt. 
 Walker Avas also wounded at the same time. 
 
 The regiment hore its full share in the great series of hattles 
 from June 29 to July 4. Col. Cobb led his regiment success 
 fully and bravely through all its actions ; but at this juncture he 
 was lost to the regiment, having been elected to Congress. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. H. W. Emery died at his native place, in Lisbon, 
 N.H., on the 13th of October. He was appointed lieutenant- 
 colonel at the organization of the regiment. lie entered upon 
 the discharge of his duties with an ardent zeal. The privations 
 and exposure of camp-life to one of his physical constitution was 
 more tlian he could endure ; and his constitution finally gave 
 way. At the battle of Williamsburg, in command of five com- 
 panies of his regiment as skirmishers, he manifested a discipline 
 and intrepidity which showed hun worthy to command Wiscon- 
 sin troops. 
 
CHAPTER XLII. 
 Wisconsin's war-record. 
 
 Events of 1802, continued— Regimental History — Bravery of Wisconnln Soldiot 
 — Eolioes from tlia Battle-Fields, 
 
 The Eighth Regiment (Col. R. C. Murphy), from the time of 
 their departure from the State, up to the middle of January, 
 with the exception of the skirmish at Frederickston, in the 
 autumn of 18G1, was principally engaged in guarding railroad 
 bridges and other general duties in the southern portion of Mis- 
 souri and in Arkansas. On the 16th of January, they left Camp 
 Curtis, arriving at Cairo the next day. From Cairo they were 
 ordered to Mt. Pleasant, Mo., to participate in the attack on 
 Island No. 10, whence they marched, on the 7th of April, to 
 New Madrid. 
 
 Shortly after the reduction of this island, they were ordered 
 to Corinth, and arrived at Pittsburg Landing on the 22d of 
 April, when they at once took their place in the army destined 
 for the reduction of Corinth. On the 9th of May, at the battle 
 of Farmington, the Eighth Regiment, under the command of 
 Lieut.-Col. Robbins, lost in killed three (of whom two were com- 
 missioned officers), and sixteen wounded, and one missing. On 
 the 28th of May, leaving Farmington, the regiment, under the 
 command of Lieut.-Col. Robbins, — Col. Murphy being in charge 
 of the brigade, — went into action before Corinth, and, by their 
 steady courage and demeanor, demonstrated their bravery under 
 a heavy fire, losing, in this action, two killed and five wounded. 
 This was the last effort of the rebels to defend the city, which 
 was entered by our troops two days afterwards. 
 
 Subsequently they were ordered to luka, where they remained 
 until the approach of the rebels under Price and Van Dom, 
 
 422 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 428 
 
 when they were again ordered to Corinth, and took part in the 
 second battle of Corinth, on the 3d and 4th of October. During 
 this battle, while Col. Murphy was absent, Lieut.-Col. llobbins 
 and Major Jefferson were wounded, and carried from the field ; 
 and the command of the regiment devolved upon Capt. Britton, 
 who nobly conductfl the action. Their loss in this battle was 
 fourteen killed, sevfc.ity-five wounded, and two missing. After 
 joining in the pursuit of the rebels which followed this battle, 
 they returned to Corinth on the 14th of October, after which 
 time they were stationed in the vicinity of Waterford, Miss. 
 
 The Eiglilli nobly earned the encomiums bestowed upon it. 
 Its record is such that Wisconsin may well feel proud of the 
 Eagle Regiment. 
 
 On the 8th of December, the regiment was at Waterford, 
 Miss., in the left wing of the Army of the Tennessee, under the 
 command of Major-Gen. U. S. Grant. 
 
 The Ninth Regiment left Camp Sigel, at Milwaukee, under 
 command of Col. F. Salomon, on the 22d of January, 18G2, num- 
 bering thirty-nine officers and 884 men. Though this regiment 
 was raised under the special promise of Gen. Fremont that it 
 should compose a part of the division of Gen. Sigel, the heroic 
 compatriot of its members, the successor of Gen. Fremont did 
 not feel under any obligation to carry out such a promise ; and 
 the regiment left for another destination. None of the Wiscon- 
 sin regiments embraced so large a number of officers and soldiers 
 of military experience as the Ninth. The eagerness of the regi- 
 ment to encounter the enemy was not gratified imtil the 30th 
 of September, at Newtonia. In the first part of the battle, but 
 four companies were engaged against an enemy of a far superior 
 number, strongly intrenched. ' "'.3 balance of the regiment, 
 with Gen. F. Salomon's brigade, arrived later, and also took a 
 part in the fight. Four days after this battle, the Ninth Regi- 
 ment, with the brigade, were again on the march for another 
 attack on Newtonia, which, however, had been evacuated by the 
 enemy, who had experienced heavy losses, and did not feel 
 strong enough to resist another attack. The retreat of the 
 rebels was so hasty, that a part of their camp equipment and a 
 rocket-battery fell into the hands of our forces. The official 
 report of the regiment in this battle shows a loss of a htm* 
 
4H 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 dred and oighty-eight in killed, wounded, and missing, of whir 1\ 
 only eigiit were named as killed. In the buttle ut Prairie 
 Grove, the Ninth Regiment was in the rear-giiard, without tak- 
 ing part uctivcly in the fight. 
 
 The last report from the regiment in 1802 showed that it was 
 encamped at Rhea's Mills, Ark. The Tenth Regiment (Col. 
 A. R. Chapin), when last referred to, was at Camp Jefferson, 
 near Bacon Creek, in Kentucky ; at which place they were 
 stationed during the winter, and until the 20th of April. Gen. 
 O. M. Mitchell, in the following order of that date, addi'esses 
 them as follows : — 
 
 ' SoLDiEiis, — Your march on Bowling '"n won the thanks and confi- 
 dcnco of our commanding general. Wit ncs and cars captured from 
 
 the enemy, our advance-guard precipitate (pon Nashville. It was now 
 
 made your duty to seize and destroy the Aleuiphis and Charleston Railway, 
 the great military road of the enemy. With a supply-train only sufficient 
 to faed you at a distance of two days' marclt from your depot, you under- 
 took the herculean task of rebuilding twelve hundred feet of heavy bridging, 
 which, by your untiring energy, was accomplished in two days. Thus, by a 
 railway of your own construction, your depot of supplies was removed from 
 Nashville to Shelbyville, sixty-threo miles, and in the direction of the object 
 of your attack. The blow now became practicable. Marching with a 
 celerity such as to outstrip any messenger who might have attempted to 
 announce your coming, you fell upon Iluutsvillc, taking your enemy com- 
 pletely by surprise, and capturing not only his great military road, but all 
 his machine-shops, engines, and rolling-stock. Thus providing yourselves 
 ■with ample trausiwrtation, you have struck blow after blow with a rapidity 
 unparalleled. Stevenson fell sixty miles east of Iluntsville. Decatur and 
 Tuscumbia have been, in like manner, seized and captured. In three days, 
 you have extended your front of operations more than a himdred and twenty 
 miles; and your morning gun at Tuscumbia may now be heard by your 
 comrades on the battle-field made glorious by their victory before Corinth. 
 A communication of these facts to headquarters has not oidy won the thanks 
 of the commanding general, but those of the department of war, ^vhicti 1 
 announce to you with proud satisfaction. Accept the thanks of your com- 
 mander, and let your future deeds demonstrate that you can surpass your- 
 selves." 
 
 From this time, they were engaged in guarding, and keeping 
 in repair, the Memphis and Charleston Railway, until they were 
 called upon to join in the general movement of our troops to 
 the northward, rendered necessary by the advance of Gen. 
 Bragg towards Cincinnati, — a movement which resulted, on 
 
BISTORT OF ry/scoNsrtf. 
 
 426 
 
 the 8th of October, in the butllo of PeiTyville. In thiii action, 
 the Tenth greatly distinguished theniHclves ; for two hours 
 holding their position without relief, and long after their ani- 
 rnunition was cxptiided. During this engagement. Major II. O. 
 Johnson was killed ; and, of the three hundred and seventy- 
 two men whom thoy took into battle, ihirty-six were killed, a 
 hundred and eight were wounded, and three were missing, — 
 bruvo men all, who nobly won honor to themselves, their State, 
 and their country. 'J'hey subsequently moved to the vicinity 
 of Nasliville, where they were at the close of 18G2. 
 
 Tlu! iCleventhlleiiiraent (Col. Charles L. Harris) was stationed 
 during tiie greati , part of the winter, at Camp Curtis, near 
 Sulphur Springs, in Missouri, guarding, and kee})ing in repair, u 
 line of railroad, extending over sixty miles ; thenc: to Pilot 
 Knob, wliith they left on the 23d of March, arriving at Reeves 
 Station, on the Black liivcr, on the 27th. From Reeves Sta- 
 tion, they marched one hundred and eighty-five miles, to Jack- 
 sonport, in Lawrence County. On the 19th of May they Avero 
 at Batesville, in Arkansas, which place they left on the 22d of 
 June, crossing the Black River at Jacksonport, where they left 
 their sick, and pushed forward to Augusta. In this vicinity 
 they remained until the Gth of July, when they marched 
 fifteen miles, to " a place where the rebels had made another 
 blockade," followed, the next day, by the battle of Bayou 
 Caohe, in which the Eleventh lost four killed and fifteen 
 wounded, the Iatt>ir number including the colonel, one captain, 
 and one lieutenant. From Bayou Cache, they marched co 
 Helena, in Arkansas, arriving there on the 13th of July. 
 
 A glance at their route through Missouri and Arkansas will 
 convey some idea of the privations tliey must have been called 
 upon to undergo in a march through a comparative wilderness. 
 
 Their conduct at Bayou Cache was a suiBciont indication as 
 to what their conduct would be when called upon to assert 
 Wisconsin valor on the battle-field. 
 
 From Helena, they marched to Patterson, in Missouri, where 
 they were at the close of 1862, in the first division of the 
 Army of South-east Missouri, under command of Brig.-Gen. 
 J. W. Davidson. 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment was organized under the direction 
 
426 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of Col. George E. Brj'ant, formerly a captain in the three- 
 months' volunteers, where he distinguished himself for gal- 
 lantry, and thorough acquaintanoe with the duties of a soldier. 
 They left Madison on the 11th of January, arriving at 
 Weston, Mo., on the 17th. On the loth of February, they 
 marched from thence to Leavenworth City, in Kansas, which 
 place they left on the 1st of March for Fort Scott, accom- 
 plishing the distance, one hundred and fifty miles, in six days ; 
 from Fort Scott to Lawrence, and from Lawrence back to Fort 
 Leavenworth, on tlie Missouri, arriving on the 27th of May. 
 Here they embarked on the 29th for St. Louis. On arriving at 
 that place, they took a steamer for Columbus, Ky., arriv- 
 ing at the latter place on the 4th of June. During tlie months 
 of June, Jul3', August, and September, the Twelfth was en- 
 gaged in repairing and guarding the railway in Soutli-west 
 Kentuclcy and North-west Tennessee. In the begin' ing of 
 October, tliey were moved to Bolivar, in Tennessee. 
 
 The Twelfth was a marching regiment, and was not engaged 
 in any of the great battles which occupied a prominent place 
 in the eyes of the country. On the 1st of December, 1862, 
 they were in camp, near Waterford, Miss., in tlio fourth 
 division of the Army of the Tennessee, under command of 
 Major-Gen. U. S. Grant. 
 
 The Thirteentli Regiment (Col. William P. Lyon) left Camp 
 Medway, at Janesville, under orders for Kansas. From Wes- 
 ton, ]\Io., they marched to Leavenworth City, Avhere they staid 
 three weeks, thence to Fort Scott, and afterwards to La\vrence. 
 
 Tlicy were subsequently ordered to Columbus m Kentucky, 
 at Avhicli place they arrived in the beginning of June ; and 
 about the middle of August were transferred to Fort Heniy, 
 in Tennessee, where they remained in garrison during the year. 
 
 On the 1st of September, Col. JTaloney was recalled by the 
 war department to his former command in the regular service ; 
 and Capt. Williom P. Lyon of the Eighth was promoted to the 
 colonelcy of the regiment. The regiment was, at the close 
 of 18G2, in the district of Columbia, department of West 
 Tennessee, commanded by Gen. U. S. Grant. 
 
 The Fourteenth Regiment (Col. John Hancock) made up 
 principally of companies from the northern line of frontier 
 
428 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 co'onties, left Fond du Lac on the 8th of March, arriving at 
 St. Louis on the 11th. They remained in Benton Barracks two 
 weeks, and moved thence np the Tennessee River, with ordera 
 to report to Gen. Gra,nt at Savannah. 
 
 On the Gth of April, they marched from Savannah to Shiioh, 
 arriving about midnight, where they were compelled to stand 
 in the storm, without shelter, until daylight, and took part in 
 the memorable battle of the 7th of April. In this engagement, 
 the regiment charged three successive times upon a rebel 
 battery, and, after a terrible contest, captured it. One of the 
 pieces was spiked by Liuut. Staley of Company D, and pre- 
 sented to the regiment by Major-Gen. Hallcck ; and is now kept 
 by the State as a trophy of the gallant action of her sons. In 
 this battle, Capt George E. Waldo of Manitowoc was killed ; 
 Col. Wood, Lieut.-Col. Messmore, and Lieuts. M. ^L Ilurlbut 
 and J. D. Post, were wounded, from the effects of whicli the 
 latter died, on the 27th of May. The total loss of the regi- 
 ment was foiu-teen killed, seventy-two wounded, and seven 
 missing. Lieut. M. K. Barnes died of disease, at Hamburg, 
 Tenn., Aug. 3. 
 
 The hardships and exposure incident to this battle, and Col. 
 Wood's position afterwards as provost-marshal at Pittsburg 
 Landing, induced disease, by which he was prostrated. He 
 was taken home to Fond du Lac to die, and add another noble 
 victim to this war brought on by an unholy rebellion. 
 
 At the second battle of Corinth, on the 3d and 4th of Octo- 
 ber, the regiment, under the command of Col. Hancock, dis- 
 played signal bravery, and by its unflinching courage sustained 
 the reputation they had acqul ed at Shiioh, where they had 
 earned the name of the " Wisco.isin Regulars." Their brigade 
 was commanded by Col. John M. Oliver of the Fifteenth 
 Michigan, from whose official account of the battle the liUow- 
 ing extract is taken : — 
 
 " This regiment was the one to rely upon in ony emergency. Though 
 suffering nioro loss than any other regiment in the command, they main- 
 tained their lines, and delivered their fire, with all the precision and coolness 
 which could havo been maintained upon drill. 
 
 " I would call your attention to the death of Capt. Vaughan of tho 
 Fourteenth Wisconsin, who fell at the end of the old line of the enemy's 
 breastworks, nobly supported by Capt. Harrison of the same regiment. 
 
nisTORT OF wiscosam. 
 
 429 
 
 They steadily held the party of Rkirmishcri; on our right and front, at 
 the foot of the hill, where we had so long and fierce a fight. On Friday, 
 Capt. Harrison lost a log (since died). Capt. Vauglian gave his life for his 
 country. First Lieut. S. A. Tinkham, promoted for meritorious conduct at 
 Shiloh, who was killed about the same tims on Friday, deserves honorable 
 mention for his services. Capt. Asa Worden and First Lieut. E. F. Ferris, 
 particularly distinguished for their bravery and coolness, were wounded 
 while in the active discharge of their duties." 
 
 In this action, they lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 
 ninety-eight men. Col. Hancock, then commanding officer, 
 had been actively engaged in four of the great battles of 
 this war ; viz., Blackburn's Ford, Bull Run, Shiloh, and Corinth, 
 in each of whicli he had proved himself a Avorthy inheritor of 
 the honored name lie bears. The regiment Avas then (Dec. 8) 
 near Abbyville, Miss., in the left wing of Army of the Ten- 
 nessee, under command of Major-Gen. U. S. Grant. 
 
 The Fifteenth Regiment (Col. Hans. C. Heg) was raised 
 principally from the Scandinavian population of the State, 
 and on the 2d of Marrh left Camp Randall. They proceeded 
 to Chicago ami to the Mississippi River, moved down that 
 stream, and v incorporated with the force operating against 
 Island No. lU. ' )i\ the 8th of April, the Union foKcs took 
 possession; and the ril'teentli was put in g.an-isd; tlhrc. On 
 the 11th of June, Col. ! ! ur was ordered to proceed in the 
 direction of Corinth with ciglit companies, leaving two com- 
 panies at the island as garrison; where, according to last 
 reports (in 18G2), they still remained. Subsequei 'y, the eight 
 companies were removed from place t'l place, through Ten- 
 nessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and IC' utucky, taking part in 
 several skirmishes and scouting-partios. In one expedition, 
 two infantry regiments, under Licut.-Col. McKee of the Fif- 
 teenth, returned with forty-six prisoners, a hii h-ed small-arms, 
 eighteen horses, and twenty mules, taken i' i guerillas. 
 
 The Fifteenth was .also engaged in the liattle of Perry villa. 
 The regiment, Dec. 20, was near jNIurfreesborough, Tenn., in 
 the ninth division of tlie Army of the Cumberland, under 
 command of Major-Gen. W. S. Rosecrans. 
 
 The Sixteenth Regiment (Col. Benjamin Allen), one of the 
 largest which left the State, had completed its organization 
 about the middle of February, and left Camp Randall, Madi- 
 
430 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Bon, on the thirteenth day of March, under orders for St. Louis. 
 Here they remained but one day, embarking on the 15th for 
 Fort Henry, Tenn., to join Gen. Grant's command. Previous 
 to their arrival, Gen. Grant had moved his command to Savan- 
 nah, at which place the regiment joined him, on the 20th of 
 March. 
 
 They took part in the battle of Shiloh, on the 6th aiid 7iu 
 of April. They were posted as the advance-guard of the army, 
 in which position they exchanged the first shot with the enemy, 
 and afterwards nobly did their duty during that terrible first 
 day's battle. Capt. Saxe was lulled at the fiist fire ; and Capt. 
 Pease received a mortal wound, from the effects of which he 
 died on the 22d of April. Col. Allen, Lieut.-Col. Fairchild, 
 and Capts. Train and Wheeler were wounded. The total loss 
 in killed and wounded at this battle was two hundred and 
 forty-five. In no action of Wisconsin regiments had more 
 bravery and determined resistance been shown than in the 
 action of this regiment in that memorable contest. The cool- 
 ness and intrepidity of the field-ofiicers — in connection with 
 whom should be mentioned Adjutant Sabin, and in which they 
 were nobly supported by tho whole regiment — has already 
 become a prominent item in the history of this war. The 
 many attempts of the enemy to entrap the regiment on the 
 morning of the Gth instant were most gallantly repulsed, and, 
 by the coolness of the colonel, most ingeniously thwarted. 
 
 They participated in tlie siege of Corinth, under command 
 of Gen. Ilallcck, and, after its occupation by oiu- troops, were 
 stationed in the vicinity during the summer, and took part in 
 the battle of Corinth, on the 3d and 4th of October, where 
 their loss was thirty-five in killed and Avounded. 
 
 After their return from the pursuit of the enemy which fol- 
 lowed this battle, they were stationed for a short time at 
 Grand Junction, from which place they marched, on tlie 28th 
 of November, in the direction of Holly Springs. On the 30th, 
 they Avoif engaged in the battle in front of the rebel strong- 
 hold on . lie Tallahatchie, which resulted in the surrender of 
 the enemy's fortifications at. that place, which were entered by 
 our troops on the 1st of December. The regiment at this 
 date numbered four- hundred and ninety-nine. Having become 
 
BTSTOSr OF WISCOffSTlf. 
 
 481 
 
 so reduced, it was deemed advisable by the commanding gen- 
 eral to consolidate the ten companies into five, which was done. 
 Col. Allen returned to Wisconsin, where, assisted by his surplus 
 line officers, he recruited five additional companies from among 
 the drafted men in camps of rendezvous. At the close of 1862, 
 this regiment was near Grand Jiuiction, Tenn. 
 
 The Seventeenth Regiment (Col. Adam G. Malloy), composed 
 mainly of Irishmen, was recruited at large throughout the State, 
 and, having completed its organization, left Camp Randall in 
 two divisions ; the first on the 20th of [March, and the second 
 on the 23d, for St. Louis. Here they were placed in Benton 
 Barracks, and were soon ordered to Corinth, in the vicinity of 
 which place tliey were stationed during the summer. 
 
 They took part in the second battle of Corinth, on the 3d and 
 4th of October. Up to this date, the regiment had not been 
 called upon to participate in any general engagement. They 
 fought gloriously. To defeat an attempt of the enemy to out- 
 flank our forces, the Seventeenth Avas ordered to " charge bay- 
 onets." With a deafening cheer of their national '■'■Faugh a 
 hallah ! " heard so often on the battle-fields of old Europe, they 
 rushed upon the rebels, routing and dispersing them in wild 
 disorder. Their behavior merited the encomiums of Gen. 
 McArthur, who said, "Boys of the Seventeenth, you have 
 made the most glorious charge of the campaign." In this 
 action, the regiment lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 
 forty-one men. Among the wounded were Capt. H. McDermott 
 of Company B, who was shot tlirough the shoidder while lead- 
 ing his company. 
 
 On the resignation of Col. John L. Doran, Lieut.-Col, A. G. 
 j\Ialloy was promoted to the command of tlie regiment ; Major 
 McMahon was connnissioned lieutenant-colonel, and Adjutant 
 William II. Plunkett major, — promotions worthily bestowed, 
 and which materially increased the efficiency of the regiment. 
 
 At the close of 18G2, tliey were near Waterford, j\Iiss., in the 
 left wing, Army of tlie Tennessee, under command of JNlajor- 
 Gen. Grant. 
 
 The Eighteenth Regiment (Col. Gabriel Bouck), about the 1st 
 of Februarj% was in camp, although, as yet, scarcely full to the 
 minimum. The weather was inclement, and prevented their 
 
482 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 attaining much proficiency in drill during the short time which 
 intervened between their organization as a regiment and their 
 departure from Milwaukee, on the 30th of March. They merely 
 touched at St. Louis, being hurried forward to join the main 
 army at Pittsburg Landing. On the morning after their arrival 
 (the memorable Cth of April), just one week from their departure 
 from Milwaukee, they were called upon to take part in the 
 battle of Shiloh. Their loss in this and the succeeding day's 
 conflict, was in killed, twenty-four, among whom were Col. 
 Alban, Major Grain, and Capt. Compton ; wounded, eighty-two, 
 including Lieuts. Coleman and Potter ; and in prisoners, a hun- 
 dred and seventy-four, among whom Avere four caj)tain3 and 
 four lieutenants. 
 
 The following extract from a letter from Gov. Harvey, 
 written at Cairo, while on his errand of mercy to tlie sick and 
 wounded Wisconsin soldiers, should form a portion of the 
 record of the Eighteenth : — 
 
 " My heart bleeds at the sad fortune of this regiment, the most recently- 
 gathered of all our regiments. Knciimped at Milwaukee in an inclement 
 season, affording no opportunity for cither company or regimental drill, 
 without a single regimental offieer, and, 1 beliovCi no company officer of 
 military experience, they were ordered from Milwaukee to St. Louis, with 
 the expectation of passing some timr; at Benton Barr;icks in becoming 
 familiar with their duties. But tliey were hurried from the cars to a boat, 
 ' di.sembarked at Pittsburg Landing Saturday night, and sent from the river 
 directly to the front of Sherman's division, and plunged into the hottest of 
 the figlit on Sunday morning. Many of the mcii heard the older to loud 
 and fire, for the first time in their lives, in the presence of an enemy. They 
 did all tliat men could do. Many regiments of that fight may well covet 
 the impressions whicii tiie Eighteentli Wisconsin left of personal bravery, 
 heroic daring, and determined endurance." 
 
 Capt. Gabriel Bouck of Company E, Second Regiment, was 
 promoted to command t)f this regiment on tlie 22d of April. 
 During the summer, they were stationed at Corinth. On the 
 3d and 4th of October, they participated in tlic battle of 
 Corinth. Here " Col. Bouck, cool and sagacious, with his 
 gallant Eighteentli AViseonsin, did most effectual service ; was 
 detached to guard Smith's Bridge, which he afterwards, by 
 order, destroyed ; and brought liis command into the division 
 iu excellent order." 
 
484 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Capts. Millard, Layne, Fisk, Bremmer, and Saxton, and 
 Lieuts. Wilson, Ford, Woodruff, Stokes, and Southmayd, taken 
 prisoners at Sbiloh, were exchanged, and again returned to 
 their regiment. 
 
 At the close of 1862, the regiment was (Dec. 8) near Abby- 
 ville, in the left wing. Army of the Tennessee, under command 
 of Major-Gen. Grant. 
 
 h}. 
 
CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 Wisconsin's war recobd. 
 
 Events of 1862 continued — Regimental HUtory— The War Record to the Close 
 of the Year 1862 — Memories of the Battle-FieUI. 
 
 And now as to the Nineteenth Regiment, Col. H. T. San- 
 ders. By special authority from the war department, the or- 
 ganization of the Nineteenth as an independent regiment was 
 commenced in the month of December, 1861, and completed 
 in the beginning of April, 1862. 
 
 On the 20th of April, they were ordered to Camp Randall, 
 at Madison, to take charge of the rebel prisoners sent to Wis- 
 consin after the fall of Fort Donelson. Upon the transfer of 
 the prisoners to Chicago, they were ordered to the Potomac, 
 and left Madison on the 2d of June, arriving in Washington 
 on the 5th. From Washington, they were ordered to Norfolk, 
 in Virginia, where they still remained in 1862. The following 
 extract from " The Norfolk Union " will show in what 
 estimation they were held there : — 
 
 "We do not wish to detract from, or in any respect call in question, the 
 claim to the brave, moral, and high-toned qualities of the people of the good 
 old State of Connecticut, so renowned in all that gives dignity to a Chris- 
 tianized civilization of the highest order ; but we think a part of the great 
 North-west will be entitled to be known as the Connecticut of the West in 
 this respect ; and we are led to these remarks by the exemplary conduct and 
 quiet bearing of the Wisconsin regiment now stationed here, under corn* 
 mand of its gallant leader. Col. Sanders. Our people had become favorably 
 impressed with the Delaware First, and sincerely regretted its removal ; but 
 we believe that they are fully compensated by the substitution of the Nine- 
 teenth Wisconsin, which has won the entire confidence of the people." 
 
 Col. Sanders at that time occupied a triplicate position, — 
 as president of the military commission, commander of the 
 provost-marshal's guard, and colonel of the Nineteenth. 
 
 485 
 
486 
 
 nrsTOsr of wi scon bin. 
 
 The Twentieth Regiment (Col. Henry Bertram) was organ- 
 ized under the call for seventy-five thousand. The men were 
 recruited during the months of June and July. The organiza- 
 tion was completed, and the regiment mustered into the United 
 States service, in the beginning of August. 
 
 The field officers of this regiment were all promoted from 
 the old regiments in the field, — Col. Bertine Pinkney, for- 
 merly lieutenant-colonel of the Third, Lieut.-Col. Bertram, 
 captain of Company A in the same regiment, and Major H. 
 A. Starr, captain in the First, all of whom were capable men, 
 and officers of experience. 
 
 On the 30th of August, they left Camp Randall under orders 
 for St. Louis, where they arrived on the 31st. On the 6th of 
 September, they were ordered to Rolla, at which place they 
 remained for ten days, when they marched to Sprmgfield, on 
 the 22d. 
 
 Quartermaster J. A. Douglas, whose health had been declin- 
 ing for some time previous, died on the 14th of October. He 
 was univeraally esteemed by the regiment. 
 
 They remained in the vicinity of Springfield until the 
 beginning of December, when they were called upon to take 
 part in the movement of Gen Herron"s forces for the purpose 
 of effecting a junction with Gen. Blunt (who was holding the 
 enemy in check near Cane Hill, Ark.), thereby preventing 
 the rebels from entering Missouri. On Sunday, the 7th of 
 December, they came in sight of the enemy at Prairie Grove, 
 Ark., having marched one hundred miles in three dsvys. Their 
 conduct during the terrible fight which followed showed they 
 did not need their general's reminder, as he placed them in 
 position, that " Wisconsin had never been disgraced by lier 
 sons in arms." They charged upon and took a rebel battery 
 of six guns at the point of the bayonet, and, being unable to 
 take the guns from the field, disabled them, and slowly retired, 
 without confusion, under the fire of five rebel regiments. 
 Capts. John McDermott and John Weber, and Lieut. Thomas 
 Bintliff, were killed in this fearful charge, and Lieut.-Col. 
 Henry Bertram, Capts. O. Gillett and H. C. Strong, with 
 Lieuts. Jackson, Bird, Butler, Blake, Ferguson, Root, and 
 Miller, wounded. The total loss was forty-nine killed, one 
 hundred and forty-eight wounded, and eight missing. 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 487 
 
 This sketch may be properly concluded by quoting the 
 following brief order of the commanding general : — 
 
 "Camt PnAiRiK Grove, Arkansar, 
 
 Dec. 10, IHfiS. 
 Gov. E. Salomon, — I congratulate you and the State on the glorious 
 conduct of the Twentieth Wisconsin Infantry in the great battle of Prairie 
 Grove. Nol)ly have they sustained the reputation of the State. I earnestly 
 rcconamend the immediate promotion of Lieut. -Col. Bertram to the 
 colonelcy. 
 
 (Signed) F. J. IIerbon, Brigadier-General, 
 
 Commanding 1st and Sd Divisions. 
 
 Col. Pinkney having resigned on account of ill health, 
 Lieut.-Col. Bertram was promoted to the command of the 
 regiment on the 10th of December, 1862. 
 
 The Twenty-first Regiment (Cf)l. Benjamin J. Sweet) was 
 recruited and organized during the months of July and 
 August, under the President's last call for three hundred 
 thousand men, and was formed of companies recruited from 
 Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Waupacca, and Outagamie Counties. 
 
 The field officers were all promoted from service in old regi- 
 ments, — Col. Sweet, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth, 
 Lieut.-Col. Hobart from the Fourth, and Major Schumacher 
 from the Sixth. 
 
 They left Camp Bragg, under orders for Cincinnati, on the 
 11th of September, and, immediately on their arrival in that 
 city, were transferred to the Kentucky side of the river, and 
 took their position in the defence of Cincinnati. They 
 remained in this vicinity until the approach of the rebel army, 
 under Gen. Bragg, when, on the 8tb of October, they took part 
 in the battle of Perryville, less than one month after they left 
 the State. Placed in the front of the batteries of the right 
 brigade, they met the approach of the enemy with a withering 
 fire, which- they sustained with the greatest coolness, until 
 overpowered, and compelled to retire. In this battle, they lost 
 in killed forty-one, including Major Schumacher, Capt. Gibbs, 
 and Capt. George Bentley of Company H, Lieut. E. D. 
 Kirkland of Company H, and Lieut. Mitchell of Company C ; 
 in wounded, one hundred and one, including Col. Sweet, one 
 captain, and two lieutenants ; in prisoners, one hundred and 
 
438 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 twenty-one, among wlioin was Lieut. J. C. Crawford of Com- 
 pany G, taken prisoner while looking after the dead and 
 wounded on the field of hattle, at night. There were also 
 missing fifteen, who were supposed to have l>een killed, or 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 At the close of 18C2, this regiment was (Dec. 15) near 
 Nashville, Tenn., in the third division of the Army of the 
 Cumberland, under command of Major-Gen. Rosecruns. 
 
 The Twenty-second Regiment (Col. William L. Utley) was 
 made up almost exclusively of men from the counties of Racine, 
 Rock, Green, and Walworth. Col. Utley had beca for many 
 years prominent iu military matters of the State, and twice 
 occupied the position of adjutant-general. The task of organ- 
 izing the first volunteer regiments of the State, in the year 
 18G1, devolved upon him. In this work, new i j Wisconsin, 
 and without precedent or experience, his military knowledge 
 and energy contributed largely to the efiBciency and fame of 
 Wisconsin soldiera. 
 
 The regiment was ordered to Cincinnati, and left Racine on 
 the IGth of September, arriving at Cincinnati on the 18th. 
 They were encamped in Kentucky, about five miles south-west 
 of the city, until the last of November, when they removed to 
 Nicholasville, below Lexington. 
 
 Tlie Twenty-third Regiment (Col. Joshua J. Guppy) was 
 composed princi^jally of Dane and Columbia County men. 
 Col. Guppy is a well-known resident of Portage City. He 
 was lieutenant-colonel of the Tenth Regiment, and had the 
 advantage of a military education, and of one year's service 
 in the field. Lieut.-Col. Jussen was a member of the State 
 legislature of 18C1 and 18G2. 
 
 The regiment was, for the time it had been in camp, the best 
 drilled of any from the State. 
 
 They left Camp Randall, en route for Cincinnati, on the 18th 
 of September, and established their headquarters at Camp Bates, 
 in Kentucky, about five miles above the city, on the Ohio River. 
 They were subsequently moved near Paris, in Kentucky. Here 
 they remained until the last of October, when they marched to 
 Nicholasville. Thence they marched to LouisviUe, arriving on 
 the loth of November; having accomplished the mai-ch of 
 

440 
 
 HIBTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 eighty-five miles in four days. At Louisville, they embarked 
 on the 18th of November, under orders for Memphis, at wlich 
 place they arrived on the 27th, where they were at the closo of 
 1862, in the first brigade, first division, Brig.-Gen. A. 7. Smith 
 commanding, and were unattached to any army. 
 
 Capt. Frost, Company K, died on Dec. 18, in hospital, at 
 Memphis. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth Regiment (Col. Charles H. Larrabee) was 
 properly called a Milwaukee Regiment. Fully nine-tenths of 
 its members were from that city. To form it, she gave from the 
 flower of her youth, and her best and most influential citizens. 
 Col. Larrabee was the former popular majc i* of the Fifth Regi- 
 ment ; Lieut.-Col. Buttrick, a prominent citizen of Milwaukee ; 
 and Major Hibbard, the well-remembered captain of the Mil- 
 waukee Zouaves of the Fifth. 
 
 This regiment left Milwaukee for Louisville, Ky., on the 
 5th of September. On their arrival at that place, they were 
 placed in Camp Jo. Holt. Here they remained until the 10th, 
 when they were ordered to Cincinnati to assist in the defence 
 of that city. They reached Cincinnati the next day, and were 
 placed in position at Covington, Ky. 
 
 They returned to Louisville about the 20th, and on the 1st of 
 October commenced their march towards Perryville. They took 
 part in the battle fought at this place on the 8th of October. 
 They were held as a reserve until about three o'clock in the 
 afternoon, when they were ordered to support a battery. While 
 perfv-rming this duty, they lost one man, who was instantly 
 killed. 
 
 They took part in the pursuit of Bragg, which followed, and, 
 after various marchings and counter-marchings, went into camp 
 at Nashville, where thoy were December, 1862, in the right 
 wing of the Army of the Cumberland, under command of 
 Major-Gen. Rosecrans. 
 
 The Twenty-fifth Regiment (Col. Milton Montgomery) was 
 made up of companies from Grant and the river counties. Col. 
 Montgomery is a prominent citizen of Spaita, Monroe County. 
 Lieut.-Col. Nasmith was promoted to his present position from 
 a captaincy in the Sixth. 
 
 Under orders from Major-Gen. Pope, commanding department 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 441 
 
 of the North-west, this regiment left La Crosse on the 20th of 
 September, for St. Paul, Minn., and from thence to aid in 
 quelling th 3 Indian troubles in Minnesota ; one company being 
 assigned tc Sauk Centre, two companies to Painesville, two 
 companies to Acton, two companies to New Ulm, one to Leav- 
 enworth, one to Fairmount, and one to Winnebago City ; the 
 headquarters of the regiment being established at New Ulm. 
 After the capture of the Indians, they were ordered to ren- 
 dezvous at Winona, and arrived at Madison on the 18th of 
 December. By special authority from Brig.-Gen. Elliott, com- 
 manding department of the North-west in the absence of Gen. 
 Pope, furloughs were granted to almost the entire regiment 
 to enable the soldiers to spend Christmas at home. 
 
 They were, at close of 1862, at Camp Randall, Madison, 
 awaiting orders. 
 
 Tne Twenty-sixth Regiment, Col. William H. Jacobs. Not- 
 withstanding the Germans had already sent an entire regiment 
 into the field, besides the number of German companies in the 
 various regiments of infantry, cavalry, and batteries of artillery, 
 the last call for three hundred thousand was no sooner issued 
 than the German patriotism of Wisconsin declared its intention 
 of bein^: represented in that body of men by another German 
 regimeni. This rlesire was universal. Recruits poured in; and 
 but a short time had elapsed, when so many volunteers were 
 enrolled, that the Twenty-sixth was full to the maximum, and 
 it became necessniy to assign companies to other organizations. 
 
 Among the officers were thirteen who had seen service, eleven 
 of whom had been in war, either in this country or in Europe. 
 About one-half of the commissioned officers, and perhaps one- 
 fifth of the privates, had been in military service before. Col. 
 Jacobs, although without previous military experience, devel- 
 oped such zeal and energy wliile in the State as to give earnest 
 of his soon becoming a skilful officer. 
 
 It was the intention of the department to order the regiment 
 to the So".ih-we!^t ; but tlie personal influence of Gov. Salomon, 
 with a representation of the fact that the general understand- 
 ing during the time of eiilistment was, that the regiment 
 would be attached to the command of Major-Gen. Sigel, pro- 
 cured a reversal of the original design ; and they were ordered 
 to Washington. 
 
442 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 In accordance therewith, they left Camp Sigel, Milwaukee, 
 on the 6th of October, and, on their arrival at Washington, 
 were at once sent forward to Gen. Sigel's corps. 
 
 In a review which took place soon after their joining the 
 command, their action was such as to call forth the highest 
 encomiums from their commanding general, who pronounced 
 them the best disciplined body of troops in his corps, consider- 
 ing the time they had been in camp. 
 
 At the close of the year, they were (Dec. 20) near Stafford 
 Court House, Va., in the Eleventh Corps of the Army of the 
 Potomac, under command of Major-Gen. Burnside. 
 
 The Twenty-seventh Regiment (Col. Conrad Krez) was com- 
 posed of six companies raised in the counties of Sheboygan, 
 Manitowoc and Kewaunee, with others from various localities. 
 In the assignment of companies to this regiment, many fell short 
 of the minimum, by which it was delayed in its organization 
 and readiness to leave the State. By request of the governor, 
 special permission from the war department was given to con- 
 tinue recruiting for this and the Thirty-first Regiment, also in 
 a similar position. 
 
 The organization was completed in 1862, and they anxiously 
 awaited orders to take their place beside others of Wisconsin's 
 sons in doing battle for liberty and the Union. 
 
 The Twcnty-eighlli Regiment, Col. James M. Lewis, was com- 
 posed principally of men from the counties of Waukesha and 
 Walworth ; left Camp Washburne, Milwaukee, on the 20th of 
 December, under orders for Cairo, where they arrived next day. 
 They were immediately placed on board a steamer, and sent to 
 Columbus, Ky., where they were December, 1862. 
 
 The varied experience of Col. Lewis as surgeon of the Second 
 Regiment, and during his captivity as prisoner at Richmond, 
 together with the general confidence in the ability of himself 
 and the ofBcers of lus regiment, will lead us to follow the move- 
 ments of tbii regiment with no common interest. 
 
 The Twenty-ninth Regiment, Col. Charles R. Gill, made up 
 mainly of volunteers from Dodge, Jefferson, Dane, and Wash- 
 ington Counties, left Camp Randall on the 2d of November, 
 under orders to report at Cairo. On their arrival, they em- 
 barked on the steamer "New Uncle Sam," and proceeded to 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 443 
 
 Helena, Art., where they were Dec. 19, 1862. This regiment 
 as in the second brigade. Army of the South-west, Brig.-Gen. 
 Steele commanding. 
 
 The Thirtieth Regiment (Col. Daniel J. Dill) was composed 
 of six companies from the St. Croix and Chippewa valleys, two 
 from Waushara, and two from Iowa Counties. 
 
 The material composing it was equal to that of any which 
 had left Wisconsin, as may be inferred from the duties it was 
 called upon to perform within the State ; for as " a prophet 
 is not without honor, save in his own country," it may well be 
 supposed that its conduct was meritorious to call forth the 
 encomiums so freely bestowed on it in the performance of duty 
 at home. 
 
 Col. Dill was promoted to the command from a captaincy in 
 the Sixth Regiment, where he had the experience of nearly a 
 year's campaign in the field. 
 
 The Thu'ty-first Regiment (Col. Isaac E. Messmore), like the 
 Twenty-seventh, was left, by the order of the war department 
 prohibiting recruiting, with less than the minimum. Six com- 
 panies from Iowa, Lafayette, and Crawford Counties, were 
 ordered into camp at Prairie du Chien ; and special permission, 
 before alluded to, was obtained to continue recruiting for this 
 regiment. At the close of the year, it was much above the 
 minimum strength, and of good materiel. 
 
 On the 14th of November, it was removed from Prairie du 
 Chien, in charge of the camp of rendezvous for drafted men at 
 Racine, where it remained, awaiting ordei-s to join the army in 
 the field. 
 
 Col. Messmore was formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Four- 
 teenth, and toolc active part in the memorable battle of Shiloh, 
 on the 7th of April. 
 
 The Thirty-second Regiment, Col. James H. Howe. This 
 regunent, composed of volunteers from the northern line of 
 counties, left their camp at Oshkosh on the 30th of October, 
 under ordera for Cairo, where they arrived next day. From 
 Cairo, they were immediately sent forward to Columbus, Ky,, 
 and subsequently to Memphis, where they were attached to 
 Gen. Sherman's command. 
 
 Col. Howe resigned his position as attorney-general of the 
 
 ; H 
 
 ; I 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 • I'll 
 
444 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 State, to which office he had been re-elected for a second term, 
 to take command of this regiment, 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Bugh Avas promoted to his position from a cap- 
 taincy in the Fifth Regiment. He was severely wounded in 
 the battle of Williamsburg, on the 5th of Maj% in which he 
 displayed signal coolness and bravery. 
 
 The Thirty-third Regiment (Col. Jonathan B. Moore) was 
 raised from the southern tier of counties of Wisconsin. The 
 men of this regiment were wholly froip the families of the well- 
 to-do farmers of that locality, and constituted one of the best 
 drilled and disciplined regiments from the State. 
 
 "Old Grant" was again most worthily represented by the 
 colonel, and her other sons of this regiment. Lieut.-Col . Lovell 
 was one of the oldest citizens of the State, and a prominent 
 lawyer of Kenosha. He was a member of the first and second 
 Constitutional Conventions, and was speaker of the assembly 
 in 1858-59. He made a most accomplished drill-officer. 
 
 The regiment was mustered into the United States service in 
 the beginning of October, and left Camp Utley, Racine, for 
 Cairo on the 11th of November. From Cairo they were ordered 
 to Helena, and from thence to the Tallahatchie, where they 
 were December, 1862. 
 
 The Thirty-fourth Regiment, drafted militia. Col. Fritz An- 
 neke. This was the first regiment organized from the drafted 
 men of this State for nine months' service. Col. Fritz Anneke 
 had the reputation of a skilful officer in the old country, and 
 was promoted from Major-Gen. McClernand's staff to this regi- 
 ment. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Orff was formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Ninth 
 Wisconsin Infantry. 
 
 Company G, Berdan's sharpshooters, Capt. Frank E« Marble. 
 Wisconsin contributed one company to this regiment, which, 
 on its organization, was assigned to position as Company G. 
 They passed the winter principally in camp of instruction, near 
 Washington, and accompanied the army, under Gen. McClellan, 
 in its advance on Richmond, from the debarkation near York- 
 town, until the final withdrawal, and return towards Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 They took part in the grand series of battles before Rich- 
 
446 
 
 BISTORT OF w I SCON am. 
 
 iiiond, in one of which, that of the 80th of June, Capt. Drew 
 was instantly killed while rallying his men after a temporary 
 confusion, caused by the sudden falling-back of a Pennsyl- 
 vania regiment. Sergeant Staples, also, well known in the 
 vicinity of Madison, wajs killed while assisting his captain. 
 
 Subsequently they participated in the movements of the 
 army under Gen. Pope, and bore their share in the battles of 
 Gainesville and Bull Run on the 28th, 29th, and 80th of 
 August, where six of their number were wounded. 
 
 The record of this company is such that they cannot receive 
 justice in a sketch like this. They have done their whole duty. 
 
 They were (Dec. 8) near Falmouth, Va., in the centre 
 grand division of the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 First Regiment of Cavalry, Col. Edward Daniels. The com- 
 plete organization of this regiment was effected in February ; 
 and on the 17th of March they left Camp Harvey, under 
 orders for St. Louis. On their arrival, they were transferred to 
 Benton Barracks, where they were furnished with horses, and 
 otherwise completely equipjJed. Thence they were ordered to 
 Cape Girardeau, and left St. Louis on the 27th of April. From 
 Cape Girardeau, the headquarters of the regiment were removed 
 to Bloomfield ; and detachments were constantly sent out in 
 various directions through the country, which performed good 
 service in preventing any organization of the rebels in their 
 vicinity. 
 
 On one of these excursions, parts of Companies A and D, 
 under command of Major La Grange, attacked and dispersed a 
 body of rebel guerillas at Chalk Bluffs, in Arkansas. Their 
 loss was two killed, including Lieut. Phillips of Company A, 
 and six wounded, among whom was Lieut. Merrill of Com- 
 pany D. 
 
 Subsequently the regiment penetrated the swamps of the 
 " Panhandle," reaching Little River at Homersville, where they 
 captured the rebel steamer " Daniel Miller," worth about fifteen 
 thousand dollars, loaded with sugar, molasses, whiskey, and 
 rebel ofiBcers. 
 
 On the 1st of August, a detachment of twenty-three men 
 from Company I, under command of Capt. Porter, surprised a 
 rebel company of eighty-five men at Jonesborough, and took 
 
BIBTORT OF WISCONSm. 
 
 447 
 
 eleven prisoners, together with some arms, horses, and wagons. 
 The next day, after a desperate fight against overwhehning 
 numbers, Capt. Porter was forced to capitulate, having lost, in 
 this adventure, killed, five ; wounded, two ; paroled as prisoners, 
 eight ; and missing, eight. 
 
 From Bloomfield, the regimental headquarters were trans- 
 ferred to Madison, Ark., the regiment being scattered over 
 about two hundred and fifty miles of territory. 
 
 This meagre sketch falls far short of doing justice to the 
 brave men of this regiment, who have suffered great privations 
 in the making of a record which should find a place among our 
 historic treasures. 
 
 Owing to the continued illness of Col. Daniels, the regiment 
 had been in 1862, for some time, in command of Lieut.-Col. 
 La Grange, a very popular and efficient officer. 
 
 They were at Patterson, Mo., attached to the Army of 
 South-east Missouri, commanded by Brig.-Gen. Davidson, at 
 the close of 1862. 
 
 The Second Regiment of Cavalry (Col. Thomas Stephens), 
 on the 24th of March left Camp Washburne, under orders for 
 St. Louis ; at which place they arrived on the 26th, and were 
 quartered in Benton Barracks. Here they were mounted and 
 completely equipped ; and, on the 15th of ATay, the first battal- 
 ion left for Jefferson City, followed, on the 19th, by the second 
 and third battalions. They left Jefferson City on the 28th en 
 route for Springfield, where they arrived on the 10th of June. 
 From Springfield they were ordered, on the 13th, to join Gen. 
 Curtis's command. The junction was effected at Augusta. 
 They were present at the battle of Bayou Cache, on the 7th of 
 July, and afterward accompanied Gen. Curtis's command to 
 Helena, Ark., in the vicinity of which place they were at the 
 close of 1862. 
 
 This regiment was familiarly known as " Washburne's Cav- 
 alry," having been recruited by the Hon. C. C. Washburne. 
 He was retained in its immediate command but a short time, 
 having been promoted to the position of brigadier-general. 
 Col. Stephens, afterwards in command of the regiment, was 
 former inspector-general of this State. It was now in the third 
 division of the Army of Eastern Arkansas, under command of 
 Gen. Gorman. 
 
 li 
 
 I 'I 
 
448 
 
 mSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The Third Regiment of Cavalry (Col. William A. Barstow) 
 was fully organized, and accepted into the United States ser- 
 vice by the muster of the colonel and field-officers on the 28th 
 of January,. and left Camp Barstow, Janesville, on the 2Gth of 
 March, for Benton Barracks, St. Louis. A railroad accident, 
 on the same night, resulted in the instant death of ten men, 
 mortally wounding two, and slightly injuring twenty-eight. 
 
 They left St. Louis, under orders for Fort Leavenworth, 
 Kan., on the 22d of May, and arrived at their destination on 
 the 27th. Here they received their horses and horse equip- 
 ments, having previously been fully equipped, with these 
 exceptions. 
 
 About the first of June, Col. Barstow was appointed pro- 
 vost-raarshal-general of Kansas, and ordered to disperse his 
 regiment, one company in a place, in various parts of Kansas, 
 extending from near the Nebraska line on the north, to Fort 
 Scott on the south. The regiment was thus scattered until the 
 8th of September, when Col. Barstow was relieved from duty 
 as provost-marshal, and ordered to concentrate his regiment at 
 Fort Scott. 
 
 Up to this date, the regiment had been engaged in no general 
 battle, but had been on constant picket and scout duty, and 
 employed in fighting scattering bands of guerillas, and protect- 
 ing the people and i)roperty on the borders of Kansas for a dis- 
 tance of nearly two hundred miles. Siiice then, in 18G2, it 
 participated in the battles of the Army of the Frontier. 
 
 The Milwaukee Cavalry was organized at Milwaukee during 
 the month of October, 1861, and joined Gen. Fremont's army 
 at St. Louis as an independent acceptance. The officers in 
 charge were, captain, Gustave Von Deutsch ; first lieutenant, 
 Charles Lehman ; second lieutenant, Albert Galoskowski. 
 
 Subsequently, the company became identified with the Fifth 
 Regiment Missouri Cavalry, its captain having been made 
 lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. 
 
 The First Heavy Artillery, Capt. A. J. Langworthy. On the 
 9th of December, 1861, Company K of the Second Regiment 
 (Capt. A. J. Langworthy) was detached from the regiment for 
 " heavy artillery duty," under Special Order No. 172, from the 
 headquarters of the army. In pursuance of this order, they 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 449 
 
 moved the same day into Fort Cass, on Arlington Heights, 
 Va., to which tlicy had been assigned for garrison-duty. Their 
 number was largely augmented by recruits from the State ; 
 and, at the close of 1862, they still remained in charge of Fort 
 Cass, at Arlington, Va. 
 
 Lieut. Caleb Hunt died Dec. 1, 1862, at Milton Junction, 
 the result of injuries received in an attempt to get on a railroad- 
 car while in motion. 
 
 The First Battery, Capt. Jacob F. Foster. On the 23d of 
 January, this battery left Racine, under orders for Louisville, 
 Ky. On their arrival, they were placed in camp of instruction 
 near the citj', where they remained until the beginning of 
 April, when they marched in the direction of Lexington, and, 
 after performing duty at various places to which they were 
 ordered in that part of the State, took possession of Cumber- 
 land Gap, after its evacuation by the rebels, on the 17th of 
 June. To move these heavy guns a distance of thirty miles 
 across the Cumberland Mountains, and in places which the 
 enemy had pronounced impracticable for light artillery, was 
 indeed an herculean task ; but it was accomplished, and the 
 La Crosse Artillery had tlie honor of hoisting and saluting tlie 
 stars and stripes on tlie strongest of the enemy's forts. They 
 participated in the retreat from this place, and on the 2l8t of 
 November arrived at Cincinnati. Here they remained until the 
 26th, when they embarked for Memphis, where they were 
 at this date. 
 
 Capt. Foster was made chief of artillery by Gen. Morgan on 
 the 26th of April, giving him command of twenty-six guns. 
 
 They were now in the right wing, Thirteenth Army Corps, 
 under command of Major-Gen. Sherman. 
 
 The Fourth Battery, Capt. John F. Vallee. The Second 
 and Fourth Batteries left Camp Utley, Racine, on the 28th of 
 January, for Baltimore, where they arrived on the 31st, and 
 were immediately ordered to Washington. They remained 
 hut a few hours in Washington, as they were ordered to For- 
 tress Monroe via Baltimore. They arrived at Fortress Monroe 
 on the 3d of February, and were placed for duty in the water 
 battery, where they were December, 1862. 
 
 The Third Battery, Capt. L. H. Drury. The Badger Bat- 
 
450 
 
 HISTORY OF WiaCONSIN. 
 
 ti'iy left Camp Utley, UiK.iiic, under oitlers for Louisville, Ky., 
 on the 2od of Jiinimry. On their arrival, they were ordered 
 into camp of instruction near Louisville ; and, while there, 
 their armament was chanj^ed l)y (lie substitution of rilled 
 thirty-two-pounders for their li;^dit guns. On the 10th of 
 Maich, they left Louisville for Nashville, arriving on the 
 14th. Here ihey went into camp, and rcuuiiued until the 2'Jth, 
 when they took up their line of march for Savaiuiah, Tenn. ; 
 thi'iice Ihey were transferred to Pittsburg Landing in tlie 
 ii Ho of April. From Pittsburg Landing, they marched, 
 during the summer, from place to place in Tennessee and 
 Kentucky, and, on the 2d of October, left I,ouisville, coming up 
 with tlie rear-guard cavalry pickets of the enemy on the fol- 
 lowing morning. These were dislodged by a few shell from 
 the long-range Parrotts ; and the battery pressed forward to 
 Perryville. They were present at, though they took no part 
 in, th(! battle at this place, but were employed in the pursuiL 
 of the retreating enemy, and took part in the skirmish near 
 Stanford on the loth of "October, and subsequently encamped 
 at Mount Vernon. 
 
 Capt. Drury of this battery was appointed chief of artil- 
 lery in Crcn. Van Cleve's division, with the charge of thieo 
 batteries. 
 
 The Badgers were, at the close of this year, near Nashville, 
 in the left wing of the Army of the Cumberland, under com- 
 mand of Major-Gen. Rosecraus. 
 
 The Fifth Battery, Capt. Oscar F. Pimiey. Tliis battery 
 left Camp Utley, Racine, on the loth of March, for St. Louis, 
 and arrived at that place next day. On the 19th, they took 
 their departure from St. Louis, with orders to report at New 
 Madrid, where the}' were employed in building forts. In the 
 latter part of April, they were moved to Hamburg, Tenn. 
 They participated in the battle of Farmiugton, on the 9th of 
 May. Four guns of the battery, under Lieuts. Hill and Gard- 
 ner, were ordered to the extreme front to defend a biidge, 
 across which the rebels must j)ass in order to make the attack. 
 They remained here three days, and fell l)ack in complianco 
 with the order of Gen. Pope. From this place, they marched 
 from point to point in Northern Mississippi and Alabama. On 
 the 23d of August, Lieut. A. Smith died at luka Springs. 
 
462 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 They left Louisville on the Isfc of October with Buell's army. 
 On the evening of the 7th, two of their guns engaged three of 
 the enemy's, and, after a battle of several hours, silenced and 
 drove them from the field. On the moriung of the battle of 
 Perryville they were held as reserve, and, at five in the after- 
 noon, were ordered to support Gen. McCook's division, as they 
 were driven back by the enemy. In this position they had 
 room to use only five guns, the sixth being silent. Their 
 steady and accurate fire compelled the enemy's battery to 
 change position. The rebels attempted three times to take the 
 battery, but were as often repulsed Ijy the sturdy valor of the 
 support, and the destructive fire of the battery. Here they 
 lost one killed and one wounded. Gen. McCook, in presence 
 of his staff, thanked the captain and battery for their gallantry, 
 saying that they had saved the division from disgraceful defeat, 
 and that he could not appreciate their services too highly. 
 
 They continued in pursuit of rebels until the 15th of Octo- 
 ber, at Crab Orchard, where they rested a short time, and, on 
 the 20th, commenced their march to Nashville, by way of Lan- 
 caster. They arrived pX Nashville on the 7th o,f December, 
 having marched above five hundred miles. 
 
 They were (Dec. 8th) near Nashville, in the Fourteenth 
 Army Corps (Army of the Cumberland), under command of 
 Major-Gen. Rosecrans. 
 
 The Sixth Battery (Capt. Henry Dillon) left Racine on the 
 15th of March for St. Louis, arriving at that place next day. 
 They embarked for New Madrid on the 19th, and took part in 
 the siege of Island No. 10. After Island No. 10 fell into our 
 hands, they remained there, doing garrison-duty, until about 
 the 10th of June, when they were ordered to Pittsburg Land- 
 ing, And were in the vicinity of Rienzi during the greater part 
 of the summer. 
 
 They took part in the battle of Corinth on the 3d and 4th 
 of October, and lost in killed, six, including Lieut. Daniel T. 
 Noyes, and in wounded, twenty-one. 
 
 The Sixth Battery went into the fight with ninety-three men 
 all told, and that number raade up partly of men detailed from 
 infantry regiments of three different States. They were con- 
 sidered a " forlorn hope ; " but, by their severe fighting and 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 4N 
 
 (logged bravery, thoy actually turned the tide of battle in our 
 favor, and won tlie fight. OfBcers and men, loyal and rcLol, all 
 agree, that no more desperate or better fighting was ever done 
 than by that battery at the battle of the 4tJi. Well may our 
 State be proud of her troops. 
 
 They were (Dec. 9) at Oxford, Miss,, in the left wing of the 
 Army of the Tennessee, under command of Major-Gen. Grant. 
 
 The Seventh Battery left Camp Utley, Racine, on the 16th 
 of March, and anived at St. Louis next day. On the 19th 
 they left St. Louis for New Madrid, which place they reached 
 on the 21st. They performed their share in the siege of Island 
 No. 10, and, after its reduction, remained there as garrison 
 until the 13th of June, when they embarked for Hickman, 
 Ky., and joined Gen. Mitchell's brigade at Union City. In 
 the latter part of June, they marched to Trenton, Avhero the 
 battery was dividei;, three guns being strtioned at Humboldt, 
 and three at Trenton. 
 
 They were (Dec. 5) at Humboldt and Trenton, in the dis- 
 trict of Jackson, Army of the Tennessee, under command of 
 Major-Gen. Grant. 
 
 The Eighth Battery (Capt. Stephen J. Carpenter) left Camp 
 Utley, at Racine, for St. Louis, on the 18th of March, arriving 
 on the 20th. At St. Louis, they embarked for Fort Leaven- 
 worth, Kan., on the 4th of April. On the 10th of May, they 
 commenced their march to Fort Riley, at which place they 
 remained two days, and set out on their return to Fort Leaven- 
 worth on the 17th. There they embarked, on the 27th, for 
 Columbus, Ky., arriving on the 4th of June. From Colum- 
 bus, they were ordered to Humboldt, at which place they 
 remained from the 18th of June to the 1st of July, when 
 they commenced the mr.rvh to Corinth, reaching the latter 
 place on the 0th. Fron Corinth, they were sent on a scouting 
 expedition to Jacinto and Bay Springs. At the latter place 
 they came up with the enemy on the 12th of August, and 
 skirmished with him till dark. Thence to luka Springs, on 
 the 14th. From luka Springs, they were ordered to Nashville, 
 at which place they anived on the 4th of September. Thence 
 they marched to Louirivllle, arriving on the 2Gth. They left 
 Louisville on the l?t of October, to take part in the movement 
 
454 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 of our army to meet Bragg, and, on the 8th of October, took 
 ,\(rt in the battle of Perryville. 
 
 Tliey participated in the pursuit of the enemy which fol- 
 lowed tlie battle, overtaking him, near Lane ister^ on the after- 
 noon of the 14th. They were engaged h\ the skirmishes of 
 the next da\', shelling the enemy out of Lancaster, and follow- 
 ing him up to Crab Orchard. From Crab Orchard, they 
 marched to Lebanon, arriving on the 22d ; from Lebanon, to 
 Bowling Green, arriving on the 1st of November ; thence to 
 Nashville, where they encamped on the 7th, after a skirmish 
 with Alorgan's forces at Tyree Springs, on the morning of the 
 same ^&y. 
 
 The centre section of the battery, under command of Lieut. 
 John D. McLetin, was left at Eastpoit, Miss., by order ; 
 thence they marched to luka Springs, Sept. 12, and to Cor- 
 inth, Sept. 13. Aigain returned to luka Springs, where they 
 were engaged in the battle of luka. After this battle, marched 
 to Corinth, and took part in the battle of Corinth, on the 3d 
 and 4th of October. 
 
 They were (Dec. 9) near Nashville, in the right wing of 
 the Army of the Cumberland, under command of Major-Gen. 
 KoFCcrans. 
 
 The Ninth Battery, Capt. Cyrus H. Johnson. The Randall 
 Battery left Camp Utley, Racine, on the 18th of March, and 
 arrived at St. Louis on the 20th. Here they were fully eqv;ip^>pd 
 with six guns captured at Fort Donelson, and ordered to Kan- 
 sas. They disembarked at Fort Leavenworth on the 14th of 
 April, and remained until the 2Gth, when they commenced their 
 long mavch to Denver City, Col. Ter., where they arrived 
 on the 2d of June. On the 5th, Lieut. J. IL Dodge, with 
 his section, was ordered to Fort Union, in New Mexico, 
 whence he subsequently marched to Fort Lyon, Col. Ter. 
 On the 14th, Lieut. W. D. Crocker was ordered to Fort Lyon, 
 whence he afterwards (July 12) marched to I'ort I.arned, 
 Kan. The balance of the battery, under command of Capt. 
 Johnson, marched, on the 22d of June, to Fort Lyon, Col. 
 Ter., whence he returned to Denver City. 
 
 The battery was (Dec. 18) at Fort Lyon, Col. Ter., except 
 Lieut. W. D. Crocker, with his spction, who were at Fort 
 Lamed, Kan. 
 
nrsTORT OF wiscoysry. 
 
 455 
 
 The Tenth Battery, under Capt. Yates V. Beebe, left Camp 
 Utley, Racine, on the 18th of March, under orders for St. Louis, 
 at whicii phice they arrived on the 20th. While at St. Louis, 
 Lieut. Toner and twenty-five men were transfeiTed to the 
 Eisrhth, and Li(ut. Hicks, with forty-five men, to the Ninth 
 Battery, by order of Major-Gen. Ilalleck. 
 
 They remained at Benton BaiTacks some time, and were or- 
 dered to Corinth, via Cairo, with four guns. While at Corinth, 
 their numbers were augmented by recruits from Wisconsin, and 
 their armament increased to six guns. During the summer 
 they were stationed at Corinth ; and they participated in the 
 battles around that place on the 3d and 4th of October, after 
 which they were transferred to Nasliville, where they took 
 part in the skirmish before that place on the 5th of November. 
 Their duty was principally guarding important points. They 
 were also frequently employ 3d in scouting-parties. 
 
 The battery was (Dec. 14) at Nashville, Tenn., detailed 
 for garrison-duty, under Gen. Mitchell, who commanded the 
 post. 
 
 The Eleventh Battery, Capt. John Rourke. The greater 
 portion of the volunteers in this battery, almost without ex- 
 ception of Irish birth, were recruited by Lieut. John McAfee 
 for the Seventeenth ; but, the company organization of the 
 regiment having been completed, this company was left de- 
 tached. 
 
 At the request of Col. Mulligan of the Illinois Irish brigade, 
 they were organized as a battery of artillery under Capt. Jolin 
 Rourke of Milwaukee, and attached to his command ; the 
 number necessary to complete tiie organization being provided 
 in Illinois. 
 
 They left Camp Randall on the 6th of April, and want into 
 camp at Chicago, where they remained until the brigade was 
 oi'dered into active service. 
 
 Since that time (in 1862) they remained under the imme- 
 diate command of Col. Mulligan. 
 
 The Twelfth Battery, Capt. William Zichrich, was recruited 
 under the auspices of Capt. William A. Pile of Missouri, by 
 special pormisfilun of Gov. Harvey. The men were sent to 
 St. Louis in squads, as fast as enlisted, with the under- 
 
456 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 standing that they there would be organized and equipped 
 as a Wisronsin battery. Capt, Pile ai>j)ears to have abused 
 the confidence of the governor, and deceived the men he 
 enlisted, by assigning them, in part, to infantry companies, 
 and elsewhere, as he saw fit, and completing his battery with 
 other recruits, under the name of the First Missouri Ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 By special request of Gov. Salomon, the matter received the 
 attention of the general commanding ; and subsequently, with 
 the consent of the Avar department, the governor revoked Capt. 
 Pile's commission, and he was removed from command. The 
 battery was then re-enforced by a fine bo v of about sixty men 
 which left Janesvillc on the 1st of Scptcml>er, and was one of 
 the most efficient in the department to which it was attached. 
 
 When joined by this detachment they were transfiirred to 
 the vicinity of Codnth, IMiss. They took part in the battle at 
 that place on the 3d and 4th of October. Gen. Sullivan, riding 
 up to the batt(ny on the field, said, "Boys, I am proud of you, 
 you have done nobly. Tiio dead in front of your battery 
 show the work you have done." 
 
 They joined in the pursuit of the enemy after the battle, re- 
 turning to Corinth on the 3d of November. They were (Dec. 
 9) at Oxford. Miss., in the left wing of the Army of West 
 Tennessee, under command of Major-Gen. Grant. 
 
 The record of Wisconsin's nol)le dead for the year 1862 
 includes not only her many sons who had "fallen in the front 
 of war," and the suffering brave in camp and hospital, but the 
 name of one who laid himself a sacrifice upon the altar of 
 liberty, — her chief magistrate, the Hon. L. P. Harvey. Wis- 
 consin alune has given such a sacrifice. 
 
 Thanking God for the impulse which had led him to a com- 
 pleted work, his name is inscribed among tiie fallen, — a noljle 
 martyr in tliis war, brought upon us bj' an unholy rebellion. 
 
 Tiie widow of our lamented governor, fully imbued with the 
 (tpirit of her husband in his mission to the sick and wounded, 
 carried forward the work he was comjjclled to liiy down. 
 
 To the brave men who have gone from us the gratcfid 
 thanks of our State are due. 
 
 Reference has been made to the Eagle Kegiraent. the 
 
458 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCOffSm. 
 
 Eighth Wisconsin. Some account of this " eagle," from whom 
 the regiment derived its name, will prove interesting. This 
 eagle still lives at his comfortable quarters in the basement of 
 the State Capitol at Madison. In pleasant weather he can be 
 seen on his perch near the building. Among the many attrac- 
 tions of the Capitol of Wisconsin, not the least is tliis veteran 
 of the war. 
 
 " ' Old Abe ' was captured in the spring of 1861, in Chippewa County, 
 Wisconsin, by an Indian by the name of A-ge-mah-me-ge-zhig, of the Lalie 
 Flambeau tribe of the Chippewa Indians. Tlie Indian sold the eagle to 
 JL'. D. McCann, for a bushel of corn. Mr. McCann concluded that his 
 eagle should go to the wars. Ho took him to Chippewa Falls, and from 
 thence to Eau Claire. The eagle being then about two months old, he sold it 
 for two dollars and fifty cents to Company C, Eighth Wisconsin Regiment. 
 The eagle was soon sworn into service by putting around his neck rer.- 
 white-and-blue ribbons, and on his breast a rosette of the same colo'S. 
 The company, commanded by Capt. J. E. Perkins, and James McGenr is, 
 the eagle-bearer, left for Madison on the 0th of September, 1801. They 
 arrived at La Crosse in the evening of the next day. The fact that a com- 
 pany was coming with a live eagle brought a groat crowd to *he wharf. A 
 salute from the First Wisconsin Uattery was fired, followed by cheers from 
 the crowd and soldiers, 'The eagb, the eagle! hurrah for the eagle I' 
 Arriving at Madison on the 8th of Sej tember, the company marc!^ed direct 
 to Camp Ilandall, the band plajdng Yankee Doodle, amidt't great . houting 
 from the Seventh Regiment and part of the Eighth. The company entered 
 the gate ; and the eagle, as by instinct, spread his wings, tfjok hold of one of 
 the small flags attached to his perch, in his beak, and carried it in that 
 position to the colonel's quarters. The excitement knew no boimds : shout 
 after shout was heard from the crowd. Deep and stronj; was the conviction 
 that the eag'e had a charmed life. 
 
 " In camp he was visited by thousands, amonor them tht .lighest digni- 
 taries of civil and military life. Capt. Perkins r.,\raed him ' Old Abo,' in 
 honor of Abraham Lincobi. By a vote of tiie company, the Eau Claire 
 Badgers, its original name, was changed to Ea-' '" .c F- i; and, by 
 general expression of the people, the Eight*- ,on^in ..as (ailed the 
 
 Eagle Regiment. 
 
 "On the l'2th of October, 1801, the regiment loft Camp Randall. At 
 Chicago, St. Loui.s, and in fact everywhere, 'Old Ago' attractodgre.it atten- 
 tion. Five hundred dollars were at one time offered n him, and at 
 another a farm worth five thousand dollars, but, of course, in ^aii;. His 
 feathers are scattered all over the Union, so great tiie demand for them. 
 ' Old Abe ' was seen in all his glory when the regiment was engaged in battle. 
 At such times, he was always found in his place at the head of Company C. 
 In the midst of the roaring of cannon, the crack of the musket, and the 
 
niSTORi OF WISCONSIf:. 
 
 469 
 
 roll of smoke, ' Old Aho ' with spread pinions, would jump up and down on 
 his perch, utterinpf wild and fearful screams. The fiercer and louder the 
 storm of battle, the fiercer, wilder, and louder the screams. ' Old Abe' was 
 with the command in nearly every action, — aboiit twenty-two battles and 
 sixty skirmishes. It is a remarkable fact that not a color or eagle bearer of 
 tlie Eighth was shot down. The veterans were mustered out of United- 
 States service, at Mempiiis, Sept. 10, ISO 1. It was there decided that ' Old 
 Abe ' should be given to the State of Wisconsin. They arrived in Madison 
 on the 22d ; and on the 26th, ' Old Abe ' was received by the governor from 
 Capt. Wolf." 
 
CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 ADJUNISTEATION OF GOV. SALOMON. 
 
 Events of 1803 — Administration of Gov. Salomon — Legislation —Election Con- 
 test of ISliS — Election of Jomos T. liOwis as Governor — Triumph of the 
 Republican Party. 
 
 The sixteenth session of the State legislature convened 'on 
 the 14th of January, 1363, and adjourned April 2, 1863, 
 holding a session of seventy-nine days. 
 
 In the senate, Hon. Wyman Spooncr was elected president 
 pro tempore, Frank M. Stewart chief clerk, and Luther 
 Basford sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, J. Allen Barber 
 was chosen speaker, John S. Dean chief clerk, and A. M. 
 Thomson sergeant-at-arras. In the senate there were seven- 
 teen Republicans and fifteen Democrats, and in the Assembly 
 fifty-tlu-ee Republicans, forty-five Democrats ; and two Inde- 
 pendents. On the 15th, the two houses met in joint con- 
 vention ; and Gov. Salomon read his message, and in opening 
 said, — 
 
 •' Our State has diiriiicf tho past year, with the single csception of a 
 serious distmhance in one of the counties, enjoyeil peace within its borders, 
 and been free from the horrors of war surrounding us, and interrupting the 
 quli t of many of our sister States ; and our commerce, which, in coi;imon 
 witli that of all other States, has sulTered much foi- \vars from the eliocts of 
 the (Inaiieial and commercial crisis of IS.'S", has. .luriiit; ili" past year, even 
 under the disadvant.ic of the war, been iivospcrous, and is now conducted 
 on a safer ba.sis than it was before 1857, wlien the spirit of speculation, 
 and an unsound and too expensive system of credit, led to the financial 
 ruin of many." 
 
 He referred to the enlargement of the Erie Canal, and Fox 
 and Wisconsin River Improvement, and suggested that the 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 46t 
 
 legislati'ire memorialize Congress upon these two important 
 national improvements. He gave the following summary of 
 the financial condition of the State. Receipts into the general 
 fund for 18G2, $GG9,flG1.84, and the disbursements, $549,- 
 746.17 ; leaving a balance in the treasury of $119,915.67. 
 The total productive fund of the school-fund, which on the 
 previous year was $2,458,351.49, had been decreased to $238,- 
 445.90. 
 
 The whole number of children reported of school age was 
 308,056, and the whole number of pupils attending during 
 the year was 191,364. The total school taxes raised was $703,- 
 262.52. The State fund apportioned during the year was 
 $149,891. He recommended the Stale University to the fa- 
 vorable consideration of the legislature, and remarked, that 
 " Wisconsin has not acted the part of a kind parent in 
 exacting payment for the management of its funds, and has 
 not shown that liberality and encouragement wliich it should, 
 have done." He lecommended the ingrafting on the uni- 
 versity a professorship of military engineering and tactics. He 
 congratulated the legislature on the prompt completion of the 
 west wing of the State Capitol, which work had been faithfully, 
 well, and cheaply done. The cost of the west wing, including 
 all extras, amounted to $87,591.32, being $12,408.68 less thau 
 the appropriation made for tliat purpose, and $16,042.64 less 
 than the cost of the east wing, which was considerably smaller 
 in size than the west^ wing. He further recommended the 
 continuance of work on the north and south wings. 
 
 He reported that he had visited the Institution for the Blind, 
 and the Deaf and Dumb Institution, both of which were in 
 excellent condition, and well niiiuaged, and that the appropria- 
 tions asked for the ensuing y«ar were reasonable, and such as 
 were absolutely necessary for their maintenance. The number 
 of pupils in the former institution was <it\y, a larger number 
 than ever before in one year. At tiio lailer institution, the 
 number of pu[)ils in attendauco was eighty-two. 
 
 The west wing of the Hospital for the Insane was completed 
 about the 1st of June in 1862, giving much needed additional 
 room. Un to the 1st of October, 1862, 234 patients had been 
 received, of wliich forty-one had recovered, fifteen had been 
 
462 nrsTOKY of w/scossry. 
 
 di^vhiXY^i'd iin[)rovc'(l, (Ifteen weio uuiinpi'ovcil, and tlurty-two 
 had died. 
 
 Tlic State; Refiii'in Scliool rcpoiiiid an attendanco of sovonty- 
 two inmates duriiiLf llit; last fiscal yeai' ; and the governor 
 recommended a reiioal of tiio existinij; law, taxing uonnties 
 with the support of liie iinnates. Iff also reconinionded that 
 the necessary a[)propi'iations be made for tlie sn[)port of the 
 school during that year. A substantial building of stone had 
 been put up at the State-prison for the aceonnnodation of 
 female convicts, and a duralde wall around llu; femab; prison- 
 grounds. Tiie total number of convicts conlined during the 
 year, from Jan. G to Oct. 1, LSiJ:!, was one hundred and 
 seventy-three, of winch rinv-s(>ven had been disebarged, leav- 
 ing one hundred and sixteen in the jirison at the last-named 
 date, of whom one hundred and twelve were males, and four 
 females. 
 
 The goveinor gives a summary of the transactions of the 
 war-fund, viz., — 
 
 Balance on hand IX-x;. .'U, ISO! SJO.227.09 
 
 lleoeipts 7.'j7.70O.o:) 
 
 Total amount S807.!)-'S_i):( 
 
 Disbursements 700.!li.'i).7J 
 
 Balance in treasury Dec. 31, 1802 §lU,'Jl»S.:i,j 
 
 Tlie message refers at length to mattei's connected with the 
 military history of tbe State, and jiays a proper tribute to the 
 several aid societies, mostly the women of the State, who have 
 incessantly labored to supply the wants of the sick and 
 wounded soldiers. It also gives the amount allotted by our 
 soldiers in the field, through the allotment commissioners, up to 
 Dec. 15, to be iSl,?^;!,^!-').!:)^. 
 
 A large number of the bills passed by the legislature were 
 designeil for the benefit of soldiers and their families, and for 
 providing means therefor. The following were the most im- 
 portant bills of a military ebaracter. 
 
 To estalilish the manner of commencing and [irosecuting 
 suits against persons in the military service ; to appropriate 
 funds for damage done by rioters iu Ozaukee County ; to 
 
464 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 amend the act grftnting soldiers in the field the right of 
 suflfrage ; to authorize tlie levy of a State tax of two hundred 
 thousand dollars for the support of families of volunteers ; to 
 appro[)riate to the govcinor five thousand dollars for con- 
 tingent expenses, and three thousand dollars for a military 
 contingent fund ; authorizing the governor to furnish tour- 
 niquets for the use of volunteers ; to authorize the issue and 
 sale of bonds for three hundred thousand dollars ; to amend 
 the act granting aid to families of volunteers, defining more 
 fully the rights of families ; to amend the act suspending sales 
 of mortgaged lands to the State or held by volunteers, extend- 
 ing the time of application to May 30, 1863 ; to give volun- 
 teers the right to redeem lands sold for taxes within two years 
 from April 1, 1863 ; to authorize the governor to take care of 
 the sick and wounded soldiers of the Wisconsin volunteers, 
 and appropriating fifteen thousand dollars for tiiat purpose ; 
 to purchase flags to replace flags of regiments in the field, 
 injured or destroyed in battle ; to extend volunteer aid to 
 families for six months after the death of the soldier ; to 
 provide for the collection of subscriptions made to pay bounties 
 to volunteers, and the support of families of volunteers; a 
 joint resolution adopted asking for the promotion of Cols. J. 
 C. Starkweather and George E. Bryant to brigadier-generals ; 
 a memorial asking for the establishment of a military hospital 
 in the State of Wisconsin, for sick and wounded soldiers ; and 
 a multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties 
 for volunteers. In addition to the above bills, some sixty-two 
 laws were passed amending general laws, twenty-eight amend- 
 ing private and local laws, and nineteen amending the Revised 
 Statutes ; a bill to provide for continuing the work on the 
 State Capitol, and sixty-three thousand dollars appropriated to 
 the erection of the foundation of the south wing, and of the 
 rotunda to the top of the water-table, and the erection and 
 complelion of the north wing ; to codify the school laws of 
 the State ; twenty-three acts incorporating and amending rail- 
 road charters ; and a largo number of ap -ropriatiou bills. 
 
 On the 22d of January, the legislature in joint convention 
 proceeded to vote for a United States senator to succeed Hon. 
 James R. Doolittle, whose term of oflQco expired March 4, 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONaiK. 
 
 465 
 
 18G4. Hon. J. R. Doolittlo recoivcd seventy-three votes ; and 
 Edward G. Ryan, fifty-seven votes. The former was declared 
 elected ; and, on the 13lh of February, the jnint convention 
 met to elect four regents of the State University in place of 
 J. G. McMynn, Carl Schurz, II. A. Tcnney, and Levi B. Vilas, 
 whose term of oflife had expired ; and Rev. George B. Eastman, 
 Dennison Worthington, Henry D. Barron, and Levi B. Vilas 
 were declared elected. 
 
 The Madison *' State Journal," referring to the session, 
 says,— 
 
 " Tho lejrislature adjourns, leaving a record that will compare favorably 
 with any of :t3 predocessora. The most importiiut moasiires tliat have beeu 
 enacted are the acts organizing tho militia of the .State ; the repeal, of the 
 State Rights rosolutions of IS.JO ; the acts authorizing tho investment of 
 the school-fund in any bonds issued by the State, and providing for the 
 continuation of the work on the State Capitol ; tho compilation of the 
 school laws ; and tlie issuing of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars in 
 bonds for the volunteer family aid fund. In point of ability, it exceeded 
 the average standard; and, as a general rule, it has manifested a disposition 
 to retrench public expenditures and to lighten the burdens of taxation." 
 
 The building commissioners of tho State, agreeably to the 
 law providing for continuing work on the Capitol building, 
 advertised for proposals for doing said work. On the 9th of 
 May, the bids were opened, and the contract awarded to James 
 Livesey, for $50,855, as tho lowest bidder. The work of demol- 
 ishing the old Capitol was soon commenced ; and the building 
 which had been the scene of so many interesting events in the 
 early historj- of the Territory was soon brought to the ground. 
 
 In the spring of the year, some interest was taken in the 
 election of a chief justice of the supreme court to fill the 
 place of Hon. Luther S. Dixon, whose term of office was soon 
 to expire. In February, a call, signed by many prominent 
 attorneys, was extended to Judge Dixon to consent to Rave his 
 name used as a candidate for re-election. To this call, Judge 
 Dixon consented to run as an Independent candidate. At a 
 meeting of the Democratic Convention, called to nominate a 
 candidate for that ofTicc, lion. Montgomery M. Cotbren received 
 the nomination. At the election in April, Judge Dixon was 
 re-elected by a majority of about four thousand, including the 
 vote of the soldiers in the field and camp. 
 
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466 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCOmW. 
 
 The question as to the legality and constitutionality of the 
 vote of soldiers while in the field, and of the draft, was 
 brought before the supreme court, which court decided the 
 draft constitutional, as well as the right of soldiers to the 
 elective franchise, declaring, also, that those who held office 
 were subject to military duty. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention for the nomination of 
 State oflBcers met on the 6th of August, Hon. S. Orton, presi- 
 dent. The following ticket was nominated : governor, Henry 
 L. Palmer ; lieutenant-governor, Nelson Dewey ; secretary of 
 State, Emil Rothe ; state treasurer, Charles S. Benton ; attorney- 
 general, Eleazar Wakeley ; bank comptroller, H. S. P'erre- 
 pont ; state superintendent, Volney French ; state-prison com- 
 missioner, John R. Bohan. 
 
 At the fall elections of 1862, James S. Brown, Ithamar C. 
 Sloan, Amasa Cobb, Charles A. Eklredge, Ezra Wheeler, and 
 Walter D. Mclndoe were elected members of Congress for two 
 years, from March 4, 1863. 
 
 The Union Republican Convention for the nomination of 
 State officers convened Aug. 19, when the following persons 
 were put in nomination : governor, James T. Lewis ; lieu- 
 tenant-governor, Wyman Spooner ; secretary of state, Lucius 
 Fairchild ; state treasurer, Samuel D. Hastings ; attorney- 
 general, Winfield Smith ; state superintendent, Josiah L. Pick- 
 ard ; bank comptroller, William H. Ramsay ; state-prison 
 commissioner, Henry Cordier. 
 
 At the election held in November, James T. Lewis received 
 72,717 votes for governor, and Henry L. Palmer, 49,053. A 
 number of votes for both candidates were rejected for infor- 
 malities. The whole Union Republican ticket was elected. At 
 the same election for members of the legislature, in the senate 
 for 1864 the party strength was, RepubUcan and Union, 
 twenty-two ; Democrats, eleven : in the assembly, Republioau 
 and Union, seventy-one ; Democrats, twenty-nine. 
 
CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 WISCONSIN S WAB RECORD. 
 
 Events of 1803 — Regimental History — Progress of the War — Triumphs and 
 Defeats — Echoes from the Battle-FlelUs — Bravery of Wisconsin Soldiers. 
 
 The history of the organization, equipment, and subsequent 
 events connected with the vohinteer regiments of this State, 
 has been given to the thirty-first day of December, 1862. At 
 that date, there had been organized and sent into the government 
 service thirty-one regiments of infantry (exclusive- of the old 
 first three-months' men), three regiments and one company of 
 cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillery, one battery of 
 heavy artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, connected 
 with and known as Company G of Berdau's Regiment. 
 
 There were remaining in the State at that date, yet incom- 
 pletfe, three regiments of infantry ; to wit, the Twenty-seventh, 
 Thirty-first, and Thirty-fourth Volunteers, and the Thirty- 
 fourth drafted militia (nine months' men). The first two men- 
 tioned Avould have been completed, and have gone from the 
 State, before that date, if the time for volunteering could have 
 been extended a few weeks. The Thirty-first left the State 
 on the 1st of March, 1863, under orders for Columbus, Ky., for 
 which place, also, the T'venty-seventh followed, on the 16th 
 of said month. The Thirty-Fourth was formed exclusively of 
 conscripts obtained from the draft ordered from the war de- 
 partment, Aug. 4, 1862, and made by the State authorities in 
 conformity to General Orders. Col. Fritz Anneke was commis- 
 sioned and assigned to this regiment. The regiment, when com- 
 pleted, numbered 961 men, and left the State on the 24th of 
 January, for Columbus, Ky. "^Ve term of service of this regi- 
 ment expired on the 17 th of August, at which time it returned,^ 
 
 487 
 
408 
 
 msTonr of wisco.vsin. 
 
 and was mustered out of the service on the 8th c' September. 
 No additional regiments to tliose above enumfratcd were raised 
 during the year 1803. 
 
 By consent of Gen. BaiTV, inspector of artillery of United 
 States Army, Capt. C. C. Messerve was authorized to raise a 
 battalion of heavy artillery, to consist of four companies from 
 this State, to constitute the basis. Batteries B, C, and D were 
 soon raised and mustered into service, constituting the battal- 
 ion. Company B left the State in October, with orders to 
 report at Louisville, Ky. Companies C and D were still in 
 camp at Milwaukee, awaiting orders, at the close of 1868. 
 
 Authority was also given for raising another, the Thirteenth 
 Battery of Light Artillerj' ; and recruiting commissions issued 
 accordingly. But slow progress was made ; and, at the close of 
 1863, some ninety men oidy were mustered in under a first 
 lieutenant. 
 
 Upon the return of the Thirty-fourth Regiment (nine 
 moil' lis' men), authority was given to recruit the Tliirty-fifth 
 Regiment, and recruiting appointments issued. On the 1st of 
 November, some two hundred men were enlisted. 
 
 The adjutant-general, in his report-, states that the total 
 number of troops furnished the General Government from this 
 State, and mustered into the service, from the commencement 
 of the war to the 1st of November, 1863, exclusive of t"hreo 
 months' regiments (for which the State received no credit 
 numerically), was as follows : total strength of regiments and 
 batteries at departure from the State, 38,878 ; total number 
 of recruits since mustered, 2,897 ; total, 41,775. Or less nine 
 months' militia, 961 ; men reduced to three years' basis, 721 ; 
 total volunteers on a three-years' basis, 41,0o4. The military 
 officers of the State, on the opening of the year 1863, were as 
 follows : — 
 
 His Excellency, Edwaud Salomon, Governor and Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Briij.-Gen. Augustus GAYi.or.D, Adjuiant-Generat. 
 
 Col. S. Nye Giuus, AnKiitant AdJiiUinl-Gcnernt. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. Natiiaxiix F. Luxd, Qwirliirmnsler-General, 
 
 brig. -Gen. E. B. Wolcjtt, Surgeon-General. 
 
 Col. WiLijAM H. Watsox, Military Secretary, 
 
 The following is a history of the regiments in detail, from 
 
470 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the close of 18G2, when they were droppcl in the chapter pre- 
 ceding the last. The First Regiment, at the close of the year 
 1862, was encamped at Murfrecsborough, Tenn. On the 9th of 
 January, 18G3, three corps were organized in the ai-rny, — the 
 Fourteenth, Gen. Thomas; the Twentieth, Gen. McCook; 
 Twenty-First, Gen. Crittenden. Rousseau's division was num- 
 bered the first in the Fourteenth Corps ; and Starkweather's 
 brigade numbered third in the division, but was changed co 
 second on the 28th of April. 
 
 Col. Starkweather, in January, returned the flag of the First 
 to Gov. Salomon. It was presented to the regiment by Gov. 
 Randall in 1861, and now stands in its place, with other State 
 flags used in the Rebellion, in a case in the rooms of the State 
 Historical Society at Madison. 
 
 On the 2-4th of June, the First Wisconsin, with the brigade 
 and division, took part in Rosecrans' movement against Gen. 
 Bragg, driving his troops from Hoover's Gap, turning his 
 position at TuUahoma, and following his fleeting forces to the 
 foot of the Cumberland Mountains, permitting him to retire to 
 Chattanooga, while the victorious army of Rosecrans congre- 
 gated around Cowan's Station on the Nashville and Chat- 
 tanooga Railroad, where a halt was made in order t) establish 
 railroad connnunications, and pre[)aro for a future demonstra- 
 tion. On the 17th of July, Col. Starkweather was appointed 
 brigadier-general, and was mustered out of service as colonel 
 of the First Wisconsin. The next move of Gen. Rosecrans 
 against the enemy commenced on the 2d of Sei)tember, when 
 the Fourteenth Corps, to whicii Gen. Starkwcatlier's brigade 
 belonged, began its march across the Tennessee River, and 
 over the mountains, into the vicinity of Trenton, Ga., where 
 it arrived on the 10th, and camped near Stevens's Gap. On the 
 next day, the brigade with the division was ordered forward to 
 the support of Gen. Negley's division, about five miles in 
 advance near Dug Gap. Skirmishing as they advanced, the 
 brigade attained a position between Negley's troops, and the 
 enemy under a severe fire. This position they gallantly held, 
 resisting tlio repeated efforts of tlie enemy to dislodge them, 
 until tliree o'clock in the afternoon, when a retrograde move- 
 iiuent commenced ; and the brigade was ordered to cover the 
 
niSTORT OF WlSCOffSm. 
 
 471 
 
 retreat. This duty was adrairablj' performed ; Gen. Stark- 
 weather succeeding in resisting all attempts of the enemy to 
 break his lines, or drive in his skirmishers, and successfully 
 covering the retreat of Gen. Negley's force, and securing the 
 safety of his own command, with only the loss of two killed. 
 One of thom, however, Lieut. R. J. Nickles, was a serious loss 
 to Gen Starkweather, being a member of hia staff, and highly 
 esteemed by him. 
 
 The brigade bivouacked in line of battle near Stevens's Gap, 
 where they remained until the 17th, when the division moved 
 to Owen's Gap, and next day to Crawfish Spring, and on the 
 ! 9th took position on the battle-field of Chickamauga. 
 
 In this battle the First Wisconsin, with the brigade, went to 
 the relief of Col. Croxton of Branman's division, who was out 
 of ammunition, and took position in front, where they were 
 attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy, who ap- 
 proached on the right flank, and compelled a change in the 
 position of the brigade. Here the enemy struck the line on. 
 the right and from with such overwhelming force as to 
 compel the command to retire to a ridge directly in the rear, 
 leaving a part of their artillery. The enemy was attacked on 
 the rear and flank, and driven from the field ; and the missing 
 guns were recovered. The brigade closed on the fii-st and 
 third brigades of Baird's division, to tlie support of Gen. John- 
 son's division. Being ordered to the support of the first line 
 in front, whose ammunition was fiiiling, the movement of the 
 brigades of the division in the darkness became confused. 
 The darkness was intense ; and, by mistake, one of the brigades 
 opened fire on Starkweather's brigade from the rear and flank, 
 which occasioned a portion of Joliuson's force to fire into their 
 right, mistaking them for the enemy. The brigade was there- 
 fore compelled to retire in order to re-form, which was done ; 
 and it bivouacked in an open field near Gen. Johnson's train. 
 On the morning of the 20th, the command moved to a ridge, 
 and took position, forming two lines, and throwing up barri- 
 cades of trees in front of each line, with the artillery in the 
 centre and on the left, and covered on the right by an Iowa 
 batter)'. This position was held by the brigade nearly all day, 
 until peremntory orders were received to fall back as weU as 
 
472 
 
 nrSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 possible. In doing so, the second lino retired first. Just as 
 this was discovered by the first line, the enemy charged in 
 front with bayonet, supported by his batteries, which occasioned 
 the first line to give way ; and a portion only rallied at a point 
 where Gen. Willich's command rested, about sunset. From 
 there, the command moved to Chattanooga. On nearing the 
 town, the order was countermanded ; and a position was re- 
 assigned the brigade in front, where it remained until the 2:id, 
 wlion, with the balance of the division, it was ordered to cover 
 the retreat of the army to Chattanooga, going into bivouao 
 near that place. 
 
 The casualties of the First Regiment in the battles of 
 Dug Gap and Chicakmauga, as reported officially, are, killed, or 
 died of wounds, thirty-four ; wounded, seventy-nine. Seventy- 
 six were missing, mostly taken prisoners. The number of 
 officers killed waa one-seventh of all killed and wounded in the 
 Fourteenth Army Corps. 
 
 Gen. Starkweather was wounded in the leg by a piece of a 
 shell, but remained in command of the brigade until the army 
 retired into Chattanooga. 
 
 In the movement on Mission Ridge, on the 25th of Novem- 
 ber, the brigade was held as a reserve, and joined in the pursuit 
 of tlie flying enemy as far as Stevens's Cap, when they returned 
 to Chattanooga. Late in 1803, about four hundred drafted 
 soldiers were assigned to the regiment, and about seventy 
 recruits joined it early in 1804. But these did not increase the 
 aggregate of the regiment sufficiently to warrant the muster 
 of a colonel ; and, consequently, it remained under the command 
 of Lieut.-Col. Bingham, though he was commissioned as a 
 colonel. 
 
 The Second Regiment, as last noticed, was at Falmouth, Va. 
 In the winter of 1803, several changes were made in the officers 
 and arrangements in connection with the Iron Brigade ; and 
 it was now attached to the first division of Gen. Wadsworth, 
 and First Army Corps, Gen. Reynolds. They proceeded to 
 Fredericksburg, and opposite the enemy's pickets across the 
 river, where, in twenty minutes, they possessed the enemy's 
 works with two hundred prisoners. Twenty-nine of the 
 enemy were also killed. Tliis regiment and the brigade 
 
nrsTonr of wtscons/s. 
 
 473 
 
 took an active part at the battle of Gettysburg, and fought 
 nobly. Our space forbids giving the movements anil details of 
 this battle ; and it is only necessary to say that the regiment 
 lost, by killed and died of wounds, fort3--four ; wounded, a hun- 
 di'cd and tliirty-eight ; and fifty-three missiiiLj, most of whom 
 were taken prisoners. The regiment was in active service 
 all the summer of 18G.3. In December, forty boldicrs re- 
 enlisted, and came home on veteran furlough. 
 
 The Third Regiment, in January, 18G3 encamped at Stafford 
 Court House. Lieut.-Col. Hawley was promoted to the com- 
 mand in March, and other changes made. The regiment took 
 part in the operations of Gen. Hooker near Chancellorsville ; 
 and, in the battles that took place from April 27 to May 0, 
 they had nineteen killed or died of wounds, and seventy-four 
 wounded. On the Gth of June, the regiment was detached to 
 accompany a cavalry expedition up the Rappahannock, and, 
 as skirmishers and sharpshooters, contributed to the victory 
 gained by our troops ; in which engagement the regiment had 
 two killed, and fourteen wounded. They passed the summer 
 and fall in railroad guard-duty, picket-duty, &o., at various' 
 points in Tennessee. Being transferred to the Army of the 
 Cumberland, they proceeded to Columbus, O., thence to 
 Stevenson, Ala., where they arrived Oct. 3. A sufficient 
 number having re-enlisted as veterans, the veteran Third, on 
 the 2oth, left for Wisconsin on furlough. The Fourth Regi- 
 ment took an active part in the assault on the enemy's works 
 at Port Hudson, losing thirty-nine killed, seventy wounded, 
 and thirt3--one missing. After this engagement, the regiment 
 remained in the vicinity of J'ort Hudson, while Gen. Banks was 
 perfecting a plan for the capture of that place. On the 1st of 
 September, 18():3, the regiment was changed to a cavalry regi- 
 ment, known as the Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry, of which Frede- 
 rick A. Boardmau was colonel. After this organiiation, the 
 Fourth was engaged in scouting, picketing, and foraging in the 
 viciuity of Baton Rouge ; and, on one occasion, a small party 
 of them captured seventeen of the enemj^ and, on another 
 occasion, seized large quantities of goods intended for the 
 enemy, capturing eighty-five rebel soldiers, with a loss to 
 themselves of eight men taken prisoners. 
 
474 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 TIio Fifth RcLjinicnt wont into winter-quarters at White-oak 
 Ciiuroh, near IJuilu I'luin ; and Col. Aniasa Cobb, beinf; eh^cteil 
 to Congress, resigned, and Lieut. Tliomas S. Allen of the 
 Second Regiment was made colonel. This regiment performed 
 some daring deeds under Col. Allen, taking the Wasiiington 
 Battery of New Orleans, whose commander surrendered his 
 sword to the colonel, complimenting him for his daring and 
 the bravery of his men. In this engagement, the Fifth lost 
 three commissioned officers and forty-one enlisted men killed 
 or mortally wounded, and eight commissioned officers and 
 eighty-four enlisted men wounded, and twenty-tiirce missing, 
 out of a force of four hundred men. The regiment also par- 
 ticipated in the charge on the enemy's works at Ilappahannock 
 Station, in which it lost twelve killed and tliirty-two wounded. 
 Tiie regiment returned to winter-quarters at Brandy Station, 
 where it remained until the opening of the campaign of 18(34. 
 
 The Sixth Regiment was a part of the Iron Brigade, of 
 which the Second, Seventh, and Nineteenth Indiana composed 
 tlie remainder. The history of this regiment is identical with 
 that of the Second, and need not be repeated. The Seventh 
 Regiment being a part of the brigade, its history for 18G3 has 
 been referred to. These regiments, wlien their time expired, 
 returned lo AViscon^in, re-cnlistod, and returned to tiie field. 
 
 Tiie Eighth Regiment, in January, l8Go, moved from La 
 Grange, iiy way of Corinth, to Gcrmantown, Tenn., where 
 tliey were employed in building fortifications, and guard-duty, 
 until March 11, when they marched to Mempliis, and joined 
 tlie forces intended by Gen. Grant to operate against Vicks- 
 burg, which were being concentrated near Helena. Licut.- 
 Col. Robbins was commissioned as colonel in the place of Col. 
 Murphy dismissed. The regiment with others attacked the 
 enemy, and, on the 14tli of iNIay, took possession of Jackson, the 
 capital of Mississippi. They then proceeded to Walnut Hills, 
 forming the extreme right of t)ie investing force around Vicks- 
 burg. Here tliey took a part in the assault on the enemy's 
 Avorks. The regiment participated in manj' slcirmishcs with 
 some loss, and, on the 2Gth of September, moved to Black 
 River Bridge, and went into camp, and remained until Oct. 13. 
 They subsequently proceeded to Vicksburg, to Memphis and 
 
476 
 
 niSTOIiY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Lii Ginnso. Tenn., and encamped. At tliis place and Salis- 
 l)ury, the regiment was stationcfl until January, 1804, engaged 
 iu gnard-diity, skinuisiiing, and in expeditions towards Poca- 
 hontas, against the forces of tlio rel)el Forrest. 
 
 The Kinth Regiment, in Deceml)er, 18(i'2, was near Prairio 
 rjrovo. Ark., but nob in time to participate in the battle. On 
 the 10th f)f Deccmlier, they returned to Rhea's Mills. A raid 
 was mailo from tliere on Van Huren ; the regiment marching 
 sixty ni'li' •• in two days, and returning to Rhea's Mills. From 
 llii.-* tiiui, till Feb. 20, the regiment was engaged in marching 
 to various points, performing a sort of patrol duty, when they 
 went into winter-tiuarters at Stahl's Creek, thirty-six miles 
 west of Springfiehl, Mo. Tiie regiment was stationed at 
 different points in Missouri, engaged in guard-duty, and on 
 foraging parlies in the vicinity of RoUa and Springfield, until 
 July 8. On that day they moved by railroad to St. l^ouis, 
 where they were engaged in guard-duty until the 12th of Sep- 
 tember, 180:], where they I'cmained until the lOiii of October. 
 They then marched to Little Rock, and went into winter- 
 quarters about the 1st of November. 
 
 The Tenth Regiment, on the oth of January, 1803, was 
 encamped at Murfreesborough. A number of changes took 
 place in the regiment. Col. Mc.Mynn resigned on the 10th 
 of June, wliich left place for the jiromotion of the junior 
 officers. On June 24, the regiment joined in the advance of 
 Gen. RosceranS' array against Gen. Bragg at Tullahoma, but 
 was not seriously engaged with the rebels, and, on the 14th of 
 July, went into camp at Cowan's Station. In August they 
 removed to Anderson, and on the 2d of September commenced 
 their march into Georgia, and, on the 11th, took part in the 
 movement to assist Gen. Negley at Dug Gap. On the 19th 
 of September, at the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment 
 advanced to the left of the line, and moved forward in two 
 lines of battle, about half a mile, and drove the enemy before 
 them, capturing a immber of prisonera. On the 20th, two 
 attacks were made, in which they were unsuccessful, not being 
 properly supported; and about all of the regiment on the field 
 were captured, — twelve officers and one hundred and eleven 
 men. Lieut.-Col. Ely, commanding the regiment, was mortally 
 
HIBTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 477 
 
 TTOunrled. On the 2l8t, the regiment numbered three officers 
 und twenty-six men. They moved to the front, formed in line, 
 and on the -2d returned to Cimttanooga, Although it was 
 obliged to surrender, not a particle of censure can be attributed 
 to it. The casualties, as reported by C'apt. Roby, were twenty- 
 eight killed, thirtj'-oight wounded, and oiii hundred and 
 twenty-one missing. 
 
 The remnant of this gallant regiment re. aiued in camp at 
 Chattanooga, employed in guard-duty, and laboi "n the fortifi- 
 cations, until the famous assault ou Mission Ridge, where it 
 acted as a support to Loomis's Battery, after which it returned 
 to camp at Chattanooga, iind remained during;' the winter. 
 
 The Eleventh Regiment, which had been in camp at Middle- 
 brook, Mo., during the winter of 18G2-G3, was ordered to join 
 the forces of Gen. Grant, who was concentrating his forces at 
 Helena, preliminary to the attack on Vicksburg. Marching to 
 St. Genevieve, the regiment eml)arked with the rest of the 
 brigade, and proceeded to Memphis, thenco to Helena, and, on 
 22d of March, landed at Milliken's Bend, a few miles above 
 Vicksburg. Taking part with the Thirteenth Army Corps, 
 across the river, it arrived at Bruinsburg, April 80, and pro- 
 ceeded onwarcj to where the enemy were found in force, near 
 Magnolia Church, four miles from Fort Gibson. In this 
 engagement, the brigade occufjied in the centre ; and the fight 
 became severe. They advanced close to the enemy's line, and 
 opened fire with such rapidit)' and precision, that tiie rebels 
 soon broke and fled. They soon, however, formed again, and 
 another engagement took i)lace ; and the rebels were again 
 driven from the field. The commamlcr of the brigade compli- 
 mented the Eleventh on their bravery on these occasions. 
 The casualties reported were six killed and fifteen wounded. 
 On the 2d of May, the enemy having evacuated Grand Gulf, 
 the second brigade was sent to that place. At the battle of 
 Black River Bridge, the Eleventh took an active part, and 
 alone took more than one thousand prisoners. In this en- 
 gagement, three were killed, and eight wounded. Among the 
 former was Capt. D. E. Hough of Company A. 
 
 Moving from the Bridge the next day, the Eleventh and the 
 brigade took its position in the trenches before Vicksbui-g. In 
 
478 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the assault on May 22, thircy-eight were killed, and sixty-nine 
 wounded. The regiment was engaged on guard and fatigue 
 duty until July 2, when they returned to Black River Bridge. 
 On the 3d of July, the city surrendered. The Eleventh, with 
 Carr's division, took part in the march of Gen. Sherman on 
 Jackson, after the surrender of Vicksburg. On July 13, the 
 enemy was driven to his works, and on the 17th the city was 
 entered by our troops. They were also sent south, performing 
 a toilsome march of two hundred and fifteen miles. Taking a 
 part in Gen. Banks's operations in Texas, the Eleventh, with 
 Gen. Washburn's division, embarked for Brazos, Santiago; on 
 the 23d, and, after repeated marchings, proceeded to Indian- 
 ola, and took possession of that place. 
 
CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 w^isconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 1803, continued — Regimental History— The Progress of the War — 
 Battle-Field Incidents. 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment left Lumpkin's Mills Jan. 8, 1863, 
 and marched to Holly Springs, and thence to CoUiersville, 
 to Neville Station, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 
 where they were engaged guarding the railroad until March 
 14, when the division marched to Memphis. During much 
 of the time. Col. G. E. Bryant was in command of the brigade. 
 Subsequently they took part in an expedition through the 
 centre of Mississippi, and returned to Memphis, and, on the 11th 
 of May, moved down the river to take part in the operations 
 against Vicksburg. Disembarking at Sherman's Landing, they 
 marched across the peninsula, and taking a transport landed 
 at Grand Gulf on the 18th. Here Col. Bryant was placed in 
 command of the post ; and the brigade engaged in guard and 
 fatigue duty. After the taldng of Vicksburg, they proceeded 
 to assist in the taking of Jackson, but subsequently returned to 
 Vicksburg. On the 15th of August, • i brigade embarked for 
 Natchez, where the Twelfth remained until the latter part of 
 November without any thing occurring of ■ special note, except 
 an expedition to Harrisonburg, I/a., where they found an aban- 
 doned fort ; when they returned to Vicksburg, going into camp 
 ten miles east of the city. On the 4th of December, they made 
 an expedition after Adams's Cavalry, from which they returned 
 Jan. 23, 1864, and went into camp at Hebron, where the regi- 
 ment was re-organized as a veteran regiment, five hundred and 
 twenty men having re-enlisted. 
 
 The Thirteenth Regiment took part in pursuing the rebel 
 
 478 
 
480 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 general, Forrest, through Western Tennessee, drivini^ him to- 
 wards Corinth, where liis command was defeated and dispersed 
 by Gen. Sullivan. In this expedition, the Thirteenth marched 
 one hundred and twenty miles, and returned to Fort Hcniy Jan. 
 1, 1863. During the month, they were employed on the river 
 between Fort IKnry and Hamburg Landing, Tenn., in guarding 
 steamers laden with stores and supplies. On the 3d of Febru- 
 ary, in the afternoon, they learned that Fort Donelson was 
 attacked, and that a severe fight was going on. In half an hour, 
 the regiment was on the road to re-enforce the Eighty-third 
 Illinois at that important point. After driving the enemy's 
 skirmishers five miles, they arrived in the vicinity of the Fort 
 at ten in the evening, with the loss of one man on the march. 
 IMeanAvhile the garrison, assisted by the gunboats, had repulsed 
 the enemy with severe loss, and gained a victory at Fort Don- 
 elson on the 3d of March, holding the extreme right and front 
 of the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 During the spring and summer, they were in detachments, 
 scouting and scouring the surrounding country, taking many 
 prisoners. Participating in the forward movement of the 
 Army of the Cumberland, they left Fort Donelson Aug. 27, 
 and Ijy way of Columbia, Tenn., arrived at Stevenson, Ala., a 
 distance of two hundred and sixty miles, on Sept. 14. Col. 
 William P. Lyon was placed in command of the post and the 
 whole body of troops stationed there. The regiment joined the 
 brigade to which it belonged, at Nashville, in the latter part of 
 October, and went into winter-quarters at Edgefield, where it 
 was euiployed in picket and guard duty until February, 1864, 
 when, more than three-fourths of the men having re-enlisted, 
 the regiment proceeded to Wisconsin on veteran furlough. 
 
 The Fourteenth Regiment, on the 10th of January, 1863, left 
 Moscow, encamping, on the 13th, at Memphis ; and on the 17th 
 embarked for Vicksburg, where they landed, and engaged in 
 guard and fatigue duty. Col. Hancock, having become disabled 
 by ill-health, resigned Jan. 23, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. 
 Ward. On the 8th of February, they embarked on transports 
 for Lake Providence, seventy-five miles above Vicksburg, with 
 other forces, arriving there on the 10th. Here they remained 
 until the 20th, engaged in sundry reconnoissances, seizures of 
 
482 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 cotton, supplies, &c., when they proceeded down to Milliken's 
 Bend. Marching across the peninsula, they reached Grand 
 Gulf May 13, and joined the Seventeenth Army Corps at Ray- 
 mond. They reached there while the battle of Champion's 
 Hill (on the 16th) was in progress, five miles to the left. On 
 the 17th, they were put in motion towards Vicksburg, and 
 reached Big Black River, where the battle had just been fought 
 and assisted in the construction of two floating-bridges, and the 
 next day arrived at Vicksburg, and advanced to a position 
 within range of the enemy's guns, in the line of the Seventeenth 
 Anny Corps. In the assault on the enemy's works on the 19th, 
 they attained a position within eighty rods of the enemy's lines, 
 after two days in skirmishing ; and on 22d of May, the Four- 
 teenth took a conspicuous place in the terrible charge, penetrat- 
 ing a considerable distance beyond any other regiment of the 
 brigade, and attaining a position in front of the enemy's fort, 
 where no other regiment was near them. Here they were 
 obliged to seek cover until night, before they could escape. In 
 this charge, the Fourteenth lost one hundred and seven in 
 killed, wounded, and missing. The regiment remained engaged 
 in the duties of the siege until the surrender of the city, July 4, 
 when it was assigned the position of honor on the right, and 
 ordered to take the advance in the triumphal entry of our troops 
 into the city ; the general (Ransom) complimenting them with 
 the remark, that " every man and oflScer of the Fourteenth was 
 a hero." On the 12th of July, the regiment embarked with the 
 brigade, and proceeded to Natchez, of which place they took 
 possession on the 14th. Here they remained until Oct. 9, when, 
 pursuant to orders, they proceeded to Vicksburg, and encamped 
 for the winter. Medals of gold and silver were awarded by a 
 Board of Honor to five non-commissioned officers of the regi- 
 men , for gallant services. 
 
 More than two-thirds of the regiment re-enlistcd on the 11th 
 of December, constituting it a veteran regiment, being the first 
 regiment to re-enlist in the Army of the Tennessee. The 
 regiment embarked for Wisconsin Jan. 3, 1864, on furlough ; 
 arrived at Madison on the 20th ; on the 26th were paid, and 
 received furlough for thirty days. 
 
 The Fifteenth Regiment, after the battle of Stone River, in 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 483 
 
 which they did noble service, went into camp near Murfrcos- 
 borough early in January, 18G3. While here, they suffered 
 much for want of comfortable clothing, provisions, and tents. 
 The enemy had obstructed the railroads, and supplies were with 
 great difficulty moved forward. They remained in camp until 
 June 23. On the 1st of Ma_v, the regiment was transferred 
 to the third brigade, of which Col. Heg had been placed in 
 permanent command. In consequence of tliis appointment, a 
 number of changes were made among the cominissioned officers. 
 On the 24th, the brigade (including the Fifteenth) accompanied 
 the movement against Gen. Bragg at Tullahoma. As this 
 expedition has before been referred to, it is only necessary to 
 say, that, after driving Bragg out of Tennessee, the onward 
 march was commenced to Stevenson, Ala., crossing the Cumber- 
 land mountains, at which place they remained until the 28th, 
 when they led the advance of Ilosecrans' army against the enemy 
 in the Chickamauga campaign. In this engagement, owing to 
 want of proper re-enforcements, the regiment was compelled to 
 break with considerable loss. Col. Heg died the day '-'lowing 
 of wounds ; and a number of officers were killed. The official 
 report says eleven killed, thirty-seven wounded, and forty- 
 eight missing, mostly taken prisoners. On the 21st, two com- 
 panies of the regiment which had been stationed at Island 
 No. 10 joined the regiment ; and the brigade proceeded to Chat- 
 tanooga, and, on their arrival, commenced throwing up breast- 
 works. Here they suffered for want of provisions and clothing, 
 as the line of communication was continually interrupted by 
 the rebel cavalry. On the 11th of October, the Fifteenth was 
 assigned to the Army of the Cumberland, and, on the 23d of 
 November, moved out of their works to attack the rebels on 
 Mission Ridge, in which they were successful. On the 28th, 
 they marched to Knoxville in East Tennessee, which place 
 they reached Dec. 7, after a march of one hundred and ten 
 miles. The service of this regiment in this campaign was one 
 of great hardship. It was marching and coiniter-marching over 
 intolerable roads, from place to place, remaining only long 
 enough for the men to indulge in the hope that they would be 
 allowed once more to pitch their tents, and enjoy a little rest, 
 when the same scene would be re-enacted. So disgusted and 
 
484 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 disheartened did the men hecome, that only seven of the whole 
 regiment finally re-enlisted us veterans. No engagement of 
 importance tooli plaue in East Tennessee, except one, in which 
 a detachment of tlie Fifteenth took part. 
 
 The Sixteenth Regiment left Moscow, Tenn., on tlie 10th 
 of January, 18(]:3, and engaged on duty on the Memphis and 
 Charleston Railroad ; was subsequently transferred to Lake 
 Providence, and took part in cutting a canal to the lake, where 
 they remained lyitil about Aug. 1, at which time they moved 
 down the river to Vicksburg, and, on the 28tii of September, 
 maiched to Redbone Church, twelve miles from Vicksburg. 
 Here Lieut.-Col. Fairchild was placed in command. They 
 remained until February, 18G4, when they moved into the 
 fortifications ai Vicksburg, and acted as part of the garrison. 
 On the 4th of March, tliey were joined by three comjianies 
 which had been recruited in Wisconsin. 
 
 The old companies re-enlisted, and on the Cth left Vicksburg 
 for Wisconsin, on veteran furlough, arriving at Madison on the 
 16th, where they were publicly welcomed by the State officers, 
 andmemljers of the legislature. After their thirty days' respite 
 from military matters, tliey rendezvoused at Camp Randall, 
 on April 18, and reached Cairo on the 22d. 
 
 The Seventeenth Regiment, in December, 18G2, was at Grand 
 Junction. Here it remained until .Ian. 8, 18Gi>, when it 
 rejoined the divisit)n at Moscow, Tenn. On the 10th, the 
 whole command proceeded to Memphis, arriving on the 1.3th, 
 and on the 18th embarked on transports, and moved down the 
 Mississippi, landing at Young's Point, near Vicksburg, on the 
 2oth, where they were employed on the canal, by which Gen. 
 Grant jiroposcd to run the rebel batteries. On the 8th of Feb- 
 ruary, they moved uj) the river to Lake Providence, engaged in 
 cutting a canal from (he river to the lake. Here they remained 
 until the 20th of April, when they moved down the river to 
 Milliken's Bend. 
 
 In company Avith other forces, they crossed the peninsula to 
 Carthage, near which they encamped until 10th of May, wlien 
 tliey crossed the river at Grand Gulf, and on the IGth reached 
 Raymond, while the battle of Champion Hills was in progress, 
 and hurried forward, but did not arrive until the battle was over. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 485 
 
 Here the Seventeenth was ordered to the support of a battery. 
 The enemy retiring, they were ordered forward in pursuit, and 
 marched till midnight. In the morning the pursuit was con- 
 tinued, and the regiment reached Black River Bridge soon after 
 the capture of the enemy's position. Here they were engaged in 
 the construction of military bridges, over wiiich they crossed 
 on the 18th, and marched to within half a mile of the enemy's 
 position, in the rear of Vicksburg. On the 19th of May, the 
 Seventeenth took part in the assault on the enemy's works. In 
 this engagement, the Seventeenth had fourteen killed, and fifty 
 wounded. After the taking of Vicksburg, the brigade went 
 into camp within the old line of works, where they remained 
 until the 12th, when they embarked, and proceeded to Natchez. 
 Here the regiment was employed in picket and guard duty, 
 and, on the 24th of August, was furnished with horses, and 
 employed as mounted infantry-men. On the 1st of September, 
 a part of the regiment moved to Trinity in the State of Louisi- 
 ana. Here the rebels gave them a warm reception ; but they 
 were soon routed. A rebel steamer, with commissary and 
 quartermaster's stores, was taken possession off, and destroyed. 
 On the 4th, they arrived at Fort Beauregard, and took posses- 
 sion of the same, capturing three ])rass six-pounders, two 
 thirty-two-pound siege-guns, and twenty four-pound howit- 
 zers, besides caissons and ammunition. Tiiey subsequently 
 (iestroycd a grist-mill in the vicinity, and a lot of Confederate 
 cotton and commissary stores, after which they rejoined the 
 brigade, and returned to Natchez, where they remained until 
 the last of October, when they moved with the brigade to 
 Vicksburg, where they were occupied during the winter in 
 camp and guard duty. 
 
 The Board of Honor established by the Seventeenth Corps 
 presented four silver medals to non-commissioned officers of 
 the regiment for distinguished gallantry and services. 
 
 The Eighteenth Regiment left Moscow on the 10th of Jan- 
 uary, 1863 ; marched to Memphis, where they embarked for, 
 and pi'oceeded to. Young's Point, near Vicksburg, subsequent- 
 ly to Lake Providence, to Milliken's Bend, to Raym-cul, and 
 joined in the attack ou Jaclcson, Miss. They took part in the 
 assault ; gallantly charged upon the enemy, and, after a severe 
 
 m 
 
486 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 contest, drove him from the field, leaving the cit)' in possession 
 of our forces. In this engagement, the casualties were six 
 killed and sixteen wounded. The next day they started for 
 Yick.'jburg, and on the 16th took part in the battle of Champion 
 Hills. 
 
 The regiment was in the reserve, and Avas not actively en- 
 gaged, although exposed to a severe fire. Subsequently they 
 crossed lilack River on a floating bridge, and took a position 
 with their division, in front of the enemy's fortifications at Vicks- 
 burg. On the 22d, they took no part in the assault, but acted 
 as sharpshooters. On May 2G, the brigade did much service 
 in a reconnoissancc between the Black and Yazoo Rivers, captur- 
 ing a large amount of property, destroying several mills, and 
 subsequently returned to their duties in the trenches before 
 Vicksburg, where they remained in skirmishing-duty until the 
 surrender of the city, when they entered, and engaged in g>iard 
 and provost duty luitil Sept. 11. Tlio regiment marched 
 two hundred and fifty miles on an expedition, passing through 
 Northern Mississippi and Alabama, and Southern Tennessee, 
 and on the 24th took part in the attack on Mission Ridge, and 
 subscqucntl}' joined in the i)ursuit of the enemy as far as Ring- 
 gold, (ia., returning to Chattanooga on t!ie 28th. They were 
 sul)scquently at Iluntsvillc, Ala., whore they were engaged in 
 guard, outpost, and provost duty, until IMay 1, 1804. 
 
 'J'lie Nineteenth Regiment remained at Norfolk, Va., until 
 Apiil 11, 1SG3, when a detachment marched to Elizabeth 
 River, and built fortifications until the 14tli, wlicn they re- 
 moved to Suffolk, the extreme advance of the Union lines. 
 Thence they marched to Jericho Creek, and encamped, and 
 were subsequently employed at different points, constructing 
 rifle-])its and corduroy roads, and other duties. They returned 
 to Suffolk April 20. Here tliey remained until Juno 17, when 
 they marched to Norfolk, and the next day encamped near the 
 fortifications. Passuig up the river, they reached West Point, 
 and remained until July 8, and then returned to Yorktown, and 
 en'jaged in garrison-duty until the middle of August. From 
 thence they moved to Newport News, where they remained 
 until Oct. 8, when they embarked for Ncwbern, N.C., where 
 they arrived Oct. 11. Here the regiment was assigned to out- 
 
488 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 post and picfcet duty In companies, — one party, two miles from 
 Newbern, with two pieces of artillery ; and others twenty miles 
 distant, and on the south side of Trent River. The regiment 
 was thus employed until Feb. 1, 18G4. 
 
 The Twentieth Regiment fought nobly at Prairie Grove 
 Dec. 6, 1802, and lost heavily, and remained in camp at 
 that place until Dec. 27, when they were ordered to make a 
 reconnoissance in force to Van Buren, on the Arkansas River. 
 They returned to camp on the 81st, having marched one hun- 
 dred and twenty miles in five days. Shortly after, they 
 marched into Missouri, where the balance of the winter Avas 
 spent, the regiment moving from place to place in the south- 
 western part of the State, and on the 31st of March, 1863, 
 going into camp at Lake Springs, near Rolla, where they 
 remained until June 3, when they marched to Rolla, and, tak- 
 ing cars, proceeded to St. Louis, where they embarked for 
 Young's Point, crossed the peninsula to Warrenton, and took 
 position in the line of investment in the front of Vicksburg, 
 on the extreme left of the investing forces. Here they 
 remained until the capitulation of the city, engaged in picket- 
 duty, and labor on intrenchments. 
 
 On the 12th of July they embarked, under orders to re- 
 enforce Gen. Banks at Port Hudson. Before leaving, they 
 heard of the surrender of that place, and were sent to accom- 
 pany an expedition up the Yazoo River. Arriving within 
 three miles of Yazoo City on the 13th, skirmishers were dis- 
 embarked, and sent forward. After the exchange of a few 
 shots, our troops took possession of the place ; and, while there, 
 the regiment acted as provost-guard. 
 
 The whole expedition returned to Vicksburg on the 21st, 
 and, after a delay of two days, proceeded down the river to 
 Port Hudson, where they went into camp on the 25th. About 
 the middle of August, they left Port Hudson, and proceeded 
 down the river, and went into camp at Carrollton, La., near 
 New Orleans. On the 5th of September, accompanying an 
 expedition up the Mississippi, they proceeded up the river to 
 Morganzia, La., and moved forward on the Simmsport Road 
 as far as the Atchafalaya River, where the enemy was found 
 strongly intrenched, and then returned to Carrollton. Embark- 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 489 
 
 ing on the steamer, they left Carrollton and proceeded to the 
 head of the passes, and waited for the ^ est of the fleet, which, 
 to the number of twenty-seven, stood out to sea on the 27th 
 of October. Encountered a severe st rm on tlie 29th, and 
 arrived at Brazos Santiago on the 1st ol November, and pro- 
 ceeded to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Not being able to 
 land, they returned to the former phice, and went into camp at 
 Brownsville. Here they were employed in garrison, picket, 
 and fatigue duty at Fort Brown. Here the regiment remained 
 until it was evacuated by the Union forces, July 28, 18G4. 
 
 The Twenty-first Regiment on the 5th of January, 18G3, went 
 into camp near Murfreesborough, foraging, drilling, fortifying, 
 and skirmishing with the enemy. The regiment then moved 
 with the army upon the enemy, who were encamped near Tulla- 
 homa ; and, on the 2Gth of June, the regiment was engaged in 
 driving the rebels from a strong position at Hoover's Gap, and 
 afterwards followed the I'ltreating enemy to the Tennessee 
 River. On the 1st of '^ .ptember they crossed the river, and 
 joined in the march to Dug Gap, where the enemy were found 
 in great force. On the 19th, the third brigade with the Twenty- 
 first Regiment was moved to a position near one of the gaps at 
 Mission Ridge, and near the fords of the Chickamauga. The 
 day following, the terrible battle at Chickamauga took place, in 
 which Lieut.-Col. Hobart of this regiment, and about seventy 
 officers and men, were captured. At this battle, the regiment 
 lost, killed or died of wounds, nine ; wounded, thirty-four. 
 After the battle, the regiment, with what remained of the 
 brigade, retired to a line of defence near Mission Ridge, 
 and Sept. 22, it fell back to Chattanooga, where it remained 
 in the defence of that place. During the winter of 1803-64, 
 it held the outpost upon Lookout Mountain, and remained in 
 this position until May 2, 1864. Col. Hobart, having escaped 
 fiom Libby Prison, after four months' close confinement, re- 
 turned to ih°i regiment at this place. 
 
 The Twenty-second Regiment, on the 12th of December, 1862, 
 were at Danville, Ky., from which place they proceeded in vari- 
 ous directions, through the surrounding country, to meet and 
 foil the movements of the enemy. The order for the return of 
 such fugitives from labor as came into the camp was repugnant 
 
490 
 
 nisTonr or }r/sco\s'ry. 
 
 to tho feelings and principles of Col. Utlcy nnd his men. In 
 response to such an order, he utterly refused to he instrumen- 
 tal in returning a colored man to the man claiming to ho. his 
 master. At one time, the colonel was indicted by a Kentucky 
 court, and the sheriff was ordered to arrest him. The attempt 
 was not made, however ; and tho regiment was allowed to 
 depart from Kentucky without any disturbance. 
 
 They left Danville on the 2Gth of January, 1803; arrived at 
 Louisville on tho <30th ; and reached Nashville Feb. 7 ; from 
 thence to Franklin ; and on the 3d of March were ordered 
 to make a reconnoissanco toward Spring Hill, where an engage- 
 ment took place at a place known as Thompson's Station, in 
 which tho regiment was badly defeated. Three hundred and 
 sixty-three men went out with this expedition, of which about 
 one hundred and fifty escaped, and the rest were killed, 
 wounded, or taken prisoners ; Col. Utley and eleven commis- 
 sioned offic.ers among them. 
 
 On the 8th of March, the remainder of the regiment (about 
 five hundred men), under Lieut.-Col. Bloodgood, was ordered 
 to Brentwood Station. On the 2oth, while on the way to assist 
 a Union force two miles south, they were attacked by over- 
 powering numbers, and completely' surrounded by the enemy, 
 under Gen. Forrest. Finding that resistance was useless, 
 Lieut.-Col. Bloodgood surrendered his whole command. 
 
 The officers and men captured in these two engagements 
 were sent to Southern prisons. The enlisted men were soon 
 exchanged ; and the officers who had been sent to Libby Prison 
 were exchanged on che .")th of May. It has since been ascer- 
 tained that the rebels had a force of over twelve thousand at 
 Thompson's Station, who surrounded and captured Coburn's 
 forces. 
 
 After the release of the 22d, a rendezvous was established 
 at St. Louis, where the regiment was re-organized, and newly 
 equipped, and on the 12th of June returned to the field. Pro- 
 ceeding to Nashville, arriving there on the loth, they were 
 sent to Franklin, from whence, on the 3d of July, they pro- 
 ceeded to Murfreesborough, and went into camp within the 
 fortifications. A detachment was sent in December to near 
 Tullahoma. Here they remained in the performance of pro- 
 vost and guard duty until February, 1864. 
 
CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 WISCONSIN'S WAR RECOUD. 
 
 Events of 1803, continued — Military History <if Wisconsin during the Tear 
 1803 — Reglmentiil Records — The Cavalry. 
 
 The Twenty-tliirtl Regiment was at Milliken's Bend, Jan. 1, 
 18C3. On the 10th of the month, they disembarketl within 
 three miles of Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. Wliile 
 moving forward to obtain position, they were assailed by a 
 destructive enfilading fire from the enemy's rifle-pits and 
 artiller}'-, rendering necessary a change of front. This having 
 been effected, three companies were employed as skirmishers, 
 and captured several block-houses ; while the balance of the 
 regiment attacked and carried the rifle-pits. After an engage- 
 ment of about three hours, the post, with its garrison, uncondi- 
 tionally surrendered. In this engagement, the Twenty-third 
 sustained a loss of six killed, and thirty-one wounded. Jan. 
 15, the regiment again eml>arked, and arrived at Vuang's 
 Point, La., where they encamped. In this unhealthy location, 
 the regiments suffered severely from the effects of malaria and 
 ex^Dosure, and it was until the middle of February before the 
 regiment could muster two hundred and fifty men fit for duty. 
 From the middle of February to the 8th of March, they wore 
 engaged in several minor excursions against the enemy at 
 Greenville, Miss., and at Cypress Bend, Ark., where they had 
 a severe fight, in which the Twenty-third succeeded in captur- 
 ing several prisoners and pieces of artillery. After a foraging 
 expedition to Princeton, Miss., they ascended the river to 
 Milliken's Bend, where the health of the regiment greatly 
 improved. Following the Thirteenth Army Corps in its march 
 to the rear of Vicksburg, they proceeded to Hard Times 
 
 401 
 
492 
 
 mSTOJiV OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Landing, below Grand Gulf. Crossing the river to Bruinsburg, 
 the division commenced the mtirch towards Vieksburg, reaching 
 the battle-ground of Port Gibson May 1. In the action at 
 this place, the regiment, with the brigade, captured twenty- 
 prisoners, and on the day following took the advance, and, 
 pushing forward, was the first of our army to enter tlie village 
 of Port Gibson. After several days' skirmishing, the regimeni 
 joined the movement on Raymond, and on the IGth took 
 part in the battle of Champion Hills. It took the advance, 
 and forced back the enemy's skirmish-line to the main I'ody, 
 a distance of two miles ; and, in the battles of the 20th 
 and 22d, the regiment and brigade did excellent service. The 
 Twenty-second lost, in these engagements, seventeen killed, 
 and thirty-six wounded. 
 
 The i-egiment was subsequently occupied in siege-duty until 
 the final surrender of Vieksburg, July 4. Up to the 5lh of 
 June, the regiment had been commanded by Col. Guppy, when 
 continued ill health compelled him to turn over his command 
 to Lieut.-Col. A^'ilas, who had the charge of the regiment 
 during the subsequent progress of the siege of Vicksljurg, and 
 for nearly two months after the surrender. On the 10th of 
 Juh% the regiment took position before Jackson, ?.Iiss., and 
 were there until after the capture, of that place. They returned 
 to Vieksburg July 21, and encamped until Aug. 24, when 
 the regiment proceeded down the river to New Orleans, 
 and from thence to Berwick City. On the 25th of August, 
 Col. Vilas resigned, and Major Hill was appointed lieutenant- 
 colonel. On the 7th of October, the regiment took part in 
 the expedition to South-western Louisiana, passing through 
 Centreville, New Iberia, and Vermilion, at which place they 
 remained until the 21st. Passing through Opelousas to Barr's 
 Landing, they moved, Nov. 1, to Bayou Bordeaux, where, on 
 the 3d, the enemy made a fierce assault. In this engagement, 
 they lost seven killed, and thirty-eight wounded, and eighty- 
 six taken prisoners. After the battle, the regiment, on tlio 
 3d of November, retired to Carrion Crow Bayou, and thence 
 proceeded to New Iberia, which it reached on the 8th, and the 
 regiment was assigned provost-duty ; Col. Hill being placed in 
 command of the post of New Iberia. The regiment subse- 
 
494 
 
 BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 quently went to Texas, and embarked at Algiers for Matagorda, 
 arriving on the 29tla off Do Crow's Point, where they landed, 
 and went into camp Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth Regiment was at Murfreesborough on the 
 80th of December, 1862; and on the 31st took part in the 
 battle of Stone River, and fought bravely. The casualties of 
 the regiment, as reported, were thirty-one killed, and forty-six 
 wounded. Lieut.-Col. Buttrick having resigned. Major Hib- 
 bard was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. Several changes 
 took place at the re-organization of the army for the summer 
 campaign. On the 24th of June, the regiment removed frorn 
 Murfreesborough, reaching Tullahoma on July 1, and encamped 
 at Cowan, Tenn., on the 3d, where they reruained until the 
 forward movement began against the enemy at Chattanooga, 
 on Sept. 2, when they crossed the Tennessee River at Bridge- 
 port, marched across the mountains to Trenton, thence to 
 Will's Valley to Alpine. Learning that Gen. Bragg was at 
 Lafayette, Gen. Rosecrans ordered the concentration of all the 
 forces near Gordon's Mills, and along Chickamauga Crock. On 
 the morning of Sept. 19, the Twenty-fourth marched under 
 the command of Lieut.-Col. West. On the 20th, the brigade 
 fought the enemy for nearly half an hour ; and Lieut.-Col. West 
 was taken prisoner, and carried to Libby Prison, whence he 
 made his escape in company with Col. Hobart. The list of 
 those killed and wounded is taken from the records ; viz., 
 killed, or died from wounds, eighteen; wounded, sixty-one; 
 and thirty-six missing, mostly taken prisoners. After the 
 battle, they removed to Rossville, and subsequently returned to 
 Chattanooga, remaining in camp, and employed in guard and 
 fatigue duty, until the campaign of Gen. Grant against Mission 
 Ridge. The Twenty-fourth left camp at Chattanooga Nov. 
 23, and took position in line of battle, and on the 2uth were 
 advanced to the assault. They carried the rille-pits, resuming 
 the ascent of the hill ; and, after a severe engagement, the 
 rebel position was captured. In tiiis engagement, the regiment 
 lost, in killed five, and wounded thirty. 
 
 After the battle, the army was re-organized by Gen. Grant ; 
 and the Twentj-fourth was attached to Gen. Sheridan's 
 division, and was ordered to take part in the expedition of 
 
HISTOSr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 495 
 
 Oen. Sherman for the relief of Gen. Burnside at KnoxvUle. 
 Starting on Nov. 28, the army arrived near Knoxville on the 
 7th of December, after a march of one hundred and thirty 
 miles, raising the siege of that place, which had been closely 
 invested by Longstreet. During the winter, they were 
 stationed at points in proximity to Knoxville, and subsequently 
 at Loudon, where they were engaged in provost-guard-duty 
 until the spring campaign, under Gen. Sherman. 
 
 The Twenty-fifth Regiment left Camp Randall Feb. 17, 
 18G3, under orders to report at Cairo, 111. They arrived on 
 the 19th, and next day proceeded to Columbus, Ky. Here 
 they were attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps ; and the 
 regiment proceeded to Cape Girardeau. Returning to Colum- 
 bus on the 2otli, they resumed their former post and picket 
 dutj% until the 31st of May, when they left on transports down 
 the river to Memphis, from whence they were ordered to 
 Young's Point, where they arrived Juno 4. From thence 
 they proceeded up the Yazoo River, to Satartia, where they 
 landed and encamped. Leaving this last place June IG, the 
 brigade marched down the Yazoo Valley to Haine's Bluff, and 
 from thence four miles to Snyder's Bluff, where they arrived on 
 the 11th. This position formed the extreme right of the line 
 of investment around Vicksburg. Here they remained engaged 
 in picket-duty, when the regiment, under Licut.-Col. Nasmith, 
 took part in an expedition up the Mississippi for the purpose 
 of driving off guerillas who were stationed at several points, 
 and firing into the passing boats. They returned unsuccessful, 
 as the rebels fled on tlieir approach. They remained on the 
 Yazoo River until July 25. They were placed in a sickly lo- 
 cality ; and the regiment suffered severely ; over five hundred 
 men being sick, and very few fit for duty. From thence they 
 moved up tlie river to Helena, and the regiment was placed on 
 duty as provost-guard. Owing to the liardsliips of the rapid 
 march from Satatia to Snyder's Bluff, the excessive heat, and 
 the unhealtliy position they were placed in, the regiment 
 suffered to a friglitful extent. On the Ifith of Augast, only 
 ninety men were reported fit for duty. 
 
 The regiment remained at Helena, engaged in provost-guard- 
 duty, until February, lbG4. 
 
49(5 
 
 mSTORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 The Twenty-sixth Regiment spent December, 18G2, at Staf- 
 ford Court House. In January, 18G3, tliey joined the expedi- 
 tion known as the " Mud Campaign," but soon returned to 
 Stafford. On tlie 27th of April, the regiment and the rest of 
 the Eleventh Corjw broke camp, crossed the Rappahannock at 
 Kelley's Ford, and on the 29th crossed the Rai)idan at Ger- 
 mania Ford, and by hard marching reached Locust Grove, near 
 Chancellorsville, April 30. In the battle that took place, the 
 Twentj'-sixth participated, but were obliged to retreat. The loss 
 by killed and wounded was large. Fifty-three were reported 
 killed, and ninety-six Avounded. After the battle, the Eleventh 
 Corps returned to Stafford Court House, where they remained 
 until the 12th of June, when they received orders to march, 
 as information was received that the enemy was marching into 
 the loyal States. The regiment proceeded to Centreville, 
 thence to Edward's Ferry, and reached Emmettsburg, Md., 
 June 29, where the Eleventh Corps encamped. On the 1st of 
 July, they marched towards Gettysburg, in which battle the 
 Twenty-sixth took an active part. At this battle, the Twenty- 
 sixth had fifty-three killed, and a hundred and fifteen wounded. 
 Afterwards set out on its return to Virginia, and marched to 
 Boonsborough, to Funkstown, to Williamsport, whence to Berlin, 
 crossing the Potomac, on the 19th took the line of march to 
 Warrenton Junction, where they arrived July 25. The regi- 
 ment was much reduced by the casualties of battle and the 
 hardships of the campaign, and was temporarily organized into 
 five companies. They remained here until Sept. 17, engaged 
 in picket and patrol duty, when they removed to Rappahannock 
 Station, where the regiment assumed its rightful organization, 
 and remained until the 24th, when the Eleventh Corps marched 
 to ISIanassas Junction. Having been transferred to the Army 
 of the Tennessee, they proceeded to Columbus, and thenc(; to 
 Bridgeport, Ala., arriving Oct. 2. On the 23d, 24th, and 
 2.5th, the regiment was .engaged in the brilliant action at 
 Mission Ridge, and on the 26th joined in the pursuit of the 
 enemy until the 28th, returning to Parker's Gap. After a 
 number of marches and countermarches, the regiment marched 
 back again to its old camp in Lookout Valley, where it re- 
 mained until Jan. 25, 18G4. 
 
 of 
 at 
 
mSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 497 
 
 The TNventy-scventh Regiment was mustered into the ser- 
 vice on the 7th of April, 18G3. It left the State March IG, un- 
 der orders to proceed to Columbus, Ky. Here it remained, 
 engaged in garrison-duty, until the 30th of May, when it moved 
 with other forces to Memphis, from whence the regiment was 
 ordered to Vicksburg. On the 4th of June, they proceeded up 
 the Yazoo River to Satartia, where an action took place between 
 the rebel artillery and the gunboats. They marched down 
 the river thirty miles, to Ilaine's libiff, where they arrived 
 next day. Subsequently they moved to Snyder's Bluff, and 
 engaged in picket-duty, and work on the fortifications, until 
 after the capitulation of Vicksburg, when they moved to 
 Helena, Ark. Thence they proceeded up White River to 
 Duval's Bluff, and marched to Little Rock, and assisted in 
 the capture of that place. On the 20d of March, 18G4, they 
 accompanied the march of Gen. Steele to co-operate with Gen. 
 Banks in the celebrated Red River Expedition. 
 
 The Twenty-eighth Regiment left the State for Columbus, 
 Ky., on the 20th of December, 18G2, and were sent forward by 
 rtiilroad to Union City; but, meeting no enemy, they returned 
 to Columbus until Jan. 5, when they embarked for Helena, 
 Ark., and on the 11th were assigned to the second brigade. 
 Arriving at Saint Charles, the Twenty-eighth, with a squad 
 of cavalry and artillery, were landed to hold the i^lace. Subse- 
 quently they went with an expedition fitted out at Helena on 
 Feb. 24, known as Yazoo Pass Expedition, after which the regi- 
 ment returned to Helena. They suffered much from the dis- 
 eases engendered in the malarious district of Tallahatchie. In 
 July an expedition was made towards Cotton Plant, Ark. At 
 Helena, they completed a line of fortifications around the place ; 
 and on the 4th of July a force of about fifteen thousand 
 strong of the enemy made its ajjpearanco under Gen. Holmes. 
 After a continuous fight of five hours, the enemy fell back, and 
 gave up the contest, leaving his dead, — over four hundred, — 
 besides over eight hundred prisoners, in our hands. Gen. 
 Salomon and the brave men of his brigade are entitled to the 
 credit of the repulse of the enemy at Helena. With a force 
 of about thirty-five hundred men, he succeeded in holding 
 at bay and driving off a force of at least fifteen thousand. 
 
498 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Being protected behind their works, the casualties were 
 liglit, — killed two, and wounded i'our. The regiment left 
 Helena on the lltli, uceonii)anying Gen. Steele in his expe- 
 dition against Little Ilouk, which place they reached Sept. 
 10, where they remained unlil Oct. it!, when they joined 
 in ^larraaduke's lorces toward; Saline Iliver, jiroceeding to 
 Roekport on the Wusiiita, where furtlier pursuit was aban- 
 doned ; and the regiment returned to Little Hock on the 1st of 
 November. From this i)lace they were ordered to Pine Bluff, 
 sixty miles from Little Rock, on the Arkansas River: here, on 
 the 10th of November, they went into winter-quarters, and were 
 engaged in picket and garrison duty until the 27th of Marcli 
 18G4. 
 
 The Twenty-uiuth Regiment was at Friar's Point in 
 December, 18G2, in charge of Col. Gill, who endeavored to 
 put a stop to the cotton traflie then carried on in that neigh- 
 borhood with the rebels. In doing so, he incurred the ill-will 
 of Gen. Gorman, who placed him under arrest. In January, 
 186;], his sword was returned ; and Gen. Gorman was soon 
 after superseded. The regiment was afterward engaged in an 
 expedition up White River, and wa.i i)art of the force employed 
 in opening a pass to the Vazoo River, and similar duties, until 
 March 1, afterwards pi'oceeding to Grand Gulf and to Port 
 Gibson, in which they took an active part in the engagement 
 at that ])lace. The casualties were twenty-one killed, and 
 fifty wounded. Shortly afterwards, the battle of Chamiaou 
 Hills was fought ; and the regiment was highly comiiliniented 
 for its bravery in that battle. The regiment lost thirty- 
 two killed and seventy-nine wounded in this last battle. The 
 Twenty-ninth was eng:iged till the 10th of May in burying 
 the dead, collecting arms, and constructing bowers for the 
 wounded, when they marched to Vicksburg, and took a posi- 
 tion in the trenches. After the capture of that place, the 
 brigade participated in the taking of Jackson. The regiment 
 was actively engaged in the fall of this year, marching and 
 countermarching on various expeditions along the river to 
 Natchez, thence to Carrollton and Algiers, to Brashier City, to 
 New Iberia and Yermilionville, to Opelousas, to Barrs's Land- 
 ing, to Carrion Crow Bayou, Vermilion Bayou, and Spanish 
 
000 
 
 BISTORT OF fr I SCON a 
 
 Lake. The regiment returned to New Iberia on the 17th of 
 November. From that place, they movetl to Berwick City 
 Dec. 21, and by rail to Algiers, where the regiment was assigned 
 a place in the Texas expedition under Gen. C. C. Washburn. 
 
 The Thirtieth Kcgimcut, during 18C2, was retained in the 
 State of Wisconsin, in the performance of duties pertaining to 
 the enforcement of the draft. " lu the month of May, four 
 companies were sent to St. Louis as guards for transports in 
 the Indian expedition, under Gen. Sully, in Avhich they were 
 engaged until April 10. Two regiments were sent to the Lake 
 Superior country, Avhere they remained until Aug. 21 ; and, 
 on their return, were sent to protect the enrolling oiScera in 
 Washington and Dodge Counties. In July, they were sent to 
 Lafayette County for the same pui'pose ; and one company 
 was sent to New Lisbon, Juneau County, to protect the citizens 
 against threatened Indian attacks. In August, a detachment 
 was sent to Brown County to protect the enrolling office. In 
 tliis and similar duties, tlie regiment was engaged until March, 
 1864. 
 
 The Thirty-third Regiment, on the IBlh of April, 1863, 
 formed a part of a force of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, 
 under the connnand of Col. E. E. Bryant of the Twelfth Wis- 
 consin, who marched to Coldwater, with a force under Gen. 
 Smith, from La Grange. Reaching Hernando after a journey of 
 almost continuous skirmishing, the rebels were encountered ; 
 and, after a sharp fight, the enemy retired, losing fifteen killed, 
 and seventy-five prisoners. Pursuing the enemy to Coldwater 
 River, the Thirty-third, opening a brisk and destructive fire, 
 drove them in confusion across the stream. ' On the 17th of 
 May, they embarked, and i)roceedcd down the river to join the 
 army at Vicksburg. The guerillas having fired into the 
 transports, the Thirty-third and two other regiments were 
 landed, and pursued the rebels for five miles, but did not over- 
 take them. Thence to Snyder's Bluff, where they remained 
 till May 2."), when they marched to the rear of Vicksburg, and 
 took position. This place they kept until the surrender of the 
 city. The regiment did much service in the operations con- 
 nected with the siege, and took part in the second attack on 
 Jackson. After a number of skirmishes, they moved down the 
 
nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 501 
 
 river to Natchez, on the 18th of August. Subsequently return- 
 ing, they encamped at Milldale, engaged in the usual routine 
 of camp, guard, and drill duty, and were thus engaged until 
 Jan. 31, 18G'l. 
 
 The Thirty-fourth Regiment was mustered into service by 
 companies for nine months. They left the State Jan. 31, 
 1863, Col. Fritz Anneke being in command. The regiment 
 arrived at Columbus, Ky., in February, where they remained 
 until the latter part of August. Their term of office having 
 expired, they returned to Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, and 
 were mustered out on Sept. 8. The Thirty-fifth Regiment 
 was mustered into service Nov. i!7, 1863, and the muster 
 completed Feb. 27, 1864. The Thirty-sixth Regiment and 
 other regiments were not organized until 1864. 
 
 The First Cavalry Regiment in the beginning of 1863 was 
 stationed at West Plain, Pilot Knob, St. Genevieve, and Cape 
 Girardeau. The latter part of May, it arrived at Nashville, 
 Tenn., and on the 14th was assigned position in the cavalry 
 corps of the Army of the Cumberland. Daring the summer, 
 it was stationed at various places in Tennessee, taking part 
 in the general movement of the army dui'ing the battle 
 of Chickamauga. They subsequently marched to Larkins- 
 ville, Ala. They were engaged actively in skirmishing with 
 the enemy, at Anderson's Gap capturing eleven prisoners ; 
 and, during the same day, thirty-seven of the enemy were 
 killed and wounded, and forty-two made prisoners. As the 
 movements of cavalry regiments were so active, it is impossible 
 to give fuller particulars concerning them. On the 14th of 
 January, lo64, they marched to and encamped near Dandridge, 
 and were engaged next day with the enemy, losing one man 
 wounded. 
 
 The Second Cavalry Regiment in February, 1863, was at 
 ^Memphis, Tenn., and remained there until the montli of May, 
 Lieut.-Col. Thomas Stephens in command. In April, a detacli- 
 ment took part in the action at Cold Water, and did very 
 active service. On the 10th of June, Major-Gen. Washburn was 
 placed in command of all the cavalry forces at Memphis, and 
 received orders to report to Gen. Grant at Vicksljurg. On the 
 13th of June, the regiment was at Snyder's Bluff, engaged in 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 scouting, up to July 4. On that day, the}' moved to the forks 
 of Deer Creek uud Bipf Black River. On tiioir Avay, tliey 
 received iiiforniatiou of tlie surrender of Vickshurp. Tliey 
 took jiart in (ion. Sliennaii's expedition to Jackson, and on 
 their return encamped (June 29), within a short distance of 
 Redhone Church. TIic Tiiird Cavalry was, in (he latter part 
 of 1802, at Fort IJlunt, and or. the lOlh of July, 180^5, inarched 
 Houthward, luidor connnand of Gen. Blunt. The next day, they 
 were cufijaged in the l)attlc of Honey Sjirinjjf, in which the 
 rehols were utterly routed, with the loss of many prisoners. 
 On the IGth of August, they routed a superior force of the 
 enemy ; and, the day ensuin;^, attacked a large hody of rebel 
 Choctaw Indians, capturing their stores, and putting the whole 
 force to fli^^ht. 
 
 The Thirty-first Regiment was fully organized at Prairie du 
 Chien, and left the Stale for service in the field on the 1st of 
 Jilarch, 18G'J, und(>r orders to report at Columbus, Ky. Pro- 
 ceeding by way of Cairo, 111., they arrived at Columbus on the 
 3d, and went into camp at Fort Ilallcck. Here the regiment 
 was stationed, and was engaged in the performance of garrison- 
 duty, until Sejjt. 24, when it left Columbus, with orders to 
 report at Louisville, Kj., which place it readied on the 27th. 
 On (ho otii of October, it marched to L.i Vergne, Tenn., and 
 guarded the road until the 2oth, when it marched to Murirecs- 
 borough. Three companies were detached, and stationed at a 
 point where the railroad passed Stone I'iver. Here they threw 
 up fortifications, and guarded this important bridge dui'ing the 
 winter. 
 
 The Thirty-second Regiment, on the 7th of January, 18G3, 
 was at Jackson, and on the 2d of February returned to 
 Memphis where it remainid until the third da}' of November, 
 engaged in juovost-duty. The regiment went on an expedi- 
 tion to (icrmantown on the 3d of November. On the 2()th, it 
 again left Mem[)his, and proceeded to Moscow, Tenn., when 
 Col. J. H. Howe was placed in command at the post. The 
 regiment remained, engaged in duty in Tennessee and North- 
 ern Mississippi, looking after Gen. Forrest, until Jan. 27, 18G4. 
 
 In October, Company I was attacked by five hundred lebels 
 near Baxter's Springs, led by the infamous Quantrcll, and 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 A08 
 
 disguised in Federal uniforms. After a bnive but ineffectual 
 resistance, the escort of sixty-five gave way, while Company I 
 held its ground, and the fiendish pursuers slew them without 
 mercy. A number were killed after their surrender, and the 
 bodies burned. Among the number killed, was A. W. Farr, 
 quartermaster of the regiment. 
 
 The Fourth Cavalry was in charge of Lieut.-Col. Bailey on 
 the 1st of August, 1863, having been changed from an infantry 
 to a cavalry regiment. After the organization, it was actively 
 engaged in scouting, picketing, and foraging in the vicinity of 
 Baton Rouge, but took no part in pitched battles. On Col. 
 Boardman's arrival, he made a reconnoissance of the country ; 
 and Lieut. Earll, Avith a small party, captured seventeen of the 
 enemy. During the fall and winter of 1863-64, their operations 
 were chiefly in the country lying between the Comite, Amite, 
 and Mississippi River. 
 
 The thirteen batteries of artillery, and four of heavy artillery, 
 performed excellent and valuable services during the year. 
 The limits of this volume must be our apology for not 
 noticing many of the prominent engagements or actions in 
 which they participated. Full justice has been done to these 
 artillery and infantry companies in tlie two Alilitar^-^ His- 
 tories of Wisconsin, to which the reader is referred for further 
 details. 
 
CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 AD>ri>ri8TUATI(JN OF GOV. I.KWIS. 
 
 Events of lRn4— T/vrislulioii — AViir >ri'ii-»iin'S — Military Oporntifins witliln the 
 
 Stiitc. 
 
 The term of the newh'-electecl State officers commenced on 
 Monday, Jan. 4, 18(J4 ; at which time Gov. Salomon resi;j;ned 
 the duties of his position to his successor, Hon. James T. Lewis 
 of Coliiml)ia County. At the lionr ul twelve, Jl., on that 
 day, the oath of oilice was a<lministcrcd in the Assembly Hall 
 to such State officers as were in the city, hy Hon. Luther S. 
 Dixon, chief justice of the Supreme Court. A considcral)le 
 number of ladies and gentlemen were present to witness the 
 ceremony. Innnediatcly after taking the oath of office. Gov. 
 Lewis delivered a brief and patri(itic inaugural address. At 
 its close, a s.'dute of fifteen guns was fired in the park by tlio 
 guniuT. 
 
 In consequence of the blockade of the railroads by snow- 
 drifts, Lieut. -Gov. Spooncr, Attorney-Gen. Smith, Haidv Comp- 
 troller Ramsay, and State-prison Commissioner Cordicr, were 
 not present. Gov. Salomon was also absent, having gone to 
 Milwaukee prior to the 1st of January, and was not able to 
 return on account of the snow-drifts. 
 
 In his inaugural address. Gov. Lewis pltdged himself to use 
 no patronage for a re-election, to administer the government 
 without prejudice or partiality, to observe economy, to promote 
 agriculture and the arts, to inculcate morality, to foster educa- 
 tion and benevolence, and empluitieally to emi)loy all his 
 exccmive power to supjjress (he Rel)ellion, and terminate the 
 war. 
 
 Having previously served as lieutenant-governor and secre- 
 
 604 
 
606 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tary of State, he was well acquainted with the duties of his 
 new office, and entered upon it with ease and vigor. 
 
 The seventeenth session of the State legislature convened 
 Jan. 13, 1864, and adjourned April 4, 18G4, holding a session 
 of eighty-three days. 
 
 The senate, after the usual preliminaries of presenting cre- 
 dentials, and taking the oath of office, by the new members, 
 was organized by Hon. Wyraan Spooner, lieutenant-governor, 
 taking his seat as president, and the election of Frank M. 
 Stewart as chief clerk, and Nelson Williams as sergeant-at- 
 arms ; and, in the assembly, W. W. Field was elected speaker, 
 John S. Dean chief clerk, and A. M. Thomson sergeant-at- 
 arms. 
 
 The governor, in his first annual message, gives condensed 
 statements of the different funds of the State, and a synopsis 
 of the reports of the State officers and State institutions, from 
 which a few extracts are taken. The receipts into the general 
 fund during the previous fiscal year was $850,376.12. The 
 balance remaining in the fund at the close of this fiscal year, 
 after paying all demands against it, was $205,958.61. The 
 receipts of the school-fund were $292,423.51. The whole 
 amount of State indebtedness on the 1st of January, 1864, was 
 $1,775,000. The debt was created pursuant to provisions of 
 law b}*^ the issue of State bonds and certificates of indebted- 
 ness. 
 
 The amount paid to families of volunteers from the com- 
 mencement of the war to Jan. 1, 1864, was $1,197,044.70 ; 
 amou it paid on United States tax, $441,735.37 ; amount paid 
 on Capitol enlargement, $100,000; amount advanced by the 
 State for boarding and equipping soldiers, caring for the sick, 
 and other war expenses not enumerated, $200,000. 
 
 The whole number of persons in the State between the ages 
 of four and twenty years was 320,965. Number of school- 
 districts, 4,7C8 ; value of schoolhouses, $1,326,753 ; whole 
 amount raised for teachers' wages, $334,440.85 ; total tax for 
 school-purposes, $679,000,000. Number of banks doing busi- 
 ness Oct. 1, 1862, 65 ; aggregate capital, $3,298,000 ; number of 
 banks Oct. 1. 1863, 68 ; aggregate capital, $3,488,000; receipts 
 into the State treasury on account of all funds during the year, 
 
niSTOIiY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 607 
 
 $2,658,095.08 ; and disbursements, $2,602,386.25, Number of 
 patients in the Insane Hospital, 188 ; admitted during the 3'ear, 
 123 ; appropriations for the institution, $38,790.90. Pupils in 
 Deaf and Dumb Institution, 78 ; expenditures for the institu- 
 tion, 1863, $12,683.81. Pupils in Blind Institution in 1863, 
 54 ; expenditures for the institution, $13,848.13. Convicts in 
 State-prison, 116 ; expenses of prison, $35,920.54, with an 
 indebtedness of $9,255.48. 
 
 The governor recommended the continuance of a generous 
 policy by the State fur her citizens in the army and their 
 families at home. He recommended the completion of the 
 south wing of the Capitol (the cost not to exceed thirty thou- 
 sand dollars), the immediate selection of the Agricultural 
 College Lands donated to the State by the General Government, 
 the encouragement of the mining and agricultural interests of 
 the State, and suggested the propriety of further legislation 
 for the maintenance of the purity of the ballot-box. 
 
 Of this session of the legislature, one writer says, — 
 
 " It was one of the most intGlligent and harmonious public bodies that 
 ever convened in the State. Tliere was less political discussion, and fewer 
 exhibitions of party feeling, than we have witues: -d in any previous legis- 
 lature. The measure which excited most public interest was the pro rata 
 bill. It failed to pass. Its death, however, was not solely attributable to 
 railroad ojiposition. As the subject was discussed, quite a powerful hos- 
 tility was developed from sections of the State interested in mifinished or 
 projected railroads, and from tiie districts of the State lying uix)n portions 
 of completed railways distant from the markets. These foiuid, that, under 
 a pro ra/a bill, tiioir freights were likely to bo increased : the others feared 
 the bill would retard and discourage the building of roads. The agitation 
 of the subject, however, will not bo without beneficial result;). Its effect 
 will bo to restrain the railroads from adopting exorbitant tariffs, and will 
 exert a wholesome influence, and may render legislation unnecessary." 
 
 Among the acts of a general nature passed at this session, 
 except those relative to the war of the rebellion, which will be 
 referred to hereafter, were, an act to provide for continuing the 
 work on tlie State Capitol, bj'^ wliich the State Board of Build- 
 ing Commissioners were authorized to conti'act for the comple- 
 tion of the south wing of the Capitol (except the finishing of 
 the basement), and for the completion of the centre pnrt and 
 rotunda, up to the top of the roof of the cast and west wings, 
 
508 
 
 nrsTonr of wiscomm. 
 
 to be completed before the thirty-first day of December, 1864 
 (the sura of sixty tlioussand dollars was appropriated for the 
 same) ; an act granting pre-emption rights to occupants of 
 swamp and overflowed lands, to establish lumber distficts, and 
 to regulate the traffic in logs, timber, and lumber, in said 
 districts ; an act to guard against the abuse of the elective 
 franchise, and to preserve the I'urity of electors l)y a registra- 
 tion of electors ; and an act to provide for levying a ^♦•aie tax 
 for the year 18G4, of two hundred and thirly-j o c and 
 dollars. 
 
 The following acts passed were relative to military matters : 
 three acts to authorize towns, cities, and villages to raise money 
 by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers, and to pro- 
 vide for levying and collecting the same; an act revising, 
 amending, and consolidating all laws relative to extra pay to 
 Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States; provid- 
 ing for the relief of families ; providing for the proper recep- 
 tion, by the State of Wisconsin, of volunteers returning from 
 the field, or service of the United States (under this law, 
 veteran regiments returning home on furlough, or regiments 
 returning on expiration of term of service, were received and 
 entertained b}- the State authorities) ; an act repealing the law 
 relative to allotment commissioners ; to autliorize the governor 
 to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost 
 or destroyed in service ; an act amending the law suspendinsj 
 the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held liy volunteer. 
 so as to apply to drafted men ; provifling for levying a State 
 tax of two hundred thousand dollars fu 'lo support of families 
 of the volunteers ; authorizing the governor to take care of the 
 sick and wounded soldiers, and appropriating ten thousand 
 dollars for that purpose ; two acts authorizing the bon'owing 
 of money for repelling invasion, suppressing insurrection, and 
 defending the State in time of war, — one for three hundred 
 and fifty thousand dollars, and the other for three hundred 
 thousand dollars ; an act prohibiting the taking of fees for prr.- 
 curing voluntf'or.'. fxtra bounty ; an act defining the resid'^'Jt 
 of certain soldiers from this State in the service of the Unii-,c 
 States, who had received local bounties from towns other thai, 
 their proper place of residence. To summari^ : forty-three 
 
 I. 
 •a? 
 
 or; 
 
I. 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 509 
 
 laws ^yere amendatory to general laws ; twenty-one amending 
 private and local laws ; eighteen amending the Revised Stat- 
 utes ; eighty-five authorizing towns to pay bounties to soldiers ; 
 ten charters for bridge ; thirty relative to courts ; twenty-two 
 conferring certain powers and duties on the governor ; sixty- 
 three legalizing bounty-tax proceedings ; thirty-three conferring 
 powers and duties on the secretary of state ; thirty, same on state 
 treasurer ; and a large number of appropriations and other bills. 
 On the 18th of February, 1864, Gov. Lewis sent to the legis- 
 lature a message, and a document from W. Y. Selleck, military 
 agent of Wisconsin, at Washington, D.C., in reference to the 
 establishment of a soldiers' national cemetery at Gettysburg, 
 stating that the governors of the various States which had lost 
 at that battle took a deep interest in the undertaking. A 
 meeting of the governors was s''bsequently had, and a plan of 
 association fovmed. The legislature of Wisconsin, in aid of 
 this organizat on, appropriated the sum of §C,52o. On the 1st 
 of February, Pres. Lincoln issued a call for five hundred 
 thousand volunteers, Avhich .vT-s to be considered as including 
 the three hundred thousand called for on the 17th of October, 
 18G3. At the beginning of the year, the system of extra 
 bounties by towns gave great impetus to recruiting tor old and 
 new organizations ; so that no draft under the calls of Feb. 1 
 and March 14 was necessary. The history of the organization 
 of new regiments will be noticed hereafter. 
 
 On the 21st of April, a proposition was made to the Presi- 
 dent by the executives of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
 Iowa, and Wisconsin, tendering for extra service eighty-five 
 thousand troops for the term of one hundred days ; tlie organ- 
 izations to be governed by the regulations of the war depart- 
 ment. This proposition was accepted ; and Gov. Lewis pro- 
 ceeded at once to issue orders to carry out the arrangement. 
 The Tliirty-niuth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Regiments were 
 organized, and left the State in the middle of June for !Mein- 
 phis, Tenn. On the 18th of July, Pros. Lincoln called for 
 five hundred thousand volunteers for one, two, and three years' 
 service. The quota of Wisconsin was given as 19,0;12. There 
 being a difl'erence of opinion as to tlie numl)er of troops re- 
 quired from this State, Adj.-Gen. Gaylord proceeded to Wash- 
 
610 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ingtou to con-nilfc with tlio iiuthorilics on the sunject. He 
 succeeded in luingiug the (^uuia to 1"),D41, being less 3,G91 
 than the quota first required. On the 14tli of September, the 
 governor was authoiized to organize eiglit companies to com- 
 plete the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery. Tiie companies 
 were soon full, and were en route for the field before Nov. 12. 
 i'hc quota (jf the State not l)eing filled by volunteering, a draft 
 .ook place on the 19th of Seplemb'.r, which resulted as follows: 
 total number subject to draft, 94,00,); number drafted, 17,534; 
 mustered in, 2,494 ; substitutes after draft, 945 ; discharged 
 after draft, 0,724; failed to report, 7,307; paid commutation, 4 ; 
 amount of commutation, ^1,200. 
 
CHAPTER XLIX, 
 
 ■Wisconsin's war record. 
 
 Events of 18(U— Koglmental History -^Sketches of the First, Second, Third, 
 Fourtli, Fiftli, Sixtli, Seventli, Eightli, Xiiilli, Tentli, and Eleventli Regi- 
 ments — Tlicir Operations in 1804. 
 
 The following is an historical record of the marches, skirm- 
 ishes, battles, and various actions of the regiments during the 
 year 18G4. The record is, in many, instances based upon infor- 
 mation compiled from tlie reports of the adjutant-general and 
 the military histories of the State. 
 
 The First Regiment. On the ISth of January, 18G4, Gen. 
 Starkweather was ordered to Washington on court-martial 
 duty ; and all his connection with the First Wisconsin ceased. 
 The regiment accompanied the Fourteenth Corps, in February 
 1864, in the feint on Dalton, to favor Gen. Sherman's IMeridiau 
 expedition, and subsequently encamped at Graysville, Ga., until 
 the 2d of May. 
 
 In the re-organization of the army in 1864, the First Regi- 
 ment, ur^der the command of Lieut.-Col. Bingham, retained its 
 position in the thu-d brigade, first division, Brig.-Gen. R. W. 
 Johnson, Fourteenth Army Corps, and moved to Ringgold, Ga., 
 where the Fourteenth Corps was concentrating prejjaratory to 
 the commencement of the celebrated Atlanta campaign. 
 
 On the 7th of May, the march commenced; and the division 
 occupied a position in the vicinity of Dalton, exposed to the 
 occasional fire of the enemy, until the 12th, when the Four- 
 teenth Corps marched to Resaca by Snake Creek Gap, and took 
 position in the iutrenchments before that place. On the 14th, 
 the brigade advanced to charge the enemy's works in two 
 lines, but, being unsupported, were unable to carry the position. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 fil8 
 
 The First, being in the second line, suffered a loss only of 
 five wounded. The enemy evacuated Resaca on the night of 
 the 15th, and were soon followed by the Union forces. The 
 First, with the brigade, followed in the pursuit, and confronted 
 the enemy at Pumpkin-vine Creek, near Dallas, on the 27th, 
 and on the next day advanced, driving in the rebel skirmishers. 
 On the 80th, an attack was made by a part of Hood's corps on 
 their position, which was repulsed after a severe engagement ; 
 the First losing four killed, and twenty-eight wounded. 
 
 From the 1st of June till the 17th, the regiment with the 
 brigade occupied several positions near Ackworth, for the most 
 of the time in line of battle. On the 17th, they took part in a 
 severe skirmish of the picket-lines near Big Shanty ; and next 
 day drove the enemy's skirmishers to the main line, taking 
 many prisoners. The enemy retreated ; and the army moved 
 forward in front of their new position, near Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain. Here they remained until the 3d of July, under the 
 most terrific fire of artillery and sharpshooters, changing posi- 
 tions frequently, but were not engaged in any of the charging 
 columns which have rendered this position famous for bloody 
 warfare. 
 
 The Fourteenth Corps (including the First Regiment) moved 
 in pursuit of the enemy towards the Chattahoochee on the 5th 
 of July, and ^.■as ordered to push the enemy across the river, 
 which was accomplished without loss ; and advancing, drove 
 the enemy to Peach-tree Creek, at which place an attack 
 occurred on our lines on the 20th. In the investment of 
 Atlanta, the regiment was employed in fatigue and skirmish 
 duty until Aug. 28, when they left their trenches, and took part 
 in the movement to tlie west and south of Atlanta. In this 
 grand movement, the First Wisconsifi took part in the destruc- 
 tion of the railroad, and, on the 30th of August, moved on 
 towards Jonesborough, which place they reached on the 1st of 
 September. Here a battle was fought by the First Regiment, 
 led by Major Green. They went rapidly forward under a severe 
 fire, and drove the enemy from the front, and held the position 
 until dark ; the enemy retiring to Lovejoy's Station. This regi- 
 ment remained in line of battle until the 6th, and returned to 
 Atlanta on the 8th of September. The ciisualties of the regi- 
 
514 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ment in the month of August were two killed and twenty-eight 
 wounded. On the 1st of Septemhcr, 1864, the regiment was 
 assigned to the fourth division ; and on the 21st it left Atlanta, 
 moved to Bridgeport, and thence to Nashville, where it went 
 into camp. The term of service of the regiment having ex- 
 pired, they left Nashville on the 6th of October, and arrived on 
 the 8th at Mihvaukce, where they met with an enthusiastic 
 reception on the part of the citizens. 
 
 The Second Regiment, including the Sixth and Seventh Regi- 
 ments, known as the " Iron Brigade," were all returned from 
 furlough on the Ist of March, 1864, and, in the re-organization, 
 were asssigned as the first brigade of the Fifth Army Corps. 
 Col. L. Fairchild suffered the amputation of his left arm ; and 
 he therefore resigned on the 20th of October, 1863. There not 
 being a sufiBcient number of men in the Second Regiment, 
 Lieut.-Col. Mansfield was not mustered as colonel, although 
 appointed. The brigade broke camp at Culpeper Court House, 
 on the 3d of M.ay, 1864, and commenced the Wilderness cam- 
 paign. On the 5lh, the division moved forward in front of the 
 old Wilderness Tavern, and soon encountered the enemy in 
 position. In this battle, the Second took an active part ; and 
 all the Wisconsin regiments suffered severely in this day's fight. 
 The battle Avas resumed on the 6th in which the division parti- 
 cipated in the grand charge, forcing the enemy back until he 
 was re-enforced with artillery, which compelled the attacking 
 force to fall back in turn. In the last assault, Gen. Wads- 
 worth, the division commander, was killed ; and Gen. Cutler 
 took command. On the 7th, a change of pos^ition was effected 
 in the direction of Spottsylvania Court House ; the brigade 
 reaching Laurel Hill about eight o'clock on the morning of 
 the 8th, having marched fifteen miles. In the engagements 
 that took place between the 8th and 11th, the brigade took 
 an active part, and lost many of their number. On the 11th, 
 the Second Regiment had become reduced below the number 
 of a hundred men present for duty ; and, its field-officers being 
 in the hands of the enemy, it was detached from the brigade, 
 and detailed as provost-guard of the fourth division Fifth Army 
 Corps, in consequence of which its connection with the " Iron 
 Brigade " was thereby severed. The remainder of the brigade 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 fil5 
 
 was engaged in the subsequent action, when the whole corpa 
 joined in the movement to the left, crossed the River Po twice 
 on the march ; and on the 14th they went into position behind 
 works, a mile and a half from Spottsylvania Court House. 
 Subsequently, they marched south-easterly, and followed the 
 retreating enemy as far as Wolfs Church ; crossed the North 
 Anna River, at Jericho Ford, where another action was had ; 
 and the brigade succeeded in driving the enemy back half a 
 mile. After some skirmishing, they marched to Magnolia 
 Church. On the 28th they crossed Pamunkey River, near 
 Newcastle, and on the 1st of June took position near Bethesda 
 Church. Here the di\'ision remained, when it moved to Cold 
 Harbor and to Chickahominy. The casualties from May 5 to 
 June 10 are reported : Second Regiment, killed, ten ; wounded, 
 seventy-three ; Sixth Regiment, killed, forty-four ; wounded, 
 one hundred and ten ; Seventh Regiment, killed, ninety-two ; 
 wounded, one hundred and eighty-four. 
 
 On the 10th of June, the Second Regiment, having served 
 the time of their enlistment, embarked for Washington, D.C., 
 and thence to Madison, where they arrived June 18, and the last 
 company was mustered out July 2. Thus this pioneer three- 
 years' regiment closed its honorable and brilliant service, and, 
 with the gallant Sixth and Seventh veteran Regiments, estab- 
 lished a reputation equal to the best troops in the world. 
 
 Continuing our narrative of the Iron Brigade, we find, that, 
 on the 12th of June, they crossed the Chickahominy, and 
 marched to James River, and proceeded to Petersburg, where 
 they erected breastworks on the 17th of June. In the engage- 
 ments at this place, the Sixth and Seventh suffered terribly. 
 The Seventh lost twenty-one killed and thirty-seven wounded. 
 The Sixth lost seventeen killed and thirty-one wounded. 
 From this time to July 30, the division and brigade were 
 constantly engaged in the duties of the siege, and took part 
 in the operations connected with the explosion of the mine. 
 On the 18th of August, they left Petersburg, and marched to 
 Yellow House, near Reams Station, on the Weldon Railroad ; 
 and, at the acti ■! at the last-named place, the Seventh captured; 
 twenty-seven prisoners without sustaining any loss. Until 
 Oct. 27, the brigade was engaged in siege-duties, when they 
 
516 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 were transferred to Crawford's third division, and took a part 
 in the engiicjcMiient at Hatcher's Run. Siil)sequenily they 
 returned to tiicir position in tho trenches at Petersburg, where 
 the}- rejiiuiiK'd until Felt. 0, l.SG.j. 
 
 Tiie Tiiird Regiment was encamped at Fayetteville on the 
 13th of Feln'uavy, 1804. During the winter, tliey were joined 
 by recruits, increasing their number to five hunfh'cd and 
 seventy -five. t)n the re-organization of the Army of the Cum- 
 berland, in April, the Third was placed in the second bri- 
 gade of the first division. The regiment joined its brigade 
 in Georgia, May 12, and, on the liJth, took position in 
 front of the enemy at Resaca. On the 15th, they took 
 part in tlie battle, and took forty prisoners. The casual- 
 ties were ten killed and nineteen wounded. After a long 
 march, on the 2oth, the brigade formed in a line of battle 
 at the crossing of the Marietta, Pallas, and Acworth Roads. 
 Here a severe struggle ensued; and the Third fought nobly, 
 though half the regiment were new recruits. At this battle, 
 the wisualties were, eighteen killed and ninety-two wound- 
 ed : among the latter was Col. William ^lawley. The Third 
 remained in position near the battle-field until June 3, when 
 they moved forward, and on the 11th were at Pine Knob, 
 where the enemy was strongly intrenched. But they left 
 during the night, and abandoned Kcnesaw Jlountain; and 
 the division followed his retreat to the Chattahoochee River. 
 Advancing, the regiment, on the 22d, took position ojiposite 
 Atlanta, where they remained until Aug. 25. That city was 
 evacuated on the 1st of September; and our forces marched 
 through the city, and encamped near the Augusta Railroad on 
 the 2d. Here the regiment remained until Nov. lo, when it 
 accompanied the Twentieth Corps on the march, under Gen. 
 Sherman, towards Savannah. Arriving at Milledgeville, Col. 
 Hawley wa.s ordered to occupj' it with his regiment and the 
 One hundred and Seventh New York, which he did until the 
 30th. ( )n the 12th of December, the regiment succeeded in 
 capturing the rebel-armed tender " Resolute," w\th its entire 
 crew. At Argyle Island in the Savannah River, a large quantity 
 of stores were captured. Subsequently five companies crossed 
 to the South Carolina shore, driving the enemy before them, 
 
518 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 penetrating inland two miles, where the enemy were met in 
 strong force, and tliu companies returned to the island, and 
 thence to the Georgia shore, where tliey went into camp. 
 
 The Fourth Regiment, by special order of the war depart- 
 ment, was, on the 1st of September, 18G3, changed to a cavalry 
 regiment. The balance of the history of th Fourth will 
 be completed under the head of cavalry organizations. 
 
 The Fifth Regiment, during the winter of 1803-64, were at 
 Brandy Stations ; and some two hundred and four veterans 
 re-enlisted. After a visit to Wisconsin, they returned in time 
 for the spring campaign. The regiment left camp May 4, 1864, 
 and took part in the Wilderness campaign. They c ^d the 
 Rapidan at Germania Ford, marched eighteen mil 1 biv- 
 
 ouacked. They followed the movements of the S ^orps, 
 
 and were engaged in the various actions from the 7th to the 
 11th of May. After leaving Spottsylvania, they engaged in 
 destroying the Virginia Central Railroad, and advanced to Cold 
 Harbor, arriving Juno 1. They took part in the charge on 
 the enemy's works at Cold Harbor, capturing the intrench- 
 ments with a number of prisoners. Tliey remained here until 
 the 12th, constantly exposed to the enemy's fire, when they 
 marched to and crossed James River, and took their position in 
 the trendies before Petersburg. In the charge of the 22d, they 
 participated, proceeding on the 29th to Reams St^ition, where 
 they engaged in fatigue and picket duty until July 11. 
 
 The casualties for May and June were, forty-eight killed 
 or died of wounds, and one hundred and forty-four wounded. 
 The Fifth accompanied the movement of the Sixth Corps to 
 Washington to assist in the defence of that city, arriving on 
 the 12th; on which day, the three-years term of non-veterans 
 having expired, they volunteered for the defence of the capital. 
 The danger having passed, they left, on the IGth, for Wash- 
 ington, and arrived at Madison on the 22d, where they received 
 a hearty welcome from the State authorities, and were finally 
 mustered out on the 3d of August. Thus ended the service of 
 the original Fifth Regiment. 
 
 The re-enlisted veterans and recruits were organized into an 
 independent battalion of three companies, under the com- 
 mand of C. W. Kempf of Company A, Capt. J. H. Cook, 
 
ninTORY OF wrscoysiiV. 
 
 519 
 
 Company B, and Capt. M. L. Biitterfickl, Company C. On 
 the l;Uh of July, tlu>y niDved, with the Sixth Corps, to the 
 Shonandoah Valley, in pursuit oi the enemy, participating in 
 the engagement at Snickers Gap. On the 18th, tiiey returned 
 to Washingtoi, , and, on the iJOth, they [)roceeded to Harper's 
 Ferry, and uuited with the movements of the Sixth Corps, 
 participating in the action at Charleston, having one man 
 wounded. They remained at Charleston, performing picket 
 and guard duty, until the iHth of Sejptember, when they moved 
 forward, and took part in the hattle of Cedar Creek, losing 
 four killed, and eleven wounded ; and afterwards, with the 
 brigade, they went to Winchester in tlio performance of gar- 
 rison-duty. 
 
 On the muster-out of service of the " Old Fifth," Gov. 
 Lewis atithorized its re-organization, and recommissioned 
 Thomas S. Allen as colonel. Under his supervision, seven 
 companies were rapidly recruited, organized, and mustered into 
 the United States service, and left the State on the 2d of 
 October, 18G4. They arrived at Washington, received arms, 
 and were sent to Alexandria, where they remained, doing 
 provost-duty, until Oct. 20, when they proceeded, by way 
 of Martinsburg and Winchester, to Cedar Creek, where they 
 joined the battalion and the forces under Gen. Sheridan, and 
 remained at that place until Dec. 2. They rejoined the forces 
 under Gen. Grant, in the trenches Sefore Petersburg, on 
 the 4th of December, where they remiiiued until the 5th of 
 February, 18G5, when they took part in the extension of the 
 lines at Dabney's Mills on Hatcher's Run, suffering little loss, 
 being held in the reserve. 
 
 The Eighth Regiment, on the 2Tth of January, 18G4, 
 proceeded to Vieksburg, by way of Memphis, and encamped 
 near Black-river Bridge on the 3d ot February. They took 
 part in Sherman's famous Meridian expedition, marching as far 
 as Canton, Miss., and returning to Black-river Bridge, thence 
 to Vieksburg, on the 5th of March. Here the regiment 
 consented to remain, and take part in Gen. Smith's projected 
 expedition up the river to co-operate with Gen. Banks. The 
 regiment expected to be sent home on veteran furlough, but 
 remained at the especial request of Gen. Shermim. Leaving 
 
520 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCO!i'Siy. 
 
 Vicksbuig March 10, they passed down the Mississippi, and 
 up the Red River, to Simmsport, and landed. The brigade 
 advanced, and charged upon the rebels at Fort Scurvy, captur- 
 ing several prisoners, and some military stores. Continuing up 
 the river, they attacked and captured Fort de Russy, after a 
 short resistance. Here they were joined by the fleet, when 
 they proceeded to Alexandria, and thence to Henderson Hill, 
 where they found the rebels posted with artillery. A detour 
 of fifteen miles was made in order to attack the enemy on the 
 rear. About midnight. Gen. Mower succeeded in capturing the 
 whole rebel force (three hundred and fifty strong), with four 
 guns and four hundred horses, and other munitions of Avar. 
 After a number of marches, with Gen. Smith's army and a part 
 of Gen. Banks's force, they received the attack of the enemy, 
 and, after four hours' hard fighting, drove him from the field. 
 Our forces subsequently retreated to Grand Encore, and 
 thence to Alexandria. The Eighth participated in an action at 
 Natchitoches, and also at Cloutierville, where the rebels were 
 driven back in confusion. On the 4th of May, the Eighth 
 were deployed as skirmishers, and drove the enemy ten miles. 
 At Bayou La Moore, the enemy annoyed them by continuous 
 artillery and musketry fire. They also took part in an action 
 at Mansura, and also Calhan's Plantation, and Bayou De 
 Glaize ; after which Gen. Smith's army returned to the 
 mouth of Red River, and, embarking, reached Vicksburg on 
 the 24th, and went into camp. The rebels having attempted 
 to blockade the Mississippi at Columbia, Ark., on the Cth of 
 June, Gen. Smith sent forward a division of fifteen hundred 
 infantry, and a battery in charge of Gen. Mower. The enemy 
 were found, and an engagement ensued. The enemy were 
 driven from their position, and pursued several miles. In this 
 action, known as tlie " Battle of Chicot," the regi.neut had 
 three killed, and sixteen wounded. The command proceeded 
 up the river to Memphis, and went into camp. Here the 
 veterans were allowed to proceed to Wisconsin on thirty days' 
 furlough. The remainder of the regiment moved to La 
 Grange, and in July took part in the expedition into Missis- 
 sippi, and participated in the engagements near Tupelo. They 
 returned to Memphis after a march of two hundred and sixty 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 521 
 
 miles. Here they were rejoined by the regiment from veteran 
 furlough. Subsequently the Eighth marched from Memphis 
 to Mississippi with the forces of Gen. A. J. Smith. On the 
 2d of September, they proceeded to White River and to Duvall's 
 Bluff, thence to Brownsville, in pursuit of Gen. Price, and 
 reached Cape Girardeau Oct. 1. On the 5th, they left for 
 St. Louis, where the regiment was newly clothed and equipped. 
 Re-embarking on transports, they reached Jefferson City, and 
 thence to Lamoine Bridge. From this place, they were assigned 
 on the expeditionary army against Gen. Price through Kansas. 
 Learning of the defeat and dispersion of Price's forces, they 
 returned, reaching Benton Barracks Nov. 15. On the 23d 
 of November, they proceeded to Nashville to re-enforce Gen. 
 Thomas, and took part in the battle on the loth and 16th of 
 December. In this action, the regiment captured a six-gun 
 battery, about four hundred prisoners, and two stands of colors. 
 Their losses were, killed, ten ; wounded, fifty-two. The 
 regiment joined in tlie pursuit, marching one hundred and fifty 
 miles, and finally encamped at Clifton, Teun., on the 22d of 
 January, 1865. 
 
 The Ninth Regiment was at Little Rock, Jan. 1, 1864 ; and 
 two hundred and thirty re-enlisted men returned to Wisconsin 
 on furlough early in February. 
 
 The regiment participated in the Red-river Expedition, and 
 was assigned to the first brigade. Tlicy left Little Rock 
 March 23 ; and nothing occurred of note until the 1st of April. 
 A number of engagements took place until the 24th, when 
 they camped at White Oak Creek. On the 15th, another 
 engagement took place ; and the enemy were driven back, when 
 the brigade entered Camden. Up to ' iie 23d, the Ninth was 
 detailed to guard the bridge across the Washita River. At Jen- 
 kins's Ferry the brigade was re-enforced, as Gen. Kirby Smith 
 of the rebel army was near with an army of twenty thousand. 
 Here a battle was fought, and the regiment fougiit bravely. 
 The casualties were, killed, forty-seven ; wounded, fifty-two. 
 After the battle, the regiment returned to Little Rock. Two 
 companies were absent on furlough during the Camden cam- 
 paign. On their return, two other companies were sent home 
 on veteran furlough ; and on Nov. 17, the non-veterans whose 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 terms of office had expired were mustered out, together with a 
 portion of the commissioned officers ; and the veterans and 
 recruits were consolidated into an independent battaUon of 
 four companies as veterans, under the command of Lieut.-Col. 
 Jacohi. The non-veterans returned to Milwaukee, where they 
 were cordially received, paid off, and disbanded. 
 
 The Tenth Regiment was at Chattanooga in the winter 
 of 1863-G4. In February, they took part in the feint on 
 Dalton, Ga. Thence they removed to Tynor Station, on tlie 
 East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, and were employed in 
 •railroad guard-duty until May 24. In tlie re-organization of the 
 army in 1804, the Tenth was in the first brigade, Gen. Carlin, 
 of the first division. Eighty-five recruits joined in the spring, 
 which, with the remnant of the regiment left after the battle 
 of Cliickamauga, letc but a small command. They rejoined the 
 brigade near Dallas, and took part in tlie battles of Dallas, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, and Peach-tree Creek. After the I'attle 
 at the last-named place, the Tenth was sent forward toward 
 Chattahoochee. Shortly after the arrival of the en(;my befiu-e 
 Atlanta, the regiment was detached from the brigade, and 
 stationed at Marietta, Ga., where tiiey remained until Oct. 3, 
 when they were ordered to occupy the old rifle-pits near 
 Kenesaw Mountain, and guard the road at that point from the 
 depredations of Gen. Hood, who anus then marching north. 
 Hei'O they remained until Oct. IG, when the recruits and 
 re-enlisted men were transferred by the war department to the 
 Twenty-first Regiment ; and the remainder of the Tenth 
 started northward, passed through Nashville, and reached 
 Milwaukee on the 2")tli, where they were subseque tly mus- 
 tered out of service. Tliose who were taken prisoners at 
 Chickamauga remained in reljcl prisons for thirteen months, and 
 many of them were not exchanged until JMareh, 18G') ; while 
 not a few were destined to become martyrs in the rebel prison- 
 pens at Salisbury, Millen, and Andersonville. 
 
 The Eleventh Regiment remained on duty in the vicinity of 
 Matagorda Bay and Indianola until tlic 11th of February, 18G4, 
 when upwards of three-fourths of their number having re-en- 
 listed, the regiment was mustered as a veteran organization. 
 The non-veterans were temi)orarily transferred to the Twenty- 
 
bU 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 third Regiment ; and the remainder embarked for New Orleans, 
 on their way on veteran furlough. They reached Madison on 
 the 21st of March, where they were welcomed by the State 
 authorities, and received a new set of colors. On the 23d of 
 April, the men re-assembled at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, 
 and again left the State, reaching Memphis on the 29th. Here 
 they took part in Gen. Sturgis's expedition into Western 
 Tennessee and Northern Mississippi, also participated in that 
 general's skirmish with Forrest's cavalry, and returned to 
 Memphis on the abandonment of the expedition. From 
 Memphis, they moved down the river to Carrollton, whence 
 they proceeded to Brashear City, where they arrived May 19. 
 The regiment remained here until Fel). 26, 18G5. During its 
 occupation here, for nine months, the Eleventh Regiment was 
 employed in the usual guard and outpost duty, and in making 
 reconnoissances in the surrounding country. The non-veterans 
 of the Eleventh arrived at Madison on the 25th of October, 
 1864, and were mustered out of service. 
 
CHAPTER L. 
 
 Wisconsin's war eecord. 
 
 Events of 18G4, contimieil— Regiinental History — Aniiy Movements — Battle- 
 
 Field Incidents. 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment in January, 1864, was at Hebron, 
 near Natchez. In February, it took p;irt in Sherman's 
 Meridian Expedition. At Baker's Creek, the Twelfth fought 
 nobly, and were highly complimented by the division com- 
 mander. They assisted in the taking of Jackson, destroyed 
 the ddpots and bridges at Brandon, and had a skirmish at 
 Decatur, and from thence proceeded to Meridian, and 
 captured the town of Enterprise, twenty miles south, on the 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad, destroying it with its depots, 
 machine-shops, &c. (^n the 17th of February, they destroyed 
 a long bridge at Quitman, returning to Meridian, tearing up the 
 railroad-track as ihey returned. The expedition returned to 
 Vicksburg. While near Canton, the regiment liad a skirmish 
 with the rebels, driving them three miles without loss. On the 
 4th of March they re-entered their camp. On this trip they 
 marched four hundred and sixteen miles in thirty-one days. 
 
 The veterans of the regiment on the 13th of March left for 
 Wisconsin on veteran furlough, and arrived at Madison March 
 21, where they were pul)licly received by the State authori- 
 ties and the members of the legislature ; and on the 31st 
 dispersed to their several homes on furlough. In the month 
 of April, Gen. Sherman ordered all soldiers on furlough, veter- 
 ans and non-veterans, to join him in Tennessee. Accordingly, 
 on the 30th of that month, the Twelfth proceeded to Cairo, 
 where they were joined by the non-veterans from camp near 
 Vicksburg. Accompanying the forces of Gen. Gresham, the 
 
 626 
 
526 
 
 HISTORY OF WrSCONSIS. 
 
 regiment proceeded up the Tennessee River, and landed at 
 Clifton, Tenn., and, on the 14th, marched by Huntsville and 
 Decatur, Ala., to Rome, Ga., nearly three hundred miles, and 
 joined the Army of the Tennessee at AcAvorth, Ga., on the 8th 
 of June. On the 10th, the division took its place in the ad- 
 vance, and on the 11th arrived within two miles of the enemy's 
 position at the base of Kenesaw iMountain, and began throwing 
 up intrenchments. On the 14th, another line of breastworks 
 was thrown up nearer the enemy, about a thousand yards from 
 the enemy's rifle-pits ; and on the 15th an engagement took 
 place, and the regiment succeeded in driving a brigade out of 
 their rifle-pits, and holding the ground, in face of all opposi- 
 tion, for twenty minutes, with a force of only a hundred and 
 fifty men. In this action, the regiment lost two killed and 
 twenty wounded. On the 2d of Jul)"^, the regiment took a 
 position on the Chattahoochee, forcing the enemy across the 
 stream to his main works. On the 12th, the regiment was 
 transferred to the third division (Gen. Leggett), and, accompa- 
 nying the division, passed through Decatur July 20, and took 
 position on the south side of the Augusta Railroad, eighty 
 iOds from the rebel intrenchments. Here a severe battle was 
 hai^ the Twelfth and the division fighting bravely. In fifteen 
 min ites, out of less than six hundred men engaged, they lost 
 one hundred and thirty-four killed and wounded, and captured 
 mo :q small-arms than they had men engaged ; many of them 
 loaded and capped. Five color-bearers were shot, and the two 
 flagstaffs were shot off. ' The next day, the fighting was 
 resumed ; and the first brigade fought nobly. Engagements 
 took place until the 1st of September. On the 6th they 
 marched towards Atlanta, and encamped near Eastport on the 
 8th of that month. The casualties from July 28 to Sept. 10 
 were nine killed and thirty wounded. 
 
 On the 12th of October, the regiment with its valiant colonel, 
 George E. Bryant, marched with the Seventeenth Army Corps, 
 in search of the rebel general. Hood. The pursuit was con- 
 tinued until Oct.. 21, when the regiment went into camp at 
 Little River, Ala. Here orders were received that the non- 
 veterans whose terms of service expired before Nov. 7 should 
 return to Chattanooga, and be mustered out. Four officers and 
 
niBTOnr of Wisconsin. 
 
 527 
 
 eighty-three men of the old Twelfth responded to this order. 
 The remainder of the regiment moved to Marietta and to At- 
 lanta, and on the loth commenced the grand march to Savan- 
 nah, and, with tlie rest of tlie arm)% entered that city on the 
 21st of Decemher. 
 
 The Thirteenth Regiment arrived at Janesville, Wis., on 
 the 18th of January, 1864, and was warmly welcomed and 
 hospitably entertained by the people of the city, and from 
 the adjacent country, who had assembled to greet them. The 
 regiment re-assembled at Camp Utley, Racine, on the expira- 
 tion of their fiirlough, and proceeded to Nashville on the 
 31st of March, encamping at Edgefield, engaged in guarding 
 trains from Louisville to Chattanooga. Here they were as- 
 signed to first brigade, fourth division, and designed to operate 
 against Atlanta ; but their destination was changed, and the 
 brigade assigned the duty of guarding the Tennessee River 
 between Stevenson and Decatur. On the 4th of June, they 
 marched to Claysvillc, Ala., and erected earthworks; and, while 
 here, they made fi-cquent excursions across the river, capturing 
 prisoners, and seizing confederate stores, with several skir- 
 mishes with guerillas and rebel outposts. From this place, they 
 proceeded to Woodville, and thence to Huntsville, where Col. 
 Lyon was placed in command of all troops and railroad 
 defences from Huntsville to Stevenson, a distance of sixty 
 miles. During most of the summer, and into September, much 
 sickness prevailed in the regiment ; and, on Oct. 1, the balance 
 of tlie regiment proceeded to Larkinsville, and returned to 
 Huntsville, and thence to Decatur. 
 
 One hundred and sixty of the non-veterans, including the 
 lieutenant-colonel and several officers, were mustered out on 
 the expiration of their term of office. On the 23d of Novem- 
 ber, they iiroceeded to New IMarkct, where they dispersed the 
 Fourth Alabama Cavalry, destroying their camps and provis- 
 ions, and killing and wounding thirteen. The Thirteenth 
 remained at Stevenson until Hood's defeat at Nashville, when 
 they returned to Huntsville, resuming duty on the railroad, 
 repairing and rebuilding defences. On the 31st of December, 
 Company G, stationed at Paint Rock Bridge, was suddenly 
 assailed by about four hundred rebels ; and Lieut. Wagoner 
 
528 
 
 niBTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 and thirty-five men were captured, and two were severely 
 wounded. 
 
 The Fourteenth Regiment came to Wisconsin on veteran 
 furlough in January, 18G4, and was ordered to rendezvous 
 at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee ; hut owing to the severe 
 snow-storms Avhich blocked the railroads, and impeded the 
 general travel, many of the men failed to report promptly on 
 the day their furloughs expired. A peremptory order to the 
 colonel to rejoin the corps at Vieksburg compelled him to 
 leave with only a portion of his command. The regiment 
 arrived at Vieksburg just in time to participate in the 
 ill-fated Red River Expedition. The regiment was not in 
 a fit condition to take the field, but twenty-five hundred 
 men were to be made up from the Seventeenth Army Corps, 
 to be composed, as far as possible, of troops that had not 
 accompanied Gen. Sherman on his Meridian Expedition, from 
 which he had just returned. The Fourteenth was, therefore, 
 included in the quota of the Seventeenth Corps, and was 
 assigned to a provisional division under the command of Gen. 
 Thomas K. Smith. Accompanying the command, the expe- 
 dition proceet' 1 down the Mississippi, and up the Red 
 River. The Fuartcenth was present at the capture of Fort de 
 Russey, on the 14th of ISIarch, and, on the advance of Gen. 
 Banlvs above Alexandria, proceeded to Bayou Cotile, and 
 thence by transports to Grand Encore. From thence they 
 went to Shreveport, from Avhich place they were ordered to 
 return to Grand Encore. On the 12th, the fleet Avas attacked 
 by the enemj- in force at Pleasant Hill Landing. A severe fight 
 ensued, lasting an hour, in which the enemy was repulsed with 
 great slaughter. The army proceeded to Alexandria, halting 
 till the dam could be built by Col. Bailey to enable the gun- 
 boats to pass the rapids. The Fourteenth took part in the 
 engagements at Cloutierville, Marksville, and Yellow Bayou, 
 and in several minor skirmishes. With the rest of Gen Smith's 
 command, the Fourteenth proceeded to the mouth of Red 
 River, and thence up the Mississippi to Vieksburg, where it 
 arrived on the 22d. That portion of the regiment which was 
 left at Washington reached Vieksburg, six days after the 
 departure of the regiment, in the Red River division. It moved 
 
630 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 up the river, and subsequently joined Gen, Slierman's Grand 
 Aimy at Acwortli in the month of June, and performed gallant 
 service in the campaign against Atlanta. 
 
 It became known as " Worden's Battalion," and was com- 
 posed of Company E, and portions of each of the nine other 
 companies of the regiment. The fragments of companies 
 rejoined their regiment at Nashville, in November, 18(J4. The 
 regiment moved to Memphis in May, and in July toolv part in 
 the " Tupelo Expedition " under the command of Gen. A. J. 
 Smith. On the loth, the train was attacked by a brigade of 
 the enemy's cavalry, but were repulsed by tlie Fourteenth and 
 Thirty-third Wisconsin Regiments. Tlio Fourteenth toolc part 
 in the battle of Tupelo on the 14th, wliich resulted in tlie defeat 
 of the rebel generals, Forrest and S. D. Lee. Returning to 
 Mempliis, they were ordered to Duval's Bluff ; and a portion 
 Bent to Augusta on a reconnoitring expedition, from which place 
 they moved by rail to Brownsville, twenty-five miles from Little 
 Rock, on the Ttli of September. On the 17th, they participated 
 in the pursuit of the rebel general, Price, who was then in 
 Missouri ; and, after a hard march of three hundred and forty 
 miles, they reached Cape Girardeau without meeting him. 
 While here, they learned of the defeat of Price and the disper- 
 sion of his forces. About the middle of November, they re- 
 turned to St. Louis : from this place they proceeded to Nasliville 
 to re-enforce Gen. Thomas. At the battle of Nashville, two 
 hundred and eighty prisoners were captured ; and tlie next day 
 they pursued the enemy, and reached Clifton, on the Tennessee, 
 on the 3d of January, 1865, and from thence to Eastport, Miss., 
 where they arrived on the 11th. 
 
 The Fifteenth Regiment left Strawberry Plains on the 14th 
 of January, 18G4, and marched eighteen miles, arriving, on the 
 following day, at Dandridge, where they were joined in the 
 evening by a detachment of convalescents, which had been left 
 at Chattanooga at their departure from that i^lace on the 28th 
 of November. 
 
 While en route, the detachment took part in a severe engage- 
 ment with Wheeler's cavalry, at Charleston, Tenn., which 
 resulted in the defeat of the enemy, with a loss of ten killed, 
 and one hundred and sixty-seven wounded and prisoners. 
 
nrSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ftSl 
 
 The regiment left Dandrklge on the night of the 18th, 
 arriving on the 2l8t at Knoxville, marching thence on the 2-tth, 
 by way of Marysvillo, to McKee's Ferry, whence they returned, 
 during the niglit of the 29th, to Marysville, under ordera to 
 proceed to Wisconsin on veteran furlough. 
 
 They reached Loudon, twenty-eight miles distant, on the 
 31st, and, owing to the threatening movements of the enemy, 
 were met l)y orders to return immediately to Marys ville, where 
 they again encamped on the evening of the 1st of February, 
 having suffered greatly from fatigue during the march. They 
 remained in tlie performance of guard-duty at this place luitil 
 the evening of the IGth, when they were put iu motion, arriv- 
 ing next day at Knoxville, where they remained a week, 
 marching on the 24th to Strawberry Plains. Leaving this place 
 on the 27th, they crossed the Holston River, and, proceeding 
 by way of New Market, arrived on the 29th at Morristown. 
 They returned to New Market on the 3d of March, and thence, 
 on tlie 9th, to Strawberry Plains, where the regiment was 
 stationed as guard to the railroad bridge, and employed in 
 picket-duty and labor on the fortifications, until the 7th of 
 April, when they left Strawberry Plains under orders to join 
 the Army of the Cumberland, and, having marched a distance 
 of one hundred and eight miles, encamped on the IGth at 
 McDonald Station, Tenn., on the East Tennessee and Georgia 
 Railroad, between Chattjxnooga and Cleveland. 
 
 Here thorough preparations were made for the spring cam- 
 paign ; and on the od of May they left McDonald, and, accom- 
 panying the movement of the Fourth Corps, joined Gen. 
 Sherman's army, on the 5th, near Ringgold, Ga. From this 
 place, the army was put in motion on the 7th; and, after severe 
 skirmishing during the day, our troops occupied Tunnel Hill 
 in the e ening. The Fifteenth Wisconsin was employed during 
 the night on picket-duty in front of Willich's brigade, and 
 next morning was ordered forward to reconnoitre the enemy's 
 position on liocky Ridge, near Dalton. The regiment advanced, 
 with four companies, under Capt. Gordon, deployed in front as 
 skirmishers, and, after a severe skirmish, succeeded in dislodg- 
 ing the enemy from his strong position on the summit of the 
 ridge, which was immediately occupied by the reserve compa- 
 
532 
 
 nrsTORT OF wiscoNsm. 
 
 nies, and retained by tlio regiment until relieved on the morning 
 of the 13th, when the troops were hurried forwiird in pursuit 
 of the enemy, who had evacuated Dalton during the night. 
 
 On the following day, they came up with the rebels at 
 Resaca, wlien a charge was ordered, and a fierce action ensued, 
 in which the firet line of rebel intrenchments was carried, 
 the Fifteenth sustaining a loss of four killed, and fourteen 
 wounded. 
 
 During the night of the IGth, the enemy evacuated his 
 position at Resaca, burning the railroad briilge as he withdrew. 
 On the 17th of May, our troops moved forward in pursuit. The 
 Fifteenth, crossing tlie Coosawattee at noon, and pressing for- 
 ward with constant skirmishing as the enemy retreated, amved 
 on the 25th before tlie enemy's position at Dallas. The Fourth 
 Corps immediately moved to the support of the advance, imder 
 Gen. Hooker, which had been engaged in a severe fight with 
 the enemy. They arrived on the battle-field near midnight, 
 and next morning moved into position, which they proceeded 
 to fortify. On the 27th the third divi:iion, to which the 
 regiment belonged, was relieved from this position, and imme- 
 diately moved to the extreme left of the array, where they 
 were ordered to attack the enemy's works. In this, " the most 
 desperate charge of the campaign," many of the regiment were 
 killed on the rebel fortifications ; and our line was established 
 within fifteen yards of the enemy, sheltered from his fire only 
 by the slope of the hill upon which his batteries were planted. 
 
 Although exposed to a galling fire of musketry, they retained 
 this position for five hours, when the enemy was re-enforced, 
 and charged upon their weakened ranks, forcing them to 
 retire, leaving their dead and mortally wounded in the hands 
 of the rebels. In this sanguinary engagement, the regiment, 
 which went into action with one hundred and sixty muskets, 
 lost eighty-three oflBcers and men, killed, wounded, and pris- 
 oners. They aftenvards accompanied the movements of the 
 army toward Marietta, almost constantly under fire, and forcing 
 the enemy slowly back from their front. On the 23d of June, 
 they participated in the assault upon the enemy's position on 
 Kenesaw Mountain, with a loss of six killed, and eleven 
 wounded. They remained in the trenches before these works 
 
BIBTORT OF WIBCONSI/f. 
 
 683 
 
 until the 8d of July, when they again moved forward in 
 pursuit of the enemy, who liad withdrawn from his works 
 during the previous night. They crossed the Chattahoochee 
 on the 17th, and accompanied the general movement of our 
 forces to Atlanta, hefore which place they were employed in 
 siege and fatigue duty, near the extreme left of our line, until 
 the evening of the 25th of August, when they left the trenches, 
 accompanying Gen, Siierman's movement to intercept the 
 enemy's communications on the south and east of Atlanta. 
 Having marched about forty miles in a circuitous direction, 
 they arrived, on the 31st, at Jonesborough, twenty-two miles 
 from Atlanta, where temporary intrenchmcnts were thrown up, 
 and the troops bivouacked for the night. 
 
 They participated in the engagement at this place on the 1st 
 of September, after which they marched through tho town in 
 pursuit of the retreating enemy, and encamped on the 8d ne.^ 
 Lovejoy's Station. They broke camp on the evening of the 
 5th, and marched on the return to Atlanta, going into camp on 
 the 8th, four miles from the city, on the Atlanta and Augusta 
 Railroad. On the 29th, they left camp near Atlanta, under 
 orders to report at Chattanooga, Tenn., at which place they 
 arrived on the Ist of October, and were engaged in provost- 
 duty until the 18th, when they were ordered to guard railroad 
 bridges between Chattanooga and Whitesides. At the latter 
 place, they remained until mustered out of service. Lieut.- 
 Col. Johnson, having succeeded in escaping from the rebel 
 prison, rejoined the regiment on the 24th of July, 1864. Three 
 companies were mustered out Dec. 1, 18G4, and the remainder 
 in January and February, 18C5. 
 
 The recruits and veterans of the regiment were transferred 
 to the Twenty-fourth Wisconsin, and subsequently to the 
 Thirteenth. The several companies, as they mustered out, 
 returned to Wisconsin, were paid off, and disbanded. Thus 
 closes the history of the Fifteenth Regiment, one of the 
 bravest and most efficient regunents that Wisconsin has sent to 
 the field. 
 
 The Sixteenth Regiment, after their furlough, started for 
 Cairo, on the 18th of April, and arrived on the 22d. A number 
 of changes took place in the regiment; Lieut-Col. Cassius 
 
534 
 
 BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Faircliild being promoted colonel. On the 4th of May, it being 
 attached to the first brigade, third division, left Cairo, and 
 ]iroceeded by transports to Clifton, Tenn. Taking up their lino 
 of march to jo'n Slnrman's army, they proceeded by way of 
 Huntsville, War: liton, Ala., and Rome, Ga., and reached 
 Acworch on the '^.th of June, after a march of three hundred 
 and twenty miles. Here they took position, .and began their 
 advance southward. The enemy were first encountered on the 
 15th, near Kenesaw Mountain. The regiment took part in 
 the movements in that vicinity, including Bald Bill, driving the 
 rebels out of and beyond their intrenchments. The Twelfth 
 and Sixteenth Regiments were inseparably connected in the 
 bloody fight of the 22d of July, both regiments exhibiting tho 
 greatest valor and bravery. Thence they proceeded towards 
 Atlanta, and took part in destroying the railroid from that 
 place to Jonesborough. They took part in tho skirmish near 
 that place, and f;.^so at Lovejoy. The casualties fi-om June 9 
 to Sept. 9, 1864, of the Sixteenth, were, killnd thirty-eight, 
 wounded sevent3'-two. The regiment remained at Atlanta 
 until Oct, 3, and participated in the SavannuL campaign. 
 From Savannah they went to Goldsborough, and thence to 
 Raleigh, v/hcre the rebel general, Johnson, surrendered on tho 
 2Gth of April, 18G5. 
 
 The march homeward was by way of Richmond and Wo^Ii- 
 ington City, where the regiment took part in the grand reviews. 
 Proceeding from thence on the 7th of June, they were ordered 
 to Louisville, Ky., reaching there on the 12th of July, and 
 going into canp, when they were mustered out, and on the 
 14th took tho cars for Wisconsin, reaching Madison on July 
 16, where they were publicly received by tho State officers. 
 They were paid off on the 19th of August, and the regiment 
 was disbanded. Col. Fairchild was brevetted brigadier-general 
 for meritorious services in the war. 
 
 The Seventeenth Regiment became a veteran regiment in 
 January, 1864 ; seven-eighths of their number having re- 
 enlisted. On tho 8th of March, they left Vicksburg for 
 Wisconsin on veteran funough, and arrived at Madison on tho 
 18th, where they were welcomed by the State authorities and 
 citizens. Taey dispersed to their homes, and rc-assembled at 
 
086 
 
 H/STOSr OF WiaCONSlN. 
 
 Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, on the 20th of April. The next 
 day they proceeded to Cairo, where they found the Seventeenth 
 Corps, to which they were attached, and which was on its way 
 to join the forces of Gen Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. 
 Here the regiment was assigned to the second brigade of Gen. 
 Gersham's forces. On the 5th, they commenced their long 
 march to join the forces of Gen. Sherman, and reached 
 Acworth on the 8th of June. As we referred frequently to 
 the movements of this army in this campaign, it is not neces- 
 sary to repeat, only to state that this regiment was engaged 
 in the operations against Kenesaw Mountain, Bald Hill, 
 Atlanta, Jonesborough, and Lovejoy's Station, returning Avith 
 the Seventeenth Corps, and camping near Atlanta on the 9th of 
 Septemb;^ . With the Seventeenth Corps, they crossed the 
 Chattahoochee in pursuit of Gen. Hood. From this pursuit, 
 they returned to Marietta, and encamped Nov. 4, remaining 
 until the 13th, when they moved to Atlanta, and on the 16th 
 began the grand march for Savannah, where they remained 
 until January, 1865. The Eighteenth Regiment left Hunts- 
 ville on the 1st of May, 1864, and proceeded to Whitesburg, 
 Ala., and thence to AUatoona, on the line of the Western 
 and Atlantic Railroad, ninety miles south of Chattanooga, 
 arriving July 13, and were employed guarding railroad-bridges, 
 and occupied in camp-duty at AUatoona, until Aug. 22, 
 when they marched to Chattanooga, and into Eastern Ten- 
 nessee, in pursuit of the rebel general, Wheeler, who was on 
 his raid against Sherman's communications. Returning, they 
 encamped at Cowan, Tenn., until Sept. 19, when they 
 rejoined the brigade at AUatoona. After the surrender of 
 Ailantii, Gen. Hood attempted a raid on Sherman's railroad 
 communications. At the battle at Alhttoc^a, which was a 
 severe and bloody one, the Eighteenth was engaged. The 
 enemy, finding it impossible to capture that place, finally 
 retreated, leaving at least fifteen hundred of his killed and 
 ■wounded on the field. In this sanguinary engagement, the 
 Eighteenth had, killed four, wounded eleven, prisoners seventy- 
 three. After this battle, the non-veterans and recruits were 
 assigned to the Ninety-third lUinois, and accompanied Gen. 
 Sherman on his march to Savannah and Goldsborough. The 
 
mSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 637 
 
 veterans were furloughed on the 28th of November. Re- 
 assembling at Milwaukee on the 28th of December, they 
 reached Nasliville on the 11th of January, 1865. 
 
 The Nineteenth Regiment was encamped on Trent River, 
 N.C., in January, 1864. On the 1st of February, the enemy 
 made an attack on Newbern, but was unsuccessful. On the 
 19th of April, a portion of the regiment was sent to re-enforce 
 the garrison at Plymouth ; but that post was surrendered before 
 re-enforcement could reach them ; and they returned on the 
 24th. On the 26th of April, the regiment left Newbern with 
 orders to report at Yorktown, Va. Arriving there, they were 
 assigned to the third brigade, and proceeded up the James 
 River, and joined the Army of the James, commanded by Gen. 
 B. F. Butler; and on the 6th marched to Point of Rocks, where 
 they engaged in building fortifications until the 9th, when they 
 took part in the movement to Waltham Junction. On the 
 12th, they took part in the action against Fort Darling ; and 
 in the month of June were in the advance of Gen. Grant's 
 army upon Petersburg. On the 13th of August, the re-e)ilisted 
 men of the regiment, two hundred and fifty in number, were 
 relieved from duty at the front, and left for Wisconsin, 
 arriving at Madison on the 22d, and received a furlough of 
 thirty days. Re-assembling, they left the State on the 3d of 
 October, and proceeded to James River, and were assigned to 
 the third brigade. On the 27th, with the division, it joined a 
 reconnoissance in force, and reached the old battle-field of 
 Fair Oaks, and was sent forward to charge a six-gun fort, and 
 in doing so had to pass over an open plain. When within 
 a hundred yards of the fort, they lay down, waiting for 
 re-enforcements, which they did not receive ; and the enemy 
 charged out of their works, and captured nearly the whole of 
 the regiment. It went into the battle with a hundred and 
 eighty men and nine ofiicers, and lost a hundred and thirty-six 
 men nnd eight officers. After this battle (Fair Oaks) the 
 reninont of the regiment, consisting of about eighty men, 
 returned to Camp at Chapin's Farms, where they were joined 
 by the non-veterans of the regiment, who had been for a time 
 engaged in provost-guard-duty at Norfolk. From this time 
 until the 2d of April, 1865, the regiment was engaged in picket- 
 duty on tho lines in front of Richmond. 
 
638 
 
 HISTORY OF WTSCONSTIf. 
 
 The Twentieth Regiment left CaiTollton, near New Orleans, 
 on the 7th of August, 1864, and proceeded, with the land- 
 forces attached to the expedition of Admiral Farragut, against 
 the forts commanding the mouth of Mobile Harbor, landing on 
 the 10th at Mobile Point. Fort Morgan surrendered on the 
 23d. Forts Powell and Gaines had been captured or destroj-ed 
 by the navy. The Twentieth Wisconsin and Thirty-fourth 
 Iowa received the garrison as prisoncrs-of-war, and marched 
 them on shipboard for New Orleans. On the 8th of Sep- 
 tember, a detachment of the Twentieth proceeded up the bay, 
 and destroyed some large salt-works, capable of making a 
 thousand barrels per day, and brought down a large amount of 
 lumber for building of commissary and quartermaster depots. 
 The regiment was camped at Navy Cove, in October, engaged 
 in constructing a telegraph, and building a railroad to Fort 
 Morgan. 
 
 The regiment left Navy Cove on the 14th of December, and 
 proceeded to Pascagoula ; moved up the river a few miles, 
 landing at Franklin Creek. Here a large amount of pine- 
 lumber, cotton, and rosin, was seized. Tlie lumber, some eight 
 hundred thousand feet, was rafted through tlio enemy's terri- 
 tory, besides a large quantity of cotton. On the 2Jlh, they 
 reached Grilliu's Mills with tlic lumber and cotton, and seized 
 additional lumber to the amount of one million live hundred 
 thousand feet. Here they remained until (ho cvaciuition of 
 East Pascagoula, on the 31st, wlicn they proceeded to their old 
 camp at Navy Cove on Mobile Point. 
 
 The Twenty-first Regiment left Lookout Mountain May 2, 
 18G4, four hundred strong, and marched to join the advance oa 
 Atlanta. At Resaca, on the 14th May, a battle was fought ; 
 and, although not successful, the brigade held its position near 
 the enemy's line until dark ; and the Twenty-first was the last 
 to retire. The list of killed and wounded, as published, is, 
 killed eighteen, wounded thirty-one. On the 27th of May, they 
 went into position near Dallas, and participated in the engage- 
 ment at that place, the enemy retiring on the 30th. After 
 further skirmisliing, the regiment took position in front of 
 Kenesaw Mountain. Hero a battle was sustained four days, 
 and the enemy driven from his position. The regiment woa 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONfirN. 
 
 539 
 
 constantly engaged in various engagements connected with the 
 siege of Atlanta. After the battle of Jonesborough, the enemy 
 having evacuated Atlanta, the Twenty-first went into camp at 
 the latter place on the 8tli of September, just four months 
 from the opening of the campaign, having fought their way for 
 a distance of a hundred and thirty miles. The loss of the 
 regiment was one hundred and twelve killed and wounded, 
 and one hundred and ten disabled by disease and fatigue, 
 leaving only about one-third of the arms-benving men to enter 
 Atlanta. The regiment took part in the pursuit of Gen. Hood, 
 and, after an unsuccessful chase, went into camp at Kings- 
 ton, Ga. 
 
 On the 12th of November, the Fourteenth Corps, in charge 
 of Gen. Jefferson C. Davis, commenced the " march to the sea," 
 to which it is not necessary to refer particularly. The Twenty- 
 first marched with the columns, and participated in all the 
 movements of the army. On the 4th of March, 1865, the 
 regiment entered North Carolina. 
 
CHAPTER LI. 
 
 WISCONSIN S WAR EECORD. 
 
 Events of 1804, continued — Regimental Ilistory — Accidents and Incidents of 
 War — Movements of Wisconsin Troops. 
 
 The Twenty-second Regiment moved from Nashville in April, 
 1864, camping for a time in Lookout Valley, and proceeded 
 to Dalton, through Snake-creek Gap, and arrived in front of 
 Resaca on the 13th, forming in line of battle ; in which battle 
 the Third, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-second Wisconsin Regi- 
 ments took an active and conspicuous part. The Twenty- 
 second lost heavily, many of the men being killed in the 
 enemy's works. This was their first battle, and tliey covered 
 themselves with honor. The casualties were, twenty-four killed, 
 and forty-nine wounded. Following up the enemy, on the 
 25th of May he was found near Dallas, where an engagement 
 took place ; the regiment losing six killed, iind thirteen wounded. 
 The position was fortified, and held until June 1, when the 
 brigade accompanied the mo /ement of the Twentieth Corps 
 to the left, and took position in front of the enemy's lines, at 
 Pine Knob and Lost Mountain. Here they took part in the 
 operations of the corps, and had ten killed, and twenty-three 
 wounded. On the 2d of July, the enemy left their works. 
 Col. Utley resigned, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Blood- 
 good. The regiment also took part in the battle of Peach- 
 tree Creek, and had eleven killed, and thirty-three wounded. 
 They then took position before Atlanta ; and the movements 
 of Gen. Sherman caused Gen. Hood to abandon that city, 
 destroying property to the value of two millions of dollars. 
 The Twenty-second and Twentj'-sixth Wisconsin were among 
 the first to enter the city, and take possession. 
 
 610 
 
fi43 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The regiment encamped near Atlanta, and were employed as 
 train-guard most of the way to Savannah. They entered that 
 city with the rest of the army, and continued their march to 
 Bentonville, where the enemy was driven before them. They 
 were also at Averysborough on the 19th, and assisted in 
 driving the enemy from that point, and proceeded on their way 
 to Raleigh. The subsequent history of the closing services of 
 Sherman's grand army has been given in the narratives of other 
 regiments. After the surrender of Gen. Johnston, the corps 
 proceeded to Richmond, thence to Washington, until June 
 12, when they were mustered out, and left for liome, arriving 
 at Milwaukee, where they were paid off and disbanded. ' 
 
 The Twenty-third Regiment were at Matagorda in January, 
 1864, from which place they returned to Louisiana, and to 
 Berwick City. They took a part in Banks's Red-river Expe- 
 dition, of which we have given an account in our record of 
 other regiments. Tlie Twenty-third participated in all the 
 movements and engagements of the expedition. Making long 
 marches, and descending the Mississippi, they landed, on the 
 24th of April, at Baton Rouge, where they encamped. From 
 the 8th to the 2Gth of July, the regiment was encamped at 
 Algiers, opposite New Orleans. Here they engaged in skirmish- 
 work, making reconnoissances of the suiTOunding country, also 
 making an expedition, on tlie 8d of October, to Bayou Sara, 
 and marching sixteen miles, to Jackson, La., and returning the 
 next day in transports. On the 5th of October, they entered 
 camp at Morganzia, and reached Helena Nov. 3, and went into 
 camp there. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth regiment, on the 8d of May, 1864, took 
 part in the attack on Rocky Face Ridge, opposite Dalton, Ga., 
 and succeeded in carrying a portion of the crest of a hill, and 
 remained until the morning of the 13th, when it was found 
 that the enemy had abandoned his fortified position. They 
 took part in the battle at Resaca, having seven men killed, and 
 thirteen wounded. They also had an action at Adairaville, or 
 Pleasant Hill ; and at Dallas were eleven days exposed to the 
 rebel fire. At Dallas the}' had seventeen wounded. They 
 Bubsequeutly took part in the operations at Acworth, and, on 
 the 20th of June, at Kenesaw Mountain, where ten were 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 643 
 
 Icilled, and twelve wounded. On the Sd of July, they passed 
 through Marietta, took position in front of Atlanta on the 
 2L*d, and participated in the movements at that place. In Sep- 
 tember, they were ordered to Chattanooga, where they were 
 employed in garrison-duty ; after which they were called to 
 take part in the movements of Gen. Thomas against Hood, of 
 ■which we have already given an account in our records of 
 other regiments. The Twenty-fourth participated in the 
 decisive battles of the 15th and IGth of December, before 
 Nashville, and in the pursuit of the rebel army, arriving at 
 Lexington, Ala., near Florence, from whicii place they set out 
 to return on the 31st, and crossing Elk River on the Cd of Jan- 
 uary, 1865, reached Iluntsville, Ala,, on the 5th, and went into 
 winter-quarters. 
 
 The Twenty-fifth Regiment were at Helena on the 1st of 
 January, 18G4, when they moved down the river to Vicksburg, 
 rejoined the Sixteenth Army Corps, and accompanied it on 
 the celebrfited expedition to Meridian, under the command of 
 Gen. Sherman. They proceeded to Meridian, and assisted in 
 the destruction of the railroads and other rebel property, and 
 returned to Vicksburg on the 4th of March. On tlie 13th of 
 March, the fourth division, including the Twenty-fifth, proceeded 
 up the river, arriving at Cairo on tiie 20th. From thence they 
 proceeded to Clump's Landing, Ala., and to Waterloo, Ala., 
 where they disembarked on the 2d of April, and marched by 
 way of Florence, Atlicns, and Mooresville, to Decatur, Ala. 
 Here they remained, engaged in guard-duty, until May 1, Avhen 
 they marched to Huntsville, and thence to Chattanooga, and 
 joined the forces of Gen. Sherman, They marched to Resaca, 
 and on the 9th of May made a demonstration on tiio enemy's 
 works, and took part iu the engagement at tliat place. The 
 regiment pursued the enemy, arriving at Dallas on the 26th 
 of May. 
 
 In the battle at that place, the Twenty-fifth took part, and 
 also at the skirmish at Peach Orchard, and the movements 
 immediately following. On the 9th of July, the Sixteenth Corps 
 marched to the rear, passing through Marietta, and along the 
 banks of the Chattanooga, and onward to Decatur, which 
 place they reached on the 19th ; and an engagement ensued, in 
 
644 
 
 nisTORT OF wiscoNsry. 
 
 which the Twenty-fifth lost twenty killed, forty-four wounded, 
 and twcntv-fivo missing. On the 2.'>th, the hrigado raart-hed 
 from Decatur, and took position l)cforc Atlanta, and in the 
 attack on the enemy on the right of the Fifteenth Corps. 
 
 The casualties from July 22 to Sept. 16 were three killed, 
 and twenty-two wounded. 
 
 The regiment remained in camp at East Point, Ga., until 
 Oct. 4, when they marched north with the Seventeenth Corps in 
 pursuit of Gen. Hood. The pursuit was abandoned, and the 
 corps turned toward ^i .inta, which was to be the point of 
 departure of another great expedition. They reached Atlanta 
 on the 10th of November. On the IGth of that month, they 
 left Atlanta, and proceeded to Monticello, and were engaged in 
 destroying raih'oads. On the 2nth, they arrived at Tooms- 
 borough. On the 9th of December, they met a few of the 
 enemy, who retired without battle. On the 12th, tlicy took 
 position at Dillon's Bridge, which they held until the 3d of 
 January, 1865, when they marclied through Savannah, and 
 embarked for lieaufort, S.C., and encamped. 
 
 The Twenty-sixth Regiment left Lookout Valley on the 
 25th of January, when they moved to AVhitesides, a few miles 
 from Chattanooga, and remained until April 23. In the organ- 
 ization for the Atlanta campaign, the regiment was transferred 
 to the third brigade, third division of Twentieth Army Corps. 
 They joined the brigade with a force of four hundred and seven- 
 teen muskets. With the division, on the 7th of May, they ad- 
 vanced towards Dalton, and took part in the rcconnoissance the 
 next day, and subsequent skirmisii, and thence proceeded to 
 Resaca, and formed in lino of battle on the 13th. The next 
 day, in a skirmish, one man was killed, and three wounded ; and 
 on the 15tli took part in the battle which then occurred, in 
 which they lost three killed, and thirty-six wounded ; and were 
 engaged in the actions immediately following, near Dallas, losing 
 seventeen killed, and twenty-three woimded. Subsequently 
 they assisted in the taking of Alatoona, Pilot Knob, and Lost 
 ]\lountain, and took part in the battles at Kenesaw Moim- 
 tain, in which they had eleven killed, and thirty-six wounded. 
 On the 20th of July, they moved toward Atlanta, and at the 
 battle of Peach-tree Creek took an active part, in which they 
 
HISTORY OF WIBCONSW. 
 
 545 
 
 had six killed, and thirty-nine wounded. In these engagements, 
 the regiment fought bravely, and received high praise from their 
 commanding officer. On the 22d, the corps advanced, and took 
 position in the investment of Atlanta, and, on the 2d of Sep- 
 tember, entered that city with the brigade. On the 15th of 
 November, the Twenty-sixth moved forward with Gen. Sher- 
 man's forces in his march to the seacoast. The labors and 
 services performed during this movement did not differ from 
 those of other regiments; and, the description of the march 
 having been given, it is unnecessary to repeat it. They reached 
 Savannah on the 21st of December, and in January, 1865, 
 started towards Goldsborough. 
 
 The Twenty-seventh Regiment was in the march of Gen. 
 Steele to co-operate with Gen. Banks in the Red-i ver Expedi- 
 tion, and attached -to the third brigade, third division. Seventh 
 Army Corps. Leaving Little Rock on the 23d of March, noth- 
 ing of importance occurred until April 1, when the division was 
 attacked by the enemy, near the Washington and Camden Roads. 
 In this attack, the Twenty-seventh were detached to aid in 
 protecting the train. The division was engaged in skirmishing 
 without important results. On the 12th of April, advanced to 
 Camden, through Moscow, and entered the former place on the 
 16th. Hearing of the disastrous termination of Gen. Banks's 
 Red-river Expedition, Gen. Steele and his army set about 
 returning to Little Rock. Leaving Camden on the 26th, they 
 proceeded to Saline Bottom ; and an engagement took place at 
 Jenkins's Ferry, against the force of Kirby Smith, of some 
 twenty thousand men, in which the enemy was punished 
 severely, and several of his guns, and three battle-flags, were 
 captured. From Saline River, they marched to Little Rock, at 
 which place they arrived on the 3d of May. On the 3d of 
 October, they descended the Arkansas to Pine Bluff to re- 
 enforce Gen. Magruder, who was threatened with an attack; 
 and returned to Little Rock on the 22d. The regiment was 
 etationed at various points, detailed to guard-duty on the Little 
 Rock and Memphis Railroad, and was thus engaged until Feb. 
 7, 1865. 
 
 The Twenty-eighth Regiment remained at Little Rock, Ark., 
 until the 26th of October, 1863, when they accompanied the 
 
C'lG 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 Til 
 
 mavcli of tlic brigade in pursuit of Marmailulcc's forces, which 
 luul boon defeated by our troops at Pino Bluff. On tlic fol- 
 lowing daj-, they arrived at Benton, on tlio Saline River, reliev- 
 ing, at that place, a force of cavalry wliicli Avas sent in pursuit 
 of the enemy. On the 20th they advanced to Uockport, on 
 the Washita, -where fnrtiier pursuit was abandoned ; and, re- 
 turning Ijy way of Benton, tiicy re-entered camp at Little 
 Ilock, on the 1st of November, having marched about one hun- 
 dred miles. 
 
 The regiment Avcre detached from the second brigade on the 
 7th of November, and ordered to join Col. Clayton's command 
 at Pine Bluff, sixty miles distant on the Arkansas River, Avhcre 
 they arrived on the lOlh. At this place, coml'ortablc winter- 
 quarters were erected ; and the regiment were occupied in post 
 and garrison duty until the 27th of March, 1804. liieut.-Col. 
 Gray was placed in command of this post ; and companies A, 
 D, F, (i, II, and I, under command of Capt. L. J. Smith, with 
 an additional force of infantry and cavalry, left Pino Bluff on 
 an expedition intended to destroy the pontooji-bridgc at Long- 
 view, on the Saline River. On the followi'.g da\-, the expedi- 
 tion arrived at Mount Elba, at which place the infantry was 
 left to guard the bridge laid at that point, while cavalry pushed 
 forward to. Longview. The infantry, less than five hundred in 
 number, were attacked on the 30th, at Mount Ellj;;, by a force 
 of the enemy fifteen hundred strong. 
 
 The six companies of the Twenty-eighth, deployed as skirm- 
 ishers, held the enemy in chock until recalled to the main body. 
 Shortly afterward the rebel charge was gallantly repulsed ; the 
 enemy leaving one hundred killed and wounded on the field. 
 At this juncture, the cavalry which had been sent to Longview 
 came up ; and the enemy was closely pursued, a distance of ten 
 miles, to Centrcville. Next day the expedition returned to 
 Pine Bluff, bringing in three liundred and twenty prisoners ; the 
 infantry having marched eighty-two miles. 
 
 A detachment of three hundred and fifty men of the regi- 
 ment, under Lieut.-Col. Gray, left Pine Bluff on the 28th of 
 April, imdor orders to proceed to Jlount Elba, lay a pontoon- 
 bridge across the Saline River, and guard the pass until the 
 arrival of the expedition intended to convey supplies to our 
 
618 
 
 mSTORV OF WJSCO.\S/\. 
 
 forces at Camden. Information Iiaving been received tliai (Jc;i. 
 Steele's forces were '-etreating in the direction of I^ittle lloci<, 
 the ''egiment returnee to I'ine IJluff on tlie 30tli. Since tlie 
 re-establishnient of tl e army on tlie line of the Arkansas, the 
 roffjment had furnished heavy details for outpo.st ;ind guard 
 duty ; ai J, during the months of June and July, they wei'O 
 occupied day and night, in labor on the dcfeucej of the ])ost. 
 
 The Twenty-ninth Regiment, which had been stationed soint^ 
 days on the sliorc of J5trwick Bay, oppos'te I'raslier.r City, 
 broke camp on the Cd of October, I8G0, and conunriu'cd the 
 movement to Opelousas. They arrived on the (ith at New 
 Iberi',, sixty miles from Berwick, and, on the 10th. march<,'d 
 twcnL3--four miles, to Vermilion Bayou, and thence, on the 1-jth. 
 eighteen miles, to Grand Chateau Bayou. The marcli was 
 resumed on the 21st, when they met the en(;my at Opelou.'sas, 
 and after a skirmish, in which they sustained no loss, pressed 
 forward to Barre's Landing, eight .ailes beyond Op^luusas, 
 where they went into cami), and were employed in piclcct and 
 guard duty until the 29lli, at •which date they returned to 
 Opelousas. On the 1st of November, they marched leu miles, 
 to Carrion Crow Bayou ; and on the Sd were ordered up to 
 re-enforce Gen. Burbrilgc's command, four miles distant, which 
 had been attacked by the eueni}. During tlie battle tliey 
 acted as support to a Missouii battery, but were not actively 
 engaged, and returned on tiie same evening to camp on Carrion 
 Crow Bayou. They moved 01; the .Oth to Vermilion Bayou, 
 from v,bich jdace they marched on the IGth, and, proceeding 
 by way of S])!,nish Lake, arrivci.I on the following day at New 
 Iberia. On the 20th they accoraiianied the brigade, witli a 
 ijmall additional force of cavalry and artiller\-, on a secixa 
 expedition, which resulted in the c;i[)ture of a hundred and 
 fourteen prisoners at Spanish Lake. Tlio}- returned on the 
 same da}- to New Iberia, where they were eniidoyed in picket- 
 dut}-, and guarding forage-trains, until the 10th of December, 
 when they wero again juit in motion, and, passing through 
 l''r. nklin and Centreville, arrived on the 21st at Berwick, 
 having marched, during the whole expedition, about two 
 hundred and i^ixtecn miles. They crossed Berwick Bay on 
 the following day, and, moving by rail from Biashcar City, w;nt 
 
nisTonr of wiscoNsm. 
 
 S# 
 
 into oamp on the 25th at Algiers. Participating m the cele- 
 brated Texas Expedition, they embarked at Algiers on the 
 5th of January, 18G4, and ar m. >?d on the lltli off I'ass Cavallo, 
 Tex., where they disembarlccd on tlie following day, and 
 encamped on De Crow's Point, near tlie mouth of the Rio 
 Grande. At this place, they were employed in guard-duty 
 until the 20th of February, when thoy re-embarked, on their 
 return to Louisiana. They arrived at New Orleans on the 2'6d, 
 and next day went into camp at Algiers, where they were 
 stationed until the 5tli of March, at which date tlicy proceeded 
 by rail to Brashear, and, crossing Berwick Bay, encamped on 
 the following day at Berwick. 
 
 The spring campaign commenced on the 13th, at which date 
 they left Berwick, forming part of the celebrated Red-river 
 Expedition. Inasmuch as this expedition has frequently been 
 referred to in the movements of the other regim;.'nts, it is not 
 necessary to describe it. The Twenty-ninth Regiment took 
 an active and decisive part in all the movements and engage- 
 ments of that expedition. On the 22d of May the regiment 
 went into camp at Moi'ganzia. At this point they w^re em- 
 ployed in guard and picket dut)% with tVequent expeditions 
 against guerillas, until the l^th of June, when they embarked, 
 and, proceeding down the Mississippi, landed .ext day at 
 CarroHto;i, where they went into camp. On the 21st, they 
 moved sixteen miles to Connersville, and thence, on the 2Gth, to 
 Thibodeaux, where tbey were stationed for the peii'i)rraance of 
 outpost and guard duty. On the 8th of July, Col. Greene 
 was appointed post-commandant, atld Company K of the regi- 
 ment detailed as provost-guard. The same evening, orders were 
 received to move immediately to Algiers, where they arrived 
 on the Tollowing day. Here all transportation was turned over, 
 and every preparation made for transfer to the Army of the 
 Potomac. The regiment was assigned to the first brigade, pro- 
 visional division ; and, while awaiting the final order to move, 
 the brigade was ordered to Morganzia, and, embarking on the 
 morning of the 26th, reached tliat place on the following day. 
 On the 28th the regiment took part in a rcconnoissanee to the 
 Atchafalaya River ; and after a severe skirmish with the enemy, ' 
 who was advantageously posted ou the opposite bank, they 
 
560 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 returned to camp, having sustained a loss of one killed, and 
 one wounded. While stationed at this place, the regiment was 
 assigned to the second brigade, second division. Nineteenth 
 Army Corps. After sundry movements they returned to Port 
 Hudson on the 29th of July. 
 
 The Thirtieth Regiment, in the month of March, 1864, was 
 eniploj'ed in Dacotah Territory and Nortli-western Minnesota, 
 and took part in the campaign against the Indians under Gen. 
 Sully. Four companies proceeded to St. Louis, and embarked 
 on tlie 25th (if April, 1864, on three steamers, and moved up 
 the Missouri River, and reached Fort Rice on the 15th of July, 
 having encountered vexatious detentions by snags, sand-bav . 
 &c. This fort was located four hundred miles west of St. 
 Paul, and about eight hundred miles above Sioux City. The 
 detachment, under Col. Dill, left Fort Rice on the 12th of Octo- 
 ber, 1804, and descended the Missouri River to Sioux City, and 
 Avere joined by Company D, and pioccided down the river to 
 St. Josephs, Mo. ; and, leaving on the 24th, they came by way 
 of Quiucy and ludianupolia to Louisville, Ky., and went into 
 camp. The remaining companies of the regiment moved from 
 Fort Wadsworth, Dacolah, Sept. 29, and marched across the 
 country to Kort Snelling, Minn., and arrived on the 12th of 
 October, having marched over three hundred miles. Embark- 
 ing, they left Fort Snelling on the 20th ; and reached St. 
 Louis on the JlUh. The}- re-embarked, and proceeded down 
 tiie river to Paducali, where they remained on guard-duty until 
 Dec. 6 when they proceeded up the Ohio River, to Louisville, 
 where they rejoined the balance of the regiment. On the 12th, 
 the regiment moved by rail to Bowling Green, Ky., and on the 
 IOlIi of January, 1805, returned to Louisville, where they were 
 HBsigned to guard-duty at the military prison. Three com- 
 panies of the Tliirly-first Regiment were engaged in the winter 
 of 1863-64 guarding the bridge at Stone River. On the 2d of 
 April, they rejohied the regiment at Murfreesborough, and were 
 engaged during the month along the road between that place 
 and Normandy, Tenn., doing outpost-duty. On the 6th of 
 July, they were ordered to Nashville, and on their arrival had 
 quarters assigned them west of the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 Railroad. From Nashville, they proceeded by rail for Marietta, 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 551 
 
 Ga., which they reached on the 19th. While on the road, 
 near Kingston, one of the tniins ran off the track, wounding 
 two oflSeers, killing one man, and severely wounding ten 
 others. On the 22d of July, the regiment moved with the 
 army upon Atlanta, and were placed in the front line ; and here 
 they lay under fire imtil Aug. 25, when they took part in the 
 movement of the corps. They then returned to the railroad- 
 bridge across the Chattahoochee, while the rest of the army 
 swung around to Jonesborough. 
 
 On the 4th of September, the skirmishers of the Thirty-first 
 were among the first to enter the city. The next dav, the regi- 
 ment moved within the fortifications, and was assigned quarters 
 in the city. In addition to otiier duties devolving upon troops 
 in an enemy's countr}', the regiment were engaged in protecting 
 forage-trains, and were very successful furnishing grain for the 
 famishing horses and mules of the army. The Twentieth 
 Army Corps broke camp on the 15th of November, and filed 
 out of the burning city, which proved to be the march to the 
 sea. The fatigues and dangers to which all v^ere exposed were 
 endured by the Thirty-first during the march througli Georgia. 
 They took part in an engagement ten miles from Savannah, 
 capturing the works and the camp of the enemy ; having one 
 man killed, and three wounded. The regiment took part in the 
 siege of Savannah, and after its capture was assigned quarters 
 within the fortifications. Here they remained until the 18th 
 of January, 18C5. 
 
 .:■ \i:f 
 
CHAPTER LIT. 
 
 "Wisconsin's wae record. 
 
 Evrnts of 1804, concluded — SUIitary Mutters — Regimental Ilistory — Battlc- 
 FicUl Pictures — Home rolltics — Election. 
 
 The Thirty-second Regiment ren:ainccl at Moscow until Jan. 
 27, 18G4, wlien they returned to Mcmf)his, and on tlie 31st moved 
 down the river, landing at Vicksburg on the 2d of rehruary. 
 On tlie 3d, they commenced the march to ^Meridian, passing 
 through Jackson, from wliich place the rehels were driven, to 
 Morton and to Lockport. Having satisfactorily accom[)lislud 
 the object of their mission, they returned to Vickshurg, arriving 
 on the 4th of March. On the 17th, the regiment moved to join 
 the forces of Gen. Grant, and proceeded liy the river to Cairo, 
 thence to Columbus, and returned to Cairo. From liere Ihey 
 moved to Paducah, and, re-embarking, proceeded up the Ten- 
 nessee River on the 27th, and landed near Waterloo, Ala., 
 from thence to Florence, Prospect, and Athens, reaching Deca- 
 tur, Ala., on the 10th of Apiil. On the 28th of June, the 
 brigade marched to Courtlaiid, ai d surrounded a body of four 
 hundred rebels, of which they killed and wounded seventeen, 
 and took furty-nine prisoners, with a number of wagons, liorses, 
 and eamp-equipagc. They returned to Decatur on tlie 29th, and 
 resumed pi<ket-duty, and labor on the fortifnMtions. Sidjsr 
 quently they took part in a skiiinish near Courtlaiid, in whicl 
 twenty-five pri><oners were taken. On the 4th of August, they 
 proceeded to Atlanta, where they remained during the two 
 days of the battle, losing seven killed, and fifteen wounded. 
 The ngiment, on the 2d of September, returned to Atlanta, 
 iini' went into camp until early in Oetol)cr. They took part 
 iu the grand march to Savannidi, to which movement we have 
 
 653 
 
554 
 
 HISTORY ('/•• Wl^rDSi^iy. 
 
 frequently referred, and caniiieil near ihiit, eity Jan. 5, IHHo, 
 when thej^ emliarkcd for Ucanfort, S.C. 
 
 The Thirty-third Regiment, on tlie ;l1.st of ,Iimiiiir\% ISli-t, 
 moved to Hebron, with the Meridian Expedilion of (jen. Slior- 
 nian. Their ex|)erien('e.s and labors were similar to those of 
 other regiments attaehed to the expedition. They returned to 
 llehrou March 4, aftea- an alisenco of twenty-nine days, having 
 marched three hundred and seventy miles. On the 9th of 
 March, they joined the Red-river Expedition, and participated 
 in a 7iumber of skirmishes with some losses. They rt^turned to 
 Vicksburg, and thence to Memphis, remaining in eanij) until 
 June '1- ; thence to the interior of MrSsissipj)i, At Camargo 
 Cross Road, near Tupelo, the enemy attacked a train, and were 
 routed. Thence t' ';y went to IIarrisoid)urg. and drew up 
 in line of battle belL Tupelo. The ein-my was driven from 
 the field. Another engagement took i)lace at Oldtown ('reek, 
 from which the enemy was driven with great, loss. Tin; inarch 
 was resumed, and I^a Grange reached on the 2Jst. On the 22d, 
 tiie regiment went into camp at Memphis. In this expedition, 
 the casualties were, killed eight, wounchul tliiity-four. On the 
 iiA of August, the Thirty-third proceeded to St. (!harles, /Vvk., 
 remaining until the 1st of September; thence to Thivall's Ulnft' 
 and to IJrownsville, where they remained until the ITih, when 
 they were attat^iu^d to Gen. Mower's comnutnd, in pursuit of 
 (icu. Prict.'. Tliey arrived at Cape Girardeau on the oth of 
 October, and ascended the Mississippi to St.. Louis, and thence 
 to Jefferson City. On the ITih, they proceeded by rail to 
 Lanioine Bridge. Leaving this plams on the 22d of Oetol)er, 
 they marched to Warrensburg, fifty miles, where the regiment 
 was employed in garrison and provost duty. Gen. I'rico having 
 been driven into Arkansas, the regiment returned to St. Louis, 
 having in charge a body of rebel prisoners. Aft(>r being re- 
 erjuipped, they left with fon>os of Gen. A. J. Smith to 
 re-eid'(U'ce Gcu. Thomas. Arriving on thf -'Oth at Nashville, 
 they took position three n\iles south of the city. Here they 
 were oi\gaged in strengthening the defences until Dct. 15, and 
 linally took a part in the battli* at that place, when the enemy 
 Were driven acro.ss the Tennessee Rivet 
 
 The Thirty-fourth liegiment were niusteied into the aervice 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 555 
 
 for nine months, and were stationed at Columbus, Ky. Tlieir 
 term of service expiring, they returned home, and were mus- 
 tered out in September, 18G3. 
 
 The Tliirty-fifth Regiment left the State on the 27th of Feb- 
 ruary, 18G4, with orders to report to Gen. Steele, at Alexandria, 
 La. They left Milwaukee on the 1,8th of Ai)ril, and proceeded 
 to St. Louis, where tlie}' were fully equipped for active service. 
 On the 2Gth, iliey proceeded down the river to the mouth of 
 Red River. Failing to procure transportation to their original 
 destination, they proceeded to New Orleans, and received orders 
 to report to Gen. Ullman, at Port Hudson, at which jjlace they 
 disembariied on the 7th of ^lay. At this place they remained 
 until June 20, being engaged in guard and fatigue duty. At 
 that date, they moved up to Morganzia, La., where the regiment 
 was assigned to the first brigade, third division, Nineteenth 
 Army Corps. From Morganzia, the regiment proceeded to 
 Port Hudson and St. Charles, Ark, arriving July 24. Here 
 they remained until the 7th of August, erigaged in guard-duty 
 and scouting, when they returned to Jlorganzia. On the 1st 
 of October, they took part in an excursion to Simsport, in 
 which several skirmislies with the enemy were hud. They 
 subsequently returned to Duvall's Bluff, where they remained 
 until the 7th of February, 18Go. 
 
 The Thirty-sixth Regiment were organized at Camp Randall 
 (Frank A. Haskell, colonel), And mustered into the service on 
 the 10th of May, with orders to report at Washington, D.C. 
 Arriving at Washington May 14, tliey jDroeeedtd down the 
 Potomac to Belle Plaine Landing, and from there proceeded to 
 Spotts^lvania by way of Fredericksburg. Ou the 18th they 
 «fted us a reserve in the engagement of that day, and on the 
 19th joined the first brigade, second division. On the 20lh 
 they accompaniid Gen. Hancock in his march to North Anna, 
 crossing tiie Mattapony and North Anna. On the i^Jd they 
 were assigned to the support of a battery. Tbe\ evxv>sed 
 the stream, and threw up a line of works. Accompanying the 
 movement across tlie Pamunkey, on May 30, thoy found the 
 rebels drawn up in line of battle near Tokpotomy Creek. At 
 the battle at that place, the Thirty-sixth suffered severely. 
 During the night, the regiment marched to Cold Harbor ; and, 
 
55G 
 
 iiisTonr OF wfscoysiy. 
 
 on the morning of the "il, the whole line marched on the 
 enem3^'s position by brigades, when the Thirty-sixth again lost 
 severely, and Col. Haskell was killed. The losses of the regi- 
 ment from May 2G to June 7, as officially reported, were, 
 sixty-four killed, or died of wounds, and one hundred and 
 twenty-six wounded. Taking part in the general movement 
 of the army of Gen. Grant across liie James River, the Thirty- 
 sixth with its corps crossed the peninsula to Charles City Court 
 House, and on the 15th marched to Petersburg. In the gen- 
 eral charge on the enemy's works, they formed in line of 
 battle, and fought nobly ; Col. John A. Savage being mortally 
 wounded. In this engagement, the regiment lost forty killed, 
 or died of wounds, and eighty-one wounded. 
 
 On the 21st the regiment moved to the left of Petersburg. 
 On the 24th they went into camp, and, for the first time in 
 four weeks, had a good night's rest. In this vicinity, they 
 remained until July 25. On the 2Gth they broke camp, and 
 crossed the Appomattox and James Rivers, near ^Malvern Hill, 
 to Strawberry Plain. Here a few guns were captured. The 
 corps subsequently returned, and made a forced march to 
 Petersburg on the 29th, arriving in time to witness the tremen- 
 dous cannonading, and the deplorable failure of the under- 
 taking of the mining operations. On the 24th of October 
 the regime )it marched to the enemy's position at Hatcher's 
 Run, and, in the engagement which took place, captured a 
 larger number of prisoners than it had men engaged. Capt. 
 Fish and his regiment were higlily commended by Gen. Egan 
 for gallantry and daring coolness in charging, and driving back 
 a greatly superior force. 
 
 After this .affair, the regiment returned to its old camp, 
 where it remained until the oth of February, 18C5. 
 
 The Thirty-seventh Regiment was organized under the call 
 of the President of Feb. 1, 1S64, and Samuel Harriman commis- 
 sioned colonel. Six companies were mustered into service the 
 latter part of March ; and, their services being needed, they 
 ■were sent forward, under command of Major Kershaw, and 
 reported at Washington on the 1st of May. The six com- 
 panies went into camp on Arlington Heights. On the 30th 
 they embarked at Alexandria, and proceeded, by way of For- 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 657 
 
 tress Monroe and York River, to White House, Va., arriving 
 on tlie 2il of June. They were sent forward as guard to a 
 supply-train, and at Cold Harbor were assigned to the first 
 brigade. On the 12tb they took position in the first line of 
 works ; and, on the evening of that day, took part in the 
 general movement of Grant's army across James River, to 
 Petersburg, before which place they arrived on the afternoon of 
 the 16th. On the 17th and 18th two severe engagements took 
 place, in which the Thirty-seventh took an active part, and 
 suffered severely. The regiment behaved with great gallantry ; 
 and Gen. Grant issued a complimentary order, praising the 
 division for their endurance and success. Tlie casualties) show 
 the manner in which the Thirty-seventh stood up under a 
 heavy fire at the first battle in which they were engaged. 
 Killed, or died of wounds, sixty-five ; wounded, ninety-three. 
 
 On the 22d of June the regiment returned to its old posi- 
 tion near the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, where they 
 remained until July 10, doing j)icket and fatigue duty. The 
 explosion of the mine under the enemy's fort on the 30th of 
 July, and the disastrous failure of the whole scheme, have 
 become matters of history. The thii'd division suffered greatly. 
 Out of two hundred and fifty nnn who went out in the morn- 
 ing, but ninet3'-five answered at roll-call that evening. The 
 casualties, as reported, were fifty-seven killed, and fifty-three 
 wounded. After the battle, the regiment was relieved from 
 the front line, and Avithdrew to the rear, where it remained 
 until the 19th of August. From the 19th to the 21st of 
 August, there Avere a number of engagements on the Weldon 
 Railroad, in which the regiment had four killed, and twelve 
 wounded. On the 29th the brigade marched to Poplar-grove 
 Church, at which another engagement took place. In Novem- 
 ber the brigade moved to the mine, or crater fort, which they 
 had occupied on the 30th of July. In December the regiment, 
 with others, marched to Hawkins's Tavern to re-enforce the 
 Second and Fifth Corps, under Gen. Warren, who, a few days 
 before, made a raid on the Weldon Railroad. They met the 
 corps on their return, and went into their old camp, on the 
 Baxter Road, where they remained until the spring campaign 
 opened. 
 
888 
 
 niSTORr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Tho Thirty-eighth Regiment bcgjiu to orgiiuizo March, 18G4, 
 under the siiiiervi.sion of Cul. BintlilT. liel'ore tho regiment 
 could bo filled, tho government discontinued tho payment of 
 bounties, when rconiiting fell off, and almost entirely ceased. 
 In consecpienco of tliis, only fonr comjjanies could bo organ- 
 ized, whieli, having been mustered into service, left Camp 
 Randall, Madison, on tho 3d of May, 180-1, for Washington. 
 Another company was sent forward in July, and other compa- 
 nies in September. Col. IWntliff took command on their arrival 
 before Petersburg, on tho 1st of October, thus completing tho 
 regiment. On their arrival at Washington, they encamped on 
 Arlington Heights. On tho 30th they marched to Alexandria, 
 and embarked for White House, at that time the base of sup- 
 plies of (icn. Grant's army. On their arrival, they were tem- 
 porarily consolidated witii the First Minnesota, and assigned to 
 tho provisional brigade of Gen. Abercrombic, and were engaged 
 in escorting supply-trains to Cold Harbor. On tho 12lh they 
 moved to the front lino of the works ; in the evening com- 
 menced Gen. Grant's grand Hank movement to tho rear of 
 Richmond, arriving, on tho IGth of June, in front of Peters- 
 burg, and moving out under fire to the battle-field. They took 
 an active part in tlio engagement on tho 17th and 18th, 
 in which tlio regiment had fifteen killed, and thirty-fivo 
 wounded. They remained in tho front lines till the 4th of 
 July, fighting by day, and working by night. On that day they 
 returned to tho second lines, tho battalion being reduced to 
 forty men fit for duty. Hero they encamped until the 19th, 
 when they moved to tho front, and assisted in repulsing an 
 attack of tho enemy. On tho 30th of July, when tho order 
 was given to advance, after tho explosion of tho mine, tho 
 regiment which was selected to lead tho charge faltered. Gen. 
 Hartruft ordered the Thirty-eighth, scarcely numbering a 
 hundred, to take tho lead. Hero they had nine killed, and ten 
 ■wounded. Sub^e(iuently, tho battalion was relieved from tho 
 front lines, and encamped behind tho second lino, where it 
 remained until Aug. G, when they returned to tno first line, 
 and were engaged in siege and picket duty until Aug. 19, 
 when they moved towards the Weldon Railroad, and took part, 
 with the Fifth Corps to obtain possession of the medium of 
 

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 Photographic 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716) 872-4503 
 
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fi60 
 
 BISTOnr OF WISCONSIS. 
 
 supplies to the enemy. lu the engagements that follovrcd, the 
 enemy were driven back, and, in the attempt to regain posses- 
 sion of their works, were repulsed with great slaughter. The 
 battalion proceeded to Reams Station, to re-enforce the Second 
 Corps, and on the 26th fell back to near Yellow House, 
 where they were engaged in ordinary duties until Sept. 26, 
 when they moved toward Poplar-grove Church. In the engage- 
 ment at that place, they took part, and also near Hatcher's 
 Run. In the latter part of November, they moved opposite 
 to Petersburg, and remained in their rifle-pits, under the heavy 
 fire of the enemy, until the spring campaign opened. 
 
 The Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty -first Regiments of 
 infantry, comprising Wisconsin's contribution to the " hundred 
 days' " service, were recruited principally in the latter part of 
 May, and beginning of June, 1864, and organized under the 
 supervision of Col. Edwin Buttrick of Milwaukee, Col. W. 
 Augustus Ray of Delavan, and Lieut.-Col. George B. Goodwin 
 of Menasha respectively. 
 
 The Thirty-ninth left Camp Washburn, at Milwaukee, on 
 the 13th of June, and were followed on the 15th by the 
 Fortv -first. Proceeding by way of Cairo, 111., they arrived on 
 the 17th at Memphis, Tenn., where both regiments were 
 assigned to the third brigade, which was placed under com- 
 mand of Col. Buttrick. 
 
 The Fortieth left Camp Randall on the 14th of June, and,, 
 moving by rail to Alton, IlL, proceeded thence by steamer 
 down the Mississippi, landing on the 19th at ^lemphis, Tenn., 
 where they were assigned to the second brigade, district of 
 Memphis. 
 
 The regiments were placed in camp within the fortifications, 
 and employed principally in garrison, picket, and railroad* 
 guard duty, participating in occasional skirmishes on the 
 picket-line. On the 21st of August, the rebel general, Forrest, 
 with a force of about five thousand cavalry, made a dash upon 
 the city at daylight, and succeeded, at one point, in passing 
 through the lines. Our regiments were promptly humed to 
 the front, and, in the action which ensued, behaved with 
 gallantry, sustaining slight loss. The rebels soon retired, with 
 a few prisoners whom they had captured ; and, after a march 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSm. 
 
 561 
 
 of two miles, our troops returned in the afternoon to camp. 
 The term of service of these troops having expired in the 
 beginning of September, they were ordered to return to Wis- 
 consin for muster out of service. The Thlrtj'-ninth and Forty- 
 first were discharged at Camp Washington ; and the Fortieta, 
 which arrived on the 14th of September, was soon afterwards 
 mustered out at Camp Randall. 
 
 The Forty-second Regiment, organized under the superin- 
 tendence of Col. Ezra T. Sprague, fonnerly adjutant of the 
 Eighth Infantry, under the call of July 18, 18G4, were finally 
 mustered into the United States service on the 7th of Septem- 
 ber, 18G4. From Camp Randall, they proceeded b}- rail to 
 Cairo, 111., at which place thej^ arrived on the 22d of Sep- 
 tember, and engaged in the discharge of post and garrison 
 duty. On the 24th Col. Sprague was assigned to the command 
 of the post, and Licut.-Col. Botkin put in command of the 
 regiment. 
 
 The Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth Regiments 
 were oi'ganized in the latter part of the year. 
 
 The First Cavalry, on the 14th of Januar}', 1804, moved to 
 Dandridge. They participated on the 17th in the battle at this 
 place, sustaining a loss of thirty-two men killed, wounded, and 
 missing. During the night, they fell back toward Knoxville, 
 through which they passed on the 19th, encami)ing on the road 
 to Sevierville. On the 21st, camp was moved sixteen miles 
 beyond the latter place, on the Fair Garden Road, from which 
 point, having effected a reconnoissance of the surrounding 
 country, they returned on the 2>th, with a number of prisoners, 
 to Sevierville. In the engagement near this place, on the 27th, 
 the regiment occupied the extreme left of our line, and 
 sustained but trifling loss. 
 
 During the next three days, they marched to various points 
 in the vicinity, going into camp on the 31st at IMarysville, 
 where the regiment was stationed as guard until the 9th of 
 February, at which date they moved to Motley's Ford, on the 
 Little Tennessee River. On the 24th they marched to Madi- 
 sonville, and moving thence on the 10th of March, by way of 
 Calhoun and .Athens, encamped on the 12th at Cleveland, 
 where they were joined on the 2Gth by Lieut.-Col. Torrey, 
 with a large number of recruits from Wisconsin. 
 
562 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Here the regiment was employed in guard -duty with frequent 
 reconnoissances, as skirmishers, with the enem)', until the 3d of 
 May, wht'n they marched with the division, arriving on the 
 7th at Varnell's Station, on the Cleveland and Dalton Railroad. 
 On the 0th the second brigade, under command of Col. La 
 Grange, was ordered forward to develop the position of the 
 enemy on the railroad, three miles from Varnell's. Nearly the 
 whole of Gen. Wheeler's force, supported by a division of 
 infantry, were drawn up in a strong position ; and, after a 
 severe engagement, our forces returned to camp, the principal 
 losi sustained being prisoners captured by the rebels. Thence- 
 forward the regiment, with the first cavalry division, accompa- 
 nied the march of Gen. Sherman's forces, covering the left 
 fiank of our army, and taking part in daily actions with the 
 enemy. On the 2Gth five companies, with a portion of an 
 Indiana regiment, attacked a brigade of rebel cavalry near 
 Burnt Hickory, seven miles from Dallas, routing the enemy 
 with great loss, and capturing three officers and forty-four 
 men ; and on the 4th of June a detachment of the regiment 
 occupied Ackworth, having previously defeated a small body 
 of rebels who held the place. On the Gth, with the brigade, 
 they participated in a sharp skirmish, and occupied Big Shanty, 
 whence they marched on tlie 9th, on a rcconnoissance to the 
 front, and on the IGth moved with the left of the army to 
 position before the enemy's lines on Lost Mountain, in which 
 vicinity they remained, taking part in frequent engagements 
 until the 1st of July, at which date they moved to Howell's 
 Ferry, on the Sweetwater River. On the 8d they participated 
 in a sharp skirmish near the Chattahoochee River, and next 
 day returned to position near Lo^t Mountain. After the 
 enemy's retreat across the river, they were employed in several 
 reconnoissances and scouting-expeditions on the left of the 
 army, and crossing the Chattahoochee on the 22d, near the rail- 
 road-bridge, took part in a skirmish with the enemy on the 
 right flank of the army, three miles south of Beechtown Creek. 
 Forming a part of Gen. McCook's expedition to the rear of 
 Atlanta, they crossed the Chattahoochee on the 2Yth, and, 
 marching in a south-westerly direction, recrossed the river six 
 miles below Canipbelltown, where the regiment was detached 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 563 
 
 from the main body, and, pswsing through the town, attacked 
 the advance of the rebel general's (Armstrong) force, two thou- 
 sand .jtrong, at a point two miles and a half east of Campbell- 
 town, on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. After a severe 
 engagement, they were compelled to withdraw, and returned to 
 Marietta on the 31st, as escort to a pontoon-train and battery, 
 having sustained, during the raid, a loss of thirtj'-one men. 
 From Marietta, they moved ten miles south-west, where they 
 were stationed, covering the return of stragglers from Gen. 
 McCook's forces, until the 7th of August, when they marched 
 to the railroad-bridge across the Chattahoochee. On the 10th 
 they were put in motion towards Cartei-sville, at which place 
 they arrived on the 12th, and were employed in scouting and 
 forage-duty. On the 17th of October they again marched 
 to Calhoun, and on the 4th of November were ordered to 
 Louisville, Ky. Here they remained until the 4th of Decem- 
 ber, when they proceeded to Bowling Green, and thence to 
 Hopkinsville, where they drove the enemy from the town, 
 capturing two pieces of artillery and fifteen prisoners. They 
 pursued the enemy to Elizabethtown, where they captured 
 eleven prisoners, w'en the pursuit was abandoned. The 
 campaign being closed, the regiment went into winter-quarters 
 at Waterloo, Ala., where they remained until the 10th of 
 March, 1865. 
 
 The Second Cavalry, on the 27th of May, 1804, moved to 
 Vicksburg ; and, on the 11th of May, the veterans returned 
 from Wisconsin, Col. T. Stephens in command. The regiment 
 were engaged in scouting in South-western ^lissouri and North- 
 western Arkansas during the summer, and on the 1st of Sep- 
 tember returned to Vicksburg, and were engaged, in the months 
 of October, November, and December, in lieavy scouting-duty. 
 On the 2d of December Lieut.-Col. Dale, with two hundred 
 and fifty men of the Second Cavalry, encountered a large body 
 of the enemy near Yazoo City, on the Vicicsburg Road, wh-^'" 
 two were killed, eight wounded, and twenty-seven reported 
 as taken prisoners. On the 8th of December the regiment 
 moved up the river to Memphis, and were engaged in scouting, 
 &c., to the last of April, 1805. 
 
 The Third Cavalry, on the 30th of March, 1864, moved from 
 
5G4 
 
 HISTORY OF WlSCO\sm. 
 
 Van Buren, and arrived at Little lloek on the IGth of April, 
 18G4, when seven comJ)ani^■s returned to Wisconsin on veteran 
 furhmgh. They re-asscmhied on the I'Jth of June, and were 
 again in camp at Duvall's IJlulT, whence tliey subsequently 
 moved to Iluntsville, and were engaged in picket and guard 
 duty, and as escort to trains between Little Rock and Duvall's 
 Bluff. In August a detachment of one hundred and four men, 
 under ^Lijor Derry, joined an expedition in p'.rsuit of the rebel 
 general's (Shclln') force. The other five companies were sta- 
 tioned in Kansas and Missouri, engaged in scouting, picketing, 
 forage, and escort-tluty. Major Derr}-, on the 2oth of Septem- 
 ber, left on an expedition to Fort Smith, and returned to Little 
 lloek on the loth of October, 18G4, where the regiment remained 
 during the winter. 
 
 Lieut. Earll of the Fourth Cavalry on the 10th of January, 
 18G4, left camp on a scouting-expedition, with a party of seven- 
 teen men, and surprised a party of fifty rebels at Olive Church, 
 twenty-three miles from Baton Rouge, and, gallantly charging 
 upon them, succeeded in capturing twent\'-five men and all the 
 horses. In endeavoring to return to camp, they fell in with 
 two parties of rebel cavalry, who succeeded in recapturing the 
 men, and in taking Lieut. Earll prisoner. In February Col. 
 Boardman and Capt. Keefe were engaged in scouting-expedi- 
 tions in Louisiana ; and, in an expedition made in the month of 
 May, Col. Boardman was struck by four balls, the last penetrat- 
 ing the skull, and causing instant death. On the 27th of June 
 the regiment embarked in transports, and moved up the river 
 to ^lorganzia, where they went into camp. On the 2.'ith of 
 August they accompanied an expedition to Clinton, which 
 accomplished its object, and returned. They also made two 
 other movements on Clinton in the months of October and 
 November, which were both highly successful. On the 27th 
 the Fourth Wisconsin, with eight other cavalry regiments with 
 pontoon-trains, left Baton Rouge for the purpose of making a 
 feint on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, with the object of keep- 
 ing the forces in the vicinity of Mobile from making a demon- 
 stration on Gen. Sherman's army. Taking seventeen days' 
 rations, they marched three hundred miles. Arriving within 
 two miles of Mobile, they took a south-westerly cour. e, and 
 
666 
 
 msToar of Wisconsin. 
 
 struck the Gulf of Mexico one hundred and forty miles east of 
 New Orleans, when they embarked, and arrived at Baton Rouge 
 on the 5th of January, 18G5, without losing a man. 
 
 The thirteen batteries of light artillery were engaged during 
 the year 18G4 in active duty. Space will not admit of further 
 details of the movements of this branch of the military service, 
 including batteries A to JI of heavy artillery. Both performed 
 excellent service in their fields of labor. 
 
 Such is a brief account of the services of the Wisconsin 
 regiments who served in the war in 18G4. No State in the 
 Union furnished better men, or men who fought more valiantly 
 in the defence of the Union. 
 
 On the 15th of September, 18G4, Gov. Lewis appointed Jason 
 Downer, Esq., judge of the Supreme Court, to fill the place of 
 Hon. Byron Paine, who had resigned his position, to take effect 
 Nov. 15, 18G4, in order to his accepting the position of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of the Forty-third Regiment, to which he had 
 been commissioned on the 10th of August, on the organization 
 of that regiment. 
 
 The November elections of this year were entered into with 
 enthusiasm, as a President of the United States had to be 
 chosen. The Republican Union electors were, W. W. Field, 
 George C. Northrop, Ilonry Blood, Jonathan Bowman, Allen 
 Worden, H. J. Turner, II. F. Bclitz, and A. S. McDill. The 
 Democratic electors were, Theodore Rodolph, Randall Wilcox, 
 J. W. Webster, G. T. Thorn, J. S. Tripp, F. W. Horn; C. 
 Morgan, and H. T. Ramsey. The Republican ticket was elected 
 by an average majority of sixteen thousand. 
 
 At this election, the Republican Union party elected sixtj'- 
 nine members of the assembly, and, with the held-over senators, 
 had twenty-three members of the senate. Tho Democrats had 
 thirty-three members of the assembly, and ten senators. 
 
 The electoral college, at a subsequent date, cast tho vote of 
 the State for Abraham Lincoln, President, and Andrew John- 
 son, Vice-President. 
 
CHAPTER LIII. 
 
 ADMINISTEATIOX OF GOV. LEWIS. 
 
 Events of 1803 — Loglslntloii — Mcssase of Gov Lewis — War Measures — Surren- 
 der of Ueii. Lee — The Draft, &c. 
 
 The eigliteenth sossion of the State legislature convoued at Madison on 
 the eleventh day of .January, 1805, and adjourned on the tenth day of Ainil, 
 after a session of ninety days. The officers of both houses were similar to 
 the preceding one of 180t. In the senate, Wyman Spooner, lii'utcnant- 
 governor, presided; Frank JI. Stewart was elected chief clerk, and Nelson 
 Williams sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, William W. Field was 
 elected speaker, John S. Dean chief clerk, and Alonzo Wilcox sergeant- 
 at-arms. 
 
 Gov. Lewis, in his message, said, — 
 
 "The financial conditiiin of tlio State, cotisiJoiiu;^ tlic drafts tliat liave iieeeasa- 
 rily liecu iiiailo upon tlie treasury, U very tlaneiing. . . . Gicat ere. lit is due to 
 tlio sucrctary uf stale nud state treasurer fur tliuir luana^euient in liriu^iu;; aliout 
 tliij result, and for the aide and cnicieut niauuur in wliicli tliey liavo disolmrged 
 the duties of tlicir respective departments." 
 
 The following is a list of the important measures passed by *he legisla- 
 ture, omitting those of a military character, which will be noticed here- 
 after : — 
 
 An act to facilitate tlie conversion of tlio State currency, and to provide for tak- 
 ing up oertaiu State i)onds; an auiendator^" act to guard tlie aluisc of tlie elective 
 tranclnse, and to preserve tlie purity of elections liy a registratioii of electors; an 
 act in rclatiun to insurance-companies doing liusiucss in tlio State; to provide 
 more cfTectually for tlio protection of State lands; an act to extend tlio riglit of 
 suffrage, conferring tliis riglit on colored pei-sons, provided, that nt tlie next gen- 
 eral election, held in November, IWk', a mojority of tlio votes polled shall declare 
 for such right; to provide feu- levying and collecting a Stote tax for the year ]8(i.) 
 (three hundred and fifty thousund dollars); to proviJo for laUiug a cousur or 
 enumeration of the peoi>lo of this .State; to authorize tlie conversion of State hanks 
 to national banking associations; to provide for completing tiio woric on tlio State 
 Capitol, by which the huilding-coiumisslonors wore authorized to contract for the 
 continuation of the work on the Houtli wing, ond twenty-five tliousauil dollars 
 appropriated for said work; to dispose of tlio swamp and overHowed lands and 
 the proceeds thereof, by the provision of which act, the proceeds of the sales of 
 
 fi07 
 
068 
 
 nr STORY OF wtscossiy. 
 
 »Mrh InncU are to !>« diviitod In two parts, —one tn lie known ai tlie " Normal 
 8i:lioi>l I'liiiil," and tlio oili«>r »h the " Drnlnugo Kitml," the Incoinn from the for- 
 mer to be applied to eitablidhhi); and Huppurtln»( norniul HchouU, and the latter 
 to he apportioned to the coiiiitleH in proportion to tlio amount sold in each 
 county with lerlaln rostrlrtlmn; to codify and consolidate tlio laws relative to 
 the assessment and collection of taxes. 
 
 Tho following is a summary of the laws passed of a military charac- 
 ter: — 
 
 To niithorlzo pitlns, towns, and villages to pay liountles to volunteers; to In- 
 corporate tho Wisconsin .Soldiers' Homo (of which notice will lie Klven hereafter); 
 to aineuil tho act relative to tho commcnceincnt an<l prosecution of civil actions 
 Bsainsf persons in the military service of tlio country ; to authorize tho payment 
 of salaries, clerk-hire, and ex|)enses of the oflicos of tho adjutant-[;«neral and 
 qnartermastur-|>cnurul from the war fund; to amend an act anthorizing conimis- 
 slonoil olHccrs to tako acknowlcd|;meiits of deeds, atlldavits, and depositions; to 
 auienil the act extcndinj} the rl;;ht of suffrajjo to soldiers in thotleUl; to provide 
 for corrcclinjj ami completing the reiH)rds of the adjutant-Kenerars olHco relative 
 to the military history of the meinbors of the several military orBaiilzations of 
 this State; llxing the salary of the ailjutant-j»oiioral and quartermaster-Kenoral, 
 and their clerks and assistants; to prohiiiit volunteer or substitute brokerime ; a 
 Buppleiuontary and explanatory bill aiithoriziuK towns and villasos to raise 
 money to pay bounties to voluntei is; amendiuK a law relating to the relief of 
 soliliers' families; to provide for tho establishment of State a.'^oncies for the relief 
 and care of sick, wonndeil, ami disabled soMiors; to authorize the borrowing of 
 money to repel invaiion, suppress insurrection, and dofoiul tho State in time of 
 war, not exceeding ei),'lit liun<lred and llfty thousand dollars. 
 
 To summarize: there were fifty-four bills passed amending previous general 
 laws, twelve amending private ami locol laws, twenty-seven relative to banks, 
 seventy-three relating to bounties, twenty conferring powers on the governor, 
 and seventeen on the secretary of State, nine granting lands for railroad and 
 other purpo-!es, tifteon legalizing certain acts of town-ofHcers, twenty-three relat- 
 ing to the city of Milwaukee, twcut.y-flvo incorporating petroleuni-cc)mpanios, 
 twenty-ono relating to railroads, thirty oitending the time for the collecting of 
 taxes, Kive hundred and thirty-nine bills were onacied of a general oliariu!ter, 
 nine joint resolutious, eleven memorials to Congress, and a lai'ge number of 
 appropriation bills. 
 
 Of this session " The State Journal " says, — 
 
 " About all the important measures brought before the legislature were 
 disposed of. Tho appropriation-bills all passed, except that of thirty thousand 
 dollars for the enlargement of the Hospital for the Insane, and also the bills for a 
 temporary loan ami special tax of eight huiulreil and fifty thousand dollars for 
 war-purposes, and a general tax of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for 
 general expenses. The bill increasing the rate of interest was defeated in the 
 assembly, also the bill allowing the Itacine and Mississippi Railroad to build 
 branches to Milwaukee and Chicago." 
 
 On the 10th of April, the last day of the session, Gov. Lewis sent to the 
 legislature the following message : — 
 
 " Four years ago, on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of 
 Fort Si:mter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank Uo<l! and, next to 
 hiui, the brave oiUcers and Boldiers of oiu army and navy, I am permitted tu 
 
niSTORY OF WISC0S3IN. 
 
 069 
 
 tranwiit to rou theofflclnl intelllRem-e. just received, of the surrender of Oen. I^o 
 and his army, the hist prop of tlie lEtilivllion. I>!t us rejoUe, and thnuk the 
 Kuler of tlie I'liion for victory, und the prospects of an houorahle peace. 
 8i){ned, 
 
 " James T. Lkwm." 
 
 Tlie accompanying Jes])atches of the corregpondence between Gens. Grant 
 and [..ce, and Sfcrctary Stanton and Gun. Grant, woro then reail by the 
 cleric, and received most enthusiastically. On their conclusion, the senate 
 gave three clieers for Gen. Grant and the army under his command. 
 
 On the 7th of February, 1805, Gov. Lewis submitted to the Icgisluturo tho 
 pro|)osed constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States; 
 luid in his message ho said, — 
 
 " Upon its adoption hanj^s the destiny of four millions of human heings, and, it 
 may he, tlie destiny of the nntlnn. I trust, and doiiht not, the legislature of Wis- 
 conoin will record its ilecinion ihinly, and I hope unanimously. In favor of tho 
 amendment. I..et us wipe fr<>m our escutcheon the foul hlot of human slavery, 
 and show by our action that wo aro worthy of tho name of freemen." 
 
 In the senate, on tho 21st of February, tho question came up in a joint 
 resolution to ratify the constitutional amendment. On a voto being taken, 
 the resolution was adopted, — ayes 21, n.iys 5. On the 2jth, three senators 
 a.sked to have their votes recorded in favor of the same, and two against it; 
 making the voto in the senate, ayes 27, nays 7. On tho receipt of the re.so- 
 lution in tho a.ssombly, a voto was t.iken on tho 24th of February, with tho 
 following result: ayes 71, nays 21, 2 absentees; and the assembly concurred 
 in the .same. 
 
 On tho 17th of May, Gen. Winfield Smith, attorney-general of tho State, 
 and Gov. Lewis, succeeded in effecting a settlement with the General 
 Government for tho claim of the State for the five per cent duo from tho 
 Government on sales of public lands within our State. This claim had 
 been withheld many years. The State was trustee for a grant of lands made 
 to build a canal from Milwaukee to Hock Uiver, and sold one hundred and 
 twenty-five thousand acres, while the canal never was built. Tho Government 
 had held on to their five per cent fund until the State settled for this amoimt 
 of land sold ; and what the State jiaid over to tlie Government would go to the 
 ililwaukee and Rock River Canal Company. The negotiations between tho 
 State and tlio Government occupied a great length of time, but were now 
 satisfactorily settled. On tho 17th of May the balance duo the State to that 
 date, amounting to $148,784.00, was paid. In tho month of November 
 the further sura of $5,070.28 was sent to the State authorities, being the 
 amount which had accrued since the date of settlement. 
 
 The governor, by special order, was outhorized to rai.se two new regi- 
 ments; and on the 3d and 5th of January, 1865, he directed tho organization 
 of the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh. 
 
 The quota, under the call for three hundred thousand on the 10th of 
 December, was put at seventeen thousand eight hundred. This amount 
 was considered excessive; and a correspondence ensued with the provost- 
 
570 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 marshal-pffnoral. After a full pxatniimtion was inado, tlip revised quota 
 wan asccrtuiiii'il to Im^ twolvo thousand thri-o hundri'il and lifty-six; which 
 nuriiixT was a|)iK>rti(ino(l amoiifr tho six coiiijn.'Hsiiinal distriots. 'I'ho sixth 
 district protcsti'd lliat thi> quota aKsii;iii'd that district was cxci'ssivu. Tho 
 lin)Vost-iuur,slial-j,'i'ii('raI, howovcr, declined iiiakiuf,' any chanj;t'. 
 
 Oil tliu L'Utli ami L'Tlli of January, IfjOu, the governor ordered tlie Forty- 
 oif^iith and Korty-nintli lU'sinients to bu orpjanized; and iu Keliruary tlie 
 Fiftieth Ue;,'iiniMit was ordered into camp, and orpanized. As tlie draft was 
 ordered to take place on the 'J7th of March, and a new impetus was therehy 
 given to recruitinjj, (iov. Lewis gave directions for tlie orifanization of tho 
 rifly-first. Kilty-second, and Fifty-third Kegiments at Camp llamlall; and 
 the Forty-sixth, Forly-seventh, Forty-ei;;lith, Forty-ninth, and Fiftieth were 
 nil filled to the minimum, and left the State iu March. 
 
 The surreinler of Gen. Lee and his army on the !Hh of April was virtually 
 tho close of the war. Tho surrender of Gen. Johnston and his army to Gen. 
 Sherman followed as a natural con8e{|uenco. Thereafter the rebel \\:-:<\y lost 
 its identity; and such frafrmentary portions of it as were scattered tliiou>;li- 
 oiit the .Southern States oiiterod into negotiations with the United States 
 authorities, surrendereil, and disbanded; the last to do so bein;^ the army of 
 (ten. Kirby .Smith in Texas. Orders were received, on the IDtli of April, 
 to discontinue recruitincf, and discharijo drafted men who had not been 
 mustered in; and, about the Lst of May, orders were pioniuli;ated for tho 
 muster-out of all organizations whose term of service expired on or before 
 the Lst of October, \iXi. ALiny of our Wisconsin troops comin;; under the 
 operations of this order, they wore soon on their way home. Duriiifj the 
 summer, the State ollicers were enga;j;ed in attcndinc; to the reception of 
 returning; re'j;iments, their payment by the United States, and the settle- 
 ment with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. During 
 the same period, the musterinj.j-out of tho several ret^iments continued, ex- 
 tending into the winter, many of them being sent to tho Uio Grande or the 
 north-western frontier. 
 
 The total number of troops raised during the term of Gov. Lewis's ad- 
 ministration, up to April 150, 1805, amounted to thirty-eight thousand six 
 hundred and eighteen, which includes volunteers for new regiments and 
 batteries, recruits for old organizations, veteran re-enlistments, drafted men, 
 and the oue-hundred-day troops. 
 
 At the election in the month of April, Hon. Jason Downer was elected 
 judge of the Supreme Court, to fill the unexpired term of lion. Hyrou Paine, 
 resigned. The 20th of April, 1805, was appointed by Gov. Lewis as a day 
 of thanksgiving for the overthrow of tho Rebellion, and restoration of 
 peace. 
 
 The news of the assassination of President Lincoln, on the llth of April, 
 was received in AVisconsin, as in all the loyal f ;ates, with great sorrow. 
 Public msetings were held in the prominent cities and villages of tho State, 
 and sermons and addresses delivered. 
 
 On the 28th of June Josiah L. Pickard was, by the regents of the State 
 University, elected chancellor; which position woi declined. 
 
572 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The Union Convention to nominate State officers for two years, com- 
 mencing Jan. 1. 1866, was held at Madison, on the 6th of September, Hon. 
 M. li. Martin, president; at which time the following ticket was nominated: 
 Governor, Lucius Fairchild; Lieutenant-Governor, Wymau Spooner: Secretary 
 of Stale, Thomas S. Allen; State Treasurer, William E. Smith; Attorney- 
 General, Charles R. Gill; Bank Comptroller, J. M. Kusk; Stale-Prison Com- 
 missioner, Henry Cordier; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Josiah L. 
 Pickard. 
 
 The Democratic Convention was held at Madison Sept. 20, II. L. Palmer, 
 president. The following ticket was nominated: Governor, Harrison C. 
 Hobart: Lieutenant-Governor, U. W. Maxon; Secretary of Slate, L. B. Vilas; 
 Stale Treasurer, J. W. Davis; Bank Comptroller, Thom.is McMahou; State- 
 Prison Commissioner, C. Ilorneffer; Superintendent of Public Instruction, J. 
 B. Parkinson. 
 
 The Union Republican ticket was elected by an average majority of nine 
 thousand. At the same election, the Union and Republicans elected sixty- 
 eight members, and the Democrats thirty-two. The senate of 1806 had 
 twenty-three Unions and Republicans, and twelve Democrats. 
 
CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 WISCON'SIX'S WAR RECORD. 
 
 Events of 1863, continued — Rcginientnl History — Battle-Fleld Scenes and In- 
 cidents, — Tlie Last Year of tiie War. 
 
 The " Iron Brigade," on the 6th of February, 1803, broke camp, and took 
 part in th«; engacjement near Dabney's Mill, on Hatcher's Kuii. In this 
 affair, the third division of Gen. Crawford, of the Fifth Corps, took the ad- 
 vance, and bore tlie brunt of the fight on the 0th and 7th of February. Our 
 Wisconsin regiments fought with their accustomed gallantry; and their loss 
 was very sev"re. The loss of the division was about thirty-seven officers 
 and eleven hundred and forty-three men, an aggregate of eleven hundred 
 and eighty out of about four tijousand who went into action. The loss of 
 the Seventh Regiment in the battle at Dabney's Mill, on the 0th and 7th of 
 February, 18(io, as rei>ortcd by Lieut.-Col. Richardson, is as follows, four 
 killed, and nineteen wounded. Returning to camp near the Military Rail- 
 road, they remained until ordered, in the middle of February, to proceed to 
 Baltimore. On arriving at City Point, the order, so far as it related to the 
 Sixth and Seventh Regiments, w.ts oount'irmanded; and the two regiments 
 were ordered to return to their old catnp, when, by order of (Jen. Crawford, 
 they were re-organized as the " First Provisional Brigade," and placed under 
 the command of Col. Kellogg of the Sixth, Lieut.-Col. Kerr assuming com- 
 mand of the regiment. >?'^'- 5, the Xinety-first New York Heavy Artillery 
 were added, making the . rigade about three thousand men. Here they 
 remained until the opening of the final campaign, which resulted in the 
 capture of Gen. Lee. 
 
 On the morning of the 29th of March, 1905, the brigade broke camp near 
 the Military Railroad, and moved to near the Boydtown I'lank-road. Hera 
 line of battle was formed; the Sixth and Seventh Wisconsin forming the 
 first line, in rear of the second brigade. The enemy being driven from his 
 position, the brigade was ordered to a point near the road; the Seventh 
 Wisconsin, under Lieut.-Col. Richardson, being placed on the rond, and the 
 balance of the brigade about eighty rods to the rear, in line of battle, 
 where they remained during the night, and next day adv.inced to the road, 
 and threw up breastworks. On the 31st the brigade moved from the 
 breastworks, in a north-westerly direction, across Gravelly Run, where it 
 
 573 
 
574 
 
 nr STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 was massed in column of re^ments for a short time, ■when it was ordered 
 to deploy into line of battle to the right of the second bricrade. Before 
 this movement was accomplished, only the Sixth and Seventh Wisconsin 
 being in line, Col. Kellogg, in command of the brigade, was orlercd to arrest 
 the men from the front line, who ware falling back in contusion. Tliis could 
 not be done, as the flying troops broke through his line, anti threw it into 
 confusion. The .Sixth and Seventh were ordered toclosa their Intervals, form 
 into lino of battle, and open fire on the enemy; wliich was done, and con- 
 tinued until the enemy had turned both flanks, and were firing on the flanks 
 and rear. The Seventh Wisconsin changed front, so as to meet the fire on 
 their flank; but, the enemy appearing in strong force in the rear, the brigade 
 retired across Gravelly llun in as good order as possible, being somewhat 
 broken up by being compelled to fight their way back. The Sixth and Seventh 
 were formed on the front line next to the creek, near the bridge, where they 
 remained during the rest of the eng.agement. The brigade was re-formed in 
 the rear of tlieir first position, and ordered to lie down, and were afterwards 
 moved forward on the battle-field, ai;d encamped. The Filth Corps had been 
 ordered to report to Gen. Sheridan at Dinwiddle Court House. On Uio 
 1st of April, the brigade moved in line of battle in a westerly direction to 
 the vicinity of the Gravelly Run Church. In the afternoon the Seventh 
 Regiment occupied the advance line on the left of the brigade, with the 
 Sixth Wisconsin on the right. Companies B and E of tlie Seventh were 
 deployed as skirmishers, covering the brigade front, advancing in line 
 of battle. Tlie enemy's advance was driven through the woods, back 
 upon their intrcnchmonts ut Five Forks. Gen. Sheridan ordered Col. Rich- 
 ardson to move over the enemy's works, which the gallant colonel obeyed, 
 wheeling to the riglit, and charging the enemy through the open field, driv- 
 ing tlicni through the woods, following their retreating columns, and again 
 charging tliem tiirough a second open field. Night coming on, the brigade 
 fell back two miles, and went into position beliind the breastworks captured 
 from the enemy. Tliis was the part taken by tiie Sixth and S". onth Wis- 
 consin in the famous battle of Five Forks. On the 2d the brigade, advan- 
 cing to the South Side Railroad, found the position abandoned by the enemy. 
 This was about thirteen miles from Petersburg. Continuing to advance 
 rapidly in a westerly direction, the enemy were found intrenched on the 
 Burkesville Road. The brigade was deiiloyed to the riglit of the road, in 
 two lines; and the Seventh, under Col, Richardson, were deployed as skir- 
 mishers, witli orders to cover the entire front of tlio line of battle. Tlie 
 enemy, after dark, opened fire on their lines, which was rejilied to; and the 
 command advanced, and halted within a few rods of their breastworks, where 
 they lay on their arms all night. During the night the enemy abandoned 
 their works. Pursuit was made; but tiiey were not overtaken, and the bri- 
 gade went into bivouac. On tlie morning of the 4th pursuit was resumed; 
 and Jettorsville Station, on the Danville Railroad, was reached in the after- 
 noon, which was found occupied by Gen. Siieridan's civalry, and the enemy 
 in itrong force just beyond. Here the brigade formed in line of battle, the 
 
nrsTonr or Wisconsin. 
 
 675 
 
 men ■weary and footsore, having travelled all day, and labored all night, 
 throwing up breastworks. Her" they resteJ, waiting for an attnck, until 
 the 6th, when the enemy was found to liave a.i^aiii taken fligiit. Following 
 him during the 6th and 7th, on the west side of tlio Appomattox, they 
 reached High Railroad Bridge, where tiiey foinid the enemy had crossed, 
 and set the bridge on fire. On the 8tli, a long and tiresome forced march 
 was made by the brigade, being much impedi'd l>y the w.igon-trains of tho 
 Twenty-fourth Corps. They encamped in line of bat'le that night. On the 
 9th, pursuit was again resumed; and the gallant " Iron Drigado " had the 
 proud satisfaction of assisting in the capture of the famous army of Gen. 
 Lee at Appomattox Court House. 
 
 In the short campaign from March 20 to April 9, the casualties in the 
 Sixth and Seventh Regiments were as follows: Sixth Regiment, killed, or died 
 of wounds, sixteen; Seventh Regiment, killed, or died of wounds, eightoep; 
 wounded, fifty-two. Mtn- the snrrender of the rebel forces inider Gen. 
 Lee, the brigade, on tho 11th of April, moved to Black and White's Station, 
 on the Petersburg and Lynclil)\irg Railro.id, and went into c .mp, where they 
 remained until the corps commanders were ordered to marc: thc^ir respective 
 commands to W.ishington. They arrived tliere, and participated in the 
 grand review on the S.ld of May, and went into camp till the 17th of .Juno, 
 when th°y left Washington to report to Major-Gen. Logan, at Louisville, 
 Ky., where they arrived on the 22,1 of June. Here they were organized 
 into the "Provisional Divi.sion " of Gen. Morrow, — the Seventh Regiment 
 in the first brigade, and the Sixth in the second brigade; the latter 
 being placed under the command of Col. Kellogg of the Sixth, who, at the 
 muster-out of (ien. Jlorrow, was assigned to the command of tho division. 
 The Seventh was mustered out, and started for AVisconsin on the 2d of 
 July, arriving on the oth at Madison, where it was received by the State 
 authorities, and was soon after paid off, and tiie regiment disbanded. The 
 Sixth was mustered out on the 11th, and arrived at Madison on tlie 10th, 
 and were puliliely received, paid, and tlie regiment disbanded. Col. Kel- 
 logg, the last brigade commander, issued a final order, dissolving tho organi- 
 zation of the " Iron Brigade; " and the gallant corps, which had become the 
 pride of our State, ceased to exist. Its historj- forms one of the brightest 
 p.ages in our national records. Col. Kellogg of the Sixth was subsequently 
 brevettod brigadier-general, and Lieut. -Col. Richardson of the Seventh 
 was brevetted colonel, and subsequently brigadier-general, for g.iUant and 
 meritorious services in the final operations of tho Army of tin Potomac, 
 particularly at the battle of Five Forks. The regiment under Lieut. -Col. 
 Stephenson, with the brigade under command of Col. Hawley, left Sa- 
 vannah on the 17th of January, 181i.3, in continuation of the marcli t'lwards 
 Goldsborough. Tiie maroh was without any historical interest until the 
 2Dth of January, when tho regiment, in advance of tlie division, entered 
 llobortsvillo, S.C, encountering the enc-my about a mile from tho village. 
 Two companies went forward as skirmishers, and the firing soon became 
 Bharp; but the enemy was sent flying through the town. The regiment bod 
 
576 
 
 nr STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 three wounded. March was resumed on the 2d of February, which was 
 continued, the reijiment pnffa.'jed in ffuardinjf trains, and destroyinjf railroad- 
 track, passin!» Columbia, and proceeding to Winnsboroujjh, and, on the 
 6th of March, camping at a place eleven miles from Chesterfield, where it 
 was inspected, and found to be in rough condition, — clothing in shreds, 
 and shoes worn out. Thence they proceedyd to Cheraw, S.C., building 
 corduroy road, and guarding trains, reaching F.iyetteville, N.C., on tho 
 11th of March. On the l.")th and 10th, when near IMulf Church, the regi- 
 ment, with the brigade, marched to the support of the cavalry division, 
 forming line of battle to attack the enemy, who was found stroiigly posted. 
 The skirmishers became hotly engaged, and held the position .several hours, 
 until relieved. The casualties of tho regiment were twenty-seven killed 
 and wounded. During tho remainder of the day, the regiment was held in 
 reserve, without further casualties, and was relieved at dark by a brigade of 
 the Fourteenth Army Corps. On the 18th and 19th the brigade marclied, and 
 arrived near the Fourteenth Army Corps, who were engaged with the enemy. 
 After some changes of position, the regiment occupied, with tlie brigade, a 
 position on tlic left of the Fourteenth Army Corps, facing the west. Breast- 
 works were soon completed; and the brigade remained without any thing 
 worthy of note occurring until the 22d, when, the enemy having retreated, 
 march was resumed; and, on tho 24th, the brigade, with the rest of the 
 army, went into camp near Goldsborough. These affairs are known as the 
 battles of Avorysborough and Uentonville. Lieut.-Col. Stephenson reports 
 the following casualties in the regiment from Jan. 17 to April 0, 18G5: 
 killed, four; wounded, twenty-six. Moving with the rest of the army in 
 pursuit of the rebels, under Johnston, the regiment reached Raleigh, where 
 it remained until the 27th, being present at the surrender of the rebel army. 
 On that day it moved on its homeward march, passing through Uichmond, 
 anti reaching Alexandria on the lOth of Miiy. It participated in the grand 
 review of .Sherman's anny at the national capital, encamped a few miles 
 from Wa.shington, from whence that portion of the Third whose term of 
 service expired before the 1st of October was sent to Sladison, and mus- 
 tered out. The balance of the regiment, to which was added several hun- 
 dred members of other regiments, whose terms did not expire with their 
 respective organizations, were sent to Louisville, Ky. Here th^^; i ained 
 until the 21.st of July, when they moved by rail to Madison, arriving on 
 Sunday evening, July 23, when they were mustered out of service, and 
 paid off. For meritorious services during the war. Col. Ilawley was bre- 
 vetted brigadier-general, and Licut.-Col. Steph'jnson as colonel. 
 
 The Fom-th Hegiment, as has been before remarked, was changed into a 
 cavalry regiment; and its history ns the Fourth Cavalry will bo referred to 
 hereafter. The Sixtli lleginient, on the 2.Jth of Alarch, 1805, participated 
 in the general skirmi.sh along the whole li e, and succeeded in driving in 
 the rebel outpost, then in front. Here Sergeant William Hall, Company G, 
 was killed, and Corporal James D. Splain, Company O, Edward Martin, 
 John Morrison, and II. S. Otis, Company D, and Charles O. Foot, Com- 
 
078 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 pony K, wounded. Edward Martin is reported as having died of 
 wounds. 
 
 In tlio cliargo on the enemy's works at Petersburg, April 2, the Fifth 
 Wisconsin and Thirty-seventli Massiieiiust^tts, lud by Col. Allen, were in 
 the extreme front, supported by two lines in the rear. At four, a.m., the 
 signal for the charge was given; and the colors of the Fifth were tlie first 
 planted on the enemy's works, that regiment being tlie first to entor the 
 captured works of Petersburg. Col. Allen led a portion of tlio regiment 
 two miles through the abandoned lines of the enemy to tiie left, inside of 
 the late rebel works, capturing many prisoners, then back to the right, 
 where the regiment was engaged in skirmishing till night. The losses, as 
 officially reported, were, killed, eight; died of wounds, nine; wounded, 
 seventy-one. 
 
 Tlie loss of the regiment was about one-tenth of that suffered by the 
 whole corps, consisting of fifty regiments. 
 
 On the afternoon of April ;i, they joined in the pursuit of Lee; the Sixth 
 Corps encountering Gen. Kwell's forces at Little Sailors' Creek on the 7th. 
 The lines were hurri<'dly formed, and pushed forward at a double-quick; 
 the regiment marching with unbroken line through a swamp waist- 
 deep, under fire of the enemy's musketrv. They moved to the brow of 
 a hill, where the enemy was discovered but a few paces disttuit, admiral^ly 
 jKisted, and fighting witii tlie energy of despair. The regiment was in an 
 extremely hazardous [Kjsition, lieing sul)jected to a severe flank and cross 
 fire. Ciil. Allen rode in advance of the line as cahnly as though danger 
 were unknown. Company O (Capt. Henry CuiTan) and Company C (Lieut. 
 Evan U. Jones) were deployed as skirmishers. Lieut. -Gen. Ewell and staff 
 surrendered to six men of the .skirmishers, under command of Sergeant Cam- 
 eron, Company A, who was promoted lieutenant on the field for gallantry. 
 The action of the regiment elicited high encomiums from the corps, division, 
 and brigade commanders. In tlie action of April 7, tlie regiment had six- 
 teen killed, seventy-nine wounded, and three died of wounds. The pursuit 
 was continued until the Uth, when Lee surrendered. On the 10th the regi- 
 ment commenced its return, and reached Burke's Station on the evening of 
 the llith. They encamped till tiie :2:ld of April, and marched to Danville, 
 arriving on the 2Ttli, and reaching Kiehinond oi» the 2()tli of May. Leaving 
 Kichmoiid on the L'ltii for Washington, tlicy arrived there June 2, after a 
 long and tedious niareli. On tlie lUtli of June they left, for JIadi.son, Wis., 
 arrived on the 2()th, and were soon after mustered out, thus closing the 
 record of the " Fighting Fifth." Col. Allen was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
 eral for gallant and meritorious services during the war. The record of the 
 Sixth and Seventh Regiments has Ikhmi given in the account of the "Iron 
 Jlrigade;" and it is not necessary to repeat it at this time. 
 
 The Eighth Regiment joined the pursuit of the enemy after the battle of 
 Nashville, marciied one liundred and fifty miles, and encamped at Clifton, 
 'Tenn. On the 2d of January, 1805, they moved to Eastport. Embarkin'^ 
 .on the 0th of February, they proceeded, with the Sixteenth Corps, down the 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 679 
 
 Tennessee, to Cairo, and thence to New Orleans, and went into camp five 
 miles below that city. On the 5th of March they moved in transports to 
 take part in the investment of the defences of Mobile, landing at Dauphin 
 Island, and from thence proceeded up Fish River, ten miles, and went into 
 camp. On the 25th they moved, and took position in lines before the 
 Spanish Fort. Here they were engaged in fortifying, and the performance 
 of picket-duty, until the evacuation of the fort, on the 0th of April, when 
 they moved to a position before Fort Blakely, and took part in the charge 
 on that place with a small loss. After the surrender, the regiment marched 
 one hundred and eighty miles to Montgomery, Ala. , where they remained 
 until the 10th of May, when they marched by way of Selraa, and took cara 
 for Uuiontown, on the Alabama and Mississippi Railroad. Here they went 
 into camp, and remained until orders were received for their muster-out. 
 This was done at Demopolis, Ala., on the 5th of September; and the regi- 
 ment reached Madison on the 13th, where they received their pay, and were 
 formally disbanded. 
 
 The Eighth was known as the " Eagle Regiment," from the fact tliat a 
 live eagle was carried through all its campaigns, up to the return of the 
 non-veterans in 1804. Tliis noble bird was taken from the parent nest in 
 Chippewa County, Wisconsin, by an Indian, wlio disposed of it to a gentle- 
 man in Eau Claire County, from whom it was purchased by ruenibers of Capt. 
 Perkin's company, Eau Claire Eagles, by whom it was presented to the regi- 
 ment while organizing in 1801. It is needless to say that it was instantly 
 adopted as the regimental pet, and was christened " Old Abe." A perch 
 was prepared and the royal bird was borne with the regiment on all its 
 marches, and into every battle in which the gallant Eightl; was engaged, up 
 to the muster-out of the non-veterans. Perched on his standard, above the 
 heads of the men, the bird was more than once the mark for rebel bullets, 
 but, luckily, escaped unharmed, with the exception of the loss of a few 
 feathers shot away. He returned with the non-veterans in 1804, and was 
 presented to the State, and placed in charge of the quartorma-ster's depart- 
 ment, and every care necessary bestowed on him. At the great Chicago 
 Fair in 1803, " Old Abe " was exhibited, and his photograph disposed off, 
 realizing the amount of about sixteen thousand dollars. He was also 
 exhibited at the JNIilwaukee fair with profitable results. We are told that 
 the sum netted to these charitable objects was about twenty thousaud dol- 
 lars, lie occasionally breaks from his fetters, and soars into his native 
 element; but he has become so far domesticated, that he is easily recovered. 
 Occasionally the music of a band, or the noise of a drum, will reacli his ear, 
 when he will instantly listen, and will respond with his characteristic 
 scream, probably recognizing the strain as one with which the battle-field 
 has made his ear familiar. " Old Abe " has become celebrated in our mili- 
 tary annals; and his history is inextricably interwoven with that of the 
 brave and gallant regiment who bore him triumphantly through the field of 
 strife. 
 
 The Ninth Regiment was located at Little Rock, in December, 1804. A 
 
580 
 
 niSTORY OF wiscosaiN. 
 
 portion of tlio ri',2;im('nt liad hoon rausterod out; and tho roinaindor wore 
 consolidat(>d as an indepeiulont battalion, iindor tlio command of Licut.-Col. 
 Jacobi. Tlioy romaini'd at Littlo Hock nntil tho cIosl' of tlin war; tin; only 
 operation boini,' an expedition to the Saline Uiver in January, 18(i5. In 
 June the command proceeded to Camden, one Inmdred miles south of Little 
 Uock, where they remained until An','\i.st, when they return(!d overland, 
 occiii)ying their old ijuarters at Little lloek. Tho Independent liattalion 
 remained on duty until February, ly'i*!, when they returned to WLsconnin, 
 and were mustered out. Tho Tenth UeLfimcnt, in October, 180.J, were in 
 ]iart transferred to the Twenty-first Ilegiment; and tho remainder retmiiod 
 liome to Wisconsin, and were mustered out. Tlioso who wore taken pris- 
 oners at Cliickamauga remained in rebel prisons thirteen months; and somo 
 were not exchanged till March, 1805. 
 
 Tho Kleveutli Ile<Timont, in January and February, 1805, were ennjaged 
 in building fortifications at IJrashear City, one hundred men being detailed 
 daily for that piu'poso. On the 20th of February, they left for New Orleans, 
 were assigned to the thinl brigade, and designed to ojierate against the city 
 of Mobile. On the 9th of March tho Sixteenth Corps embarkeil for Mobile, 
 and reached Dauphin's Island on the 11th. Proceeding up Fish Uiv(tr, and 
 thence to Itlakely, the regiment acted as guard to the, train, while the main 
 column of the .Sixteenth .\rmy Corps joined in the investment of .Spanish 
 Fort. On the ;!d of April marched to the support of Gen. Steele at iJlake- 
 ly, and took position in the investment of the place. In the battle that 
 took place at Hlakely, tho Eleventh took an active part, succeeded in break- 
 ing tho rebel lines, and were the first to jilant their flag upon tho works. 
 In this engagement, Lieut. A. II. MoDiinald was highly commended for his 
 gallantry in a hand-to-liand fight before tho enemy's works. He h.ad noth- 
 ing but his sword, and succeeded in felling several of his foes, when he was 
 shot in the thigh, and wounded in the shoulder. h\ this engagement tho 
 regiment lost twenty-one killed, and forty wounded. After the capture o£ 
 Blakely, the regiment marched to Jlontgomery, Ala., where it remained, 
 doing garrison-duty, until July 2:5, when it returned to Jlobile, and was 
 assigned to provost-guard-dnty, till mustered out on the 5th of September, 
 when the regiment embarked for home, reai'hing Madison on the 18th of Sep- 
 tember, were welcomed at tho dejxit by (Jlov. Lewis, but declined a public 
 reception as they were much fatigued, and desired to reach home. 
 
 The Twelfth IlegimiMit left .Savannah, Ga., on the 4th of January, 1805, 
 and proceeded witii the Seventeenth Corps to Heaufort, S.C, on the i:!th. 
 The next day they marched six or seven miles, and engiiged the enemy, 
 driving them back to their works. On the 20th, the regiment moved to 
 Salkehatchic, where they had a heavy skirmish with the enemy, and pro- 
 ceeded on till tho 11th of February, when the enemy made a stand at 
 Orangeburg, and engaged our troops. They marched in line of battle, and, 
 charging upon the rebels, drove them out of the town. Procr -ding on their 
 way, they pas.sed Cherawand Fayetteville, and arrived atGe' '-oorongh on tho 
 24th of Marcli. They remained in camp till the 10th of April, when they 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSrif. 
 
 581 
 
 joiiiod in the advance towards Ualoigh in pursuit of Gen. Johnston's army. 
 It is not noccssary to reiterate tlio particulars of tlio surrcndor of tlio rebel 
 (jeneral, or the subsequent action of the lioroes of tlie " ^rand inarcli," fur- 
 ther than to say, that, after tlie surrender, tile Seventeenth Corps proceeded 
 to Washiuston by way of Kichmond, and was present at tho grand review 
 at the national capital, soon after which the regiment was ordered, with 
 other Westi.'rn organizations, to Louisville, where it was mustered out, and 
 came homo about tho 20tli of July, 1805, when it w.is disbanded and 
 paid off. 
 
 Tlie Thirteenth Regiment, on tho 20th of March, were assigned to the 
 second brigade; and Col. Lyon resumed the command. They proceeded by 
 rail to Knoxville, in East Teiniessee, on their way to Virginia ; thence 
 they marched, by way of Newmarket and IJull's CJap, to Jonesborougli. On 
 the 20tli of April they received news of Lee's surrender, and President Lin- 
 coln's as.-iassination. Tlio corps were ordered back to XashviUe; and on 
 tho 20tli the regiment left Jonesborough, and proceeded to that city by way 
 of Chattanooga, arriving on the 22d. 
 
 Hero those men whoso terms expired on the 5th of October were dis- 
 charged ; and a part of the Twenty-fourth Wisconsin was assigned to the 
 Tliirteenth, to complete their term of - -rvice. On the ICth of June the 
 Thirteenth proceeded, by way of the Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi Uivers, 
 to New Orleans and to Chahnette. In July the regiment embarked for 
 Texas, and arrived at Indianola on the Itth, from which place they went to 
 Green Lake. They remained in this camp until Sept. 11, having suffered 
 much from sickness produced by the heat of the climate and the lack of a 
 vegetable diet. Many died here who had gone through the wliole war 
 without being sick. On tho 11th the brigade started on a march of a 
 hundred and forty-five miles, to .San Antonio, arriving on tho 21tli of Septem- 
 ber, and went into camp, wlK.'re they remained until orders came, in Novem- 
 ber, to muster out the regiment, to proceed to Madison to bo discharged 
 from service. Col. Lyon's term of service having expired, ho left for 
 Wisconsin on the 10th of September; and the command d(!volvcd on Major 
 Noyes. On the 2"th of November the regiment began its march to Indi- 
 anola, a hundred and sixty miles, and from there embarked for New 
 Orleans, which place they reached on the 1.3th of December, steamed up 
 the Mississippi, reached Madison on the 23d, and were discharged fro^"- 
 service on tho 20th of December, 1805. 
 
 Tho Fourteenth Regiment left Eastport, Miss., on the 3d of January, 
 1805, and arrived on the 11th. On the ISth an expedition to Corinth 
 routed out the rebel Gen. Ross's brigade from that place, and returned to 
 Eastjwrt on the 22d. On the 8th of February the division left that place 
 on transports, disembarked at Vicksburg, and proceeded to New Orleans, 
 where they arrived on the 22d of February. Taking part in the operations 
 against Mobile, they left New Orleans on tho 12th of ilarch, proceeded to 
 Dauphin Island in Mol)ile Bay, debarked eight miles up Fish River, and, 
 on the 27th, invested Spanish Fort. From this time the Fourteenth was 
 
582 
 
 niHTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 constantly rti.craged ns skirinishors nnd Hhiirp.shootors until tho surrondor 
 of Spaiiisli l''ort, and tlm evacuation of Mobile, sustaining cunsidcrabln loss. 
 On till' Dili oC Ajuil Hicy marolicd to Itlakcly, and tlicncc to jrontironinry, 
 Ala., wliero tlioy arrivod, and went into camp on tlic 2;til. On tlin 'J7th 
 of Au<,'iist they moved to Mobile; and, on the Otli of October, tliey wero 
 mustered out by reason of their servic(^s being no longer required. They 
 returned to Wisconsin, and wore disbanded. 
 
 Tlic Fifteenth lleginient was mustered out by companiea in 1804 and 1805, 
 the last company on the l:ith of February, 18(J."). 
 
 Tho iSixteenth Uej;iment returned home on the expiration of their term 
 of service, on tho 10th of August, 1805. Tlioy were paid, and tho regiment 
 disbanded. 
 
 Tiie Seventeenth Regiment left Savannah in .January, 1805, and -wero 
 ordered to rendezvous at Sti!venson, Ala., on the l.'ith. Thence they moved 
 to Nashville; and the various commands were organized in three l)rigades, 
 all of wliich embarked on steamers en rniitn to join their commands in .Sher- 
 man's army by w,4y of the Cumberland and Ohio Rivers, anil proceeded, by 
 way of Pittslmrg and the Pennsylvania ('entral Railroad, to Annapolis, wliero 
 they took steamers, and proceeded to lieaufort, N.C., arriving there on the 
 8th of February, 1805, whence they moved by rail to Newbern on the 12th. 
 
 On their arrival, (ien. Meagher assumed command of the provisional divis- 
 ion. He was relieved from duty on tin; "Jd of March. Reaching Goldsljorough 
 on the 2l8t of March, the forces of (ien Sherman made their appearance, 
 ■when tho provisional division was broken up by that general's order, and 
 the members sent to their respective regiments. In this provisional division, 
 about a thousand AVisconsin men were incorporated, including tlie veterans 
 of the Eighteenth Regiment, and accompanied it on tin; march to Raleigh. 
 After the surrender of Johnston, they proceeded to Richmond and Wash- 
 ington, where they took part in the grand review of the troojis of (ien. 
 Sherman in May, and thence proceeded to Louisville for niuster-cut. They 
 loft that city on tho 11th of July, and reached Madison ,on tho 17th, rtliero 
 they were publicly received and paid olT, and tho regiment disbanded. The 
 veterans of the Eighteenth Rogimi'nt moved from Alihvaukee, .and reached 
 Kashville on the 11th of January, 1805. They proce(Mled to Cincinnati, and 
 by rail to I'ittsburg and Raltimore, where tliey embarked on steamers on 
 the 2d of February, and arrived at Beaufort. On tho 8lh they took cars to 
 Newbern, wliero they encamped till tlio last of March, when they joined tho 
 forces of (ion. Sherman at (ioldsl)orougli, and rejoined their comrade ■ of tho 
 first brigade of third division. Fifteenth Army Corps. Tliey accompanied 
 the subsequent movements of Gen. Sherman to Raleigh, whence, iiftor 
 tho surrender of Johnston, they moved with the corps, byway of Richmond, 
 to Washington, taking part in the grand review. They then proceeded to 
 Louisville, and wi>rc mustered out on tho 18th of July, and reached Madison 
 on the 2!Jlh, where they were publicly received, and disliandod. 
 
 The Nineteenth Regiment, on the 2d of April, 1805, wero engaged in 
 picket-duty on the lines iu front of Richmond. The regiment was connected 
 
084 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCOySIS. 
 
 with tlin (hiril division of tlin Twoiity-fourth Army Crirps. On tlio 3il of 
 April tli(! tlivision was onliTPil to assiiult tin' crii'inyN woiks in I'Miit of 
 Rii'linKiiul. Tlio ailviuicf coniiniMiced :it d:iyli','iit, tlio Xim-toiMitli lii'iiiir the 
 third ri'ufiinciit in coliiniii, and entered tli(! city about eitjlit o'eloek, a.m. 
 Lieut. -Col. V.TMLflin I'luMti'd tlKM'olors of the ri'iiini'Mt u|ion the City Ilnll, 
 lieint; the first retfiui'ntal culors raised in the eity liy the ciiiiiiu"riin; forces 
 of the Union. The r"L;ini ^nt was place.! on [irovost-iluty in tiie city, and 
 continued until the 28th of April, when it moved t;i Frodericksbin;,', Va., 
 and ordered on duty until the 2Uh of July, when it procoedi'il to War- 
 rputon, and cnifai^'d In provost-duty, and remained until the 1th of Ansjiist. 
 The rejfiin.'ut \v;is llien sent to IJichiiioud, where it was inust"red out of 
 service on the ilth, and on the same day ordered to report at ^l idisun, \Vis. 
 It arrived at that place on th(( l.'ith, and was paid, and received linal dis- 
 charge on the 27th of August, ISO.j. 
 
 The Twentieth ll"i;im"nt moved from their camp at Xavy Cove, on 
 Jlobilu I'oint, on the 8Hi of March, IHii-j, and took part in the movements 
 of (ien. Canhy. On tiie 2<ith, thi'y marched out si.-: miles, ni^ar the .Spaidsh 
 Fort, and in a skirinisii had seven men wounded. They remained in tho 
 lines before this place until April !), when, tho enemy h.iving abandoned 
 the fort, tho regiment entered. Here they were stationed tmtil tho 21st 
 of April, when they marched to IJIakely, and, moving do\n tho rivor, 
 camp'.'d near ^[obile. Th.it city surrender' d on the 12th of April, thus 
 clositig the Rebellion in the Valley of tho Mississippi. Tlie regiment re- 
 mained U'ar Mobile until tho 22d of June, when five comjanies embarked 
 at Mobil;.', and proceeded to G.dveston, Tex., arriving on the U.")th. They 
 were joined by tho other wing on the 28th. Here they were employed in 
 g.'irrison and guard duty until July 1 1, when they were mustered out. On 
 tho 17tli the regiment eml)arke<l for home. Arrived at Madi,-;on on tho 
 TOth of July, and were paid off and di.sbanded on tlio !)th of August. 
 
 The Twenty-first Uegiinent, on tho lllh of March, 180.5, encamped at 
 Fiiyetteville, on Capo Fear Uiver. Leaving that place, tliL'y were in tho 
 advance brigade, which encountered the enemy in force on the inth of March, 
 near Tieutonville. In this sharp engagement, which was tlio Last of Sher- 
 man's battles, tho Twenty-first took an active part. They lost five killed, 
 and twenty-fivo wounded. The enemy having retired, tho regiment moved 
 to Goldsborough, which place thcyent"red on tlie 23d of March, thus closing 
 the memorable campaign in the Caroliuas. 
 
 On tho loth of April the regiment joined in the campaign to Raleigh, 
 and on the llJth was the first brigade of infantry which entered the city. 
 Tho flag of the Tweutj'-first was placed upon the Capitol, where it floated 
 until the first brigade left tho city. During tho negotiations between 
 Sherman and Johnston, tho Twenty-first formed tho extreme left of Sher- 
 man's army. On tho 28th of April, tho war being announceil as closed, 
 the Twenty-first, with its corps, commenced its march home, and proceeded 
 to Richmond and Washington, and went into camp on the Potomac. In tho 
 grand review of the armies at Washington, the Twenty-first participated : 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 685 
 
 no roffimont in the Fourtcoiith Corps commandod morn nttpntlon for lis 
 wililicily ln'iiriiii; ami fiiii' iippciiriiiici'. On the Idtli oC Aww tlii'y li'ft for 
 Mil\v:iiil>ct', passiiijr tlniiiitfli rittslmrK, Clcvi'liiiid, iiml (iniml lliivcii. On 
 till' ITtli iif .lunc, at .Milwiinkcc, twi) yi'ars, iiiin' imintlis, luiil twclvis (liiys 
 nftiT licin;; inusti'ri'il into tlio McrviriMif tlm Cnilcil StiitcH, llw oHictTS iiiid 
 men WITH li(>n(>riil>ly ilisclmrfrod. Of iiino huiulri'd ami sixty men who left 
 the Stiiti" ill fhi' ic^fiiiipiit, (inly two hniuh-cii ami sixty ri'turncd witii it. 
 
 The history of the 'I'wfiity-.sccoml I!('j,'inii'nt was clnsid up in acpount of 
 opcratidiis of IStll, '\'\ii\ n'p;iniciit was mnstiTcd out in .luuo, 18(15, and, 
 rcturnini; to Wisconsin, was ])aid and disbandt'd. 
 
 Till! Twenty-third liefjinieMt reiiiaiiwd at llideiia, Ark., until the 2.3d of 
 February, ISI!."), at whicii date they were placed on traiis[iort.s, and proceeded 
 south, reaching New f)rlean.s on the 27th, and encani|)(Ml at Al.;;iers. On 
 the 1st of Mari'li they moved to Ilicl;ox's Landin^j, on LaUe I'outohartrain, 
 to unite with llie forces desisjiied for Ui<' reduction of Moldle. They readied 
 Spanish Fort on the 27th of March, and took posiliop with the brigade, 
 und on tlie IJllth were ordered on an expedition toward Ithikejy. In tiio 
 final assault, they acted as sui>port to the attacking colnnin. After the cap- 
 ture of that iilace, they crossed the bay, and encamped five miles below 
 Mobile. On the Itli of July the Twenty-tliird was mustered out of service, 
 and tlie next day set out for Wisconsin, arrivinj; at Madison on the 10th. 
 On the 2Hh they were paid, and formally disbanded. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth Kegimeiit left Ilnntsville, Ala., on the 28th of March, 
 and proceeded to Hull's Gap, Fast Teiin., on the 31st, and from tiienco to 
 Blue .Springs, where they were employed in repairing the railroad. There 
 the news of Lee's surrender and Lincoln's assassination was received, when 
 orders were given to return. On the liltli of April they returned to Hull's 
 Gap, and from thence proceeded to Nashville, and went into camp four 
 miles north of that city, where they remained until mustered out of service, 
 on the 10th of iFuiie. On the loth they reached Milwaukee, ^Vis., where 
 they were shortly afterwards paid, and formally discharged. 
 
CHAPTER LV. 
 
 Wisconsin's war eecord. 
 
 Events of I860, continued — Conclusion o£ War History — Hattle-Field Echoes — 
 Wisconsin's Name and Fauio. 
 
 The Twenty-fifth Reffiment moved on the 3d of January, 1805, through 
 Savannali, and embarked for Beaufort, S.C., where th^y encamped. On 
 the 13th commenced the march tlirougli the Carolinas. This march lias been 
 given in the history of other regiments; and the experience of the Twenty- 
 fifth differed only in a few particulars from others. On the 23d of February, 
 they crossed Neuse River, and entered (joldsbovough. On the route thfy had 
 a number of skirmishes, and lost a few men. Ou the lOtii of April tiiey 
 joined in the advance of the army towards Raleigh, where they arrived on 
 the 14th. On the surrender of Johnston's army, joining in the homeward 
 march, they reached Richmond on the 13th of May : continuing their march, 
 they crossed the I'otom.ic, at AVa.sliington, on the 'Jlth of May, and took part 
 in the grand review of Sherman's army; after which they encamped at 
 Crystal Springs, where the regiment was mustered out of service in the 7tli 
 of June, and set out for liomc, arriving at Madison on the 11th, whore tliey 
 ■were shortly afterwards paid off, and the regiment disbanded. 
 
 The Twenty-sixth Regiment, in January, 18(i.j, marched witii the third 
 division to the assistance of Kilpatrick's cavalry, and at the engagement at, 
 Avcrysborough, ou the lOtliof March, lostoleven killed, and twelve wounded. 
 With the rest of the ami}', the regin\ent reached (toldsborougli on the 'Jlth, 
 and went into camp. Taking part in tiie stibseipient movements of Gen. 
 Sherman, they proceeded to Raleigh, and on tlie surrender of Oen. John- 
 ston, with the Twentieth Corps, moved to Richmond, tiicnce to Washington, 
 where they took part in the grand review, in May. Leaving Washington ou 
 the 13th of June, tliey .irrivcd at Milwaukee on the 17th, and W(>re enthusi- 
 astically received liy the citizens of that jilace. After passing through the 
 principal streets, they proceeded to Turners' Hall, where n splendid bancpiet 
 was prepared for them by the (;<'rman citizens. They wore welcomed by 
 Gov. Salomon, and. after inarching to Camp Washburn, were paid off, and 
 discharged on the 2!)th of Junj, ISO.j. 
 
 The Twenty-seveutti Uegimeut, ou the 7th of February, 1805, left Little 
 
 fi86 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 587 
 
 Bock, Ark., on transports, and, passing down the Arkansas and Mississippi 
 Rivers, reached Algiers, opjiosite New Orleans, en the 12th, from wlience 
 they re-embarked on the 20th, and arrived at Navy Cove, on Mobile Bay. 
 Accompanying the forces of CJimi. Caul)y, they left on the 17th of March, 
 and on the 27th took position in the trenches before Spanish Fort. Here 
 they were occupied in the usual duties until the termination of the siege. 
 The enemy evacuated the Fort on the night of the 8th of April ; and the 
 next morning the regiment proceeded to Fort Blakely, before which they 
 arrived in time to witness its capture by the forces under Gen. Steele. 
 The regiment subsequently moved to Whistler's Station, where they rejoined 
 the brigade, and encamped. Remaining till the 10th, they marched sixty 
 miles up the Tombigbee River, to Mcintosh's Bluff, where they were engaged 
 in building fortifications. The surrender of Dick Taylor's army rendered 
 further occupation of the post unnecessary; and the regiment, on the 9th of 
 May, proceeded by transports to Mobile, at which place they remained until 
 the Ist of June, when they again embarked, and proceeded through the 
 Gulf to Brazos Santiago, Tex., where they arrived on the Cth of June. 
 They marched subsequently to Clarksville and to Brownsville, where they 
 •were mustered out of service, and set out on their return homo on the 29th. 
 Reaching New Orleans on the 5th of September, and ascending to Cairo, 
 they took the cars, and arrived at Madison on the ]7th of September, where 
 the regiment were shortly after paid off and disbanded. 
 
 The Twenty-eighth Regiment left Pine Bluff on the 22d of .January, 1805, 
 accompanied Gen. Carr to Mount Elba, on the Saline River, marching seven- 
 ty-five miles, and started on their return to Little Rock on the 30th, 
 reaching camp on the 4th of February. On the 11th they embarked on 
 transports, reaching Algiers on the Hith, and, re-embarking, landed on 
 Mobile Point, wliere the regiment was assigned to the third brigade, 
 third division. Thirteenth Army Corps. Taking part in the movement 
 against Mobile, on tlio 17th of March, the Twenty-eighth marched to Fish 
 River, and on the 27th took position before Spanish Fort, where tiiey re- 
 mained, engaged in siege and picket duty, until the evacuatinu on April 8, 
 The next day they proceeded to Blakely, reaching there too late to take a 
 part in its capture. The movements of the regiment after the capture con- 
 sisted in the occupation of Mcintosh's Bluff. They left on the 0th of May, 
 and proceeded to Mobih-, whi^re they embarked, and arrived at Brazos San- 
 tiago June 0. On the 10th, they marched to Clarksville, and, on the 3d of 
 August, to Biownsville, where tliev were nuistered out of service. Kmbark- 
 ing on transports on the 23d of August, they reached Madison on the loth 
 of September, where, on the 23d, they were paid off, and disbanded. 
 
 The Twenty-ninth Regiment left Port Hudson July 29, 1801, and moved 
 on transports to Morganziii. On the 3d of September they proceeded to 
 St. Chillies, whi>re they remained until Oct. 23. From this time till Nov. 
 12, they were on an expedition to IJuvall's lUuif; returning from which, 
 they moved to AVliito River on an expi'dition for the capture of nniles 
 for the quartcrm.aster's department, and they were engaged in sundry 
 
688 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 expeditions, until tlie 20th of December, when they removed to Slemphi^. 
 The refjiniput was coiuipctfd witli Gen. Canby's forces, mid, with tlio force, 
 proceeded to Daiipliin Island, near Mobile, whfre they piirticipatod in the 
 general movement, and advanced to Spanish Fort, l^re they remained 
 imtil April ."5, when they took po.sition with the forces besieging Ulakely. 
 In this engagement at lilakely, the Twenty-ninth did not participate, as 
 they were on tlie return from the Spanish Fort at the time. On the 12tb 
 of April the regiment was the second to enter the long-beleagured city. 
 Pursuant to orders, tlio Twentj'-nintli embarked at Mobile, and arrived at 
 Kew Orleans on the 00th, and thence to Shrcveport, La., arriving there 
 June 8, On the 22d they were mustered out of service, and embarked 
 on transports, liomeward bound. On the 13th of July tlicy reached Madi- 
 son, where the regiment was paid off, and formally disbanded. 
 
 The Thirtieth Regiment were at Lo\iisville, Ky., in January, 1805, and 
 ■were engaged in detachments during the summer, doing guard-duty at the 
 military prison, and other work; and on tiie 2l)th of September were mus- 
 tered out, and started homeward, arriving at Madison on the 2j11i, when 
 they were disbanded. 
 
 The Thirty-first Regiment, on the ISth of January, 180,"), crossi>d the Sa- 
 vannah River, and rejoined its division at I'arisburg, S.C, twenty-five miles 
 distant from Savannah. Owing to rains, they were water-bound until the 28th. 
 The regiment marched with the army through South Carolina, doing its 
 share in burning and destoying, tearing up railroads, and similar duties, to 
 drive back the enemy's rear-guard. On tlie 10th of March they took posi- 
 tion in the front, at the battle of Averysborough, and were under fire until 
 night. They lost two men killed, and ten woundi'd. On the Iflth the 
 Thirty-first was at the battle of Bcntonville, in which ten were killed, and 
 forty-two wounded. The regiment reached Goldsborough on the 21th of 
 March, having been on the tramp sixty-five days, twenty-three of which the 
 rain fell without cessation, many of them barefoot, and often hungry for 
 twenty-four hours. On the 10th of April the army was again in motion, 
 in the direction of Raleigh, when they heard of the surrender of Johnston 
 to Gen. Sherman. The regiment went into camp at Raleigh. On the IlOth 
 of April the Twentieth Army Corps started for Washington, passing 
 through Richmond, Va., on the 11th, and arrived at Alexandria Jlay 20. 
 '^)u the 21th the}' took part in the grand review at Washington. On the 
 2d of June they were onh-reJ to Louisville, where quarters were assigned 
 to them. Six companies were mustered out, to date from ifunc 20, and left 
 for Madison June 21, They were paid off, and went to their homes July 8, 
 180.5. The remaining com[ianies remained in camp until .fuly H, and were 
 mustered out, reaching Madison on tho 12th. niid were paid off and dis- 
 charged July 20, 180.'). 
 
 The Thirty-second Regiment left Pocotaligo, S.C, on the .30th of Janu- 
 aiy, 180."), on which day the " grand march" through the Carolinas was 
 commenced. On the 1st of February, the regiment, with the division, took 
 part in the battle at Rivers Bridge, on the Salkahatchie, in which the regi- 
 
690 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ment had eleven killed, and thirty-eight wounded. They also took part in 
 the engagement at Binnakor's Bridge, losing one killed, and six wounded. 
 The regiment was engaged in skirmishing, and had engagements near 
 Cheraw and at Fayotteville with small losses. They also took part in the 
 battle at Bentoiiville, where two were killed, and twenty-three wounded; 
 and were engaged, also, in the advance from Goldsborough on the 10th of 
 April, on Raleigh, from which place they marched fifteen miles in a westerly 
 direction, returning on the 27th of April to Raleigh. After the surrender 
 of Johnston's army, with the Seventeenth Corps they marched to Richmond, 
 on their way homeward; thenco to Alexandria, where they camped until 
 the 23d of May, when they moved to Washington, and took part in the 
 grand review of Sherman's army, and were mustered out on the 12th of 
 June. The same day they commenced the journey to Wisconsin, arriving 
 at Milwaukee on the 10th of June, where they were paid and disbanded. 
 
 The Thirty-third Regiment, with the forces of Gen. Smith, reached Clif- 
 ton, Tenn., on the 2d of January, 1805. From this point, they proceeded 
 by transports to Eastport, Miss. , and were detailed to guard the transporta- 
 tion train to Savannah, Tenn. The roads being in a bad condition, they 
 were greatly delayed in tiieir progress. AVith six companies, Lieut.-Col. 
 Lovell succeeded in getting a portion of the train to Savannali; and Major 
 Virgin, with the other companies, took the balance of the train to Grand 
 View. At the.se places they found transports, and reached Eastport on the 
 14th of January. The command left this place on the 0th of February, 
 and proceeding down the Tennessee, Gliio, and Mississippi Rivers, 
 reached Vicksburg, where they went into camp. They re-embarked on the 
 20th, and proceeded to New Orleans, thence to Dauphin Island, near Mo- 
 bile, thenco to Cedar Point and Spanish Fort, where, on the 27lh, they drove 
 the enemy into his intrenchments. The regiment assisted in the capture of 
 Spanish Fort, and was the first regiment to enter the main fort, where it 
 took two Napoleon guns and a number of prisoners. In the operations be- 
 fore Mobile they had nine killed, and twenty-three wounded. On the 9th, 
 they moved to Blakely, and were held in reserve during tiie assault. After 
 the capture, they moved to Montgomery, Ala., thence to Tuskegee, where 
 they remained till the 19th of July, wiien they returned to Montgomery. 
 They were ordered to proceed to Vicksburg for muster out, where they 
 arrived July 31. Here tliey were mustered out of service on the 8lh of 
 July, and, embarking for home, reached Madison Aug. 14, where they 
 were soon after paid off, and formally disbanded. 
 
 The Thirly-fourtli Regiment was mustered into the government service 
 for nine montlis. The mustering was completed on the 3Lst of December, 
 1802; and the regiment left tlie State Jan. 31, 1803. After spending their 
 time in garrison and fatigue duty, they returned to Camp Washburne, and 
 were mustered out on the 8th of September. 
 
 Tlie Thirty-fifth Regiment removed from Duvall's Bluff, Ark., on the 
 7th of February, 1805, to Algiers, La. , and encamped. On the 22d of 
 February they embarked, with Gen. Cauby's forces, for Mobile Point, and 
 
UrSTORT OF WrSCONSTlf. 
 
 591 
 
 on the 17th of March commenced the march to Spanish Fort, taking posi- 
 tion in the front of the fort on the 2"th, and were engaged in siege and 
 fatigue duty until the evacuation on tlie 8th of April. The next day they 
 proceeded to Fort IJlakely, but did not arrive in time to participate in the 
 attack. Crossing Mobile Bay, they moved to Whistler's Station, thence to 
 Mannahubba Bluff, and on the 2(lth to Mcintosh's Bluff on the Tombigbee 
 River, and were engaged in building fortifications. On the surrender of 
 Dick Taylor's forces, tiioy proceeded to Mobile, arriving June 1, and thence 
 to Brazos Santiago and Brownsville, opposite JIatamoras, where they re- 
 mained till about March 1, 1800, when orders were received for muster out 
 of service, and return home. 
 
 Tiio Thirty-sixth Regiment, with the Second Corps, on the 5th of Febru- 
 ary, 1805, moved near Hatcher's Run, and met the enemy. In the battle at 
 Dabney's Mills, they were exposed to a heavy artillery fire, in which they 
 had two men killed, and three woimded. Crossing Hatcher's Run, the corps 
 formed in line of battle, advanced, and occupied the enemy's first line of 
 works, and next day advanced to the second lino, and occupied them. Tho 
 regiment participated in the movement before Petersburg, and tlie surrender, 
 with the Second C'ori)S. Tho Thirty-sixth joined in th(! pursuit of Lee, and 
 on the 0th of April had the satisfaction of being present at the sarrondor 
 of the entire army near Appomattox Court House. After tho surrender, 
 tliey returned to Burkesvillc, where most of the captured officers returned 
 to the regiment; and on the 2d of ilay tliey started for Washington by the 
 way of Richmond, participating in tho grand review of the Army of tho 
 Potomac, Juno 17. Tliey subsequently left for Ix)uisvillo, Ky., where they 
 arrived on the 21st, and went into camp at Jeffersonville. The regiment 
 was mustered out of service on the 12th of July, and arrived at JIadison on 
 the Mth, where tiicy were paid and finally discharged. 
 
 Tlie Thirty-sovi'iitii Uegimeiit, with the first brigade, on the 2d of April, 
 1805, raarciied and formed in front of Fort Sedgwick, from wiiicli place they 
 moved for Fort Malione, one of the enemy's strongest positions, and drove 
 the enemy out on the other side, and turned tlie guns of tlu; fort ujxjn tiieir 
 lato proprietors. Attempts were made dining the day by the ri.'bels to regain 
 possession, but unsuccessful. The next day the brigade proceeded toward 
 Petersburg and Richmond, and learned of their surrender. In tlie assault on 
 Fort Mahone, tlie regiment lost fifteen killed, and fifteen wounded. Re- 
 maining in the vicinity of Petersburg until the 2Utli of April, tho regiment 
 broke camp, moved to City Point, and took transports for Washington, ar- 
 riving on the 20th. They were present at the grand reviews on the 23d and 
 2 tth of May, and on tiie 20tli were mustered out of the United States ser- 
 vice, and enil)arked on tho cars for Wisconsin, reaching Madison on the .'list 
 of July, where they were publicly received by the State authorities, and 
 furloughed fifteen days, till their pay-rolls could be prepared, at the end of 
 which time they were paid off, and the regiment formally disbanded. 
 
 The Thirty-eighth Regiment were in the rifle-pits before Richmond in 
 the month of January, 1805. lu the assault on Fort Mohone, or " Fort 
 
592 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 l)ainii;ition "as it was iiicliiiaiuod, the Tliirty-oiglith liad cii^lit coinpanios 
 enguifi'd willi otluT n';;iinc'iits. Tlie fort was tak"ii, as r;'l'i'rri'd to in the 
 account of tlic 'I'liirty-st'vciitii Up;;iiiu'nt. Tho Tiiirty-ciLjhtli suHi'i-cd su- 
 veruly, iiaving si'VcntfL'n killi'd, and I'orty-scvi'n wonndi'd. TIr' records of 
 tliu adjiitaut-y;cncral show that fourtci'n were killiMl, or died of wounds in 
 the trenchos, and thiilccn wounded. On the kii tlio Tliirty-oiglilli moved 
 out on the Southsido Uaih'oad, in pursuit of the rebel army, capluriug many 
 prisoners. On the titli of ,]\\w, a part of tlie regiment (one year".s men) 
 were mustered out, and retnnu'd to Wisconsin. Tlie renuiiniler of tlio 
 regiment was on (hity at tiie arsenal during the trial and execution of tlio 
 iissassinatioii conspirators, and on the ^Otii of July were mustered out of 
 service, and started for Madison, where they were paid oil' and discharged 
 on the 11th of August, 1805. 
 
 The Thiity-niiith, Fortii'th, and Forty-first llegimonts were known as tlio 
 one-lumdred-day regiments. Their services have been referred to. They 
 returned home in the fall of 18(J1. 
 
 The Forty-second Uegiment were engaged in Southern Illinois; and a por- 
 tion of them were; employed at S[iringtield in provost-duty ; and the re- 
 mainder were detached to points in tiiat jiart of the Stat(! wlii're military 
 snrveiUaneo was necessary. The regiment returned, on tli(! expiration of 
 their term of service, to Madison, on the iiOth of June, ISIJo, and were soon 
 after mnsti'red out and disljanded. 
 
 The Forty-third Regiment left Nashvilli' on the 1st of J.inuary, ]S(j.j, and 
 moved to Ueekerd, T'enn., by rail, where six companies went into camp, and 
 four companies were detached to guard Elk-river Bridge. In the beginning 
 of June they returneil to Nashville, and wi-re mustered out of service on the 
 24tli of June. They soon after returned to Milwaukee, and were 4lisl)anded. 
 
 The Forty-fourth Regiment arrived at Nashville February, 180.5, and were 
 employed in post and guard duty. In March they procoedi.'d to Eastport, 
 Miss., from which place they returned to Nashville. ];mi)arking on tlio 
 Od of A]iril, they proceeded to Faducah, Ky., and were employed in [ucket- 
 duly until Aug. L'8, v.lien the regiment were mustered out of service, and 
 left on the 3Uth. They arrived at INladison on the 2d of September, where 
 they were paid and disl>andod. 
 
 The Forty-fifth Regiment, after leaving tho State, proceeded to Nash- 
 ville, Teiin., and were stationed there until the l"th of July, 1805, when 
 they weri; mustered out of service, and embarked for ^Vi.seonsin, where they 
 arrived on the 2:id, and were shortly after paid olf ami disbanded. 
 
 The Forty-sixth Regiment left tho State on the Olli of JIarch, 1SU5, and 
 proceeded to Louisville, Ky., arriving there on the lUth of !Murcli. From 
 thence they )iroceeded to Athens, Ala., arriving on the 21th. TIk! regi- 
 ment I'ligageil hi railroad guard-duty ou the Nasliville and Decatur Railroad 
 until the latter part of .^epti'inber, when they moved to Nashville, and wero 
 mustered out on the 27th, and set out for home, arriving at Jladison on tho 
 2d of October, w here they wero shortly afterwards ]iaid and disbanded. 
 
 Tho Forty-seventh Regiment was organized, and left the State ou the 
 
nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 698 
 
 27th of February, 1805. They arrived at Louisville on the 28th, whence 
 thoy procpeded to Nashville, Tenn., and thenco to Tulhilioaia. Here they 
 were employed in guard-duty until the latter part of August, wlien they 
 moved to Naahville, were mustered out, and returned to Wisconsin, arriving 
 at Madison Sept. 8, 1805, where tliey were paid and disbanded. 
 
 Tlie Forty-eigiith Ilegiment was organized in February and March, 1805. 
 Eiglit companies were mustered in, and left Milwaukee, March 22, to rejiort 
 at Benton Barracks, St. Louis, whence they proceeded to Paoli, Kan., 
 which place they reached on the 13th. Hero the regiment was broken up 
 in detachments; one company going to Lawrence, one to Olathe, two re- 
 mained at Paoli, and four were ordered to Fort Scott. Tlie other com- 
 panies left Milwaukee March 8, and marched to and reached Fort Scott 
 April 28. After the performance of the ordinary duties, the regiment pro- 
 ceeded to Lawrence, Kan., where tliey arrived on the 25th. Here they were 
 paid, and the men expected to be mustered out; but the exigencies of the 
 service demanded a force to escort the trains and mail through hostile Indian 
 country, and tlie regiment was ordered on that duty. The regiment, on 
 the 0th of September, commenced the march to Fort Zarah, two hundred 
 and fifty miles west of Lawrence. Two companies were left at that place; 
 and the other eight proceeded to Fort Lamed, twenty-eight miles farther 
 west, where headquarters were established, and two companies were sta- 
 tioned. Two companies were sent to Fort Dodge, sixty miles from Fort 
 Lamed; two companies to Fort Aubrey, one hundred and sixty miles from 
 Fort Lamed; and two companies to Fort Lyon, Col., two hundred and tea 
 miles from Fort Larned. 
 
 Four companies returned to Leavenworth in December, were mustered out 
 of service, and returned to Madison, Wis., on the 3d of January, 1800, 
 where they were paid and disbanded. The remaining companies were sub- 
 sequently mustered out at Leavenworth, the last of them arriving the latter 
 part of Jlarch, and were disbanded. 
 
 The Forty-ninth Regiment left the State on the 8th of March, 1805, pro- 
 ceeded to St. Louis, were sent to IloUa on the 13th, and were engaged in guard- 
 duty and as escort to trains. Here they remained until Aug. 1", 1805, when 
 they returned to St. Louis. Three companies were mustered out Nov. 1, 
 and the balance of the regiment on the 8th, when they returned to Madison, 
 where they were paid and disbanded. 
 
 The Fiftieth Ilegiment left Madison by companies in the latter part of 
 March, for St. Louis. From St. Louis they proceeded to Fort Leavenworth, 
 and were ordered to Fort Rice, in Dakota Territory, arriving Oct. 10, where 
 they were stationed up to Feb. 15, 1800. They shortly afterwards were 
 mustered out, and returned to AVisconsin. 
 
 The Fifty-flrst Regiment was organized at Milwaukee in the early part of 
 1805. It proceeded to Warrensburg, Mo., and was employed in guard- 
 ing the construction of a part of the Pacific Railroad. On the Uth of June 
 the Fifty-third Regiment (four companies) was consolidated with the Fifty- 
 first. The regiment returned to Madison on the 6th of August, 18G5, 
 
594 
 
 n/STORY OF wiscoys/N. 
 
 whi'ro tlipy wore mustcn-cd out by companies, completing tlio samo on tho 
 30tli. 
 
 Tlie I'ilty-second Uocjimniit nnvcr was fully rocruitoJ. Five companies 
 were musti'red into service, and were sent forward by comiianies to St. 
 Louis, in April, 1805. Tlie battalion was sent to Ilolden, on the Pauitiu 
 Railroad, and was employed in suardinff workmen on the railroad. It 
 moved to Leavenworth, Kan., in .Jinie, where it was assijjned to duty. Tho 
 battalion was nuistered out of service on the iSth of July, arrived at Madi- 
 son on the "Jcl of .Vu'^ust, and was ])aid and disbandi'd. 
 
 The Fifty-third Uesinient (four companies of wliicli were orsanized beforo 
 the order camo to discharge all unmustered recruits) were sent to St. Louis, 
 and tlienee to Leavenworth, Kan., where they were transferred to the Fifty- 
 first U"i;inient, by order of the war departnu lit, on the loth of June, 1805. 
 Tiiesi' eoMipanii'S were nuistered out with the Fifty-first Ilegiinent. 
 
 Tho First t'avahy spent the winter at Waterloo, Ala., where they re- 
 mained until JIarch 10, when they moved to Chickasaw, and took up their 
 line of march for the interior of Alabama. One battalion moved forward to 
 Centreville, where they capiurcl lifteen prisoners. On the 2d of April they 
 encounti'red .Tai-kson's division of ri'bel cavalry, and had a severe engage- 
 ment. After inarching some two miles, they arrived at .Selnia on lhi> 0th, 
 where they rejoined the main colunni. On the evening of the r.'th, they 
 occupied Montgoinerv, which was surrendered to the brigade. Passing 
 through Tuskegeo and Auburn, they reached Wi!St I'oint, Ga., on the 10th 
 of April. The Ijrigado assaulted and captured Foit 'J'yler, with its garrison 
 of two hinidi'cd men. The casualties at U'est I'oint were six killed, and 
 fifteen wounded. The last active! duty which the regiment was called uimn 
 to perform in the closing sceni's of the llebellion lias already become his- 
 toric, by its association with the capture of Jell'erson Davis, president of the 
 so-called .Southern Confederacy. It is not necessary to give a full account 
 of this atfair, more than to say that Lieut. -Col. ilarndcn went to meet Col. 
 Prilehaid of the Fourth .Michigan Cavalry, to inform him of the proximity 
 of the train of Davis, which he had pursued for a long distanci', and that 
 Ills command had gone forward in pursuit. Col. Ilarndi'u and his force con- 
 thiued the pursuit until nin(! o'clock, r..M., when ho halted, with orders for 
 an early start. At threu o'clock in tho morning. May 10, he proceeded 
 about a mile, when the advance guard was ordin-ed to halt by a I>arty of 
 men coneee.led behind trees. Supjiosing he had run upon rebel jiickets, they 
 attenipti'd to retreat, when a heavy volley was fired u[)on the party, wound- 
 ing three out of his seven men. It was soon found that tho opposing forco 
 was Col. Pritchard; and also that the latter, after his interview with Col. 
 Ilarnden, had selected a number of his best mounted men, pushed rapidly 
 forward on the run to Irwinville, which jilaco he reached before the arrival 
 of Davis and his train. He had then sent a small force, dismounted, around 
 to tho rear of the train; and, as he movc'd upon it with his principal forco 
 from the Irwinville side. Col. Ilarnden encountered his dismounted men, as 
 before related. While this unfortunate collision was in progress, a portion 
 of Col. IVitchard's force captured tho train. 
 
fi96 
 
 BISTOBT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 [1 1''^ 
 
 ilH 
 
 
 Tlie reward offered for the capture of Jeff. Davis waa subsequently divided 
 between the officers alluded to, and others of the party. Col. Ilamden re- 
 turned to Macon, and re-entered camp on the 13th of May. From Macon, 
 the regiment marched northward, and, on tlie 2d of June, arrived at Chat- 
 tanooga, and encamped on the 15th at Edgefield, Tenn., opposite Nashville, 
 Here the First Cavalry were mustered out of service on the 10th of July, 
 and shortly aft<irwards paid and disbanded. 
 
 The Second Cavalry were at Memphis the latter part of May, 1803, scout- 
 ing, when they were put upon the duty of guarding citizens from depreda- 
 tions of rebel soldiers and bushwhackers. 
 
 They were engaged in this duty until in June, when they were ordered 
 to report to Gen. Sheridan at Alexandria, La. On the 3d of July Col. 
 Stephens and the men whose terra expired Oct. 1, 1865, were mustered 
 out, embracing about two hundred men. The remainder of the regiment 
 moved from Memphis to Alexandria, thence by way of Jasper, Livingston, 
 and Swartwout, to Trinity River, thence to Danville, Montgomery, and 
 Hempstead, Tex., where they arrived on the 20th of July, after a march of 
 three hundred and ten miles in nineteen days. Here they were employed 
 in drilling and camp-duty until the 30th of October, when they commenced 
 their march to Austin, where they arrived on the 4th of November. They 
 were mustered out on the 15th, and on the 17th set out for home, arriving 
 at Aladison Dec. 11, 1805, and were paid off and disbanded. 
 
 The Third Cavalry were encamped at Little Rock in March, 1863. A 
 small detachment was sent to Clear Lake to capture a band of guerillas. 
 As they approached the canobrake, the guide treacherously gave a signal, 
 and disappeared. A volley of musketry assailed the head of the column. 
 Capt. Geisler fell, mortally wounded, with five gunshot wounds in his body, 
 and died the next day. The force of Capt. Geisler numbered about forty : 
 the force of the enemy in ambush was estimated at two hundred. The 
 detachment returned to Little Rock | and a larger force of cavalry was sent 
 out to secure the hoAy of Capt. Geisler, and capture the guerilla by whose 
 hand he was betrayed to his death. On the expiration of the term of ser- 
 vice of the original organization, the regiment, on the 10th of April, 1803, 
 was re-organized by order of the general commanding the department. One 
 battalion left Little Rock April 21, and proceeded to Duvall's Bluff, where 
 they remained until the 3d of June, when they proceeded down White 
 River, ana up the Mississippi to St. liOuis, thence to Rolla by rail, and 
 marched to Springfield. Here they remained until the 18th of July, when 
 they took their line of march to Fort Leavenworth, reaching there Aug. 2. 
 Here the battalion was mustered out on the 8th of September, and returned 
 home, arriving at Madison on the 14th, where they were paid and dis- 
 charged. Four companies were mustered out the 20th of September, at 
 Fort Leavenworth, and 'arrived at Madison Oct. 2. The varied character of 
 the services in which most of the companies of the Third Cavalry were en- 
 gaged, being stationed at various points in Missouri and Kansas, makes it 
 difficult to give much of their history. 
 
JIISTOItT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 097 
 
 Thp Fourth Cavalry, while on a foraging expedition in the early part of 
 March, liad two killed, and four wounded. With otlier cavalry forces, the 
 regiment was in the vicinity of Mobile when that city capitulated; after 
 which an expedition (including the Fourth Cavalry) proceeded through 
 Alabama into Georgia, and returned l)y the way of Montgomery, Ala., to 
 Columbus, Miss., whence they marclied across the State of Missi.s.sippi to 
 Vicksburg, where they arrive! on the 1st of June, having l)een seventy days 
 in the s.addle and on the march. On the SCitli of June, the regiment left 
 Vicksburg, and proceeded to Shreveport, on the Red Uiver, and on the Otli 
 of July look uj) their lino of march to Texas, and encamped at San An- 
 tonio. The regiment was in service on the 20th of March, 1800, with head- 
 quarters ut Ringgold Barracks, Texas, and not long after was mustered 
 out, anil returned home. 
 
 It has been tlie intention to give a brief account of the operations of the 
 AVisconsin regiments from their first musterlng-in to their final mustering- 
 out of the service; and, in doing so, abstracts have been taken from the 
 rejxirts of the adjutant-generals of the State, and the military hi.stories of 
 E. IJ. Quiner, Ksq., and Rev. W. I)e Loss Love. The history of the part 
 taken by Wisconsin in the war has found able writers in the gentlemen 
 referred to; and those desiring further and more particular informatioa 
 on this subject are referred to their valuable Histories. 
 
 Mr. Quiner, in the introduction to his work, justly says, — 
 
 " Wi-iconsiu may well feel proud of lior record made In tlio defence of the na- 
 tional CNi-iteucc. Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal State^ of the Union, 
 B^ie Ims .sliiiiil ill the front ranks. From her worksliops, her farm'*, and lier vast 
 prairle-t, have poured torlli the stalwart men who have lilled tip the organizations 
 wiiii'h she hat sent to the Hold. The liliiod o( those luave men ha* (benched 
 almost every hatlle-lield of the Ilclielliui, from Gettyshurg to the valley of the Ilio 
 Grande. K<tahli<hing at an early il.ay a reputation for gallantry and endnrauco, 
 ■Wiscousiu regiments alw.ays occupied positions where hard fighting was to bo 
 done; anil those who placed thoin there never were disappointed in their not per- 
 forming their whole duty." 
 
CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIUCHILD. 
 
 Event*oflfWV5 — f/>ixl-<lntion — Full Reports from tlio Slat« Imtitiiliims— Stativ 
 tiira — Tlio Soldiers' OrpliuiH' Home — I'uMio S'jrvices of Mrs. Hiirvcy. 
 
 On Monday, Jftii. 1, 1800, the newly-olcctod Stato officers woro inaugu- 
 rated, and entered upon their official duties. Gov. James T. Lewis retired, 
 and was succeed. d by Gen. Lucius Fairciiild, lato secretary of .state, who 
 was succeeded as secretary by Gen. Tiiomas .S. Allen. Hoth of tlieso gen- 
 tlemen fought nobly in the army duriiit; tiie Rebellion, the former losing an 
 arm at (iettysburg. Lieut.-(iov. Wynian Sjiooner was continued for 
 another term in the position which he had filled with so much dignity and 
 propriety. lion. S. D. Hastings retired from the office of state treasurer, 
 wliich he had held contimiously for eight years past, and was succeeded by 
 Hon. W. E. Smith, a gentleman who had iiad mucli legislative experience, 
 and was eminently qualified to transact the duties of liis office. Attorney- 
 Gen. Winfield Smith gave place to Col. Charles R. Gill ; and William U. 
 Ramsey, bank comptroller for four years past, was succeeded by Col. Jere- 
 miah M. Rusk. Col. J. G. McMynn was continued as superintendent of public 
 instruction. Cols. Gill, Rusk, and McMynn were officers in the recent war. 
 Mr. Henry Cordier was continued another term for state-prison commissioner. 
 
 The inauguration ceremonies took place on the evening of the 1st of Jan- 
 uary. The main floor and galleries of the as.sembly, where the ceremonies 
 were held, were densely packed at an early hour, with a very general repre- 
 sentation of public men from all parts of the State, and of the citizens of 
 Madison. At eight o'clock the outgoing and incoming officers entered the 
 hall in a body, when Gov. Lewis read a valedictory address. At its conclu- 
 sion Gov. Fairchild appeared, and took the oath of office, whicli was admin- 
 istered by Chief Justice Dixon of the Suiireine Court, after which the gov- 
 ernor delivered his inaugural address. Subsequently, the several State 
 officers elect came forward separately, and took the oath of office, which was 
 administered to each separately by Chief Justice Dixon. " The State Jour- 
 nal," referring to the administration of Gov. Lewis, says, — 
 
 "The a<luiiDistratlon which lias just expired has had the direction of the affairs 
 of Stale durhig a period of the greatest dilliculty and trial. It lias been coni- 
 6»8 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 509 
 
 polled to MMtme grent re^pnnslhlllliei, nml to mnfront many pertilexlii); niid «m- 
 l)arrn'<«iiiiK protilfins. Tlio ImnU'iH Piitallccl liy ilio war liavo ciiiiniiiiiiHly In- 
 (ireftscil till! oxpi'iiiliMio'H of tim Slnto, niiil rnmloieil neee.HHury a r((ii()'<p(iiiillng 
 liK ri'iiso of tn\j>liiiii. Tlio iTudlt, of ilio Statu, niid llio Noiiiidiin^H of In I'lirri'iicy, 
 liavo lii'nii nt tiiiiiM ill t^i'ciit peril. At oii(> liinp a wiiln niiil cnlainiloii'i lliiiuii'inl 
 reviiNioii HwMiu'cl incvltaldn. Diirliif; tliu hossIoii of lH(l,'i, protialily a majority of 
 tlio liiisineis-iiieii of tlio Stalo rt';'arded n panic a< ilimvoidalilo, Kruwiii;? nut of 
 llie i'luiiiK<) from Stall) to National iiirrom y, wliidi would scrlomly ili-itiMl) tlie 
 ciirreiitM of trade, wliicli would iioi'iMsaiily liivolvn the peoplu 111 tlin lo>n of liun- 
 dredHiif tlnnHniids of dollars, wlilrli woiiM lai'Kul.v dnprorlatu tli« value of the 
 State lionds, anil liriii;{liaiikrupt('y and ruin upon many rill/.ens. Tliu-io lalami- 
 ties were ovcrti'il Ity the pnuiipt, llriii, and wise ni'tlon of tlio admliiiuration, 
 aided liy tlio Ii-Hi^laturo. fiiiv. lycwis, It is lielioved, retiron from tliii oxortitive 
 olllro with the res|H)rt and roiilldmiro of tliu whole pcii|do; and, in liii voluntary 
 retirement from piililii: life, ho will bo followed liy the esteem and Koud wUlies of 
 the people." 
 
 The nineteenth seHsion of tlie State lepfislature convened on the tenth day 
 of .Iiinuaiy, 180U, and adjourned on tlio iJth of April, holdiii;.j a .spssion of 
 nini'ty-three day.s. Tlio senatn was called to order by Lieut. -(lov. Spootu'r. 
 Frank M. Stewart wa.s clt'ctoil chief clerk, this heins; the fourth time he had 
 been chosen; and Nelson WiUiam.s was ro-electcd sergeant-at-anns. In the 
 assembly, Hon. II. I). IJarroii was elected speaker, E. W. Young chief clerk, 
 and M. L. Hammond sergeaut-at-arms. Gov. Fairchild, in his message, be- 
 gins by saying, — 
 
 "Our first duty Is to give thanks to Alinlghty Goil for nil Ills mercies during 
 the year that !•< pa-it. The jieople of no nation on earth have greater cause to be 
 tlmnUful than have our people. The oiioniios of the country have been over- 
 thrown In battle. The war has settled liiially preat questions at issue between 
 ourselves; and there seems to be an abundant reason to hope that a peaie which 
 shall never more be broken by internal strife is at Jcngth vouchsafed to us. 
 
 "The tinance« of our State," he remarked, "arc in a good condition. By the 
 timely and wise IcKislaiion of your predecessors, the llnancial panic which threat- 
 ened us the early part of last year was successfully avoided, our jieople were 
 saved from lo.is, and the State was enabled to pay promptly all demands against 
 It. Our credit is good, and our State debt so small, that it can ho easily paid 
 wlienover it is necessary." 
 
 The governor's message contained a tmmber of important recommenda- 
 tions. Among these may be classed the proposition to cancel the State 
 bonds now invested in the trust-funds, substituting unnegotiable certificates 
 of indebtedness in their place, and so to amend the constitution as to enable 
 the State to create a permanent debt to the trust-funds. The exigency 
 having passed which required the calling-in of dues to the school and 
 university funds, the governor recommends repealing the act of last year, 
 requiring their immediate payment. The recommendations respecting 
 assessments and taxation, the re-surveying of the swamp-lands, and a reform 
 in the auditing of accounts against the State, demand, he sayp careful and 
 early consideration. The revision of the statutes is recommei.Jcd, and the 
 fact that some six hundred amendments have been made since the lost 
 
600 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 revision quoted as an evidence of the necpssity for such a step. The com- 
 pletion of the Capitol, the acceptance of the Agricultural College grant, and 
 compliance with its terms, tlie nnlargemont of the Hospital for the Insane, 
 and the foundation of a home for soldiers' oi7)hans, are the most prominent 
 recommendations of the message. The message closes with a just and 
 eloquent tribute to the services of the brave and patriotic men by whose 
 Talor and sacrifices the Union has been maintained, and republican insti- 
 tutions perpetuated. 
 
 The following are some of the important measures passed at this session 
 of the legislature: — 
 
 An act to authorize the commissioners of school and university lands, 
 ■with the governor and superintendent of public instruction, to settle and 
 compromise certain indebtedness of the Stat?; to provide for the manage- 
 ment of the trust-funds of the State of ^Viscousin ; to provide a home for 
 the orphans of Wisconsin soldiers; to provide for completing tiie State 
 Capitol, and heating the same, and ai>prcririating one hundred and ten 
 thousand dollars for the same, to be paid in tlie years 1800 and 1S07; to 
 provide for the enlargement of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane, 
 and ninety-eight thousand il"e hundred dollars appropriated for tlio same; 
 to providi' for levying and colic ting a State t:ix, fur tlie year 1800, of ono 
 hundred tliousand dollars; to apportion the State into senate and assembly- 
 districts; to re-organize ami enlarge the Univorsity of Wisconsin, and to 
 authorize the County of Dane to iss-no bonds in ail therefor; to incorporate 
 the board of regents of normal schools, and to dcthie the duties thereof; to 
 amend the general law of 18.)0, entitli'd "An Act to prescribe and limit 
 the Rate of Interest;" to provide for the .sale of the 'Agricultural College 
 lands; to provide for a revision of the laws in relation to the assessment and 
 collection of taxes; to provide for the rebuilding oi the State Reform School, 
 destroyed by fire. 
 
 During the session, there were four hundred and seveniy bills introduced 
 in the senate, and six hundred and forty-four in the assembly; and there 
 have been five hundred and c'ghty-seven locrd and private laws, one liun- 
 dred and forty-six general laws, one bundled and t mi appropriations, seven- 
 teen memorials, and eight joint resolutions passed, making eight hundred 
 and sixty-seven enactments in all. Of the joint resolutions, three were for 
 instructing our senators and representatives in Congress to secure the 
 passage of acts of Congress at the earliest practical moment; giving their 
 approval and consent to certain routes for railroads in the State; one sub- 
 mitting the question of a constitutional convention to the peo'-le of the 
 State; one declaring it to bo the duty of Senator Doolittle t^ resign the 
 office of United States senator; and one in referenci! to an artesian well in 
 the Capitol park. The memorials were mainly for increased mail facilities, 
 ond for grants of lands for railroad purposes. 
 
 A stringent maximum freight-bill passed the assembly by a very large 
 majority, but failed to secure the concurr'Mice of tlie Senate. The latter 
 body passed a bill, mild and moderate in its terms, that likewise failed to 
 
602 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 receive the sanction of the assembly. By this disagreement between the 
 two houses, all legislation on the subject was defeated. 
 
 Reference has been had to a bill passed to provide a home for the orphans 
 of deceased soldiers. Some furtlicr account of this institution will be given. 
 The first bill for a soldiers' orplian home was introduced in the assembly 
 in 1805; but the law authorizing the present estr.blishment was enacted 
 recently, although the Home was opened Jau. 1, I'JOO, the necessary means 
 being contributed by private subscription. The IIcjTie was projected by Mrs, 
 C. A. P. Harvey, who conceived the idfa of converting the well-known 
 Harvey U.S..\. General Hospital into a home 'ii' the class of children ita 
 name indicates. This lady obtained ivr^f 'Acx- . 'irshall and Ilsley a prop- 
 osition to sell the property lying on th' ■ n. j^ake Menoua, formerly 
 the property of cx-Gov. L. J. Farwdl, at &, price of ten thousand dollars, 
 provided that tlie General Government would donate its share of the build- 
 ings and improvements made thereon (at a cost of about twelve thousand), 
 and provided, also, that it should be fitted up and furnished in readiness for 
 the orphans of soldiers from Wisconsin who ha\e died in the service during 
 the late Rebellion, such fitti':a'-up and furnishing to be done by private sub- 
 scriptions, and then as a whole donated to the .St-ite, in which the title .should 
 be vested; all with a view to its permanent establishment under the auspices 
 of the State, to be classed with its other benevolent and charitable institu- 
 tions. The plan li.aving been submitted to the secretaiy of war, by his 
 order possession was given to Jlrs. Harvey, subject to the conditions of 
 Messrs. Marshall and Ilsley's proposition. The arao\nit raised by subscription 
 was $12, 831. 09. The grounds are situated about a mile from the Capitol 
 Square, and the building was erected by Gov. Farwell in 185G. 
 
 The Home became a .Stato institution March 31, ISOO. J'vior to the pur- 
 chase of tiie property by tlie State, the institution had be;! r-j.^iicd by Jlrs. 
 Harvey and a temporary board of trustees. Under tiieir ■ • tirn, 'ho build- 
 ing was thoroughly refltt-'d and furnished; and, at tho ' . j*' Stuto took 
 possession, there were eigbtj'-four orphans duly admitl 1, ! ,i.-0)i 1y cared 
 for. Jlrs. ILirvcy was tlin first superintendent. On the isl, .'f "i.-iy 1807, 
 she resigned, and was su ded by Mr. F. B. Brewer, who o ■• ,k1 the 
 position until Jan. 1, ISOti, when ll''V. I. N. Cundall was elected to the 
 position. After filling the place over a year, he resigned, and was succeeded 
 by AVilliam 1". Towers, who staid till Marcii 1, 1872, when R. W. Burton 
 succeeded. The latter gentleman oceupied the position until the elosin, (> 
 of the institution, in the year 1871. Tlie history of the Homo will be con- 
 tinued in subsequent pages. In tlie year 1800 the State University was 
 completely re-organized, so as to meet the requirements of the laws of Con- 
 gress granting the lauds for agricultural colleges; and there were appropri- 
 ated for tiie endowment mid support of the univ ' fy the iiicomo of the 
 uiiivcrsity-fund, and the income of a fund to !. ...iu'ed from the soles of 
 the two hundred and forty tlicuisaiid acres of lami ^, ited by Congress to 
 the State of Wisconsin. In pursuance of a law passL(' m, tlip soshion of the 
 legislature of this year, the county o.' Dane issued bonds to the amount of 
 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 603 
 
 forty thousand dollars for the purchase of about two hundred acres of land, 
 lyuig contiguous to the university grounds, for an experimental farm, and 
 for the erection of suitable buildings thereon. 
 
 The proposals for sinking an artesian well in the Capitol Park, as author- 
 ized by a resolution of the legislature, were opened on the 21st of May^ 1800. 
 The proposals were for sinking a well to the depth of five hundred feet, 
 within which distance it was expected that water in sufficient quantity would 
 be found. Tlie contract was awarded to J. II. Underwood, for forty-nine 
 hundred and fifty dollars. 
 
 The proposals for building two additional wings to the Hospital for the 
 Insane were considered by the board of trustees on the 23d of May. Some 
 thirty proposals were received, most of them for only parts of the ■•■ ork. 
 The proposition of A. R. Moxley (one hundred and tliroe thousand and seven 
 hundred dollars) being the lowest, the executive committee were author- 
 ized to accept his bid, and enter into a contract for doing the whole work. 
 The two wings were to be completed by the 1st of July, 1807. Jlr. Moxley 
 subsequently declined accepting the contract; and the work was advertised 
 again for tl reception of proposals, certain changes having been mride in 
 the details. On tlie 19th of June, the bids were opened (sixteen), ami the 
 contract awarded to Andrew Proudfit, and Anderson, Davidson, & Co. ; the 
 fonner doing thj mason-work, and the latter the carpenter-work. The 
 aggregate cost of the work by the contract was to be ninety-eight tliousand 
 doll;' rs. The apparatus for heating the new wings was provided for under 
 a separate contract. 
 
 The board of Capitol building-commissioners, at a session Iield on the 
 21st of July, decided, that under the law of last winter, limiting tlie amount 
 for completing the Capitol to eighty-five thousand dollars, while tlie bids for 
 doing tlie work ranged from one liundred and fifty-one thousand five hun- 
 dred dollars to two hundred thousand dollars, they would not bo justified in 
 letting any contract the present season. The whole matter would have to 
 be refciTcd to the next legislature. 
 
 The board of regents of the university, at their meeting in Aug\ist, 1800, 
 elected Prof. Paul A. Chadbourne of Williams College, JIass., president 
 of the university. At the congressional election in November, 1800, Hal- 
 bert E. Paine, Benjamin F. Hopkins, Amasa Cobb, Charles A. Eldridge, 
 Philetus Sawyer, and C. C. Washburn were elected mumbers of Congress. 
 The vote for a constitutional convention was, — for convention, 22,431 ; 
 against convention, 30,802. 
 
CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 ADMIXISTKATIOX OF GOV. rAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events ot 1807 — Ijegislnlicm — Statistics —Denth of Senator Ilailley — Contest 
 for tlie Uuiteil-States Senatorsliip — Criticisms on tlio Lcgi.ilature. 
 
 TnK second year of the administration of Gov. Fairchild commenced Jan. 
 1, 1S07. On tho 0th, the twontioth session of the State legislature con- 
 vened, and was organized in tho senate by Hon. Wyman Spoonor, lieutenant- 
 governor, taking tho chair as president, and the election of L. 15. Hills as 
 chief clerk, and Asa Kinney as scrgeant-at-arms ; .and in the .issembly by 
 the election of Angus Cameron as speaker, IL W. Young chief clerk, and 
 Dianiel Webster sergoant-at-arms. The session continued till April 11, 
 when it .adjourned, after ninety-three days' service. The annual mossago 
 was read in person by the governor, on the 10th of .January. A largo por- 
 tion of tho document is occupied with a summary of tho f.acts contained in 
 tho reports of tho several Stats ofTicurs an<l tho trustees of public institu- 
 tions. Few of those reports are se(Mi and read by tho masses of the people; 
 and, unless the information they give is thus reproduced by tho governor, it 
 does not gi't disseminated through the .State. Ho reiterates his .approbation 
 of tho policy of investing tho trust-funds in non-negotiablo securities ; 
 recommends memoriali/ing Congress in favor of the assumption of the war- 
 debts of loyal .States l)y the General Government; an amendment to the 
 insurance-law, so as to require all companies to report annually to tho secre- 
 tary of State; tho liniit.ation of tho number of notaries public, and the 
 requirement of a rea.jOnable fee for their commissions; tho fostering of the 
 iigricultnral and other inti^rests of tho State by appropriate legislation; a 
 thorough inquiry, with a view to .ascertain precisely what course should be 
 pursued, consisting with equity and sound State policy, in regard to the 
 complaints against railroad-corporations; tho adoption of measures to 
 induce omigr.ation from Kurope; a liberal policy towards the several benev- 
 olent institutions of tho State, the State University, and the State Historical 
 Society; a more efBcient military law, which shall provide for the mainte- 
 nance of at least ten thoroughly -organized companies of militia; an increase 
 of tho salaries of the judges of the Supremo Court; and an appropriation of 
 tho proportion duo from this State for the comiiletion of the nation.al cemc- 
 tories. He also renews his remonstrances against special legislation. The 
 C0« 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 605 
 
 message closes with an earnest recotnmendation for the adoption of the con- 
 stitutional amendment, and a brief reference to the subject of reconstruc- 
 tion, declaring it to Ije tlie duty of Congress to provide for the establisliment 
 of provisional governments over those portions of tlie country lately in 
 rebellion, where the people have refused to acquiesce in the amendment. 
 
 On the 23d of January, the two houses met in joint convention, at which 
 time the chief clerk of the senate proceeded to read so mucli of the journal 
 of the senate as related to the action of the senate on the preceding day in 
 the matter of an election of a senator in Congress from the State of Wis- 
 consin ; from which it appeared tiiat Timothy O. Ilowe received twenty- 
 three votes, Charles A. Kldredge received nine votes, and E. S. Bragg 
 received one vote, of the votes of the senators for senator in the Congress of 
 the United States from said State. 
 
 The chief clerk of tlie assembly then read so much of the journal of tho 
 assembly as related to tho said subject ; from wliicli it appeared that Timo- 
 thy O. Ilowe received seventy-two votes, Charles A. Eldridgo received 
 thirty-one votes, E. S. Bragg one vote, and J. J. Guppy one vote, of tho 
 votes of the members of the assembly; whereupon, it appearing that Tim- 
 othy O. Ilowe, had received a majority of all tho votes in each house, the 
 president of the joint assembly declared the said Timothy O. Ilowe duly 
 elected senator for tho term of six years, commencing the 4th of ^larch, 
 1808. 
 
 A joint resolution of tho two houses was adopted, and approved by the 
 governor, on the 20th of January, — that Hon. James U. Doolittle, United 
 States senator from Wisconsin, having disregarded the resolution of the 
 legislature of 1800, declaring it his dulij to resign the office of United States 
 senator for certain reasons set forth in said resolutions, is hereby instructed 
 to ri' ign the senatorial office. 
 
 On the 3d of March, Hon. Jackson Iladley, senator of the fifth senatorial 
 district, died at his residence in Milwaukee. He liad attended the session 
 of the legislature until within a few days of his death. Thougli his limbs 
 were paralyzed, and ho was unable to walk, he took an active part in tho busi- 
 ness of tho senate. His death was sudden, though not unexpected. Appro- 
 priate resolutions were passed by tho two houses, and tho legislature 
 adjourned to attend the funeral solemnities. 
 
 At a subsequent date, Henry h. Palmer was elected senator to fill the 
 unexpired term of office of Senator Iladley. Tiie legislature passed one 
 hundred and eighty-one general laws, six iiundred and nine private and 
 local laws, and twonty-t'vo joint resolutions. Of the latter, is one request- 
 ing Senator Doolltti.; to resign; ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to tho 
 United States Constitution, and submitting tho same to a vote of the peo- 
 ple; two relative to tiie Nortii Pacific Ilailroad; relating to the imiirovement 
 of the navigation of tho Mississippi River; authorizing the governor to pre- 
 pare a suitable medal for Cyrus W. Field; and one nmendmg the constitu- 
 tion of the State, relating to the rigiit of suffrage. 
 
 Of the important laws enacted were the following: to authorize tho gOT« 
 
606 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 emor to appoint commissioners to represent the State in tlie Industrial 
 Exhibition at Paris in lS(i7 ; to regulate the liours of manual hibor, and 
 fix the same at eight hours a day ; for the relief of families of citizens 
 of AVisconsin who served in the naval service of the United States ; to 
 provide for levj-ing and collecting a State tax for 1807 (four hundred 
 and seventy-live thousand dollars); to establish a boai'd of emigration; to 
 provide for continuing the work on the State Capitol, and eighty-five thou- 
 sand dollars appropriated for the same; three bills which effect tho consoli- 
 dation of the several lines of railroad running into AliUvaukee (with tho 
 exception of the Lake Shore lload) in the hands of the St. Paul llailway 
 Company. 
 
 The session was prolonged, and its business embarrassed, by the intro- 
 duction of several local bills, in which individual members had a <leep ]ier- 
 Bonal interest; such as the Dells Improvement, the IJeef Slough lioom Kill, 
 and the repeal of the charter of the Black Uiver Improvement Company. 
 Of the membei-s of this legislature, one newsj)aper s.iys, — 
 
 " Indiviilnallv tliei'e wore many aniialile, hi^'li-iuindod, and alilo men in liolh 
 houses: tliero were soitie otlierwisc, as tliere always will lie. Tlie frond speakers, 
 tlie men nf talent and exridlent soi'ial qualities, were niniienms; and tliey were 
 regarded with great personal respeet. Collectively, as a law-making; liody, in a 
 great iiiiblie crisis when statesnianshl]), and not partisanship, was wanted, tliis 
 legislatnn; must lie pronounced a failure, and a damage to the State, and deserv- 
 hig tho seal of reprohalion, wlii. Ii has already been placei) upon it. Aiiionij other 
 things, the menihers were extraordinarily greeily in the matter of penpiisites. 
 Each member lias had thirty dollars' worth of stationery, tnid seveiity-tivo dol- 
 lars' worth of postage-stamps; ami each senator had a copy of "Webster's Un- 
 abridged Dictionary." This amounted to .S14,(l;;!l, besides all that was given to the 
 regular and snboniinate olliiers. It has been an idle legislature, working, on au 
 average, not to exceeil thn^e hours a day, iluring live days of the week." 
 
 Another paper, more in sympathy with tho party having the majority in 
 the legislature, says, — 
 
 "When tho legislature met, a general impre.ssion prevailed, that the session 
 wotild lie brief, and the anioiintof Imsinessdone, sutall, <ia compared with previous 
 sessions. None of these expectations have been realized. The session has proved 
 unusually jirotracted; the amount of bnsine.ss done has been very large; and but 
 little attention has been given to the assessment and collection laws. Indeed, tho 
 assembly linally postponed the senate bill on that subject, for want of time to 
 examine it. IMngs were formed in support of and in oi)pi>sition to certain measures, 
 and a sliarp system of log-rolling organized; so that freiinently votes were largely 
 influenced upon other and independent bills, with litilj or no regard to their real 
 merits or demerits. This has licen more noticeable in tho late session than pre- 
 vious ones, and was tho cause not only of prohniging tho session, but perhaps 
 of the passage of somo measures which could not have succeeUoJ upon their 
 merits alone." 
 
 Hon. Orsamus Cole was re-electcU associate justice of tho Supremo Court, 
 at the election in April, for six years from JLiy 30, 1807. 
 
 The bids for tho completion of the Capitol rotunda to, and including, the 
 base of the dome, and enclosing it by '. temporary roof, were opened on the 
 
608 
 
 B I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 18th of May, 1807; and the contract was awarded by the bnildinjj-commis- 
 sioners to William Goodnow of Milwaukee, for $83,030. The Milwaukee 
 city papers, in the month of May, published a list of incomes of that city, 
 as returned to the United States assessor, with the thousand dollars and 
 other exemptions deducted. The largest income, and the only one above 
 S100,000, was that of Alexander Mitchell, which was §132,000. There were 
 also nine other incomes above §30,000; viz., L. II. Kellogg, §71,384; M. H. 
 Meaberry, §30,100; John Nazro, §31,070; G. C. Stevens, Sll.OM; D. Wells, 
 jun., 833,395; M. S. Tyson, §30,002; N. Englemann, $30,117; G. Pfister, 
 §34,403; F. Vogel, §34,403. There were also fourteen incomes between 
 §20,000 and S30,000, and thirty-eight between §10,000 and §20,000. A list 
 of the aggregate sales of leading business-houses shows tiiat nineteen liousea 
 did a business of over half a million dollars; six more, of over a million of 
 dollars; and all but one of them, over a million and a half ; and three com- 
 mission-merchants, of over two milions of dollars; G. I. Jones & Co. leading 
 the list with sales of a!2,080,884. 
 
 The Uepublican Union State Convention convened at Madison on the 
 5th of September, 1807, lion. Edward Salouion, president. On the infor- 
 mal ballot for governor, Lucius Farchild received 219 of the 247 votes cast, 
 and was unanimously renominated. Hon. Wyman Spooner received 254 
 votes, Hon. Henry D. Barron, 08 votes, and 8 votes scattering, for the office 
 of lieutenant-governor. Mr. Spooner, having received a majority oi the 
 votes, was declared renominated. 
 
 lion. Thomas S. Allen was renominated secretary of state by acclama- 
 tion, and Hon. William E. Smith the same for state treasurer. For the 
 office of attorney-general, Charles 11. Gill received 138 votes, II. S. Magoon, 
 40 votes, Edwin Hurlbut, 37, Levi Hubbel, 9, and 10 scattering. Mr. Gill 
 was unanimously nominated. Gen. Jeremiah M. Husk was renominated 
 bank comptroller by acclamation. For state-prison commissioner, Henry 
 Cordier received 142 votes, George F. Wheeler, 98 votes, and 17 votes scat- 
 tering. Mr. Cordier was unanimously nominated. For superintendent of 
 public instruction, A. J. Craig received 131 votes, and J. G. McMynn, 120 
 votes; J. E. Munger, votes. Ou a formal vote, Mr. Craig received 144, 
 and Mr. McMynu received 119 votes. Mr. Craig was nominated unani- 
 mously. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention was held at Madison the 12th of 
 September, 1807, B. F. Ferguson, president. On an informal vote for 
 governor, J. J. Tallmadge received 100, Charles Dunn, 25, E. S. Bragg, 14, 
 Alexander Mitchell, 14, and 5 scattering votes. Mr. Tallmadge was unani- 
 mously nominated. G. L. Park was also unanimously nominated for lieu- 
 tenant-governor. For secretary of State, Emil Kothe, having received 145 
 votes of the 158, was unanimously nominated. Peter Uupp, having received 
 a majority of the votes, was unanimously nominated State treasurer. For 
 attorney-general, E. S. Bragg received 77 votes, 13 for Judge L. P. Weath- 
 erby, 21 for George B. Smith, 28 for A. B. Braley, and the remaindei 
 scattering. Gen. Bragg having withdrawn his name, Judge Weatherby 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 609 
 
 was nnanimoiisly nominated. For bank comptroller, R. J. Harney was 
 nominated by acclamation. For state-prison commissioner, Ole Ile^, having 
 received a majority of all the votes, was declared unanimously nominated; 
 as was also Lyman C. Draper for superintendent of public instruction. On 
 the l'2th Mr. l)raper declined the nomination; and the place on the ticket 
 was filled by the Democratic State Committee, by substituting the name of 
 William II. Peck. 
 
 At the election in November, the Republican ticket was elected. For 
 governor, Lucius Fairchild receiving 73,037 votes, and J. J. Tallraadgo 
 08,873. Fairchild's majority, 4,501. The legislature of 1808 stood: sen- 
 ate, 13 Union, 1.5 Democrats; assembly, 59 Union, 41 Democrats. 
 
 The work on the artesian well, near the south entrance of Capitol Park, 
 was begun; but after going down a thousand feet, at a cost of 88,022.70, and 
 finding no water, the work was reluctantly abandoned. At a subsequent 
 date, the well was made to subserve a valuable purpose, as will hereafter be 
 noticed. 
 
CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 SECOND ADMINISTIIATIOK OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events of lSf)8 — Legi3lntion — Statistics — Description of tlie State Capitol — 
 Election Contest — Presiilentlnl Election. 
 
 The State officers elected by the people of tiie State, in November, 1807, 
 entered upon tlieir duties tlie first day of January, 1868. Most of 'them met 
 in the executive office at ten o'clock, a.m., and were sworn into office by 
 Chief Justice Dixon of the Supremo Court. Lieut. -Gov. Spooner and State- 
 prison Commissionc. Cordier were ab.sent. Having taking the oath, the 
 officers returned to their respective departments. The only new officer was 
 the state superintendent of schools, A. J. Craig, who had been for many 
 years the assistant superintendent. 
 
 The twenty-first session o* the State legislature convened on the 8th of 
 January, 1808, and adjourned on the Cth of March, after a short session of 
 fifty-nine daj's. In the senate, Lieut.-Gov. Spooner took his seat as presi- 
 dent. L. B. Hills was elected chief clerk, and William II. Hamilton ser- 
 geant-nt-arms. In the senate, there were eighteen Republicans, and fourteen 
 Democrats. 
 
 In the assembly, A. M. Thomson was elected speaker, E. W. Young chief 
 clerk, and C. L. Ilairis sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 Gov. Fairchild, in liis message, gives the important facts in relation to the 
 several deiiartments of the State, and its benevolent and reformatory insti- 
 tutions. He refrains from recommending several changes in the fundamental 
 law, which he would make, from an idea that the people would, at no dis- 
 tant day, call for a constitutional convention. 
 
 The following are the recommendations of the message in brief : that the 
 state land-commissioners, who have in charge the several trust-funds of the 
 State, be authorized to invest those funds in United-States or other first- 
 class securities, the outstanding State bonds having been nearly absorbed 
 by them; the closing of the war-fund, as recommended by the secretary of 
 state, and the payment of such claims as remain against it out of the gen- 
 eral fund ; the revision and amendment of the assessment and collection laws, 
 and recommends the suggestions of Gen. Allen, secretary of state, relative 
 thereto; the speedy codification or revision of the statutes; less legislation 
 of a private and local nature; that the superintendent of public instruction be 
 
 610 
 
niSTORY OF W/SCONSIN. 
 
 611 
 
 made, by law, an ex-o/ficio member of tho Board of State Univprxity Tlffrents, 
 and officially connoctod with eveiy State educational board ; tho further en- 
 largomeiit of t.'io State Hospital for the Insane, or the erection of a new 
 asyhim; tliat ample appropriations be made for the support of the several 
 benevolent institutions of tho State, and a reasonable appropriation toward 
 the 8upi>ort of the orphan asylums and hospitals in the city of Milwaukee; 
 an appropriation of thirty-five thousand dollars to the State-prison to com- 
 plete tho north wing, and ( -lay current expenses; the abolition of the office 
 of bank comptroller, as recommended by tho present incumbent; the com- 
 pletion of the State Capitol, and an appropriation to be expended as the 
 work progresses; the appropriation of five thousand dollars, to be used by 
 the Board of Immigi'ation in circulating documents in Europe, and for other 
 measures to indue" immigration to this State; that tho legislature use its 
 influence to secure the early completion of tho North Pacific llailroad, and 
 a ship-canal around Niagara Falls, both of which are intimately connected 
 with tho interest of AVisconsin; that the legislature ask the Federal Govern- 
 ment to insist on a full and satisfactory settlement of tho question in regard 
 to the right of expatriation, securing every right to the naturalized citizen 
 that is jKDssessed by the native born. 
 
 The message says that the State had an unaudited claim against tho Gen- 
 eral Government of two hundred and forty-eight thousand dollars. A part 
 of it, under the stringent rules of the treasury department, may be dis- 
 allowed. It is, however, a just claim, and, in that event, the State can 
 properly call on Congress for relief. 
 
 The State University is reported as in a very satisfactory condition, and 
 seems now to receive the full confidence of the people. The regents desire 
 the erection of an additional building for tho better acconmiodation of stu- 
 dents who wish to enter it. The governor unites in tho request, and hopes 
 the legislature will favor the application. The message closes with a reference 
 to national matters, and a brief expression of the governor's views upon the 
 question of reconstruction. 
 
 There were one hundred and seventy-eight general laws, five hundred and 
 fourteen private and local laws, twenty-throe joint resolutions, and twenty- 
 two memorials enacted and passed. Of the laws of a general nature were the 
 following : to provide for the payment of ♦he members of the legislature 
 (this entitles each member to receive three u drcd and fifty dollars, and ten 
 cents per mile for the distance he shall have to travel going to and returning 
 from tho meeting of the legislature) ; to abolish the office of bank comp- 
 troller, and transfer his duties to the state treasurer; to provide for tho 
 completion of the State Capitol, and one hundred and two thousand dollars 
 appropriated, to be drawn out of the treasury in 1868, 1809, and 1870 (the 
 law provides for the erection and completion of tho rotunda) ; to accept a 
 grant of lands made to the State by Congi-ess to aid in the construction of 
 tho Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship-Canal; to provide for levying 
 and collecting a State tax for 1808 (two hundred and fifty-nine thousand 
 dollars in addition to the amount authorized by existing laws) ; to provide 
 
G12 
 
 rnsTonr of ir/.<?ro.v.si/,v. 
 
 for thf! iisBPssmcnt of proporty fcir taxation nnd tho lovy of taxps tlicmon; to 
 rcguluti' till! salary of tho jul;;ps of tlu! SuprPtiif Court; to provido for r-.talj- 
 lishln;^' town libraries in tlic State, &c. 
 
 Ill reference to tho legislature, " Tho MaiUson State Journal" snys, — 
 
 "It U tlio Urst Mossion lielil, untlor the cDiHtitiitiiiiial amoinliiinnt, which give* 
 nionilicrs ii Halnry liistca<I if a per tlicm. Thi^ aineinliiient hix-t priKlincil a visililo 
 efTcot. ill alilircviatln); tlio HOSHiiin, tlii>ii;;!i not iiiatoiially illiiiinishiiig tho aiiumut 
 of husiiH'ss traiisnt'tnil. 
 
 "For ninny years, tlioro has licoii no loj;iHlatiii'c wliiili has hail to deal with no 
 few measures alTei'tiii}; sperial interests, anil (?'*'";; occasion for tlio picsenco of 
 a lar^o lolihy forco. Tho rienf .SIdukIi Hill was tho only oiio tliat attracted any 
 conslileialilo niinilier of oiitsidori* to tho capital. There have heen no railroad 
 controvei-sios; and tho po|)ular clamor for legislation, re({iiIatliiK tho tariff on rail- 
 road frei^jlits, »eeins to liavo pretty iimcli aiilisidod. The most iniporlant general 
 nieaHiiie, prolial)ly, Is tho assessment law. A law was jiassed for tho relief of tho 
 farm mortgasors of tho La (Jrosso Ilailroad Coi my. Tho con.stitiitional amend- 
 ments proposed hy tho losislatiiro of 18(!7 we' 1 rejected. For siihmitting tho 
 quostinn of woman-snffrnso to a vote of the of tho State, there was littlo 
 favor, diuilitlcss owing to tho fact, that, wit eptlons, tho class on whom it 
 was proposed to eonfer tho elective franchise have Hignifled no desire for it. Tho 
 proposed ninendment, nuthorizing tho .Stato to aid in Imildiiig railroads, had many 
 strong supporters, and might, perhaps, have heen carried, had it not been ao long 
 delayed in tho .senate. It llnally passed that body, after liciiig so amended, as to 
 requlio further action on it l)y tho next legislature. When it llnally came liofore 
 tho assembly, only sixty members wore present, others having left for their 
 homes; anil tho hill was indofinitely postponed. A peculiar feature of tho late 
 session, which will distiugnish it from all its predecessors, was Its abstinence in 
 the matter of postage-atamp.s. Not a postagostainp was voted during tho session." 
 
 Referring to tho members of tho legislature, tho same paper says, — 
 
 ">Ir. Dyer of Kaoine, and Mr. Barron of Polk, were, i>erh[.ps, tho most promi- 
 nent members. Mr. Barron's large legislative exporieiicc and untiring industry, 
 joined with practical aliility, always make him a power in a legislative body. Mr. 
 Dyer was chairman of the judiciary committee, and thus held tho leading position 
 on the floor, which ho discharged with an ability that ju.stilied his appointment." 
 
 A Democratic State Convention was held at Madison the 19th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1808 ; and lion. Charles Dunn was nominated for chief justice of the 
 Supremo Court, and E. Holmes Ellis for associate justice. On the 20th of 
 February, tho Republican State Convention renominated lion. Luther S. 
 Dixon for chief justice, and Hon. Byron Paine for associate judge. The 
 two last persons were elected in April. 
 
 The bids for completing the State Capitol were opened on the first day of 
 May, and the contract awarded to C. S. Rankin & Co. of Cincinnati, O., 
 for ninety thousand dollars. When this was completed, the Capitol had 
 cost tho State over $.528,315.00. 
 
 The following account of tho internal arrangements of the State Capitol 
 is taken from " The Legislative Manual : " — 
 
 " The present Capitol exhibits an attractive outside appearance, and is gen- 
 erally admired. The stone for Its construction was supplied from quarries near 
 Prairie dii Cliien ami Madison. The inside is handsomely finished, and contains 
 
C14 
 
 aiSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 complete convenienoes, althongl' more are yet necessary. In the ba.senient are 
 tlie water-closets, boiler-room (ironi which the building receives heat), carpenter- 
 shops, book-room, the roost of the war eagles, ' Olil Abe ' and ' Andy,' nud 
 some committee rooms. On the upper iloor, the four passaRes of which are 
 neatly laid with squares of blue and white flaj;, are the dcjiartmeuts of the 
 several State officers. In the north passage are the oftices of tlie state treasurer 
 and school-laud comniis-sioners ; in the south passage, the oiliccs of the superin- 
 tendents of piiblic property and of public instruction aud the office of attorney- 
 general; in the east passage, the offices of the governor aud secretary of state; and, 
 in the west passage, those of the adjutant-fe.ieral, legislative clerks, and State 
 Agricultural Society, the last of which contains some line specimens of miuerals 
 and other scientific curiosities. From the centre of these passages, the rotimda and 
 dome are seen to great advantage. The second floor is reached by wide iron 
 stairways, ascending from the south and north passages. Tliis floor is diversely 
 laid with red, yellow, and black tiles; aud in tho centre a heavy iron balustrade 
 marks the rotunda. In the east, i.s the senafo-chamber; in the west, the assembly- 
 chamber; in the north, the Supreme Court rooms an<l State Library; and, in the 
 south, the choicely-filled rooms of the State Historical Society. The tirst pur- 
 chase of books for the State Library was made in 18,37; and it has received 
 additions since, which make it very complete and valuable. The Historical 
 Society rn.nns, always attr£u:tive to visitors, present an array of books jiictures, 
 sculpture, and literary and other curiosities, which are not only inten lug aud 
 suggestive to 'Badgers,' but to residents of other States. In one of tliCM; rooms, 
 the torn and pierced flags carried by Wisconsin regiments during the late war are 
 carefully preserved iu a glass enclosure; and in another room is a rare collection 
 of animal, mineral, and vegetable curiosities belonging to Hr. Isaac Lyon, father 
 of Judge Lyon of the Supreme Court; and the greatest delight of this courteous 
 gentleman is to give all visitors information concerning them. 
 
 " The collections in these rooms have for years past been regarded as very cred 
 itable to the State, and to Hon. Ljnnau C. Draper, the patient and persevering 
 originator of them. Mr. D. S. DuiTie, the librarian, has held that ollice since 
 Jan. 1, IKoO, and has taken an active part in the management to the present time. 
 Since the Chicago fire destroyed the historical depository there, the.se collections 
 can bo recognized as the largest and most valuable in the North-west. 
 
 "More iron stairways lead to tho galleries and committee rooms of the eham- 
 hers; and yet more, but narrower ones, lead to the store-room where the arms 
 aud munitions of the State are kept, pud to the tholas; from which topmost 
 elevation an impressive downward view of tlie whole rotunda is obtained. The 
 outside of the thuhis affords convenience for enjoying an exceedingly line view of 
 the city, lakes, and siuro\inding country. 
 
 "The height of the Capitol, from the basement to tho gilt eagle on the top 
 of the flagstaff, is 225 feet aud inches; aud, exclusive of steps and porticos, 
 the total length of the north and south wings is M28 feet, aud of the east and 
 west wings, 22(i feet. 
 
 "Some impres.sive scenes have 1)eeu witnessed iu this Capitol during the war, 
 when tho legislature were acting on war measures, and also when the veteran 
 soldiers, on their return, were welcomed with song aud feasting iu the diambers. 
 
 "As charicteristic of the vim and energy of the residents of WiscHiusin, it 
 must 1)0 stated that the Capitol building progressed, aud heavy expenditures were 
 made on it, while they were sharply pressed to raise tlieir share of men and 
 means for tho war. 
 
 "The Capitol is surrounded with walks, greenswards, shrubbery, and trees, 
 which are carefully kept in good condition; and these, with tlie pearly white 
 building rising iu their midst, elicit the general cxnressiou, that Wisconsin has a 
 choicely located aud elegant Capitol." 
 
%^ 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 616 
 
 The following persons were nominated by tiie Democratic Convention for 
 presidential electors, George B. Smith, G. L. Park, N. D. Fratt, A. G. Cook, 
 M. M. Strong, II. N. Smith, S. Ryan, jun., and Theodore llodoljih; and the 
 following persons by tlie Uopublican Convention, S. S. Barlow, II. D. Bar- 
 ron, E. Enos, C. G. AVilliams, A. AVorden, L. F. Frisby, W. G. Bitch, and 
 W. T. Price. The Republican candidates for members of Congress were, 
 llalbert E. Paine, B. F. Hopkins, Araasa Cobl), L. F. Frisby, Philetus 
 Sawyer, and C. C. AVashburn ; and the Democratic candidates, Alexander 
 Mitchell, J. Winans, T. F. H. Passmore, C. A. Eldredge, Joseph Vilas, and 
 A. G. Ellis. 
 
 At the election in November, the Rejiublican electors received 108,920 
 votes, and the Democratic electors 84,740. The Republican electors, at a 
 Bubseqnent meeting in electoral college, cast the vote of Wisconsin for U. S. 
 Grant for President, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. The Repub- 
 lican congressional ticket was elected, except C. A. Eldredge, Democrat, 
 was elected from the fourth district, over L. F. Frisby, Republican. 
 
 The elections of the fall of 1808 were very exciting ; it being the presi- 
 dential election. Much enthusiasm was felt in this State, as in the others. 
 Public addresses and processions were the order of the day. The next 
 legislature stood, — in the senate, nineteen Republicans, and fourteen Dem- 
 ocrats ; in the assembly, sixty-eight Republicans, and thirty-two Democrats. 
 
CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIKCIIILD. 
 
 Events of 18l>!l — Lcsi^latiou — Statistics —State Election of IRfiO — Contf<t in tlie 
 Legislature for the United States Senatorsliip — M. H. Carpenter Siiccessii.;. 
 
 The twenty-second session of the legislature convened on the 13th of 
 January, 1809, and adjourned on the lltii of March, after a session of fifty- 
 eight days. The senate was organized by lion. Wyman Spoonor, lieutenant- 
 governor, taking his seat as president, and the election of L. D. Hills chief 
 clerk, and W. II. Hamilton sergeaut-at-arms. In the assembly, lion. A. M. 
 Thomson was re-elected speaker, E. \V^ Young chief clerk, and Rollin C. 
 Kelley sergeant-at-arms. On the 11th, the two houses mot in joint conven- 
 tion, when the governor read his annual message. The rotunda of the State 
 Capitol was now completed, and a contract entered into for the erection of 
 the dome, the work to be completed on or before Dec. 1, 1809. 
 
 From 1800 to 1870. the .State expended one million two hundred thousand 
 dollars for the erection of public buildinj^s. 
 
 The most important business transact '(1 in the legislature after the or- 
 ganization was the election of a United .States senator to fill the place of 
 lion. James 11. Doolittle, whose term of office expireil March i, 1S"0. The 
 contest in this case was witliout a parallel in the State, in the amount of 
 personal interest it excited ; and the no'uination was readied nuich earlier 
 than it was generally expected. Six fo- . al ballots were necessary before the 
 nomination could be made. lion. Matthew II. Carpenter received the nom- 
 ination on the sixth ballot, by a vote of forty-four against forty-th'-ee for 
 other candidates. Mr. Carpenter's iipponent was Hon. C. C. Was). burn. 
 Uoth these gentlemen had a l.irge lobl)y present, working in tlieir int' rest. 
 The greatest excitement and cntluisiasm prevailed. Kvery hotel in the 
 city was crowded to its utmost capacity ; the boarding-houses were filled j 
 and some even slept in the Capitol, fur want of otiier accommodations. Ou 
 the 27th of January, the two liouses met in joint convention ; and tiie result 
 in each Iioiise was announced by the chief clerks. In tiie senate, M. II. 
 Carpenter received nineteen votes, and (ieorgo B. Smith thirteen votes. 
 In the assembly, M. II. Carpenter received sixty-seven votes, and Cieorgo 
 IJ. Smith twenty-eight ; whereupon the president announced tiiut Mr. Car- 
 616 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 617 
 
 peiiter, having recsivcd a majority of all the votes, was declarod elected 
 Uiiitcd-Statos senator for the term of six years from March t, 1870. 
 
 The State officers and legislature of the State of Jliniiesota visited Wis- 
 consin, on invitation of the State antliorities. Tiiey arrived ut Madison 
 Feb. 10. A formal reception took place at the assembly chamber'; and, 
 after being introduced to the niembers, they were addressed l)y Gov. Fair- 
 child, welcoming them to the State, which was replied to by Gov. W. U, 
 Marshall of Minnesota. Speeches were also made by Hon. K. S. Uragg 
 and Hon. H. D. I5arrou on the part of the legislature of Wisconsin, and 
 by Hon. Warren liristol and Hon. J. L. McDonald on tiie i)art of the legi.s- 
 lature of Minnesota. The party, after an ample repast, proceeded by 
 railroad to Milwaukee, to accept an invitation from tlie people of that city 
 to visit them, where they were received by the Light Guard, and escorted to 
 the different liotels. After a magnificent banquet at Music Hall, the party 
 were invited to a grand ball. On the IJth, they visited the places of 
 interest of the city, and returned to their liomes highly pleased witli their 
 visit to Wisconsin. 
 
 The legislature adjourned JIarch 11. The session was one of the 
 shortest on record. Notwithstanding the distracting excitement in refer- 
 ence to the election of Unit''l Stat''s senator, and the interruption of tho 
 session by the Minnesota visit, about as miicli business was tr:\nsacted as at 
 till- (irevious session. Aniuug tiie most iiii|Hirtant measures which were 
 carried out were, tl' itilication of the sull'ragc amendment to tho United 
 States Constitutioi .in proposed amei.huents to tlie State constitution, 
 authorizing the abolitmu of the grand jiny, the increa.se of t!i" nii iiber of 
 Supreme Court juilges to fn' llio inerease it' the salaries of li ;,'' ernor to 
 five thousand dollars, and the )i"if' uant-goveruor t«> oni! thousand dollars; 
 the estublit^hnient uf thi" townsiiip .syst' ni of school gf' rnment: the codifi- 
 cation of the laws relative to highway-, and liridg."-, j-urmal schools and 
 strays; substantially repealing the law disfrancliising deserters ; to provide 
 for statistics for state and county boards of assrssmeiits ; a lir>ri;;ing tlie 
 secretary of state to levy additional taxes to tho provided tor by iuw. in 
 order to meet existing ap|>ropriations. Liberal i| propriations were made 
 to the various State institutions, amounting l ' about two hundred and 
 seventy-five thousand dollars. 
 
 There were a considerable number of imiwrtant bills introduced, which 
 failed to become laws : bills to compel attendance at scli .Is, to restore tlie 
 town supervisor system of county government, t<i ' the death-penalty 
 
 for murder, to submit to the people tiie question i>i i.il'ling a constitutional 
 convention, estabiisiiing a uniform railroad passengi'r and freight taritl. 
 liijls submitting to the people the extension of suffrage to women, codify- 
 ing the laws for the collection of taxes, to enable the families of drunkards 
 and spendthrifts to collect damages from persons who sell them liquor, to 
 establish another hospital for Hie insane, and an institution for the eare and 
 training of idiotic and imbecile children, and many others, were killed in 
 the senate. Among the prominent men in the senate on the Uepubliean 
 
618 
 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF WISCOXSIN. 
 
 
 
 side were Mr. Taylor, 
 
 Mr. Ilazleton, Mr. C. G. 
 
 •Williams 
 
 , Sir. V 
 
 m Wyck, 
 
 and Jlr 
 
 Litttlojohu. 
 
 On till! Democratic side 
 
 was Sat. 
 
 Clark, Mr. W. P. J 
 
 Lj-nde, 
 
 Mr. Hragu. Mr. Ueed, Mr. 
 
 Lander, and 
 
 others. 
 
 In the 
 
 assembly, 1 
 
 anions' 
 
 tho Ilepublicans were ^Ir 
 
 . IJarron, Mr 
 
 Bingham 
 
 , Mr. I? 
 
 ixter, :Mr. 1 
 
 Conklii 
 
 , Jlr. Jolinson 
 
 ilr. Pound 
 
 and others. 
 
 On the 
 
 Denioei 
 
 atic side, 1 
 
 Mr. Maxnn was the leader ; and George B. Smith, Mr. Allen, Mr. Richards, 
 and Jlr. Hamilton were prominent. 
 
 The legislature passed one hundred and eighty-eight general la\v<-, fci"" 
 hundred and sixty-nine private and local laws, eight joint resolutions, and 
 four memorials. 
 
 Tli(! Republican members of tho legislature, on the :2Jd of January, 
 requested Luther S. Dixon to be a candidate for re-election as chief justice 
 of tho Supreme Court, which he accepted; and he was re-elected in April. 
 
 On the Ist of September, the Republican State Convention met to nom- 
 inate State otlieers, William Pitt Dewey president. On an informal l>allot, 
 David Atwood received fifty-nine votes, Lucius Fairchild sixty-three votes, 
 William K. Smith fifty-four votes, A. Van Wyck fifty-two voti'M, for tho 
 office of governor. On the sixth formal ballot, Lucius Fiiirchild received 
 one hundred and thirty-tight votes, and Anthony Van Wj'ck one hundred 
 and twenty-five. Mr. Fairchild was renominated unanimously. For lieu- 
 tenant-governor, Tliaddeua C. Pound received ono hundred and fifty-two 
 votes, and was nominated. For secretary of state, E. A. Spencer received 
 one hundred and twenty-nine votes, and T. S. Allen ninety-five votes. Mr. 
 Spencer was nominated. lie subsequently dtelined being a candidate; and 
 Llewellyn Breose was appointed by the Reiiublican State Convention to fill 
 the vacancy. For state treasurer, Henry Daetz received one lunnlred and 
 eighty-three votes, and was renominated. For attorney-general, S. S. liar- 
 low receivetl one hundred and fifty-four votes, and was nou)inated. (Jeorge 
 ¥. Wheeler received one hundred and sixty votes for state-prison commis- 
 eioner, and A. J. Craig one hundred ami twenty-tliree votes for suiierinleud- 
 enfc of public instruction. IJoth gentlemen werenoniinated. 
 
 On the 8th of September, the Dmuocratic Stato Convention was Indd at 
 Milwaukee, E. S. liragg presidi'iit. The following jieisons were ]mt in 
 noniinati'm : for governor, C. D. Robinson; lii'utenant-govcruor, H. 11. 
 Gray; secretary of state, A. G. Cook ; state treasurer, Jolin ISlack: altoui"y- 
 general, S. U. Pinney; state-prison conimis.sioni'r, C. M. liordoe; superin- 
 tendent of public instruction, P. K. Gannon. 
 
 At tho election in November, the Republican ticket was olect"d. Fair- 
 child received (i!),.182 votes forgovernor. and Rol)insou (Jl.l.':5!J ; the majority 
 of the former, 8,:iI3. The remainder of the ticket received u majority of 
 about nine thousand over the Democratic candidates. 
 
CHAPTER LX. 
 
 THIRD ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Events of 1870 — Legislation and Statistics — A Movement to remove the Capital 
 to Milwaukee fails — View of the State Institutions. 
 
 TaE third day of January, 1870. witnessed a change in most of the State 
 offices. The persons elected iu November last assumed their duties. Gov. 
 Fairciiild entered upon his office for a tliird term; and tliis fact is a sufficient 
 evidence tliat liis services had been appreciated by the people. 
 
 The Twenty-third session of the legislature commenced Jan. 12, 1870, 
 and adjourned JIarch 17, after a session of sixty-five days. 
 
 lion. Thaddeus C. Pound, lieutenant-governor elect, took his place as presi- 
 dent of the senate. L. B. Hills was elected chief clerk, and E. M. Rogers 
 «ergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, James M. Bingham was elected speaker, 
 E. \V. Young chief clerk, and Ole C. Johnson sergeant-at-arms. In the 
 senate tliere were nineteen llepublicans, and fourteei' Democrats; and, iu 
 the assembly, sixty IJepublicans, and forty Democrats. 
 
 The inaugural reception of the State officers at the Capitol on the 13th 
 was very largely attended by the members of tlie legislature, citizens, 
 and strangei-8. Two military companies from Milwaukee, the Light Guard 
 and Sheridan Guards, participated in tlie reception. In tlie evening, Gov. 
 Faircliild and the State officers received their friends in the east room 
 of tlie State Historical Society until nine, P..M., when an adjournment was 
 made to the assembly cliamber, which had been prepared for the occasion ; 
 and dancing was kept up until early next morning. 
 
 On the liltli of January, in the joint convention of the legislature, Gov. 
 Faircliild appeared, and delivered his annual message. 
 
 In tlie month of January, Gov. Faircliild received official information that 
 claims of Wisconsin for equipping troops for the Union army, &c., to the 
 cmount of 8-19,742.00, heretofore suspended or di.sallowed, had been 
 audited, and the sum passed to tlie credit of the State against the direct tax 
 of 1802, which the State had never paid. On the previous year, the sum of 
 tl31,000 was also allowed. A large amount of other claims still remained 
 suspended; and the State authorities urged their settlement by every means 
 ill their j>ower. 
 
 620 
 
BISTORT 0" WISCONSIN. 
 
 621 
 
 In the month of March, an energetic 3ort was made in the legislature, by 
 the citizens of Milwaukee, to remove the seat of government from Madison 
 to Milwaukee; the city and county of Milwaukee projwsing to donate to the 
 State the new county court-house un.lor some stipulations. The question 
 was brought up iu the assembly, when a spirited debate took place. A 
 motion to indefinitely postpone the bill finally passed by a vote of fifty-six 
 to thirty. 
 
 On the 17th of March, tlie legislature, having finished its labors, adjourned. 
 It was largely composed of able, honest, and industrious men, who were 
 controlled in their action by what they thought was for the best interests of 
 the State. There were passed tw^enty-one appropriation bills, twenty-five 
 joint resolutions, fifteen memorials to Congress, five hundred and seventeen 
 private and local laws, and a hundred and forty-eight general laws. Of Ihe 
 general laws, so classified, quite a number were only of local application, 
 relating to terras of court, &c. Of those of general importance, the follow- 
 ing include the majority : the Esterly Bill, to encourage the construc- 
 tion of railroads, which authorized towns, cities, and villages to take stock 
 in railroads through them to the extent of five thousand dollars a mile, and 
 issue bonds therefor; to encourage the manufacture of beet-sugar and the 
 propagation of brook-trout, by exemption from taxation; to restore the 
 system of county government by boards composed of town board of super- 
 visors, senior aldermen in cities, and presidents of villages; putting back 
 into the normal-school fund twenty-five per cent of its income temporarily 
 diverted to the common-school fund; providing for the education of soldiers' 
 orphans in the normal schools ; providing for a geological and topographical 
 survey oi the South-western lead-mines; providing for the election and clas- 
 sification of railroad directors; to organize the twelfth judicial circuit; to 
 provid", for an additional institution for the insane. 
 
 Among the general measures which failed were, amendments to the con- 
 stitution, so as to strike out the limitation of suffrage to males, lengthening 
 the term, and increasing the number of judges, X)i the Supreme Court; bills 
 to revise and so amend the registry law as to have the first registry made 
 by town and city clerks, and require an applicant to apply in writing; for 
 the removal of the capital; to establisli a uniform freight-tariff on railroads, 
 and regulate their running connections; to establish a uniform series of 
 achoolbooks; to restore the death-penalty, &c. 
 
 Among the joint resolutions was one re-affirming the amendment to the 
 constitution, dispensing with grand juries, which was submitted to the people 
 in the fall of 1870; proposing an amendment to the constitution prohibiting 
 action by the legislature, except in the enactment of general laws on sundry 
 matters, such as changing names, authorizing minors to convey real estate, 
 vacating allej's, extending the time for the collection of taxes, &c., which, 
 if adopted, would take away two-thirds of the business of the legislature; 
 and several in regard to land-grants and other matters. 
 
 One of the measures that created much interest was the Chippewa 
 Dells Improvement Bills. The strife was between the interests of the 
 
 \ J 
 
 \ 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 
 ^1 
 
 :*3 
 
 'I 
 
 m 
 
622 
 
 BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 city of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls. The bill was killed in the senate 
 by the rulings of the president at the close of the session. 
 
 Hon. A. J. Craig, State superintendent of public instruction, died on the 
 3d of July, of consumption. Gen. Samuel Fallows was appointed by the 
 governor to fill his place. 
 
 The board of commissioners appointed by the governor to locate a site for 
 the new hospital for the insane, in July adopted, subject to the approval of 
 the governor, a site on Lake Winnebago, four miles north of Oshkosh, where 
 a station had been established by the Chicago and North-western Railroad. 
 The legislature authorized the appropriation of ten thousand dollars for the 
 purchase ; and the property obtained is about three hundred acres of land. 
 -By the provisions of the act, the commissioners were authorized to obtain 
 plans for the buildings, and to contract for the immediate erection of said 
 hospital; and to this end the sum of a hundred and twenty-five thousand 
 dollars was appropriated, forty thousand dollars to be expended or drawn 
 from the State treasury in tlie year 1870. 
 
 In the month of July, bids were opened for the erection and completion of 
 the Female College building on the State University grounds. The contract 
 was awarded to lion. John Fellenz of Milwaukee for forty-one thousand six 
 hundred dollars. The amount appropriated for the same was fifty thousand 
 dollars. The governmental census taken this year (1870) shows the popula- 
 tion of Wisconsin to bo 1,054,070, an increase, since 1800, of 278,789. 
 
 The following were the names of congressmen nominated by the Demo- 
 cratic and Republican parties. Democratic, Alexander Mitchell, A. G. 
 Cook, John Strachan, Charles A. Eldredge, Joseph Stringham, and Alexan- 
 der Jleggett. Republican, William Penn Lyon, G. W. Hiizleton, J. Allen 
 Barber, J. A. Watrous, Philetus Sawyer, J. M. Rusk. At the elections in 
 November of 1870, Alexander Mitchell and Charles A. Eldredge, Demo- 
 crats, and G. AV. Ilazleton, .1. Allen Barber, Philetus Sawyer, and Jeremiah 
 M. Rusk, Republicans, were elected members of Congress. 
 
 The whole number of votes polled for congressmen was 147,369. Taking 
 this as a biisis, the State went Republican by 0,117 majority. For superin- 
 tendent of public instruction, Samuel Fallows received a majority of 9,020 
 over his opponent, H. B. Dale. The whole vote on superintendent was 
 146,8;52. 
 
 On the question of changing the constitution in relation to the grand jury 
 system, but 03,479 votes were cast; and the majority against it was 27,829. 
 
CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 THIRD ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. FAIRCHILD. 
 
 Kvents of 1871 — Cyclopredia of Legislation — Statistics —Election Contest —Elec- 
 tion of Washburn for Governor — Defeat of Doollttle. 
 
 The twenty-fourth session of the State legislature convened on the 11th 
 of January, 1871, and adjourned March 25, after a session of seventy-four 
 days. Lieut.-Gov. T. C. Pound took his seat as president of the senate; 
 and the senate, electing O. R. Smitii as chief clerk, and W. W. Baker as 
 sergeant-at-arnis, organized that body. In the assembly, William E. Smith 
 was elected speaker, E. W. Young chief clerk and Samuel S. Fifield ser- 
 geant-at-arnis. The political complexion of the legislature was, Republi- 
 cans nineteen, Democrats fourteen; Assembly, Republicans fifty-seven, 
 Democrats forty-one, Independents two. 
 
 On the 12tli of January, the governor met the legislature in joint conven- 
 tion, and delivered his annual message. He remarked at the opening, thiit 
 "our State polity is so wisely adapted to the needs of the people, and so 
 favorable to the growth and prosperity of the Commonwealth, as to require 
 but few changes at the hands of the legislature, and tliose ratlier of detail 
 than of system." 
 
 Hon. Byron Paine, associate justice of the Supreme Court, died on tho 
 13th of January, 1871. A biographical sketch of this distinguislied jurist 
 will be given hereafter. 
 
 The governor, a few days after, appointed Hon. William P. Lyon of 
 Racine to fill the vacancy until the general election in the spring, when a 
 justice wiis elected by the vote of tiie people. 
 
 Tlie building-commissioners of the Northern Wisconsin Hospital for the 
 Insane met in February, 1871, and examined the bids for the erection of 
 the asylum. Seventeen proposals were put in; and the contract was 
 awarded to James Reynolds of Milwaukee aa the lowest bidder, for 
 81-40,581. 
 
 The session of the legislature adjourned on the 25th of March was the 
 longest that had been held after the change from tho per diem to the salary 
 system of paying members; and was remarkable in one respect, viz., that it 
 passed without any political contest or partisan debate. Notwithstanding 
 
 623 
 
624 
 
 inSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tho ahgorbinj; oxcitomeut on onn or two qupstioiis, which will horeaftor be 
 referred to, all incasiiri's that havn \wn\ [iri'.spiitod rccrivcd considi'ratn 
 attention; and all laws of general iiniiortaiice were carefully Hcrutiniz:'d by 
 committees and the members at large. All local measures received thorou'^jh 
 examination, and there wiis little mischievous special legislation. Of tho 
 business of the session, in the senate tiiere were tliree hinulred and seven 
 bills presented, twelve memorial.s to C'i>nsrres.s, ei;^hteen joint resolutions, 
 and tliirty-three resolutions; and, in the assenil)ly, seven hundreil and sixty 
 bills, f(Uirteen memorials, thirty-fUfjht joint resolutions, and forty-si.x reso- 
 lutions; and, of tiie acts that passed and became laws, one hundred and 
 sixty-nine were general, live liuiulred and one private and local, fourteen 
 memorials, twenty-four appropriation."!, and two joint resolutions. 
 
 '• The Madison State Journal " of March 27 gives a full account of the 
 business of this session as follows: — 
 
 "Many of the 'Reneral laws' nro not of ponernl hiterest; some twpntv-fivo or 
 tliirty, fur iintaneo, relnthii; to terms of circuit eoiirt^ and plionoiirapliie rei)i>rters 
 therefor. Joint resohitious wore ndopteil to aiiieml tho constitution re-<triiting 
 local le^jislnlion, wliicli was twice rejected liy tlie senate, Imt (inally concurred in, 
 to be siiliinitted to tho people, and wliicli proliiliits special or private laws; for 
 cliaUKinjj names, or cnnstitutin(» lioirs-at-law; layin;{ out Slate roads all witliiu 
 one county; autlioviziu); ferries wholly within the State; providing fur sale of 
 property of minors; localinjj connty-seats; assossin;; or collecting taxes, or 
 extending the timo for collection; gfantinK corjiorato powers, except to <itios; 
 providing for any spci^lal apportiomnent of the school-finid; in(M)rporating the 
 charter of any town or villaj;o; also to increase the number of jii(l(;ei of tlie 
 Supreme Court to live, and the lennth of their term to ten years, which lias yet to 
 be approved by another leLji^lature, and then be submitted tn tho people. Among 
 the laws of general importance were those authori/.iiig the State lanil-connnis- 
 sioiuM's to loan the State trust-furuls to school-ilistricts; organizing a State board 
 of cliarilie< and reforms of live members, >vitli secretary at a salary of twelve 
 Ininilred dollars, to have oversight of tho State charitable, penal, and reformatory 
 iuHtirution*, and poor-houseH and jails, their duties simply being a boanl of 
 Inspection, not control; proviiling for the trial of criminal offences on informa- 
 tion, without the intervention of a grand jury (a very carefully-perfected meas- 
 ure); apportioning the State into senate and assembly districts; creating the 
 elective olllco of State Commissioner of Innnigration ; anil the following, — to pro- 
 tect the public against unauthorized insurance-agents; reqturing the Constitution 
 of tlio United States and Wisconsin to be la\ight in schools; to provide for hold- 
 ing normal in-itilutes in this State; to regulate tbo sale of patent-rights, and to 
 prevent frauds therein; to pmtei't and encourage the raising of slieep, and dis- 
 courage tho niultiplieafion of dogs, by authorizing county supervisors to impose 
 n tax on the latter; authorizing court connnissiiuiers to solennnzo marriages; to 
 further provide for the duties of county supervisors, antliorizing the chairman, 
 clerk, or a committee, to porform duties now reijuiring action of the whole 
 boanl; to provide for weights and measures in the several t(jwns in thin State; 
 requiring hotel-keepers to proviile means of escape from lire: providing that 
 usury shall work a forfeiture of interest only, not jirincipal; to provide for the 
 povernmeut of the State Hospital for the Insane by a board of three, instead of 
 fifteen, and recpdring two dollars a week to bo paid by friends or localities for 
 board and clothing; to consolidate and amend the acts for the government of the 
 State-prison; to simplify proceedings for the recovery of real estate; to further 
 
""'~'^iiiir» ~""TMiifif 
 
02G 
 
 n I STORY OF WTSCOySTN. 
 
 provide for instniclioii In n<iriiml sclinol of HoMlorH' orplinni; rlinnKiii}; tlio odl- 
 rlal (lesi^imtiiiii of cIimIc of lioaril of siippr\Hor< to comity rlerk; niilliori/iii'^ 
 bonnlM (if rt'jjiitry to put on iho r(\^i itry-list the iiaiiics of persons known to tlicm 
 to lio voters; rcpciilin'^ tlm Inw proliiliiiin'^ pliysichms prni'tisini^ willioiit a n^jj"- 
 l;ir iliplotnii; to sccnro a proper gnanliansliip for eliiMrou ilischarfjocl from tlio 
 8ol(liers' Orplmns' Homo. 
 
 " Tlin appropriations, mainly for tlio Riafo iliarltalilo 1 i~i .ntlons, wcro largo, 
 Imt, dill not HO niiii'li e^;(■('ed tlie revenues of tlio State Imt that a Slato tax 
 of tlireo Imiidrcd and forty tlmnsand dollars, wliiidi is ono hundred and forty 
 thousand dollarH loss than lost year, was doomed sullleiont to moot all oxpeiuli- 
 Inres. 
 
 "The principal appropriations are as follows: for the new Insane Hospital at 
 Oshkosh. SI-'li,'i<K); Stale-prison, Sil!',!ll<l; Insane Hospital at Madison, .S!ll.','JOO; 
 Bta'o Ileform School, S'l.'l.'NlO; Soldiers' Orphans' Homo, 81(1,0(10; Institute for tho 
 Deaf and Dunih, .S.'J8,:i()(l; Institute for the Mlind, S-'>-''i7:i; for the old I'roudlit 
 prlntin,' I'hiiiii, Sl-.'MiO; for the protection of Superior Ilarlior, .s.'i.'KM); for tlio col- 
 lection of f.tate war ilaiiiis apdnst Die (ieueral (lovcrnmont, !?-,7-'l; for the relief 
 (if certain citizens of Ozanlico County, who paid tlio Stfito for land which 
 liplou'.'ed to tho United States, S2,,'i.')0; for tho governor's ce.iingont fund, S'J,COO; 
 for llie widow of .Iiisiico I'aine, $1,0(10. 
 
 "Lookini,' over tlie titles of the private and local laws, ■• . '.„ I that ahnnt one 
 hundred of them aro acts of ini'orporalions of all iiumner of assoiiations; lifly- 
 ei;,'ht are railroad -charters, or amendments thereto, or relative to aid to railroads; 
 forly-tliree extend the time for colleiMiii'; taxes; forty ai'o villaKe, and thirty are 
 city cliarlers or aniendnieuts thereto; si.\teen relate to changes of uaincs, of mak- 
 ing of heirs, &c. ; tho rest relate to a variety of subjects too uutnorous to men- 
 tion. 
 
 "Among the measures before tho legislature which fiiiled to bccomo laws, the 
 bill to incorporate the f'hippewa Improvement and Itooming Conipany, — which 
 passed liotli houses by close votes, hut was killed by tho governor's veto, — excited 
 more interest tlian any other matter, was more or less complicated with nearly 
 all other Icgi-lnliou, especially with the Apportionment liiii, and its eonsiileraliou 
 Boniewliat protracted tho .session. Amendments to the conslitullun wero 
 defeated, striking out tho troublesome pi'ovision reciniring uniformity of county 
 government, providing for biennial sessiimi of tho legislature; a new system of 
 di. it rictiiig our State into senate and assembly districts, and minority representa- 
 tion; bills for a commission to propose amendments to the constitution; provid- 
 ing for a revision of the statutes; educational bills for a State board of education, 
 for county higli schools, luid town superintendents, and compulsory atlendanco 
 on scliool-; proposing iv removal of tho capital (barely introduced, but not urged); 
 repealing tho registry law; further restraining tho sale of liiinor; authorizing 
 female tax-payers lo vote at school-meetings; giving tho railroad license-money 
 to localities where railroad property lies, instead of to tho State treasury; provid- 
 ing a coal-vault at the Capitol; to establish an institution for tho feeble-minded; 
 to restore tlie district supervisor Mvsteni of couut,y government; to make the sale 
 of liquor to a drunken man forfeit a license; to make tho verdict of eleven agree- 
 ing jurors effective; joint resolution lo amend tho constitution and liill limiting 
 tho power of municipalities to contract ilolit to (Ivo per cent of the assessed valu- 
 ation; providing for tract-indexes in the different counties; to make the receiving 
 of a railroad-pass by a juror or n commissioner to award damages, from a niilroad 
 I'ompany interesfoil,a felony; making the term of town clerks three years; mak- 
 ing tho derriuuling of hotel-keepers by tlieir guests a penal offence; rei]uiriiig a 
 licen.'.e from the clerk of tlio circuit court as a prereipiiiito to marriage; limiting 
 tho fees of the eounuLssioners of school and luiivorsity lauds; giving gravudtoue 
 
rrrsTonr of wrscoxsrif. 
 
 G27 
 
 TiinkorM a lion tliernoii; iirnviiliii;; for an adillliduiil pnlilicfitiim nf the laws In 
 'Tlid Sfiiili-inii Di'iiiricnit ;' tn roppul (ho ivct fm- tlio mirviiy of tlio loa(l■lli^t^l(!t; 
 to pay two IhniHand ihilhirH fur llui sito (if tho Sfafo-prUon; making appmprla- 
 tinns ti) thn MiluiiuUno chariialih- insiitiitiuiis; niimcruiis hills as to tlio fees anil 
 jurisdicllon nf jiisticps of the jicnvo. 
 
 " Tlio c'venicr has vctoeil lull fc^w hills diirini; the session; anil all tho vetoes 
 have hecn sustaiiiod. The aits thus made of none effort were to t;ive all swanip- 
 laiids. and the proceeds of all s(dd In the town of Iloyalton, for draina.i;e purpose* 
 therein; to vacate part of the jilats of tlie lity of IIiid<on and the villajjo "f "o 
 Boto, fit. Croix County, and the (;hippewa Dells I'.ill. Tho Rovernor also with- 
 held his approval from two hills presented to him on tlie last day, — one reponl- 
 In'i the law re(iiiiriiii» notaries to have a »(!al, tho other ainendiiit; tho cliarter of 
 tho Meehunies' Jlntnal Insiirauco Company in a eontradietory nianuor to a hill 
 jnst provU.usly passed," 
 
 At tho election in April for associato justice, William P. Lyou received 
 69,587 votes, anil I). J. Pnlliug 58.119 votes. Tlio former was elected for 
 six years. 
 
 Tiio regents of tho University of Wisconsin elected Rev. J. II. Twomhly, 
 LL.D., of IJoston, Mass., presiilent of tlie uiiivf-rsity. Dr, Twoi-bjy 
 accepted the apiiointnient, and soon after entered t.|)on thr. duties of his 
 office. The Ui'inihlican State Convention for the iioiniiiatio.i of .State offi- 
 cers met at Madison on tho liOth of August, 18G1, Hon. George C. Ilazleton, 
 president. 
 
 On an informal ballot for governor, 20 1 votes woro polled, of which num- 
 ber C. C. Washburn received 112, W. E. Smith 111, and 11 scattering. 
 Mr. Washliiini was declared uiianiiiiously nominated. For lieut;'iiant- 
 govenior, M. II. PetUlt received 181 votes, J. II. llountree 82, J. K. Proud- 
 fit 10, J. S. Curtis 21. Jlr. Pettitt was declared nominated. Llewellyn 
 Br(>ese was unanimously nominated for secretary of 8tat(!, and Ilenry Uaetz 
 st:ite treasurer, without ballot. Samuel Fallows in tho s.amo manner re- 
 ceived the nomination of su)ierintendent of public instruction. For attor- 
 ney-general, .S. S. Parlow received Kill votes, John A. Bennet 80, and 
 O. I!. Thomas 13. Mr. Parlow was nominated ; and (!. F. Wheeler for 
 state-jirison commissioner. O. C. Johnson was nominated emigrant eom- 
 niis.«ioner by acclamation. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention met at Madison, Aug. 23, 1871, II. L. 
 Palmer, president. On a vote being t.'iken for governor, James II. Doo- 
 littlo received 123 votes, and was unaniinously nominated. For lieutenant- 
 governor, John A. Rico received 97 votes, ('•. W. Kroupsoff 19 votes, and 
 30 scattering. Mr. Rice's nomination was mado unanimous, and that 
 of Jlilton Montgomery for secretary of state. For state treasurer, Anton 
 Klauss received 103 votes, and was nominated. For attorney-general, 
 E. S. Bragg received 80 votes, and A. J. Ri-iiig 40 votes. Mr. liragg's 
 nomination was made unanimous. L. E. Johnson w.is nominated by ac- 
 clamation for state-prison commissioner. For superintendent of public 
 instruction, AVarren D. Parker received 118 votes, and F. Regenfus 28 
 Votes. Mr. Parker was uuauimously nominated. For commissioner of 
 
 *«^*. 
 
628 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 emigration, Jacob Boden received 120 votes, J. Seaman 22 votes, and 6 
 Vi -OS scattering. Mr. Boden's nomination was declared unanimous. 
 
 The montli of Ocl -ber t'lis year was a disa.strous one. The great fire in 
 Chicago toolc place, an ■" i^'m that in the north-eastern part of Wisconsin. 
 Some six c unties were ai vastated. Owing to long-continued drought, every 
 thing was like tinder, !• J burned with immense rapidity. Something like 
 one thousand persons are supi)osed to have lost their lives. At Peshtego, 
 four hundred and seventy dead bodies were found. Large amoimts of lum- 
 ber were destroyed, and heavy forests bunit. Destructive fires took place, 
 also, in North-western Wisconsin, in the Black River pineries. The people 
 in the southern and central parts of the State, with their accustomed 
 liberality, sent large supplies of food and clothing to the destitute; and 
 every effort was made by the humane and charitable to alleviate the suf- 
 ferings and privations of those demanding their sympathy. 
 
 At the elections in November, the whole Republican ticket was elected. 
 For governor, C. C. Washburn received 78,301 votes, and James R. Doo- 
 little 68,910 : the other Republican candidates received majorities ranging 
 from 8,000 to 10,000. 
 
CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 ADMETISTBATION OF GOV. WASHBTJEN. 
 
 Eventa of 1872— An Account of the Great Fires of 1871- 
 Election — Statistics. 
 
 ■Legislation, &o. — 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1872, Hon. Lucius Fairchild, ■who had for six 
 years preceding that date occi'pied the position of governor of the State, 
 retired, and was succeeded by Hon. C. 0. Washburn. Of the administration 
 of Gov. Fairchild, it was said, — 
 
 " Few men have attained the full honors he has done at so young an age ; and 
 it is rare, indeed, that any man of any age has so long tilled high positions with 
 such universal satisfaction to the people as he ha < ;'one. At the age of forty, he 
 retires from office, having held the highest posi'.ion within the gift of the people 
 of his adopted State, for three terms, with the respect of his fellow-citizens of all 
 parties." 
 
 A*, eleven o'clock the old Stat3 officers proceeded to the residence of the 
 governor elect, where was also the lieutenant-governor elect, Hon. M. H. 
 Pettitt. The party proceeded by sleighs to the State Capitol, and at twelve 
 o'clock entered the assembly chamber, where were ooiigregated a largo 
 number of persons anxious to witness the simple yet imposing ceremony. 
 The officers elect were seated in front of the speaker's platform. Gen. 
 Washburn then stepped forward; and the oath of office was administered to 
 him by Chief Ju? ice Dixon in a very impressive manner. The other State 
 officers then steppt I forward, one at a time; and each took the oath to sup- 
 port the constitution, and to discharge the duties of the respective office 
 to which he was elected. The ceremony over, the officers proceeded to the 
 Executive chamber, where Gov. Washburn was duly conducted to the chair 
 by his predecessor, and the party dispersed. 
 
 The twenty-fifth session of the legislature commenced on the 10th of 
 January, 1872, and adjourned on the 27tl- of March, after a session of 
 Boventy-seven days. In the senate, Hon. M. H. Pettitt of Kenosha, lieu- 
 tenant-governor, took his seat aa president. J. H. Waggoner was elected 
 chief clerk, and W. D. Hoard sergeant-at-arms. In the assembly, Daniel 
 Hall was chosen speaker, E. W. Young chief clerk, and S. S. Fifield ser- 
 geant-al arms. 
 
 629 
 
630 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSrN. 
 
 Tlio spnato, was compnsod of twniity-thrpo Ucpublioaiis, nine Domocrats, 
 and ono Independent. lu the assoml)ly wei-e fifty-eight llepuljlicans, tliirty- 
 eiglit Democrats, and four Independent. 
 
 At two o'eloek, p.m., of the 11th of .January, Gov. AVashburn delivered 
 liis first annual niessa.u^e to the two luiuses of t!ie leQ-Jslaturi! in joint conven- 
 tion. It was a long nie.ssage, and .set fonli in detail the general condition of 
 State affairs. 
 
 The general condition of the .State for tlie proviou.s year was referred to as 
 having been very pro.sperous, blessed with abundant returns of agriculture, 
 and free from pestilence and famine. 
 
 Th(! recent great confla'^rations were referred to in ajipropriate terms; 
 and measures to afford relief were suggested. A thorough gi^ological sur- 
 vey of the State was highly recommended, lleference was made to the 
 Board of State Charities, ami their report commended to favorable consid- 
 eration. The condition of all the State institutions was fully set forth, and 
 commended to *he attention of the legislature. 
 
 In national matters, the governor fully sustained the national adminis- 
 tration, lie recommended the Civil Service Ueform, a return to specie 
 payments at an early day, and the adoption of a government telegraph sys- 
 tem in connection with our postal system. His remarks on those sulijects 
 ■^vere extended, and pre.sented the matters in a clear style, giving evidence 
 that they had been thoroughly considered. 
 
 The gfovernor spoke of the great fires of 1871 as follows : — 
 
 "During the last days of Septonibcr, and the first days of Oitolier, the north- 
 cist part of the !>lato was overrun liv extensive tires, destroying nnii'li propei'ty, 
 and causin;; (;re;it <listress, Imt nntliin;; eonipaiccl to wliiit was sonn to follow; 
 for, on theHtli and '.)th of Oetolier, a conllauration, unparalleled in tlio world's 
 history, swept over portions of tlio eoiunies of Oconto, I'rown, Door, and Ke- 
 waunee, eonsMnuM^; all liefore it. 
 
 " In vain the uidiappy jieoplo soui;lit refii;;o in open lieMs, swamps, lakes, and 
 rivers. The lire-lilast, which seemed to come down from heaven, was so suihlen 
 and npp.allini,', that many helieved th.it the lonjj-foretojd destrui'tinn of the 
 world was at hand. l?y this enullauniiion, it is estimat(Ml that over a thousand 
 persons lost their lives; and iiiai\y others were horrililv liurnod and maimed, and 
 doomed to drag out a life inoia intolerable than death itself. As soon as intelli- 
 gence of this };reat calamity reached the E.\eiulivo ollice, my predecessor, willi 
 tliat promptitnile and hiimaMity which were to ho expeited from him, proceeded 
 at once to the scene of the disasicr, to lend such aid is w^is within his jioxver. 
 Appealing; at once to the charitable for relief to the snflerers, the Rieat lieart of 
 the country responded with a ;;emM'osity that calls fur the warmest uralitmlo. 
 
 "The ]ieoplc of the State, In the most prompt and liberal nnuuier, sent forward 
 money, idotliinK. anil supplies for their sidTeriuii fellow-citi/ens. The people of 
 other Stales were nnt less prompt anil neuerous in their liberal offerinjis; and 
 even Canada and Europe lieard our cry, and manifested their .sympathy with a 
 liberal hand. 
 
 " I ]ilace before the lei;islatnro the very full and satisfactory report of my pred- 
 ecessor, detailinj; his actiiin in regard to the sulTerers, The responsibility takf.U 
 by him and the stale treasmcr ciinnot fail to meet your .ipproval, Tlie in';:ency 
 of the case fully just'lies their action. It cannot bu tugurdud as u prucudeut; uud 
 •uch an occasiuu U not likely tu again arise. 
 
C32 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 " The total amonnt of money received nt the Executive ofBce for the heneflt 
 of tlie suffevins, to Jan. 1, 1«72 was Slli<>,7«!).i)fi, of whicli snm 840,WtO was trans- 
 iiiitteil to the Relief Committee at Green Bay; gHOO.yiii was expended for sup- 
 plies; SW7..')7, for sundry expensei, leavin;;, unexpended, Sm 3!'7.23. for which I 
 hold the receipt of Hon. Henry Haetz, state treasurer, for S^3,r)3!).0o, and a cerll- 
 ticate of deposit in tlie State Bank at Ma<lison for S77,8C8.18. 
 
 " In addition to tlie fore.^oin^ contril)utions inmoney, larj^e amounts of clothing 
 and provisions h.ive heeu received throiijjli the Executive oillce; and It is under- 
 stood that larfie ivmonntH of money, clothing, and supplies, have also heen cou- 
 trihuted tliroiiKh the Milwaukee and Greeri Bay lielief Conuuittees. It is rec- 
 uniinended that a joint relief connnittee, <'oiisistinK of one meralier of the senate, 
 and two of the assembly, be constituted at an early day, with authority to pro- 
 ceed at once to the 'Imnit district,' and investigate the condition of the people 
 there, and confer with the relief committees of Green Bay and Milwaukee, and 
 ascertain what nnioiint of relief will be required to place them in a comfortable 
 condition, and when they can bo self-sustaining; anil I also ask that you consti- 
 lule some authority throuj^h which the amount now subject to my order may be 
 BO di.sposed of as to give the most relief, and heat meet the wishes of the con- 
 tributors " 
 
 After a spssion of snvonty-six days, tlio lotrislature of 1872 finislied its 
 work, and adjourned, after piviiig' ainplo time for tliO enrolment of all bills, 
 and their examination by tin; governor before signature. Few of its prede- 
 cessors have embraced an equal number of men ready in debate, botii among 
 those well known in the legislative halls, and those for whom this was the 
 first rxix-rience «s law-makers. The work of the session was peculiarly 
 dillicult, owing to the many general laws which the constitutional amend- 
 ment, prohibiting a large class of sjtecial legislation, made necessary. Wlien 
 the legislature met, there were many open rpiestions as to the construction 
 of that amendment; and it was some time before it cotdd be detsrmined what 
 wnp rc.julred to be done, or how to do it. The committee on general laws, 
 after careful dehberation, rejwrted such bills, as, with but little change, be- 
 came laws which wore suited to the objects for which they were framed. 
 The apportionment of the State into congressional districts was another 
 perplexing task devolving on this legislature; and although almost anyone 
 could suggest a change for the bettar, in some respects, considered by them- 
 selves, as a whole, it is, perhaps, a.s satisfactory as any arrangemiMit that 
 could have been made under the circumstances. Tlie framing and passage 
 of a 1)111 that should meet the pop\dar demand for a law to prevent the evils of 
 drunkenness, after much consultation and study, has been met by " IJill 
 No. 7 A," making liijuor-sellers responsible; the sliarp contest on which was 
 led by Mr. (rraham of Rock County, the father of the bill, with able allies. 
 This bill was the cause of much discussion, not only in, but out of, tho legis- 
 lature. The law was enacted after a hard struggle. 
 
 In the senate one hundred and eighty bills were introduced, thirty-one 
 joint resolutions, and two hundred and ten petitions received; and, in tho 
 assembly, live hiuidreil and twenty-nine bills, thirty memorials, forty-eight 
 jon«t resolutiims, ninety-four resolutions, and five hundred and eleven peti- 
 lion^. There were one hundred and seventy-five general laws enacted, one 
 
nrsTORT OF wiscONsm. 
 
 hundred and forty-one private and local laws, twenty-six memorials, forty 
 appropriations, and eleven resolutions. 
 
 An amendment to tlie constitution, proposed by the last legislature, was 
 agi'eod to, and provision made for submitting it to the people to increase 
 the number of supreme-court judges from three to five; and an amendment 
 proposed, limiting the power of municipalities to contract debt to five per 
 cent of the assessed valuation. 
 
 General incorporation laws in pursuance of the constitutional amendment 
 were passed, providing for the incorporation of railroad companies, villages, 
 religious societies, for manufacturing and other purposes. Other more im- 
 portant laws are, to regulate granting municipal aid to railroads, to pro- 
 vide for locating and changing county-seats, to exempt private property 
 from seizure on sale to pay municipal debts, authorizing cities and villages 
 to establish free public libraries, &c. 
 
 The waters of the Chippewa did not divert the cause of legislation, or 
 swell to such an angry torrent as on the previous year. Two questions were 
 only brouglit to an issue affecting it; and those created little excitement, 
 compared with last year. Tlie Beef Slough Boom Company obtained 
 certain privileges and powor.s under a general law, which the Eau Claire 
 interests chiim will give them privileges they have never enjoyed before. 
 The friends of the Dells Improvement felicitate themselves that there 
 was no square vote against their measure; while tlie Chippewa Falls people 
 rejoice that it was not carried, and that a general law for the accomplish- 
 ment of its purposes was defeated. One-tenth of the local and private laws 
 relate to the city of Jlilwaukee; there are also a large number for the repeal 
 of sundiy railroad charters in the northern part of the State; also a large 
 number of city charters, and amendments thereto, legahzing acts, and for 
 a variety of minor legislation, which is not inhibited. But three acts passed 
 have failed to receive the executive approval, — one to give the Dells Inves- 
 tigating Committee additional powers, and others of less inqwrtance. 
 
 Among the measures that failed to become laws were a constitutional 
 convention, amendments to the constitution for biennial sessions, minority 
 representation, raising the minimum of school age to six years, repeal of the 
 registry law, changing the system of county government, for the printing 
 claims of Calkins & Proudfit and S. I). Carpenter. 
 
 On the 25th of May a contract was made with T. Shimmins and William 
 Landon to [mt up an iron fence around the Capitol S(iuare. The whole ex- 
 pense, under the contract, was 827,495; Mr. Shimmins to furnish the stone 
 and mason work, at ?i;3,000; and Mr. Landon the iron, at $14,495. 
 
 The Republican Convention nominated the following persons as presiden- 
 tial electors, AV. E. Cramer, F. Fleischer, J. S. Nicklcs, George G. Swain, 
 0. B. Thoma.s, F. Ililgon, E. C. McFetridge, G. E. Iloskinton, 11. Bunn, 
 and II. D. Barron. The Democratic Convention nominated for the same 
 officers, Moiis. Anderson, J. Black, W. Spooner, A. G. Cook, George 11. 
 King. S. Kindskoff, U. II. Ilotclikiss, Anton Klauss, M. Montgomery, and 
 M. Wadleigh. 
 
C34 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCOIVSIN. 
 
 At the elocfuMi in Xovombcr, tin- foniiov (IlciniMican) received ia,-),nl2, 
 and the hitter (Deiiioerutie) sn, :'.!)(), ami 8:lt votes scattering. At the iiieet- 
 iiig (if the eli'etiiral eollej^e. the ten votes n[ Wisconsin were cast for U. S. 
 Grant for Virsideiit, and Henry Wilson Vici'-I'resident. 
 
 The Iteimhlican candidates for nienihers of ('on','ress in the eiGjht conijTes- 
 sional districts were, Charles (l. Williams, (;. W. Hazleton, J. Allen liarber, 
 II. Baet/., F. C. Winkler, I'. Sawyer, J. M. Unsk. and A. S. McDill; and 
 the Democratic candidates, I. C. Sloan, (1. 15. Smith. A. Warden, Alex- 
 ander Mitchell, C. A. Eldredije, M. 1'. Lindsley, Si J. Marston, and AVilliam 
 Carson. 
 
 At the same election, the Republican candidates were elected, except II. 
 Baetz and F. C. Winkler; and A. Mitchell and C. A. Eldredge, Democrats, 
 were elected in their places. 
 
 The election for members of the lec;islaturc gave the Republicans twenty- 
 one members of the senate, two Liberals, and ten Democrats; and in tho 
 assembly, sixty Republicans, thirty-six Democrats, and four Independents. 
 
CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 ADMINISTEATION OF GOV. WASHBUBN. 
 
 Events of 1873 — Legislation — Statistics — Closing Events of Gov. Washburn'! 
 Admiuistration — The Election of 1873 — Defeat of the liepublican Party. 
 
 The Twenty-sixth session of the State legislature convened on the 
 eighth day of January, 1873, and adjourned March 20, after a session of 
 twenty-two days. In the senate, Hon. M. II. Pettitt, lieutenant-governor, 
 was president, and J. H. Waggoner was elected as chief clerk, and Albert 
 Emerson aa sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 In the assembly, Hon. Henry D. Barron of Polk County was elected 
 speaker, E. W. Young chief clerk, and O. C. Bissell sergeant-at-anns. 
 
 On the 0th, the second annual message of Gov. Washburn was delivered 
 to the two houses of the legislature. It is a docjunent of more than ordi- 
 nary interest, and is above the common standard of gubernatorial produc- 
 tions of this kind. The message opens with a brief reference to the abun- 
 dant returns from agricultural pursuits, the development of the industries 
 of the State, the advance in manufacturing, the rapid extension of rail- 
 ways, the progress of education as being eminently satisfactory dui'ing the 
 past year. 
 
 His recommendations in regard to the repeal of the law authorizing 
 the loan of the school and university funds to school-districts, and for 
 the revison of the law regulating the descent of property in case a husband 
 dies intestate without children, commended themselves to the legislature, 
 and met with its approval. The new Liquor Law, he thought, had not been 
 in force long enough to have been fairly tested as to its merits, and recom- 
 mended further legislation to secure its enforcement. A patriotic reference 
 was made to the great Centennial Exposition proposed to be held at Phila- 
 delphia in 1870 ; and au appropriation was suggested to the consideration 
 of the leprislature. 
 
 On tlie subject of railroads, the message set forth the roads that had been 
 constructed in the State during the year 1872, and informed the people that 
 " there will be few communities that have not railroad facilities at no great 
 distance from them " when the various lines now in process of construc- 
 tion should be completed. His views set forth in his last annu.il message, oa 
 636 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 687 
 
 the general subject of railroads and their jnanagement, remained unchanged. 
 He claimi^d tliat "many vast and overshadowing corporations in tiie United 
 States are justly a source of alarm," and tjiat "the legislature cannot scan 
 too closely every measure that should come before it which proposed to give 
 additional rights and privileges to the railways of the State." The recom- 
 mendation of the previous year for a Board of Railroad Commissioners was 
 repeated. He also recommended that the " granting of passes to the class 
 of State officials, who, through their public office, have power to confer or 
 withhold benefits to a railroad company, be prohibited." 
 
 The subjects of the St. Croix Land Grant, the River Improvements, the 
 Harbor of Superior, were discussed at considerable length ; and the benefits 
 that would accrue from these improvements were fully set forth in the 
 measage. 
 
 The governor took strong ground in favor of the adoption of the Postal 
 Telegraph System by the National Government, but was decidedly opposed 
 to the proposition before Congress, " which contemplates a partnership be- 
 tween the government and private parties." 
 
 The necessity for cheaper lines of transportation was dwelt upon ; and the 
 great enterprises of the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, and 
 the Niagara Ship Canal, strongly commended by the governor, who ex- 
 pressed the hope that the General Government would make the necessary 
 appropriations for their completion. 
 
 The message was very favorably noticed by the leading newspapers of the 
 State, without regard to politics. One paper, not politically a friend, said, 
 " If Gov. Washburn is not a great statesman, he is certainly not a small 
 politican." 
 
 The first important business of the session was the election of an United 
 States .senator to fill the place of lion. Timothy O. Howe, wlioso term of 
 office expired March 4, 1874. On the 22d of January, the two houses met 
 in joint convention for the purpose of comparing the journals of the two 
 houses, relative to the election of United States senator. Hon. II. L. 
 Eaton, president of the senate pro tern., called the convention to order; and 
 the action of each house was read by its chief clerk. In the senate, Timo- 
 thy O. Howe received twenty-two votes, and Henry L. Palmer nine votes. 
 In the assembly, Mr. Howe received sixty-one votes, and Mr. Palmer thirty- 
 five votes. The president then announced that lion. T. O. Howe was 
 elected United States senator for the term of six years from the 4th of 
 March, 1874; after which the convention adjourned. 
 
 The bills before the legislature which occupied the attention of the mem- 
 bers in preference to many othei-s were the land-grant bills, of which there 
 ■were a number. One was to confer the grant of the St. Croix Company to 
 the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company: others on t)ie Northern 
 Wisconsin Road, on the Chicago and Northern Pacific Air Line Road, on 
 the Milwaukee and Nortliem Road, the Prescott River Falls and Northern 
 Road; also the bill to authorize the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad tc 
 erect a bridge across the Mississippi at La Crosse. This last bill occupied 
 
638 
 
 iiisTonr OF wrscoNsm. 
 
 the closinn; flays of tlio sossinn, and created iriiicli interf'st. Fiii'iids and 
 oiiponcntH of tlic nii'usurc were, at the Cnjiitol in stronpf force. The bill 
 passed liolh liouses, and was sent to tins (fovernor for approval. On the 
 18th of March, lie returned the same to the a.iscnibly, with his rea.sons at 
 length for rcfusinjj; to .sign the bill, closing with the following remark: — 
 
 " I cannot apprnvo the liill witlinnt "anctioninK tlio nullification <<! a law of 
 Contjrcis, plainly aulliiirizc<l liy llic Constiiuliun. It is aii asscrlinu nf Slate rights, 
 never licfore claiiricd williiu uiy knowlcil^jc, where Congress liad already alllrui- 
 a'ively acted in the premises, in any scition nf the irniou, — nut even in tliat sec- 
 tion of cduutry where those rit.'hts have lii.'en uiiist tN-atciifully pianled. Xor am I 
 ivllliu;,' to say (hat the ;;i)veruiiirii' ii:;ini'ers (in li)iatin^ tli(! liridne) have failed 
 to discharge the duty iuiposeil u| icui inider the law of C)(i»t;ress." 
 
 The bill wa.s returned to the asscmlilj"; and on tiio question, " Sliall the 
 bill pass, the objection of his E.\eellency tlie Governor to the contrary, not- 
 witiistandingV " the bill so passed, — aye.s .sixty, noes twenty-eight, and ten 
 absent, or not voting. On tlie bill being received in tlio senate, that body 
 refused to concur with the a.s.senibly in (lie jiassago of said bill over the 
 governor's veto by a vote of ayes fifteen, noes twelve. 
 
 The legislature adjourned March '.'O, having remained iu session seventy- 
 two days. 
 
 The following is a statement of business presented and disposed of at this 
 session: .Senate, bills introduced, one liundred and seventy-two; memorials 
 to Congress, two; joint resolutions, twenty; resolutions, twenty-six; peti- 
 tions presented, one hundred and ninety-five. A.ssentbly, bills introduced, 
 four hundred and thirty-four; memorials, eleven; joint resolutions, forty- 
 two; resolutions, ninet\--six; petitions, seven hundred and fifty-one. There 
 were one hundred and tliiily-six general li>'~ [lassed. nneluindred and forty- 
 five jniviite and local hiws, twenty-seven appropriations, eleven memorials, 
 and six joint resolutions. 
 
 Among the most important acts passed were, providing for a geologi- 
 cal survey of the State, to be begun in Ashland County, and completed 
 ivithin four years, by a chief geologist and four assistants, to In: appointed 
 liy the governor, thirteen tli(uis;inil dolhirs bring approprii\t"d annually; 
 giving the Milwaukee and St. Paul li:iih-oa(l Company the land-grant, 
 conditioned on building roads from Trcscott to Superior and llaylleld, from 
 lied \Mng to Ciiipiiewa Falls, from Monroe to Sludlsburg; to change the 
 management of the State-prison from a commissioner elected by the people 
 every two years, to a warden appointed by the governor, with consent of the 
 Senate and a board of directors; to substitute the secretary of state, state 
 treasurer, and attorney-general for the senate, as a State board of assessors; 
 applying the temperance law of last winter to all cities and incorporated 
 villages, regardless of any special provisions of their charter; increasing 
 the salaries of Supreme Com't judges to five thousand dollars; providing for 
 a State tax for lS7:Jof Soil, 110; to provide' for finishing the .State Capitol, 
 protecting tiie same against fire; for the improvement of the Capitol I'ark, 
 and apjM'opriating S'Jti.H.'iO for the same; and numerous other bills and 
 specific appropri;itions to the various State institutions. 
 
cto 
 
 n/sTonr of w/scoysiy. 
 
 In addition to the bill vetoed by the governor on the bridging of the 
 JliasiHsiinii, tliere wero tliveo others which faii(!(l to bcconio hiw-s; viz., for 
 thu relief of S. D. Carpenter; to uudit u verdict of CiiUdiis & I'roiidlit on 
 their ininting claim; to provide for the collection of certain property sta- 
 tistics, for which an unobjectionable bill was afterwards passed. 
 
 The above is a synop.sis of what the legislature did, and refused to do. 
 There was less reference to politics than in any session for a number of 
 sessions; and the best feeling pervadi-'d the rn(nnbers. 
 
 At the spring election, Hon. Ursamus Colo was re-elected associate jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court. 
 
 Under the law for carrying on the geological survey of the State, Gov. 
 Washburn appointed Increase A. Lapham, LL.D., as chief of tiio survey, on 
 the 11th of April. The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, on the l.Jlh of 
 May, sent to the governor an official notice that they declined to accept the 
 St. Croix and Superior land-grant, under the terms prescribed by the act of 
 the last session of the legislature. This action on the part of the coni[iany 
 was the cause of much comment by the newspaper press; and the course of 
 the company was severely criticised. 
 
 On the 27th of August, the Republican Union Convention for the nomi- 
 nation of State officers was held at Madison, John Nazro, president. 
 
 Hon. C. C. Washburn was unanimously renominated for governor, with- 
 out ballot. For lieutenant-governor, on the first formal ballot, Robert H. 
 Baker received l."30 votes, and was nominated; for secretarj of state, E. W. 
 Young received 130 votes, and was nominated; Ole C. Johnson received 189 
 votes for treasurer, and was nominated; for attorney-general, L. F. Frisby 
 received 102 votes, and was nominated; Robert Graham received 100 votes, 
 and was nominated superintendent of public instruction ; G. P. Lindman 
 received 119 votes, and was nominated as emigration connnissioner. 
 
 On the 25th of September, the Liberal Democratic Convention met at 
 Milwaukee, Hon. S. 1). Burcliard, president. 
 
 William R. Taylor received 229 votes for governor (all cast), and was 
 declared unanimously nominated; for lieutenant-governor, C. D. Parker re- 
 ceived 188 votes, and was nominated; Ferdinand Kuehn received 188 votes, 
 and was nominated for .state treasurer; lion. Peter Doyle received 150 
 votes, and was nominated for secretary of state; for attorney-general, A. 
 Scott Sloan was nominated by acclamation; Prof. Kdward Searing was 
 nominated superintendent of public instruction by acclamation; and M. J. 
 Argard, receiving 140 votes, was declared nominated for state-prison com- 
 missioner. 
 
 At the election in November, C. C. Washburn received 00,224 votes, and 
 William 11. Taylor 81,509: the latter w.is eKctcd, and tlie remainder of the 
 Liberal Democratic ticket, by majorities ranging between thirteen and four- 
 teen thousand. In consequence of the residt of this election, the Republi- 
 can party, which had been in power from the beginning of the administra- 
 tion of Gov. Coles IJashford, in 1850, to the close of the year 1873, retired 
 from power to give place to Democratic or " Refoiin " supremacy. 
 
CIIAPTKR LXIV. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION' OF GOV. W. K. TAYLOU. 
 
 Events of 1874 — First Messngo of finv. 'i'liylor — l«;;islation — Stntlstlcs — 
 
 lUillroad Ijiti^'Utiim. 
 
 O.N tho fifth day of January, IS" I, the Reform party of the State of Wis- 
 consin commenced its administration. The inauguration ceremonies took 
 phico on the 5tli, and were liricf and simple. At haif-past eleven, .'V.M., a 
 larpfc party assembled at the Kxecutive office, amonaf whom, besides tho 
 iif'wly-elected .State otTicers, were Hon. George IJ. Smith, attorney-general of 
 the last Democratic administration. Gen. C. It. Gill, formerly attorney-gen- 
 eral, Hon. S. 0. lUirchard, Hon. X. U. Fratt, Hon. L. B. Vilas, Hon. ,1. C. 
 Gregory, and many others. From the E.\ecntive odioo, tho incoming otBcers, 
 escorted by the outgoing ones, prococded to tho Supreme Comt room, and, 
 with the judges, to tho assembly chamber. Tho newly-eleeted officers took 
 scats in front of the clerk's (^^sk; and each, as his name was called, arose, 
 and tli(^ oath of office was administered by Hon. L. S. JJixon, ciiief justice 
 of the Supreme Court. 
 
 Tho following is a list of the State officers who took the oath of office, 
 which comprised the .State officers elect: — 
 
 (iovenior, AV'illiam R. Taylor of Dane; lieutenant-governor, Cliarloa D. 
 Parker of St. t.'roi.x; secretary of state, Peter Doyle- of Crawford; state 
 treasurer, Ferdinand Knohn of Milwaukee; attorney-general, A. .Scott 
 Sloan of Dodge; state superintendent, Eilvvard Searing of Rock; emigra- 
 tion commissioner, W. R. Argard of Eau Claire. In tho ev^.iuj;, tho State 
 officers received their friends at tho assembly-chamber, it which lime tho 
 room was filled to its capacity. After the officers bad received the congratu- 
 lations of their friends, tho floor was prepared for dancing, which was 
 enjoyed by the large party of ladies and gentlemen who were present on tho 
 occasion. 
 
 Tho annual meeting of the State legislature commenced on tho 14th of 
 January. Hon. Charles D. Parker, as lieutenant-governo'', took !:!« seat as 
 president of tho senate ; and J. H. \Vaggoner was eler'ed ciiicf clerk, and 
 O. I'. Aken sergeant-at-arms. In tho assembly Gabri' 1 ISouck was elected 
 speaker, George W. Peck chief clerk, and Joseph Deuiitcr sergeant-at-arma. 
 
 GU 
 
G42 
 
 HISTORY or n/sro.\iuy. 
 
 Ill tlip si'iiato, sixtiM'n w. ro Ri'fonncrs, and scviMitoon li''iMililicaiis. [u 
 till' asscmlily. l!i'l'i)rinin-.s, '!'iy-i'i;;ht ; llepuMicans, forty ; Iiuli'poiKlciits, 
 two. Tlio k'f;i.sl:itiiro adji. inii'd on tlio l"Jtli of Marcli, aft(>r a si'ssioii 
 of fifty-ei-jht days. On ilio l.")th of January, Guv. Taylor ini't Uk; 
 joint 1 . nvciitinii of tin' two liuusos, an<l delivered liis first annnal nies- 
 sa\'e. At till' liec;iniiiiii^, ho referred to tlio linaiieial disturhanees of 
 tlie eoiiiifry, and saiil. that accompanying them had come an iin]i"ra- 
 tive deiuand from the people for a purer jiolitioal morality, a more 
 equitable apiiortionmeiil of the burdens and l>li.'ssin!:fs of government, 
 and a more rij;id eeonniny in the administration of jniblic afl'airs. He 
 made reference to the: financial condition of the .State, r.iid siiirgested that 
 taxes 1)0 collected semi-annually, or, if the time ho not changed, that 
 till! Stai • ought to di'iive sonn revenue for intere.'5t on its surplus funds 
 during a portion of the year. 'l"he receipt.s and disbursements for the iire- 
 vious year were given in a clear manner, showing that the general fund wa.s 
 overdrawn, and that money had been borrowed temporarily from t!ie trust- 
 limds (if the State to pay draft.s ujioii the general fnnd. 'I'liis ]iractice the 
 governor eonili'mned strongly, and remarked that a deficiency in the general 
 1'uikI in excess of all proper resources for current ex[ienditures from tho 
 trust-funds of the State was, in fact, .an increase of the State debt to tho 
 precise amount of the sum thus taken from those funds. 
 
 lie commended the suggestion of ex-secretary lireese on the subject 
 of taxing raihvay-coinpauies, and thought, also, that foreign iiisurance- 
 coin|iaiiies siiould bo made to pay more taxes to tho .Stale, and recom- 
 mended that all fees rec'-ivi d by State olUcers should go into the treasury. 
 Tho registry law he thim ;lr. w.is costly, cumbrous, and inelKciont, and its 
 amendment or repeal was recommended; and. in coiuieetion therewith, tho 
 o[iinioii was expressed, that a fairer and fulli.'r expression of piildic opinion 
 might be secured by keeping the polls op'ii a greater niimbi'r of liour.s. llo 
 also congratulated the legislature on th ■ progress of ediieation in the St.atej 
 and the common schools, normal schools, and .State University received a 
 very favoral)le niv'ntion. The governor felt a just pride in tlio State Uni- 
 veisitv. and hoped it would stanil as the "crowning head" of the sj-st 'iii 
 of ]iuliiic iuslriielion. II" referred to the Centeiinial Ex]iosition in favtirable 
 terms, and recunini'iided a board of managers to reivresent tlie .Slate, and 
 superintend an exhibition of the products which may be sent, lie recom- 
 mended the continued .sympathy and care of the charitable institutions of 
 the State. 
 
 lie discussed briefly the siiliject of temperance legislation, and exjiressed 
 his views strongly. lie thought the bill known as the"(iraliain l,aw " 
 objectionable in many of its provisions, and recommended some moditica- 
 tion of existing legishition, .so as to dispen.so with tlie.^e obnoxiou,s feaiure.s 
 without impairing tlie power of the State to regulate and restrain the li(]uoi' 
 tra.Uc. The sidiject of banks and banking ri'ceived careful consideration; 
 and .some legislation was urged for the better protection of depositors. 
 
 The subject of transportation wn.i quite fully and very aldy discu:,;-?d; 
 
C44 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 and he referrofl with satisfaction to the iraprovflment of the harbors of the 
 State, of tlie Mississippi River, and of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. He 
 thought tliese public improvements were warranted by the General Govern- 
 ment, from the national character of the works. 
 
 The governor presented the diilereiit aspects of the railway-question in a 
 clear and concise manner. lie laid down certain propositions to guide tho 
 legislature in the investigation of this subject, and suggested, but did not 
 recommon<l, a railroad commission. lie insisted that farmers have rights 
 that legislators are bound to respect, and that the time had come when 
 some relii'f should be afforded against the greed and exturtion of monopo- 
 lists, lie stood by his associates, and honored his calling. The evils and 
 abuses complained of he considered could better bo remedied by State than 
 by Federal legislation. 
 
 The mi'ssago was independent and dignified in tone; and its clear an 1 
 forcible style, and its fair and able discussion of public affairs, made it an 
 official 'loi'ument of merit and importance. It will compare favorably with 
 any similar document ever submitted to any legislature of this State. 
 
 The legislature adjourned March 1.3, after a short session of forty-nine 
 days. It carried out, in the main, the excellent recommendations contained 
 in Gov. Taylor's message. 
 
 In reference to the acts of this session, "The Madison Democrat" 
 said, — 
 
 " It has curtailed tlie current expenses, and lias furnished tlio people some pro- 
 tection aj^ainst tlio ixtortiou (if Rraml nionopfilies. The new party has inau!»u- 
 ratwl an era ^f retreuclimcnt and refonn hitherto uukuown in tho history of 
 Wisronsin An euumeratiun of some of iho important hills that passcil the 
 lieforiM ansf mlily, to meet with defeat in the Itepublioan senate, are given. Tho 
 first IJeforni ineastire that was killed liy the sciia'e was the Registry Law, that 
 prohalily would hav^ neil the State at least tventy-live tliousand dollars, The 
 Warehouse Bill, tlmt « nuld have saved the farmers of the State one cent a bushel 
 on all the grain tiiey sold, went through tlie house to meet its fate in the senate. 
 The bill to tax insnrauce-ionipanies, that would have brought four hundred thou- 
 sand dollars into tho State treasury, and relieved the people of that amount of 
 burdcnsoiiie taxes, was killed in the senate, after passing the assembly by a large 
 majority. The liest and most restrictive railroad-bill of the session was adopted 
 by the Jteform assembly, as embodying tlio legislation re'niired on this subject, 
 •lid was amended in the senate Viy the adoption of a substitute very mild in its 
 provlsliiii-i, and mnie acceptable to raiIroa<l monopolies. Tho assembly passed a 
 bill iniicasing the license-lc« of railrojwls to flvo per cent; but the senate reduced 
 tlKJ amount to four por cent. The lio-.iso also proposed a bill abolishing unjust 
 discriminations by railroad conipai'los ; but it was either defeated by the senate, or 
 so inodilicd as to destroy its fo'-.:e. And, ti close its laliors, the senate refused to 
 concur in the bill passed by tlie assembly to straighten the lino of tho Central 
 Wisconsin Railroad l>eti-ccn I'ortage City and Stevens Point." 
 
 It will be seen by the above, that, in the opinion of the Democratic paper 
 at tho scat of government, the senate was to blame for the defeat of many 
 important public measures: on tho contrary, " The Madison Journal," the 
 Republican paper at the capital, said, — 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 645 
 
 "Tt is the only assetnWy that has stnak frum the statute-liook the law making 
 liiiunr-ilealei's responsihlo for all il:una'j;o causeil liy wliiskey sellinf;. and ailniitted 
 the princ'i;)lo of making; the selloi' liable, to he correct, ami restricted the liahility 
 so that it U of next to no value. It is the only assenihly that was elected iinue'- 
 loud promises of reform, of friendship for the workinginon, and of opposition to 
 monopoly, and then voted down a senate hill to compel railroad-companies to 
 pny for injuries received hy workinfjinen in their employ; and it is the only 
 assembly that disgusted its own loading men by the acts of some of their mem- 
 bers." 
 
 Another newspaper remarks, "that, judj,'eJ ns a whole, it has fallen 
 rather below its predecessors in the character of it.s work. It has not 
 wrought more reforms or important changes in existuipf laws tlian its pred- 
 ecessors; and what tlicre has been of real reform is full as much due to 
 tlio Ilepublieau senate as to tlio Democratic assembly." 
 
 It w;U be seen that the acts of this session, and tlie disagreements between 
 the two houses on other measures, were not calculated to produce much har- 
 mony; and both parties were raoro or less dissatisfied with the results of the 
 labors of the session. The legislature jiassed three hundred and forty-nine 
 laws, fourteen joint resolutions, and twi'nty-three memorials to Congress. 
 Of the important laws enacted are: an act relating to the government of 
 the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (to provide homes iu private families for those 
 of the age of fourteen years) ; to consolidate and codify the various laws of 
 the .State relating to excise, and the sale of intoxicating liquors; to provide 
 for the completion of the improvements about the Capitol Park; to provide 
 for the purchase of paper required fur public printing and blank books; to 
 confer corporate powers on the order of the I'atrons of Husbandry; an act 
 relating to public printing; an act relating to railroads, express and tele- 
 graph companies in the State (this act fixes the compensation per mile for 
 the transportation t>f passengers, classifies fri'ights, and fixes definite prices 
 for transportation to places on the line oi" said roads, also the appointment 
 of railroad commissioners. This was one of the most important of the 
 enactments of the session, and created great interest in all parts of the 
 State); it provide for levying a State tax for 1871 (*J287,.ji?d in addition to 
 the amounts authorized to be levied by existing laws); to authorize the 
 enlargement of the Wisconsin Hospital for the In.sane, and thirty-five thou- 
 .sand dollars appropriated, and to appropriate ninety thousand dollars to the 
 Xorthern Hospital for the lusane. One of tho joint resolutions adopted 
 was for providing biennial sessions of the legislature, and compensation of 
 members. 
 
 On the 27th of April, 1874, Alexander Mitchell, president of tho Jlilwau- 
 keo and St. I'aul Ilailroad, and Albert Keep, president of the Chicago and 
 Xorth-wcstern Ilailroad, wrote to Gov. Tavku- that their several corpora- 
 tions would disreganl that part of the railway law of \Visconsin. In conse- 
 quence of the refusal of tiie two companies referred to to conform to the law 
 iu reference to prices, &c., the State authorities filed informations against 
 the companies in the Supreme Court, on the lOth of May, charging them 
 with violating laws passed for (he regulation of lailroads, and asked leave to 
 bring suits for the forfeiture of their charters. 
 
 t^Vfi'i 
 
640 
 
 IIlSTOfiY OF W/SCONSIIV. 
 
 On licaiiiis and filinff the petition of A. Scott Sloan, attorney-general, 
 the Court granted to the attorney-general to bring an action in the nature of 
 a i/iio wiirrantn m the Sii]ir('nie Cmi-t, in the name of tlie State of Wisconsin, 
 against th(! Milwaukei'. ('hiea,'cp, and St. Paul Uailniad, for tlie purpose of 
 vacating tiio charter, and aiimilliiig the existence of said coriioration as 
 prayed for in tlie petition. Siinil.ir aetinn was had in reference to tiie (,'hi- 
 cago and North-western Railroad t'nnipany, the Court giving permission as 
 in the former company. 
 
 On the 1st of June, steps were taken hy tlie Chicago and Xorth-westcru 
 Railroad to I'lijoin all further imiceedings against them by the St;ilo author- 
 ities by an appeal tn the Federal courts. Papers were served upon the 
 iittorney-general and th' railroad-commi.ssioner.s, notifying them that an 
 injunction would li" appli'il for, in the United States District Court for the 
 Western District of Wise msin, to resti'ain them from instituting fi.^i J rates 
 to be paid for freight and passengers. The reason given was, that the law 
 loaves only seven per cent of the gross earnings to pay interest and ilivi- 
 deiids, which is not a suitable and reasonable return for capital iuvesti'd. 
 ilr. Mitchell said -'iliat the board of directors, regardmg themselves as 
 trustees of the .stockholders and bondholders, believe it to bo their duty to 
 disregard so much of the law as attempts to fix an arbiti'ary rate of compen- 
 sation IVu' freight and |iassengers." .Mr. Kee[i also says, "that the pri'Si'iit 
 law relative to railroads amounted to eonliscation, as the working-expeii.si's 
 could scarcely be paid under it." The companies immediately adhered to 
 their former rat's. On the 2d of May, Gov. Taylor issued a proclamation, 
 in wlii( li he recited the action taken by the two railroad eorpor.ations, and 
 said, •• 'The law of the land must be re.sp(.:cted and obi'ycd. While none are 
 so weak e.s to be without its protection, none are .so strong as to be aboi'o 
 its restraints," and, closing said, " I therefore enjoin all railroad corpora- 
 tions, tlirir olllcers and agents, iicac<'ably to submit to the law; for, since tho 
 Executive is charged with the responsibility of seeing that tho laws are 
 faithfully executed, all the functions of his ollioo will bo exercised to that 
 end ; and, for this purpose, he invokes t'le aid and co-operation of all good 
 citizens in any proceedings, or any measures tak<'n for the purpose of exe- 
 cuting the act of the last legislature, regulating railro.ads." 
 
 This action was not brought in the name of tho railroad company, but iii 
 the name of its creditors, who claim that their securities were weakened or 
 destroyed l»y the law of 1S71. On the Itii of iliiiie, the case came up in the 
 United Stat-s District Court;, Judges Dnimmond and Hopkins presidiie 
 Hon. C. IJ. J>awrenoe appeared on the part of the creditors of the Chicag,-- 
 and North-wi'stern Railroad Company, .ind .\ltorney-General Sloan on the 
 part of the State; and, after discussion, it was decided that the matter 
 should bo deferred until the 1st of July. In this case, the governor retained 
 ex-Chief Justice Dixon as associate couusi'l to assist in the trial of th(! case 
 with the altoruey-geiieral and his assistant. Hon. I. C. Sloan. Judge 
 Dixon had retired from the bench on the L'jtli of June; and lion. K. (i. 
 Ryan was apjiointed to fill iiis |ilace. On the 1st of July, the case was brought 
 
648 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 up in tlio Uiiiti!(l States District Court. Jiid.^'i's Davis, Diiimmoiid, and 
 Iloiikiiis presided. The caso was ari^ued on tin; part of tlio boiulhoMi'rs l>y 
 B. C. Cook, Esq., of C'liicajjo, Hon. C. B. Lawrciieo, Judfjo Stoiitfliton of 
 New York; and, on the part of the State, by Hon. L. S. Dixon, followed by 
 I. C. Sloan, E )(]. On (lie Gtli, the Court gave their decision, which su.stains 
 the validity of the law; holdinij that it wa.s not repealed by the law of 
 JIareli \2. and tiiat the k\ufi.slature is alisolute arbiter of the question of rate.s 
 for t'r('i;;htH and passengers from jwint to po.nt within AVisoonsin Territory. 
 This is regarded as a judicial concurrence in the general opinion held by the 
 people since tiio constitution was adopti'd. The decision, liowever, was not 
 final. A question was involveil regulating the commerce between States; 
 and on that point the Court desired to liear further argument. 
 
 The State authorities, on the 8th of July, by Mes.srs. Sloan and Dixon, 
 filed in the Supremo Court a '• 11 of equity, complaining of th(! persistent 
 violation of the law of the Stu 'gulating railroads, by the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee, and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Xorth-western Railroads, and a 
 petition that these companies be enjoined l)y tin' Court to obey .said law so 
 far as it was ludd valid by the late decision of tlie United States District 
 Court. A copy was served on the officers of the railroads in question, who 
 were notified that the attorneys for the State would ask a hearing on a 
 motion for injunction, as above stated, on the 11th of July. On that day 
 the parties, by tiieir attorneys, appeared in court; and, by mutual consent, 
 th(! hearing of the case was iKjstponed until Aug. 1. 
 
 On the Itli of August, the Sui)reme Court met for a hearing on the appli- 
 cation of the State to enjoin the two railroads before referred to to obey 
 the law of last winter regulating railroads. There was a large array of 
 legal gentlemen of high standing in the profession taking part in the case, 
 including the follouing coun.s 1 ; for the State, Hon. I. C. Sloan, assistant 
 attorney-general, Judgi' I,. S. Dixon, and Judge Harlow S. Orton ; for the 
 Chicago md Xorth-wosti'rn Ilailrnad Company, Judge C. H. Lawrence and 
 Hon. IJ. C. Cook of Chicag", and Hon. tJeorge B. Smith of Madison ; for 
 the Chicago, Milwaukee, r.nd St. Paul Railroad Company, Hon, Join) W. 
 Cary and Judge P. L. Spooner; also, as consulting attorni'ys in beliaU' of 
 the railroads. Messrs. J. C. (Jregory and V. J. Lamb of Madison, and Col. 
 J. C. Spooner, attorney of West \V'iscousin Ilailrnad Comjiany. of Hudson. 
 The cases were argui'd by the respective counsel, and continued until the 
 lull of August, at which time the court adjourned until the L'.Jtli instant. 
 On th(! 2oth, the court met; but a decision was deferred until the 15th of 
 September, at which time, at the opening of the court. Chief Justice Ryan 
 reail the opinion of Uie courl. It Inlly sustains the law passeil by the 
 It?)! hiture of 1S71, and the right of the .State to lontiid corporations. The 
 Opinion is a 1 ngthy one. In conclusion, it was annouuoeil that the motions 
 of the atto<-uey-general must bo granted, and the writs issuw as to all the 
 roads ot llio Chicago and Xorth-western Railway Company, and all tho 
 roaiJM of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. V>id Railway Company, except 
 til' railroad frmii Milwaukee to Pr.uii ■ ilii Cliien, built under tin; terri- 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 torial charter of 18i7, 1848. The attorney-general was (lin^ctod to file in 
 these cases, before the writs issu", his olFieial stipulation not to proseeuto 
 tlie (lefenilants as for forfeiture of tlieir charters for any violations of the 
 law of 1871, charged in these informations, licfore tin.' first Jay of October 
 next, that time bcin::^ allowed Ly the court to the defendants to arrange 
 their rates of toll under the law. 
 
 The llepublican Conventions of the several congressional districts put in 
 nomination for members of congress Charles (r. Williams, L. 15. Caswell, 
 II. .S. Magoon, II. Ludinglon, Hiram liarber. \. M. Kimball, J. M. Husk, 
 and A. S. McDill. The Liberal Reform and Democratic Conventions nom- 
 inated N. I). Fratt. .V. G. Cook, C. F. Thompson, \V. P. Lynde, S. D. 
 Uurchard, Gabriel Liouck, D. C. Fulton, and George W. Gate. 
 
 At the election in Vovember, the following congressmen were elected: C. 
 G.Williams, Ilepulilicau : L. I?. Caswell. Ui'publicau ; II. S. Magoon. lleput)- 
 licau: W. P. Lymh-, Reform; .S. 1). liurehard, Reform: A.M. Kimball, 
 Republican; J. M. Risk, Republican; and G. W. Cate, Liberal, — five 
 Republicans, and threi^ Reformers. 
 
 At the same election, members of the legislature wi'ro elected to make 
 the ne.Kt se.s.siou to consist of seventeen Republican and fifteen Liberal 
 senators, and one Inih'pendent. and sixty-lour Republican members of the 
 assembly, thirty-five Reformers, and one Independent; giving the Republi- 
 cans the majority in both houses. 
 
CIIAl'TEIl L\V. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. W. U. TAYLOR. 
 
 KveiitM of 1875 — legislation — State InstitutioiiH — Tlio United Status Heiuit' 
 ship Contest — Defeat of Carpenter — Trimnpli of Canioron. 
 
 TiiK twenty-c'iglith aiimial session of tlio State Iciiiisl.itiiro codvciumI on 
 the l;]lli of January, 1875. Liout.-Gov. C. D. I'arkor to(.k his soat as presi- 
 dent of the senate. After the newly-elected ineniliers had suliscrihed and 
 taken the oath of oflico, that body proceeded to the election of chief clerk. 
 P. A. Dennett received seventeen votes, and Georcfc H. King sixteen votes : 
 tlie former was elected, and O. U. Akcn was elected ser2;eant-at-arn).s by a 
 similar vote. In the assenibjy, tlie oatii of ollice was admiMisti'reil by Hon. 
 A. .'^colt Sloan, atcoriii'V-Jjeneral of the State; and. alter i)('iii,'^ snbseribi'd to, 
 th(! assembly proci.'eded to elect a speaker. Hon. Frederick W. Horn re- 
 cr'ived sixty-)ive votes; T. H. HiKld, thirty-two ; aucl two scatterint;. Mr. 
 Horn was elected, and took his seat as sjieaker. Col. U. M. .Strong reciived 
 sixty-five votes for chief clerk; and George W. Peek, thirty-four votes. Col. 
 Stro'ig was elected, and .1. W. Braekett electi.'d seri,'eant-at-arms by a simi- 
 lar ''ote. On the 11th the tjovernor met the leglslatnre in joint convention, 
 and delivered liis second annual message. IIo commeneed by .saying •• that, 
 while our material prosperity has not met our expectations, wo snifer no 
 fiuaneial depression not shared liy other States," and very forcibly alluded 
 to the condition of things in [..ouisiana; and the contrast was drawn between 
 the circumstances inider which tl.o b'e-islatures of that .State and this were 
 ("■rniitted to assemble, organize, and decide upon thi^ election and i|ualiliea- 
 tions of their members. He then referred to the reports from the dilferent 
 State departments. All forms of State taxation liail been promptly paid ; 
 our State debt, mostly dtio to the State itself, was insignificant compared 
 with our population and resource?; the cause of popular education had 
 ra]>idly proe;ressed; our charitable and benevolent institutions had been 
 conducted with marked efficiency and ecfmoniy; the public lands had been 
 carefully protected. He renewed his recominen<lati(in of last year on the 
 expediency of changing the time for the collection of taxes, and also of 
 providing eitiier for the collection of taxes semi-annually, or for an occa- 
 sional deposit of surplus funds ujion interest. 
 
 (i.JO 
 
652 
 
 lIISTOIiY or W /SCONS I. V. 
 
 Till} siifffji'stions unJ rooonimi'iuliitiDn.s of the f[ovornor in regard to our 
 eli'ctioii Iiiws wtTi! iif,'aiii rcfi'ireil to, — to th(^ tiint^ of ('losing tlu* polls, to 
 thi' corrupt uhc of moiicv in oloolions, and to tlie canvassing of votfs. lie 
 recotnnii'ndcd the cncouragi-mfnt of indcpi'ndcnt military companies, called 
 the attention of tho legislature to the propriety of passing some law for the 
 jirotection of railway employees, and commented upon tho benefits that 
 would accrue from favorable legislation in opening eominunication iiy rail 
 with Lake Superior on tin' north, and the eoal-helds of the south. He in- 
 vited attention to the progress already made in the geological survey, and 
 to the propriety of further legislation " with a view to a more prompt and 
 complett! utilization of the results accomplished." Telegraph and express 
 companies, and the apparent partiality with reference to their taxation, wore 
 bi'ought under considiration. and dwelt upon at some length, and such 
 action recommended as should bring these corporations more clearly w ithiu 
 the range of ])ublic snpi'rvision. The public institutions — educational, 
 charitable, and penal — wi'ro consi(h'red, and many valuable suggestions 
 made. The railroad controversy in general, and the law of 1871, known as 
 tho "Potter Law," in particular, received attention; and Ids views com- 
 mended themsejves to the better judgment of all parties. 
 
 The tiist important business of th(! session was the election of a United 
 .States senator to fill the place of Hon. .M. H. Carpenter, whose term of 
 office expires March 4, 1870. Agreeably to the constitutional requirement, 
 each branch of the legislature, on the L'Oth of January, proceeded to take a 
 vote for senator. In the senate, .M. H. Carjienter received thirteen; ,J. 
 Black, sixteen votes; Orsamus Cole, three votes; and L. S. Dixon, one vote. 
 In the assembly, Mr. Carpenter received forty-six votes; E. S. IJragg, thirty- 
 five votes; C. C. Washburn, seven votes; O. Cole, three votes; L. S. Dixon, 
 four votes; J. T. Lewis, two votes; and one each for H. Rubles and H. S. 
 Orton. On the 27th, the two houses met in joint convention, and the action 
 had by each house was read by the chief clerk. Lieut.-Gov. I'arker declared 
 that there was no election. The two liouses met daily until the -1th of 
 February, when tho twelfth ballot was taken with the following result: 
 Angus Cameron received sixty-eight votes; M. II. Carpenter, fifty-nine votes; 
 and four scattering: whereupon the lieutenant-governor announced the elec- 
 tion of Hon. Angus Cameron as United States senator for six years from 
 March ■!, 1875. 
 
 The result of this election was caused by the fact that eighteen Repub- 
 lican members of 'ho assembly were pledged to vote against the election of 
 Mr. Carpenter under all circumstances, and refused to meet with tho Repub- 
 lican members in caucus to nominate. The Democrat and Liberal Repub- 
 lican not ha\ iug the power to elect their own candidate, and desirous of 
 securing the defeat of Mr. Carpenter, united with tho dissatisfied Repub- 
 licans in electing Jlr. Cameron. This arrangement was made by the active 
 efiorts of Hon. J. R. Doolitllc, who, bj- his intluence with the minority jiarty 
 and the opponents of Mr. Carpenter, succecdi'd in carrying out tho arrange- 
 ment that was consummated. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOSSI.V, 
 
 G,W 
 
 Perhaps no busiiicsH of tlie Icpislaluro for many ypan rrcnted so iiiuolj 
 intiTPst as tliis clrctioii nf I'uiti'd Stiiti.'s senator. Mr. C'ar)ieiiter's friends 
 worked ae(iv(dy, and fi'lt saiiijnine of liis election. He received liw. paneus 
 nomination of liis party, and, aeeordin^ to the ordinary usa.^'es of party 
 or.ijanizatinns, slionld liave received tlie lull vote tiio party eonld cast on 
 such occa.sions. The liostility to iiis re-election was lia.sed upon the action 
 of Mr. Carpenter in tiie United .States senate, and his vote on the nie,isnrcs 
 known as tlio " Credit .Moliilier" and "liaekl'ay" Hills, and his speeches 
 subsefpiently, vindicating his course in conijress. lion. C. C. Washburn 
 was the opi>onent of Mr. Carpenter early in the canvass; liut it soon became 
 evident he could not be elected, and it was only by the combination before 
 referred to that the election of the latter could have been defeated. 
 
 One of the important local measures passed at this .session was one to 
 amend the law of I8IJ1.' to incorporate the city of ICau Claire; the amend- 
 ment being no more than the famous Dells liill, which autiiorized the 
 erection of a dam with separate eluite, &c., on the Chippewa River, above 
 Eau Claire. This measure is better known to those familiar with the logi.s- 
 lation of late years than any other ever presented. It was argued pro and 
 cnn with great ability, and aroused the iutensost feeling at various times, 
 involving those citizens and officials who entertained the kindest regard for 
 the people of Chippewa Falls and Eau Claire, and the whole valley. The 
 bill pas.sed lioth houses, and was sent to the governor for approval. The 
 legislature adjourned on the 0th of March. It was one of the shortest in 
 the history of the, .State, and one of the most imiJortant, if the magnitude 
 of the interests involved are considered. The session continued fifty-three 
 days, the first halt of which was taken up almost exclusively with the 
 senatorial contest; so that nearly all the luisiness was crowded into the Last 
 few weeks: as a consequence, some of the legislation has been hasty and ill- 
 considered, and may prove injurious to the best interests of the State. 
 
 The following is a statement of the business brought before the legis- 
 lature : — 
 
 Senate : petitions, one liundred and sixteen ; resolutions, twenty-six ; 
 joint resolutions, twenty-one ; memorials to Congress, five ; bills, two hun- 
 dred. Assembly : petitions, two hundred and sixty ; resolutions, sixty- 
 seven ; joint resolutions, eighteen ; memorials, eight ; and bills, four hun- 
 dred and thirty-seven. During the last three days of the 8es.sion, one 
 hundi'jo .iiid Mxty-ninc bills were disposed of by the Senate, many of them 
 with<iil, any i ference to committees. This included some very imi^rtant 
 meas res. coi laining, as it did, the amendments to the railroad or Potter 
 Law 01 1S7I, .he Dells Bill, and others relating to the educational and com- 
 mercial u.ter'jsts of the State. 
 
 As to the character of the bills that were passed, it is hardly time to ven- 
 ture an opinion. The railway legislation was enacted as a sort of a com- 
 promise, and conseipiently cannot be regarded as entirely satisfactory to 
 anybody. The appropriations were large, but not greater, in most in- 
 stances, than were warranted by a strict regard to the public interests. 
 
^3^ 4 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /, 
 
 ^ J^4i. 
 
 1.0 
 
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664 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 The following are some of the important hvws jiassod : an act relating to 
 the Wisconsin Central Uailroad, amending tlio law of 1800; to more fully 
 define and punish the crime of bribery; to encourage the bnilding of 
 narrow-gauge railroads and to secure cheap transportation; to render women 
 eligible to school offices; to provide for taking a census, or enumeration of 
 the people of the State; to provide for the revision of the statutes; to facil- 
 itate the artlAcial propagation and preservation of fish; to amend the 
 election law, abolishing registration of electors except to Incoriwrated 
 villages and cities; to provide for levying a State tax, for the year 1875, of 
 8230,125 in addition to the amounts authorized by existing laws; to protect 
 public libraries; and to authorize the regents of University of Wisconsin to 
 erect a building for scientific purposes. 
 
 The whole number of bills passed was three hundred and forty-four, seven 
 joint resolutions, and twelve memorials to Congress. 
 
 At the election in Ajtril, 1875, Hon. Edward 0. Uyan was elected chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court for the term of six years. 
 
 Under a law of the session of 1874, approved March 19, providing for a 
 geological survey of the State, Gov. Washburn, after the adjournment of 
 the legislature, appointed I. A. Lapham, LL.D., chief geologist, and a 
 competent corps of assistants. 
 
 In th" .senate, in the month of February, the question was raised, whether 
 tue State geologist had been projierly ap]iointed. The matter was referred to 
 a committee, wliich committee made a unanimous report, that. Dr. Lapham's 
 nomination never having been sent to the senate for confirmation, the 
 office of State geologist was vacant, (jov. Taylor sent t>j the senate the name 
 of Dr. (). W. Wight as State geologist; and his nomination was confirmed 
 by the senate on the 15th of February. This appointment was criticised by 
 some of the newspaper press ; and it was charged that great injustice had 
 been done to Dr. Lapliam in the premises, after considerable work had 
 been carried on in the sur\'ey by the geological i)arty, who were unaware of 
 the fact that Dr. Lapham's appointment had not been legally confirmed. 
 On the other hand, it was said that the work, as performed in the Lake 
 Superior country by tlie j>arty, was not satisfactory ; and the members of the 
 legislature from that SL'ction were strenuous for a change in the manage- 
 ment. 
 
 The Repiiblican State Convention for the nomination oi State officers to 
 fill the places of those now in office, whose terms expire Dec. 31, 1875, was 
 held at Madison on the 7th of July, Ex-Oov. James T. Lewis, prtjsideiit. 
 The following were nominated: for governor, Harrison Ludington; for 
 lieutenant-governor, H. L. Eaton; for secretary of state, H. B. Warner; for 
 stat'.> treasurer, Henry Baetz ; for attorney-general, J. R. Bennett ; for super- 
 intendent of instruction, Robert Graham. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention is called to meet at Milwaukee on the 
 8th of September. 
 
 Inasmuch as this history will close on the Ist of August of th3 present 
 year, 1875, it will, of course, be imi^ssible to refer to future events. Both 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 665 
 
 the political parties are very coiifiJoiit of the result of the election of their 
 Statu ticket the approaching- campaign. It will undoubtedly be an active 
 canvas, as it will bo the last held prior to the presidential election of 1870. 
 
 In writincf u)) the public events of the Territorial and Statu Governments, 
 it has been the dcsis^n of the compiler to give an unbiassed account of public 
 occurrences, and measures of public policy. The time has not arrived for a 
 writer on the, history of this State to give his own views on these matiers 
 freely, without giving offence. Parties are still on the field of action who 
 came here in the early day, and took an active part in the political history 
 of the State and Territory, and were honest and decided in their convic- 
 tions, whether right or wrong. The future historian will be better pre- 
 pared to write what is now unwritten. 
 
 The information contained in this volume has been collated from original 
 documents and authorities; and it is hoped that few, if any, important 
 errors will be found. 
 
 Since the Territory of Wisconsin was organized, it has had fourteen gov- 
 ernors, — three under territorial rule, and eleven as a .State. The Territorial 
 govi'rnors were, Henry Dodge, James 1). Doty, and Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. 
 Thesi' men have all gon" to their rest. Thi! first State governor was Xelson 
 Di'wi'v, who still remains a quiet citizen of the .State. The second was 
 L?^(inurd J. l'"ar\vell. now residing at Gr:uit City, Worth County, Mo. The 
 Ihinl, William A. llarstow, died some years since, in Kansas. The fourth, 
 Coles I'lashford. is now secretary of the Territory of Arizona. The fifth, 
 Alexander W. Randall, dieil a few years since, at Elmira, X.Y. The si.xth, 
 Louis P. Ilarvi'y, died in ollice in 18(1:.'. The seventh, Edward .Salomon, is 
 now jiraetl.sing law in New York City. The eighth, Janu'S T Lewis, is a 
 quiet citizen of Colnmbus. in this .State. The ninth, Lucius KaireliiM, is 
 now consul at Liveriiool. Ivig. The tenth, C. C. Washburn, retired from 
 olliee on the inauguration of his successor, William II. Taylor, the eleventh 
 governor, on the 0th of January. 1874. The lieutenant-governors have been 
 John K. Holmes, .S. W. lieall, Timothy Burns, all dead; J. T. Lewis, after- 
 wards governor; .v. Me.\rthur, Supreme Court judge in Wasliingtun City; 
 L. 1). Campbell, deceased: 15. (i. Noble, now in New York; Edward .Salomon 
 l)(-cami' governor on the death of (iov. Harvey; Wyman Spooner. residing 
 at i;ik Horn. Wis.; Thadileus C. Pound, doing business at Chippewa Falls, 
 Wis. ; M. II. Pettitt, deceased; and C. D. Parker, the p^^sent incumbent. 
 
CHAPTER LXVT. 
 
 SKETCHES OF COUNTIES. 
 
 The Agi-ii'tilt\iral, Jlinernl, Lumbering. Educational, and Manufacturing Eo- 
 sources and Developments of Wisconsin, by Counties — Notes and Statistics 
 of the Leading Cities of Wiscoasin. 
 
 Ik addition to the foregoing general, civil, and political history of the 
 State, we give the following sketches of the several counties, by which the 
 reader may become familiar with the various interests and industries of 
 the State, got a view of the jirincipal cities, and observe tlie relative growth 
 of various localities. AV'iscon^iu is a great State: its undeveloped resources 
 are marvellous to contemplate : its developments in agriculture and manu- 
 facturing are well advanced, and in a prosperous condition. The internal 
 improvements of the State testify to the intelligence and enterprise of the 
 people. Everywhere throughout the State, evidences of thrift and industry 
 are to be seen, as a perusal of the following county sketches will show. 
 
 AnAMS County. 1 — Wo refei' re.iders 
 to tlie ai companying map foi' I bo loca- 
 tion of the several counties. Tbo .south- 
 ern part of tbo county is rolliivj, and 
 tbo central part tlat. it gradually rises 
 from south to north. The soil is of a 
 sandy loiim, well adapted to the rniiing 
 of rye, oats, barley, corn, &c. There 
 Is some wortliless land in the county, 
 but also much that is very good; atul, 
 with proper culllvaticm, it can bo niado 
 to bear excellent crops. 
 
 TlievL aro about one hundred and 
 tbirty-nino thousand acres of land in 
 tbo county; and fifty thousand of those 
 aro under cultivation. About eighty 
 per cent of that now unimproved is 
 capable of cultivation. About llfty per 
 cent of tbo l.iinl is owned by actual 
 settlers, at a price of from two dollars 
 to thirty dollars per aero; forty-nino 
 thousand live hundred acres, by tbo 
 State, at fifty <'ents per acre; and forty 
 thousand to llfty thousand acres is yet 
 owned by tbo General Govcruinent, 
 
 • Wo aro Indebted for mntorlale for this 
 aketch to C. A. Copron and A. O. Holm of 
 friendship, WU. — C. B. T. 
 
 656 
 
 wbicli can bo entered as homesteads; 
 and the nio.st of this will, if ttiken up 
 by actual settlers, aiul properly culti- 
 vated, make good and proli table farms. 
 About four thousand five himdred acres 
 are yot owned by the Jlilwaukeo and 
 La Crosse llailniad Company; and a 
 large portion of this is still occupied 
 by actual settlers. These lands are 
 generally of a;;ood (luality. 
 
 The county is well watered by beau- 
 tiful numing streams; aiul many water- 
 powcrs exist that are yet unimproved, 
 especially in the central part of the 
 coiuity, north and south, on White 
 Creek, and the IJig and Little llochei- 
 Gris, The prevailing tiudier is oak, a.sh, 
 and maple along tbo streams, and oak, 
 ash, and pine on the uplands. There are 
 many valuable stone quarries m tlie 
 county, and one or two good brick- 
 jard.s. Clay foi the making of the 
 very best brick is readily found almost 
 anywhere in the county. The Wis- 
 con ■ill lliver runs along the western 
 border of the county; and Uig Rocbe-il- 
 Gris, Little Jtochc-h-Gris, and White 
 Creek, are beautiful streams running 
 into the Wisconsin Kiver. Lake Jor- 
 
BtSTOrr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 657 
 
 dnn Is Ritnatod In the soiith-ea^iterii 
 part of the rounty; is about four 
 miles long, aiul two nnil a liiilf widu; 
 ami is a very pii'tiirOHqtie body of 
 water. The county poor-lionso is very 
 liuaiirifiilly looateil upon tiio banks of 
 this lake." Kisli Is found in this lake 
 in great ahundnni'O, as well as in tlie 
 streams; and game is very plentiful iu 
 tlie northern part of the rounty, eon- 
 sisting of deer, prnlric-chickcns, proiise, 
 qiiuils, ducks of all kinds, wild geese, 
 and other smnll game. 
 
 The principal source of industry in 
 tliis county is agriculture; the crops 
 raided being wheat, rye, corn, barley, 
 and all kinds of gairden vegetables. 
 All kinds of roots are very prolilic. 
 Some attention is also paid to tlie pro- 
 duction of lumber in the northern and 
 north- we Item parts of the county. Cran- 
 benics are cultivated to some extent, 
 and are soon destined to play an im- 
 portant part in the industry of the 
 county. A large portion of llio county 
 is well adapted to the ctiltivation oif 
 fruit; and twenty-live thousand acres 
 liavo been purchased by parties for that 
 purpose (done. Hops are also raised to 
 some extent; and some attention has 
 been pniil to the rai.nng of the sugar- 
 beet. The county is proverbially 
 healthy the water good, and the cli- 
 mate about the same as in the other 
 central portiim.s of the State. There i* 
 a fonndery in operation at Uig Spring, 
 also a machine-shop, iron, lathe, an<l 
 planing mill at that place. There are 
 also, in the county, several good ilour- 
 ing-mills, numerous small saw-mills, 
 aiul one of the largest steam saw-mills 
 in the State, sittiatcd at Itarnum. 
 
 J iil.vndCountv.' — Ashlanil County 
 is till! centre county of the northern bor- 
 der of the State, on Lake Superior. It 
 contains an area of about one million 
 two hundred thousaiul acres, of which 
 ui)\vards of one hundred and llfty thou- 
 sand acres belong to the State, while a 
 large majority of the territ(n-y embraced 
 within its limits still I)eh)ngs to the 
 General (lovcrnuient; large tracts being 
 valuable ore and pine lands. Ashland 
 Hay extends south-west, into the inte- 
 rior of the county, some twenty miles, 
 afforiling a most perfect harbor for 
 coiniEierce, and the largest white-fish 
 fishery on the lake. Upon this luag- 
 nilicsnt sheet of water is situated the 
 new town of Ashland, a terminus of 
 the Wisconsin Central llailroad. The 
 I'enokee iron range lies east of Ash- 
 land, about twcnty-tliree miles, and 
 is pierced by the Wisconsin Central, 
 which taps the country that will be 
 developed, affording excellent facilities 
 
 ' Wo nro indebted to 8. S. Flfleld of Ash- 
 land County {or tbe laatetlaU for tlii* aketch. 
 -C. U.X. 
 
 for shipping ores and mantifactiired 
 iron. The work of prospecting these 
 vast mineral dcpo.<it3 is now being 
 pushed ahead; and the parties engaged 
 receive the most flattering encourage- 
 ment. Iron ore, at a depth of eight 
 feet, has alremly been taken out, that 
 is jiulged, by competent men, to yield 
 sixty per cent. If the iron companies 
 arc successful in opening their ndnes, 
 they will, in a very short time, give em- 
 ployment to a vast army of miners and 
 other laborers, at good wages. 
 
 "The country in the iron regions 1.^ 
 rough and uneven ; but tlie range of 
 hills is covered with a heavy growth of 
 maple and other hard wood. The soil 
 is good for grain ami ether prodticts; but 
 the seasons are too short to raise corn, 
 with the excepticm of the small Yankee 
 variety. All varieties of vegetables can 
 be grown successfully, and yield largely. 
 The country is a natural one for tame 
 grass, which, where tried, does s])leu- 
 ilidl.v. The whole county iUieavily tim- 
 bered with pine and hcmloi'k forests, 
 interspersed with belts of hard wood. 
 A number of large streams, together 
 with numerous branches and springs, 
 aitording abundant water-powers, water 
 the whole northern slope. Several good- 
 sized inland lakes, full of line lish, are 
 to be found in different portions of the 
 county. Fruit does well, far better 
 than in the more central portions of the 
 State. Apples, pears, tamo and w'-,l 
 plums, thnve and grow r.ipidly. Of 
 course there are no orcharils as yet; 
 but the experimental gardens prove, to 
 a certainty, that fruit can bo success- 
 fully raised. There are .several apple- 
 trees now in Ashland, wlieio nice apples 
 can be seen growing. Small fruits can 
 ba rai«e<l here as well as anywhere. 
 The whole country is a dense wilder- 
 ness, but is now receiving that atten- 
 tion it has so long deserved; and with 
 the coming of railroads will also come 
 tlie sturdy emigraut, the skilled me- 
 chanic, the adventurous American, and 
 the genuine inquisitive Yankee, who, 
 with l.is inventive genius, will soon 
 help to make the wooded hills resound 
 with the lium of industry. It is the 
 beginning of a now era in the history 
 of our noble State, — one laden with 
 great enterprises and wonderful devel- 
 opments. The groat inland sea of 
 North \incrica can no longer be a 
 mere outlhie on the maps, to be talked 
 about by school-chihlren, but the live 
 and busy centre of commerce, bearing 
 burdens from Kastcrn climes an<l the 
 fertile North-west, to the l^ast Atlantic 
 cities and commercial depots." 
 
 ItAVFiELD CouNTV.' — This county 
 joins Ashland County on the north 
 and west. It has an area of about 
 
 > I nni Indobteil for this ekctoh to Meiuni. 
 S. 8. nUelJ and J. D. Chutteiideu. — U. U. T. 
 
658 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 elglit liunilred thousand acres, of | 
 which a lai-jjo portion hclonij to the , 
 State, anil are Known as " hcIiouI, nni- 
 vor-iity. andswnnip hmils." The'^o lands, 
 althoii.^h denoniinatcil " Hwanip-limds," 
 are, in many instances, far from holnj; 
 HO, OS, in a majority of cases, only a 
 frai'tion of tlio suhdivision is wet ami 
 marsliy ; tlie hahuice heini; IiIkIi and itry. 
 The lands contain vast belts of valnahle 
 pine and other timber, and are boin){ 
 entered very fast by pine-land specnlat- 
 ors, as also are the ({overnment lands; 
 a large portion of the county still be- 
 lonjjin'i to the United States. ISayilelil 
 County has more sandy soil than Ash- 
 land; and, on the whole, the timber is 
 not as dense as tlint of either Uoimlas 
 on the west, or Ashland. The viltaso 
 of Bayfield is the county-seat. It con- 
 tains a population of abiiiit .i thousaml 
 8onla. It is a well-built plac^e; contains 
 several saw-mills and stores; and is the 
 head-cpiarters of one of the largest 
 Ushing-houses on the lake. This Hrm 
 ship annunlly ten thousand packages 
 of white-tlsli and trout. Thoy go to 
 Chica;.;o and liuiTalo markets princi- 
 pally. Others do an extensive business 
 in tins line; and tlie catch can be safely 
 set down at fifteen tliousand packa.ires 
 annually. The United States Land Of- 
 fice for the Xortliern District of Wis- 
 consin Is located at Bavtield; and, 
 during the present year, business has 
 been quite brisk in the office. The har- 
 bor of Kayllcid is uii<loubte'll.v the best 
 on Lake Superior, and is accessible from 
 three points of the compass for ship- 
 pin'j; As a harbor-refuge, it is visited 
 uiiring the season by almost every vessel 
 that plies the lake. During the summer 
 season, Bayfield is crowded with ploas- 
 nre-sceker.s from all parts of tlie Uniin. 
 It is fast becoming a noted wateriug- 
 plare, and, in a few years, will e.scel all 
 places of resort in the north, it has al- 
 read.v two good aiul well-kept hotels, 
 the Bayfield House and Sniith'a Hotel. 
 The count.v is in good condition finan- 
 cially, and prosperous. The building of 
 the Central Radroad to Ashland helps, 
 rather than retards, the growth of Bay- 
 field County. 
 
 Houghton Point is another beautiful 
 place in Bayfield County, and bills fair 
 to rival Baytield as a place of resort. 
 The scenery about Ashland, aiul the 
 group of islands known as the " Apos- 
 tles, is probably the finest on I.,ake 
 Superior in iiiau.v respects, and annual- 
 ly attracts the tourist and traveller 
 to view the ever-beautiful landscapes. 
 Bayfield Count.v has many sources 
 of wealth, and will, ere longi contain a 
 thrif t.v and prosperous populati(Ui| 
 
 Bakuon Count v.' — The surface of 
 
 > 1 wlsli to acknonledge tho asKiotanco nf 
 Or\'illo Uri\toii in tlio preparatlou of this 
 Bketcli. — O.'U. r. 
 
 this count.v is gently rolling, although 
 the northern part Is hill.v and s\van.,>y. 
 The southern and central portion of ilie 
 county has a soil of dark clay loam; 
 while the north-east part, which isprai- 
 rie, is lighter, and mostly sand. There 
 are about five hundred and si.\teen 
 thousand acres in the county, twenty 
 thousand of which are under culti- 
 vation; and about nine-tenths of the 
 balance are capable of being worked. 
 Of the whole amount, ntarly twenty 
 thousand acres, owned by actual set- 
 tlers, are held at an average price of 
 seven dollars per ai^re. In the neigh- 
 borhood of eleven thousand acres are 
 State lands, located throughout tho 
 county, and for sale at from .seventy- 
 five cents to one dollar and a half per 
 acre. Subject to entr.v under the Home- 
 stead Law, and owned by the tieneral 
 Government, are one liuudred and 
 ninety-two thousand acres, mostly cov- 
 ered b.v heavy timber. The facilities for 
 water-powers are excellent. Streams 
 traverse tho count.v that are capable of 
 indefinite improvement. 'Wliiie-pine, 
 wlii:eand reel oak, uniplc, ash, linden, 
 balsam, and aspen are the principal 
 timber. Tho natural meadows consti- 
 tute a very attractive feature of this 
 region. .Some are quite extensive; but 
 tlicy generall.v range from five to ten 
 Hires, and are scattered along river- 
 bottoms and creeks throughout the en- 
 tiro count.v. Their present available 
 area can lie doubled b.y a little hilior 
 in clearing tho nutrgins of brush, and 
 liuriuug the ground. Tlie principal 
 varieties of grass are the flat-leaved, rod- 
 top, and blue-joint. All are of good 
 qualit.v and luxuriant growth, parti- 
 cularly the blue-joint, which iften at- 
 tains the heiglit of fouv or five feet, 
 producing a marvellous yield of coar.so 
 but verv sweet and excellent liny. Be- 
 ing indigenous, the.y exhibit but little 
 tendenc.v to run out. bomo of these 
 meadows have been mowed by lumber- 
 men for twenty years, without any 
 perceptilde diminution of croj). The 
 facilities which here exist for wafer- 
 power are practicall.v inexliaiistible. 
 Taking into account only such as can 
 be clicapl.v utilized, they are more than 
 surttciont to turn tlie wheels of all the 
 manufai'turing establishments in Mas- 
 sachusetts; and considered in connec- 
 tion with the fertility of the soil, tho 
 great nuantii.v of timber adapted to 
 luecliaiiical purposes, and certain other 
 conditions, real and pos.siblc, that ren- 
 der this region favorable for the ilevel- 
 opiuent of large inantifactnring inter- 
 ests, this vast water-power ossumes a 
 peculiar importance. With the rich Iron 
 mines of Superior lying in close neigh- 
 borhood on tho north, and the prairies 
 and bottom-lands of the Missi.ssippi 
 Volley bordering on the soutli, only a 
 
BISTOJIY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Go9 
 
 few miles of railrooil are necessary for 
 tlie prolltable employment of lalior and 
 capital in foniideriu.'*, woollun-iiiills, 
 wa^ou-factories, and all tlio wood anil 
 irini-workin;; sliop.n for tlio inannfactnrc 
 of farniinK-iiiiplements and doinestii^ 
 furnitiiio ilenianded by tlio H''ea'est 
 agricultural region in tlie world. As 
 vet, lint little has lieen done for the 
 improvement of tlie<e e.Mraonlinary ad- 
 vantaite-*. liiHiienced. however, liy their 
 attractions, and believing in tlio prom- 
 ising future of IJaiTon County, a few 
 enterprising capitalists and Imslness- 
 men have erccteil several line mills for 
 
 Eroviiling the settler^ with lumber for 
 uilding-pnrposes, hi ' converting their 
 grain into (lour and fi 
 
 Anotlier great mater, interest, more 
 peculiar to this region i n any other, 
 consists in e.\tensivo lieu if cafliiiite, 
 or Indian pipe-stono, a sori of red clay 
 formation, lound in stratilied ilepo<i(s 
 of various thicknesses, convenient for 
 quarrying, in the eastern portion of the 
 county. According to tlie analysis of 
 Dr. Jackson of Ilostim, as reported in 
 "Silliiuan's .rnnrnal," it is composed of, 
 in a linndred grains: — 
 
 AVater . . 
 
 Silica . . 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 8.4 grains 
 . 4S'.' '■ 
 . 2H.2 " 
 . (i.O " 
 
 J'ero.x. iron . 
 
 . 5.0 " 
 
 Ox. niaiigane-;o 
 Carb. lime 
 Loss 
 
 . o..--. " 
 
 . 2.(i " 
 . 1.0 " 
 
 The practical importance of this sin- 
 gular compound cannot easily bo over- 
 rated. It is of a brownisli crimson 
 or muhogauy color, exceedingly tine- 
 grained, susceptible of a high polish, 
 and, when llrst taken from tbo tpiarry, 
 is so chalky and soft as to be easily ciit 
 with a knife, or dressed with a plane, 
 yet, after a few days' exposure to the air 
 anil liglit, assumes a Hmt-liko tenacity 
 and hiiidness which resists the action 
 of moisture, lieat, and cold. For cen- 
 tre-tables, counters, chimney-pieces, tes- 
 Bellatcd pavements, facings of buildings, 
 columns, mimnnicntSj and busts, for 
 every tliinj' in which it is nece<sary to 
 unite the lieauty of marble with the 
 strength of granite, it possesses an 
 ailaptation ot ipialities which need only 
 to be known to create a demand that 
 even the exhaustion of these beds may 
 not supply. Its exquisite rh'hness anil 
 beauty, the great ease with which it can 
 ho wronglit, together with the fact of 
 its scarcity (geologists having reported 
 its existence at but one other pomt on 
 the whole continent), vill render it a 
 source of wealth to this county, in gen- 
 erations to come, which miglit not lie 
 RMri>assed by mines of silver and 
 gold. 
 
 Unowv CoDNTV.i— This was the first 
 point settled in the State. The county 
 lias an area of about four hundred and 
 llfty .square miles, h)cated at the head of 
 (ireen Hay, a mighty arm of Lake Mich- 
 igan, nearly a hundrcMl mile< in length, 
 and witli an average breadth of lifteon 
 miles. The mean latitude is about 44° 
 nortli, being a little higher than the 
 southern coast of I''rance. The climate 
 is much colder than is experiemed in 
 Kiirope at tlie same parallel; but such is 
 the dryness of the atmosphere, and 
 steadiness of the temperature, tliat the 
 winters are, in some respects, tlio most 
 pleas, int, as they are certainly the most 
 liealtliful, portions of the year. A solid 
 bed ot dry snow for nearly three 
 months affords highways of nniiqualled 
 facility for passage and transportation. 
 It is a gratifying siglit, on a tine wiutcr'.s 
 da.v, to witness tlio processions of Bel- 
 gian and other farmers, witli their sleds 
 loaded with shingles, made by tlieirown 
 hands, from wood grown on their own 
 soil, and weniling towards tlie city of 
 (ireen Hay, sure of being waylaiil by 
 some eager shingle-buyer "cash in 
 banil." The only unpleasant portion 
 of the year is the two months in the 
 spring, beginning about the Ktth ot 
 March, dii. ing which period the weath- 
 er is usuali.> wet, win.ly, and variable; 
 but with tlie middle of May commences 
 a season of sunshine and warmth, and 
 ripening power, which urges on every 
 kind of vegetation with a rapidity hard- 
 ly eiiualled at any other spot of the 
 earth's snrfuce. The autumn, however, 
 commencing about 8ept. 2H, is the pecu- 
 liar boast of the climate in this part of 
 the North-west. The cool but comforta- 
 ble weather, the sunny days, and clear, 
 frosty nights, have made tlie Indian- 
 summer ot this region famous and at- 
 tractive throughout America. The 
 county is ex<^eedingly healthy. 
 
 There is hardly an acre of barren land 
 in tlie county. 'i"he prevailing character 
 of the soil may be called a sandy loam, 
 easily worked, and susceptible Of the 
 highest degree of cultivation. Other 
 descriptions of soil, of course, exist, 
 varying with the changes of surface, 
 the proximity of water, &c, ; bur, what- 
 ever the peculiarity of particular spots 
 of ground, the one characteristic of 
 /nrtililij may be relied upon as existing 
 almost everywhere with slight excep- 
 tion. 
 
 The noble Fox Iiiver, navigable for 
 the largest vessels, finds its outlet with- 
 in tlie limits of tlie county, and fur- 
 nishes the best harbor on the Great 
 Lakes; while its several tributaries, and 
 other streams which flow into the bay, 
 make this peculiarly well watered. As 
 
 ' Tlio roader is indebted to Hon. J. S. Cur- 
 tis of Ureen 13ay iur tills sketcU,— C. li. I. 
 
660 
 
 msTORY OF wrscoNsrs. 
 
 mlf^lit l)e expected In mich a land of 
 wodd and Htroains, tlioro Is no diflioiilty 
 Buywlioro In obtnlnlnu well* siinplieil 
 with ul>nndant 8prinj;-«ater, by di;."iing 
 • nioilcrotn dii^tani o below the Hurfa<;o. 
 Tlio sctllcM of this county were of 
 Frencli oi'l<;ln; and we may add that 
 the French l< still hpokon here, i)orhaps 
 more oxtonsivcly than any other tonsuo. 
 The Ucl'^ians form the most numerous 
 portion of the l'"rench-Hpeakin({ rare, 
 and, with the patient Inilustry rharac- 
 terlnticof their nation, are transforming 
 a wilderness into fruitful fields. Oer- 
 inaiis from every part of the "fatherland" 
 art here workiiij' their way upwards 
 with an intelli^jeiico, Independence, and 
 euer){y which iilway.s command suc- 
 cess. The Scandinavian racet, especially 
 Norwegians and Danes, are amouj; us 
 in con.siileiaMe numbers, and brini; with 
 them Rome Hterlin^ traits of character, 
 which insure them a welcome from all 
 classes of our people. One of our most 
 thrivin;.? towns is almost entirely occn- 
 
 J(icd by euu;;rants of this class. The 
 ndcfatigablo iJutchmuii is here also, 
 and has beitowed the name of "Hol- 
 land" upon one of our most prosperous 
 and (p-owiu;^ a;;ricultunil towns. The 
 oinninre<ent Irishman is hero too, as 
 every wlioro, toiliu;; successfully to tjaiu 
 a co'infort.-iblo homo for himself, and, 
 with his Hturd.v arm and bravo spirit, 
 liolpinjj to build up the fortunes of the 
 connnunify in which ho dwells. Some 
 of the best farms and farmiu;.; lands in 
 the county nro held by Irishmen. The 
 native American clement of the popu- 
 lation ma.v Ito counteil of the best class; 
 beinn mostly composed of orijjinal em- 
 i;jrauts from Kew York, I'ennsylvania, 
 and the diiTereat States of New Knjj- 
 land, or of the descendants of such. 
 
 " To judge of what Clreen llav and Its 
 adjuncts nniat become in the future, it 
 ^\iil bo necessary to po beyond their in- 
 corporated limits, and take up the map 
 of the Kastern, Northern, and North- 
 western States and Territoriea, and after 
 carefully comparinscertain googi-aphical 
 points, great I'onimon centres, the asri- 
 cultural, luml)ering, mineral, and other 
 assential advantajjes, with the topogra- 
 phy of the country, railroail connections 
 (j)rescut and prospective), and interna- 
 tional watcr-counnunications, — after 
 comparing all these advantai'cs with the 
 natural advontages of other localities, it 
 is b.v no nujaus a very great hazard to 
 predict that Cireen Ba.v and the adjatent 
 towns named, will, before the close of 
 the present century, bo the largest town 
 in the State of Wisconsin." 
 
 The advantages of Green Bay, Fort 
 Howard, and lie Fere, have been thus 
 summed up; — 
 
 Ist, It Is two hundred mllo.s nearer tide- 
 water bv water-course than Chicago. 
 
 2J, Ilie Canada end of the Noitli Fa- 
 
 cif.c Railroad ha* just Iveen lot to Jlessn. 
 Ferry H. Smith and George L. Duiilap 
 of Chicago, which secures Its completion 
 to the "Sioux," and from tlience we:it- 
 ward to Ka.st Canada, probalily within 
 two years. When this U done (as It 
 must and socm Kill be) Green Hay will 
 bo nearer Now York by rail tliaii Chi- 
 cago is. 
 
 .'id, Green Ila.y will be nearer Boston 
 by rail thai; ciji<5ago is, by over two 
 hundred ndles. 
 
 4tli, Green Bay will bo nearer tide- 
 water b.v rail than Chicago, by some 
 three hundred nnlei. 
 
 5tli, St. I'aul, and all west nnd imme- 
 diately sourli-we^t from that point, will 
 be nearer New York, via (ireen Ba.v, by 
 rail, than ria Chii'ago, by over three 
 hundreil miles. 
 
 (itli, Sladison and Milwaukee will ho 
 nearer New York, via Green Bay, by 
 rail, than via Chicago. 
 
 7th, All tow\is (in the Mississippi 
 obovo Prairie dn Cliion, and all towns 
 on the Missouri above Omaha, will reach 
 New York by rail, vin Green Bay, nearer 
 and quiflcer than ria Chicago. 
 
 Ktb, Passengers and freiglit from the 
 Pacilic coast, over the Central Facilio 
 Koad, ma.v reach BoUon two Inindrcd 
 ndles nearer, via CJrcen Itay, than via 
 Chii'ago, anil New Yoi-k by abo\it the 
 same di itanco. 
 
 !lth, fJreen Ba.v Is becoming quite a 
 nulroad centre. Three roadn (all com- 
 peling)nro now regularly running into 
 that place. A few months will install 
 the fourth; while two more are in prog- 
 ress of construction, and still three 
 others in contemplation; all of which, 
 wlien completeil, will give this great 
 centre some nine roads. 
 
 10th, This l< not oidy the best luml)er 
 region (ini'luding the !'ango westwani) 
 In the worhl; Imt between this and the 
 St. Croi.\, ranging north and south to tlie 
 tinibor-liudt, is a zone of some thirty 
 thousand square ndles of bard and soft 
 tindier-forests, as good as the world pro- 
 duces. 
 
 lltli. Hero (at Do Fere) is a spl'indid 
 water-power, capable of running three- 
 score and ten mdls, machine-shops, and 
 manufactories. Wliilo lake boats may 
 come within a stone's throw of the cata- 
 ract that pours over the dam, vessels di- 
 rect from Liveipool may safel.y approach 
 within sixty rods of this water-power, 
 
 rjth, Iroii ore, the best in tlio world, 
 abounds on three sides of Green Bay, 
 within easy distance, — oiiougli to sup- 
 ply the worhl with Iron for centuries. 
 
 1.3th, Tlio soil throughout the thnbered 
 zone, witli the exception of here and 
 there a sanely strip, i\ unsurpassed in 
 fertility, and, being liullgenous to the 
 grasses, will yet rival Orange and Chau- 
 tauqmt Coiuities(N'ow York) in the pro- 
 duction of butter and cheese; while, for 
 
mSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 CGI 
 
 most of the oereul productions, It has no 
 ■uperior, exfepthig oom. 
 
 14tli, The Fox niul Kant Itlvers f iirninh 
 over twenty miles of livcr-fronta^c, 
 every rod of which nii);lit be used for 
 dockyards. 
 
 ICtli, (Ireen Day is a land-locked linr- 
 bor, unsurpassed In security, extent, and 
 conveuieuco, liv any in tlio worlil. 
 
 Kith, From tlie above fiu:ts it must lie 
 apparent, tliat for nnmufacturin); and 
 conniiercinl, for a'^iicultiuiU, minin;;, 
 and lunilwriu); facilities, (Jrnen Day and 
 environs Iris no peer in all the Great 
 SVe-it, if, Inileed, it lias on this continent. 
 
 ITtli, Tlio mineral and luniberin;^ ma- 
 terial are liere all at hand. I'ower is 
 here; and, when manufactured into 
 wares and macbincry. Nature has fur- 
 nished the additional' facility for trans- 
 portation by an adoipiato water-course. 
 
 What more, it mav bo aiked, does 
 Green IJa.v and her ''partners" want? 
 Anil yet one tliiiiifMhclncketh, — capital. 
 Give to Green liay capital iu aducpiate 
 meed, and in ten years she would num- 
 ber one bundreil thousand inhnliltants, 
 and do more niani\facturin'^ than Chi- 
 cat;o and Milwaukee combined. 
 
 Take, for instance, tliis "little town" 
 of Do I'ere, which, two or three years 
 a^o, was nothinjj Imt a mere " wa.v sta- 
 tion," and now does a liuiine*s of nearly 
 live million dollars aininally. Four bla-it- 
 furnaces are now in Huccessful opera- 
 tion liere, with an a^j;ro;;ate capacity of 
 twelve liundred tons of pig metal per 
 week. Thou the car-sliops turn o\it 
 Boino twelve cars per week. The IJolles 
 Fish Kit estal)lis!inient turns out some 
 six tliousand kits per week, llesides 
 there ore numerous other o^tablidinients 
 tm-niiiK out various articles of manu- 
 facture, all employing Homo thousand 
 laborers and artisans. And yet the 
 tlireshold of capacity of water-power 
 and other facilities is scari'ely reached. 
 
 Ofccn Da[i, the county-seat of Drown 
 County, is one of thn oblest settled places 
 hi tiio State, having U^en Kettlcd by the 
 French at a very earlv period. Tlie 
 present site was platted in 1H30, and was 
 called Navarinn; and in WXi land adja- 
 cent was ])latted, and called Astor. In 
 WiO both i>lats were incorporated undi^r 
 the name of Green Bay; in 1854 it was 
 chartered as a city. It i« located at the 
 head of the bay which opens into Lake 
 Michigan, and at the mouth of Fox 
 lliver, and is one of the best harbors 
 on the lake. Tiio city is about ii liun- 
 dred miles from Milwaukee by the Mil- 
 waukee and Northern llailroad, and u 
 hundred and ninety-one by the .said road 
 from Chicago. Since the oiiening of tlie 
 railroails. Green Bay lias become a place 
 of niuch business;" and the facilities 
 wliicii it i>ossesses of lake, railroad, 
 and canal navigation, can but make it 
 one of the most important commercial 
 
 cities in the State. One of the impor- 
 tant improvements, eroded in Wt'i, wa« 
 the extensive elevator of Klmore and 
 Kelley, Hixty by o liundreil and twenty- 
 eight feet, with engine room adjoining, 
 and a hundred feet high, of solia plank 
 walls, with a capacity of two hundred 
 and twenty-live thousand bushels of 
 wheat; elevates from railroad and river 
 for shipping. The same parties have 
 docks extending to this structure eight 
 Imndred feet cm the river. In IWid the 
 produceof IJrown County wasesiimated 
 at n hundred dollars; in 1H7I) it was over 
 live million dollars. There are from 
 forty to lifty mills in the country adja- 
 cent, — lumber and Rhinglo manufacto- 
 rict, — which llml amnrketat tint point 
 About eiglity million feet of luml cr are 
 marketed here annually, and over two 
 hundred inillicm shingles, and six million 
 slaves. Tlie city lias four hotels, an 
 elegant convt-lKUiso, opera-house. Tur- 
 ners' hull, nine churches, and four in Fort 
 Howard across the river, live secret ko- 
 ciclies, and a largo numb'jr of mercantile 
 establishments and mechanical shops. 
 
 I'opulation, 1H75, 8 Oo7, and Fort How- 
 ard :I,(>10. 
 
 Bi'KrALo County.' — The general to- 
 pography of tlio county is hilly, with 
 rich valleys between. The soil is re- 
 markably varied, especially in the north- 
 east jiart. It is for tlio most part a light 
 dark hmm, common to black-oak open- 
 ings; but it changes to the ri<diest black 
 .soil, then to worthless sand, and egain 
 to clay. The perceptible causes are 
 worthy of careful observation. There 
 are alnmt four hundred and sixty thou- 
 sand acres in tlie county, and over 
 ■.',")(t,;!00 acres entered, estimated one hun- 
 dred thousaml improved: of tlie remain- 
 der, two hnudreil tliouHUiul coiilil be 
 cultivated. Ncarl.y two hundred thou- 
 sand acres are owneil by jictual settlers, 
 and arc worth, on un average, eight dol- 
 lars per acre. 
 
 Water-power is pood, though but little 
 inipr<ivc(l, and olTers encouraging oppor- 
 tuniiics for tlie manufacturer, especially 
 in the erection of woollen- mills. Tim- 
 ber of all kinds prevails. Beds of cla.v 
 for tlie nianufa<^turo of brick are found 
 ill many parts of tlie county ; ami .several 
 parties are successfully engaged in mak- 
 ing brick. Limestone for lime u.;'l 
 luiilding-purposes are of the choicest. 
 Chippewa Itiver is the only navigable 
 stream in tlio I'ounty. Trout are abun- 
 <lant in the largo streams. A railroad 
 from Fan Clairo throiifjh the county is 
 among the glowing antuipationa of tlie 
 people. The raising of all the principal 
 cerefds and stock i.t the most extensive 
 pursuit. Our undeveloped condition 
 
 > I urn Indebted to John De Qraff nndMich- 
 olaa riiUUppi of Alma for thla nke'.ch. 
 
 C. E. T. 
 
60S 
 
 niaronr of wiscossm. 
 
 mill fnrrnnltnl to turn niir water-power 
 Into iintolcl wunltli. Fui'iii-lulxir U al- 
 wiivs ill (luinnnil; ami, iliiriii;{ the itpiiiij; 
 aiKl siiiiiiiiorMonHoii, hoiiio tlii'cu liiiiiilreii 
 liivii are tMiipluyeil on the lluef Sloiiijli 
 boiiiiis. WiifioA avtM'nuu all tlio year 
 roniiil two ilolliirs per iliiy. 
 
 Tlio three priiicliml villages in tlio 
 county nro Alma, tliu county-neat, with 
 a pojmlatloii of n thoiHaiid, three 
 vhuri'lie't, a f;oo<l gruileil hcIiooI, xoveral 
 gooil siiw-iiilllx, anil one i;i'i'"-iiiill ; 
 r'oiintiiin City, with a population of 
 eleven luinilroil, three ilmrrlies, olio 
 Urmleil sdiool, two saw-iiiill», one ({rist- 
 iiiill, II foiiiiilery and a phino-shop; ami 
 Mumlovi, in the noitheru |)art of tlie 
 county, with a nopiilutioii of about n 
 ttiomiiiiil, four cliuri-lie'*, a jjooil kiikIuiI 
 Ri'liool, a ll<Hii'in;;-niill, and a fouiulery. 
 Tlio condition of the coninioii hiIiooIs 
 tliroiiKlioiit the county i* Rood, the 
 Rchnolhoiisn'4 inostiy of frame, but or- 
 dinarily in fair coiKlitiim. 
 
 BrnNFi'TK CouNTV. — Tlii< county U 
 lov .11 the St. Croix I'iver. It is 
 
 til. itli pine and hard wood; Iiuk 
 
 an ' about a million acres, of 
 
 w .. jiity-tlireo thousand acres are 
 State litiids, and ii liirijo proportion Oov- 
 eriiiiiunt lands, whicn are rnpiilly being 
 taken up for the valuable timber upon 
 them. There are fip-ants of land by the 
 United States (iovornment to uid In 
 buihlin;; severnl linei of railroads that 
 pass through this ciMiiity, which, when 
 I'oiiipleted, will, with the St. Croi.\ and 
 Its tributaries, give its settlers ample 
 fucilitics for Kctiiuf; their liimlier and 
 BKricultiiral products to market. It is 
 settleil iiiostly by Norwegians; and, by 
 their known industry, they will make it 
 one of the best agricultural counties in 
 the State. 
 
 Homesteads are still quite plenty 
 The proposed St. Croix and Superior 
 Ilailrood is l<x:atcd through the centre 
 of tlie county, and will, when built, 
 open up a large and valuable tract of 
 agricultural, mineral, and tiinliered 
 lauds. 
 
 C.vi<i'.MET CoUNTV. — TIlis County 
 contains an area of about two liundreil 
 thousand acres, and is one of the snuill- 
 est counties of the State. The popula- 
 tion of the county, according to the con- 
 Riis of 187(1, is l;i,.'KJ4. There uro seventy- 
 five thruisand acres of improved land, 
 the average price of which is about 
 twenty-live dollars per acre, The unim- 
 proved liuiil, consisting of one liunilred 
 and thirty tlioiisand acres, ranges from 
 three to twelve tlollurs per acre. Nearly 
 the whole lands are callable of cultiva- 
 tion. Tlie Houtli half of the county Is 
 ceiitly rolling; the north being more 
 level, and, in places, Rwaiiipy. The 
 Bwainp-laniU are cenerally owned h. 
 commissioners, andhavo no appreciable 
 value. We believe the Ueueral Uoveru- 
 
 inent di>e» not own an ocre of land. The 
 l>'ox Itiver Improvement Compnii.v ownx 
 a small tract of land in the wuttern part 
 of the county. The faciiiiles for water- 
 power are about average. Timlier is prin- 
 cipally of hard wood. Marble is fimiiil 
 in tlio south-east part of tlie coniitv; 
 also valuable stone iinnrries and brick- 
 yai'ds ill nniulieron the west side. Sev- 
 eral small Htieuins run throiu.'li the 
 county, the largest being the Manito- 
 woc; none navigable. Nevertheless, 
 Lake Winnebutyi, lying on the west, 
 gives aiiiiilu facilities for shipping anil 
 market privileges, 
 
 Culnmet County contains the (Inost 
 oak-timbor in Wisconsin; and, with the 
 newly-aciiuiied railroad firilitios, this 
 is going to prove of great value to the 
 county. Here are great indiiconients to 
 iiion of capital, who would desire to go 
 into tho manufactiiro of wajron or car- 
 riage material, or otlier things for which 
 liaril wood is u.sed. Ilass-wotMl is al.su 
 (jiiito abundant. 
 
 Chilton is tho coiinty-Hcat; is located 
 on the Milwaukee and Nortliern liail- 
 way, and has twelve hundred iiilmbit- 
 ants. Now Hoistcin has ten liiindreil 
 inhabitants; Stockbridgo, six limidrod; 
 Hay ton, four hundred; (Iravesville, six 
 hundred; and Slierwood, one hundred 
 and llfty. 
 
 The population c<msists of about one- 
 half Ucniiau, one-quarter Irish, and one- 
 quarter Amerirans, 
 
 I Ciiii'pr.w.^ CouNTV,' — Twonty-dve 
 [years ago, when the pioneei-s of lliis 
 I county entered its forests for the .sole 
 I purpose of lumbering, tlioy supposed 
 I that pine-lands woithl only produce pine- 
 trees; and, consequently, they brought 
 their Hour, pork, corn, beans, potatoes, 
 and. In fact, all tho necessaries of life, 
 up tho Mississippi, in keel-boats, from 
 I'rairio dn Cliien. Times are changed. 
 Now tho county produces both winter 
 and spriiij^ wheat, — twenty bushels per 
 acre, — which sells in AUlwaukeo for 
 No. 1. Our oats are No. 1 ; average crop, 
 forty bushels to the acre. Itarley and 
 ryo grow eipially ns well. Hay grows 
 wild in great abundance, ond yields two 
 tons to the acre. They al.so raise llrst 
 quality of Timothy lia.v, two tons to the 
 acre. As for potatoes, tho world cannot 
 surpass tlioiii in qiuiutity or iiuality : the 
 average crop is two hundred bushels per 
 acre. Almost all kinds of wild fruits 
 grow in abundance, Quito a large 
 number of apple-trees and fruits liave 
 been sot out the past fow vears; and, us 
 apples do well lifteen miles south, we 
 hope 80on to raise fruit in abundance. 
 
 The stock of the county is of good 
 average quality, but is mostly brought 
 
 > We are indebted to I.,. C. Stanley, William 
 liicliurdMii, and I >, W. Caiupbell of Chippewa 
 FiUlD, tor thU sketcli. — U U. X. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 CG3 
 
 from Soiitliom Wisconsin, Illinois, ami 
 Iowa. Till) pinerius initl(u u Ki'unt ilu- 
 iiiuiiil for horsus nnd worldn^-cnttle. 
 Willi Innil (uu lio 1ion){lit for fnini tliri'u 
 to tun ilollnr.s per ncro. Twenty iullo< 
 from tile coiiiit.v-scrtt, or from tlio We-it 
 Vt'iscoiisin Ituilrouil, );ooil laiiil can l>o 
 lioii'^lit at (iovm-iiment prlro. Improviiil 
 laiiils uro lieUl at tea to twunty dollart 
 por iicro. Tlio soil of tlio lieuvy, liard- 
 wociil tlmlior-lnnil i< what UttM'iiioil rlay 
 Hoil ; that of tli» prnlrii.' < is n riili, black, 
 saiiily liiaiii Tliu people sottletl in tlii-t 
 county aio from Hvei-y nation; ami the 
 door staiiils opiiii to all. 
 
 Ill the northern iiart of the county, 
 copper, silver, ami lead oien have been 
 found, but nut in (myiiiK iiiiantitiet. 
 Tlici'M U |ilenty of sandKtono and Kruiiito 
 for buildiii;{-piirpo<es. 
 
 LumlierinK is the specialty of the 
 county, ill the way of mani'ifucturtM. 
 According to the liiiiibcr inspector's re- 
 port, 4:S,.'llli,41!l feet of lumber, :ill,(KH),(ll)ll 
 feet of lath, and l«,IHH),(li«tshiii^'les were 
 maniifactuicd in 1H70. There are l,;j8(i,- 
 4KII acrei of pinedaiuU in the county, 
 wlilcli, at till! present rate of consumii- 
 tion, — li(HI,(MiO,(K)0 feet per year, — will 
 last lifty years. A larv;o portion of our 
 iiine-laiids have oak, maple, and ash tliii- 
 lier scattereil through them. Chippewa 
 Falls, with a population of live thou- 
 sand, situated at the head of stcimbont 
 navi;,Miion on tlieCliip|iewaI!iver, i^ the 
 base of operatii>ns in tlie lumbur-i'e;^ion. 
 It has tlie best water-power in the 
 world, and one of the lar^e.Ht saw-mill i 
 in the United Statei run by water; <a- 
 pacity, thirty-llvo million feet ]ier sea- 
 son. i'"or twenty milen up the river, 
 saw-mills of a I'apacity of from one to 
 lHl<!cii million feet occur frciiuently. 
 Over two liundreil million feet of saw- 
 lo^s ai'o cut nnd put into tlie river eiurli 
 Keawn. This re(pilru< two thousand 
 men, and hor.'«s ami cattle in projior- 
 tii>ii. To supply this force furnidies 
 our farmer.", a Kood market for all they 
 can rcil-ie. Above Chippewa Kails i« a 
 ie~crvoir lar|{0 euou-jh to stop and liohl 
 nil the lo;ri that are cut in the winter 
 season. Tlie lo^s are held secure iiiilil 
 the icu melts ; then they are assorted, 
 and turned out as fa.4t as required. 
 Kacli owner, liavin;; liii own mark, can 
 (jet his own lojpi The logs are run over 
 the falls, and into tlio several booms 
 aloiif; the river, and a.s far as the 
 nioiith of the Chippewa, where they 
 are rafted, and sold down the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Nv'hen the Inml)er Is sawed at the 
 mills, it is rafted in cribs sixteen by 
 thirty-two feet, coupled up to nia!:e 
 rafts containing a iiumlred thonsund 
 feet. It i I then run down the river, by 
 skilled pilots and hardy raftsmen, to 
 liead's ijundin){, on tlie Mississippi 
 lUver, there coupled up in rafts from 
 
 three hundred thousand feet to two 
 million seven hundred thousand feet. 
 It is then soM to i;o down the river, 
 at an avera;,'e price of fourteen dollars 
 por thousaml, by the raft, — a clear ijaiii 
 to mill-iiu'U of four dollars ]>er thoU'-nnd 
 feet. The pnsess is repeated every 
 year; nnd the result has been, that most 
 of the lunibor-nien have acuuiiiulated 
 lirce wealth. 
 
 Much of the land is IndifTerent; but 
 tliei'o is also iiiiich that is t;ood, c<ivei'ud 
 witli hard-wood limber. Tliit land will 
 soon become valuable to settlers, as 
 there are i;ood railroad faciliiie*. Tlie 
 home markets are also very excellent 
 on account of the pineries; nnd the far- 
 mer can sell his |>roducts, of all kinds, 
 at much lii;.dicr |irice< than tlio'e prod- 
 ucts will briiiK in Milwaukee or Clil- 
 ciiKo. Tlio West \Vi-<onsin, Wisconsin 
 CeiilrnI, and St. Croix and Superior 
 liailroad (."ompnnies own huuo tracts of 
 laud in this louiity, wliicli they offer to 
 actual settlers at reasonable prices. The 
 waler-pov.er in tlii i county Heiiormoii.s, 
 ami is only improved in ami aroiiuil 
 Chippewa Falls. The Chippewa Kiver 
 is iiavijjablo to Chippewa Falls; and 
 there are almost countless smaller 
 streams and lakes where llsli of all 
 kiiiils abound. Came is also plenty; 
 such as deer, bear, wolf, and many 
 Kinaller fiir-lieariiiK animals. The pop- 
 ulation and nealtli of the county are 
 i-apidly iin'readiig. 
 
 Vhii)i>cwa yulls. — This city is situat- 
 ed on the west bank of the Chippewa 
 liivcr, on a succession of low liilH, rising 
 gradually backward from the river. It 
 is twelve miles north of tlio We it Wis- 
 consin Kailroad, conneited with Man 
 Chiire by the Cliin|)cwa Valley Uailroiid, 
 which 1ms recoutly been coniploted. It 
 is Holed for the iiiimense water-power 
 it possesses; there beir'i; a fall of .some 
 twenty-six feet in thiee-fourths of a 
 mile over a rocky bottom; also for 
 being the heart of ilio valuable luinber- 
 husiness of Cliippewa Valley. The 
 county has an area of l!,.'iH0,4S0 acres, 
 l,.Vi(i,4S0 of which is heavilj- timbered 
 with pine, oak, ami maple. Duncan 
 Creek runs tlirough the city, and fiir- 
 ni ;lies several line water-powers, among 
 which are the llouring-mills, which pro- 
 duce one of the best brands of tlour in 
 the State. The city has two liotels, the 
 Union Lumber Conipany's store, and 
 the Firtit National Dank bnildiiif;. The 
 Union Lumber Company is by far tlie 
 lari^st bnsiness-llrm in the city Of the 
 mill of this company, an account has 
 been given in tlie I'hapter on liiinber- 
 iiig in Wisconsin. There are Calliolio, 
 I'resbvterian, Episco))al, ami Methodist 
 cliMrclies. The Catholii! church-edillce 
 was erected in WJ, at the uost of forty 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 I'opuUttion, 1870, 5,000. 
 
664 
 
 BisTORr OF wiacosam. 
 
 Clark Cottnty.'— This is one of tlie 
 lar^eHt nxiutlfls lit the Htate. It Ih well 
 wnterud by tlio llliwk and Eaii Cliiire 
 Ulvei'Kaiid tlKrlrtrlliiitnrJpt, Biid hyfiniiio 
 of tlie ti'jIiiitnrie^iiftliHChippowu Itlver. 
 Liiiiil>vriiiK liai Ik'vii tlio |>rlii<'i|inl hiiHJ- 
 ness of tlio iicoplu of tlilt I'ciiinty until 
 within tlio Inst live years: now ("iiilte a 
 Ini'i;o nniiibor aro ciiKiiKOd In fniiiiinK. 
 Tliei'o is n lai'^o nniouiit of exciMlent 
 faiiiiinR-lnnd in the Honlliern and east- 
 ern portions of tlio ooiiiity, mostly heav- 
 ily tiiiiliored Tlio I'onnfy is hnt thinly 
 settlud, lint Is rapidly tUlini; np with un 
 indtistrlons class of men, who aru not 
 afraid of the IinnI work that Is fn'jvl' 
 lile where farms aro (■lei;vcd lip in • 
 lieavily-tlmliore<l i'<mntry. The (jreatoi 
 portion of tlio settlors aro fioni tho Kivst- 
 ern and Middle Sinios, tvilli a few (ior- 
 iiians, K«KH^h, Hi-jtih, nnd rniiodians. 
 Many linproveiniMits have licon made 
 within the past live years. lEouds have 
 liecn opened In - ery direrilon; « liooi- 
 honses have bean built; villiipus laid ont 
 and settled. A railroad has been bnilt, 
 rnnninK through the south- vostorn part 
 of the county, with a station ot Huni- 
 liird, Hi.Nteun miles from NeiUsville, tho 
 C'ouuty-.seat. Other roads unit Imiirove- 
 ments are In coiitumplatiou, whiih 
 promise to add niiicli to the prosperity 
 of tho county. !Nuillsvillo is a tiourish- 
 inu ti>wn. 
 
 CoLi'MniACouNTV.' — Columbia Coun- 
 ty is one of the inland counties of the 
 State. The (jenoral surfa<o of the coun- 
 ty is level, yet not flat, but siUlii'iently 
 rolling to afford ample draina-je. Tho 
 funeral tpiality of the siiil is piod. The 
 county contains 4!r.',,")(il) aores of land, 
 about two-thirds uniler vultivation, 
 includinf; improved swamp-lands. Near- 
 ly ono-tlihd of the halaiico Is capu- 
 lilo of beiuK worked. In the possession 
 of actual settlers Is 48j,.W(»acre9. Aver- 
 age price, as assessed, ijrj H3. 
 
 Tho fai'ilities for water-power ore (food, 
 but only partially iiiiprovod. The prin- 
 cipal tiniuur Is oak, maple, ba.sswoo<l, 
 and elm. 8tone qiiarrlcs, lime, and sand- 
 stone aro foiiwl, but only worked for 
 local tise. A cream brick is manufac- 
 tured at Portai^, which commands the 
 highest price of any put into market. 
 Wisconsin and Fox livers ure the only 
 navigable streams running through tho 
 county. This county has soverol lakes, 
 of which Lake Cieorgo and Wissahicon 
 aro tlio largest, except Swamp Lake, 
 which covers about seven hundred 
 acres. There is not an abundance of 
 game : prairie-chicken and duck are 
 about all that now remains. The roil- 
 
 > 1 Km indebted for tills sketch to Hon. O. 
 W. Kill)! of lluuiUlra. — U. U. T. 
 
 > Xlio muteiiuk fur this sketch were (ur- 
 nUlied by Tboiuas Yule, V. fool, uid U. A. 
 Soulhmayd.— <;, O. T. 
 
 I -^lad conim«nlcai,.on» are Rond. no point 
 :.i the county more than twelve miles 
 from a line of roa<l; and more roads are 
 in prospect. Agriculture Is the oi'tlve 
 iiursiiii; and the growing interest taken 
 iiy farmers leotls us to lielieve that it is 
 111 a prosperous condition. Manufac- 
 turing Is not carried on to that extent 
 that It might lie: with tho unsurpassed 
 facilities of water-power, it should rank 
 among tlui tirst In uianufactured goods 
 in tho Sta'o. 
 
 liCatlier is mannfartnrod to some ex- 
 tent at Portage, and some other points 
 in the county. There are a few wagon- 
 diops, where all kinds of wagons and 
 I carriages are made. At Cambria, there 
 I is a wooUeii-fociory of considerable im- 
 portance. 
 
 I The great geographlcnl feature of the 
 I county, that which will be eventually 
 I oi more lieneflt than anv thing else, is 
 I the peculiar position of the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers to each other, that 
 makes possible a ship canal to unite the 
 waters of Lake Mlclilgan ond the Mis- 
 sissippi Ulver. At "The Portage," a 
 name given by the early French voy- 
 agers, where now stands the city of 
 Portage, they approaih so near togeth- 
 er, that, in high water, the watei-s of 
 the Wisconsin are wont to How across 
 the intervening flats into the Fox. 
 Koats of considerable ilraught hod 
 floated across from time to time, before 
 any canal was dug. Several years ago, 
 a canal about two miles long was dug, 
 with a lock at tho Wisconsin River, 
 and another at tho Fox (which, at that 
 point, is some six feet lower than the 
 Wisconsin), and the channel of tho Fox 
 dredged In nlaces, and somewhat 
 straightened; and a successful naviga- 
 tion from (ireen Bay was cimimenced. 
 A considerable amount of business has 
 for years been done through this chan- 
 nel. 
 
 In the Internal Improvements of the 
 county aro seen abumlant Indications of 
 the enterprise, good taste, and pros- 
 perity of our citizens. Tho roads in all 
 parts" of the county are good, A large 
 intmlier of tlrst-class farmhouses and 
 iirivato residences ore seen everywhere. 
 The schools are good, sehoollionses neat 
 antl attractive: the church-eiliJices are 
 numerotis, anil are respectable in size 
 and appearance ; the county bnihiiiigs are 
 large, convenient, and well adapted to 
 the purposes for which they are de- 
 signed. At Wyocena, the county has 
 erected, as an adjunct to the poor-house, 
 an asylum for those insane pei-sons for 
 whoni the State has not made suHicient 
 provision. The biiilillng is of brick, 
 cost six thousand dollars, and will aii- 
 commodate thirty patients: it is well 
 patronized, and is one of the most beueU- 
 cent institutions of the county. 
 The population of the county ia about 
 
nrsTonv of Wisconsin. 
 
 665 
 
 thirty thmmnnil, nnd In mnile up of (i«t- 
 tlcrHfriim all Piirts of tlie Union ami the 
 Old \V(irl(l. riiii^c from Nuw Kn|{litnil 
 nnil N«w York proilornlnnto. To Htitn 
 lip, \vu rc'cnrd Colinnliin ('oiinty an one 
 of tl.'o nioilol counties of llm State, lioth 
 conHiil<Mint! Its Bcoi;rnplil('iil poHiilon, Its 
 pliyslcnl featiiros, Its nKric.iiltiirnI, »o- 
 t'lal, unci tinaiicial advantages, and the 
 iiitellii^cni'O and enterprise uf itit hihah- 
 ituiits. 
 
 J'liildi/f City, tlio county-sent of Co- 
 Iiinilila (y'oiuity, is l(H'nled on tlie MnfF 
 adjoining a narrow iivck of low land 
 wlilcli divides ilio Fox Itiver from llie 
 ■Wisionsln. This ncik is loss tliiin two 
 ndles wide ; and hfuco, as tho two 
 rivers are navipdiir ^ om a Hlioit 
 distani'i) Ik'Iow, — tin mn to tliefir'-at 
 I^ikvs, and the other to the (!nlf of 
 Mesiio, — iMid ns liotli tlow through 
 lii;;ldy f(;...io districts, it is quite in 
 tlie (.'oiii'xe of natitie that this short 
 and practical portaco should have lieen 
 regarded, from lis earliest discov- 
 ery to the present time, as a very iiii- 
 portniit ofTair, and xutHcient to nWe 
 name to the city that was founded upon 
 It. The city Ih spread over a lar^e area, 
 the centre of which is nearly a mile 
 Roiith of the railroad station, occiipyiii); 
 an elevated site on sandy ground, Tlie 
 town presents n very attractive aspect 
 from tlin railroad: the old town on the 
 marsh lieiii); hhhlcn from view, anil 
 tlie portion in siijlit hclu); almost now, 
 and the tine court-house, schooiliotises, 
 and oilier lar^e hiiildinns of crcam-col- 
 oied hrick showin)» \ery conspicuous. 
 The husiiiess-lilock^ are larne and coiii- 
 iiioilious; and the imiiiiifacturiiiu inter- 
 est has not been neglected. Itliasinie 
 flouiing-iiiill, two taiiiiories, two foiiii- 
 deries, tlirce watjoii and carriage shops, 
 pottery, faniiiu;{-niill (actory, and sev- 
 eral breweries. Tlie raiiroail from Mad- 
 ison nortli to I'ortuKa City, forty miles, 
 was opeiieil in .January, 1871. 
 
 The business of the place ha.s been 
 very larye, particularly in liiinher; and 
 its ])ros]iec'ts in a business point of view 
 are very eiicoiiradinK. 
 
 Population, 1875, 4,3;{7. 
 
 Chawkoiio County.' — Anions the 
 Btrikin(!pliy.sical features of this county 
 are the towering bluffs, which often rise 
 to the iieiKlit of from four to six hundred 
 feet, and which present their liold, rocky 
 fronts on the whole line of river uounif- 
 ary, as well as aloii);citlier liank of the 
 
 firiiicipal streams. The bottom-lands 
 yiii;; at the foot of these bluffs are very 
 fertile; and the Roil, which is a liKht, 
 sandy loam, is of great vahie for the 
 production of cnrdeii vegetables of every 
 description, wliick come to maturity 
 muck sooner than on the high lands in 
 
 > This sketch is compiled from the Report 
 et the Couimiuloiier of luuuigratiou for 1673. 
 
 the same localitiM. ThrouRhthta county, 
 near its centre, ruuH a divide, which 
 "cparates the valley of the Mississippi 
 11(1111 those of the Wisconsin and Kicka- 
 poo lilvers; and froiii this, at riuiit an- 
 gles with it, are alternations of ridge 
 and valley, the former gennrnlly wood- 
 ed; wliiiu in the vales are fertile lands 
 valiiabh) forests, prairie meadows, and 
 good water-powem on iievor-fuiling 
 streams. 
 
 Agriculture and trade have hitherto 
 been tho pursuits of the people, to the 
 almost entire neglect of iiiuiiiifactiir' s; 
 the census of 1870 showing lui aggrc:;ite 
 of farm production of ^8-.NI,lilKi, while tlio 
 product of our iiianiifiu'tiires was but 
 ,'ij'J4(),ll(K). Hut, during the past year, the 
 people have awakened to the importmico 
 of manufactures, to all other bniiiclies of 
 industry; and henceforth the iMiiiiiiicr, 
 loom, and anvil are to have their devo- 
 tees, as well as the plough. In tlie line of 
 publi(! iiiiproveiiieiit are excellent roads 
 and good schoollioiiHes, so uiimeiiiiis, 
 that every <'hllil enjoys the privil ge of 
 a gooil coiniiion scluxd eiliiiaiioii, The 
 Milwaukee and St. I'aiii l!ail\>ay ex- 
 tends along the southern line of tlie 
 county for a distaiiie of twenty miles. 
 Ibiilgeport is one of tlie principal sli'..- 
 iiing-points on the road for grain and 
 live-stock; w!iile at I'rairiedu Chien the 
 company have one of the largest fieigiit- 
 •'epots ill the Stale, agraiii-eievator with 
 a .'iipaiity of two nuiidred and llfty 
 iho isand bushels, and from which two 
 liiiiidred and scveirty-live cars have 
 Iiceu loaded with wlieat in a single day. 
 Tlie company have liero large car- works, 
 a good pa.ssengci--depot, and, near this, 
 one of tho (Inest hotels in tlie West. The 
 business of the coiiipan.v has increased 
 so rapidly under its excellent manage- 
 ment, tliiit it has been c(uiinelled to erect 
 a temporary biidjje over tlie Mississippi 
 for tlie transfer ol trains during tlie win- 
 ter; wliilo in tlie Kca.son of navigation 
 in 1870, tliree steamers were constantly 
 engaged in the transfer of cars from one 
 shore to the other. 
 
 The coninierce of the county at tlila 
 time has an extent and importance 
 which few would iiiia^ne who Iiave not 
 exanilned the llgure« which sliow it: 
 ami this is not conducted by rail ulone; 
 but third organized lines of elegant 
 steamers touch at the river-town, and 
 do not only a large freight, but passen- 
 ger business also. Tho county is re- 
 markably healthy, is well watered, has 
 lieavy forest in every town. In her 
 markets, Ittinber and all descriptions of 
 building-material are plenty and ciieap. 
 Improved lands may bo purchased at 
 from fifteen to thirty dollars per acre; 
 and unimproved, from live to ten dol- 
 lars. The public schools are under the 
 charge of good teachers and an eflieient 
 county Buperinteudeut, and are access- 
 
6C6 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Iblo to nearly every child. In Prairie 
 chi Cliieii i.i a lar^u Ueriiinii srliool, vitli 
 an aocoiiinli.slicii native teacher; while 
 the Oathdllcs have a lar;;e "Sisters'" 
 Scliodj, and will soon open anollier, of 
 a hi^lier t;ra(le, in a larjju ami beautiful 
 huililiii^, wliioli wan erected at a cost of 
 lifty tliousand dollars, 
 
 T'.ie people of Crawford County are 
 lntplli|,'ent, industrious, wide awake to 
 tlieir interests, and hence are jjood pa- 
 tri>ns of schools, iliurches, and the 
 press; and, taken all in all, the county 
 possesses the natural and other advan- 
 tages, which in future will pernot her 
 to take a front rai'.k anions those which 
 make up the uohle Commonwealth of 
 ■NVisccjiisin. 
 
 Dank Coi'NTV. — This county is situ- 
 ated near the gengrapliical and c'omnier- 
 ci. 1 centre of the State. Mailison, the 
 county-seat, and the "apital of the State, 
 has one of the most heautiful locations 
 in tlie world, in the midst of (diarming 
 lakes. Hero is the new Capit<d build- 
 in;;, which, surrounded b.v a coiuniodi- 
 ous and elegant park, ju'esents an im- 
 pressive appearance of taste anil beauty; 
 and anions the other substantial luiiUI- 
 iuRs are the United States po<t-olHce, 
 city-liall, and thecourt-l.ouse. The State 
 University buildiuKs and university farm 
 occupy an elevated ami pleasant site 
 about one mile west of the Capitol. 
 There are thirty-live towns and fourteen 
 villages in the (county. Si.\ of the towns 
 are largely settled withNorweKians, anil 
 8i.\ by (iennans; and the American and 
 European natioiuUities are more or less 
 represented in all llie towns. Tlie couut.v 
 throu;,'lioiit is well watered liy lake* ami 
 streams, and the soil is generally fer- 
 tile ; in some iiarts extensive ])rairies 
 prevailinR, and in otliers undnlatinji 
 and liilly laud. Timber is plentifully 
 Interspersed throuKliout the county. 
 There are numerous churclies, of all 
 denominations, throudhont the munty, 
 also private and pidilic; schools. The 
 Milwaukee and St. J'aul, the ChicaKu 
 and Nortli-western, and Madison and 
 Porta;,'e Uailroads have bronnlit it into 
 direct connection with all parts of the 
 State and country. 
 
 Miidimiii, the capital of the State of 
 AVisconsin, and seat of justice of IJauc 
 County, is pleasantly situated on an 
 i.sthmus between Lakes Mendota and 
 Menoua, eighty miles west of Milwaukee, 
 aiul one hniKlred and tliirty-two u'.iles 
 nortli-west of Chicago, in lat. 4;!°5'\.; 
 loiiK. Wil° a»' W. It stands in the centre 
 of a broad valley , surrounded by lieiKlits, 
 from which the city can be soen at a 
 dLstance of several nules. The isthmus 
 is about thrce-nuarters of a mile in 
 width. Lake Mendota, which lies on 
 the north- west side of the town, is six 
 miles long b.v four miles wide. It is a 
 beautiful sheet uf water, with clean, 
 
 pravelly shores. The depth is sufficient 
 for navigation by steamboats, and is 
 estimated at aiiont si.xty feet. Lake 
 Menoiui is mther smaller When this 
 l>lace was selei^ted for the seat of irov- 
 ernniunt, in W,V], it contained no liuihl- 
 in;i liut a solitary lug-caliin The new 
 Capitol is a beautiful strnctnrc, built of 
 stone, at an expense of live hundreil 
 thonsaml ilollars, standing on fxround 
 seventy feet above the level of the lakes, 
 and in'tlie centre of a jiulilic park. The 
 streets that le.id from the Capitol to- 
 wards the carilinal points descend lirnd- 
 inilly to the sliores of the lakes, exccpt- 
 iu); tliu one which extends westward to 
 ColleKo Hills. On tins eminence, one 
 iidle west of the Capitol, and alxiiit one 
 hundred and twenty-live feet aliovo tlie 
 lake, is situated the University of Wis- 
 consin, which was instituted iu 184il. 
 Three newspapers are Issued here. It 
 contain.! four banki, about twelve 
 ciiurclies a lar^e number of stores, a 
 woollen factory, and several sleiun-inills. 
 It is also noteworthy for its business 
 advantages, and its liealthfiil poiilion. 
 Situated on elevated ground, amid de- 
 liglilful groves and productive lands, 
 well above the cool, clear lakes, it must 
 bo health.v; wliile the abundance and 
 I'onvciiicnce of line streams and water- 
 power must facilitate a sound and rapid 
 advancement in agriculture and the me- 
 chanic arts. It is fre<|ueiited by jileas- 
 nre-seekers as a i>Iace of summer resort. 
 Kailroads radiate from Madison towards 
 the east, west, nortli, and soiitli, con- 
 necting it with all the principal i)oint.s. 
 Since its origin, tliis jilace lias steadily 
 increased. I'opiilation iu l«4(l, o7(! ; 
 ill IR'iO, 1,52.5; in IHj.i, alioiit 3,500 ; iu 
 iWK), (i.on ; and 1H75, lo.(l!i:!. 
 
 Do DOB CoUNTV.' — This county is trav- 
 ersed b.v both the Milwaukee anil St. 
 I'aul Itailway, and the Chicago and 
 Xorth - western Uailway; the former 
 riimiiiig both its northern and La Crosse 
 divisions throiigli it. Thirteen of the 
 twenty-two towns of the county are oa 
 lines of railroad. 
 
 The soil is good, being of clay loam, 
 and all occupied. Is used mostly for 
 farming-' nri)oi js. Its agricultural prod- 
 ucts are equal iu value to any other 
 county ia the State. It is the third 
 conntv in tlie State in poniilation, hav- 
 ing, in 1870, 47,O.T) inhabitants. The 
 assesseil valiioliou of the county makes 
 it tlie llflli in the State in wealth, 
 although in extent of land it is the 
 seventli. In the county are villages 
 equal in number to the towns, with a 
 diversity of interests and business, most 
 of them of snllli:ieut capacity to main- 
 tain an increased population. While tlie 
 cuuuty is generally known a.s an agri- 
 
 ■ This sketch is compiled from the aketdl 
 of S. U. LtTermura, — (J. IL 1'. 
 
BfSTORT OF WISCOXSIN. 
 
 667 
 
 culturnl one, raanufantiirliiK and niilHng 
 are iiiiportant, f;ri>wiiiK, unci tlirivin;; in- 
 (liistiicH witliiii Its bunlers, CDinpiisilit; 
 ■wodIIcii fartories, maiiiifai'tories of anii- 
 I'liltui'iil iii.iiienieiits, Houi'iiii;-iiiills, iiiul 
 Iron wnrks. Tliese are all periiianeiitly 
 esialili-ilit'il. Stwk-iaisliiii is IicIhk large- 
 ly iiitrodiiccil; ami tlie establNliiiiejit of 
 various clieese-faitories reuder.s it a de- 
 Hiralilu and prolltalilu anNiliary to the 
 farm. All tlic land of the contity is thus 
 madu valnahle; the marshes Iniing all 
 reiidurcd tit for inakins; fodder. 
 
 There are tjood markets for all kinds 
 of jirodute, and near the heme of every 
 one, from the fact that the county not 
 only alionnds iu villasjes, but is sur- 
 rounded liv them. On the Hiuitli, two 
 wards of \Vatertown are in tliu count.v, 
 and Waterloo Is adjacent to the lonnty; 
 on the west, Colnndius is on the liordcr; 
 on the ncu'th, one want of \Vi' ■>un, and 
 one wardof Kaixlolpli, are in tliei'onuty. 
 The far eastern portion finds conveiuent 
 tradinjf-puiutM in Hartford and Oconu- 
 uiowoc. 
 
 That portion of AVanpun in Dodfje 
 County im hides the State-prison. The 
 eounty-seat, .Innean, is in the ncoKrajih- 
 ieal lentre of the comity. Heaver Uai^i, 
 the principal place in the county, has a 
 population of tluee thousand live hun- 
 dred, about ecpially divided between 
 foreign and muive in origin; and for 
 beauty, fine buildiu(;s, and plaie of resi- 
 dence, is not surpassed by any city in 
 the State. Its water-power is inoxliaust- 
 iblo 
 
 The edncatimial facilities of the county 
 aree\tra. Within the count.v are sev- 
 eral ^railed public sihools; while the 
 common schools are nearly all of a hi^li 
 order In the (inn village cf Fox Lake 
 is localed the Wiiconsin Fenude Semi- 
 nary, an institution of a bit;li order; 
 and ill IteaverUam is Wayland Univer- 
 sity Institute, for tin) eilui'afion of both 
 se.\es, which is suitably appreciated, and 
 well patroiuzed. 
 
 There are in the county five lakes, 
 .■iittnitcd a4 follows; Fox Lake, in the 
 town of Fox Lake, covers alio, it two 
 mill abalf sciuare miles, nin. is a, natural 
 atiil very clear lake. Ilcnver Lake is 
 .situated in the towns of Heaver IJam 
 and Weslford, Fox Lake mkI Trentcui. 
 It is about twelve miles Ion),', its great- 
 est width a niile and a half, and it 
 covers about ten square miles. It is 
 mostly artillcial, beiii); for'ied b,y a 
 dam at Heaver bam (!ity. and is siip- 
 jilied with pleasure-boats. Fox Lake 
 ami Ijoss Lake flow into it,. Horicon 
 Lake, or Marsli, is situated in the towns 
 of ilubbani, Uiiniette, Wdlianistosvn, 
 Cliostcr, ami Leroy; is fourteen miles 
 long, and ahoii' loiir miles wide. It ex- 
 tends about two ndles into Fond dii Ijjc 
 Oniniy. lioss Lako is in the town of 
 (JiUauiiue; about uue mile long, nud 
 
 three-quarters of a mllo wide; Is lieau- 
 tifiilly situated, clear anil deep, and is 
 a favorite resort for pleasure- parties. 
 Mud Lake is located ni the towns of 
 I>)well and Shields. It is about five 
 miles long, with marshy borders. The 
 general health of the county is excel- 
 lent, localities are afforded to suit any 
 one, — the north-eastern portion for its 
 iron mines, and the balance for agricul- 
 tural purposes. 
 
 Dooii CoiT.NTV.t — The soil is generally 
 of a clay loam, interspersed occasionall.y 
 with soils more or less mixed with sanil. 
 In nearly every portion of the county are 
 bottoin-iands of alluvial deposits with an 
 average depth of six feet of the rii best 
 black h>am. On the uplands, a cla.v soil 
 in-edominates at an average depth of 
 twelve feet. The county contains about 
 three hundred thons'iml acres of laiul, 
 of which a hundred thousand is under 
 cultivation: of the balance, twolmmlrcd 
 thousand is only adapted to agricultural 
 pursuits. 
 
 The land in the county is timbered 
 with oak, maple, beech, elm, ironwood, 
 birch, basswood, pine, liemlock, tama- 
 rack, cedar, spriue, balsam, and other 
 vai'leties of lindier ciMumon to this part 
 of North America. Very valuable mar- 
 ble and stone quarries exist, producing 
 large quautiiies of material. Stnrgeiui 
 Hay extends far into the county; and 
 several streams traverse it, all well 
 stocked with fish. All kinds of game 
 are abundant. Farming, lumbering, the 
 niannfacture of shingles, stave-bolts, 
 cedar-posts, railroad-ties, and nian.y 
 other lucrative sources of industry, are 
 tlie pursuits followed. Exiellent oppor- 
 tunity is olTcred for the investment of 
 caiutid. Hlast furnaces might be run to 
 great advantage; every thing necessary 
 being near at band, except the ore. Cli- 
 mate temperate and pleasant. Water 
 pure and exiellent. No epidemics, no 
 loutagions iliseases: in fact, for healt'"- 
 fulr.ess, it cannot be surpassed. Tl 
 are ample school-facilities in this county , 
 eiudi seltlemenl having a si.hoolhouse in 
 idoseproximi'.v; and there are I'rotestant 
 and Itomau Catholic churches. The 
 roads in the county, and the facilities, 
 for reaching them, are good. 
 
 A large number of the inhabitants of 
 the county are engaged in cutting tim- 
 ber into cord-wood, saw-logs, railroad- 
 ties, telegraph-poles, feme-posts, &c., 
 for which a ready sale is found. Many 
 farmers devote their winters to this 
 work, clearing up their farm.*, and sell- 
 ing the timber thus cut dow n. 
 
 T'lio largo bodies of water on each 
 side of the peninsula abound with fish, 
 and furnish eniploynient to a large num- 
 ber of men in catching them. Trout 
 
 > Tills akctcli wiM taken from a contributioa 
 by 1). U, Morrl«ou ul Superior. — U, IC T. 
 
668 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 and whito-fish are cauglit in larpre qiinn- 
 tirict, Halted, aiul sold at rem\iuerative 
 prices. 
 
 Tlio population of the county is be- 
 tween six tlumsimd and seven tliousancl, 
 and cnilirai'ei niniust nil Kiirnpenn na- 
 tionnlitiot. llelglan-t, Germans, Norwe- 
 cians, Freiioli, Irish, Danes, Uutcli, 
 Swedes, Knjjlisli, and people of other 
 nationalities, have eomo here, and 
 cleared up lino farms in the woods for 
 themselves. After making themselves 
 comfortable homes, they have sent back 
 across the ocean for their relatives and 
 friends to conic and sliare with them 
 the prosperity offered here to every will- 
 ing heart and stroma hand. 
 
 l)ou(iL.\8s County. — This county is 
 Bituated in the north-west part of" the 
 State, at the head of Lake Sujierior 
 The general surface is rolling, and con- 
 tains within its limits every variety of 
 soil, with a marly subsoil of day. The 
 county is forty miles snuare, ami lias 
 twelve hunilieil a<ros under cult ivaticmt 
 of the balance, nearly seven-eighths are 
 capable of improvement and cultiva- 
 tion. One-eiglitli is owned by actual 
 freeliolilers, held for disposal at fair 
 prices. The State owns about seventy- 
 live thousand ac'res, at a price of .SI. L'j 
 per acre; the (ieneral Government, 
 three liuudrcd and forty thousand acres. 
 No railroad lands yet in market. The 
 county is traverseil with four streams, 
 with ample facilities for water-power. 
 
 Specimens of copper liavo bi en found 
 of the i-iclie-it quality; also largo depo.s- 
 its of iron, though unavailable at pres- 
 ent, owing to the want of railroad 
 fa<'ilitie<. liofli granite and red sainl- 
 atone, and a good quality of brick, have 
 been manufactureil from the clay. The 
 Northern I'acillc and St. I'aul hoad is 
 now in operation from the western bor- 
 der of the county, and is completed four 
 hundied miles west. Lumbering and 
 fishing are the principal sources uf in- 
 dustry. Water good. The average 
 days without frost, from a hundred to a 
 li'' 'dred and twenty. Potatoes, oats, 
 bit. .ey, wheat, and all kinds of cereals 
 and grain except corn, yield abun- 
 dantly. 
 
 The lino forests, mills, and logging- 
 streams lifter good inducements to capi- 
 tal and labor. 
 
 About half of the population of the 
 county is American; the balance obout 
 equally divided between Swedes, Ger- 
 mans, Irish, ami French, and some Nor- 
 wegians. 
 
 liiiNjf CouNTV.' — This com y is situ- 
 nted in North-western Wisconsin. The 
 eastern portion is mostly prairie and 
 light openings, with some marsh siiit- 
 
 ' Tlilu sketch of Diinii County was contrib- 
 nted lir It. J. Flint, B. U. French, and C. U. 
 Buiiiicii of Meiiomonee. — V. It. T. 
 
 ahle for meadow-land. It is genet* 
 ally level, and has a fertile ami pro* 
 diietive .soil. The western portion Is 
 more rolling, and covered with e.vten- 
 sive forests. The soil is excellent, pro- 
 dtu'ing splendid crops. Winter wheat 
 is largel.v grown, and yields from twen- 
 ty to forty bushels per a<'re. Oats, rye, 
 com, potatoes, &c., bring forth a rich 
 harvest. In short, the general quality 
 of the soil throughout the county, anil 
 its producliveness, will average as hi.gh 
 as any county in the State to which the 
 attention of the immigrant can now he 
 iliiected. When the' forest has been 
 subdued, and the wilderness made to 
 "blossom as the rose," by the labor of 
 the industrious settler, no section of our 
 State will surpass Dunn County in the 
 extent and variety of its productions. 
 
 There are at iiresent about seventy- 
 live thousand acres under cultivation, 
 not includiu.g many thousand acres en- 
 I'losed for pivstiirage. All of the unim- 
 proved lands are lit for cnltivatiou or 
 pasturage. 
 
 The county is watered b.v the Chip- 
 pewa Iviver in the south-east, tlie Eati 
 Gallo in the south-west, and the Ueil 
 Cedar, which runs through the county 
 from north to south. The Cliinpewa is 
 navi.gahio for rafts .tnd small steam- 
 boats; the Eaii Galle, for rafts and logs 
 only. Those streams with their numer- 
 ous tributaries furnish a large number 
 of fine water-powers, many of which 
 are unimproved. Saw-mills and Hour- 
 ing-mills, h<iwever, are springing up in 
 all jiarts of the count.v, opening new 
 lields for labor and capital, and furnish- 
 ing a substantial home-market for the 
 jirodiicts of the forest, the farm, and tue 
 garilen. 
 
 Lumliering is the leading manufactur- 
 ing inteixMt. There is annually iiianii- 
 factured in the county about seventy- 
 live million feet. 
 
 Uaiiks of cla.v suitable for brick are 
 numerous, luit little used. Quarries of 
 limestoiio have been opened, ami siic- 
 cessfuU.v worked. (Juarries of beauti- 
 ful Handstono abound, similar in geo- 
 logical formation to the celebrated 
 I'otsdam sandstone, which furnish a 
 line and serviceable building-material. 
 These natural cleposits, together wilii 
 the immense quantities of liimher, fur- 
 nish an unlimited supply of cheap and 
 atu^essihle building-material. 
 
 The railroad facilities are good, nnil 
 
 firomise to be better In the not distant 
 iiturc. 
 
 Kao Clarb CoujJTV.i— This county- 
 is thirty-six miles long east and west, 
 and eighteen miles wide nortli and 
 south. The West Wisconsin Railroad 
 runs through it from the south-east to 
 
 ■ Wo are indebted to C. B. DanioU for thll 
 ■ketcli. — C. II. T. 
 
BTSTCnr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 66U 
 
 the north-west, anii is the means of di- 
 rect (oniiiitmication between St. I'ntil 
 and the Kast, anil is fast becoming a 
 very popular route. 
 
 Lmuberins 's the principal industry 
 of tlic county. Crops of nil kinds are, 
 as (. general rule, good, and (^omnumcl 
 reiiiunerntive prices. The lands, as a 
 nik, are well watered with nice, clear 
 .streams, in many of wliich the brook- 
 trout abounds. A suilicient amount of 
 hay grows wild on the marshes to sup- 
 ply the demands; b>it tamo hay can be 
 cidtiv.ited and grown on the dry lands 
 if desiroil. The Chippewa Hiver cuts 
 across the western part of the county, 
 and is navigable for boats; while the 
 Eau ("laire lliver, wliioh runs from the 
 cast to the west, and joins the Chip- 
 pewa, is navigable only for saw-logs. 
 At the junction of the Kau Claire with 
 the Chippewa Jiiver is situated the prin- 
 cipal place in the county, namely, Eau 
 Claire, which is a city of some eight 
 thousand inhabitants, and is constantly 
 increasing in nund)ers. 
 
 Augusta, the next place of importance 
 in the county, i< situated about twenty- 
 fotir miles south-east of Eau Claire, on 
 the West Wisconsin Ilailroad, and has a 
 popula.i.m of about twelve hundred : it 
 IS .situated in a fine farming-district, and 
 is a flourishing, pleasant town. 
 
 The pojiulation of the <:ounty is coin- 
 
 SDsed chielly of Americans, "Germans, 
 iirwegians, and Irish; the German ami 
 Norwegian bting the most numerotis 
 of the foreign element represented, 
 although the main branches of busi- 
 ness are cou<lucted by the Americans. 
 The climate is as gooif as can be found 
 in this latituile, being cold and dry in 
 the winter, without many storms, and 
 in summer as pleasant, warm, and cheer- 
 fid as can be wished for. This county is 
 comparatively young. Not many years 
 ago, where the city of Eau (Ilairo now 
 stands was the camping-ground of the 
 Indian; and if the county improves for 
 the no.\t ten years to come as it has for 
 the same time past (and we liave every 
 reason to believe that it will), it will be 
 as cultivated n section of country as a 
 person can wish to live in. 
 
 KtM Claire is sittiated at the conflu- 
 ein'e of the Chippewa and Eau Claire 
 Kivors, about a liundred and eighty- 
 live miles nortli-west of JIadison. Tliis 
 village was laid out in 1 **,■>«, and has 
 kept steadily growing, till now it lias 
 a ponulation of 8,440. Owing to its 
 peculiar situation, it is separated into 
 three vill.iges; viz., Eau Claire, West 
 Eau Claire, and North Eau Claire. Eau 
 Claire and WestEau Claire are inhabited 
 mostly by Americans. The dwellers in 
 North Eau Claire are mostly Gcniians. 
 The principal source of wealth, and 
 ■what has gi\en the village its rapid 
 gruwtli, are the extensive manufactories 
 
 of pine-lumber at this point. The Eatl 
 Claire and Chippewa Itivera, and the 
 smaller streams Howing into them, fur- 
 nish an lne.\haustible supply of tinilier. 
 The aiivantages of the location for lum- 
 ber and other manufacturing, with the 
 additional impetus furnished by tlie 
 West Wisconsin nailroad, will likely 
 make this the leading city in tlio north- 
 west part of the State In tlio iiiiiue- 
 diate vicinity of Eau Claire are tliirty 
 stetim saw-mills. 
 
 The churches and schools liore are 
 e.xcellent. There are four good schools, 
 one seminary, and eleven church edi- 
 fices, several large public halls, numer- 
 ous hotels, two bank-Iiuililings, fifteen 
 saw-mills, and two large flouring-mills, 
 fonr planinfj-mills, nml door, sash, anil 
 blind factories, two foundery and ma- 
 chine shops, four printing-houses, a 
 tannery, &c. Three weekly newspapers 
 and one daily are published lieru, — two 
 in English, and one in Oernian. 
 
 Until the spring of 18(iH, the cast and 
 west sides were connected only lij' a 
 ferry; but, during the winter of"lR71, a 
 truss bridge was built across the Chip- 
 pewa, at a convenient point, which soon 
 served to unite the two sections; and in 
 1K72 all the diiTerent villages were incor- 
 porated, liy act of the legislature, under 
 one city government. Population, 1873, 
 8,440. 
 
 FoNn T>v L.\c County. 1 — The general 
 topographical character of the comity 
 of Fond du iiae is gently rolling; Hat 
 surfaces lieing rarn, and conflneil to a 
 few marshes, which are almost all 
 draincil, and make valuable meadows 
 for the cutting of red-top, blue-joint, 
 and Timothy hay, or for (lasturo. 
 The prairies ' are mostly alluvial soil, 
 the oak-openings loamy, the timbered 
 portions mo.itly loamy. All these va- 
 rieties are strongly inipregnated with 
 lime, and are eminently fertile and pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 The county contains nearly half a 
 million acres of land, of which twenty- 
 live thousand are taken up by the 
 .sontliernend of Lake Winnebago and a 
 few other lakes. The land in the county 
 is nearly all cut up into farms, and 
 fenced. The proportion of land which 
 is not fit for cultivation is insiguihcant, 
 probably not more than one or two per 
 cent, e.\centing the lakes. It is nearly 
 all owned ny actual settlers or farmers, 
 wjio have come here from all parts of 
 the Northern States and from Europe, 
 including Americans, Germans, Irish, 
 Canadians, English, Scotch, Danes, 
 Swedes, Norwegians, and a few from 
 almost every other country of Europe. 
 Nearly all can undorstand and speak 
 the English language. The population 
 
 > Wo are Indebted to O. do Nevou of Fond 
 du Loo for till* uketch. — C. U. T. 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of the connty is about fifty thon- 
 sanfl. 
 
 The public lands have long since been 
 bonnht- and the Hoil i.<, as l)ef)re re- 
 uiarkeil, all owned by individuals. 
 
 There are in tlie county fmir lines of 
 railroads, which traverse it in different 
 directions, owning no more than the 
 land required for their tracks and sta- 
 tions; tlie total length of the*e railways 
 witliin tlie limits of the county being 
 about a Intndrcd and twenty miles; 
 Oreen Bay, Sheboygan, Milwaukee, and 
 Chicago l)eing all accessible by rail in 
 from two to six hours. No city in 
 ■\Viscousiu, except Milwaukee, is now 
 a greater railroad centre than Fond du 
 Lac; and certainly none is more favor- 
 ably located for the successful prose- 
 cution of manufacturing, tpcing within 
 easy supply of pine-logs, h.ird wood of 
 nearly every description, charcoal, iron 
 ore, wool, and all raw materials, and 
 also of an abundant supply of cheap 
 food, being located m the vcrv centre 
 of a rich and proiluctive agricultural 
 region. These united elements make 
 Foiul du Lac a highly desirable place 
 for the cajiitalist and manuiacturer. 
 
 The motive-power used in the city Is 
 mostly steam. Fond dn Lac is situated 
 at the soutbern oxtreuiily of Lake Win- 
 nebago, which U about tliirty miles 
 long by seven or eight wide. The city 
 is iocii'od on a piece of land nearly 
 level, and affords no water-power. Hut 
 lumber-mills consume their own saw- 
 dust, and supply other powers with 
 slabs at cheap rates. Peat also exists 
 In large quantities within five miles of 
 the city. Wood, hard or .soft, can be 
 bouglit for three dollars to live dol- 
 lars or six dollars per cord, ac^cord- 
 Ing to quality. Nearly all tlie engines 
 iiseil in the manufacturiu}' establish- 
 ments have been miule lieie. The 
 county of Fond du Lac has not anv 
 large amount of water-nower, although 
 the couutr.y is admirably watered by 
 Hinall strealns. The bead-waters of the 
 Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Uock, and 
 Milwaukee lUvers, are in this county; 
 but they are all small streams within 
 our limits. About one -half, perhaps 
 more, of the avaibilile water-fower in 
 the county is iiiii)roved, tun iiig the 
 jnachinery of grist, flouring, and feed 
 mills, ami woollen factories, also a few 
 Baw-mills and turning-lathes. All these 
 
 stablisbme'iits are driving a prosperous 
 jusinesa. 
 
 There are inexhaustible amounts of 
 the linest limestone, also excellent sand, 
 and a few brick-y arils; but the hest brick 
 are brought by rail from Milwaukee and 
 Blieboygan. 
 
 The lakes have pickerel, pike, bass, 
 &c. ; our prairies liave hens; and Horlcon 
 Marsh lias myriaits of ducks and pec<e: 
 but our people sensibly rely on the foi'ins 
 
 for tbeir chickens and for their Thanks- 
 giving and Christmas turkeys. Meat of 
 all kinds is abiimlant and cheap. Iiiter- 
 mittent fevers are unknown ; typhoid 
 fevers prevail to some extent ; but it 
 may be asserted that no .section in the 
 West surpasses this in general healtliful- 
 ness. 
 
 Education is flourishing, and the 
 schools are well attended. 
 
 The piipiilation is getting largely 
 A.nericanized. Tlie German element is 
 large, probably ono-founli; the Eii'.'lish, 
 Irish, and S<'otcli, one-fourlli ; and otliers, 
 mostly Canailians, one-twentieth; bal- 
 ance, Americans. 
 
 Funtl (III I.iii- is a flourishing town, and 
 capital of Fond du Lac County; is ad- 
 mirabl.v situated on (he south end of 
 Lake Winnebago, seventy-two miles 
 north-north-west of Milwaukee, and 
 ninety miles north-east of Madison, ft 
 is the second city in tlie State in pnpula- 
 fion. Lake Wiiineliago, which is a l)eaii- 
 fiful sheet of wnler. thirty miles long, 
 and ten miles wiile. f<u'iiis a link in the 
 chain of navigable waters comiecting 
 Lake Michigan and its trilmtaries with 
 the Mississippi liiver, anil is thechaniiel 
 of an active and extensive trade. The 
 Fox Iliver, by which the lake coiiiiiiu- 
 nicates with (irecu Ilay, 1ms been ren- 
 dered navigable for steamlioals mi a 
 canal wbii'li has been cut from the same 
 river to the Wisconsin, at Portage City. 
 Tlie city has grown up within a few 
 years almost since IW.j; and (lic! pop- 
 ulatiem has increased with surprising 
 rapidity. The (.'liicagn and Xorth-West- 
 erii liailroail connects Fdiul du I-ac with 
 Cliicago on one hand, and (irciii Hay on 
 the other. One railroad enters it from 
 Sheboygan on the east, and one from 
 Milwaukee on ilie south The tcwn is 
 built (Ui griiiind asccii<ling gradually 
 from the lake, and is pleasantly sur- 
 rounded and embowered amoiii; groves 
 and trees. It, has an abundance of 
 water, obtaineil by means nf artesian 
 wells, which varv in depth from ninct.v 
 to a hundfed ami fifty feet. It contains 
 three banks, twelve churclies, two lilirh 
 schools, fifteen to twenty ilry-goods 
 stores, and aliout twenty saw-mills, 
 three plough-factories, eight grain-ele- 
 vators, a number of weekly news-pa- 
 pers, and one daily. 
 
 The manufacturing facilities of Pond 
 du Lac are uniivalled; and a large capi- 
 tal has been invested in this direction. 
 
 I'opulation, inr.l, 15.;«W. 
 
 OiiANT County. — firniit County is one 
 of tlie largest of the settled counties in 
 the State. Although usuall.v regarded 
 as a prairie and "opening" country, 
 there are consideralile bodies of hard- 
 wood forest-timber in the soutbern anil 
 north-western portions. Grant is well 
 watered by numerous small streams, 
 emptying into tho Wiscousiu and Mis- 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 C71 
 
 Blsslppl Rivers, and has a fertile soil, well 
 ailapted to the various crops coiiniion to 
 this laliMiile. 
 
 Altliough its (levplopment has heen 
 niuoh retarded by the want of railronil 
 linproveiiieiits, it has steadily grown in 
 wealth and popnlation. 
 
 The farm cultivation compares favorn- 
 hly with that of other counties. Stock- 
 prowinc tliongh slower in inaklnt; that 
 proirress which has distinjiuislied other 
 portions of the State, is now ailvancinc 
 at a commendable rate. While favora- 
 ble to stock-raisinjr generally, it is es- 
 pecially adapted to shecp-liitsbandry, 
 which nuist accordingly receive more 
 and more attention. Fruit-Ki-owing has 
 also received considerable attention, and 
 has been ipiite snc<'essful. 
 
 The most important products of man- 
 nfactiuing industry are flour, pig-lead, 
 and woollen goods. 
 
 The business of mining, which, in the 
 early historv of the county, was the 
 leading interestj has of late years some- 
 what declined in activity here, as clse- 
 wbeio, In tlielead-distri<'t Nevertheless, 
 there are immense deposits of both lead 
 and zinc still undeveloped. The ndnes 
 hitherto most p odni'tive are found in 
 the regions about Hazel Green, I'latte- 
 ville, I'otosI, and Heetown. 
 
 The cbiet towns are Lancaster, the 
 connty-.seat, and I'latteville, now distln- 
 guislied ,as being the seat of the llrst 
 State Normal School. 
 
 Valuable stone quarries — buff anil 
 blue limestone — are to be found in the 
 bluif* along all the streams; brick clay 
 call be had an.vwhere; and gooil potter's 
 clay in the vicinity of I'latteville. I'a- 
 per-nnlls and cheese-factories could be 
 made protitable in this county. 
 
 Till! population Is composed largely 
 of foicigners. prhuinally ("oriiish and 
 Fort'.sliirn ii-iners. also Welsh and <!er 
 i.ians, and some Norwegians; and tliey 
 ciuiipaie favorably with the best in any 
 portion of the State for Industry anil 
 intelligence; and the county Is accord- 
 ingly cl, rized bv all those ediica- 
 tioiial and other like improvemeut'i 
 which indicate the social progress of a 
 people. 
 
 The common sclio Is throughout the 
 county are all in a liourlshing condition, 
 (i railed schools are also maintained at 
 lioscobel, Lancaster, I'latteville, Itlooiii- 
 ingtcMi, and other villages. The people 
 areeiilighfcned, and interested In educa- 
 tion ; and good teachers coiumuud high 
 wages. 
 
 Ghern Couvry.t — Green County is 
 one of the southern tier of counties In 
 the State, lying midway between I.>ake 
 Michigan and the Mississippi. 
 
 ' Wo are Indolitcd to J. ,1. Tshiulv and L. 
 Seltser (ur thla aketch of Qreau (Jounly, — 
 C. U. T. 
 
 AVIiile there are a considerable niimher 
 of acres of level lands In the eastern 
 and southern portions of tliecouiit.v, tho 
 surfa<'e. for the most part, is gentl.v roll- 
 ing, rising, however, in the northern 
 ami western sectiims of the count.v, into 
 high and hInlTy hills. In tho southern 
 and eastern sections of the county, the 
 soil is of a ricli black loam, with a large 
 admixture of vegetable mould: liow- 
 cver, on the extreme eastern liorder a 
 narrow bell of land is found, where tho 
 soil is a light sand.v loam. The soil of 
 the timbered lands in tho West is of a 
 deep clay loam, and prodiii'es abun- 
 dantly, when cultivated, all varieties of 
 crops, The count.v contains ;)(i7,7l';! acres 
 of land, with at least one-third under 
 cultivation. Facilities for water-power 
 are almost unlimited. Two rivers trav- 
 erse the county, besides untold numbers 
 of creeks and small streams, most of 
 which furnish valiialde hydraulic! power, 
 utilized for g'-ist-mills, saw-mills, card- 
 Ing-inills, &c. Lead is found In several 
 parts of the county. The Sugar liiver 
 diggings, in the north part, were once 
 (luite celebrated, and yieliled a rich re- 
 turn for the capital and labor Investeil, 
 but are now deserted on account of no 
 water. One of the great advantages of 
 (iieeu Ciuinty is the extent and remark- 
 able dlstribuiion of timber, — timber and 
 prairie, prairie and timber, evcrvwiiere. 
 The largest tracts are in tho southern 
 part, where Is to be found maple, hick- 
 ory, walnut, basswood, ash, and many 
 varieties of oak. Fish are found in 
 nearly all streams. 
 
 Uailroad facilities are good; and it 
 has several prospective roads surveyed. 
 Agriculture is, and will probably re- 
 main, tho leading interest of the count.v; 
 yet its manufacturing interests are nei- 
 ther few nor unimportant. The climate 
 is excellent, as the fonuer statements 
 will Indicate: the land being rolling, tlio 
 whole counlv almost without imirslies, 
 when cool and fresh .springs and brooks 
 abound throughout tho county, it would 
 be safe to predict tho general healthlul- 
 iiess of the county. In the matter of 
 scliool-biiildlugs there is a markeil ad- 
 vance on many sections and counties of 
 the State. 
 
 At Monroe there is one large wagon- 
 factory, turning out from a tliousaud to 
 two thousand wagons per year, and 
 there are several smaller .sliops. Monroe 
 is a ver.v thriving town of about Ihiee 
 thousand iiihabitant.s. It lias several 
 graded schools, eleven churches, and 
 two prlnting-oHicea. 
 
 IJrodhead Is also a thriving town, with 
 six churches, schools in proportion, and 
 about sixteen hundred inliabilants. 
 
 Queen Lake Count v. ' — This is cue 
 
 > M. H. Powers of Dartlorcl was the con- 
 tributor of tbia ikeUsb. - U. it. T. 
 
672 
 
 niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 of the smnllest counties in the State. It 
 contains Fox Lake, — a beautiful sheet 
 of water, lierlin, Princjetou, and Mar- 
 kesau me the incorporated towns in the 
 county, of which Derlin is flie nuist im- 
 portant, havint; a population, in IH70, of 
 2,77H. It is situated on the Fox Klver, 
 at a point wliere the Milwaukee and St. 
 Paul Uailroad connects with it, K'vin;; 
 It the advantnge of botli railroad and 
 water coninmnication. It is the neat of a 
 very extensive trade, especially with the 
 country north and west of it. Several 
 hranihes of nianufaoturcs are cstah- 
 lishod here, which are Krowinj; into very 
 re<pe('tablo proportions; anionj? which 
 may bo specltled mill ; for the manufac- 
 ture of lumlwr, froi i me to three of 
 which have been runniut! since the set- 
 tlement of tlie town, and have addeil 
 not a little to its development and 
 wealth. Some three or four wa.^on and 
 carriage shops have given eniployment 
 to a larite number of liands; while the 
 usual coiiiplemenfof workers in wood 
 and iron in the finer, as well as coarser, 
 varieties of the arts, are not waiitinR. 
 There are also three steam HourinK-mills, 
 and one slea.n woollen-mill of some half- 
 dozen looms, that furnish employment 
 for a number of hands, and convert the 
 prodiue of the country into marketable 
 commodities. 
 
 Princeton, also, is situated on the Fox 
 Eivcr, a few miles above lleilin. It has 
 an extensive tra<le, and is a thriving 
 vilhine. It has an ironfoundcry, a tloui'- 
 infj-mill, wajjon, and other shops. Mar- 
 quette is a river-town of cimsiderable 
 trade, especially in luml)er and grain. 
 MarUesan Is an inland village, surround- 
 ed by a very rich and fertile country; 
 has a good water-power; a prosperous 
 trade with the surrounding conntry. 
 D.artfonl, the county-scat, is sitimtcil on 
 the oullct of the lake from wliich the 
 county ilnrives its nati\e. It has n beau- 
 tiful location, overlooking the lake; and 
 besides the court-house, jail, and county 
 odices, has two Hourlug-mllls, and the 
 usu.ll variety of mechanics' shops. 
 Kingston and Manchester are inlan<l 
 villages, with each a flouring-mlll; and 
 they are, each of them, the centre of 
 Rome trade. 
 
 Iowa ("ountv. — This county, in com- 
 mon with the neighboring counties 
 where lead is found, in the development 
 of its agricultural resources, and a svs- 
 tom of general industry, was retarded 
 by the almost exclusive attention paid 
 by the early settlers to ndnlng. I3uf, 
 w'ithin the past few years, great aiX- 
 vanccnient has been made in this re- 
 spect; and now the county ranks as the 
 thirteenth county In the State for the 
 aggregate value of its agriculturr' pro- 
 ductions. There are 170,147 acres of 
 land under cultivation. 
 
 The railroaU facilities are good. There 
 
 Is a road running to Chicago from Min- 
 eral Point, and the Milwaukee and 
 Prairie du Chien, running the whoia 
 length of the county on the north. 
 There are (|i\ite a number of lead-ore 
 furnaces in the county, and one zinc-ore 
 furnace, iimking as good a quality of 
 zinc as can be found In the world. It 
 is maile from black-Jurk and drii-hone, — 
 two kinds of ores that were useless rub- 
 bish imtll the above-named furnai^e was 
 built. A large amount of zinc ore is 
 shinpeil to La Salle, Illinois, St. Louis, 
 anil other places. 
 
 The central and western portions of 
 the county contain agricultural lands of 
 the very best quality; and, where the 
 lanil is broken and hilly, the Welsh and 
 Norwegians, interspersed with Ameri- 
 cans and other nationalities, in their 
 search for good water and pasturage, 
 have made it a very garden. There is 
 an abundance of good brick-day in the 
 coui;ty, and sand and limestcmo of su- 
 perior qualify; but the qiuirries have 
 not yet beeii worked to any extent, 
 though several buildings have been 
 erected from this stone. There is a 
 woollen-factory at Mifllin, a ('nrriage 
 and plough factory at iJodgeville, a 
 s.asli, door, and blind factory at Mineral 
 Point, and six flouring-mills in dilTcreut 
 parts of the county. 
 
 A manufactory for making paint- from 
 lead anil zinc ore coiihl do a good busi- 
 ness, as could also woollen-mills ami 
 brickyards. 
 
 .Iacksox Cou.vTY.i — The surface of 
 the county is generally good; in the 
 western and northern portions it is 
 high, rolling land, with oak-timber on 
 the ridges. Some swamp-lands are to be 
 found in the eastern part of the county. 
 The east half is a sandy loam, while the 
 west half is of a black loam. The county 
 contains six hundred and forty thouiand 
 acres of land, eighty thousanil of which 
 are under cultivatli)n. Of tlio balance, 
 two hundred thousand are capable of 
 cultivation. 
 
 Black IJIver rims through the county 
 from the nortli-east to the sim£li-wo4t; 
 also numerous small streams tributary 
 thereto; also the Trempealeau Ilivor in 
 the west side. The water-power is some- 
 what improved, but capable of tenfold 
 more improvement. Above black-river 
 Falls is an extensive deposit of iron of 
 an excellent quality, and in quantity 
 sutHcient to supply the north half of 
 North America. There is a great abun- 
 dance of the ore, which must ultimately 
 be a great source of prolit to this section 
 of our State. There are some tine 
 stone-quarries and brickyards carried on 
 quite extenslvei.v. Black and Trempea- 
 leau Ilivers traverse the coimty, but are 
 
 ■ This sketch la compiled from one written 
 by S. \f. Bowman. — U. U. T. 
 
UISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 678 
 
 not navisivWe. Game and fish of nil 
 kiiiils alioiiiiil. The West WIscDusin 
 Ilaihvny runs Hi)utli-ca'<t ami north-west 
 thvoiiKli tlio cimnty. Lake Pepni Itail- 
 roail is nmicrfonstriKtion, and will also 
 pass tlinpiiKli the county. Lnnilierlntj 
 and fariiiinf; are the |)rimlpal vocations 
 of industry. Climate temperate. 
 
 jEFKKUsoy CouxTy.i — Jefferson 
 Couuty is an interior county in the 
 State, not exactly central as recards 
 territory, but nearly so as to population. 
 Its surface is gently rolling or nndu- 
 latinj;, interspersed willi woodlands, 
 l)rairies, auil openings, with no deep 
 valleys or barren hills, but abundantly 
 watered with lakes, rivers, creeks, and 
 sprinjjs, aiul thi('kly covered with heavy 
 forests, containliiK a choice variety of 
 timber, fully suliicient not only for tuul, 
 but for manutacturins purpo.ses. Soil 
 rich, and well adapted for wheat, bar- 
 ley, rye, oats, potatoes, fndt, &i!. There 
 are .■!iW,(>40 acres of land hi the county. 
 About two-thirds of all lauds are under 
 cidtivntion: about three-fourths of the 
 balance are <'apablo of cidtivation. 
 
 Jefferson County is one of the best 
 counties in the State, so far as respects 
 fai'ilities for water-power. Brick are 
 numufactured from clay-bc<ls of excel- 
 lent quality and color, coiuparing favor- 
 ably with thecreain brick of Milwaukee. 
 Several streams and rivers rim thionnh 
 the county; none, however, nnvift.able. 
 Itut little game is to be found. Kailroad 
 facilities are good, and future proipects 
 eucoura'.iiut,'. Various kinds of manu- 
 factures diversify the pursuits of the 
 different classei of society, givin<; ronui- 
 nerative employment to capital and 
 lalior We nuiy ad<l, that there are sev- 
 eral mineral sprintts, possessing med- 
 ical (nudities, looatod at Waterloo and 
 Water! own. 
 
 Wuterliiii-n is situated on botli sides of 
 Rock Hiver, at the line between Dodge 
 and JetTerson Counties, ou the Milwau- 
 kee and St Paul Kailroad, forty nules 
 east of Madison, and on the Chicago 
 and North-western Iiailroad. It is in 
 the centre of au excellent farmingcoun- 
 liy, ail excellent water-power, the rap- 
 ids aliove the city having a fall of twen- 
 ty-four feet; an(i it is n place of niucli 
 liusiness importance. It was lirst .set- 
 tled in lH:Ki, and was then known as 
 Johnson's Itapids. It has a number of 
 grist-mills and other manufacturing es- 
 tablishments. Kxcellent bri<'k is made 
 lie<e, and a variety of agricultural im- 
 plements. The city has twelve or more 
 cinirches of various religious ilenomina- 
 tinus. The manufactiuies ccuisist of 
 Honring- mills, saw -mills, fonnderies, 
 pottery, wagons, ami cabinet-ware. 
 
 Population, 1875, !»,0'J4. 
 
 ' Tho skotch of Joffcrson County was con- 
 tributeil by lloiu-y t'oloiUuB. — C. K. T- 
 
 Juneau Countv.i — Owing to tlie fact 
 tliat the central and northern sections 
 of the county are, f<ir the most part, en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of lumber, 
 and other prodiictiims of the forest, it* 
 agricultural resources have been but 
 partially ilevelopeil. Still the popula- 
 tiiui is increasing; and .settlements and 
 villages are dottini; the entire county. 
 Its general surface is undulating; aiid 
 Its quality of soil varies from a rich loam 
 to sand. The county contains five hun- 
 dred and lifty thousand acres, and has 
 twenty-live tliousand under cultivation. 
 Bona tide holders own about fifteen 
 thousand acres, worth ten dollars per 
 acre. The State owns a hundred ami 
 twenty-live thousand acres of land, 
 worth from fifty cents to one dollar per 
 acre, consisting of low meadow-lamls 
 and cranlicrry-marshes. Several parties 
 are at present engaged in preparing the 
 ground for the cultivation of this fruit. 
 Certainly no county in the St.tte pre- 
 sents eqtial ailvantages for the carrymg- 
 on of this branch of industry. ' The 
 General Oovernment owns, subject to 
 entry under the homestead laws, aljout 
 a hunilred and twenty-Hvo thousand 
 acres, including railroiui lands. Water- 
 power is little improved; l)ut there are 
 great facilities for extensive iicnrove- 
 nients. The forests are timbered with 
 pine and hard-wood timber. Stone 
 quarries are worked wiili success In 
 many parts of the county. Several 
 small streams traverse tho county; the 
 Wisconsin being t lie only navigable one. . 
 Fish and game are found in large quan- 
 tities. The Milwaukee and St. I'aiil' 
 Hallro,id runs IhroiiLth the county from, 
 east to west, ami the Chicago and K(U'th- 
 western up the llarraboo Valley. From- 
 Mineral Point are lines projected; and 
 some of them will pass tlirough the 
 c(mnty, without iloitbt. The lumber- 
 Interests occupy a very prominent i>lace^ 
 in the resources of the county. Iron 
 and copper mines are known to exist, 
 iiiit are not worked. The climate Is 
 healthy, the water soft, and, withal, it" 
 bids fair to keen [laie with its sister 
 counties in population, wealth, and in- 
 telligence. 
 
 Kexosha County.'-— Kenosha County 
 is strictly an agricultural county. Th ire- 
 is little inacliincvy driven by water- 
 power, iuid but five places deserving the- 
 name of villages. Kenosha is the only 
 place of trade of any note. Small 
 places, perhaps the germ of future vil- 
 lages, may bo noticed at the dilVerent 
 depots along the line cif the Western 
 Uallroad. In fact, at several of these - 
 
 ' Tlds Rkctcli of Jnnenii Conntv whs con- 
 trlliutod bv C. F. CuIIlt, I. J. Illnton, niul 
 Ooorpi B. iNicliol.-is. — (.'. U. T. 
 
 ' This skotch of KuiiohIiii Couiitv \v.i» cou-« 
 tributod by F. NcwuU of Paris. — 0. 11. T. 
 
674 
 
 BISTORT OF wrscoNsiy. 
 
 depot<«, a larRB ninoiint of trade has 
 already siti-iiiiH up in cattle, sheej), and 
 swine, and tlio various proilucts of tlie 
 farm. Wnrcliounes for tlio stornge of 
 grain, Hnperseding tlic luijie Ijuililings 
 on tlie laiie-slicjrc, liave ln'cn built at 
 several stations; anil most of the niar- 
 kef ins of grain is done at these places, so 
 that little or no grain is shipped at the 
 lake-port. 
 
 At one of these stations, a planing- 
 mlU, a sash and door fa<'tory, a grist- 
 mill, and a cheese-fnctor.v are now in 
 operation. Yet, at the present time, 
 the principal nuinnfactiires, aside from 
 cheese-making, are fonnd at Kenosha. 
 
 The manufacture of Inmher-wagons 
 ma,v be considered the leading indus- 
 trial pursuit. The production of these 
 establishments at Kenosha is valued 
 at i?WH,S,")."). At AVilmot a hundred and 
 llfty wagons are yearly made, valued 
 at twelve llnmsand dollars; one shop 
 einploying a liunilred and fifty men. 
 
 The two founderies at Kenosha pro- 
 duce two htmdred thousand dollars' 
 worth of thimble skeins, boilers, ami 
 repairs. At the tanneries Sl<>;<,55(> worth 
 of leather and skins was the product of 
 1870. The malt-houses give a hundred 
 and thirty - eight thousand dollars as 
 their yearly products; breweries, twen- 
 ty-eight thousand ilollars. Tlio Hsliing- 
 Interests at Kenosha, or aiVjaccnt there- 
 to, are valued at .SI'2,47r> yearly; match- 
 factory, about tldrty thotisand dollars. 
 
 Pressed hay to the amount of 1,7.')0 
 tons, valued at S-<>,'-30, is yearly put up. 
 The lumber-interest amounts to ei«ht 
 million feet of pine, and one million feet 
 of hard lumlier. two thousand cords of 
 wood, and three million shingles. One 
 factory e.tports yearly two thousand 
 bales of flax, valued at twelve tlioiisanil 
 dollars. The several estalilishmeuts for 
 the manufacture of boots and shoes have 
 a very considerable home and foreign 
 trade. The business at the different 
 shops where harnesses and saddles are 
 njanufactnred is quite satisfactory to 
 the manufacturers, and furnishes quite 
 an item of trade in Kenosha. 
 
 The valley of the Fox lUver and the 
 Des I'laines, together with the numer- 
 ous small lakes and streams, furnishes 
 abundant water for grazing-purposes; 
 accordingl.v Kenosha County largel.v 
 excels hi the dairying-business. Some 
 twenty ditTerent establishments on the 
 factor.v principle are engaged in the 
 manufacture ot cheese. Although some 
 are in their infancy, yet about six hun- 
 dred and cight;^ -seven thousand pounds 
 were mannfa<!tured last year, valued at 
 eigh.y-Hve thousand, eight hundred 
 diulars. Other factories are soon to be 
 started, and the dairy-business will leail 
 the ogricultural interest of the county. 
 In the above statement we do not in- 
 clude the farm dairying of the county. 
 
 ' On ver.v many farms, where several 
 cows are kept, a siifflcient supply of 
 cheese is made for home consumption. 
 The amount of butter annually sold 
 exceeds in value that of wheat. 
 
 The number of acres umler the plough 
 falls hut little short of former years; 
 but there are less acres devoted to 
 wheat. The raising of com is largely 
 on the in(!rea.se, not for export, but to 
 be fed r :i the premises. The beef, pork, 
 and sheep sent to Chicago last year by 
 railroad amounted to one hundred and 
 fifty car-loails; in value, one liundred 
 thousand dollars. In additi(m to the 
 above, a large nundier of cattle, sheep, 
 and swine, were driven to Milwaukee 
 and elsewhere. Stoi'k-raising is begin- 
 ning to attract the attention of the best 
 farmers in the county. The thorough- 
 bred "short horns" are believed to lie 
 the best to cross with otir native stock. 
 The low price ot wool has materially 
 diminished the demand for sheep; and 
 the number of tine woolled sheep has 
 very much lessened within two or three 
 years past. Yet the value of the wool 
 crop in Kenosha County aiuotinted to 
 nearly sixty thousand dollars for 1870. 
 It is believed, however, that the de- 
 mand for wool will be siittlcient to 
 induce farmers to continue raising this 
 important staple of our county. 
 
 The fruit of Kenosha County begins to 
 attract considerable attention. Apples 
 are ycarlv becoming more abundant; 
 and, as tiio soil bei^cnnes more drained 
 and better tilled, the apple-crop will be 
 most certainl.v ample for the wants of 
 the communit.v. 
 
 A'cHosAff is a flourishing town, and the 
 capital of Keiuisha County. It is eligi- 
 bly situateil on a bluff on the western 
 shore of Lake Michigan, flfty-tive miles 
 ncu'th of Chicago, and thiity-tlve miles 
 south of Milwaukee. It is the most 
 southern lake-port in the State, and has 
 a good harbor, with piers extending into 
 the lake. The Hrst settlement of the 
 t<iwn was made in ^H'-iti. It is sur- 
 rounded by a beaufifitl fertile prairie, 
 under good cultivation. The Chicago 
 and Milwaukco liailroad posses through 
 Kenosha; and it is also the eastern ter- 
 minus of the road running from Rock 
 Island north-east. There were, in 1H74, 
 twenty-live vessels enrolled atKenosha, 
 with a tonnage of 7,"J54,'J0. Population, 
 187.'), 4,!W!t. 
 
 Kewaunke CocNTY.i — Kewauneo 
 County is situateil on the shore of I.iako 
 Michigan, one hundred and ten ndles 
 from Jlilwaukee. The general topogra- 
 ph.v of the count.v is rolling. The 
 
 quality of its farming-lands is excellent, 
 though in some places swaniny, yet, 
 when drained, is susceptible ot produ- 
 
 > This sketch wss contributed by Kdward 
 Roch and W. V. Perry ot Ahnepee. — C. & T. 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 «?» 
 
 rint; enital to the Tiplanda. Tn the east- 
 ern pint of the coniity the soil is of a 
 rlay loam; hut, as yon approach the 
 west line of the I'onnty, it is mixed with 
 ({ravel and sand. Tliero is hardly an 
 aire of land in the ('ouiity hut what is 
 ('ii|>Hhie of cnltivation. Actual nettler» 
 are in nossessiiui of aliout one hundred 
 and lllty thousand acres of laud: tlie 
 halanco is held ijiostly hy speculators. 
 Tlie ciuinty is lieavily tinilwred: the 
 varieties are principally oak, beech, 
 maple, hiisswood, elm, cedar, pine, 
 hemlock, and tamarack. Owins to the 
 facilities for water-transportation, lum- 
 Iier and timlior find a ready market, 
 liailroail fai'ilitics are as yet prospective; 
 hut the Green Hay and Lake I'epin 
 Ilailroad must eventually have a ter- 
 minus (Ml the lake, and Ahnupeo will 
 be the most direct point. 
 
 The principal source of industry is 
 agriculture. Winter Avheat has lieen 
 jjrown in this county, asfjregalin); forty- 
 two bushels to the acre, and weijihiuK 
 sixty -two pounils to the measured 
 bn^ilel. Next in importance is the dairy 
 business. Maiuifa('turer» will in the 
 future find eliKihle localities here, as 
 tiriil)er, and especially hard-wood varie- 
 ties, is so plentifid. 
 
 Kewaunee village manufactures lum- 
 ber to a large extent; and the supply of 
 tindier will last for manv years to come. 
 
 La Ckosse Coi'NTY.' — About one- 
 third of tins county is prairie, and has a 
 very fertile black s<iil: nearly one-third 
 is blulTy, which is remarkably adapted 
 for stock-raising: the balan<e is timber, 
 sand, swamp, and poor bluffs. County 
 contains about three hundred thousand 
 acres of land, — two hundred and fifty 
 tliousand assessed, anil a hundred anil 
 lifty thousand undcrcidtivation. Nearly 
 seven-eighths are in possession of actmd 
 settlers, hfcld at an average price of tif- 
 teen dollars per acre. State owns five 
 thousand acres of land, mostly located 
 on the Mississippi Uivcr bottoms. Owned 
 by (leneral Government, and subject to 
 entry under Homeste.ad Law, is about 
 forty thousand acres, quality being gen- 
 erally poor, bluffy, swamp, and sandy 
 land, and located in all parts of the oouii- 
 ty. Facilities for water-powers are good ; 
 many of which are improved, ami have 
 been made to serve as a valuable item 
 in the coininercial interests of the coun- 
 ty. The prevailing timber of the forests 
 is black and white oak. Valuable stone- 
 (|uan-ies are worked, and of jjood qual- 
 ity. IHack anil La Crosse Rivers trav- 
 erse the county, though navigable only 
 for logs and rafts. The Milwaukee anil 
 St. I'.aul Kailroad runs through the 
 county from east to west, also Winona 
 
 * Our dkotch of La Crosse County was con- 
 tributed by 1'. S. Elwell of Wnuhincimcs, H. 
 N. Solberg, and Charles Seymour. — C. U. T. 
 
 "cut-off" on western border. Several 
 roads are in contemplation, with en(;our- 
 aging prospects. 
 
 The dairy, as a branch of agriculture, 
 has received considerable attenlicui, and 
 has been .satisfactory aiul profitable to 
 all (concerned. 
 
 The county has little prairie-land. 
 The choice farms in all directions are in 
 valleys of exceeding richness; and from 
 the bold bluffs, which are perpetually 
 waslied by raiu in spring, summer, and 
 autumn, and by snow in winter, to en- 
 rich the valley -lands, living springs send 
 out ge1ieroi:s streams of the purest wa- 
 ter. The tiers of Wisconsin and Minne- 
 sota Counties on tlio Mississippi Itiver, 
 although rough, are remarkably adapted 
 to stock-raising and ilairy purposes. 
 AVhile the.se valley-farms are perpetually 
 replenislied by tlie wash from the bluff 
 slopes, the latter are kept in deep verd- 
 ure by the moisture caused by great atul 
 sudden disnarity in the temperatures of 
 water, land, and air, and by the invigo- 
 rating ammonia produced by the late 
 autumn and carfy si)ring tires. These 
 bluffs are thus self-constituted fertilizing 
 agents to strengthen the valley-fanns 
 for the heavier task of viblding generous 
 crops. Vegetation in La Crosse Coimty, 
 on the first day of June, is usually as 
 far advanced as it is in Northern Illinois 
 and Northern Indiana two or three 
 weeks later. 
 
 In reference to home-markets, it is 
 gratifying to notice in and at the city of 
 La Crosse, with a population of about 
 ten thousand, which is one-half of the 
 entire county, increased attention to 
 manufactures, which give employment 
 to large nuud)ers of skilled artisan.s, 
 who l)econie valuable consumers of 
 farm-products; and thus between the 
 demands for honie-consuuipliou, and for 
 Southern and Eastern markets by water 
 and rail transportation, the farmci'S have 
 a choice of markets. This .serves to 
 illustrate the substantial benefits derived 
 by farmers from proxinuty to manufac- 
 turing estabiishnient.s, ami demonstrates 
 the existence of a permanent bond of 
 sympathy and a mutual interest between 
 these two higher branidies of industry. 
 The lumberin^j-interests of tiie Black 
 River have their seat, centre, and market 
 of purchase, sale, and supply, at La 
 Crosse; and from tliis source alone iiuini- 
 fold benefits accrue to the agricultural 
 producers of this and contiguous (cnin- 
 ties. The largest, safest, and best shin- 
 yard between the mouth of the Ohio 
 River and the Falls of St. Anthony is 
 located in the well-protected harbor be- 
 tween La Crosse and the mouth of Rlack 
 River. It is the headquarters of the 
 large fleet of steamers and Ijarges em- 
 ployed in the navigation of the Cpper 
 Mississippi and its tributaries. It is a 
 valuAble item in the cummorcial ele- 
 
676 
 
 niHTORT OF WISCONSrN. 
 
 ineiits of tills vii'lnlty, ns the products of 
 tliif ■.■111 ;in(l fiiroHt, iiiiil tlio skill niiil lii- 
 Imr (if iiuM'lmiiics, nro In liir>;u riMiiiest 
 (liiiimt till" wliiti!!' scatiiii, wlii.-ii iiavlK'n- 
 tlmi is .siispcmlcil, unci wliiMi, in iillicr 
 I'll alilies, tliiTO is conipnnitively ii ilc- 
 pii'ssiiiii ill liiiHiiiess. Tims it will li« 
 Hi'cn tliat r,a (Jinsso City and (Jounty 
 aiu favorulily liicnied, cDnstltiitfid, and 
 ocinplcMl, Willi ri'fereni'o to aj^ririiltnral 
 niid iitlier inditstrial interests; and that 
 with railriiads rearhinj; cast and west, 
 and river-navijiation north and south, 
 their I'omliticin is prosperous. 
 
 Kdncalioii is not neglected, Imt re- 
 I'l'ives vi;ioi(ms attention. The charaitor 
 of tlieinhaliilants, the majority of wlioin 
 are ai rnstomeil to. ami fully appreiiato 
 the value of. popular education, would 
 Insure due regard to this most important 
 feature of a well-ordered community. 
 \s to the press of La (;rosse, it is safe 
 to say, that lilierally-patronized and 
 enterprising new.spapers, niihlished in 
 the Knglish. Oermnn, and Si'aiulinavian 
 laiignafjcs, have long heen in successful 
 ojicration. 
 
 M'itn so man.v elements of strength 
 and intliienco actively cni|)loyed, no one 
 need he Kurpri-ied at the stead.v and 
 rapid progre-is of the city and county of 
 I,a Crosse. AVithout lioristing, it may he 
 truthfully said. La Crosse is one of the 
 live, progiessive. enterprising,- i)iosjier- 
 oiis points in the West; anil thesoliility, 
 heauty. and niagiiillcenco of its private 
 resiliences, puhlic edilices, and Inisiuess 
 Hstahlishments, would ho inlerprefod hy 
 any intelligent observer as ])alpnlile evi- 
 dence of wealth and rellnement. The 
 recent discovery of aeonsiileralileipnin- 
 tity uf liiluminons coal of a superior 
 
 Jnallt.v, at a deplh of about forty-live 
 cet from the surface of the ground, 
 where three German farmers were dig- 
 ging a well on the side and near the base 
 of one of the bluffs, about four miles 
 east of La Crosse, establishes, beyond all 
 eontroversy, the fact that Wiscdiisin has 
 eoal of a good (piality; and it is to be 
 hopeil that meauires will soon bo adopt- 
 ed to develop this Important resource. 
 
 /.,(( Crimsc, the capital of La Crosse 
 County, is sitiiate.l on the left bank of 
 the Mississippi Itiver, at the month of 
 La Crosse L'lver, and on the Milwaukee 
 anil St. I'aul llailmad, about ll'o miles 
 north-west of Madisira. 
 
 .She is the "(lateway Cit.v" of both 
 the fertile liclds uf Southern >rinnesota, 
 and of the immense pine-regions in tiie 
 north. The lilufTs back of the city fur- 
 nish inexhaustible supplies of the best 
 of limestone. Ihick is manufactured 
 near b^v; and lumber, in immense quan- 
 tities, H fiiund at her verv doors, rims 
 tlie natural advantages of La Crosse are 
 tinexcelled. 
 
 She stands the fifth city of tho State 
 ill i>oX)uIatiun, and the seuoud in coiu- 
 
 merelnl Importance. f?he possesses ten 
 or twelve blocks of paved streets, hav- 
 ing been paved with the Nicholson, cir 
 maciulamiiteil, and well graded; a line 
 cii> building; a very etllcient pulice-do- 
 partment ; and a lire-department, which 
 does very e.\cellent service Tlic cilu- 
 i'at4iinal ailvantages of I^a (.'rosso cun- 
 not bo excelled. There are four ward 
 schools, a high school, and u normal in- 
 stitnte in the city. 
 
 If the moralii.v of a comniunitv eau 
 bo measured by the size and elegance of 
 its churches, as compared with the num- 
 ber of its inliabitants, wo must idace I.ift 
 Crosse in the front rank of moral cities. 
 Tho Cougregatiomil Ch.;ri'li is a brick 
 building, with a lino spire and bell: it 
 alio contains a very line organ. Tho 
 Itaplist is a very line stone c hnri h. Tlie 
 Ibiman-Catholic is a ver.v large structure 
 of brick. lU'sides these are many oth- 
 ers; nearly every denomination and .sect 
 
 i being represented. 
 
 I There are five iiewsnapers publisheil 
 
 I in La Crosse, — three I'liglish, ouu Ger- 
 man, and one Xorwegiiiu. 
 
 ' I'omeioy's Opera House Hlock is a 
 very lino building. It is a solidly built 
 block of red brick, a hundred ami ten 
 feet sipiare, five stories liigh; the lower 
 half-basement story si.xtcen feet high, 
 tho others fourteen feet. The h>wer 
 portion of this building is u-ed and oc- 
 (•npied by the newspaper publishers of 
 tho city. " The upper story of the build- 
 ing is occupied li.v the Opera Hall, a 
 hundred and ten by eiglify feet. Tho 
 scenery ami stage appliam e's of this hall 
 are excellent: it lias seating capacity 
 for about lifteen hundred persons. 
 
 The munufactmiug interests are well 
 represented in La Ciosso. Three ver.v 
 largo saw-mills, and .several Huialler 
 ones, mannlactnro almost incrediblo 
 i|uantities of lumber, which is shipped 
 into the siurouuding couiiiy, and over 
 the several railroads leading out of tlie 
 city. liesides these, there are four man- 
 ufactories of fariuing-implemeuis, two 
 of threshing-machines, three founderies, 
 a large iiloiigh-factorv, boiler-works, a 
 large door, sasb. and blind factory, a 
 woollen-mill, and the usual eompletneut 
 of smiiller manufiu.'toiies. 
 
 In the meivantile line, Mons Anderson, 
 dry-goods merchant, is pnibably the 
 heaviest dealer. He occupies a spacious 
 store in his largo biiilUiug, the largest 
 private mercantile edilicu in the State, 
 ontsido of Milwaukee. In tlio thiril 
 stor.v of tliis builiUng is located Al- 
 well's linsiness College, which oilers the 
 best advantages in the West for a com- 
 niercial edueatlou. 
 roimlation, 1K7,"). n,ni'J. 
 Laf.xvktte CofMV. ' — This is one of 
 
 ^ Wo arc iiulHtited to I... E. rjoluison of 
 DnrlliiRloii, and .loha ('. Wood of Wiolii, for 
 nmt«i'lal!i for this sketcli. — C li. X. 
 
nisTonr of wrscoNSiif. 
 
 677 
 
 flio fli-*t wttleil cniinflet In the State; 
 lint iiH lil'i' mill |)r<is)i(Miiv rcceiveil ))iit 
 litilu iiii|i«liit Miitil witliiu till) liiHMlec- 
 mle: iit'iirl.v all nf the piiiiciiml afjiicul- 
 tiiral ro^miniis liuve l«cii dcvelopeil 
 within tliis iiciiiMl, Tlio Keiienil toprij;- 
 riipliy "f tlio (imiitv is undulating. 
 The siiil it an ailniixtiirn of lilaik Iciiini 
 ami (Ihv, County I'lmtniiH ,'(!(", ;!(Mia(;re.s 
 of laiiil, thveo-l'iimtli.-iof which aru nnder 
 cidlivatiiin. Nearly all, however, in 
 callable of the hiijlient iiiltivatioii. All 
 the lands are in ijossession of hund-jUte 
 holders, exiept a few small tra<:ts, whiih 
 nre owneil hv the State. AVater-faiili- 
 tles are exrellent, Iiut only used in the 
 runnini; of tlonr-niiils; no other kinds of 
 iiiai'hlnery of any account liein;; used 
 Aijriciiltnre is the leading industry of 
 the coinu'.v; yet a lar^e niiinher are en- 
 >;n;.;ed in leail mining, which is carried 
 on with perfect system. l..ead is found 
 in nil positions, ami in every town of the 
 county; the largest ndnelieinn in Shulls- 
 Imr);. Lead i.s luincipally fonnil in orev- 
 Ices in rocks, mixed with clay and sand. 
 Copper has lieen worked witli but little 
 success. The carlionate of zinc is found 
 in most of om lead-shafts, but has never 
 li<!en put to any use. The prcvnilin}; 
 timlier is oak, walnut, ma|)le, hickory, 
 and ash. 1'ekatoidca, Galena, an<l other 
 branches traver.se the county, and aio 
 Htiicked with bhu k buss and pickerel. 
 The Illinois Central liailroad runs 
 through the I'oimty niutli ami south, 
 nearly in its centre. Tliero is a very 
 favorable prospect that the Monroe 
 bram h of the Milwaukee and St. Paul 
 Kailroail will be extended to the Mis- 
 sissippi, running through the county 
 east and west. FarndnK and mining; 
 are the ])rincipal sources of industry. 
 
 Much attention has been paiil tu the 
 root-crops. Tile potato, owintj to a nood 
 market south, has comnnimled n Kood 
 price, and consccpientl.v has been larjiely 
 cultivated. Man.v new varieties havt^ 
 been experimented with: the rage has 
 quite eipialied the hop-fover. This 
 county claims to understand the potato- 
 ciiltnre, and regards it o-s having yielded 
 the best results of any thing put into 
 the ground. The English farmers cling 
 with tena<'ity to the turiup, which is by 
 them regardeii as essential to good hus- 
 bandry ; while llie American farmer cul- 
 tivates the carrot as more nutritious, and 
 less liidk.v. 
 
 They have been more successful in 
 the cultivation of fruit than most of the 
 counties of the State. A great variety of 
 apples are ex)nbii«d at our annual fairs. 
 The apple-crop of the county supplies 
 most of the demand for home-consump- 
 tion. From ls,V) to IWK), many things 
 combined to injure fruit and fruit-trees; 
 but, since that time, there has been a 
 marked improvement in the general 
 health of the orchards, as well as au iu- 
 
 crea-'o In the yield. Tlio bark-louse has 
 entirely disappeared in a largo niiniber 
 of the old orchards, thereby indicatini; 
 an improved condition in tlie health of 
 the triie. 
 
 A good qmilit.v of brick-clay Is found 
 in various part < of the county; ami there 
 is a good brickyaril at Darlington 
 
 The three lirincipal villages in the 
 count.v are I)arlington (the county- 
 seat), Shullsburg, ami Itelmont. The 
 schoids in these villages are all tlrst- 
 class; the schoolhonses costing from 
 twenty to thirty thousand dollars each. 
 The.se villages, as well as the whole 
 ccmnty, are well supplied with churihes. 
 There are one hundred and twenty 
 schoolhonses in the county, mostly in 
 good condition. Waues for male teach- 
 ers average 8:5,')..'5(), and for female teacli- 
 ers .*^:i2.5(l, per month. 
 
 The nationality of the inhabitants !■< 
 about one-fourth Irish, one-eighth Kng- 
 llsh, one-eighth (lernuuis, dne-tifth Nor- 
 wegians, and the balance Americans. 
 The nuijurity of the Norwegians are in 
 tlie eastern portion: the others are .scat- 
 tered all over the county, 
 
 SIanitowoc CoiTNTY.' — The surface 
 of this cotmty is i>rincipally rolling, ami 
 covered with hard-wood limber, consist- 
 ing of oak, beech, majjle, cedar, ami 
 hendo(!k. The last is principally valua- 
 ble for its bark, whi<n is very largely 
 used for tanning-purposes. There are 
 about ten sections of what is deiujininat- 
 ed swamp-lands in thccminty ; but these, 
 with a little improvement, will make ex- 
 cellent grass-lands. Pine is found along 
 ther lake-sliore, where the .soil is sandy; 
 but, in the interior of the county, the 
 soil is aday-hiam, and is good. 
 
 The water-power of the county is ex- 
 cellent. There are seven good powers 
 on the Manitowoc liiver, and four on 
 Five I'ivers, all partially improve 1, 
 there being invested about one huudreil 
 and sixty thousand dollars; but all of 
 these are I'apahleof a much further im- 
 provement. 
 
 Floating copper-ore has Ixien foimd in 
 the towns of Cato and Cooperstown, 
 
 The very best of clay for l)iick is found 
 all along the lake-shore, Thete are a 
 largo iifimber of brickyards ; and large 
 (|inuitities of brick have been sliipped 
 the last two years. Marble ami valuable 
 stone qimrries are also foiinil along the 
 Manitowoc liiver, and extending into 
 otoer portions of the county; but the.se 
 have not as yet been developed to any 
 great extent. 
 
 The Manitowoc lliver passes through 
 the centre of the count.v, ami is naviga- 
 ble for three miles, Tho Two Uivers 
 forms a junction at the village of the 
 
 • We are Indelitcd to N, J. Gilbert, P. 
 Scluillz, and U. W. liurnettof Manitowoc, for 
 UiiBitkelcli.— U. Jt.T. 
 
678 
 
 BISTORT OF wiacosais. 
 
 same name. Fiih ntioiiiulH in both of 
 tliuAt' sti'i'iuii.'). iiikI ill otiior Hniullur un«M 
 to n iimsiileialiiti isxluiit. 
 
 Tim luck of niiliiiiiil facilitios in tlilx 
 rojiliiu liiiM linietofiire li<"«n a jireiit (liaw- 
 liftik; liiit. all tliat is now <liaii);t'(l. Tlio 
 rallioail from Manitowoc to Appiotoii is 
 coinpictdil. It comioctH wllli the Wis- 
 roiislii Central at Munaslia, thus (jiviiiK 
 direi't rommiiiilcation with the Northfirn 
 I'ai'illr liallroail. Tli« Ijike-Slioro iloiicl 
 from Mihvauket) is also comploteil; ami 
 now no part of the Stuto lias hotter rail- 
 road coiiimiinications than this rotinty. 
 
 At;rlciiltiiio is the priniipal iiidustry 
 of the county. In IH72, there were raisell 
 ahoiit six liiinilreil thonsaiKi 1>iisliels of 
 wheat, four hundred thousaiul iinsheis 
 of oats, one hundred thousand iiusliels 
 peas, olio liiindied thousand hushels rye, 
 and live liiiudred thuuaaiid buahels po- 
 tatoes, 
 
 Tlio (^ity of Manitowoc is a lively, 
 thrivinjj filace; and ship - huildhiK "is 
 tliero carried on to a considerahle ex- 
 tent. Four lur);e tanneries are liero in 
 full operation, with a capital of about 
 ninety thousand dollars. About seven- 
 ty thousand liarrel.s of flour wore shipped 
 from tlie city tlio past year. 
 
 At Two IJIvors there is a larKO tub, 
 pail, and chair factory, and a tannery, 
 with a capital of thirty thousand dollars. 
 There are also nianufactured about lifty 
 luillioii feet of lumber annually. 
 
 With the excellent water-powers in 
 the eoiiiity, and the ease with which all 
 kinds of harii wood can be obtained, it 
 Is readily seen that Manitowoi; County 
 offers extraordinary inducements .for 
 many branches of nianufactnrinj;, where 
 hard wood enters as tlie princiiial ma- 
 terial. Sliippinj;- facilities to tlie inte- 
 rior of tlie state will soon be excellent; 
 and we see no reason why manufactur- 
 ing shall not larjiely ini:rease. 
 
 M.viiATHox Coi'NTV.l — There is no 
 donbt whatever, that the natural re- 
 sources of Marathon County, in soil, 
 timber, iron, water-powers, and other 
 a«lvautaKes, as well of climate as of jjeo- 
 
 graphical position, are secuud to none 
 1 the State. 
 
 The extreme lencth of this couufy is 
 alioiit one hundred and twenty, miles; 
 and its width, lifty-four miles. "Deduct- 
 ing the area covered by small lakes in 
 the northern part of the county, it con- 
 tains about thi'ee million five iiuudred 
 thousand aires of land, of wliicli not 
 over a linndred thousand acres are un- 
 der cultivation. 
 
 At least three-fourths of the land of 
 this county are tiinliered ; the hijjli lands, 
 or ridges, being mostly covered by lianl 
 wood, such as maplo, oak, ash, eliii, bass- 
 
 I For our sketch of Marathon County, wo are 
 Indebted to \V. 0. Silvcrtliorn. ,Jnhn lUiigle, 
 and John I'atzer of WauBuu. —0. B. T, 
 
 wood, butternut, &c.. while that o1nn|{ 
 the Mtreums is mostly pine and.hein- 
 hick. 
 
 The principal sources of Industry are 
 agriculturoand liiinliering. Overtlireo- 
 fotu'ths of the county are capable of be- 
 ing cultivated. The soil is of an excellent 
 cpiality, and (uddiices all kinds of grain 
 and vegetables ciunmon to northern cli- 
 mates, Wheat has been raised over 
 forty bushels to jin acre, and other gi-alii 
 in nniportlon. Winter wheat has never 
 faileil. Although our farmers have thus 
 far had only a liomo-inarket, tlie.v have 
 as yet been iinablo to sup|ily the de- 
 maud, and havoalwa.vsrcall/.ed a better 
 priio for their products than farmers In 
 the southern portion of the Htale, 
 
 The county has very gooil railroad- 
 fwilities, 
 
 I..uml)ering is carried on to a great ex- 
 tent; lumber anil shingles being the chief 
 exports. Thousands of iiorsoiis are au- 
 niiaiiy employed in the Wisconsin- liiver- 
 piueries, at good wages. Over a liiiu- 
 dred million feet of lumber are annually 
 shipped from this county; and the almost 
 emlless pine-foiests in the northern part 
 of the county will furnish material for 
 this liranc"'. of industry for geueralioiw 
 to come. 
 
 Tliore are now in operation in this 
 coiint.y tliirt.v stationar.v saw-mills, tie- 
 sides a number of portable mills f(u- the 
 niauiifactiireof lumber; also three tiour- 
 ing-iiiilis, six sliingie-niills, and one ex- 
 tensive planing-mill, 
 
 Tlio \\ isconsin liiver, running thron"h 
 the centre of the county, with its 
 tributaries, furnislies numerous water- 
 powers, comparatively few of avIiIcIi 
 have iieen improved. But, when our 
 railroad -communication with the ro.st 
 of the world is completed, capitalists, 
 no doubt, will appreciate the iiiduce- 
 nients offered by JIarathon County for 
 romnnerulive investment, Tlie iiiide- 
 velopoil mineral resiuirces of Marathon 
 Count.v a very extensive; iron being 
 tlie most rtbuiulHnt, whidi has lieen dis- 
 covered in illo^<huust^)lo quantities in 
 ditTerent portions of tlio count.v, and no 
 diuibt will, in tlie future, be one of our 
 principal productions. 
 
 Wood has heretofore been almost the 
 exclusive building-material in use; but 
 it lias now been substantiated that they 
 have also a superior ipiaiity of clay for 
 th manufai'ture of liiick; iuid tliey are 
 now being used for building to a consid- 
 erable extent. Three brickyards aro al- 
 ready in operation at Wausaii. 
 
 Last, but not least, aro the (.ronlierry- 
 marshos, which liave been looked up, 
 and purchased from tho government 
 recently. Thousands of acres of as line 
 cranberry-land as can be found in tiio 
 world exist near the centre of tlio coun- 
 ty, on either side of tho Wisconsin River. 
 This branch of industry, which is at- 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 679 
 
 tTRctliiR "o mw\\ Interest In other ports I 
 cif tliii Stiitu, bids fitir t(i Ih) a HiiluniUd I 
 tiling IllM'l:. I 
 
 Mauiji'Kttk County.' -Tlie whole i 
 cunntr.v is()penhi|;.'*Hnil tiinbor. ThcHoil ; 
 Is cllvi'r>.ill»(l rlay iiml lonni, wltli run- 1 
 siilt'nihlx siinil, iind exton^ive niarHhiis, 
 furnlsliiii'' alxinilitncc! uf niitiinil niun- 
 ih)ws iukI piistiire. The I'ounty In well 
 wnterod with Hprin({t, siniill creekH, nnd 
 liirne iiiill-stroiiniH. There are ten lloiir- 
 lnt;niillt, four wooUen-factiirles, two | 
 Hiiw mills, mill one Iroii-foiinilery in the | 
 coMiity. Vo\ lilver runs tluoiiuh the 
 I'liiuity friiiii east to west, vlth two 
 thriving villages upon its hanks, having 
 four wareliouses tor xraiii anil other 
 8hi|ipini;- purposes. There arc nine 
 villasiet in the county, all of them well 
 Hupplii'd with husinesH-houseH, and well 
 patronized. 
 
 Montello Is the eoiinty-seat, with a 
 lai'^e and eoiniiiiHlioim oonrt - house, 
 luiilt of stone and brick, two ehiiri'hes, 
 store.s, and uiechanics' shops, two flour- 
 hiK-niills, and a woollen-fai'tory. Mon- 
 tello is situated upoti Kox liiver, where 
 they have a regular line of Hteaniboats 
 from Berlin down the river. It has 
 more \ater-power than any other town 
 west ot Neenali, aiul only about one- 
 fourth in. proved and used. A foundery, 
 tannery, .sash and bliiul factory, and 
 niaii.v other kinds of factories, couM do 
 a Kood and payiuK business here, and 
 are much wanted. 
 
 The Montello Itiver, a lurRO niill- 
 Htreain, empties into the Fox at this 
 place, and furnishes power for oue-half 
 mile of machinery, which is not one- 
 fiuirth part improved. The inlinbitants 
 are made up of one-third Americans, 
 one-lliird t!eriiiaiis and one-third Irish. 
 A larjje majority of the settlers came in 
 poor, ami are now in (jood circuinstan- 
 ees, some of them (jettiiiK rich, l^and is 
 worth from live to tlfteen dollars an 
 acre; and tliere can yet Ih) found Kood 
 chances for several huiulred families to 
 nuike good homes, with very little 
 money. Itailroad facilities are excel- 
 lent. Tl;c climate of the county is 
 good, the water excellent, and the peo- 
 ple are' healthy and happy; and others 
 who come aniongsi us to live will he 
 made to enio}' all the blessmgs we listve 
 enumerated. 
 
 Mii.w.\iKEB County. — This county 
 ciuitaiiis about a hundred and lifty-two 
 tliousaud acres of land, of wliich about 
 nine thousand acres lie within the cor- 
 porate limits of the city of Milwaukee, 
 r'our-llftlis of the entire amount uf 
 farming-lauds are under improvement, 
 and together with the unimproved lands, 
 which are mostly timber, and often 
 
 • Wfl lire Indebted to Hon. S. A. Pea«e of 
 llontollo for the uutterUUs for tbiii sketch. — 
 
 c. a. T. 
 
 more valuable than the Improved, have 
 an average value of seveuty-llvo dollarw 
 per aire. 
 
 The annual report of the (Jhambor of 
 Commerce for IS71 shows the assessed 
 value of real estate in the city of Mil- 
 waukee to be S:i.'),'.W,.'l!ll. In extent of 
 marine commerce, it ranks as the fourth 
 city in the United States. The number 
 of 'entries at the ciistoiu-house durins 
 the year 1H7.1 were 4,H7H, with a totol 
 tonnage of 1,047,11!' tons, and of dear- 
 uncos, 4,M77, representing an aggregate 
 toiiiuige of 1 !i:w,414 tons. Tltn receipts 
 of grain for the voar 1H72 wern I!i,'.ilL',:)i)4 
 bushels, of which i;i,(il7,!)ai» bushels were 
 wheat. 
 
 The Mldpments of Hour were 1,2.12,036 
 barrels, and the niuount manufactured 
 In the city D»k),2()ti barrels. The .ship- 
 ments of wheat to eastern and Canadian 
 markets during the year anu>uuted to 
 11,.')2(),075 bushels. 
 
 The total number of hogs packed in 
 the city during the year 1M7:! was 310,- 
 ilKI. The total receipts of foreign mer- 
 chandise, exclusive of railroad-iron, pig- 
 iron, salt, i)laster, aiul coal, received at 
 Milwaukee during the same year, were 
 154,!Kai tons. Of railroail-lron, tliere 
 were received H,44(i tons; ;i,'),(KX) tons 
 additional were manufactured there, 
 nmking a grand total of 4.l,44(i tons: 
 4!i,ii'.N) tons of pig-iron were received 
 during the same year, and 111,48!) tons 
 uf iron ore. 
 
 Tints will Ik) seen, very succinctly 
 stated, the business annually transacted 
 in the commercial emiMuiiim of Wiscon- 
 sin; and it is annuall.y increasing with 
 that iinirvellous rapiditv Incident to the 
 rapid settlement ot tlie Western World. 
 
 Milwaukee contains between fifty and 
 sixty churches, belonging to various de- 
 nomiimtions; lias nine large and elegant 
 public school-buildings, where the chil- 
 dren of the poor and the rich are alike 
 eiliK'ftted free of expense. Kor salubrity 
 of clinmte, it is iiiisuriiassed in liN'ation: 
 ami the annual death-rate i>er thousanil 
 is less than that of eitlieruf its neigh- 
 bors, Chicago or St. Louis. 
 
 Situated as it is, with its great facili- 
 ties for lake-commerce, and the thoti- 
 saiids of miles of railway.s radiating 
 throughout the great North-west, it can- 
 not fail to continue to be, what it now 
 is, the commercial emporium ot AVis- 
 cousin, and one of the three great busi- 
 ness centres of the Korth - western 
 United States. 
 
 Milwaiiken, the principal commercial 
 city of Wl.sconsin, and county-seat of 
 Milwaukee County, is situated on the 
 west shore of Lake Michigan, at the 
 mouth of Milwaukee Itiver, ninety 
 miles north of Chicago, and seventy- 
 live miles east of Madison. Lat. 43" 
 3' V," N. ; long. 87° 57' W. The river 
 approaches from the north, lu a direc- 
 
680 
 
 HISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 tlon nearly parallel ^vlth the lake-aliore, 
 anil is joined, nliout a Iialf-niile from it"* 
 month, li.v till! Mdioniiinee Iliver, wlikli 
 comes fi-iini llio \v()<r. Tlie lurf;est boats 
 of the Inkos ciin asct-iul tlio river two 
 miles from its niontii, as also tlie Me- 
 nonionce for some distance from itscon- 
 flneme with the Milwankee. The (lov- 
 ernmeiit has expended lar^e smns of 
 money for the improvement of tlie liar- 
 hnr, ill addition to tlie appropriatinn by 
 the citv authorities; so that the city lias 
 one of the best harlxn's on I lie wliole 
 chain of fakes. The eity is pleasantly 
 situated upon each side of tlie river. It 
 contains twenty - one public schools, 
 Uniteil States court, and post-oflice, ten 
 banks, forty-eif^ht Protestant, ten Catho- 
 lic, and two Jcwisli churches, twenty- 
 four academies and select schools, six 
 teiiiiieranco orjranizatious, sixteen Ma- 
 sonic, twelve Odd Fellows, twenty-five 
 other se.'iet societies, thirty benevolent 
 organizations, tliree orplian - asylums, 
 and two hospitals. The Catholics have 
 a larj^o convent called " Convent Notre 
 Dame." Someeiuht or more railroads 
 centre at Milwaukee. The city is the 
 outlet anil s!iippinj{-port of a rich and 
 rapidly iiuprovinj? country. It is tlie 
 greatest primary wheat-market in tlie 
 world. The receipts of flour and ^lain 
 for the vear endiiiK 'Inly 'il, Wi, were 
 3!)(».")l,l)7'.t bnsliels of wlieat and Hour, 
 and 4,'J41,(H(l of coarse grains. Total, of 
 all kinds, 4:1,-'!IlM1!I in bushels. And 
 tlie exports of tlour, '_',:!17,0!l; of wheat, 
 2'2,'JJo,:«(); of corn, ,V.ii,5(i;!; of oats, 7'Jli,- 
 035. The total niiiiiber of hogs packed 
 in lR7-i-75 was L'4S,1!I7 head. The re- 
 ceipts of lumber were 141,4iiO,()00. There 
 were a hundred and twenty-elKht ves- 
 sels registered at Milwaukee, with a 
 tonnage of ai,3!Ki,24. 
 
 Milwaukee is remarkable for its 
 healthful climate and for the rapidity of 
 its growth. It lias a huge number of 
 iiiannfactories of flour, woollen goods, 
 rolling-mill.s, which are too numerous 
 to detail. 
 
 Its ]irospects as one of the largest and 
 most impoitant of our Western cities 
 are uneiiualled. Population, lS7r), lliO,- 
 773. 
 
 MoNiioE Cou.vTV.'- The general sur- 
 face of the county 's rolling, in some 
 parts iiuite rougli. Sin-enil dividing 
 ridges traverse neavl.v the whole length 
 of the county in different directions. 
 Their tops usually spie.id out into level 
 tablelands, which arc I'lccpiciitly many 
 miles in area. The soil in the northern 
 jiai't is mostly sandv, some clay ridges, 
 and small bl.ick loam luaiiies. In the 
 iiortli-easteni part are extensive tracts 
 of white and Norway pine-tuuber, and 
 
 > Wo nro Inilobted to D. S. D. HolliHter ami 
 rirorgu Uunliiil for the materialii (or tills 
 •kelcU. — 0. U. T. 
 
 ] large natural hay and cranberry mead- 
 ows. The southern part is a rich da.v- 
 loam, ver.v productive and duiable, 
 being choice farming-lands, well suited 
 to grain and fruit raising. Here is pro- 
 duced some of the finest white winter 
 wheat in the West. 
 
 The count.v contains five hundred and 
 seventy-five thousand acres, about mie- 
 fourth of which is now under cultiva- 
 tion; and ftilly three-fourths of the re- 
 mainder can be made available for fariii- 
 iug-purposes, about fifty thousand acres, 
 which they are selling at two dollars 
 anil a half and iipwarils per acre, giving 
 three years' time on a part of tlio pnr- 
 chase-inoney. 
 
 There are many valuable water-pow- 
 ers, jirincipally inipro\-ed on the La 
 Crosse Iliver at Sparta, Angelo, Lafay- 
 ette, anil Leon; on the Ix'iuonweir Iliv- 
 er, at Tomah; on the Kickaiioo, at Wil- 
 ton and in the town of Slieldon; on the 
 fJarraboo, at Glendale. On the smaller 
 streams are several choice locations, 
 which are .yet unimproved. 
 
 Xo mines are yet opened here. There 
 are indications of Iron, lead, copper, and 
 plumbago. 
 
 The principal timber in the southern 
 half of the county is white and red oak, 
 white-walnut, hickory, sugar-maple, 
 ash. and linden; in tlie nortliern part, 
 white and reil oak, white and Norway 
 pine, tamarack, and spruce. 
 
 Ited bricks of good ipialitv are made 
 in various jiarts of the county In the 
 southern part, some beds of valuable 
 fire-clay have been found, and a rock 
 very similar to the French luirr mill- 
 stones. 
 
 lieing located on the head-waters of 
 the La Crosse, Ixniionweir, liarraboo, 
 and Kickapoo Rivers, with no lakes or 
 navigable streams, the inhabitants are 
 dependent on tlio railroads to cany their 
 products toniarket. The Milwaukeeaud 
 St. I'aiil and Chicago and North-western 
 traverse the county from east to west, 
 while the north-western part is crossed 
 by the West AV'isiiuisiii and Wi-icousin 
 V'alhi.v 1'ailroails, in opposite diiections, 
 thus bringing all parts of the count.v 
 within easy reach of this means of coni- 
 miinicatiiui. Otlier lilies will doubtles.s 
 be constructed within a few years, en- 
 larging these facilities to a still greater 
 degree. 
 
 Some deer and bear are still found in 
 the wooils; and the game-birds of the 
 State are ipiite pleiitv. The streams 
 abound in brook-trout, jiickercl, bass, 
 fie. Trout-raising is being carried on to 
 a limiieil extent; anil many Imalities 
 exist where the business could be siic- 
 cossfullv and protltabl.v prosecuted. 
 
 The staple pioducis are winter and 
 
 spring wheat, oats, corn, barley, rye, and 
 
 buckwheat. All the grains usual to 
 
 I tills latitude du well here. The tamo 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 681 
 
 praises (jrow finely. Tlie sliipinents of 
 wheat and flmu- fmtii tliis ooniity from 
 the iTop of 1H7-' will lie about three Imn- 
 (Ired thousand l)u»he!s of wheat, and 
 HJxty thousand barrels of flour, both 
 averattinjf a very superior grade. Im- 
 proved farms are worth from fifteen dol- 
 lars to seventy-five dollars per acre, ac- 
 cording to quality, improvements, and 
 location. 
 
 More than half the population is 
 American. The principal forei^mers are 
 Germans, settled in the southern towns; 
 quite a Xorwejjian settlement in the 
 town of Portland. Schools are abundant 
 and );ood. A tjradod school with twelve 
 teachers at Sparta, and another with 
 four teachers at Tomah. Churches in 
 various jiarts of the county. In the vil- 
 lages, the different denominations are 
 well represented, and have comfortable 
 houses of worship. Population of the 
 county is now about twenty tho\isaud. 
 Sparta, the county-seat, has' about four 
 thousand. Substantial county-buildings 
 w<!re erected se\eral .vears a^o. This 
 village has a paper-null, woollen-fac- 
 tory, foundery, and nuichine-sliop, \vo 
 fiourinji-mills, sash, blind, and door fac- 
 tory, and other nninufacf uriu}; industries. 
 Here are also seviual flowing artesian 
 wells, the majinelic and medicinal prop- 
 erties of whose waters are attractiuK 
 the attention of invalids in all parts of 
 the country. Largo number' of people, 
 attracted by the beauty of the scener.v, 
 the purity of the air, and the general 
 healilifulness of the locality, come here 
 to spend the snni.ier, and thus escape 
 the fervent heat of mine -(uithern 
 climates. The Milwaukee and Si. Paul, 
 and Chicago and Nortli-vvestevu Kail- 
 roads, both touch at this place. 
 
 Tomah has about two tfiousiind inhab- 
 itants, and is at the junction of the Wis- 
 consin Valley with the Milwaukee and 
 St. Paul Itailroivl. Alargo tlciuriii_'-niill 
 and some other maiiufiuMuriug institu- 
 tions are located .here. An ariesiaii 
 well is being sunk there, with over, 
 prosiiect of a successful result. Other 
 smaller but very thriving villages are 
 spruiging up along the lines of the vari- 
 ous railroails. 
 
 Monroe Cuunty, Nvith its cliuuilc free 
 from all malaria, and of unsurp.issed 
 healthfulness, with its thousands of 
 acres of land awaiting the hand of in- 
 dustry to render it productive, with its 
 millions of pine and hard-woml limi.er 
 >et to be manufacturcil, with its miu(n;il 
 resources entirely undeveloiwd, oilers 
 e.xcelleiit induceinenis for jieoplo to 
 settle within its borders. 
 
 OcovTO CoL'.VTV. — 0<'onfo County 
 comprises that portion of North-eastern 
 ■\Visionsiu most valuable for its timber 
 and farming lamls, its immense and 
 umivalled water-power, its mineral de- 
 posits and lisheries. 
 
 It is 1)onnded on the east by the wa- 
 ters of Green Hay and the Menomonee 
 River, — the first navigable for sail-ves- 
 sels and steamers of the largest size, hav- 
 ing a shore of about forty-five ndles in 
 Oconto County, and receiving in and 
 from the same county three large river.s 
 and several smaller rivers and streams. 
 Oconto County emlnaies an area of 
 over five thousand square miles. It is 
 estimated that, of the unsettled portion 
 of the county, about one-third of the area 
 is covered with pine and hemlock, one- 
 third with sugar-maple and other hard 
 woods, and the remainder with cedar, 
 ash, elm, tamarack, and Rueh limber 
 as is usually fomul on alluvial soils. 
 Almost the whole surface of the county 
 is traver.sed and drained by numerous 
 streams. The smith-eastern portion of 
 the county is rolling, and, near the shore 
 of Green Bay, level; the north-western 
 portion more broken and rock.v. 
 
 About twenty years ago the count,v 
 was almost an unbroken wllclerness, a 
 single saw-mill on each stream, no road 
 traversing the county, and no farmers. 
 Now the countv is traversed by three 
 priiK'ipal roads from south to north, and 
 numerous roads inter<ecting the towns 
 in ever.v direction, and making accessi- 
 ble the pine and farming lands of th'> 
 county. The single saw-mills have 
 grown to a family of giants, fashioning 
 into boards and timber the huge pines 
 as fast as three thousand men and a 
 thousand teams can bring them, and a 
 hundreil ships carry the lumber awa.v. 
 
 The population of the county is S,'A22, 
 a majority of whom are foreigners. The 
 largest portion of the count.v is still 
 owned by government, as the invest- 
 ment of capital has been almost wholly 
 conlined to piiie-lands. The govern- 
 ment sells its land at fnun seventy-five 
 cents to a dollar and twenty-five cents 
 per acre. The actual settler has the 
 right of pre-emption to a hundred and 
 sixty acres for one year before he is 
 obliged to pay for his land. But to the 
 Flomestead A<t this region owes much of 
 its late rapid gnjwtli and prosperity. 
 Lands in and about the setllenients are 
 for sale at from two to five dollara per 
 acre. Tlie dimato is hcallhy; and the 
 winter has advantages which fully coin- 
 ])ensate for its lengtli. 
 
 The northern portion of the county is 
 rich in mineral deposits, which are des- 
 tined to become a most important ele- 
 ment of prosperity. A very considera- 
 ble !)r;'.nch of industry must, .soon grow 
 up by the estnblishnient of blast-fur- 
 naces. The rivers and streams travers- 
 ing the county are used, at pre.sent, 
 luainly ashighvavs, over which float the 
 logs and timber for the different mills. 
 They ulTord, also, unlimited water- 
 power, the value of which is just bogin- 
 uitig to bo appreciated. Ifur the luouu- 
 
682 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 fai^turo oC nliiiost every aiticla in wood, 
 for saw-iiiilU, i^rist-iiiills, tuniieries, ami 
 fa(^tiiries, we liave. almost at our doors, 
 an aliundaiue of ilieap nuitive-power. 
 
 As a firaiii-Ltniwinjii'iiimty, its repiita- 
 tioii is estalillsliocl. A more certain liar- 
 vest, a,i;oiMl ami even yield, pliiiiip ber- 
 ries, witji more anil better Hour, are had 
 liero than in more southern latitudes. 
 The (jrass-crop is one of the most prolit- 
 able. Worth from eighteen to twenty- 
 live dollars per ton, at present, hay 
 must, in the future, conimaud nearly or 
 <iuile as jjood a priie as now. It is esti- 
 mated, that over one thousand tons are 
 annually imported iutcj this county. A 
 larsju portion of the present snppl.v is 
 taken from the natural meadows, ami, 
 of course, is of an inferior ijuality. A 
 much smaller cpiantit.v of the wild 
 grasses would bo used, and no hay 
 wouhl be imported, if the home-supply 
 was sniiicient. 
 
 OuTA(i.\MiE CouXTV. — Agriculture is 
 the prominent interest in this contify, 
 for whi( h the ccmlijiuration of its sur- 
 faee, the fertility of its soil, and its 
 accessibility to market, are especially 
 adapted; yet it lias eipud facilities for 
 manufactures, which will be fully de- 
 veloped at no distant da.v. The water- 
 power furnished by the Lower Kox, 
 which passes throutch its south-eastern 
 corner, and by the Wolf Uiver and its 
 many tributaries, is iniexcelled, either 
 111 extent or availability. It has, also, an 
 abund.ini'e of material for mauufactur- 
 iuK purposes in the heavy timber with 
 which a lar^e portion of the county is 
 covered. 
 
 The county has an area of sixteen 
 townships, of which T.").'*,'!.! acres are im- 
 proved. The soil is principally a black 
 loam, with a subsoil of stilT cla.v. 'rtiere 
 is considerable low, or swamp land in 
 the county; but a latfjo portion of it is 
 susceptible of draiuaf,'(V ami will eventu- 
 ally become tlu^ most fertile and pro- 
 ductive land of tlie State. Wheat is 
 larHel.v cultivated. The census returns 
 of \>"" pive a total of jr^t.lST bushels. 
 Next in importaui'e are oats and <'orn: 
 of oats, L'lm.lwM) bushels were raised; of 
 corn, ai,;!!)! bushi'ls; potatoes, lili,7-.') 
 bushels; wool. ;t4,7'.i!t pounds were Kiown ; 
 butter, '2>^'l.'i\i pounds were made. The 
 Riim total of our ai;ricultural |)roduc- 
 tions foot 11]) .^1.7HH.'_''J-I. The poptda- 
 tion of the <-(Uinty is tiiven as l.S,4il(l. 
 
 Appleton is tiie leaduif; city of the 
 couiitv, anil is the seat of a lar^e mauii- 
 fiu'turini; buslm^ss. It has a po])ulalion 
 of about six thousaml. 
 
 The Fox Kivcr, in its iireseut coudi- 
 tioii, furnishes a (jood outlet for the pro- 
 ductions of a lar^'e porticui of the coui.ty, 
 and also the most extensive water-power 
 ill the Statct. The whole Jx)wer l'"o\- 
 Itivcr Valley, in which Appleton is 
 located, presents, oil every hand, iiu- 
 
 rivalled facilities for luanufactiirinr;, of 
 nearly all kinds. "Althou^'h there are 
 other cities." sa.vs Mr. A. ,1. Heed, "sit- 
 uated ill this valley, which pi>ssess, in 
 some dcjirje, preat natural adviuitajios 
 like otirselves, still there are none whose 
 present prosperity is more rapid, or 
 whose ])rospei:tive development is as 
 promising; as that of Appleton. It pos- 
 sesses all of the natural characteristics 
 necessarv for a manuf.acturin}; cit.v of 
 preatdistiuciimi; and while it is no part 
 of the object of tins work to detract from 
 the merits of nei^'liboriu;; cities, which 
 share in common with us, to a ^reat ex- 
 tent, the rich heritage l)y whii h Nature 
 has distinguished this localit.v, it is 
 nevertheless true, that it nmiutains a 
 position of marked superiority over its 
 rivals, b.v reason of both its natural 
 cliarai:teristics and the improvements 
 wlii<di have already lieen made. Tliese 
 considerations are of primarv and ureat 
 importance to the business-imui who is 
 .seekiu}; protitable investment for his 
 I'apital. While other lulvantajjes, cal- 
 cnliited to minister to his lusthctic tastes, 
 enter into, and oftentimes determine, his 
 decision, it is the material features of a 
 place which receive his most favorable 
 attention; but the <'ity in which both 
 are coudiined is that to which his pref- 
 erence is invariably tliven. That Apple- 
 ton is a representative of this favored 
 class is a question on which there is no 
 dispute amon^' those wliu are familiar 
 with its attractions. 
 
 "rtomo of the salient features of the 
 water-power on the Ivower Fox liiver 
 have been partially set fcn'th in the pre- 
 vious pa:.;es; but a more elaborate de- 
 scription of the power at Appleton will 
 be proper in this connection. Its siipe- 
 riorit.v appears when a I'muparisou of 
 its features is made with the other jiriii- 
 cipal powers of the country. Its supply 
 is not drii.wn fnuu mountain-torrents, 
 like the Mill Uiver of Massachusetts, the 
 Hudson, and Merrinuick, and other prin- 
 cipal' rivers of the country, but from 
 smaller stri'ams, ramifvini^ a vast ex- 
 panse of undulatin},' ciuintry : thus ren- 
 ilerinj; i uniforndty of liowape, instead 
 of excessive or limiteii discharges. Ill 
 addition to this, as if to combine in this 
 .series of water-powers the advuiitattes 
 oi all others. Nature has provided im- 
 lueuse reservoirs, sutHcicut in capacity 
 to contain the accumulation of the upper 
 streams, tributary thereto fiu' months 
 together; and the uuiforiidtv of HowaKO 
 is thereby more striitly preserve;L Ho 
 .loscly i-elated is the" maximum and 
 minimum (luantity discharged, that the 
 dilTiuiuice is never greater than three 
 feet, and Is .scarcely ever more than 
 thirty iiuhos. The practical maiiufac- 
 ♦nrer will draw his own conclusions as 
 to the ailvantaces of this arranijement, 
 so udniirably dosijjuetl by Nature. His 
 
nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 683 
 
 first Impression will lie, liiat up to n cer- 
 tain pi)int, wlilcli can tie ascertained, the 
 capacity of the pcjwer can bo utilized, 
 and, with absolute certainty, that the 
 force cali'ulaied upon will lie unfailint; 
 throuubciut the entire year. The niann- 
 factnn.'r who is located on a llnctuatinK 
 stream, au<l who is compelled to sus- 
 pend operiUioiis a consideralile portion 
 (it every year, will uppreciate (bis ad- 
 vantage. Then, too, there are other con- 
 siderations tliat will scariely escape his 
 notice. Owin;; to this gradual tlow of 
 water, there is ubsolntoly no dan>;er 
 whatever, from fresliets, to mills, fac- 
 tories, and wareliouses at this point. 
 Kaw materials, manufactured sto(di, ami 
 the fouudatliins of buildin^;s which are 
 tliirty-six inches above low- water mark, 
 are never reached nor interfered with 
 by the swellin;; currents of the river. 
 Tlie same causes also operate to render 
 dams of ordinary stability, and struc- 
 tures of every l<intl, built to resist the 
 natural flow of the water, entirely safe 
 attaint the increased pressure created by 
 swollen streams. Too mucli cannot be 
 said concerning; tlie advanta;,'e of this 
 natural security. When we oomo to 
 consider the terrible disasters to life and 
 property whicli fre(iuenlly occur upon 
 other streams, it is more full.v appre- 
 ciated. The Mill-river calamity, of re- 
 cent date, wliich spread such appalling 
 devastation alons; mui of the most beau- 
 tiful and industrious valleys of New 
 Enijlaiid, and by which nearly two hun- 
 dred lives were destroyed, ami the ac- 
 ciimidated property of a century swept 
 away, is at least suliicieut to turn the 
 attention of the practical mind to 
 another loi'ality. which possesses every 
 natural advantasie in a superior (le;;ree, 
 separated from llie dangers which usual- 
 ly attend rapidly-tlowiuf; streams. It 
 may also be riuTiarked, that tlio ri;;or of 
 tliis northern climate iloes not embarrass 
 tlie driviuf,' of machimny in this valley, 
 which is ail a(lvauiaf;e possesseil by few 
 localities claiming,' the distinction which 
 wc enjoy, lilock-ice is iievercreated on 
 our rapids to cloj; the revolution of nia- 
 chiuery; nor is it ever carried down by 
 the surf,'lnK stream iu iiiiantitles lar},'e 
 eiiiui;;h to endau^'cr projicrty, or jnit a 
 stop upon our industrial < peratious. It 
 is by no means an extravagant statemont 
 to liiake, that, all ihln;,'S C(Uisidercd, Ap- 
 pletou preseiitsaw atcr-power uiirivalled 
 liy any oilier (Ui the continent, or even 
 iu the world. It is true that its advan- 
 taijcs may not be yeue rally known ammi^ 
 tli(' prominent moneyed men of the coun- 
 try: but a few, however, have become 
 familiar with Its merits, ami to whose 
 opinions we shall allow expressuui in 
 this coiinectloiL ilmi, William H. Oj;- 
 doii of ('hicaj;o. one of the most deserv- 
 edly successful bnsinusa - iu«u iu the 
 whole country, says, — 
 
 " ' There is more valne in dollars and 
 cents in the water-power at Appleton, 
 than an.v other I have ever known.' 
 
 "Ajjain; Mr. (iustavus Ames, one o( 
 the most successful inventors of this 
 decade, and prominent manufaeturer uf 
 Uochester, N.Y., sa.vs, — 
 
 '■ ' 1 would not clianj;e the power in 
 your city for any like quantity in any 
 otlu^r place, because of its ininiense 
 body ; ami, for purposes where ;;»™ v-ater 
 is reiinlreil, no plai:e can compare to the 
 power in Appleton.' 
 
 " Mr. Ames is an extensive manufac- 
 turer of paper; and, of conr.se, he at- 
 taches proper emphasis to a point which 
 he regards as lielnj; very important. And 
 it is nmleniably true,' that Appleton is 
 unrivalled by any other place in the 
 country as a location for industries of 
 this class. 
 
 "Hon. Hiram Barney of New York 
 e.xpresses his opinion In these words, — 
 ' It would be unjust to bespeak for 
 Appleton a future like Manchester, 
 lA^eds, or Itlrmln^ham, or like I/iwell, 
 I'atersoii, or Uochester; for its natural 
 ■advantages are greater than are pos- 
 sessed by all of tliose cities combined. 
 Capital only is wantiiiK to realize all 
 that imafjination can picture of prosper- 
 ity to this valley, of whicli tills beauti- 
 ful city is the centre; anil this want will 
 be of short duration. When the advan- 
 tages of its water-power shall reveal the 
 prolits which capital invested will earn 
 for its owners, money, in millions, will 
 naturally seek at that point its safety 
 and Its increase.' 
 
 '•These are tlie deliberate expressions 
 of men wlio represent the business-en- 
 terprise of three ureat cities of the con- 
 tinent, and who are competent to jiulKe 
 fully of the matjniticeut advant.nes 
 which the Apjileton water-power po.s- 
 sesses. Soime of them, with otliers 
 eipuilly prominent, have practiinlly il- 
 lustrateil their faith in its value by in- 
 vesting capital, at this point, in the Fox- 
 river Valley; and the fact that these 
 wonls have lieen uttered after the re- 
 sults of tlieir in vestmiMits became known, 
 gives to them additional force." ' 
 
 Api>U'lon, the county-seat of Oiitaga- 
 I mie County, is located on the banks of 
 the LowerFox liivi^r, on the line of the 
 Chicago and Xorth-western Itailroad, 
 two hundred and tlilrteen miles fnun 
 Chicago, and eiglity miles from (ireen 
 Day. It has a railroad cmiiiectlon with 
 allthe Important points iu the .Stale, 
 and a water-communication with the 
 Mississippi and the lake. The water- 
 power ot the Lower Ko.x is immense: 
 this power between Winnebago Lake 
 and tireen Hay, with a run of a hundred 
 
 ' FroMi n iiuin|>lik't on tlio Ailviuitages of 
 the Lower Fox-Uiver Vidloy, eiUtud by Mr. 
 A. J. Uued of Ajiplutou. — C. II. T. 
 
684 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 and forty thousand mh\n feet per n;iu- 
 iite, is e((iiiil to l.'C.MlHi liorso-power. 
 Ap|)letori IS uiiexcelleil liv lUiy Dtliert'ily 
 in resiiu 't to iier iiiaiiiifai'tiiniif; fiu-ili- 
 ties. riio water-jiower lias lieen (jreafly 
 improved in the lino of fmiiitiire, staves, 
 sash, doors, ami blinds, spokes and hubs, 
 foiiiideries and niaclinie-shops, ])aper, 
 woollen, flour, and varnish mills, aiul 
 the Appletoii Iron Works. The Applc- 
 tt)n Hlast-Fiirniu'o cost a Imndiod thou- 
 sand dollars There are twenty-four 
 separate manufactiirinK establishments 
 on the Vox lliver at this place; and the 
 products of Appletoii iudiistrie-* are re- 
 pcu'ted at iSJ.:ll.'5,000. The Lawrence 
 University was founded in 1848, and 
 named atler Amos A. Lawrence of Bos- 
 ton, who was a liberal beiief,ictor to it. 
 In 18o;i-,"4 a larj^e stone ImlhlinK was 
 erected, si.xty by a Inindrcd and forty 
 feet, four stories hinli, and located in an 
 eligible situation. It is well-sustained, 
 and is under the auspi<>es and care of 
 the Methodist Kpisio|ial CJhuich. Rev. 
 Gecn'Ko M. .Steele, L>.1)., is the president. 
 
 The city has two Hrst-dass hotels, a 
 national bank-building, four newspaper 
 otlices, some tine blocks of stores, and a 
 larjie nuuibor for ine<;haiiical trades. 
 
 No city in the State has better prom- 
 ises of beini; a larye and very important 
 place of business. Its water-power and 
 ailvantajjes of manufacturing afford 
 the greatest inducement to capitalists to 
 make iiermanent investments. 
 
 I'opulation, 187o, (!,7;K). 
 
 OzAiMu;!! County.' — The county of 
 Ozaukee contains seven townships, with 
 Homo over lifteen thousand inhaViitants, 
 of which number nearly three-fourths 
 are of forei.i,'n birth, and most of them 
 Germans. The fieiieial topofjiapliy of 
 the county is of an even surface, though 
 in portions somewhat rolling, and a 
 small part swampy. 
 
 The soil consists of red cla.y, which 
 proves to lie the best for the jnirpose of 
 raisiiif; wheat ; but also is the gray clay, 
 and the black sanilv soil too, as found 
 in some portions of the county, of a 
 fjood and fertile quality. The county 
 contains about a hundred and eighty 
 thonsan<l acres of land, of which more 
 than half is umler cultivation; and more 
 tlian seven-(!if;liths of it is owned by 
 actual settlers. The stoiio-cinarries con- 
 sist of white-sandstone. an<l also lime- 
 stone; and several of tliein are in suc- 
 cessful operation. The Milwaukee and 
 Northern liailroad runs from south to 
 north through the county, fu :iishiuH; 
 excellent facilities for successfully 
 operatiiit;, not only some of such stone- 
 quarries, but also mills and nianufacto- 
 ries which are established on many of 
 
 ' Wfl nro Indebted to Ouiitnv Gootzo of Port 
 Wa,>liliiKlnii tor this ekotcU o( Ozaukeo Coun- 
 ty.— C. it X. 
 
 our ffood water-powers on the Milwau- 
 kee Kiver, Howiii^ from north to south 
 throufjli the whole (■ounty. and on Cedar 
 Creek| emptyiuK into said river; and 
 there is no doubt that still more water- 
 powers will hereafter be improved. Tlie 
 Lake Shore Uailroad passes also from 
 iicM'th to south through the county, and 
 will, when comjileted, a<ld a flood deal 
 more to those fa<.'ilities. The principal 
 timber is white and red oak, maple, 
 tamarack, and cedar. Agriculture is the 
 main source of industry; but there is 
 also a Kieat deal of commerce, trade, 
 and inanufacturiii); done. 
 
 I'ort Washington, the county-seat, has 
 a beautiful location on LakeMichiKan, 
 about half-way between Mihvaukee 
 and Slieboyjjan ; and, besides the court- 
 house and eountv-ortlces, has a HouriiiK- 
 mill, two founderie.s, several mechanics' 
 shops, two brick-yards, two lumber- 
 yards, and one tir.st-rate stcnie-ciuarr.v; 
 also a malt-house and two breweries. 
 It is a lively place; and a pieat deal of 
 trade and commerce is carried on there, 
 the more so, as, besides a good pier, the 
 Washiuijton harbor has now been so far 
 completed as to allow any ordinary s'zo 
 of vessels to run in. 
 
 I'ei'I.v Cou.ntv. ' — I'epin lies in the 
 nortli-western part of the State; its 
 western border bcii'i.' on the Mississippi 
 Uiver, at Lake Tepin. The surface is 
 somewhat rolliiifj. The soil is mostly of 
 a sandy loam, thoufih. in some sections, 
 mixed with clay. County contains in 
 the vicinity of twenty-five thousand 
 acres of laud, aliont one-thiril under 
 cultivation; of the balance, nearly all is 
 capable of cultivation. Actual settlers 
 are in possession of nearly twelve Ihou- 
 sanil acres, worth from three to live dol 
 hirs an aiue. (tood water-privile;;es are 
 to bo found in every town in the county. 
 The forests are heavily timbered with 
 allkindsof haril wood. The (Iliippewa, 
 Kau Claire, and Mcnomonee Itiveisliav- 
 erse the couiitv, and are, to some extent, 
 iiaviKable. Tlie larger kinds of lisli aro 
 found in the Chippewa; and abuiidanco 
 of trout in the saialler streams. Agri- 
 culture is the priuci,)al source of indus- 
 try. 
 
 In 1870 the c<mnt.v contained six post- 
 otHces, tweuty-si.x scliool-liouses, foui 
 church-buildinjis, four tlourin;;-mills, 
 six saw-mills; a woollen-f:iclory, two 
 foniulery and inachiue shops, and two 
 oilier manufacturing - e-ilablislimeuts. 
 I'opul.itiou of county, 4.(i.'ill, There aro 
 two thriving; villai.'es, — IHirand, with a 
 populatiim of over nine hiindreil. and 
 repiii, with about seven hundred inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Its aftricultiiral productlcms arc of the' 
 usual variety, and excellent in ciiiality. 
 
 'Tills Kketoh WM coiilriliiilcil by L. D. 
 Dokor and ti. 1'. Crusby. — C. K. X. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 685 
 
 Accord ing to tl:o ceniius of 1P.70, the 
 amoiMit of wheat raised \vuh!)7,!K)j hiisli- 
 els; rye, 4,774 liiishels; (/urn, ]()!l,4Hu 
 l)iislicls; oats, 811.118 1)Usliols; harley, 
 7,40il bushels ; wool, 7,!I5() pounds; pota- 
 toes, 2il,!l17 Imshels: Imtter, 127,5:1,") 
 pounils. The total value of its agricul- 
 tural proilnci ions is ostinialeil at S-T^i,- 
 3j4. 
 
 I'IKUCE Cot'NTV.i — Pierce is the most 
 ■western I'ounty in the State, lying prin- 
 cipally in the southern portion of the 
 St. Croix Valley. It is hounded on tlie 
 north by St. Croi.x County, east by 
 Dunn, south by Dunn, Lake I'epin, anil 
 the Mississippi Itivcr, and west by the 
 Mississippi anil Lake St. Croix. ' Tlie 
 ceneral surface of the conntv is iindii- 
 lating, though somewhat bluffy along 
 some of the streams. On prairies, the 
 soil Is of a Handy loam; on timbered 
 lands, it is generally of a clay-loam. 
 County contains three hundred ami six- 
 ty-seven thousand aires of land. The 
 estimated number of acres of land in 
 county owned by actual settlers is about 
 two hundred thonsand acre.s. 
 
 The county is wt^ll watered, and di- 
 vided by seven rajiid flowing livers, 
 running the whole length of thocount.v. 
 All of the rivers have good mill-sites at 
 short intervals their whole length. 
 There also are numerous creeks and 
 small streams, whiih discharge into the 
 rivers, some of which have sufticient 
 fall for mill-sites. The varieties of tim- 
 ber are oak, ash, maple, bas9woo<l| and 
 clui. 
 
 " Xo railroails are constructed within 
 our county. On our western and soutli- 
 ern boundary are the St. Croix Lake, 
 and Mississippi Klver, and Lake I'epin, 
 which give us a water-front of lifty- 
 seveii miles, thus giving us fair facilities 
 
 U D. 
 
 for shipping all our surplus jiroducts, 
 IjetXiX has been found in lindted quanti- 
 ties." 
 
 Ellsworth is the county-scat, and is 
 surrounded by a rirh agricultural ilis- 
 trict. A new brick court-house has 
 been erected at an expense of twenty 
 thousainl dollars. The fourth Slate .N'or- 
 m,il School has bccii hxateil at liiver 
 Kails, which is a very thriving village. 
 Then' are about ninety .sibool-hou.ses 
 and liftecn churches in the county. 
 
 Through the cITorls of the school su- 
 perintendent for the last four years eon- 
 siderabli' intercut lun been created in 
 eilu'-iiioual matters, and the altendanee 
 at school is (^irctty fair for a new coun- 
 try. Some ot the school-houses are nice 
 frauic buildings, whilst others iire of log. 
 As to nationality, the majority are 
 Americans; but the Norwejiians are nu- 
 merous, ami fast settling ui, and will, 
 
 ' Wo nro Indobtoil to H. B. Wnmer and C. 
 W. Ilmwu of KlIwwcMlh, and Z. \V. Liunfert 
 of Spiliijj Lake, for ihia Bkulcli. — C. U. T. 
 
 in a few years, outnumber all other na- 
 tionalities. 
 
 PoLit CotTNTT —The county of Polk 
 was one of the carliest-settleil portions 
 of the State. At first the iidmbitants 
 were either luntbermen, or hunters and 
 trappers. The latter class has nearly 
 disappeared. .AVhilo the former lost their 
 all in lumbering, turning their attenti(ui 
 to f.irming, many of them are now in 
 a prosperous condition. At the present 
 time, the business of the citizens of the 
 count.y is nearly oipially divi<led be- 
 tween agricultural, and logging in the 
 pineries. The farmers cannot raise 
 enough to supply the hoiiie-deinand: 
 consequently the loggers are compelled 
 to bring large quantities of grain and 
 stock from "below." 
 
 The county has an abundance of 
 water-powers, from a size tliat can he 
 measured by a churning, to the celei)rat- 
 ed Falls of the St. Croix, which could 
 be described only as a "Niagara of a 
 power." In a distance of live miles, 
 extending up the river from tlio village 
 of St. Croix Falls, the waters of that 
 stream make a total descent of eighty- 
 tive feet. It has banks for dam-build- 
 ing; and the river is not subject to 
 freshets. 
 
 The winter grains do uncommonly 
 
 well; and liinotliy and clover yiehl 
 
 largely. The early fall of snow protects 
 
 the roots of the grain anil grass from 
 
 I freezing out. Cattle get fat running in 
 
 i tlie woods during gra.ss uKuiths. 
 
 j Good heavy team-horses readilv sell 
 
 I to the pinery men at large prices. Large 
 
 ' working-oxen are worth a hundred and 
 
 llfty to two hundred and twenty-live 
 
 dollars per yoke. Cows sell at twenty- 
 
 tive to sevent.v dollars. 
 
 The ciuinty is settling rapidly by 
 
 Swedes, Danes, Xorwegians, anil Ger- 
 
 nmns, and emigrants from other States; 
 
 each naliomdity settling by it.self. 
 
 j Churches and schoolhouses claim the 
 
 early attentimi of the people. They 
 
 j have contentment in their midst, which 
 
 I is a sure forerunner to wealth. Plenty 
 
 i of unoccupied land. Government lands 
 
 ■for purchase or homesteadiug. Slate 
 
 lands at a dollar ami twenty-live cents 
 
 per acre. 
 
 PouTAOE Coi'NTV. —Tills is the most 
 
 centralcounty ot theState.and.allhiuigh 
 
 ! its resources are far from being fully de- 
 
 ' veloped, it already holds the first rank 
 
 on the Upper \\isc(Uisiii in regard to 
 
 position, soil, climate, and commercial 
 
 advantages. It is thirty ndles in length 
 
 j north anil south, and about thirty in 
 
 vyidtli. The. southern and eastern'por- 
 
 j tions of tlie county cmitain a majority 
 
 I of the inhabitants; the north-western 
 
 part being composed mostly of heavy 
 
 timbered lanils. The number of town- 
 
 shiiis in tlie cmiiity is twenty-two. 
 
 The agricultural resources, while they 
 
nrsTORr of wiscoNsrx. 
 
 cannot, for obvious reasons, compare 
 favoralily with those of llio older and 
 more thickly settled portions of the 
 State, are, nevertheless, far in ailvaiice 
 of the estimate foriiierlv placed upon 
 them. There is very little waste land in 
 the county; the few swamps and marsh- 
 es which it contains being susceptible of 
 drainaBe, whereby they may he made 
 equal or superior to the best faruiing- 
 land in this vicinity. The .soil, in some 
 portions of the I'ounty, is a light sandy 
 loam ; yet it is quite productive in favor- 
 able seasons, and, under judicious man- 
 agement, will doubtless he susceptil>lc 
 of great improvement. In the eastern 
 portion of the county, the soil is proba- 
 bly as good for farming-purposes a.s in 
 the northern portion of the State. 
 
 The ntimber of aires at present tinder 
 cultivation in tho county is about 75,- 
 07!>. Amount of wheat raised during 
 the year ending .Tune 1, 1«"0, 210,l.'51t 
 bushels; rye, ,")!t,;!0;» bushels; corn, (i4,- 
 022 bushels; oats, 152,143 bushels; bar- 
 ley, 0,137 bushels ; potatoes, 113.!I7(> 
 bushels. Amount of wool produced 
 during the same year, 2.5,!W7 pounds; 
 butter, l',l!t,517 pounds ; cheese, 7,'XV] 
 pounds; hay, 9,752 tons; hops, 70,071 
 pounds. 
 
 The total estimated value of all farm 
 productions for the same year is 8043,- 
 757; the value of manufactures (chiefly 
 lumber) produ(,'ed, $522,742. 
 
 The miwufa(;tures of the county are 
 thus far coulined to tho single article of 
 lumber, of which a great amount is an- 
 nually produced. The number of saw- 
 mills in the county is .about twentv-tive, 
 many of which ai'O steam-mills of l.irge 
 capacity, employing a great number of 
 •workmen. 
 
 The internal improvements of the 
 county are crcilitable in their character. 
 A tine bridge has been built across the 
 Wisconsin at Stevens Point, at a cost of 
 over twenty - two thousand dollars. 
 There are many church-buihlings in the 
 county, and capacious and ccuivenient 
 school-editlces in nearly all the towns. 
 The court-house at Stevens Point is a 
 line stone building, costing thirty thou- 
 sand dollars: its elegant architecture 
 and proportions would not do <liscredit 
 to any of our large cities. The railroad- 
 facilities are excellent. The county i,s 
 exceedingly prosperous. 
 
 Eacimr County.' — Uacine County is 
 bounded on the east by lake Michigan, 
 on the south by Kenosha County, on 
 the west by Walworth, and oii the 
 north by Milwaukee County. The cli- 
 mate may be considered as good as In 
 any county in this country in the same 
 latitude, and, in some respects superior. 
 The waters of Lake Michigan exert a 
 
 » We are Indebted to Hon. W. 0. Allen 
 Racine for this ukotch. — C. U. X. 
 
 salubrious and healthy influence on the 
 atmosphere in dissipating all poisonotis 
 vapors that might be iu the air, indu- 
 cing fevers and other sicrknes.s. In the 
 summer season, there is always a sea- 
 breeze from tho lake during the night, 
 and a land-breeze during tlio day, there- 
 by changing the atmosphere almost 
 contiiumll.S'. 
 
 The topography of the county is that 
 of an undul.ating chara-ter, rising to 
 two himdred an<l sixty feet, or more, 
 above the waters of Lake Michig.an. 
 The couiitv has only one considerable 
 river, the t'ox, whiidi runs through the 
 whole breadth of the county, from 
 north to south, affording excellent 
 water-power in the flourishmg villages 
 of Waterford, Rochester, and Bnrling- 
 ton. lloot Kiver, which empties into 
 the harbor at Racine, affords cons'uler- 
 ablo water-power. The soil of R.acine 
 County is generally of an argillaceous 
 loam, rich and deep. The county is 
 abundantlv supplied with stock water. 
 The subsoil of the county is marl-clay, 
 generally free from gravel or sand. All 
 kinds of timber grow in abundance in 
 the county, common to the .State, ex- 
 cept the coniferous class. The soil of 
 the county is well ailapted to the rais- 
 ing of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, 
 potatoes, ttirnip's, and carrots; but, iu 
 our judgment, there is no county in the 
 State better adapted to the raising of 
 grass, and stock-breeding. From the 
 peculiar character of the soil, and the 
 moist atmosphere prevailing during the 
 spring, summer, and autumn months, 
 induced by the constant vapors from 
 Lake Michigan, an abundant, sweet, 
 and nutritious grass is produced. Ex- 
 perienced stock-growers have discovered 
 this fofit, and availed themselves of its 
 advantage, .and started herds of supe- 
 rior blood. Among the most prominent 
 of stock-breeders are George Murray, 
 Ksq., Richard Richards, and Henry fe. 
 Uiu-and. 
 
 The stone and lime business Is largely 
 on the increase at the city of Racine 
 A little outside of the city limits are 
 inexhaustible stone quarries, out of 
 which is burned the very best ipiality of 
 lime. The limestone belongs to the 
 Niamira group, and is of excellent 
 quality for cellar-walls, and for the 
 btisements of all kinds of bnihlings. The 
 stone and lime find a ready market; and 
 the dem.and is Largely on the increase. 
 
 Jlncinc The city of Racine is sit uated 
 on Lake Michigan ; has a large and c;om- 
 moilions harbor, and one of the tli'est 
 elevators in the State. The city stands 
 about forty feet above the hike, and 
 contains a population of twelve thou- 
 sand, and is justly called the " Belle 
 City ; " has fine railroad, steaud)oat, and 
 sail-vessel connections with all parts of 
 the country ; stands out In the lake 
 
fflSTORY OF WISCOffSlN. 
 
 687 
 
 a1in\it fnm miles, on a proniontnry; 
 winds from the northeast ami westhlow 
 over it, making the city one of the most 
 (leliKliffiil places to live in in the West; 
 and no liner summer resort can t)efo\ind. 
 The soil about anil near the city is well 
 adapted, as well svs tlie climute, to tlie 
 growing of apples, pears, plums, cher- 
 ries, grapes, anil all small fruits. 
 
 It liiis Hne public schoolhonses, erect- 
 ed at a cost of over seventy-live thou- 
 sand dollars; a collejje witli over two 
 linndred pupils and ei(;ht professors, 
 and buililinj^s and Rrounds valued at 
 two hundred andeijjhty-seven thousand 
 dollars; twenti'-two churches, some of 
 which cost lar^e sums of money; and 
 an orphan-asylum, built by the mnnill- 
 cence of Isaac Taylor, dociuised, at 
 an expense of seventy-five thousand 
 dollars. The citv prides herself on 
 her largo and valuaiilo manufactures, 
 amon<; the most prominent of which we 
 mention that of .). I. Case & Co. Popu- 
 lation in 1875, l;S,'274. 
 
 IliOHLAN'D CoUNTV. — In tlils county 
 the first .settlements were made more 
 than twenty years ago, when hunting 
 was the occupation, not simply the pas- 
 time ; the forests of that day ahouiul- 
 ing in bear, deer, and smaller game. 
 Permanent improvements for agricul- 
 tural and ilomestic puriMises were begun 
 a few years later. One-si.\tli to one- 
 flfth of tlie territory is now under cul- 
 tivation; one-liaif to two-thirds of llie 
 remainder may bo e.-vsilv tilled; while 
 very little woidd l)e lostto the economi- 
 cal and intelligent farmer. 
 
 The soil near the 'Wisconsin River, 
 ■wliich marks the southern boundarv, 
 and from wliich thecount.y is commoniv 
 approaclied, may seem light; but it is 
 not unproductive, a.s that which has 
 been cultivated has repeatedly demon- 
 strated. The .soil of the northern two- 
 thirds of the county is, in the main, a 
 heav.v black loam, adapted to abuost 
 every thingknown to agricultural econo- 
 my. The northern half is lieavily tim- 
 bered ; and there is no dearth of fencing 
 and firewood anywhere. Oaks, elms, 
 walnuts, bass wood, &o., are the pre- 
 vailing timbers. 
 
 Xo .section of the State is better a<lapt- 
 ed to stock-raising, the hills and val- 
 leys and cry.stal brooks affording con- 
 venient fange, protection, and water. 
 
 Richland Centre, the county-seat; Lone 
 Rock, tlio railroad outlet on the Mil- 
 waukee and Prairie ilu (.'hien division 
 of the .Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroiwl; 
 Cazenovia, a few miles from the Chica- 
 go and Xorth- western Rnail; Viola, on 
 the Kickapoo River, and Excelsior, on 
 Knapp's Creek, — are the most thriving 
 and important villages. They possess 
 excellent water-powers, only partially 
 improved. 
 
 The populatiou of the county is com- 
 
 parativel.v enterprising and intelligent. 
 Public schools arc liberally encouraged, 
 though other enterprises suiter some- 
 what from mistaken notions of ecimo- 
 my. Agricultme and manufacturing 
 engage the general attention. The im- 
 l)rovement of Pine River, of which it is 
 susceptible, will render it an invaluable 
 carrier of the trafflu of the countv, and 
 a desirable feeder to the Wisconsin, the 
 improvement of which is being prose- 
 cuted with vigor. And a railroad to 
 complete the most direct route from 
 Chicago to the North-west must inevi- 
 tablv .seek its way up the Pine River 
 Valley. 
 
 UocK CouvTY.i — This is one of the 
 oldest counties in tlie State, the first 
 settlement being made in lH:io; and in 
 18:J!I the county was organized, the seat 
 of justice being established at Janes- 
 ville. It now contains a populatiou of 
 about fort.v thousand. It comprises one 
 of the best agricultural districts in the 
 North-west. Its soil, climate, and com- 
 mercial situation are equal to any other 
 in the West, and lliere is scarcely an 
 aero of land within its limits which can- 
 not be used for agricultural purpo.ses. 
 In the brief space of thirty-five years, 
 the entire county has been opened up to 
 cultivation; and over its entire surface 
 may be found homes of comfort and 
 beauty. The farms in this county 
 range in value from ten to one hundred 
 dollars per acre, and are souglit for, not 
 so much bv emigrants seeking cheap 
 lands, as by those desiring beautiful 
 homes, where they may at once enjoy 
 all the comforts and conveniences to be 
 found in the older and more wealthy 
 portions of the country. 
 
 Rock County is better adapted to 
 growing grain than the growltifj of 
 grass; and every year marks a decided 
 lirogrcss in the mode of tillajje and tho 
 consequent increased quantiiv of pro- 
 ductions. The wicked ami ruinous 
 practice of many farmers, of liurning 
 tho straw and manures, instead of re- 
 turning them to the soil in compensa- 
 tion for its rich harvests, has been aban- 
 doned. Wheat is tlio great staple of 
 production; it being est imated, that, in a 
 single crop, the production of the county 
 was not less than three millions of bush- 
 els, Corn, barley, oats, and all the 
 coarser grains, grow in rich abundance, 
 amply rewarding the husbandman for 
 his toil. Notwithstanding Rock County 
 is better adajited to grain-growing than 
 stock-raising, tlie farmers are giving 
 considerable atijiition to the breeding 
 of stock; and, acting upon the correct 
 idea, that it costs but little to raise a 
 blooded animal, are constantly introdn- 
 
 ' We are indobted to iron. Alexander 
 Ornlmni of JnnesYille, uiid H. F. Hcbaitof 
 Belolt, for this ukatcb. — C. It. X. 
 
688 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 cingj tlio hest varieties; Bnil nt tlie coun- 
 ty faiM limy lie seen as iiolilo liDi-sett, 
 cattle, sliecp, ami Hwino, as niiuoHt 
 aiiv otlior HectluH of tlie country can 
 exiiibit. 
 
 Tlie surface of Uock County is umlu- 
 latin(», and is drained liy the IJock and 
 Sugar Kivers, witli tlieir trihutaries, 
 nearly all of which are of suHicient size 
 to furnish water-power for nianufactur- 
 ing-purposes, and are more or less Im- 
 proved. Kock, one of the most beautiful 
 rivers, as well as one of the very best 
 mill-streams in the West, is already used 
 largely for manufacturing-purposes, and 
 every year is attracting more and more 
 tlie attention of men of enterprise and 
 capital; when fully improved, its power 
 for the propulsion'of machinery will bo 
 almost exhaustless. The facilities for 
 manufacturing in Rock County by wa- 
 ter-power are but partially improved; 
 and yet she ranks among the Hrst in the 
 West; her annual manufactured product 
 being worth not less than three ndllions 
 of dollars, consisting principally of tlour, 
 agricultural implements, pa]>er, woollen 
 fabrics, cabinet-ware, lager neer, &c. 
 
 During the last decade, the general 
 business of the county has greatly in- 
 creased, and everywhere may be seen 
 tokens of prosperity and growth, based 
 upon the production of diversiHed 
 labor In agriculture and manufactures. 
 During the same period, the public 
 buildings erected iu the infancy of the 
 county liave given way to permanent 
 and beautiful structures; and thecounty 
 now boasts of a splendid court-house, 
 costing over one hundred thousand dol- 
 lars, and churches of all denmninations, 
 eijual iu size, .style, and convenience to 
 those of almost any cmiuty in the East- 
 ern or >Ii<ldle States; ami ihe citizens of 
 Janesville and IJeloit each support a new 
 and creditable opera-lumse. 
 
 Kock C(umty is pierced east and west, 
 nortli and south, by the Milwaukee and 
 St. I'aul, and the North-western Kall- 
 wavs. 
 
 T'he educational interestsof the county 
 have not been neglected. Under the 
 system of free gi'ailed schoo^^, uiion tho 
 S'ew England plan, valuable results 
 have been attained; and it is gratifying 
 to ol)serve a steadily increasing interest 
 In tlie schools, and a jn'oper appreci.ition 
 of them by the people generally. The 
 cities of .rancsville and Heloit have each 
 expended largo sums in the erection of 
 school-buildings; and the sum investeil 
 for school-purposes <'annot be less than 
 two hundred thousand dollars. Super- 
 add to this Ueloit College, under the 
 patiiiimge of the Cougregatioualists, one 
 of the best managed ami most nourish- 
 ing insiituti(Uis of learnhig in the West; 
 Millon College, under the management 
 of Seven-Day llaptists; and the livans- 
 ville Seiuinaiy, under the uuutrol uf the 
 
 Freewilinaptists, — and youpla<'e with- 
 in the reach of every child in the county 
 tlie means of a liberal education. 
 
 The Young Men's Literary Association 
 of the city of .ianusville ha\"e I'oUecteil 
 within the last four years a very cred- 
 itatile library of abdnt four thousand 
 volumes of well-selected works, which 
 form a nucleus for ultimately placing 
 within the reach of the reading public a 
 valuable means of culture. 
 
 Kock County contains two of the Hnest 
 cities in flio State of Wisconsin, — .lanes- 
 ville and Ueloit; the former containing 
 a ponulation of about tifteen tliousnnd; 
 the latter, eight thousand; besides mi- 
 iiierous villages. 
 
 lidoit is one of the most stirrinfj 
 inannfacturing cities in the State. The 
 I'elebrated " building paper " which has 
 come into such universal use of lato 
 years, was invented, and is manufac- 
 tured, to a very large extent, here. 
 
 In juafters pertaining to horticulture, 
 the inhabitants of this county are not 
 behind those of other counties of this 
 State. Considerable progress has been 
 maile in the past few years in these pur- 
 suits; and an improved taste is lieing 
 manifested by the people generally in 
 beautifying and adorning tlieir luime- 
 steads, by tlio liberal planting of fruit 
 and ornamental trees, vines, and shrubs. 
 Time and experience have demonstrated, 
 that, with care and attention, certain 
 varieties of npi>les, as well as jiears and 
 plums, can be su(?cessfully and iirotita- 
 t)ly grown. The time has arrived when 
 many of the "country-seats" take pride 
 and pleasure in tine grounds and taste- 
 ful g.irdens; and in the cities, nearly 
 every house has its gardeu-spot. taste- 
 fully arranged with dioice Howers, vines, 
 and evergreens, ami kept in the neate.st 
 order. In addition to the Hower garden, 
 many have conservatories stocked with 
 choice winter- liowering plants: while 
 others, with less conveniences, keep 
 them in the parlor; and the etfect is a 
 wide diffu ion of a taste for Howers, and 
 a corresponding t ante anil order tliroiigh- 
 out the whole liousehold, making home 
 more pleasant and attractive. 
 
 Jaiicsrille. — The loiuity-seat of Kock 
 County, is pleasantly situateil on both 
 ; sides of Jloclt Kiver, and was se- 
 ! lected as county-seat in 1H.>7. It is four- 
 j teen miles north of the State-Une, and 
 ' on tlie (Jliicago and North- we-uein, and 
 Milwaukee and St. I'aul Kailroads. It 
 is a tiouiishing place of business, and 
 has an excellent water-power. The tii-st 
 lunniifactory for cotton cloth in tlie State 
 was made by the Janesville Cotton 
 Manufacturing Company in May, 1W3. 
 The Wisccnisin Institute for the Educa- 
 tion of the liliud is locateil here. The tine 
 building which has been used by the in- 
 stil iition was unfortunately destroyed by 
 lire a few years since ; and a new building 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Is In process of erection. The vnrions 
 ntlicldiis clenominiitions Imve clinrcli 
 eililli'es. Tlie puhlic schools liave line 
 biiililinRs; nnd the city is in the centre 
 of a tino aj;'''c'ilt'irttl country, comprising 
 some of the best-cultivated farms in 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 J'onnlation, 1875, 10,115. 
 
 licloit is beautifully situated on both 
 siiles of Rock River, about twelve 
 miles south of Janesville, on the State- 
 line; and is a thriving place of business, 
 liaving excellent manufacturing facili- 
 ties. Its tirst settlement was made in 
 1,S;H. It is the seat of Beloit College, 
 an educational instittition of high rank, 
 of which Rev. A. L. Chapin, LL.D., is 
 
 f (resident. The water-power at Beloit 
 las been much improved. Among the 
 manufactories are the Beloit Reaper 
 and Si<'klo Works; the Merrill & Hous- 
 ton Iron Works having one liundred 
 men in their employ, and manufacturing 
 water-wheels nnd other machinery; the 
 Rork Ri%-er Paper Company, maiiufac- 
 turlng wrapping and building paper, — 
 the latter a specialty, employing seven- 
 ty-fivo hands, and using about three 
 thcjusand tons of rye-straw yearly, pro- 
 diuing three thousand tons of paper. 
 Their building-paper is marketed to 
 Mexico, the Canadas, and most all the 
 Northern States. The Eclipse Windmill 
 Company has a factory, — a four-story 
 brick building, forty by ninety-six feet, 
 — and can make fifteen hundred mills 
 annually. D. W. Dake's Creamerv, by a 
 patented process prepares butter for the 
 market, of superior quality, and is doing 
 a large business. O. B. 01mstea<I& Com- 
 pany, manufacturers of windmills, tur- 
 lilne water-wheels. Beloit I'lough and 
 Wagon Works, of J. Tliompson & Com- 
 pany, mannfacture the Norwegian 
 plough, which is extensively used in the 
 North-west. Beloit has" some eight 
 churches, a large number of mercantile 
 establishments, as well as many me- 
 chanical shops and trailes. Its prospects 
 as a place of business are superior; ard 
 it luis many ailvantages as a place of 
 residence, and is beautifully situated. 
 IJelnit is on the Chicago and North-west- 
 ern Ilailroatl; it has a communication 
 with Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green 
 Bay, and the intermediate points. 
 
 Beloit College Is sittiated in a largo 
 and pleasant grove, on an elevated nnd 
 undulating plat of ground in the north- 
 eastern part of the city. It has a large 
 and competent faculty; and the insti- 
 tutiiui lias 11 high reputation, ami is well 
 sustained, and liberally supported. 
 Population. 1873, 4,(i03. 
 St. Ckoi.x Coti>TY. — St. Croix County 
 contains 4(k(,on7 acres of land, about 
 onefourtli under ctiltivation. The gen- 
 eral topography of the county is rolling, 
 tlHMigh, 111 many jilaces, swampy and 
 hilly. The soil is of a clay-loBui", very 
 
 fertile, producing all kinds of cere- 
 als. 
 
 Water -facilities are excellent. The 
 Willow River is a splendid stream of 
 water, capable of nmiiing lieavy ma- 
 chinery at numerous points; and other 
 streams traverse the county, on which 
 are muny good mill-sites. Oak, ash, elm, 
 birch, and bnsswood are the principal 
 varieties of timber. Several briiikyards 
 are in successful operation. Limestone 
 and stone-quarries, of good quality, are 
 found in many parts of the county. The 
 West Wi-sconsfn Railway, now com- 
 pleteil to St. Paul, runs across the coun- 
 ty nearly in an east and west line, near 
 the centre of the county. 
 
 In breeding of cattle, some of the fami- 
 ors are fast improving their herds by 
 crossing the natives, or what they call 
 scrubs, with the Durhams and Devons. 
 In liorses, they are doing something with 
 the Black Hawk, Morgans, and Brig- 
 nolias. Sheep-husbandry has not proved 
 remunerative, probably because they 
 started with the small Merinos. The 
 Southdowns, Ijcicestershires, and Cots- 
 wolds do finely. Pork - production is 
 steadil.y on the increase. A cross of the 
 White Chester and Suffolk makes ex- 
 cellent hogs. 
 
 Manufactures are confined principally 
 to lumber. Hour, fanning-iraplements, 
 tin and sheet-iron ware, wagons, &c. 
 
 The West Wiscon.sin Railway nins 
 across the county nearly in an east and 
 west line, near the centre of the county, 
 which gives direct connection witli 
 Madison, Milwaukee, Chicago, and tlie 
 East, saving a distance of nearly ninety 
 miles over the Minnesota railways, 
 making an excellent outlet for the 
 products. 
 
 Sauk Countv. — This county has the 
 Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Rail- 
 road running through the southern por- 
 tion; the Milwaukee and La Crosse, or 
 St. Paul Railroail, running through the 
 northern portion; and the Chicago and 
 North-western Railroad, which is the 
 main trunk, or most direct route from 
 Chicago to the Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road, running tliroiigli its central por- 
 tion. Hence, notwitlistanding its inte- 
 rior positions as rejjards the Cireat Lakes 
 and the great Mississippi River, its com- 
 merce has wholesome checks for extrav- 
 agant rates of transportation by the 
 nearness of the three railroad lines to 
 eat'li other; the middle representing 
 Chicago interests, while the outside ones 
 represent Milwaukee interests. 
 
 There \i another wholesome check 
 that miglit otherwise be demanded for 
 high rates of transportation, which is 
 the natural competiti(m that exists be- 
 tween water and rail transportation, 
 which a largo portion of the people of 
 Sauk County enjoy. Steamboat-naviga- 
 tiou can, with a trifling expense, oe 
 
fiOO 
 
 inSTORr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 bronylit into tlie oentro of tlin county 
 
 ria till! Ilarnil Itiviu-, wliiili is a slim- 
 
 ({isli 1111(1 (Icnp Htiemii ii>4 fur iiji as tlio 
 rapiils at llio villaj.'ii cif Uarralmo, wlieru 
 tlie stii'am falls fnrtv-six feet witliin 
 two iiiilcs ami a half. It is now jiaprovcMl 
 with four I lams; it eaiiliea^aiuilaiuiuiMi, 
 nialtiiiK over tlft.v feet within three miles 
 anil a half. This is oiiu of the liest 
 water-powers in llie State. There is not 
 one-fourtliof this Harralioo water-power 
 yet used. At the present time, aliouf 
 live huiidreil thousand dollars' value of 
 poods and uraius are maunfaitured liere. 
 Here yet is opened a lield for the em- 
 ployment of enjiital. There ean he read- 
 ily thirty water - powers enumerated 
 within Sauk County. 
 
 The western llndtofulaeial drift makes 
 Us lino through the north-eastern part of 
 Sank County, taking astrii> of the county 
 ten or twelve miles wide in its widest 
 place. Tlio land upon this strip is 
 chopped up into drift-hills; in plaies is 
 sandy and poor; in other pla<es, alluvial 
 and rich, with marshes, ponds, and lake- 
 lets. The Klii'iiil forces are liero more 
 stronnl.v nmrkcd than the country fur- 
 ther east. 
 
 In tlio driftless portion of the county, 
 wliero the valleys and ravines are truly 
 and syslomaticlly washed out, the lanil 
 is all a strong clay-hiain, and most of it 
 rich, and well watered. Sauk County is 
 all well watereil. In the western and 
 nortliern imrtions, the small streams are 
 tilled with speckled trout: atone plaie 
 they are cultivated as a farm product. 
 Farmers are latterly turniui; their atten- 
 tion to dairyin;^. 
 
 There is one iron mine and one 1ila.st- 
 fnruaco in the county that has run si.x- 
 teeii years, and has, ]uoliably, made two 
 hundred thousand tons of iron. At this 
 time, there are several other points in 
 tlie county that are hein;; "pros- 
 jMjcted;" and it is helieved that there 
 may lie (piite an e.\tensive rufjion of 
 banks of iron ore opened. 
 
 Speaking in a general way, we can 
 Hav that Sank tlounty has an e.\cellent 
 soil is well watered, and abundantly 
 tiiuliered, with alinndance of water- 
 power, and lar^e mineral resources ami 
 navigable streams. Certainly, it has all 
 the advantages a people need ask for; 
 and they are being rapidly taken advan- 
 tage of. 
 
 SiiAW.vvo County. — Shawano County 
 is sitiuited in the north-eastern portion 
 of the State. The general topography 
 of the county is rolling. Quality of soil 
 along the banks of .streams is a sandy 
 loam i while on the tipland.s it is a black 
 loam, with a clay subsoil. County con- 
 tains six hundred and Itfty thousand 
 atues of laud, with forty thousaiul un- 
 der cultivation ; of the balance, live liuii- 
 ilred and sevcuty-tlve thousaiul acres 
 are capable of cultivation. The county 
 
 is fertile, yielding good crops of all 
 kinds. (Jood mill-privileges are foinul 
 on iiearlv all streams, (iood clay, for 
 briitk auci other piirnoses, is abundant; 
 and brick are manufactured at reasona- 
 ble [irices. The prevailing limber of the 
 forests is oak, ash, pine, maple, beech, 
 hickory, basswood, and hemlock. Or 
 the streams that traverse tlui county, 
 the Wolf is the largest, being iiavigablo 
 up as far as Shawano Village. The riv- 
 ers and lakes are liilei' with (Isli of all 
 kinds. This county has good water- 
 power, and is well lulapted to the raisiiit; 
 of winter wheat. The winters are uni- 
 form; and the snow covers the grcuiiul, 
 and protects the grain; the result being 
 a yield of from twenty-live to tliirty-tivo 
 bushels per acre of very plump, bright 
 1 wheat, that produces the very bcsthraiul 
 of Hour. (J.its, barley, and rye grow 
 I well, anil produce heavy <!rops. 
 } SiiEHovdA.v Cou.NTV. — Twenty - flv6 
 year.s ago, this county was a vast wil- 
 iilenioss, with its forests of pine and 
 hard wood, broken only by the lumber- 
 man, who was employed in iiianufai:tur- 
 ing lumber, and exiiortiug it to a distant 
 market; ami the pioneer fanner was 
 occupied in cutting down the timber, and 
 burning it on the ground, to make room 
 for a farm. To-day more than half its 
 surface is a cleared Held; oiid its remain- 
 ing timber is valuable, and all needed 
 within its own limits. 
 
 At that time, and for years after, the 
 pioneer suffered all the iuconvenieiices 
 of settling ill the woods. Now he enjoys 
 i the benelits of living in a timbereil ro- 
 I gion. Then, with his own hand, he 
 j scattered the seed among the roots iu 
 ; the spring, and could be seen swinging 
 ' his cradle among the stumps in harvest. 
 ! Now the seeder sows his seed upon the 
 smooth Held; and the most ppprovoil 
 \ reaper cuts, and gathers into bundles, 
 the ripeiu:d grain. 
 
 Fruit, though not as easily raised as in 
 some counties, is found to re|)uy judi- 
 ciousculture; and from twenty-tive tlion- 
 .sand to seventy-tive thousand bushels of 
 apples is the yearly product. It is agreed, 
 among the pioneers, that the climate is 
 some wliat inodiHei! as far ivi agriculture 
 is concerned, sim r the lirst settlement 
 of the county, as but little ditiiculty is 
 now experienced in maturing corn and 
 vesjetables, and some varieties of grapes. 
 This is, in part, due to enlarging the 
 clearings, by which the air circulates 
 more freely; iu part, to ploughing and 
 cultivating the .soil, l)y which the heat 
 of the sun by day is retained iu tho 
 earth to temper the cold air of night 
 
 The uianufactiue of cheese is advan- 
 cing. A large portion of the lirst settlers 
 are of foreign birth, who, having passed 
 nearly half xhcir lives iu Europe, were 
 able to land upon these shores with little 
 more than the value of au eighty-acre lot 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOSaiN. 
 
 G91 
 
 of Kovemmont prlres, and yot liave sui> | 
 ■eciliMl ill nlnciiii; tlietiwrlvos in circiiiii- i 
 stamps i)f iiiil()|i«uili'ii(i», luiil nftoii nf 
 Avenltli, beiiin piws(!ss(!il (if valiialil(i 
 farms, witli cjoiiiiniiilliini liiiililiii;^'s, anil 
 all till) iiiipniviMl mill apiirnvcil inarliin- 
 or.v so lii^'lily imIzimI liy tlio Aniorican 
 faniirr. Tlii'ii' siicci'-is may he nwintf. in 
 part, ti) lialiits of iiulimtry ami oi'iiiiniiiy, 
 tians|)iiile(l fniiii tlie olil C'iniiitry, ami 
 tliDstiiiinlnsafTiiriUMl by lifeinHtilntiiins, 
 yiit iiiiicli to tlio capai'ity of the soil for 
 riiinrniiiK a rmvaril for lalior, to'^'ctlicr 
 witli a near and ipiiily niiukcl for tlai 
 prodiirts. Lalior- savinjj iimcliiiics of 
 all kinds liecnino nioru inniieroiis iivery 
 year. The present season, there has 
 lieeii sold to tlu! farmers of the eoiiiity 
 luiaily three hundred reapers and mow- 
 ers alone, and innninerahle iiiiplenients 
 of less yalue. 
 
 The mannfactiires of the eoniity aliout 
 eiiual the prodiii'ts of the farm, and have 
 aiyani'cd ronsiderahly since the late 
 census, partii'uhirly hrick, of which 
 ahout tiye iiiillioii are annually made, 
 chiefly at the city of Sliehoy^ian, tindliiK 
 a market at home and at various points 
 oil Lake .Michijian; leather, of which 
 Idiw ipiantities of nntiiii-<lied are year- 
 ly sent to the liostoii market; chairs, 
 which find a market in the cilies of the 
 West; and .steel, which is a new enter- 
 prise, carried on at Shelioytjan; while 
 other articles — sncli as flour, liimher, 
 wau'ons, steam -engines, farm - iniple- 
 nieiils, cloth, pottery, &c. — are iiianu- 
 factured with enterprise and success. 
 
 The facilities for comnierce have great- 
 ly increased; and the linsiness of the 
 port of Shehoy^jau has nearly doiihled 
 111 the last three years. Six years a,','o, 
 no railroad extended lieyond the limits 
 of tliecoiinty. Now the .Shehoynan and 
 Fond dii Lac liaili'oad extends to Fox 
 Itivcr, anil the Milwaukee and Nortlierii 
 to Meiia^ha, crossindcachotherat IMyiii- 
 ouih. near the centre of tlioconnty. The 
 Lake -shore Uoad extends from Mil- 
 waukee to Manitowoc, and will soon 
 reach out to (ireen Kay. Th(;<e, to- 
 gether with a Rood liarhor and lake- 
 coninierce, oUKht to servo all the re- 
 ipiirements of Imsiness and travel need- 
 ed f(u- the full develo|)nient of the iii- 
 diistiial interests of tins county. 
 
 Shi'.hiiijiiim, the capital of Sliel)oyt;an 
 County, is situated on Lake Jliclii^an, 
 at the month of a river of its own name, 
 sixty-two niile.s north of Milwaukee, 
 and a hundred and ten miles north-east 
 of .Madison. It was settled in is;«i, 
 ahandoned in 1840; and in lH4j it had a 
 huiKJred and fifty inhaliitants. There is 
 no city on the lakes iiioro pleasantly lo- 
 cated. The land, at this point, juts' out 
 into Lake Michigan; .so that, dnriiiK the 
 summer months, it is swopt by delightful 
 lake-hrcezo.<, aildiiiB Kreafi.' to the pu- 
 rity of the air and Uie salubrity of the 
 
 climate. The river liero desiribes an 
 immense curve, there beiiiv; nearly two 
 miles of naviualile stream wllliiu the 
 city limits. On both sides of tlie river 
 is a bolil plateau, with a penile iiinlulat- 
 iiiLt surface, exlendin(;on the north and 
 east to the lake, and westward back Into 
 the country for several miles. This 
 tahle-laiiil is beautifully dotted with 
 little Kri'ves of secoiid-j;rowlh pine, to 
 which I'ircnnistanco is attrilniicd the 
 desiynatiotl of the " Kver,'iecii City." 
 N'o liner sites for re'^idemes can be 
 found in the West than at and Mioninl 
 this city. 
 
 The business establishments on the 
 river, coiisistinsjof (;i"ist-mills, saw-mills, 
 factories, iinu liiiie shop, )ilaiiiu;,'-iiiill, 
 tanneries, elevators, and ship-yards, 
 with their nnmerous operatives, and the 
 constant hum of machiiiery, u'^e aiiiplH 
 evidence of the thrift, business enerjiy, 
 and enterprise of the inhabitants; while 
 north and east of the river is the leniial 
 mart of trade, willi its wide, clean, lieaii- 
 tifiil .streets, its iinposiu;,' brick struc- 
 tures, its banks, .stores, hotels, and 
 churches. 
 
 Sheboyjian has a Roodly number of 
 church orv;aiiizalioiis; and nearly all of 
 them have neat and tasty phu'es of wor- 
 ship. There is the .Methodisi, Conirre- 
 Kational, Lutheran, (ierman-.Metliodist, 
 (Jatholic, (iernian-Iteform, Kvaiutelical, 
 Episcopal, r.iid I'nilarian. They all 
 have larne coii^rejrations, and usually a 
 full atteiiilnnce, 
 
 .Sheboy^jan County li.as one of the (in- 
 eif conrt-liouses in the State, which was 
 built in IHiiS, and cost sixty-live thou- 
 sand dollars. Its fonndation covers I'.n 
 are.i of a hundred and live by a hundred 
 and ten feet, facing; on Centre Street. 
 It is built of a croam-colorcd brick: the 
 whole is surmounted by a dome, whoso 
 apex is a hiindieil and twenty feci al.'ovo 
 the earth, and a hundred and fifty above 
 the surface of the lake. 
 
 The llrst man that is known to have 
 visited the present site of SlieIioyj{au 
 was William Fariisworth. lie was an 
 Indian fur-trader, haviux a post at 
 (Ireeu fiay. Atone time, when he was 
 coasliuL; aloiifj the western shore of the 
 lake ill a ciuioe, between Green Hay and 
 (.^liiia^'O, he laiideit at this point. This 
 was ill the year IHIH. He subsei|iiently 
 settled near the present city. During; 
 the same year, a Frenchman, by the 
 name of Andrew Vieux, built a hut on 
 the east side of the ri'er, in wliicli ho 
 lived, and had horn to him the first white 
 child that saw the liKht of day in the 
 territory which is now the City of Slie- 
 lioyj^an. From that day, it has con- 
 tinued to grow and increa.se in popula- 
 tion and wealth. 
 
 The Shebovnan Manufaetnrinn Com- 
 pany established its works in IKii'.l, and 
 is now, with one e.xoeptiou, the largest 
 
G92 
 
 HISTORY OF W/SCO!fSl!f. 
 
 nlialr-tnnniifartory In Hie TJnItoil Stntos. 
 TliH I'Imrlarcil I'lipiliil i)f tliU o-itiililli)i- 
 iiii'iit in two liiiiiilitMl tliimsniiil (IdlliirH 
 ({iviii^ uiii|ili>yiiii>iit to twi) liiiiiilrL'il aiKi 
 llffy wiii'kiiinn. Tliu nrO'tiilout, S. M. 
 UiiiTolt, U n iiiiiii well veriBil in thu 
 ))iisiiio<H, and of liirRi) oxperionco. Tliu 
 
 lnr;;o iiioa of Krouuil, imilt of Miiwiui- 
 koo liiick, nndlicutcd witli steiuii. Tiiis 
 ('onipniiv HliipH tliuir Koods to nnirly all 
 parts o( the United States: tlio largest 
 portion, however, is kept in tlio North- 
 west. Tliere are a hiinilred ami llfty 
 dllTerent kinds of chairs niannfaetiired, 
 from the plainest np to the lliiest, 
 
 HhehoyKan has two ifood local papers, 
 "The Herald" and "Tlie Times. They 
 also have a j;ood Oermaii paper, " Tliu 
 Domokrat," well printed and eilited. 
 
 The edncatioiial facilities of Slieboy- 
 Ran are of u lii;;li order, and Hpeak well 
 for the intelli.noiK'O of its citizens. It lias 
 an excellent system of k''1>i1<-'iI sidioids 
 n lai'KO and inaijiiitivcntly furnished 
 brick schoolhoiisn, and a State Normal 
 Scliool. The best of teachers are em- 
 ployed; and the citizens of Sheboygan 
 Hpeak of their schools with cumnieiulu- 
 blo afToction and pride. 
 
 I'opillation, 1H7.">, ;i,4,-.0. 
 
 TAyum County. — This county was 
 recently or(»anized by the legtslatiire: it 
 is composed of partsof Clark, Chippewa, 
 Marathon, and fjincoin (bounties, con- 
 sistiiiK of twenty-seven townships The 
 land is generally niidnlatiii}}, and cnv- 
 cre<I with valuable timlier, principally 
 liecch, maple, oak, pine, hemlock, and 
 basswood. lii .some parts of the coiiiuy 
 then) are tine cranberrvniarshes, from 
 which are realized yearly Imndsume 
 prolits. 
 
 A large part of the county Is goverr 
 ineiitland; and excellent opportunities 
 are afforded for those who wish to make 
 a settlement. Tlie soil consists priiici- 
 
 fiall.v of da.v interspersed with vollow 
 oaiii. All kinds of products adapted to 
 the State can be prowu here, ana most 
 of them with prollt. Corn, in an ordi- 
 nary .season, does well; and potatoes 
 crow to an unusual size, — some twelve 
 iniihes in circninferenco. 
 
 The principal places in the count.v are 
 Medford, Clielsea, and We.stliorouKh, 
 situated on tlie line of tlie Wisconsin 
 Central Hailroad. The most important 
 village is Medford, the county-seat. The 
 site is a beautiful one. The villaso is of 
 meteoric growtli. The lirst building 
 erei^ted was about a year ago: there are 
 at present not less than .sixt.y. The 
 most important buildings are the large 
 saw-mill and planiiig-inillof Koliertanil 
 Whelaii, wliicli are of gi-eat value to the 
 
 Slacc. The saw-mill is the largest in 
 orthern Wisconsin. There are, also, 
 iiian.y large mills in other parts of the 
 county. 
 
 Tnp.MPRAT.K.vu CorxTT. —There are 
 not more than seventy-llvfl llioiisand 
 acres of improved land in this count.v. 
 
 The soil is (|uile varied in its character: 
 in some places, along the river-bottom 
 lands, there are patches where sund pro- 
 dominates; but miii'li the greater porl ion 
 of tlieso lands is Hiiscoptililu of cultiva- 
 tion, and yields good crops. With this 
 exception, the soil is a rich vegetable- 
 loam, iiiiilerlaid with a I'la.v siilisoil. 
 All tlie vegetiililes ami cereals common 
 to our State are easily raised here. 
 Wlitjat, both winter and spring, is largely 
 grown, and does well. 
 
 The surface of the county is some- 
 what broken. Along the courses of the 
 rivers Is generally a strip of level bot- 
 tom-land, varying in width, which usu- 
 ally terminates in sharp ridges, or blnlTs, 
 with an undulating or rolling surface at 
 the siimniit. Tliese bluffs are composed 
 of Potsdam sandstone iU the base, 
 capped with niagnesian liinestono ami 
 vegotable-loani. The saiulstono Is usu- 
 ally from two hundred to four hundred 
 and llfty feet thic^k; while the limestone 
 is from twenty to lifty feet. 
 
 The county is well watered. The Mis- 
 sissipiii forms a part of its southern 
 lionndary; and the Itia k, Iluffalo, and 
 Trempealeau Itivers, willi their tributa- 
 ries, pass through different sections of 
 the count.v. Uesides those, we have the 
 Iteaver and Tamarack Creeks, with 
 trout-brooks and innumerable springs 
 of soft water. 
 
 Most of the streams ore lined with 
 belts of hard-wood timber, consisting 
 mainly of oak, maple, ash, und bass- 
 \v v(,d. On some of the small creeks 
 tliiire are belts of tamarack. The bal- 
 ance of the timber is principally white 
 and burr oak. In the northern portion 
 )f the count.v, the timber is not abun- 
 ■'uint: In the southern anil western part, 
 tiiero is a good supply. The olimate is 
 dry and healthy. 
 
 Vehnom Cou.NTV.i — Vernon County 
 is sit'iated in the western part of the 
 State, between the forty-tiiiril and forty- 
 fourth degrees of latitude; its western 
 border, of twenty-two miles, Uiing wa- 
 tered by tlio Mis.sissippi Itivor. The soil 
 is good, and covered with a lieav.v 
 growth of hard-wood timlier, such as is 
 usually found in timliereil countries. 
 The priMlnct of small giaiii is equal, per 
 acre, to an.v part of the State; and in 
 vegetables it excels the prairie. The 
 surface of the county is rolling, and in 
 some places hilly, but all valuable for 
 timlier on such portions as cannot bo 
 cultivated. It is well watered by 
 springs and brooks, and well adapted 
 for grazing-purposes, for which it will 
 
 • We »re Indebted to O. Vf. Numm and 
 John K. Carson of Varoqun for tUU uketcb.— 
 U.K.T. 
 
n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 C93 
 
 ncinn liei'oiiifl iiofpil. Liko nil fln.liereil 
 liind, il H iiaiiinil fur i,'ra><'<: ami. Iiiiviim 
 
 niMiiiiliiiii'CMif \val«r, It will himhi \m in 
 
 tlic!(liilr,vlm.'piif'li"i "f iliii Stale. WItli 
 nil nliiinilaiii'u cif \vaiiM-|Mi\wi' fiiniislii'd 
 liviliu Itniraliiiii mill Kirka|)i>i> l!ivi'r'<, 
 niiil a .><M|>iM'iiir i|uullly of liiiilii;i' that 
 I'liillil lie us(>il fur tliu iiiaiiiifarliiri) of 
 fiiriiitiiru niid nuriiiilrirnl iiiipliMiieiit.^, 
 t. IS |i"i'*. of V('riiou County (iffei's lii- 
 ,<ii<'> iiicnlii ui|iial to uiiy purt of the 
 Stall!. 
 
 The roiinly I'oiitniiiM live hiimlreil ami 
 thirty-four tlioiHniid and forty acres of 
 Inmli oiiH-tliiril under niltivntion. Of 
 the lialaiit'c. alioiit onu-half in capable 
 of IhjIiiu "orki'il. 
 
 Tho ralsiiii; of Htork lias liecoiiio n 
 prominent feature with the liiHliand- 
 iiiaii, produriii);thu liest ipialit.v of ura-is- 
 fed Ht(i..k that lliids its way to rlio .Mil- 
 waukee or Clilciiiio markets. The llrst 
 atlomptto raise fruit was altendeil with 
 little succesM. Many were disheurteiujd, 
 and (jave up: otliers persevered, and have 
 met with Miei'ess. \Ve liave a few " iron 
 clad" varieties of pears that do well. 
 The tirstis the Haas; next, Totofsky and 
 Diuhess of OUIeiiliitrfj. Some others 
 have proved valiu^lile. Of (jrapos, the 
 Coiii'ord aud IJelawaro have done 
 nohly. 
 
 The prini'ipal kinds of tiiiilier are ma- 
 ple, oak, hasswiitid, and elm. I'lenty of 
 came and lish is found in tho forests 
 and streams. 
 
 Anion}; the principal settlements Is 
 V'liroipiii, a tUrlviiii; village, nnd the 
 county-seat. It has three churches, nnd 
 one union school with threedepartiiients, 
 which is well supported, both ns reLjards 
 attendance and the interest manifested 
 by the inliabitants I)e Soto, Victory, 
 and (ieneva, on tho Mississippi liiver, 
 are the principal markets for the western 
 portion of the county, and are also well 
 Biipplied with schools and churches. 
 
 There are about a hundred and twenty 
 Bclioidhoiises in the county, mostly of 
 wood, but some built of stone or brick, 
 wliii'h are very tine structures. The one 
 at Varofpia cost fourteen thousand dol- 
 lars. The avera;;e wastes paid to male 
 teiu^hers is thirty-live dollars, unti female 
 teachers twenty-live dollars, per month. 
 
 The population is about <ine-third 
 Norwegians, une-lialf Americans, and 
 the balance German. The county is in- 
 creasing fast in wealth and population. 
 It is estimated that two iiiilliou bushels 
 of wheat were raised in the county in 
 187;i. 
 
 Walwohtii Countv. — The soil of this 
 county consists of a clay aud black loam, 
 moat of it of an excellent quality. The 
 prairie-soil of this county is oijual in 
 fertility to any in the North-west. The 
 county contains 144,(!40 acres of land, all 
 owned by actual settlers, and about 
 tUree-fuurthH uf it under cultivation. 
 
 Torn 
 
 ciiiiiity, llierii lia-i been out litllo cliaime 
 ill tliM past leu yours Wliciit. corn, and 
 oats continue io be the Iciiilim^ crops. 
 Ili'ooiii-corn Is rai-icd to a far greater ex- 
 tent than foriiiiTlv. Not less than live 
 liundred tons of )inisli were raised in 
 IS7II. Hops have been riii<ed toacmi- 
 siileralile e.\tent diuiiw tlie past three 
 years. No new varieties of urain have 
 come into popuhii lii\ 'II in the past ten 
 years, tlioiii'h a consiilenible enort has 
 been made by iiilerested parlies to intro- 
 iliice llie Norway or Kamsdale oat, at 
 fabulous price*; but the only prollt se- 
 ciii(!il, .so far, has been baKKed by the 
 parties si'lliii); the seed. 
 
 In the maniifacturiiit; Industries, there 
 has been a marked im|irovement witliiii 
 the past decade. Ten years aLto the 
 maiiufai'tures of the cuiiniy were limited 
 to u few agricultural iiiiplemenis, and 
 Hour, wilh a small aiiiiiiint of liiiiilier 
 sawn from the trees of our native for- 
 ests. In IS'il the iiiannfactories turned 
 oiitartichM of coiisiilerable over a mil- 
 lion dollars ill value. e.\eliisive of Hour 
 and feeil. The past decade Inn wit- 
 nessed a very Kieatimpiovemen tin farm- 
 lmililiii^;s nml farin-iiiiin'ovements gen- 
 erally. The old liiu-hoiises have nearly 
 all disappeared, and wilh them have 
 (ioiie the unsijilitly straw-covered stables 
 and );ranaries. 
 
 A marked improvement is noticeable 
 in frnif-niisini,'. The orchards have not 
 only ureal ly increased in nunilier nnd 
 extent, but have improved in thrift and 
 general appearance. The small fruits 
 are also rai-ied in vastly (jreatx-r (luaiiti- 
 lies. All hardy varieties of ocrries 
 prove productive nnd prolltable. drapes 
 are also rai.sed ton coiisideralile extent. 
 In public liitildiii<;s tlie.e has been a de- 
 cided improvement iliiriii<{ the |>ast dec- 
 a<le»especially in schoiil-biiildiiiiis. 
 
 lIoK-rai^incand pork-making; have in- 
 creased in a marked deiirce, aud, for the 
 past ten years, have niven the farmers 
 the fairest sum of net prolit of any 
 branch of industries. In tliis braucli of 
 industry, there is the most radical and 
 noticeable change. I'p to IKiid, a very 
 larKe per cent of po!k raised in the 
 county was slanijliteicd on the farm; 
 now but a very small per cent, it btin;; 
 mostly sold on foot, and takeu to the 
 cities for slaiiKliter. 
 
 Geneva i.nke, ten miles long and three 
 wide, Delavan r..akc, Laiidenlale Lake, 
 Silver Lake, aud olbers in the county, 
 are beautiful bodies of water, and, to- 
 Kellier with the nuiiierous creeks and 
 streams, nfTord an abundance of deli- 
 cious lish. Whitewater is tlio lar;,'esD 
 vilhise in the county, and has iiiniiy 
 lar};e manufacturing; establishiiienls, 
 ainoiiK which iiiiiy be mentioneil Kstei- 
 ly's reaiier and seeder shops, and Win- 
 uliester's wagou-sliops, both of which do 
 
C'Ji 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 a very lari;e l)iisiiiess, aiiil niM very 
 iiiiicli Id the prosperity of tlie villiiite. 
 
 At Deliiviin is loiated tlie Dt'iif ami 
 DiUTili Asyluiii (if tlie Stiite. Klliliiprii 
 is llic cuiiiity-seiit iif the loiiiity; and 
 liiilli of these are 1)eautiful ami thriving 
 villages. 
 
 'I \:". Milwaukee and St. I'aul Railroail 
 runs thi in;;li the mjithcru pan of the 
 •■iiuiily, til! Western I'liimi tliniuiih the 
 •eiitral; and the Ciiii'aKu and I.,ake Su- 
 ))t:icir Air lint, and oi'ier lines, are in 
 l)ii)spe(;t. 
 
 Tlie selioiils tlir(iu;.dioitt the county 
 are ill excellent ciinilitiun, the climate 
 .siiliihriinis and heallhy, and the people 
 ■generally intelligent and thrifty. 
 
 Wliilficdtcr is n tlonrishiii^' village, 
 situated on the Milwaukee ami !st. I'aul 
 Itailioail, iii^the north-western part of 
 'Walworth County, and alioiit lialt-wa.\ 
 lietween Madison and Milwaukee. It 
 is surrounded liy a rich ai;riciiltural dis- 
 trict, and has an excelhuit Imsiness for 
 its superior faciliti(w for s!iippiii'.i srain 
 and proiliice. .Mannfactiiriuit h.v watek"- 
 power, one of the most important essen- 
 tials to its pi'o.perity. is carried on ex- 
 tensively; liiere heiii;;a larf;(! paper-mill 
 ill successful operaiiiin. and several 
 tlouriii'j; iiiilU. Two of tlii^ important 
 institutions here are Ksierly's Iteaper 
 Fai'tory, and the e^ialilislnuent of Wiu- 
 chestc'i', l'iinrid'..;e. & Compan.v, nianu- 
 facturers of liiinlier-wairons, ploujjhs, 
 road-scrapers, thiinlile-skeiiis, A'c ; and 
 the siijierior ipiality of their worknian- 
 sliip is such, that a ready .sale is pro- 
 nioKMl throiijihout the .State. The Stale 
 No^'iiial Si'hool is one of the? finest speci- 
 iiieus of architei'tiire in Snuthern Wis- 
 consin: is located ill ihe suhiirhs, upon a 
 siiililly elevation; ami the ellicient corps 
 of teacliers, ami the extraordinary suc- 
 cess atteiidin;,' its iiiana^ement. speak 
 fiu' it a hijjii ile;;i'eo of iiopiilarity and 
 usefulness. 
 
 I'opiilalion, t«T,5, 4,.'!!i,i. 
 
 AV.vsii'NdTov CoiNTV.' — WashlnKfon 
 County contains twelve towns dps, and 
 is iweiity-fiuir miles loiiy from i ortli to 
 South, and eighteen iiiIUm wide Tlie 
 Hcucral lopoiriaphy of the county is roll- 
 ing:. Tile soil is clay, mixed willi a saiid- 
 loani. There are i;7li.4H(l acres of land 
 ill the counly : about live-ei],ditlis of this 
 anionnt is under cultivation. All laiiils 
 of the counly are in possession of actual 
 sell lets, and worth, on an averajze, 
 twciiiy-ei:;ht dollars per acre. The fa- 
 cililies for water-powers are average. 
 'J'lic Milwauki* Itiver, ami the Ceilar 
 and Uiiliiciin (yi-eeks, wilh their trihnta- 
 rie-i. fiiniisli ah'indant water for H'-ne- 
 ral pnr|ioses. 
 
 Tliere are several water-powers at 
 Vi'uAt Uend, lUrton, and Cedar Creek, 
 
 yet undeveloped, which will afford e.v- 
 eellent s'tes for factories and mills. 
 
 Iron ore has heeii discovered in Hart- 
 ford, hut undeveloped. It is of the 
 ^aiiie (jnality as that at Iron Itidije, 
 which will eventual y he of (jrent heno- 
 tit to the industrial interests of the 
 county and State. The prevailing tiin- 
 her is oak, maple, hasswood, lieecli, elm, 
 cS:c. llrickyards are carried on; but the 
 brick are not of the lirst rpiality. In 
 the sontli-eiHt part of the county, there 
 is a ipiarry of jine linildiii<;-stone. Sev- 
 eral streams travei-se the countv. The 
 Milwaukee and La Cros.se llailroad 
 passes throiiiih the counly. Kiitiire 
 railroad facilities are only prospective. 
 The county is strictly auricidtural. 
 Jloro than nine-tenths of tlie inhahit- 
 ants follow ajjricnltural imrsuits. 
 
 The climate and water are e.xcellent; 
 and, taken all in all, it is a j^ood county 
 to live in. 
 
 West liend, the county-seat, lias five 
 cliiir .lies and tlve schools; Barton, two 
 churches and two schools; Kewaskiiin, 
 two I'liiirches amlseveral schoids; Hart- 
 ford, fiuir la' live churches and several 
 schools; and Scldeisinj:erville, two 
 churches ami several schools. The 
 schools throiifihoiit the county are well 
 supported. Teachers receive from 
 twenty-live to sixty dollars jier month. 
 The f.'reat majority of the inliabilants 
 arederiiians; but, in the south-west cor- 
 ner of the ciaiuty, Irish are well repre- 
 seiilcd. 
 
 Waikksiia (.'orNTV ' — The county is 
 situated directly west of Milwaukee; 
 and its averiiiie distance is less than 
 twenty -liv<! miles from the cily. its 
 nearest heini; eiy;lit milei. The surfaio 
 of the county is rolliiii;. The soil is 
 various, bill mostly loam and clay. 
 County contains lUIS.d-Hl acres of land, 
 more than one half bciiiu under culti- 
 vation. Of the balance, threo-foiirlhs 
 are cap.able of inipidvement. 
 
 Neither (hivernment nor State now 
 holdsauy land in tlKMnunty. There are 
 several piod water-powers in the county, 
 mostly improveil. No mineral dejiosits 
 have bei'ii discovered; but ipiarries of 
 stone abound of tlie liiiest i|nallty. 
 Ijiiiie enters largely as commerce of 
 several towns, especially Waukesha, 
 I'awankee, mid Menomoiieo. 
 
 The county is well watered ivitli 
 sprinsfs, ireeks, and rivi'rs; none iiavi- 
 ','aiile. A mineral spring lias recently 
 oeen <liscovered at Waukesha, named 
 Melhesila. It is said to have cured sev- 
 eral idironic cases, and is becomiin; 
 somewhat celebrated for its curative 
 liroperlies. .Milwaukee and .St. Taiil, 
 and Milwaukee and iVlississippi, JJail- 
 roiids run tlirim;,'h the eonnty. The 
 
 • Wo are InilcMeil in 1''. .\. Nell niul .Iiwopli 
 Oil u( WlsI Ui^iiil tur thia Bketeh. — C. U. T. 
 
 > W<! nil! inilctileil to .I.ilin E. Soabolil of 
 Wiuikeulm for this Bkutfli. — (J. K. T. 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 C9o 
 
 ediionfinnal interests of the county nre 
 Hi-nerallv' snsfiiiiieil, anil its common 
 scIkioIh (irn woll (■■jnitucted. 
 
 Tlie prevailint; timber is wliite nnd 
 reil oiik, majjlo, tjasswood, asli, elm, anil 
 some cherry and black-walnut. 
 
 Tlierii is some brick-clay liiscovered in 
 the county, but not yet much used. 
 Potter's clay, in considerable quantities, 
 is found in the towns of Merton, Menom- 
 onee, and Lisbon, and in the latter place 
 used by iiotters. 
 
 Tlie principal source of industry of 
 the county is fannlnj;; but, of late, stock- 
 raising; lias also been extensively entered 
 into. Sheep are found in Kreat abun- 
 dance; anil wool comnuinds a );oiid price 
 in Waukeslia villai;e, which is quite a 
 prominent wool-market, and has a larKO 
 wooUen-f.oi^tory in constant operation. 
 This fiu'tor.v employs a lari;n number of 
 hands of both sexes; and its manufac- 
 tures, especially its sliawls, have be- 
 come quite celebrated. Larire additions 
 have lately been nuide to l)uildin;;s and 
 machinery, and facilities for business 
 increased. 
 
 Waupacca County. — In the north- 
 west part of this county are many blulTs 
 and hills. The .soil there is, in many 
 places, rather stony, hard of cultivatiou, 
 aud not as fertile as in the valley.s. 
 
 In the rest of the county, the" surface 
 is (leneiallv level, or jjently undulating, 
 c.tpable of beinn easily cultivated, and 
 producinf; all kinds of crops and fruits 
 adapted to a northern latitude. 
 
 The eastern and north-eastern part is 
 heavily timbered, cousislinj; of oak, 
 ina]ilo, birch, ash, cherrv, hickory, but- 
 ternut, elm, basswood, ironwood. poplar, 
 tamarack, pine, aud, in a few places, 
 hendoi'k. In the northern part is much 
 Valuable pine, which linds a way down 
 the Wolf IJiver to a steady market. 
 Durinj; the season when the lous are 
 '"driven," the river is often completely 
 blocked with lofjs, forminj; "Jams," i'u 
 many instances, for miles; thus com- 
 pletely stopping the pa.ssiuj; of .stoam- 
 ooats for days, and sometimes for 
 weeks. 
 
 The principal crops raised are wheat. 
 Winter and spring wheat are botli raised, 
 and do well; as do corn, barley, oats, 
 rye. bui'kwheat, peas and beans, pota- 
 toes, &c. 
 
 The ra' .lUR of stock jia.vs well; and 
 intich 'lat is excellent is beiiiR intro- 
 dncL,!. Many parts of the ci>unt,y ap- 
 pear to l.e peculiarly ailapted to the 
 raising of sheep; and some ({ood blood 
 is Immiij; imported. In 1.S7(I the wool- 
 crop of our county was ;(:),:!hl pounds. 
 The Ion;; \,'iiol, or "mutton varieties," 
 appear to be the most popular. .Sheep 
 are remarkably healthy here, and neiier- 
 ally fat. 
 
 Our coiint.v has no lack of e.xcellent 
 water-powors. In the north aud north- 
 
 east part of the county are the Little 
 Wolf, Embarras, and I'iu'con Kivers, 
 and in the south and west are the 
 Waupivca, I'earl, and Little Kivers, — 
 all excellent, aud capable of much iiu- 
 provement. 
 
 The Waupacca Woollen-Mills are lo- 
 cated on the Waupacca River, at Wau- 
 pacca, the county - seat, and turn out 
 much excellent cloth. 
 
 Several brickyards have been started 
 at Waupacca, Wey an wego, Fremont, 
 and perhaps one or two other phwes, 
 where excellent brick are being manu- 
 factured. 
 
 A potterv has been running for some 
 time at WoyaiiweKo, where excellent 
 liKht - colored crockery-waro is being 
 made. 
 
 A bed of the same kind of clay ha.s 
 been found at Fremont, and only awaits 
 "skill and enterprise to bring it out." 
 
 The Wolf traverses the easterit i)art of 
 the county, and is u.avigable for .steam- 
 lioats during all stages of the water. 
 A large and profitable amount of boat- 
 ing has licen done for luanv years. 
 
 Small lakes abound in different parts 
 of the county, whose clear, pure waters 
 are well stocked with fish. The pike, 
 pickerel, black-and-white or silver bass, 
 pi'ivli, catlish, sturgeon, &c., abound in 
 our lakes and streams, and are caught 
 b.v our wil.v anglers in great profusion. 
 
 The railroad-facilities are good. The 
 Central Wisconsin enters the county 
 near the south-east corner, and passe.s 
 through in a north-westiuly direction 
 towards Lake Superior. Thetiicen Hay 
 ami Lake I'epin Koad passes through 
 the north part of the county, crossing 
 the Wnlf Uivcrat New London. Other 
 roads are In i'ontenii)lation. 
 
 Soin(> towns in the county are settled 
 mainly by emigrants from the .Middle 
 aud Kastern States. A few have a largo 
 iMopintion from fiermanv, Denmark, 
 Niirway, and other parts of Kiirope. 
 Sober, intelligent, industrious, and en- 
 terprising as the inajoritv of them are, 
 it is no wonder lliat ourcouuty is ,so fast 
 improving in wealth and real inosperi- 
 ty, and already ranks among the lead- 
 ing counties of Northern Wisconsin. 
 
 Free schools are found in ever.v neigh- 
 borhood, where the children of the poor 
 en.joy all the advantages of a lilieral edu- 
 cation with tlie .sons aud daughters of 
 the wcalthv. Tlie school-code is one of 
 the best in the world. 
 
 WAirsiiAiiA CoiNTV. — Waushara 
 Coiintv comprises eighteen townships, 
 and is in the sbaiie of a parallelogram, 
 being eighteen irdles wiile anil thirty-six 
 miles lung. tJeneral tupogranhv of the 
 county is level; some bluff'* in the north- 
 ern and central towns; swampy at mouth 
 of I'iiie Uiver and Willow Cicck. The 
 three eastern towns nre heavil.v tim- 
 bered, with the exception of some quite 
 
606 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 large tracts of marsh. These marshes | 
 are valuable for the cultivation of cran- 
 berries. The soil in the timber portions 
 of the county is of a cla^'-loani; on the 
 prairie, black loam ; and, m the opeuings, 
 sandy. County contains 207,3fl() acres of 
 land; one-terth being under cultivation. 
 
 The county is well watered by Pine 
 River and Willow Creek, both pood mili- 
 streams, on which are several saw and 
 prist mills. In addition to these streams, 
 almost every farmer has what he calls 
 a fountain, or flowing well, the water 
 never freezing in the coldest weather in 
 winter, and always sufficient to supply 
 any amount of stock. The forests of 
 the county contain all varieties of tim- 
 ber, such as are found in North America. 
 They have large beds of clay, that make 
 cream-colored brick, and, with the facil- 
 ities for i)ian>ifacturinp, would be equal 
 to any manufactured in the State; also 
 potter's-clay of excellent qnality, which 
 makes superior stone-ware. 
 
 Of the principal rivers and streams. 
 Fox Kiver on the south, Wolf River and 
 Lake I'oygan on the east, are navigable, 
 line River, Willow Creek, and Mec^an 
 River are larger streams, and stocked 
 with lisli. Small game is abundant. 
 Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, at 
 Berlin, is half a mile from the south line 
 of the county, and will be extended 
 through it. The Wisconsin Central 
 passes four miles north; and a road 
 from Prim;eton to Stevens Point will 
 be built from Herlin to Weyuawego, 
 through the three eastern towns, con- 
 necting the Milwaukee and St. Paul 
 with the Wisconsin Central Railway. 
 
 The principid industry of the town is 
 agricultural; wheat, rye, corn, oats, and 
 potatoes being raised to perfection. A 
 large amount of hay is also raised. There 
 are seven custom tlouring-mills, ten or 
 more saw-mills, and three canling-ma- 
 chiues In the county. All these would 
 be well sustained. 
 
 WiNNEDAao CouNTr. — Concerning 
 this county, J. H. Harris of Oshkosh 
 writes as follows, "The tonography of 
 the county is rolling, not hilly, with no 
 swamp-laud to speak of. There is some 
 marsh-laud on the borders of Lake Butte 
 des Morts and the Fox River, probably 
 not exceeding five hundred acres in the 
 whole county; and that is considered 
 worth about one-third as much ns up- 
 land, for the excellent quality of hay it 
 produces. 
 
 " There are in this county 'Jfi8,5'J'_' acres 
 of land, of wliich three-fourths are un- 
 der cultivation; the exception being in 
 wood -hits, pasture -grounds, ond the 
 marsh aliove spoken of. The whole of 
 this land is capable of cultivaliou when 
 wanted, except the nuirsh. The land of 
 the county is mostly all owned l)v actual 
 settlers. The valim of iiiiproveii land is 
 Ci'um thirty-live tu lifty dollars per acre. 
 
 " The Lower Fox River at Keenah and 
 Menosha, at the outlet of Lake Winne- 
 bago, affords the best of water-power, 
 and 19 capable of being improved to a 
 large extent. 
 
 "There are no minerals in the county, 
 except a small tract of pure silicon or 
 white glass sand, which is capable of 
 extensive operations in the manufacture 
 of glass, but not yet improved. 
 
 "The timber of the county is mostly 
 red, white, and black oak, "'..ith small 
 tracts of land in all parts of the coiint.v, 
 on which basswood, hickory, ash, and 
 elm prevail. 
 
 "The railroad-facilities of the count.v 
 are the Chicago and North-western, the 
 Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Oshkosh 
 and Mississippi; and through a small 
 part of the county, on the north, is the 
 Wisconsin Central, with a northern ex- 
 tension connecting at this place, in pros- 
 pect. 
 
 "The sources of industr.v are agricul- 
 ture, maniifivcturing, and lumbering. 
 The principal crops raised are wheat 
 com, oats, and potatoes." 
 
 Oshkosh is the principal ctt.y; and, be- 
 fore tlie destructive lire which swept 
 over the city in the summer of 1874, it 
 was one of the handsomest ami most 
 prosperous cities in Wisconsin. Al- 
 though the fire destroyed much of its 
 lieauty and wealth, it is still one of tlie 
 leatling cities of the State. Menasha, 
 Neenah, Omro, and Wiunecouna are 
 thriving towns. 
 
 Oshkosh, the county-seat of Wimiobago 
 County, is situated at the mouth of the 
 Upper Fox River, and on the western 
 shore of T^ke Winnebago, a magiiilicent 
 sheetof water, thirty-five miles iu length, 
 and ten to twelve miles in wiiUli. Tlie 
 river, from the mouth up to Lake Butte 
 des Morts, has an average width of about 
 one-eighth of a mile, and is from twenty 
 to thirt.v feet in depth, forniliig a harbor 
 (if spacious dimensions. The ciu-rent of 
 the river is vei-.y slow, and subject to im 
 freshets; consequontl.v the liarl)or for 
 logs, thuber, steamers, barges, &o., is 
 ample, and safe beyond all contingon- 
 cies. The situation of the city is one of 
 much natural beauty; beingon a slight- 
 ly elevated plateau, which grailually 
 rises from the shores of tlio river and 
 lake. Its mnin business-street is one of 
 the handsomest in the State, is paved 
 with tlio Nicholson pavement, and is 
 largely composed o' fine brick struc- 
 tures. Man.v of its otlier streets are 
 very attractive with elegant jirivato 
 resi(!pnre:;, several of them of jialatial 
 dimensions, and of much beauty of 
 finish and design. 
 
 In many localities, the native forest- 
 trees have l)een preserved. Tliese beau- 
 tiful oaks aild much to the handsome 
 appennmce of Algoma Street, which U 
 well built up for a distance of two mile*. 
 
BISTORi' OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 697 
 
 The high - Ri'liool hiiilclinj; just erecteil, 
 at a cost of sixty tlioiisaiid dollars, is a 
 luajriiiliceiit brick-structure, of elefiant 
 architectural proportions. The court- 
 liouse is also a spleiuliil massive brick 
 buiUling, aud is a credit to the city ami 
 county. AmonK the luany chunli-edi- 
 (ices are several tine structures. 
 
 The lake-shore locality of this city is 
 one of tlio most deliiihrful and desiralile 
 sites for private residences. From the 
 mouth <if the river, north, the shore is a 
 beautiful one, slopiuj; gradually to the 
 water, and terminating in a ttravelly 
 Iwai'li. The broad waters of Lake Wiii- 
 neliago stretching away in the dim dis- 
 tance; tlie handsome points and bay.s, 
 and the high lands of Calumet County 
 on the opposite shore, forming a scene 
 of natural beauty that is seldom 
 eijualled. 
 
 It is one of 'he most important towns 
 in the north-eastern i)art of the State, 
 au<l has );ad an unparalleled growth. 
 The city, I'lowever, has suffereil severe- 
 ly by lire; and the business-portion of 
 the city ha" fre(iuently been in ruins; 
 and the one of April 2W, 1K75, was very 
 disastrous. The enterprise of tlie people 
 is shown in the rapidity with which it 
 has been rebuilt, an<l a better class of 
 buildings erected. The city had, u few 
 years since, seventeen saw -mills, six 
 shingle-inill.<, three planing-mills, tour 
 breweries, three printiug-ofHces, eleven 
 clmrches, and a large numl)er of stores 
 and mechanical shops. Not having any 
 statistics cf tlie city since the tire, we 
 caniiot give an account of them. Few 
 cities have letter advantages tor growth 
 and prosj «rity than Oshkosh; and with 
 thi i'esou.ic<of the water-power of the 
 II' <•;-. ;'.id itsrailroad-fa<'ilities with 
 '. .iu .t'e (tud Chicago on the south. 
 
 V on the north, it cannot 
 
 i!0 moat important of the 
 
 M.usin The lumbering- 
 
 ii"i city is a prominent 
 
 »<;-. '-.ti',' 
 I U ■ - ,..■ 
 c.'fie^ i . 
 biisine.ss 
 one. 
 
 Pop-tlation, ISTi), 17,015. 
 
 Mcnitahd, is pleasantly situated on the 
 north branch of the B"ox River, and the 
 village of Necnali on the south branch; 
 the limits of the tw liages joimug on 
 tho sectional line riiiuung through the 
 centre of Doty's Island. The two vil- 
 lages really constitute a community of 
 one common interest in general nmtters. 
 The watcr-powerat these points is great, 
 and is put to use in the large number of 
 manufactories that are located on the 
 freams. A few years since, there wcie 
 
 ■ teen flouring-mills, with forty-live run 
 .it stone. The manufacture of spokes, 
 'llei!-gi-n(ii., chairs, and paper, is 
 1 . Iv. >.rri»>d on. Both of these places 
 iiavo lino blocks of cream-colored brick, 
 e.\celleiit hotels, schools, some fifteen 
 churches, and all varieties of trades and 
 uuuupatious, 
 
 The population of Menasha and Nee- 
 nah, in lH7i5, wa.s 7,'.il.'i. 
 
 Wood Countv. — Wood County is sit- 
 uated nearly in the geograidiical centre 
 of the State. About two-i birds of the 
 area of the county is rolling; the re- 
 maining one-third is tiat and swampy. 
 
 The .soil of tho central iunl northern 
 portion is a rich loam, cmitaioing a mix- 
 ture of clay, sanil, and vegetable-mould. 
 The soil of the soutlioru and eastern 
 sections is lighter, containing more sand. 
 In the south-western portion are exten- 
 sive marshes and mea<lows, peculiarly 
 adapted to the culture of cranberries 
 aud stock-raising. The county contains 
 five hundreil and thirty thousand acres 
 of land, of which only about thirty 
 thousaml acres are under I'ultivation. 
 Two-thirds of the balance are capable of 
 being improved. 
 
 About two-thirds of the surface of the 
 county is a vast, hcavily-timbere<l for- 
 est of white-pine, white and red oak, 
 whue and black ash, maple, hemlock, 
 and butternut. 
 
 Good clay forthe nmnufactureof brick 
 i.' found in all localities of tho <i)nnty. 
 
 The water-powers on the Wiscimsin 
 Piver, in the eastern portion of thecoun- 
 ty, of Grand Kapi(ls, Centralia, I'ort 
 E<lwards, and Point llausse, are ileemed 
 equal to any in .he co'iutry, not except- 
 ing the Falls of &t. Anthony, or the 
 rapids of the Lower Fox. They consist 
 of a series of rapids about twelve miles 
 in extent, falling, in the aggregate, nearly 
 a hundred feet, and furnishing a con- 
 tinuous chain of water-powers on both 
 sides of the river, of almost unlimited 
 capacity. 
 
 The river can be improved at a trifling 
 expense: in fact, it is already titled by 
 the hand of Nature for extensive u^e; it 
 beirg divided by islands into several 
 channels, as it were natural canals, upon 
 which mills can be erected and operated 
 at very little cost for dams or other im- 
 provements. 
 
 At present, there are situated upon 
 these water-powers live saw-mills, hav- 
 ing a capacity for cutting fifty million 
 feet of lumber |)er annum, a tlouring- 
 mill, a foundery and maihiue shop, a 
 planing-mill, anil several shingle-mills; 
 aud these witliont the digging of canals, 
 cutting of channels, or other expensive 
 improvements. 
 
 There are also many smaller water- 
 powers in the county, situated upon 
 Slill Creek, Hemlock Creek, and i'ellow 
 Kiver. 
 
 Lands in this county are very <'heap. 
 Many of them were bought up years ago 
 for small patches of pine that were on 
 them, and have since been sold for taxes 
 to the county. The ciuiuty is now pre- 
 pared to give a good title to many o( 
 them, and will sell theiii oa very favorer 
 ble terms to actual settlers. 
 
CHAPTER XLVII. 
 Wisconsin's ■women. 
 
 Short Bio^aphical Sketches of the Pioneer and Prominent Women of Wisconsin. 
 
 We give, following, a short chapter on the leading women of Wisconsin of 
 the past anil the present. The moans within owr reach for procuring the proper 
 data for these sketches was not calculated to insure complete success in every 
 Instance: indeed, in many cases we were wholly unable to procure the desired 
 information. Many causes united against the progress of this cliapter. In the 
 first place, a number of the subjects most desired had passed away, leaving no 
 records Ixihind them, save those lodged in the memories of scattered friends. 
 These were often incomplete, and always difficult to reach. Nor were we in any 
 better condition with regard to those now living. Most of the latter were 
 shocked with the idea of havitig any portion of their lives preserved in history. 
 Owing to these and other difficulties, we arc \inable to present any thing like a 
 complete biographical dictionary of the prominent women of the State, How- 
 ever, the result of our labors in this direction will, we think, be full of interest 
 to every reader. We are indebted to the good taste and great perscvenince of 
 Miss L. De V. Park of Madison, for most of these sketches. (She lias collected 
 all of the materials for this chapter, and finislied for the press many of tho 
 sketches. The trace of her graceful pen is visible In the sketches of Mrs. 
 Harvey, Mrs. Doty, and many others. 
 
 Miss. Sally FAiRcnii.n. — She was 
 born at lilandford, Mass., Juno 11, 
 1802. Ill the bloom of young woman- 
 hood, while visit in-j; friends near what 
 Is now the city of Cleveland, C, she 
 became acciuainted with C(d, J. C. 
 Fairchild; and they were married on 
 the 4th of April, 18l'0. The first 
 twenty years of their married life were 
 spent in or near {'Icvcland: but on tho 
 eighth (lny of June, 184(5, they estab- 
 lished for ilnnnselves a new liome in 
 Madison, willi whose history their own 
 was thenceforth honorably idoiitiricd. 
 When they took up their residence in 
 Madison, they left behind them in 
 Ohio th<^ grave of their liist-born, who 
 had (lied in infancy, but were accniii- 
 lianieil hither by all the remaining chil- 
 (i<J8 
 
 dren, — the only daughter, Mrs. Sar.ali 
 V. Dean, and the lliree sons, all of 
 whom have since won di-tiiu'tion In the 
 service of the eoiintiy. Of that family, 
 after tli(! death of tbu father (in .hilv. 
 18(il'), Mrs. Fairchild was tlie revered 
 head, whose presence seemi'il at once 
 its bond of niiioii and its crown of 
 honor; for .she was in a ]ire-eiiiinent 
 degree one of those whom we delight 
 to lioiior, and of wlioni it may be said, 
 '• Iler ehililri'ii ri>c up, and call her 
 bll's^ed." And how many are the men 
 and women whom her large-bearled 
 and unwearied hospiialily biive made 
 to look upon ber home almost as their 
 own, wlio will, at the mcntiin of lier 
 name, ilo her memory an almost filial 
 homage 1 
 
niJTORY OF WlSCOXSfN. 
 
 cm 
 
 In any community, Mrs. Fairchild 
 wniild liiive been looked upon as a re- 
 inai'Ualile person. Tliero was in Iior a 
 niinsjieil di.^nlfy and ijraeo of bearing, 
 a blended repose and force of cliarae- 
 ter. a tirniness of purpose, an energy 
 and jierseveianee mingled with a i)rae- 
 tical flood sense and taet, and, withal, 
 nn indcf.atisablo watchfulness for all 
 who came within the lart;e r.aniie of 
 her acf|Uivintanoe and benevolence, 
 which are rarely couil)iiie(l in so liij;h a 
 uc;:;ree in any one iniliviilual. Hardly 
 any other person known to the citizens 
 of Madison seemed as constantly to 
 express in the daily rouiul of life, 
 thoU!,'h she never uttorc<l it in words, 
 that famous sentiment of the Homan 
 poet, " I am a human beins; and noth- 
 nig that is human do I deem foreign to 
 me." 
 
 And through all the long weeks of 
 her severe and prostrating sickness. 
 until the power of voluntary control 
 over mental action ce.ised, nothing, it 
 is said, was more remarkable than ihe 
 clearness and exactness of her thoughts, 
 except the constancy with which those 
 thou;,dits were directed to the comfort 
 and welfare of others, even in those 
 minute matters of which one in her 
 condition cotild hardly be expected to 
 think at all. 
 
 She died at the residence of the 
 fainilv in Madison, about noon, on 
 Sunday, Oct. 21, 1S07, in the sixty-fifth 
 year of her age. 
 
 Prof. Conover, writing of tills nohlo 
 iaily, says, " IJut it is vain in this 
 brief notice t) attempt to do its siiliject 
 justice, iiouml to lier by no tie of 
 kindred, bi'iind <iidy l>y that unfailing 
 kin(li;e>s, tliat thoughtful good-will, 
 which, for more tlian sixteen years, fol- 
 lowed him and his. as it followed so 
 many others, the writer cannot ileal in 
 studied eulogy, still le<s in cool analy- 
 sis of character. lie reniemliers only, 
 that in that genial and hos|iital)lehnme, 
 where, like oiIkts. lie lias .-o often 
 sought comfort and society in hours of 
 trial or of loneliness, a stalely and ven- 
 erated form will n(!ver .again rise to ex- 
 tend to him the cordial greeting; aiul, 
 so remembering, he is silenced by a 
 pang of personal grief." 
 
 Mii'i. (Jov. Hknuy Dodoi;. — Promi- 
 nent among Ihe early settlers of \Vis- 
 C'lisjii is till! wife of ex-(rov. Itenry 
 li Ml';e, who was born I'eb. 2. 178."), near 
 I!ardi|owii, Xelson County. ICy. She 
 vvifi the ilauglit"r of .lames Mebonald. 
 When eleven years of age, she. with 
 licr lather and his family, emigrated 
 
 west of the Jli-sissippl Eiver, where 
 they made tlieiriiome in tlie Spanisli 
 province of U])|ier Louisiana in ITild, 
 eight years anterior to its purchase by 
 Tlionias Jefferson. 
 
 She was married in tlie lionhnmme 
 Scttloineiif, St. Louis County, Mo., in 
 March, ISDl, to Henry Uodge, with 
 whom she lived until her death, — .a 
 period of sixty-live years. Slie was tlie 
 mother of thirteen children, nine of 
 whom (seven daughters and two sons) 
 attained mature years. 
 
 Sirs. Dodge endured all tlie priva- 
 tions, sufferings, and dangers incident 
 to .'I residence upon the extreme fron- 
 tier of tlie North-west, tlien constantly 
 menaced by Indi.an liostilities. 
 
 In the ever-varying fortunes of lier 
 pioneer husband, tlio rude log-c.al)in 
 and stockade-fort were, during many 
 years, tlie pl.vces of lier abode. Often 
 has she tied with her children to some 
 neigliboring " lilock-house" for s.afety 
 and protection from the savage foe, 
 known to spare neither age, sex, nor 
 condition. 
 
 Nearly fifty years ago, she migrated 
 from Missouri to AVisconsin, ascending 
 thoMis.-issippiat a time when the jour- 
 ney (now one of two or three days) oc- 
 cupied more than a month ; the primi- 
 tive craft in which she travelled being 
 propelled by the hands of tlie Canadian 
 boavnien of that day. 
 
 Possessed of a serene disposition, of 
 calmness .ind courage, she exhibitiHl 
 under all th' trials of life singular 
 resignation and tranipiillify. Of a con- 
 templative and serious mind, she bo- 
 came, early in life, a professor of reli- 
 gion, and ever after, botli liy precept 
 and example, .'iilhered to the cause of 
 the Saviour with increasing zeal and 
 faith. 
 
 it may be truly said that her life was 
 likea]:iaeid stream flowing smootiily 
 on uniil it was lost in tlie ocean of 
 eternity. 
 
 Mrs. Dodge died after a short illness, 
 in the city of Durlingtou, lo.. Marcli 
 ;'>0, 180.'), in tlio eighty-lirst year of lier 
 age. 
 
 Tlie circumstances atttuiling lier 
 death were calculated to soothe her 
 dying nionient<. ,She was suirouiiileil 
 by her devoted husliiiml, liy children, 
 graiidehildren, and kind friends, .she 
 died iis ^he had lived, calmly and 
 quietly; and without a pang, a groiiu, 
 or a stru'.'gle, her soul ascended to the 
 Ood wh > gave it. 
 
 Mns. Ci)iti)»:Li.v A. P. IIai!Vi;y. — 
 Perliaps there is no name in Wijconsiii 
 
700 
 
 Bl STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 so honored, or Imld In sucli deep affec- 
 tion, as that of IIakvey, — cstcenied be- 
 cause it represents tliat whii'li is nolile, 
 brave, and true in man and in woman, — 
 esteemed not only liy tlic citizens of tlic 
 State, or by tlie courageous soldiers, or 
 by the young men and women, but by 
 the little children, the hope of thi fu- 
 ture, the orphans of our "boysin' luc." 
 Our lamented ex-governor, Lou. \ P. 
 Harvey, went South soon after the 
 battle at Sliiloh. The object of his j lur- 
 ney was to furnish Wisconsin so'iliers 
 with army supplies and medical aid. 
 That he was unselfish, and thoughtful 
 for the welfare of others, may he seen 
 by the letter dated two days previous 
 to his death, and which proved to be 
 the last one written to his wife: — 
 
 riTTsnuiio LA.NmNO, April 17, 1882. 
 Dear Wife, — Yesterday was the 
 day of my life. Thank God for the 
 impulse that brought mc here. I am 
 well, and have done more good by 
 coming than I can well tell you. 
 In haste, 
 
 Loiiis. 
 
 This letter reveals th' nobility of 
 Mr. Harvey's character better th.anany 
 analysis whidi we might be able to 
 make. At Savainiah, on his return 
 home, as he was about to pass from 
 one boat to another, his foot slipping, 
 he foil, and was drowned. As the cold 
 waves of the Mississippi swept over his 
 beloved form, the colli waves of sorrow 
 swept over tlie heart of his honored 
 wife, increasing in scope until all the 
 people of the State were ingulfed in 
 gloom. 
 
 Since those not personivUy acquainted 
 with him mourned Ills untimely death 
 so sincerely, how can words express 
 the grief of his almost constant com- 
 panion I Her love, her pride, her joy, 
 was gone. In a moment, the llghtof her 
 life went out, — went in the fulness of 
 its glory. O ye women to whom strong 
 love is so vital, and who have been 
 similarly bereft! ye only can sympa- 
 tliize with Mrs. Harvey. For a time, 
 she succumbed to her deep grief ; but 
 when Its strength had partially worn 
 away, knowing her life must still 
 continue, it is only natural that the 
 question should revolve itself in her 
 mind as to the object of life. WHiile 
 ill this state of mind, she began to feel 
 the whole import of her husband's 
 character, of which his letter to her 
 was but an Index. These feelings 
 influenced her, till it became a settled 
 
 conviction that she must rise up. and 
 linish the work Mr. Harvey had so 
 nobly commenced, — of earing for the 
 Wisconsin snliliers. With her, to will 
 was to act. Her bereavement had much 
 to do In preparing lier for the work in 
 whicli she was to engage. 
 
 Early in the fall of 1S(>2, Gov. Salo- 
 mon cordially granted her rcfjuest to 
 act as one of the sanitary agents of the 
 State, in order that she might visit the 
 sick and wounded soldiers from Wis- 
 consin in tlie military hospitals of the 
 Western Department. The woik was 
 entirely new, and one in which intelli- 
 gent and worthy women liad sometimes 
 utterly failed. 
 
 The" complete and thorough system, 
 wliich, at the close of the war, eliarac- 
 terlzc(i our entire medical department, 
 was not then In force, burgeons in- 
 competent from drink, or lack of edu- 
 cation, were found in many hospitals. 
 Though the delicacy of the situation 
 impressed itself on her mind, she was 
 not long in arriving at a pertinent con- 
 clui'.on of the projjcr course to pursue. 
 Accordingly she went to St. Louis. 
 While there, she m.ade her home at the 
 house of Creorge Partridge, Ks(|., a 
 member of the Western Sanitary Com- 
 mission. On the 20th of September, 
 Mrs. Harvey called on and was kindly 
 received by Dr. Mills, the United States 
 Medic:'! Director. She visHeil hospitals 
 in Kifth Street and at Uenton Barracks, 
 and found them emwded with men 
 from the camps and the battlif-lields of 
 Missouri and Tennessee. As she glided 
 from cot to cot, ministering to those 
 dear boys whose i)alo faces were turned 
 wistfully toward her, and who, though 
 not Inured to hardship, had volunteered 
 in the first flush of enthusiasm, her 
 kind heart w.is irresistibly drawn to 
 them by the Invisible cords of sym- 
 pathy. 
 
 Just after the First Wisconsin Cavalry 
 had returned to Cape GIradeau from 
 their terrible raid tlirougli the swamps 
 of Arkansas, slie received news of great 
 suffering at that place. In seeing them, 
 she could not repel the thought, whicli 
 thrust itself continually before her, of 
 the time when she and her noble hus- 
 band had tosetber reviewed them in 
 Wisconsin, wlieu the regiment was re- 
 plete in numbers, and stood erect in the 
 glow of health and manly pride, but 
 now was so sadly reduced. The hos- 
 pitals weie crowded, and the means in- 
 adequate for supplying; tlie necessary 
 aid. Tliey had nothing to subsist upon 
 but the common army rations. She 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 701 
 
 iiid 
 so 
 
 dll 
 
 icli 
 
 ill 
 
 telojraphed to Mr. Tcatinjin, president 
 of the Western Sanilary Comniission, 
 and in two days received abundant 
 supplies. 
 
 Soon after lior return to .St. Louis, 
 she went to Wisconsin to give proper 
 dli'!ctions to tlm ladies who were niak- 
 ins; ellorts to alleviate the sntTerings of 
 the soldiers. In October Mrs. Harvey 
 revisit(?d the hospitals. She did all in 
 lior power to comfort them, wrltiiig to 
 their friends, and procuring discharges 
 for those who were in a dying condi- 
 tion, and were inifit for service. With 
 a lieart burdened by grief, i)Ut with a 
 cheerful countenance, she went where 
 attendants refused, and surgeons were 
 arti'ighted, to go. Her furgel fulness of 
 self w.as truly wonderful. Once con- 
 vinced that her object was just, she 
 left no honorable nu'aiis untried to 
 secure it. When surgeons could not 
 he llattered or coaxed, she administered 
 a gentle threat, or gave an intimation 
 that higher otlieials might learn of the 
 report. 
 
 In visiting Ironton. during the latter 
 ])artof October, she t'o\ind the Eleventh 
 liegiment to be suffering from ma- 
 larious diseases, contracted while at 
 Helena, Ark,, and otlxT posts. One 
 patient, a mere youth, a membiu- 
 of Coinpanv A. remarked, when he 
 lie.ard of Mrs. Harvey's arrival, "My 
 turn will soon come: for she'll get me 
 my furlough.'' The furlough did come 
 the next day. The poor lad, on hear- 
 ing it, said, "God bless her! Thank 
 G(xll I'm going home." He turned his 
 face to the wall; and he who seenii'il 
 .so strong was at home in a half-hoiu's 
 time with his Father in heaven. This 
 dying soldier but expressed the seiiti- 
 iiient which perv.aded the hearts of all 
 our boys, — •■ Cod bless her!" 
 
 ■She returned to St. Louis Nov. 1, 
 when the sui-geon in charge of the 
 liospitals wrote to Gov. .Salomon com- 
 mending her elTorts. During the same 
 month, while she w.as at Cape Gi- 
 rardeau, (Jen. Curtis gave her permis- 
 sion to visit all the liospitals in his 
 command, with an order to quarter- 
 nuasters and trans|>ortation companies 
 to afford her and her sanitary articles 
 transmission. One hundred men were 
 found sick at Meiniibis; and for many 
 of these she procureil dl-charges. She 
 went next to Helena, St. Louis, K(dla, 
 Ironton, and early in February, ISOl!, 
 to Memphis, from wliich place she 
 directed a letter to the governor, urging 
 hitn to establish a hospital there. In 
 a letter to liim, she said, " Wo have a 
 
 great many sick and wounded here; 
 and to-morrow I commence visiting 
 the hospitals. 1 feel that I can do 
 great good here. I am very well, and 
 shall labor with delight ; for I know 
 just what to do, and where to go, the 
 authoritii!s are so willing to aid me." 
 
 Finding no Wisconsin men sick at Co- 
 rinth, she visited .liickson, La Grange, 
 Jlempliis, and, in March, Vieksburg, 
 where she wont to see Gen. Grant, and 
 was successful in securing the issue of 
 orders to send patients having chronic 
 diarrlnea to Northern hospitals; and 
 another to clear out the convalescent 
 camp at Memphis, discharging tlioso 
 unfit for service, sending others to 
 their regiments, and appointing medi- 
 cal Inspeetors to every army cor[)s wlio 
 should have full power to discharge 
 disabled men. The United States .Sani- 
 tary Commission gave an order to Mrs. 
 Harvey for all necessary supplies, and 
 one hundred dollars to bo used every 
 month for the benefit of soldiers, ac- 
 cording to her judgment. 
 
 In the spring of 18(i3 Young's Point, 
 across the river from Vieksburg, was 
 tlie limit of uninterrupted navigation; 
 and much sickness was induced by the 
 high water covering the low lands. 
 After a f<>w weeks' labor, Mrs. Harvey 
 herself was taken seriously ill with the 
 terrible nii.asma, and returned North, 
 S|wnding the summer in Wisconsin and 
 Now York. 
 
 Her next work was to carry into 
 execution jier plan of establishing gen- 
 eral hospitals in the North. For the 
 most part, this work was received with 
 very lilllo favor by the high oflieials. 
 In ScptembiM', after securing the co- 
 operation of Gov. Salomon and others, 
 she went to W.ashington. and made her 
 plea in person to the President. She 
 obtained a few interviews with tlie 
 much-honored Mr. Lincoln, which 
 finally terminated by granting a Gen- 
 eral Hos]iital to Wi-^consiu. It was 
 lociiteil in Madison. The United .St.ates 
 Government purchased the building 
 which was erected for a residence by 
 ex-(iov. Farwell, and converted it into 
 the widely-known "Harvey Hospital." 
 As a sample of the good which the 
 Harvey Hospital did for our soldiers, 
 the first instance might be cited. Out 
 of tlie one hundred men which were 
 sent from Fort Pickering, a convales- 
 cent camp, only seven died, and five 
 wore discharged; and the remainder 
 returned to active service. 
 
 Early in Octidier, Mrs. Harvey re- 
 turned to Mempliis, and in November, 
 
702 
 
 ntSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 uiulor Gov. Siilomou's Instructions, 
 went to Vick-hui-i;, and niado tliat 
 place her headciuaitcrs. Ilcr field of 
 operation was from Meraphis to New 
 Orleans, and to such points on each 
 side of the river where Wisconsin regi- 
 ments were stationed, or where Wis- 
 consin, men were to be found in hospi- 
 tals. She remained at Vici;sburg until 
 June, 1805, wlieu alie returned to Wis- 
 consin, and interested lierself in the 
 establishment of tlie Soldiers' Orplians' 
 Home. In 18(i0 tlic State bought the 
 Harvey Hospital for ton thousand dol- 
 lars. Tlie amount received by sub- 
 scription for its support was nearly 
 thirteen thousand dollars. Mrs. Har- 
 vey, with a temporary I)oard of in- 
 structors, opened the institution. She 
 was made the first superintendent; 
 and, at the time the State took pos- 
 session, eiiility-four orphans were ad- 
 mitted. Mrs. Harvey resigned her 
 position May 1, 180". Her native 
 liome is liarre, Orleans County, N.Y. 
 Her work began in sadness, but was 
 crowned with joy. Truly God blesseth 
 every good work ; and may our coun- 
 try bo made happy by the efforts of 
 many such noble, Christlike charac- 
 ters ! 
 
 Mns. Anneke. — Madame Anneke 
 is a German lady, whose superior talent 
 mid culture, whose varied and remarka- 
 ble life, and n-iany public works, have 
 won f >r her an enviable popularity and 
 distinction auiong her country men and 
 women, both in Europe and America. 
 In very early life she became much en- 
 gaged in literary pursuits, and inter- 
 ested herself in political ailairs. 
 
 During the German troubles of 1848, 
 her liusband, who was a Prussian oili- 
 cer, espoused the cause of the revolu- 
 tionists, and becimc a powerful leader 
 of the party, which he served on n\auy 
 a battle-lield. In this work the young 
 wife heartily sympathized; and slie, 
 too, rendei(vi the patriots powerful aid. 
 When, at length, her husband was 
 captured and imprisoned, under sen- 
 tence of death, in Cologne, where he 
 lay for neatly a year, Madame Anneke 
 removed the furnttme and carpets from 
 her parlors, and, bringing in a printing- 
 press, editeil a paper in the interest of 
 the revolution. In this way, she con- 
 tinued to labor, until, her party losing 
 g.'ounit, she was forced to abatulon her 
 work, and (ly for s.afety. Leaving her 
 children with trusty servants, she now 
 ha-teued to join her husband, who had 
 in tlie mean time been liberated. In the 
 Ueld. She took a place on his staff, of 
 
 which Carl Sehnrz was also a member. 
 She served in tlii- capacity until tha 
 close of t!ie struggle. She has seen 
 many battle-fields, and has been in tlio 
 thickest of tlu) fray, doing a siddier's 
 duty by day, and sleeping on the field, 
 by the feet of Iier trusty steed, at night. 
 
 When the revolutiotiists were finally 
 overpowered, she, witlx her family and 
 others, sought a refuge in France; but, 
 owing to the chaotic condition of affairs 
 there, this proved an unsafe .isyluni, 
 and the fugitives were forced to t!eo 
 for life to Switzerlaiul. Here, again, 
 they found themselves unprotected, 
 and were obliged to (ly for safety. It 
 was now decided that the party should 
 ^e^■k a refuge in America; and they 
 came hither nearly twenty-live ye.ara 
 ago. M.adamo Ainieke, having made, 
 with hor children (her husband pre- 
 ceded her), the then tedious journey 
 from Xew York to Milwaukee, soon 
 busied herself lecturing to th(! (lermans 
 upon the recetit struggle, and the con- 
 dition of affairs in the Old Country. 
 She was one of the earliest workers for 
 tlie cause of enfranchisement of women 
 in this country, and twenty-cine years 
 ago advocated the reform both in her 
 w-ritiiigs and public lectures. She re- 
 peatedly addressed large assemblies in 
 Boston, Kew York, ami Philadelphia 
 on this subject, and for years con- 
 tinued the work in tlie various cities 
 and towns where many Germans were 
 gathered. 
 
 She addressed the American Equal 
 nights Association, hi her own lan- 
 guage, at the .anniversary in Xow Y'ork, 
 in 18.VJ. Uut this is not all. She sub- 
 sequently edited and published a paper 
 in the interest of this rcfurm, called 
 the "Frauen Zeitung," or "Woman's 
 (Jazette,'' This paper was first pub- 
 lished in Milwaukee, and at'ti'rwards 
 ro>noved to New Y'ork. After three 
 years of s(!verc editorial labor, slie was 
 compelled, by ill health, to abandon 
 tlie enterprise. Subser|uently she went 
 to Europe with an American lady to 
 whom she was devotedly attached. 
 Seeking a quiet rural home in Switz- 
 ' erl.and, the friends spent four delight- 
 i fill years in literary pursuits, only 
 breaking the monotony by occasional 
 short trips to Paris and the German 
 heights. Several volumes of poems 
 and drama were published as the re- 
 sults of their labors. Keturning to 
 tlie United St.ates, she established in 
 Milwaukee, about nine years since, 
 an academy for young ladies, wliero 
 foreigners may learn English, and all 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 703 
 
 may bo instnictotl in tlic Frencli, Gcr- 
 miin, and Liitlii toiiirucs. 
 
 Ilitro Madame AniicUo may be found 
 daily, superintending tlio education of a 
 large company of young ladies, among 
 wlioin are her own dauglitcrs ; and it is 
 easy to see tliat siie wlio lias suffered 
 so many reverses of fortune, wlio has 
 served her country in peace and in 
 war, is also the tlujrougli scholar, the 
 successful teacher, and the gifted, ac- 
 compli -hed lady. She is still devoted, 
 heart and soul, to the enfr.inchisement 
 of woman ; and the cause has much to 
 hope from lier influence, especially with 
 those of her own nationality, wlumi 
 she constantly addresses by tongue 
 and pen. 
 
 Miis, Maiiy J. Ru9K. — Prominent 
 anioni; the ladies of Viroijua was Mrs. 
 Mary J. Husk, the first wife of Oen. 
 J. M. Husk, and the youngest daughter 
 of Abraham Martin. Siie w.as born in 
 Perry County, O., in 1S02. In 1840 
 she was married to J. M. Husk. They 
 cam(! to Wisconsin in 18.")3, and settled 
 at Viroqua, Badaye C'.mnty, now known 
 as Vernon County. Tlieir twi> children, 
 a sou and a dai'giiter, have both grailu- 
 atJd from 'tiu; State University of Wis- 
 consin. The son, L. J. Ku-^k, has ju-^t 
 been admitted to the bar in La Cro^sc. 
 The daughter. Charity A. Kusk, resides 
 with her father in Viroqua. 
 
 Mrs. Kusk wa" medium in size, and a 
 lady of remarkable beauty. Possessing 
 finely-moulded features, and dark haii' 
 and eyes, with a very fair com|)lexion, 
 she could not avoid the admiration 
 given her. Being eha'itablo and hos- 
 pita1)le, she retained the highest esteem 
 ot her neighbors. Ilei manner was 
 natural and enlivening. One would 
 not remain long in th'j presence of 
 Mrs. Husk without noti.ig the genial 
 disposition, the amiability of char- 
 acter, and the h.'inpy blending of many 
 good (jualities. Combining these natu- 
 ral graces of the physical .and mental 
 systems, which slie possessed to so 
 eminent a degree, she could not be 
 otherwise than a valuable acquisition 
 to society, and a beloved wife and 
 mother. 
 
 Mrs. Rusk died about seven years 
 after her marriage, at her residence, in 
 Viroqua, in January, 1>;.')0. She was 
 not a member of any church, though 
 a firm believer in the principles 
 of Cbri-tlanity. She died sincerely 
 mourned by a large concourse (ti 
 friends and relatives, and especially by 
 her bei(!avpd husband and her alllict- 
 ed little ones. 
 
 Mns, Eliza Salomon. —During the 
 war, and while the patriotic sentiment 
 raged and spread rapidly over our 
 State, an accomplislied and cultured 
 woman might have been seen ([uietly 
 seated in her own jiarlors, seeking no 
 prominenee, but working faithfully 
 and diligently for our " boys in blue." 
 This brave woman, about wluim is 
 no ostentatious display, is Mrs. Eliza 
 Sahmion. Iler homo was in our me- 
 troi)olis, Milwatikeo. ller efforts were 
 ciiaracterized by generosity and in- 
 dustry. Both she and her husband 
 were ot German descent; and they 
 rendered much assistance to the Ger- 
 man soldiers who were fighting for 
 tlicir adopted homes. 
 
 In 1801 Mr. Salomon was elected 
 lieutenant-governor on the same ticiiet 
 that the lamented Louis Harvey was 
 elected governor. On tlu; death of 
 Gov. Harvey, in April, 18(i2. Lieut.- 
 Gov. Salomon took his i)laee, and 
 served out the remainder of tlio term, 
 — twenty-one months. 
 
 The work of tlie wile, as well as the 
 husband's, now lay in a l)roader field. 
 From this time, ;ill the soldiers of Wis- 
 consin, witliout regard to nationality, 
 received sustenance from licr. This 
 noble work engrossed nearly her whole 
 time, both at homo and abroad. She ac- 
 companied her bu-^band wherever duty 
 and inclination called him to look after 
 the soldiers. Viek^burg was visited, 
 and at a time when it was exceedingly 
 dangerous; for the guerillas swarmed 
 the Mississippi, and often fired into 
 the vessel, but fortunately did no 
 harm. The soldiers at this place 
 were found to be suffering extremely. 
 Though there was much work to bo 
 done in Vieksbui'g. and though her 
 time was limited, she was enabled to 
 do nuich of it. 
 
 She visited the hospitals of Indiana, 
 Illinois, St. Louis, Missouri, and of 
 other places whiMC lay our sick and 
 wounded men. Her quiet and firm, but 
 cheerful manner, made her luimerous 
 warm and lasting friends. Maiiv a 
 soldier is happy in testifying of lier 
 generosity in friendship and in finan- 
 cial niiitters. 
 
 At the fir-it Sanitary Fair held in 
 j Chicago, Mis. Salomon's energy and 
 ambition ransed her to institute a Ger- 
 man departnu.'Ut. Contriljutions if 
 nc- '.lo and handiwork were received 
 froiu the German ladies of Wisconsin 
 and Chicago. Tlie whole plan prived 
 to bv! highly suee<'s-.ful ; for the rec(;ipts 
 amounted to full six thousand dollars, 
 
704 
 
 niSTORY OF vriscoNsm. 
 
 Mr. Salomon's piiMlc (hitios wore 
 over in .Jiimiary, IWU; but Mrs. Salo- 
 mon's imlilio (lulU^s wore not ovtT till 
 the closo of tlio war. Slio had found 
 her Hold, and liravcly diil sho work in 
 It; and many a man has lived to rise 
 from a licil of sickness, and praise her 
 unsclli.-h zeal, 
 
 Thou!;h her home Is In Now York 
 City, wlicre her liuslmnd Is engaged In 
 the l('.;;al in-olo^sion, '■ wn still count 
 them as iiurs; for lli(^y w(M-e one with 
 us In our firr-[l ajjlinitn." 
 
 Kl.i.A AViiKici-i:!!. — The charmint; 
 younj; poetess, wlio has, at the early 
 •igo ( f tweiuy-four years, already won 
 n conspieuoiis place in the literary 
 aininis c t V>'i<con:-ln, was born In the 
 town of .)olin'.t<nvn,Kock County, Wis., 
 in November, l.'.'S'l. Her father ( Marcus 
 II. WheeliM') and lior motlior (whoso 
 maiden name was Sarah Pratt) wore 
 froui Vermont, and emi'^nitcd to this 
 State In 18-1!), and settled lirst at Johns- 
 
 iwn. When Klla was about one year 
 o. ;, they moved to the town of West- 
 port, Dane Coimty, Wis., where they 
 still reside. Ella's oppr)rtunltie9 for 
 education were almost wholly limited 
 to the dif'tiict school; niul, with the ex- 
 ception of a single tenn in the State 
 University, this was the only Institu- 
 tion of leaniiui; she has ever attended. 
 She learned very rapidly, and, of 
 course, ,so( ii ran llirou',di with all the 
 branches taught in tlie common school. 
 Ilor poetic gi'ni;is began to display it- 
 self .it an early age; .and in licr fif- 
 teenth year she wrote .several pieces 
 which were publl died, ami attracted 
 considerable attention. Before she luul 
 reached her twentieth year, she had be- 
 come a welcome contributor to such 
 flrst-class pajiers as •'Harper's Weekly," 
 Leslie's i>ublicatious, and the " Phila- 
 delphia Post." 
 
 It may be proper, perhaps. In this 
 coimection, to give a brief hi-^tory of 
 the circumstances under which she 
 became a paid contributor to the first- 
 named paper. She had sent several of 
 her poems to the editor of " Harper's 
 Weekly," all of which had been re- 
 jected. In the mean time, one of her 
 contributions to the '•Philadelphia 
 Post" aliiT.eted the alteiiliou of an 
 English magazine, and was deemed 
 worthy of being copied; but her name 
 was dropped from it. And in this 
 anonymous form It went the rounds 
 of the press, aiul at last found its 
 way into the poet'.s corner of " Har- 
 j)er's Weekly." Having made the 
 discovery of this fact, Miss Wheeler 
 
 wrote to the editor, Infonnlng him, 
 that, inasiuueli as ho Jiad deemed one 
 of her poems worthy of republication, 
 perhaps he might now bo willing to 
 accept of some f rexh from her pen. The 
 result was, that the " Weekly " retained 
 several out of the batch that the young 
 poetess sent, and tliereafl(!rshe became 
 a regular contributor to " Harper's." 
 As a sijechiu'ii of her earlier poems, we 
 give tlio foHowIng, which was written 
 iti her twentieth year, and for which 
 the Harpers sent her a check for tifteen 
 dollars. 
 
 THE MESSENGER. 
 
 BY Kr.LA WnEELEIl. 
 
 She rose up In the early dawn. 
 Ami white aiul silently she moved 
 
 About the house: four men had gone 
 To b.attlo for the laiul they loved ; 
 
 Aiul she, the mother and the wife. 
 
 Waited for tidings from the strife. 
 
 How still the house seemed 1 and her 
 tP-ad 
 
 Souiulcd like footsteps of the dead. 
 
 The long day passed. The dark night 
 came. 
 
 Sho had not seen a human face. 
 Some voice spoke suddenly her name. 
 
 How loud It sounded, in that place 
 Where d.ay <in day no sound was heard 
 But her own footsteps I "Bring you 
 
 word," 
 She cried, to whom she could not see. — 
 '• Word from the battle-plain to me I " 
 
 A soldier entered at the door, 
 And stood within the dim flrelight. 
 
 " I bring you tidings of the four," 
 He said, " who left you for the tight." 
 
 "Gcd bless you, friend!" she cried, 
 '•speak on; 
 
 For I can bear it. One is gone?" 
 
 '■Ay, one I" gonel" ho said. "Which 
 one'?" 
 
 " Dear lady — he, your eldest son." 
 
 A deathly palor shot across 
 
 Her withered face. She did not weep. 
 She said, '"It is a grievous loss; 
 
 But l!od gives his beloved sleep. 
 What of the living ?— of the three? 
 And when can they come back tome?" 
 Tlic soldier turned away his liead — 
 "Lady, your husband, too, is dead." 
 
 She ptit her hand upon her biow. 
 
 A wild sharp pain was in her eyes. 
 '' My husband ? U God I help me now." 
 
 The soldier shivered at her sighs : 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 705 
 
 Tho task wns lianlor than lie thouRlit. 
 " Your youiigoHt son, dear madam, 
 
 fought 
 Close at liis father's side: both fell 
 Dead, by the bursting of a shell." 
 
 She moved her lips, and seemed to 
 moan. 
 
 Her face had paled to ashen gray. 
 "Then one is left me, — one alone," 
 
 She said, " of four who marched 
 away. 
 O over-ruling, all-wise God, 
 How can I pass beneath thy rodl" 
 The ooldier walked across the floor, 
 Paused at the window, at the door, 
 
 Wiped the cold dewdrops from his 
 cheek, 
 
 And sought the mourner's side again. 
 " Once more, dear lady, I must speak. 
 
 Your last remaining son was slain 
 Just at the closing of the fight. 
 'Twas ho who sent me hero to-night." 
 " God knows," tho man said afterward, 
 " The light itself was not as hard." 
 
 Miss Wheeler has already published 
 two books of poems. Her first volume 
 was made up exclusively of temper- 
 ance poems, and was piil)lished under 
 the auspices of the National Temper- 
 ance Association; and her second, 
 which is composed of miscellaneous 
 
 fiicces, was published by herself, and 
 las, we believe, reached its second edi- 
 tion. Both her books have received very 
 wide and flattering notices from the 
 press. Her tempei'ance volume found 
 such favor abroad, that an English pub- 
 lishing-house solicited the privilege of 
 republishing it, and offered, at tho same 
 time, to secure a share of the proceeds 
 to the young authoress. A request 
 couched in terms so flattering was, of 
 course, granted; and not many months 
 since, Miss Wheeler had the satisfac- 
 tion of receiving from across the ocean 
 a very handsomely bound volume of 
 tho British edition of her temperance 
 poems. A London paper has conferred 
 upon her the high distinction of being 
 the " Temperance Poet Laureate of 
 Europe and America," — a title, coming, 
 as it does, from a higli foreign source, 
 of which she has just reason to feel 
 proud. Indeed, Miss Wheeler's literary 
 career has been singularly successful 
 from the very outset. In addition to 
 her poems, she has written for various 
 papers and periodicals several hundred 
 prose sketches and stories. She writes 
 with the utmost ease either prose or 
 poetry. An anecdote will, perhaps, best 
 
 illustrate her readiness at composition. 
 In 1872, when the re-union of the 
 Grand Anny of the Tennessee was 
 held at Madison, Miss Wheeler had 
 been invited by Col. Thomas Ueynolds 
 to write the poem for tho occasion. The 
 poem, as originally composed, had 
 omitted to make any reference to Gen. 
 Sheridan, as It was not known that L. 
 was going to be present. After hio 
 arrival, and after the crow<l had assem- 
 bled in tlie Capitol, and in the midst of 
 the noise and confusion, Miss Wheeler 
 added a very appropriate and highly 
 complimentary stanza to her poem In 
 honor of tho gallant generi'. "You 
 must be a very talented young 
 lady," said the blunt but gallant sol- 
 dier, who acted as president of the day, 
 to Miss Wheeler, when this circum- 
 stance was related to him. The poem, 
 which was read at this re-union of 
 the G. A. T., was received with the 
 most enthusiastic applause by the 
 large audience; and the stout soldiers 
 of the society testified their apprecia- 
 tion of her effort by presenting her 
 with the gold badge of their order, and 
 making her an honorary member. 
 " If tho applause she has received 
 goes to her heart, it will bo well, but 
 if to her head, it will spoil her," re- 
 marked Gen. Sheridan on tho occa- 
 sion. It is enough to say that Miss 
 Wieelcr was not spoiled by these flat- 
 tering attentions. That a young 
 country-girl, without influential friends 
 to assist her, without means, and with 
 a limited education, should have been 
 able to accomplish so much in litera- 
 ture in so short a time, is certainly 
 quite remarkable, and shows most con- 
 clusively that she must possess natural 
 talents of a high order. It can hardly 
 be supposed, however, that she has as 
 yet reached the maturity of her powers. 
 When time, reading, study, and reflec- 
 tion have ripened her splendid natural 
 abilities, we hope for still more and 
 better productions from her pen. In 
 personal appearance. Miss Wheeler is 
 quite attractive. A stranger, who for 
 the first time looked upon her hand- 
 some face blooming with tho ruddy 
 glow of health, would discover notliing 
 there to Indicate the pensive, dreaming 
 poet, but would rather regard her as a 
 bright, sparkling country-girl, full of 
 fun and frolic, and overflowing with 
 happy humor. But there Is something 
 wonclerfuliy bright in the glow of her 
 handsome hazel eyes. No one can look 
 into her sunny face, listen to her spar- 
 kling words, without being convinced 
 
706 
 
 HISTORY OF W/SCONSm. 
 
 that he Is >itftii(llns In the prcsoiico of a The grief, tlio xhame. mid the sorrow, 
 
 remarkably Kil'tiMl yi>unK lady. Ilavlii); 
 given olio lit her inlHcollaneons pieces, , 
 we shall (|iiote a single poem from licr 
 temperaiie.! hook. We cannot say that 
 It is her best clTort, or even one of her 
 boot, upon this subject; but It will Nerve 
 as a specimen of her powers as a tem- 
 perance poet. It Is entitled : — 
 
 A SIGN-BOARD. 
 
 I WILL paint you a sign, rumseller. 
 And hang It above your dnor, — 
 
 A truer and bettor signboard 
 Than ever you hud before, 
 
 I will paint with the skill of a master; 
 
 And many shall pause to see 
 This wonderful, swinging signboard, 
 
 So like the reality. 
 
 I will paint yourself, rumseller. 
 As you wait for that f:iir young boy, 
 
 Just in the morn of manhood, 
 A mother's pride and joy. 
 
 lie has no thought of stopping ; 
 
 But you greet him with a smilo; 
 And you seem so blithe and friendly. 
 
 He pauses to chat a while. 
 
 I will paint you again, rumseller: 
 1 will paint you as you sLind, 
 
 With a foaming glass of liquor 
 Held high in cither hand. 
 
 lie wavers ; hut you urge him : 
 " Drink, pledge me just this one;" 
 
 And ho lifts the glass, and drains it; 
 And the hellish work is done. 
 
 And next I will paint a drunkard : 
 
 Only a year has flown ; 
 But into this loathsome creature 
 
 The fair young boy has grown. 
 
 Tlie work was quick and rapid : 
 
 I will paint him as he lies 
 In a torpid, drunken slumber. 
 
 Under the winter skies. 
 
 I will paint the form of the mother 
 As she kneels at her darling's side, — 
 
 Her beautiful boy, that was dearer 
 Than aJl of the world beside. 
 
 I will paint the shape of a coffin 
 Labelled with one more "lost:" 
 
 I will paint all this, rumseller, 
 And paint it free of cost. 
 
 The crime, the sin, and the woe 
 That is born there In your rum-shop, 
 No hand can paint, you know. 
 
 But I'll paint you a sign, rumseller; 
 
 And miiny shall paiise to view 
 This wonderful, swhigint; signboard. 
 
 So terribly, fearfully true. 
 
 Mns. Addy Ticuenor. — The maid- 
 en name of Mrs. Abby Tlchonor was 
 Paul. She was born near Klizabeth- 
 town, N..J., Oct. 5, 1"S7. She was of 
 KiiLjlish descent, as her grandmotlior, 
 when quite n young woman, emi- 
 grated to this country. The father 
 of Jlrs. Tiehenor, Jlr. Paul, was a 
 patriot in the Itevolutlonary War, and 
 fought courageously during its entire 
 course. In her early Infancy, she re- 
 moved with her parents from New 
 Jersey to Galw.ay, Saratoga County, 
 N.y., that region being tlion a wil- 
 derness. Hero she resided until 
 after the restoration of peace between 
 Mexico and the United States, when 
 she and Moses Tiehenor, who had been 
 a soldier In the war of 1812, were mar- 
 ried. Upon their maniase, in 1814, 
 thoy wont to live In Anislcrdam, then 
 Montgomery County, New York. In 
 the spring of IS:!!) tliey emigrated to 
 Prairieville, now Waukesha, Wis., 
 where they remained till the time of 
 their death. She died in her eighty- 
 fifth year, April 12, 1872. n(!r husband 
 died Oct. 12, 1872. 
 
 They both were of long-lived fami- 
 lies. The grandmother, of whom men- 
 tion has been made, died lu her ninety- 
 eighth year. Mr. and Mrs. Tiehenor 
 had Ave eliildrcn, the oldest of whom, 
 Vernon Tiehenor, a practical lawyer, is 
 identified witli the interests of W'auke- 
 sha. The second child died in infancy; 
 and from that time no death occurred 
 in the family till Mrs. Tiehenor' s death, 
 a period of fifty-one years. The other 
 children are still living, and reside In 
 the State. 
 
 Wlien Mr. and Mrs. Tiehenor came 
 to Wisconsin, they stopped two or three 
 months in Milwaukee, and tlien came 
 to Prairieville, and made their home by 
 the spring which is now so celebrated, 
 and known as tho " Betliesda Springs." 
 Mr. Tiehenor purchased the quarter 
 section on which the spring is located, 
 at the land sale in Milwaukee, in Sep- 
 tember, 1830. After living on this farm 
 two or throe yours, they sold it, and 
 bought another two miles distant, 
 where they lived until their death. 
 
niSTORY OF WlSCONSrif. 
 
 707 
 
 MrH. Tlchenm wns a ChristUm 
 wcmaii; and from her youth wu^t a 
 piTsiiii (if niiirkotl piety. Dntl. .he and 
 lii'r liii^haml possessed grcut mental 
 mid physical vli^or, and hi'lonijod to 
 lliat very small class of persons who 
 have decided character, and yet retain 
 a circle of warm friends, at\(i no ene- 
 mies. Thoufth exceedinj;ly active and 
 Induslrlous, she was (lulot in manner; 
 .•itlentivo and devoted to the illtere^ts 
 (jf her family. She made no pretenvioii 
 t<> piihlleity. bho was good, kind, and 
 charitahlo to all, and a woman well 
 (it led to he a pioneer guttler of Wau- 
 l;e!.lia. Uer iielghhors regarded her 
 Willi the greatest esteem: and lier 
 children, who know lier so long and so 
 inllmately, say of her, "She is one 
 who wciriind faithfully discharged all 
 her trusts." This Is, Indeed, a hi,!;h 
 tcslimonlal. and especially so when its 
 source Is taken Into consideration, hut 
 one which lier friends aro only too 
 willing; to indorse. 
 
 Mix-*. Saijaii C. Dotv. — Mrs. Sarah 
 rollins Doty, widow of the late ex- 
 (;ov. .lames Duano Doty, was born 
 in 1S0(». in Whitestown, OncidaCounty, 
 N.Y. Iler father's name was Oliver 
 fNillins. Enlisting at tho a.'2;o of six- 
 teen, ho was for iivo years a soldier In 
 tlio Ilovolutlonary War, and was hon- 
 orahly dischargecl at its termination, 
 lie was a brlgadior-general in tho war 
 of j8I2, and commanded the post of 
 SackettVs Harbor two years. lie came 
 to Whitestown in 1795, when the town- 
 lino of Whitestown extended south to 
 tho IVnnsylvanIa line. lie " took up" 
 a farm at this place, and lived there 
 until his death, in la^S. 
 
 .Mrs. Doty was tho oldest of eight 
 children, 'i'lio maiden-name of the 
 mother was Catherine Kellogg of the 
 Massachusetts Kellogg stock, too nu- 
 merous to be counted. Mrs. Doty was 
 one of fivo daughters, three of whom 
 have resided in Wisconsin. They are 
 Jlrs. Gen. lUiggles, who now resides 
 in rond du Lac ; and Jlrs. Gen. Julius 
 While, now of Evanston, III. Mrs. 
 Hugglcs came to Fond du Lac County 
 in ir42; and Mrs. White, then Mrs. 
 Uarlow Shackelford, was married, and 
 seltled in Crrecn Bay in 1838, and after- 
 wards reside<l for several years in Mad- 
 ison, Wis. One of tlio three brothers 
 has resided bi this State. Judge Alex- 
 ander L. Ccdiins came to Madison In 
 184'-', and lived there several years, but 
 has since removed to Applcton, his 
 pro.ent home. 
 
 Mrs. Doty lived In Whitestown until 
 
 her marriage. In 182.1, to .Tnnies Duana 
 Doly, late governor of Wisconsin, lint 
 Ihcn th(^ United .Stales district jiidgo 
 f<ir tho Western District of JIIclii'.;.Vn; 
 that region comprising the iirc^ent 
 States of Mlcliigiin, Wisconsin, Io\v;i, 
 and the vast country adjacent to the 
 Uucky Mountains. She made the voy- 
 :\V by schooner from llnffalo to Green 
 Uay In twcnty-onc days. During the 
 sunnner of tiiat year, she, with her 
 husband and some "• IiKlian voyngenrs," 
 travelled from Green Hay (Fort llov.anl) 
 to Trairic du Chien (Fmt ('rawfurd) in 
 a baik canoe, through the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Illvers, and afterwards re- 
 turned toGreen Bay liy tho sanio rm e, 
 and in tho same maniior. It; mu-t lio 
 remembered that Forts Tloward and 
 Crawford were but froiitier military 
 and tmding posts. About llic year 
 182(1, Judge Doty liecamo pernianently 
 settled 111 Orecn Bay. Fnnii that limo 
 to tho fall of 1S41, Mrs. Doty spent her 
 time principally at Green Bay, occv 
 slonaliy dividing a winter between her 
 father in Oneida County, and the city 
 of Washington, where her husband 
 spent many of Ids winters. Iler hus- 
 band had been appointed governor of 
 the Terrltorv of Wisconsin by John 
 Tyler, .Sept. iiO, 1841. Mrs. Doty went 
 to Madison to reside, and rcinained 
 tliero during lier husband's ofliclai 
 term. From there, Mrs. Doty went 
 witli Iier husband to Doty's Island, a 
 most charming spot at the outlet of 
 Lake Winnebago, or, rather, it extends 
 along the beautifully-gravelled and 
 timbered shore of the lake, l)ot\ eon 
 tlio two outlets known as tho Mc la- 
 slia and tho Neenah Clianiiels. At Diis 
 beautiful and lovely spot, the family 
 lived until tho spring of 18(14, when 
 she went with her husband, who h.ad 
 Iieen previously appointed Governor of 
 Utah by President Lincoln, to Great 
 Salt Laico City. Previous to this ap- 
 pointment, ho had been elected a dele- 
 givte to Congress four years. In about 
 a year after their arrival at Salt lake 
 City, tho governor died, and was Imriod 
 at that place. Soon afterward she re- 
 turned to Wisconsin, and spent her 
 time principally with her only daugh- 
 ter, Mrs. John Fitzgerald of Oshkosli, 
 until her death, "which occurred on the 
 twentieth day of February, 1871, at the 
 residence of lier daughter. 
 
 Mrs. Doty was tho mother of foui 
 children, one of whom died in infancy. 
 James Doty, her second son, some 
 years ago, went to Washington Terri- 
 tory as a companion in his travel, and 
 
708 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ai privatp secretary, to Gov. Stevens, 
 and (IJL'd at Astoria soon after their 
 airiviil. Ilcr oliildren wlio survive lior 
 are .Major (liarlcs Doty of Alton, 111., 
 and Mrs. Mary l'itz.i;erald of OshUosli, 
 who. at the present writing, is spending 
 her time with her family in Europe. 
 
 Mrs. J)oty was possessed of a vigor- 
 ous constitution to withstand the hard- 
 ships incident to early frontier-life, and 
 of liigh mental and social qualities, as 
 well as of strdu? prat'tical .sense; such 
 as were well calculated to command 
 the friendship and respect of the many 
 with whom she was necessarily brought 
 in contact during the early settlements 
 of the Stale, and I he prominent, large, 
 and eventful public life of her distin- 
 guished husband. Iler manners were 
 such, that she was held in the highest 
 reijanl by those of both high and low- 
 degree. Her memory is eherislied with 
 a lively respect, especially by the early 
 seniors, among whom she took rank 
 with the oiliest. By her relatives and 
 her immediate family circle, she was 
 regarded with d('ep affection; and her 
 inllueiice will still attend ihem, though 
 she has gone to the spirit-worlil. 
 
 Mn-s. Piiospioii IJiii- — This lady 
 was born April II, ISikH. in Adams, a 
 
 rlaee nine miles from Sackett's llar- 
 II', in ,Iell'i!rson (Jounly, N.Y. Her 
 maiden name was Lurania Ili'wit. In 
 181'J her I'.ilher with his family moved 
 to Vernon. (.)neida Counly. Mr. Ilew't 
 was in the conunissary department in 
 the w.ir of ISl'J. Her homo then was 
 but three miles from Sackett's Harbor. 
 Though quite young at the time of tlu^ 
 battle at that place, she remembers 
 distinctly .he low thundering sounds 
 that issued from the conflict, .and her 
 mother weeping on account of the ilan- 
 ger to which her husband was exposed 
 in carrying provisions to the army. 
 Those wlio are ai'c|uainted w! h the 
 ancestry of Mrs. Bird, and her prede- 
 cessors, know that they have never 
 swerved from vindicating a riglit prin- 
 ciple, and were ready, if lecessary, to 
 fight for Its defence. Her chiliiren, 
 one of whom w.is a c.iptain. smved in 
 the late Uebeliion, and fouglit on the 
 side of the Federalists. Her father 
 fouu'ht with the .Vinericaiis in the war of 
 1812. Her grandfather Hewit was on 
 thes.amesidein the Uev.ilntionary War. 
 He had one brother In the same army, 
 and another with the British. He was 
 a M'a-c.iptiiiii. and fought desperately. 
 He was shipwrecked once at IJiirlgate. 
 and afterwards was idiased by a boat 
 of piratical Turks, and was taken pris- 
 
 oner, but not till he had thrown over- 
 board two kegs of gold and silver, with 
 which the soldiers were to ho paid. 
 On account of his superior knowledge 
 of astronomy, he .affrighted tlie Turks, 
 and managed to escape, having been a 
 prisoner but. three months. He died 
 at tlu,' residence of Mrs. Bird's father, 
 Jan. 12, 1812. 
 
 Miss Hewit was married to Prosper 
 Burgoyne Bird, Hee. 2.{, 18-.'0. It is 
 well to state hero that Major Burgoyne, 
 nephew of Gen. Biugoyne of i{ev- 
 oliitionary fame, was the maternal 
 griuidfather of Prosper B. Bird. The 
 m.ajor was taken prisoner at the same 
 time his undo was, and afterwards 
 married ayoungl.uly wlnmi he remem- 
 bered to have seen rejoicing over their 
 fate; and to whom he saicl, "It may 
 bo fun for you; but it's death to 
 us." 
 
 Mrs. Bird's first homo after marriage 
 was in Munnsvilli", Onolda County. Af- 
 ter living there In years, she and lier 
 hns'jand, with their four cliildren, tho 
 youngest of wliich was a mere infant 
 of si.K weeks, left their home in New 
 York in January, 18:!7, to make a ni^w 
 one in the distant West. They trav- 
 elled with teams, their conveyances 
 being part of tho time on wheels, and 
 part of Hie time on nnuiers: one of 
 these contained the goods packed in 
 the bottom of it; and, being tightly 
 clapboardeil. no rain nor dust could 
 find an entrance. They went by the 
 way of Lewiston and (Jueenstown, fer- 
 ried across Niagara Klvor, and then 
 toidi a nKHintain-road through Canada 
 to Detroit, from which jilace they took 
 the lake-road around Michigan to lla- 
 eine. The lirst night they camped on 
 the old battlo-tield of Lundy's I,ane. 
 One night they stopped at a log-cabin, 
 which was being ereeleil on the shores 
 of Lake Michigan for the jiurpose of 
 accommodating travellers. There wore 
 thirty who stopped that night. Since 
 the stars were plaiidy visilile through 
 the roof and fhrou'ih the sides of the 
 cabin, a.:d since there was danger of 
 their freezing to death, and a liglit 
 was observed in the distance, they de- 
 cided to try to find the place from 
 which it proceeded. They were suc- 
 C(^ssflll in this, and were comfortably 
 entertained, but not till they had wit- 
 nessed on their w.ay a party of men at 
 work digging up ii sunken schooner. 
 At B.acine they put up rt tho hotel, 
 the one building which the placo af- 
 forded. It was built of logs, and was 
 situated on tlie brow of ,. I^luil that 
 
Si, 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 709 
 
 overlooked the lake. From tliis place 
 they travell('tl hv stage to Milwaukee. 
 Jtr. William Bird of Madison, Mr. 
 Charles Bird, and Miss Bird, afterward 
 Jlrs. Peaslee of iSuii Prairie, with their 
 mother, accompanied them on their 
 perilous journey. 
 
 Here tliey made acquaintanee with 
 Mr. and Mrs. Solomon jinieau, the real 
 founders of tlie city of Milwatikee. 
 There were then hut few houses in the 
 place. The jail, a log-house, contained 
 then three i)risoners, — one a French- 
 man (if tjreen Bay, who liad murdered 
 his wife: the others were two survey- 
 ors, by, the name of Beniict and Scott, 
 who were imprisoned for stahhin?; an 
 Indian on the ban!:s of Milwaukee 
 Iiiver, and burying him on the shore of 
 Lake Michigan. The hist two prison- 
 ers, breaking from tlie jail while Mr. 
 Juneau was absent, caused the In- 
 dians to rush into the place, threaten- 
 ing to make cousidcrahle disturbance. 
 Mrs. Juneau immediat(!ly sent a French 
 boy for her h -hand ; and, on his com- 
 ing, lie quleti I them by "buying them 
 off " witli articles from his store. These 
 were the first prisoners in the county 
 jail of Milwaukee. At the time i,i the 
 first election, Mrs, Bird was in the 
 place, and s.ays that on that day there 
 were not many sober men. It was said 
 at the time, that a barrel of whiskey 
 was opened by Mr. Juneau, and a dip- 
 per placed in it, for the convenience of 
 voters. During tlie summer she wit- 
 nessed llio launching of the (ir»t boat 
 on Lake Michigan. It was called 
 " The Juneau." 
 
 While Jlrs. Bird remained in J[il- 
 waukee, Sir. Bird huilt a home for 
 them !-.i Madison, when ho returned 
 for them. After they liad started on 
 their journey, Mr. Bird left them to go 
 back to Milwaukee to transact some 
 business in regard to tlie new (^.ipitol, 
 which was being buiit, but told her to 
 stop at the first log-housu over night, 
 anil wait there for lilin the next day. 
 She found the place with no dllHcnlty ; 
 but as Mr. Bird did not come as soon 
 as she anticipated the next morning, 
 and being an energetic woman, slie re- 
 sumed her journey. Mr. Bird over- 
 took tiiem about sundown of that day. 
 From Milwaukee to Madison, they were 
 guided by marked trees, and po ts 
 stuck in the ground. There w.as only 
 one house at JaiK.'sville; but, as the 
 man was not at home, Ihoy could not 
 bo ferried across, and so went by way 
 of Beloit. There were two log-houses 
 at that place, — one on each side of the 
 
 river. Hero they st.aid all ni'j;ht, and 
 most of tlie next day, caiiipiir; out on 
 Stoner"s I'rairie, and arriviiu' in Maili- 
 son the next <lay. at four o'clock in the 
 afleriiiion. Glancing tlinmgh the jut- 
 ting houghs of the oak-trees, the 
 basement of tiie Capitol could lie seen. 
 The lakes glimmered like siieets of 
 silver through the oak-opening- and 
 the thick foliage of tl;e trees, and an 
 Indian trail pass«d through the place. 
 Mr. IMrd's unenclosed frame-building, 
 containing four rooms below and two 
 above, and built on Lot H, mi the street 
 now known as Webster .sjtrei't, was not 
 completed till April, l;s:!8. Ilenee they 
 lived in a log-house that occupied the 
 present site of Mr. Kenlzler's elegant 
 livery-stable. They next moved into 
 the "old log board iug-hou>e," near Mr. 
 Pynelieon's prest'ut residence. The 
 first well was located opposite it, and 
 was dug in ls:]7. 
 
 The men who worked on the Capitol 
 hoarded with Mrs. Bird. There were 
 only four Ing-houses when she came; 
 and their owners were Messrs. Cottin, 
 Palmer, Peck, and Stoner. 
 
 IJuriiig llie winter, Mr. Bird had the 
 typhoid-fever; and his wife found her- 
 self suddenly installed as physician, 
 nurse, and servant. 
 
 At one lime consider.ahlo excitement 
 was cau.-ed by a .<ervant-girl of George 
 Feather-.loiH'haiigh. an kiigli-^h geolo- 
 gi-l, lindiiig a stinking full of French 
 ciiin. It was found near I In' present 
 site of the KpiMnpal C'hureh. and w;is 
 supposcil to have been dropped by 
 Indi.in traders. 
 
 Mrs. Bird was pre-^ent at the first 
 wedding-ceremony in the place. The 
 names of the couple were Jalru-^ Potti'r 
 and Elizabeth Allen, a vouiig laily who 
 bad worked for both her and Mrs, 
 Peck. Mr. Peek married them at his 
 house, after which .Mrs. I'eck pi., J 
 the violin for them to dance. 
 
 Tl'cir provisions were brought from 
 Milwauk(ie. Kurt Winin'bvgo (I' irtage 
 Citv), nine Mound>, and Moierai I'diiil. 
 In 'l8.'t8 potatoes sold at iliiee di. liars 
 per bushel. 'i"he fruit procured in 
 those early d.avs was dricii, excepting 
 those berries indigenous to the coun- 
 try, wliieh were eagerly sought by the 
 setth'rs. 
 
 The first hou-e u<ed for divine si^r- 
 viee was loeateil near the present East 
 Madismi Hotel. 
 
 Servi<'e< were conducted in differi'ut 
 houses, and then, for a while, in the 
 .Senate-chamber (d' the new .Stain 
 House. The Preshytciians and the 
 
710 
 
 niSTOllY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Coiifjregationalista united in building 
 tlie tii>l cliuroii. 
 
 At tliis tiniu Mr. Bird's raollier and 
 licr fiunily wen^ Iweping tlic old Jladi- 
 Sion IIoii.-o. It was liore tlio first deatli 
 Ofourn'd. A Mi'. Nelson, formerly Irom 
 Now York, diiid of typlioid-fevor, and 
 was liuriod in tlio prosiMit University 
 grounds. — a portion of which was set 
 apart as a ceniotery. The second death 
 occurred in .Vpril, 18:!8, in the house 
 of Mrs. Uird, whieli, during a lienvy 
 tliunder-storni, was struck l)y light- 
 ning, instantly killin:; a Mr. .Samuel 
 Warren, formerly from England, lie 
 was carried to the ecnjetery on a 
 stretcher, and buried near tfie grave 
 of Mr. Nelson. 
 
 The clapl).)anl3 and tlie floor-Imard?- 
 of Mrs. HIrd's liouie, and the palings 
 to the fence around it, were made by 
 hand, near the lake-sliore. Twenty 
 births, seven deatlis, and four mar- 
 riages, Iiave taken place in lliis house. 
 
 Mrs. liird is the mother of eleven 
 children, five of wliieh are now living 
 in WI>consin, and I lie others are dead. 
 Her luisban<l died of cholera, on tlie 
 morning of Aug. '2, 1S.')2. 
 
 Mrs. IJIrd was brouglit up liy Chris- 
 tian parents, who early taught their 
 children liow to prai- vn<l to read the 
 Bible underslandingly. The religious 
 element predomin.ites largely in lier 
 tiMiiperament. JSlie Is a good, consistent 
 member of llie Congregational ("hurcli. 
 and has inipi(!sscd upon the minds of 
 her chil.lreu t!ie purity, holiness, and 
 grandeur of true religion. Her natu- 
 ral mental abililles are good; for every 
 effort is characterized by strong practi- 
 cal common-sense. Her success in 
 pinni'cr life is due mor ^ to force (d' 
 will than to physical pe ,er. It is said 
 that lh(! countena' ce is but an em- 
 lilcMU of till' wi.iilii';s of tlii^ soul. 
 The writer kno' s this to be true with 
 lier; for her f»' j is one of flu; klnde-^t 
 and 'be ;, t; and as her stately form 
 gild' < about in the dear old home, so 
 sacred to her. even tliougli it be mov<'d 
 from its original position, OIK,' fei'ls an 
 afVecllon for licr, — an allection akin to 
 love. 
 
 .Mi;s. ]!()s,\i,iSE Peck. — It was in 
 MIdiilelown, a village situated on a 
 iNe of ground we.^t of tlie tJreeii 
 Mountains, Vt., and on Feb. 24, bSius, 
 tiial Mrs. IJosaline I'ei'k was born. 
 Her maiilen name was Wlllard. She 
 v.'as an intelligent girl, ambitious and 
 energetic, and possessed just sucli 
 (|ualities as are somewhat natural to 
 those reared iu mountainous regions, 
 
 and are necessary to make pioneer 
 work successful. On her tweniy-first 
 birthday she was married, in the house 
 in which she was born, to Mr. Ebeii 
 Peck. 
 
 In July, lS:!fl, Mrs. Peck and her 
 faiiiily arrived at Bliii! Mounds, l),ano 
 Cou'ity, Wis. They rented Col. Brig- 
 ham's tavern-stand, and boarded him 
 .and his farming and mining hands 
 during the autumn and winter, also 
 entertaining travellers. A post-oftieo 
 had been established there at that 
 time. Upon the decision to remove 
 the capital from Belmont to Madison, 
 they purchased lot.s at the lattei place, 
 and imni<?diately sent liands and teams 
 to erect a building. This was the first 
 house in Madison ; and a fine picture 
 in he Slate Historical Uooms reprc- 
 seiil'i it in its primitive condition. 
 Mrs. Peck rode an Indian pony in 
 coming from tiie Brigham place to 
 her new 'noine. They cami)ed out 
 two nights, but were awakiaied on 
 the latter one by a severe wind-stonn, 
 ami furious howling of wolv(^s, ami 
 saw, to their astonishment, snow to 
 the depth of five (U- six inches. This 
 was April 15. The cliinks in her new 
 house were filled wllli mud by ,Iudge 
 Doty, Col. Biril, OjI. Brigham, and 
 others. Since her home was floorless, 
 she had a temporary pen built, and her 
 stove carried In, and lived there unlil 
 May, when her new home was ready 
 for habitation. (Jii .June 10 Col. Bird 
 again arrive<l, with a party of thlrly- 
 six men, to cominence building the 
 Capitid. In this hou>e was given the 
 dinner at the laying of the corner- 
 stone of the C.ipitol.'.Iuly 4, 1S:!7; the 
 occasion being celebrated with due 
 form and ceremony, accompanied with 
 siieeches, songs, toasts, itc. 
 
 Here Wiscoiisiana Victoria Peck, the 
 first chilli, was born, Sept. 14, 18:57. 
 The first New Year's in Madison was 
 duly commemorated at this hospita- 
 ble home. The first wedding also look 
 lilaci'liere, April 1, 18:!8. .lairusS. Pot- 
 ter, better known as Long Poller, was 
 married to Jliss Elizabeth Allen, by 
 Mr. Peck, who was a justice of tlio 
 peace. This was followed by a dance, 
 Mrs, Peck oflicialing on the violin, — 
 an accomplishment for which she was 
 noted. In the spring of I8;!8 Mr. Peck 
 rented the house to Itobert L, Ueain, 
 the father of Miss Viniiie Ifeam, llio 
 sculptress, who was born In Madison, 
 
 Mr. Peck had built himself another 
 house previous to the leasing of the 
 first, Mrs, Peck was a good houac- 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 711 
 
 keeper, and rnnde cveiy effort to do 
 ivway witli the inconveiiioiices tlia* 
 surroiindod lier. Being something oi 
 a musician, she often entertained her 
 guests with music. New Year's, Christ- 
 mas, and turtle-soup suppers, dancing 
 and card parties, were instituted by 
 her, tliereliy aiding much in Ijeeping 
 up the spirits of tlie early settlers: 
 besides, slie well knew, that, with but 
 little circulation of literature, the chief 
 mode of culture was sociality. 
 
 Mrs. Peck was not only the first 
 settler in Madison, but was the first 
 settler in Uarraboo. 
 
 In 1844 her husband started for 
 California, and is supposed to have 
 been massacred by tlie savages while 
 on his way. Though sixty-seven years 
 of age, she lives a)^ne in the upper 
 part of the i..»'>"- she had built in 
 Barraboo. She says she "lias had a 
 full share of life's troubles and of 
 life's disappointments, and but few of 
 its favors." 
 
 Mrs. Pock is a lady a little above the 
 medium height, and possesses a coun- 
 tenance which indicates much thought 
 and perseverance. Untiring energy 
 characterizes her efforts; and, withal, 
 she has those traits of temperament 
 which so W'll qualified her for active 
 pioneer work. 
 
 Mns. RiiBEccv PAnKixsojf. — This 
 lady, who was the wife of Col. Daniel 
 M. Parkinson of Lafayette County, Wis- 
 consin, was born in December, 17.'!8, in 
 AVoodford County, Kentucky. She was 
 the oldest daughter of Joshua and 
 Anno Brent. When she was quite 
 young, her father died, ioaving her 
 mother with a large family of children 
 to support, and with but moderate 
 means. In 1823 Mrs. Brent removed, 
 with her family, to Illinois, and settled 
 in Sangamon County, twenty -live 
 miles east of where Springfield has 
 been since built. It was in this un- 
 cultivated rej,iou that slie l)ecame ac- 
 quainted with, and afterward marrieil, 
 in May, 1820, Air. Parkinson, a wid- 
 ower, with one 'iv more children. In 
 the autumn of lL'27, she removed, with 
 her husband and family, to the thim 
 "Galena Mining Country." As her 
 husband was engaged in mining, they 
 were obliged to move often, until the 
 spring of 1S29, when they opened a 
 tavern in Mineral Point, a settlement 
 which was then the most Important in 
 the l(^•ld-reglon. She soon became a 
 most excellent and popular landlady; 
 her table noted for the tasteful array 
 of a bounteous supply of viands, and 
 
 for the good old Kentuclcy cheer and 
 hospitality which characterized the 
 dispensing of them. 
 
 She was gay and fashionable; and, 
 being particularly fond of dancing, she 
 often gave entertainments of this kind 
 at her own house. Her house — which 
 was large and commodious, being built 
 after the Southern style — caused these 
 occasions to be the more heartily ap- 
 preciated by the young people in that 
 vicinity. 
 
 Being born, and partly acquiring her 
 habits, in the "Blue Grass Counti-y" 
 of Kentucky, she partook of the pecu- 
 liarities of the ladies of that place, 
 in being very fond of the horse, and 
 of horseback exercise. She thought 
 nothing of putting her horse to its 
 best speed ; and often, in company 
 with her husband, would race over 
 the smooth prairies of Illinois. Some- 
 times a wolf would be just in front of 
 them for many a mile, the chasing 
 and killing of wliich was considered 
 rare sport and amusement by the early 
 settlers of that State. She was aNo 
 fond of the race-cpurse, and of tin 
 "backed" with considerable liberal- 
 ity the favorite horse of her husband, 
 which was known to be tcoessful 
 racer. 
 
 After several years' reniJenee In 
 Mineral Point, Mrs. Parklii u and 
 her husband removed to a faini, tj\e 
 miles distant, in the town of Willow 
 Springs, where she remained until her 
 deatli. At this place she took much 
 pride in a beautiful and cleanly door- 
 yard, an excellent garden, and a fine 
 (lock of po\iltry. The hospitality of 
 (-'ol. Parkinson and his excellent wife 
 is known throughout the State. 
 
 Beloved and esteemed by all who 
 knew her, her death, whicli occurred 
 June 13, 184.1, was sincerely mourned, 
 and her memory is fondly cherished. 
 The attributes of her character were 
 industry, hospitality, generosity, and 
 integrity, united with a most obliging 
 and affable disposition. 
 
 Mits. LoBi.vDA Campbell. — This 
 lady is the oldest daughter of Sylvester 
 mil, and wife of James Campbell, 
 president of the Ma<Iison and Portage 
 liailroad, who is well known througli- 
 out this State as a railroad contractor. 
 She was born in Truxtun, near Syra- 
 cuse, Oneida County, N.Y. 
 
 She, with her ])arents, commenced 
 their journey to tlie West in Septem- 
 ber, 1838, travelling with teams, as was 
 at that time the usual mode of ron- 
 veyauce. 
 
 if 
 
712 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Arriving in Wisconsin, they located 
 on a fami about ten miles distant from 
 Monroe, in Green County, and imme- 
 diately commenced the work of erect- 
 ing a log-house, which, at that time, was 
 almost the only kind known in the 
 West. Logs sawed in two were called 
 "shakers," and were used for roofing; 
 and hewed logs were used for flooring. 
 The furniture of log-houses in those 
 days was exceedingly plain. Instead 
 of chairs, stools were used. Home-made 
 tables were found to be sufficiently ex- 
 tensive and at which a family might 
 ea.sily be seated ; and it has been proven 
 that savory viands are relished just 
 as much on a saiuled iiine table as on 
 a painted one. Bedsteads were made 
 by nailing two small logs against the 
 Bide of the liouse, and these joined by 
 another log. 
 
 Miss Ilill was married to James 
 Campbell in 1840, ho having come in 
 183i), at which time there were only 
 sixteen men in the county. Their lirst 
 home was on a farm almost a mile 
 from the village of Albany. Tlicir 
 house was frame ; and a few years later 
 Mr. Campbell erected a barn of pine 
 lumber. This he hauled two hundred 
 and fifty miles. They lived on the 
 farm till 18.")1, when Mr. Campbell went 
 to Albany, Green County, and engaged 
 in the mercantile business, continuing 
 in the same till 1802. Since that time 
 they have travelled considerably, Mrs. 
 Campbell going once with her husband 
 to Europe. 
 
 Their home is now in Portage City. 
 
 She is mother of three children, one 
 of whom is living, a daughter, wlm 
 married a son of Judge Clinton, and 
 resides in Portage City. 
 
 Mrs. Campbell is a lady of excee<l 
 ingly pleasant manner, kind, and char- 
 itable : she is ever willing to yield her 
 desires to the wishes of others. 
 
 Mrs. ElizjUjetu Kline. — Among 
 the names of the early settlers of Wis- 
 consin Is that of Mrs. Elizabeth Kline. 
 She was born in the f)ld city of Stras- 
 bourg, Nov. 8, 1780. Her maiden name 
 was Kapp. In ISll she was married to 
 George Kline. With her husband and 
 three ohildron, she c.ime to America, 
 landing .it Queliec, Canada, in 1817. 
 They jived at Quebec until 18'10, and 
 then came to the United Stales, ami set- 
 tled in Grove, Alleghany Coiuity, N. Y., 
 where they resided until the fall of ' 
 183(!. Fro'in there tlii-y travelled in a 
 wagon to Olean Point on the Alleghany 
 Hiver in ''ennsylvania, and, embark- 
 ing with their goods on a raft, they , 
 
 reached Cincinnati. Here taking ii 
 river-steamer, they sailed down the 
 Ohio, and up the Mississippi Kivers, to 
 New Boston in Henderson County, 
 III., at which place they resided until 
 September, 1843, when they struck out 
 for the wilderness of the Wisconsin 
 Pinery. They journeyed by the way 
 of Janesville, Madison, and Portage, 
 and found these places in tlieir infancy. 
 On their arrival at Grand Uapids, they 
 found but one white woman, a Mrs. 
 Strong, who had migrated to that place 
 the year previously. Mrs. Kline re- 
 sided there until the time of her death, 
 which occurred in August, 18(10; and, 
 while she lived in Grand liaplds, she 
 never travelled farther than twenty 
 miles from her home. 
 
 Five of her eight children are now 
 living. William, Karl, and Elizabeth 
 (now Mrs. U. Baker) make their home 
 in Grand Rapids. Leah, the wife of J.K. 
 Searl, lives in Davies Corners, Adams 
 County ; and a son in California. Her 
 son John died in Illinois. 
 
 Her descendants are somewhat nu- 
 merous; the grandchildren luimbering 
 thirty-two, and the greal-grandchiidren 
 fourteen. 
 
 Jlrs. Kline was always a hard worker, 
 and one of that class of women who 
 are especially endowed by Nature to be 
 the helpmeet of a pioneer of the wilder- 
 ness. There are but few women and 
 fewer men who have the courage to 
 overstep the bcmndary line to perform 
 the work of the opposite sex, and do 
 their own al the same time. But many 
 a day did this bravo and energetic 
 woni;iii not only attend to her house- 
 hold iliilies, but went into the woods 
 and di'l liu'work of a man. Strong 
 pby.-ical and mental power was com- 
 bined ill her nature with surprising 
 activity. Reward usually goes hand 
 in hand with energy and perseverance; 
 and, since these elements w(ue charac- 
 teristic of her efforts, her reward was 
 not only substantial, but was realized 
 by the influence wielded in tlie com- 
 munity in which she lived. 
 
 Mrs. Josette Junkai'. — Josette 
 Juneau, a daughter of Jaoi|ues Vioau, 
 late of Green Bay, was horn in April, 
 1804. She resided at Green Bay and 
 vicinity until 182l>, wlnn she married 
 Solomon Juneau, who as tlu'u en- 
 gaged as a trader on ilie spot where 
 the city of Milwauk^i' now stands. 
 Soon .after her marrin ;.', she removed 
 thither, and shared wiili her husb.ind 
 the hardsliips aixl self-denials of a 
 border-life. For thirteen years, there 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONHIN. 
 
 713 
 
 was scarcoly nn incident to break this 
 iiionotimous mode of living, since the 
 nearest white settlements were Green 
 Bay on the north, and Chicago on the 
 south. 
 
 In 1833 the tide of emiciration, flow- 
 ing into the Mississippi Valley, found 
 its way to this locality, which was then 
 known only as a trading-post. Very 
 soon the spirit of enterprise projected 
 a city; and, its superior advantages 
 becoming generally known, tlie spot 
 for so long a period marked only by 
 a trader's cabin became a large and 
 populous city, and the abode of civil- 
 ization and refinement. 
 
 Mrs. Juneau lived to witness these 
 important changes; and she did her 
 part toward laying the foundations of 
 society in that place for future gene- 
 rations. Educated in the Catholic faith, 
 she remained for many years a member 
 of that church. Shedied in Milwaukee, 
 Nov. li), 18.)o, in the fifty-second year 
 of her age. 
 
 Miis. Samuel St. Johx. — Mrs. 
 Samuel St. John was the first white 
 woman, the first mother, and the first 
 being to yield up the spirit to the God 
 who g.'ive it, in the place now known 
 as Janesville, During the month of 
 November, 18;)."). Mr. Samuel St. John 
 arrived from Vermont with his wife 
 and three children. Their cabin was 
 built at the foot of the hill on wliicii 
 now stands the elegant residence of 
 Capt. Ira Miltimorc. 
 
 And as Mrs. St. John looked from 
 her cabin-door across the river, she 
 could see the celebrated " Big Rock " 
 known by various appellations in dif- 
 ferent periods of time. In those days, 
 the "rock" was about a third larger 
 than at the present time. It was then 
 a renowned spot to the Indians, and 
 had been from time immemorial ; being 
 the place where Black Hawk held his 
 court. To the fur-traders, it was pi'om- 
 inent as a place of reixlezvous, and as a 
 point where Rock liiver could be con- 
 veniently forded during most portions 
 of the year. 
 
 Speculations in public land did not 
 enter into the creed of Mr. and Mrs. St. 
 Jolin. They came to this spot to secure 
 a home for tli.ins^lves and their chil- 
 dren, not('re.uning i!:.it a city of 10,11") 
 inhabitants would spread itself over a 
 partof theiraiul theirneighboi-s' claims. 
 At that time, the little Janesville con- 
 Bisted of but one family of nine per- 
 cons, four of whom were pioneers 
 boarding with Mrs. St. Jidm. 
 
 Thus the winter of 1833-00 com- 
 
 menced. In the month of Jainiary, 
 the small company was increa'^ed by 
 the addition of an infant son to the 
 family of Mr. St. John, who is sup- 
 posed to have been the first white child 
 born in the Upper Rock River Valley. 
 His name is Seth B. St. John, cousin 
 of the present mayor of Janesville, 
 and, when last heard from, was living 
 at Columbus, in this State. In the 
 same month. Dr. James Heath arrived 
 with his wife, and, taking >ip their 
 abode with them, made twelve persons 
 in the little cabin, which was only 
 eighteen by sixteen feet. 
 
 Mrs. St. John was a hospitable and 
 an unusually energetic woman, though 
 at this time her health was very i)oor. 
 She gradually failed physically; fi)rher 
 heart was overburdened with anxiety 
 as to the future of her little family, 
 and the care of heads of families under 
 her roof, whose households were wait- ^ 
 ing Ihe return of these pioneers to 
 take them to Black Hawk's stamping- 
 ground, that they might share the toils 
 of the wife and mother \\\\o was doing 
 so nobly for theil- loved absent ones. 
 Faithfully did she peiforni lier duties; 
 and, like the mothers of the Red Men 
 in the primeval forests, she scarcely 
 stopped in her busy round of care till 
 the voice of the new-boin babe was 
 heard. Eight months had not passed 
 since she came to make her home in 
 these western wild", when death 
 claimed her as his first victim, in which 
 is now "the bower city of tlie West." 
 .\fter a decline of some months' con- 
 tinuance, and the want of medical at- 
 tendance, as well as the shelter anil 
 the care necessary to the mother of an 
 infant chilit, Mrs. Samuel St. John died 
 in the month of June, 183l(. 
 
 It should be noted here, also, that 
 Mr. St. John, her husband, who had in 
 later years removed from Janesville, re- 
 turned to visit his brother, and here 
 <lied, his remains being deposltiMl by 
 the side of his wife. This spot is 
 marked by a tombstone, upon an emi- 
 nence near tlu^ load leading to Beloit, 
 and in full view as one turns the bend 
 of the river off Main Street. 
 
 Mjits. A.M.uiLE Roy. — This lady was 
 probably the first white woman in Wis- 
 consin, at least the first one that lived 
 in the first permanent settlement in 
 the State. She was the daughtcM- of 
 .Sieur Augustin I)e Langlade. He was 
 a native of France, and born about 
 1(!!).">. His family were of the niil)iliiy, 
 and had their castle. For the most 
 l)art, and perhaps all, of his American 
 
rl4 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 life, M. Da Lansliide was nn Iiulian 
 trader. It is (|ulte probable that he 
 had the entire control of the trade at 
 Mackinaw, having obtained a license 
 from the French (jovornmont in Cana- 
 da for that purpose. While there, ho 
 married tlio sister of the head Ottawa 
 cliiof. Kin;? Nissowaquet; or, as the 
 French called him, " La Fourche," or 
 the Fork. Their eldest child. Agate 
 — Madame IJoy — was born at Macki- 
 naw, about 1722. Her brother Charles 
 was bom at or near Mackinaw, in 1724, 
 and afterwards, two younger brothers, 
 and a sister, who married Mr. De Ver- 
 ville. 
 
 Mile. De Langlade inariied M. Sou- 
 liguy. who is represented as a man of 
 scverily and cruelly, which he had per- 
 haps learned while an officer in the 
 French army. Madame Souligny, with 
 her husband, her father and his family, 
 went to Green Bay about 174,), and 
 made their home at that ))l,ice. They 
 settled on the east side of Fox River, 
 near its mouth, somewhat above and 
 opposite the old French post, and about 
 where Judge Arndt resided, in the 
 upper end of Green Bay. Tills was 
 the first permanent settlement made In 
 Wisconsin. It is esi'mated that this 
 little colony numberea but eight i)er- 
 sons. 
 
 Augustin De Langlade died about 
 1077, at the age of soventy-i.'ve nearly, 
 and is buried in the old coi letery in 
 Green Bay. It is supposed, t) at, after 
 his death, Madame De Lang' ido went 
 to live with her relatives at > ackinaw. 
 But the last known of her Is, t lat, about 
 ten years after. Gov. Sinclair gave 
 "Madame Do Langlade permission to 
 go to Green Bay, and enter into i)os- 
 session of her houses, gardens, farms, 
 and projjcrty, and take a hired man 
 with her." Her brother Nissowaquct 
 is said to have been living as late as 
 1709. 
 
 After M. Souligny's death, Mad.amo 
 Soullgny married Amable Boy, an In- 
 dian trader, whose native place was 
 Montreal. He went to farming after 
 their marriage. Madame Hoy never had 
 any children; but her brotlicr's grand- 
 son, Louis Grignon, lived with them 
 from childhood. At this time, cur- 
 rants were numerous In Green Bay; 
 but Madame Roy had the first and the 
 only apple-tree in herocB/mn/, till 1810, 
 when some were brought into the 
 place. 
 
 Her brother Charles died In 1800, 
 and was buried beside his father. He 
 died at the ago of seventy-five. Ma- 
 
 dame Roy died the year after, in 1801. 
 She willed all iter property to her hus- 
 band; and, about one year after her 
 death he died, leaving tlie proixjrty to 
 Louis Grignon. 
 
 Mus. Mauy a. Menard. — Among 
 the many notable characters found in 
 Prairie du Clilen In V<l'i. and earlier. Is 
 one Mrs. Menard of mixed African and 
 white blood. ' In former times she 
 lived in one of the French villages be- 
 low, and was there married to Charles 
 Menard, a Canadian of French extrac- 
 tion. She liad been married twice pre- 
 viously; first to a man by tlie name of 
 Du Chonquette, by whom she had two 
 sons, one of whom was in the employ 
 of Mr. Astor in his unfortunate expe- 
 dition, in 1810, by se.a, and across the 
 continent, to the moutli of Columbia 
 River, now Oregon Territory, ller 
 next husband was named Gagnler, by 
 whom she had three sons and thi-ce 
 daughters. After the death of Mr. 
 Gagnler, she married Charles Meiiard, 
 by whom she had tlirco sons and two 
 daughters. She was generally called 
 "Aunt Mary Ann;'' and with the early 
 pioneers, she was a person of much 
 consequence, being the only one who 
 made any pretence to a knowledge of 
 the healing-art. 
 
 Until a fort was erected in Prairie 
 du Chien, and a surgeon arrived there 
 with the troops, she was sent for by 
 the sick, and attended them as regu- 
 larly as a physician, and cliarged fees 
 tlierefor, giving them, as she expressed 
 it, "devise and yarb drink," Slie was 
 an e.\cellont nurse; and, even after 
 there were regular surgeons of tl»e 
 army stationed at Fort Crawford, Mrs. 
 Menard continued to practise among 
 tho inhabitants. Whether slie was 
 employed because they had more faith 
 in her skill, or because tliey could pay 
 h(!r with more ea»e, — as her fees were 
 paid In tlie produce of the country, 
 though she was not very modest in Iu>r 
 charges, — cannot be with certainty 
 stated; and frequently after the army- 
 physician had attended a patient a long 
 time, who, perhaps, for want of good 
 nursing, could not be eurwl, " Aunt 
 Mary Ann " would take him liome with 
 her, and by the force of good nur~lug, 
 with a little "yarb drink," would re- 
 store him to perfect heallii ; so tliat tho 
 physician was often joked about her 
 superior skill. 
 
 The following storj' is related about 
 lier husband, Charles Menard. Ho 
 was once arrested on tho charge of 
 having sold whiskey to the soidiei's. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 "lo 
 
 Ho was brought about five milfis from 
 his rosiiloiice under ;i Hiiard, tried Iiy a 
 court-iiiiulial. whipiit'd, and, wilh a 
 1) )ttle huiij^ to liis nculi, niureliod 
 tliroii'^li the streets witli inusie, play- 
 lii'.'; the '•K(i;;ii(!'s March" after liini. 
 Sir. Jleiiard protested that lie liad not 
 sold liiinor to the soldiers, but that 
 they had asked liiin for it, and that ho 
 refused to let theiu liave any, as he did 
 not Iveep liquor for sale. 
 
 At the last accounts, many of her 
 descendants resided in Prairie du Chien, 
 and were Keiiorally as industrious and 
 orderly inhabitants as any others. 
 
 Miss Nancy Smith. — " Aunt Nan- 
 cy," as many of her old friends and 
 former pupils deliptlit to call her, is one 
 of the pioneer school-teachers of Wis- 
 consin, ,She was born in the State of 
 Vermont nearly seventy years .acfo. 
 Po-<sesN|n5 a naturally active and In- 
 telligent mind, with a thoiou,nlily-prac- 
 tii.'al education, acquired in the com- 
 mon schools, iiiid a charitable and sym- 
 pathetic heart, replete with a stroii;; 
 love for the children and the youth of 
 th(? community in whieli she lived, she 
 was eminently succosst'iil as a teaclier. 
 But her attention was not given to lier 
 si'hool-dutii's exclusively; for she was 
 often found in tho house of poverty 
 and distress. 
 
 Since her removal to this State, her 
 home lias been in the soulherii part. 
 At (irst she lived with her brotliiM' in 
 Iowa County, but afterwards willi her 
 parents in Moscow. After the death 
 of tlie father, the motlier vi-ited, liist 
 with one child, and tlien another. 
 
 "Aunt \ancy" comiueueed teaching 
 about litly years ago, and taught for 
 nearly forty years, ilueh development 
 has he'll made in tlie sehool-aystem 
 since Xw.r lirst pupils used to sit on the 
 benches in tho little lug schoolhou-o, 
 which was as good as the Sliito alToid- 
 ed ; but no developiiient li.vs been made 
 in tiie strength of pure frlend>liip 
 which e.Ki>led belween teacher and 
 scholars. Many of biu' students would 
 cordially grasp her baud to give her a 
 hearty welcome to their finvside, if they 
 could but see the dark-haired woman 
 whose stately form is yet quite erect. 
 
 Miss Smith is an earnest, active 
 Christian, a consistent nieniberof tlio 
 Melliodist-Kpiscopal Church, to which 
 sh<! lias belonged from childhood. In 
 earlier days, it was the custom of the 
 people to invite iter to address them in 
 the al)sence of their pastor, whicli she 
 did ill a clear, forcible, and impressive 
 inanuer. 
 
 After removing from Sfoscow, she 
 taught several years in Argyle and 
 vicinity, from which place she went to 
 Evaiisville for the purpo.--e of educating 
 her adopted daughter. 
 
 Mus Fka.\(i;.'i A. Fakwelf-. — Mrs. 
 Frances A. P'arwell, wife of e.x-Gov. 
 Leonard ,J. Farwell, was the daughter 
 of Gen. A. N. Corss, who located in 
 M.adison with his family about twenty- 
 three yeai's ago. Mrs. Farwell was 
 then a young lady, and her future hus- 
 band was governor of tho State. Be- 
 ing a woman of natural grace and 
 beauty, to wliich was added the high 
 cultivation derived from superior edu- 
 iMiinn and extensive reading, she at 
 once became a general fa\orite in the 
 society of Madison, to which she was a 
 great a<?cession. 
 
 In the fall of 1853, while he was yet 
 i governor, Mr. Farwell and Miss Corss 
 ' were united in marriage, and settled at 
 once in ;i new residence tliat had been 
 erected the summer before on a point 
 on the shore of Lake Meudota some 
 seven miles from the city. All resi- 
 dents of that day renu-nibor the groat 
 pleasure they experienced in calling 
 upou the happy couple in their new 
 homo, and the cordial reception with 
 which the dark-eyed, stately bride and 
 her noble husband greeted tlieni. For 
 many years they resided in Madison 
 and at their countiy home; and wher- 
 ever she was, in her dwh house, or in 
 any social gathering, Mrs. Farwell was 
 tlie object of attraiUion and respect. 
 Always agreeable, amiable, and lady- 
 like, she won the esleeni of all who be- 
 came acquainted willi her; and it was 
 a d<'ep sMUrco of regret to her many 
 friends when cireunistances rendered 
 it necessary tli.it her ie-*ideiice hero 
 should be terminated for a lime; but 
 all had luiped her ab-eiice would bo 
 only tcmpnrary. But this was not to 
 be. 
 
 .\fter a long and painful illness, >\m 
 died in the city of Wa~liingloii, on 
 Sunday morning. March l.j, 1SIj8, aged 
 only thirty-seven years. Slie left a 
 liusband and three childien. Their 
 loss is irreparable; for, as a wife aiid 
 mother, she was a model. As a daugh- 
 ter, sister, and friend, she was h'*;hly 
 beloved. Her iilea-ant smile, genial 
 manners, and Cliiistiaii example, are 
 removed from them forever; but mem- 
 ory will cause tlieiii to be cherished 
 fondly and kindly in the inmost re- 
 cesses of I lie heart. 
 
 Mus. DoiioriiEA G. Dodge. — Tho 
 subject of this sketch was boru auJ 
 
71G 
 
 ni STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 oducuted in WimUorConnty, Vermont. 
 II<!r maiilnn name was Pierce. At tlie 
 n,m! r)£ eiuliteen slio was married to Joliii 
 Dodiie, and soon after, on Auu. 7, 18;i", 
 started, in company witli fourteen olli- 
 crs. for llie wilderness of Wisconsin, 
 taliinj; willi them seven liorses and two 
 covered waj?ons. 
 
 They arrived at tlie place now linown 
 as Vernon, Waukesha County, Wis., 
 Sept. 13, having been thirty-seven days 
 mal\in,!{ the journey. Here she met her 
 husband, who the year previous had 
 come West, and built a log-cabin, twelve 
 by fourteen feet, on Section 27, Town 
 5, north in r.ange 19 east, .afterward 
 named Verncm. On the lirst night 
 after her arrival, twenty-seven slept in 
 the same log-house, linding sleep wher- 
 ever and whenever it could be found; 
 but on the following day some of the 
 party left for other claims. At this 
 time, flour sold for twenty-nine dollars 
 per barrel, and pork for twenty-two 
 dollars per barrel : they, however, lived 
 mostly on potatoes, turnips, and white 
 beans, until crops could be raised: and 
 were without butter until the follow- 
 ing spring. 
 
 Years i)assed by, and the rude log- 
 cabin gave way to better and more 
 commodious buildings, and many im- 
 provements have been added to their 
 fann. It was here that lier children 
 were born, and hero where her loving, 
 kind, and noble husband died. 
 
 Mr.s. Uodge, and the ladies who 
 accompanied her, were probably the 
 first settlers in tlie place, wliere slie has 
 resided for a jieriod of over tliirty-seven 
 years, and still resides, beloved and re- 
 Bpected by all who know lier. 
 
 Mus. Makia Louisa Mills. — 
 Prominent aiixjng the early settlers of 
 Madison is Mrs. Maria Louisa Mills, 
 the wife of (ion. Simeon Mills, and a 
 daughter of Church Smith. Slie was 
 born in Sandistield, Berkshire County, 
 Mass., on May :il, 181.). Her early edu- 
 cation was acquired at this place. 
 When she was about twelve years of 
 age, lier father removed witli his fam- 
 ily to Austiid)urg, Ashtabula County, 
 O., where slie resided at the time of 
 her marriage. In 1834 she was mar- 
 ried to Simeon Mills. They made their 
 first home in J<'tTerson, tlie county-seat 
 of Ashtabula County. Hero they re- 
 sided till tlicy located in Ma<lison, in 
 June. 18:!8, at which time the entire 
 population of Dane County consisted 
 of about four families. They came by 
 Bteamer from Northern Ohio to Mil- 
 waukee: from there, Mrs. Mills and 
 
 her sister — now Mrs. Gen. George De- 
 hiplaine of the lalter place — roilo on 
 tli<' top of a wagon-load of gnods. The 
 journey was long and oxeeedingly te- 
 dious ; and the positions the ladies wore 
 obliged to assume could not be tlie 
 most comfortable. The route was cir- 
 cuitous; and between Jaiiosville and 
 Madison, a distance of about forty 
 miles, there was no house or road. 
 They were three days on their journey, 
 and camped out two nights, during 
 which time they were sutticiently an- 
 noyed by the mosquitoes. In tliose 
 days, tlie whole cimntry was sparsely 
 populated ; and a visit to a near neigh- 
 bor would often involve a ride of from 
 twenty to forty miles. At the present 
 time, tiiere is but one woman in Madi- 
 son or in Dane County who was Ikmc 
 at the time Mrs. Mills came; and she is 
 Mrs. Prosper l$inl. On ilieir arrival at 
 this place, Mrs. Mills kept a few board- 
 ers, and quite respectably too, tlmugli 
 often without eggs, milk, or butler. 
 
 Mrs. Mills's children were li irn in 
 Madison, two of wliom are buried 
 there. She has one son and two 
 daugliters living. 
 
 In speaking of her pioneer life, Mrs. 
 Mills says, "I came, expecting to make 
 my home in Jladison; ami not for a 
 mom t have L been homesick." This 
 renia. . iTustralos lier strength of jmr- 
 pose, or, in other words, the remarkablo 
 force of her character. And this force, 
 this energy, is the special feature wliicli 
 predominates in her temperamcnl. 
 Kven in her childhood, when her 
 health was exceiKliir.dy delicate, she 
 was very active. Full cif life, anima- 
 tion, and entcii)rise, slio infuses tlie 
 same element in the company with 
 whieli she mingles. Her mi'idal at- 
 tainments are good, and her conversa- 
 tion ready and iulerestiiig. 
 
 In early life she united with the 
 church then known as " The Chris- 
 tians," or "Tlie Church of Christ," 
 but perhaps better known now as 
 "Tlie Disciples." Ucing a firm be- 
 liever in Christianity, she lias incul- 
 cated ill iier children the same prin- 
 ciples which form sucli an attractive 
 feature of her character. She is strict- 
 ly domestic, industrious, and frugal in 
 lier habits, and never makes any pre- 
 tensions to puljlicity. Given more to 
 constant diligence than to gayety, she 
 presides as mistress of hor own house- 
 hold. One so eiisliiiiicd in the hearts 
 cif her iniinediate I'amil'-circle cannot 
 fail in hiiving the esleein .and regard of 
 her neighbors aud friends. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 717 
 
 PiKsoaslnj; tlm characteristic traits 
 depiitcil lieru. Mrs. Mills c^ould not 1)0 
 oilier lliaii well lilted for pioneer work. 
 Slit' and liir liuslniiid still livi< in tlie 
 Lome of llieir early elioice, Maili.son, 
 — tlie city •• 'tween the Ial<elets." 
 
 Mlis. IlENlilKrr.v L. f'oi,T. — Mrs. 
 Colt wa'i born Mareli 111, 1812. in IJen^- 
 Belaerville, Albany Counly, N.Y. Slie 
 wai educated in a seniiiniry at Albany, 
 and married, in 1(<:!0, to Joseph S. 
 Coll. Esq., a man well known throuirli- 
 ont the Slate. Mr. Colt was a member 
 of Hie Albany bar, and practised his 
 profession t)i"ere iintil 180:^. when he 
 removed to Milwaukee. Kesidinc; tlicro 
 for three years, he returned to New 
 York, wlierc ho died, leaving an hon- 
 oriMl name. 
 
 Mrs. Colt felt her loss keenly; hut it 
 aided in preparing her to devote her 
 eiilire enerfjies to the cause of the 
 country during the late Itehellion. 
 The followinc; extract of a letter 
 written by her shows the state of 
 her mind at that time: — 
 
 " The sun seemed to ino to so out 
 in ilarknoss when he went to the skies. 
 Sliieldiiiu; ine fnnn every want, from 
 all care, cavising me to l>reathe a con- 
 tinual atmosphere of rclinement and 
 love and happiness, wlien lie went, life 
 lost its beauty and its charm. In this 
 stale of things, it was to me as a di- 
 vine gift, a real godsend, to have a 
 chance for earnest, absorbing work. 
 The very lirsl opportunity was seized 
 to throw myself into the work for my 
 coniitiv, which liad called its slalwarl 
 sons to arms to defend its integrity, its 
 libeily, its very existence, from tlie 
 most gigantic and wicked rebellion 
 known in liistory." 
 
 Mrs. Colt became an active member 
 of the Wisconsin Soldiers' Aid Society. 
 Leaving her home to minister to the 
 Federal soldiers, she went in the hos- 
 pital steamers, as far as Vicksburg, to 
 visit the camp and regimental hospitals 
 around lliat beleaguered city, and often 
 sent sanitary supplies for tin! sick and 
 wounded Union soldiers until the close 
 of I he war. One on board a steamer 
 l)as>ing towards Vicksburg noticed the 
 charaeterislie trails of a parly of ladies 
 who were on their way to carry sanitary 
 stores to those needing them. Of Mrs. 
 Colt, ho remarked her intelligence, 
 her puiity of character, the h.'autiful 
 hicnding of her religious and patriotic 
 tendencies, the gentleness and tender- 
 ness with whieli she gave eiuMuirage- 
 nient and sympathy to the sick soldier, 
 and the spirit of humanity and woman- 
 
 ly dignity that marked her manners 
 and coiivers.ation. 
 
 UikUt the care of the surgeons, she, 
 with ilrs. Iloge, improvised a hospital 
 of the steamer on whicli tliey went, 
 that came up from Vicksburg lo.aded 
 witli wounde<I men. She made her 
 second visit when (Jen. Grant was re- 
 newing the siege of Vicksburg. An 
 extract from one of her letters says, — 
 
 "1 visited the south-western hos- 
 pitals in order to see the benefits really 
 conferred by the Sanitary Commission, 
 in order to stimulate supplies at liome. 
 Such was my story, or tho effect of it, 
 that Wisconsin became the most pow- 
 erful auxiliary of the north-western 
 branch of the United States Sanitary 
 Commission. I liave visiled seventy- 
 two hospitals, and would fiml it dilii- 
 cult to choose the most remarkable 
 among the many heroisms I every day 
 witnessed. 
 
 " I was more impressed by tlie gen- 
 tleness and relinement that seemed to 
 grow up and in the men when sull'er- 
 ing from horrible wounds, tliaii by 
 any thing else. It seemed always to 
 me that the sacredness of the cause 
 for wiiicli they offoreil up their lives 
 gave to them a heroism almost super- 
 human; and the sulTeriiigs causi?d an 
 almost womanly relinement among tlie 
 coarsest men. I have never lieard a 
 word, nor seen a look, that was not 
 respectful and grateful. 
 
 " I know now that lovo of countiy 
 is the strongest love, next to the love 
 of (;od, given to man." 
 
 Much good was done by the visits of 
 Mrs. Colt to the sick and wounded of 
 our army: and much beiielit resulted, 
 in their clTect upon the p(!ople at Iionie, 
 in rousing them to ninv endeavors. 
 When tlie governor of Wisconsin gave 
 lier an appointment to visit the Army 
 of the Cumberland, and see, person- 
 ally, all sick Wisconsin men, she ren- 
 din'cd them a service of great value. 
 Slie went under the escort of Ifev. 
 .1. P. T. Ingraham, and saw each one 
 of them in the hospital. After h(>r 
 return, the recital of their heroic en- 
 durance stimulated exceedingly the 
 geueiMsity of Hie people. 
 
 Upon the re-organization of the Wis- 
 consin Soldiers' Aid Society, in 1801, 
 Mr=. Colt was chosen corresponding 
 secretary. She aided the society very 
 materially; for, in visiting the soldiers 
 in various localities, she was enabled 
 to make tlieir wants known. Her do- 
 
718 
 
 nisronr or Wisconsin. 
 
 icripllon nf tlipir sii(Ti'riii!;i w.is m- 
 liiteil Willi such shiiplu pathos, that 
 lar^e coiUrilmlioiis wcro (livi'ii to tho 
 liocit'ty. Sho was an cttififUt worker 
 diirUii; thu whoii' war, and hiboiwl 
 with ontiro di'votlon and };reat scll- 
 sauritloe. Ilcr home is Mtill in Mil- 
 waiil<c'o. 
 
 MitH. GAimNEii Wilson-.— This lady 
 was tlio lirst whii'n woman who lived 
 in llie place .low known as Kenosha. 
 Her native plaeo was Otsego Comity, 
 New York, iler husband arrived there, 
 with two other men, Monday, .June 
 ]."), ]S.j5; four of their nciiuaintances 
 roaching tliere the i)revious day. The 
 most of these persons were desir- 
 ous to look tip a now homo for tliem- 
 scives on their own individual ac- 
 count. They had no tools with which 
 to construct temporary shelter, so en- 
 camped for several days on tho north 
 side of tho harbor, and In tho place 
 which is now known as second ward. 
 They had no cookiiijj-impieinents: so 
 Jlr. Bacon, who performed tho duties 
 of steward, du;^, willi his knife, a 
 trench into a tree, in which pliuu he 
 stored meat and other articles, as they 
 were taken from the fire, and from 
 which place each man helped him- 
 self. 
 
 The first double teams that came to 
 Kenosba arrived on .Sunday, tjune 21, 
 ]S:i,). There were two wagons, to 
 line of winch was attached a span of 
 hor.-es, and to the otlier tlireo yoke of 
 oxen. With these came Jlrs. Gardner 
 Wilson, Jonatlian Pierce, Orrin Je- 
 rome, and Xel>on Catliile. On tho day 
 after the arrival of lliesn teams, the 
 party commerced an erection of a 
 building where Main and Union Streets 
 •now intersect each otlier, in second 
 ward. Tills was the first building imt 
 up in Kenosha; and it resembled an 
 Indian wigwaiu more than a house. 
 The sides were laid up with poles, in- 
 stead of logs; while the roof and floor 
 were made of bark. 
 
 For the first two weeks after the 
 arrival of Mrs. Wilson, slio used one 
 of the wagons as a sleeping-apartment, 
 and coolied out of doors. Her table 
 was made of split logs; and the cook- 
 iiig-imiilemeuts and tho other furni- 
 ture were of the same primitive char- 
 acter. Mrs. Wilson lived afterwards 
 in a log-house, which was erected by 
 her husband on the lake-shore, {i|)- 
 posite the northern end of tlio Island. 
 This was the tliird building that was 
 built. She and her husband lived 
 here for several years, keeping, in the 
 
 mean time, a public lioiise. The 
 " Itesiijn House" entertained guenis 
 at the same time. N'nt a stone, or 
 piece of wood, or Jndeiitaliou of soli, 
 marks either of these building-spots. 
 The la.st known of Jlrs. and Mr. Wil- 
 son is that lliey relumed East. 
 
 Mi!S. Uducas IIazei.ti.n?:. — This 
 pioneer woman was born in Anilover, 
 Windsor County, Vt., about the year 
 IS;.'!!. Hero slio was educated, anil 
 resided with her parents until the time 
 of her maiiiage. 
 
 Her maiden name was Pierce; anil, 
 at th(,' age of nliieleen she was mar- 
 ried to Mr. <). 15. Hazeltlne, a resident 
 of tho Slime State. Soon after their 
 marriage, they left Vernnmt, and eame 
 to Wisconsin, then known a^ a wilder- 
 ness in the distant West, arriving here 
 on Ihe l.ilh of September, I&IS. They 
 located in Vernon, W.iukesha County. 
 
 The writer, who has known her long 
 and intimately, has often heard her 
 speak of her pleasant wedding-tour, 
 riding in covered wagons, iij-.ti'ad of 
 in palace cars. She was an enlhusi- 
 astie lover of Xature; and lier journey 
 was especially deliglitfiil, a-i it was 
 made in tlie summer time of the sea- 
 sons, and in the summer time of her 
 existence. On their arrival at their 
 destination, they liveil in covered 
 wagons until a log-house could bo 
 erecteil. Uiiring the first year thoy 
 enjoyed no luxuries; for their living 
 consisted largely of Imekwheat-meal. 
 Tlioy resided at this iilaee until 1S48, 
 when they removed to lllack Karlh, 
 Dane County, Wis., a village consisting 
 of two or three log-liouses. She was 
 the mother of seven children, all of 
 v.-liom were born in tliis .State, — five at 
 Vernon, and two at Black Karth. 
 
 As a mother, she was the kindest 
 and most self-sacrificing; as a wife, 
 she was the truest and the be-t : as a 
 friend, she was the most faitliful and 
 devoted. Like a ministering angel, slio 
 carried comfort to the sick and to the 
 sorrowing, though her own heart was 
 burdened by tiie heaviest of grief. 
 
 Her healtli grew poor in the latter 
 years of her life; but she bore her suf- 
 ferings so patiently and silently, that 
 Iicr pliyslcal pain was never realized 
 by her friends. She died at the age of 
 fiffy-sl.\, on Marcii 7, 1874, at her riisi- 
 dcnce, in Black Earth. She was a 
 firm believer in the principles of Chris- 
 tianity, to whose doctrines she ad- 
 hered to the clo^o of her life, remark- 
 ing in her last moments, to those 
 around her, " My work is finished, and 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 710 
 
 1 want to go to sleep, ami wnke up in 
 licavi'ii." 
 
 Mr.-i. llazeltlno wns a very intelligent 
 liiily, and her literary taste caused her 
 to ohiiose for lier CDnipaiilima llie l)est 
 autliors of the time, witli whose worl<s 
 blu! Ix^canie familiar. 
 
 iMr.s. Om.i.VA M. Lewis. — The 
 maiden name of Mrs. Orlina M. Lewis, 
 wile of cx-Gov. James L. Lewis, was 
 Sturses. Siie was born May 20, 182"), 
 at Clarendon, Orleans County, N.Y. 
 She was edueated at Leroy Female 
 Seminary, though her earlier knowl- 
 edi;i' was aequlretl In C'larenchm. For 
 sev(M-aI years she was engaged in teach- 
 ing at Albion Academy, in Western 
 New Vork. She was married to her 
 present husband July 2;}, 184(1. Soon 
 after tills marriage, they nunoved to 
 ColumI)us, Wis., where they have since 
 refilled. They have had four ehiidnn. 
 
 Mrs. Lewis is medium in height, 
 but presides over her houseliold with a 
 great deal of decision. Slie is a blon(l(\ 
 Sliouid a person unacquainted with 
 Mrs. Lewis engage in conversation 
 witli her for a few moments, lie would 
 be sure to notice that energy w.as one 
 of the principal traits of her character. 
 Slie is a member of tiie Metliodist- 
 Kpiscopal church, and is a good, con- 
 sistent Cliristian, wife, and mother. 
 
 Mns. Tiikuf.se Sciiini)I.eb. —Ma- 
 dame Tlieresc Schindler was born at 
 "Old Mackinac,"' Mich., in tliu year 
 177.'). She was a lineal descendant 
 of the principal chief of the Ottawa 
 Nation. Most of her e.arly life was 
 passed at St. Josephs, Mich. Slie was 
 a resident of the Island of Mackiii.ac 
 from 1805 to 1853, when she removed 
 to (Ireen Bay. During her eventful 
 life, she experienced many eventful 
 changes, and witnessed, what but few 
 persons have seen, five generations 
 (herself tlie first) assembled at one 
 time in her lake-home on the Island 
 of Mackinac. Her nearest lineal de- 
 scendant is her grand-daughter, the 
 wife of Hon. Henry S. Baird. I'^^r 
 traits of char.acter were amiable and 
 ennobling. Slie was a woman of no 
 scholarly attainments, but had power- 
 ful mental endowments, and a remark- 
 able memory. 
 
 She died Oct. 31, 1S56, in the eighty- 
 
 first y<'ar of her age. In compliance 
 with her widies, her remains were con- 
 veyed to .Mackinac for inleinienl. 
 
 Mils. Maiiia Uaiistow. — She was 
 bom ill Salem, Mass. Her maiden 
 name was Qiiaries. Her father was 
 among tlie first settlers of Wisconsin, 
 iiaving moved, witii his family, to 
 Kenosha (then Southport) in "iS-'lT. 
 Hut few had found their way to this 
 place; and every thing was in a most 
 primitive state. There were no church 
 edifices; hut, on each returning sab- 
 bath, al! rallied for worship in an old log 
 sclioolhoilse; and there were no com- 
 fortable residences nor sidewalks, but 
 plenty of sanil, through wliicli one 
 literally waded. The stopping of a 
 steamboat, previously hcrulcled liy the 
 cry of "Steamboat, .ahoy!" was a 
 most exciting event, and caused every 
 heart to tliriil with expectancy. Men, 
 women, and children woiiM rush to 
 the beach to soe the new-comers, who 
 were Iirought ashore in a small boat 
 sent for that purpose. There were a 
 few enterprising, public-spirited men 
 in the little town, and, under their 
 auspices, it soon a-sumed ronsidera- 
 bie importance. In 1844 Miss Quarles 
 was married to AV. A. Uarstow, who 
 at that time was jiving in Prairicville 
 (now called Wanke'sha) ; and, for several 
 years after their marriage, this beauti- 
 ful town was tlieir home. Subse- 
 quently they moved to M.idison, and, 
 after a few years' residence, removed 
 to Janesviile, where they remained 
 until after the opening of the war. 
 During tlio autumn of 1801, and the 
 winter following it, Mr. B.u'stow raised 
 I a cavalry regiment, which left Janes- 
 j ville, in March, 1802. Mrs. Barstow 
 accompaiiieil him, and was with him a 
 j portion of the time during his term of 
 service. On the iUi of May, 180."). she 
 parted from him at St. Louis; and the 
 "good-by" proved to be a final one. 
 Mr. Barstow died Dec. 13, 1805, of a 
 chronic disease. His wife was sum- 
 moned, but unfortunately too late to 
 see him. The remains of Mr. Barstow 
 were taken to Cleveland, O., and laid 
 by the side of his parents. Since tlu'ii, 
 the heart-broken widow, witli her 
 family, have made Cleveland their 
 home. 
 
CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 WISCOXSIX S MEN. 
 
 Brief Biii^rnpliical Sketches of the Pioiipcr aii'.l PrDinliient Men of Wisconsin. 
 
 We close this volinno with a chaptnr of biography, — lifo-sketclies of the 
 leading men of tlie State, of tho past and tiio present. These sketches are, 
 from necessity, very brief. Wo have sougiit oidy to chronicle the events in 
 each life in a simple way, believing tiiat we could not enhance this volume 
 by the laudation of living men. Others have engaged themselves in the 
 latter, in Wisconsin; but I am confident that their labors will only cause 
 those persons represented in this volume to more plainly distinguish the 
 difference between a biography that is i)repared for public appreciation, and 
 one that is written in the interests of a money consideration. If, however, 
 we seem to fail in any respect, in this chapter, it must be from one of two 
 causes, either of which we must not be supposed to control. In the first 
 place, it is difficult, and often impossible, to procure data for biographical 
 sketches of persons now deceased ; and, even where this is made possible by 
 the collection of fragmentary records, the work of bringing them together 
 is rendered difficult by innumerable circumstances. A second cause that 
 has largely interfered with this chapter is tho narrow space allotted to it. 
 
 IIox. Lucius Faibciiild. — Lucius 
 Faircliilil, a son of Col. .Jairus r. Fair- 
 child, was born in tlie town of Kent, 
 Portage County, O., Dec. 27, 18.!0; re- 
 ceived a common scliool education ; is 
 by profession an attorney. He came 
 to Wisconsin in 1840, with liis parents, 
 and settled at Madison. In 1840 he 
 made an overland trip to California, 
 and remained there until ISS.^, when 
 lie returned to M.niison. Was clerk of 
 the circuit court for Dane County in 
 18.")9 and 18(50; in 1801 entered the 
 military service with tlie First Wiscon- 
 sin Volunteers, and was commissioned 
 successively captain, major, lieutenant- 
 colonel, and brigadier of volunteers, 
 and captain in the Sixteenth Kegi- 
 ment. United States regular army. 
 At the battle of Gettysburg, where he 
 720 
 
 commanded the Second Wisconsin 
 Keginient of the " Iron Brig.ide," lie 
 lost an arm, and, while recruiting his 
 health, received and accepted tlie Re- 
 publican nomination for secretary of 
 State, to which position he was elected 
 in ISOiJ; in 1805 was elected governor; 
 and was re-elected in 1807 and 1809, 
 serving six years In that capacity, since 
 which time he has been appointed by 
 tlie President United States consul at 
 Liverpool, Eng. Gov. Fairchild's life 
 has been so well presented in tlie 
 chapters on his administrations of the 
 State government, that further men- 
 tion hero is unnecessary. 
 
 Jairus Cassius Faibcuild was 
 born in one of the northern towns of 
 New York, on the 27th of December, 
 1801. A youugcr sou of a large family. 
 
uisTonr OF wrscoxsiy. 
 
 721 
 
 ho ini;jlit liavo vpmninod tlicrc. luit for 
 th(! l>i>H of Ills inotlicr nt itii caily lyn'.. 
 As lie uscil liiutfliliinly to (express It, lie 
 "fiiuiul lie ('(mill not govern his sti'p- 
 nidllii'r;" iiiul so, iit rli'vcu years, hfi 
 htvted out to seek Ills fortune. I'rob- 
 »i y. anioiiR llu! liarily pioneers of the 
 time, tills dill not seem so (loiil)tful a 
 renlure as it niiKlit now do. It must 
 be added, that tlie same stcp-niothor 
 afterwards paiil him a visit at his homo 
 In Ohio, and reeeived most affeellonatc 
 atteiilion from himself atid his wife, 
 to wliose children she lieeamo much 
 ntliiched. Unfortunately, tlu're is no 
 clear record of these early years, full 
 of ailt'enture and of persevering effort. 
 Douhtiess a most entertaining liook 
 mi;,'ht ho made of them, if any friend 
 could clearly recall tho stories ho has 
 rei.M'd of scenes through which ho 
 p.issitl lie recollected vividly tho 
 IV. f the attack on Saeketfs Har- 
 hiri. Iiroii^ht by a man mounted on a 
 lior.s(! detaelied from the plougli, who, 
 seeing a fresher one standing harnessed 
 at his father's door, threw himself 
 from one to the other, and continued 
 his jiiurney over hill and dale to warn 
 tile people of tlie api>roaching enemy. 
 
 KifliH'u little months would cover 
 all the time spent in schools. Hut he 
 was a careful observer, with retentive 
 memory; and whether ho earned his 
 bread at tho weaver" .s h)om, or by busi- 
 ness journeys through the country, on 
 hoth sld(^s the Hivcr St. Lawrence and 
 LaU(! Ontario, he laid up stores of 
 praelieal knowledge, which maile him 
 a cyclopiedia for tlioso who sought in- 
 forinalion from him in later years. 
 
 An indefatigable and critical reader, 
 nothing came amiss to his inquiring, 
 thouglilful mind; and, even at tliis 
 early period, he h.ad rei\soned, and 
 drawn conclusions, upon subjects not 
 speeulaled upon by liis companions; 
 and llii!orios now commonly received 
 were roiiciied by him alone and un- 
 aided. One fact, unimportant in itself, 
 shows a marked character and capacity. 
 He alw.iys rose late. Entering upon 
 any employment, this fact was always 
 mentioned by him, and the hope ex- 
 pressed, that he should make himself 
 80 valuable after he was up, as to 
 make up for the loss of time. One 
 smiles to think of the young boy tlms 
 frankly dictating terms to his masters, 
 expressing a liope that lie might over- 
 come his tendency, but, if it proved 
 impossible, asking consideration, — a 
 consideration wliicU was, 1 believe, 
 uevcr denied. This is mentioned, not 
 
 as a good precedent, but only as show- 
 ing a characteristic. 
 
 At twenty-one wo find him, with 
 an elder brother, Marcus Ilrutus, en- 
 tering Ohio In search of a permanent 
 home. They separated at Cleveland, 
 agreeing to meet there at a certain 
 time, and report progress. Hut tho 
 brother never returneil; and, after 
 weary and anxious walling, the subject 
 of this sketch entered upon an engage- 
 ment with Owen Brown, tho father of 
 that John Urown whoso devotion to 
 the cause of antlslavery, and raid Into 
 Virginia, have given him so wonderful 
 a place in the history of our country. 
 This Owen Urown was a remarkable 
 man: a volume might bo written of 
 his sayings, full of wit, and of keen, 
 shrewd good sense. An industrious 
 and |)ros|)erou3 man, he stood high 
 among his fellows, and was a valuable 
 friend to a young man starting In life. 
 
 Amonghlsotherentorprises, liohad a 
 tannery, and taught the young man this 
 trade ; and soon after Jolm Urown and 
 Mr. Fairchild became partners in the 
 business. Hut .Tohn Urown, — stern, 
 unbending, a man of " one idea," tho 
 stuff of which martyrs are made, — 
 grand and sublitnc though he bo in 
 history, was not tho most suave and 
 ■agreeable companion one could find 
 for social relations ; and this arrange- 
 ment was very brief, though a friend- 
 ship continued. For when, some years 
 later, •John lost his wife, the fact was 
 announced in a letter to his former 
 partner, beginning, "My good, faith- 
 ful, obedient wif(! Diantha is dead." 
 
 About this time Mr. Fairchild met 
 with Sally Blair, a handsome, energetic 
 daughter of New Engl.ind, of Scotch- 
 Irish descent, gifted with Scotch per- 
 sistency and Irish kindliness. One 
 brief meeting left upon each so strong 
 .111 impression, that the acquaintance 
 was voluntarily renewed; and a few 
 months l.-vter, in the spring of 1820, ho 
 brought his bride homo to Franklin 
 Mills (now Kent), O., where they lived 
 In a log-house a year, till their own 
 house was built. 
 
 After all his wanderings and stnig- 
 gles, wo find the homeless, self- 
 instructed boy anchored by his " alii 
 fireside." Here four ehildren were 
 born, and one laid under the sod. 
 He built a brick store, now pointed 
 out as the first brick building ever 
 erected in the town. Very small it 
 looks; but It was regarded with no 
 contempt tlien. No success or posl- 
 i tion of later years was brighter of 
 
t. 
 
 HISTORY OF W {SCON SIX. 
 
 more beautiful than tlioso few yoarif 
 passed by liim in llie t'liivlng littlo 
 viilau'i", as tlii! pnipiiotu. of a lai'i;(; 
 laiinciy. (if " the store," ami his own 
 cottage close by it, a jusliei; of the 
 peaee, and known as " the Squire" in 
 all the iieighborini; counties, lie '"as 
 an aetive temperance man. So preva- 
 lent was drunlcennes? at this tin)e, 
 that nolliin;; short of total altsiineiice 
 could rPniedy the evil. Tobacco, and 
 stimulants in all forms, were fiuight 
 against with all his youthful vigor; 
 and not till near his iiftielb year did 
 he, by the advice of several iibysiciaiis, 
 adopt the occasional use of them. 
 This pcrioil, uneventful in a written 
 liistory. afforded lime for maturin;; 
 and assimilating the experiences and 
 observations of his previous years: 
 for reading law, in order that he miuht 
 faithfully and justly act as "s(|uire;" 
 for investigating linani'ial and political 
 questions to lit him for business and 
 citizenship. Ihit to him personally 
 this was a period of intense interest. 
 Ills busy (lavs were f(dlowed by sleep- 
 less nights of study of the IJible, .id 
 tboiiglitfiil talks with his clergyman 
 and others. An active and j)rayorful 
 eluirch-UKimber, his views of ('hristian 
 duly we'' extrenu; and vigorous ; and 
 though t. (> most conscientious strug- 
 gles resuiK^l in a positive rejection (.f 
 the miraculous claims of tbeoiogv. they 
 gave an enviable familiarity with the 
 li'achings and spirit of the Founder of 
 (liristianily, and a steadfast faitn in 
 the wisdom of the command to "do 
 Justb- love mercy, and walk humbly 
 Willi Odd." 
 
 During all these years, one of the 
 dcljc^liiful domestic events was ilie fre- 
 (|uenl visits of bis ^.ood old friend 
 Owen Urown, wboS(! alVeetion extended 
 to Ibe wife and children, and whos(^ 
 habit of frigblful stammering oidy 
 added a charm to tb(! keen wit and 
 kindly good-humor which inad(^ him a 
 ('.eliglit to children as well as to Ihe 
 jldcr ones. 
 
 In I8;!4 he removed to Cleveland, — 
 then rushing on in the full tide of 
 speculation, — just in time to be 
 stranded by the tidal wave of \S']T. 
 which wrecked so many imaginary 
 millionnaires. His little brood, incapa- 
 ble o' comprcbcndiiig the prosperity, 
 were (aught by Ibis adversity that oj)- 
 porlurnlies for education were to be 
 made the most of; and much of thi 
 8ons' p(M'severanee, and faithful per- 
 fornianee of small duties, may have 
 been unconsciously derived from their 
 
 ' father's humbling experiences in this 
 I "crash." While engaited in the wea- 
 risome and mortifying busin(«s of 
 adjusting these affairs, tliere came to 
 him, 'ne.vpe 'tedly, a jiosilion in the 
 sf'cret or- K'e of the government, 
 which ' .1 e him active employment, 
 and m( r s of subsistence, dining the 
 period .i which bis bands were tied 
 by bis embarrassments. It also .af- 
 forded him an opportunity to choose 
 a home wherein he should start an(!W. 
 
 One dreary March day, driving 
 against a biting north wind, in the 
 year 184(>, he arrived in Madison, 
 Wis. ; and, after a stay of less than 
 twenty-four hours, he wrote to his 
 wife in Cleveland that he bad finnid 
 Ibe place wherein he should live and 
 die. This active, far-seeing helpmeet 
 was ready for the summons, and, 
 bringing children and household g(Jods, 
 joine(l him in MilwauUec. 
 
 Driving two and a half days over 
 green prairies, and through "oak 
 open'. ';s," where shadows danced 
 upon a brilliant carpet of llow(U's, they 
 reached Madison .lune. l\ lS4(i. 
 
 The first constiiulional conv(!nti()n, 
 occurring this year, not only brought 
 most of the leading men of the Slate 
 together in Madison, but made politi- 
 cal (|ueslions the subject of every- 
 day common conversation. Into these 
 he threw himself with eager interest; 
 and, though some of the progressive 
 measincs most pleasing to him led to 
 the rejectiou of IIk! constitution by 
 th(! people, b(! lived to see most of 
 them adopted by Ibe Slate. 
 
 lie bail been a Henry Clay Whig, a 
 "stump" speak(!r iliniiii; the cam- 
 paign which elected Hai'rison; and 
 \\.^ one of lh(! few who sustaiiu;d 
 .lohn Tyler in his "oursi! afler the 
 death of the I'residi'iit brought him to 
 the head of the adminislralion. Per- 
 haps il was not so much that he agreed 
 with bi'n in the abstract, as that ho 
 claimed for him Ihe right to carry out 
 Ihe iirinciplcs he bad always Inild, and 
 his known advocacy of which hiid 
 given strength to llie efforts which 
 resulted in tin! triumph of the party. 
 So few were th(? Tyler nn-n, that they 
 wer(! known as the " corporal's guard," 
 — a soubrii|uel cheerfully accepted by 
 himself and oil .'■rs. 
 
 This stale of things naturally driftiMl 
 him with Ihe Democrats; and he was 
 elected stale treasurer at Ibe first 
 St.'ite election, on the Democratic 
 ticket, at Ihe head of which was Oov. 
 Uewey, and was elected to the same 
 
HISTORY OF WISCOySfX. 
 
 723 
 
 offlop, for a spcor d tvrin, in 1840. In 
 ls."jl,an<l again ii. IS"):!, lu! was pressed 
 
 lor th(! Domocratii; 
 governor, and on tin' 
 lacked only two votes 
 required to confer the 
 
 drifted 
 was 
 llrst 
 
 ocratio. 
 
 ,s Oov. 
 same 
 
 by liis friends 
 nomination for 
 second 'icoasii'.i 
 of tlie niiinliei' 
 nomination. 
 
 lie was the only State offieer wlio 
 kept Iiouse in Madison ; and lii.s own 
 and liis wife's unfaillni; liospitality 
 made tlieir simple, nnpreteniliiii; home 
 adclii;htfnl social centre, and famili- 
 arly known to all whose bnsiness or 
 tastes brouiilit them to tlie City of the 
 Lakes. Perhaps in tliis way, more 
 than in any public positions, was 
 their united indnenee exercl-ed in the 
 rapidlv-increasing community. All 
 his etforts weni, to develop llie re- 
 sources of his own vicinity, and to 
 advance the interests of his neiLchl)ors. 
 If he fiained a little money, instead of 
 H^ekiii!; some safe investment, where 
 lie could profit by the industry of 
 otluMs, ho put it into improvements 
 of the town or Slate. Immediately 
 upon his arrival in Madison, he sot 
 about };ettini» a home for life. His 
 first step was to buy a saw-mill in the 
 pinery; and, runnin;; his own lumber 
 ''owi\ to I'rairie dn Sac, he had it 
 hauled by teams, twenty-live miles, to 
 Madison. Then tliere was no brick. 
 The beautiful stone, uow easily pro- 
 cnred, was then inaccessible: so he 
 slarli'd a brick-yard, and made enou;;h 
 bricks for all his own l)nildin'.;s, and 
 til yo far towards paying for the other 
 malerlals useil. Thi^si> thin'.;s bein'j; 
 ready, the architect who was to have 
 taken charge failed, ami so he com- 
 pleted Lhe job by fjivin;; his own daily 
 per;onal attention to the clolails of the 
 woik to the end. A home sained 
 under such dilliculties, and einiche' 
 by inemori(!s of years of hospitalities, 
 is not to be bougiit with mere money. 
 
 While ho was a .State otiicer, he be- 
 came intimately acquainted with the 
 wh.;i.. .State, throuifh his r.r-offlcio con- 
 nection with tlie coininissioners for the 
 care of school and university lands ; 
 and, though he was strongly averse 
 to much they were obliged to do, con- 
 sidering it a wiisto or misuse of a noble 
 onilowment, y<'t he enjoyed giving his 
 time and stren^ih to the work, and 
 was faithful ami eflicient in etforts to 
 avert evils, and accomplish good. 
 
 Not much is it to tell. —the first 
 state treasurer in a new Stale, the 
 first mayor in a very small city, the 
 bnilil'T of an unassuming home and 
 of other modest buildings, but his 
 
 influence was widely Idt in his day; 
 and who shall say who i; it will end? 
 lie could not sleep conirortably in his 
 bed if he knew olliers li bi- homeless 
 and snlTering. lie Wiis foremost in 
 ever; public work. N'o widow or 
 orphan was ever turned away till his 
 b(^st thouiilit and kindest aid had been 
 given. No man, not even the worth- 
 less, ever ai)])ealed to his friemNliip in 
 vain. lie fell that want of success 
 often stamped a man as worthless 
 among his fellows; and the nnl'or- 
 tunate w<M'e sure of his aid. At one 
 time his banker refused to aecc'pl his 
 name ;vs an indorser, giving, as a rea- 
 son, that his name was oti Iwo-ihlrds 
 of the paper in Dane t'oiiMty. Of 
 course, he had losses; of course, he 
 a very few times aided scamps; of 
 course, he had no millions to divide 
 •among his children. It is not a good 
 example 1. 1 follov > that extent. And 
 yet wlio would not prefer the troubles 
 and embarrassments bri,ught by sueli 
 a life, to those attending the selfish 
 life'? 
 
 lie hail a powerful frame, a large, 
 intellectual head, fine features, a fair 
 complexion, and bright aiibu?n curling 
 hair. Ills physical strei.glh was enor- 
 mous. At one time, ',dien a spirited 
 lii.rse which he was i, riving, frenzied 
 by fright, had started to run, be slopped 
 him by main sirenglli, nearly pull- 
 ing him back into tlie bugu'v. Tliongh 
 genial in his ways, and undi.'r habitual 
 self-control, his passions were sti'ong; 
 and his keen sense of honor led liiir. 
 io ipiick reseninii'iit of any attack upon 
 his ehaiacler. The lir-t yea: of his 
 residence in .Madi-on. he walked -teiid- 
 ily into a iirinliiig-olliee, Mini, with his 
 '^wn unaided arm, bioke up a news- 
 paper form uiion the press, tlieii piint- 
 iiig false words derogalory to lilni. 
 This strenglh, and si'lf-i'"liance In his 
 personal appearani'e, made lhe feelile- 
 iiess and loss iii' si^ht of his last 
 months peculiarly toncliing. 
 
 His life went out in darkness. The 
 w-i- came, lie had foreseen it with 
 deepest |iain. He was of those who 
 thought the eli'ction of J^^uglas over 
 Lincoln would have aveud it fur the 
 lime, ]iiisslblv would have shifted it 
 along till different circumstances had 
 iiuietly accomplished the end, which 
 came i tily Ihrouuh blood and anguish. 
 IJut when the call Tm- men came, and 
 his son Lucius was oin of the first 
 five in the State to enlist t i serve In 
 any capacity reipiired. he made no ob- 
 jeclLon. It was his country; and the 
 
!1 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Union wa'i pss(>ntial to liis ideii (if it. 
 Ami wlu'ii Caisii'.s, rctiiriiiii!; from tin; 
 wilds of the pinery to lind the coiinliy 
 allanic willi tlio war-spirit, addfd liis 
 iianu' to till! already tremendous list, 
 lie ijave no si','li. lie expeeted, as a 
 matter fif course, if tliero was work 
 to be done, all liis lioys would do 
 it. A?(l tliouiih great tears rolled 
 down his <'heeks, already thin and 
 liallid a' the I'apid approach of death, 
 ihoie precious liV(^s \ver(! never re- 
 called, even to coml'ort his last days. 
 'I'he fortunes of war sent his eldest 
 son, Cassius, hack on a stretcher, with 
 a hall in his thii^h, to occupy an ad- 
 joiniii'.; hed-rooni chu'lng his father's 
 last, days, and, with his mother and 
 .sister, to follow, on ernlches, the n;- 
 vered form to its last, resting-place. 
 But with all the sense' of personal lo-' 
 with all the frightful seiis(! of danger 
 to his eldest son in the Western Army, 
 his secon<l in the Army of the I'lito- 
 jnac. and his third son and youni;(;st 
 «'hild in \\w navy, now on Ltnard heiow 
 IJichmond. in .lani(>s liiver. ami then 
 participatin.^ in the sieite of (.Charles- 
 ton, his great .grief, his really lirst 
 thought, was for his country, — the 
 fear that peace had (h'd from it for a 
 1 ing time, if not forever. >io vii'tories 
 came; toelieer his last days. With fail- 
 ing strength, and nearly extinguished 
 sight, he went <iul in the darki.'st days 
 of the war, just wlien defeat after de- 
 feat had liegun to leach our armies 
 how large a task had heeu undertaken, 
 lie died .July IS, hsil-.', 
 
 ('As.«iirs K.MliCiiii.n was horn at 
 Franklin .Mills, now Kent, 0.,I)ec. Ki, 
 ISJil, lie w.is the seconil son of Sally 
 Hlair and Hon. .1. C. Fairchild. lirst 
 treasurer of the State of Wisconsin, 
 first mayor of the city of Madison, 
 and a gentleman of fine ability, high 
 character, and great iiromincnce in 
 the early history of the .State. His 
 mother's grandfather, Capl. Ceorge 
 Howard, died in the service of his 
 country just liefore the close of the 
 It"Volution.iry War. Ho had heen in 
 Nova .Scotia, most jirospiM'tiusly situ- 
 ated, at the Declaration of Indepenil- 
 ence, ami, sacrificing all his |iroperly. 
 had hastened honied to fight for his 
 c luntry. His mother's other grainl- 
 falher,' IJlair, had aho served with 
 honor in the French and Indian war. 
 The elder son died early; and the 
 family removed to Cleveland, in ISlU, 
 
 whei-e Cassius n ived his education, 
 
 with the (exception of one year spent 
 at an academy in Twin- l)e;g, ()., and a 
 
 longer period, later, at the school wliich 
 afteiwards became (/'arroll College, in 
 Waukesha, Wis. He Uarned slowly, 
 hut had an accurate and retentive 
 memory. Fond of fun, he yet had 
 caution and self-control; so that hu 
 n<n-er got into ditliculties. 
 
 At fourteen he came to Milwaukee, 
 with his uncle, Mr. K. .1. I'.lair; .and 
 after his return to Clev<'land, hy most 
 urgent entreaties, he obtained permis- 
 sion from his parents to go all the way 
 back to Milwaukee on horseback, in 
 company with a you?ig man w<'ll 
 known to them. This fhsi taste of 
 a<lveiiture was enjoyed hy him with .1 
 keen relish, and made him fee! himself 
 a man at once. 
 
 With his uncle in Milwaukee, in 
 school at Waukesha, in tin; duties and 
 pleasures of home-life at his falher'.s 
 house in iladison. with an occasional 
 business-visit to New York (,'iiy, his 
 life |)assed smoothly on, with no more 
 startling incident than his re|K}ated 
 election as alderman (one year presi- 
 ilent of the coimnon council), and an 
 (■lection, in IfSoi), as nn niber of the 
 legislature from the eity of Madison. 
 I Though piwiously known to most 
 j ac(|Maintances miM'ely as a young 
 i gentleman in society, he is said to 
 have possessed at this tinu^ an luiusual 
 keenness and discrimination as to men, 
 and to hav(> so w'on their respect as to 
 wield a controlling inlluenc(( over many 
 of his seniors in y(!ars and experience. 
 At about this time, little knowing 
 for wiiat they prepared themselves, 
 some young gentlemen of the city 
 formed a military ('ompany called the 
 (!ovennu''s (iuai'd. So rare was even 
 the smallest knowledge of military 
 tactics in th(^ .Slate, that nearly every 
 member of this company took high 
 rank, and served with distinction din-- 
 ing the war. Among its most inde- 
 fatigabli! members W(>re the brothers 
 Cassius and Lucius Fairchild. 
 
 At the breaking-out of the war, 
 Cassius was in tin! wilds of the North- 
 ern I'ineri(>s, attending, with patience 
 and tact, to a most wearing and vexa- 
 tions husiiKMs, in which misplaced 
 conlidence and kin(ln(!ss had involved 
 his father. Immediately after his re- 
 turn home, he offered his services to 
 till! goviM'nor, and in October, 18dl, 
 was appointed major of the Si.xteenth 
 Wisconsin Infantry. In December 
 following, he was promoted to the 
 ollice of lieulenanl-colonel. At the 
 battle of Shiloh, a hall entered his 
 thigh, so close to the hip-j liiit, that 
 
niSTORY Of ]\'/SCO.\SlX. 
 
 nmpiitalioii was iinpossil)lc% ami all 
 tampi'liiij; (lamsoriuis. liy tlii" .iltiiost 
 fiii|M'ilniiiiaii cxurliDii^ of his {.itlicr's 
 fiiciiil. .Iiiil'^o Tiioiiias IIdihI, wliii went 
 fdi' him, 111! was liroiinlit homo oii a 
 slrctoliiM', down tW. Triino^si'e and Ihc 
 Ohio, anil up the Mhsioipjii to I'lMiric 
 (hi ChiiMi. Diiriir^ oij;lil nionlhs of 
 enia.'ialion and snlloilnu, the hall and 
 scviMi pieci's of Ids clothhi:; n'niained 
 in the wouuil, halllini; Iho soanh of a 
 scon! of siiri;oons. Tlirouiih all this 
 enlfiTim; ami anxious isiispcnse, his 
 checilnl couraijo and ovci-llowinjj; wit 
 made his hedsldt! a d(!li.i;lit to his 
 frionds. Thc> inolancholy satlstaelion 
 of witm^s-iini? tho last days of a re- 
 vered and helovod father, and of sns- 
 tainiiii; his mother and sister thnm.;li 
 the Dereavenient, were secured to hint 
 by his prolonged sniTeiing. The hall 
 was found I)y Dr. lliainanl, in Deeein- 
 her, and the forei'in suhstaiiees re- 
 iu<ived; hut they had lemained so Ions 
 einlx'ildeil in the hone, that a new for- 
 mation of bone had grown over them, 
 and the conseipient irritation was very 
 slow to heal, lie returneil to the Held 
 iind active service in .May, while his 
 wound still required dres-inc; twice a 
 day; and twice dnrini; the succeedin'^ 
 campaign he received injuries which 
 opened his wound, and prostrated him 
 upon a sicli-he<I. During the siegi! of 
 MeU~burg, tho lamented O.'U. Mcl'her- 
 sou was his kind ami constant friend ; 
 and Gens. Force, liclknap, and others 
 of his companions, remember him with 
 expressions of affectiou.ite respect. 
 
 In March, liS(14, he was appointed 
 colonel. His regim"i;t belonged to 
 the Seventeenth Army ('orps. which 
 achieved such a noble rccoril at .M- 
 lanla, and in Sherman's .Man!h to the 
 fSea. He remained in the seivice to 
 the close of the w.ir, and. upon being 
 mustered out, was brevetted brigadier- 
 geiu!ral for gallantry. 
 
 In the summer of l.'^(i(i, he was a])- 
 poinled Hniteil Stales m.-irshal. and 
 again icnioved to the city id' Milwau- 
 kee, where he resided till he received a 
 ttrain while acting as pall-bearer at 
 the fuiM'ral of a friend, which cai <e<| 
 the breaking-opi'n of his wound, vith 
 f,il,ll re-Mlts. He died Oct. 21. ISI S. 
 
 (ien. Kairchild left two liroiiiers, 
 tlen. I>uciu« l'".iiri-bilil, then governor 
 of the Stat(!, and Charles Fairclnld of 
 I'.oston. who had al^o served in the 
 navy during the blockade of .lames 
 Kiver, and participaleil In the siege cd' 
 Cliarlestnu. Hi! also left one sister, 
 and a widow, to whom he had been 
 
 married ten days before his death. 
 He is interred in Madison. 
 
 l|i)X. l.iivi 1!. ViL.vs. — He was horn 
 in sterling, Lamoille County, Vt.. on 
 I'd). "J"). ISIl. He received an academ- 
 ic education, and pursu(>d a partial 
 ] collegiali! course, lie studied law. and 
 ■ was adniitled to tin' bar at St. Albans, 
 i V't.. in lS.l:i. He was the lir>t post- 
 master at .Morrisville. in ls:!4. Soon 
 [ after, he removc'd to .Johnson, in that 
 '. Stale, from which place he was elected 
 [a niember o( the State Constitutional 
 ! Convention, in IS:!.'). lie represented 
 that town in the State legislature in 
 18.1(1 and ls;!7. and was elected by the 
 legislature, in the latter year, one of the 
 commissioners of the Deaf and Dumb 
 and III i ml Insiitution : during I be sanu' 
 period, he Iield the otiice of register of 
 probate, lie removed lo Chelsea in 
 IS'.S, and represinled that town in 
 the legislature in I--4I— 1:!, and was the 
 Democratic candidate for speaker for 
 the same years. During these four 
 years, he served on the juiliciary <'om- 
 ntittee, and the last year was its chair- 
 nie.n. He was ihi> Deaiocratie candidate 
 for Congress fr^mi bis district in ISt4. 
 again-t Hon. .)ac ib Collanier. In the 
 following year he was elei!leil .Slate 
 senator from Orange Cuinty. and re- 
 elecled in IS-lti; and was unanimously 
 elected president /;/•" liiii. of the senate 
 in a body composed of twenty-three 
 Whigs and seven Dennicrats, he being 
 of the latter inunbei'. He held the 
 oliice of judge uf probate in Orange 
 County for three ye.irs. He was sup- 
 ported by the Democrats in Ihc h'gisla- 
 ture for I'niteil .Slates senator, against 
 Hon. William r|iliani. in 18I.S; and was 
 ,1 Democratic eaiididate for pre-iih'nlial 
 elirlnr the s;iiii,. year; aNo delegate to 
 the Haiti more Convention ; was a mem- 
 ber of the .St.ile Con-ti;nlioiial Conven- 
 tion in IS.Vt, from Chelsea; and was tho 
 Democratic candidate for president of 
 that body. 
 
 He cann> lo Wisconsin in 1S.")|, and 
 settled at .Madisun; but it shoiilil bo 
 remarked, in this (•■iniiectioii, that Mr. 
 Vilas, during his rc^iclence in Vermont, 
 was not (Uily sourht after by the elec- 
 tors, for rcspon--ible positions of tiaist, 
 but enjoyed a veiy lucrative law prac- 
 tice. It is s.iid, that, for many years 
 previous lo his removal to Wisconsin, 
 be enjoyed as largo a practice at 
 the bar as any oilier lawyr in 
 Vermonl. — peili.ips larger. He repre- 
 sented the .M.idison district in the 
 assembly, in the years I.H,").") and IS(i8, 
 and was mayor of the city of .Madijoii 
 
■•2G 
 
 n I STORY OF W/SCO\Sf!f. 
 
 fiiiin April, IPOl, to April, 1802. His 
 iiiiiii,c;iual ."nldi'c-s. ilolivuivd Ijrforo llio 
 Madi-oii comiiiDii council, April 1(!, 
 IStJi.is a lonelily and able (kicnnieni, 
 <li«|)layin'^ grcal UtiiW, and an (.'xlonsive 
 practical ac<iuaiulanci; with the um's 
 and aliases <>( ^(jvcrnnicnl. Ainonij 
 the many .-ciitoncc-* in which ho 
 evinced his o«'i nolitical doctrines, as 
 well as niaidfested a hiijli degico of 
 reasoning jiuwer, was this: •• 1 loidi 
 upon inlidelity to piihlic trust as moral 
 treason to the government." 
 
 lie was iippciinted by tJov. .Salomon, 
 and served as draft commissioner 
 ill the war for the; Uiii'in, in 1802. 
 Jndi^e Vilas iend<'red his country i^reat 
 service in various ways dnrin.t; the 
 years of its greatest trial. ills po- 
 litical spei'clu's did iimcli to arouse 
 the rei|ulsite entliii>iasni ; and his ex- 
 aiiiph! led many to the ]iost of duty. 
 While he labored faitlifnily at llu! post 
 of duly al home, he had four sons who 
 rendered valualde service in tlie held. 
 
 lie was regent of tlii! Wisconsin 
 Slate University for twi'lve years pre- 
 vious to its re-organization. He was 
 the Democratic candidate! for secretary 
 of .Stall' in ISO,"), and received the 
 Democratic vole for speaUer of tlie as- 
 sembly al lis organi/.alion in 1.S7:!. 
 During his term as regent of the Uiii- 
 Veisily, he rendered Ibo .State great 
 service in memorializing the! legisla- 
 tiiri' against the charging of interi'sl on 
 Irnst-fiinds, itc. While in the legisla- 
 ture, he was also instrumental in fram- 
 ing a code of practice, procuring the 
 Madison gas-works, and the completion 
 of the dome of thi! Capitol. 
 
 U<' wa- married, in lS:i7. to Esther G. 
 iSniilie, daughter of the Hon. Nathan 
 fSmilie of C'amliridge, Vt. They have 
 been bles-ed with ii family of ten chil- 
 dren. Fiveof his sons have graduated 
 at lb(! Wisconsin Stale University. 
 Judgi! Vilas, although slill active, is 
 somewhat past the meridian of life, 
 and bears tlie imiHint of ycirs. llis 
 wife, howoviM', would seem to be 
 K.'arcely bc<oiiil the noonday of life. 
 She is biilliant in conver-alion, active! 
 in society, ri'iideriiig hi'r palace-hoiiu! 
 a place of cheer and weli'oine to the 
 hosts (if friends and relatives that pass 
 its threshold, .llld^e Vilas's house- 
 hold is all exceedingly nappy one. Its 
 Clowning bles-ing is a bright lillle 
 daULlhier of only ten years. Willi am- 
 ple means, a complele library, hosts of 
 warm tiieinl--, and a [lalace for alioine, 
 the judge is, as he sli mid lie in his 
 retired ille, remarkably haiipy. 
 
 IIO.N. Al.KX'.VN'DEn W. nANDALL. — 
 
 Gov. lianilall was a native of New 
 York. He was iiuiii in t-'ooperstowii, 
 in tliat Stale, about the year \H\'.\ ami 
 was lifiy-iliree years of age at the time 
 of his death. Of bis early life we know 
 hut little. After jiassing through hi.s 
 sehool-<lays, he read law. Soon after 
 llis admission to the bai\ ho removed to 
 Wiseon^in, and located .it I'rairievillo 
 (now Waukesha), in tlii.s State. Ue 
 comniencod the piaclico of his profes- 
 sion with a fair show of siiecoss; but 
 his love of political life was so great, 
 and he devoted so much time to that 
 subject, as to iiilerferu considerably 
 with his legal prai'tice. 
 
 In politics, (Jov. liandall was origi- 
 nally a Doniocrat. He was always zeal- 
 ous in the cause he es|ioiised, and i\ 
 working uieniher of the party with 
 wliiidi lie acted. Ills lirst appciirance 
 at the capital, otlicially, was as a iiieni- 
 berof the lirst Uoiislilutional (,'oiiven- 
 tion, in lS4li. lli' was then (|iiiU! a 
 young man ; but betook prominent po- 
 sition in that body. In ItvlS, when the 
 great Freesoil niovonient of that year 
 was inaugurated, (iov. liandall was 
 prominent in it, taking an active part 
 in a Freesoil .Stat(! ( (juvenl ion. llodid 
 not hainioiiizo long with that parly, 
 but soon fell back into lh(! ranks of tlie 
 regular Democracy. In the fall of 18.'i4 
 Mr. liandall was elected, as an liide- 
 pemleiit Uemocral, a member of the 
 next assembly, against, the regular 
 nominei! of the ]iarty. This assembly 
 was liepiiblican liy a small majority. 
 Gov. liandall was made chairman of 
 the judiciary committee ; and the 
 .louriial of that --c'-sion will show that 
 he was a very laborious and abli! mem- 
 ber. At the li'iuiblican .Stale (Ninveii- 
 tion for iIk! iiomliiatlon of a ticket for 
 State oHicers. in Is.Vi, Mr. liandall 
 was jilaced upon It for attorney-gene- 
 ral. He made a gallant canvass, but 
 was defeated, as weri! the <itliers upon 
 the ticket, with tin' exception of gov- 
 ernor; and that ollicer obtained the 
 position by eontesi before the .Supremo 
 Court. In this gubernatorial contest 
 between liaslil'or.l and llarstow, Mr. 
 liandall acted as one of IIk! attorneys 
 for the contestant (llashford). In this 
 cas(! he displayed marked ability as a 
 lawyer. 
 
 In IH.'iH Gov. Ilashford appointed 
 Mr. liandall judge of the Second .Judi- 
 cial Ciri'uit, composed of the counties 
 of Milwaukee! and Waukesha. Many 
 of bis opponents thought the appoint- 
 ment was not il forliiiiale one; but, 
 
U I STORY OF Wise OS SIN. 
 
 727 
 
 after ono term of court hail bopii lieUl 
 by Juiliio Handiill, hi; displayed so 
 much ai)ilily, and adapted huiiself so 
 well to his new duties, that ho was 
 considered an execlleut jud.i;o. His 
 judiejal eanM'r, however, was brief. In 
 1857 he was nominated as the liepubli- 
 can candidate for fjovernor, and was 
 elected. He entered upon his duties 
 on the first of January, 1S5S, and dis- 
 charged tliem with such ability, and 
 s.'itisfai^tion to the people, that he was 
 re-elected in ISi'iO. This second term 
 carried him through the year IStil, the 
 first year of the late war. He was one 
 of the very best war governors in the 
 country. The ability, energy, and 
 boldness with which he labored in the 
 organization of troops for the service 
 was greatly admired by all royal peo[]le 
 in this Stale, and gave Gov. Kandall a 
 national reputation as an able and 
 patriotic man. 
 
 In IWJl (iov. Randall ^VUs a candi- 
 date for United States senator. The 
 contest was a sharp one. The candi- 
 dates were (iov. Kandall. C. C. Wash- 
 burn, and Hon. T. (). Howe. After 
 seviMal ballots were taken in the nomi- 
 nating caucus. Gov. Kandall withdrew 
 from the contest; and most of his 
 friends gave their voles for Mr. Howe, 
 who was nominated and elected. 
 
 At the close of his term as governor, 
 I'res. Lincoln appointed Gov. Kandall 
 minister to Kome; which position he; 
 lilled for a short time in a manner 
 satisfactory to the government. In 
 18(').") he was appointed assistant jiost- 
 master-general of the United Sales. 
 undi>r the Hon. William Dennison of 
 Ohio, who was at tlie lu'ail of the 
 post-oHii^e de]iartnient. When Pres. 
 Johnson separated from fhe Kepulilican 
 parly. Gov. Itandall unit 'il liis political 
 forlunrs with the l'resid''nt; and, on 
 the resignalion of Sir. Dennison, he 
 became posimasler-general ; wliicli po- 
 sition he held until the end of Mr. 
 Johnson's term. In following the for- 
 tunes of Mr. .Jidnison, (iov. Kandall 
 naturally drifwvl into the Democratic 
 parly, with which organizalion he 
 acted inilil his death, lliough he b.'ld 
 no oflicial position after March 4, 1S(;!I. 
 He died at his residence in Klmira, 
 N.y., July L'Ci, \ir,i. 
 
 Hon'. ,I. 1'. Wai.kich. — Ex-senator 
 J. 1'. WalUer was a native of Virginia, 
 and was born in tin; year 18l:i. Th« 
 early pari of his life was passed in Illi- 
 nois'. Iti iSIl he emigrated to Wis- 
 consin, and began tlie aitive ])raclice(>f 
 Lis chosen profession, the law. It was 
 
 not long, before we find him filling posi- 
 tions of marked political distinction. 
 Ho was a member of the Teriilorial 
 legislature in 1S-J7 and 1848. In tho 
 latter year, when the State was ad- 
 milted into the Union, he, in company 
 Willi Gen. Dodge, was sent to the 
 United States senate, — hefortlic short 
 t(^rm, which expired the next year; 
 but at this time he was re-elected, and 
 served till tho year 185"), when he was 
 succeeded by the Hon. Charles Durkce. 
 
 He died finite suddenly, of a stroke 
 of apoplexy, on the evening of March 
 29, 1872, in" the city of MilwejiUee. Ho 
 bore the reputation of having been a 
 brilliant and impressive public speaker, 
 and a man of superior presence, and 
 most attractive personal endowments. 
 
 Hon. Milton II. PiiTTirr. — He 
 was boi-n in the town of l''abius, Onon- 
 daga County, N.Y., Oct. 22, 1825. He 
 received a common-school and aca- 
 demical education; and in 1840, at the 
 age of twenty-one years, he arrived in 
 Wisconsin, and located in the town of 
 Somers, in the extreme south-oastern 
 part of the State, a few miles distant 
 from the present lake-port of Kenosha. 
 
 Ho hail come West i)rompted by a 
 mere spirit of adventure, with but lit- 
 tle money, no friends, and no valuable 
 experience in life, lie had, when ho 
 started for tlie West, a fund of sixty 
 dollars, which was reduced to twenty 
 dollars when he reached tho spot where 
 ho made his settlement. Ho there pur- 
 chased a farm on credit, and was mar- 
 ried. Ho worked on his farm seven 
 years, spending nearly all his time in 
 grubbing the roots out of the soil, and 
 in subduing the wild fields. At tho 
 end of that time, he concluded that 
 this was a long road and a slow gait to 
 fortune, and that, for one, ho would 
 see if tliere was not an easier method 
 of procuring a livelihood, and a "cut 
 across lots'' to wealth. 
 
 With these views, in 1854 ho re- 
 movtii to the city of Kenosha, and 
 began the l)Ui>iiiess of buying and sell- 
 ing giain, which he followed till hia 
 deatii, in 187.'{. 
 
 He was elected mayor of tho city of 
 Kenosha in 1801, 18G.S, 1807, and 1870; 
 was elected a member of the Stale 
 senate in 180il, in wliich body he 
 served two years; and in 1871 he was 
 nominated and elected by the Kepub- 
 lican [larty to tho oflico of lieutenant- 
 governor. 
 
 .V fi'W years before his death, while 
 on tho Honing tide of a prosperous 
 business, tlie death of a man hugely 
 
728 
 
 n /STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 indebted to liiin. whose estate proved 
 banknii)!, and the deatli of a relative 
 for wlumi lie liad iiulorseil largeiy, were 
 the two priiieipal events in a series of 
 disasters wliieli swept away Uov. Pet- 
 titt's entire fortune. Tliirty or forty 
 tliousand dollars of paper upon which 
 he had placed his name weie, from 
 these causes, thrown inti> the hanks, 
 which would be due in sixty days; and 
 lie was, as a matter of fact, without 
 resources to meet tlio notes. 
 
 But he never faltered an hour. His 
 face never lost tlie serene and cheerful 
 look of the pros])erous buyer and seller, 
 whose profits were rapidly accumu- 
 lating, and whose fortune was secure. 
 He did not let his banker, nor his most 
 intimate friend, nor asiiijile nieinberof 
 Ilia family, know the desperate condi- 
 tion in which he was placed, lie 
 maintained an undistiirljed demeanor. 
 lie borrowed money; lie expanded his 
 business; lie palil some notes as they 
 fell<lue; he procured extensions uium 
 others, as If no unusual event had 
 occurred. K.ich day, week, and month, 
 for three yi'ars, he was conscious of 
 standing upon the brink of a precipice, 
 that at any m'>Micnt might hurl him 
 to ruin. 
 
 During the latter part of this time, 
 he was a member of the legislature, 
 before wliich many public measures 
 of great importaiue were pending; and 
 he was nominated as a candidate for 
 the second oflice in the State. 
 
 The crash did not come. His uii- 
 cqualle<l pluck, the wisdom whieii In- 
 spired liiiii to keep his own C(iuns<'ls, 
 and the daring with which ho entered 
 upon his large business-ventures, met 
 their reward. At the end of four years 
 his business prosperity was re-estali- 
 lished on a substautiai basis; and he 
 liad fully entered on a new career of 
 successful enterprise. 
 
 The profits of his business-house in 
 1870 were forty-seven thousand dollars. 
 
 lie was an admlralde presiding olli- 
 ecr, having ready and Intelligent ideas 
 of the rules and custonis which govern 
 deliberative bmlies. As a legislator, 
 he had broad iiMil enlightened npiuions, 
 is conservative in regard lo tlie good 
 things In the laws, and the friend 
 everywhere of virtue and intelligence. 
 In politics, of ciiurse, he was a radical 
 Repulplloan, and stood high In the con- 
 fidence and respect of his parly. 
 
 lie died on the l.-)tli of .March, 1S";3, 
 at his rC'ildeiuM' in Keiiosliii. 
 
 William (". \Vnrri-i)i!i), A.M. — lie 
 was burn in West Kdmeston, Otsego 
 
 County, y.Y,, Jlav 5, ISiS. His 
 parents Ijelong to the Xc'w Kngland 
 slock; his father's family having enii- 
 gratecl from Massachusetts, and hix 
 niotlier's from Uliodo Island. Al- 
 though they enjoyed very limited 
 advantages for obtaining even a com- 
 mon-school education, they took a deep 
 Interest in the mental and religious 
 training of their children. Young 
 Wliitford worked on a farm in .sum- 
 mer, and attended either a district or 
 select school in winter, until he was 
 seventeen years of age, when he entered 
 lirookfield .Ve.idemy. lie then became 
 a student in I)e liiiyter Institute, New 
 York, lie entered tlie senior class at 
 Union College, New York, in 1S5(), and 
 graduated from tlie same in 18o;i. lie, 
 in connection with his wife, had charge 
 of Union Academy at Sliiioh, N.J., 
 for nearly two years, ISesolving to 
 enter the ministry, he pursiunl there- 
 after a full Course of study at Union 
 Theological Seminary, New York (lity. 
 Immediately after graduating here, he 
 settled, in 18.")li, as pastor of the Sev- 
 enth-day Baptist Cliurch of Milton, 
 Wis,; ttlilch position he held for three 
 years. In the last year of his ministry 
 liere, ho took the eliargo of the academy 
 in the place, and remained ever since 
 at the iiead of the institution. Prin- 
 cipally through his efforts, tlie school 
 was converted into a colK^ge in 1807. 
 Ue has pr(!pared several valualile pa- 
 pers for the State Teachers' Associa- 
 tion; and among tliem a careful his- 
 tory of tlie early educalional move- 
 ments in tiie State, which liiis been 
 published by the State Historical So- 
 ciety. Ho has acted as a prominent 
 member of the local organizations for 
 impidving the schools 'ii the section 
 wiiere he resides, and was chosen pres- 
 ident of the State Teachers' Associa- 
 tion for ISlio. He repiesenleil his 
 assembly district in tlio legislature of 
 the State in 18iiS, anil was chairman 
 of the eonimlttee on educiition. In 
 18(')7 he was ajipointed by the governor 
 one of the regents of the State normal 
 schools, — a position whicli InUield until 
 Feliruary, 1875. While a iinrmal re- 
 gent, he always assisted in the exanil- 
 natioii of the! graduates at tiie close of 
 the vear in tlie normal schools of the 
 St.'ile. 
 
 He is above the niedinin height, 
 strongly and eimipactly built, and en- 
 joys usually mo>t excellent health, 
 ill! possesses a niunil. full voice; is all 
 earnest speaker, and commands close 
 attention in his addresses. He is a 
 
HISTORY OF WJSCOXSIN. 
 
 720 
 
 'ihU 
 
 constant worker, cnorgolic and push- 
 ini; in liis elTorts; ami is iiiosl lijglily 
 ostoeuiiMl l)y tliii ooniniunity In which 
 he liiis livoil now nInotoiMi y(.':irs. 
 
 Hon. Gkouoe II. I'Air,. — IIo whs 
 liorn at Uanvillo, Caledonia County, 
 Vt., Marcdi 14, lW2(i. At clovfii years 
 of attc, ho entered the olllee of '" The 
 North >Slar," one of the oldest weekly 
 newspapers of New Knijlaiid, where he 
 remained mitil thc! exphalion of his 
 term of apprentieeship, in 1840. Dnr- 
 ing the ensuin;; three years, ho eom- 
 ]ileled his preparation for eollego at 
 I'liilllps Aeaileniy, and joined the 
 freshman elassof Vorinonl University, 
 at Unrlln!j;ton, In .lanuary, 1S44; from 
 whieh Institution lie reeeived his grad- 
 uation decree In 1847, and suhsequently 
 tlie doitree of Masli^r of Arts, in course. 
 After tlio comiiletioii of his university 
 studies at llurllnglon, he heeaine a 
 mendjor of tlie luw-elass of 1847, at 
 Harvard University, where lie remained 
 until January, 1848, when lie lii'canie 
 editor and proprietor of the Turling- 
 ton (Vt.) "Senlinel." A few months 
 later, he started the first regularly piih- 
 lislieil dally paper of that; .State, and 
 soon after was appolnteil postmaster 
 at Uurlington by I'res. Polk. Karly in 
 the year is.'il, he sold the ".Sentinel" 
 liewspapiM', and removed to Kenosha, 
 AVis., wliere lie eoinmeiieed tli<' pulili- 
 eation of " The Kenosha Demoeiat." 
 In .January, 18."):!, he was appointed 
 assistant secretary of the Wisconsin 
 senate. In May of tin; same year, he 
 was appointed post mastei at Kenosha 
 by I'res. Tierce. In April of the next 
 year, he was appointed a niemher of 
 Gov. liarstow's stall'. In 18.")7 In; was 
 re-apiiointcd postmaster of Kenosha 
 hy i'res. liuclianan, holding till the 
 ex|iiration of his commission in 18(il. 
 During Ills re-*iden<^e at Kenosha, he 
 represented his ward in the board 
 of aldermen, was twice chosen mayor 
 of that city, and served as a member of 
 the county board of supervisors, and 
 superintendent of the county poor. 
 In till? spring of ISlil, he accepted an 
 invitation to become one of the editors 
 of "The N(!W Vork Daily News," and 
 remained connected with that journal 
 until its discontinuance. In the autumn 
 of the same year, when he returneil to 
 Wisconsin, and became connected with 
 " The Slilwaukee News ; " which pajier 
 was purchased hy himself and the late 
 .)i>-^eph .M. JiVoii, the ensuing year, 
 Mr. i'aul assuming charge of the edi- 
 torial department. On the <leath of 
 Mr. Lyou, in lS(i8, the paper was con- 
 
 tinued hy Mr. Paul in connection with 
 Mr. S. Caihvallader. tin; presi'iit as- 
 sistant secivlary of .Stale, until Jan- 
 uary, 1S71, when the establishment 
 passed into the hands of a joint-stock 
 company, of which .Mr. Paul was clioseu 
 pnvsldent; and in wliicli position he 
 continucil until about the first of Mav, 
 1874, at which time he parted with liU 
 Interest In the paper, and ivsigned the 
 liresldency of the company. In IS.") 
 -Mr. Paul was the Democratic nominee 
 for tile State senate in the Kenosha 
 County district; his opponent receiving 
 a majority of 280. In lsi.")(i ln' was 
 nominated hy the Wiscon in Demo- 
 cratic .State Conveiilioii as a landidatc 
 for presUhiiitial elector for tin; .State at 
 large, but d<Mllncd. In IS(ii) he wa3 
 the Democratic noiiiliiee for the assem- 
 bly from lh(y liflh assembly district of 
 .Milwaukee County, and received ,'").V2 
 votes to 078 for his opjionent. In 18li7 
 he was elected a meiiiber of the Mil- 
 waukee Charter Convent ir)n held in 
 that year. In lS7o he was elected a 
 member of tlu^ Milwaukee board of 
 school commissioners for two years, 
 but resigned to accept the place of 
 superintendent of schools for .Milwau- 
 kee <'ily. vacated by the death of Supt. 
 Pomeroy; in whieli position he re- 
 mained until .May. 1x71. He was suc- 
 cessively appointed by the Itoard of 
 'I'radeof Milwauk(K' to attend thi' IMver 
 and Ilarhtir Convention at (.'liicago, 
 the Convention of Western Hoards of 
 Trade at Uoston, and tlii^ Mutual Im- 
 provement Convention at Louisville; 
 in all of which lie took jiart. In 18.")(5 
 anil 18(10 he was an alteriialt^ delegate 
 to tlu^ Xational Coiiveiitions held those 
 years at Cincinnati. ISaltimorc, and 
 (Jharlcston. He was also a delegate 
 from the State at l,irge to the National 
 Convention whicli nominated (Jen. 
 MeClellan for tli<' pl■e^idency at Chi- 
 ca'.;<) in lSii4, and a delegate from the 
 Milwaukee district lotlu" National Con- 
 vention which nominated Mr. Ureidey 
 for thi^ ]ni'sideiiey at Haltiniori', In 
 |s7l'. IIc was also a nn'inber of the 
 National Democratic ('onimlttee for 
 Wiscon>in fnmi 18ii4 to 18(18, and was 
 re-appointed to iIk^ same position in 
 1872. In the spring of the latter year, 
 he was ap|>olnled diairman of Ibe 
 Democratic States Central Conimitti'c of 
 Wisconsin; was ri'-appointed to the 
 same i>o-itioii In 187:!; and at the .State 
 Convention of the latter year was chair- 
 man of llie committee appointed to 
 report the platform of principles upon 
 which the present Itcform party of Wis- 
 
730 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 cousin is orstiiilzcd. In Febnmiy, 1874, | 
 ]i(! w:is iip|ii)iiiliil ii nirnibiT iif the 
 Hoard of licfjcnts of \Vi-<consin Univor- 
 sity, and a nuMnln'r of tin? oxi'culiVL' 
 connnilli't' of tliat board, and, on tli(! 
 expiiation of Iho term of office of the 
 then pic-ldent of tlie board (Gon. 
 (;. S. Hamilton ). was chosen to the 
 vacaney. In May, 1S74, after he 
 had determined to sever his connec- 
 tion witli tlio press, — a connection 
 U'hicli ho liad niaiutainud ainiuitt iniin- 
 ternipledly for nearly tweiily-scvon 
 years, he was appointed by tlie fjov- 
 ernor, with tlie sab!ie(iuent approval 
 of the senate, a inend)er of the board 
 of railroad commissioners for the 
 State of Wisconsin, for the term of two 
 years; and tliis position he continties 
 to occupy at the present time. Durinj; 
 the entire period that Mr. Paul was 
 connected with the press, and for 
 some years previous, he was a con- 
 stant contributor to the newsjiaper and 
 miscellaneous literature of the time. 
 Thoii;;li intimately associated with cur- 
 rent political affairs as a necessity of 
 his profession, he has never b(.'en un- 
 derstood to concede any allegiance to 
 party, except in so far as the progress 
 of cnlishtened principles of i;overnment 
 could thus bo most etiiciently promoted, 
 
 Hon-. llENisY .S. 13aii;i). — lie was 
 born in Dublin, Ireland, May 10, 18()0. 
 His fatlier was a bunk-clerk. The 
 elder Uaird was a compeer of the 
 Emmets, and, in consequcMice of the 
 troublous period succeeding the revo- 
 lution of 1798, became a political ref- 
 ugee, and, with Tliomas Emmet and 
 other exiles, came to America in 1SI)4. 
 He first settled in Pennsylvania, ami 
 subsequently removed to Ohio, where, 
 engaj;ing in speculation after the war 
 of 1S12, ho became a bankrupt. Mr. 
 Baird's early education was obtained in 
 the common schools, before the age of 
 fifteen. IIi; was an attentive student. 
 
 At the age of eighteen, he entered a 
 l.aw-offico in Pittsburg, IVnn., and was 
 afterwards a law-student at Cleveland, 
 in the office of the late Gov. Wood of 
 Ohio. Wliile here, he had an attack of 
 ague anil fever, to recover from which 
 lie went to tlie Island of Mackinac, 
 expecting to return with renewed 
 health. On his arrival, he engaged to 
 teach a school which numbered about 
 thirty scludars, and pursued his law- 
 studies in tlie mean lime. 
 
 Mr. Baird was admitted to the prac- 
 tice of law by .ludge Doty in .June. 
 18*!. In .July. ]8L'4,'he came to Green 
 Day, and attended thu first term of 
 
 court held there. lie subsequently a(> 
 teiidiil the first term of court held in 
 Crawford County. He may, tlierefore, 
 be claimed to have been Iho oldest 
 attorney, professionally, in Wisconsin, 
 and the father of the Wisconsin bar. 
 
 Aug. VI, 1824, he returned to Macki- 
 nac, where he was married to Eliza- 
 beth L. Fisher, a former i)upil of liis, 
 and a girl of fifteen years. They re- 
 turned in Seiitember of that year, and 
 located where the Grc^en Bay settle- 
 ment then existed, — about two and a 
 lialf miles distant from the present 
 city. In those early days, he wai poor 
 but industrious, with active habits of 
 mind and body, and, as he expressed 
 it, '"full of hope to seek my own for- 
 tune, and pave my w.iy in the path of 
 life." In 18;{.j ho removed from up 
 the river to Navarino, now the third 
 ward of (irccn Bay, and in 1S:!0 built 
 the house wliere he has ever .since re- 
 sided. 
 
 Mr. Baird occupied a leading position 
 in tlio bar of this then extensive Terri- 
 tory. His ability and integrity wero 
 recognized in a marked degree; and v.e 
 find him called, at various times, to 
 execute the most important trusts. 
 He was president of the first legislativo 
 council of the Territory of Wisconsin, 
 which svas held at Belmont. Iowa 
 County, 18.'i0. Upon the organization 
 of the Territory, he was appointed at- 
 torney-geni.'ral by Gov. Dodge. In 1847 
 he was a member of tlie first con- 
 vention to form a State constitution, 
 which met at Madison. Among ser- 
 vices of a public nature he was called 
 upon to render, was frequent and prom- 
 inent participation in treaties between 
 the United Slates Govm-nment and the 
 Indian tribes, of whom he was the 
 steadfast friend. lie enjoyed the full- 
 est confidence in official and personal 
 relations with the late Gov. Cass, gov- 
 ernor of the Territory of Micliigan. 
 His legal practice required tliat he 
 sliouhl perform long jonrneyj, often 
 going on horseb.ack to Prairie du Cliicu 
 and other places. One trip that he has 
 placed on record occnjiied eight days. 
 
 it may be truly said of Mr. liaird, 
 that he never songlit prefeiinent or 
 honor, but was content with engaging 
 in good works, without any expecta- 
 tion of popular recognition of their 
 value. 
 
 In his own homo in Green Bay, lie 
 has several times been called upon to 
 preside over its councils, having been 
 president of the vlllatie board in 18."):), 
 and mayor of the city in 18U1 and 18U2. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 781 
 
 Ho was one of llio lliroe commission- 
 ers, — A. J. Iiwiii iuid Kbciiczrr 
 C'hilils \nAiiii till' iilliiTs, — to open tlio 
 mad oil till' ca^t sidi' of Vox Itivor. from 
 tJrci'ii Bay to Kaukaima. He was sec- 
 retary for (i iv. Dodgo at the fji'i'i'l 
 treaty at Cedar Itapids in isjil, wlicreiii 
 tlie Meiiomonees eedeil some four mil- 
 liiiii acres of tins country to the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 lie continued in tlie active practice 
 of liis profession until about tlio year 
 IHOO, when, Iwivinj; secured a compe- 
 tence, and findinu; otlu'r business on 
 his hands, he practically retired, al- 
 thoujih retaininf^ liis c(]nnection with 
 the bar, serviiiL;, in former and later 
 years, as its lionored president. At the 
 time of his death, wliicdi occurred at 
 his residence in tlic sevenly-lifth year 
 of his aj;o, on April .'S, 1S7"), he was 
 presiilciit of the (Jld iSelllers' Club, a 
 jjosition sTliich he had held since its 
 oi:;aiiization. in I'cdiruary, ls71. ]n 
 addition lo the supervision of tlu^ Astor 
 jiropcrty in CJrecn Bay, his services as 
 a,:;cnt, dating from about lSli2, and 
 including charge of the .sales of thai 
 jiropcrly within late years, Ik? was 
 intrusted with the niaiiagenicnt of 
 large estates for non-residents and 
 minors. lie was scrupulous and I'xacI 
 ill biisincss-rclalions, and iiiaiiilained 
 an unimpeaclialile reputation for probi- 
 ty and faithful stewardship. 
 
 Mr. IJaird was among the most loyal 
 hi the lal(! civil war. Mis patriotic 
 devotion could brook nothing short of 
 absolute and uncijuivocal devotion to 
 the cause of the North; and. while far 
 past the age for active service, he did 
 much, by '■fiicial and iirivate action, 
 and with his pen and voii'e, to uphold 
 and advance tin' cause he deemed a 
 righti'iiiis (ine. In politics, be became, 
 after the dissolution uf llic Whig party, 
 a Kepublicaii, i>( which oigani/.ation 
 ho remained an ardent and active sup- 
 porter. It was characteri-<iie of him, 
 that, lo whatevercnlisted his sympathy 
 and allentiDii, he gave his bi'sl endeav- 
 ors and heartiest aid. For many years 
 lie had been connected with the Ma- 
 sonic fiaternily, and, for a period em- 
 bracing a number of years, one of the 
 most instrumental in contributini^ to 
 its prosperity. 
 
 Perhaps it will not he irrelevant to 
 the ]ires(Mit piirpnse to go back to the 
 year IS24. when Fort Howard was gar- 
 risoneil by four companies of the third 
 United Slates infantry. The officers 
 and their families were educated and 
 accomplished people, with few sources 
 
 of recreation, and no social attachments 
 outside of their imiin;diate circle. 
 Naturally, they readily formed ac- 
 (|iiaiiitance with the few families who 
 sought a home at thin then isolated 
 place. The result was a mutual ciil- 
 tis'alion of social iiuallties; and to this 
 military post may be indirectly traced 
 much of the politeiie?s and ailabilily 
 of niaiiner visible in the remnant of 
 early settlers in our midst. Anion!; 
 tli(!se officers and their families, Jlr. 
 liaird and his young wife became great 
 favorites, and so remained till the post 
 was broken up, about lt>52. The gen- 
 erous hospitality, rare pidileness, and 
 ri'linemeiit of their home, has lieen as 
 familiar as a househidd word. Senator 
 llowe said at their golden witdding an- 
 niversary, not quite a year ago, that, in 
 coming to Green Hay, they '•brought 
 tlie best style of Christian civilization 
 with them, and have cherished it ever 
 since." 
 
 There are two daughters who .sur- 
 vive Mr. liaird, — Mrs. Fliza Uaker of 
 (ireen J5ay, and Mrs. Louisa Favill of 
 Madison. It is in his iminediate family, 
 where his real value was best known, 
 that he was api)re<>iated the most. In 
 bis relations as luisband, father, and 
 fricMid, he proved faithful and attached. 
 lie has given abundance to the needy, 
 spoken words of sympathy to the 
 alllictcd. and l(>nt a helping hand to 
 more than one young man struggling 
 to get a foolliolil in professional or 
 business life. The bar and the Ma- 
 sonic order attested their appreciation 
 of his merits by giving him positions 
 of trust. The Stale llistorioal Society 
 has made him vice-i)resident of it since 
 its organization; and his portrait hangs 
 to-day among the others of public men 
 on the walls of the society's rooms. 
 The memory of this just and good 
 man will be preserved fresh and fra- 
 grant. 
 
 IIo.v. Solomon .Tuxe.vu. — Solomon 
 .Juneau, the first settler at Milwaukee, 
 died at the Meiiomoiiee Pay ( Jrouiid, oil 
 Wolf Kiver in Shawano t'ounty, Wis- 
 consin. Nov. 14, l.S.")(;, aged about sixty- 
 six years. Jlr. Juneau came to Mil- 
 waukee in June, ISls, as an employe of 
 the Aiiiericaii Fur Company, aceonip.v 
 nied by his father-in-law, Mr. Jaci|ues 
 Vii'.aii; having selected this location, 
 then an Imliaii village, for a conve- 
 I nient trading-post, with no white set- 
 I tier ill Wisconsin nearer than (Ti-eeii 
 I Bay and Prairie tin Cliieii. He built 
 I here, in I82'J, iha lirst lo^-house, and, 
 i in 18:i4, the Ural frame-building, e.eclcJ 
 
732 
 
 IIISTOUY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 an 
 inaii 
 
 ill Milwimkeo. Ilcie lie cinilimu'd ti) 
 I'csido, ii'iiriiis iil> :i family of fimrtei'ii 
 C'liililioii, lliirli'i'ii of wliuiii Were lidin 
 ill tlic lity. lie WM-i at din' tiiiu" tlui 
 I>ri)|)i'i('lor of a lai.it" pniiion of lt< tcrri- 
 loiy. Wlicn, ill ]s ;.">. a i)ost-oflifo was 
 ostalilixlicil, Mr. .Iiiiicau wa-i, by I'oiii- 
 inoii I'onsoiit, a|i|ioiii|i'(l i)oslma-ti'r, 
 wliioli olliec 111! lilli'ii for iiino years. 
 In lS4(i, wlii'ii Milwaiikcr l)L'caiii(i a 
 city, li<; was ilio><'ii ||n> iir>f mayor. 
 Slioilly aflL'r, lii; removed to Dodye 
 County. 
 
 Jlr. Juneau was a man of excellent 
 Hcnse, of ijeiieroiis impulsos, of a kindly 
 and alVeelionalo disposition, and of a 
 lofty and lionoralilu nature, lie suc- 
 cessfully niaiiilained his reputation as 
 lioiie.st, iioriiiht, str.-ii'jiilforward 
 . The Indians re-^arded him as a 
 true friend and Irusiy eoniisellor. He 
 died without enemies, and left thon- 
 bands of friends to mourn the loss of a 
 pood citizen and a true man. His re- 
 mains were carried to Milwaukee for 
 interment. 
 
 Hon. ,Iames Sutiieki.and. — .lames 
 Sutherland was horn on a farm in 
 .lelTersoii Coniily. in the Static of Ohio, 
 March L'O, 1820. When thirteen ye.irs 
 of ane, he remov(!d with his parents to 
 liieliland County, in the same State. 
 His fallier Iiere settleil on a farm near 
 the villa'.'C of Ashland. At tliis village 
 lie received an academical education, 
 obtaiiiinij; the means Iherelor hy leacli- 
 iiii; a common school, hut suh>iM|ueiitly 
 hecanie ateachi'r in the Ashlanil Acad- 
 emy. In consccpieiice mainly of too 
 close apiilication to study, his liealtli 
 hecame so much iniiiaireil as to com- 
 pel him to ijive up his cherished ohject 
 of (akinir a rei^nlar cullci^iale course. 
 
 In Decemher. l.suiil, he was married to 
 Miss Kli/aliet)i Wilhington of Ashland, 
 and in May, 1.S47, emigrated to tlie 
 Territory of Wisconsin, and settled at 
 JanesviUe, where ho has ever since 
 resided. His business lias been that 
 of a bookseller and stationer: and his 
 store now ranks among the (iist of its 
 kind in the State. 
 
 He was a member of the .State Mass 
 Convenlion when the liepubliean party 
 was orjinized in Wisconsin, and has 
 always been one of its warm adherents, 
 as well as a lirm advocate of its prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 In the fall of ]S."4 he was elected to 
 the State senate from the seventeenth 
 district, and was re-(dcclcd in 18.")(i. 
 While in the si'iiate. ho servcil three 
 years as chairman of the Commitlsc 
 on Educati(jn, School and University 
 
 for the timely ml i odneiion of 
 measure, this fund, logeiher wi 
 normal schools, would have bei 
 to the cause of education. 
 
 He is a lifi'-inemher and one of the 
 
 vice-presidents of 
 .Society of Wi~<'o 
 his interest in 
 iiting towards i 
 serving til 
 years 
 
 the State Hi^toiiciil 
 in. and has c\ ini'cd 
 .rlfiire hy centrih- 
 support. Hcsiilfs 
 if .lancsville sevi 
 
 oHice. 
 
 In whatever capacity Mr. Sutherland 
 .acts, ho is iiiiluslrioiis anil faithful, 
 and is one of the I'literprising citizens 
 of .laiiesville who have given it a new 
 impclus in business and prosp,'rity hy 
 
 J,... .. .. .. ... w 
 
 business and prosp,.rity by 
 building ii|) its pre^i'iit magiiiliceut 
 manufactories. 
 
 pre^i'iit 
 
 KltWAIiD 
 
 Ho.v. KltWAIiD V. Wiiirox. — 
 
 Among the earliest settlers of Wi-con- 
 siii, .Fnilgc Whiton has been one of the 
 most prominent men for many years. 
 Ho sellled in .JanesviUe in ls:J7, and 
 purchased a tract of laud iii'ar the 
 present city. Here he IjuiU his rude 
 log-cabin, iis was tln^ fashion of the 
 day, living in it alone, beinu', at that 
 time, unmarried, lie immcdiati'ly en- 
 tered upon the pnielice of the law. In 
 l.^ilW he was elected to the lower house 
 of the legislature, that being the lirst 
 session which conveiieil in thi~ eity. 
 He was roidectcd to the lirst ses-ion in 
 IS;J!), and was the spi'aker of Ih.? house 
 during the seconi! session of that year. 
 During the same year, he went to 
 Albany, and su)iervised the i)ublieation 
 of the Territorial .Statutes. 
 tinned to represent his disii 
 
IllSTOItr OF W/SCO.XSIN. 
 
 788 
 
 immiiiopdf tli(> Di'iir crati iivi'iilicni ; 
 
 iiiiil llioiiuli !i Wliii,'. Willi (Ircicli'd WIi!;; 
 views, such wa-i lin' iiiiivcisal rimli- 
 iji'lii'o in liiiii. anil m> i^ical his |ii>|iiilai'i- 
 1y, llial hi' was vlrrtril liy a hanilsuinc 
 maj'^rity. iim wilhstamlini,' llii' rimiit 
 was at llial liiiir sIimml; y DciiU'cralii', 
 At llial lliiit! Ihc Sii|iii'iniM 'iiint was 
 ciiiiiiMiscdiil' llio rirciiil jmlm's; ami ho 
 was. fill' a liiiii', oliicf jiisfii'i! (if iliat 
 c'luirt. In 1S.")2. tin' law oi-yanizliiL; Iho 
 pri'si'iil ,sii|pii'nie (Iiitiii was cnarli'il. 
 .Iiiiljii' I.analii'i' was iicmiinalcil by tlio 
 Di'iiiiicnits f(ir cliicl' jiisiu'i". Tho Slate 
 was ilini stniiiuly Oi'mcicialir. liiil 
 till' pi'o|il<' ri'viilli'd anainst tlirir li'uil 
 rrs. Kvi'i-ywhi'i'e |mlilii' scntiinoni 
 piiiiitcd to .Judiii' Whitiin. as, ahnvo all 
 iilhcl' nii'ii ill liir Stair, Iho iiiaii to fill 
 that ri'spousihli' posjiion. A pcoplo's 
 cniivi'iitioii was Ihc coiisoipn'iK'o of 
 that .scnijiiii'nl, at which lie was nonii- 
 nati'd hy acclainalioii : and Ills I'lcction 
 over the candidale of the donilnaiil 
 Jiarty, at thai lime. In Ihe leelh of pally 
 drill, was a triiinipliiinl vliidicalioii of 
 the sysleiii of an elcclivi! judioiary. 
 His Iciiii explriii!; in l."^.")", ho was re- 
 elecled liy a majority of some Iwelvo 
 Ihoiisand, and upwards, over llie re,;;u- 
 lar nominee of Ihe Demoerallc parly. 
 
 .Indue Whilon was a native of l.ee, 
 llerksliiro County. Mas»i., and at the 
 time of his dealli, April 12, IS.V,), was 
 in the lifly-foiirlli year of his a'^e. In 
 his daily wall; and c iiveisation, he 
 secured the respect of all men. On the 
 lunch li(^ was an exemplar of judicial 
 liropriely and judicial iinparlialily. All 
 men ronlided in him: all men that 
 knew him honored him; and his loss 
 to Ihe .Sialc is a puhlic calainily. 
 
 Ilox. IIi:xitY DoUGK. — Henry Dodse, 
 one of Ihe pioneers and prominent men 
 of Wisconsin, was horn Oct. IL', HS'J. 
 at Viiiccnnes. in that portion of the 
 North-weslorn Territory wliicli now 
 coiislimies Iho .State of Indiana. He 
 removed lo Missonri, where he jiassed 
 eonsiderahle of the earlier iiorlion of 
 Ills life. Ill 18(KS, ho held Iho (dlice of 
 shorilT of Capo (iirardeau Oounly. In 
 ispj lie was chosen captain of a 
 mounted rillo ciiin|iany; and, in Spi>- 
 leiiiliorof that year, he was appointed 
 major of the I.oui-iana Territorial 
 iiiilitia. Ho continucil in service diir- 
 iir,' Ihe war until October. 1SI4, risin<; 
 to the rank of lieulenant-colonel; and 
 in 1814 ho eoninianded an expedition 
 sent up the Missouri Uivor against the j 
 Indians, anil ho i)arlicipated largely in I 
 the trials and ditliculties incident to tho | 
 early settlement of that State. In 1827 
 
 he removed to Wisconsin, llieii a part 
 of .Micbiyaii Tcirilory, and sellled near 
 Dodgcvill. , In llie niiniiifi-dislrict, anil 
 cnna'.'cil in tin- business of mlniiii;. 
 .Uioul Ibis time, he loid< a prominent 
 part in the Wiiineliaiio Indian war. 
 He w'as appointed major of the rnlled 
 States Itaniji'i's in .liine, t.H:!L', and 
 eiiloiicl of Ihe First l)rai,'oons on llio 
 •Itli of .Marcli. ls;):i, which position ho 
 resitjned about throe years afterwards, 
 
 Aflerwards he held Ihe ])osition 
 of colonel In Ihe lilaek Hawk war. and 
 dis|jtii,'iiisheii him-cif for the prompt, 
 enorgol ic, and decisive manner in which 
 he conducled Ihe part assi'.;iicil lo liim. 
 He aci|iiii'ed a liigb repnlalion as a 
 military olliccr in eondiiciing cani- 
 jiaigns aiiaiiisi ilielndians: ami in this 
 dcparlmeiil he had few, if ,iny, supe- 
 riors. He I'Ci-amc at this time inti- 
 mately acipialnled willi the counliy, 
 ami Olio of lis must |irominent and 
 useful cilizciis. ITpon tlic organizalion 
 of the Territory ..f AViscoiisin in 18:iil, 
 he was appoinled by I'res. .lack.son its 
 lirst governor, and continued lo bold 
 that ollico uiilil Ihe :'.(llli of Sepleiuber, 
 1841, when li(^ was elcclcd delegate to 
 Congress froniWiscoiisin Terrilory, and 
 eonlinued in that olhce until the 8tli of 
 April, 184.'), having been re-elected in 
 Seplenilior, 1841!. On Iho 8lli "f Ajiril, 
 181."i. ho was again appointed governor 
 of the Territory, and conlinuod to bo 
 i|s governor nniil llu^ 2l)tli of May, 
 184's, when, upon the admission of 
 Wisconsin into the I'liion, he was suc- 
 ceeded by Hon. Xelson Dcwoy. who 
 hail been elected iindor our Stale con- 
 slilution. Upon the organization of 
 the Stale governtneut in .jnin-, 1848. ho 
 was olectod as oiu^ of its lirsi senators 
 to represent Wisconsin in Congress, and 
 was, on tho twentieth day <,f January, 
 ]8.")1, re-elected to the United-Slates 
 senate for tho torni of six years. At 
 the expiration of this lerni in IN}", he 
 retired from public life, and aflerwards, 
 and nnlil tho time of his dealh, he 
 resided part of the time at .^linoral 
 I'oint, in this Stale, and part of tho 
 time in IJurliiigton, lo.. where his son, 
 Hon. Angnsius V,. Dodge, resides. 
 
 Gkn. Wii.i.lAM It. Smith. — Gen. 
 William Hudolph Sinilli was born Aug. 
 ;51, 1787, at La Trappe, Monluomery 
 Coiinly, ronn. His ancestors on his 
 father's side were from Scotland, and 
 on his molher's were the liudolphs 
 from Sweden, early settlers in Dela- 
 ware. He was eduealed under Ihe earo 
 of his grandfather, l{ev. Dr. William 
 Smith, the first provost of tlie college, 
 
784 
 
 niHTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 now University of Pennsylvania, who 
 was a iiDtcd wiitiT In \\U ilay. ami 
 wlioxi wiirlis wi'H' piililhlicd III two 
 Viiliimct III ISiiL'. (ii'ii, Siiiilli's I'atliiT 
 was William .Mimhc Sniilli, a ilisliii- 
 guUluHl lawyer and pmt, whose wcirks 
 wen' repiMiled in Loiidun in ITSII. 
 
 In ISii;! Williiini >looie tSniilli wiMit 
 to Kii^^liiiid as the aiieiit for claimants 
 under the sixth ariiele of the ''Jay 
 Treaty" <if IT'.M; and his eldest son, 
 the snhjcet of this not lee. aeeompanied 
 him as Ids i)rivate secretary, anil re- 
 nialni'd two years. Diirin',' this sojourn 
 in Kii:,'laiid, yoiiii!; Smith commenced 
 the study of the law under the diicclion 
 of Thomas Kearseyof the Middhn'em- 
 
 {)le', and, relnrnhiK to Philailelphia, 
 U! compli'ted his IcLjal studies with 
 James JUIuor, and was admitted to the 
 har in 1S08. While prosoeullliK his 
 le^al studies, h(! found time to d(^vote 
 niueli attention to ])olllo literature, in 
 which he was eucouraned hy many 
 leading men of I'hiladidphia, particu- 
 larly iiy his intimate friend, .loscph 
 Dennic, the "Amerieau Addison," and 
 the first editor of '• The Portfolio." At 
 this period, ho wrote a i;i-eat deal of fu- 
 fjilive poetry, — a dramatic moiiolof;ne, 
 Aviiich was printed and performe<l ; a 
 translation from I lie French of Sir 
 William .fones's Kssay oii Oriental 
 Poetry, which was published in a scries 
 of numbers in "The Porlf<ilio;" ami 
 m.any of his literary essays found their 
 way into the mau'a/.ine publications of 
 the time; but they have never been 
 collected and emiiodied in book-form. 
 
 Marryin;; in IHOl), \\o. settled at Ilunt- 
 ini;;doii, on the .lunlata Kiver, pursnin;; 
 Ids profession for the next twenty years. 
 During this period, he had, at different 
 times, represented his county and dis- 
 trict in the house of representatives 
 and senate of Pennsylvania, Such was 
 Ills standinc;, that, while a niend)er of 
 the hiuise in 18-(!, he was appointed 
 one of the nnmagers on (he p.art of the 
 house to conilnct the lm])i'acbmenf of 
 Judge Walter Franklin bi'fore the Slate 
 senate, lie held, at various periods, 
 a large number of military oftu^es. from 
 lieutenant up to brigadier-general. He 
 removed, in 18:51), to a farm in liedford 
 Oounty, in that State, and still fcdlowed 
 Ills profession; and. in 18:!0, he wiis 
 chosen one of the electors of President 
 and Vice-President of the Uidted States 
 for tlie State of Pemi.sylvania. and cast 
 his vote for Van Jhu-en and Johnson. 
 
 In 18^37 he was appointed a commls- 
 fiioner, in conjunction with (Jov. Henry 
 Dodge of Wisconsin, to negotiate a 
 
 treaty with the Chipi>ewa Indiana, wha 
 wi^re convened at Port .Snclling, and 
 which resulted in the puiihasc of a 
 territory embracing nuicb of the pres- 
 ent State of .Minnesila, Im^liidliig the 
 rich pini'-forests of the St. Croix and 
 its tributarii's. Having his attcntioii 
 tints aitrai'Icil to the boundless re- 
 sources (if the great N'orlh-wcst, ho 
 prcparecl iin interesting work, entitled 
 "Observations on Wi«coii-in Terri- 
 tory," which was published the fol- 
 lowing year. in I8;!8 he; remijved 
 with his family. lo .Mineral Point, In 
 Wisccmsiu, where \w made his lioinu 
 the remaindiM' of his llt'i!. 
 
 lie was appointed adjutant-general 
 of that Tcriitorv in I8:!il, whi( h otiice 
 he held until ikvj. In 184(1 he was 
 elected secretary of the legislative 
 council, and the same year was chosen 
 a lUf'inber of tlu! first coiistiliitlonal 
 convention. In ls41) and 1S")(J he was 
 <hlef clerk of the .State! senati^ and in 
 INV) lie was chosen attorney-general of 
 the State, ami served for tiie term of 
 two years. In 18."i4 (Sen. Smith was 
 chosen preidilent of tlie .State Historical 
 Society, of which he had lieiMi one i>f 
 the founders in 184',l, and before which 
 be delivered tlie first annual address. 
 He held this position until 18t)(), having 
 been annually re-elected. At the re- 
 questof tin? State, (Jen. Smith collected 
 materials, and prepared a history of 
 Wisconsin from Its eaiilot I-'rcnch ex- 
 ploration to the organization of the 
 Territory In IS'lil, which was |iul,ll>lied 
 by the State in 1804, in two octavo 
 volumes. 
 
 (rcn. Smith h.as iillerl, with ability, 
 prominent ])ositlons in the Masonic 
 fraternity from ISiili to 18.jS, when, 
 from advancing years, he ileelined fur- 
 ther orticial services; having served as 
 Orand Secretary of llii' (irand Lodge of 
 Wisconsin, (trand .Secretary of the 
 (irand Koyal .Vrcli < 'liapter of the State, 
 and (Jrand .Master of the Orand Lodge 
 iii Whconsiii. He w.is electeil a mem- 
 ber of the NatiiMial Institute at Wasli- 
 ington in 18tl. of the Koyal Society of 
 Antii|uaries at t'openbagen in 18.") t, 
 of the llisdu'ical .Societies of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Florida, Michiiiaii, and of other 
 .States, and of the N'cnv Kngland His- 
 toric-tienealogical Society of Uoston, 
 Mass. 
 
 Gen. Smith died at the residence of 
 one of his children, at (Juincy, 111., 
 Aug. ;i2, 18(58, in the eigUty-Hrst year 
 of his age. 
 
 Du. .iditx W.\Ki!isv Hunt. — Dr. 
 John Warren Hunt w.is born at Upper 
 
nisTony of nvsco.vs/.v. 
 
 73fi 
 
 Li^lc. nrM>mf> rimiity, X.Y., F.'b. 2S, 
 ISL'd anil wii" till! sou iif Dr. Siimui'l 
 M. limit (if the sanio iiliii'i". He wa-i 
 piUicMti'il ill lldiiiiT Acnclciiiy, N'cnv 
 YmiU, iukI stiiili<'il iiiiMliciiio lit, llic 
 (!ii<llc'((iii Mi'iliciil Ciillcsic, Vcrmiiiil. 
 Ill IH-ll) 111' ii'iiiovril to \VI-ri>iisiii, mill 
 IiKMti'il ;\t Driiilli'lil, 111 till! county of 
 WanUi'^lia, wlirin lii! priicliscil his 
 lirol'i's-ioii. Ill .laiiiiaiy, ISol, ho wiim 
 aiipoliiti'il hy ll'iii. \\. A. Harstow, 
 si'crrlary of stair, as assistant si'i.'ic- 
 lary, and ri-iiiovi'il to MailKon, anil 
 cuti'ii'il upon till? iliitk'S of his oflh'o. 
 Ilr lirlil this position (with a short 
 inlrnuplion) for live yoais, until ilaii. 
 ], is.")7. Dr. Hunt was an active ami 
 iiilliiciitial iiKMiilier of tho Masonic 
 Fralcinily, anil, at the tiini! of his dc- 
 ceasi', was tins (Jiaiid Secretary of the 
 Oranil LodLje of the Stato, of the Grand 
 Chapter, Royal and Select >rasters, and 
 (Iraiiil Couinianilery. lie took an ac- 
 tive part ill the rc-orgaiiization of the 
 State Historical Soclily, in IS.^1, and 
 was elected record iiii; secretary; which 
 olHcehe held until his death, — a period 
 of live year,'. In 18.j:J lie puhlished 
 Ills (Jazetteer of Wisconsin, — a volume 
 of two hundred and lifty-six pa};es, a 
 work of much merit, and which had 
 the elTect to draw the attention of 
 emigrants to the Stale; and in IS.ld 
 Ills Wisconsin Alman.iO and Annual 
 ]ic:4ister of ninety-six pages, — a work 
 of iiiiich statistical value, and wdiich 
 has liceii snliseijueiitly republished. 
 Dr. lliint died at Madison, Dec. 12, 
 l.S.'iO, ill the thirty-fourth year of his 
 ap'. 
 
 Hon*. Louis P. IIaiivky. — Louis 
 rowell Harvey was born at East 
 iladilain, Conn.. July t2, 1820, and 
 removed with bis parents, in 1828, to 
 Strongsville, Cuyahoga County, O, 
 He entered Western Iteserve College 
 at Hudson in 18:!7, and pursued his 
 studies two years, when ho left on 
 account of ill-health. He then en- 
 gaged in teaching, whiub he followed 
 in Kentucky, and, subsequoutly, as a 
 tutor iu Woodward College, Cincin- 
 nati. Marrying in 1841, he removed 
 to Wisuonsiu, and settled first In 
 Soiitbport (now Kenosha), where he 
 was engaged for six years iu teaching, 
 and in editing " The Southport Amer- 
 ican " newspaper. In 1847 he settled 
 in Clinton, Uock County, where he 
 engaged in merchandise, and wdiere 
 he continued four years, when he 
 removed to Waterloo, now known as 
 Sbopiere, where he made his residence 
 during the remainder of his life. 
 
 Hero he purchased the water-power, 
 and, removing a ili^liilery, ereeled a 
 tluuriiig-mill, which l.i; cariieil mi In 
 conueeliim with hi < niercaiililu pur- 
 suits. 
 
 His first advent Into public life was 
 as a memlier of thi! ('niistilutional 
 (,'onveiitioii which fr.mied tlie Slate 
 Constitution in IHl"; and, although 
 one of the younger memlieis, he took 
 an active part in its delilieralioiis, and 
 assumed a leading position. In the 
 fall of lS.-.;t he was elected a State 
 senator of the southern district, Itock 
 County, and conllnued in lliat iiosition 
 four years, having lieen re-: lecled in 
 18.").), and the last term of which ho 
 was president pro (fi'i. In IH.'il) ho 
 was elected to tlie re-ixnisilili- position 
 of secretary of stale, which olliee hy 
 lielil two years. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the Hoard of Kegeiils i f the 
 .State University, and was ever found 
 a true friend to the cause of popular 
 education. In L'^lil he was clecteil 
 chief magistrate of the Slate by a large 
 majority, and entered on tlie duties 
 of this position on the sixth day of 
 .January, lsti2. On tiie reieipt of the 
 news of the batlie of Sliiloii, (Jov. 
 Harvey felt it to be his duly to repair 
 at once to the scene of iictioii, and to do 
 what was in his power to alleviate the 
 sufferings of the many loyal sons of 
 Wisonsin who bad been wounded on 
 that oeca-ion. His mission was emi- 
 nently successful; iiliil after having 
 faitlifiilly performed tliis duty, greatly 
 to the satisfaction of the soldiers, he 
 prepared to return boiiic. Having 
 liade them adieu, he repiircd to a boat 
 in the liarlior of Savannah, to await 
 the arrival of another that was soon 
 expected, and wliicli was to convey 
 him anil bis friends to Cairo on their 
 boineward trip. It was lale in the 
 evening, and the night w.is dark and 
 rainy. The lioat soon arrived; and as 
 she roiiiidcd to — the bow toiubinr; 
 the one upon whicli be stood — hi 
 took a step, as it woiiid seem to 
 move out of danger ; Imt by a mis- 
 step, or perhaps a stumble, he fell 
 overboard lietween the two boats into 
 the Tennessee Hiver. wliere tiie current 
 was strong, and the water over thirty 
 feet deep. Kvery thing was done to 
 save his life, but to no purpose. His 
 body was subseipiently found p.nd 
 brought to Madison for interment. 
 
 Gov. Harvey was in the forty-iiird 
 year of his age. 
 
 Gov. LEoNAnn J. Farwfi.i.. — • 
 Leontird J. Farwell v. as t!'.« sou of 
 
73G 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCOysiS. 
 
 Ciipt. .liunos Parwcll and licbocea 
 ''adv liis wif(^; ainl was bcirii at 
 AVatVitown, N.V., Jan. "-, ISli). Ili.-i 
 fathiir (lied in ly:!il, iind his niijlnci in 
 IS-'-i. After a sliorl cxiiiTienoo as clerk 
 ill ii diy-gocids store, lio became ap- 
 pfontice to a tinsmith, and fnMowod 
 that oeeiipatiiii' until the age ot niiic- 
 Wm\. \li'. first removed to Loeli])ort. 
 III., with a small slock of hardware ai]d 
 iifew tools of his trade, and, for the time 
 mid place, soon established a thriving 
 business. In January, lS-10, lie sold 
 out his stock and stori'. and removed 
 to the then new village of Milwaukee, 
 in the Territory of Wisconsin, and 
 embarked iu business on a hirger 
 scale, and iu a few years was a' the 
 lieail of one of the largest who sale 
 houses iu the West. Ten years later, 
 owing to impaired health, and liaving 
 secured ;i largi^ fortuiu! for those days, 
 lie withdrew from mereau'ile traffic to 
 engage in other enterprises. In 1847 
 he visited JIadison, and effected a 
 large purchase of village property, 
 including th(^ unoccupied water-power, 
 and soon after mai'e a trip to Euroj)C 
 and Easti'in countries, returning in 
 lS4i1. !^)u his return, he hogaii the 
 improvement of the water-power, the 
 erection of mills, the opening of 
 streets, d a'ning of low lands, and 
 other iiiea ures designed to benefit the 
 village. Perhaps no one person did 
 more to promote the interests of Madi- 
 son thai' I.. .1. Karwell. Js'o impor- 
 tant interest, structure, or association 
 was inaugurated, which he cither did 
 not originate, or contribute to its suc- 
 cess by his means or inllueiiee. He 
 not only built mills, to which allusion 
 lias been made, but starli'd tin; first 
 woolleii-iactoiy, and the first maclijue- 
 sliop and foundery. lie set the ex- 
 ample of first grading and filling 
 streets, and building side and cro>s 
 walks; and, in the proji^cted railroad 
 enterprises dc.dgned to benefit Jladi- 
 son, li<! embarked heartily ami liber- 
 ally. The citizens of -Vtadisou will 
 always bear clieeiful witness to the 
 greatness of his ellorts. which had for 
 their ob; 'ct the promotion of her best 
 intere-ls. 
 
 In ISOl l.e was iioir'nated for 
 governor by he Whig paity. ind was 
 elected: the remainder of the Slate 
 ticket was Democraiie. Tin' Whig 
 party of Iha. day was |,iit a wi'wk and 
 feeble noii'.rily. ft had few elements 
 of streii;th, and le-s s.igacity of nian- 
 agemeut. In the Stale (.'onveiition of 
 ISol, however, it received an iiuijctu- 
 
 by the ui.inimous nomination of Mr. 
 I'arwell : a single name, presented at 
 the right m in:ent, raised the enthu- 
 siasm of thi party. Of the i)ublic 
 career of Gov Farwedl, it is not neces- 
 sary to spea : at any considerablo 
 leiigtli. The structure of the gov- 
 ernment was then imniatuie, tlio 
 l)o;iulalion scanty, ami the [lolicy of 
 development undefined. To lay the 
 foundation of the new republic deep 
 and wiile, to establish a i)oliey <if com- 
 prehensive statesinauship llial should 
 provide for the present, insure the 
 future, and prove enduring as lime, 
 was the important duty of the Kxecii- 
 tive. How well and wisely this was 
 done is attested by the development 
 of the Stale in all its varied inti'rests, 
 and the widespread prosperity that is 
 now visible in all its parts. 
 
 (lov. Farwell was married Sept. 20, 
 lSi);3, to Jliss Frances A., daughter of 
 Gen. A. N. Corss of Madison, for- 
 merly of Watertown, N.Y. She died 
 at Washington, D.C., A-nil 15, I'dS. 
 The liiianeial revulsion of 18.17 pri>ved 
 vi'ry severe on the fortunes of Gov. 
 Farwell, as he was largidy interested in 
 railroad < uterprixes; and, their value 
 being depre-sed, he was oliligud to 
 suspend and close up his business, In 
 the spring of 18(13, ho was appointed 
 by I'res. Lincol i as assistant examiner 
 in the Patent Ofliee, Washington, ami, 
 throe months later, was princ.pal ex- 
 aminer of inv(!itions, — a position he 
 held for nearly seven years, when ho 
 resigned to re-embark in the same 
 business at Chicago: at Ihe latter l)lace, 
 he siifTercd by loss at the great lire in 
 October, 1871. He has since that 
 time lived at Grant City, Worth 
 ('onuty. Mo. 
 
 t;i)vi;RN()u Edward KALOMoy. — 
 Kdwai<l Salotuon was Ihh-ii near 11,11- 
 bersladt, in Pjiissia, in lSl'8; received 
 an academic education in the same 
 city; and, when suflieiently (|ualified, 
 entere<l the university at IJerlin, where 
 ho directed his attention pjiiK'ipally to 
 mathematics, philosophy, natural his- 
 tory, (Sec. Having fiiushed his colli'go 
 course, and tr.keii his di-giee. he pursued 
 his favorite studies till he came to 
 America in the fall ul ISlii. On his 
 arrival here, he lived at Manitowoc for 
 three yenrs ; where he di^ihargi'il the 
 duti(.'s ( f school-teacher, couuty-sur- 
 veyor. and deputy clerk of the circuit 
 court, ill sueees-iou. .Vt the end of 
 that lime, he (Mine t'l .Milwaul<ce, w'lcre 
 he studieil \■.^\\■ wiib V.. G. Kyan. Esq., 
 uiid was admitted t:i tlie bar in 180<). 
 
7UST0RT UF WISCONSIN. 
 
 T87 
 
 I-eo till 
 Ik 
 
 ;is !,'()Vcl'- 
 iiii-iii. Al'ior 
 years iii thai, cajia- 
 
 ---;■(', al 
 ....... .if olliiM>, ho ' 
 
 ^. ... .... f;i>vc'niim'iit cii- 
 
 uly war uilh Ihi.- Smill 
 
 lie praotisod law in Milwaul-u^; 
 u;.i)ii Iho death of (Jov. Harvey 
 
 as (lined the exei'Ulivc^ (ifli 
 
 \\i\- (if th(' Slate of Wise 
 1 avMiL? served two ; 
 :ily, 111! resumed the praetiee of law 111 
 Milwdiliec; and is now eiii;a,i:e(l in tlic 
 same in t!((i elly of N'ew VorU, a lield 
 lit for his talents, whieh are of no 
 (inlinary decree. Inimeillalely on the 
 death of (iov. Harvey, which took 
 jilaee soon after the hatlle of I'illshiiric 
 Landing, I>ieiit,-(;ov. Salomon took 
 ]i(i~~essioii of the executive oftic 
 Jladi^oii. During his term 
 suppovted the genera 
 
 gaged ill a liloody wai 
 
 and proved hinisclf faithful, eiicrgi tic. 
 .Tiid persevering in his eiideiivoi's to 
 siipjily II large element of support from ; 
 the .Slate he governed, to suhdiie the 
 enemy. In ISliU his services were j 
 es|ieeially rcfpiircd to iill up thndcci-l 
 mated ranks of the several regiments, j 
 and llie draft found necessary. I.i this 
 emergency tlu! governor di~clr,irged his 
 duty with distinguished aliility. The ! 
 liidian dislurhanees In the Stale during 
 tliat year imiiosed addiiional lahor on 
 the executive. The massacres hy the 
 
 Indians in .Minn la, the Ihreatening 
 
 aspect of Ihe Wisconsin Indians, and 
 the gloomy asjieet of pnlilic alVairs, 
 reiinired iroojis at lionic'; and, by the 
 advice of the governor, a niilitia was 
 organl/cd Utv tlie cinerceiicy. In every 
 exigency ihe governor was found at 
 
 his |)OSt. 
 
 Aj;( iiiusiDP John M. Husxr. — 
 
 The new archhl hop ■'' Milw(Uikce, 
 .lohii Jr. Ileiini. was horn In I'pper 
 Saxony, t.'anton tJraulninden. Suit 
 Z( rlaiid. on the l(!lh ol .(ill 
 is eoii-i:ip,ieiilly seveuly y 
 He began his slndlcs in Sf 
 Luzerne, and upon hU gia 
 cceded to Koine. IIer(.' he io(( 
 met the first bi-hop of Ciiicinnall, K(l- 
 ward Fenwiek. who was on ii vi~lt to 
 the hidy see. lie nccdeil young wor 
 crs in his lloiiii^hing vineyanl ' ■' 
 \ew W'lilld, and w.e- lifil 1 
 iiig young Ileiini 
 Work of carrying llu; 
 tioii Into the wilds oi .Yiii-'i 
 Ills friend .Marliii Kundiiz, who was 
 also .studying in Itonie, he crossed tlui 
 sea. and arrived in Uallimore In \^'^\\. 
 After a short stay in that city, he, in 
 company with several other C(Uididale~ 
 for holy orders, j.'i-^ecded to a semi- 
 nary in Itardstowi . to prepare for ordl- 
 iialion. In the foil iwing year they were 
 ordiiinod to the pricslliood by 15i-liop 
 
 I,-<o."), and 
 
 ears of age. 
 
 . (i.illeii and 
 
 lualiou pi-o- 
 
 forliuialelv 
 
 ill the 
 ., iifil long ill M'Ciii- 
 to aid liliii ill the 
 ' cross and civillza- 
 (if .Vm-rlca. Willi 
 
 Fenwiek. After offlciating for a time 
 ill St. I'l^ter'.s f'liurch, in Cincinniili, 
 he was transferred lo Canton, ()., 
 wlujro he, In eonii' "y "''"i another 
 jiriost, iierfoiined ar.iiioiis duties be- 
 tween tliat town and Lake Krio. 
 
 While J!l-hop Fenwiek was .olnrn- 
 iiig from -i vl^it to Ihe missionary sta- 
 tions in the .'stiu.-, he was stricken with 
 sickness in llie neighboring town of 
 Worcester. Jleiini hastened to minis- 
 ter to iIk! wants of his sji-l; patron, but 
 too late: the soul oi his friend had left 
 its tenement of clay, for brighter worlds 
 above. 
 
 In 18:11 the first German C.Mholio 
 ehnreli was consecrated in Ciiicliinatl, 
 I>i-liop riircell, Fenwick's successor, 
 liliding his lield of iiscfulness eiihcged, 
 soon recalled Falher Ileiini from Can- 
 ton, and elevaled him to the Important 
 position of vicar-general id' Ihe see. 
 Ill is:!.") he made a tour to Kurope, with 
 the view of Inlere-llng the Church In 
 the .'Vmerican missions. He succeeded 
 admirably, and on his return to Ciii- 
 cinnall establUhcd an orphan-asylum, 
 and a (rcrnian Catholic journal, the 
 •MVahrhcit' Freiind." now oiii! of the 
 leadiii;; cliurcli journals In the country. 
 The orphan-asylum, the ".St. .Vloy- 
 sltis," is silll In existence, and Is one 
 id' the oldest (iernian instil lit ions iu 
 the United States. 
 
 On the fourth Sunday after Kaslcr, 
 in Is-l;!, a provincial couneil of bi-hopn 
 wa> li.ld In Cinciiiiiiili, al which Ileiini 
 altcndeil, and iceeivnl Ihe .^ppniniment 
 of lii~Iiiipof llie newly ('reeled diocese 
 of Milwaukee. In the niouth id' De- 
 cember of the same year, the iiominii- 
 tion was eonbrniiil by a I'apal bull; 
 and on the I'.iih id' Maiidi, IS-|.l. he wmh 
 consecraicd lii.-liop in the old XavciiiH 
 Cathedral iu Ciiieliinali, by I!is|i..p 
 I'urccll. assisted li\ JJisliop .Mile-^, of 
 N'ashvlUe, and liishop O'Connor, of 
 I'itlsbiirg- On the liilh of .\prll he 
 started bir his new held of usefulness, 
 aeeompaiiled by !!ev. .Mr. llci-s. now 
 bishop (d' La (.'r.isse; and arrived in 
 Ibis city at a late hour m the night of 
 Ihe :id .if May. The next moiiiing ho 
 was conducted to the .small wooden 
 structure on Martin Street, next daek- 
 soii. known as ,St. I'eter's Church. 
 This w.is his calhcdial. -\l that time 
 llie eiiii.e miniher of Catholics in the 
 villag(> and lis suiroiiiiiliii'..'s did nut 
 niimbcr two thoiisatid. The enliie' 
 di.icese' numbered, iirobahly, not over 
 eiuht thousand inhabltanis. There' 
 were but live or six priesis in the tep- 
 ritoiy, who olliciated in block-house's, 
 
788 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 except Prairie du Clilon, wliore the 
 worlc of orccliii!; a siilistiintial ctcnio 
 ulilico was c(iiiiiii(!iiccil, In tlie liojio 
 tliat ttie bisli«;> winikl locate at tliat 
 point, III till" followin!; inouih of 
 August, lie paid Iiis {\r< vi-it to (Jreeii 
 Bay, and from tlirncc called on tlic 
 Mi'Moinonce Indians on Wolf Kivor, 
 and, after a weary journey, ri'aolied llie 
 Cliipp.^wa IndiaMs at La I'idnf<', L:il;i 
 Superior, where Father Krederick l!ar- 
 asa Iiad cstahlislied a llouri>hiii;^ inis- 
 BJon. Under the able niana'ieuient of 
 tlij liishop, the diocese lici-an to ini- 
 proi'e both in numbers and prosperity. 
 Kinitcratiou was .sellliuR in; ai.d the 
 chnreli increased in communicants 
 until it was foiuul necessary to erect a 
 hirger place if worship. St. Mary's 
 Cliurch, corner liroadway and Hiddle, 
 this city, was buill and consecrated in 
 tlie summer of 1S47. Tlie niunber id' 
 priests li;id also increased t ) thirty ; and, 
 in tlie fall <if the same year, the ceriier- 
 stoni! of thecalliedral w.as laid willi im- 
 posing ceremonies. At the instanc*; of 
 the worlhv bishop, a hospital had also 
 been founded, and the .Sisters of Cha- 
 rity invited to take charge of it. 
 
 lie left for IJome to see the Pope, in 
 January, 184-1, and reached Trance just 
 as the Itevidulion took place in thai 
 country and carried its baleful influ- 
 ences through Germany and Italy. 
 The serious a. pect of att'aiis ihroiuh- 
 oiU Europe cause<i him to postpone his 
 oriu'iual intentions, whicdi, if carried 
 out, would iiave resulted in his being 
 kept from his dioceso for a long linn.'. 
 Tliis idiange in hi> plans, however, 
 gave him time to vi-it his birthplace. 
 When Ui-liop II(Mini re|iirn<!d, he was 
 received with great <"iilliiisia-in by the 
 peoiile of bis diocese. The work on 
 the cathedral was suspended in ordor 
 that the funds might go to lue ereclion 
 of an oriihan-asyluni. .V building wa.s 
 also purchased for 111" school sisters; 
 and an as-i)ciation of the three Kiun- 
 ciscan orders settled lulow what is 
 now IJay View, and founded the semi- 
 nary a i that ]i"iiil. St. (Jail's Church 
 was ;lNo eic'cled for the accommoda- 
 tion of the Irisli Catholics; and Tiinily 
 CUinrch lor the (iermaiis, who were 
 peltliic.; ill large numbers on the south 
 Bide. To secure means to complete the 
 cathedral, l!i-liop Ileniii un<leilook a 
 Voya':<.' to Me.\ico and (.'uii.i. In the 
 fidl of ls.")2 it was under roof; ami i>n 
 the ;tlst of July it was consecrated, on 
 which occasion the Papal Niinio 
 Hedini, and other dignitaries of the 
 church, presided. 
 
 Bishop IlennI has lived to see his 
 diocese of several thousand communi- 
 cants grow until it nnnibcrs a hundred 
 and seventy-live thousiuid (.'atliolics, 
 witli two liiindred and forty-seven 
 churches. Of the present importance 
 of the diocese it is unnecessary to 
 speak, in view of the appointment of 
 the venerable bishop t<i the andibish- 
 opiic, a worthy acknowledgment of 
 his great zeal liy the pope. The i.'on- 
 '•ccralion of Archbisho|) ireniii took 
 place in .Milwaukee, on the ITith of 
 Mav. 187."). 
 
 llox. J.\MEa H. LOCKWOOD. — 
 .l.imes II. liockwoorl was born Dec. 7, 
 no;, at Peru, Clinton County, .V.Y., 
 where he resided until his sixt' enth 
 yi'ar, and comnicnced the study of 
 law; which he aliaiidoned, and .accept- 
 ed a clerk-hip in a store. In 1814 Iio 
 <'iigaged as clerk to a sutler iii (icii. 
 Izard's arniv. In ISl.") hi- was en- 
 gaged to the sutler of the I!ill.' Regi- 
 inent. then at IJuffalo, .and, acce])tlng 
 the situation, had tlie pleasure of rid- 
 ing to that place on the stage which, 
 with colors (lying, bore to that cily the 
 welcome I idliii;s of ])ea<'e. Tlie troops 
 were ordered Wc'st ; and, on the l.")tli of 
 .\ugiist, he arrived at .Mackinaw. In 
 ixpi he en'4a"_'Cil in the fur-trade at 
 tlie heail of .St. Pi'ter's liiver; and in 
 ISID finally made his home at I'rairio 
 dii Chien. where he spent the reinaiii- 
 der of hi- days. lie lilled various 
 liosts if honor ami u-efnine-s, among 
 them that of judge of (.'rawford Coun- 
 ty 'vhen that county colii))ri-ed all 
 that territory lying north of tlie Wis- 
 consin iiivcr. In IS-.N) he built the 
 lirst frame-lionse in Prairie du ('liicn ; 
 and tills was the building occupied by 
 Col. (afterward President) Taylor when 
 he was coiiimauding-olficer at I'"ort 
 Cr.iwford. 
 
 At the' request of the .State Histori- 
 cal Society of Wisconsin, .Iiidge Lock- 
 wood pre|)ared fir the second vidiime 
 of tluir Collections an article on 
 " ICarly rimes and Events in Wiscon- 
 sin,'' emboilyii:.; th<' leading' events of 
 bis Western lif''. He was for forty 
 years a pioneer In the loininerce, nav- 
 igation, milling, liimlieriii'.;, aiu 
 trade of Wisconsin, and had tli 
 ilc'Xe of seeing Wiscoli-.ill risi 
 coniparative '.'i-curlty to Ihe full stat- 
 ure of a Stale, with nearly .-i, million of 
 inhabilaiits. And, having lived a long 
 and hoe./r.ii)i>: life, he fell like a shock 
 of corn tiiUy ripi'. !Ie v.us in the 
 sixtv-fourlh year of his age. He died 
 Aug. -li, 1S.J7. 
 
 d I.' 
 
 priv- 
 froin 
 

 niSTORT OF 
 
 WISCONSIN. 739 
 
 his 
 
 NATnAV MvnTiiCK. the first white 
 
 Indians had been there about one 
 
 mi- 
 
 gottlor at, anil tlio original proprietor 
 
 month, when they made an attack on 
 
 lled 
 
 t)f, the town of "Prairie la Crosse," 
 
 the building, riddling the door and 
 
 Ins, 
 
 was born at Westport, Essex County, 
 
 windows with bullets. Myrrick had 
 
 von 
 
 N.Y., July 7, mj.-i. 
 
 hut one man with him at the time. 
 
 UlCC 
 
 His ancestors, ])aternal and maternal, 
 
 They returned the fire, fortunately not 
 
 1 to 
 
 were anioni; the first settlers of Wi^st- 
 
 killing any of the Indians. During 
 
 t of 
 
 port. His jjraTidfalher was a soldier in 
 
 the fray, Alexis Hailey, who was well 
 
 )lsh- 
 
 the army of the lievolution. His fa- 
 
 known to the Indians, returning from 
 
 of 
 
 tlier was a merchant, and the propri- 
 
 the " upper country," accompanied by 
 
 con- 
 
 etor of several mills, — woollen, saw. 
 
 several teams, appeared upon tho 
 
 took 
 
 and Jurist mills; and he represented the 
 
 ground, which put an end to the 
 
 1 of 
 
 county in the lei;islatu'e of the State 
 
 attack. 
 
 
 several years. 
 
 During the winter, he prepared the 
 
 D. — 
 
 Nathan was the second of three 
 
 timber necessary, shoved it across the 
 
 •C.7, 
 
 brothers. The youngest died at West- 
 
 river on a hand-sled, ind with it, in 
 
 ^.Y., 
 
 port; the next was killed in the Sioux 
 
 February, l.'^4;i, built the first house on 
 
 ontli 
 
 massacre at Yellow Medicine in lS(i2; 
 
 Prairie la Crosse. Moving his goods, 
 
 y of 
 
 and the oldest resides in Minnesota. 
 
 and occupying his store, he became 
 
 cept- 
 
 The suliject of this sketch received 
 
 the first settler at that important 
 
 4 lio 
 
 Ills education at the academy at \Vest- 
 
 point. 
 
 (Jen. 
 
 port, and was enfjaged in his father's 
 business until his idiieteenlh year; 
 
 The original plat of the town-site 
 
 en- 
 
 was surveyed by Ira Hrunson, of Prai- 
 
 Rcni- 
 
 when he left home for the "Great 
 
 rie du Cliien, in the summer of 1842. 
 
 pliiiS 
 
 West," to. as the saying then was, 
 
 In 18.51 it was rc-snrveyed, which 
 
 f lid- 
 
 " seek his fortune." 
 
 somewhat changed the original survey. 
 
 liicli, 
 
 In .lune, 1S4I, ho reached Prairie du 
 
 Myrrick, in 1S4;J, returned to West- 
 
 y thi) 
 
 t'hien. and was <'mploved as clerk in 
 
 port, atid married Jliss Rebecca E. 
 
 roop-i 
 
 the post-otlici! l)y B. W. lirishois, where 
 
 Ismon. Proceeding to the city of Xew 
 
 Uhof 
 
 In' remaineil until the Novemher fol- 
 
 York, he purchased a large stock of 
 
 . In 
 
 lowing. 
 
 goods, and in the fall returned to La 
 
 do at 
 
 Conceivins; that a fortune wa« not 
 
 Crosse. 
 
 1(1 in 
 
 to he made in the jiosition of clerk. 
 
 Mrs. Myrrick was the first woman 
 
 IMII'iO 
 
 and aefin;; upon the |)roposition of 
 
 who grace'd the embryo city, and tho 
 
 luain- 
 
 '•nolhins; v.mtiu'ed. nothing had," he 
 
 family the only cnie resident for about 
 
 irious 
 
 piipihased an "initlit " of jjoods for 
 Irjdian trading. Sci'iiring a hoat of 
 
 a year. The first interment was a 
 
 nioii^! 
 
 child of theirs, who died in 184.'>. 
 
 Coun- 
 
 nhout forty tons burden, and assist- 
 
 Myrrick's business energies could 
 
 .,1 all 
 
 ants to act as interpreters and luhor- 
 
 not be confined to " Indian tradiii'^." 
 
 ■ Wis- 
 
 ers. on the 7th of November he started 
 
 IIiM'arly engaged in lumbering on the 
 
 U, llm 
 
 up the Mississippi, using poles as the 
 
 IJI.ick liiver. luiilt a saw-mill, and, in 
 
 'liii'ii; 
 
 inotive-power. 
 
 1S44. run a raft of lumber to St. Louis, 
 
 ..(1 liy 
 
 On arriving at La Crosse, he was 
 
 the first sent to that market from lia 
 
 • when 
 
 Struck with its peculiar adaptability 
 
 Crosse. 
 
 I'ort 
 
 as a "town-site," and determined t<i 
 
 In 1S4:;, and spring of ]S44. quite a 
 
 
 locate. There being no timber suit- 
 
 number of .Mormons were scuttled 
 
 i-toi-i- 
 
 able for building purposes oi; the 
 
 alon'.; the Ulack Kiver. engaged in the 
 
 Loi'l<- 
 
 prairie, and ikjI having a team, he 
 built his first house, a "double cabin," 
 
 manufai'lureof lumber for tlie Nauvoo 
 
 •oUimo 
 
 market. Ii'avin;; in the spring of the 
 
 !(> <Ml 
 
 on the island ojiposile, ami prepared 
 
 latter year. In the fall of tlie same 
 
 I'iscon- 
 
 for business. 
 
 year (IS 141, between three and four 
 
 I'UlS of 
 
 The agency of the Winneliago liuli- 
 
 hundreil returned to La Crosse, and 
 
 • forty 
 
 ans w.as at •'Turkey liiver," in Iowa. 
 
 settled in what is now known as the 
 
 0, nav- 
 
 Although the Indians had ceded their 
 
 " Moruion Cooley." Mr. Myrrick gave 
 
 (\ lead 
 
 lands east of the .Mississippi, yet they 
 
 employment to most of tiiem in the 
 
 iiiiv- 
 
 retained a finnsi claim, and were jeal- 
 
 pinery on the lilack liiver. cnlling 
 
 ' from 
 
 ous of white men settling so far north 
 
 steainboai-wocjil. Are, They remained 
 
 11 stat- 
 
 of Prairie du Chicn. 
 
 until the spring of l!<4.'>, wlien most of 
 
 in. in of 
 
 About two weeks after the "double 
 
 tlieni returnecl to Nauvoo in Uathuats, 
 
 a Ion.? 
 
 cabin" was completed, the Indians, 
 
 wliieh thi'v linilt. 
 
 I slioi,'k 
 
 who had been to Turkey Hiver to 
 
 During the year I'm. two or three 
 
 in tUfi 
 
 receive their annuities, reiioned; and 
 
 sti'amboats ascended the Mississippi 
 
 lo died 
 
 about one humlred iind fifty -licainpeil 
 
 with sup]ilies for Port Snelling an<l 
 
 
 on the island, near the store. The 
 
 the lumb<!rm(m on the St. Croix, lu 
 
74d 
 
 n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 1S42 the Uttio stnamer "Knck TJivcr" 
 was niii Ironi (Jalciia to Fort, Siiolliiic;, 
 luakiii;: a li'ip i>\\v.f. in two weeks. 
 
 Ill lS4-t Si'i-ibe Uan-is put " The 
 Otter " in tin; trailo, run Ikt fof a 
 yoar or two, wlioii sliu was siiiicrsedod 
 by otlipr l)oats. 
 
 A po,st-oflic<! was ostahlislicd at LiV 
 Crosso in 1S44: anil Xatliaii Myriick 
 rec(?ivoil tlic apiiointMii'iit nf post-mus- 
 ter, anil resi,'neil in 1S4(>. lie was sue- 
 ceoded liy K. A. C Hatcli, avIio had 
 come out to La Crosse from We^tporl 
 early in 184:!. 
 
 The first election held was in 1S44. 
 for cminty eonnnissioners. 'I'he whole 
 country t'roiu I'rairieilii Cliii'n to the 
 St. Croix was inelud.'d in the county. 
 Kathan .Mvrriek and II. li. Dotisem.-ui, 
 of Prairi(! dn Clii<'n, were elected. 
 
 In 1S47 oeeiirred theheavie-t freshet 
 ever known before or since aion',' the 
 IJlack liiver. Nearly all the mill-dams, 
 l)ioms, *c., were destroyed. Millions 
 of feet of logs, timber, maiuifactured 
 lumber, (Sre., wmv, swejit away: Jlr. 
 Jtyrriok losing upwards of twenty-tive 
 thousauil dollars. 
 
 In .laiiuary, 1>4S, be purchased of 
 the Uniteil States the town-sit(! of La 
 Cros.se: and in the spring ol the same 
 year ho settled up his Imsiness, and 
 moved to St. Paul, which ha- been his 
 residence since, to this time (Us7">). 
 
 Idleness is not in conson;uice with 
 Ills early traiinni;; aiul we fiiul him 
 Ftill en.ia.£!(Ml in Imsiness on the fron- 
 tier, — still inishini; west. Since leav- 
 ing La Crosse, he has bad bis trading- 
 posts ;\t Watab. Long Prairie. Traverse 
 tie Sioux, La .Siienr, Pembina. Ac. 
 
 In person, Xathan Jlyrriik biOongs 
 — as did his father and grandfalher 
 hefor(! him — to lh(! "sons of Anak," 
 bein'.r six feet four inches in hi' 
 KtoeUings. Genial in his maiwiers. 
 brimfni of kindness and hosjiitalitv, 
 generous to a fault, often and again 
 lias he been the vii'tim of misiilaeed 
 confidence, as bi- will continue to be: 
 so long'as the " leopard cannot chauirc 
 Ills spots," so N'atban Myrrick cannot 
 change his nature. 
 
 Ill all the vicissitudes of his varied 
 and very extensive business, the writ- 
 er, who has known him for nearly 
 thirty years, has yet to learn of one, 
 with' whom lu^ has liad d-alings. to 
 deny him the t itle of " honest man." 
 
 Cor.. l)AMi:r, 51. l'.\i:i;i.\so.v. — 
 Daniel M. Parkinson w.as born 'n Car- 
 fir Coiintv, La-t Tennessee, Aug. 1, 
 17'.i:i, whefo he resideil until ISIS, 
 wlieu liu removed to M;iUisoii County, 
 
 Illinois, and settled at a point twenty 
 mile east of St Louis, llemaining in 
 that jilace two years, he removeil to 
 Sangamon Counly, and settled on 
 liock Prairie, fmir miles east of 
 Springfield. IIi>re be remained until 
 the H|>ring of 1827, engaged in farm- 
 ing, when be removed to the lead- 
 region of Wisconsin; and soon after 
 settled at Mineral P<uiit, wliere ho 
 became the third hou-.ebolder. In 1S:3:! 
 he entered a (piarter section of lanil 
 five miles .south-east of Mineral Point, 
 where he suhseriiiently erected the 
 residence in which he died. Mr. 
 Parkinson took an active part in the 
 Winnebago and lilaek Hawk wars. 
 Ife was a nuMiiber of the legislative 
 assembly, ls;:!(;-:;S, lslO-1, the first of 
 which w,is the first Terrilori.il legisla- 
 ture, which convened at Uelmont. 
 Mr. Parkinson's ilistrict consisted of 
 wluit is now Iowa, Lafayetlc. liich- 
 land, and (Irant Counlies, anil is at 
 jirescnt represented by ten members. 
 He was a member of the first Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and in 1S40 was 
 a member of the first State legislature. 
 He diiHl at his residence in Lafayette 
 County, Oct. 1. IStiS, in the seventy- 
 ninth ye.ir of bis ,age. His portrait is 
 in the library of the State Historical 
 Society. 
 
 Hox. SiMEOx Mills. — He was born 
 in Xorfiilk, Litchfield Countv, Conn., 
 I'eb. 14, ISIO. In ISll bis f.atliermovcd 
 to Aslitabula County, and was one of 
 the pioneer settlers in the dense forests 
 of Xerlhern Ohio, where the subject 
 of this skelcb was bron'_'bt up at the 
 labfirious work of farming in a new 
 country, acc]uiring, at the same time, 
 a good commiiii-scbool eiliication. 
 
 At the age of twent ,' hi,' procured a 
 sitiiati:m as clerk in a enuntry store. 
 and thereafter was enga'Jied in mercan- 
 tile pursuits, at different times, for 
 several years. 
 
 In t\w. summer of IS;).") be cr.ino 
 West, to Iliini'is and Wisconsin, spend- 
 ing the latter part of 1S;J;! at Mineral 
 Point; and, upon the l.n'ation of the 
 seat of giivernment of the Teri-itory at 
 the Four L,il;es. determined to make 
 that bis future home. 
 
 Om tlie lOlh of dune, IS.'H. ho located 
 at Madison, then a city of a single 
 house; proceeded at once to the erec- 
 tion of a small building of hewed lo'_'s, 
 sixteen by eighteen feet on the gnuind, 
 anil, as soon as practiealile, ponhased a 
 small stock of menhaiidise at f;alei-.a, 
 and oiiencd the III st store at the capital 
 of Wiscunsin. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 741 
 
 At that time the white population 
 of Dane County (li<l not cxi.'oed three 
 families; and tlioie was no mail or 
 mail rout(! between Madison and >[il- 
 waukee; but, in the summei' of 1,S!7, 
 Ml'. Mills made a contract with the 
 United States for carrying the mail 
 bet\ve<Mi those points until July, 1812. 
 
 On the liith of Au','U-^t, 18:!7, Mr. 
 Mills was appointed l)y (iov. Dodge 
 the lirst justice of the peace in U.uw 
 County, and iirol)al)ly at that timi' the 
 only one between Uodgeville and Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 In the spring of 1S"S Mr. Mills re- 
 moved his f.unily from Ohio to >radi- 
 son, wliero they have since resided, 
 and are at this time, with a single ex- 
 ception, the oldest residents oif Dane 
 County. 
 
 In 1839 Dane County v.;s org.ini:'eil 
 for county and ju<lieial ;iurposes; aud 
 he was eiectitd one of I Me county <'oni 
 inissiimers, and appoiiled clerk of the 
 United .States district court; which 
 latler oflice he lich' for about nine 
 years. He heh^ the diice of territorial 
 treasurer when 'lie Slate government 
 was organized; i. ml was elected the 
 first senator of i)ano County, and 
 afterwards renomin ited, but declined 
 to become a eandidati for re-election. 
 
 In 1848 he was ai)|,ninted on the 
 first board of regents of Oie University 
 of Wisconsin, and took au active part 
 in the organization an<l commencement 
 of that iiistilulion, by purciiasing its 
 site, and snperinlending Ibe erection 
 of its first buildings. In ISOO, he was 
 appointed one of the trustees of the 
 Wisconsin State Hospital for the In- 
 sani , and has been an active member 
 of I'vj' board to the present lini", taking 
 a dci-|. i 1 ,r'st in the, erecliun (if its 
 builiiug and the gene-al niaiiagc- 
 nient of atlairs in and about the insli- 
 tutioK. 
 
 llo has been ideiitided willi public 
 '•"..■, f ivei'" , and contribiilcd larg(!ly 
 "■■ '..,.• nil .,T<nvth ,ind prosperity of 
 
 adlson. Iiu'csting all bis gains hi real 
 v'stai.e, and the ("cction of buildings 
 tliciv 111, and making their caie the 
 business of his I if". 
 
 Ills I.-.iwle(!go is practical, and his 
 habits iiiiisirious and economical. 
 Ho h.as aided in bi.ilding schools, col- 
 leges, and churches, and in dcvidoping 
 the resources i/f a new country; li.is 
 ciieouraged his fellow-men, by jireccpt 
 and (Example, to attain a higher civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 IIox. Jamks Campiikt.l. — lie was 
 born iu Sus<iueliaiiiia County, renii- 
 
 sylvania, Feb. If), 1S14. His parents 
 wen^ blessed with a large family, wliilo 
 the supply of worldly goods w'as not 
 abnndant; but the children wore given 
 wliat, at that time, was deemed a good 
 common-school education: they wero 
 also tauglit the all-important lesson of 
 self-reliance. 
 
 In 180.5 James, the subject of this 
 sketch, at the ,age of twenty-one, 
 started out for himself, and came to 
 Wisconsin. The next season he rented 
 a farm in Green ("ounty, and com- 
 mcnccMl operations as a farmer. In 
 IS-tl he moved on to his own farm in 
 llie town of Albany, in that county, 
 and was tlie lirst settler in tliat town. 
 III! was a successful tiller of the sol!. 
 In 18"i(» he ojiened the first store iu 
 till! villagi! of Albany, located one mile 
 iiortii of his farm. Largely through 
 the inlhience of Jlr. Cainpb(!ll, tlio 
 Sugar Itiver Vailey Hailroad Company 
 had been chartered, wliicli proviilcd 
 .''or th(! construction of a railroad from 
 l'ieStat(! line riaUrodhead and Albany, 
 to Madison. 
 
 In bStil Mr. Campbell was a mein- 
 be- of the assembly from the county 
 of v^reeii. and succeeded in getting tlie 
 charter of the Sugar Kiver Valley Itoad 
 amended, so as to extend the line from 
 Madison to Portage; and that portion 
 of the congressional land-grant of 
 lS,-)(), which was given to aid in e^'U- 
 slructing a railroad between these two 
 cities, was given by the legislature to 
 tills company. Mr. Campbell took a 
 dee|i int(!rest in the construction of 
 tliis road, and in IS()2 reliiKiuished 
 his mercantile pursuits, and devoted 
 his wlii'le attention to it. For a time 
 the work progressed in a satisfactory 
 manner; but in 1811:!. tl.'rough con- 
 llicting interests in tlie managem 'lit, 
 the Sugar Kivi'r Valley Itailroad Com- 
 liany became involved in debt; and all 
 work upon it was su-pendeil, greatly to 
 the injury of Mr. Campbell, who was 
 a coiitr;iclor for the building of the 
 road. The property of this company 
 was snM (111 an exeention; and Mr. 
 Canipbi'll becaiiK! t'le purchaser. 
 
 In ]87i), the Sugar Kiver Valley Com- 
 paiiv having forfeited ail claim to the 
 land grant, Mr. Campbell procured 
 from till! legisl.ilure the charter of the 
 Madison and I'ortage Kailroad Com- 
 pany, and a transfer of the land-grant 
 to it. He then bent his whole energies 
 to the construction of this road; ami, in 
 less than one year from llu! passage of 
 the cliarlcr, the road was cmnpleted 
 between the cities of Madison and 
 
742 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Portage, beiiis a distance of about 
 forty miles. This work was mot by 
 many and siM-ioiis obstacles; but Mr. 
 Campbell knew no such word as " fail," 
 and, by the most persevering eilorts, 
 overcame them all. Under tlu; circum- 
 stances, it was a Kreat aecomplisliment, 
 and fjavc Mr. Campbell a high repu- 
 tation as a railroad man. lie still re- 
 mains tlin president of tlie comi)any, 
 and has been engaged for the last three 
 years in .in ctfort to extend this road 
 North and South, so as to connect the 
 immense lumber-regions of Wisconsin 
 with the extensive coal-mines of Il- 
 linois, lie has made two or three 
 visits to Europe in this interest, in the 
 hoije to raise money for the com|)letion 
 of this enterprise, and, no doubt, 
 would liave been successful in his en- 
 deavors, but for the general depn^ssion 
 in railroad securities. lie still liopes 
 to accomplish this noble work at no 
 distant day ; and those who know Mr. 
 Campbell best have but little doubt 
 of his ultimate success. lie does not 
 willingly give \\\i a favorite project. 
 
 As a citizen, Mr. Campbell is uni- 
 versally respected for bis sterling in- 
 tegrity of character, and for Ills broad 
 and liberal views on all iiuestions of 
 a public interest. He is true to his 
 friends, and generous towards all who 
 prove themselves worthy of his cou- 
 fldeuce. 
 
 As a business-man, he is clear in his 
 perceptions, sound in judgment, and 
 decisive in action; and, while modest 
 aiul unassuming in bis bearing, he is 
 characterized by strong indiviilualily 
 of character, i)ositivene>s of opinion, 
 and tenacity of ]>urpose, that cause 
 him to succeed where luost men would 
 fail. Mr. Campbell is at present a resi- 
 dent of Madison. 
 
 Hox. l{r,NjAMrx Fuanki.in Hop 
 KINS. — lie was bom in llebnui, 
 ■Washington County, N. Y., April 2l', 
 I-2t). Mis early life was ^ipent on a 
 farm. He rei-eived such an education 
 as was allordeil by the selmols of his 
 own town, and was deemed a good 
 •cademie scholar. Farming was not 
 to Ills liking. lie craved the lunie 
 (■Innulaling pursuits of the business- 
 world. Kor a "line In- was cleiU in a 
 eounlr> (ore, and showed more apti 
 tude to; this posiiii'iv ihan for farming;. 
 He next obtained a situation in i tele- 
 graph-olfice, and soon bei am<! an ac- 
 complisheil "jierator. .\t the age of 
 twenty, having rt\»d of ilu! great and 
 grow'ui; \V'«I, he concluded to come 
 to W>M,'v«>!>«u ; and in October, 184t>, 
 
 he arrived in Fond du Lac. In No- 
 vember of the same year he came to 
 JIailison, which was ever afterwards 
 bis houie. As a resident of that city, 
 Mr. Hopkins was ever foremost in pro- 
 moting its best , interest. He com- 
 menced Ids career in Wisconsin as an 
 ojjcrator in a telegraph-office. After 
 accumulating a small amount of 
 moiu-y, he invested it in lots in Madi- 
 son. Continuing to buy and sell again, 
 at an advanced price, he was soon in 
 inde])endent circumstances. Ho was 
 active in organizing the Madison Mu- 
 tual Insurance Company. In 1851 he 
 drew up the charter of the institution, 
 ami procured its passage through the 
 legislature, and was made its first 
 secretary. He as a director and 
 member of the 'cutive commitleo 
 of the company i..)m the day i/f its 
 organization to the day of his death, a 
 period of nineti'en years. 
 
 In 18J5 Mr. Hopkins took an active 
 interest in the incorporation of tlio 
 Madison Uas Company. He ])rocured 
 the passage of its charter, and a com- 
 pany was organized; but the works did 
 not prosper satisfactorily to most of 
 the directors, ami, at the end of the 
 year, Mr. Hopkins leased the works 
 for five years. At the end of this 
 term he had beqome owner of most 
 of the stock, which, through his skill 
 in the management of tin; atfairs, had 
 been made to pay a good income. Mr. 
 Hopkins eontinued to bold a large 
 niajoiilv of the stock ii\ the gas com- 
 pany until hisdi;ath; wbieli amounted 
 to a small fortune in itself. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins tonk an eArly, active, 
 anil leading part in establisliing the 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, fraught 
 with siu'h uiUold bli'ssings to ilia 
 orphan-children of Wi>c(nisin soldiers. 
 He was a member of the board of 
 trustees, from the commencenK^nt, so 
 long as he livcnl. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins was a ]ii>litician in tho 
 best sense ot that word. In early life 
 
 I be belonged to the great Whig party. 
 
 I On the oiganization of the Uepublicau 
 
 I party. In' became Ideiitilied with it, 
 
 I and, during the b.danie of his lil'e. was 
 i>ne "f its leadiiK members. H>' w.w 
 
 ' private »ecrelary to (Jov. Ua> ilord 
 during the years 1S.")(') and \<u. In 
 the fall of 18(il be wa- ele<'ted to the 
 
 I Slate senate. In ISO i he was eleiled 
 to the assembly ot Wisconsin This 
 
 I was not Ills highest ;unl>ir u. Ho 
 was deitirous id' obliiiuing ,t seat in 
 Congress; ami his llrnl ttilumpt in this 
 direct ion was in ISti-. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 748 
 
 In 1860 )iis name was again before 
 the convention for nomination, in 
 wliicli he proved tlie successful can- 
 diilalo. He was elected at the next 
 fall election, by a larijo nniiority, and 
 became member of the Fortieth C'oii- 
 cress, from the second district of 
 Wisconsin. Mr. Hopkins was re- 
 nominated in 18()8, without opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 At the close of the first session of 
 the Forty-fir.st Congress, in the spring 
 of 18(i!>, Mr. Hoplvins returned to lii.s 
 home in Wisconsin, with health nnu'n 
 impaired. He made a trip to San 
 Francisco, and visited many points in 
 C'aiiforniiv, but returned with his 
 healtii but little im])roved. At tlie 
 assembling of Congress, in December, 
 he was unable to resume his seat, and 
 never after left his home in Madison. 
 He died on New Year's Day, 1870. It 
 can appropriately be said of liim, — 
 
 ** Ills life was gtintle; and tlie elmneiita 
 
 8o mixed in liiin. tliut Nature ini^ltt Htand up, 
 
 And say to aii tbu world, Tftiti tens a uum.^^ 
 
 J. S. Douglass, A.M., M.D., I'li. D. 
 — He was born in Wesunoreland, 
 Oneida County, N.V., .July 4, 1801. 
 His father was a pioneer farmer of that 
 coiuity. His academic studies were 
 pursued in the academy at Whitesl)or- 
 oiigh, N.Y. During all his younger 
 years, his liealth was very feeble, and 
 on this account ho was prevented from 
 enleriug college. He, liowever, com- 
 pleted a collegiate course without en- 
 tering the eollegi! walls. But, as a 
 partial compensation, the Madi-on Uni- 
 versity of Ni'W Yorlv, in consideration 
 of thorough profii'leney, confeired upon 
 him the honorary degrees of ;>'aster of 
 Arts, and, iu 1870, the addilioiia' '.egree 
 of Ph.D. 
 
 He pursued his medical stud es in 
 Palmyra, under I)i>. Mi Intyre and 
 Pecliham, and wiili Di~. ."Sayles and 
 Stevens of Vernon, aii>l looli bis di- 
 ploma at the Fairneld Medical ('ollege, 
 Sew York, in l^-0. He remove<l to 
 Milwaukee in IMS, having three years 
 previously adopted the hnuueopathic 
 doctrine of therapeutics, at that date 
 little known in that n'gion. 
 
 He has given to the piiblii' several 
 valuable works. In 18.J-") he pul)lished 
 a work on Intermittent Fever, which 
 was th( It very prevalent in the West. 
 A few years lat(!r, he i)ublislie<l a more 
 ginierally useful work, entitled " Pr;ieti- 
 eal HoMKeopalhy,'' d.'sigiu'd for the use 
 of families. He has also been a large 
 contributor to the principal homu.>o- 
 
 pathic journals of the country. In 
 IS.'jO ho accepted a professorship of 
 Materia Med'ca and .Special Pathology 
 and Diagnosis in the Hoin(ec/pathic 
 Medical (^'oUege of Cleveland, which ho 
 heUl for three years. He has been a 
 member of the American Institute of 
 Homu'opiithy since 1847, once its presi- 
 dent, and once its annual orator. 
 
 He is now near s<'venty-four years of 
 age, in excellent health, and performing 
 all the duties of an extensive practice, 
 with an activity and energy seldom sur- 
 passed by young men. 
 
 For half a century he has been ear- 
 nestly and conscientiously devoted to 
 his profession, — twenty years an allo- 
 path, and thirty a homir'opath. His 
 lectures and writings, incisive, and full 
 of common sense, give evidence of vast 
 philosophy and experience. He pos- 
 sesses, as he deserves, the love and 
 reverence of his many friends and 
 patrons. His place will not be soon or 
 easily filled when he shall be removed, 
 as in the natural course of events he 
 must be before many years. 
 
 Ho.\. Hon.vno XiJi.soN Davis. — 
 He was born in thetownof Henderson, 
 JelTerson County, X.Y., June 17, 1S12; 
 received an academic education. Was 
 married, August, 18)J7, to Clarissa Fa- 
 nelto (^'ushman, and removed to Wis- 
 consin in August, lrf;i8, first settling 
 at Waukesha, in this State, where he 
 resided twenly-six years, engaged prin- 
 cipally in the pursuits of agriculture. 
 Was elected chairman of the board 
 of supervisors of Waukesha six suc- 
 cessive years, and was twice elected 
 chairman of the county board. Was 
 elect<'d county treasurer of Waukesha 
 Cdinity in 1847, and held the office by 
 subse(|ueut eleclions for six years. 
 Was commissioned by Pres. Lincoln, 
 .March, 1802, cai>tain i.nd commissary 
 of subsistence, iiiiil was raised to tho 
 rank of major liy hrevet in 18(14. Left 
 the seivice at the termination of the 
 war, ,od settled at Ueloit, Wis., where 
 he now resides. Was elected jiresident 
 of the Iteloit Xational liauk in !8(i.5, 
 and held that position by subseciuent 
 elections for eiglit years. Was elected 
 mayor of the city <if Beloit in 1872, 
 without opposition, and wai again 
 elected in 187;J. Was elected to tho 
 State senate from the county of Ilock 
 in 1872, n^ceiving a majority of .{,520 
 votes. Was again elected to the State 
 senate in November, 1874, Was again 
 elected mayor of the city of Beloit, 
 .Vpril, 187."), witliont (ppposilion. Mr. 
 uiul Mrs, Davis buvu had burn to them 
 
74 -t 
 
 IIISTOnr OF WJSCONSIN. 
 
 eislif cliilili'on. fivo of whom niv liviii'r; 
 viz.. V. K. D:ivi^ of S:iiii; raiil. V. .\. 
 Diivi-i of tlio rily of Hc'loil. Mr-^. Davit's 
 of DiWM^iiport, ill.. .Mrs, Wa-lilnirri of 
 tlio cily of IJi-loil, ami .Mi-s Ciitlio K. 
 Davis, now living; willi licr i);\r(:iits, 
 
 IIo.v. .1, D. DoTV. — .lames Diialic 
 Doty was a nalivi' of hialcm, Wasliiim- 
 ton ("ouiily, \,Y,, wlii'i-c lie was lioiii 
 in nil',). 111 llu.' year l.siS Ik^ solfli'il 
 at Detroit, .Miih, ; and, a yoini;.; lawyor 
 of f;oo(l reimte, lie was the next year 
 ailmliled to tlii^ Supi'enn' Coiii't of that 
 Territory, and was the same year pro- 
 moled rapidly to plaei.'s of imlilii; trn^l, 
 bein;; appointed secretary of the leiris- 
 hitive eoiineil,. anil elerli of the court. 
 
 Gov, Cass, in I'^^O, made his famous 
 tour of the Great Lakes, and I lie Mis- 
 sissippi to its .sonrci's, travelling a di-- 
 taiu'o of four thousand miles with his 
 party, in fivo hark ranoes, .Mr, Doty 
 vs'as selected hy the governor to coin- 
 m.'ind oiu; of the hireh ilolilla; ('.(". 
 Tn)wl)riil;;e aiul .John II. Kin/.ie each 
 liavin.iT cliarse of another. The trip 
 from Del roil to Jlackinaw and the 
 Sault .Ste.MariecousuTued nearlv ninety 
 days, and was one of ijreat diliicnlty 
 and peril. It was on this occasion that 
 Gov, ('ass, supported by his assistants 
 and eanoo-men. in the presence of llie 
 nsseiiililed difjnilaries of the fierce 
 Chippinvas, atid in defiance of their 
 menaces, pulled down the IJrilish lla','. 
 which ihnsi^ Indians had displayed (ui 
 the .Vnicrican side of the straits on his 
 arrival, and hoisted the stirs and 
 stripes in its place. Mr. Doty v.a; 
 present, and .liiled with his ,>wn hands 
 in displaying; the Aiuerican fla'.;. The 
 party left Detroit early in May, trav- 
 ersed the lakes, and reached the sour- 
 ces of llie Mississippi, held conferences 
 with various Indian tribes, and re- 
 turned the last of Xovember. Mr. 
 Doty, besides havinq; charf;e uf one of 
 tlie canoes, acted as secretary of the 
 cx]iedili 111. 
 
 In the winter of 1Sl"2-2:5 Consress 
 passed ail ".Vet to jirovide for the Ap- 
 pointment of an .\dililioiial .Tiidj;e for 
 the Miclii'j:an Territory,'' and to ctab- 
 lish courts in the counties of .Michili- 
 mackiiiac. Drown, and Crawford: the 
 two latter counties endiraciui: all lli.it 
 is now Wiscon-in, Iowa, .Minnesota, 
 and Dakota, l''roiu the nnnierous a))- 
 plicants fur the place, rres. Monroe 
 selected .lam(!s D. Doty of Detroit for 
 the new jiiiltre. 
 
 Desceniliii!; the lake from Green fJav 
 t..> Now York, ill May, ISi'i. the writer 
 found him in Detroit, already on tlic 
 
 w.ay to Ills new circuit, accompanied 
 by his wife, whom lie had just married, 
 tilt' eldest diumlitcr of (Jen. (,'ollins, of 
 .New llarlford. Oneida County, N,Y. 
 
 ,Iuil'.;ii Doty lost no lime in entering 
 on his duties as jud,;;e, — la\v,i;iver to a, 
 country suflirienl In extent for an em- 
 pire. il<^ repaired forthwith to I'rairio 
 dii Cliieii, ori:aiii/ed the judiciary of 
 Cr.iwford Ciuinty, ami opened court. 
 It was no easy task to ini'U'.;urato .jus- 
 tice in these wilds, to criiato sherill's, 
 clerks, and jurors out of half-breed 
 liiilian traders, rni/airuri, and cuKrricrH 
 (III lifila ; but the tact, talent, and per- 
 severance of the youii'.i jud;;e|)revailed. 
 .ludgeDotyliad thoui(ht to make Praiiio 
 llu Cliicii his n'stiiiii-place, his liomo, 
 but finally determined on a iiermaiient 
 residence atGreen IJay, where be iiiado 
 his home for twenty years. 
 
 The jud!;(? proceeded to orRanizo 
 courts in .Michilimackinac and Drown 
 Counties, wIkm'c he found the inhabit- 
 anls fienei'ally disposed to render every 
 as-istance in brinjjiiii; a wild country 
 subject to law and order. Tlie terms 
 were held with lierfect reiiularity 
 Ihroii^hout the whole district. He con- 
 tinued (o discharu'c his onerous duties 
 f.ir nine years, and until superseiled by 
 .luilu'e Irwin in ]K:!2. lic'lieved from 
 the cares and responsibilities of the 
 judne-bip and courts, he inimediati.dy 
 coinmenced, on his own resources, a 
 pers'inal examination, by repealed lours 
 of the country that now conslitutes 
 Wisconsin and Xorlliern Illinois. It 
 v.'as llu'ii inhabited and possessed by 
 the abori'.;iiios, llovi^iteil every villaiji) 
 of note, made hiniseif aci|iiain(eil with, 
 and gained the !;ooil-will of, the chiefs, 
 and coiilributeil in no small desxreo 
 to the jiood uiHlerstandini; which fol- 
 lowed beiueen the government and 
 lhe~e sav.ine tribes. 
 
 In IfsiiO Conjiress made .in appropri- 
 ation for suiveyin^and localinu ainili- 
 tary road from (Jreen Day to ('hicaf;o 
 and to I'rairio llu Cliii-n. .ludixe Doly 
 ami f/ieiil. t)eiiler were appoiiileil com- 
 missioneis. and sinveyed and located 
 these roads duriiij; lsi:!l and I.S:!2. 
 
 .luilne Duty's [alenls for u~et'ulnes3 
 were now conceded and ap|>recialei| by 
 all. The people of the distiicl of .Mii:h- 
 ivan, west of tlie laki'. elected hliii to 
 the leL'i-lative council in l.s!:;i, in which 
 he served with inarkcd ability for two 
 years, II, was while lift was a niemoer, 
 that the le-jislalive council of tiiat 
 Teriilory beitan to a-jilale the i|uestioi\ 
 of a stale jiovernmciit : which he wa.s 
 fir.st to introduce, ami which linaliy 
 
niSTORY OF W /SCONS IN. 
 
 745 
 
 provRiloil. Rcturniii!; from tlio \c'/>f- 
 lalivc cniiMi'il. Ill' liceiiiiio an activo 
 operator in \\u' inil)lic land sales, wlilcli 
 wore. opiMieil ul Griieii Hay in 18:!-V:!l). 
 
 'I'lie I'aiiid sellleinent of tlic country 
 bpyonil tin; firoat I^alic^s called for a new 
 Teri'llorial (loverninent, — a separation 
 from Jlield'jan. (,'oimress passed I lie 
 aetcreatin!.' llie Territorial (lovernment 
 of Wiscdiisin In ls:!(), Hon. Henry 
 l)od,i,'(! I'eceived tlie appoinlmenl of 
 (jovernor, and assemlilecl llie first legis- 
 lature, at JJelniout. One of tlu^ most 
 important imuters brought before Ibat 
 body, and to be s(>tlleci by It, was ilie 
 loeallon of tbe seat of ticjvi'rnmenl. 
 Judse Doty, tliouvdi remain int; in i)ri- 
 vate life, Inid not been idU.', and es- 
 pecially was not nninleresieil in tbis 
 matter of a capital for Wisconsin. 
 Tlierc was i^rcat exeilement over tlu! 
 matter in Ilie le::i-lalm(>. Wliile otbers 
 were plannin'j. .Miili;!^ Doty was (irlin;i. 
 He iipiieared at lielmont as a loliby- 
 member; and almost l)efore Ibo .Solons 
 knew of it, liy bis supei'ior tact, liad 
 brou'.dil about a vote (ixim; tlio scat of 
 government at Miidison, tlu^ lieautifid 
 place wberc it now is. 'I'lierc was a 
 good deal <if s])arrins and fault-finding 
 with Doty and bis mana;;ement at tbe 
 time; but all ai,'re(! now that it wa'i 
 tlien, as it is seen to be since, just the 
 ri.iibt place for tbe capital. 
 
 Wisconsin, as an or'.'anized Territory, 
 hiid nowa ilelcLialo in Cou'^ress. .Indite 
 Uotv succeeded Hon. (icorno W. .Jones 
 in 1*)S, and seived till 1S41. when be 
 was appointed ijovernor of Wisconsin 
 by I'res. Tylei', servimj nearly three 
 years, and was suci'ceded by (lov. 
 Tallmadi;e. )Vhile,i;ov(>rnor. and su|)er- 
 intendentof Indian affairs, lb<' Indians 
 in Minni-'sota — Dakolas or .Sioux, and 
 Cliippewas — be.nan lo be uneasy and 
 lroul)lesiime. The War DeparinuMit 
 inslitul<'d a connnission for conf(M'iMU'c 
 with Ibeiii. Gov. Doty, on account of 
 his known accpiaintance v. 'tb Indian 
 cliaracter. was selecled as commis- 
 sioner, and made two bi.nbly important 
 treaties wilh tli(^ Nortb-westci-ii Indian 
 tribi^s, which, liowever, were not ac- 
 cepted by the senate. 
 
 He was a nn'inlier of tbe first Con- 
 stllullonal Convention in ISKl; was 
 clecleil to Congress from the third dls- 
 triit under tbe Sl.ato oriraniz:i.tion of 
 !K48. and re-elect(Ml in ISol, and pro- 
 cured, by his industry and induence, 
 nniiorlant leiiislation for the State and 
 his constiiui'ucy. 
 
 In IS.V! lie r(!lired once more to 
 "private life," to bo recalled by Pros. 
 
 I Lincoln in ISOl, first .is superintendent 
 of Indian affairs, and siibseiiuenlly as 
 L'overnor of Utah; boldint; Ibis last 
 place at the time of his death, June 13, 
 18(j.-). 
 
 (iov. Doty'.s last residence in Wis- 
 consin was at Menasba, on Uoty'» 
 Island, — one of the many villages that 
 have sprung up inider liis iiilluence. 
 He bad two sons and one daughter. 
 j The eldest son, 5Ia.jor diaries IJoly, 
 I late a coiuinissary in the United States 
 I army, muslercd out in April last, now 
 i resides at Menasba. The second son, 
 ! .James, accomiianicd Gov. Stevens on 
 I Ills e.\|iloring expedition for a route for 
 ' railroad from the Mississippi to the 
 j I'acilic Ocean, and died in Wasliington 
 TiM-ritory some years since. Mrs. Sar.ah 
 I ('. Doty, the governor's wife, accom- 
 panied him to Ulab in 1 8(1-1 ; w.as with 
 him at his death; has since returned 
 to Wisconsin, and )iow (Isii") resides in 
 Osbko-h. with bor widowed daughter, 
 ' Mrs. Fitzgerald. 
 
 i IIox. .Jkuomk I. Cask. — Tbe sub- 
 I ,i(;ct of this sketch was born in Wil- 
 j iiainsiown, Oswego County, X.Y., Dec. 
 1 II, 1819, and is the youngest of four 
 ' brotliers. His parents, Calel) and Debo- 
 j rah Case, were among the pioneor.s of 
 I Western \ew York, having moved at 
 an early day from Kensselaer County 
 lo Williamstown, wliere wilb a family 
 of litll(! ones to support, and in limited 
 circumstances, they commenced to 
 clear up a farm in the then almost un- 
 broken wilderness. Young Case was 
 thus nurtured in a good school for the 
 devi'lopment of the two distinguishing 
 elements of Hie American (diaractor, — 
 an idi'a of imhilili/ and an idea o( faith; 
 the nobility of labor, the faith in one's 
 own ]iowers. 
 
 Jlis opportnnilies for aciiniring an 
 education were such as wore afforded 
 by the district school, which he could 
 attend only in winter. At the ago of 
 sixle<'ii be had aci|uired a common- 
 school education, ami a n^putalion for 
 trustworlbincss beyond his ynars. At 
 Ibis lime liis father purchased the 
 right to use and sell a certain primi- 
 tive, one-horse, tread-power threshing- 
 machine; and it is noliceable that 
 .Jerome, iln; youngest, son, was selected 
 to manage and u-e IIk' machine. This 
 appa"enlly trilling cireiimstanco de- 
 cided for young (,'ase wliat should be 
 his vocation. From the lirst he ex- 
 hibited a fondness for niachinery, and, 
 in his first allempt, managed tho rick- 
 ety one-borso tread-mill to tho com- 
 pleto satisfaction of himself and all 
 
746 
 
 niSTOIlY OF WISCONS/N. 
 
 pnrlli'si concerned. Tlih cmployineiit 
 hi' I'dlliiwiMl until 1.S40, wlioii ho U'ciiiiio 
 of iiHo. 
 
 Ji'nmio now (li'lcriniiic:! to ohtiiiii n^ 
 good ail ('(liicatinn iw tin! MchciolH ol' 
 Ni!W Yipik Stiil(! cmilil lit that liiin' 
 giv(! him. Ill' arriii'iiin';ly, hi lh<! tall 
 of 184il, i'i>iiliiii.Mii:i'il till! Ihir^hili^- 
 husincss on his mvii aci'oiiiit. lli' had 
 now, for tliii lirst time in his \iU\ a 
 distinct (ihjocl to obtain; and lio toiliMl 
 with a hrartiiioMH and a pi'isovi'iance 
 that could liardly fail to lirin.n suicoms. 
 In January, 1H4I, with tlii! prolits of 
 hin autumn's work in liis pocl;ot, ho 
 Diilered the Academy of Jlexicovillc. 
 N.Y. It scorned to him that the object 
 of his anient desiio, and for which lie 
 liiid long waited, was now within his 
 grasp. Self-reliant, — l(>okiii<;upim toil 
 as honorable, and labor aa diKnifyini; 
 the laborer, — and strong of purpose, 
 he devoted himself chiefly to those 
 studies that would best lit him for the 
 v.'ork he had decided to undertake; 
 viz., the construction of labor-saving 
 m,ichinery. lie succeeded well in liis 
 studies; but ho hud raised a spirit that 
 would not lot him rest. Daily over his 
 books, and nightly in his dreams, the 
 inventive genius was ever busy; and 
 the old tread-mill thresher was con- 
 stantly before his eyes. At the close 
 of the term ho decided to leave the 
 academy, and outer upon Ills life-work. 
 lie felt that lie had a work to do, and 
 an education to acquire, outside of 
 books, among men, and that he had 
 started too late to get a thorough 
 knowledge of books, and accomplish 
 what ho intended to do afterward. 
 Thus, at tho age of twenty-two, with- 
 out capital, or friends aide to furnish 
 him pecuniary aid, lie began tho career 
 that was to terminate in making him 
 one of the leading manufacturers of 
 the West. 
 
 Directly after leaving school, Mr. 
 Case turned his attention again to 
 throshing-maehinerv. In tlie sprini; 
 of 1842 he procured, upon credit, six 
 of these machines, and took them West 
 with him, locating himself at Hacine, 
 in the then Territory of Wisconsin. 
 The great agricultural resources of tho 
 West were it that time undeveloped ; 
 but the attention of enterprising men 
 had been directed to these broad and 
 fertile prairies; and the reading of Jlr. 
 Case had given him an idea of tho pos- 
 Bibilities that lay hidden in them. Ar- 
 riving at ilacini', then a mere village, 
 he disposed of all his machines but 
 one, and with that lie started off 
 
 through the country, th'-eshing grain, 
 managing tho niaihine himself, anil 
 constanlly devising, iliiiiug liis hours 
 of li'isuro, some iuinrovi'mi'iil. In tlio 
 spring of 184.'!, liiiding that his tread- 
 mill mai'biiii' was nearly worn out. and 
 consciouiof bis aliillly to greatly im- 
 prove ii. III! snt to work, Willi the aid 
 of such tools and mi'ihanlrs as ho 
 could linil, to liiiilil and remodel, after 
 sonii' patterns made by bjiiiself, his old 
 horse-power and thri'^lii'r. Wlien lin- 
 Ishi'd, and put in operation, ho found 
 not only that ho had made a machine 
 vastly better than llie old one he had 
 been using, but also that ho had made 
 a bettor machine than he could buy 
 at tho East. His success becoming 
 known, he soon found himself able to 
 discontinue threshing, and turned his 
 atilentioii to tho manufacture of ma- 
 chines. 
 
 Up to this time invention had only 
 succeeded in making what was called 
 an open thresher; the grain, chaff, and 
 straw being delivered together from 
 the machine, roiiuiring an afler-iirocess 
 of winnowing in order to separate the 
 grain from the chaff. In the winter of 
 1843-44 Mr. Case succeiided in making 
 a thresher and separator combined, 
 after a nioilei of his own invention, 
 wliicli ho had in.ide in the kitidieii of a 
 farmhouse at Itochester, Wis, Tliis 
 was tho llrst m.ichino used in tho West 
 that threshed and cleaned tho grain at 
 one operation. It was a success best 
 appreciated, most probably, by the 
 man, who, for three years, had labored 
 under every disadvantage to attain 
 that result. In the fall of tho same 
 year Mr. Case rented a .small shop at 
 Kacine, and undertook the building of 
 a limited numlior of his new inacliines. 
 .Some adequate idea of the tempera- 
 ment and indomitable perseverance of 
 this man, as well as of the discouraging 
 obstacles that ho oncounter(!d, may be 
 formi'd, when we state that the most 
 cxperiiiiced agriculturalists of the 
 .State, when told by Mr. Case that ho 
 was building six machines for sale, 
 asserted, that, if they did work satis- 
 factorily, they would bo nioro than 
 were needed in tho entire Slate. 
 
 Constantly improving, remodelling, 
 and iierfecting his machinery, Mr. Case, 
 in 1(547, erected his first shop, near the 
 site of his present extensive manufac- 
 tory. It was a brick building thirty 
 feet wide by eighty feet long, and three 
 stories in height. At tho time, ho con- 
 sidered it larger than ho would ever 
 need, but tliought he would put up a 
 
niSTORY OF wiscosaiN. 
 
 747 
 
 gonfl building, that hIiouIJ bo a credit 
 to lilt! titwii. 
 
 Ueiii!{ now well o.stal)iiHli('d in l)iisi- 
 ncN.s, Ik; |)iii>uud vitii itnllincliiii^; 
 viK<>r tlie purpose of liiD lifo. Tlu! 
 coiiiitrv was ilcvclopinj; rapiillv. •In- 
 unciilliviUi'il pniirii's of IKI- Ijcconiiu!; 
 tlio riciily prodiictivi) faniH of IH.'iO. 
 Till! demand for tiie J. I. Cast! Tliroslicr 
 and Hors(!-l'o\viM' Hti'udlly increased; 
 and cai'li yoar wilnosseil Home new 
 trinmpli of tlie dcsiKncr's skill. Kocoi;- 
 nlzinn. willi tlie true niauufacluri'r'H 
 instinct, the fact, lh.it. to bo penu.i- 
 nenlly sm'cessful, it was ess(>nlial not 
 only that his niaehiiies should be un- 
 surpassed in excellence, but also that 
 he should be able to niamifai:ture them 
 with tiu) fjiealest possil)le (economy of 
 time and labor, ho was constantly de- 
 vising labor-saving machinery; and 
 while he was briiiiiing slowly but 
 surely out of the primitive tread-mill 
 of Ciswego County tlie unsurpassed 
 Thresher aiul I'ower at present manu- 
 factured by him, he was at the same 
 lime constantly improving the machin- 
 ery of his manufactory. 
 
 In 18."), only thirteen years from the 
 time when he stood upon the threshold 
 of his gieat enterprise, was success 
 assured. Ue had trium))lied over pov- 
 erty, surmounted all obstacles, and 
 realized by his own exertions the id<!al 
 mechanism he luid dreamed of in his 
 youth, when he iised to haul to market, 
 over the corduroy roads of Oswego 
 County, a load of wood to exchange 
 for a barrel of salt. His extensive 
 manufactory, of substantial brick and 
 wood buildings, occupying in all its 
 appointments several acres of grouiul. 
 situated on the bank of liaciuc Uiver, 
 just inside the lake harbor, witli its 
 dock for vessels, its furnace, moulding- 
 room, paint-shops, belt-factory, and 
 dry-kilns, and its vast work-rooms 
 filled with perfect and complicated 
 machinery, all systcmati/ i Jid org.an- 
 ized in .as perfect ord< r ii ;i i: 'litary 
 camp, stands to-day a luonuMi it in 
 itself to the inventivo s'all, keei. fore- 
 sight, and indomitable ' reigy, I the 
 farmer-boy of Williamst'uvn. -.''A en- 
 titles him to take his pi.i e .imong 
 those men of tliought and action whose 
 own exertions have made them thu 
 representative men of the West. 
 
 In I84'J Mr. Case married Lydia A., 
 daughter of UeGrove Uull, Ksi]., of 
 Yorkville, Wis., an estimable laily, of 
 whom it is sutJicient to say, that in the 
 practice of those domestic virtues 
 whicli grace tlie wife and mother, and 
 
 In that open-Iianded ch.arity whlcli 
 adorns the female character, she Is an 
 ornament to the social ])osillon whidi 
 her husband's eminent success has 
 called ber to occupy. 
 
 In l8o() Mr. Case, altliough In no 
 resp(!ct an ollice-seeker, was elected 
 mayor of the city of llacine. He was 
 tendered the nomination again the fol- 
 lowing yiNir, but declined the poHition. 
 IJeing urged by his frieiids to accept 
 tlie nomination to the same ofllcc in 
 1.S51). be consented, and was elected a 
 second time to the mayoralty of thu 
 city, over the Hon. .John M. Cary, his 
 competitor. In 18.")tl he was elected 
 .State senator, and served with ability 
 for a term of two yc.u-.s in the Wiscon- 
 sin senate, being noted in that body 
 for Ills ready mast(M-y of details, and 
 great executive ability. In politics 
 .Mr. Case has always lieon identilied 
 with the Ki'publican parly. 
 
 Mr. Case si ill coiilines himself to 
 business, and is regardi'd as one of tlie 
 wealthiest citizens of Wi-sconsin. 
 
 Ho.v. Wir.LiAM It. Tavi.ob.i — 
 "He was burn in the State of Con- 
 necticut, July 10, 1820. His motlier, 
 'vlio was a native of .Scotland, died 
 when tlio subject of this sketcii was 
 three weeks old. Ili.s father, a sea- 
 captain, was lo>:t at sea, with his 
 vessel, wluMi tlio son was about six 
 years of age. Thus totally bereft of 
 paternal care and alTecti(Ui at this 
 t(mder age, ho was consigned to the 
 guardianship of strangers, who re- 
 sided in .lell'erson County, in the .State 
 of New York, where he remained dur- 
 ing ills boyhood, subject to all the hard- 
 ships which characterized pioneer life, 
 and tlio still greater liardships incident 
 to the .ibsence of natural c.aro and 
 sympathy. Uiiring tlieso years ho 
 travelled on foot three miles to a 
 country school, receiving but littlo in- 
 struction. Falling into severe hands, 
 before lio was sixteen years of ago, 
 without money, patrons, or friends, ho 
 sought a better fortune. Tho chosen 
 l)allnvay was rugged and cheerless; 
 but the spirit which gave force to his 
 efforts was undaunted. His immedi- 
 ate object at this time was education; 
 and for many years lie continued the 
 struggle, alternately chopping drd- 
 woocl, working in the harvest-tield, or 
 at any other manual labor, in the 
 mean time attending school, and fi- 
 nally teacliing. Tiio result was a good 
 
 ' Propare<l by Col. W. B. Slaughter of 
 MaUiaou. — 0. U. T. 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 It: 
 
 |2£ 1^5 
 
 '- IIIM 
 
 1.8 
 
 11-25 111.4 IIIIII.6 
 
 
 V] 
 
 ^ 
 
 v). 
 
 7 
 
 .^ 
 
 > ,>^ 
 
 *^"> 
 
 .-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 'V 
 
 7 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 > .5 T MAIN STMBT 
 
 WEBST«,N.Y. 14:80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 '.^J<^y^ 
 
 
if 4 
 
 
 O^ 
 
748 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 nondemlc eduoation, and a certificate 
 of adiuisxicm to tlio lliiid term of tlie 
 EDpiiomiire year at Union College in 
 Schenectady, .V.Y. I'';t it was not des- 
 tin<Ml for liiui to reap the full benefit 
 of this cnterp'.ise. On the very day 
 that the class of which he was a mem- 
 ber left for SclieiifcCtady, to complete 
 their collegiate course, he went into the 
 sugar-bush, and with his own hands, 
 and a tiMim to haul the wood and sap, 
 made eleven hundred pound-! of sugar, 
 and two b.arrelsof molases, with which 
 to pay tuition and board-l>ills already 
 contra(!ted. We next find him engaged 
 in conducliiig a select school, and then 
 an academy. 
 
 " In 1840 he moved to Elyrla, Lorain 
 County, ()., where he joined a class of 
 forty-five young men preparing for 
 teaching. About this time the school 
 authorities at Laporte, in that State, 
 were offering an extra price for any 
 teacher who would assume the charge 
 of their public school, — a school which 
 had become a terror to all candidates 
 for the place, because of the reputa- 
 tion of the pupils for disorder and 
 violeir .-. The previous winter, no 
 less than three excellent teachers li.ad 
 undertaken tlie task of teaching there, 
 anil failed; so that the school was 
 entirely broken up. It was an oppor- 
 tunity young Taylor coveted. During 
 the third winter, un<Ier his manage- 
 ment, it became the premium school 
 of the county. We next find him 
 running a grist-mill, s.aw-mill, and 
 cupola-furnace, and reganled as the 
 best mouhler in the factory. Failing 
 in healtli from over-work, he devoted 
 Ids spare time to reading medicine, 
 and, in the winter of 184.")— 10, attended 
 a five-months' course of lectures and 
 clinical Instruction In the Medical 
 College at Cleveland, O. During his 
 residence in Ohio, he was elected a 
 captain (receiving every vote in tlie 
 company), and then a colonel, iu the 
 Ohio militia. 
 
 " During the fall of 1848 ho came to 
 Wisconsin, and settled on the farm at 
 Cottage Grove, in Dane County, where 
 he now resides. Ills life for many 
 years was one of great activity .i.id 
 unceasing toll. Not content with the 
 ordinary labor of the farm, he resorted 
 to the pineries in the winter months, 
 and became identified with the hard- 
 ships of that enterprising class of our 
 population wlio have contributed so 
 much to the wealth of lln; State. The 
 result of the severe experience we 
 have narrated is muulfcst Iu the whole 
 
 character of the man. In every re- 
 spect the architect of his own for- 
 tunes, he is necessarily self-reliant, 
 independent, energetic, pr.ietical, hon- 
 est in purpose, and kind in lu'art, 
 methodical, and thoroughly system- 
 atic in business. During his boyhood 
 and early manhood, a pupil, teacher, 
 miller, founderyman, raftsman, and 
 lumberman, by turns, and for twenty 
 years a practical farmer, bis sympathy 
 for self-dependent laboring-men, and 
 his Interest in the prosperity of the 
 industrial classes, are intuitive and 
 sincere. Full six feet In lieiglit, with 
 every muscle of his frame educated to 
 Its natural power, he Is in person the 
 embodiment of physical energy and 
 strength, and a nobio representative of 
 the roy.al class of pioneer workingmen 
 to which he belongs. In manner, as 
 in mental disposition (though eonsti- 
 tutionally difttdent and re>erved), be 
 is plain, dignified, and sincere. Hy- 
 pocrisy, affect.ation, and deceit. In all 
 their phases, whether social, linaiicial, 
 or political, are to liim extremely 
 obnoxious. Honest and unalte(!ted 
 himself, ho cannot tolerates others 
 de"i.id of these qualities. His bard 
 experience in life has taught him to 
 be nustrustfnl of others, yet lie is 
 naturally confiding iu those lie deems 
 worthy of bis conlidence and respect. 
 Though pr.ietical and eeonomieal In 
 the expenditure of money, he is lib- 
 oral to the poor and the unfortunate. 
 Xo one in distress ever appealed to 
 him In vain. 
 
 " Conciliatory and forgiving to ene- 
 mies, he never forgets .acts of kindness 
 to himself. Like Franklin, ho lias 
 aided many young men in the com- 
 mencement of their business-career, 
 and has been gratified with their suc- 
 cess, lie is an acute observer of things 
 and passing events. With bro.ad and 
 comprehensive views, lie has accurate 
 knowledge of men, soun.i judgment, 
 comes slowly to conclusions, is firm in 
 his convictions, energetic and thorough 
 in execution. Ho is reticent, thouglit- 
 fiil, and conscientious: hence rarely 
 disappointed In results. Honest hiin- 
 si'lf, lie naturally exacts honesty in 
 others. Kind to the weak and the 
 good, l)idd and daring in opposition to 
 the vicious and the strong, retiring 
 and ditildiMit in deportmen'. he yet 
 s(!eins to have a reserved force ecpial 
 to all emergencies. It is no mystery 
 that this man has become the recog- 
 nized leader of th(! masses of the pei>- 
 ple iu their struggle for political and 
 
niSTORT OF WISCONSm. 
 
 749 
 
 financial refonn In Wv\ .idrainistration 
 of till! iilTiiirs (if Ki>V(!rinueiit. 
 
 " He cntorml upon his piesont posi- 
 tion wit li a iiii-ge t'xpeiioiii'o in piibiic 
 ntlaii-!'. 1I(! was never perniittetl to 
 remain long in private life. lh\ Iiaa 
 been eailc'ii to fill varions town, connty, 
 and Stale offlecs; lias repeatedly re- 
 ceived eviM'y vole east foreliainnan of 
 the boanl of his town; has been 
 superintendent of sehooN; has bean 
 trt'iee eliainnan of the Dane County 
 IJoard of Supervisors, consisting of 
 forty-one members; has been county 
 superintendent of the poor seventeen 
 years; was trustee, and many years 
 vice-president and meml)er of the 
 executive committee of the State 
 Hospital fir tlie Insane at Madison, 
 from its re-organization in ISOO until 
 1874. In lliese various positions, in 
 connection with his associates, he 
 has liandled liundrcds of Ihousaiuls of 
 dollars of jiublie funds belonging to 
 towns, eou'ity, aiul State, witii clean 
 hands. Has licen a member of botii 
 branches of I lie Slate legislature, 
 where he was respected and consult- 
 ed ; has served seven years as presi- 
 dent of the Dane County Agricultural 
 Society; was chief niarslial of the 
 State Agricultural Society seven or 
 eight, j'cars, and twice its president. 
 
 "During t lie war of the Itebellion, 
 he w.as the first man in Dane County 
 to oiler a public b(ninty for volunteers, 
 wliich led to the offer of other boun- 
 ties, and many cjilistments. 
 
 " In 187 ! lie was by accl.amation 
 placi'(I at tlie head of the Kefonii 
 ticket, and elected governor of the 
 Stale, roeeivl'ig 81 dS-j voles against 
 0(1,224 for his opponent, (i')V. C. C. 
 Wnshbnrn. His career in the execu- 
 tive cliair has been marked by tlw; 
 same practical ability and iiilegrlty 
 that have characterized all the acts of 
 his earnest .and laborious life, lie li;is 
 enforceil economy, honesty, and elii- 
 ciency in tlu! administration of State 
 affairs. That there have been mur- 
 murs and complaints by disappoinled 
 aspiranls to office excites no surprises 
 nor dIsalTection on the part of the 
 liberal and the just. Ilis oHU'iai con- 
 duct thus far has ommaiuled the 
 respect of the gO(<d men of all |iarties, 
 and contributed to tlio contentment of 
 the people and the prosperity of the 
 State. If popular governments in the 
 American Union are to be preserved 
 to the people in their original purity, 
 that end will l)c best attained by ele- 
 vating to high ulflcial poiiitions self- 
 
 made men, whoso lives, like that of 
 Gov. T.ayior, furnish a noble example 
 of honorable enterprise, and unselfish 
 devotion to every public and private 
 duty." 
 
 AVe may. with propriety, add to the 
 colonel's biograpliy of the governop a 
 brief review of his administration and 
 public services. But first, in relation 
 to his election, — the ccnitest, in which 
 his party was victorious, and the criti- 
 cisms to which tlie election was sub- 
 jected, — tliere are a few things that 
 liroperly belong to history, which may 
 he said in this connection. On his 
 election, tlie Republican press of the 
 State, with a few e.vceptions, was cx- 
 ceeilingly fair ami honest in its criti- 
 cisms. It coiic(;deil, for the most 
 part, both his ability and disiwsilion 
 to make his administration an able 
 one, which should not conform to 
 such outside influences as always seel{ 
 to inflict themselves upon the e.xecii- 
 tivo department of a State government. 
 IJut there were except ioiis, as we have 
 already hinted, here and there, in this 
 regard, — exceptions, however, that 
 arose entirely from partisanship, ami 
 not from any reasonable cause. Some 
 of the most bitter of •tliese predicted 
 that Oov. Taylor would biu-ome a mere 
 screen, behind wliich another would 
 be the real governor; that he would 
 be a tool in tlie hands of a certain rail- 
 road presiilent, to perform w(nk which 
 that distinguisheil gentleman would 
 inslig'te, but shirk tlie responsibility 
 of perforiifing. We cite tliis particu- 
 lar case now, after tlii; heat of the 
 campaign li.as [iinsed, in order to con- 
 trast it Willi wliat Hie record of Mr. 
 Taylor, as governor, has been, and for 
 the purpose of holding up polilieal 
 cainpaigiis in the light of liistory; 
 by whicli light we may clearly see the 
 injustice of party erilieisni. But, in 
 liie midst of this criticism, tliere w.as 
 a powerful current of political opinion, 
 wiiicii found c. pressioii alike in both 
 Democralle and Ilepublican newspa- 
 pers, ill able support of the governor. 
 .Mr. <". D. IJobinson. Ilio well-known 
 and able editor of " The Ureeii Bay 
 Advocate," upon the election of Gov. 
 Taylor, made these remarks : " Xo 
 man in the .State exceeds liiin in per- 
 sonal in(le|)i'iiiliMice, in ability to de- 
 termine ills own line of conduct on 
 any question, and in a sturdy dctor- 
 mination to follow it c •' according to 
 Ills best judgment. It has lieen our 
 own fortune to bo connected with him 
 in oflicial service for many years,— 
 
7B0 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONBTH. 
 
 that of the nianngemcnt of the Madi- 
 son Hospital for tlie Insane; and wc 
 have long aj{o learned to admire him 
 for these qualities. That Board con- 
 Bisted of fifteen members, a majority 
 of whom were of opposite politics ; 
 and we know that every one of them 
 will indorse what we say of him. In 
 practical al)ility, steadiness of charac- 
 ter, thorough honesty, and native 
 independence. Gov. Taylor will prove 
 the peer of any governor which 
 Wisconsin has ever had. And that is 
 Baying a good deal ; for, looking along 
 the list of our chief executives since 
 this State lias had a being, it showt a 
 record second, at least, to no Western 
 State, if, indeed, any in the Union. 
 He will lose nothing in comparison 
 with Dodge, Dewey, Farwell, Barstow, 
 Dashford, Itandall, Harvey, Salomon, 
 Lewis, Fairchild, or Washburn. Most, 
 if not all, of these, are illustrious 
 names, remarkable, perhaps, more for 
 their practical executive al)ility, and 
 Bterling reliability, than exalted educa- 
 tion, and brilliant attainments; and 
 they form a record of which any State 
 might be proud. When William I!. 
 Taylor's name shall have gone ini' 
 the past with them, it will take an 
 honorable place, and second to none 
 in that assembly." 
 
 And, now that the record has been 
 made up, what may wo say of the 
 emphatic prediction of Mr. Robinson ? 
 Have not all his words been admirably 
 f ulHlled ? And does not the name of 
 William R. Taylor take an honorable 
 stand in the impartial history of Wis- 
 consin? These questions may be best 
 answered by the following editorial 
 from •' The Milwaukee Daily News:" 
 "Parties, and men of all opinions at 
 Madison, agree that (Jov. Taylor is 
 making one of the very best governors 
 which the State ever had. Called to 
 the office in a great crisis in politics, 
 at a time when a party, after being 
 eighteen years in power, luul retired, 
 arid a new party had taken its place, 
 with but little previous experience in 
 public affairs, taken from his farm to 
 be placed in the executive chair of the 
 State, he was surrounded by obstacles, 
 embarrassments, conllicting interests, 
 and novel situations, from which the 
 highest political skill and adroitness 
 could hardly have extricated him 
 without his falling into some errors 
 and mistakes. But as the late Chief 
 Justice Dixon, raw and undisciplined 
 In judicial office, after his elevation to 
 Chief Justice Whiton's place, rapidly 
 
 grew, until he hecanie an admirable 
 presiding officer of the court, so Gov. 
 Taylor, with a readiness, adaptability, 
 and force, liardly to be expected of 
 one in his place, and surroimded by 
 circumstances lilie his, has developed 
 into an executive of rare capacity, 
 with a good understanding of tlie 
 highest and most intricate public In- 
 terests, and with grasp and compre- 
 hension of all the matters vital to the 
 people, which show a mind of an ex- 
 cellent order, and a practical ability 
 equal to that of the most distinguished 
 of his predecessors. Growing out of 
 the e.arly difficulties of his office, there 
 were some estranged friendships, and 
 some hostility of feeling, among the 
 politicians who were too anxious to 
 see results, and could not give a politi- 
 cal revolution time for development, 
 and for the realization of its fruits. 
 Most of this feeling, or these feoiings, 
 we are glad to say, have disappeared. 
 To-day Gov. Taylor Is one of the most 
 popular public men ever known in the 
 State." 
 
 For an account of Gov. Taylor's 
 administration, see p. 041. 
 
 Hon. William E. Smith. — There 
 is no other man in the State of Wis- 
 consin who has made a greater Impres- 
 sion upon its citizens, through deeds 
 characterized by integrity and useful- 
 ness, than the subject of this sketch. 
 His life and character present alike 
 the successful merchant, popular citi- 
 zen, faithful public officer, refined 
 gentleman, and accomplished scholar: 
 to these may be added the genial com- 
 panion and true friend. Our sketch 
 of his life, though poorly written. Is 
 certainly interesting. In the sunnner 
 of 18ii5 his father's family set sail 
 for the >few World In search of a 
 home. They landed in New York, 
 where all but the father remained, 
 whil- the latter pushed westward to 
 " prospect " among the border settle- 
 ments, lie secured a quarter-section 
 of land in Michigan, about thirty miles 
 north of Detroit, on which he erected 
 a rude log-cabin, and then returned 
 for his family. In the spring of 1830 
 they all came out, and settled on the 
 new farm. The five years following 
 was a period characterized by hard 
 work, — hard work with the plough, 
 hoe, spade, and axe. In this rough 
 Held of labor, Mr. Smith was not an 
 idle observer; but to him each day was 
 a day of labor. He worked on his 
 father's fann for several years, attend- 
 ing school a portlou of the time, with 
 
BISTORT OF wiscoysry. 
 
 751 
 
 only the additional attractions of the 
 village debating -club to enliven the 
 rotitiuc of duty. 
 
 At length a village merchant se- 
 lected Mr. Smith from his many 
 young associates, and tendered him a 
 c!crl{shi|) in his store. This fortun.ite 
 occurrence alike testified to lils pre- 
 vious good deportment, and opened the 
 way for further advancement. He 
 toolj liis place in the stor; in May, 1841, 
 when but seventeen years of age, with 
 a fixed determination to raal<e the 
 most of his position, to bo constant in 
 service, and to advance the interests 
 of his employers. Fortunatelv for the 
 subject of our sketch, the 'town Li- 
 brary was connected with the store. 
 Tiiis library contained an excellent 
 selection, embracing works of history, 
 travel, and natural science. After the 
 busy liours of the day were over, ar.d 
 during leisure hours, this library '..iw 
 his home, and its volumes his most 
 loved companions. In this way he not 
 only became conversant with all the 
 valuable works in the library, but, 
 keeping a constant eye to newspaper 
 literature, I)esame also familiar with 
 all the political issues and struggles of 
 the day. Nor was he, even at this age, 
 in the matter of politics, unconcerned 
 In his choice of issues. His sense of 
 right confirmed him in tiie Whig faitli. 
 A fact that contributed mucii to his 
 success was, that he found but little 
 time to waste on society, and abso- 
 lutely no time for any sort of dissipa- 
 *ion. Always at his post of duty in 
 i;ie churcli on the sabbath, he grew in 
 Christian character; and, ever active 
 In tlic village lyeeum, his mind was 
 enabled to keep active pace with the 
 mo^t advanced Issues in science, litera- 
 ture, and politics. 
 
 Ue remained at the village store of 
 which we have been speaking about 
 five years, duriiig which time he won 
 the most implicit conlidence of his 
 employers, and tlie highest respect of 
 all his companions. Most of his 
 f ilary was voluntarily handed over to 
 j'-.is father. 
 
 Having observed the conduct of 
 Mr. .Smith during the years of his 
 minority, we are, of course, prepared 
 to enter upon an account of liis truly 
 successful life. Nor is it difficult for 
 us to see how a life founded on such 
 a boyhood, resting on such a youth 
 experience, may be successful. It is 
 an axiom not less true than old, that 
 the faithful, obedient boy nmkes the 
 favored and successful man. The 
 
 never-failing rule is not proven by Its 
 exception in this case. 
 
 At the age of twenty-one, in the 
 spring of 18-ifl, he was tendered a po- 
 sition in the celel>rated dry -goods 
 establishment of Lord & Taylor, in 
 the metropolis of the nation. The 
 advancement was marked; the prog- 
 ress was radical : but these did not 
 outweigh the devotion with which 
 Mr. Smith accepted his new and more 
 responsible position in New York. 
 He h.ad been with this well-known 
 firm but one year, when a more ex- 
 tensive field opened to his industry 
 and perseverance. Ue was tendered 
 an important position in the wholesale 
 establishment of Ira Smith «fe Com- 
 pany of New York, Tills firm had an 
 extensive Western trade, — a trade 
 wliich, as wo shall see, was the means 
 of securing to the West the permanent 
 residence of our subject. Mr. Smith 
 accepted this position in 1&47. This 
 was before " travelling salesmen " were 
 in vogue, when our Western merchants 
 went on to New York twice a year to 
 select tlieir supplies, when the canal 
 and Kikes were open. At the close of 
 the fail tratie in 1847-48, Mr. Smith, 
 h.avliig won the entire confidence bf 
 his employer, not only in his integrity, 
 but his commercial ability, was so t to 
 the Western States to take charge of 
 and look after the interests of his 
 liouse in this section. Tie i>erformed 
 this work in a manner attended by 
 great success, until the fall of 1849, 
 when ho was offered a partnership 
 interest in the establishment of a son 
 of Ira Smith, who had opened a gene- 
 ral store at Fox Lake, Wis. He was 
 I also tendered unlimited credit by his 
 employers In New York. 
 
 J ox Lake was then a little hamlet 
 with scarcely two hundred inliabitaiits, 
 situated some seventy miles north-west 
 from Milwaukee, 'lliere were in tho 
 town two stores, a few dwelling- 
 houses, a saw-mill, and a small school- 
 house, used alternately for teaching 
 and preaching. Tho surrounding coun- 
 try was new, rich, and rapidly filling 
 up ,'ith an intelligent, enterprising 
 population; and it was plain to Mr. 
 Sinitli that Fox Lake offered extraor- 
 dinary inducements for the investment 
 of skill and capital. His great fore- 
 sight enabled him to iK'netrate into 
 tlic future development of that region ; 
 and he decided to cast his lot with 
 that people; and It may be said tiiat 
 this decision was of much importance 
 to the common weal of Fox Lake. 
 
752 
 
 ursTORT OF wrscoNsm. 
 
 Having (Iptermlned to settle at Fox 
 Lake, Mr. Smith " betliought him of 
 the girl he left beliind," who had, 
 years before, won his heart in Michi- 
 gan. Slie was a clergyman's daugh- 
 ter, thoroughly aceompllshed. Having 
 entered Into the bonds of matrimony 
 with the choice of his yonth, Mr. 
 Smith set at work in good earnest in 
 building up a business for his store at 
 Fox Lake. In this ho was, if possible, 
 more successful than in any previous 
 effort. His store soon became the 
 most popular resort for general sup- 
 plies, by the people in the county, for 
 many miles surrounding. And in this 
 prosperity his peculiar, straightfor- 
 ward, upright manner of doing busi- 
 ness contributed much. The whole 
 people, with one consent, gave him 
 their confldonco and support ; and the 
 measure of his success was limited 
 only by the measure of his ambition. 
 
 In these pioneer days, 18.")0-51, there 
 was no church at Fox Lake. The 
 little congregation gathered at the 
 sohoolhouse; Mr. Smith occasionally 
 kindling the (ires, and supplying can- 
 dles from his store. In 1852" he com- 
 menced a movement for the building 
 of a church. Subscriptions were cir- 
 culated, contracts let, money advanced, 
 and the building pushed to completion. 
 This little church, erected largely 
 through the efforts and by the means 
 advanced by Mr. Smith, was opened to 
 all denominations, as was also Mr. 
 Smitlj's house, which soon became the 
 home of all wayfaring bishops and 
 preachers. We might, with propriety, 
 notice in this connection, that while 
 Mr. Smith has always been foremost 
 In the community in which he has 
 lived, as, also, in the whole State, in 
 works of education and benevolence 
 and Christianity, he is wholly unsecta- 
 rian, giving his support alike freely 
 to promote every good word and work. 
 
 Through the efforts of Mr. Smith 
 and others, an academy was started 
 in Fox Lake in 18.");!: but this was 
 soon after appropriately incorporated 
 into the public school. But he was 
 not content with public schools, how- 
 ever, but, soon after, set himself ac- 
 tively at work, organizing a young 
 ladies' eminary at that place. Nor 
 was he long in accomplishing the de- 
 sired result. The institution was 
 opened in 18o5, and lias grown to be 
 an efficient seliool. It is now the 
 only exclusive ladles' seminary in the 
 State, outside of Milwaukee. This in- 
 stitution of learning may be looked 
 
 upon M the first of a long list of suc- 
 cessful efforts for the educational 
 growth of Wisconsin, which Mr. 
 Smith has put forth, with other gen- 
 tlemen; and it w.as a good effort. 
 It would not be an easy matter to do- 
 scribe the good results that have 
 grown out of this seminary in the 
 way of preparing young ladies for the 
 duties of mothers and wives. Mr. 
 Smith was also active in establishing a 
 lyceum ordebatlng-club at Fox Lake, — 
 an institution which lie h.is nlw.ays re- 
 garded with favor, as calculated to give 
 employment to the minds of young men, 
 influence their habits for good, wean 
 them from vice, and lift them into 
 a higher and purer atmosphere of 
 thought and ambition. 
 
 The bank of Fox Lake was also a 
 pioneer institution, and was one of 
 the very few in the State that 
 weathered all financial storms, and 
 retained the confidence of the people. 
 Mr. Smith w.as president of this bank 
 from lS.')i) to 180."), when he was called 
 to a larger field. Unlilie most men 
 who have been elected to numerous 
 important public offices, Mr. Smith's 
 political and commercial experiiMices 
 go hand in hand. His political life 
 begins with the organization of the 
 State government of Wisconsin. He 
 was elected to the assembly almost 
 the first ye.ar he settled in Fox Lake, 
 and lias served the State in some im- 
 portant trust ever since, and always 
 with singular ability and unimpoaclia- 
 ble lionesty. His first speech in the 
 State legislature was ni.ado on the 
 subject of capital punishment. His 
 second speech was in favor of submit- 
 ting the "Bank Question" to tlio 
 people. In these efforts, which were 
 worthy the great interests involved in 
 the debate, Mr. Smith thoroughly im- 
 pressed the citizens of Wisconsin that 
 lie was no ordinary speaker. His 
 style is pleasing, his power of reason 
 strong and clear, and his command of 
 language and illustration forcible. 
 
 Ill 18)1 Mr. Smith was nominated 
 to the same position by .acclamation, 
 but doclined to be a candidate. The 
 failure of the wheat-crop that year, 
 and the consequent danger to busi- 
 ness, and the interests of his credit- 
 ors, decided him to stand at the post 
 of duty .and danger, Instead of yield- 
 ing to the allurements of office. 
 
 In 1854 he took part in the organi- 
 zation, in Wisconsin, of the Bepub- 
 lican party. In 1857 he was elected 
 to the State senate, and assigned to 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 758 
 
 tlie chairmauship of several of the 
 most important committees, among 
 which was that on education. In 1858 
 Mr. Smith was appointed one of the 
 tioard of Normal School Regents, a 
 position which he still retains, and in 
 which he has rendered the State inval- 
 uable service. 
 
 In 1801, when the thunders of civil 
 war were pealing over the nation, 
 awakening a loyal people to feelings 
 of intense patriotism, Mr. Smith made 
 a visit to Washington, calling at the 
 White House to pay his respects to 
 Pres. Lincoln. He related to the writer, 
 not long since, an i ''ident that oc- 
 curred during his vi> to the White 
 House, that is not only 'Qresting, but 
 that reflects some of th( crling char- 
 acter of Mr. Lincoln's liu, non Willie, 
 now deceased. The inclduut occurred 
 in the hall below, while a large party of 
 visitors were awaiting the adjournment 
 of the cabinet. A crippled soldier had 
 called to see Mr. Lincoln, and was 
 turned away by the attendant at the 
 door. Little Willie Lincoln happened 
 in at the moment the disheartened sol- 
 dier was leaving, and inquired if he 
 wanted to see his father. He was told 
 that he did. "Wait," said Willie: 
 "father lilces to see soldiers." And, 
 running awav to the upper room, he 
 soon returned, and conducted the sol- 
 dier to the presence of his father. Mr. 
 Smith and his associates from Wiscon- 
 sin bad a pleasant conversation with 
 the President, one in which Mr. Lin- 
 coln took more than ordinary interest, 
 remarking that it was a treat to meet 
 and converse with men who were not 
 oflice-seekers. 
 
 Mr. Smith was re-elected to the State 
 senate in the fall of 1863, in the dark 
 d.iys of the war. On this occasion he 
 rendered valuable service on the finance 
 committee, doing all he could in every 
 word and work to sustain the National 
 Government. In the fall of 1805 he was 
 elected State treasurer, succeeding Mr. 
 Hastings. He brought his previous 
 business-habits to the ofllce, giving his 
 personal attention to every department 
 of business, consulting the interests and 
 conveniences of the people in every act. 
 He was not only an efficient and honest 
 state treasurer, but courteous and obli- 
 ging. He was renominated to the same 
 position in 1807, receiving the unani- 
 mous vote of the convention in token 
 of approval. At the State convention 
 in 1800, he was third on the ilepublican 
 list of nominees presented for governor. 
 The same fall, in company with con- 
 
 gressman Hopkins and others, ho made 
 a journey to Salt Lake and California, 
 visiting the noteworthy wonders of that 
 region. 
 
 At the close of his senatorship, on the 
 first of June, 1870, he decided to take a 
 general rest from busy life, and travel 
 abroad. Accordingly, he set sail for 
 Europe, landing in England after a 
 brief passage. He proceeded thence to 
 the Continent, taking in the capitals 
 and principal cities of all the great 
 countries of Central Europe, including 
 a visit to Vesuvius, Pompeii, Lake 
 Como, and the Alps, and the provinces 
 of the Rhine. He also visited many of 
 the great cathedrals, museums, water- 
 ing-places, galleries of art, &c. Those 
 interested in crowned heads will be in- 
 terested to know that he saw William 
 at Ems, Emanuel at Florence, Joseph 
 at Vienna, Napoleon at Paris, and Vic- 
 toria at London. Mr. Smith says that 
 neither of the flrst three was attended 
 by any fuss of parade, or insignia of 
 rank. The latter two were seen in 
 open carriages, with escorts on their 
 way to Buckingham Palace and St. 
 Cloud. At Florence he was enabled 
 to attend t'^e House of Deputies, then 
 in session; biid at Paris, attended by 
 Ex-Gov. James T. Lewis of Wiscon- 
 sin, he was admitted to the diplo- 
 matic gallery of the senate and corpa 
 legialatif, through the courtesy of Min- 
 ister Washburn, where he had the good 
 fortune to hear M. Thiers, Gambetta, 
 and Jules Favre, and other celebrities, 
 who became prominent soon after In 
 the Franco-Prussian war. While in 
 London, he had the satisfaction of 
 hearing Gladstone and Disraeli in par- 
 liament, Spurgeon at the Tabernacle, 
 and Newman Hall at Surrey Chapel. 
 He spent several weeks in London, 
 studying its institutions, and visiting 
 its places of historic renown. From 
 London, he passed to the great manu- 
 facturing districts, visiting the home 
 of Shakspeare, and subsequently the 
 homes oi Scott and Burns, not for- 
 getting his own native home among 
 the Aberdeen Highlands. After a 
 brief but interesting tour through 
 Wales and Ireland, lie embarked at 
 Queenstown for New York, where he 
 arrived with invigorated health, after 
 six months' absence. 
 
 During his stay in the Old World, 
 he was a faithful student; and ho re- 
 turned to his home in America, not 
 only prepared to love it more, but 
 better qualified to discharge his duties 
 as an active citizen and public officer. 
 
754 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Immediately after his return to Fox 
 Lake, he wa« re-elected to the State 
 legislature, — the same position which 
 he held twenty years heforo. At the 
 meeting of the legislature, he was 
 elected speaker, receiving the united 
 Republican vote. The session was a 
 memorable one, as will be found by 
 turning to its history in anotiier place 
 in this volume. Kxciting questions 
 were considered, and pressed to con- 
 clusion; but, thro'-ghout this stormy 
 session, not a word of complaint was 
 heard as to the course of the speaker, 
 nor was a single appeal taken from his 
 ruling.^. At the close of the session, he 
 received the heartfelt thanks of both 
 parties. In 1872 Mr. Smith removed 
 to Milwaukee, and In company with 
 J. A. Roundy, a man of large means, 
 and Sydney Sauxhaust, established a 
 wliolesale grocery bouse, where he still 
 resides. 
 
 We have no space In this book to 
 enumerate all the offices of public trust 
 in connection with the State govern- 
 ment, and State institutions of educa- 
 tion, in which Mr. Smith l-as served, 
 lie is now connected, in some official 
 capacity, with the Wisconsin Female 
 Coilego at Fox Lake, Wayland Uni- 
 versity (Beaver Dam), Milwaukee 
 Female College, Chicago University, 
 and the State Normal schools. He is 
 also one of the State Prison directors ; 
 is trustee, and one of the executive 
 committee, of the North-western Mu- 
 tual Life-insurance Company ; and vice- 
 pre!<ideut of the Milwaukee Chamber 
 of Commerce; and one of the vice- 
 presidents of the National Board of 
 Trade. And thus we might go on to 
 name institutions of learning, or cor- 
 porations of industry, which he is 
 either now or has been officially con- 
 nected with. 
 
 From 1850 to 1805 ho gave consider- 
 able attention to agricultural pursuits. 
 Ho owned and lived upon a large farm 
 adjoining the town of Fox Lake, per- 
 sonally supervising it, and in harvest- 
 time usually took an active place in 
 the field, assisting with his own hands. 
 He usually raised from one to two 
 thousand "bushels of wheat annually, 
 besides other produce. In his business 
 relations, which have been alike ex- 
 tensive and important, he has come in 
 direct connection with the laboring 
 and producing class, and has always 
 enjoyed their lull confidence. He has 
 been peculiarly successful in all elec- 
 tion contests in whicli he has engaged, 
 never failing to receive not only the 
 
 full vote of hU party, but the support 
 of Indo'pcndent thinkers. 
 
 In 1875 Mr. Smith took an extensive 
 tour through the Southern States, visit- 
 ing Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia. He 
 met and conversed freely with many 
 prominent men of that section, of both 
 political parties, and obtained much 
 valuable information respecting the 
 educational, social, and political condi- 
 tion of that part of the nation. 
 
 Mr. Smith is now in the prime of 
 life, with every faculty unimpaired. 
 Few men In Wisconsin have had a 
 more marked and diversified experi- 
 ence : few liave so fully inspired jiublic 
 confidence; none can present a more 
 unspotted public or private record. 
 He has been generous to others, but 
 true to himself. Many a young man 
 lias been assisted by his tone of en- 
 couragement, and many a poor man 
 lias profited by his private beneficence. 
 In every pursuit he has been success- 
 ful : in whatever position he has been 
 placed, he has fully sustained the con- 
 fidence of the people. A few days 
 previous to the Republican State Con- 
 vention of 1876, there was a spontane- 
 ous movement throughout the State, 
 urging the use of his name as a can- 
 didate for governor. He made no 
 effort personally, but informc'. his 
 friends, that, if nominated, he would 
 accept. He refused to enter into any 
 contest, but left the matter with his 
 party. While there appeared to be 
 nearly, if not quite, a majority favor- 
 able to his nomination, he decided not 
 to be a candidate, in order to secure 
 hannony In the convention. Such an 
 expression in his favor, without a 
 single effort on his part, is, inHopil, 
 flattering. 
 
 Hon. Fbasklin J. Blair. — He 
 was bom in Blandford, Mass., in 1816. 
 The youngest child and only son of 
 his parents, Mr. Blair came upon the 
 stage just at a time when his father 
 lost all his property through having 
 become security for s merchant. The 
 final result of this misfortune was a 
 gradual transfer of the whole family 
 to Northern Ohio. The memory of 
 the sad effects of this act of generosity 
 has served to make Mr. Blair careful 
 through all his mercantile life to pro- 
 tect the interests of farmers. 
 
 One of the older sisters, afterwards 
 Mrs. Faircbiid, having gone to Ohio to 
 teach, the rest of the family gradually 
 followed her, this only brother arriving 
 in Cleveland in 1837, at the age of 
 
BIBTORT OF WTSCOKSIN. 
 
 755 
 
 twenty-two. After teaching Rcvonil 
 years, lie removed to Milwaukee In 
 1843, where ho began the small trade 
 which gradually grew Into a wholesale 
 business, increasing every year till it 
 reached its present proportions. Care- 
 ful, watchful, and prudent in busi- 
 ness, he has been generous and public- 
 spirlti'd in dispensing his gains, more 
 frequently benclltlng quietly those 
 Willi whom he came In personal con- 
 tact than giving his name to widoly- 
 kniiwn ivnd high-sounding charities, 
 — educating orphans, aiding Iionest 
 industry, and making homes for the 
 unfortunate. 
 
 Always active in politics, even to 
 indefatigable attention to primary 
 niocliiigs, he yet Xia,-* never had am- 
 bition for offlee. lie was an active 
 Democrat tintil the Kansas crisis, and 
 since then has been strongly Kepubli- 
 can. 
 
 His Scotch tenacity of purpose, and 
 unimpeachable integrity, have caused 
 him to bo pressed into constant service 
 in fiositions of trust and responsibility. 
 As trustee, director, executor of wills, 
 and administrator of estates, his keen 
 good sense and kind heart have been 
 constantly drawn upon. Ho has been 
 many years a member of the board of 
 trustees of the State Hospital for the 
 Insane at Madison ; and no pressure of 
 his own personal affairs has ever bceii 
 permittecl to prevent him from giving 
 it all needed time and his best thought. 
 
 He is a director of the North-western 
 Fire-insurance Company, a member of 
 tlie Lake Board of Underwriters, Treas- 
 urer of State Agricultural Society, 
 was for several years president of the 
 Merchants' Association in Milwaukee, 
 .and in these and other positions is 
 faithful .md unsparing iu the perform- 
 ance of duty. 
 
 He was married In 184(1, and, while 
 giving himself unreservedly to every 
 outside duty that came to him, his 
 crowning merit and happiness have 
 been his cheerful kindness and devo- 
 tion to his home. 
 
 Alonzo WrifO. — He wa8 born in 
 Wayne, Kennebec County, Me., Feb. 
 2, 1807, son of Aaron and Silvina Perry 
 Wing, who emigrated from Sandwich, 
 Mass., to the wilderness of Maine be- 
 fore majority. He was brought up on 
 a farm, and taught school in winters. 
 Later he entered Waterville College to 
 learn mechanics and civil engineering. 
 In 18,37 he came to Milwaukee, and 
 from there to Watertown and Aztalan, 
 iu Jefferson County, This was en- 
 
 tirely a wild country at that time, there 
 being only a few log-houses between 
 Milwaukee and these places. In 1841, 
 he opened a store at Summit Corners, 
 Waukesha County, and, the year f(d- 
 lotting, removed iiis goods to JefTer- 
 son, where ho had built a small but 
 convenient store, the first ever erected 
 in that place. Soon after this, while 
 on a visit to his native State, he w!is 
 married to Miss Jane A. Underwood, 
 dau!,'htcr of Hon. Joseph II. Under- 
 wocjiil of Fayette, Jle. The children 
 from this union were a daughter .ind 
 son. The daughter died in Infancy. 
 The son, Howard Alonzo, is living, not 
 yet liaviiig arrived at the age of matu- 
 rity, Mr, Wing was one of the first 
 movers towards getting a railroad char- 
 tered and built to give the people in 
 this section an outlet to some market. 
 After failing to enlist the business-men 
 of Milwaukee in this enterprise, steps 
 were immediately taken to get com- 
 munication with Chicago and St. Louis, 
 which resulted in chartering a com- 
 pany, which was not long aiter com- 
 pleted, and now known as "The Chi- 
 cago and North-western Railroad," — 
 one of the most important to the StJite. 
 In politics, Mr. Wing was originally a 
 Uemocriit, and a follower of Uougl.as; 
 but, when the nation's life was threat- 
 ened, he joined the Republican party, 
 and voted for Abraham Lincoln. In 
 matters of religion, Mr. Wing holds 
 to the Unitarian faith. He has alw.ays 
 manifested the deepest interest in the 
 cause of common schools. He has 
 served many years as town superin- 
 tendent of schools ; divided the town of 
 Jefferson into school-districts, and in- 
 troduced the first code under the State 
 constitution. He was also county su- 
 perintendent of schools, and hitroduced 
 the first county code to the schools in 
 Jefferson County, 
 
 Mr. Wing lias never m.anifested any 
 great ambition for high political hon- 
 ors, althougli he has been called fre- 
 quently to places of considerable trust 
 and responsibility, such as justice of 
 the peace, plank-road director and en- 
 gineer, county 8ur\'eyor, and surveyor 
 of school and university lands, railroa<l 
 director, chairman of the boanl super- 
 visors, member of the assembly, and 
 regent of the State University. He 
 has been pretty well satisfied with his 
 lot in the world, and is content to make 
 himself and others as comfortable as 
 circumstances will permit. 
 
 Ho.v. Edwin Huklbut. — He was 
 born in Newtown, Conn., Oct. 10, 1817. 
 
7S6 
 
 aiBTORY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 When about leven years of ago, hn 
 removed with his parcntH to Briidford 
 County, PcnnHylvuiiia. After passing 
 about seven years at liome in tills place, 
 and attending public school, lie struck 
 out on his own account, walking all 
 the way to Newark, N.J. ; at which 
 place lie lived one year with an nncle. 
 Soon after, he emlgratetl to MIchlgnn 
 with acquaintances, and settled in 
 Eaton County. After a brief residence 
 In MItdilgan, ho returned to the east, 
 speudin!; some time In the study of 
 law. Ho was married, Oct. 10, 184(), to 
 Catherine Cliandlcr of Senoca Cojinty. 
 After this, he settled in Lodl, N.Y. 
 
 At the age of twenty-four years, lie 
 had saved from bis eiiridngs fourteen 
 hundred dollars, and paid twelve hun- 
 dred dollars of it for a residence, and 
 the balance for books; but was sadly 
 surprised when he found there was a 
 morlp "" n the property. After 
 this, ■ 'ed to Towanda, Penn., 
 
 and CO 'd the study and practice 
 
 of lav iftcr finishing his sixth 
 
 year, in Vul was admitted to the bar. 
 In the same year he returned to Michi- 
 gan; was admitted to practise at the 
 bar. and received the appointment of 
 postmaster; was also appointed dis- 
 trict attorney; also received from Gov. 
 Kanson the appointment of judge-a<lvo- 
 cate in the State militia, with the rank 
 of colonel. In 1850 ho came to Wis- 
 consin, and settled In Oconomewoc, 
 where ho has since resided, and was 
 admitted in the Circuit Court, also in 
 the Supreiile Court and United States 
 Court. In the first year of bis resi- 
 dence in this State, he was appointed 
 the attorney of tlie Milwaukee, Water- 
 loo, and Madison I'iank Koad ; and, at 
 another time, chairman of the Demo- 
 cratic county committee, actively op- 
 posing Andrew E. Elmore, and sup- 
 porting Cliaries Dirkoy, in the congres- 
 sional contest. The same year he was 
 no less active in helping to establish 
 a division of Sons of Temperance, 
 and filled some of the highest ofllces 
 connected therewith. In i8.>4 he was 
 chairman of the senatorial and assem- 
 bly committee, from which time he has 
 figured conspicuously in the political 
 Bttairs of the State. In Madison, at 
 the people's conventhm, where the 
 Republican party of this State was or- 
 ganized, he opposed the further exten- 
 sion of slavery. In 1856 he was elected 
 district attorney. In 1858 was ajv 
 pointed attorney for the Milwaiikee, 
 Beaver Dam, and Barraboo Railroad 
 (now C, M., and St. P.), then a 
 
 branch road from Milwaukee to Wafer- 
 town and Columbus, holding the posi- 
 tion several years. In 1801) and 1804, 
 supported Lincoln for the Presidency. 
 In 1801 was appointed cohmel on 
 Oov. liandall's staff; took an active 
 part in getting recruits for the anny, 
 contributing largely in bounties to the 
 families of those who enlisted, and 
 pledged his sei'vices gratuitously for 
 procuring their pensions and boun- 
 ties, — a pledge which he has faitbfuily 
 kept. He was sent to Washington 
 with the Fourth Wisconsin Regiment, 
 receiving an appointment in the State 
 commissary department: was appoint- 
 ed to the duty of inspecting troops, 
 and studying the riualilications of offi- 
 cers for promotion. In the same year 
 was appointed aide tD the command(;r- 
 in-chicf, with the rank of colonel, by 
 Gov. Randall. In 1802 was appointed 
 deputy United States marshal, with 
 provost-marshal power to issue passes, 
 and 8\iperlntend military affairs in his 
 district; was also tendered a position, 
 by tlie governor, of colonel of one the 
 regiments, but declined, because the 
 army was being oflicered by politicians 
 rather than soldiers. In 1808 he 
 gained an election to the legislature by 
 the Republicans, and, during his term 
 of oftlce, held several important posi- 
 tions in the house, among others, that 
 of chairman of the Committee on Fed- 
 oral Relations. While there he intro- 
 duced a bill for the repeal of the law 
 which deprived deserters of the right 
 of franchise, for wliich he received 
 censure by tlie Republican press, al- 
 though ''The New York Tribune" 
 commended him for it. In 1870 was 
 appointed by Gov. Fairchild to repre- 
 sent him at the International Congress 
 on penitentiary ancl reformatory dis- 
 cipline; was elected one of the vice- 
 presidents. In 18(19 was appointed one 
 of the managers of the State Industrial 
 School at Waukesha. In 1872 was ap- 
 pointed a delegate to the International 
 Penitentiary Congress, in London, 
 Eng. In the same year indorsed the 
 nomination of Horace Greeley for the 
 presidency, and has been identified 
 with the Reform movement since then. 
 In 187.3 was elected district attorney 
 for Waukesha County on the Reform 
 ticket. 
 
 In May, 1874, he was a member of the 
 National Prison Congress, held at St. 
 Louis, and elected one of its trustees, 
 and appointed on the committee on 
 Criminal Law Reform. In 1875 was ap- 
 pointed a member of the board of mau- 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 757 
 
 Of^in of the Stnte Industrial School for 
 three years. IIo has bet>n Uloutifled 
 with the movement which Krantud 
 Itoman Catholic clergy the ri|{ht uf 
 inlnisterinK to Huch of the inmates of 
 the IiKlnstrial School as were of their 
 own fullh. This year (1875) he has 
 been elected a trustee of the National 
 Prison Association at New York, and 
 also one of the committee on dis- 
 chiirfjed convicts. lie has held the 
 positions of trustee and president of tiie 
 village of Ocouomewoc, and has zeal- 
 ously devoted himself to its prosperity. 
 
 In religious belief he is a liaptist. Is 
 strictly temperate in his habits. Is a 
 member of Waukesha Chapter, No. 37, 
 Free and Accepted Masons. lie has cii II- 
 dren, daughters, now living. The death 
 of Ills first wife occurred April (I, 18(14. 
 Was married, December following, to 
 Mrs. M. II. Farmer of Waukeslia, Wis. 
 
 Mr. Ilurlbut is a man of positive 
 character; ia a self-made man; has 
 worked his own way through life; i-> 
 self-reliant; as a lawyer, ranks amon^ 
 the best talent In the State; has an 
 extensive practice in the several courts 
 of this State, and in the United States 
 courts. In his own county, there is 
 seldom a case of importance, but what 
 he is engaged. Strictly attentive to 
 business, he has attended every ses- 
 sion of tlie circuit court for Waukesha 
 County for the past twenty-five years. 
 
 lie always acted witli the Democratic 
 party up to the time of the organization 
 of the Uepublican party, and then with 
 that party up to 1S72, when he joined 
 the Liberal Movement, and went with 
 the Democratic and Liberal party, and 
 is now with the Reform party of this 
 State. 
 
 KoN. John II. Rounthee. — lie was 
 born near Jiiimmoth Cave, in Kentucky, 
 on 24tli of March, 1805. In February, 
 1824. he made a trip on horseback from 
 Kentucky to Montgomery County, Illi- 
 nois, a distance of three hundred miles. 
 At the age of twenty-one, he was 
 elected sheriff of Montgomery County, 
 which office lie held until 1827 ".hen, 
 witli several others, he came to the Ga- 
 lena lead-mines witli ox-teams, crossing 
 the Illinois River at wliat is iinown as 
 Bardstown. He continued work in 
 these mines until he with others were 
 driven by the Indians to Galena, the 
 nearest place of safety. Soon, Iiow- 
 evor, their fears subsided; and work 
 in the mines was resumed. Mr. Roun- 
 tree settled, at this time, at tlie place 
 where Platteviilo now stands; built a 
 cabin of logs and bods, and prosecuted 
 
 his mlnlng-opemtlons with some suc- 
 cess. In 1828 he built the first lead 
 smelting furnace in tlie Territory, 
 which now com|)oses Grant County, 
 and continued the mining-business for 
 several years. In August, 1M28, when 
 the general election in Illinois was held, 
 we held un election also, and voted fur 
 governor, ami member of Congress. It 
 was on this election day that a liand- 
 to-hand conflict took place between the 
 Irish and the Americans. In October, 
 1820, he was appointed by Hon. Lewis 
 Cass, justice of the peace for the 
 county of Iowa. His official duties 
 were not very luimerous. On the 10th 
 of March, 1829, Hon. W. S. Uarny, iJost- 
 master-general of the United States, 
 appointed him postmaster at Platte- 
 viile. In 18;U a weekly mail-route 
 was established from Galena by Platte- 
 viilo, to Prairie Du Cliion. 
 
 In 1832 the Uiack Hawk war began. 
 A mounted cavalry company was or- 
 ganized and Mr. Rountree was chosen 
 captain. This company composed a 
 part of Gen. Dodge's squadron. 
 
 In 1835 he, with otiiers, succeeded in 
 erecting a comfortable house, of hewed 
 logs, suitable for a school, and also for 
 meetings. Its cost was about one hun- 
 dred and ninety-four dollars. The land 
 In the south-western part of Wisconsin 
 was surveyed from 1830 to 1832 ; and the 
 first land-sale took place at the United 
 States Land Office, at Mineral Point, 
 in 18134. Mr. ICountree purchased the 
 lind where the village of Piatteville was 
 afterwanls built. In 1834, he was con- 
 stituted chief justice of the county 
 court of Iowa County, which then 
 embraced all the south-western part 
 of the State of Wisconsin, by tlie 
 governor of Michigan Territory, to 
 which Wisconsin was still attached. 
 Grant was organized in 1837. Hon. J. 
 II. Rountree was elected a member of 
 the legislative c(mncil; and he was a 
 meniuer of the council of the first legis- 
 lature that met at Madison, the seat of 
 government. He served four years as 
 a member of the Territorial council, 
 under that election of 18:]S. IIo was 
 re-elected for four years in 1842, and 
 served the time out. He was elected 
 a member of the convention that 
 forincd our State constitution. He 
 Wius elected to the State senate in 1849, 
 and served two years; was elected to 
 the assembly in 1802 ; was elected again 
 to the State senate in 1865, served two 
 years, making a service of eight years 
 in tlie Territorial council, — four years 
 as State senator, one year as member of 
 
758 
 
 msTORY OF wiacosaiN. 
 
 the onnventloii that fonned tlio Stiito 
 CDiistitutloii, niul oim yciir u incnibor 
 of tlio assoinbly. Ho wi»» a pionoer 
 eettlur In tlio vicinity wlioro no \\u,» 
 llveil forty-olslit years. IIo lian beoii 
 octlve 111 all tho oiitprprlscH wliirli 
 pt'riuined to tho welfare of tho Stall', 
 and has been pcmiitled to witnc^a tlieii' 
 nuccess. IIo L'ttii look back to tho days 
 when Wisconsin was an unlnhahilod 
 wilderness, without roads, biltlgos, or 
 oiiy conveniences for transportaiioii 
 whatever, and contrast flio former days 
 with tho present facilities for aarlciii- 
 turai Industry, and Intellectual culture. 
 who>e pursuit so profitably adorns and 
 hentitines the Stale. His pole and .sod 
 cabin of 1S27, with niotfier-'Mrtli for 
 tlie floor, gives place to a neat and 
 commodious house in n flourishing vil- 
 lage of elegant buildin(;s, {I'racrd with a 
 iiurinal school ond tw- ivo church edi- 
 fices. Blessed with the enjoyment of 
 good health, the founder of Plattcviile 
 Is enabled to look upon tho fruit of bis 
 labors. 
 
 Hon. David Kooole. — IIo wo-s 
 born in Franklin, Penn., on tho 0th of 
 October, 18()0. His fath(!r belonged 
 to that class known as Pennsylvania 
 Dutch; and his mother was of Irish 
 descent. At the ago of sixteen he 
 came to Greenfield, ()., and, with his 
 father, engaged in agricultural pursuily. 
 The hardships which he experienced at 
 this period disciplined him for the 
 struggles of after-life. Ills educational 
 advantages were limited. A few weeks 
 only in tho winter of each year wore 
 spent at tho district school, where he 
 manifested a taste for intellectual pur- 
 suits, and, at the age of twelve, ex- 
 pressed a desire to reach tho legal 
 profession; but, because of the limited 
 means of his parents, he received but 
 little encouragement. At the age of 
 nineteen, ho started in search of more 
 remunerative employment, in which 
 he succeeded. In 18;J.'i ho returned to 
 Ohio, to his father who was embar- 
 rassed because of debt; whereupon ho 
 and his brother took the land, and 
 relieved their father of further anxiety. 
 In 18.'54 they improved a water-power 
 on tho farm by building a mill, which 
 proved a grand success. On the 13th 
 of October, ISiS, ho married Ann M. 
 Lewis of Milan, O. About a year 
 afterwards they started, in company 
 with others, with ox-teams for Wiime- 
 hago County, Illinois, where they set- 
 tled. His new farm soon began to show 
 marks of improvement, while at the 
 same time he was looking forward with 
 
 hopes of entering tho legal profession. 
 It is > )d. that, during these days. " ho 
 studied lllackstonc la tho corii-iield," 
 which Is literally true; and, in 1*18, ho 
 was adndlted to the bar by the Supremo 
 Court of Illinois, never having s|H>nt <\ 
 day in a law-ottice. In IHilU sold Ills 
 claim, and moved Into lieloil, where ho 
 opened an ofllc-;, and fully entei-cd upon 
 tho practice of law, doing business In 
 Winnebago ami Uoone Counties, Illi- 
 nois, and In Kock, Walworth, .Jefferson, 
 and (ireen, In tho Territory of Wlscon- 
 siu. UiselYorti In court proved hint to 
 b lan of power. In IH4lt he was a 
 nie.aber of tlie Constitutional Conven- 
 ti'<n of Wisconsin; and though young, 
 itU'l inexperienced in legislation, w.is 
 soon recognized among the leailors of 
 that body. He stooiT with tho pro- 
 gressive element of the convention. In 
 fa'or of homest<!ad exemption, elective 
 judiciary, the rights of married women, 
 and opposed to banks and banking. In 
 18.")4 lie was a member of the legisla- 
 ture of Wisconsin from tho Jancsville 
 District, having some years before re- 
 movcil to that city: bo at once took a 
 prominent and leading position in the 
 legislature. In 185(1 no was again 
 elected to the legislature, and was 
 tendered the speakership of the assem- 
 bly by more than a majority of that 
 body ; but being compelled, from tem- 
 porary lameness, to go on- crutches, 
 which would greatly Inconvenience 
 him in discharging the duties of u 
 presiding ofllcer, ho declined the offer. 
 IIo was emphatically the loader of the 
 houso In this legislature, and in the 
 contest for the election of United 
 Stales senator, in which the Hon. J. 
 U. DooHttle was first chosen. In 1838, 
 he was judge of tho first judicial dis- 
 trict of Wisconsin, composed of tho 
 counties of Kenosha, Itacine, Walworth, 
 Kock, and Green. He discharged his 
 duties with very great acceptability. 
 After he retired from the bench Jn 
 18(16, he i-esided in Iowa for some 
 time, where he was engaged as 
 attorney for the Milwaukee and St. 
 Paul Kailroad Company; after which 
 he returned to Belolt, where he pur- 
 chased an elegant home, and built up 
 a lucrotlve practice. In 1869 he was 
 appointed by Pres. Grant as chief 
 justice of the Territory of Idalio, 
 which position he hold until 1874, 
 when, from failing health, be was 
 obliged to resign his ])osition. He Is 
 at present residing with his family in 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 Judge Nogglo is a man of command- 
 
BISTORT OF W I SCON 8 IN. 
 
 759 
 
 tng apppsrnticR ; Is a flno ami Impres- 
 tivo public fpoaker, pooteMetl nf great 
 mental ability: he only needed the 
 advantages of early training to have 
 given lilm a national reputation. Few 
 young men liave improved tlieir oppor- 
 tunities butter than ho. lie Ih kind and 
 generou!) hearted, a man of the |)eo- 
 ple, brave in their defence, regardlc^H of 
 coiiHoquence!* to himself. lie h tender- 
 ly loved by his family ; and in the hearts 
 of bis old neighbors In .Southern Wis- 
 consin, there linger for him feelings 
 of fondnivHS and regard which many 
 years will not efface. 
 
 His name Is Indlssolubly connected 
 with the history and nrn'jrcss of Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 lIoM. Jerome B. IlAniiisoN. — lie 
 was borii May 22, 1820, in Friendidiip, 
 Alleghany County, N,y, After obtain- 
 ing a common school education, In 1843 
 he entered Alfred Academy, which has 
 since become a flourishing university. 
 During the three foHowing years, he 
 spent the time In teaching, and study- 
 ing law. In 1851 he was elected oupcr- 
 intendetit of schoois In his own town. 
 The next year was elected town repre- 
 sentative for the county board of super- 
 visors ; was 8ub.sc(|uently twice elected 
 to the same position. He held the ofllcc 
 of justice from 1800 until 18(!2, when 
 he moved to Wisconsin. At the age of 
 twenty-one was married to Sarah A. 
 Stoweil. Shortly after this he united 
 with his father-in-law In the flour and 
 lumber business, until he moved to 
 this State, He has been frequently 
 called to positions of trust and honor 
 by his fellow-citizens. In 1872 he was 
 the candidate of the Democratic party 
 for the assembly, but was defeated by 
 Hon. O. A. Cady of the Kepublican 
 party. 
 
 In 1873 he was elected county judge, 
 which position he occupies in an able 
 manner. Although he has not here- 
 tofore practised in the profession, Is a 
 lawyer, and a member of the bar of the 
 Seventh Judicial Circuit. He Is a pleas- 
 ant and interesting public speaker. 
 
 Hon. Hugh Macfaki.ane. — He 
 was bom in IMumbridge County, Ire- 
 land, Juno 22, 1816. His father was a 
 descendant of the old Earls of Lenox, 
 of Scotland, who pledged to defend the 
 Crown and the Bible. He was given 
 the opportunities for securing a classi- 
 cal education, but being married, in 
 his nineteenth year, to Sarah Dunn, his 
 progress in study was prevented. Soon 
 after marriage, he came to this country, 
 making a voyage of thirteen weeks, 
 
 after which they landed at Philadelphia 
 In July, 1833. SImrtiy afterwards he 
 started for the lead-mines of Mineral 
 I'oint, Wis. ; built a house, and Iwgan 
 M|ieratlons, whlcli were continued for 
 Mix years, when he went to Portage 
 County, and built bridges across 
 streams and swamps to get there, and 
 invested all his means in the lumber- 
 ing business. In 1840 he moved to 
 Portage City, where he was succt^ssful 
 in accumulating wealth. In 1854 be 
 subscribed to tlio capital stock of La 
 Crosse and Itlilwaukeo Kailroail to the 
 amount of thirty thousand dollars in 
 cash, and was swindled out of the w i >|i 
 amount. In 1850 he tnovcd on to his 
 farm in Arlhigton, where he now re- 
 sides. Ills wife died Julv 14, 1SU2, 
 Tliey had eight children. In 1S(I3, ho 
 was married to Ann C, Wells, by whom 
 he has two children. He never was an 
 oRlce-seeker, though frequently called 
 to honorable and responsible positions 
 by the people. As to rcliginus nrinci- 
 pics, he has ever been strictly Protest- 
 ant, and is a member of the Pr(;tcstant- 
 Episcopal Church. Politically ho is 
 Democratic. Ho belongs to several 
 secret societies, including the F: ^e 
 Masons. Ho has been liberal toward 
 all societies of reform, especially to- 
 ward all religious denominations. He 
 and wife organized the first sabbath 
 school ever kept at Portage City; she 
 collecting money from the raftsmen 
 on the VVIsconslu River with which to 
 purchase books. In 1840 ho built the 
 first schoolhouse at his own ex|)ense. 
 His home was for missionaries of all 
 denominations: from none was the 
 latch-string ever drawn in. At this 
 period of life he can look over the 
 past, not without flnding imperfec- 
 tions, but in every case marked with 
 good intentions, clearly evidencing the 
 fact tliat the tenor of bis life was to 
 benefit his fellow-men, 
 
 Amzi StLSUEE. — He was horn in 
 Pittston, Penn., June 1, 1800. His op- 
 portunities for securing an education 
 were limited; the school being three 
 miles distant, and very poor besides. 
 His father died when he was thirteen 
 years of age, when he went to learn 
 the blacksmith-trade in Wilkesbarre. 
 In 1800 he moved to Starkey, and 
 married Kezlah Babcock in 1821. 
 Worked at his trade then one year, and 
 In the viiiago of Dundee eleven years. 
 Bought a farm near village, and resid- 
 ed on It ten years. In 1842 he became 
 security for a stock of goods which was 
 purchased by his son. The goods were 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 burned ; and he was obliged to sell the 
 farm for about half Its value to meet 
 the demand ; and after parting with all 
 his effects, except a team, harness, and 
 wagon, he was still in debt four hun- 
 dred and sixty dollars. With the team 
 he came to Wisconsin in the spring of 
 1844, and settled on two hundred and 
 forty acres of land in Columbia County, 
 and |i:iid the four hundred and sixty 
 dollars and interest in about four years. 
 In this transaction we see the noble 
 traits of his unblemished character: 
 wo see the man through all the change- 
 ful years of his life, reliable, punctual, 
 and honest to the last cent. He could 
 have easily avoided paying the money ; 
 but he was too noble, too conscientious 
 to do 80, — too honest and good to fall 
 to pay any real claim where the pay- 
 ment was within his poM'er. Hence 
 the thousands of dollars which he has 
 earned and enjoyed since that day 
 have been a peaceful possession; and 
 the competency now in hand for old 
 age is a matter of gratitude to him, as 
 well as a result of industry and hon- 
 esty. In 1840 his wife died; and in 
 1848, he married Mrs. Sophia Lyon of 
 Lowell; but she, too, died in 1850; and 
 he married his present esteemed aiid 
 worthy companion (formerly Mrs. Ruth 
 Johnson of Madison) in 1802. Thus 
 like a bark on the billows has this vet- 
 eran been carried by the tide of years, 
 until now the headlands of the after- 
 world appear o»- the verge oi the hori- 
 zon, and the home of rest appears in 
 sight. 
 
 Gen. Ebastcs B. Wolcott, M.D. 
 — He was born at Benton, Yates 
 County, N.Y., Oct. 18, 1804. His 
 parents came from Lltchfleld, Conn., 
 and were among the earliest settlers of 
 that State. Dr. Wolcott is a lineal 
 descendant of Henry Wolcott, Esq., 
 who came from England to America 
 In 1030. lie was the first magistrate 
 in Connecticut; and among liis de- 
 scendants were numbered three gov- 
 ernors of the State. It Is a fact, that 
 both Dr. and Mrs. Wolcott number 
 among their ancestors signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. Dr. 
 Wolcott Inherits no taint of blood. 
 He commenced the study of medicine 
 and surgery in 1822 with Dr. Joshua 
 Lee, an eminent surgeon in New York, 
 and received his diploma of Yates 
 County Medical Society in 1825. For 
 four years he attended the Medical 
 College at Western New York, where 
 lie took his degree in medicine and 
 (urgcry. In 1835 he was appointed 
 
 surgeon in the United-States army. In 
 18SiQ married Elizabeth J. Densman, 
 who died in the autumn of 1800, leav- 
 ing two children, who were highly 
 educated. He was made colonel in 
 1840, and in the same year major- 
 general of the First Division Wiscon- 
 sin Militia, and surgeon-general of the 
 State militia as early as 1842, by Gov. 
 Doty. He was appointed regent of 
 the Wisconsin State University in 1850 
 by Gov. Dewey, and trustee of the 
 State Hospital for the Insane in 1800 
 by Gov. Randall, holding the same 
 through subsequent administrations. 
 He was appointed by Gov. Fairchild, 
 in 1800, commissioner to represent the 
 State of Wisconsin at the Universal 
 Exposition at Paris in 1807, and ap- 
 pointed by United States Congress, 
 the same year (1800), manager of the 
 National Home for Disabled Volunteer 
 Soldiers, which position he still retains. 
 Ill Oct. 12, 1800. he was married to 
 Laura J. Ross, M.U., whose ancestors 
 may be traced back to the Revolution- 
 ary history, among the leading mindi 
 in the support of national independ- 
 ence. She was thoroughly educated 
 in the best schools, and by the ablest 
 teachers In New England, and was one 
 of the first women who took the degree 
 of M.D. in this country. Dr. Wolcott 
 has been connected with some of tlie 
 early enterprises of the Territory and 
 State, the meanwhile pursuing his 
 profession. He is a man of excellent 
 physical health, which, in a large 
 measure, may be attributed to his 
 early good training and temperate 
 habits. His reputation has grown 
 from a skilful, unostentatious dis- 
 charj^e of every professiunal duty; 
 meeting emergencies with decision 
 and firmness, resulting from a clear 
 understanding of what can and ought 
 to be done, with the conscious ability 
 to do whatever may be required; al- 
 ways regarding respectfully the opin- 
 ions of authors and associates, but 
 bound by neither when his own ex- 
 perience and judgment indicate a 
 better course. As a physician and 
 surgeon, he stood with the first class 
 of the profession. A physician in- 
 timately acquainted with the doctor 
 begs to offer as follows, what ho 
 deems as a matter of justice to him ; 
 viz., "That he possesses, in an emi- 
 nent degree, the qualities too often 
 wanting in medical men; viz., he is 
 perfectly honorable and gentlemanly 
 m his conduct toward his professional 
 brethren of all schools of practice, 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 761 
 
 and is exceedingly considerate i»nd 
 liberal toward his patients pecuniarily. 
 When he dies, no human being can say 
 he distressed me by pressing tlie pay- 
 ment o£ hi^ ivell-earned fees. Many a 
 physican would become rich on tlie 
 debts which he remits, when he tliinivs 
 that payment might not be convenient. 
 But tlie highest honor of Dr. Wolcott, 
 by which he is >nost distinguished, is 
 his eminent sliill as a surgeon. His 
 superior has not ap|)cared in the 
 North-west. During the late war ho 
 visited almost every battletield where 
 Wisconsin troops were engaged; and 
 many would have slept in a Southern 
 grave, had he not heliied them. Such 
 is the man imperfectly sketched in the 
 above, but more perfectly in the hearts 
 of those who know him, which is to 
 love him ; and also in the hi' Ty of the 
 State he holds a prominent position. 
 
 Hon. Charles G. Williams. — 
 He was bom In Koyalton, Niagara 
 County, N.Y., Oct. 18, 1829. He was 
 the youngest of ten children. His 
 first educational advantages were such 
 as only a district school afforded, aid 
 which were much broken in upon by 
 1!! health. He early manifested a 
 desire for intellectual pursuits. Orii- 
 tory was especially pleasing to him; 
 and in very early life ho gained consid- 
 erable reputation as a speaker. At the 
 age of fourteen he notified his father 
 of his desire to prepare for the legal 
 profession. His father planned ac- 
 cordingly, intending to give him a full 
 course of study, but died when Charles 
 w.'is sixteen years of age, throwing 
 him upon his own resources for the 
 future. By the aid he received from 
 his brothers, and working on the farm 
 during vacations, he acquired an aca- 
 demic course. During this period of 
 his life, he exercised rigid economy, 
 and was exceedingly persevering in 
 his work. He commi^iced i;>e study 
 of law with Judge Brc ver, at Lock- 
 
 Eort, N.Y., and proseoiMed his work 
 y teaching portions of his time in the 
 high school of that plat ' In 1852 he 
 moved to Uoche^ter, N'.Y., where ho 
 completed his studies, and was ad- 
 mitted to the b.ir in 1S56, and where 
 he was married to Lis first wife. 
 After tho end of one year he went to 
 Jancsvilie, Wis., where he was aided 
 in hlit pursuit by Judge Noggle. Two 
 montljs after his arrival, his wife died. 
 He al'terwards married the eldest 
 daughter oi the judge. In 1850 he 
 wcs prominently brouc;ht before the 
 public in connection with the Fremout 
 
 campaign. As an ardent nepubllcan, 
 he needed only an opportunity to ex- 
 press his mind on political matters, 
 and very soon attracted attention, and 
 took rank with the first speakers of 
 tho North-west. He was engiiged to 
 canvass the State, and spoke in every 
 considerable town In Wisconsin. At 
 the close of the campaign, the Milwau- 
 kee press highly complimented him, 
 both as an orator, and a man of abil- 
 ity in the legal profession. In 1808 
 he was elected to the State senate, and 
 re-elected to the same position in 1870. 
 He was nominated by acclamation, and 
 elected to the Forty-third Congress in 
 1872, and re-elected in 1874 as a moni- 
 bor of the Forty-fourth Congress, which 
 position he now holds. His career in 
 Congress has been characterized, thus 
 far, by modesty, caution, and great 
 industry. He has spoken but seldom, - 
 and has never failed to elicit tho 
 closest attention. " The Washington 
 Naticmal Kepublican" spoke of him at 
 the close of the last session as follows : 
 "As a new member of tho house, ho 
 wiis modest enough not to attempt to 
 attract attention; bu' when the time 
 came for him to take an active part In 
 the proceedings, he not only acquitted 
 himself with extraordinary creilit, but 
 at oni'c asserted a prominence on tho 
 floor which was readily acknowledged 
 by members of both parties." 
 
 Mr. Williams is a man of firm decision 
 and good judgment. Ho is among the 
 first to avow his position \ipoii the great 
 issues of the day. He is now forty-six 
 years of age, In robust health, in tho 
 full maturity of his powers, and believed 
 to have a useful and brilliant future • 
 before him. 
 
 Col. Samuel Ryax. — lie was horn 
 in Tipperarv Comity, Ireland, Mav 22- 
 1789. In 1809, while going to Eng:' ., 
 he was impressed on board the Briii.;U 
 gun-brig '• Virago," while In Queens- 
 town. From tills he was transferred to 
 tho frigate " Barbadoes," one of the 
 worst ships for usage in the British 
 navy. They sailed to the West Indies. 
 They were ordered to convoy seventy- 
 six sail of merchant-ships, being as- 
 sisted by tho "Polyphemus," a sixty- 
 four-gun ship, to cross to tho banks of 
 Newfoundland. They encountered a 
 terrible storm, wlu'u eighteen out of 
 tho soventy-six sail were lost, and every 
 sail In the fleet dismasted ; and they put 
 into Bermuda for repairs. After this 
 we find him in the war of 1812, where 
 he manifested the bravery of a true 
 soldier. Peace being proclaimed lu 
 
762 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSrN. 
 
 1815, five hundred men were picked 
 out tor the peace establishment on 
 Lake Eric, and wintered at the mouth 
 of Grand River, Canada ; belonged to 
 tlio "Ncmash," a Britisli man-of-war 
 Bcliooner. He, with two otliers, in 1810, 
 made their escape to the soil of free- 
 dom. There M'ere about tliirty left of 
 the five liundred; all the rest having 
 reached the land of liberty. He taugiit 
 school in Seneca County, New York, for 
 about two years; then went to Ohio, 
 and was robbed on the road. He then 
 went to Buffalo, and joined tlie United 
 States army in 1818. Five companies 
 of the Second Regiment of Infantry, 
 of wliicli he was a member, picked 
 men, were ortlered to establish a mili- 
 tary post at tlie outlet of Lake Superior. 
 They arrived tliere in 1822, and wore 
 three weeks under arms, day and night, 
 expecting an attack from the Chippewa 
 Indians. Ho was called to offices of 
 honor in the anny. He wiis raari-ied 
 on tlie 12th of June, 1823, to Miss 
 Martlia Johnston, a native of Tyrone 
 County, Ireland. In 1820 four com- 
 panies, of which he was a member, 
 were ordered to Green Bay, Wis. 
 When his time had expired in 1828, he 
 was appointed as clerk in the quarter- 
 master's department and subsistence 
 department, at Green Buy, witli lucra- 
 tive olBees. In 18:W Wisconsin was 
 created a Territory, and he received the 
 first commission from Gov. Dodge for 
 justice of the peace in the new Ter- 
 ritory. Prior and subsequent to that 
 period, he assisted in making treaties 
 and payments with and to the Indians 
 several times ; wrote, for two years, in 
 the Indian department, theh' returns 
 and accounts, for which he cliarged the 
 email sum of four hundred dollars, but 
 never received a cent from tlie United 
 States for it. In 1830 two regiments 
 of militia were ordered to lie raised In 
 the Terr; ry, — the first commanded by 
 Col. Rockwell, embracing the Milwau- 
 kee district, and the second commanded 
 by Col. Wheclock, Green Bay district, 
 of which he was lieutenant-colonel. 
 In 1840 WHS promoted to colonel of 
 the regiment. In 1848 ho was clerk in 
 the United States Land Otflco at Green 
 Bay, and conllniiod as such until 1857. 
 In 18(11, when the Rebellion began, he 
 offered his ser\lc(>s to Gov. Randall, 
 and raided a regiment of troops In a 
 week, and drilled from the school of 
 the soldier to the school of the bat- 
 talion. I:i character lio w.is strictly 
 lionnst and straightforward in nil deal- 
 ings with hia iuUow-mcu. Ho was 
 
 truly a generous-hearted man toward 
 all needy persons. He is a man of 
 great courage. In religious belief he is 
 an Episcop.tl Methodist, having joined 
 tlie church in 1821, and has ever since 
 been a member. 
 
 Hon. Asaph WniTxi.ESEY, Sejt. — 
 He was born in New Preston, Conn., 
 Jan. 4, 1781, and was married to Vesta 
 Uoiit, Nov. 20, 1807, and moved to 
 Ohio in 1814, where he died March 17, 
 1842, at the age of sixty-one years, 
 leaving a family of six children. It is 
 said of him, that on account of his 
 reliability, and the maturity of his 
 judgment, he was consulted in all mat- 
 ters relating to the public business, 
 and to the church and benevolent ol>- 
 jects of the day ; would, with the same 
 means and in the same time, accom- 
 plish more than men generally. Alwut 
 the time of Asaph's removal to Ohio, 
 ills brother Eltslia and family took up 
 residence tliere also, and was from 
 1323 to 1830 a representative to Con- 
 gress. He also held the position of 
 auditor in the post-oflSce department, 
 and was also called to other offices of 
 distinction. It was said of him that 
 ills features bore the impress of stern 
 integrity, benevolence, and morality. 
 Of the children of Asaph Wliittlesey, 
 sen., the eldest was a graduate of West 
 Point, has distinguished himself as a 
 lawyer and geologist. He served in 
 the Black Hawk war in 18:)2; was 
 appointed, in 1837, on tlie geoli gical 
 survey of Ohio. In 1801, wlien Pros. 
 Lincoln's entrance to Washington was 
 threatened, he was one, witli others, 
 whoso soi'vices were tendered to Gen. 
 Scott; was subsequently appointed col- 
 onel of the Twentieth Regiment of Ohio 
 Volunteers; was In the battle of Fort 
 Donelson. The other membei-s of the 
 family acquitted themselves in a man- 
 ner that reflected credit upon them- 
 selves. Asaph was expected to remain 
 on the homestead ; but in 1842, when 
 his father died, ho removed to Illinois, 
 where ho engaged extensively in tiie 
 manufacture of lard-oil, candles, and 
 soap, until 1852, when his factory was 
 destroyed by fire. He was married to 
 Miss Lucy M. Haskell in 1851. They 
 encountered some hardships, but met 
 them courageously. In 1850 Mr. Whit- 
 tlesey was elected ns momlM^r of the 
 assembly. There l)olng no public thor- 
 oughfare opened to the settled portions 
 of the State, he perfonned the journey 
 from Ashland to Chippewa Falls, on 
 his way to the legislature, on snow- 
 shoes, making a distance of one hundred 
 
BISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 76a 
 
 »nd eighty miles' travel in six days. 
 Afti'r roacliliig Madison, he was prc- 
 vaied upon to have a photograph tal<en, 
 liaving on Ills outfit for travel, a copy 
 of 'vliich may be seen In the Capitol. 
 In 18(i() he was elected county judge 
 of Ashland. In 1801 Pres. Lincoln 
 apiiiiinted him " Receiver of Public 
 Money," at Dayfleld. lie has been 
 called to positions of public trust and 
 honor by the State and General Govern- 
 ment, in ail of which he has enjoyed 
 the confidence of the people. lie is 
 known as a " man of the people" in a 
 proper sense. 
 
 Kev. Johk WAi.woBTir. — lie was 
 horn in Walworth County, Wis., July 
 28, 1804. At the age of fourteen he 
 was sent to Norwich for the purpose 
 of obtainin.^ an education, where he 
 reni.iiiK'tl about six years, tlien return- 
 ing to Western Kew Yorl<, where he 
 was engaged in scliool-teaehing, and 
 otlier literary pursuits, for five years, 
 when he emigrated to Michigan, with 
 many otliers, while it was a Territory, 
 arriving in time to take part in that 
 ludicrous appeal to arms l)y Gov. Mason, 
 In calling out the militia to prevent tlie 
 governorotOIiiofrom taking possession 
 of a certain piece of laud bordering on 
 tlie Menomonee River. He chose, for 
 his profession, the ministry; moved to 
 Illinois in 1842, and for four years he 
 travelled as missionary; but the con- 
 stant exposure to the cold was uwvo. 
 than lie could endure, and at tlie end of 
 tills period, he found his health some- 
 wliat impaired. He belonged to no 
 deiioniinaticm; had no creed but tlie 
 Uible, wlilcli occasioned some fears on 
 the part of the Orthodox, lest he should 
 luiiettle the minds of tliose wlio were 
 more systematical in tlieir views and 
 mmiiicr of presentation. In 1840 he 
 located at Monroe, (trrcn County, 
 wliere he became the editor and pro- 
 pri('tor of "Tlie Monroe Sentinel," 
 tin-cugh which organ he aided in the 
 clfction of J. R., Doolitlle as circuit 
 judge. At the convention held at 
 Mailisoii, .July 13, 1854, wiien the Re- 
 publican party was oi'ganized, ho was 
 chosen president of the meeting. lie 
 was the first to bring forward the name 
 of (\ C. Washburn, who was, at the 
 convention at Mineral I'oint, nominated 
 and eleeleil to Congre^is. Soon after 
 this, Mr. Walworth, having reg lined in 
 some measure his liealth, resumed 
 preacliiiig ; but ill-heallh soon pre- 
 Vi'iited any lengthy pastorale. lie 
 therefore had recourse to other em- 
 ployment, Uecamo editor and pro- 
 
 prietor of "Richland County Ob- 
 server," which brought him into polit- 
 ical life again. He was a Ann and 
 zealous temperance man, was a member 
 of the Good Templars, and in 1800 was 
 elected G. W. Chaplain. In 1802 he was 
 elected to the legislature, and in 18U4 
 he was elected chaplain of the Forty- 
 tlrrd Regiment Milwaukee Volunteers, 
 Col. Cobb commanding. Mr. Walworth 
 rendered valuable services during his 
 tcnn of service. A few days after the 
 battle of Nashville, the Forty-third was 
 ordered to take position near Winches- 
 ter. This place had been formerly oc- 
 cupied by the Fif tli Tennessee Cavalry, 
 with some detachment of infantry ; and 
 many of then> seemed to be actuated 
 more by the spirit of Soutliern chivalry 
 tlian by the ])rincipies of Northern 
 patriotism. Here Mr. Waiwo,-th was 
 employed as post-cliaplain and post- 
 master for the several detachments of 
 the soldiei-s in the vicinity; also as 
 military postmaster for a large district 
 of country south of Tuliahoma Theso 
 duties enabled him to understand 
 something of the character of the 
 people, wliicli is somewhat peculiar in 
 tlie South. He preaclied a very able 
 and an appropriate sermon on the day 
 of the President's interment, pointing 
 out the prominent traits of Ids ciiarac- 
 ter. This discourse was subsequently 
 twice repeated by reiiuest. His life 
 was marked with deeds of kindness, 
 wliieli were the legiliiiiato results of 
 zealous effort to benefit his fellow-men. 
 Hon. Thomas B, Tvler. — He was 
 born at Cocheeton, Sullivan County, 
 N.Y., Jan. 12, 1824. He removed, 
 when a child, with his parents, to the 
 town of Seneca, Ontario County, and 
 was reared on a fann, and educated 
 at the common scliools during the 
 winter montlis, until the age of 
 eighteen, when, through his unaided 
 efforts, ho spent two years at Canan- 
 daigiia Academy. Subseijuently ho 
 engaged in teacliing, more or less, for 
 several years. He read medicine for 
 one year with Francis Deane, M.D., 
 an old and respected practitioner at 
 Gorham, Ontario County ; and, at the 
 breaking-out of the gold excitement, 
 went to California, being absent for two 
 years. In 18.)2 ho removed to Cou- 
 dersport, Penn., and was the next 
 year elected prothonotary and clerk of 
 the courts. Hero ho pursued the 
 study of tlie law, and was admitted to 
 practice in ISoT. In tlie same year lie 
 removed to Sparta, Slonroe County, 
 Wis., and there Immediately opened an 
 
761 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 office, with Milton Montgomery, Esq., 
 as partner. Mr. Montgomery having 
 entered tlie military service as colonel 
 of the Twenty-fifth Regiment Wiscon- 
 sin Volunteers, S. H. Diclcinson was 
 added to the firm ; he, by consesit of 
 Mr. Tyler, still retaining his interest. 
 Some two years since, Mr. Montgomery 
 dissolved his connection with the firm, 
 and removed to Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 During these years this firm, now 
 known as Tyler and Dickinson, has 
 acquired a deservedly high reputation 
 for ability, integrity, and promptness 
 in tlie transaction of all business in- 
 trusted to its care, and has won for 
 itself a largely remunerative and in- 
 creasing business. Mr. Tyler was an 
 active war Democrat, and gave earnest 
 and practical support to every neces- 
 sary measure to subdue the liebellion. 
 
 He is a lawyer of decided ability, 
 attending more especially to the busi- 
 ness of the office, and, in his peculiar 
 line, has few peers. He is careful .\nd 
 methodical in every detail, and, with a 
 clear and well-ordered intellect, he 
 rarely fails in any undertaking. He 
 seeks rather to serve his clients by in- 
 ducing amicable and just settlements 
 than in promoting litigious strife. 
 Few men give more hours to hard 
 work; yet, fc id of social pleasures, he 
 allots to them a due share of his time. 
 He is a man of great public spirit, and 
 has -jver taken a lively interest in tlie 
 moral, educational, and material ad- 
 v.'incement of the village, county, and 
 State. He has given with a liberal 
 hand to all worthy objects engaging 
 the attention of the community. He 
 has, at intervals, invested largely in 
 manufacturing interests. AVitli others, 
 he built the Tyler Flouring Mills, 
 near the St. Paul Railroad Depot ; has 
 been engaged In lumbering; and a few 
 years since, in company with Hon. T. 
 D. Steele, erected the Sparta Woollen 
 Mills, a manufacturing institution of 
 no me.in proportions, oper.atcd will 
 the most approved machinery. H j 
 was active in securing tlie incorpora- 
 tion of Sparta, and has often been 
 called to serve in its council, and for 
 four years as its president. He was a 
 cane 'e for the State senate, but 
 was leatcd by the large Republican 
 majority ii. his district, after making a 
 close and lively race with his com- 
 
 Setitor. He was a delegate to the 
 'ational ('onvenlion at New York, 
 July 4, 1807, which nominated Horatio 
 Seymour for President. Ho has held 
 the position of vice-president of the 
 
 First National Bank of Sparta since Its 
 org-inization. He was for six years 
 High Priest of Sparta Chapter Royal 
 Arch Masons, and was, for a term. 
 Grand High Priest of the Grand Royal 
 Arch Chapter of Wisconsin. He mar- 
 ried Sarah E., daughter of Francis 
 Deane, M.D., of (jorham, Ontario 
 County, N.Y., and lias one cliild, Mary 
 E., wife of Ira A. Hill, Esq.. of Sparta. 
 He has a tasty and commodious resi- 
 dence at the head of Water Street, 
 Sparta; has a large income from his 
 profession and investments ; ami is one 
 of Sparta's substantial and wealthy 
 citizens. 
 
 Dii. M. R. Gage. — He was born at 
 Bellona, Yates County, N.Y., April, 
 1825, and was educated in tlie schools 
 of that vicinity until he began the 
 study of medicine in the office of E. S. 
 Smith, M.D., at his native village, 
 where lie remained until he graduated 
 from the Geneva Medical College, ex- 
 cept while attending upon the lectures 
 and hospitals at Geneva and Kuffalo. 
 
 After graduating, ho formed a part- 
 nership with his preceptor. Dr. Sniitli, 
 at the termination of which he re- 
 moved to Couilersport, Penii. Hero 
 he remained two years, and then re- 
 moved to Beloit, VVis., and thence to 
 Sparta, Wis., where he practised bis 
 profession until August, 1802, when he 
 was commissioned surgeon of tiio 
 Twenty-fiflh Wisconsin Volunt>;ers. 
 
 He remained in the army two and a 
 half years, when he resigned on 
 account of ill health. While in tlio 
 service, he acted fr)r a time as medical 
 director of the district of Columbus, 
 Ky., and as division surgeon of Gen. 
 Vietcli's division during Gen. Sher- 
 man's marcli from Vicksburg to Meri- 
 dian, Miss. ; but most of tlie time he 
 spent with his regiment in active duty. 
 Since leaving the army, he has resided 
 at Sparta. 
 
 He was the first county superintend- 
 ent of scliools of Munroe (^'ouiity, and 
 elected by a large majority. Ho was 
 a candidate for the assembly in 180.5, 
 and defeated by a few votes, with a 
 party m.ijority of six hundred against 
 him in the district. 
 
 Dr. Gage has devoted himself assidu- 
 ously to Ills profession, and is one of 
 the most learned and skilful physi- 
 cians in the State, and, but for his 
 great modesty, would be widely known 
 as one of the leading minds in his 
 profcsshm. He is a man of studious 
 liabits, of positive conviction, and in- 
 domitable energy; and, for what he 
 
BISTOnr OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 765 
 
 believes to be right, will stand against 
 the world. 
 
 lie h.is been master of the Masonic 
 Iiodse for several <.'nns, and High 
 Triest of the R. A. Chapter. 
 
 His services have often been demand- 
 ed ill various local offices, to which he 
 has been unanimously elected, lie 
 has ever taken a lively Interest In all 
 public improvements; and any enter- 
 prise calculated to promote the welfare 
 of the community in which ho resides 
 has received his unreserved and hearty 
 support. 
 
 lie married Miss Martin, a most 
 
 estimable lady, and has no children, 
 lie is simple in his tastes, unpreten- 
 tious in his habits, and is justly re- 
 garded as one of the reliable and 
 substantial men of his section. 
 
 IIo.v. AuousTus Ledyard Smith. — 
 He was born In Middletown, Conn., 
 on the fifth day of April, 183.3. His 
 prep.iratory educational and collegiate 
 life was spent in his native town, 
 where he graduated, in 18,>4, from the 
 Wesleyan University, of which institu- 
 tion his fathe. , Augustus W. Smith, 
 LI..U., was president. 
 
 Immediately upon his graduation, 
 he came to Madison to take the posi- 
 tion of tutor in the Wisconsin State 
 University. Here he remained, giving 
 excellent satisfaction as an instructor, 
 until 18.')0, when he resigned, in order 
 to become the secretary and land 
 commissioner of the Fox and Wiscon- 
 sin Improvement Company. \ '^hile 
 retaining this offlce, he was alsc en- 
 gaged in publisliiiig a paper in icvA 
 du Lac, called " The Fond du L.ic 
 Union." While at the East, in 1801. 
 his services were secured as assistant 
 pvofessorof mathematics in the United 
 States Naval Academy, temporarily 
 located at Newport, H. I., during the 
 conlii i of the civil war. In 
 
 1803 iie leturnod to Appleton, Wis., 
 ami resumed his active relation to the 
 Fox and Wisconsin Iiiprovement Com- 
 pany, ill the capacity of secretary and 
 general .agent. In 1800 he was elected 
 State senator from the twenty-second 
 district, and was iiistrnmental in carry- 
 ing through successfully measures of 
 much importance to the district and to 
 the State. Conspicuous amring those 
 was the re-orgaiiizalion of the State 
 University, In which he took a deep 
 and active interest. The Improve- 
 ment Comp.any being re -organized 
 under the name of the Green Day and 
 Mississippi Canal Company, Mr, Smith 
 accepted the office of secretary and 
 
 treasurer in that corporation, which 
 position he retained until the disposi- 
 tion of Its lands to private parties, 
 whose commissioner and agent he still 
 remains. In 1808 Gov. Fairchild ap- 
 pointed him regent of the State Uni- 
 versity, which position he held until 
 1874. In 1870 he established, and was 
 made president of, the First National 
 Bank of Appleton. In the s.inie year, 
 he was elected mayor of that city, aiicl 
 In ]87;J-74 he served as alderman of 
 his ward. Tlie city org.inized a cham- 
 ber of commerce in 187i5, and Mr. 
 Smith was electoil Its first president. 
 
 Mr. Smith has been very closely 
 identified with all the improvements 
 going on in Appleton for the last fifteen 
 years, and has, by earnest, practical 
 effort, as well as by the contribution 
 of his means, aided and encouraged all 
 enterprises — business, educational, 
 social, and religious — which would 
 naturally extend the reputation of 
 Appleton, and indicate its moral and 
 material i)rosperity. 
 
 Mr. Smith is a man of nervous-san- 
 guine temperament, of marked ability, 
 interested alike in all the practical 
 appliances which contribute to the 
 growth of a town, to the advancement 
 of literary culture, and the develop- 
 ments which are constantly t.aking 
 place in tlic domain of science. His 
 personal relations to his fellow-citizens 
 are of the happiest character. Mr. 
 Smith is a regular attendant upon the 
 services of the Congregational Church ; 
 but all the religious societies of Apple- 
 ton find in him a friend and helper. 
 He has no connection with any secret 
 organization whatever. 
 
 in Chicago, Oct. 30, 1800, Mr. Smith 
 was married to Miss Edna J. Taylor, 
 formerly of Madison, Wis. He has 
 two sons, and his homo is most de- 
 li<!;htfully situated on the banks of the 
 Fox River. The carefully improved 
 condition of the grounds surrounding 
 his home, and the ample library 
 within, give evidence of the cultivated 
 and refined tasto of its occupants. 
 
 Hon. Don A. J. Upham. — He was 
 horn in Weathorsficld. Windsor County, 
 Vt., May 1, 1800. His father, Joshua 
 Upham, occupied the homestead and 
 farm in the valley of the Connecticut, 
 that was first owned by his grand- 
 father, William Upham, at the close of 
 the lievolutionary War, and which has 
 been in possession of the f.imily for 
 nearly one hundred years. The family 
 was among tho earliest settlers of New 
 England. About twenty-five years ago, 
 
766 
 
 niSTORT OF WISCONSrif. 
 
 the lute Dr. TJpham of Salem, Mass., 
 compiled and publUlied the genealogy 
 of the Uphain family, in which he dis- 
 tinctly traced the ancestors of William 
 Upliam back to John Upham, who emi- 
 grated from the west of England, and 
 settled in Maiden, near IJoston, about 
 sixty years after the first landing of the 
 Pilgrims at Plymouth Eock. When 
 D. A. J. Uphain became sixteen years 
 of ase. he chose the legal profession. 
 Ills father sent him to the preparatory 
 school at Chester, Vt., and subse- 
 quently to Meriden, N.II. ; and, at the 
 age of nineteen, he entered the sopho- 
 more class at Union College, New York ; 
 the late Dr. E. Xott th.n president 
 of the institution. He ^n.duated in 
 1831, with the highest standing, in a 
 class of about one liundred. Soon after, 
 ho entered the office of Gen. James 
 Talltnadge in New York, as a law-stu- 
 ilent. Finding it necessary to procure 
 some means in order to complete his 
 oiliication as a lawyer, he was, through 
 the recommendation of Pres. Nott, 
 appointed assistant professor of mathe- 
 matics In Delaware College at Newark. 
 lie held this position for three years, 
 at the same time having entered as 
 a law-student in the office of the Hon. 
 James A. Bayard of Wilmington, Del., 
 late United States senator from that 
 State. In 1835, after attending a 
 course of law-lectures in the city of 
 Itallimore, ho was admitted to the bar, 
 and commenceil the practice of law in 
 the city of Wilmington. In 1837 he 
 started for the West. He visited Chi- 
 cago, but was not pleased with its 
 appearance in the earlier days of its 
 history. He travelled through a con- 
 siderable of the country, when he was 
 returning by way of Milwaukee. The 
 first settlement in this place was made 
 the year before his arrival. He was 
 impressed favorably with the place, 
 and determined to locate here. Tito 
 difficulties attending the practice of 
 the lawyers who first settled in the 
 Territory can hardly be appreciated in 
 these days. The first case of any im- 
 portance was in the Supreme Court of 
 the Territory. At the fall term of the 
 district court, a judgment for a large 
 amount had been obtained against one 
 of the most extensive dealers in real 
 estate in Milwaukee; and his new 
 dwelling-house and a largo amount of 
 property were advertised for sale on 
 execution. The young lawyer was 
 solicited to take the case to the Su- 
 preme Court, and enjoin the pending 
 Bale. It was necessary that one of the 
 
 judges should allow the writ of Injunc- 
 tion. In order thereto, it was found 
 necessary to apply to Judge Dunn, 
 who resided at KIk Grove in the West- 
 ern District, abotit one hundred aiul 
 eighty miles from Milwaukee. The best 
 mode of conv<!yanco was on horse- 
 l)ack through the counties of Ilock and 
 Green ; and the only track for most of 
 the wiiy was an Indian trail across the 
 prairies. He started on tliis joimiey. 
 He reached Mineral Point, had his 
 writ allowed by the judge, and, on his 
 return to Sugar IJiver, found he had 
 but two nights and one day in which 
 to reach Milwaukee before the sale, — a 
 distance of one hundred miles. After 
 leaving here, ho found the prairie w.as 
 on fire in places, and, as the night ad- 
 vanced, it grew worse. The wiiul arose; 
 and a scene presented Itself which 
 baffles description. With tliese fiery 
 trials he found himself lost at midnight 
 on the pruirio. Finally, as the clouds 
 parted, he was enabled to read his way 
 of escape, and arrived about one hour 
 before the sale, to the astonishment of 
 the opposing counsel, and groat joy of 
 his client, who had long been anxiously 
 waiting his coming. Mr. Ui)ham was 
 not a politician in the true sense of the 
 term, but has filled, liowevor, some 
 important political positiotis. Ho was 
 several times a member of the Terri- 
 torial council at the earliest sessions 
 of the legislature at Madison. He was 
 a member of the first convention that 
 was called to form a constitution for 
 the State of Wisconsin, and was elected 
 the president of the convention; was 
 nominated by the Democratic party 
 for governor of the State, as the suc- 
 cessor of Gov. Dewey. His opponent 
 was L. J. Farwell. He took tio active 
 part in the canvass. The contest was a 
 close one, and his opponent elected by 
 a small majority. He was twice elected 
 mayor of the city of Milwaukee; wasi 
 afterwards appointed United States at- 
 torney for the District of Wisconsin, 
 which he held four years. After thirty 
 years of successful practice in Milwau- 
 kee, he was compelled by ill-health to 
 retire from the profession. He was 
 married. In 1836, to Elizabetli S., daugh- 
 ter of Dr. Gideon Jaynes of Wilming- 
 ton, Del. At the close of the late war, 
 Major Upham, on his return from a 
 trip to Europe, brought home, and pre- 
 sented to his father, an astronomical 
 telescope of large power. With the 
 aid of this, his father for several years 
 p.^t, as his health and time would per- 
 mit, has been reviewing his early as- 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 767 
 
 tronomlcal Inye9tl!;atlons, learning of 
 tlio progress mode In that scienco 
 during the last forty years, and verify- 
 ing, to some extent, the computations 
 made annually at the Astronomical 
 Observatory at Washington. 
 
 Hon. William Stabb. — He was 
 born in Middletown, Conn., March .3, 
 1821. VVlien eight years of age, he, with 
 Ills widowed mother, moved to Lewis 
 County, New York. Soon after their 
 arrival, his mother was married to a 
 farmer; and William worked on the 
 farm until fourteen years of age, with 
 his mother s consent and approval, his 
 object being to acquire an education. 
 The subsequent eight years of his life 
 were spent in working on the farm, 
 teaching and attending schools the 
 meinwhile, keeping up his studies 
 while fanning and teaching. In the 
 spring of 184;J he came to Wisconsin, 
 anil spent three years in teaching with 
 fine success. Since that time lie has 
 been engaged as farmer, merchant, and 
 . lumberman. He has held various 
 town, city, and county offices ; has been 
 twice elected to the legislature; and 
 since 1865 has been, by successive ap- 
 pointments from each of the governors, 
 made a member of the Board of Regents 
 of Normal Schools, and, for the last 
 seven years, president of the board. In 
 all these offices, Mr. Starr has discharged 
 the duties falling to him in a manner 
 which reflected much credit upon him- 
 self in the estimation of the people, 
 both as a man of ability and hunesty. 
 His re-appointments to offices of honor 
 and trust fully confirm the fact that 
 he is a man every way qualified for tlie 
 same, worthy the confidence of those 
 whom he so faithfully serves. 
 
 Hox. Charles D. Parker. — He 
 was born in Coos County, X.II., Dec. 
 27, 1827. He came to Wisconsin in the 
 year 18:10, with his father, who settled 
 where the village of Muskegon Centre, 
 Waukesha County, i* now located. At 
 tliat time his nearest neighbor was 
 about three miles distant. His father 
 was very well known In Milwaukee 
 County. He took an active part in the 
 earlier politics of the State, and was 
 elected representjitive from Milwaukee 
 Coimty to the Territorial legislature in 
 1840, and was prominent in the organ- 
 ization of Waukesha County. C. D. 
 Parker received a common school and 
 academic education, and, at Its tennl- 
 nation, engaged in te.tching school in 
 wli'ter, and farming in summer. Ho 
 removed to Pleasant Valley, St. Croix 
 County, in 1850, and settled upon u 
 
 farm, where he now resides. He has 
 held various local offices; was chair- 
 man of his town four years, and chair- 
 man of the county board in 1871, and 
 was elected to the assembly in 1808 
 and 1800. In 1873 he was elected 
 lieutenant-governor. During his life 
 he ever manifested a spirit of honest 
 industry, not yielding to every obstacle. 
 He has fought the battles of life nobly 
 thus far, has discharged the duties of 
 his several offices in a very acceptable 
 manner, and leaves a very worthy 
 record. 
 
 IIo.v. John Catlix. — He was bom 
 in Orwell, Vt., In Oct. 1.% 1803. His 
 parents were John B. and Rosa Orms- 
 bee Catlin. His father was a merchant, 
 but retired to a farm in Vermont, locat- 
 ing on the shores of Lake Champlain. 
 Here, and at Newton Academy, in 
 Shoreham, Vt., he pursued the more 
 common branches of study, and after- 
 wards, while teaching, educated him- 
 self the more thoroughly, He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1833; and on 
 removmg to Mineral Point, Wis,, in 
 1830, he fonned a partnership with 
 Hon. M, M, Strong. 
 
 When the seat of government was 
 located in Madison, Mr. Catlin was 
 appointed postmaster, and established 
 the office in M,ay, 1837. On the elec- 
 tion of Gen. Harrison to the Presi- 
 dency, Mr. Catlin was removed on 
 political grounds, but was re-instated 
 afterward by Pres. Tyler. On being 
 elected a member of the council lii 
 1844, he resigned his position. He 
 was appointed clerk of the Supreme 
 Court in 18;W. From 1838 to 1845, 
 he was the chief clerk of the house of 
 representatives. On the organization 
 of Dane County for county and judi- 
 cial purposes, Mr, Catlin was appointed 
 district-attorney. 
 
 In 1840 Mr. George R. C, Floyd being 
 removed from his office as secretary of 
 the Territory, Mr, Catlin was appointed 
 to tliat position by Pres. Polk, which he 
 held until 1848, 
 
 A bill was introduced into Congress 
 by Hon. Morgan L, Martin, the dele- 
 gate of Wisconsin, to organize a Terri- 
 torial government for Minnesota, in- 
 cluding the district left out on the 
 admission of Wisconsin as a State. 
 The citizens of what is now Minnesota 
 were very anxious to obtain a Territorial 
 government; and two public meetings 
 were held, — one at St, Paul, and the 
 other at Stillwater, — advising and soli- 
 citing Mr. Catlin, who was secretary of 
 WiscoDsia, to Issue a proclamation, aa 
 
768 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 the acting governor, for the election of 
 a (Iclogiite. After some consideration, 
 Mr. Ciitlin rcpairoJ to Stiilwater, anil 
 issued tiie proclamation. Gon. II. II, 
 Siljley was elected; and lie did mucli 
 towards lia'tcning the passage of a bill 
 for organizing a Territorial government 
 for Minnesota. 
 
 Mr. Catlin was subsequently elected 
 judge of Dane County. Tills office lie 
 resigned on being appointed president 
 of tlie Milwaulicc and Mississippi Kail- 
 road Company, when he removed to 
 Miiwauliee, whore the principal office 
 was kept. lie w.as mainly instni- 
 mcnt.il in procuring, in the b.aniiing 
 law, a provision maiciiig first mortgage 
 bonds of railroads, to tlie .imount ci fifty 
 percent, the l)asis of banlting, under cer- 
 tain restrictions, — a provision wliich 
 enabled liim to sell and issue six hun- 
 dred thousand dollars of bonds on the 
 said road, wlii'h breathed Into tlie cor- 
 poration the ill oath of life, and gave it 
 a grand start towards the Mississippi, 
 
 Being offered the position a second 
 time in 18.50, he declined, and after- 
 wards received a vote of thanks for the 
 efficient manner in which he had dis- 
 charged the duties of that office. 
 
 After the failure of the company in 
 the revulsion of 1857, Mr. Catlin was 
 again elected president, and re-organ- 
 ized tlio company under the name of 
 the Milwaukee and Prairie du Ciiien 
 Railway; and was vice-president until 
 the consolidation of tiie company with 
 the Milwaukee and St. Paul. 
 
 Mr. Catlin possessed practical busi- 
 ness talent and good executive ability, 
 as is seen in his management of the 
 construction of the raili'oad from Mil- 
 waukee to the Mississippi. 
 
 He was a man of genial disposition, 
 of pleasant and affable manner, and 
 had a large circle of warm and last- 
 ing friends. 
 
 Gen. Joshua J. Guppey. — Ho was 
 born in Dover, N.H., Aug. 27, 1820. 
 Graduated at Dartmouth Coliogo in 
 1843; was admitted to the bar in his 
 native county; and came to Wisconsin 
 in the fall of 1840. He first settled 
 at Columbus, but removed from that 
 
 Elace to Portage in 1851. Ho has 
 een in public life nearly all the time 
 since he became a citizen of Wisconsin. 
 In 1849 he was appointed judge of Pro- 
 bate by Gov. Dewey ; and, in September 
 of that year, he was elected county 
 judge, and under that election, and 
 a subsequent one, held that office from 
 1850 to 185S. From 1S59 to 1801, he 
 was school superintendent of the city 
 
 of Portage. In 1801 he entered the 
 army as lieutenant-colonel of the Tenth 
 Kegimcnt, Wisconsin Volunteers, and 
 was promoted to colonel of the Twenty- 
 third Hegimcnt, Wisconsin Volunteers 
 in 1802. He continued in service till the 
 close of the war, and was brevetted 
 brigadier-general from March 13, 1805, 
 "for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war." While lieutenant- 
 colonel of the Tenth Regiment, he 
 served under Gen. O. M. Mitcliell in 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. 
 As colonel of the Twenty-third Regi- 
 ment, he took part In tlie attack ou 
 Vicksburg, in December, 1802; in the 
 capture of Post Arkansas, in January, 
 18(i3; in the battles of Port Gibson, 
 Champion Hills, Black River Bridge; 
 in the siege and capture of Vicksburg; 
 in the capture of Fort Morg.an in Mobile 
 Bay; and in a small but sharp battle 
 near Grand Coteau, La., in November, 
 1803. Greeley writes of this in his 
 " American Conflict," " Our right, thus 
 suddenly assailed in great force, and 
 with intense fury, was broken, and 
 was saved from utter destruction by 
 the devoted bravery of the Twenty- 
 third Wisconsin, and the efficient ser- 
 vice of Nims's Battery." 
 
 In the battle last mentioned. Col. 
 Guppey was wounded and taken pris- 
 oner whilo fighting at the head of his 
 gallant regiment, and was exchanged 
 in January, 1804. For some time after 
 his exchange, he served as president of 
 a military commission, sitting at New 
 Orleans for the examination of officers. 
 After that, he was made a brigade or post 
 commander till the end of tlie war, and 
 participated in many minor actions, but 
 in none of the great battles which oc- 
 curred in 1804 and 1805, except the land- 
 attack on Fort Moi-gan. 
 
 In January, 1800, Gen. Guppoy 
 again became county judge of Colum- 
 bus County, under an election held 
 while he was in the army, and with- 
 out his knowledge of his being a candi- 
 date: and, under tliat and successive 
 elections, he has held that office ever 
 since. He was also school superintend- 
 ent of Portage city from 1800 to 1873, 
 when he declined a re-election. 
 
 Gen. Guppey is a man of strong, 
 practical sense, and unerring judg- 
 ment. The predominating features of 
 his temperament are sound principles, 
 energy, and persevcranoe. 
 
 Pbof. Allev Haydes Weld. — He 
 was the son of Samuel and Sarah Hay- 
 den Weld, and was born Sept. 1, 1812, 
 in Braintree, Vt. Mr. Weld possessed 
 
inSTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 769 
 
 a strong tlosirn for a collegiate educa- 
 tion, aiul a wish to f^radiiate at Yale 
 College; but, being entirely ilei^ndi'iit 
 on his own cxeflions, he inei with 
 many anxion» .struggles an<l cnibar- 
 rassments. He took a three-years' pre- 
 paratory course In the Kimball Union 
 Academy in New Hampshire. FroTU 
 motives of economy, he entered Dart- 
 mouth College; and, after remaining 
 there two years, lie went to Yale, and 
 was admitted to the junior class. The 
 year after graduating he spent at Nan- 
 tucket, where he succeeded in retriev- 
 ina: his debts contracted in the coli^^e 
 course. He then commenced the study 
 of theology at Andover Theological 
 Seminary, not so much with a view of 
 preparing for the ministry as for the 
 g<^ncral advantage of a higher disci- 
 pline. After studying two yesrs in 
 the seminary, he became an assis-ant 
 teacher in Latin and Greek in Phillips 
 Academy of that place, but was soon 
 invited to take charge of an academy In 
 Maine. This position was accepted by 
 him on the condition that the course of 
 instruction should consist mainly of the 
 classic* necessary to prepare students for 
 coUe^^e. 
 
 From 1317 to 1818, he was at the head 
 of this academy, which became a lead- 
 m'i institution in the State for prepar- 
 ing students to enter college. Mr. VVeld 
 became deeply interested in the struc- 
 ture of laiiguac;e, and, during his con- 
 nection with this school, published sev- 
 eral school-books, — an "English Gram- 
 mar." " Latin Lessons, and Reader," 
 and a " Parsing-book, with Exercises 
 in Sentential Analysis." In 18;!9 he 
 was elected a member of the Board of 
 Overseers of Bowloin College, and con- 
 tinued in this offlco during his entire 
 residence in Maine. Fr,)in i8.')0 to ISoO, 
 he was principal of the Cumberland 
 Academy in Maryland ; and, f;)r three 
 surcesive years, ho was principal of the 
 Tllden Ladies' Seminary in West Lebti- 
 non, N.H. 
 
 From highly-colored representations 
 of the north-western part of the State 
 of Wisconsin, ho was induced to make 
 111 vestments in govarnment lands ; and, 
 to avoid the loss of property, he was 
 compelled to resign his position at West 
 Lebanon, and toremove to Wisconsin. 
 For several years, he has been a mem- 
 ber of the board of regents of the State 
 normal schools, and. in common with 
 others who have felt the need of better 
 educational facilities in the north-west- 
 ern part of the State, he has been ear- 
 nest iu his efforts to secure the loca- 
 
 tion of the fourth State Normal School 
 at River Falls. Hopes long entertained 
 liave at length been realized by the erec- 
 tion of a fine building. 
 
 Mr. Weld, though now retired to a 
 farm, takes a lively interest in the 
 cause of popular education, to which, 
 during his residence in Wisconsin, a 
 period of sixteen vears, he has devoted 
 much time and labor. 
 
 Hox. Caul, C. Pope. — Ho was 
 born in Washington, Orange County, 
 Vt., July 22, 18:J4. When eighteen 
 years of age, lie commenced the study 
 of law with Hon. J. P. Kidder, then 
 lieutenant-governor of Vermont, and 
 now delegate to Congress from Da- 
 kota. In 18.>G he was admitted as an 
 attorney-at-law at Chelsea, Vt., by 
 Judge Collamer, who has since been 
 elected United Slates senator. In 
 18.56 he removed to Bl.tck River Falls, 
 where he now resides. In IS.jS ho 
 was elected district-attorney of Jack- 
 son County, and in 1800 was re- 
 elected to tlie same ofBce. In 1801 
 and 1302 he was a member of the 
 assembly, and was elected senator 
 from the thirty-second district in 1803. 
 He was a delegate in the following year 
 to the Baltimore convention which, 
 nominated Lincoln and .Johnson. 
 
 He was made a Master Mason in 1801, 
 and, six years later, a Knight Templar, 
 Has been Master of Black River Lodge, 
 No. 74, seven years, and High Priest of 
 Black River Ciiapter three years. 
 
 JUDQE JOIIPf SlIAW MOFI-AT. — Ho' 
 
 was born in Lansing, N.Y., Nov. 25, 
 1814. He was educated at Cortland' 
 Academy, Cortland County, N.Y., and 
 subsequently became a lawyer. Snon 
 after his reinoval to Hudson, in 1854, 
 he was made police justice, whicli 
 offlco he held for about ten years. In 
 180i) he was elected county judge, and 
 in 1873 was re-elected. 
 
 Judge Motlat is of Irish descent, 
 and possesses many of the character- 
 istic traits peculiar to that race. His 
 grandparents were educated and prom- 
 fnetit residents of Ireland, and came 
 to America in the latter part of their 
 lives. 
 
 Judge Moffat still resides in Hudson, 
 where he possesses the respect and 
 conlidence of the entire people. 
 
 JUDOI3 J. E. M.VNjf. — lie was born 
 March 4, 1821, in Schoharie, Schoharie 
 County, N.Y. His father was a farmer ; 
 and he lived and labored on the farm- 
 till ho was about twenty years of age. 
 During his vacations he prepared for 
 college, and iu 1840 entered the sopho- 
 
770 
 
 BISTORT OF WlSCO.fSlS. 
 
 more class at Williams Collesje, Massa- 
 cluisotts. Here ho reinaiiieil two terms, 
 when ho oiitoroil, ill Iho tiiiril term of 
 the sophomoru your, at Union Collo^o, 
 where ho graduated in 184:). While 
 at seliool, ho wa^ olecteil a member of 
 the Pill lieta Kappa ISocietv, in a cUn*^ 
 of al>out one hundred. lie road law 
 at Sohuharle, with the late lion Jacob 
 llaiick, jun., and In July, 1S4'!, was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme 
 Court of Now York. 
 
 Ho practised law In Schoharie 
 County until May, 18.54, when he re- 
 moved to th" viilap50 of West Bend, 
 Washington County, Wis. Ilere ho 
 continued to practise In his profession, 
 having formed a copartnership with 
 Hon. L. F. Frisby. In April, 18.-)>J, he 
 was elected judge of the third circuit, 
 to fill the vacancy caused by the resij^- 
 nation of the Hon. Ciiarles H. Laira- 
 bce. In ISliO he was again elected to 
 that position. Jan. 1, 1807, ho re- 
 moved to Milwaukee, forming a part- 
 nership with the Hon. F. W. Cotz- 
 liausen, where ho remained, doing a 
 successful and lucrative business, until 
 Feb. 6, 1874. At this time Gov. Taylor 
 appointed him jiulgo of Milwaukee 
 County, in place of lion. U. L. Palmer, 
 who had resigned. 
 
 Hon. Febdixand KirEnx.— He was 
 born in Augsburg, Uavaria, Fob. 22. 
 1821. Here he acquired his oducati(m. 
 In his fifteenth year he was apprenticed 
 to a banking-house in his native city. 
 Subseiiuently ho secured a situation 
 in a banking-house at Borne, Switzer- 
 land, where he remaitiod tot. year<. 
 Desirous of obtaining an independent 
 position, he emigrated to Washington 
 County, Wisconsin, in 1844, where Iio 
 remained two years. In 1843 ho mar- 
 ried. But, being without sufficient 
 means to purchase a farm, he removed, 
 in the following year, to Milwaukee. 
 After clerking a short time, he learned 
 to make cigars, and occasionally served 
 at book-keeping, thereby increasing his 
 scanty income. In 1841) ho was ap- 
 pointed clerk in the city treasurer's 
 office, where lie remained five years. 
 In 18.)4 he was elected city tre.isuror, 
 and, in the following year, was re- 
 elected without opposition. In 1850 
 formed a partnership with the late 
 Senator Charles Quentin, and was also 
 chosen alderman of the sixth ward of 
 Milwaukee, and, three years later, was 
 made school-commissioner of said 
 ward. In 18(10 he was elected comp- 
 troller of the city. The duties of this 
 position were extremely arduous, as he 
 
 entered ttpon the dlschargw of them 
 immeiliately after the discovery of the 
 Ganiinor and Lynch defalcation. Ho 
 held this position for live successive 
 terms. 
 
 The ro-adjustment and funding of 
 tlio city and railroad debt were com- 
 menced, anil successfully carried out, 
 Tlio duties of the comptroller were, on 
 that account, very laborious, as he was 
 clerk, ex officio, of tlio public debt. 
 In 18(10 ho engaged in the real-estate 
 business, more exclusively taking care 
 of the property of non-residents. 
 Two years later, ho was associated 
 with Cliristian Opt in this business. 
 In 1870 ho as>lste(l in the organization 
 of tlie Homo Savings Bank, of wliicli 
 ho afterwards became a stockholder. 
 Subseiiuently the bank became con- 
 solidated witli the bank of M. von 
 Uaumlmch; and Mr. Kiiolin was o'losen 
 its vice-president, which oftico he held 
 until 187:$. He was elected State 
 treasurer on the lleform ticket, receiv- 
 ing a most tiatteriiig liome indorse- 
 nifnt. He entered upon the duties of 
 that office Jan. 5, 187.'5. Mr. ICneliu's 
 residence since lliat time lias been in 
 Madison, in order that he might devote 
 more attontloa to tho duties of that 
 office. 
 
 Hon'. T. a. Cuai'man. — IIo was 
 born at Giles, Mo., May 2:i, 182J. His 
 father was a farmer, and possesses 
 unyielding integrity. Mr. Chapman 
 worked on tho farm, and attended the 
 common school, until lie was twenty 
 years of age. He taught two terms, 
 ■ind then entered as clerk in a dry- 
 goods store in Boston. He riMiialned 
 tliere thirtoei. ye.irs. While there, ho 
 engaged in business for himself; but, 
 as he wanted capital, ho could notcom- 
 pelo successfully with the trade, and 
 lie decided to "go West." He brouglit 
 with him little moro than a reputation 
 for integrity, good moral character, 
 ^nd good credit. Ho coniinenced busi- 
 ness in 1857, in East Water Street, 
 Milwaukee, where he cari-ieil on a 
 successful ami prosperous tiadi?. The 
 sales of the first year amounted to 
 thirty-live thousand dollars, and in 
 1871 to two hundred and (ifiy thou- 
 sand doll.ars. Tlio next year he l)ouglit 
 a corner of Wisconsin and Milwaukee 
 Streets, and built the spacious double 
 store now occupied by him. wliero he 
 became more popular than over. Tlio 
 sales in 187.5 will roacli a million of 
 dollars. His business is wholly of a 
 retail character. Mr. Chapman is a 
 man of sterling character, unimpcacli- 
 
niSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 771 
 
 ftblo In his morixls, nnd Ipinpf-.'ato in 
 ]iU liiibitK. FiiiiUR'lally, lie '' worki'il 
 hin way up" friini notlihijj!, recoivliiK 
 no liulp in tl>B »li,ipo of niiMris fmni 
 any sipuive. His .siiii's iKit unfrc- 
 nut'ntly ruiiL'li a:« lil<!li sis four llioUHaml 
 tiojliirs per diiy. His fiiipioytiet num- 
 ber over one liunilreil persons. AnioU'^ 
 tlieni arc forty females, and many 
 men of fatnilies. lie U particular tii 
 employ only those of a liii;h moral 
 character, and possesNlni! intelligence 
 and education, JIauy teachers are 
 fotuid 111 hi8 corps of workers. With- 
 out strong practical coininon-seuse, 
 constant (lilisence, perseverance, ami 
 sound judgment, Mr. Clu\pniau would 
 have failed. Ills successes applaud 
 hiiu more than our words. In Jlay, 
 18.')0, Mr. Cliapinan married Laura 6. 
 Bowlcer. They have two ilaughtors, 
 Alice O. and Laura Appleton. 
 
 Hon. E. K. Ciiai'in. —lie was born 
 at Venice, Cayuga Countv, X, V., July 
 14. ISiJU, and in 1887, with his parents, 
 removed to Aurelius, near Auluu'u, 
 N.Y,, wlier he remained till Oclolicr, 
 18.">4, when ho came to Wisconsin, first 
 sottiins at Oconomewoe, and removed 
 to Columbus in January, 18)0, where 
 lie has since resided. He receivei! an 
 academic education. By professlm he 
 Is a lawyer. For years ho has been a 
 member of the Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and in that capacity 
 has entered into state and national 
 canvasses with speech, pen, and purse, 
 to reclaim the state ami nation from 
 the theories and aims advocated by the 
 Republican party, .as oppiised to the 
 broad democratic principles of govern- 
 ment early establislied and advocated 
 by Jefferson and the fathers. He lia> 
 attended as a delegate from Columbin 
 County, and participated in every Dem- 
 ocratic State Convention since IS."). 
 Hia political cimrse has been lilieral 
 and progressive, aiul in the convention 
 held at Milwaukee in 18il!>, l)y which 
 Hon. C. D. Uobinson of Gre(>n IJay was 
 nominated f,ir governor, Mr. ('hapin, 
 in conjunction witli a number of 
 prominent men, including Gov. Taylor, 
 insisted upon a platform of principles 
 indicating the new departure, that ulti- 
 mately overthrew the Jtepublieau party 
 in Wisconsin. During the war of the 
 Bebellion, ho contributed time and 
 money to sustain the government, aiul 
 not tiie political party in the ascen- 
 dency, firmly believing that military 
 force must be met by military force, 
 and a rebellion " against the powers 
 tliat bo " must be promptly mot and 
 
 suppressed, lln wa« opposed to any act 
 indicating a repudiation of the na- 
 tional debt, or an assumption of the 
 rebel debt, or any part thereof, by 
 the United States. lie lias ever held 
 ail aversicni to tlie manner of " running 
 iiK^n for office," that so largely pre- 
 vails in this country. He has seldom 
 permitted his name to be placed npon 
 a ticket for any office, althiMigh ottea 
 urged by his frleinls to so do; yet he 
 has licld various local offices of a non- 
 partisan cliaracter, and was placed la 
 those posiiioiiH by the aid of Itepubllcan 
 votes. In April, 1874, he was appointid 
 by Gov. Taylor as a member, and Is 
 now vice-president, of the State board 
 of (;harities and Ueform. As a mem- 
 ber of tills board, lie conducted, in be- 
 half of the Stale, the investigation of 
 tlie management of the Stale Prison, 
 and the Institute for tlic I'^ducation of 
 the Deaf and l>umb. He is one of the 
 commissioners named by the legislature 
 of 1S74-77 to consider tiie feasibility of 
 the removal of the State Prison from 
 Waiipun. Mr. Cliapin does not allow 
 Ills public duties to interfere with his 
 professional labors; and, coiisei|Uontly, 
 lie enjoys an extended and lucrative 
 practice. As a lawyer, he stands among 
 llie first of the profession, .and is iiold 
 in high reputation as a citizen, 
 
 G, B. CoNODON. — He was born in 
 Otisco, Onondaga County, N.Y., April 
 0. 183."). His father dii'd ili 1842. leaving 
 liis mother with a largo family, ami 
 liiriteil means with which to provide 
 for them. Ily lier wise, economical 
 management, slie kept them all together 
 until they were able to do for them- 
 selves. At the age of twelve ho began 
 life for himself as a picker-boy in Har- 
 lem Mill. At the age of eighteen he 
 came to Beaver Dam, Wis,, where he 
 followed various occupations until lS.")i), 
 when lie engaged in banking, wliicli 
 pniv(!d disastrous, owing to the break- 
 ing-out of tlio Itebelliou, and rlepreci.i- 
 lion of Soutliorii State stock. From 
 18iil, to May, 1803, ho was engaged in 
 the United States mustering-offlce at 
 Madison, where lie received appiiint- 
 ment as paymaster in the army, and 
 served in this capacity until close of 
 the war, when he resigned, came home, 
 and purchased an interest in mills, with 
 which he is still connected, and has 
 from lh.at time been manager of an 
 institution which is a credit to the 
 wiiollcn industry of Wisconsin. It 
 may be truly said of Jtr. Congdon, that 
 he is an economical and an Industrious 
 man, always actively interested iu 
 
772 
 
 niSTORT OF W /SCONS IN. 
 
 every cnforpriso tliiit It productlvo of 
 thv linuiu'lal, pdiimtiuual, ami moral 
 good of the iieople. 
 
 Hon. Lkandkii F. Fnisiiv. — He 
 wiiH lioni ill Mpsopotntniii, Tnimbull 
 Cuiity, C)., .Jiiii," lit, 1H-J5. Hit fulhiM- 
 was a faniuT, and i'iiiigrat('<l to Ohio 
 from CaHllcion, Vt.. In IH17, and set- 
 tlod in Mctopilaniia. In ourly iifo 
 Mr. Frld)y iaborod dililns: tlio suuinipr 
 on hit fiitliur't farm, and in winter 
 attended the distriet scliool, thercl)y 
 eociirini{ the riidimonta of an odtica- 
 tlon. IJetcrirlinod to aivpiire a thor- 
 ourIi inlelleetiial cnlturo sucli as liit 
 father wat unable to ftlvo, he left the 
 farm wlien abont Bevcnteon yoart of 
 ago, and loarned the \v,ai<on-makor't 
 tra<le, duiiiij; which lime Ik.- pursued 
 lilt Ktudics ns best he coulil at odd 
 spoilt, and after the labors of the day 
 had been performed. Subse(iuently he 
 attended the Farmlngton Attailemy 
 in hit native county, paying for hi-i 
 board and tuition iu the iiiean time by 
 working at his trade In oveningt ami 
 during vacation. Having eompletod 
 bU academleal course, ho determined 
 to seek his fortune farther west, and 
 In September, 18(34, emigrated to this 
 State, which hat ever since been his 
 home. He reached Sheboygan with 
 scarcely a dollar in his pocket, made 
 Ills way to Fond du Jjac, where he im- 
 mediately fell sick of chill-fever, which 
 lasted several months. Uestituto as he 
 was, before he was scarcely abli; to 
 stand ho sought work at his trade, 
 and, falling to find It, worked ut the 
 cooper's trade for a while, with no other 
 compen'-.il ion than his board. On 
 learning that his trade was in some 
 demand at Beaver Dam, he borrowed 
 Jlfly ceiit.1. and started for that jiiace in 
 March, 1817. He was fortunate enough 
 to get a free ride to within about ten 
 miles of his destination, where he 
 stopped over night, paying hit little 
 plltaneo for his .supper and lodging. 
 The next morning he started on foot 
 without breakf.ist. He obtained em- 
 ployment for a portion of his time. 
 From this he went to .lanesvillc in the 
 following .luly, ami there worked at 
 hit trade until the month of October, 
 when he went to Spring Prairie, an(l 
 taught a scho<d for one year. In the fall 
 of 1848 he went to Burlington, and 
 opened an academic school m the old 
 Burlington Academy. About this time 
 he commenced the study of law, which 
 ho pursued with diligenco during his 
 leisure, for about two years, during 
 which time he tatight school. Ho was 
 
 admitted to the bar In the fall of 1850. 
 lAfterthithe settled lit the village of 
 West Bond, where ho has ever since 
 resided. He was marrleil In 18>4 to 
 Francis E. Hooker of Burlington, Wis. 
 Though never a professional politician, 
 .Mr. Frisby has alw.iys taken a decided 
 stanil upon all the political <|uestii)ni 
 of the day. From liis boyhood, and 
 ilurlng the long and trying contest 
 with the slave-power, ho lias been one 
 of Its uncompromising opponents. In 
 his early manhood he wat a Froesoller, 
 but lia:< been nn (earnest advocate of 
 (he llepubllcan party since its organ- 
 isation, and was one of the secretaries 
 of the tirst Hepuldlcau State Conven- 
 tion held in VVisconsin. In 18.")3 ho 
 was elected district-attorney, wlilch 
 oftlce he held for two yeurs. In 1857 
 he wat aiipoinled county judge by Gov. 
 Bashfoni, and served out an unexpired 
 term. In 18(10 ho was elected to the 
 legislature by a large majority, not- 
 wilhstaiiding the fiict that the regular 
 l!epul)l lean ticket did not receive one- 
 third of the votes in the district from 
 which he was olecteil. The same year 
 ho was 'liso a delegate to the Uepub- 
 lican National Convention at Chicago, 
 and wat one of Us acting secretaries. 
 In 18il8 ho was nominated for Con- 
 gress by the llepubllcan party of tho 
 Fourth Congressional District, but was 
 defeated. Tlie same year he was one 
 of tho presidential electors on tiie 
 Uepublican ticlcet. In 1872 was a del- 
 egate to the Uepublican National Con- 
 vention held at Philadelphia. In I87.i 
 ho received the nomination for attor- 
 ney-general upun till! Uepublican State 
 ticket; an<l though defeated, with tho 
 balance of his ticket, hit run in his 
 own county was, perhaps, •.vitiioiit 
 parallel In the politii al history of tho 
 State, receiving a n-.ajority of six hun- 
 dred and twenty-seven votes, wliilo tho 
 balance of bit ticket wat defeated In 
 the county by l.b71 majority, aiul ho 
 led his ticket throughout the State. 
 This home-Indorsement produced (|uilo 
 a sensation at the time, and tells inoro 
 of Mr. Frlsby's pi^rsonal merit than 
 volumes of b' '^'raphy. 
 
 As a lawyer, .Mr. Frisby stands In tho 
 front rank of his profession in tho 
 .State, and has long enjoyed a large 
 and lucrative pniclieo. He is at pres- 
 ent the senior member of the lixw-lirm 
 of Frisby, Weil, and Barney. He has 
 acquired his prominence as a lawyer, 
 rather than as a politician; for, since 
 his admission to the b.ar, ho has been 
 constant la practice. Mr. Frlsby's life 
 
HISTORY OF WlSCOXSIlf. 
 
 778 
 
 Is a stantllng oxaraplo to tlio young 
 iiivM of our ijtiito, of wliiit may bu 
 a(!<'omiillslieil by luiliittry and lulo.;rily, 
 uvcii under the most (lUcoiirajiin'^ clr- 
 c'limrilaiu'es of poverty ami want of 
 opportunity. Il(i Is inor« than a solf- 
 inadu man, inasmucli as hi; not only 
 rai'ved out his ow'. Kood nami! and 
 fortune, but aUo liclped others in tlicdr 
 Mtru;.;gle.-i. Indu^itry, intoKrlty, coni- 
 bini'd with the better nualitioH of the 
 heaif ami heart, make up the eharueter 
 of liim who stands among Ihu leadin;{ 
 men of the State. 
 
 Kev. Ai.kiiisd Buu.nsos, A.m., 
 D. 1). — lie was boru In D.iubury, Falr- 
 lield County, Slate of Cunneolicut, 
 Feb. 1), 171»:t. Ills education was sueh 
 as could be obtained lu the common 
 schools of those limes. In 18(K) \i'n 
 father moved to Sing Slu!;, S.Y., on 
 I lie Hudson Uiver, whore ho was 
 ilrowned lu 18U0, when his mother 
 moved back to Danhury with seven 
 children, of whom Alfred was the el- 
 dest, then thirteen years of age. lie 
 was ihen placed uiuler the earo of his 
 uncle *o learn the Nhoemaking trade, 
 where hi remained for tlve years. He 
 had a toite for reading, and an ambi- 
 tion to pursue Homo lilgher callin;^ 
 than his trade. Iteading and hearing; 
 of Roger Sherman, tlio celebrated 
 statesnian, who was of the same trade, 
 he felt an ambition to follow his steps, 
 .and leave the world the bolter for liav- 
 ing llvcil in It. To accomplish this 
 object, nice Ariult, he planned to study 
 and practise law, and it a war oc- 
 curred, which t!io cigus of the times 
 strongly indicated, to share in Its dan- 
 gers, and. If possible, In its glories. In 
 the fall of 1808, having a disagreumeiu 
 with his uncle, he started for Ohio, 
 where he ha<l another uncle. lie re- 
 mained a while at Carlhde, Penn., and, 
 finding himself not perfect as a work- 
 man, received instructions until lie 
 became very thorough in his trade. 
 He had been religiously iucliued from 
 the time of his father's death; and 
 now, being lu a Methodist family, he 
 attended church with tliem, and was 
 thoroughly awakened, and on Feb. :i, 
 1800, was converted to God. Soon 
 after this, he felt called of God to 
 preach, and, joining that church, aban- 
 doned his former plans, and devoted hin 
 time in preparing I'or the ministry. In 
 the fall of 1800 he returned to Con- 
 necticut. He stoppeii iu Bridgeport, 
 and informiHl liis motlier and undo of 
 his whereabouts, and paid tlie latter 
 for thu balance of hid time, and contin- 
 
 ued to live liero, where the way opencid 
 up for lilm to commeiu;o pnbllo reli- 
 gious services, as he was licens(!d U) ex- 
 hort. In 181 1 he married, and oiteneil 
 a shop for business ; but the war of 18 1 i 
 so interfereil, that ho removed to Ohio, 
 to work on a farm. Itcalizlng his inso- 
 ciirlty on tlie frontier, ho entered the 
 army, under (}en. Harrison, In 181.% 
 for ii year. He was at the taking of 
 Maiden, and retaking of Detroit. At 
 the expiration of his term of service, 
 he returned home, and In ISl.') was 
 licensed to preach. In 1818 he formed 
 a new circuit in Huron County, Ohio, 
 where, lu six monthn, he established 
 twenty-four appointments, and gath- 
 ered up a hundred and lll'ty niembera. 
 His next circuit was lu the luirth-west 
 part of TennsylvaiUa; was four liiin- 
 dred mlle-i round, having forty-foui" 
 appointments to illl in four weeks. 
 He had a colleague, and they had th.oe 
 hundred conversions as tlie fruit of 
 their labor. In 1820 ho joined the 
 Ohio Annual Conftronce. The Pitts- 
 burg (I'enn. ) Conference was organ- i 
 ized iu 1825, with which he was 
 connected. Ho travelhid extensively 
 through this re-^ion of countr>, preach- 
 ing with great success, and literally 
 " contending for the faith that was 
 once delivered unto the saints." la 
 the mean time, he formed a knowledge 
 of jurisprudence necessary to a wise 
 administration of discipline, and for 
 four years read law, not anticipating 
 admission to the bar. In 18:il the 
 Meadville College was offered for the 
 patroiuigo of the conference to whicli 
 he belonged. The oiler was accepted ; 
 and lie \/as appointed on that district, 
 in order that his valuable services 
 might bo given for the benetit of tlie 
 Institution. In 18:15 he learned of 
 the sad condition of the Indians on the 
 Upper Mississippi, and determined to 
 press his way toward these and other 
 poor sufferers. He entered Wisconsin 
 on the "i-Mli of October of the same 
 year. He was then presiding elder of 
 a district extending from Rock Island 
 to the lieail of the Mississippi, Includ- 
 ing the Indian Mission. Ho concluded, 
 in looking for a place to locate his 
 family, that, as Prairie du Cliieii seemed 
 to be tho outpost of civilization. It 
 would not be wise to go beyond. 
 He could not find a suitable hoiise to 
 rout; and, material for building and 
 labor costing sncli an enormous sum, 
 he wrote homo to liis wife, who con- 
 tracted for a boat, and material pre- 
 pared and ready to be put togetlier, to 
 
774 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 be moved with the family. He reached 
 home the followhi!; Fol>rnary, to liiiil 
 that his faithful wife had made all 
 necessary prcpaiatioii.s. During tliis 
 journey home, lie encountered some 
 serious difficulties in fording sitreams, 
 and amonj; wolves, but was providen- 
 tially preserved from the violence of 
 eitlier. In June, 1880, he put tlie ma- 
 terial for tlio house into the boat, witli 
 two families beside his own; descended 
 French Creek and the Alleghany Uiver 
 to Pittsburg. There he tied to a steam- 
 boat, and was towed to St. Louis. 
 Then he tied to anotlier steamer, and 
 was towed to Prairie du (Jliien, nine- 
 teen hundred .and fifty miles by water 
 from Meadville. He re.iched his des- 
 tination .July 10, 183(1. Owing to the 
 pressing w.ints of the district, tlie liouse 
 was noif erected until tlie next spring. 
 He wiv* th(! first Metliodist preacher wlu) 
 ever set foot on the soil north of the 
 Wisconsin Uiver. In 18:!9 he was com- 
 pelled to resign his ministerial labors 
 because of ill health. Being now witli- 
 out income, he accepted several offices 
 of low grade, and, being desirous to 
 attend to matters in court, he was 
 admitted to the bar on the ground of 
 his former law-reading, and practised 
 for ten years. In 1840 he was elected 
 to tlie Territorial legislature. In 1842 
 he was appointed Indian agent at La 
 Pointe in Lake Superior. In 1840 his 
 wife, two daughters, and son-in-law 
 died. In 1850 lie was a candidate for 
 the circuit judgesliip, but was defealed 
 by those who guarded tlie rum-traffic 
 lie returned to the ministry, and was 
 appointed at Mineral Point. In IS.j ! 
 he was made presiding eldi'r of Praiiie 
 du Chien district, wliich included an 
 extensive territory. Under his admin- 
 istration, it was made to flourish, and 
 bear precious fruit, and, .at the close of 
 )iis term of service, was divided into two 
 districts. In 185(1 lie, with m.any oth- 
 ers, invested largely in railroad stock, 
 being deceived bv false reiiresentations, 
 and lost all tliey h.a<l. In 1802 '.e was 
 made chaplain in the army; \. cut as 
 far as Kentucky, where he was taken 
 ill, and was compidled to resign his 
 position. In 18(17, having partially re- 
 covered, lie was made ellcctive in the 
 ministry, and was made presiding eUh'r 
 of a district, but was snbseipiently 
 twice re-apppolnted to other districts. 
 At the close of his four-years' service, 
 lie was compelled to retire on account 
 of ill health. 
 
 During his ministry, lie has been 
 sixteen years a presiding elder, and a 
 
 delegate to tlio General Conference 
 four times; has written mucli for both 
 religious and secular journals ; assisted 
 ill building .about tliirty cliurches; has 
 been instrumental in saving many 
 souls; has preached thousands of ser- 
 mons; and now, in liis eiglity-third 
 year, can look back over sixty years of 
 honest endeavors to serve God "witli 
 a perfect lieart and a willing mind," 
 having no regrets, except that he has 
 not done more good, and lived more 
 holy; and is now waiting tlie call of 
 his divine Master to a better and hap- 
 pier clime. 
 
 J/rs. Emma JirunKon. — She was 
 born in Fairfield, near Bridgcpoi't, 
 Conn., Jan. 21, 1701. Uer maiden 
 name was Burr. Slie w.os a distant 
 relative of Aaron Burr. Slie was mar- 
 ried to Alfred Hrunson in August. 1811, 
 and emigrated with her husliand to 
 Trunibuil County, Ohio, in 1818. Her 
 husband becoming a Metliodist min- 
 ister in 181;i, slie was m.ade subject to 
 freiiuent removals, and shared with 
 him the toils and the privations of his 
 life. During her married life, slie re- 
 sided in Painesville, Voungstown, and 
 Hubbard, in Ohio, Detroit in Micliigan, 
 Alleghany City and Meadville, Peuii., 
 and Piaii-ic du Cliion, Wis. In 18;l(J 
 she removed to tiie last-named place. 
 .She died in that village, in 1810, at 
 the age of *;fly-five. Slio was the 
 mother of eight eliildien, all of whom 
 attained their majority. Jlrs. Brunson 
 was an intelligent, motlierly woman, 
 inw, who synipatliizod deejily with the 
 afflicted. She often invited to her 
 house young men wlio were sick, and 
 away from their own lioine, and nursed 
 tlii'in with a motiier's care. By hur 
 alfectiouate kindess and attention, she 
 obtained the cognomen of "Mother 
 Brunson." She was universally re- 
 spected and beloved by all who were 
 acquainted wiiii her. F(Uir of her 
 children are still living. Judge Ira B. 
 Brunson is tlio only one residing In 
 this State. One of her daughters, the 
 wile of the late Thomas P. Burnet, 
 dieil the s.amo day that her liusband 
 died, and three weelis after her niolh- 
 er's death. 
 
 Oni.ANDO W. WiCiiiT. A.M.. M.D.— 
 He was bom in Centreville, Alleghany 
 County, N.y., l<Vb. 10. 1824. His 
 father was a native of New Kngland, 
 and a descendant of Thomas Wight, 
 wlio emigrated fiiun the Isle of Wight 
 in 1037, and settled at Dedliam, Mass. 
 His mother was a Van Hureii, an<l was 
 related to the ex-presldont. When a 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 775 
 
 boy, lie worked on his ftitlier's farm. 
 At the a!j;e of ten he liad mastered the 
 brandies then taui;ht in tlic district 
 scliooi. Two years later he attended 
 a select school. At the a^e of (ifteeii 
 he removed to Westlield, Chaulanqna 
 County, Willi his father's family ; after 
 teacliin,!^ a short time, resumed his 
 '/udies at Westtield Academy. Dr. 
 Wight sr.iduated at the a^e of twenty, 
 at tiie Colle'^iate Institute in Koclies- 
 tor, after wliich he taught for one year 
 in the CJptioa Academy, Cayu-ia County. 
 Soon afl<'r. he received a professorship 
 in tlie Cayutja Aca<lemy, located at 
 Aurora. Tiie followinvc year he be- 
 came president of tlie Auburn Female 
 Seminary. His connection witli this 
 8clio(d was of .short duration, on ac- 
 count of the trustees of the seminary 
 differiiiic in relisious views with the 
 newly elected pri!sident. He then went 
 to New York City, where lie engaged 
 work in tlic literary de])artment of 
 " Tiie Democratic Ueview." Soon af 'er, 
 he liad similar work on "Tlie Wlilg Ke- 
 7lew." lie was successful in this new 
 vocation. He completi^d a theoiosical 
 course, and w.is orilained by the I{ev. 
 Dr. E. H. Chapin, but declined to sub- 
 scribe to any creed. .Soon after, he 
 took cliarue of a religious society in 
 Newark, N..I., his connrrgation beiim 
 made up of I'nitarians, Universallsts, 
 and Swedeuborij'.ins. A* tlie end of 
 three years, he left Xew.aik, and 
 moved to Boston. In ISo;' lie made 
 his (irst trip to Europe. In il'o follow- 
 ing year, he returned home, ■■'here he 
 remaiiieil but a .short time before re- 
 turnin'4 to Europe. He was .ibroad 
 four years, and visited lJe|i;lum, Fraife, 
 Gerinaiiy. Switzerland, Italy, and ntlier 
 places. On his r' turn, he settled near 
 New York ("ity. In ]8(il Dr. \Vi','bt 
 was offered the mission to Switz-erlaiid 
 by Mr. Seward, but declined Uio a|)- 
 poiiitmi'iit. In ISO:! lie reiiiovi'd t'> 
 Oarlioiidale, I'enr., haviiiii previously 
 
 iiurcliased tlic! famous Meieditli (state. 
 :Ie remained here two years, and took 
 a somewliat active ji.art in tlie polities 
 of that Slate. At tlie close of the war, 
 he came to Oconomewoc-, ^Vi■»., wl'ere 
 ho refilled four years, and praeti-''(l 
 meiiiciiie. Ill 1871 ho removed to Mli 
 M'aliUee, wliere lie still lives. lie is 
 now sui-;,'eoii-i;eneral on (iov. Taylor's 
 staff, aiicl Is tiie present State geolo'^ist. 
 Dr. Wi'^lit possesses fjrijat powers of 
 endurance, and employs his energy in 
 constant work. 
 
 KnwAiii) S. Bn.voo. — lie w.as born 
 In Orange County, N.Y., Feb. liO, 1827. 
 
 He att<'nded Ilobart College, Geneva, 
 N.Y., for three years, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar at Norwich, Ciienango 
 County, N.Y., in 1848. In 1850 he 
 came to Fond du Lac, Wis., where he 
 has ever since resided, taking an active 
 jiiacc at the bar, and an important 
 position in the general enterprise of 
 tbat city. In 1354 he was elected 
 district-attorney; and in ISdl, when 
 the initrmurings of civil war began to 
 be atidibli!, ho was among the very first 
 to declare himself unaltiM'ably for the 
 ITiiion, and to enlist in its cause. Upon 
 the occasion of the first war-meeting in 
 Fond dii Eac, when many of his politi- 
 cal friends were lukewarm and hesi- 
 tating, he made a speech which is 
 pronounced as having been tlie first 
 great effort of his life. It was indeed 
 powerful, and resulted in calling many 
 strong hearts around the standard of 
 the Union. Shortly .after, lie enlisted 
 in tiie service, and was .appointed to a 
 captaincy. IIi; promptly raised a com- 
 pany for the Sixth liegiineiit Wiscon- 
 sin Volunteer Infantry. His luiiitary 
 record is identical with tliat of the 
 regiment nanieil, and is so well known 
 to the people of the State as not to re- 
 rpiire repetition here. IJy well-earned 
 promotion he filled, in regular advance- 
 ment, every lield-offlce in tlie regiment, 
 and was finally commissioned a liriga- 
 dier-general by the President. He com- 
 manded the famous "Iron Brigade" 
 of the Army of tlie I'otoni.ac; and 
 tlie enthusiastic .admiration ex|)ressed 
 for him by all of his old comradi's bears 
 abundant testimony to his mauly and 
 soldierly <|Ualitles. 
 
 At the close of the war he resumed 
 the practice of his jirofe-^sion in Fcuid 
 du Lac. In l,S(!8-li!) he represented in 
 tlio Slate .senate tlie sen.atorial district 
 consisting of Fond du Lac County. 
 In 1871 he was tlie Democratic candi- 
 date for attorney-generai on the State 
 ticket, and in bis own county and the 
 adjoining one of Caliiinet. His per- 
 sonal popularity gave liim hundreds of 
 vote beyond his party-strengtii. Gen. 
 Bragg's reputation as a lawyer is not 
 coniiiied to the State. His mind is emi- 
 nently a legal one, — clear, f.ir-siglited, 
 and logical. In addition to Ills legal 
 attainments, he lias remarkable or.atori- 
 cal abilities, and, as an advocate before 
 a jury, has no superior in tlie State, 
 (ien. Br.agg is small of stature, but well 
 proportioned, firmly knit, and with an 
 iron consfitntion. 
 
 .losEi'ii E. ILvnuiMAN. — He was 
 born at Louisville, St, liawrenee Couu- 
 
776 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 ty, N.Y., Aug. Irt, l.Sn4. He came to 
 Wisconsin in May, ISiVi. lie resided 
 in Wahvurlli Cnunly during 18."i:i-.")3, 
 and attended Milton Collobje durin;^ 
 18.J+-55. lie settled in Appletou in 
 1850, wlieie lie still resides. In 1850- 
 57 he was a successful siudent at 
 Lawrence University. Studied law 
 with Jewctt and Iludil in ]8.)8-.J0. and 
 witli the late Jud'j;e (Jotton of Green 
 Bay in 1808; and was adniilted to the 
 bar, wliero he has distinguished liiin- 
 self not less for his integrity than for 
 his ability. He has held many posi- 
 tions of trust, and in 187:! was elected 
 county judge for Outagamie Coiuity, for 
 a term of four years. lu politics he is 
 a Liberal Republican. 
 
 IlEV. Joseph E. Inisii. — He was 
 born, Aug. 7, 18.33, in Paris, Oneida 
 County, N.Y. Ho was the third son 
 of Daniel and Edna Irish. His ances- 
 tors on l)oth sides were among tlie first 
 settlers in New England. In 1835 his 
 parents removed to Wesleyville, Penn., 
 where they remained until tlie summer 
 of 1837, whe]\ they returned to New 
 Yorlc, and settled at Perryville, Madi- 
 son County. Here he passed his boy- 
 hood, regul.irly attending the district 
 scliool; and in 1849-.VJ studied at the 
 Oneida Conference .Seminary at Caze- 
 novia, ranking his fellow-students in 
 the study of mathematics. In the 
 winter of 1849-.")(), at the age of si.\(ei}n, 
 he engaged in teacliing at the head of 
 Cazenovia Lake, and the following 
 winter pursued the same employment 
 near New Haven, (Joini. 
 
 In May, 1851, ho came to Wisconsin, 
 and .settled at Sextonville, HIcliland 
 County, at that time a new and sparse- 
 ly-settled ri'gion. Here he soon after 
 became actively engaged in surveying, 
 for which his previcms studies had 
 fitted him ; and, soon after he became 
 of age, was eieeted county surveyor, 
 holding, also, the office of town clerk 
 of the town in wliich lie resided. A 
 very large i)roi)orliiiii of the roads and 
 villages in that jiart of the State were 
 surveyed by him, and ho was also 
 actively connected witli the survey of 
 the railroad betw(!en Madison and 
 Prairie du ("liien. .Inly 12, 1S.")5, he 
 was married to Miss Lucy E. Urillon, 
 a* that I i;ne of Lacrosse, but formerly of 
 Uichland (,'onn(y, and by whovi he has 
 liad six children, all of whom are living. 
 His union wilh Miss Dritton proved to 
 be eminenlly satisfactory ; and the 
 mutual affection existing between Ihem 
 remained in brightness until the close 
 .of her life. lu the summer of 1858, a 
 
 remark.ible revival of religion broke 
 out in Richland County; and Mr. Irish 
 became one of the converts. The 
 scepticism of his previous life g.ave 
 way; and he cml)raced wilh ardor the 
 faith of the irosj)ol, and very soon after 
 joiiieil the M-jJliodist-Episcopal Church, 
 and began to preach. In the fall of 
 18.M), at the session of the West Wis- 
 consin Conference at Platteville, being 
 urged thereto by the church and his 
 own convictiims, he was received on 
 trial, and appointed to Varoqua in 
 Vernon County, as his first circuit. 
 
 The itinerant system of the Method- 
 ist Church has been the means of 
 repeatedly changing the field of his 
 labors from that time; so that he has 
 been personally identified with the in- 
 terests of many portions of the State. 
 
 He w.as appointed presiding elder of 
 the St. Croix District, and removed to 
 Hudson, and afterwards to New llicli- 
 mond. In the fall of 1871, while 
 .actively engaged in serving his cliureh 
 in this capacity, he was approached by 
 leading men oif the district, ami nrgeil 
 to accept the nominatioi\ of scn.ator 
 for the twcnty-fourtli district of the 
 State. This large district, embracing 
 eight counties, iK-id such varied and 
 important interests to subserve, that 
 whoever represented it in the legisl.a- 
 ture reiiuired much versatility of 
 laleiits, and keenne -s of observation, to 
 satisfy his ci>n-titnonts. Hellcving 
 that the call was in I lie line of Provi- 
 dence, Mr. lri-.h accepted the nomina- 
 tion in behalf of the Uepublicau Jiarly, 
 and was elected by the unprei'edenlod 
 majority of nearly two lhou<aiid voles. 
 It was the lirst instance of a clergy- 
 man ever having been elected to the 
 senate of Wi^cllnsin; and Mr. Iri li 
 I'lilered upon the discharge of his 
 duties with a strong de-ire lo .advance 
 the interests of the .Slate by a faithful 
 and judl"ii)us Christian course. 
 
 The famous t,r,iliam Tempc^ranco 
 Bill f(!Und in him an ardent fiiend; 
 and its pa~-ago has, by its friends, 
 been often iiiiputect largely lo his activ- 
 ity and influeiK'e. Wliatever conclu- 
 sions may have Ix^en arriveil at con- 
 cerning the bearing of this law on the 
 great issiii!s of temperance, it w.as re- 
 garded at the time as an essential 
 measure by temperance men. and was 
 llieref.ire pressed to a su<!C(^ssful issue. 
 During both years ot Mr. Iri'li's ser- 
 vice in llio senate, he served also as its 
 chaplain by tin! rci|uesi of tbitbody. 
 In the fall of 1872 he was appointed bv 
 fiov. Washburn, chainuiiu of the State 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 777 
 
 Visiting Committee, and, as such, 
 visitod all the charitable and penal 
 Institntions of the State. The ivpoi-t 
 of this Committee, while rocomnicnd- 
 inp; liberal appropriations for the in- 
 stitutions fostered by the Stale, indi- 
 cated a settled purpose to ignore any 
 claims from instihitions under the 
 care of any roligicms I'.enomination. 
 
 The celeljrated struggle in the legis- 
 lature over the St. t'roix land-^'rant 
 transpired during the second year of 
 Mr. Irish's term; and Ins rendered sig- 
 nal service on the side of the N'orih 
 Wisconsin Company, acting as cham- 
 pion of tiieir bill. The rcMilt of that 
 struggle has fully juslifiod him in the 
 course he pursued, Ihcmgh at the time 
 a partisan spirit was evoked against 
 him. The Lacrosse Bridge I3ill, which 
 was vetoed by the governor, and which 
 veto was sustained by the votes of Mr. 
 Irish and others, gave opportunity to 
 test the mettle of honest men. VVhile 
 rumors of bribery and corruption were 
 rife during that stormy time, no faint- 
 est broatii f'.'ll upon Mr. Irish. He 
 returned to his constituents with the 
 satisfaction of having done his duty. 
 Ill June, 187o, he was appointed regis- 
 ter of the United St.ates Laiul Office at 
 Eau Claire, and removed there with 
 his fatfiily, now decimated by death; 
 his wife having suddenly died the pre- 
 vious winter. lie retaiiud this ofiice 
 until April, 187,'), when he resigned the' 
 office, it interfering with his chosen 
 profession of minister of the gospel. 
 In .I.anuary, lS7t, he was again married 
 to Miss Isabella II. Cobban of Eau 
 Claire. 
 
 The appointments whicli have been 
 held by .Mr. Irish both in Church and 
 State indicate the esteem in which he 
 is held and the estimate placed upon 
 his talents. 
 
 Mr. Irish is tall and portly, of com- 
 manding personal appearance. His 
 phienologv and physiognomy bptoken 
 a high order of intellect; and his mild 
 blue eye and genial smile rightly im- 
 press one with the idea that there is a 
 warm heart beneath. lie Is exceed- 
 ingly iinidest, and shrinks from making 
 himself prominent •■iinong men. 
 
 IIi).\. l).vvtn Atwood.i — " lie was 
 born in Uedford, N.ll., Dec. !.■>, KSI,'). 
 He belongs to a vlgirous and long-lived 
 family. Ills parents are nativi's of the 
 town of IJedford ; and his father, now 
 more than ninety years of age, lives on 
 
 > Wo ftro in<Iol)te<l to llio columns of Tlio 
 Wuslern .Moiiilily, August, IM'.>, for thla 
 Rkuiuli. — 0. It. T. 
 
 the old homestead. Tlie early history 
 of Gen. Atwood is that of all sturdy 
 Xew England boys who worked on 
 their fathers' fanus in summer, and 
 attended the district schools in winter. 
 It w.as lu)t work, wrestling with Nature 
 in those sultry days on the stony hill- 
 sides of a rough New England farm, 
 forcing the soil to yield subsistence. 
 Cold and raw were the autumn 
 months, and hard the struggle through 
 deep drifts, and against the blustering 
 winter-wind, on the way to the old 
 schoolhoiise. It seemed sometimes as 
 if (dd Doreas lurked about the hills in 
 ambush, waiting for a clianco to blow 
 away such boys and girls as were not 
 anchored to the earth with plenty of 
 bone and muscle. This course of life, 
 until he was sixteen years of age, 
 developed and strengthened hira, and 
 firmly fixed those habits of industry 
 and frugality which have given him 
 subseqiK'iit .uiccess. lie thus became 
 litted for a fair fight with the world. 
 
 "On arriving at the .age of iifteen 
 years, he took up his residence in 
 Hamilton. Madison County, N.Y., 
 and commenced work at a printer's 
 case. Five years of assiduous toil 
 intervened before he ag.ain saw the 
 p.ate.nal roof-tree, during which tiuio 
 lie had the satisfaction of becoming 
 master of his craft. For nearly three 
 years following, he travelled extcn- 
 ively through the South and West. 
 Muci'. of the time he was in the 
 employ of a printlng-liousi!; and his 
 business afforded him opportunity to 
 study the country, and become faiir'iar 
 with tlie resources and character of the 
 peo))le. The States of Kentucky, Ohio, 
 .Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, were 
 fhoroughly explored; and every consid- 
 erable town was visiteil. Gen. Atwood 
 was first introduced to Chicago when 
 it lay ill a swamp, with a main street 
 muddy, .'ind almost impassable, and the 
 bu iness oi the town centred about a 
 forlorn wooden hotel, not far from the 
 Trcinont House, but on the opposite 
 side of Lake Street. Declining a tempt- 
 ing offer to engage In business in Cin- 
 cinnati, he retiiriicd to Hamilton, N. Y., 
 in lSl3!t, where he undertook the publi- 
 cation of a weekly newspaper, called 
 'The Palladium,' in conjunction with 
 his brother. Among the types, and as 
 a journalist, for five long years he 
 labored on, through the ' haid cider' 
 campaign, and until the defeat of 
 Henry Clay. 
 
 " Some time during these years of 
 Journalistic employ, ho received a com- 
 
778 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCOSSIN. 
 
 mission as adjutniit fmm liN Exc«!- 
 leney, <J.)v. Si'warJ, iiiul a siil)>?ci]U(.'iit 
 CDininw-^ion as inajir, duly coiinlcr- 
 shjiiml by (rou. l!iifii-i Kiiii;. ailiulaiit- 
 poiuM-al, ami aflorHanls cdilDi- of 'Tlio 
 MilwaiikiM' S;'iiliii<>l,' and iniiiistiT tn 
 liDinc. Uiidi'i' Ciiv. Bouck, lliu t'alh(!r 
 of Geii. li )iick of ()>likiw!i, Major At- 
 wood was ('oiniiiissinu,?d coloiiid of a 
 roiiiinont of militia, whicli liocomniaiid- 
 ed foi' several years, alteiuliiv^ re2;iilarly 
 the annual om'anipnieufs and tjoneral 
 training-i so well remembered by New- 
 Yorkers in ' auld lanct syne.' 
 
 " Finding? himself bi-oken In health, 
 after the pnlitieal campaign of 1844, — 
 a earapaiiin so gallantly fousht, and so 
 foolishly lost. — Col. Atwood again set 
 his faeo westward. His newspaper 
 had paid expenses, and nothing more. 
 From a z(m1ous advocacy of the cause 
 of the famous Kentuckian — which he 
 ardently espouseil, and to which he 
 gave five of his best years — he came 
 out .at) leu'jth at a pecuniary sacrifice, 
 and \Vith health seriously impaired. 
 
 "Pushing into Illinois, in 131.'), he 
 was so much attracted by the beauty 
 and fertility of the prairies, that he 
 at once located .a farm near tlio city of 
 Freeport. Two years of more rugged 
 outdoor occupation than had been Ids 
 wont — years of brawny development, 
 not unmixed with financial trouble, 
 and discouriigement on account of the 
 failure of crops — served to restore the 
 colonel's health, and to iniluce him to 
 ngain engage in editorial lab;)rs. Being 
 directed to Wisconsin as a Territory of 
 thrift and promise, ho was induced to 
 establish himself at Madison, ut that 
 day the capital of the Territory, but a 
 small and inconsiderable village. At 
 once ho became connected with 'The 
 Madison Express,' a Whig paper, the 
 editorial labor and management of 
 wliich he assumed until the autumn 
 of 18r)2. when he brought into exist- 
 ence ' The Daily State .Journal,' which 
 he lias ever since published. Having 
 carefully reported the proceedings of 
 the closing sessions of the Territorial 
 legislature convened at Madison, and 
 the entire proceedings of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention, he has tho honor 
 of possessing moro direct familiarity 
 with tho action of these bodies than 
 perhaps any man living. Ho wields 
 a ready pen. and has a reputation for 
 writing with accnr.acy and despatch. 
 11;^ iial;!t, he holds his Ideas In solu- 
 tion, read.' for use. Having a retentive 
 memory, c.imbiiied with a skill to take 
 ou the v;iiig tho thoughts that cross 
 
 his mental vision, and an analytical 
 mind, lie is enabled to ail.nii tho 
 joiiiiia!i;tlc profession with many and 
 valuabli gifts. 
 
 '• During the term of tho Hon. L. .1. 
 Farwell. giiveruor of Wisconsin, Col. 
 Atwood held the positioTi of quartor- 
 master-ijeiieral of that .State. In the 
 managcinciit of 'The Journal,' soon 
 after its establishment, he aisociated 
 with himself as co-editor the Hon. 
 Horace lt\iblee, now United States 
 mini-ter to Switzerland, a man of 
 intidleetual stren;th and fine culture. 
 Thereupon, the paper took a leading 
 position, and became firmly estab- 
 lished. It has over been public spirit- 
 ed and enterprising, and Republican in 
 politics. So far as its intluonce extends, 
 it may be regarded as the reflex of the 
 enterprise of its founder. 
 
 " In 1S58 he was commissioned 
 major-general of the fifth division of 
 tht? Statu militia. For a number of 
 years ho has been one of tho leaders 
 in the ranks of the Itepublican party 
 in Wisconsin. He became a member 
 of the legislature in 1800. and was 
 chosen speaker pro tnn. of tho a-sem- 
 bly. On account of his known in- 
 tegrity and executive ability, he was 
 appointed L'nited States assessor when 
 that ofiice was first created. In ISOS 
 he h.Md the office of mayor in tho city 
 (if Madison. At the Kri)ubl!ean State 
 convention, in Seplembor in that year, 
 on the first ballot for gov(^rnor, ho 
 receivcil fifty-three votes, with a largo 
 majority of those from his own dis- 
 trict. — a flattering compliment to his 
 political standing, considering that 
 that district had above half a dozen 
 candidates for State offices in the 
 lield. 
 
 " In person. Gen. Atwood is of 
 medium stature, with dark-blue eyes 
 and silver-gray hair. His features are 
 regular, .and particularly pleasant and 
 expressive when in conversation. In 
 private char.acter, ho is above suspi- 
 cion or reproach. As a i)ui)lie man 
 and a politician, it is sufficient to re- 
 mark, that his Instincts are strongly 
 llepublican, witliout the element of 
 partisan bitterness. He possesses 
 valued friends in all parties, and In 
 controv(!rsy exhibits tho frankness 
 and modesty of a true genllem.an. 
 As a public man. he has accomplished 
 much fur the advancement of educa- 
 tion, and tho general welfare of soci- 
 ety. In all projects to increase tho 
 nationtil prosperity of the WV^t. he has 
 been foremost, in private life, he Is 
 
BTSTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 779 
 
 benevolpnt and hospitable ; in politics, 
 hopeful ; In mcutal cast, shrewd and 
 piactlcai. He Is such a representative 
 of the coinlns; men and workers of the 
 West, that, perhaps, he has not heen 
 Inaptly called the ' Ijenjamln Franklin 
 of the Wisconsin press.' 
 
 " The lives of the men who are at 
 work at the foundations of govern- 
 ment, who arecxtendina the Uopublie, 
 and rearing the superstructure of 
 American liberty upon the boundless 
 prairies of the West, are recoided 
 upon the stones and columns they have 
 placed therein; ami, though the words 
 may seem blun'cd to many eyes, future 
 generations will rewrite them in en- 
 during marble." 
 
 lie took his seat In Congress In 
 February, 1870, succeeding the Ilim. 
 B. F. Hopkins, who died the previous 
 month in the same year. In Congress, 
 Mr. Atwood was industrious; and ef- 
 fectual bills in which ho was inlerest- 
 ed, were passed, .such as the Noi'thorn 
 Pacilic Kiiilway Bill, to render the 
 land-grant .available, and to in-ure the 
 construction of the line; the act in 
 relation to the improvement of the 
 Fox and Wisconsin IJiver; that di- 
 viding Wisconsin into two judicial 
 districts. &c. 
 
 As an editor. Gen. Atwood is true 
 to the right, never sacritieing honor in 
 parlisiin disnules, but always main- 
 taining a dignity in political conlliet. 
 Through this bearing he has made his 
 name agreeaole in the ears of all polit- 
 ical parties, and his journal a power 
 for good in the nation. 
 
 lio.v. .)AMKs T. Lkwis. — lie was 
 borti in Clarendon, O'li^ans County, 
 N.Y., Oct. 80, ISli). He received his 
 academical educalion at Clarkson and 
 Clinton, N.Y., and read law with 
 Gov. Scldnn. at tlu? former place. He 
 came to Wiscon-in In .Inly, ISI.'J: was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme i 
 Court ; and commeiued the practice of 
 law at Columbus, where be has since | 
 resided. He has held eight diffenMit 
 olTices in the .Slate, commencing with ' 
 that of disfrict-iittorney. and closing I 
 with that of governor. When elected 
 secretary of state, he received every 
 voteea^i in his own city. When elected 
 governor, his majority was nearly 
 tweiily-live thousand, — a very large 
 majority for Wisconsin. For his record 
 as governor of the .State of Wisconsin, 
 wo refer the reader to the foregoing 
 chapters on his admiidstration. He 
 w.as a successful war governor; and, 
 although ho made but Uttlo display, 
 
 he accomplished groat things for the 
 State. Although he has retired from 
 public life, at his beautiful home in 
 Columbus, his unanimous call to the 
 perm.anent chairman-hip of the recent 
 Republican St.ate Convention shows 
 that his great popularity is still alive. 
 Should he consent toagain enter public 
 life, his career would, no doubt, be 
 marked with success. He is wealthy, 
 ami enjoys life as only a man with a 
 clear conscience can. 
 
 Hon. Joel S. Fisk. — He was bom 
 at St. Allmns, Vt., Oct. 24, 1810. At 
 the age of twenty-one, in the fall of 
 18;!1, he was married to Miss Green 
 of Plattsburg, N.Y. lie emigrated to 
 Green Bay in 1835, where, or at Fort 
 Howard, on the opposite side of the 
 Fox River, lie has since resided. 
 Through a long series of successful 
 business operations, he has accmuii- 
 latcd considerable means, and is now 
 in the enjoyment of wealth ami re- 
 tirement. In 1840 ho was appointed 
 postmaster at Green Bay, and in 1848 
 he was appointed register of the land 
 office. In his yoiniger days, he was 
 (juite a politician, but, in more 
 advanced years, ho coiilined himself 
 strictly to business. Ho is a worthy 
 and efficient member of the Baptist 
 church of Fort Howard. 
 
 l!i:v. il. .Stone Hiciiahdso.v. — He 
 was born in the Slate of New York, 
 .Madison Comity, in IS:.'S. At the 
 early age of eleven years, he under- 
 took, at his own suggi'stlon, to care 
 for himself. He left lioine, and made 
 ■ipplicalion to the i>rincipal of aa 
 academy at He Ruyler, to ring the 
 bell in that instilulion for room and 
 tuition. He remained at that school, 
 most of the lime, for four years, — an 
 exceedingly diligent stuilcMit, pnying 
 liis way, in the mean time, by sawing 
 wood in the school, and about the 
 town, after dark. 
 
 lie left this school when about scveu- 
 teen, ami pursued his studies at Caz- 
 cuovia, until prepared for Union Col- 
 lege, meeting his own expenses by 
 tcacliiiig about four months of each 
 year. 
 
 About the time ho intended to enter 
 collc^;e, his friiMids persuaded him to 
 attend school at Albany instead, and 
 complete his schooling in that city. He 
 did so; after which, he spent six years 
 in travel, visiting nearly all the Stales, 
 and all the plai;es of inierest in the 
 United .States, He also niiide a journey 
 to Europe, and .spent several moi/lhs 
 among the islands of both oceans. 
 
780 
 
 n I STORY OF wiscoysiN. 
 
 Mr. Eiclianlson raised a party of young 
 men in 184!), in tlu; interior of Texas, 
 and made a journey across llio oon- 
 tiiiPiit to Ciillfornia. lie booame a 
 resident of Mariposa Comity iu (hat 
 State, tlien a Territory, anil resided in 
 the State two years, lie was elected a 
 member of tlic losisiature, and was 
 recognized as one of the most influ- 
 ential men of the assemldy. 
 
 He won, durin,£! the session, the 
 hisliest respect and eonfiilence of ajl 
 the State. At the close of this session, 
 lieariiig of the dangorons illness of his 
 mother in New Yorl<, he hastened 
 home, but found her deceased. Tlie 
 fatigue of this journey threw him into 
 a dangerous illness, from which he 
 very slowly recovei'cd. 
 
 During this illness, and immediately 
 after, he became convinced that his 
 life-work was not that of a politician, 
 but of the ministry. He immediately 
 united with the Methodist-Kpiscopal 
 Church, aiul, iu a brief time, was 
 prcacliing with marked success and 
 acceptability. 
 
 lie is, to-day, preacher in charge at 
 Madison City. Wis. We have not the 
 data, nor, indeed, have wo the space, 
 for a full biographical sketch. We 
 may say, however, that, during the 
 war, Mr. Uichardson acted a very 
 prominent part. He raised, it is said, 
 more u.cni for the army than any one 
 man in the country. lie was chaplain, 
 captain of pioneers, military agent of 
 New York State, and, iinally, major of 
 cavalry. 
 
 lie occupied, as a preacher, the first 
 pulpit of the conference to which he 
 belonged; and, though l)ut a little time 
 a member of the West Wisconsin Con- 
 ference, is stationed at the capital, and 
 is now closing his tliird year of most 
 successful work. He is well known in 
 all parts of the State, having lectureil 
 quite extensively sinco ho became a 
 resident of Wisconsin. 
 
 Ho is a hard student, both of books 
 and men. lie is a man of decided 
 characteristics and marked individuali- 
 ty. His sermons are wholly his own, 
 and are peculiarly unlike tiiose of other 
 men, tiioroughly prepared for every 
 occasion. 
 
 In 185:1 ho married Miss Charlotte 
 S. Curtis, youngest d.iughter of Mr. I. 
 Curtis of'Madison, N.Y. This lady 
 lias proved a prudent, faithful wife, 
 an affectionate, wise mother, and an 
 active, useful member of society. She 
 is modest, even retiring, plain and 
 simple, yet tasteful iu Ucr manners 
 
 and dress. She seems to have been 
 intended for tho wife of a Methodist 
 pri'aclier, and, as such, her cliaracter- 
 istics are worthy of careful study. 
 She has the peculiar faculty of ex- 
 pressing her own ideas, even in a 
 forcible manner, without giving of- 
 fence. Thinking much, speaking care- 
 fully, ever pleasant, always courteous 
 to "those in error, lirm in purpose, 
 never out of her [liace, and ahv.iys a 
 true Christian, she has drawn around 
 her life tho truest affection of many 
 many warm friends. To speak her 
 praise is but to touch a thousand chords 
 of her praise which vibr.ato through 
 .and through the nine charges in which 
 slie has, during the past twenty years, 
 labored with her husband iu this 
 work of love. 
 
 llev. Mr. Uichardson, in many re- 
 spects, is a rcmark.ible man. His 
 great ability as a preacher is hid in 
 the deep folds of his peculiar natural 
 gifts. Although an accomplished 
 scholar in tho great fleld of knowl- 
 edge pertaining to tho ministry, yet 
 his sonnons display the imprint of 
 genius peculiar to their author, and 
 are admired as much on this avcount 
 as ou the score of their tiioological 
 scope. No man has over spent half 
 an hour in conversation with Mr. 
 Uichardson, and afterwards forgotten 
 him. To see and talk with him is to 
 get an impression so agreeable to the 
 mind as to be retained amongst its 
 richest treasures. Ilis individuality is 
 so strong, and its characteristics are so 
 blended, and iu such striking contrast 
 with his fellows, as to induce a con- 
 stant criticism. This criticism is gen- 
 er.illy favorable. As a preacher, he is 
 clothed with peculiar power. He has 
 always united the energies of his 
 people, anil drawn after him the 
 deepest respect from every charge 
 with which he has been connected. 
 As a friend, he is generous, sometimes 
 enthusiastic, but never solllsh or par- 
 tial in his benevolence. As a citizen, 
 he is a warm advocate of law and good 
 order, but stamps his disapproval upon 
 tho centralization of wealth or power 
 in any form. 
 
 Hon. W. J. FisK. — Ilo was born in 
 Brunswick. O., Juno 'J5, 1S.J;{. He re- 
 moved to Green Hay. Wis., witli his 
 parents, in isao. In 1S48 we find Mr. 
 Fisk actively engaged drafting maps 
 in tho government land-ofiice at Green 
 Ilay. He made the m.nps for the .State 
 for the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement 
 Company, which maps are still in po»< 
 
n [STORY OF WrSCONSIN. 
 
 781 
 
 session of the State authorities. These 
 were the maps upon which the original 
 grant of land was made by Congress to 
 the State for said improvement. Wlien 
 only fifteen years of niio. he bought 
 forty acres of land on Ball Prairie, near 
 the site of the present city of Oshknsh, 
 borrowing half the money with which 
 to make the purchase. John Fitzgerald, 
 an old pioneer, and resident of Oshkosh, 
 who is well known to nil the early set- 
 tlers in that vieinily, loaned him the 
 money necessary to secure the land, 
 lie soon laid up enough from his earn- 
 ings to buyoighty acres more In Brown 
 County. Leaving the land-ofTicc, he 
 was eiigagod at clerking in a coneral 
 store at Green Bay until isSi. lie then 
 attended school at Appleton one year, 
 after which. In ISwS, he entered mer- 
 cliandising on his own account. He 
 had no capital ; but his father, Hon. 
 .loel Fisk, loaned him money. In 1854 
 he deeded Mr. Fi-;k a store and lot in 
 Fort Howard, which establishment he 
 conducted, doing a general business, 
 until 1801, in which he wa-< remarkably 
 successful. In 18oJ he was married to 
 Mary J., daughter of J. ,1. Uriggs, a 
 pioneer of Fond du Lac. Ho was post- 
 master at Fort Howard from 1802 to 
 1875. The (inan.- al p.anic of 1857 in- 
 jured his business interests largely; 
 but, in the three yea.s following, 
 he paid six thousand dollars' debts, 
 paying one hundred cents on the 
 dollar. He sold out, and retired from 
 business in 18'jl ; and in 1302 ho was 
 elected trcasiirer of the city of Fort 
 Howard. He was also moinhcr of 
 the city council of Fort Ilowiinl two 
 years. In I8(l8he was managing-owner 
 of, a steamboat-line on Green Bay, as, 
 al^o, a stage-line over th<! same route 
 in winter. At this time he became 
 largely Interested in the licjinblle Fire- 
 insurance Company of (Ililcago. and 
 established the Green B;iy brunch. In- 
 vesting over ten thousanil dollars in its 
 stock. In the great Chicago fire of 1871. 
 the company failed; and Mr. Fisk lost 
 he.avily. He was one of the projectors 
 of the Green Bay and Minnesota Hail- 
 road, and was largely Instrumental in 
 its early completion. In 1871 he, with 
 other iirominent commercial oper.ators 
 In Wisconsin and Illinois, purchased 
 ten thousand acres of land lying be- 
 tween Fort Howard and Menomonee. 
 These lands are rich In lumber and iron. 
 The North-western Railroad will soon 
 penetrate them, and open up their re- 
 sources. But wo have no space to enu- 
 merate half the commercial enterprises 
 
 in which Mr. Fisk has heen, or is now, 
 engaged. He is one of (he largest and 
 most succes.sful connnereial operators 
 in Wisconsin. He is vice-president of 
 the Kellogg National Bank of Green 
 l}ay ; is part owner of one of the largest 
 elevators in North-eastern Wisconsin; 
 and is interested in enterprises located 
 in various parts of the North-west. 
 
 As a member of the Wisconsin 
 State legislature, he is attentive to the 
 duties of the position, a valuable finan- 
 cier, modest in argument, but firm in 
 d" 'Ision. His opinion is respected, and 
 his word lionored. 
 
 As a business-man he has many 
 peculiarities. His ability to estimate 
 the value of any thing is remarkable. 
 Hence liis important connection with 
 tlie North-westernlJaiiroad Company as 
 their purchasing agent. If you have a 
 new enterprise In thought, explain it to 
 Mr. Fisk. and, if he tells you that it's a 
 success, you may invest your money in 
 it in safety. On the otlier liand, if lio 
 pronounces it of no value, you may, 
 with profit, let It alone. He is, per- 
 haps, celebrated for his knowledge of 
 business; and his ability to estim.ate 
 the relative extent of demand and sup- 
 l)ly for any given article lias given him 
 an enviable position in the estimation 
 of solid business-men. 
 
 Mr. FIsk, with his wife and family, 
 resides in one of the finest resideneos 
 in Fort Howard, and Is now actively 
 engaged witli his many extensive busi- 
 ness interests. He is now considered 
 wealthy. 
 
 Hev.' Redder Sjiitii. — He was born 
 in Wyoming, I'enn., Jan. 11, 1807, 
 ;ind at the age of ten years became a 
 member of the Methodist-Episcopal 
 Church, and of Its ministry in 1826, 
 marrying, the same year, Atirelia Kee- 
 ney of Braintrcm. On her decease, ho 
 left the itineracy in Western New 
 Voik, and in 18-10 took charge of tlio 
 (Inances of the Metliodist-lipiscopal 
 College at Albion, Micii., raising it 
 from a greatly embarr.assed condition 
 to in'osperous Independence; thence. 
 In the winter of 1847, obtained from 
 the Territorial legislature of Wiscon- 
 sin a charter for Lawrence University, 
 and purchased, in connection witli 
 Amos A. Lawienco of Boston, Mass., 
 the site of the ;^> ,'sentcity of Appleton, 
 marrying in ]3ostoii, tlie same year. 
 Miss Eliza P. Kimball, preceptress of 
 a ladles' scliool in Cambridge. 
 
 lie erected the first framed dwelling; 
 and in It was born the fir-it male child 
 of ^Vppletou, — A. A. Lawrence Smith, 
 
782 
 
 niaroRY of Wisconsin. 
 
 now of the Milwaukee bar. Appleton 
 was fouiulcd in 1S47, ami New LuikIihi 
 in 1802. Eai'li of tluise places is larj;(!ly 
 Indebted to his uuliriiifteiieriiy and sldi- 
 fiil manageiiient for its present posi- 
 tion in the scale of Wisconsin localities. 
 He was endowment-agent of the Law- 
 rence University at Appletou. for sev- 
 eral years, in which capacity he 
 wroiiglit a work of lasting good to the 
 State of Wisconsin. Lawrence Uni- 
 versity of Appleton, now one of the 
 most successful institutions of learning 
 In the Slate, is largely indebted to his 
 untiring Christian zeal for its success. 
 Daniel E. Seymour. — lie was born 
 In Otsegf) County, New York, Dec. 22, 
 1825. lie lived and worked on a. fai'ni 
 until fifteen years old, attending the 
 district school each winter. Attended 
 the academy at Oxford, Chenango 
 County, N.y. lie then studied one 
 year a* the academy in Bloomfield, 
 N.J. Afterward he went to the acad- 
 emy in Hamilton, Madison County, 
 N.Y., where he tinishcd his schoul- 
 cdiicatiou. Upon invltaticm of rela- 
 tives, he started for New Orleans in 
 December, 1814, where he was engagi^d 
 as a clerk in a store for a couple of 
 years. Then had charge of a large 
 mercantile establishment there for two 
 years more. In 1840 ho returned to 
 New York State, and was married to 
 his present wife on tlie third <lay of 
 July of th:it year. He then took a trip 
 with his wife to New Orleans, staying 
 there, and at Natchez, Miss., until 
 May, 1B.")0. Then returned to his old 
 home in New York, and engaged in 
 teaching school. In 1S.V2 he removed 
 with his family to Illinois, in Mcllenry 
 County, wliere he continued teaching. 
 Becoming sick with ague for a long 
 time, he disliked that country, and 
 became anxious to find a more suitable 
 location. Tlierefore, in June, IS.jO, he 
 removed with his family to tlie Terri- 
 tory of Minnesota, taking up a home- 
 stead, and experiencing the trials and 
 troubles and vexatious hardships inci- 
 dent to the life of a pioneer. Itemained 
 there about seven years, and conc!ud(!d 
 to see if lie could not better his fortunes 
 by making one more chansJie, and mov- 
 ing upanuing the pines. Consequently 
 lie sold out his place there, anil came 
 to Chippewa falls, which he now looks 
 upon as his home, lie engaged in his 
 old occupation as clerk in the store of 
 Pound, lliilbert, and Co., which after- 
 ward became the institution known 
 as the Union Lumbering Company. 
 Staid with them bcvcu years or more, 
 
 when, by the death of a relative, he 
 came into |)ossessii)n of some property 
 sullicient to enable him to open the 
 pioneer banking instilution in that 
 place known as Seymour's Hank, which 
 has been successfully carried on for 
 nearly six years, obtaining credit for, 
 and name of, being a sound and reliable 
 institution. 
 
 IIo.v. M. Frank. — M. Frank is a 
 native of the State of New York; born 
 in the town of Virgil, county of Cort- 
 land. He did not receive a collegiate 
 education. His father was a respect- 
 able farmer of moderate means, and 
 unable to incur the expense of sending 
 his sons to college. His education was 
 in the common schools and academic 
 institutions in tlie vicinity of his home. 
 After passing the period of his school- 
 days, his occupation was divided be- 
 tween working on his father's farm in 
 summer, and teaching school in winter. 
 As soon as he had .attained to years of 
 majority, he was elected town inspector 
 of common schools, and was re-"lected 
 to that oftlce several successive years. 
 He was also elected, two successive 
 years, a member of the county board of 
 supervisors. 
 
 He took an active part in the reforma- 
 tory movements in Cortland County at 
 this early period, especially the cause of 
 ti'inperaiice. In 1829 he gave the first 
 public temperance address, which re- 
 sulted in the organization of a temi>er- 
 ance society in the town where he re- 
 sided. He has ever since been a friend 
 and advocate of tlie temperance reform. 
 
 In 1800 he wont to the town of Pre- 
 ble, in another part of the same county, 
 to reside, where he engaged in tlie mer- 
 cantile business, and continued in the 
 trade two years. Ho was married in 
 that town in 18M7. During liis resi- 
 dence in Preble, he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the board of county supervisors, 
 also town clerk. 
 
 He moved to Wisconsin in 1839, and 
 settled at Southport (now Kenosha), 
 where ho continued to reside, with the 
 exception of a lew months at Ueloit, 
 until his appointment to a government 
 clerkship in 1S70. He still holds his 
 residence in Wisconsin. Moutliport, at 
 the time he came to the place to reside, 
 contained about two bundled and fifty 
 inhabitants. 
 
 In 1840 he became associated with 
 Hon. C. L. Sholes, in the publication 
 of " The Southport Tekgr.aph." There 
 were at that time but few newspapers 
 published in Wisconsin. "The Tele- 
 graph," uuder the editorial manage- 
 
n f STORY or jvrscojfsm. 
 
 783 
 
 nieiit of Frank Jind Sliolcs.becamn large- 
 ly influential in Tci-ritoi'ial politics. Mr. 
 Frank was editorially connected with 
 "The T<'lec;ra|)li " at Vi'.rious periods, 
 both under Territorial and Slate gov- 
 L'rnnient, equal to a continuous time of 
 about twelve years. 
 
 In 184:1 he was elected a menibor of 
 tlin Territorial legislature (council), for 
 a term of one year, from the district 
 of country now comprising the coun- 
 ties of Uaoine and Kenosha. Ilci was 
 re-elected to the same ofllce in 1844. for 
 a term of two years. His chief efforts 
 while a member of the Territorial legis- 
 lature were for the adoption of prelim- 
 inary measures to the formation of a 
 State government, and for a change in 
 the common school law of the Territory, 
 with a view to the early establishment 
 of free schools. In hotli of these 
 measures, he was unsuccessful, but did 
 not relax the advocacy of them through 
 the press, until the public mind was pre- 
 pared for tlu!ir adoption. 
 
 At the lirst corporation election of 
 Southport, in 1840, Mr. Frank was 
 elected president. In 1850 the name 
 Southport was changed to Kenoslia, by 
 act of the legislature ; and the village be- 
 came an incorporated city. Mr. Frank 
 was elected the first mayor. This was a 
 year involving much responsibility on 
 the chief otiicer of the city; in it oc- 
 curred the great ''wheat riot" (so 
 called), in which the city was for days 
 kept in intense excitement, and serious 
 consequences impended. It was also a 
 year of frigiitful visitation of tiie chol- 
 era. 
 
 On the adoption of the State consti- 
 tution, in 1818, Mr. Frank was elected 
 one of the commissioners to revise the 
 laws. 
 
 In 1S."4 Jfr. Franlc was elected county 
 treasurer of Kenosha County for a term 
 of two years : he was elected to tlie same 
 office for a second term of two years i:i 
 1850, 
 
 In ISO he was elected a member of 
 the assembly, and served during the 
 session as chairman of tlie Committee 
 on IJailroads. 
 
 lie was also, the s.amo year, appointed 
 by the governor to (ill an unexpired 
 term on the Hoard of Regents of the 
 State University; and was subsequent- 
 ly chosen, on joint ballot of the legisla- 
 ture, to a full term of tliat odice. 
 
 In April, ISiii, he was appointed by 
 Pres. Lincoln postmaster at the city of 
 Kenosha : at the expiration of tiie term 
 of four years, he was re-appointed ; 
 and, after continuing in that ofUce about 
 
 six years, he was removedby Pres, John- 
 son for political reasons. 
 
 In matters pertaining to morals and 
 religion, Mr, Frank has always main- 
 tained a good standing, ever evincing 
 a readiness to aid in such enterprises 
 as gave promise of public good. IIo 
 became a member of the Congrega- 
 tional Chureh at Southport (Kenosha) 
 in 1840, which had then just been 
 organized. Ills relations to that church 
 continued luitil his business took him 
 to Washington, where his churcli rela- 
 tions for tlie present are. 
 
 Joii.v Daulman. — IIo was born at 
 Ruken, in the province of Westpluilia, 
 in Prussia, Nov. 21, 1820, and is, conse- 
 ipiently, forty-six years of age. His 
 father was a small tradesman, in easy 
 circumstances. Actuated by a desire 
 to attain a more considerable success 
 tlian was possible uiuler the rigid 
 social conditions of the Old World, the 
 family emigrated to America when the 
 subject of ourslvctch was thirteen years 
 of age. Tlie children were four boys 
 (two of whom are now dead) and one 
 girl. 
 
 The family located at Burlington, in 
 Racine County. A tract of eigiit hun- 
 dred acres of unexcelled farming-land 
 was purchased, and stocked with two 
 hundred sheep, seven yoke of oxen, 
 and two span of horses. The liardy 
 proprietor and his four boys, full of 
 snap iind grit, were not afraid of work. 
 They soon made their homestead one of 
 the finest farms in the State, — a repu- 
 tation wiiich it still maintains. Here 
 ,Iohu remained for live years. But the 
 aspiiations of the boy were not to bo 
 satisfied with agricultural triumph 
 alone. At the age of eighteen he set 
 out for Milwaukee, although without a 
 single .acqu.aintauce in the city, to take 
 his place at the bottom of the ladder iu 
 some nu^rcantile pursuit. Before leav- 
 ing home, his mother had advised him, 
 with excellent good sense, to think little 
 of himself anil his merits, but to seeli 
 out sonu! good man, in whom the com- 
 nuniity had confidence, and offer his 
 services for whatever they might ba 
 considered worth. 
 
 The boy found an opening with John 
 Furlong, Esq., who was then a retail 
 grocer, at 242 East Water Street, From 
 the st.art, he devoted his whole energies 
 to the s^.Tvice of his employer, lie con- 
 sidered no work difficult, no hours too 
 late, and no attention too close, by 
 which the interests of the concern 
 could be advanced. It was largely duo 
 to his exertious and efficiency that the 
 
784 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 house bncame, in a ffw years, a loading 
 wliol(!«al(! establishment, lie sold, ami 
 then delivered the goods in person ; kept 
 the books after ten o'eloek at night, 
 scarcely i^ver retiring before niidniglit; 
 and, as the business was carried on in 
 great part with farmers, ho was up again 
 and at work al live in the inorniu.!{. Tiie 
 salaries which would have been re- 
 qnired under less careful management 
 were thus saved, and retained in the 
 business. 
 
 On the 1st of May, 1855, young Dahl- 
 mau was admitted to a i)artnership in 
 llie house. Fnmi that date, his career 
 through a variety of changes has been 
 one of uninterrupted i)ro3p<>rity. After 
 two years, ho dissolved Willi Furlong, 
 and formed a partnership in .July, 18.')7, 
 two months before the great panic, with 
 Edward O'Niel, Timothy Dane, and 
 Aniiiony Dahlman, under the firm- 
 n;!me of .Tohn Dahlman and Company. 
 In 18(12 ho bought out the two former 
 gentlemeu, but soon after re-admitted 
 Sir. Dane, whom, however, lie bought 
 out again in 18(H. lie then continued 
 the business wilh liis brollier until ISTJ, 
 when, his health becoming impaired, he 
 withdrew fnmi liusiness-cares entirely. 
 The house which he built up has been 
 known for years as one of the heaviest, 
 soundest, and most honorable on the 
 street. 
 
 Unlike many self-made men, Sir. 
 Dahlman's modesty does not permit 
 liira to ascribe his success entirely to 
 his own exertions. He believes much 
 In a special fortune, or an over-ruling 
 Providence, which has directed ills ven- 
 tures to an issue wliicli mere care and 
 industry could not have attained. Jle 
 has never, from the first, met with any 
 serious losses, and has scaicely ever 
 been disai)poiiited in any of his caleu- 
 l.ations. Xeverllieh'ss, his judgment 
 and prom])litiide of action, although 
 original oiidownients of Nature, have 
 been assiduously cultivated; and Mr. 
 Dahlman can fairly claim, as much as 
 any individual may, to be the sole 
 architect of Ids own fortune. 
 
 Mr. D.diluian has inaile occasional 
 adventures outside of his regular busi- 
 ness, and these have also proved equal- 
 ly fortunate. Among others may be 
 mentioned his imrchasc of the tannery, 
 now owned by the Milwaukee Hide and 
 Leather Company, which be ran for one 
 year under the tirm-namc of C. M. Saw- 
 yer and Company. 
 
 We now come to Mr. Dahlman's 
 political career. He has always voted 
 with the Democratic party, but has 
 
 never been extreme In his views, or 
 inclined to be an agitator. What 
 offlces he nas held have sought him, 
 and not ho tlicni. Ho was elected to 
 the city c(uiiicil in April, 18(!(l, for two 
 years. Ho was elected supervisor in 
 April, 187't, and re-elected in April. 
 1872. In February, 187:!. he was ap- 
 pointed by Mayor Hooker city tax 
 eimimissioner, and was re-appoiiitcd by 
 Mayor Ludinglon In 187."). it is v posi- 
 tion for which ho is eminently qiialided 
 by bis financial ability and conscien- 
 tious diligence; .and bis adniiiiistration 
 of affairs has given universal satisfac- 
 (ion. 
 
 In person, Mr. Dahlman is a man of 
 about the middle height, with a blue 
 i>ye. dark beard, wliicli begins to be 
 touched with gray, and a mild and 
 pli!asant expression of countenaiico. 
 He comes of a hale and hearty family, 
 and may still look forward to a long 
 life of usefulness. His father, now a 
 hundred and four vears of age, is an 
 himored inmate of his son's house, 
 and was strong and well enough to 
 vote early at the last election. 
 
 Mr. Dab Imam has befn twice mar- 
 ried, and has two small children by 
 his second wife. His education has 
 been acquired mainly in the practical 
 school of business-life. II(! attended 
 school in his own country until his 
 twelfth year, and afterwards enjoyed 
 for one year such facilities as were 
 furnished by the boy district school 
 at Burlington during his farming- 
 days. Ho is an interesting talker, and 
 Ihoroughly posted, especially upon mat- 
 ters of iintinec; and his ideas upon all 
 ■subjects never fail to bo sound and 
 valuable. Allhougb the owner of forty 
 biiilUings and houses, sixty-live acres of 
 tlie most eligible town-lots in the sub- 
 urbs, eight hundred acres of the finest 
 farming-land in liacino County, ami 
 tlie recipient of an unusually hand- 
 some income, he lives in very imprc- 
 tontious style. His tastes arc ^ .tso to 
 ail ostentation. His expenditui o is only 
 lavish in the matter of charities. To 
 fliose he has always given in sums that 
 tlie world will never know of. During 
 liis business career, he seemed to bo the 
 naturally appointed collector for every 
 charitable movement. No penniless 
 emigrant landed ujion the dock but 
 was at once despatclied to him for aid. 
 He was one of the first contributors to 
 St. Mary's Hospital. He has been 
 treasurer of St. Rose's Orphan Asylum 
 for eighteen years. lie has contributed 
 t/1 churches and schools without nuiu- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
niSTOHY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 785 
 
 ber. In roliglon Mr. Dniilinnn Is a 
 devoted nml oxeniplury t'atliolic. 
 
 Gkv. Jamks Bintmff. — Ho was 
 born Nov. 1, 1824, .it Siiltcrliebblo, 
 near Iliilifiix, Yorkshire, Eiig. All the 
 scliool-educiition he received was at 
 the villaso scliool In Kiigl.and, before 
 he was twelve years of age. When lie 
 was sixteen years of age, Ida fatlier 
 emigrated to the United States, leaving 
 him behind. The next year, In the 
 spring of 1842, ho came also. lie soon 
 after engaged In a woollen factory in 
 New York State. In 1847 lie was mar- 
 ried ; and soon after he commenced 
 farming. Having accumnlated a tlion- 
 sand dollars, in tlie fall <1f IB.'il he 
 moved to Wlsconsiti, and purchased a 
 farm in Green County, wliere he re- 
 mained two years, after which he 
 moved to Monroe. After a two-years' 
 residence in Monroe, he was ein|)ioyed 
 as a book-keeper and cashier in a banlc- 
 ing-otllce at tliat place. In the fall of 
 18.')1 lie was elected register of deeds 
 of Green County. In the spring of 
 18(10 he purchased a one-half Interest 
 in "The Monroe Sentinel," and, one 
 year later, he pureliased the whole 
 ofBcp. In 1802 lie was commissioned 
 to raise a company for the Twenty- 
 second Ilegiment of Volunteers. lie 
 then sold one-half of "The Sentinel" 
 to E. E. Carr, wlio edited that paper 
 during Gen; Bintliff's absence from the 
 State'in the field of battle. We refer 
 our readers to the foregoing account 
 of Wisconsin in the war for (Jen. Bint- 
 liff's war record. It will suflice liere to 
 say tliat he W(m distinction on the 
 battle-lield. 
 
 Soon after he returned from the war, 
 he sold liis one-lialf interest in "The 
 Monnio Sentinel," and started for 
 Missouri witli the intention of locating 
 there; but, after travelling all over the 
 State, he found society in so unsettled 
 a condition, tliat he did not deem it 
 •wise to remove any family there, and 
 returned to Monroe, where he pur- 
 chased a book, stationery, and wall- 
 paper business, and continued in it 
 until July, 1870, when lie purchased a 
 one-half interest in " The Janesville 
 Gazette," — of which there is published 
 deily, semi-weekly, and weekly edi- 
 tions, — and became the editor of that 
 journal. He has continued in that 
 position until the present. 
 
 During the past five years, he has 
 been a member of the board of trus- 
 tees of the Wisconsin Soldiers' Orphans 
 Home, and, for ti.e past two years, 
 president of the board. 
 
 He was a delegate from Wisconsin 
 to the National Kepubllean Convenlloii 
 which assembled In Chicago in 18(18, 
 an<l nominated Grant, and again to the 
 convention which renominated him In 
 1872 at Pliiladeipliia. 
 
 Hon. Lucius S. Bi.ake. — Ho was 
 born at Burlington, Vt., Mareli 14, 181(1. 
 His father's name was Levi Blake. He 
 is of Irish extraction. In 1817 Mr. 
 Blake, with his family, removed to 
 Western New York, and settled in Erie 
 Cf)unty. He remained there about ten 
 years, during which time his son at- 
 tended the district school during the 
 winter months. Atone time Millard 
 Fillmore was his teacher. Mr. Blake 
 again removed his f.imily to Crawford 
 County, Penn., where he engaged in 
 farming for seven years. In 18;i4 Mr. 
 Blake, with his two sons, Lucius S. 
 and E. Sandford, wont to Chicago, 
 which then consisted of Fort Dearborn 
 and a small village. The sons assistotl 
 their father In his vocation of contract- 
 ing and building. From this place, the 
 father, with his sons, emigr.ited farther 
 west, and established a claim near the 
 present site of Hacine. A windowless 
 "shanty" was built, in which Lucius 
 and his brother lived alone for two 
 years. At the expiration of that time, 
 his parents came to live at their new 
 home. The first year after their arri- 
 val, he worked for his father. The next 
 year, he worked at carpentering for 
 (Sen. Bullen and Samuel Hale at Ke- 
 nosha (then Southport) for one and a 
 half dollars per day in "store pay." 
 The following year, he commenced 
 btisinesg for himself, and had a small 
 force of men in his employ, one of 
 whom has continued to work for him, 
 and is now at the head of "Blake's 
 Manufacturing Establishment," which 
 was built in 184.3. At first his business 
 was limited; but as bis capital and his 
 facilities have increased, his establish- 
 ment has become the largest In the 
 world in the specialty of manufactur- 
 ing farming-implements. Ho makes 
 shipments to all parts of the United 
 Slates, and has an agency in Pesth, 
 Hungary. As his means have increased, 
 he has sought opportunities for invest- 
 ing them. He is now at the bead of 
 the largest woollen-mills in the West. 
 He is the largest real-estate ho! iler in 
 Racine, and owns several public build- 
 ings, manufnctories, and numerous 
 resi(lences. He was too old to be a 
 soldier in the late war, but visited and 
 gave largely to the annies of the Poto- 
 mac, Virginia, and Arkansas. He is a 
 
786 
 
 nisTonr of Wisconsin. 
 
 Ilcfmbllcan, mid wns n dt'Iogato to tho 
 Nalioiiiil ('oiivonlii)ii which iiomiiialcd 
 Oi'ii. (Jniiit. Whili! attciidinn to hl« 
 Iiriviilc affiiirs, he ImH not Iicm-m noijlcct- 
 fiil of his publU; (hitics, and probably 
 no man has civcn inorfi libi^nilly of his 
 time and means in improving Kacine 
 than Mr. UlaliP. Ho was one of tlie 
 first trusli'cs undor thi- village Rovcni- 
 monf.and sncccndod lils fatlicras treas- 
 urer of Itacine County. Durini; 1H(1;i-(V4 
 ho served as provost-marslial of Itaeino 
 County. He was eliairman of llio first 
 (inanco committee, and lias been a 
 member of the eity eouncil for several 
 terms, and at present is the president 
 of it. In 1S70 he was a. member of the 
 legislature, and secured the passage of 
 several bills of importance to his con- 
 stituants and to Itacine City. His wife 
 is an Enulish lady, whose maiden name 
 was Caroline Elliott. They h.ive three 
 children, and two are dead. He and 
 liis wife becamo members of the First 
 Baptist Church of Haciiie in 184;). Air. 
 Ulake is not desiroiis of holding offlce, 
 but consents to do so, when, by eo 
 <loing, good may he accomplished. He 
 has leil a laborious life, and deserves 
 to riehly enjoy the results of it. 
 
 Hon'. Iii.v "B. Brl'Nso.v. — He was 
 born in Ohio. In 1S3(5 ho came to 
 Prairie du Cliien, Wis. He was a 
 member of tho Territorial assembly in 
 \K\-l, ia'!8, an<l 1830. He has been 
 judge of Crawford County since 
 ISW. 
 
 KlIKDERICK WiT.LIAM CoTZIIAU- 
 
 SEN. — He was born at Cambach, an 
 ancient castle near Aix-laChiipelle in 
 I'epine. Prussia, July 21, 18:!8. He 
 received private tuition at homo till lie 
 was ten years of age, when he entered 
 the (lUstavus-Adolphus College at 
 Meurs, where he remained until 185.'!. 
 After graduating, he removed to Co- 
 logne, and devoted himself for two 
 years at the Academy of Arts and 
 Commerce, especially to the study of 
 m.-xlhematics, natural science, and 
 modern languages. Having again 
 graduated crtm laude, he emigrated to 
 the United States in 1850, and settled 
 at Milwaukee, where he has resided 
 ever since. He is by profession a law- 
 yer, and confines himself closely to tho 
 pursuit of his vocation. Ho was a 
 candiilate for office but once, and was 
 elected, almost without opposition, in 
 1872, to represent tho third district in 
 the senate. Ho refused a renomina- 
 tion. Ho is the public administrator in 
 and for the city and county of Milwau- 
 kee, He was a member of the Board 
 
 of Hegents of normal schools. His an- 
 cestors Iiave always been Democratic. 
 
 JiinoE William S. Pahdy. — Ho 
 was born in Carlisle, Sullivan County, 
 Ind., Aug. 28, 1H22. His fathiT died 
 when he was eleven years of ago. 
 Previous to this time, his opportuni- 
 ties wore limited to subscription 
 schools. From this time he assisted 
 his mother, who was left willi insuffl- 
 eU'iit means to support a largo family 
 of children. At the ago of fifteen he 
 commenced to learn tho saddler's 
 trade, which vocation ho followed for 
 about cloven years. He came to iho 
 Territory of Wisconsin in \M'i: after 
 spending all his money in mining, lio 
 worked in Mineral Point, at liis trade, 
 for about six months. He married in 
 Indiana, and settled in Highland, Iowa 
 County, this State, where lio remained 
 for one year. He n!move<l to Bad Axo, 
 Crawford County (a portion of which 
 now constitutes Vernon County), where 
 he has since resided. Ho followed 
 farming for ten years, when he was 
 elected clerk of tho circuit court; 
 wliich position ho liold for eight vears. 
 He represented Crawford, Kichli.nd, 
 and Vonion CJoiuities in the senate for 
 one year. While on Iho farm, ho (illed 
 nearly all tho different town offices. 
 In ItttO lie was admitted to tho bar. 
 He was elected county judge in 18119, 
 and is now sor^'ing his second tenn. 
 Ho was married, in 1840, to ,Jano E. 
 Lemon. Ho lias buried two children, 
 and has two girls and six boys living. 
 He w.as a m(:i-,b'T of tlie Whig party 
 while it was in existence. He is now 
 a liepubli ail, wA has always bccu an 
 active politioiuii. 
 
 Hon. Ex tj Chase, M.D. — Ho 
 was born at Derby, Vt., .Ian. 10, 18m). 
 Ho worked on tho farm till he was 
 sixteen years of age, when ho met 
 with an accident which unfitted Iiim for 
 working on a farm, and caused him to 
 study medicine. In 18;U he graduated 
 from Dartmouth College. In July of 
 that year he settled at Coldwater, 
 Mich. He was appointed adjutant in 
 the Michigan militia, in 1832, in tlie 
 Black-Hawk war. He removed to 
 Milwaukee, April 0, IRiii. His family 
 was the first to settle on the south side 
 of Milwaukee Biver. lie was the only 
 practising physician in Milwaukee till 
 1830. Ho was secretary of the first 
 public meeting held in the place, and 
 drew up the first memorial sent to 
 Congress for an appropriation for a 
 harbor. Tlio first religious service by 
 a Methodist was held in his house in 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIS. 
 
 rs7 
 
 Juno, 1*15. lie hnonrae a meinlior of 
 tlic juillcinry committci' nn piiblU; 
 land'*, anil was tiloctrd by tlic sctllcis 
 nt llic (•oiirt-lioii'ic', on Maicli l.'l, 1H:17. 
 Wlii'ii lie caini- to Milwaukee, Suloinoii 
 •Iiiiieau mill Ills einpliiyees, Iloraee 
 CliaM', Joel S. Wilcox. Alliert Fowler, 
 ^V'llo .). Kv.ins, iinil ii few lmii«li'iit 
 <?. ,'.r:' .../I were lliere, of wlioni Ilor- 
 rtce (.hive is till' only inun .still ,a resi- 
 dent. In 1S:',7 lie moved to the farm 
 where he now resides. He was a 
 inomher of the nssernhly In 18-11)-.'')1, 
 18.");!, ,ind 18~o. He reeei'vcd the Whii; 
 Vote in I8.VI. lie was the third presi- 
 dent of the "Old .Settlers' CInh." In 
 April, l."*:!."), there was no tavern he- 
 tween C'liicai;!) and Milwaukee. In 
 coniin'.{ froin (^oldwater, Mr. (^haso 
 found eonsiderahle diHicnlty in finding 
 neeominiiilations for his family at 
 liijlht. Thi- lirst two nights they were 
 ohlifieil to sleep on the " soft side of a 
 floor," and the last ni^ht on the bare 
 piound near Oak Creek. Dr. Chase 
 was married to .Julia Ann Ellsworth, 
 Mareh 24, 18;W. She died Jan. 5, 18:17, 
 leavini; an infant daughter. lie was 
 married to Naney M. Uroinley, Sept. 24, 
 18:17, who is the mother of ten eliildreti, 
 five of whom are still livini;. Dr. 
 Chase is upright and just; anil his 
 word is as good as his bond. He is an 
 obliging man, and a pleasant neighbor. 
 v.. Jl. lilloDiiKAl), ('.K. — ho was 
 born in I'latteliill, ITlslcr County, 
 N. Y., in 18110, His father, Oliver Hrod- 
 liead, was a fanner. Mr. lirodhead 
 worked on the farm during the stim- 
 inors, and attended school in the win- 
 ter months, till he was eighteen years 
 old. Subsequently, he attended Will- 
 ctt's Academy in Dutchess County. 
 In 18:!0 West Point was the only in- 
 stitution where engineering was taught 
 as a separate branch. Desirous of 
 taking a shorter course, ho obtained 
 private instruction from the professors ! 
 of that Institution; the pr-ietieo of ^ 
 which has since been discontinued. | 
 Hero he was prepared for field woi-k, | 
 and for constructing railroads, then i 
 just commencing. In 18:32, leaving 
 West Point, ho obtained a situation on 
 the Ithaca and C^wego Railroad, then 
 about to be commenced under John | 
 llandall, Chief Engineer. In 18:K ] 
 and 1834 he was appointed deputy I 
 surveyor-general, for the purpose of ! 
 retracing the boundaries of the Onon- j 
 daga Reservation, and especiallythe { 
 town of Syracuse. The same year he , 
 w.as appointed assistant engineer on ' 
 the Utica and Schenectady Ilaihoad. 
 
 Soon after his engagement on IIiIm 
 work, the chief eniiineer, William 
 Young, transferred him to the charge 
 of the lliidsiin and Heik-hire llailroad. 
 He ('ompleled the survev and liicalion 
 of ;hat line of mad in ts:|4; lint, as the 
 company was not then ready to eom- 
 meiiee its eonslriietion, he beeanie the 
 a-sistant engiiieir, under Alexander 
 'rwining, on tlie Haiirnrd and Vew 
 Haven Kailroad, Soon after the com- 
 pletioi\ of the location of the line, and 
 the work put under contract, Mr. Twin- 
 ing resigned ; and Mr. lirodhead was 
 aiipointed chief engineer. The work 
 was linished in 18:17, witli the Hat rail, 
 then almost exclusively in use in this 
 country. In ls:J(( he made a survey 
 as chief engineer for the Housalonic 
 liailroad, and acted as consulting en- 
 gineer for Mr. Talcott in making a 
 contract with Mason and IJishnp for 
 Its eonsfruction. In the fall of that 
 year, >lr. lirodhead was married to his 
 present wife, a daughter of Nathaniel 
 Fletcher of Newburyport, Mass. In 
 18:)7 he removed to Brooklyn to enter 
 upon the survey, in connection with 
 John Stoddard, of the new portion of 
 the city under a commission by the 
 legislature. This work required great 
 eare and accuracy, and was not linished 
 till 18:!1>. The canal coniniissioners 
 chose him to survey the country for 
 tlie extension of the lllaek-river Canal, 
 Ivetween Booneville, Waterlmvn, and 
 .Sackett's tfarbor on Lake Ontario, and 
 Ogdensburg on the .St. Lawrence Kivor. 
 In 1840 Gov. Seward aiipointed him 
 chief engineer under an act passed by 
 legislature, authorizing a survey to bo 
 made of the northern porlion of the 
 Slate, known as the " iJohu Brown " 
 tract. The report of this survey, with 
 the estimates, maps, and jilans, w.is 
 Completed and submitted to tlie Icgis- 
 latme in 1841. The next year, he 
 surveyed a route for a railroad from 
 Catskill on the Hudson River, to t'an- 
 ajoharie in the valley of the Mohawk. 
 A small portion of the route had been 
 built, but was so badly located and 
 constructed, and the whole route 
 proved of so formidable a character, 
 that, upon his report, the project was 
 abamloned, and the portion construct- 
 ed taken up. In 184:1 the canal board 
 resident engineer appointed him to the 
 enlargement of the Erie Canal, between 
 Little Falls and Syr.icuse, and also to 
 act in the same capacity on the Che- 
 nango and Black River Canivls. This 
 work was completed in 184.'), when he 
 accepted the position of chief (mgineur 
 
788 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 anil si.ipf>rinton(lfntof the Hartford and 
 New llavpii llailroad, tlieii in ()i)era- 
 tioii to Spriiintk'ld. Mass. He; remained 
 in charge of Uie work iiiilil 1848, when 
 lie was tendered the situation of chief 
 enuhiecr of the Hartford and Willi- 
 mantic ItoavN. and as he preferrcul to 
 conslrurt, ratlier than to superintend, 
 railroads, he accepieil tlie position. In 
 its eours;>, tlie rout? crossiMl tlio Con- 
 necticut Ki.'cr and ilie Bolton Moun- 
 tain. In order to reach the sunnnit of 
 this mountain, ,^nd save as much rock- 
 excavation as possil)le, it became neces- 
 sfry to adopt a grade of sixty feet to 
 the mile for a distance of five miles, 
 which at, that early day, Ijcfore loco- 
 motives had been improved In their 
 capacity to overcome steep grades, was 
 a work of no small interest. This 
 work was completed In 1800, when he 
 returned to Utica to take charge of 
 the .survey of a route extending from 
 Schenectady to Syracuse, a distance 
 of one hundred and thirty miles. In 
 the winter of 18.51 Mr. Ilolfon. a di- 
 rector of the Milwaukee and Prairie du 
 Oliien Railroad, employed Mr. Brod- 
 head to finish constructing the road, 
 which had been completetl a? far as 
 Eagle. There were many features in 
 tlie eonstruition of this road which 
 were of a serious character ; but It was 
 finally completed in 18.')7. The last 
 year of his connection with this road, 
 lie was president of the company. In 
 18.").') Mr. Brodhi!ad was seli'ctcd as 
 one of a commission of three to inves- 
 tigate the first serious collision that oc- 
 cnrreil in the North-west. It took place 
 between two train of cars, — one upon 
 the Southern Michigan llailroad, and 
 the other upon the MIcliigan Central, 
 at the crossing of the two roads, at a 
 point about .seven miles south of Chi- 
 cago. In the report upon the suliject, 
 a reeoinmenilalion was made, that a 
 regulation should be adopted, that all 
 trains, before crossing the track of 
 another railroad, should come to a 
 s'and-stlll. This plan li.as since been 
 adopted, and in most .States h.as be- 
 come a law. In 1857 he closed his 
 business in engineering, having been 
 engaged In It for twenty-live years. 
 During this year, he and his wife made 
 a trip through the Soiilbern States. In 
 April, 18(!;5, he was appointed president 
 of the Farmers' and Mlller.s' Bank, on 
 the resignation of its former ])resident. 
 Mr. Itrodhead Is still In the s.ame 
 office, Ihougli the bank has been re- 
 organised into a national bank. In 
 1871 lie accepted the ofllce of water- 
 
 commissioner for the purpose of con- 
 structing a system of water-works for 
 the city of Milwaukee. This duty was 
 performed without compensation, and 
 the works have been completed, and 
 turned over to the city In June, 1875. 
 Mr. Brodhead attributes a portion of 
 Ills good health to outdoor exercise. 
 The name of Jlr. Brodhead has, for 
 many years, been prominent In the 
 engineering profession. Through hia 
 zeal and industry, the East and the 
 West are indebted for their improved 
 railroad facilities. In our State, tin 
 Iron band crtiinectlng the Great Lakes 
 with the Mississippi remains a monu- 
 ment of his untiring zeal and energy. 
 Ills name will ever be honored by tlie 
 citizens of Milwaukee for the part he 
 performed in bringing to a successful 
 completion the perfect system of 
 water-works In their city. 
 
 Cl)L. tJ.A.MES MlDDI.ETON AnNOI.n. 
 
 — He was born In LIbertvville, III., 
 April 2(1, 1841. He came to Milwau- 
 kee, Wis., wifn his parents, when .an 
 Infant, and has lived there up to the 
 present time. In 1858 he entered 
 business as a drug-clerk, In the employ 
 of Henry Fess, jun. Subseqiienlly he 
 entered the employ of Smith, Chandler, 
 and Co., from whence. In 18(12, he en- 
 listed In the Twenty-fourth Keglment 
 of Wisconsin Volunteers, a Milwaukee 
 city regiment. He went through the 
 war; was taken prisoner at battle of 
 Murtreesborough, Dec. 31, 18(I"J, and 
 spent two months In T,ibby Prison. Ho 
 was exehanged, and detaileil for clerical 
 duty on statt of Major-Gen. .lohn 
 Pope, on which duty he continued tor 
 fourteen months, (luring whiih linio 
 he was married. He Wiis relieved by 
 fieneral Orders of War Depart ukm it, 
 and rejoined the regiment while In 
 ine of battle on Rocky Fall Uiidge, 
 (ia., served fni the stall of Major-Gens. 
 Newton and George H. Thomas, and 
 afterwanls filled the position of assist- 
 ant ailjutant-general In State of Ten- 
 nessee, with the rank of ni.ajor, holding 
 such commission In the Third Ten- 
 nessee (Union) Cavalry, 
 
 He Is now connected with the firm 
 of .\rnolil, Yuli>, and Co., the most ex- 
 tensive dealers in engines, wood and 
 iron working machinery, and manu- 
 facturers' supplies. In Milwaukee. Ho 
 was elected to the city council as alder- 
 man from the seventh ward In April, 
 1874, lor the term of two years. IIo 
 has bee:, prominently identllied with 
 the advancement of public works in 
 that section of the city. He holds the 
 
n I STORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 789 
 
 commission of colonel of tlie First 
 Uc'gimt'iit of Wisconsin Voiuntcpr Mili- 
 tia, wliich from tlie ouersy dispjayod by 
 its commander, stands panillcl willi any 
 »iini!ar body of militia in tlie country. 
 Coi. Arnold is also the editor and pui)- 
 lislier of "The North-western Illus- 
 tnited Mechanical Journal," a paper 
 devoted to manufactures and inven- 
 tions, liavin;? circulation through most 
 of the Western States. lie is e.\ce(!d- 
 ingly affable in disposition; has no 
 fixed religious belief; ncitlier a member 
 of any sccr<!t society. His wife, who 
 died July 27, 1S75, was from Salem, 
 Mass. ; was a lady of fine .attainments, 
 a faithful wife and mother; left tliree 
 children. The colonel has acquired a 
 considerable amount of property; has 
 also established an enviable reputation 
 for integrity; is a man of broad and 
 C(miprehensive ideas, and one who 
 stands very prominent among his fel- 
 low-men as a leader. 
 
 Hox. E. Elwill. — He was born 
 Aug. 7, 1810, ii\ Atliens, Bradford 
 County, Penn. ITo received a com- 
 mon-school education, and finished up 
 at the Athens Academy. While but a 
 youth, he spent some ye.ars in a woollen- 
 factory, tlnis worliing his own way 
 from the time he was able to do any 
 tiling until <'leven years of age. Stib- 
 gequently he taught during winters, 
 and attended school during siuumers. 
 In May, 1S.!8, he commenced the 
 study of law in the oflice of his brother 
 William; and in 1840 was admitted 
 to pr.actice, which he did with no small 
 degree of success in Bradford and Wyo- 
 ming Counties, until the spring of 
 1847, when he came to Wisconsin, ar- 
 riving at Milwaukee on the first day of 
 June, and from thence to Slieboygan, 
 where he remained in tin- |)ractice of 
 law until the spring of 1S."m. wlien he 
 left for lieaver Dam, wln're ho has 
 since remained. He was distrlet-attor- 
 ni'v for Slieboygan County in I8."):l and 
 18.54. lie was postmaster at IJeaver 
 Dam from 18.')7 until t8t!l ; was district 
 ntli -.ney for Dodge County from 18(i7 
 until 1870. Ho was elected judge of 
 the coui v court of Dodiie (,'ouutv in 
 187;' :■.(! still holds that olfiee. Judge 
 Kiwiil has the highest comiiiendalions 
 of the peojde touching lii-i ability as a 
 lawyer and a judge. His lifi; llnis far 
 has been characterized by early, hon- 
 est, and untiring elTurts to lit himself 
 for, and to thoroughly aecompli-ih. his 
 mission, whicli fact is readily recog- 
 nized by his fellow-men witli applause. 
 
 Hox. J. M, Bennett. — lie was 
 
 I born in Cobleskill, Schoharie County, 
 N.Y. He received a common-school 
 ; educatii>n, after wliich he came to 
 Wisconsin in 1845. Hei-e he taught 
 school the first winter after his arrival. 
 In the spring of 184(5, he settleil in 
 Oregon, Dane County, where he has 
 resided up to the present time, en- 
 gaged in the mercantile business most 
 of tlie time since 1349. In 1871 be 
 helped to organize the First Nalioiial 
 Hank of Evausville, and has been its 
 cashier since. He has filled tlie office 
 of superintendent of schools; was a 
 member of the board of county super- 
 visors three years; .and was elected 
 member of the legislature in 1800. 
 
 When he was twenty years of age, 
 he was without means; to help himself, 
 save that he could work, which he did 
 on a farm for ten dollars and fifty cents 
 a month; but to-day ho is worili a 
 h'.ndsome property, which has been 
 acquired through patient, honest indus- 
 try, .and rigid economy. Thus has he 
 risen to an itulependeiit position by a 
 lawful way, and is a living e.'cample 
 to his fellows. 
 
 Hox. Henry D. Uaruos. —He was 
 born in the town of Wilton, Saratoga 
 County, X.Y., April 10, 1S:J:!. His 
 father was a mechanic in poor eircnm- 
 stanecs, and bunii.'ued with tliesu))port 
 of a large family: coiisei)ueiitly, his 
 advantages for an education wfre lim- 
 ited, aside from the comninn scliouls 
 of those days. In 1848 \w enlcred 
 the printing-offl-e of TInirlow Weed 
 Urown, in which he served an appren- 
 ticeship of tluec years; after v.'hicli, 
 with a few dollars saved from his earn- 
 ings, and a little help from a n lative, 
 he <!ntcred Ballston Spa Law School, 
 where he studied one year, wlicn, witli 
 barely suflicient money to |)ay tlie 
 expenses to Wisconsin, he s.tt'.od in 
 the village of Waukesha, a tlulving 
 county-seat. Not being of ag:', he 
 I'ould not he adniitt il to the practice 
 of law; but, purch.asing "The Wau- 
 kesha Democrat" on advantageous 
 terms, he became iu edi-.or ami pro- 
 prietor; and soon, with llie name of 
 "Chroiiotvpe," un<ler his charges it as- 
 sumed a i)lace in the front rank of tlie 
 weekly pre-^s of tin- State. At timt 
 time, till! Democratic party was the 
 only piilitieal power througliout the 
 .Vorlh-wi'st, to wliich li<' attaeheil him- 
 self. He was appointed postma-^ter of 
 WaukcHlia liy I'res. I'ierce. and con- 
 tinued the publieatiou of "The? Cliro- 
 nolyiie ' until ls.")7, wlieii it passeil 
 into other hands. He Jiad, in thu 
 
790 
 
 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 mean timn, boon ailmitted to thn prao- 
 tict' (if law. In 18(10 lie was appDintod 
 l)y (Jov. Hanilall jiulge of the oishtli 
 juili<'ial circuit. In which he served a 
 .short tiM'iu, when he removed to St. 
 Oroix Falls, and was retained by Calel) 
 dishing to take cli-rgo of the latter's 
 larj;e Interests in that section of the 
 country. That has continued to be 
 his place of residence since, from 
 which, however, he has been freipiently 
 called In the discharge of public du- 
 ties. At 'ho outbreak of the war, 
 Juil.^o Barron took a position in the 
 suiiport of war measures, and would 
 have been appointed to a niHilary com- 
 mand, but for physical disabllllies. He 
 assisted in raising two or three regi- 
 ments, and was prominent In tlie co\in- 
 cils of the war parly In the Slate. lie 
 supported Lincoln's adnilnistratioM, 
 and became gradually IdiMilificd with 
 the Republican party. In 1S(!2 be was 
 elected a member of the legWlature. 
 and was re-electeil until l.Sii'J. In 
 April, 18(1!). be was appointed by Pres. 
 Grant iifih auditor of the Cnited 
 States treasury. In 1S7I, whili! at- 
 tending to his duties in Washington, 
 he was again elecleil to the legislature, 
 because of important inatlijrs to bi^ cared 
 for, which he was so w(dl (|uali(ied to 
 protect. He was chosen speaker of the 
 a.ssembly in 18;i(> .and in ls7:i. He is 
 an a(lmlral)lo presiding officer of a de- 
 lilMMalive body, and Is regarded as a 
 model legislator, exceedingly olfective 
 in debate, from a thorough knowU'ilge 
 of all important matters. He stands 
 auKiig the few incorruptible pulille 
 men. ..nd never fails to wield a salutary 
 itilluence. He was a member of the 
 electoral college from Wisconsin, ,and 
 its president In ISliS, and held the 
 same positions In 1872. .Just in the 
 prime of life, and having risen to such 
 eminence already, bo Is destlneil to oc- 
 cupy a larger field of usef nluess for the 
 public good. 
 
 CllAiiLKs E. IIoirniiMAN. M.D. — He 
 was born in Nashville, Tenn., .hily S. 
 18:!:!. Ho was educateil under a prl- 
 vat(^ te.acher, after which he sindled al 
 New Orleans, Philadi'lphla. and .New 
 York. He entered upon the practice 
 of medicine in Canada, where he re- 
 mained three years. He came to Wis- 
 cou' in in 18(14, and was appointed in 
 lS(ii», liy Gov. Fairchild, to tak<' charge 
 of the Kyo ami \'.;\r Department of St. 
 Mary's Hospital for Indigent Sol<liers, 
 In 187(1 ho established the .Milwiiukee 
 Kye and F.ar Intiiiiiiiry, where he has 
 treated a large number of patients with 
 
 groat siiccoss. He receives patients 
 from all parts of the country; and any 
 who are of limited means are not 
 turned away, hut treated the same, 
 which may be seen from the fact that 
 he has treated about six hundred gra- 
 tuitously. There arc very nnvny relia- 
 ble sources from which the public may 
 gather information concerning Dr. 
 Houghman's Infirmary at Milwaukee. 
 The press is loml in its praise of t'lo 
 institution, presenting its henefits with 
 perspicuity to the ])ubllc; and also of 
 the well-tried ability of him who is in 
 charge. He is iin(|Uestionably well 
 recommended and properly indorsed for 
 his profession. 
 
 Hon. Geoisoe W. Ai.len. — Ho was 
 born in Cazenovia, X.Y., in Docemtipr, 
 1818. His early days of labor were 
 spent in the tannery with his father. 
 He was liberally e<luciited, prepared 
 for college, and entered the Wesloyan 
 University, Connecticut, in 1838, and 
 graduateii at Union College, New York, 
 In 1841. Fora time, be read law, intend- 
 ing to follow that profession, but soon 
 changed his mind, preferring conuner- 
 clal pursulls, and entered into iiartnor- 
 shlp with his father in 1842, \uider the 
 firm-naine of It. Allen & Son. At this 
 period of his life, he was given to poli- 
 tics and public speaking. In 1842 ho 
 delivered a speech against what was thcii 
 called Political Aholltionism, when ho 
 was challenged by Hon. Gerrit Smith 
 to meet him In p\ililie debate on that 
 (|neslion. whicii was accepted ; and, 
 after the discussion, the almost mil- 
 veisal verdict was In fav(jr of Mr. 
 .Mien. In 1847 was married to .Jane 
 Savage of New Yoik. On the break- 
 ing-out of till? war in 1801, Mr. Allen 
 was active in the cause of the country, 
 inakhig his elo(|uent andstrongappeals, 
 conlriliuting largely of his means, as 
 wellas time, to sustain the governineiit. 
 lie and his brother were successful iu 
 raising one company, which was mus- 
 tered into the Twenty-fourth Wiscon- 
 sin Volunteers, under the name of the 
 "AlliMi Guards;" and his services were 
 unreiniltiMl to the close of the war. 
 il(^ urged the heaviest taxation in all 
 its forms; saying, that, where so many 
 gave their lives, others sliould give 
 their proiierty, to the common cause. 
 After the cl ise of the war. the neces- 
 sity fcu' such taxation no longer needed, 
 he was influential in having Ibcni re- 
 duced. Ho has contrilpiiteil more to 
 the leather Interest of this country than 
 any other man. During his visit to 
 Vienna, at the World's Exposltioii, ho 
 
 I 
 
BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 791 
 
 Rathcred much valuable information, 
 wliicli conlributed largely to tlie busi- 
 iic!js of tlio iirni, and to the leather in- 
 dustry throughout the country. He 
 is one of tliose men who go out and 
 beyond self into tlie liigher and broader 
 atmosphere of the public good. 
 
 Rev. Amos C. Pennock. — He was 
 born in tlie town of Champion, Jeffer- 
 son County, N.Y., Oct. 0, 1S15. lie 
 resided at the place of his birtli until 
 1844, when he removed to Wisconsin. 
 His early school-privileges were infe- 
 rior to those of the present age; but 
 he was not slow to improve the oppor- 
 tunities given. He formed habits of 
 study, wlilch constituted one secret of 
 grand success in after-life, giving him 
 the character of thorough student. 
 The first eight years subsequent to his 
 becoming of age were spent between 
 study, travel, and the oversight of the 
 farm, while his father w.as absent as a 
 travelling Methodist prciicher. In the 
 fall of IHU, witlx his newly married 
 wife, he Cimie to Aztalan, .lefferson 
 County, Wis., where he sold goods, 
 and dealt in real estate for about three 
 years, when he joined flio Wisconsin 
 Conference of the Methodist-Episcopal 
 Cliurcli, laboring successfully for some 
 years on tlio best appointments of the 
 conference. While at Milwaukee, find- 
 ing that his health was declining, lie 
 chose a change of climate, and was 
 stiitioied in the city of Stillwater, 
 Minn., forllio ensuing year; .md, when 
 tl'i '\ I-: i/usln Conference was <livided, 
 i . <«ii .a'o tlie Minnesota division, in 
 ".'•ii'' cc forence ho was called to the 
 ■ .1. .^r. •>( prominent duties; being 
 ) MPili. d to aid in all the benevo- 
 It. ', .1'. J ■ irational enterprises of the 
 churo • '•■ !'ie ctnirse of a few years, 
 he reti.'uet! o Wisconsin, over which 
 lie had trivelled in an early day, wlien 
 there was not only much to admire 
 among the wilds and beauties of the 
 State, but more to fear. lie soon 
 learned to feel ' iioino in these lone 
 journeyings thriM,.,li forests, and over 
 prairic^s, feeling assured of the sludter- 
 mg wing of Ilim who sleepelli not. 
 Being naturally diffident and reliring, 
 ho has avoided nearly all political posi- 
 tions and responsibilities. A few tried 
 friendi, plenty of inlt, paper, and 
 books, together with simple food and 
 an humble shelter, have for him eon- 
 ttltiiteil a fountain of happiness. And 
 ■ i a ■ osiiil of this taste and talent may 
 be idiind, beside sermons, essays, con- 
 troveisieH, and correspoiulencc. a ciin- 
 donsed manuscript upon the important 
 
 features of theology, carefully written, 
 and nearly ready for the press, a col- 
 lection of poems and fugitive pieces, 
 indexed, and ready for the printer's 
 hand. As a sample of liis poetical 
 genius, a few extracts are subjoined, — 
 
 THE KED SLAN'S RETURN, 
 
 " 'TIs fifteen years since first I stood 
 And gazed upon these hills mid wood; 
 Went with the tribe from place to place, 
 And joined the merry morning chase. 
 My heart was light nnd happy then 
 As sunbeams glancinc o^er the glen ; 
 And little thought I, dancing on, 
 So soon would set my Joyous sun, — 
 All I little thought, a tew brief yeai-s 
 Would iiU my eyes with scalding teat's; 
 Would leave me wretclied, faint, and lone; 
 Destroy my friends and wooflland home; 
 Would drive me from my native hill. 
 My mountuin-tmil, and sparkling rill: 
 But all, a spell came o'er my dream, 
 And heartless fates have changed the scene. 
 
 n>;t oh 1 how changed this spot appears, 
 And all arouinl new aspe"*; wears, 
 riie council-tree now's c away; 
 And piled in heaps the old oaks lay; 
 The pale-f.ice has his cottage here ; 
 And waving coin the hill-tops boar; 
 The winding trail the plough's turned o'er; 
 And what was fair is fair no more. 
 
 For me this lifi hath now no cheer; 
 The wood no c larni. >iio grave no fear; 
 The rising liglu ascends in vain 
 To culm tills throbbing, troubled brain." 
 
 The following, titled 
 written in 1854, — 
 
 'June," was 
 
 " It la greeting, indeed, when the winter is 
 
 past. 
 And the ratn-drops of spring on earth's bosotn 
 
 are ca-*t, 
 To walk 'mid the flowers, thy sun dotli illume, 
 And breathe thy sweet breath, mild, genial 
 
 June." 
 
 Tliese are samples of a few of the 
 many poems he has written; while in 
 prose, too, lie has not failed to acquire 
 a good repnt.ation both as a writer and 
 profound thinker, as may be seen from 
 his productions, especially in a sermon 
 written and pulilislied in 1807, entitled 
 "The Fall and Recovery of Man," the 
 closing up of wliicli is most sublime, 
 lie is now nearly sixty years of age, 
 of a nervoin-sanguino temperament; 
 is firm in what he lieiieves to be right. 
 lie now resides in Madison, in a plejis- 
 ant home; and, having done what he 
 could in the activities of life, he now 
 looks forward to a bright immortality 
 beyond the stream of death. 
 
 Mrs. Klanhrth J. I'ennnck. — She 
 WIS born in Ulic.i, N.Y.. Feb. 2.'), 
 It?o0. lleing one of a large family, with 
 
792 
 
 BISTORT OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 only moderate means, she early learned 
 the lesson of self-reliance and useful 
 activity, prizing the advantages of an 
 education. Tlie family moved to Ful- 
 ton, N.Y., while she was but a child. 
 Here she began to acquire an intellec- 
 tual culture, where her opportunities 
 were such as to insure tl.' . Mgh and 
 rapid progress. She wasj > ■ ' 
 study, taking in knowledi, . 
 sponge drinks up water. Sli*, 
 school-teaching at sixteen, and 
 tinued the work with success until uji- 
 twenty-fourth year, when she was mar- 
 ried to Rev. A. C. Penuock, then a 
 member of the Wisconsin Conference. 
 Subsequently she shared with her hus- 
 band the toil and trials of the itin- 
 eracy, for years, with patience. Slie 
 had been accustomed, however, to 
 hardships prior to assuming these new 
 responsibilitii'- ; for in 1840 she jame to 
 Wisconsin, ami saw Columbia County 
 in its rude and early days, — saw these 
 wild prairies bow to the rod of agri- 
 culture, and yield to the wand of civil- 
 ization, — saw them change from the 
 playground and feeding-place of wild 
 animals to fields of grain, and gardens 
 of beauty, and contributed he. part in 
 bringing about the transformation ; av ! 
 in her after and bettor days, has e\er 
 had an eye of sympathy toward the 
 poor, the toiling, and the struggling. 
 At her hand, want finds help, and dis- 
 tress relief, and in her words the erring 
 find council, and the sorrowing solace. 
 Never neglecting the calls of lier family 
 to follow the nod and notions of arti- 
 ficial society ; at home in the kitchen, 
 nursery, and parlor; at home in the 
 lialls of music, art, and science; a con- 
 stant student and ready writer ; a de- 
 voted daily Christian lady, aiming to 
 make her liome a sanctuary, as well as 
 a study for her children, — she makes 
 one of the best mothers, best neighbors, 
 friends, and citizens of the State. 
 
 William P. Meruill. — He was 
 horn on the 25th of March, 1871, at 
 South Berwick, Me. When but eight 
 years of age, his father moved to 
 Adams, Jefferson County, N.Y., where 
 he remained eight years. William had 
 now arrived at that ago when every 
 young man desires to sever home-ties, 
 and seek a fortune abroad. His first 
 attempt was to make a trip to Canada; 
 but sickness comiielled his return after 
 a brief stay. After his recovery, he 
 decided to go West. lie went to Cleve- 
 land, O. In 18;W he left Ohio for Wis- 
 consin, arriving in Milwaukee, after 
 a tedious voyage of one month, on the 
 
 second day of April. In 1837, still 
 impelled by the love of adventure, 
 he made a trip to Chicago, from there 
 to Rockford, remaining there until 
 spring, when, accompanied by two 
 friends, in March he bought a canoe, 
 and embarked for the Mississippi. Sub- 
 sequent to this, he went to Canianchc, 
 lo. While here, he wa.s made justice 
 of the peace. In 1839 he returned to 
 Milwaukee, bought a small stock of 
 goods, and proceeded to Waukesha 
 County, and established the first store 
 between Waukesha and Watertown. 
 In 1840 he sold out, being convinced 
 that the business of a country mer- 
 chant was not the best. He then en- 
 ?aged in farming, exchanging his store 
 or eighty acres in Milwaukee County. 
 Ho was elected justice of the peace in 
 1840, and in 1840 repi'esentod the fifth 
 ward as alderman, and also in 1860. 
 When he came to Milwaukee, he was 
 the owner of a good gun, a chest of 
 carpenter's tools, and one hundred 
 dollars in cash. He was married in 
 1830, and has two sons. He has built 
 fourteen houses ; and, from the rentage 
 of his stores and dwellings, is able to 
 pas' the remainder of life in comfort- 
 able circumstances. 
 
 Hon. Hokack Chase. — He was born 
 in Derby, Orleans Comity, -Vt., Dec. 
 25, 1810. He comes of pioneer aiul 
 Revolutionary stock. He lived with liis 
 parents, and worked on the farm, at- 
 tending school in the winter. In 18;10 
 he went to Boston, and engaged with 
 Messrs. Baxter, Robinson, and Co. as 
 clerk, until January, 18*1, then, with 
 Wilder Pearce, Esri., of Stanstead Plain, 
 Canada East, acting as clerk in his store 
 up to February, 1834. He then went 
 to Boston and New York, where he met 
 with P. F. W. Peck, Esq., who hailed 
 from Chicago. Mr. Chase returned 
 witli him, and accepted position as 
 clerk in his store. He remained with 
 Mr. Peck for some time ; then engaged 
 as book-keeper for a tavern-keeper. 
 Not liking this business, he engaged as 
 clerk with Messrs. Kinze and liali, who 
 kept a large wholesale and retail store. 
 During his stay with Mr. Ingersoll, the 
 tavern-keeper, ho became acquainted 
 with Arcliibald Clybourn, who pro- 
 posed to go Into company in tiie mer- 
 cantile business. A partnersliip was 
 ent(!red into for three years ; and they 
 decided tu start business in Milwaukee, 
 wliere they put up a small shanty- 
 storehouse in 18:!.">. In April he, with 
 otliors, opened a road from Hoot River 
 tu the mouth of tlie Milwaul<ee River. 
 
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 793 
 
 Iti laSS he, with his brother (Dr. E. 
 Chase), opcnctl a h\rge and cunuuodious 
 store ; and tliey alone did the forward- 
 ing and commission business of what is 
 now tlie great city of Milwaul<ee. In 
 October, 1837, he was united in mnr- 
 riage to Miss Sarah Ann Grey. He 
 Wivs electeil a member of tlio first Con- 
 stitutional Convention from Milwaukee 
 County. lie was next elected to the 
 first State legislature of Wisconsin, 
 convened at Madison, January, 1848. 
 In August, 1852, Mr. Chase met with a 
 sorrowful bereavement in the loss of 
 his wife. In 1858 he was again mar- 
 ried to Miss Mary H. Davis of Mount 
 Holly, Vt , who is still living to mal;e 
 his home happy. In 1801 he was 
 elected alderman and su|)ervisor for 
 the fifth ward of the city of Mil- 
 waukee, and in 1802 received, througli 
 tlie suffrages of his admiring foUow- 
 citizons, tlie position of mayor. He 
 lias ever discharged his duties to the 
 satisfaction of tlie people, and is held 
 in liigh esteem. He has retired on an 
 ample fortune, tlie results of his own 
 industry and integrity. 
 
 IIo:f. Levi H. Kellooo. — He was 
 born in Sheffleld, Berkshire County, 
 Mass., Aug. 24, 1817. Wlien he was 
 four years of age, his parents moved to 
 Oneida County, New York, where he 
 remained until the age of si.xteeu, when 
 lie decided to go farther West. His 
 educational advantages, up to this 
 period, were such as the common 
 schools of that day afforded. Early in 
 life he manifested a disposition to pre- 
 pare Iiimself for a useful life-work. 
 He went to Michigan, the journey oc- 
 cupying three weeks of tedious travel. 
 He resided there about fourteen years, 
 actively engageil in the toil that sub- 
 sequently resulted in aHluence, the 
 meanwliilo attending to the cultivation 
 of his mind. In 1847 lie moved to Mil- 
 wauicee, where lie engaged in coinmer- 
 ciiil life, and was always alive to every 
 vital interest toucliing tlie prosperity of 
 that city. He liiis lieen everywhere re- 
 garded as a man of superior business 
 attainments, a man of integrity, liberal, 
 and sound in every respect. He is re- 
 membered in Milwaukee, and in many 
 other places, by young men who have 
 been assisted anil encouraged by him. 
 He was enabled, through h<mest indus- 
 try, to acquire an abundance of this 
 world's goods. In the early days of 
 Miiwaukei.'. he liecame connected with 
 tlie order of Odd-Kollows, and rose, in 
 a short time, to a high position in that 
 body. He manifested great Interest in 
 
 the promulgation of the principles of 
 the order, and established many lodges 
 in the State. There is scarcely a mem- 
 ber of the order in the State who is not 
 familiar with the name and influence 
 of Mr. Kellogg. He was known as of 
 a benevolent disposition; and, during 
 Ills last illness, those who liad been 
 favored by him in business did not 
 forget their benefactor in the lioiir of 
 his affliction. He died at Milwaukee, 
 Dec. 12, 187;}, leaving a name that is 
 dear to those that knew him. 
 
 Hox. Cakson Gbaiiam. — He was 
 born in Erie County, I'ennsylvania, 
 Dec. 25, 1812. He acquired the benefits 
 of the common schools and academies 
 of Ills day. His labor was on the farm 
 until seventeen years of age, at which 
 time he went to Pittsburg to learn 
 the printer's trade, where he worked 
 for a short time, and, not liking it, re- 
 turned home. Ho then taught school 
 for the purpose of acquiring means to 
 complete a thorough course of instruc- 
 tion. In 18")5 he commenced the 
 study of law under the direction of 
 Hon. George A. Elliot. Was admitted 
 to t)ie bar in 1838, and soon after 
 was appointed deputy attornoy-general. 
 Was alsodopuly United States attorney 
 for the Western District of Pennsyl- 
 vania for six years, when he came to 
 Wisconsin; but, not liking the appear- 
 ance of things at that time, he returned 
 to Pennsylvania. In ]84!>, about ten 
 years after his visit to Milwaukee, lie 
 determined t > return to the State. 
 Accordingly ho went to Fond du Lac. 
 Ho here became acquainted with prom- 
 inent men, and was .idmitted to tlie 
 bar in this State. In Fi^bruary, 1852, 
 he moved to Dubuque, lo., where he 
 opened an office. In about fourteen 
 weeks afterwards, he was taken ill, 
 whi'jli continued, with great suffering, 
 for three months. Feeling somewhat 
 discour.agcd, he resolved to return to 
 Erie, Penn., wliere he resumed 
 practice until the summer of 1857, 
 when he again determined to go West, 
 intending to go to Minnesota, but 
 stopped at La Crosse until June, 1858, 
 when he went to Mankato, but, early 
 in the fall, returned to La Crosse, and 
 remained there until the latter part of 
 September, 1850, when he came to 
 Varoqua on business, with not the 
 slightest intention of locating here ; but, 
 as tliere seemed to be an opening for 
 ills business, ho remained during the 
 winter. In the spring of 18U0 he was 
 elected county judge, whicli settled the 
 question of locating hei'c. In tlie 
 
794 
 
 mSTORT OF WIS CONS m. 
 
 spring of 1804 he was elected to the 
 siiine oHico, and held IL for eight years. 
 Since then, he has held the oflico of 
 district-attorney for two years. He has 
 been active in business, and promi- 
 nently connected witli many enter- 
 prises touching the prosperity of the 
 State. 
 
 John Xazro. — lie was born at 
 Cape llaylien, a seaport town on the 
 Island of Ilaytl, l)(v. 1!), 18-'0. His 
 father was born in JIassachusett.i, and 
 Ills mother in New Jersey. Mr, Nazro 
 is a de-cendant from the French on 
 both sides. His father was engaged, 
 in early life, at Cape Haytien, in the 
 coniniission-tr.iding business between 
 that place and Boston, Mass. His 
 parents returned to Boston when 
 Mr. N'azro was about two years old. 
 Here he resided until February, 1847, 
 when he reuKjved to Milwaukee, in 
 which city ho now resides. Ho was 
 married in September, 1851, to Clara 
 B. Ulanchard, a daughter of Dr. A. 
 Blaiichard of Truxton, Cortland 
 County, N.Y. They liave Iiad seven 
 childicn. Mr. Nazi'o graduated from 
 the Boston High School at the age of 
 fifteen. Ho then entered a conimissi'";- 
 liouse, remaining there for ahout five 
 years. He was bookkeeper with Xazro 
 and King of Milwaukee for one year. 
 In May," 181S, he bought out j. C. 
 Cramer and Co., dealers in hardware, 
 and startiMl in business under the firm 
 John Nazro, jun., and Co. In May, 
 1850, lie nulled with H. J. N.izro. In 
 May, 18.")4, H. J. Nazro left Milwaukee 
 to reside in New York, leaving the 
 management of the business, which was 
 then considered large, with liim. In 
 May, 18(i(), the name of the firm was 
 changed to .John Nazro and Co., under 
 which nmne it still exists. Two years 
 later, he became the sole proprietor. 
 His first year's business, in 1848, 
 amounted to eleven tliousand dollars, 
 and has advanced to a million, live hun- 
 dred tliousaiuldoUars. His presentstore 
 is tlic largest in the United States. Its 
 dimensions are one hundred . by one 
 liundred and forty feet. Mr. Nazro has 
 never held any public office. He lias 
 declined many high political positions 
 which have been offered to him. He 
 has lield a large number of positions of 
 private trust. His commercial history 
 is closely identified witli the growth of 
 Milwaukee. It has never been dislum- 
 ored. He is a man that desires no 
 eulogies, but prefers to let liis acts, 
 oliaracter, and reputation speak for 
 tliemselves. 
 
 David MARsn Kelly. — He was 
 
 born in Hamilton, Mass., in 1841. Ue 
 is the son of Ilev. George W. and May 
 M. Kelly, When about ten years 
 old, lie roTnoved, with his parents, to 
 Haverhill. Mass. Ho studied law, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 180.% to 
 prat tlse in all the courts of that State. 
 In- .lediately after his admission, he 
 fon.-ed a partnership with II. N. Mer- 
 rill, xnd commenced the practice of 
 law i'l Haverhill. In 1807 Iio removed 
 fro.n Massachusetts to Appleton in 
 this State. Here lie became a director 
 of tlie Green Bay and Mississippi Canal 
 Company, and took charge of a line of 
 steamboats running in the interests of 
 that company on the Upper and Lower 
 Fox Rivers, and on Lake Winnebago. 
 In 1808 Mr. Kelly became vice-presi- 
 dent and superintendent of the Lake 
 and River Transportation Company; 
 and he removed from Appleton to 
 Green Bay, where lie now resiiles. In 
 1809 he purcliased the interest of the 
 Dousmans in the property and busi- 
 ness of Dousinan and Klmoro of Fort 
 Howard, Wis., owners of the Green 
 Bay Elevator, and doing a wholesale 
 and commission business in grain, 
 coal, salt, &c. A partnersjiip was 
 formed by Hon. Andrew E. Elmore, 
 James H. Elmore, of Fort Howard, 
 and Mr. Kelly, under the name of 
 Elmore and Kelly. This firm now ranks 
 as one of the litaviest and most re- 
 liable business-bouses in the State. In 
 1870 he became a director and vice- 
 presidetit of the Green Bay and Lake 
 Pepin Railway Company, a corporation 
 organized for tlie purpose of construct- 
 ing a rallro.ad from Green Bay to the 
 Mississippi River. After careful iuves- 
 tination of the project, he became con- 
 vinced tliat there was great merit in 
 tlie enterprise. Ho tlierefore resigned 
 his offices with the company, and en- 
 tered into a contract to construct tlio 
 entire line, binding himself to complete 
 the road to the Mississippi on or be- 
 fore Jan. 1, 1870. The first rail was 
 laid in 1871; and in twenty-five consec- 
 utive months from that time the work 
 was completed. This road is now 
 known as the Green Bay and Minnesota 
 Ifailroad. Mr. Kelly is its present vice- 
 president and general manager. During 
 the Rebellion, Mr. Kelly served eighteen 
 months in the Union army, and took 
 part in the siege of Port Hudson, and 
 other important oiDerations of the war. 
 For so young a man, Mr. Kelly has 
 seen much of life, and in various pjiases, 
 having been in turn, student, saltwater 
 
 ». 
 
nrsTORY OF mscoysm. 
 
 705 
 
 sailor, soldier, lawyer, stoiiinlioat-man- 
 agor, firiiin-operalor, riiilroiul-liiiildfr, 
 and railroiid-iiianii!;cr. Mr. Kidly is 
 now tliirty-four years of aite ; is unmar- 
 ried, and in tlie cnjoyniiMit of robust 
 healtli. He lias Ix^eii admitted to ]irac- 
 tise in the Supreme Court of the State, 
 but now gives his attention to the 
 management of the railroad with whieli 
 he is conneeted. There is no need of 
 eulogizing Mr. Kelly. His works arc 
 suttieient. 
 
 H<)>f. TiiEODOiiEPiiENTIss. — lie was 
 born at Montpelier, Vt., Sept. 10, 1818. 
 Ue was the eighth son of Samuel Pren- 
 tiss, formerly ehief justice of the Su- 
 preme Court, Vermont, United States 
 senator, and judge of the United States 
 district court. He pursued a course of 
 study in the academy of his native town 
 preparatory for college, and entered the 
 University of Vermcint in 18;W. lie left 
 the sum", year on account of ill health, 
 and went South. In 1842 he returned, 
 and studied law in his father's oflice at 
 Montpelier. and was admitteil to the bar 
 111 1844. lie removed to Wisconsin in 
 Oetolier of the same year, and settled 
 in Watc'.-towii, February. 184.!). lie was 
 elected a member of the Hist and second 
 conventions for forining a constitution 
 of the State. He was a member of 
 the State legisliiture in 1801; and was 
 elected in the same year a member of 
 the Board of Hegents of the State Uni- 
 versity. Three several times he has 
 been elected mayor of the city of 
 Watertown. He married Martha .J. 
 Perry of Montpelier, Vt., Dec. 4, 18.)"), 
 and has three sons. He and his wife 
 are members of the Episcopal Church, 
 lie lias been successful in business, and 
 has ;ic:iuired a fair competence. 
 
 Hon. He.nhy A. Youman, M.D. — 
 He was born in Albanyt;ounty, N.Y., 
 May 22, ISld. Two years afterwards, 
 the family removeil to Genesee County. 
 This country was then sparsely settled. 
 With the results of his labors in the 
 schoolroom, ho was enaliled to attend 
 the Wyoming Academy one or two 
 terms, before beginning tin; study of 
 medicine. Ho. graduated in 184:!, from 
 the (leiieva Medical College in New 
 York. Subsequent to this event, lie 
 went to Milwaukee, Wis. He had 
 little means, Ijiit was determined to 
 overcome all dillicultii^s. (»ii liis ar- 
 rival, he immediately began to look 
 for a location. He linally settled in 
 tlie village of Muckwoiiago, wliero he 
 now resides. For the past thirty-two 
 years, he has been engaged in the pro- 
 feasiou of his choice. He was super- 
 
 intendent of the public schools of his 
 town until 18li0. He was elected in 
 the autumn a member of the assembly, 
 and served his coiistilnents satisfac- 
 torily. He was a Kepublicau until the 
 last year of Grant's lulininistraticni. 
 Since tlien, he has been independent 
 of any party, and supports those who 
 iue the best titled for tlie positions for 
 which they are cainlidates. Dr. You- 
 man possesses a strong, vigorous, and 
 clieerfiil temperament. He is strictly 
 temperate. Being mmh engrossed witli 
 his profession, and possessing great de- 
 terinination and self-control, he has 
 been the means of saving many difficult 
 cases. A few years after his seltlement 
 in Muckwon.ago. be married Miss Lucy 
 Andrews, a daughter of an old pioneer. 
 They have live cliildren. 
 
 .lunciE Thomas Bbaytox. — He was 
 born at Wilna, Jefferson County, X.Y., 
 D(>c. 12, 1870. He hail few opportuni- 
 ties of education, but was well infonned 
 in the general principles of science and 
 art. He was married to Lora Pellet, 
 March 5, 181:!. She died May 4, 1828. 
 He was married to Laura Ilyer in 
 March. 1X2'.). He moved to Milwaukee 
 in 18aT. .iiid tlie next veiu' to Aztalan, 
 Wis. His wife died Marcli 21, IS4:i; 
 and July 8, 18.'):5, he married (-'yutliia 
 Starkweather. Mr. Brayton died at his 
 residence at Azta'an, Dec. 1",), IS-'A 
 lie liad a strong and active mind, was 
 plain and reticent in in.inner, and yet 
 was genial and coiiipanj,onable. He 
 was a leading spirit in every com- 
 munity in wiiich he lived. He pos- 
 sessed good business-talent, was relia- 
 ble, honest, and prompt. He was a 
 powerful reasoner, a good speaker, and 
 impressed all with the idea that he be- 
 lieved what he said. He w.is an excel- 
 lent farmer, and a thorough and |)racti- 
 cal surveyor. II(^ was often justice of 
 the peace, and judge of probate. 
 
 Alfised Ai:ousTU.s Biiayton. — Ila 
 was born at Wilna, Jefferson Cimnty, 
 N.Y.. Jan. 5, 1814. He moved, with 
 his father's family, to Wisconsin in 
 18:!T, and settled in Aztalan the next 
 year. In ]8:i'.l he married Miss Eliz.a- 
 b(!th Grant. At this place he kept a 
 variety store. He bouglit the site of 
 tlie village of Fall Itiver in 1840; drew 
 up the plan of the town, and built the 
 mills. He was the builder and owner 
 of the first store in Fall Uiver. and sold 
 goods ill tlie place until disabled l)y dis- 
 ease. He was upright, reliaiile, and ac- 
 tive, generous, social, and sympathetic. 
 His manner w.as stern ami abrupt. Ho 
 had a noble nature, a warm heart, and 
 
796 
 
 n/STOJtr or w/sco.vsrx. 
 
 nn honest purpose in his nets and words. 
 lie was educated as a farmer, but be- 
 came an accurate and praci ical surveyor. 
 lie was a good salesman, a bard worker, 
 and a steady and faitliful friend. 
 
 Lucius A. Wukklkb. — ne was 
 born at Milton, Chittenden County, 
 Vt., Marcli 9, 1828. His fatlier was a 
 farmer in humble circumstances, and 
 moved to \Vest(M'n X(!w Yorl» when lie 
 was about five years of age. After re- 
 ceiving his early education in a public 
 school, he entered a collegiate institute 
 at tlie age of thirteen, to prepare for 
 ■ college. His liealth proving too poor, 
 lie entered a country store at the acie 
 of fourteen, wliere lie remained six 
 years. He was made a partner in the 
 business, and w.as an indefatigable 
 worker. Wlieii twenty-two years of 
 age, over-work compelled him to seek 
 a change. After a season of rest, he 
 went to Dunkirk, wlierc he opened a 
 dry-goods store, and soon established 
 a flourishing business. At the expira- 
 tion of four years, the iiarent-hoiise 
 failed, involving Mr. Wheeler in liabili- 
 ties amounting to sixty-flvo thousand 
 dollars. Six months previous to this, 
 lie wa3 married to Miss Helen C. Van 
 Uuren, on May 17, 18.")5. Not at all 
 diseourjiged or dixheartened, he pave 
 up all to his creditors, and immcili- 
 ately started westward. He visited 
 several cities, but settled in Milwau- 
 kee, in IS.'iO, with less than one hun- 
 dred dollars.. After a ^>3ek'8 search, 
 he secured a situation in a clothing- 
 house. After a year's time, lie received 
 a situation in the dry-good's house of 
 the Bradford Brothers, wliere ho re- 
 mained a year. He tlion went to Now 
 York, and succeeded in getting released 
 from nearly ail tlio claims against 
 the old house. Witli the aid of an 
 uncle and a former townsman, he 
 purchased a very small stock of goods, 
 and returned to Milwaukee. He was 
 afterwards joined by a lirother-in-law. 
 The little store soon became popular, 
 and business Increased, wlien they 
 moved to larger apartments. His 
 brother returned to Dunkirk, leaving 
 him to conduct the business alone. A 
 wholesale department was opened ; and 
 tlic business grew rapidly. As often 
 as was necessary, he removed to larger 
 places, until 187-', when he settled in his 
 present elegant abode. He gives special 
 attention to the best retail trade; and 
 has a large and coiisiaiilly increasing 
 business. Mr. Wheeler is an active 
 Christian, whicli is due, in a degree, to 
 his early religious iuslruction. 
 
 JuDOE David W. Smam,. — He was 
 born at Frankfort, Philadelphia County, 
 I'enn., Dec. 18. 1827. His parents be- 
 longed to the Society of Friends, and 
 were faruKirs. He lived on the farm 
 until he was sixteen years old; and 
 attended tlic public schools during the 
 winter months. He was a stuilcnt in 
 the Moravian College at Nazareth for 
 two years. At eighteen years of age, 
 he began teaching, and reading law. In 
 April, ISuO, he was admitted to the bar 
 at Doylestown. The following month, 
 he went to Ocommiewoc, Wis. At 
 first his l.aw-business was not very 
 prosperous, and lie combined tlic duties 
 of a surveyor with his profession until 
 18j1. By tliis time his business had 
 Increased to such an extent as to oc- 
 cupy Ills entire time. In ]8.')1 he was 
 i'l(!cted path-master of liis ward. In 
 1802 he was elected distrirt-attorney 
 for Waukeslia County, on tlie Demo- 
 cratic ticket, to which otUce he was 
 subsequently re-elected once or twice. 
 In 18li!l he was elected judge of the 
 Second .Judicial Circuit. In 1875 ho 
 was re-eloeled by a largo majority, 
 .ludgo Small resides upon, and culti- 
 vat(!S, a small faim near th3 village. 
 Judge Small was liorn and brouglit up 
 in tlie Society of Friends, and still be- 
 lieves ill tlieir fundamental principles. 
 'His wife's maiden n.anie w.as Susannah 
 Ely. They liave three children. 
 
 Hon. AVy.man Si'ooneh. — He was 
 born at Hardwick, Worcester County, 
 Mass., July 2, 1705. His father was a 
 farmer, and he lived at lioine, attend- 
 ing school in the winter, until fourteen 
 years of age. He went to V(?rmont, 
 and became an apprentice in a print- 
 ing-oflice. When .about twenty-one, 
 he commenced tlic publication of a 
 weekly newspaper, which he continued 
 for about twelve years. He tlien 
 began the study of law, and was ad- 
 mitted to its priictice in 18:!3. From 
 Ills long continuance in, and his asso- 
 ciations with, Vermont, he claims, 
 without repuiiiating the paternity of 
 his native State, to ho a " Green 
 Mountain Boy." In 1842 he removed 
 to Wisconsin, and in 184:$ he settled 
 in Elkhorn, Walworth County, where 
 he has ever since resided. In 184(1, ho 
 w.as elected judge of prol>ate, which 
 office he held until tlie probate was 
 merged into the county court. 
 
 In 18.53 he was appointed circuit 
 judge; which position Ik; held until 
 the election of Judge Doolittle. He 
 was elected to the assembly in ISoO, 
 1801, 1857, and 1801. J a 1857 lie was 
 
HISTORY -OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 7D7 
 
 electi'd spoiiker (if tlm assembly. ITo 
 was ('Icctoil .Sliil(^ soimtor for the terms 
 (if ISdU and 1803. In tlio last sessldn 
 lie was elioseii president of tlio senate, 
 anil iK'camc licutcnant-j^overnor when 
 Jlr. Salomon succeeded to the executive 
 chair. In 1*!:J, 1S05, and 18{(7, lie was 
 el(!cted lieutenant-governor; and, by 
 virtue of his office, he presided over 
 the senate for six consecutive years. 
 He was a member of the first board 
 of trustees for the Deaf and Dumb, at 
 Dt'lavan. .Imlge Spocmer is a man of 
 constant diligence and energy. 
 
 Axciiis Smith. — He was born at 
 Clay, St. Clair Coimty, Mich., Dec. 16, 
 ISi'ii. He is the son of John K. and 
 Catherine McDonald Smith. lie re- 
 mained at home on his father's farm, 
 •ind attended the district school win- 
 ters, until his fourteenth year, when 
 he commenced to depend (m his own 
 resources. For the next three years, 
 he was a clerk in a country store, at the 
 rate of twenty-five djliars per year, 
 and board. After this, ho engaged in 
 a wholesale and retail establishment, 
 where ho remai'-.ed four years, the last 
 year of whicii time he was a partner. 
 The iie\t three years, he was engaged 
 in similar business with three others. 
 After remaining in the storage, for- 
 warding, and commission business for 
 two years, lie confiiKjd himself to the 
 purchase and sale of grain and flour, 
 in connection with the Mead Kiver 
 and Lalie Erie liailroad Company. 
 He eontiimed to bo prominently con- 
 nected with the management of this 
 department until 1854, when he came 
 to Chicago,' and bough; grain and flour 
 at that place, Kenosl.a, Racine, and 
 Milwaukee. In 1858 he moved to 
 Milwaukee, .ind comin'jnced the erec- 
 tion of an elevator, for the exclusive 
 purpose of hauling grain from rail- 
 cars. This was the first of the kind 
 built in that city. Two years later he 
 was obliged to build another and a 
 larger one, on account of the increase 
 of business. At that time two mil- 
 lions .and one-half bushels of wheat 
 were handled, and in 1873 thirty mil- 
 lions. The great success attending 
 this busitiess was largely attributable 
 to the establishment of grades for 
 the different kinds of grain, the rigid 
 adherence to all the rules and regula- 
 tions estalilislied for the inspection and 
 grading, and for the care taken to keep 
 the different grades of grain separate. 
 This has given Milwaukee a reputa- 
 tion for integrity in every port of the 
 world where wheat ha.s been Imported. 
 
 He makes no pretentions as a poli- 
 tician. Ilis first votes were cast for the 
 DemocraUc party; but after maturer 
 years, seeing that slavery was contrary 
 to the Declaration of Independence, 
 and entirely at variance with the prin- 
 ciples that underlie the organi/.ations 
 of society, he has continued to act 
 with the Republican party, but never 
 would accept of any offlco, except 
 from his business associates, by whom 
 he was elected president of the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce of Milwaukee. In 
 1840 he was married to Maria C. Peck 
 of Rochester, X.Y., who was a very 
 estimable lady and a very devoted wife. 
 She (li(!d in 1858. In the autumn of 
 1800 he married Catherine E., sister 
 of his first wife, and by her he has one 
 son, 
 
 Lyman C. DnAPEn, eldest son of 
 Luke and Harriet Draper, and of the 
 fifth generation from James Draper, 
 who settled at Roxbury, Mass., about 
 1051), was born at the mouth of 
 Eighteen-Mile Creek, on the shore of 
 Lake Erie, in what was then the town 
 of Hamburg, now Evans, Erie County, 
 N.Y., Sept. 4, 1S15. His parents re- 
 moving first to Springfield, Erie 
 County, Pcnn., when he was three 
 years old, he was first sent to school 
 there, a year or two later; and, in the 
 spring of 1821, the family removed to 
 Lockport, an incipient village on the 
 line of the Erie Canal, in Western 
 New York, where he attended the 
 best schools at that day, for the en- 
 suing eight or ten years ; then engaged 
 for a while in chirking. Borrowing a 
 volume, soon after its issue, in 1831, 
 on the " Annals of Tryon County ; or. 
 Border Warfare of New York," and 
 another work, " Rogers's Journals 
 of the French War, and Life of Gen. 
 Stark," replete with thrilling Incidents 
 of Indian and Tory warfare, and read- 
 ing them with avidity, they Incited in 
 his mind a love for narratives of fron- 
 tier adventure that largely gave direc- 
 tion to his subsequent tastes and pur- 
 suits. While at Lockport, ho saw 
 Lafayette, De Witt Clinton, Gov. Cass, 
 and other notable characters. 
 
 His first school-composition was on 
 the services and character of the good 
 Lafayette ; and his first literary article 
 on Chailes Carroll of Carrollton, the 
 last of the immortal signers, whose 
 u ath had recently occurred, was writ- 
 ten in February, 18.33, when a little 
 past seventeen, and was published in 
 " The Rochester Gem" of April en- 
 suing, which was rapidly followed by 
 
798 
 
 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. 
 
 otlior confiibutioiis. In tlio niiluinn 
 of 1S:!4 li(! went to Slobili.', at llie in- 
 viliilion of IVtor A. UcniNcii, a cotton- 
 faclor tlicrc, who liail married his 
 cousin; ami in May, ls;U, lio left 
 there, and went to (inuivillo Ciille;;e, 
 Ohio, arriving June 4, where lie 
 remained for over two yearn. His 
 parents having removeil from Loek- 
 port to Toledo, ()., ho visited t'.eni at 
 the latter plaee, in the summer of 
 lS3r>, and took part with the liuekeyes 
 in a littlo skirmish with tlie Woiver- 
 nies, pleasantly calleil the Battle of 
 Mud Creek, in the environs of Toledo, 
 — one of the episodes of the Ohio ami 
 Michigan boundary difllculty at that 
 period. 
 
 In the autumn of 1830 he left Gran- 
 ville, for Hudson River Seminary, near 
 Stockport, N.Y., where ho remained a 
 year; and then went to reside in the 
 family of his matron and friend, Mr. 
 IJemsen, noa. Alexander, Genesee 
 County, in tha. State, pursuing his 
 studies, and an extensive course of 
 reading, privatelv. 
 
 When in Mobile, he made a begin- 
 ning of colleoting unpublished facts 
 aid traditions relative to border his- 
 tory, in this instance pertaining to the 
 daring Creek chief, Weatlierford, — 
 a habit which, for over forty years, he 
 lias since practised with so marked 
 success. While at Granville, ho had 
 become interested in the border works 
 of Withers, McCluny, and Klint, and 
 afterwards of Hall ; and, finding them 
 oftentimes at variance with each other, 
 lie conceived the idea, in 18:!8, of a 
 work on the Western Pioneers, hoping 
 to be able to rectify many of these de- 
 fects and errors. This led to an ex- 
 tensive correspondence, and repeated 
 journeys in the Western and Southern 
 States, between 1840 and 1871, aggre- 
 gating over sixty thousand miles, by 
 public conveyances, on horseback, and 
 on foot, attendant with many hard- 
 ships, and several times greatly en- 
 dangering life itself. Many aged 
 pioneers and Indian fighters were in- 
 terviewed, — the companions of Dun- 
 more, Lewis, Clark, Uoone, Kenton, 
 Shelby, Sevier, the Campbells, Sumter, 
 Uobcrtson, Crawford, Brady, and the 
 Wet/.els ; and thus an unequalled col- 
 lection of original historic materials 
 was gathered, embracing well-nigh 
 two Tiundred and fifty manuscript 
 volumes, covering the whole sweep of 
 the Anglo-American settlement and 
 border warfare of the West, from the 
 first fight in the Virginia Valley, in 
 
 1742, to the death of Tecumsoh, at the 
 Tlianu's, in isi:i. 
 
 In 1840 Mr. Draper went to Ponto- 
 toc, in Northern Mississippi, wliero 
 he edited a we<'kly paper for u while; 
 tried rough farming-life one season, 
 fifteen miles from a post-odiee, and 
 was chosen a justice! of the peace. 
 In 1K42 went to lluiTalo, serving as a 
 clerk in. the canal superintendent's 
 ofllce for a year; returncMl to Pontotoc 
 a short time, journeying among the 
 pioneers; ami linally, in 1844, becom- 
 ing again a member of Mr. Hemsen's 
 family, then residing near Baltimore, 
 and subseriiienlly in and near Phila- 
 ilelphia, maintaining an extensive cor- 
 respondence, and making freiiuent 
 journeys in the Western and South- 
 western States, and gathering a unique 
 library illustrative of border history. 
 
 Mr. llemsen, his patron ami friend 
 of many years, dying in the spring of 
 1852, Mr. Drai)er, with Mr. IJemsen's 
 family, whose widow he subsequently 
 married, removed to Madison, Wis., in 
 tho autumn of that year, where ho 
 has since resided. Hesirle perfecting 
 his Border Historical Collections, ho 
 h.is devoted much of his time towards 
 building up the State Historical So- 
 ciety of Wisconsin, e<liting its six vol- 
 umes of Transactions, and aiding in 
 gathering its valuable library of sixty- 
 five thousand volumes. In the fall of 
 1857 he was chosen State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction, and labored 
 with much zeal .and success in securing 
 tho adoption of a State system of 
 township libraries, by which nearly 
 eighty-nirio thousand dollars'were raised 
 for the first year's expemlitin-e, but 
 which was repeale<l in consccpience of 
 the great war tornado of 1801, and the 
 money appropriated for military pur- 
 poses. Some such measure is very 
 certain to be re-enacted at no very 
 distant day. 
 
 Beside the six volumes of Collections 
 of the Historical Society, sever.al 
 pamphlets, and two elaborate school- 
 reports, he prepared In 1800, aided by 
 W. A. CrotTut, a thorough work of over 
 eight hun<lred pages, called " The Hello- 
 ing Hand : an American Homo Book 
 for Town and Country, devoted to Farm- 
 ing-Matters, Stock, Fruit-Culttire, and 
 Domestic Economy." He has recent- 
 ly completed a work of much care-' 
 ful investigation on tho Mecklenburg 
 Declaration of Independence; .and is 
 now engaged, in conjnncthm with 
 C. W. Butterfleld, tho able author of 
 " Crawford's Expedition," on a volume 
 
nisTonr of n'lscoysm. 
 
 90 
 
 em " Hiinlcr Fomys and Ailvi'iitures," 
 liiracly from iirlniiial iimlt'iiuls; to li(! 
 followed by others on Smiitcr, Homii', 
 Clark, Kenton, llrady, and tlicir bor- 
 der associates and Indian-lighters. 
 
 Twenty -flro years ajjo, Granville 
 Collejie, Ohio, conferred on Mr. Draper 
 the honorary degree of Master of Arts; 
 and, in 1871, the I'niversity of Wis- 
 consin, that of LIj.D., in refo.unltion 
 of his services in behalf of the histori- 
 cal literature of the conntry, and his 
 unflagging efforts in building up a 
 great pul)lic library in Wisconsin. lie 
 is eillier an honorary or corresponding 
 member of tlio principal historical 
 socletiei of the country. 
 
 Mr. Draper has been a man of much 
 system and persistent industry, never 
 getting wearied or discoiu'aged in 
 whatever he undertakes. " The frost- 
 king," says F. A. Moore, " has been 
 busy with his hair; yet his face and 
 eye and step retain the freshness and 
 eiasticily of thirty. Seeing him now, 
 it is hard to comprehend the secret 
 force and energy that have inspired 
 him through all these long and patient 
 years; that have, again and again, sent 
 liim through al'nost every nook and 
 cranny of the West and South in search 
 of any old scrap of letter, paper, or 
 relic, or to find the last man, woman, 
 or child that could shed light upon the 
 events and .ictions of the great pioneer 
 period of the West." "Our wonder 
 was," observes the well-known biblio- 
 grapher, Joseph Sabin, "that a man of 
 his sliglit physique co\ild have accom- 
 plished a tithe of his work." 
 
 Such Is a brief notice of the man of 
 whose collections Jared Sparks ex- 
 pressed his amazement at their extent 
 thirty years ago; and whom Col. John 
 McDoiiald, himself a pioneer, and 
 author of " Horder Sketches," denomi- 
 nated "The Western Plutarch." 
 
 Hon. Moroa.v L. MABTirf. — He 
 ■was born at Martinsburg, Lewis Coun- 
 ty, N.Y., March 31, 180.5, and graduated 
 at Union College, New York, 1824. He 
 removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1820, and 
 to Green Bay in 1827, where he lias 
 ever since resided. He was a member 
 of tlie lef;islativo council of Michigan 
 from 1831 to 1835, a delegate to Con- 
 gress in 18-15, and a melnber of the 
 legislative council of Wisconsin from 
 J1843 to 1847. He was a member of 
 the Second Constitutional Convention 
 in 1818, member of the assembly in 
 185.'5, and of the senate in 18.58-59. He 
 was postmaster in the United States 
 army from 1861 to 1805, and United 
 
 States Indian agent from 1S(W to 1S09. 
 Mr. Martin is a lawyer by profession. 
 In polities, a war Democrat, but has 
 acted inilependently since the war. 
 .Supported (ien. (irant at the last elec- 
 tion for the presidency. He was a 
 suuessful candidate for the assembly 
 in the fall <if 1S73, receiving fivi,' hun- 
 dred and ninety-nine votes against five 
 hundred and sixty for *his opponent. 
 Uiit few are now living who have been 
 identified longer or more prominently 
 with the history of the Stale than has 
 Mr, Martin; and none, perhaps, have 
 dischargiMl the duties of oflice or pri- 
 vate citizen belter than he. He is now 
 in his seventielli year, hull; aii>l ))','arty 
 as many a younger man. 
 
 Hon. John Tadoii KiNfisroN. — He 
 was born In St. Claire County, III., 
 Jan. 31, 1810. In the year l.s'2i), his 
 father removed to Central Illinois. In 
 the spring of 18;j2, he removed with 
 his family to Cliicago, but, on account 
 of the Sauk war, did not reach there 
 until the spring of 1833. In the fif- 
 teenth year of his age, the subject of 
 our sketch left home to seek his for- 
 tune in the Territory of Wisconsin. 
 He came to Kacine, made a claim, and 
 built a liouse. After remaining there 
 some time, he returned to his i'alhet-'s 
 home. In March, 1S.J3, he returned 
 again to his claim in Wisconsin. In 
 1842 he removed to Grand Kapids, and, 
 in 1848, to Neudah, his present home. 
 Ho was elected clerk of the board of 
 supervisors, register of deeds, and 
 county surveyor of Portage County, 
 in 1845; clerk of the circuit court in 
 1847; and elected to the State senate 
 in 18.50-Ot); was appointed a trustee of 
 the Hospital for the Insane in 1870; 
 and, in 1S72, was appointed a trustee 
 of the Northern Hospital for the In- 
 sane. He has held tlie office of town 
 clerk, chairntan of the town I)oard, or 
 president of the village, since the 
 organization of the town of Neudah, in 
 185.). He was member of the assem- 
 bly in 1874. Mr. Kingston is by occu- 
 pation a lumberman. , 
 
 Ho.v. W.vi.TEB D. McIndoe. — He 
 was born in Scotland, Mardi ;10, 1819. 
 He emigrated to this country in his 
 fifteentli year, and for a time was a 
 clerk in a large mercantile house in 
 New York city. For some years there- 
 after, he pursued the same business in 
 the cities of Charlestown, S.C, and 
 St. Louis, Mo. Early in the history of 
 Wisconsin, Mr. McIndoe settled within 
 its limits, and became extensively en- 
 gaged in the iumbcr-busine ts. Being 
 
800 
 
 n I STORY OF wiscoxsr.v. 
 
 ft man of onliirgod l)ii»inps<i-vii'ws, Ills 
 iipcialidns sonti bocumo qiiito exten- 
 sive, and hn hocanie Konorally known 
 to the penpln of our Statu n* one of its 
 most enterprising and prosperous citi- 
 zens. 
 
 In the fall of 18-10, he was elected to 
 the assembly of the State, and was an 
 able and U'^eful member of that body 
 during the session of 1850. In polities 
 he was then an active member of the 
 Willi? party. lie was in the minority 
 jiarty of that legislature, and, of course, 
 was not as conspieuoiis as lie would 
 have been in the majority; but the 
 8ounil, practical qualities of his mind 
 gave him promineneo with his fellow- 
 members of all parties. In the session 
 of 18i)4 he again represented his dis- 
 trict in the assembly in the same ac- 
 ceptable manner, not only to his own 
 Immediate on-^titncnts, but to tho 
 people of the whole State. 
 
 During the summer of 1854 the 
 Republican party of Wisconsin was 
 organized, Jlr. Mclndoe had a strong 
 attachment for the old Wliig party, 
 and did not willingly yield up that 
 organization for tlie new one. In the 
 fall of that year ho was again elected 
 to the assembly, but claimed to be 
 chosen as a Wliig, and not as a Repub- 
 lican. A United States senator was 
 to be elected ; and, after a long struggle 
 in caucus, C'harh's Durkee received the 
 Republiean nomination. This choice 
 was decidedly distasteful to tho mem- 
 bers, who were inclined to still consider 
 themselves Whigs. After some days 
 spent In vain, Mr. Mclndoe, with his 
 friends, finally yielded, and cast their 
 votes for Mr. Durkee, securing his 
 election. From this time Mr. Mclndoe 
 became (irmly identified with the Re- 
 pubiicin party, of which organization 
 lie has been an active, consistent, and 
 prominent member ever since. 
 
 In the fall of 1802 Hon. Luther Han- 
 chott, member of Congress of the then 
 Second District, died, and on tho .3i)th 
 of December, at a special eloclion, Mr. 
 Mclndoe was elected to fill tho vacancy 
 in the Second District for the Thirty- 
 seventh Congress, and for the full term 
 
 in the Thirty-eighth Congress for tho 
 Sixth District under tlie then new ap- 
 portionment. In 1804 ho was elected 
 as a member of the Thirty-ninth Con- 
 gress, lie thus served two full terms 
 and a fraction of a term In tho national • 
 house of representatives. During thU 
 time he was chairman of tho Com- 
 mittee on Revolutionary Pensions, and 
 a member of tho Committee on Indian 
 Affairs. In 18.")0, and again In 1800, he 
 was chosen us a presidential elector. 
 
 In 1857 Mr. Mclndoe was a prom- 
 inent candidate for governor before 
 the St.ito convention. At first the 
 contest was mainly between him and 
 lion. K. D. Ilolton'for the iiomln.'ition. 
 It resulted, after a protracted struggle, 
 in the nomination of lion. \. W. Ruii- 
 dall, a new man, 
 
 Since his retirement from Congress, 
 he has attended wholly to his private 
 business, which had become somewhat 
 deranged from his long absence in the 
 public service. 
 
 lie died at his residence in Wausau, 
 on tho 22d of August, 1872, in tho fifty- 
 fourth year of his age. 
 
 Hon. Paul Jdneau. — lion. Paul 
 .Juneau was the second son of Hon. 
 Solomon Juneau, the founder of Mil- 
 waukee, and was the first-born of that 
 revered pioneer after his pennanent 
 settlement at the flourishing commer- 
 oml emporium of Wisconsin, on tho 
 28th of April, 182.3. In 1849 he was 
 elected member of the assembly from 
 the Juneau district, in Dodge County, 
 at which place and county he resided 
 the last years of his life. In 1852 ho 
 was chosen register of deeds, which 
 oflico he held four years. He was acci- 
 dentally shot by a ball fired carelessly 
 and at random from a pistol at Juneau, 
 and died in a few minutes, — Aug. 1;J, 
 1858. At the time of his decease ho 
 was a member of the assembly from 
 his district, and also clerk of the cir- 
 cuit court of Dodge County. He will 
 long bo remembered for his many vir- 
 tues, and deeply regretted that his 
 should have been an end so untimely 
 and lamentable, Mr. Juneau was in 
 Ills thirty-fifth year.