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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiim6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 V A / ENGLAND'S FREE TRADE. BY JOHN MOTHERSILL. / T^ OSHAWA, ONTARIO. 1895. Entemlacccj-diiifj »,.» .\et ,>f Patli.inient in ('M,nii«l.'i. In tlio year eighteen hiitndreii jincl ninty-six. by John Mothpi-.'^in. .1 th(^ Df-partMipjif of Aj,M'i('iiltni'i\ ENGLAND'S :"REE TRADE. " Tlvoro 18 a tide in tiic nff^ir^ of men. Wliicli, tnken at tlie flomi. lends on to fortun«! : Omitted, all the voyage; of their life, I.s bound in shnllows and in miseries. On Hiieli a full «ea are we now afloat, And We must taki! the current wtieti it siTVP.*, Or lose our ventures." IT l)tMn;f now nfar tlif oloso of rli<^ fir-t half century of Eni^latul's Free Tr.-iflr Policy, a vf'tfos])Pct may not ])(> witliont its lessons. It is not to Frcf Trade, so called, that Ihiyland is uulebted for her maritime suprem- ncy, Iter vast colonial empire or her commr cial and manu- facturing greatness, l)ut rather to protectiim, as the his- tory of her defensive t)r ])rott:'Ctive legislation for over four centuries prior to 184tl amply ])n)ves. England at that time, the F(,urteenth century, was without manufactures except )f the rudest kind, and without a merchant mai'ine. The nations of the Continent suppli d her with maniifac tured arti' les an 1 took in exchange her I'aw material. Her first step in protection embraced only a few articles — vool, flax and hides. The effect in tlie maunfacture of even these few lines ir k»'eping the money in the country was so apparent that tl;e pr«)tective principle was continu- ously enlarged and extended during the succeeding cen- turies. Ijut the masterpiece of England's protective legis- lation was the largel}' increased duties im])os d on foreign imports when brought in foreign vessels. That measure of proti?ction transferred the carrying trade of Britain from foreign ships to British ships, thus virtually giving t(» Fin gl an 1 the coniaiind of the seas. T may here state that the foreign part of the {v.ida thus conferred is now onl}' retained hy sheer comp-^titioii with tiie native shipping of foreign ports, and this incidentally 'fiM:riiiiinHt<-r( H^ainst tlu; colonics, for ficii^lit is car nC*/rls to f]nj,'lan(l. To resume : As the scope of Enjiland's protective policy brofirlened so us to include one lu-ju'ch of manufac- turing after another, the necessary capital and skill from the manufacturin*^ centres of the continent were fothcom inj^. Tlie iiuluHtries thus transplanted found a ('(Miireniai i*oil. Man/ of ohem w(>re new to England and increased the variety of her manufactures. Another effect of Eni,dand's protective policy was her rapid increase in population and wealth which subsequent- ly enahhxl her to successfully cope with the gigantic power of the first Napoleon, Prior to 184G the agricxiltural inttTfrists had kept pace with tlie rise and spread of the njanufacturing interests in England, and not only there, but in the (olf)nies, for Eug. land's tariff Wfis national and imperial, inasmuch as im- pcjrts from the colonies, when sul)ject to a duty, paid !e « than foreign goods. Some Free Traders assert thab Eng- land wart obliged to adopt free trade because she couid no longer feed her rapidly increasing population, or obtain sufH'-ient raw material for her factorit^. That assertion is a fallacy, for the sliding, scale of the Corn Laws and the supplies from abnxul would have prevented the former con- tingency and the admission of raw material free, is com- j>atible with the highest protection. On the other hand, eminent Free Traders have left documentary evidence to show that England did not adopt free trade of necessity, but from the conviction that fiee tn^do was morally right and protection morally wrong. Be that as it may, neither net of Free Traders have explained the peculiar morality of raising a revenue of over 6100,000,000 by customs duties in a free t-ade country on certain goods because such goods are not } roduced in Britaiii, such as tea, coifee an;l various I lit* lit l-< lu» fcon- oin- liu! to |ity, ;bt Iher lity tU'S ItXlS lous otlier lines of gocnls, Ix'ing n<'c<'ssaries to a uivilizt'd people, \vliile all pioducts, sucli as JJritaiii produces, whether of the fai-ui or factory, may enter IJritaiu fn^e of duty. Free T aders are ^^ont t' cheapest and sell in the dearest market." But the nations evidently did not think that the trade (juestion was one (tf morality an()mini(vn.s was eari-iod out in 1 SHS. Tlic j)lant»'r^4 of the British We.st Tf.dies wort; tryiii,;,' to solve the hihor prohh'iii in that hot climate when Free Triule icave them another set \y,xvk l»y jilacing the pridiK'tH of slave states in competition with the free labor of the West Indies, in the Hiitish niaiket. Tt has Ix'en said that the d;'iir.' of ^ain i-v selfishness atid tliat it may l)e divided into individual, elass, and national. The first dfx; i not concern the public. We have seen that Tree Triidt; was inaugurated and carried by the com- mercial and n^anufacturin^ classes \>ith th(! exj)ectation of makin',' l'^n,ij;laiid tlu^ workshop of the world, showinq; eleaily that KTis^land's tarili' was based on class selhshness in IN40. However, the sacrifice above nu'iitioned did not open the (kK)rs into the markets of the woi'ld any wider than they were, any more than the throwing open of Can- ada's markets for grain and ilour in the seventies admitted her grain and fiour fretr into the United States. True, England's exports increased after ltS4G, as they had been increasing for the previous twenty-five years or more, with, of course, the added momentum of tlu; const; ntly increas- inir volume of that trsulc; Btifore abaudonuient the colonies had been receiving, in constantly increasing numbers, the surplus population of the United Kingdom. Canada, on account of iier com- parative proximity, great extent of unoccupied territory and the adaptability of her soil and climate for the pro- duction of supplies for the home market, received large additions to her population. But a})andonment showed its withering power almost immedia:ely. The effect on Can- ada is thus described by J. A. Boyd, B. A., in his sum- n.aiy of Canadian history for the use of schools in British North Anierii. a, page 117 "'I'lic K] oil nf the Colli Laws in liTit^'laiid in IS|(», *' wlicicl.y all iiclVicncc in ta\ut the facts al)ove recoif'ed are as nothinii in cdin- parisoii t(» tlie injury inllietrd on Canada \>x the di\ersioii of the tide of ( niij^ration to tlie I'nited Stales, whei'e tiny constitute a no insij;nitieant el<'inent in tl.e liuiMin^ up, not alone of an all powerfi 1 rival of the colonies, in the Home Market, l)Ut also a i^rowin;;' ii\al of Kn^land in the col iiiial in.ukt'ts. I'Vee 'Iradeis asseit that a protected cov'.ntiy cannot comj etc with fiee tia le l'In;;;land in a neutii 1 market, l.ut the jilain lo.^ic of facts is a^ainsi that asserti*'!!, iis I he United Stales (hjes coinj.t ti; with l'jii;land in nriny line-; of i;(»ods in Canada, Australia, t' e West Jiidic;-, many of the States <;f South America, and hut hitely a I'nited States factory receiv d an order from the Russian (roveininent for 1 L*,000 tons of arnioi- pl.-.tes, a transaction ;. mounting;- to owi- i:'2'.0,00(.'. Such ordeis fonnerly went to England. 'J'hat fact is sinnilicaiit. Germany of late years has ai>j)ro})riated a consideiahlo s!ii.'e of the 1 ilia tr id >. 1 la!y, FiMnce and otliT natioiH ar(.' idso increasin,L( their exj.orts to forei^j^n markets, of inanuf letured ^oods. And to further show the utter fal- h.cy of ll;a fr ten thousand nnllions of (h)iiais which say at \ per cent, would reatli •"i?K)0,Ot)'J,0>) i);!r annual, which, a I led to tli;? mu-in-'s earnings, enables Eni;land to show a balance in lierfa\ricultural interests of the I'liitt d iCi:!;,- (lom. Now this hwi^e amount of interest does not repres- ent the earnin,L(s of Enj^land's toilers, but tlie earnin;.'s of t'le cajiital ]) )ured into foreii^n countries by I'jnj'lish moiu^y lenders to set the wiieels of iiulustries in motion which an^ dai y makinj^ these foreign nations more in- ch jx^ident of England's artisans. The fact is wort y'of note in connection with this subject, that the willingness of tlie English money lender is in pioportion to the ability of the country's tarilf to shut out England's manufac- tures, well knowing that all Hav(Hl in that direction is added to the wealth of the country, and as a secpience, to the security of his investments. Hence tie thousands of millicms of dollars invested in the United States. To I'eturn to 1846. We have seen that th(^ then rui ers of England were blind to the possibilities of aa Einpire, vast in extent, lying in every /.one capable of producing all the varied productions of the (^iirth in abundance, and a market to sell them in if that market was withdrawn Note.— The resuler will bear in mind that the miU'ons mentioned by Mr. Hammond are pounds aterlinu:, not dollars. t That commia.sion has repcrted since the above was writtei). and lieinjr so retent I need only to say IjroaiUy, tliat the reiwrt has eontirmed whnt was before rumored. A iu)m tlu' ctiiitiol nf foiei^ni imtions, niul KnL;laii) what he jireiches. Uut as iv;j;ards the IJritish Knipiif his vision does not extend i. yond the ((tnlines of tlie Tnited Kingdom and even there is so l)efo;,',y;ed that he i-anniit discern that the a<^r'. jlturil inter • >ts of tht^ nation are worthy of some consHieratifm. No, Mr. (Iladstone evidently considers that tlie j»ri"..' of fi'.rrn j)ro(lucts are not vei low enough in England, for in his corresixtndenie with the late .Mr. IJlaine, s cretary of the L'nited States, o 1 jree trade and prote-tion, in the Januniy uunilx-r of tlie >soith American Review ISDU, he uses the ma: ic of his jien to in(hiee the people of that country " t<» raise more cereals an 1 mire cotton at lo»v prices, iristcad of mor>.? cloth an 1 more iron at hi.i^h pi'icrs." Peihajis lie was nob then aware that protection would make iro » cheaper in the l'nit«*d States* in IS'JI than in En,i,'land, hat it is so nevertheless. If Mr. (Hadstone's distant vision had not lieen focuse frami? two tariifi for the a,'grai- Ni' IK - Tlio t'ity of Oulilin imported the iron work for some c >■ p )r;iti jii iiiiproveiuunt from the United States. 10 ss than half a century than tliese two now in foi'ce. Tiie (Hscjura^'einent to the set- tleinent of eniixr.i its in the colonif^s presented hv Tviyhin I's five trade tariff on tlie one 'land, and on ihe oth 'r l>y the financial advanta^^es jireserited l»vtlie tarilJ'of tlie Tnited Stales, whose eveiy clause was framed for (h-awinL-- to her shores, not alone the urplus population of the United Kin,i,'doni, ])ut also of the continent. The re- pulsion of the one, and the attrM -tion of the othe/, has crvitel an iaili'^nca ei|ui\'alent to a honus to set.ie in the L'nited States where the settler would Ic in the inidsb of a lai-.i;-t> home uiii-ket |)rote!ti'd fro:,i the competition of his fellow countrymen in the < )!d Lanil and to say tlx^ least enual il' wt superior ad- van taeen tlie result of tlie abandonment by England of this most useful prerog- ative of government. Another evil it entails is to deprive the nation of the means of obtaining trtuJe a/lvanta^es from other countries. England has so cheapened herself that she has notliing to otFer to a foreign nation in ex- change for better trade relations. And it is even doubt- ful whether she has power to grant trade privileges to her own colonies without the consent of foreign nations, so completely has she bartered or abandoaed her own rights as well as colonial rights, in pursuit of that bublile, " Free Traii M ost oi •oir- ive self ex- il)t- ler 80 hts ree