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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1^ 'g r( p : i^ rr^,^^,j^ m^ ^^l:^^ B EJ 3^ #^1 (^ VALEDICTORY ADDRESS TO nil. ^xUmU^ in ^tccUciuc mi ^uvgevw, MtGILL UNiTERSITY, IiKI,IVi;ilEl» ON BEHALF OF TIIK .MEDICAL FACULTY, AT TIIK ANNUAL CONVOCATION OF THE UNIVERSITY, HELD IN ■PFIE WILLIAM .AIOL.SGN HAT.L, 31ST MARCH, 1870. By DUNCAN C. MACCALLUM, M.l)., M.R.C.S., Eng., Pfo/i'fiSur of Miilirifcry and Diseases of Woimin timl Cliiblren. Pontrral: PRINTED BY JOHN LOVKLL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1870. W m j'i I CI U (!) 'A # i. I ^5. % r t) 5) P ^ qoi 1^ ^ — ' fN y V ^ — I pm i ww i I I*' " IP ■■' - - ■.■■ — ■■.■■ I. ■■■ -.■.■!. ■ . - I..I — ■■..■i,- — ■■! ii.,.,,,,^ .1 H-'yf^r^C, C^^/.c/V C^..^Jf.^ VALEDICTORY ADDRESS TO THK O McGILL UNIVERSITY, DF,r,lVERED ON BEHALF OF THE MEDICAL |FACULTY, AT THE ANNUAL CONVOCATION OF THE UNIV*;RSTTY, HELD IN THE WILLIAM MOLSON HALL, 3l8T MARCH, 1870. By DUNCAN C. MACCALLUM, M.D., M.R.C.S., Eng., Profemr of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children. PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1870. t ^^ hMmi «'"- 1 Gentlemen, Graduates in Medicine: — "The winning of honour," says Bacon, " is but the revealing of a man's virtue and worth, without disadvantage." The honour which, for a period of four years, you have manfully stri- ven for and at length creditably won, and which has this day been con- ferred upon you, is one that demands, on the part of those who would successfully aspire to it, the manifestation of qualities, both mental and moral, of no common order. Your success, therefore, reveals to your friends and to society at large that you do possess those intellectual qua- lities, that virtue and worth which, if you continue to exercise them in future as you have hitherto, will certainly succeed in winning for you the esteem of honourable men, and make you useful members of the profession of your choice. Of all the modes in which men employ their time and energies, there arc few more elevated in their aims or more beneficial to mankind than the practice of the healing art. We may say, in truth, that there is but one other profession which excels that of the human healer : and it does so, simply because it has for its object the present culture and well-being, and the future safety and happiness of man's undying self. One of the greatest and most original thinkers of the present day, how- ever, places Medicine above all other professions : thus, Carlyle, in his '< Latter-day Pamphlets," observes, that " the profession of the human healer is radically a sacred one and connected with the highest priest- hoods, or rather bcinf* itself the out-como and .icincofall priesthoods and divincst conquests of intellect hero below." The great object of Medicine is to combat disease, and what docs this signify ? Firstly : — That it is a profession which requires its members to bo furnished with knowledge of the most extensive and recondite character. They must know the physical man thoroughly, the wonderful intricacies of his intimate structure, and the marvellously complex processes that arc being carried on in every part of his organism. They must have studied also man's mental constitution, and be able to recognize the presence and estimate the value of mental influences in life processes and their derange- ments. The infinite variety of the causes of disease, whether existing in man himself, in the air he breathes, the food he eats, the water ho drinks, the textures with which he clothes himself, or in the earth upon which lie walks, must be familiar to them. They must have a perfect acquaintance with the physiognomy of disease and the traits and charac- ters by which it reveals its presence. They must know, also, the means wliicli a Beneficent Providence has placed within their reach for the removal of disease, and the restoration of the aberrant functions to their normal condition ; and which means have been discovered, elaborated and perfected, by the research, perseverance and ingenuity of man himself Much of this knowledge you have already acquired, but the fund is prac- tically inexhaustible, and were you to live beyond the time allotted to man, and devote every spare moment to close research and study, you would only appreciate the more clearly hew limited any one individual's acquirements and experience must be in a liberal profession with the multiplied actualities and infinite possibilities of medicine. Secondly : — That it is a profession which demands from its members the greatest devotion and self-denial. Duty is frequently a strait and rugged road. Pleasant indeed are the by-paths of leisure and amuse- ment, and especially tempting are tlie cool retreats of listless indifference. The man struggling forward in his life journey, often fretted and wearied with the difficulties that beset him in the prosecution of his aims and aspirations, would fain turn aside and seek relief in the levity of the one, or in the stagnation of the other. Let him yield to J .,«. J T M*- the ti:iiii»tation, liowcvcr, und no mutter how fiiir may have bccu his proHpocts of success at the C" miuonconient of his career, no niattor how richly lie uiny have been endowed with natural gifts, failure, miser- able and (lishonourinii; failure, is inevitable. Success in any of the great olyocts ol" life is not to the idler, the triflcr or dreamer. It conies not in obedience to a wisli, and cannot bo acquired by a wakin^ dream. In this active and restless period of the world's history, a man to succeed, must be up and doing. lie must apply himself with sin'de- ness of purpose to do his duty in whatever he undertakes, undeterred by the obstacles which may obstruct his way, and which often appear to be insurmountable until tliey encounter and go down before a resolute and unyielding will. The world is apt to measure a man's abilities by his suc- cesses, and altliough the rule by which it judges cannot be admitted as an infallible one, there are solid grounds on which this worldly decision rests. To ' Q fortunate, as the term goes, is often the result simplyof aknowled<«'e of all the means necessary to attain to a certain object, and the prosecution of these with thorougli devotcdness. Cardinal Richelieu was wont to observe, that " unfortunate " and " imprudent " were two words for the same thing ; and we may reasonably infer, therefore, that this distin- guished and keen observer of human nature considered good fortune to be the result of prudent management ; in otiier words, that success is the indication not only of the man's abilities but also of his command over and proper regulation and direction of these abilities. In the profession of medicine, gentlemen, to become a successful healer of the sick, which should be the great and dominant desire of each one of you there can be no trifling with duty. You have not attained the position in which you stand to-day without having learned the important fact that there is no easy road to learning. The knowledge, scientific and practical which you evinced during your recent examinations,and which has been the warranty of this University in conferring upon you the degree of Doctor in Medicine and Master of Surgery, has not come to you intuitively. It has been acquired by much hard work, by unremitting devotion to your studies, and the frequent practice of self-denial. Now, the same bard work, the s ime unremitting devotion to study, and the same practico of self-denial, will be as imperatively demanded when you go forth into the world and assume the responsibilities of practitioners of medicine. Without theiu you can never be tho rough ; nnd tliorouglincss is certainly of the liighcst importance in a profession, the jjreat niisMion of which is to con.servo human life. Thirdly : — That it requires its members to manifest the purest nnd most unsellish heroism. Men have been lonj? accustomed to associate nil ideas of heroism with cxhibiti(jn.H of more animal courage. To plunge recklessly into the melie of deadly strife, and, amid the maddeninj; excitements of roar of cannon, charge of cavalry, shouts of contention, and groans of tlie dying, to perform prodigies of valour by freely destroy- in" human life, is to manifest (lU.dities which nations nnd individuals delight to honour in their possessor. Thanks from the associated wisdom of a grateful nation, the highest titles and positions in the land, public ovations and a name in history, have been always freely awarded to the successful military hero. Philosophers and philanthropists, the men of mind and men of heart, have in all ages, however, recognized a sf.ecies of heroism of vastly higher character, but which the public generally have held in light esteem. This heroism is not demonstrative ; it has no btdd and glaring points to arrest the attention of the beholder ; it does not dazzle his eyes by its brilliancy ; it is not accompanied by pomp and parade, the sound of the trumpet, the martial roll of the drum, the nei^rhinir of the war horse ; it is not clamorous for distinction, is not heard afar off, nor does it boldly intrude on the notice. Quietly, unobtrusively and pcrseveringly it pursues its course. Of such nature is that heroism which the physician is so often called upon to exhibit. When death stalks abroad in the land ; when the pestilential breath of a fatal epidemic breathes destruction in every household ; when the wail of bereaved ones strikes fearfully on the ear ; when the hearts of strong men, who would in time of excitement rush even to the cannon's mouth, fail them, and terror is depicted on every countenance, who is it that remains calm and unmoved amid all the dread and turmoil, that speaks words of encourage- ment and comfort to the fearful and downcast, that with a moral courage that shrinks not, and a high sense of duty, toils day and night to relieve suffering humanity? Who is it, in a word, that takes his life in bis hand, and when friends and relatives even forsake the couch of the plague-stricken one, fearlessly attends to his every want? Who? The t T t f T devoted, heroic {iliysician. The pliy.siciun cng;ij;cil in I ho duties of his pro^e8^ion during the prevalence of n fatal opidctnic, is a noble .«i"ht, and one that niiglit engage the attention and com- mand ..le admiration of beings superior to man. How the people, leaning on his every word, eagerly Hcan his countenance and bless him for liii< unwearied care. Danger past, however, his arduous and benevolent cfTorts are all forgotten, ami if, perchance, he should have fallen a victim to over-exortion, a martyr to a conscientious dii^chargc of his duties, his very memory fades in a few brief days from tlic recollec- tion of those whose lives he has saved. No monumental marble is reared to stand the record of a people's sorrow for his death ; no " storied urn" tells of his acts of bravory and untimely end : the histonan's pen hands not Ills name down to posterity. Such is the ingratitude of man and such is his estimate of Inte heroism. When occasion demands, gen- tlemen, that you should expose your lives for the purpose of giving relief to diseased and suffering Immanity, I am confident that you will not be found wanting, and that the fearlessness with which at all times the members of your prnfjt;siun have confronted death in some of its most revolting forms will be emulated by each one of you. " He who gives himself to the study and work of medicine," s:iys the great and good Sydenham, " ought seriously to ponder on this thing : that as he is himself not exempted from the common lot, and is liable and exposed to the same laws of mortality, the same miseries and pains as are all the rest, so he may endeavour the more diligently and with a more tender affection, as being himself a fellow sufferer, to help them who are sick." In all your relations of life be true and loyal. Truth and loyalty arc two great characteristics of the gentleman, by which term I do not mean the conventional gentlcninn, who may be defined simply, a unit of the male sex, well dressed and with nothing particular to do ; but that man of sterling worth, who may be met with in every rank of life, whose heart vibrates towards truth as constantly and as naturally as the needle towards the north pole, to whom a mean and unworthy action is simply impossible because of his innate nobleness of character, and of who n it may be said in the truest sense of the terms noblesse oblige. 8 Be loyal to your Queen, to that wise and gracious Sovereign whom Pro- vidence has appointed to reign over va, and under whose benignant and const'tutional sway the people of this mighty empire have enjoyed the blessiniis of a true and enlightened freedom. Who has endeared herself to her subjects by the eminent virtues which have adorned her character, and who has commanded the loving admiration and esteem of every good man and woman throughout the civilized world, and made the throne of Great Britain, glorious as in itself it is, still more glorious by her wifely and motherly devotion. May the Supreme Huler of events spare Her Majesty's valuable life, in the words of the National Anthem — " Happy and glorious Long to reign over us, God save the Queen." Be loyal to your countrv. You should acquaint yourselves with so much of the politics of your country as to be able at all times to take an intelligent part in public affairs. With ques- tions relating to her material interests you need not concern yourselves more than members of the community generally, as there appear to be not a few with more leisure time, who are willing to attempt their solu- tion, and to sacrifice themselves, as they are pleased to say, for the benefit of the country. What is more within your province, however, is to throw the whole weight of whatever influence you may possess in favour of every measure which has for its object the n;oral elevation of the com- munity, and to aid in establishing laws, both local and general, for the preservation of health and the pretention of disease. Whatever position these confederated provinces are destined to assume among the coiiiuiunity of nations, I am certain that we, and those who follow us, will be always found to stand firmly by the old flag so long as it remains what it is at present — the emblem of free thought and free speech wherever it is unfurled, the banner of a constitution which protects its peoitle alike from the tyranny of one, the tyranny of a few, or what De Tocqueville correctly affirms to be the most intolerant of all tyrannies — the tyranny of the majority. V/e have the deepest affection and respect for the grand old historic Mother Country, the land of our fore-fathers, the cradle ■■ ■ ' 9 of liberty, the nursery of nations, the hope of civilization, and the star of promise to the wise and silent watchers, who hold their souls in patience, and yearningly look for the advent of freedom to the down- trodden people^ of the earth. She has watched over and protected our infancy and youth, and now that she is about to throw aside the leading strings and, in our budding manhood, to let us try what there is of mettle ia us, our hearts turn lovingly to the "old home." The relations between us may be altered, but we can neither foro-et our origin nor our obligations, and it is the dearest and most cher- ished wish of every loyal Canadian that this Dominion may always form one of the great British family circle. While, therefore, ive work heart and hand, as becomes sons of the soil, to advance this our native country let our motto be " Canadian progress and British connection." Be loyal to your profession. The respect which will be accorded to the profession of medicine, and the position whicli it will assume in this Domi- nion, will depend greatly upon the conduct of its members. The wrong doing or nnprofessional conduct of many individuals within its pale, cannot alter in the least its high and honourable character ; but it certainly may have the effect of lowering the dignity of the profession before the public. One of the great causes of professional disloyalty and abounding quackery is to be found in the error which is committed by many young physicians in supposing that medicine is a money-making profession. They are not long in practice before they become undeceived, and then, if they be not true and honourable men, they are liable to have recourse to various ques- tionable methods with a view of gaining popularity and increasing their income. If the acquisition of gx-eat wealth be a leading desire with any one of you this profession does not offer you a fair field. The most that the diligent and hard-working practitioner can reasonably expect as the result of years of toil is a sufficient though moderate competency. And this is more certain to be acquired by those who quietly attend to their duties, and remain firmly attached to the principles of their profession, than by those who court notoriety and endeavour to obtain practice by irregular and unprofessional means. It must be considered, however, as Mr. Paget has observed, " no small happiness to have a calling in which success can be reckoned by something else than money. Mere money-making is no evidence that a man has done anything respectable, or has gained 10 anything at all worth his labour, and thence, probably, it is that the most honourable professions are those in which, for the most part, services are scarcely rewarded with money, or certainly not according to the scale which mere money-makers would think adequate." Be loyal to yourselves. At all times be guided by the promptmgs of your better self. Frequent and fierce will be the contests for the mastery over your thoughts and actions between the two great antagonistic pnn- ciples of your nature-the good and the evil. Victory will certainly not always be in favour of the former. An infinitely greater and a better man, I may safely say, than either you or I will ever be, exclaimed in tortur- ing perplexity of mind : " The good that I would I do not, but the evil which I would not that I do. When I would do good evil is present with me." If, however, you apply for aid to the source from which the great apostle of the Gentiles obtained the strength which enabled him to overcome the difficulties that beset him, and even to conquer self, you also may overcome. Human nature is fearfully weak. The Divine is omni- potent. Earnestly cultivate the love of right and truth. The moral part of man's nature is as capable of being strengthened and developed by exercise in the right direction as is his mental or physical part. Let a man persistently think the right thought, and persistently do the right action, and he gradually acquires a moral strength, a power to resist evil that will stand him in good stead when the hour of temptation comes. At all times, and in every thing, endeavour to square your conduct towards your fellows by that golden rule which eighteen centuries ago fell from the lips of the Divine Teacher, which has come down to us through the ages, but which the ages have practically ignored: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." In conclusion, gentlemen, with a full sense of the great responsillli- ties that your profession imposes on you, and with brave hearts, resolved to do your duty faithfully and manfully, go forth from this hall and enter upon your career ; and, that your career may be successful in every respect —that it may be one of which your best friends may beproud,and especially one on which you may hereafter look buck with those feelings of pleasure and satisfaction which the contemplation of a well-spent life always affords, is the sincere and heart-felt wish of every member of this faculty. Fare ye Well. !