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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiim6s en commen9ant par la premidre page qui comporte u.ie empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernit^re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre film6s d des taux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur jauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 □ 32 X 6 PART K. ANNUAL REPORT, Vol. IV., 1888-89. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA REPORT ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. BY E. W. ELLS, LL.D., RG.S.A. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MOXTREAL : WILLIAM FOSTER BROWX & CO. 1890. Price Twenty five Cents. "^^".tI^p^^I*"" ^""^^^ HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA REPORT ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OP THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. BY H. W. ELLS, LL.D., F.G.S.A. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OFiPARLIAMENT. MONTREAL : WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO 1890. To Alfred R C. Selwvn, C.M.G., LL.D. FBS Director of tke Geological an. Natural History Surrey of Canada. Ke!:res'o7Ve'p.ti::: ivrr "^r^^"* ^° ^^^ "^--' deavoured to present as " - 1 ^ "' *^^' '"P"'"* ^ '^^^^ «°- the several MiCgiirst^^e^trl""""'^ '' ^'''''''' ' ^'^^''^^ ^^ and have availed mylTfT^^^ '^''l ^"'^P*^^'^ *« **»« present time, in the reports oAhTalgiea Z::^Z:^ iT' ^^ ''. '^""^ reports by experts in th« Hiff!! . J ^' ? "* ^^'^^'''^ "''"^'«8 and in the scfentirjou ll^^ttfn thir^^^ "' ""T^' «"' P""''''^^^ much informatioi a Iso I am fndl! m °*7 ^'^^ ^° ^"S'^"'^' ^^r nected with the mining ndl'ts ft^^^^ ^°"^ *'™« -- of whom have been menione^in thf « T'T' *^' """"^^ "^ ««°»« to tende- my sincerrthankrl I ?*'''' *°^ *^ *" °^^^«™ ^ beg Where mines ^ave been cbsL^ "'"^''^^ ^^^'"^^d '» «-h cases^ impossible t: orail'a"; o Ihr Lr^'f^aT ' ^* f •'"'^ '^"°^ -^et. Thereportmnst,there.:*:?„:t;^S;Sr^::- I have the honour to be, Sir Your obedient servant, Geological SuBvar Office, ^' ^' ■^^^• May loth, 1890. THE MINEEAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVIITCE OF QUEBEC. By K. W. ells, LL.D., F.G.S.A. with the min ng ndlt "monl r ^'"''' ^ ^'°*'^'"«° ''^"^'''^^ Douglas Mr H S W n • ^ J ^ ™^^ ^' n^entioned Dr. James Chapman Af hi ' ^•^■' ^'- ^^"^'^ ^°%'J«« «"d M,-. W. the pffvious repon; oftll™^ ' "^"""^ of nearly all the valuable inf^matl L- n3 ' "^ '^'^'^ ""* "^ P"'**' «"<* to the general piSic or to tLr .''„""* """^ '^"^' ^^^^^^^^le ment of the minera^^ weaTth 7t7'''' ^ '""'''''''^ '"^ *^« ^^^^^^OP" desirabletore'od™ ce n Port ' T^"' \^" ^'^^^ ^^^^^^'^^^ to render the present r^nn/^ ^ *^''' publications in oi-der thus . rrrr^xreCt' feL°^5i^^^^^^ W. S. Hunter, of BelteriUeCH Ml, n °' ' ""' "™'">" *'«'''- andTho, Ma<=farl.„e:M.B.,ofOttow» ■ ''■ «• S"'"' °f Bea..ee ; 6k PBOVINCK OV QUKBEC. pronnoe. North aide uf the St. Law- nnee River. sketch of the geological syHtems and formations is requisite ; especially as the labours of the Geological Sui-vey since 18G9 have resulted in producing very considerable changes in the geological lines as laid Qeolosy of the down OH the geological map of Canada, published in 1866 ; and as regards some districts have resulted in an almost entire change of opinion as to the age and relations of the formations over very large areas. These changes of the last fifteen or twenty years affect more especially that part of the province east of the St. Lawrence River, occupied by the crystalline schists and associated rocks, which are of special importance from their constituting the great mineral-bearing belts of the region from Vermont ;o Gaspe.* Of the several geological formations now known to exist in Quebec, the oldest and the most important are those known as Metamorphic, Archtean, or Pre-Cambrian, consisting of the Laurentian* and Huronian systems. The first of these, the Laurentian, extends the entire length of the province from the Ottawa River to Labrador, and is confined to the north •side of the St. Lawrence. Prom the vicinity of Montreal to Cape Tourmente, twenty miles below Quebec, it is separated from the river by a belt of irregular width, consisting of overlying, mostly undisturbed, formations which pertain to the Cam- brian and Cambro-Silurian systems, and include the Potsdam, Calcifer- ous, Chazy, Trenton, Utica and Hudson River. Below Cape Tourmente some of these formations re-appoar, but only at the following widely separated points, viz. : Murray Bay, Bay St. Paul, Mingan Islands, and the Strait of Belle Isle. Except as sources of lime and building stone, mineral waters and small quantities of natural gas, they are not of economic importance, but in the wider parts of the belt they form considerable tracts of level and fertile country. Except a few basin-shaped areas occupied by outliers of lower palaeozoic rocks, as at Lake St. John and Lake Temiscamingue, the whole of the northern part of the province is, so far as at present known, occupied by the crystalline rocks of the Laurentian system, which as productive of economic minerals, are of great importance, furnishing, as they have done where explored, large deposits of iron ore, graphite, apatite, mica and zinc blende ; also, veins containing gold and argen- tiferous galena. There are also extensive strata of quartz rock and orthoclase felspar, suitable for the manufacture of glass and porcelain, while serpentine and marble occur in considerable variety. The rocks of the second or Huronian division of the Ai'chsean are almost equally impoi-tant as regai-ds the economic minerals associ- ated with them. They diifer in many respects from those of the Minerals of tlie lAnrentian ■yitem. Haronian. * The Una Laurentian was first offioially used in the Geol. Surrey Report for 1852-53. IIU.] MINERAL BEaOCROES. te; especially e resulted in lines aM laid L866; and ns re change of er very large i afTect more irrence River, which are of neral-bearing St in Quebec, Metamorphic, ■entian* and , extends the liabrador, and a the vicinity Quebec, it is consisting of I to the Cam- iam, Calcifer- pe Tourmente swing widely Qgan Islands, and building , they are not »ek they form iei-s of lower ;ue, the whole •esent known, :em, which as se, furnishing, ore, graphite, Id and argen- irtz rock and md porcelain, 7. Ai'cbsean ai'e nerals associ- those of the •1852-53. 7k Lanrentian above described, and are confined to that portion of the p.w.nce which lies to the south and east of the St. Lawre'nce Rive and Gulf and the great St. Lawrence and Champlain fault For the purposes of the present report they may be considered, together w.th the in.mediately succeeding lower CambHanandTambl^SSJJr "^ Sdunan systems from which they are not everywhere easily sla^ '"""'"• able, and together with which they have been greatir.l sturbe^ and altered, gtving rise to conditions that do not occtr in the vocksof neuHy the same age to the north and west of the great flult anrhm-nbTendl ^*'"h"'' "'"S-""'^ ^'"'^' *'^'°""^' ^^Icose, micaceous ' o? dioriUc Tool' ] "■^''''"'"' '''"''^°"«' '^«'«'"'^««' «'•««' ™a««eB of dio itic rock, agglomerates, serpentines, and, in some places im- perfect gneisses and granitoid rocks ome places, im- pro'vtceTLrirti'' '" 'Z:' "'^''^ ^^'"'^ •'^«" ™'-d - the Mine.,, e«t piovmce IS iound in this area. There are also extensive beds of iron f "'" ^'- ore. magnetite, hematite and chromite. In the coppe lodt gold Z ^mZrc? A r"^''^°^° ^"^^'^'^^ ^"^°"*^'' be of efonomi Ze alsoln^ .7? "'T' a»'gentiferous galena, asbestusand roofing sla.es also occur ; the two latter already constituting important indus JlZTv""'''^l^ir''' '^^'^'^'^^-^ held from time to time ?L^ tJ r T"'' ""f Philadelphia, between the years 1851 and ' 1886, he Geological Survey took a prominent part in collecting arranging and forwarding as good a representation ^as potibrof th^ thZ: veT::exh'^f-t''r'^- ■'" ''' ^'^^^'"^-^^ ^^'^' ---i-^'^ these several exhibits the various minerals have been described accord- ing to a certain well arranged scheme which places those adapted t certain purposes under their proper heading, and in now desSing ado^r'^ .r^""'' °' *'^ P'-^^'"^'' '' Q"^''^^ ^« can probaWy adopt no better course than to follow the scheme laid down in these o^mrn^rLit •"''"' ^i* ''' ''^''''''''''^ "^ ''' varusiitrx^e. oi mmeiai wealth is arranged as under : of the sabjeet. I. Metals and their ores. II. Materials used in the production of heat and li«ht their pri""'^ '^'^'^^^^'^ "^ ^«^^^^" «^--' ^anufaitures. ard IV. Mineral manures. V. Mineral pigments. VI. Salt, brine and mineral waters Vm' ^T'f" ''^^"'"*"' *" *'"'"™"'^ ^""^ '^^^^'•at've purposes. Vlll. Refractory materials. ^ IX. Materials for grinding and polishing. X. Minerals applicable to the fine arts and jewelry. Al. Miscellaneous. Early historj' ofliron miaiDg* Magnetic ores. Magnetites of Hall. ^ K PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. I. — Metals and their Ores. Iron Ore. Of the various ores which come under division I. we may perhaps first consider those of iron, both on account of their great economic importance and their widespread distribution ; and, of these, the most prominent are the magnetite, hematites and limonites or bog iron ore. The history of iron mining in the province extends back for many years, but presumably the earliest operations of any importance were those in connection with the limonite or bog iron ore deposits in the district of Three Elvers. These were described as far back as the latter part of the seventeenth century, and in 1737 a blast furnace was erected, and smelting operations undertaken, which have been carried on more or less continuously to the present time. In the Ottawa dis- trict the iron deposits were first opened in 1854, near Hull, while those of E. Haycock's location were not mined till nearly twenty years later. The lack of deposits of coal has interfered very largely with the suo- cessful smelting of the iron ores, more especially of the magnetites and hematites, and other causes have seriously influenced the practicability of shipping these ores to the American market in the raw state. The magnetic ores of iron are found at many points, not only among the rocks of the Laurentian system in the vicinity of the Ottawa Eiver and along the north side of the St. Lawrence, but in beds and veins, often of large size, ii, connection with the metamorphic series of the eastern townships of Quebec. There is, howevei-, at times a marked difference in the character of the ores fi-om the two series of rocks, though this difference is not constant. Thus the ores of the Laurentian, near Ottawa, are remarkably pure and rich, containing a large percentage of metallic iron, while those found along the lower . St. Lawrence, below Quebec, often contain a very considerable per- centage of titanic acid, and the ore passes into a true ilmenite. In the publications of the Geological Survey of Canada, the first reference to the presence of magnetic iron ore is found in the report for 1845-40, where the great oi-e bed near Hull is described. A brief notice of this deposit, however, appeared in a paper read by Lieut, Baddeley, E.E., before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in 1830, in which it is said " to form a vein or bed from ten to twelve inches thick, and appears to traveise the mountain in a south- west course,having a vertical position as regards the walls of the vein. On the opposite side of the mountain, at the distance of upward of a mile, and in the direction of the vein, ore was again in great abun- dance." The presence of plumbago in the ore was also pointed out ; the associated rocks being stated to be friable white marble. may perhaps great economic these, the most or bog iron ore. back for many nportance were ieposits in the ck as the latter it furnace was ve been carried he Ottawa dis- ull, while those aty years later. Y with the sut!- magnetites and ) practicability iw state, ot only among >f the Ottawa t in beds and )rphic series of r, at times a 1 two series of he ores of the I, containing a long the lower . isiderable per- lenite. nada, the first in the report ibed. A brief i-ead by Lieut, ity of Quebec, I from ten to lin in a south- Is of the vein. ■ upward of a Q great abun- pointed out; i)le. ''"•^ METALS AND THEIR OBES. 9 ^ Jted t hivi'f .?' f ""^«^P«'-^ '^' 1845, the ore bod at (his place is fll 1 "'"* ""^^'"^'''^ ^'''' ""d to bo traconblo (or about a mile, wjth a course of KN.W. and S.S.E.. and to occur on tho southern ha f of lot eleven, concession seven ofilull, on tl ^opo^^ Mi. Wngh , as well as on the twelfth lot of tho same conco ion limestone. The oi o :s described as coarse granular, and «h currying in pt^Leirrrf: r^^^^ ^f graphite whue otho.'. portion::;or; rCl^ec;:L\r;''^ '"""'■"'• ^" """^'^-^'^ ^y Br.imntof an A...... Magnetic oxide of iron „,, „„ Silica and graphite . , Metallieiron '■''^ J , fllMiS In the report for 1847 the width of this deposit is stntod as 40 f«„f ll.en. own worte. I„ 1855, about 5,000 to,,, ,ve,o T£o7„ „ 1 »:» ,oa„. L'.° ,?;Lt^'r z.rr zsr ;r"^°' "■■• • Geo. Survey Report, 1806-69, p. 255. ' ~~ ' ' ■ Inalyiei of iull or*. SmeltinBopeni' dona at Hull, 10 K PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Id the hematite Peroxide of iron 66.2ft\ -vr„* n- • eq tq Protoxide of iron 17.78 } ^I«ta"'c ^™"- ' ' • 58.78 Silica 10.44 In the magnetite Magnetic oxide of iron 73.99 Metallic iron 53.20 Silica 20.27 Both contained voiy small quantities of phosphorus and sulphur. The results obtained while the furnace was in blast from the 27th of April to the 6th of October, 1868, as quoted by Dr. Hunt, were a» follows : — Ore from Hull and Arnprior 1 ,896 tons Scrap iron 7i " Limestone 211 " Charcoal, both soft and hard 242,782 bushels Wood 2oJ cords Peat and coke 21Vf, bushels Resulting pig iron 1,0405«„- tons Cost per ton $26.50 The yield per ton of ore from these experiments is 54j per cent. The amount of charcoal used per ton was 235 bushels, and of peat and coke 47 lbs. Leaving out the amount of peat and coke, the quantity of chnvcoul per ton of ore was 37| cwt. This amount of fuel is excessive as shown by Dr. Hunt, from a com- parison with fui'naces smelting similar ores in Sweden, where the average weight of the charcoal required, per ton, is for white or mot- tled pig iron but sixteen to seventeen cwt., while for gray metal for Ibundry purposes or for Bessemer steel from twenty-one to twenty- two cwt. On the assumed weight of charcoal at 18 lbs. per bushel, this saving, at 8 cents per bushel, would effect a reduction on the cost per ton of pig iron of seven to eight dollars. At Port Heniy, on Lake Ohamplain, according to the same authority, where magnetic ores, Himilar to those of Hull are smelted with anthracite coal, the average consumption is from 1.10 to 1.14 tons, equal to 22 or 23 cwt. of anthra- cite to the ton of pig iron. He further remarks that the lack of profit in smelting the Hull ore is due to excess or wastefulness in use of fuel and to the useless or unnecessary addition of sand and clay in the charge. So much for the experience of twenty years ago. Probably the most important paper that has been published since then on the sub- ject of iron manufacture in Canada is that by Mr. John Birkenbine on 58.78 , . . . . 73.99 53.20 20.27 19 and sulphur. ■t from the 27th of 'r. Hunt, were an 1,896 tons 211 " J,782 bushels 25J cords 21 J S bushels l,040j% tons !6.50 1 is 54J per cent. 8, and of peat and :oke, the quantity- Hunt, from a com- iveden, where the for white or mot- 3r gray metal for ty-one to twenty- 18 lbs, per bushel, notion on the cost •t Henry, on Lake re magnetic ores, coal, the average 23 cwt. of anthra- ; the lack of profit ness in use of fuel 1 and clay in the go. Probably the 3 then on the sub- )hn Birkenbine on "^••] METALS And their ores. ij u " The Possibilities of Iron Manufacture at Ottawa " Th« v^r»..v. ■ .. reference to Ottawa are equally applicable to rany othe pS n ^f-^?- ^ arl' O J "''"7'^ ""?''"" '''' ^"^^^'^^^ o?MiningE„g n erf " '• . at the Ottawa meeting, in October, 1889. From it we learn thlt ~ anthracite is laid down at the furnaces on Lake Cham^ lain "$i 4 . per ton and probab y could be supplied at the furnaces^n OUawa .t something under «5 per ton, so that the cost of the fuel necessaTy o I produce a ton of pig iron from the Hull ores should not now exceed ll2 to ilr '';'' P"r "''' ''''■'=^*'' ^^^^ ^««^ -^ ^^e fuel wasftom 112 to $14 per ton, so that a saving of $6 to $8 per ton in (his item alone could now be effected. From the figures giVen by Mr Bir e^ ouoteThr "; f r T^r'^ ^" '""^ manufacture of h.n we may quote the estimated cost of producing pig iron in Ottawa as follow^i Fuel, Anthracite ^ kq " Charcoal, estimate 7.00 to ■!;« nn ^ distant. ; while the latter is bro.ight fi.m BrookSd; aiSS ' S^nnr'""! ''• 'V^^'''^'^ tothi«. theordinaiyLondonderTo.-et are not nearly so rich in metallic iron as those of Hull, and for some in Canada 'bv"V'''' ™?^' ' '"'""^ P"'"* '" ''S-^-^ ^o iron smelting in Canada, by showing that pig iron is protected to the amount of 15.60 per gross ton by bounties and duties, so that, at the figui-rquot^ B only 68 40 per ton, or, making due allowance for profit and o her ZTo/Z7oVZ'r'f ''''''' "^^ tobe,aiddown^nOtt:taat^ cost of ail.OOper ton to compete successfully with the home manu- n' I r 12 K PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. facture. He also thinks it very jios^ible that much of the enormous waste of sawdust and mill refuse could be utilized in connection with some of the processes of manufacture, as is the case in Sweden. "Sn'!' -^^^"^ ^'^ ™iles from the Hull deposit, on the other side of the Gatineau River, may be mentioned that on the Haycock location. The ore is a mixture of hematite and magnetite, and occurs in a series of beds associated with red and grey felspathic gneiss. The deposit has been only partially opened up, and further developments may prove it to be of some importance. At the Bristol Mines, thirty-five miles up the Ottawa River from Hull, a very extensive deposit of magnetite also occurs. The first reference to this is in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1845-46, pp. 77-78 ; as well as to the extension of the same ore into McNab on the west bank of the river. In the report for 1873-74 Dr. Harrington gives some important details regarding this ore. He says: (p. 19G) Dr. Harrington " During the winter of 1872-73 several openings were made in deposits deposit. "^'° of magnetic ore on lots twenty-one and twenty-two, range two, Bristol, Pontiac county, Quebec. The ore here forms a series of beds, interstratified with reddish syenitic gneiss and glistening, micaceous and hornblendic schists. The thickness of what appeared to be the uppermost and most important bed could not be ascertained Judging, however, from the quantity of ore taken out, the thickness must be considerable. Besides this bed, three others had been exposed. One of them was two feet thick, another only a few inches, while the fourth appeared to be about nine or ten feet thick, so far as the small amount of work done enabled one to judge." In the same report, page £08, the analysis of this ore is given as under : — Specific gravity 4.30 Peroxide of irftn 65.44 Protoxide " 14.50 Bisulphide " 2.7-1 Protoxide ofManganese 5. 11 Alumina 0.6O Lime 3. 90 Magnesia 0.45 Silica 11.45 Carbonic acid.. 1.(34 Phosphoric acid traces Titanic acid none Water o.l4 100.97 Iron as peroxide 45.81 " protoxide 11.28 " bisulphide 1.28 Total metallic iron 68.37 Sulphur 1 .4e Ellt,] much of the enormous zed in connection with ase in Sweden, the other side of the laycock location. The .1 occurH in a series of eiss. The deposit has opments may prove it e Ottawa Eiver from Iso occurs. The first al Survey for 1845-46, ne ore into McNab on 73-74 Dr. Harrington ). He says: (p. 196) were made in deposits NO, range two, Bristol, s a series of beds, glistening, micaceous what appeared to be )t be ascertained :en out, the thickness ers had been exposed, ew inches, while the 3k, so far as the small this ore is given as 4.32 METALS .4ND THEIR ORES. 13 K 45.81 11.28 1.28 100.97 58.37 1.46 '' Combining a sufficient quantity of the peroxide of iron with the protoxzde to fom magnetic oxide, we find the ore to be a mixture of as to render roasting necessary. He says that the mine has been "• opened to a depth of 150 feet, and with drifts along the strike fL 1 J feet and across the bed for 50 feet in one place, and from 50 to 60 feet .n another, .so that the deposit promisi to' be extensive The ore s now being extensively shipped to the States. The quantity of sulphur which necessitated roasting the ore from the upper benches has become so much diminished in that from the lower workTngs as Jo side of thTmf " •"i''" "f '■^- '° '""^ ^'^^'^'^y «'-' - *h. other side of the Ottawa, in Eenfrew and Lanark, beds of both limonite and magnetite occur, which carry a large percentage of iron, and ai'in s^ch close proximity to those of Hull that if an^ central location in he vicinity of Ottawa should be selected for smelLg operations the supl of ore from many available points could be secured at very cheap rates, either by rail, from the localities up the Ottawa just deirS wen^niTh ''' 'Tr ''' ^' '°"*^ ^'-^^^^ - ^'^« «'d- - described g-'-^^ deposits of bog iron ore, presently to be The occurrence of magnetic ores in Grenville, on the south half ofore,nf « lot three, range five^ was pointed out by Sir william Logan in the - Geological Survey Report for 1853, p. 38. The breadth of the vl was estimated at from six to eight yards. This was traced foi 150 yZ ^ a westerly and south-westerly direction, the country rock befng a micaceous gneiss, interstratified with many beds of quartzite Th! assay of a specimen by Dr. Hunt gave metallic iron 52^^ per eenf ran^f ttTV r ' ''V ^''""^ "° '^' ^^>^«"* >«*' ''^ the foui-th range, the beds, however, being generally thinner. No attempt has yet been made to work the ores in this area. In addition I the ocahties just mentioned north of the Ottawa, there are douSs 1^ ^o^. n which ores may be found in the area drained by the Gatineau and the Li6vre Rivers. Reference is made by Mr Vennor in Zr^^r fncintrto'^T' '^^ '%'■''' ''■ '''' to^he•oIcZronIl: m Cameron township, near Post Creek, about fifty-four miles in a direct north hnefromtheOttawaRiven Itwas traced, byfrequZeZsrs lytr'and'H-' T^' of the Kasabasua. bet'we'en tL townsh^rof horilonoftheH;;?! ' ^^^^^^-^^d^^'ed to be an extension of the horizon of the Hull ore bed. More recently, deposits of iron oi-e have been discovered in Templeton and in the ad^cent townships . vilTc. ' Ores of Ottawa 14 K ' PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Along the north side of the St. Lawrence beds of magnetite have been reported at many points. Here, the ore is found in two forms, viz., as massive beds interstratified with the gneiss and limestone of the Laurentian, or as beds of iron sand along the beaches, often of considerable thickness and of great extent. These ores, while carrying a large percentage of magnetic oxide of iron, also frequently contain a considerable amount of titanic acid, so much so, as in many cases to entitle them to be classed as ilmenite. Of these iron deposits probably the most important, as well as the largest known, occui-s at Bay St. Bay St. Paul. P*"'. ^^out fifty-four miles below the city of Quebec. Here an immense bed, having a thickness of ninety feet, has been traced for some hundreds of yards. This great bed has a historic interest, having been discovered in 1666 by Sieur de laTesserie, and some explo- rations were carried on in the following year by Colbert's orders under the sanction of the King of France. In spite, however, of the great quantity of ore at this point, it has never been found possible to carry on smelting operations with any measure of success, owing to the large percentage of titanic acid contained in the ore, as seen by the analysis of Dr. Hunt,* thus :— Peroxide of iron 10.42 Protoxide of iron 37.06 Titanic acid 48.60 Magnesia 3. go Two furnaces were, however, built at this place in 18 by the Cana- dian Titanic Iron Company. The undertaking, proving unprofitable, was discontinued in 1880. • Similar mag^ietic iron ore is found at different points along the north shore. Near the mouth of the Eapid River, which flows into ^y^o^f^Sevem the Bay of Seven Islands, a great mass of magnetite is found in the ' *" '■ labradorite rocks of that place. The ore is reported by Dr. Hunt to have a breadth on the stream of about 500 yards from east to west, and to extend some distance north and south. Assays of it have given: Protoxide of iron 49. 77 Metallic iron 38.70 Titanic acid 34.30 Moisie River. On the beach at the mouth of the Moisie River there are also great deposits of iron sand interstratified with beds of nearly pure silica. Smelting works were erected there in 1867, which continued in opera- tion for several years, being finally dismantled in 1876 or 1877. Similar deposits in greater or less quantity occur on the shore at Mingan, * Oeologioal Survey Progress Keport, 1869. eds of magnetite have i found in two forms, leiss and limestone of the beaches, often of se ores, while carrying 3 frequently contain a , as in many cases to iron deposits probably wii, occurs at Bay St. )f Quebec. Here an eet, has been traced as a historic interest, iserie, and some explo- Colbert's oMers under lowever, of the great 3und possible to carry ess, owing to the large 3 seen by the analysis 10.42 37.06 48.60 3.60 * nn 18 bytheCana- proving unprofitable, ent points along the TQv, which flows into etite is found in the jported by Dr. Hunt •ds from east to west, lys of it have given: — 49.77 38.70 34.30 there are also great )f nearly pure silica, h continued in opera- 816 or 1811. Similar he shore at Mingan, ^'"^ METALS AND THEIR ORES. ]5 r; wTn':;'' mr T' "' '''"■ p""'^ ''''"- '""^ '^^'•^'^ ^^^« -^' ^'- St. „,r . . ''^'*' '■"'^' somewhat in composition, by far the CZ::"?""'""' I»^^«l-P-tionofthese;ands;orhe 1! ZT' '"'■**' percentage of the magnetic portion can be vivh . ^ '" •'"•''°««"'"nt of magnets, and the titan ferous p^icu. North In?": "f ,''' "'^' •■"'"^•^•"" «^ ^^^ --' «'--«t«'!- jri^Cfotd-tZit^- "•• ^--^- - -- -"-: Metallic iron Titanicacld 24.65 • • • • • , 3'' 36 while that from St. Lin had :— 3Ietalllc iron Titanic acid .*.'.'.'.'.'.*.'.'. "V o? " - Large deposits of similar o.'es arralso'reporied aroccmTing aion<.s the Saguenav Ever • lit Tin 1/-0 Tf/».,^„„., • j •, , """'& "^"oSaguenay. Lake St. John ' ^"^^'^ ^^^''^S**"" ""^ on islands at the outlet of In the country east and south of the St. Lawrence considerable beds of magnetue occur in places. Some of these are titanife.^u! bu others are remarkably pfre and contain no titanic acid. ' The presence of magnetite and hematite ores in Temnleton Buok ingham and Hull is referred to in the Geological SuTvrZ^^^^ gneiss and contmns large cleavable masses of the magnetite some of which are four inches thiol- Tko «.i • . => ^"'■^' ''"™^ oi wide but th« n J!.? T ^^'P^'' ""^"^ '^ ^'^•^»^* thirty paces wide, but the ore does not appear to be economically valuable accord- ing to the observations then made. hematltllron?"?^''!:,'^ *'*' '''^''' '"""^^ of Tempi eton deposits ofXempieton. hematite of considerable extent occur along with the orthoolase gneiss Xo rtaTrtL^^^^^^ *'""^' '''' ^•°^'' '^ '^^^ appear to be!?: J Zn T ' ^^^ subsequent explorations may result in finding fnTrbutTsnr?.' ^^-"— occurs on the adjoiilg lot m iiull, but has not yet been developed to any extent. Metallic Iron Phosphorus 69.185 Titanium dioxide....'.". ■.■.". ".■.'. "012 Sulphur..., Trace Insoluble matter ," 1.551 St. Jerome. Brome, Sutton and St. Armand. Eut St. Armand. 16 k province op quebec. An ore from the county of Terrebonne, two railes and a half south of the village of St. Jerome, on the west side of the North Eiver, assayed by Mr. F. D. Adams, of this Department, gave : — Metallic iron (32.191 Phosphorus 0.007 Sulphur 0.001 Titanium dioxide Trace Insoluble matter 9.897 In the Geological Survey Eeport for 1847, page 59 et seq., attention was directed to the presence of beds of iron ore at various places in the townships ; more especially in those of Brome, Sutton and St. Armand. These were for the most part stated to be situated chiefly in the vicinity of two dolomitic belts, ocupying the two sides of a ridge which traverses the two first mentioned townships, and in all, the ores are more or less titaniferous, sometimes strongly so. " The specific gi-avities o^the ores in consequence frequently appear disproportioned to their produce in metallic iron, the specific gravity of the different varieties of titaniferous iron or ilmenite being as great or greater than that of the pure peroxide of iron ; and from the presence of different varieties of ilmenite or their unequal mixture in the oi'e, it sometimes happens that a light ore will have a greater percentage of metallic iron than a heavy one. The produce of many of the beds will be found too low to render them alvailable for economic purposes, but the ore being unequally mixed with chlorite and epidote, different samples from the same bed occasionally give different results, and, in any trial of the beds, with a view to turning them to practical account, great care should be bestowed on an effective test of them for considerable distances on the strike." Among the localities mentioned in the Geological Survey Eeport for 1847, and which may be here referred to as of prospective value, are the following : — The forty-fifth lot. East St. Armand, in the south-east corner of the township, where five feet of ore, mostly red hematite or specular schist, are exposed on the west half of the lot, the limits not determined ; the rocks of the vicinity are chloritic and epidotic slates. The ore is mixed with chlorite to some extent, and on assay gives 34.73 per cent, of metallic iron. A later assay gave a mean of thirty-seven per cent, of metallic iron. On the seventh lot of the ninth range of Sutton, similar ore was observed, in apparently much greater quantity, the quality varying, however, in different parts of the bed, the percentage of metallic iron by assay ranging from 15.91 to 27.53. The beds are here kept near the surface by a series of folds, so that a considerable thickness of ore is exposed. The ore bed, however, is said to be from five to eight feet thick. A continuation of possibly the Elli.] METALS AND THEIR ORES. 17 k liles and a half south of B North Eiver, assayed 62.191 0.007 0.001 Trace 9.897 ge 59 et seq., attention It various places in the lutton and St. Armand. lituated chiefly in the sides of a ridge which nd in all, the ores are y 80. " The specific appear disproportioned gravity of the different 3 great or greater than e presence of different 1 the ore, it sometimes entage of metallic iron beds will be found too )3es, but the ore being irent samples from the id, in any trial of the al account, great care them for consldei'able ical Survey Eeport for prospective value, are land, in the south-east lostly red hematite or the lot, the limits not tic and epidotic slates, d on assay gives 34.73 mean of thirty-seven of the ninth range of inch greater quantity, »rts of the bed, the from 15.91 to 27.53. ries of folds, so that a » bed, however, is said lation of possibly the same bed >s seen in the south-eastern corner of lot six of the same range. Here a similar folded structure is apparent, and the bll i! about seven feet thick. Another ore bed in ih'e south-west corn" f ranges fiom 22.98 to 23.86. On the fifth lot, range nine, a few yards from that just mentioned, a smooth vertical bluff of ore having a length of twenty feet and fifteen feet high is said to occur. Thf as ay'of are found, one of a foot in thickness on the se;enth lot, the pe " ntl iof iron varying from 19.07 to 39.0C, the other seve^ feet thick afd yie ding from 19.42 to 32.13 per cent, of metallic iron. On the n>nth lot, eleventh range, a seven feet bed of peroxide of iron was found; the assays of two samples gave 21.78 and 39 90; and on the In Brome lot one, range three, a very considerable deposit of ironBrom. th cknt? r "'T/ T""'^ bands, varying from three to ten fee n thickness. A quantity from one of these bands was shipped at one time to the smelting works at Troy, Vermont; a distance'of nearl^ f^^l ' miles. The assays of these ores are not given, but in the second lot of the same range a five feet bed occuiu which yielded 28.63 p^- cent On the Yamaska River also, on the fifth lot, range four, a little below metaSr '^ ''"'' '''' '^' ^"""' "'^^^ ^^^« "P- --^ 24.oI On the sixth lot between ranges three and four, a bed of specular ore S Thict Thou h""'' •m'^"^- " '' ^"pp««^^ ^ •'« *^- to fo- .trL^H '■! uf .^°'''^^^ '''"'■ ^°^-«'-^' «"^«'- thin beds, intei- f hLVn ^^'V ? '^^ ''''"' ^•^°««' ^''^^ °f ^^'"i'^'- or« occur, having rrltoT;t:'37;?" '^' ^"^ ^ ^^'•^^'^^^^^ ^^-*^"^« ^- -^^4 In Bolton magnetic iron is found on lot two, range fourteen twonnu .les east of Orford Pond. The size of the bed could noTbe "sceTain d "' was visited last season, and the pit was found filled with water The (ssay of the ore by Dr. Hunt, given in the Geological Survey Rpnort the twenty-second and twenty-fii^t lots of range fifteen, Orfoi-d. 18 K PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. The associated rocks in Bolton are thediorites of Orford Mountain; the mine being a short distance north of the C. P. R. near Milotta Station. Probable future From the foregoing list of localities it will bo seen that the deposits value. of iron ore in this district are not only numerous, but, from the assays* and the extent of the beds, should be of considerable economic value. But little development has, however, been carried out in these areas. and the dimensions of the beds, as given above, cannot be taken as fully determining their extent, since much of the surface was at that time (1847) covered with forest and soil. It is very possible, as in the case of the Hull and Bristol mines, more especially of the latter, which, when discovered, were supposed to be of small extent and but little value, but which have since been found to be of great importance, somo of these will also, upon closer examination, be found to be of much greater importance than at first regarded. The presence of titanic acid in considerable quantity in some of these „., . „ ores tends to exert a prejudicial influence on their value as easv smeltinj,' Titanic ores of '^ ■; , , , . , Sutton and ores. The percentage in some cases has been detornuneil, and is given by Dr. Harrington in the Eeport of the Geological Survey for 1873-74. Thus the ore from lot nine, range eleven, gives : — Metallic iron 40.87 Titanic acid 27.20 From lot eight, range eleven, Sutton : — Metallic iron 39.14 Titanic acid 29.86 And from lot one, range three, Brome : — Metallic iron 41.46 Titanic acid 24.16 Titanlo ores of A great bed of magnetic iron ore, or more properly ilmenite, forty! River, "Beauce. five feet thick, occurring on the Colway River, about four miles nortti of the Chaudidre, in connection with serpentines, is described by Di'i Hunt as being separable with the magnet, after crushing, into tw(^ portions: about two-thirds of the whole being a magnetic oxide of iron ' the remaining third being an ilmenite which contains 48.60 per cent! of titanic acid and 40.70 per cent, of peroxide of iron. The smeltintlll of such ore is difficult from the great amount of fuel necessary to oveii come the resistance offei-ed by the titanic acid. These ores giv( generally, a brown streak, and are but slightly afifected by the magnef as a whole. Other deposits in the townships are not so highly titanS ferous. Thus Dr. Hunt* mentioned that some of these from Bronil ' and Sutton contain only two hundredths of titanic acid. Assays ' ' Geology of Canada, 1863, p. 501. of Orford Mountain; the , K. near Milotta Station, bo scon that tho deposits oiiH, but, from the assays jidorablo economic value, mod out in those areas, )Ovo, cannot be taken as f the surface was at that is very possible, as in the ially of the latter, which, lall extent and but little f great imjiortance, somo be found to be of much quantity in some of tiiese oir value as easy smelting dotorrniiied, and is given igical Survey for 1873-'74. 98: — 40.87 27.20 39.14 , 29.86 41.46 , 24.16 properly ilmenite, forty r, about four miles nortli ;inos, is described by Dr after crushing, into t\\(] a magnetic oxide of iron contains 48.60 per centi ie of iron. The smeltiiijl of fuel necessary to oveH acid. These ores giv( ly affected by the magncl i are not so highly titani me of these from Brom( ■ titanic acid. Assays /'•• ^ METALS AND THEIR 0RE8. jg ^ fhese ores have not, however, been made for some years nor have testis for the quantity of titanic acid been made except in th; res. cases I Other deposits of magnetic ores, however, exist in the eastern -^wnsh.ps, which are apparently entirely free from titanic acid, and h.ch foi-m r-ch and valuable o-es of iron. Among these may be bentioned that on lot seven, range five, Leeds. This locality waL ^lerably regular beds of ore of six, four and three feet in width bspectively, separated by bands of chloritic slates. The ore is a fine J-ained magnetite, more or loss mixed with micaceous iron oro ^ra.Iar ore occurs in the adjoining township of Inverness. The assay I tne ijeeds ore gave : — "^ SS;:;r::::::::;::":"; ^^-z' ^"'p'- ■ "''v:::::::::::;;:: :oS ^Several assays of this ore showed the percentage of phosphorus to be inable, ranging from .025 to .335; the average fo • the three becimens being ,188. An assay of the Inverness ore gave :— ^i^''^";'' '™" 65.433 riiosphorus "" {Neither of these ores contained titanic acid. The deposit was kam.ned by the writer in 1887, and tho principal bed was found to bo bm five to SIX feet thick, between green chloritic and micaceous schists ,11"^^;'-'' ^'''f^ "" north-west dip, and crystalline dolomite leath^ Ihis ore has lately been mined to some extent and shipped [the Harvey Hill copper mines, where it is used as a flux in smelting copper ores. The site of the mine is from ten to twelve miles from ' ^bertson station on the Quebec Central railway ' large and apparently excellent vein of magnetic oro is found on NicCet Uk, M nineteen and twenty of the Gore, west side of Nicolet Lake^°*^- Cw'^r ^'°'- ^''' ^'^" ""'''''' '"^ ««'-P«"t'"« ^ith a width sixieet at the surface, increasing to eleven feet in a shaft twelve feet Bp. It was opened by Mr. Colombo in 1881, by whom about one ndred tons were extracted. Prom a partial assay made by Mr Igantof Quebec, and kindly furnished me by Mr. Obalski GMe' f ore contained a small quantity of chromic acid. The locality is eight to ten miles distant from the Quebec Central railway at rtnoy station. "^ fn the vicinity ofSherbrooke several deposits of magnetite occur, gherbrouke, Urka'i mine Smith's miop. ■m MoVeity'g minei Leeds. Satton. *^ *^ PROviNor or qckbeo. which, from thofr excellent quality and their conveiiienco to lines of juJlway, should bo of "conomic importance. Of these, the largest is on I'^t eight, range nine, Ancot, nea •• the summit of the ridge lying south < 4' t:N city of Sherbrooko and to he east of the Belvidore road, at an ■ eleva (ion of 1000 feet above the St. Francis Eiver at that city. The magnetite here is in irregular veins in chloritic schist, distributed over several acres and ranging in thickness up to ten or twelve feet. Some portion i.s a hematite. Assays by Bai-tlett of Poitland gave 49.48 of metallic iron, but the quality ditfera at various points ; since an assay in the laboratory of the Geological Survey gave only 28.39 metallic iron, insoluble matter 45.794. It showed no trace of titanic acid. No determinations for phosphorus or sulphur were made. Adjoining and opposite the city of Sherbrooke, on lot twenty-one, range six. Ascot, about three quarters of^a mile from the Grand Trunk railway station, on the property of M*. Stephen Smith, is another apparently large deposit of magnetic ore. The containing rocks here are also for the most part chloritic schists of the Sherbrooke an'iclinal, along with jasper, which was referred to in the earlier reports of the Geological Survey. Precisely similar rocks are found in the city of Sherbrooke itself, and on the road south towards Capelton, near the fork of the road to Belvidere. The thickness of the ore and its extent on Mr. Smith's lot are unknown ; but it is evidently quite extensive, and a considerable quantity of ore has been extracted. An analysis by Mr. Hoffmann gave :— Metallic iron 54.074 Phosphorus qqq Sulphur [q24 with no trace of titanium. An ore from one of the beds near Kinnear's Mills, Leeds, gave :— Metallic iron 37.23 Titanic dioxide ^y^^.^.. Insoluble 4). SI Ore from the specular schist bands on lot nine, range nine, Sutton gave : — ' Insoluble matter 40 per cent., with a strong reaction for titanic acid. 0"h" oercentage of iron is not stated. o iron ores of the eastern townships present the same difficulty a:.4 r«-- . I 'del a& do those near Ottawa. The erection therefore of Bmeltir'.. ^cr^K lit some central point, as at Sherbrooke or Magog, towi-'u',} .h»^ ores from '-e various mines could be readily brought, woT;M be u sirable, since the railway facilities are at present so great tlK. METAI.S AND THIirR ORKS. U K iiiiom-o to linos oT , tho largest ia on ■idge lying south ndovG road, at an t that city. Tho Jhist, distributed n or twelve feet, if Poitland gave 9U8 points ; since gave only 28,39 ) trace of titanic vere made. 1 lot twenty-one, tho Grand Trunk tnith, is another lining rocks here )rooke an'Iclinal, ier reports of the nd in the city of ipelton, near the ire and its extent te extensive, and An analysis by 54.074 .G60 .024 jeeds, gave : — ... 37.23 • • • v.-avd ... 44.f.l ige uijuo, SuttOD, I for titanic acid. s same difficulty tion therefore of ooke or Magog, readily brought, »rosent so great, that nearly all tho most important dopo Fuel suitable for smelting' can bo laid down in Shoihrool anthracite of probably not more than 85.50 to «( its can be readily rwithod. .On ko at a cost for Prubsbis ooit of Hmetttiu Et coko horn 84.00 to 84.50 per ton ; an.l with tho facilities presented as regards abour and shipment, the co.t of smelting should not greatly exceed that given for tho district of Ottawa ^ The bag iron oros or limonites found ia Quebec occur in bcls which Bo, iron or,, ateboth aumc.us and extensive, and have, as alreudy stated, boon worked for many years, more particularly in tho district of Three fZ%, 'n n f ^'-'"P""" «'■ ^''« «'»«'t;-.g works was given bv i.,out. Badddoy,^ but a specially valuable paper on the bistc^y of th'e enterprise by Mr. I. C. Wurtele, librarian of the society jusl mentioned, is contained in the Trans. Eoyal Society of Canada IHM '4}''°%'^ '^» rom which we have obtained a brief abstract of'tho inc^Sn and "^ ''" history of the smelting operations at this place. The discovery of the bog ore deposits in the district of Three Hivers dates as far lack as 1667. The place was visited by the Sieur de la Potardiere, who reported the deposit as of no value either in quality or quantity and Jt was not until 1733 that any attempt to work it was made. Pr^m a letter of Frontenac 1672 however, the importance of these deposits • a a source uf supply for iron was clearly pointed out, and plans'^were si^gested for the erection of forges at some central point between Cap de la Madeleine and Champlain, where tho deposits of ore are very extensive. They were also favorably reported on to the French Government by Denonville in 1681 and 1686, but no action was taken in the matter In 1733, a company was formed consisting of Franchevil e Peter Poulin, Gamelin and Cugnet, by whom forges were ereced but the first operations were unsuccessful; and Francheville having died, his widow and the company surrendered the forges and rights to the Crown in 1735. In 1737, however, a new company formed the preceding year, and composed of Francois Et enne Cugnet, Pierre Francois Taschoreau and several others, obtained Irom the king tho privilege of working these ores, and this -Jmpany acquired, in addition to the property on which the ore beds were more specially known to be situated, the adjoining fiof of St Etienne for the purposes of a fuel supply. Work was at once CDra- menced, and a skilled artizan was obtained from France to conduct the operations in 1739. In 1740, th. company having expended all their capital m the erection of the forges and various buildings, were com- pel ed to return their charter to tho Government of Three Eivers, and in 1 ,43 the king ordered the furnaces to be repaired and work to be Changes of ownership. Smelting works, Three Biren. 22 K ■ PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. resumed and conducted in his own name. This was done by the importation of skilled laborers from France, and the furnaces erected in 1737 have been in use from that date down to the preeent time, or to the cessation of operations on the original site a few years since. During the period between 1743 and 1863 the Three Rivers and St. Maurice forges changed hands several times, but were in almost constant operation or with occasional intervals of but short duration, necessary for repairs or during changes of ownership or manage- ment. In 1847, the property was leased to the late Hon. James Fcrrier, of Montreal, for a term of four years, by whom the works were carried on very successfully, but the lease was not renewed. A lack of success apparently attended the operations of the company who succeeded him, and in 1862, the entire property was sold by the Crown Lands Department to Mr. Ileroux for 87,000, by whom in turn, in 1863, the forges, water power, etc., were sold to Messrs. John McDougall & Sons, of Three Rivers, for £1,700 currency. This firm carried on smelting operations on this spot till 1876, when the pi-operty passed into the hands of Mr. George McDougall, by whom the forges were worked till 1883, when they were shut down owing presumably to the exhaustion of the supply of ore and fuel within convenient distance to be profitably handled. Charcoal alone was used throughout the whole time in which the forges were in operation, and the iron produced, for the most part, enjoyed an excellent reputation, especially for certain lines of manufacture, such as car wheels, etc. In the report by Dr. Harrington on the iron ores of Canada,* particulars of the blast furnace so long in active operation at this place are given, p. 247, as follows : — " The internal dimensions of this furnace are : — Height 30 feet Diameter at hearth 2J " "boshes 7 " " "throat 3J " " There are two twyers, and the blast, produced by water, is cold and has a pressure of one pound to the square inch. The usual charge was: — Bog ore 600 lbs. Limestone • . . . . 45 " Charcoal 16 bushels (Frenchf) < \ • Geol. Survey Report, 1873-74, t The French bushel weighs two pounds more than the English. ELLt.] METALS AND THEIR ORES. I was done by the he furnaces erected the precent time, or few years since. Three Eivers and but were in almost but short duration, ership or manage - ) late Hon. James y whom the works as not renewed. A if the company who s sold by the Crown ' whom in turn, in to Messrs. John irrency. This firm II 1876, when the sDougall, by whom & shut down owing ire and fuel within Charcoal alone was 3 were in operation, oyed an excellent icture, such as car ores of Canada,* sration at this place 30 feet 2i " 7 " 3i " y water, is cold and The usual charge 600 lbs. 45 " 16 bushels (Frenchf) 23 K ' Forty-five charges are made in the twenty-four houi-s, «nd the furnace tapped at intervals of from twelve to eighteen hours. The daily production is four tons, of which ten per cent, is white and ton nor cent, mot Jed iron. The charcoal required per ton was 4ibout 180 bushels, weighing from eleven to twelve pounds, and costing about hLk cents per bushel The yield of the bog ore in the furnace was from thirty' three to thirty.five per cent, of iron; and the cost of the ore aUhe furnace was about $2.50 per ton, and sometimes rather more. The resulting pig of late years was largely used for the manufhoturo of car wheels In addition to the cast iron from the blast furnace, a Co,t of produc- small quantity of iron was also produced direct from the ore by the"""' oW tashioned hearth-finery. This was employed in the manufacture of axes, and was found to be of excellent quality, not at all cold short, and showing only traces of phosphorus. From the figures given of the cost of the raw material, the cost of pig ranged from $19.50 to $-0.00 per ton ; the fuel itself costing nearly $] 1.00. Attempts made to smeli the magnetic ores of Leeds in these furnaces were notr attenaed with success, doubtless owing to the unsuitable si.o and -™"''' shape of the furnace for these harder varieties of ore, and similar ^'"«"'«"f'*«- poor results have attended the attempt to smelt the Shorbrooke magnetites m the bog ore furnaces now located at Drummondvlllo From the report of Dr. Harrington, above cited, as well os from an excellent and comprehensive paper by Mr. J. H. Bartlett, Mot.troal, Mr. J. H.Bart- On the Manufacture of Iron in Canada," rend before the American ""'""'• Institute of Mining Engineers at the Halifax meeting, 1885, we are able to present some details of the several blast furnaces and forges which have been worked from time to time, some of which are still in operation and using the bog Iron ores of Quebec. The Batiscan iron works were erected about 1798, comnrisimr an .. , IJast furnace, casting house, two forges, mills and oth.. bSlngf on '"'""'• he oast side of the Batiscan River, about six miles ft-om its mouth in the seigniory of Batiscan. Champlain Co. They were similar to those 01 bt. Maurice, and were in operation for several years till the (loath of the proprietor when the works were closed. Ore and wood are " both reported as plentiful at this place. Madl^fcZ ^*^;-S.««'^^^'^^t^d«t Ferment, seigniory of Cap do la R..auor'for.e.. Madeleine, Champlain Co.. on the River Lard, were erected n IHOO by Messrs. Larue & Co. The works comprised a blast Airnaco, forge and rolling mill with a car wheel foundry at Three Blvors, about ten to twelve miles distant. The product was manufUctured into car wheels principally, which had an excellent reputation. The rolling mills and forges were destroyed by fire some years ago, but the blast ill ir 24 k PBOVINCE OP QUEBEC. Tamuka. Drummond' TiUe. ftirnnco is still in operation, the probable output for 1881, according to Ml'. Obalski, being 1,000 tons, employing forty workmen. Work at the Radnor furnace was suspended in the fall of last year. Mr. Bai tlett says : " The ore is taken up fioni Lake Tortue. The iron manufactured in UNod for car wheels in the foundry of Mr. George McDougall at Three Rivers. A large sum of money has been spent on this Radnor Industry." L'Iflet forgot. '^^'^ L'Islet blast furnace was built by Messrs. McDougall, the pro- prietors of the St. Maurice forges, about four miles further up the rivor, northwest of the St. Maurice works, where the same conditions prevailed. These have not been in operation for some years. The Yamuska works were erected by the Si. Fiancis River Mining Co. in 1869, on the River Aux Vaches, Yamaska county, on the east side of the St. Lawrence, and near the St. Francis River. This furnace was completed in 18G9, and worked by the company till 1873, making in that time 6,520 tons of charcoal pig iron. It was then sold to Messrs. .lohn McDougall & Co., of Montreal, who worked it till 1880, whin it was closed, owing to ^he exhaustion of the ores in the vicinity. The works at Drummondville were erected in the township of Grant- ham, county of Drummond, on the River St. Francis, in 1880-81, by Messrs. John McDougall & Co., of Montreal. They consist of two blast furnaces, each thirty-four feet high, with a diameter at the boshes of eight and ten feet respectively. They are worked by hot and cold blast, the motive power for the air-pump being the St. Francis Eivor. The fuel used is charcoal. The supply of ore is obtained in part from bods of bog ore in the vicinity, and in part from Vaudreuil, near the St. Lawrence, above Montreal. The ore contains from forty to forty-four per cent, of iron ; and the annual capacity of the furnace is about 4,000 tons of pig iron. It is principally used for car wheels, which are made at the foundry in Montreal. Bog iron ores are distributed at many points throughout the province of Quebec. The deposit at Vaudreuil, now being worked for the Drummondville furnace, was referred to in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1845, as occurring on a number of lots, and having, in C6te St. Ohailes as well as in the Polite Cote in the same seigniory, a thick- ness of four feet. Near Ottawa, deposits of bog iron ore are mentioned as occurring in several places, among which are the Blanche River in Tomploton, above McArthur's Mills ; the fourteenth lot, concession seventeen, Hull; Eardley; at Upper Rocky Point in March; in Con- stance Luke and in the vicinity of the Chats. Analyses of some of those will be found further on. Among other deposits referred to in tlie Geological Survey Report for 1849-fiO, are the twelfth lot, fourth range, Ireland, where an area of Looalltloi for boi iron ore. J Ireland. CSll.] METALS AND THEIR ORES. 25 K ant on this Eadnor two yards by fifteen, in a bed about fifteen inches thick, was noted ; also a bed at St. Lambert, on the west side of the Chaudiere, in the St. Lambert, seignory of Lauzon, about twenty inches thick, but the area not Sc t"'^'^'*"*"' ascertained, though apparently of considerable extent! In the seigniory of St. Vallier, one mile above the forks of the Eiver Sud, St. Vaiiier. two considerable areas were noted ; one of which had a breadth of twenty-eight yards and a length of three hundi-ed and eighty yards north-west from the mill, with a thickness of twenty inches ; the other twelve hundred yards by twenty-four yards, and twelve to twenty inches thick ; with others in the vicinity, sufficiently extensive to be of economic imjiortance. Other deposits occur on the road between Ste. Anne des Plaines and St. Lin; and on the road between Eividre f["/st Law-^ Ste. Marie and Achigan, the thickness being about six inches, but then""^'^''''^^ area unknown. Considerable deposits of bog ore also occur in the township of Kildare, and the augmentation of the, seigniory of La Noraye and Dautraye, near the Eiver I'Assumption ; but these areas have never been worked. They are situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, about midway between Montreal and Three Elvers. The areas from which the St. Maurice furnaces drew their supplies Three Rivers are for the most part entirely exhausted. They were very extensive, ''"^' '''"""y- having furnished ore for nearly 150 years. Further to the north-east! in the seigniory of Chamijlain and Batiscan, large beds of this ore still exist, which, in the early part of the century, supplied forges which were operated on the Batiscan Eiver. On the eastern side of this river, also, several areas of considerable extent occur in the vicinity of the road between the Batiscan Eiver and the village of St. Prosper. The old forges on the Batiscan were apparently situated on the south side of the river about six to eight miles from the mouth. Further down the St. Lawrence, between Port Neuf and St. Basil, as st Lawrence well as on the Jacques Cartier, in Bois Brul^ and Cap Sante, other'"'*"'**'"''""'' deposits occur, the particulars of which are not to hand. The low grounds which flank the ranges of Laurentian hills along the north side of the St. Lawrence Eiver seem to carry areas of this bog ore in ^reat abundance, and would appear to point out the presence, at many points, of masses of pyrite or other forms of ore in the hills, not far from where these deposits are located, and from which these latter have been derived. Below Quebec similar ore is reported in small quantities in the east side of Ha Ha Eiver, a branch of the Saguenay, Ha Ha River. and, though the quantity is not said to be very extensive, it was thought it might indicate more valuable ores in the vicinity; but on the south side of the lower St. Lawrence Eiver, deposits have been noted and described by Mr, Eichai-dson in several localities, which appear to possess economic values. Among these, are concession two 26 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Qreen Island. Caoouna. Villeray. Kamouraska. St. Francis BiTer. Memphrema- ROg Lake, Hog' Back Moun- tain. of Green Island, where beds from ten to twenty inches thick and of considerable extent are found on ten lots, having a surface breadth of one hundred yards. In the seigniory of Cacouna, at the village of La Plaine, several small patches, with a thickness of four inches or so, were observed ; and in the seigniory of Villeray, about three miles west of Green Island Seigniory, patches of ore of considerable extent, from six to twelve inches thick, occur on several of the farms in that vicinity. The ore-bearing belt here is stated to be comprised in an area of about twenty-four miles from east to west by four to six miles from north to south. Small deposits are also reported from the seigniory of Kamouraska, near the road between that village and St. Paschal, one of which, with a thickness of six to eight inches, has an extent of three hundred by thirty paces. On the Eiver St. Francis several areas of bog iron ore are found, one of which, near the Eiver aux Vaches, which joins the St. Francis about ten miles from its mouth, was worked for some years and supplied the ore for the St. Francis furnace, the yield of iron obtained being about 36 per cent. At Drummondville, about twenty miles further up the stream, extensive deposits are now being worked for the furnaces at that place already referred to. A considerable deposit, lately opened up, occurs near the west shore ' of Memphremagog Lake, on the west side of the Hog's Back mountain, at Knowlton Landing, on lot twenty-eight, range nine, Potton. This ore overlies a heavy bed or vein of pyrites, carry inn: both copper and iron, and has a considerable surface area, with a thn.'cness of from one to three feet. Its remoteness from smelting works and the consequent high rate of freight are at present a bar to its being profitably worked ; but should furnaces be erected at some central point, as already suggested, this deposit could then be utilized, since it is within a short distance of shipment on Lake Memphremagog. An analysis of bog ores from several localities is here appended. It will be seen that the percentage of iron varies very considerably in the ore from the different areas. Eua.] inches thick and of a surface breadth of la, at the village of ess of four inches or ly, about three miles ' considerable extent, of the farms in that be comprised in an by four to six miles iory of Kamouraska, 1, one of which, with of three hundred by yn ore are found, on© the St. Francis about ;ars and supplied the obtained being about niles further up the 1 for the furnaces at 3 near the west shore tog's Back mountain, 5 nine, Potton. This ip8 is here appended, very considerably in METALS AND THEIR ORES. ANALYSES OF BOG IRON ORE By Db. B. J. Harrikgton.* 27 K Peroxide of iron 40.96 Protoxide of iron Oxide of manganese 26.34 Protoxide of manganese .... I'ime: 1.48 Alumina Magnesia .Traces Phosphoric acid o.60 Sulphuric acid Traces Silica II. Insoluble matter and silica. Water and organic matter. . Metallic iron. 12.08 17.97 69.64 17.25 6.05 0.53 .90 Traces Traces 0.05 1.93 22!64 No. I. is from Ste. Ange a„„i„... „« lique, Vaudreuil (Mc- bogTe'f Gillis property). No. II. is from L'Islet forges, Three Rivers. 99.43 28.67 102.39 54.34 ANALYSES OF BOG IRON ORES By Dr. T. S. HuNT.f I. 1 IL 76.95 6.80 150 19!86 III. IV. V. VL Peroxide of iron 74.50 oiso 7.10 is! 95 ■ • • • K AO 77.60 0.30 74.30 Traces 3!60 1.80 22.20 Sesquioxide of manganese Alumina 64.80 5.50 Silica .... Phosphoric acid 0.46 o.*iu 4.80 Volatile matters 19.70 1.01 17.25 Undet. 23.65 Metallic iron 100.85 52.15 99.05 53.86 • • •• 102.30 54.32 101.90 52.01 98.75 45.36 L From Petite C6te, Vaudieuil. IL, in. C6te St. Charles, Vaudreuil. IV., v., VL From the St. Maurice forges. Dr. Harrington remarks on the bog iron ores of the province, Dr. Harrington (treological Survey Export for 1873-74):— "That they are mainly of '>"''"'''• recent age, occurring at or near the surface, and generally in sandy regions, ferruginous sands often being the source of the iron. The I vai-iety emp loyed for smelting, concretionary lumps or massive, often • Geol. Sur. Rep., 1873-74. pp. 236-37. t Geol. Sur. Rep.. 1873-74, pp. 238-37. =ffiBB 28 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Value of bog ores. Dr. Hunt on peat for smelt- ing iron ores. shows a curious cavornous structure, and is either dull and earthy or at times highly lustrous when fractured. The color is usually yellowish or reddish brown, and dark brown or black when much manganese is present. The proportion of iron obtained on analysis is variable, averaging about ti.'ty per cent. In the blast furnace, however, the yield has usually been only from 30 to 40 per cent., as the ores contain a considerablequantity of silica in the form of sand, which is not easily removed oven by washing. When sulphur is present it is usuall}' only in very small ^lantity. The amount of 2)hosphoric acid ranges from mere traces to nearly two per cent. The volatile matter (water and organic matter) averages about twenty per cent." The ore is easily reduced ; and, judging from the iron made by Messrs, McDougall, pro- duces, when rigbtlj' manipulated, a metal of uniform value. It is an important consideration in connection with the smelting of the iron ores of Eastern Quebec to ascertain to what extent the gi-eat deposits of peat already worked by several companies for the manu- facture of fuel, can be utilized in the smelting of the ores of this section. In Europe, peat charcoal is largely employed in certain sections, but, owing to its friability, is unauited for transportation to a distance or to withstand the pressure of the blaiit furnace. It also frequently con- tains a large quantity of ash. But in the Geological Survey Report for 1869, Dr. Hunt discusses the question of using peat, even in the wet slate in peculiaily constructed furnaces, at some length, the feasibility of using such fuel, being demonstrated from experiments in this direction made in Sweden, where it was found practicable to use a fuel holding as much as forty-five per cent, of water in a furnace, specially adapted for this process. In this furnace not only peat but sawdust slabs and mill refuse can be used with success and economy. Dr. Hunt remarks that when such results can be obtained from the use of such materials as sawdust or with ordinary peat, the want of mineral coal need no longer be an obstacle to the develojiment of the metallurgical industry of this country. In view of this state- ment by so eminent an authority, as well as of the fact that in Quebec, in the great extent of flat country east of the St. Lawrence, there are very extensive peat swamps, excellently suited for the manufacture of this form of fuel, it is ce mainly not unreasonable to expect that, with improved and economic methods of preparing and compressing, the peat of these gi-eat bogs may, at some time not distant, be extensively utilized for these purposes, and with results as satisfactory as have been obtained in other countrias. . From the great extent of many of the ore beds, both of the Laurentian rocks and of those east of the St. Lawrence, it appears very strange that they cannot be profitably utilised. The duty imposed IIU.] COPPER. ir dull and earthy or at :)r is usually yellowish en much manganese in analysis is variable, furnace, howe%yer, the nt., as the ores contain nd, which is not easily Bsent it is usually only loric acid ranges from lie matter (water and it." The ore is easily [essrs. McDougall, pro- form value. I with the smelting of what extent the great mpanies for the manu- the ores of this section, n certain sections, but, ition to a distance or to [t also frequently con- logical Survey Report sing peat, even in the at some length, the ted from experiments I7IXS found practicable r cent, of water in a this furnace not only used with success and i-esults can be obtained 'ith ordinary peat, the lie to the development In view of this state- ^e fact that in Quebec, it. Lawrence, there are for the manufacture of e to expect that, with and compressing, the distant, be extensively 9 satisfactory as have ire beds, both of the vrence, it appears very i. The duty imposed 20 k by the United States Government, combined with the long carriage to the smelting works at Cleveland, or other points in the adjoining, states, seriously attects their profitable export. From the figures "•^■'''" given by Dr. Harrington in the Geological Survey Report for 1873-74, we find that no loss than 47,200 tons were shipped for export in 1872-::-!, riidfll out 12,000 Ions additional extracted. Lately ore from the mines at Bristol is being shipped quite extensively, with every prospect of a i)rofitHblo result. COPPER. While wo have ^oon that the presence of iron ores in workable Fim reference quantities was known in eastern Canada more than two hundred years o?e'''oVQffic ago, and have been utilized for nearly a century and a half in the manufacture of metallic iron, the first reference to deposits of copper in the province of Quebec is apparently contained in the reports of the Geological Survey, 1847-48, where, on pages 26-27, the presence of copper pyrites is noted in connection with the limestones of Acton Upton and Wickliam, and further north in Inverness. Reference wa^' however, made in 1830 by Gen. Baddeley, R. E., to the copper ores of western Ontario, but at this date it does not appear that anything was known in relation to those of Quebec. As regards the deposits observed in Quebec, and referred to by Sir William Logan in the report just mentioned, the quantity was generally regarded at that time as unimportant; but several localities were recommended for trial Among these was a quartz vein on lot four, range two, of Inverness' Inverness, having a thickness of about two feet, with a course a little north by east, which, however, upon testing, although the quality of the ore was excellent, did not appear to contain sufficient to render its further exploration profitable. A second area recommended for trial at the same time was the seventeentli lot, seventh range of Ascot, about one mile from Sher- , brooL , on the i-oad to Lonnoxville. The thickness of the quartz vein carrying copper pyrites was from ten to twelve inches, cutting chloritic and talcose slates, and it carried, in addition to the copper ore, small quantities of gold and silver. The third locality recommended was in the fifly.flrst lot of the twonty-first range of Upton ; the breadth of the lode, which is in a whitish gray massive limestone, being from twelve to ^•'""'• eighteen inches, consisting of white quartz and calcspar, carrying pyrites also in small .luantity. Assays of the ores from these three localities were made by Dr. Hunt. The percentage of metallic copper in the washed pyrites f\-om Ascot was 30.34, or eighteen per cent of „i jl# i!'l 1 f ! 1 1 1 1 1 Mi 30 k St. Joseph, Beauce. Lanoralc and Dautraye. Upton. Wickham. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. the vein ; from Inverness, 34.93, or seven per cent, of the unwashed ore, and fiom the Upton lode, from an average sample, 3.84 per cent. In the report of 1849-50, reference was made to traces of copper in the rocks of the Chaudi6re, in the seigniory of St. Joseph, where, in rear of the church at that place, spots of vitreous copper were found disseminated through quartz veins in red and green slate, and about one mile from the Chaudit^re River on the road to Frampton. Similar ore, in quartz veins in the red slates, was also at the same time noted as occurring in Ste. Mary's seigniory; but neither of these localities appeared to possess any special value. The deposit at Upton was opened up and found to consist of a series of bunches, following a bend in the stratification ; but the opinion was expressed that their irregularity was such as to seriously interfere with their being success- fully worked for copper. The copper deposits of the eastern townships appear to have been entirely neglected for some years after this, but some examinations made about this time on the north side of the St. Lawrence, in the augmentation of Lftnoraie and Dautraye, on the left bank of the River L'Assomption, showed the presence of a vein nine inches thick of calc- and pearl-spar, cutting gneiss, which carried copper and iron pyrites. On either side of the main vein, other veins were reported of an inch or more in thickness, also carrying copper pyrites, and the whole was comprised in a breadth of about nine feet. In this a shaft was sunk for sixteen feet, the vein, which had the aspect of a regular lode, appearing uniform throughout, though the quantity of copper it contained did not appear to be remarkably promising. A more detailed description of the Upton deposit appeared in the report for 1858. It is there stated to occur in a mass of greyish-white, sometimes reddish-grey limestone, compact ?*ub-crystalline and yellowish weathering, reticulated by small veins of copper jiyrites, as well as by others of quartz and various ores of iron, all of which were regarded as of segregation origin. This ore-bearing limestone was overlaid by a bed of breccia, or conglomerate, which also carried pyrites and was supposed to be underlaid by red-grey limestone, which, towards the bottom, became interstratified with red slates. No copper was found in the underlying limestone. The general dip of the measures was to the south-east at angles of 10° to 27°. The bands of limestone, carrying ore, extend through the northern part of Acton into Wickham, where, also, on the twenty-sixth lot of the last range of that township, they also carry similar ores. A second band to the south-east is seen at Acton on lot thirty-two of the third range, which extends approximately parallel to that just mentioned, and also at Wickham, and this was regarded as the equivalent of the Upton bands of rock coming to the surface on the south side of the synclinal. '•] COPPER, 31 K The description of the rocks of this copper belt is considere^i of some Aoton limportance, as illustrating a peculiar series, in which has occurred Imore particularly at Acton, and presently to be described, one of the Imost productive copper mines ever worked in Quebec ; a band entirely distinct in character from those which contain the copper deposits now BO extensively worked in the townships. In order that the relations 3f the several ore belts maybe better understood, we may here proceed Ito describe, before taking up the history of the several copper mines Iwhich nearly thirty years ago were so prominently before the mining Ipubhc, the views of structure of the several areas of cupriferous rocks las stated in the Geology of Canada, 1863 and 1806, more especially since Ithe new views of the structure and of the age of these rocks, as stated tn the more recent reports, have modified the opinions there expressed •to a very considerable extent. The metamorphic rocks of eastern Quebec were, for many years, Early views of [regarded as the altered equivalems of the fossiliferous and compara-.:!'r';,?rut*o"ftg^ Itively unaltered sediments of the St. Law.-once ba^in ; and these were Sr'^'="'°« Mivided at hrst into two and subsequently by sub-division into three |l)ortions, VIZ. : The Levis, Lauzon ad Sillory formations j These were supposed to be arranged in a series of long and some- itimes narro .v folds, with many overturn dips, of which it was remarked itliat ' the latter circumstance renders it difficult to determine which lot these folds are synclinal and which anticlinal, inasmuch as the |outcrop in both cases presents a similar arrangement." These metamorphic rocks, for the portion north of the Vermont boundary considered to be specially cupriferous, were hold to occur in three approximately parallel bands or areas. Thus the first area or the most westerly, extended from Farnham, near Missisquoi Bay to the fee.gniory of Lauzon, on the St. Lawrence. Where it is traversed by Western area. She St. Francis it was supposed to be nearly, or quite, separated into two parts by the appearance of what was then regarded as the under- lying series of slates. In this supposed synclinal we found the deposits ft Upton, Acton, Wickham, Eoxton and Durham, whMe in the north- bastern extension are those of Wendover, Somerset, Nelson and St tlavien. The second area, which was supposed to be divided into two parts by the ridge of the Sutton Mountain, extended from St. Second or oen- p-rmand to the seigniory of Ste. Mary, on the Chaudiire. In this were '"" **'""'• fhe copper deposits of the townships of Sutton, Stukely, Melbourne Cleveland, Shipton, and further to the north-east those of Halifax' jeeds, Inverness and Ste. Mary. ' The western portion of this supposed synclinal occupied the Sutton Divided into f alley; the eastern, the Potton and Bolton area along the valley of thei'^°P''4«>the Missisquoi Eiver. The third area extends from the Owl's Headon'"'- ' !|ff?n?Tr 32 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Eastern areii. Character of the copper Memphromagog Lake to the township of Ham, and included the Stoke Mountains, wliile further to the north-east it was traced across the Chaudii-re into Buckland. It was supposed to be separated from the last by what were regarded for the most part as newer rocks, much of which were supposed to be of Upper Silurian age, although now known to belong, in great part, to much older horizons. In this area were included the deposits of Ascot, Ham and Garlhby. The rocks of the first or most westerly area, extending from bearing rooks of Farn ham north-easterly, were regarded as belonging to the Lauzon the three areas. ^^^ giUery divisions of the Quebcc group. They include slates, black, red, green and grey, with sandstones, diorites and dolomitic limestones ;] which arc seen at many points. The outcrops at Upton and Acton appear to be very similar in character, and probably repi « sent portions of the same series, brought to the surface by synclinu! yliucture. Of the second main synclinal, as then considered, viz., tha«, in which the Sutton mountain was supposed to occur, the rocks vary somewhat on either side of the mountain ridge; those on the west being, for the most part, schistose and crystalline, either taicose, micaceous or chloritic, while on the east side there is a large development of serpentines, diorites, slates and hai-d quartzite. The rocks which were found in the third area, or that of Ascot, -.vere also largely schistoee, resembling rather those of the western jiJe of the Sutton mountain than of the eastern. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a manifest difference in character of rocks in the three areas, and, by a careful examination of the copper ores obtaiiied from each of these, a corre- ; spending difference in their character will also be observed ; the ore of the Ascot belt being unlike that from the Potton area, while this in turn is of a different character from that of Acton or Inverness and Leeds. Present view of The studies made of these several groups of strata during the past Btruoture. ^g^ qj. fifteen years have led to an entire change of opinion regarding their relative age and structure from that expressed in the Geology oi Canada, 1863. Instead of now regarding these different copper-bearing belts as synclinals in the Sillery or other divisions of the Quebec group. and all of Lower Silurian age, it is now very clearly established that, \ while the rocks of the first area are, in large part, of the age and char j acter of what have been described as the Sillery formation, and whicli ; is now held to form the lowest member of the fossiliferous Quebec group, as developed along the south side of the St. Lawrence Elver, . those of the second and third areas, or of Sutton and Ascot, belong. ; . for the most part at least, to the pre-Cambrian horizon ; while the '^ slates and serpentinous or dioritic portions may probably, with morej propriety, be classed in the lower portion of the Cambrian system, the? I '^^*'] COPPER. 33 k and included tlie Stoko was traced across tho be separated from the 8 newer rocks, much of an age, although now horizons. In this area I Garthby. area, extending from longing to the Lauzoii ey include slates, black, id dolomitic limestones ; ps at Fpton and Acton )ably rep. « sent portions syncliniii /iliucture. Of viz., that in which the rocks vary somewhat I the west being, for the talcose, micaceous or largo development of The rocks which wero 3 also largely schistose. )f the Sutton mountain that there is a manifest areas, and, by a careful n each of these, a corre » be observed ; the ore of Potton area, while this Acton or Inverness and f strata during the pas! ige of opinion regarding •essed in the Geology oi different copper-bearing ons of the Quebec group, clearly established thai irt, of the age and char y formation, and whicL ihe fossiliferous Quebec he St. Lawrence Elver tton and Ascot, beloni; ian horizon ; while tlu lay probably, with moif le Cambrian system, tlie elate rocks of which flank the pre-Cambrian schists on either side, and that the greater pa t at least of these crystalline sehists really occur as anticlinal axes instead of as synclinals of altered Lower or Middle Silurian rocks. As just stated, the character of the ores in the different copper-bear- Different char- ing belts,-for it is scarcely neeosssary to maintain the use of the ihe^o^erar '° term synclinal in view of the change of opinion expressed— varies'"""" jgreatly wlien contrasted. Thus, fiom the more westerly bolt the ores laio largely yellow sulphurets, though occasionally variegated sulphurets ^re found mostly in a dolomitic limestone. In the township of Roxton Konon. kho principal deposit was on lot twenty-three, range three, where the pre, according to the late Mr. Charles Robb, M.E., who had great jexperience in the mines of this section of Quebec, appeared to bo dis- seminated through a band of this rock for a breadth oftiftyfeet but ^"'''' *''''°*'''^ was more particularly concentrated into a breadth of about one foot"""' near a band of diorite. From the west half of this lot, belonging to Lord Aylmer, there had been obtained in January, 18G4, fifty-six tonl of three and a half per cent, ore, sixteen tons of five per cent, and two tons of twelve per cent. ; and from the eastern half, eight ions of eight per cent, and fourteen of three and a half per cent, were taken. In the Ely Copper adjoining township of Ely, though indications of ore are found at a '^""'"°' number of points, the principal deposit was on lots nine and ten of the second range, owned by the Ely Copper Mining Co., where the ores were the yellow and variegated sulphurets in a crystalline limestone. In i>ton. Upton mining was carried on at four places, viz. Ist, on lot forty-nine mi^iT"""" )f range twenty, called the Bissonette mine, where there was a yellow lulphuret in a thickness of three feet and a half of dolomite, yielding i-om 10 to ]5 cwts. of 10 per cent, ore per fathom. 2nd, at the Prince of Prince of Wales ^ales Mine, on lot fifty-one of the same range, (the ore being scattered """*• hrough about twenty feet of the same band as the last,) from which 'ibout forty tons of twelve and a half per cent, were obtained from open luttings. 3rd, on lot forty-nine, range cwenty-one ; the ore and rock •eing similar to the last, and owned by Col. McDougall, by whom, from McDougail's •pen cuttings also, about twelve tons of twenty per cent, oj-e and eight ""'""" ons of twelve per cent, were obtained ; and 4th, the Upton Mine, on lots Upton mine." Ifty and fifty-one of the same range, where two shafts wore sunk to a epth of forty two and twenty-five feet respectively, which yielded a (onsiderable quuntity of ore, the amount, however, not being stated. In the township of Acton several mines were located and worked to The Acton ime extent about this time, but of all these, that known as the Acton """*• ine, situated on the thirty-second lot of range three, and about half a ^ ile south of Acton station on the Grand Trunk railway, was the inost important. ^^ 34 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. •|i I,! E»rly hiitoTjr. The discovery of this mine is said to Imve been made by Mr. H. P. Merrill, but the date of this discovery is not mentioned. In a paper by Mr. Robert Williams, for many years connected with copper mining in eastern Quebec, read before the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, 18(J5, wo learn that in the autuirn of 18.')H, operations were com- menced by Mr. Sleeper ; and " that although the discovery of copper ore of very rich quality was known some years previously, so in- credulous appeared the human mind on the subject that the property was purchased by Mr. Davis, of Montreal, from the owner, Mr. Gushing, of Actonvale, for a very insignificant sum and a royalty, but that gentleman had so little faith in his purcliase, that he at once leased it to Mr. Sleeper on tribute, at two-thirds of all the ore that he could ob- tain from it for a period of three years." It was largely in consequence, apparently, of the great results obtained by Mr. Sleeper at this mine, that the great boom in copper and copper explorations took place in the townships, which resulted in the finding of the ore in greater or less quantity at hundreds of places throughout the areas already outlined, and of which a full list of localities will be found in the report of the Geological Survey for 1866 by Mr. James Richardson. Desoriptionof The peculiar character of the deposit at this place, and the great importance which for some years attached to this mine i-enders it worthy of a somewhat detailed description. When first found " the surface presented an accumulation of blocks of copper ore, evidently in place, and covering an area of about sixteen paces in length by ton in width. These masses consisted of variegated sulphuret of copper, intermingled with limestone and a siliceous matter, without anything like veinstone, and evidently constituted a bed, subordinate to the limestone, whose strike was about north-east, and with a dip to north-west at an angle of about forty degrees. In continuation of this bed for about seventy paces in either direction the limestone was observed to hold little patches and seams of variegated ore and yellow pyrites, with stains of the blue and green carbonates of copper. The limestones in the immediate vicinity presented several veins of quartz crossing the strike, but containing only traces of copper."* The mine was worked by Mr. Sleeper to September, 1861, when it reverted to the proprietors, Messrs. Davis and Duncan, of Montreal, by whom it was sold, in October, 1862, to the Southeastern Mining Com- pany of Canada. The enormous masses of rich ore-bearing rock gradu- ally became exhausted, though no attempt at anj^ veiy deep exploratory works appears to have been undertaken. According to Mr. Richard- the Acton mine. . Ohantte of owner. • Report Oeol. Survey, 1858, pp. s;, 58. made by Mr. H. P. ned. In a paper by ith copper mining it. Soc. of Quebec, •ations were com- iscovory of copper 1 previously, so in- tliaf. the property vvnor, Mr. Cusiiing, royalty, but that 10 at once leased it e that he could ob- the great results at boom in copper ps, which reHulted ity at hundreds of which a full list of »1 Survey for 1866, lace, and the great is mine renders it 1 first found "the iper ore, evidently 59 in length by ten Iphuret of copper, without anything subordinate to the ad with a dip to In continuation ion the limestone ariegated ore and bonates of copper. I several veins of « of copper."* ber, 1861, when it in, of Montreal, by ;tern Mining Com- earing lock gradu- y deep exploratory ig to Mr. Eichai-d- flLi.] COPPER. 35 k '°""' Ti^;' *I;° ™'"' P'oduccJ, during the period in which it was worke . 16 300 tons of 12 per cent, ore, sent to market, besides a great amount of h.wor grade left at the surface.* *> ' . Thos. Macfarlane, who was in charge of operations there lor some time "'"•'•^""'-• Nat., 863, ,8 apparently for the most part confined to a bed of dolo- iTJrZ Z '^TT''^''^ ""''^ '^"'•'^' ^'-'y «'"^'-- « considerable thickness of which hes between the copper limestone and a great raas8 of another hmestone band, which forms a prominent ridge to the south of the workings. Between the copper limestone and the shale beneath, infusions occur, often of considerable size, of a greenish, fine-grained dicn-ite which are also at times found above the limestone band Th t ata, both above and below the limestone band, also contain snal strings ofcopper pyrites, but the workable deposits are fur the most part confined to the calca.eous portion. The cuprife.-ous rocks appear to be bent in an anticlinal fold, and are, to%ome extent Thehof ?f'' |'^-«»'«i°gP-bablydue to the diorite iutrusioii ! The bed of limestones, which appears to have carried the bulk of the ore, in places appeared as a solid mass, at others as a brecciatod rock ITtl^eTr'"'!!'"''" f "' '""'^^'^^ ''''''' P^''-'^-«' th« ---gated and he v.treous, being disseminated through the brecciated bedrcon- titutmg, to some extent, with silica, the paste of the mass. The ore deposit at Upton presents a somewhat similar set of conditions with this important difference that, while at Acton the prevailin : ores ru^h^^r" ^""''^'^'' ''' ""^"^^ ''' ^'^ '^'^ --^•>' ^ P3s-'to- If the two localities of Upton and Acton should be the outcrop of the p . k. ame bedson the two sides of a synclinal it is very possible thft other ^^^ "^^ urge deposits of similar ores may occur other than already worked atThrXT' lo vest this point at Acton would, however, require considerable ex oZfoU 7l Several bore-holes have been put down, bt the" osul s obtained have not been made available. From the fact that •ed s ates of the SiUery formation cross the Grand Trunk i.i vay a hort distance east of this mine, and appear, also, near the village of Icton, as well as in the lower beds of Upton, it is probable that this nusual development of copper is in roeks ;f this^ge, and that i .resence IS duo to the intrusion of dioritic matter at thif p'oint, s!n a •thei localities m this formation, as at Nelson, St. Apollinkire &c hough the amount of copper is not so large as at Acton, the presence of lonte masses at these places, in somewhat similar rocks, has annai- ^tlyp roduced similar effects, though on a much more limited scale I • See Oeol.Can. Supplement, 1866. ^ " ~ lar< irflfr^ ■Pi 36 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. The Vale mine< The White Horse mine. Wendover. The Drum- mondville MiniDK Co. Wickham. The Toomey mine. Durham. The Durham mine. 'U Somerset. Nelson. ' Among other localities in this township, where exploratory work was carried on about this time, were lot thirty-one, range four,cilled the Vale mine, the results from which were of little value; ^nd tne White Horse mine on lot twenty-nine of range six, and on lot thirty-one, range three, the ores being very similar to those of the Acton mine, and, as at that place, occurring in dolomite. It is iirobablc, that the diorites were absent from these localities, no mention being made of them at either place. In Wendover, in the diorites which cross the St. Francis from the town of Drummondville, several shafts from 30-40 feet in depth were sunk between 1860 and 1863 by the Drummondville Mining Co. ot Canada, but without finding copper in any quantity, though just before the suspension of the company a large vein was reported to have been struck. Since the failure of this company no further attempt has been made to ascertain its value. In Wickham but two mines were located. The fii-st, and most Important, was styled the Wickham mine, on lot fourteen, range ten ; the ores being yellow and variegated sulphurets in dolomite. Here a shaft was sunk to a depth of thirty feet and a few tons of ore removed. The Toomey mine, on the third lot of the eleventh range, was similar in rock and character of ore, but the work done was merely exploratory and confined entirely to the surface. In the township of Durham, adjoining Acton, the same character ol ores is found. Two mines were here started, of which that on the twenty-first lot of the seventh range, stjied the Durham mine, was ' apparently the more important. Shafts were here sunk on three veins, varying from three to twelve inches in thickness, the deepest of which was eighty-four feet, ending in black slate. The ore obtained amounted ' to ten tons of five per cent., 110 tons of three per cent., and 300 tons of one per cent., consisting of yellow sulphuret in a calcspar vein cutting ; dolomite. On lot nine, range six, a shaft was also sunk to a depth ot ' sixty-four feet in similar ore, but no returns are given ; and on the south- 1 west half of lot nine, vfi^ge four, a shaft was sunk to a depth of forty| feet, showing good specimens of the variegated and yellow sulphurets, while a second shaft of sixty feet was sunk on the north-east quarter of| the same lot, in green and black slates, for which no returns arei available. In Somerset, near the northern portion of this area, small quantities! of the yellow sulphurets have been observed in beds of limestoncl conglomerates near diorites; and in Nelson, on lot eight of range! eleven, the yellow and varigated ores ai'e disseminated through limel stone, also near diorites, from which about ten tons were extracted by al company formed in Boston, the width of the ore-bearing bed beiiigl about thirteen feet. At various points along this line, also, indicatiousl EUS.] COPPER. 37 K [of ores, for the most part similar to thoHO alrundy doNCi'ibed, but j presumably in even smaller quantity, were observed, In tlio comity of st Apolii- Lotbiniere, near St. Apollinaire, ind'oations of the yellow sulphurot i.ro Sr'piavien [found in amygdaloidal dioritc ; and in this vicinity the Ht. Klavion "''"'• { mines were worked about thirty years ago. Since that time no ttttonipt : at exploration in all this area appears to have been made. I Throughout the rocks of the western division the workable deposits „>„,.« :„,„. of copper also appear in all cases to have been associated with masses P''°tl'e™"- of intrusive diorite, which have penetrated the rod an.l groon slates '°'"'°''""°' and limestones of the Sillery formation, now roganlod as forming the I upper portion of the Cambrian system. The want of siiiross which t has attended many of these workings is due largely to decline in the I price of the copper, and also to a lack of concentration of tlio ore in the cupriferous beds, since the quality of much of that obtained is o.^ccollcnt and, in some cases, peculiarly rich as seen in the Actonvalo deposits ' Of the mines found in the second belt, beginning at St, Armand," it st. Armand. may be remarked that the ores here observed differ somewhat botli in character and mode of occurrence, and, as already pointed out, in the nature of the containing rock. In this area, at the tirao of the great copper excitement, several localities were indicated in whiolj traces of copper, both the sulphurets and the carbonates, the latter in green chloritic and epidotic rock, were found, but none wore at that time shewn to be of much importance. In 1882, however, a vein of yellow [ and variegated ore was opened on the south side of the Pinnacle Moiin-S'« Pinnwle tain, St. Armand, in greenish micaceous and chloritic schist, which ^j^/"""'"" °""« worked for some time, and at first .promised well. CruHhing and concentrating works were erected, and a considerable quantity of the ore extracted and prepared for market, but the works were shortly after abandoned, and no returns from this location are to hand. In the township of Sutton, adjoining, copper mining was carried on at a Sutton, number of points; indications of the presence of the ore being frequent. These ores were mostly the yellow sulphuret, but green carbonate of copper, with deposits of the variegated and vitreous ores are frequently observed. Among the most important of these in this township, and which have been opened up to some extent, maybe I mentioned the following : — Sweet's mine, on the west half of lot eight, range ten, where 8..«t'. ™in, variegated and vitreous sulphurets occur in a bod of nacreous uchists from one to four feet and a half wide, which, for the whole breadth yielded four and a half per cent, of copper. A band of dolomite oocure in the vicinity, but the ore is confined principally to the schists ; diftermg in this respect from those of the first bolt, of which the I Acton mine may be taken as the type. This mine wa8 one of the 38 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. North Sutton MlnintiCo. Bronie Mining Oo. fli'Ht opened in this portion of Quebec ; samijles being displayed at the International Exhibition in London, 1862. The schists in which it and the mine on the Pinnacle are located belong to a distinctly lower geological horizon than that of the belt just described from Farnham, north. A considerable quantity of ore was raised from the Sweet mine, but probably the limited size of the lode interfered with its Buccessful development. The works of the North Sutton Mining Co. were located on the north half of the eleventh lot in the tenth range, on a bed from eight inches to two feet thick, in talcose slate, near black plumbaginous slate. Three shafts were sunk, one of which was twelve feet deep and about two tone of five per cent, ore obtained. Explorations were also carried on by this company on a seven foot vein in nacreous slates, on the west half of lot twelve, range eleven, carrying yellow sulphuret with iron pyrites, but no returns are at hand from this exploration. Two shafts of a depth of fourteen and nineteen feet respectively, were Bunk, On the east half of lot nine, range eleven, the Brome Mining Co. also sank a shaft sixty feet deep on a bed of variegated and vitreous ore in similar nacreous slates, of which it was supposed three feet of the rock would carry three per cent. ore. From this also no returns ai'o available, and in the south-east half of lot seven, same range, explorations on a four feet band in chloritic slates yielded, according to Mr. Chas. Eobb, a considerable quantity of ore. In the adjoining township of Brome, mining was carried on at several points. On the east half of lot five of the fifth range, the yellow and variegated sulphurets were found in three bands, varying ft'om two to thirteen feet thick, supposed to be repetitions of one and the same bed through undulations of the strata. Three shafts were ininit^o?''"h6i'e sunk by the Canada Copper Mining Co. to a considerable depth, and a lai'go quantity of ore, estimated at thiee per cent., extracted. Machinery for crushing and concentrating was erected, but the com- pany soon ceased operations. On lot six, range six, considerable exploratory work was carried on by the Bedford Mining Co., but with no satisfactory result. On the west half of lot twelve, range seven, the Tibbets mine, owned by Messrs. Ball and Morel 1, consisting of a shaft to the depth of eighteen feet, was sunk on a band of yellow sulphuret in nacreous and chloritic schist. On lot six, range seven, the variegated ore was found in two bands, one of which, two to three feet thick, was estimated to carry one per cent, copper, the other band of five feet was supposed to carry one and a half per cent. ore. On lot eighteen of range eight variegated and viti-eous ores were observed to oc3ur in four bands in nacreous, chloritic and epidotic Brome. Bedford Mln log Co. The Tibboti mine. ELK.] COPPER. 39 k Blates, and dolomite, in a breadth of several yards, and a small excava- tion not sufficient for a test, was made. These ores were continued on lot nineteen, same range, and on lot twenty-one, range nine, but no returns as to value or output from any of these are to hand onv vi^Tt'^'f «^«ff^;f ™-H' was carried on at two places shefford. whte the /ff . "'"' Mining Co., on lot seventeen, range two, »- ^'"- Inr/K . ■' "''' "'"'"■ ^'^^ ^"*''*^ '^'^d calcsparin foux' separate bands in micaceous and chloritic slate, and on lot twenty- ^ght, range three, by the Waterloo 31ining Co., in similar ores, and >Vaterioo Mi„- with similar country rock, where a «haft was sunk to a depth of ixty ""' '" feet, but no returns are available. ^ illl'lLT^ ^? Stukely,the Grand Trunk mine was situated'in stukei. the south-east quarter of lot six, range one. A shaft was here put down irA"! to a depth of sixty feet on a band of yellow and variegated sulphurets in micaceous and chloritic slates, with dolomite of the usual character! The same bed with a thickness of three feet was found on the lot adjoining ; some good ore was obtained, but the quantity is unknown. Tnd st^hfn .'Z^'y-'^'l f f^ <^««P' '^'^ «J«o sunk by Messrs. Lambe La.be A Shep- and Shepherd m the south half of lot seven, range two, on a band of '"^'<''"""'«- fifteen to twenty feet of dolomite, carrying disseminated yellow ore with pyrites. On the south-east quarter of lot nine and the south- west quarter of lot ten, range six. vitreous sulphuret occurs i„ chloritic sandstone associated with quartz, felspar and chlorite; masses of pure ore being obtained of from three to twelve pounds IZf' ^%^*^«'^"«^-/'-«^ th^ Logan mine was located, in which The Logan from four to hve tons of twenty per cent, ore were obtained ^^^ On lot seven, range eight, two parallel bands of dolomite carrying vitreous sulphuret occur, with a breadth of twenty-three and thirty- six feet respectively, separated by about a hundred and seventy-five yards of micaceous and chloritic slates. The ores are intimately associated with veins and strings of quartz, calcspar, chlorite and epidote. A shaft was sunk for sixty feet and a cross-cut driven twelve teet across toward the vein to the west, but did not reach the ore On the north-east half of lot six, range nine, a shaft was sunk for one hundred and forty-two feet in a slate band, carrying similar ore to the last, without satisfactory results, and on the south half of lot four tenth range, a shaft twenty-two feet deep was sunk in order to cut a band of eighty to ninety paces, in which four cupriferous bands occur JNo returns from any of these are available. Tracing this belt to the north, we have, in Melbourne, several deposits ot copper ore, for the most part in green chloritic rocks and micaceous Melbourne, schists. On these deposits three mines have been in operation, viz., m^ne^"*" ='" the Ryan Hill, the Cold Spring and the Balrath. The first is situated 40 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. The Cold Spring mine. The Balrath mine. ;i Cleveland. The 't. Francis mine. i I 1 I : I;' The Jackson mine. Shipton. Halifax. The Halifax mine. The Black Lake mine. on lot two, range two ; the ore is the variegated and vitreous sul- phuret in chloritic slates ; the size of the band not being stated. At the Cold Spring mine, lot six, range two, some shafting was done ; the ore occurring in nariow bands over a considerable breadth, but presumably not in sufficient quantity to be economicably valuable. At the Balrath mine, on lot two, range four, the ore, which is of the kind just described, is said to occur in a series of bands, eight in number, ranging from one and a half to five feet in width, in one of which a shaft was sunk, which disclosed some rich bunches of ore. Considerable exploratory work was also done on lot eight, range one, in. the shape of pits and trial shafts, on a deposit of yellow sulphuret; the copper being mixed with magnetic and specular ii-on ore, in a ganguo of quartz and calcspar, cutting quartzite and talcose slates. Is'one of these areas appear to have yielded very much copper. In Cleveland, across the St. Francis River, variegated and vitreous ores also occur, with similar chloritic rocks, at a number of places. The only locations worked to any extent, however, were on lot twenty- five, rangte twelve, at the St. Francis mine, and at the Jackson mine, on the south-west quarter of lot twenty-six of range thirteen. At the former place, in addition to the usual ores already mentioned, green and blue carbonates are said to occur with a little native copper; the whole contained in a lode three feet thick. A shaft was here sunk for 195 feet, and levels and other works driven for 513 feet along the lode, from which a large quantity of ore was taken, which, according to Mr, Bennett, the manager, ranged from six to twenty-six per cent. At the Jackson mine a shaft was sunk to a depth of twenty feet, the ore being found in a lode of a foot in width, with other larger veins carrying ore in smaller quantity at no great distance. The amount of ore extracted from either of these places is not known. In Shipton, copper ores are comparatively rare, at least in so far as known, and not in quantity apparently sufficient to warrant mining operations ; but in Halifax the variegated and vitreous ores are again quite extensively distributed, the rocks being of the same character of schists as in Melbourne. Mining was carried on at two places, viz., by the Halifax Mining Co., on lot ten of range three, where a con- siderable admixture of different ores was found in a vein from eight inches to three feet in width, on what is known as the Halifax mine, and visible gold was reported in a quartz vein which was cut. Con- siderable work was done here by shafts and adits, but no returns as to the amount of ore obtained are to hand, though no large bodies of ore were found. At the Black Lake mine, on lot n'ne, range nine, some exploratory work was also done by Dr. James Reed and others, but nothing of importance was encountered. 3(1 and vitreous sul- ci not being stated. shafting was done ; erable breadth, but nomicably valuable, re, which is of the of bands, eight in t in width, in one of ch bunches of ore. ot eight, range one, )f yellow sulphuret; ular iron ore, in a and talcose slates, uch copper. ?gated and vitreous number of places. wore on lot twenty- the Jackson mine, e thirteen. At the ly mentioned, green native copper ; the liaft was here sunk 513 feet along the n, which, according ;wenty-six per cent. of twenty feet, the other larger veins ance. The amount mown. at least in so far as to warrant mining •eous ores are again the same character 1 at two places, viz., three, where a con- 1 a vein from eight IS the Halifax mine, lich was cut. Con- but no returns as to I large bodies of ore e, range nine, some leed and others, but e.] COPPER. 41 K In Chester, although exploratory work was carried on at a number Chester, of points, the most important location probably was that in the S. E. ilunoy'*" half of lot eight, range six, known as the Viger mine. Here the ore was principally the yellow sulphuret in quartz veins, and vitreous ore in the slates. The veins were scattered through a width of 170 feet and were opened at a number of points, from which a considerable quantity of ore was extracted, but involving a large outlay and much work. JNTo deposits of large size were met with, and the explorations, after a very thorough trial, were found to be unprofitable. The metalliferous veins on this property extend across into the adjoining lot, but their size was insufficient to pay for the labor involved in their opening. On lot nineteen, range ton, the Austin Mining Co. Austin Mining made a couple of openings, one on a two-feet vein, the other on one of ^"'^ "'''''■ six feet, but the ores were found to be not sufficiently concentrated in the gangue to pay for extraction. Explorations were also made on lots eleven and fourteen of Craig's Road range, in variegated and rraigV. Road vitreous ores in limestone, but without success, as well as on lot five, "'"'*■ range six, where a quartz vein from two to foui- feet thick was observed, which presented some good specimens of ore, but the quantity was too small for successful mining. Ores similar to the last aie found at several points in Inverness, lavemess. occurring in micaceous, chloi-itic and nacreous slates or schists, but, in so far as known, no attempt at mining these was made, though one of these localities was among the first recommended for trial in 184'7, In Leeds, however, in addition to the great Harvey Hill mine, very fully ^geds described in the Geol. Can., 1863, several other deposits were worked, SH'^^'" notably that on the fifteenth lot of the fourteenth range, in close"""*'' proximity to the Harvey Hill deposit, the ore veins and beds from which were supposed to be continuous in this direction. The ores are all vitreous, variegated and yellow sulphurets occurring in beds or veins, in what have been styled nacreous slates, and, on the lot just mentioned, were owned by the English and Canadian Mining Co. Native gold was found in one of the ore veins. Not far distant from this, to the north-east, in that part of the seigniory of St. Giles known St. Giles, as the Handkerchief, the Chaudi^re Mining Co. opened up several W!^"**"" quartz veins, of which eight were exposed in a breadth of 1,100 feet, two of which had a thickness of two to three feet, and could be traced for 1,200 to 1,500 feet. About $5,000 were spent in these exploiations, but owing to difficulties of various kinds, the work was shortly abandoned. Fine specimens of ore were obtained here, and the quartz is reported by Dr. Reed to have yielded him native and visible gold. What was regarded as the eastern limit of the second belt was the ste Ma seigniory of Ste. Mary, where ores -similar to those just described ' '"^* .^-^ ni ' -^ii i ' W lii'i! 11 42 k PaOVINCE OP QUEBEC. St. Sylvester. Ste. Margaret's mine. The Harvey Hill mine. Discovery and early history. "liiii Mode of occur renceofthe copper. m occui- in red and green slates near ferruginious dolomite, not far from Ste. Mary's Church. From the aspect of the strata, it would, however, almost appear as if this deposit should be more closely related to the red slates and dolomite of the first area. Another mine at St. Sylvester, referred to in the report of the Geol. Survey for 1866, was that of Ste. Margaret It was opened by the late Thos. Glover of Quebec, by whom a company was formed in New York, styled the Ste. Margaret Mining Co. Several shafts were sunk with an expendi- ture of about $5,000, the amount of ore obtained being about fifty tons. The ore was mostly the variegated sulphuret, the country rock consist- ing of purple slates, green grits and quartzites. The mine was owned by Mr. Cromwell, but the ore appeared not to be in sufficient quantity for profitable extraction. The most important of the mines in this section is that so widely known as the Harvey Hill, now the Excelsior, on lot seventeen, range fifteen of Leeds. This location, according to a papei- by Mr. Herbert Williams read to the Literary and Historical Society, Quebec, 1865, was the second discovered in the province as carrying copper, the first found having been at Inverness. These discoveries did' not appear to awaken very gieat interest for sometime, and Di-. James Douglas seems to be the first who appreciated their value, and through his agency the Megantic Mining Co. was formed for the purpose of exploring and working the copper deposits of Megantic county. Upon the discovery of the Harvey Hill deposit, the location was secured by this gentleman and his associates, who organized a company under the name of the Quebec and St. Francis Mining Co. But little further investigation was, however, undertaken by any others than by this company, who explored the Harvey Hill property in such a way as to bring it prominently to the notice of English capitalists, and by these a new company was formed in 1858, under the name of the English and Canadian Mining Co., by whom operations were commenced and carried on with varying success for a number of years. The history of the workings of this celebrated mine for some yeai-8 is given in the Geol. Can., 1863, with considerable detail. From this we learn that the ores occur in two ways, first as a series of interstratifled beds, of which three were clearly recognized, varying in thickness from six inches to six feet, or possibly more, and second, in quartz lodes or veins, composed of quartz, calcite, pearl-spar and chlorite, some of which carried the variegated and vitreous ores, others carried copper pyrites, in places in very rich pockets. The veins, which sometimes cut across the bedding, were exceedingly rich in certain parts, and in others comparatively barren, so much so that in actual value as a source of supply for copper, the beds were con- |i"ll ilU.] COPPER. dolomite, not far from ata, it would, however, lOre closely related to Another mine at St. . Survey for 1866, was late Thos.. Glover of J^ew York, styled the sunk with an expendi- being about fifty tons. B country rock consist- The mine was owned e in sufficient quantity tion is that so widely a lot seventeen, range paper by Mr. Herbert Society, Quebec, 1866, carrying copper, the 6 discoveries did not itirae, and Di-. James ited their value, and . was formed for the deposits of Megantic 11 deposit, the location tes, who organized a ^t. Francis Mining Co. undertaken by any Harvey Hill property the notice of English formed in 1858, under ., by whom operations success for a number celebrated mine for h considerable detail, ways, first as a series y recognized, varying sly more, and second, Ucite, pearl-spar and i and vitreous ores, •:y rich pockets. The vere exceedingly rich rren, so much so that r, the beds were con- 43 k sidered the more important. In these the various ores were dissem- inated through the hody of the s'.ates, generally in lenticular masses, running w,th the bedding. These masses were generally small and thin, sometimes having a thickness up to three-fourths of aninch, with a length of si.x to twelve inches, in addition to scattered grains of the ore through the slate bed ; tU amount of copper in all being estimated at from three to five per cent. The hill upon which this mine is situated was pierced bv a number Working,, of shafts from twelve to forty-fivo feet deep, as well as by an adit and tunnels ; the whole Ibrming a very extensive series of workings. The principal adit was driven into the hill across the measures to a distance of 1488 feet and intersected the several ore beds, the upper one of which had a thickness, when first worked, of three feet, which, in the lower workings, increased to ten feet and was estimated to carry five per cent. ore. I ma prospectus issued by the Consolidated Copper J'f%'reSlf^r Co. of Canada, limited, in 1872, the subsequent history of this mine is given to that date. The surface works of the company, including much of the plant, were destroyed by fire in 1866, with an estimated loss of £20,000, owing to which, operations were suspended till 1870, when Mr. James Douglass, one of the proprietors, took over the work again and resumed operations in the mine. The quantity of ore raised from the commencement of operations in 1858 to the end of 1862 was 322 tons of thirty per cent, copper, in addition to 1,000 tons at the Output, surface of two and a half per cent, and 500 tons of four to five per cent- from the upper bed. The figures as to the output for the different years, as given by Mr. H, Williams, the manager, are as follows :- &?;.& 1858 1859 ]g(10 1861 1862 1863 1864 The mining ton; Tons. . » . 43 . m . 70 • 04 . 113 I 235 CVVTH. 15 7 5 4 17 20 12 Qtrs. 3 1 2 3 3 = 21 cwt«.,or 2,352 Ibf. Lbs 2 21 6 21 J 14 4 of 30 per cent, copper. of 26 per cent, copper, of 20 per cent- copper. The Jailing oft in the value or percentage is attributed to the fact Charnoter of that during the last years the mining was confined principally to the " beds and not to the quartz leads. The ore in these beds was found by Mr. Williams, upon careful examination, to occur in lenticular masses as already stated, varying in thickness from one-sixth of an inch to two or three inches, and in length from three to eighteen and even twenty-four inches. These musses overlapped each other and were disseminated throughout a thicknes. of five to six feet. This refers to the overlying or upper bed, which appears to be the one principally i m\ 44 k PROVINCE OF QUBKEC. ■ , itji The IveB mine. Orford. MoLeod'smine. The King mine The Carbuncle Hill mine. Tliey were partially rebuilt, and mining waa carried on in a desultory fashion for several years, and the company finally closed operations in 1883. During the past year the property has passed into the hands- of Messrs. G. H. Nichols & Co., of Capelton. In the working of this mine two deep shafts were sunk, one to the depth of between 500 and 600 feet, called the Huntington shaft, the other known as the Wright shaft, 200 feet deep. North of the Huntington mine, on lot six, range eight, were the works of thej Canadian mine, presumably on an extension of the vein just described.! Two shafts were hero sunk, ono to a depth of 100 feet, the other 5ih feet, and some ore shipped to Capelton. The mine subsequently^ passed into the hands of the Eastern Townships Bank and has nctl been worked for some years. Further north, on lot two, range nine, Bolton, the Ives mine wii«| situated. Two shafts were here sunk, the Ferrier and the Gait, tliel former to a depth of about sixty feet, the latter for 100 feet. Tlii- mine was opened in 1866, and worked for ten years, and a largel quantity of from 10 to 14 per cent, ore was extracted and shipped tul England. These three mines are situated on the east side of the^ Missisqiioi Eiver, south of what is now known as Eastman, and are al| probably located on the same bolt of ore. The serpentine rock is found| at all these mines, with slates of various triors, difl'ering, in tbisj respect, from the rocks of the second area or that west of the Suttocl Mountain. Very favorable reports on these deposits have appeared bT| Dr. T. Sterry Hunt and others, but the presence of the magnetiif pyrites serves to distinguish the ores as a class from those already described. The copper deposits of Orford township were mined at several points. On lot nine, range A, yellow sulphuret occurs in a diolrtul rock, near serpentine, of which six ^ eins are found in twenty-five feetf This was exploited by Messrs. McLeod and others. On the third lot of range F, and on the eighth lot of the same range, similar ores, with i like association of rock matter, were found, but at none.of these doej systematic mining seem to have been carried on. At the King mine, on the third lot, range thirteen, variegatedj)rej associated with magnetic oxide of iron, occurs in a four-foot band oj dolomite and serpentine ; and on the west side of Brompton Lake, of the east side of a high hill, called the Carbuncle, composed of dioritj and serpentine, several small openings were made, from which in a!J about twelve tons of iwelve per cent, ore are said to have bee| obtained. The difficulties of working this deposit, from its comparativj inaccessibility, must have b^'en very great, and the quantity of ore if the rock appears at present very limited, although a five foot vein ' '1 COPPEB. 49 K sold yellow ^"Ipl'urot .H .oported to occur there. This mine wa« styled the ( arbuade Hill mine and was located in the He.ond lot of the fourteenth range of Orford. In the township of Brompton the only mine worked was o.i lots twenty-oight an.l twenty-nino of range nine, th.r h- where the ores, which were of the variogatet c nSr^f a b:d1'"* Haskiil Hi.,, and found upon oxamination to "•'- consist of a bed of copper pyrites mixed with iron pyrites, with a thickness of five to six feet, in a matrix composed of impu oTme! stone and chlor-'tic schist. This mine was, in tho fall of 1803 p" chZ by an Amencan company, who erected furnaces for «mi ng the IHill, the Belvidere and that first discovered and alroadv describfld -r. « T e ore was similar throughout, and the breadth in th Svit^l do '''" Iwa estimated at six feet. What was afterwards tho Marrington mine ■^t th sTf *^«.";"t\-nge, shewed a vein of from two LTlToMSS:'- t the surface, with a large proportion of iron pyrites. During the aext two years a very extensive development in mining took pinfo I From notes kindly furaishcd me by Mr. T. Macfarlano and by J S lunter, now of Belleville, I am able to present a few itom« In roga.^' b some of these, not already generally made public. ^ tatfon G T R°'o!f ITT "' ""' «"dahalf ft-om tho Lonnoxvillo ,,„ c,„. ppened in 1863, by Mr. Wm. Clarke, and was worked with more or ess vigor for several years, principally by an American company, whi 62 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. i'''^"*1; iiiiii iiitiii !!J,;|te li immm i j'il ! '«' I •|j 1 i ii ?be Slier- rooke mine. The Capolton mlnu. Their early AUtory. Obangei of ownenhip. took out a large quantity of ore. The work was carried on for the most part by means of open cuttings upon a vein said to have a thick- ness of eighteen feet, (?) and containing three and a half per cent, metallic copper. This estimated thickness of ore bed is, however, doubtless exaggerated, since, on tie most reliable authority, the thick- ness never exceeded seven to eight feet, and gradually decreased to eighteen inches. In addition to surface workings, a pit was sunk to a depth of forty feet ^and a shaft for seventy-three feet. Further explorations were carried on in 1866, but without success, and in that year the mine was sold at sheriit's Fale. No returns as to quantity or quality of output are to hand, and the mine has apparently remained idle since the date mentioned. The Sherbrooke mine immediately adjoins that Just described, to the south, and is traversed by the same lodes as are found in the Clark mine. It has been j^quite extensively explored on the surface, though not yet opened up by underground exploration. Several valuable deposits of pyrites are reported on this property ; one of which is said to have a thickness of eight feet, while another was stated to be no less than seventy feet in width. (?) Assays by several parties give from $4.00 to $5.00 of gold, SIl.tO per ton of silver, and from 30 to 40 per cent, of sulphur. A group of three mines, situated on lots three and four, range eight, and lot three, range nine, are worthy of special notice, not only from their early history, but from their great and growing importance at the present time. These comprise what were formerly known as the Lower Canada, or Hartford, now the Eustis or Crown mine, the Capel or Eldorado, and the Albert ; the latter being now owned by the firm of G. H. Nichols & Co. The Capel mine was so called from the name of the original owner of the pi'opcrty, Mr. Geo. Capel, and in 1863, chiefly through the agency of *Ir. W. S. Hunter, three men, Mr. Hunter. Mr. Pierce and | Mr. Capel, formed a company to develop the property on lots three I and four of range eight. These gentlemen spent from eight to ten thousand dollars in exploratory work, and, finding the results satis- fhctoVy, divided the property into two portions ; the eastern area, on I range nine, being styled the Prince Albert mine. The property was soon acquired by Montreal capitalists, by whom mining operations wore commenced, and have been carried on to the present day, thouglil under change of ownership and management. From the Montreal firm the property passed into the hands ol j Taylor and Sons of London, who adopted the Henderson process foil the extraction of the metallic copper. This, however, after a thorough! trial, failed to give satisfaction, and tho mine was closed. The pro[ eus.] COPPER. 53 k pei-ty subsequently changed hands, and was finally purchased by Messrs. G. H. Nichols & Co., an American firm of ability, by whom Me.. G h the ores have, for the most part, been shipped to the sulphur works ut^'"^"^^*^' New York or vicinity, for the manufacture of acid. Within the last three years, however, a somewhat extensive plant has been erected at the mine for the manufacture of sulphuric acid on the spot as well as for that of superphosphate. Smelting works have also been still more recently started for the production of matte. The success of the present company is no doubt largely due to the saving of' the sulphur and other by-products of the ore, in which the prorit consists The depreciation of the copper market at the time of the former manaffe- ment, combined with tho loss of the sulphur, was such, that expenses x.e A.oert and apparently could not be met. The deposits at the Albert and Canel CapeVmin^T mines are doubtless a continuation of that found to the south-west at the Crown mine, formerly the Lower Canada. There the ore bed is an immense, but somewhat irregular deposit of chalcoj)yrito, with much iron pyrites, y ;, ■■ .,!- an average of four to five per cent., some of the ore being verv . >, and in addition contains an appreciable amount of silver; the lode varies in width from four to over fifty feet and has been worked to a depth of over 1,600 feet. At the Eustis or Crown The Bust« o, mine also, smelting works have been erected, in which a large amount ^'■"'""°''"- of matte is made, the sulphur in this case being wasted, but a very large proportion of the ore still goes in the raw state to the sulphuric acid works in the vicinity of Now York, while the residue is treated lor copper at the smelting works at Bergenijort, New Jersey The owners of the latter are the Eustis Mining Co. The ore at this mine apparently occurs conformably with the bedding ; the irregularities in size being due to local thickening of the ore mass. Dykes of diorite are met with in the diflPerent under-ground workings, and can also be seen at the surface in the immediate vicinity of the mines. The rocks containing the lode are schists, often highly micaceous and talcose but generally chloritic, which are traversed by numerous quartz veins' The ore is delivered on tho railway, about half a mile distant from the Albert mine, by an elevated cable tramway, carrying the ore buckets and from the Eustis property by a gravity tramway to tho track where ,t is dumped directly into the cars. From several assays of this ore the quantity of sulphur is found to vary somewhat, but averages 38 to 40 per cent. : — ff°" • 35 Copper 4 to 5 Silver, about one ounce per unit of copper, say 4 ounces per ton. The Lower Canada mine, or the Crown mine now so called, was 'i'iiifi 'I ••Mi 54 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. ill ! 1 i j ;I:;: 1 1 i j i i i 1 I 1 } i l |i i 1 11 ' i Character of the ore at the Crown mine. Earlier work- ings. Subsequent operations. Ontpnt. Undeveloped conditions of certain looa- tiODi. discovered in 1865. For two ox- three years thereafter it was worked for copper alone, but subsequently for copper and sulphur. This mine is .ell described in the Geological Survey Report for 1866, from which the following abbreviated extract may be made as illustrating the character of the workings and of the oie at that date. The strata for a distance of 1,600 feet dip S. SC^Oo E. < 40''-60°, and in this distance five shafts have been sunk in micaceous schist, to the south-east of a dolomite band, and to all appearances in the same bed of ore. In shaft No. 1, the ore is ten feet thick, the lower four feet of which is apparently an almost compact mass of the yellow sulphuiet of iron and copper, with a yield from this portion probably of eigiit per cent, of copper. Upon this are two feet of similar character, but yielding only about tive per cent, of copper, and the upper four feet contain iron pyrites alone. No. 2 shaft is 125 feet south-west of this, sixty feet deep, and the ore bed is four and a half feet thick ; the lowest part is similar to that in the first shaft, but said to yield fifteen per cent, copper, while the remainder yields only three per cent. The ore bed as shewn in the shafts Nos. 3 and 4, sunk to a depth of 75 and V62 feet respectively, is similar to that in No. 2, but in No. 5, sunk 90 feet, the bed is six and a half feet thick and vertical for eighty feet from the surface, thence dipping S. 40° E. < 40°-50°. In the vertical part it contains only iron pyrites, but below this sufficient copper pyrites becomes mixed with it to cause thv^ bed to yield between three iind four per cent, of metallic copper. Other bands of copper ore occur in this lot, on both sides of shaft No. 1. Subsequently to the date of this report mining operations were vigorously carried on, and in addition to the copper, which was originally the sole object of the enterprise, the large amount of sulphur contained in the ore was utilized for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, both in Canada and the United States. Up to June, 1869, about 20,000 tons were smelted to 40 per cent, legulus on the spot. A very large quantity was shipped to acid works, the amount of sulphuric acid obtained being stated at one ton of 66° acid to each ton of ore. The yield of ore from these mines at present is very large and apparently annually increasing. The output for 1889, taken from the returns of the Mining Review, was, from the Eustis mine, 34,089 tons, including 1,773 tons matte, and from G. H. Nichols & Co. 36,000 tons. Of some of the other mines alluded to in the list given in a preceding page, but little can here be said. On some of these n considerable amount of exploi-atory work was done and the promise of good sized ore beds seemed good, but, in most cases, this exploration was not pushed to a depth sufficient to decide as to the actual value of the property. This can be easily seen by reference to the great mines of I ^'''^O COPPEE. 55 k ling operations were I copper, which was Capelton and by a comparison of the enormous size of the lode in the lower levels, with the comparatively limited extent at the surface. Among others, not noticed in the list of 1866, may be mentioned the Suffield mine, on lot two, range eleven ; the Hepburn mine, on lot seven, range nine, at which a large amount of exploratory work appears to have been done ; and the Cillis mine, on lot five, range eleven. The Ciliis which ha« within the last year, been reopened to a greater depth, and '^'"'" the ore has been found to increase in quantity and quality so greatly that it is now considered an exceedingly valuable property. It has been purchased by an American syndicate and will be worked. From notes obtained by Mr. Willimott in 1882* the Hepburn xhe Henbum mme was then being worked quite extensively. Like the Ascot and """«• Suffield mines, it was the property of the Sherbrooke Mining and Smelting Co. A shaft was sunk to a depth of 156 feet, and at sixty feet a level had been driven for thirty feet, from which a north and south cross cut was made. The latter was canied 110 feet, at which distance a bed of yellow sulphide twenty-four feet thick was cut laveraging about seven per cent, metallic copper. The north cross cut was carried ten feet, where another bed of yellow ore was cut, said to be twenty-seven feet thick. No ore has been raised, the object of the company being to develop a large reserve. About twenty men were employed at the mine. Work at this mine was shortly after abandoned. The quality of the ore in the dump seen in 1885, looked well. Of the Suffield mine, Mr. Willimott says •' I" A shaft has been sunk 200 feet ; at the depths of eighty-live feet, and mtae^"®*'** lat two hundred feet, levels have been driven to the east, the former ■300 feet and the latter 100 feet, connected by a ventilating winze." I The amount of exposed ore is repoi-ted at about 40,000 tons, of which 13,500 to 4,000 tons have been taken out with the intention of concen- Itrating and smelting at the mine. At this mine the drilling was done by compressed air driven by an ■engine of sixty horse power. The ore resembled that from the Capelton and Hartfoid mine an „ ■assay of which was made by Dr. Harrington in 1877, yielding 75 03 ckpluin ore*, ■ounces of silver to the ton. Assays of the Suffield ore, by John Massey j& Co., London, England, gave percentages of silver, varying from eight "ounces to 235 ounces per ton and from four to twenty-nine per cent, of •netallic copper. In the area north of the St. Francis deposits of ore occur precisely^ „ [similar to that of Capelton, and in similar rocks. What has proved H^"mine!°° - be a very valuable deposit was found about three years ago by Ir. Burke, the owner of the land, on lots twenty-three and twenty- * See Geo. Sur. Rep. 1882-3-4. ^ ' — ' • .jH I'l l f M 56 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Ore beds pro- bably repeated by folding of the strata. Importance of the oree for sulphurio acid Garthby. four of the third range of Ascot, which has since been somewhat extensively developed, and purchased by the same syndicate which acquired the Cillis mine. The bed of ore which dips with the slate south-easterly at an angle of 45°-50° was found to rapidly increase from four to six feet at the surface to a reported thickness of not far from fifty feet, at a depth of seventy feet, revealing an enormous body of | ore. This location was revealed by the upjooting of a tree, and is in the direct c rarse of the Oapelton deposit, which it so much resembles. In view of the fact that these several oie beds, which are found over a breadth of some three to four miles, resemble each other very closely, and from the crumpled and overturned character of much of \ the strata in which these are contained, it seems most reasonable to suppose that the greater part of these m'nes are located upon ditterent portions of the same lode, repeated by folding from place to place, and that as large and valuable deposits of the ore have been found at widely separated portions of the same vein, both in the southern and i northern portions of the townshiji, and almost equally valuable deposits are known in the moi-e western portion of the belt, as at the I Cillis mine, it may be very saf<^ly predicted that the real value ofj many of the mines which were opened i ./eiity-tive years ago and ; speedily closed, has never been ascertained, and that other masses off ore, of equal importance to those so long worked, will, at some not i distant date, by careful prospecting, be found. Much of the failure I of twenty-five years ago was, doubtless, due to the speculative character i of the work done. Mines were bought and sold on the flimsiest sort j of evidence as to their value or worthlessness ; often on samples which | were obtained from an entirely difterent location from that repre- sented. The growing importance of these ores as a source of supply! for sulphuric acid is being very fully realized by the men interested in' this industry in the United States ; their superiority over most of! the ore there found, for this purpose, being acknowledged. There are] yet, in this eastern belt, many places thickly covered by forest growth, the prospecting of which is a difficult matter, but of the many mines already opened and abandoned it is highly probable, as in the case ofj those now worked, that deeper and more scientific testing would [ change the aspect of things greatly for the better. Further to the north, in Garthby, a considerable deposit of pyrites I is found on lot twenty-two of range one. This deposit is described in] the Geol. of Can, 1863, p. 133, as "a large mass of iron and copperj pyrites, subordinate to the stratification of the enclosing rock which! is a calcareous serpentine, dipping to the south-east at an angle of 50°.[ The extent of the deposit has not been determined, but there appearBl to bo a breadth of about twenty feet, in which the two ores are moref III iill EU..] COI'PER. 57 k 31- loss mingled with rock. Large raast^es of the mineral consiHt of a Bne grained iron pyrites, without any copper, while in other portions jtho ore is such an admixture of copper pyrites as to afford eight per cent, of the metal." The ore at this place occurs in rocks differing in ago from those of the area just described, being more closely allied to the deposits of Eolton and Potton. The first opening was made by Mr. J. B. Ooulombe, in 18C0, and was nine feet long, five feet wide, and said to be sixty feet deep. No work was done on the property after 1861. \.n analysis of the iron i.yrites apparently free from copper gave jiron 42, sulphur 48, copper 1 -1, sil'ca 8-9. This property is about four miles from the Quebec Central railway, land recent explorations, during the past year, in the southern part of ■the area, are said to have developed a large body of ore, the measures being traced into South Ham for a distance of three miles, but no definite information can bo obtained on this point. In the townships of Ham and South Ham, several mines were also Squth Ham. at one time started, but these, apparently from an insufficiency of ore, mine.* have long since boon cloHod. Among these may be mentioned the picolet Branch mines on lot twenty-eight, range four, where the ■variegated and vitreoin ores were found scattered through a band of Idolomite and chloritic schists, overlaid by glossy black slates. The ore lis found in small veins only, disseminated through the rock, and by exploration over several hundred feet, several tons of rich ore were obtained. On range B, lots thirty-three to thirty-six, explorations Kvere made; on the right bank of the Nicolet River on similar ores in green rocks, like the last, but without success, only small quantities apparently being found. In South Ham, in the serpentine jand diorite rook of the south and east side of Nicolet Lake, small deposits, mostly of the yellow sulphuret, occur on lot twenty-two, 1-ange one, old numbering, or lot forty-four, range one, new number- NjcoUt Copper |ing. This was styled the Nicolet Copper mine. A small amount of °*'°'* exploratory woi'k was also done on lot fifty-two, range two, new numbering, but no returns are to hand. Furthernorth, in tho township of Thetford, copper ore has lately ihetford. ■been reported by Dr. Jas. Reed, as occurring on lots three, four, five land six of tho first range, and on lot fifteen of the second range of jLeeds, as well as lot nineteen of the second range of Thetford, but the luantity and charaflter of the ore is unknown, as not yet explored. (^^•^w? "IT 68 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. GOLD. Looatioo. The gold tiolds of Quebec, although now known for more than fifty years, have not, from various causes, attracted as much attention or come so prominently before the public, and the mining public in par- ticular, as their actual importance would appear to warrant. They are, in so far as yet known, confined for the most part to that portion of the province lying east of the St. Lawrence, and more especially to that part contiguous to the boundary of New Hampshire and Maine or along those streams which take their rise in that region. The areas producing gold in Ontai-io, such as those of Madoc and Marmora, do not appear to have their counterpart east of the Ottawa, though possibly this may, to some extent, be due to the fact that much of the country in this direction, occupied by the Archsean rocks, is largely unexplored, but I within the last few yeara, assays of some of the quartz veins from the i Gold of Ottawa Ottawa county district have shown tract . of gold, though no vein has : yet been located caiTying, as indicated by the assays, sufficient gold | to be economically impoi-tant. The rocks in the auriferious area off eastern Quebec were, for many years, regarded as of upper Silurian \ age. They were thus described in the Geological Survey Eeport on ■. this district in 1847, when the presence of the gold of the (Jhaudi^re \ was first officially noticed, and at '.he same time the presence of gold ! in small quantity in a quartz vein carrying copper and galena near Sherbrooke was pointed out. Visible free gold has also been reported I as occurring in certain quartz veins carrying copper, blende, etc., in j the seigniory of St. Sylvester, and in the concession of the Hand- kerchief, as well as at several other points, but no attempt on a large] scale has ever been made to test these veins for gold. While the rocks of the Chaudiere district, where the gold of Quebec I was first found, were supposed to be of upper Silurian age, the question I of the source of the gold which occurred in the overlying gravels was] lor : a mystery. By some it was held to be derived from the! decomposition of quartz veins in the crystalline rocks of the Notre! Dame range of hills, while by others it was thought to have beenj transported from long distances in the glacial drift from some unknown! source. The great resemblance of the underlying slates and sandstones! of this district to those of the gold-bearing rocks of Nova Scotial Age of the gold- was pointed out by various observers more than twenty years! Dfiftiniiit rooks * */ •/ •/ ■ *" ' ago, but it was not till the year 1886 that their probably Cambrian agel was declared and their parallelism to the Nova Scotia rocks cloudy! Asserted, both as regards not only their character but their geologicalj horizon. The early history of the gold fields of Quebec has been given withl Visible or free gold. of Eastern Qaebeo. Lf.] GOLD. 59 k lore 01- less detail by several writers on the subject. The discovery \fm first announced to the scientific public by General Biiddeley, E.E., \en stationed in Quebec, who in 1835 called attention '-^ to the finding Eariv uimry f gold in the Chaudiere. This was followed by numerous other riLre\^ir" lapers, among which the following may be mentioned : " On the Gold ■"'"*'• fields of Canada," by the Eev. James Douglas, read before the Literary |nd Historical Society of Quebec, 1863; Report to the Quebec Gov- pment, 1863, by T. F. Judah, Clerk of Crown Lands, " On the Gold lines of the Chaudiere ; " " Report of the Select Committee appointed formation. "" r the Quebec Government to ascertain the value of the Chaudiere gold reas," 1865; and a paper by Mr. W. Chapman, " On the Gold lltnes Beauce," 1881. From these and other souiees the writer has ndeavored to prepare as complete a history as possible of this Qportant mining field from the date of its first discovery to the hsent time, not only because of the large amount of work which has Iready been done in it, but in the hope that some wise provision may H made to encourage the further development of what should become ae of the most important factors in the financial welfare of the k'ovince. [According to Mr. Douglas "gold was first discovered some forty First discovery fears ago by a woman near the mouth of the Toufie des Pins, now the >L%1>ugias Klbort Eiver, a tributary of the Chaudiere; but it attracted no atten- ''""'''^■ Ion." As this statement was presented to the Society in 1863, it lould place the first discovery of gold in the district about the year 123-24. " In 1834 another woman, taking a horse to watei- near the Ime spot, perceived, as she supposed, a stone glittering in the bed of le river, and thinking it curious enough to preserve, took it home tth her." This was the discovery announced by Gen. Baddeley in Qliman's Journal, 1835. The piece he described was said to weigh p.63 grains ; but he was unaware that this piece had been chopped f a larger nugget, the weight of which was 1056 grains. Owing the smallness of the piece described by Gen. Baddeley but little Mention was paid to the discovery, the only person apparently who "anifested any interest being Mr. C. DeLery, the owner of the seigni- y in which the discovery was made. Pieces of gold, several of tiich were of considerable size, of a value of over fifty dollars, were eked up from time to time, but no systematic attempt to wort le gravel was made for some years, so that the total value of the lid obtained up to the end of October, 1846, was estimated at about b-ee hundred dollai-8. From the assay of a specimen of gold from lis river it was found to contain 13.27 per cent, of silver, the fineness ling 20 ^f carats. ml m ec has been given withH S: illiman's Journal, ISSS. ,m 60 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Mr. Chapman net profit, to which, under ordinary oondition.s, the $500 should bel added. In the second season, 1862. about five-eighths of an acre of! gravel was washed and yielded 2,880 pennyweights, worth $2,49C.O0.[ and of this .307 pennyweights were in the form of fine dust mixed withl the iron sand. A number of nuggets wore found, one of whiohl weighed 127 pennyweights and the smallest eleven pennyweights. Tiiel washing lasted from the 24th of May to the 30th of October, and the! expenses aggregated $1,888.00, including a certain amount expended| on permanent construction, equivalent for the season to seventy-twul dollars, so that the actual profit should be placed at $800.00. Thej total yield of gold, therefore, from an aero of gravel, two feet thick, atj this place, was $4,323.00, and the proper '>xpenses $2,957.00, so that! the actual profits for that year were $1,480.00. The result of a week'J work, under the inspection of the Geological Survey, yielded Hsj pennyweights of gold worth $124.00, the expenses for the time beingj $60.00, leaving a profit of $64.00. From the assays made in recent j years of black sand from this district, it seems very probable that iil large amount of gold therein contained was not extracted, so thatj the prolii; might be largely increased. A list of nuggets with theiil weights, obtained from this second experiment, is given in Mr. Oatey'J report as follows : — • dwts. grs. June 7 126 19 July 30 83 21 August 25 10 20 August 25 38 21 September 7 98 21 September 24 55 2 September 30 23 20 October 2 ig 22 October 9 13 2 Owing to some disagreement with the proprietor of the adjoining! lands, this company, the Canada Mining Co., had to abandon its! working. Later the Napanee Company endeavoured to sink a shafij fit the same place through the slate, in the hope of finding a layer off auriferous gravel and sand beneath, but after two years' unsuccessful! work they abandoned their attempt. .^.] OOKD. 63 k ^hts of gold, of which I bout a ton of fine bhuk | od of over an ounce in] the oxpenBe:^, includiiij.'] 143, leaving $182.00 u- >m, the $500 should ))«| e-eighths of an acre off eights, worth $2,490.00 1 of fine dust mixed witlii i found, one of whichl !ven pennyweights. Thel »th of October, and the! itain amount expendedl season to seventy-twi laced at $800.00. The! •avel, two feet thick, at| uses $2,95t.00, so thutf The result of a week'sl d Survey, yielded 143 tisos for the time being! ssays made in recent! 18 very probable that iii not extracted, so thatl of nuggets with theiil is given in Mr. Oatey 's] dwts. grs. 126 19 83 21 10 20 38 21 98 21 55 2 23 20 16 22 13 2 ■ietor of the adjoining! ., had to abandon its! /^oured to sink a shafil pe of finding a layer oH two years' unsuccessiull From 1855 to 1863, the gold mininj,' was almost entirely al^indonod Mining from and work was can-ied on for the most part by the habitants of the '**"""*■'*• district in a very desultory sort of way. A mong these the Poulin brothers, five in number, were the most persistent workers, and thoy took out apparently a large amount of gold in a very quiet way. The discovery of the rich gravels on the North Branch of the Gilbert was Tiade by these men in the summer of 1863. This stream was there- i.iscoveryof ipon set apart jvs a mining district for a distance of a mile al)ove the ,m 'Nirth*""""' i;rk8, and a rush set in for that locality. Two spots were selected llZn."' ""' pr work— the upper, on land owned by - man named Veilleux, the Other, about half a mile lower down .,n tbe fime stream, on a lot bwned by a man named Eodrigue. I'pon th v.e claims, but more barticularly upon the upper, a large n no- or of f> ople worked during Ihe season of 1863, and a large quantity' of go! . was obtained. The largest piece reported, which was sold -; $^2.00, was said to have Wu found by a woman named Parie. Among other instances (|Uoted by Mr. Douglas was that of a party of six, including two of the Poulins, who acknowledged to finding Hfteen ounces in three days, md another party of the same number found six ounces and a halt' In two days. These miners were all working without license, and tpon the facts being reported to Mr. DeLery, bailitt's were sent jind the crowd of workers driven off. On the lower, or Eodrigue The Pouiin broperty, according to sworn affidavit, given in Mr. Chapman's '"■°""'"- bamphlet, by the Poulin brothers before Mr. Belanger, N.P. of St. Francis, in 1880, throe of the Poulins, with Eodrigue, washed. inLarwfindsof tin pans, from the auriferous alluvium in one day, seventy-two ounces *°''^' If gold. This party is said to have admitted finding ten pounds If gold in eleven days' work, with tin pans only. The lai-gest piece found at this place during the season was sold for $200.00. After Exhausting the bed of the stream they washed the gravel from the banks in a sluice, and are reported to have found a pound of gold one lay, and ten ounces another. Eodrigue, working with one man only, b said to have panned out in one day two ounces, two pennyweights Ind eight grains, valued at thirty-eight dollars. The earnings of this Wty, for twenty days in each nn.nth for four months during the lummer, averaged sixteen dollars per day per man. But this success pas not general, and many only cleared their expenses. The bed of he stream, at this place, is composed of a dark, highly cleaved slate, Q?ibertf' ''* Ind the banks ai-e made up of alteraations of sand and gravel. The lichest workings were where the gravel directly overlies the bed rock. I Although there appears to be a widespread notion that no visible visible gold, told has -^ver been found in the quartz veins of this district, Mr. Wuglas says that, in a number of cases, spacks of visible gQld have 4'i I Mi'--. ' 64 k PROVINCE OP QDEBEC. M\m i ^ . ' j: ! -M 11 ''ir. \ [^ ii'.' ^' ■i, -rv;"' n I Work praoti- eally confined as yet to the gravel. Parker, Hagan A Co. The DeLery Gold Mining Co. The thirty years lease. Crusher at the Devil's Bepid. The Reoipro- oity Co.'s work been discovered in the quartz veins that cut the slates, and that handsome I specimens have occasionally been found, and others, who are most ' familiar with the district, have made a similar statement. Considering | the large quantity of alluvial gold that has been obtained, and mostly | in close proximity to quartz veins, and from the assays that have been 1 made of the quartz from different areas, it would bo very strange it f visible gold were not found at many points. In so far as I have been | able to learn, however, but veiy few attempts have been made by anyone to examine the veins, and the workings have been entirely ; confined to the gravels. , The lease from the DeLory Company to iVfr. Douglas was transferred in 18(J3 to Parker, Hagana & Company of Quebec, who, however, didi not meet with very great success, owing apparently to bad manage- T ment and the loss incurred in removing debris, as well as to the fact ot | the local or patchy character of the rich deposits of gold. Inconsequence of the great success attained by the Poulins on the | Gilbert Eiver a rush set in, and the lots sixteen to twenty-one of the | concession of DeLery were explored in all directions, generally by | small parties, with very varying success. In 1864 the DeLery Gold f Mining Company was formed to work the quartz veins as well as tlie| alluvions in Eigaud Vaudreuil, under a lease for thirty years from thef DeLery family, which granted the new company all the rightsi originally possessed by the owners of the seigniory. This company! erected extensive works, comprising a crusher, at the place known asl the Devil's Eapid on the Chaudi6re Eiver, a short distance below thel mouth of the Gilbert; and the claims and operations of the company prevented the explorations of private individuals for some years, over that portion of the seigniory covered by their letters patent. Thi> crusher, however, proved to be an entire failure. In 1865 an American | company styled " The Eeciprocity," organized by Col. Eankin, leasedl from the DeLery Gold Mining Company the mining rights over! several lots along the G?!bert. They constructed a wooden flume l,80o| feet long, with a dam at its head, in order to supply water fo.- washiugj the gravels on the y ^rth Branch. This, although supposed to be wellj and strongly built, was not able to withstand the heavy freshets which! occur on these streams, and was, for the greater part, swept away] before any good Jesuits from its erection could be obtained, audi conse^^ lently proved an almost total loss. This company, after tliej destruction of their flume, washed upon a trench dug along the river bed,[ from which the water had been diverted, and took out some $2,500 inl gold, .lie whole expenses, including the dam and flume, being froiiil twelve to fifteen thousand dollars. The DeLery Gold Mining Company! then granted ; jermits to a few miners to work on the lots on the Northl tll6.] GOLD. 65 k Branch already so celebrated, and in the Bumraer of 18.t0 Mr. Honrv Powers, with several miners, drove a tunnel acro8H lotH flftooM «ixtoonw u. m and seventeen of the concession DeLery. A lar«o amour oV^'" "'"^^^^^^^^^^ reported to have been obtained along this tunnel, for tho"^ 0^10^ each company paid to Mr. Powers two dollars pe'r day. In th offl al documents of the time it is stated that a value of 8]42:68l wu« roXod and tbat two nuggets were found, one of which, found by Mr K Ig r' weighed 52 ounces 1 1 pennyweights and 6 grains, and the other, S f--- -..e. M. John McRae on a claim of seventy-five square feet on lot Hftoon is '""'• said to have realized the sum of $17,000. ' Among those who obtained leases from the DeLory GoM MininirMr w p Company was Mr. W. P. Lockwood, wh . acquired the mining right Z? ^""''^""''• three sections of the seigniory of Rigaud Vuudreuil, and aU, .pted to prevent any other mining company or private individual from carry- mg on raining operations in the concessions DeLery and St. Ohai-loH where considerable mining was still being done, in largo pa H by he owners of the lots themselves. Mr. Loctwood open d a^' umbm of exploratory pits in the gravels of the Gilbert, aid showed Zt the gold was abundant, not so much in the river itself, a. in tho an i n „ , hlled-m channels, which were proved to extend to a depth of ovov^'^^T'l thirty feet below the present bed of the stream, the gravel be.ni '"■""• following the elevation of the gravel beds. In the year 1876 the St. Onge Bros., with several others, mado?:he8e. o„.o airangements with Mr. Lockwood to work on the Gilbert Thev '*"'"'"' experienced great difficulty in reaching the bed of gravel directly overlying the rock, owing to water and quicksands. The flrst ahaft sunk was on lot eleven of the concession St. Charles, The difllcultv of keeping out the water was such, that a ditch 1,800 feot in length was dug by which a water wheel connected with pumps was driven, and bv this means they were enabled to carry on their mining operations I ^^.T''^^ ^f « P'-««f -ited for several years, and from tho statement ^^o retam. L^in. H . ""^ *^' P'"''^ ^° ^'^'^'^ '^^y ^«»'k«''. though under «»'; '"""' g. eat disadvantages, 070,000 worth of gold was obtained ; individual nuggets bdng found valued at from 0125 to $740 each. Owing to various difficulties with which they had to contend, tho company at (iltoot °"' *^ '^' ^"'"'''' ^'^''^''''' of Toronto, for tho Hum of The success of the St. Onges induced others to enter tho field, among T«,ubie about whom were the following companies : -Payne & Chapman, I^rgl^f »"""te porth Star, Victoiia, Gendreau and others, who bought mining rights I Horn the habitants, although these were supposed to be covorod by Mr. 66 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. She Oiinada oldOo.iEnt. N«w regulu' tloni. New ooinpnni«a and looationa. Ifi' Wl\ Lockwood's leases, and that gentleman was led to request protection on the part of the Quebec Government in his rights, by force of arms if necessary. This, however, was refused by the Government, but he was advised to bring his case to the Civil Courts, in order that the validity of his leases might be established, a proceeding, however, which Mr. Lockwood would not consent to, and shortly after ceded his rights to the Canada Gold Company, England, represented by Mr. J. N. Gordc.i. Mr. Gordon, upon assuming control of the district, at once impeached several of those found mining on the property, covered bj | the lease, before the Inspector of the District, Mr. Duchesnay, the result of which was to so exasperate the men that serious trouble was | with difficulty averted. The objectionable clause of the law, which declared that " whoever should be found searching for gold without the consent of the proprietor should be liable to a fine of $5.00 for every such day of work," was repealed, and a special Act passed for ; the guidance of exploration in the district. Owing to the favorable impression produced by this new law the ; interest in gold mining again revived. New companies were formed, | among which were the Ainsworth Company of Now York, to mine on j lot thirteen, concession DeLery ; and the Beauce Mining and Millingl Company, on lot fourteen of the same concession, under the manage- 1 mont of Mr. W. J. Smart, of New York. A short distance below these | the Canada Gold Company, Limited, under Mr. Gordon, carried onj operations under the direct supervision of Mr. W. Moodie, while the| old St. Onge property under Messrs. McArthur was still worked. On| the East Branch of the Gilbert, the East Branch Company was working| on lot sixteen with very ftiir returns, and on the lot adjoining, Mv.'l Morey of New Y'ork was established ; while on the North Branch Mr.| Ascher of Montreal carried on some preliminary expUrations l>yj shafting. On lots twenty-nine and thiity of concession Jliaussegrosj Mr. Wilder of Boston succeeded in finding an ancient channel aiid| obtained some good gold. The amount of gold obtained in October,! 1880, bv the three companies, the Ainsworth, the Canada and the| Beauce, according to the returns of the Inspector of Mines, was 58l| ounces. Newoompaniei Among other companies who began operations or secured leases ioi In 1880. this district about the year 1880, according to the statement ofMrl Chapman, wore Messrs. Coupal on the North Branch of the Gilbert" Messrs. Poulin and Fortier on Slate Creek at St. George ; Messrs] Home and Lionais at Bolduc Creek; Mr. P. A. Dupuy on lots sixteen andl seventeen, concession DeLery ; Messrs. C6t^, Doris and Clouthier, con J cesaion St. Charles ; Messrs. Cadot, Bernard and Company ; The Eurekal Company, comprising Messrs. Powers, Tomlinson and McDonaldf Retunu. > request protection on its, by force of arms if overnment, but he was ordei- that the validity g, however, which Mr. after ceded his rights esented by Mr. J. N. »f the district, at once B property, covered by , Mr. Duchesnay, the | lat serious trouble was use of the law, which | iing for gold without to a fine of $5.00 for special Act passed for I by this new law the I mpanies were formed, ) Now York, to mine on j 30 Mining and Milling j on, under the manage- W. Moodie, while the^ was still worked. On| Company was working! the lot adjoining, Mr,| the Noi'th Branch Mr, inary explorations hyj oncession i,'iiaussegro!<,i I ancient channel and! [ obtained in October, b, the Canada and thel ctor of Mines, was 58l| '•] GOLD. 67 k m the same concession ; Messrs. Nicoi and Osgood in the first range north-east of the Chaudi^re ; Messrs. Foulin and Bernard at the Devil's Eapids; and Mr. Spaulding from Maine on the Gilbert Eiver In 1879-80 the explorations along tho Des Plantes and DuLoup were Work on the resumed, and the ancent beds of these streams are reported to havefnlK^p. been found. On the former river Messrs. Mathieu, B^rub^ and Gendreau found promising indications, and Mr. A. McKenzie of a McKen.i<. Montreal also commenced to work by hydraulic process on the bank of the same stream, about one mile above the road to St Joseph ; These workings were abandoned some years ago, owing to various reasons, but more lately Messrs. Bacon and H. Sewell commenced shafting at a point about half a mile above the St. Joseph road on B»«on and the east bank of the river, and, at twenty-five feet from the surface. '"'"• 1 reached what appeared to be an old river channel, in which there I was about four feet of well-washed river gravel, cemented with clay and sand. Owing to lack of pr.per appliances for mining and sluicing, or to other causes not known, this enterprise has in turn been I abandoned. About 1880 Mr. A.. A. Humphrey began explorations on the DuLoup a. a. Hum- jKiver, with an apparently ultimate intention of employing the hydraulic feuTri^lr process in washing the gravel banks along its lower part. In 1881 fess^""'"* """^ a company of English and French capitalists was formed under his""'" management, by whom a canal eleven miles in length, for a supply of water, was constructed along the bank of the stream. This was jcompleted in 1882 and gave a head of not far from 150 feet. The washing of the gravel was continued for some months, but the work was closed down in the fall of 1883; the undertaking, apparently lowing to poor management and lack of facilities for saving the gold having been unsuccessful. Mr. Humphrey thereupon went into partner- Iship with the St. Onge Brothers, who, after leaving the Gilbert Ihad established themselves on Slate Creek, a branch of the Chaudi^reSiate Greek, ^t the village of St. George. The St. Onges had been prospecting this ^' *^'""^' :reek for several years prior to the advent of Mr. Humphrey, and several shafts were sunk at a point nearly one mile back from 'or to the north of the village. Great difficulties were encountered in sinking, owing to largo quantities of quicksand, and four attempts were made before the bed rock was reached. The last shaft was 165 feet deep and consumed nearly a year in the sinking; the bottom being many feet oid oham„L Oeneath the bed of the present stream near by. A layer of auriferona ravel was found at the bottom lying upon the bed rock. Mr. [umphrey left the mine in 1886, it not having been found remuner^ itive, and, after atvempting to carry on the work by themselves, the St. Onges, at last, apparently from lack of funds to prosecute the work, 68 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. A A Br. James Reed. :-lr ■i!l ' ; i, ^ i 1 i ■ • f 1 1 Quartz Teins. Famine river, also abandoned the property, which has since been sold for debt. The St. Onges thereupon began operations upon the Famine, a short distance above the road, near the mouth, and are reported as having been successful in finding an old channel, which is said to promise well. In 1864 leases were granted on the Famine, in the township of Watford, to Dr. James Eeed, on lot four, concessions three and four, and to Geo. Desbarats, on lot live in the same concession, the river traversing these areas. In the evidence presented before the Select Committee in 1865, mention was- made of the presence of gold in considerable quantity on this river, as well as in most of the streams leading into the C haudi^re and the DuLoup between this place and the boundary of the state of Maine. Quartz veins traverse the slates at many places; and from the fact that gold, some of which is of a coarse character, can be obtained from the gravels of most of these streams, there is no ;1 doubt that many of these are auriferous in paying quantity. On the^Cumberland stream, which is a branch of the Famine from J Capt.'Richards. til® west, explorations have been carried on by Capt. Eichards for some years. Several shafts have been sunk to the bed rock, but no j returns as to the amount of gold obtained are to hand. On the south side of the Chaudi^re work has been done at several I places. Some exploratory work on the Pozei stream led to the finding | of an old channel there by Mr. Humphrey, but no attempt has yet^ been made to ascertain its value. On theGosselin stream in St. Victor i de Tring, a shaft sunk by Mr. Kennedy is also said to have reached anji ancient channel. Gold has also been found on the Mill stream in reaij of the village of St. Francis, Beauce, and on the Noire and Meul| Brooks, on the latter of which, at its forks with the Mill stream,; Messrs. McArthur, Coupal & Company are at present engaged iD| OW channel of mining on an old channel of that stream. As regards the old channel! of the Gilbert, the width has been found at some places, where worked,! to amount to TOO or 800 feet as compared with a width for the present! stream of forty to fifty feet, and to have a depth below the present bedl of nearly or quite 100 feet. Gold-bearing quartz veins are reported atl the Devil's Eispid on the Chaudi^re, on Home and McDonald's pro-i perty, concession St. Charles and St. Francis ; on Humphrey's area! St. George ; and on the Kennebec Eoad vange, helonging to Messrs,! Gibb, Boss and Campbell; also on theconcee.,.on DeLery, lot eighteei),| as well as at other points. The examinations of the Chaudi^re district, in 1865, by Mr. MicheV onl the part of the Geological Survey, the results of which appeared in thei report for 1866, furnished very much important information in regard! to the value of this area. While the report deals largely with the! Quartz vein!<. Cumberland Pozer stream. QoMelin stream. St. Francis, Beauce. Explorations of , Mr. Michel. I ELLS.] aOLD. 69 k [alluvial workings, the question of the value of the quartz leads - as also taken up, and, Dr T. Stony Hunt had a series of assays macleA.a..b.Dr of the quartz from different veins, which clearly showed that {., ^.S^'hS"'?'' Imany cases, these contained gold in sufficient quantity to a.nply re'pav Iproper working This opinion is supported by the fact that in the Igreat majority of cases when profitable washings have been found. las on the Des Plantes and the Gilbert, the most satisfectory results Ihave been obtained in close proximity to veins of quartz which traverse the measures During the past season, owing to the low state jof the water in the Chaudiere, the vein at the Devil's Rapi- ply of gold- Character of the graTcl. Lack of proper appliances for mcoeesful mining. is entirely in private hands no returns are availalne, tloagh desultory mining has been i.;oing on for a number of year.- and the samples oi gold obtairi'-d are very good, much of it being coav oand heiivv. While in the earh' days of gold mining ^i the CLaudi^jv district — f '^ our remarks must, tor the most part, apply to this ' 'iatriut, owing to the fact that the Dittor. area is inaccessible to the general miner and explorer — explorations -.vere carried on very generally on the several branches as far eatt as the Quebec boundary, the principal w.)rk was done in three localities only, viz., the Gilbert, the Chauditire itsolf and the Des Tluntes, though oflato years much work has boon done on the Mill stream and its branches near St. Frai ■; is, and on tho DuLoup already refened to. The character of the gold obtaineo is very much tbv' saruir at all of tiese places, much coarse gold being found,- but witho'it d- i;bt the (!<;;irsest has been obtained on the Gilbert, owing doubtiei io the fact that much more work ha* been done there, since the s?.:i5B vun of beds and veins extends from the Mill stream on the sv)u'ih side of the liver across toward the formev s;ream. The richest gold-producing areas are without doubt found lu he old river channels which have been excavated long prior to the glu;ial period, to a depth of a hundred feet or more below the level of the present beds of the several streams, since the boulder clay is found r crude methods employed in its extraction. Lack of water seems to i have been largely instrumental in causing the failure of mining oper- ations in many cases; no proper provision having been made by which I a constant and regular supply would be att'orded in periods of dry! weathei', and in certain cases, quite recently, the same cause has led toj a great loss of gold. Making due allowance xaggerated state- ments as to the amount of gold obtained, there ,. -.. . doubt that many] areas yet cxi:,t, not only in the Chaudi" ^ di"'; ct, but also in Ditton, which witl ( • per appliances and right riSitliOi! ; of working will yield very large returns to capital rightly in">"od, and it may be safely! presumed that much of the old gravel so rud( V'; washed contains yet a j very lai-ge amount of fine gold. L..] GOLD. lubie, H.^.iigh desultory ira, and the satiiylos of )av oand heavy, Chaudi6j'»> district — f"' thlfc (Jiatrict, owing to the general miner and enerally on the several y, the principal work irt, the Chaudi^re itsolf work has hopn done (>>\ h, and on thy DuLoup obtained is very much gold being found,- but on the Gilbert, owing been done there, since the Mill stream on the r su-eam. The richest he old river channels ifial period, to a depth he present beds of the I rioting upon the top iy, which make up the lels. The gold in these b in paying quantities, !tly upon the bed rock, kings on the Gilbert, it re that rests upon the ; }hed pebbles cemented beds it was found that i gold, while others, on j d not more than pay; ;e extent be due to the ' ck of water seems to \ failure of mining oper- ig been made by which i ded in periods of dryj 3 same cause has led to| Ivj r xaggerated state- if. s. . doubt that many ct, but also in Ditton, jf working will yield and it may be safely v?a8hed contains yet a j 71 K From the trials made by Mr. Michel of certain lots on the Gilbert, Poverty of cr- , would appear that certain localities did not possess sufficient gold to '*'""•""■• bay for the working by the methods then practised. It is probable, Ihat in these coses, the areas in question were above or were too far lemoved fi-om the quart/, veins from which the gold is in large part Indoubtodly derived, the character and courses of which should be |arefully considered in carrying on explorations by the ordinary process of han.l-washing. Another point noted by Mr. Michel was that then the gravel rested upon the clay it was poor, but when resting kpon the slates under the clay became appreciably richer; while in the lase of two layers of gravel, separated by a parting of clay, that on tte bed rock contained more or less gold, while the upper stratum was tenerally without or contained but little. I With regard to the valley of the DuLoup and its tributaries on either Distribution of fde, as well as of the Upper Chaudit^re below Lake Megantic judging '''' *"'"'• ^om the experience already obtained from the Gilbe.t and other Jreams, and from the character of the rocks along the upper portions of hese rivers, it may be safely said that areas of lich gold-bearing alluvion hll bo found at diflbrent points, and possibly of equal value to those P the streams mentioned. Many quartz veins are found there, some If which have yielded gold in good paying quantity upon assay, while from the evidence pro^ented to the Commission of 1865 good indica- lons were obtained. The experiment at the mouth of the DuLoup by ttr. Oatoy in 1851-52, already referred to, was attended with sufficiently tood results to warrant the prosecution of further work with proper Ind modern appliances, while with the exception of the hydraulic Ixpenment by Mr. Humphrey, which cannot by any means be Iccepted as testing the value of the gravels along this portion of the Itream, no attempt hos been made in this direction for nearly forty „ tears. The occurrence of gold in the quartz veins of Risborough and Sfc"'""* Jlarlow, as shown by the assays of Prof. Donald of Montieal and by it hers, as well as that of Mr. Hoffmann, of a sample from a vein cutting *e slates near Lake Megantic in which traces of gold were observed is Irong corroborative proof that in other portions of this area, along be eastern border of the province, gold-bearing veins will also be fund ; but perhaps the greatest confirmation of this view is in the fact hat south-west of the Chaudiire River, from the foot of Lake Megantic the forks of the DuLoup, gold can be found in nearly every pan of^'SlJ^A"""" Iravel washed whore trials have been made, as was ascertained by^"""""'" ;Q^n*ol"' ^®''"^«'' °^ t^^e Oeological Survey during his exploration While, then, it can bo very conclusively shown that the true source most of the gold, if not all, is in the quartz veins of the Cambrian .4*^ Hiiiiii •72 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Probable true source of gold in the lower Cambrian rooks. Mapping of the distnot. Gold fields lonth-west of Sherbrooke. Magof River and Little Macog Lake. West'Bury. Mamiwippi mountain. rocks, it is also a well-known fact that in the great basin, which extends between the Cambrian and pre-Cambrian rocks of the Stoke ' Mountain and Sherbrooko anticlinal, and the similar rocks found along the border of Quebec and Maine, fine gold can also be obtained in small quantity from the gravels of nearly every brook or river. In but few places, however, throughout this area has coarse gold been met with, and this may to a large extent be due to the fact that a considerable portion of the surface is occupied by slates, limestones and sandstones of the Cambro-Silurian system. While it would be presumptuous to state that gold-bearing veins do not occur in these newer rocks, the experience so far has been that the richest workings and presumably the most productive leads will be found in the rocks of the lower portion of the lower system. On the old geological determination by which much of this area wasi colored as belonging to the Upper Silurian, much confusion unavoid- ably arose, since what wo now regard as the Cambrian, the Cambro- Silurian, the Silurian and even the Devonian were to a large extent included under one head. On the map of this district accompanj'ingf the reports for 1886-88 the i-ocks of these several systems have been'i sepai-ated as cai-efuUy and accurately as was possible in dealing with a series of rocks, most of which arc devoid of fossil remains by which to identify them ; and the prospective gold bearing belt of thj Cambrian portion can be distinguished from the newer or Cambro- Silurian rocks ; the Upper Silurian and Devonian occupying areas of very limited extent. In addition to the areas of the Chaudi^re and in Bitton, reference may also bo made to the section lying to the south-west of Sherbrooke along the valley of the Magog Eiver, as well as in the valley of the St Francis for some distance north of Lennoxville. Along the west flank of the Sherbrooke anticlinal at the Magog Eiver, and about the shore of Little Magog Lake, certain black slaty beds occur, very similar in aspect to those of Dittou, and like these have recently been regai-ded as of Cambrian age. Trials by Mr. Michel showed that, in certain places, the gravels resting upon the upturned edges of the slate contained gold, while in the clays above the gravels, or where these clays rested upon the bed-rock, no trace of gold could be obtained. These results are also very similar to those obtained in the Chaudi^re gold district. Certain areas also on the east flank of the Stoke| Mountain range in West Bury are reported as yielding gold in &' similar manner, while on the east slope of the Massawippi MountainJ on the west side of the lake of that name, nuggets of fair size arei reported to have been found. It is probable in all these localities that] the gold, iffound, will be in workable quantities only, in proximity toj ■ii ii i : . n (I ■; J 1 lit! ill! !! M! lit! ii i' 1- 1 1 ■ '■ \ '•] GOLD. •73 K ^artz veins traversing the slates as in Ditton, and that in places Fi„e ^oid of 'e from these veins, as, for instance, over a great extent of the J,!',°J^''PI'" '^f- antry lying oast of the Sherhrooke anticlinal, the gold is so fine Id so widely scattered that its mining will not, in the present condi- In of things, bo attended with profit. [According to the reports of the Golconda Mining Company and theflaioondaand %cot Gold Mining Company, good workings were found on lot eleven, 00,?' *""'" higo eleven, Ascot, and on lots two and three, range thirteen. Mr. phel examined the ground and found the same sequence of stratified hivel and clay as on the Gilbert, but apparently did not strike any *i channel of the Magog River. The succession of beds at this place as, at the surface, a yellowish clayey gravel containing grains of ^j'^f^z of the pites and a little fine gold ; second, a stratum of large pebbles and ' "*"' ""'' Rsses of quartz and slate cemented by a blackish clay, without gold, Id beneath, resting upon the slates, a layer of iron-stained gi-avel Ihor in gold than the above. The average thickness of the deposits ks about six feet. Us regards the Lambton area, which Mr. Michel also refers to in hisLambton. bort, 1866, the quantity of gold obtained was, in most cases, very lall. This might be duo to the general principle already stated, that richest deposits will be found in what are regarded as the Cambrian bks ; those in which the Lambton explorations were made being on belt of limestones and slates, which are classed as Cambro-Silurian I similar to those of Eaton and vicinity. A belt of Cambrian slates, Iwever, cut by granite, crosses Lake St. Francis about midway, wherel;*'"?'- »> conditions for gold should be more favorable. This area has, "' rever, never been tested, and certain portions of the Cambrian Ites, along with the serpentines and diorites of Thetford, Broughton H Adstock, and extending thence northward to the Ohaudiere at Bras and the Colway, present many featui-es in common with the pks of the gold-bearing districts on these streams. Vlthough reference has been already made in former reports to the Value of awaj . ^sence and probable value of the quartz veins at various points, this °^ '""'' "'"*'*'■ port would be scarcely complete if it omitted all mention of the lults of assays obtained by the officers of the Geological Survey and I other competent assayers. for, while the mere assay of a sample ■supposed gold-bearing quartz may be but a very indilferent test of Ib value of the vein itself, the true worth of which can only bo ascer- Ined by trial of a larfre average sample, the presence of gold by fcaysofwell certified t;inples, in which the result obtained by one by is largely confirmed by that obtained by another conducted in a frerent way, at least proves that gold is present in the vein matter ; '■ this is an important fact to have definitely settled, since the remark fi! il^ 74 k PROVINCl OP QUEBIC. Bt- SylveBter. 8t Gilea. DeTil's P.ipid yein- HMkellHill. AsMys of gold quartz for the Chaudiere distriot. Cod. St CharlM. N.E. Cbaadiere range. has IVoinectly U-o lade that the quartz veins of Eastern Quebec arc! not auiitferoi;-;. Further, the gold is found by asnny not to be confineil^ entir(}ly to the quartz veins of the Cumbrian or gold-bearing series jM^ desoi ibed, but is known to occur also in connection with silvei-; the latte: often showing a comparatively large percentage in many of the copier lodes or other mineral veins which 'ravei-se the crystalline schists, as in Ascot, Leeds, St. Sylvcuter, irn. In the concession of St. Sylvester, soignioiy of St. Giles, soveralij specimens of visible native gold are repoited to have been obtainedl from quartz veins in the Handkerchief location. Dv. James Eeedl informs me that he has broken these specimens himself from the vein! From the gangno of the quartz vein at the Devil's Rapid on thel Chaudit^re, native gold has also been obtained. This vein is no- broken down nearly level with the containing slates, and is withoml doubt the source of supply from which the largest quantity of the g<)l;| obtained fiom the bed of the stream in its immediate vicinity, wa- derived. A shaft in this vein for a few feet would be of great interestl The presence of native gold in the quartz and copjjcr lode at Ilaskelli Hill has already been lefened to, and is of interest p-! 'ipally as coui firming the fact of its occurrence in the copper-bearing veins. While of course we cannot in many cases vouch for the accuracy ol the assays that are reported, yet the accuracy of the MUiiementi that have been made as to the highly auriferous character of many oil the veins can scarcely be questioned when published by reliabla authorities. Thus in a quartz vein running north-eastei ly through lo| twenty-ono, conct;ssion St, Charles in Rigaud Vaudreuil, certaiuj portions assayed in Toron > are saiu to have yielded $136 per ton An assa !\y Mr Calvin ve $34; another by Dr. A. A. Hayes o| Boston, a good authority, gave for the quartz from this vein f "7.5C ol gold and a little silver; and from specimers collected by Mr. Michel hill self for I'm geological Su'vey in Oct<^'b?r, 1865, the average of tivl assays was *26.66, the higti- st being $101.29 a result due to thj presence of a scale of visible gold in the sample aijsayefi. Tiiere cat, therefore, be little doubt as > me actual value oftKisvei'. On lol eighty-three, range c N.E Ohaudi^ie, while san-ples of .! quart! vein assayed in Bostcii x'vre-^l, and anothei ample assayed by Mr j Calvin gave $10(i, a s] imf tried by Dr. Hi nt from the «;ime veiiT gave no trace, althougn a mecnanical assay bj Mr. Michel gave tivl small particles of gold. Sevei-al assays of sampK.^ from a quartz veia on lot sixty-two, range one, N.E. Chaudiere, having ; breadth of foui to five feet, made in New York and other places, gave from $15 to ^ per ton, but in a sample sent to the Survey laboratory no trace of goli| was found. I] GOLD. 75 k specimen from a vein of quartz, twenty-four inches thick on the kci-op, yielded on as^ay, by Dr. Hayes of Boston, $70.05 of gold, kilo the mean of six assays by Dr. Hunt, of specimenH from the same In, gave 824.71 ; the mean of four samples being 85.03 and of two kers 864,07, a good contii matory test of the auriferous nature of the In, and which, if uniform throughout, should, from its large size, be Jexceedingly valuable one. Quartz veins also occur on lot thirty- lie, rangeone,N.E. ; on lot twenty-six, concession DeLery ; also on lot iiteen, same concession. A mechanical assay of twenty pounds Im lot twenty-six gave Mr. Michel no traces of gold. ■3n lot twenty, concession DoLery, a lar^e vein from seven to eighteen. DeLery. It thick, enclosed between slates hu ,.ig a south-east dip, was ^ervod to cross the Gilbert River. Mr. Michel states that twenty undsoftbe quartz from this vein were crushed and washed, from lich twentvtwo imrticles of gold visible to the naked eye were lained. From an assay by Dr. Hayes of a sample from this vein to $1H are reported, and the mean of two assays by Dr. Hunt gave 15 of gold per ton. It is very possible, from the position of this Jrt /, vein, that much of the very rich gravel found in the Gilbert rer \s derired from itfi decomposition and distribution. On lot pnty. e, same concession, quartz veins are also reported, though tested. " V Mr. Michel, owing in part to the fact that the excavation kle on i-,d become filled up. A sample, however, tested by another ayei ^saidtn ve yielded 840 to the ton of quartz. Prom lot fifty o fifty-three, range one, N. K Chaudi^re, near the Devil's Rapid. jvil's Eapid, several vins of quartz occur. T-^rom a mechanical ay of lifty pounds, from lot fifty-five, particles ot gold were obtained, that taken from lot fifty-three yielded nothing. _ vein on lot tv/o, concession St. Charles, with a breadth of five Con. st. Charles i, was also slightly explored, but gUN e no results to a mechani ^e''«ro.?'""' by of twenty pounds of the quartz ; but on lot sixteen, concession bussegros, a mechanical assay of twenty pounds gave five small Iticles of gold. No further assay was made of this vein, na- was any ll made of a vein of lot forty-nine A., range one, north-east. ')n lot fifty-nine A, range one, north-east, near Bolduc Creek, a vein Boiduo Celt. Iquartz, mixed with slate, can be traced for some distance. A ^;hanical assay of twenty pounds gave six small scales of gold, while assay of a sample of quartz by Dr. Hunt gave no trace. Lmong other localities where quartz veins have been observed may Hubert Deii.ie -Mentioned lot nine, range one, Aubert DoUsle; lot thirt'-, range one AubertaaHion- 'ot seventy six, Aubert Galliot ; but an assay of specimens by Dr! K showed no gold in the portions tested, though of the last an fly by private parties in New \ork gave 854 pei- ton; but on the 76 k PROVINCE OF QL'EBEC. Lambton. Bras du Sud Ouest. Lineare. HGCond lot of range one, Lineaio, a samplo from one of several veins there found gave ^i].*Hi per ton. Other voin.s occur in thia vicinity, and it irt to bo legrotiud that the oxaminations of Mr. Michi-1 were at so late a date in the season that much of the country was cuvorcd with snow Rieborough. An assay of a vein from tho silver mine in range fifteen, Eisborougli, gave to Prof. Donald $10 in gold per t m. An assay by Mr. Hoffmann in the Survey laboratory, of asample from a vein in the same locality, gave traces of gold and forty three ounces of silver. Further assays Whitton. of a sample of quartz from Whitton, lot six, range eleven, gave also Ditton. truces of gold. An assay of a quartz specimen from Ditton,raontionod in the last report of Mr. J. Obalski, according to the assay of Mr. Nahant, of Quebec, showed an appreciable quantity of gold. Magog River. The quartz veins found in the slates of the Magog area south-west of I Shorbrooki- have receivetl little attention. An assay of a sample by [ Dr. Hayes, of Boston, gave no satisfactory result, but according to Mr, Michel, the character of the quartz veins examined by him was such as I to lead him to suppose they ought to bo auriferious. A quartz vein from Lambton on lot eight, range A, gave by mechanical assay of a twenty-pound sample a small quantity of visible gold. Late assays of a small piece of quartz from the Bras du Sud Ouest, near the Falls, gave [ to Mr. Hoffmann 0.117 of an ounce of gold to the ton. This result, owing to the presence ofdiorites, serpentines and granite among the I slates of this stream, is ii iportant and sufficient to warrant further exploration in this direction, while a mass of white garnetiferous rock] near this place is also reported to contain visible grains of gold. The Laurentian rocks on the Upper Ottawa, in the province of I Quebec, have not as yet yielded gold in paying quantities, in so far as the assays made in the Survey laboratory are a test of the value, with one or two possible exceptions. In the report for 1887-88 the results of I the assay of eighteen sam pies of quartz veins are given, mostly from I locations in the counties of Pontiac and Ottawa, in none of which was more than a trace of gold visible, though in some an appreciable quantity of silver was present. Several assays from the same locality! are given in the reports 1882-83 and 188G, but these show the samel almost barren character of the veins tested. In the report 1878-79, however, an assay of a small sample ofa quartz vein from the township Wakefield. ^^ Wakefield, received through Mr. Vennor from Mr. A. Cotes of Pecliej village, gave to Dr. Harrington 11.725 ounces of gold to the ton ofj 2,000 lbs., and 52.323 ounces of silver. Whitefiihlake The highest yield of gold obtained from tho other assays by Mr, I Hoffmann is from a sample said to be from t' '•ar Whitefish Lake, which| gave .058 of an ounce to the ton. Ottawa and Fontiao oonntief. [•"•] SILVER OB AH«1ENTIFER0U8 GALENA. SILVER OR ARGKNTfFHROUS GALENA. 77 k The first reference to the ocurre.wo of .ilver in Canada is found in rir.. reference a paper by General Bad.ioloy, R.E., read to the Literary and lliHtorical ^"^^•- ^""'■ I Society, Quebec, 1830, where the dcpobit ofgaluna at liay St. Paul is , alluded to. Thf proportion of wiiver in the ore i« not ntated, but the quantity of gahna waH thought to be in.sullinent for t*ucces8ful working. ItM ju-esence was also leported in the galena near the Owl's Hoa'd Mountain, on Lake Me.nphremag..g, i„ the township of Potton and L,.ke Mem- near the Vermont bounduiy. Latei-, in the iop..rt of the Geologii-ar'"""'*"'- Survey, 1847, reference is made to the presence of silver with a small quantity of gold in the ores of copper in Ascot and Upham, while in A.cotand an assay of a quartz vein from theCliaudiero tho presence of silver was ^'"''""• also alluded to. Jn the report for 1849, the galena of Bay St. Paul is described and the quantity said to be small ; but in 1854 the examina- tion of a large quartz vein at the Devil's Rapid on the Chaudi^reDeWi-, Rapid showed the presence of silver in quantity sutHcient to render the vein'*'"- of importance; the other minerals present being quartz, blende, galena, arsenical sulphuret of iron, cubic and magnetic pyrites and native gold ; the amount of silver from one assay equalling thirty-seven ounces per ton, and from a second portion ol the same vein, 256 ounces, while the presence of gold was detected in a number of assays from this place. Attention was also early directed to the presence of silver in the galena bfGasp6Bay at Indian Cove and Little GaspC', which were mined to Gubp«s Bay. some extent some thirty years ago, but the percentage of silver was small, and the extent of the veins of galena not suflBcient to render profitable returns, and after attempts had been made for several years I by ditferent parties the property was apparently abandoned. An assay lof galena from Indian Cove, where the mine was worked, gave only Indian Cove. |.146 of an ounce of silver to the ton. Among the most important deposits at present km wn in Quebec is RisboronA jthat in the townships of Eisborough and ilarbjwon the DuLoup River, ""^ Mariow. la branch of the Ch audi ere, and near the eastern boundary of the jprovince. The country rocks of the district are the ordinary black land gray slates with hard sandstones of the lower Cambrian or gold- jbearing series, which at this place are traversed by several dykes of Idiorite and intersected by a number of quartz veins, some of which jfollow the stratification of the measures, while others cut across the Ibedding. Some of these contain a large amount of galena, in much of Iwhich the percentage of silver is high. Several of these veins, more jpiirticularly on lots one, two and three, ranges fourteen, fifteen and mine.'**"'*'' jsixteen, Eisborough, and lot one, range seven, Marlow, were partly [opened up by trial shafts in 1883-84. From a visit to the place in 18 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. I I ,1 1885 It was seen that the main vein had a width of ten to twelvj abo«rhalf7"^-^"'""'-'J"''^ '"' ''''' pyrites, of which p.-oba Iv about half the vein earned ore in fair quantity. In this a shaft thir v .eet deep was sunk, the vein being uniform in width for this distanc^ A second vem twenty feet further west, with a thickness of ght ^ ten mhes earned ore on the north side, of a peculiar character and very nch in silver, but this had not been sufficiently d eve oped determine Its full value, only three or four shots having been fi'e This IS called the North vein. In the immediate vicinity yet ano 1 !' vein, similar in character to the main vein, had been opened by a sh^ for a few feet and good ore found, while nearly a mUe to the south-wj two her veins were disclosed, styled the Senator and the Arstrr the at er with a width of eighteen to twenty inches, the other 2 JZZ "" ?°'° ""I'""'" "' "'" ■""""■ "" '«>™ " ''™« of consider. aWe pro,peet,ve value; at present accessible with diiSeulty, bntwhi w, I be ea„ly reached by ,he proposed extension of the Quebl c™, railway to join the Canadian Pacific railway in llAineT? been „ade by .evoral parties to prove .rfvIe'^'The ^^Z^U^: Spauiding. What 18 probably the extensinn nf ti,„ ■ , , south-west, n the direction 0^^^" '"'"'"'*' ^'^' '"^ '^' culars a,e o handllt,^^^^^^^^^^ T'' J'"'"'^^' ^'^^"^'^ ^ P^'^'" in quart, veins oly Ling .enoed''T"H-' '\' ""'''T' '' ^^^ ^^'^"^ €IL«.] 8ILVEE OK ARGENTIFEROUS GALENA. 19 k Among Other localities where silver or argentiferous rml«n« »,«. u observed and worked to some extent is the^^ri ^ Jo ty" ''"''""^•• Sherbrooke. This vein was opened in 1888 by Mr John R „« • Capeito„,and a shaft sunk to a' short distance ^Thoitoi "/a .ons were promising, but the percentage of silver upon tLtinrw.1 found to be insufflc ent to warrant the carrying on of^era on! Z the mme was abandoned. From an assay of a sample ffoTZT'Zl ton of 2.000 lbs. was only 9.479 ounces, and of gold a trace J^rom specimens of galena obtained in the county of PnnHn. It Mr.Hoffmann, showed amountsofsilverraSlIC^^ owned by Mr. E. Y. Wright, of Ottawa. Assays fltrLVv" in the Geological Survey Report for ] 879, by Dr Harrin^on of'T depsxtzs very considerable. Prof. Marsan states that U^b • ud h ^• equal poitunis. The vein occurs in rocks of supposed Iluroniun aire From the statements of the mining captain. Sir. John WoZ To IS said to have a breadth of sixty feet, with a vein or pT tio'n x feet wide carrying richer ore than the genera! mass. Two lu ftn h. vo eon sunk, one twelve feet deep, the othe. sixty-three feet on o ll HUh a bore-hole to a further depth of sixty feet, which wan stUl in tt^ The mean of two assays by Mr. Hoffmann gave of silver 13 B8 ounon- w.th atraceof gold ; by Prof. Donald. oiMont^-eal. silver 82 ,7 ,3 " ^"•- Bap le, Ottawa, s.lver 23 ounces; by School of Mines, L lo.f 'i 0^., 1-ldwt.and 10 grs. per ton of 2,240 lbs., and lead 52 pei^ent tJo percentage of silver in the galena itself wa's 26 o. Ydwts and 21 1 ireot Ll Xr uTT''""'^ ^° ""^"^ '' *^« copper oroH offfi"K«. or mo t of I ^' ''"'""^'^, «!'^«'- «"*«'•« into th-^ con.position of all ^''"' 01 most of he copper ores of this district, in proportions varying from .very small amount up to ten to twelve ounces per ton, and ovonT places carrying a much higher percentage. The^verage. howeve Mi 80 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC, obtained from the mines at Capelton is from three to four ounces per ton, or neai'ly one ounce to each unit of copper in the ore. Of tlie percentage of gold in this ore no returns have been made, though that it is present in small quantities is clear from the assays made. The silver, however, forms a very important factor in the profitable working of these deposits, and from the several assays of pyrites from different mines large percentages have been obtained. Thus, in the ore from Suffleldand ^''° Suffleld mine, assays, by John Massey & Company, of London, Hartford mln(,Hi,:„gia„d^ gave from 8 to 235 ounces per ton. From the Hartford mine, Capelton, an assay by Dr. Harrington gave 75.03 ounces f silver to the ton, and from a sample of ore from a locality near Sherbrooke, composed of copper and iron pyrites and quartz, 19.fJ8'7 ounces of silver to the ton. From the specimen submitted by Mr. Venaor from the Wakefield. ^-ownship of Wakefield, already referred to under gold, the yield ot silver was at the rate of 52.323 ounces per ton. Sonth Ham mine. ANTIMONY. Bay st^PaSr."® Although antimony was reported as occurring at Bay St. Paul and 80 recorded in Geneial Baddeley's paper to the Lit. and Hist. Soc, Quebec, 1830, no importance ever appears to have been attached to the discovery, and presumably the quantity was found to be too insi ^ur.ntity, is near the extremity of the Gasp^ Peninsula """^ ^'''• around the upper jjortion of Gaspe Basin. In the first description of this coast by Sir William Logan \... 1341 the presence of several petroleum springs is noted, one of -vhich v-a. on the boachon the south mde of thofliver St. John, about ..: nuie and a half above Douglas- town; the other in a small branch :,* ^^r.^er Brook, itself a branch of ttio South -West arm, and about seven miles from its entrance into Gasp^ Basin. The presence also of ., peculiav dyke of trap which holds petroleum in drnsy cavities, and which is seen on the beach on the north side of PoiuL St. Peter, near Seal Cove, wag at the same time pointed out. The strata ii which these springs occur belong to the 84 k PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. History of the Qaxpi boring operations. Sore-holes. Bevonmn system, in the rocks of which, at this place, a series of anti- chnals occur, along the line of some of which, these springs are sun- posed to issue. In the Geology of Canada, 1863, reference is again made .0 these two 8pring,s, and the possibility pointed out that the source of the oil may be in the underlying rocks, as in the case of the oil regions of Western Canada. The great interest arising fi^ora the discovery of native oil in wonderful quantity in that section directed attention to the Gasp^ district which resulted in the finding of several other sprinirs similar to those already noted. ^ A company was thereupon formed to test the locality by boring and a large tract of land contiguous to Gasp^ Basin was surveyed and set apart as a oil district. A company styled the Petroleum Oil Compan^• secured land in the townships of Gait. Blanchet, La Eoque and EuiUar- geon comprising about 40,000 acres, as well as mining rights at Sandv Beach, in York, Gasp^ South and Douglastown, with a further area of about 30,000 acres, all of which belonged to W. B. Fowler & Company These put down several holes at Sandy Beach and at Silver Brook and spent a large sum of money; but as none of the borings penetrated deeper than 1200 feet, as far as can be learned, no definite results were obtained, and the company finally suspended operations From notes furnished by Mr. J. B. Simpson of the Audit office, Ottawa, the following additional particulars as to the operations of this Company may be given.-Three bore-holes were put down as fo lows ; Douglastown, 1860, 200 feet, Sandy Beach, 1862, 400 feet ; ;■ r:t }'''-''' '''' ''''■ ^* s-^-^- ^'-k. a iocke of oii w : struck at 900 feet, which overflowed the stream, took fire, and burned the derricks and the surrounding forest over several thousand aces Ihis hole was continued downward 300 feet further, when a strong flow of salt-water occurred, and the work was abandoned. The logs of these were preserved with the samples taken out, for some years but no record can now be found of them. The Company which carried on the principal boring operations was composed of the following gentlemen : Messrs. W. E. Mercer, Norfolk; D. Roblin, Belleville ; James McLeod, Essex; John Simpson, Niagara; and Malcolm Cameron Quebec. The amount spent by this Company during their three years- work was about 840,000. •' «nT„-;;ir • ^^''^ ^^^^'^ '"^"■'''* '" *^® ^'' f'^ this area has been revived and two «P.o.t.on. .„ i,, ,,,, commenced operations with the apparent I'mLT tion of proving the lower measures. In these the old company's rights as regards lands, etc., are now represented by Mr. James Foley, of Boston and boring operations have been resumed at Sandy Beach near the site of the former bore-hole. Derricks have been built and a hole put down to the depth of 800 feet, in which several small shews of Company, Keoent '•] PEAT. lace, a series of nnti- 3se springs are sup- erence is again made ut that the source of e of the oil regions of ra the discovery of irected attention to 3everal other springs !ality by boring, and as surveyed and set oleum Oil Company . Eoque and Euillar- ing rights at Sandy h a further area of l^'owler & Company. t Silver Brook, and borings penetrated efinite results were tions. f the Audit oflSce, ' the operations of were put down as 3h, 1862, 400 feet, a pocket of oil was ok fire, and burned ral thousand acres. when a strong flow led. The logs of or some years, but ny which carried of the following Eloblin, Belleville ; Malcolm Cameron, their three yeais' I revived, and two parent determina. company's lights I'. James Foley, of at Sandy Beacli, > been built and a ral small shews of 85 k oil are reported between the depths of 500 and 800 feet At this depth salt water was struck, which necessitated piping, a' little cas was also met with in the boring. It is the intention, after pipin- off the water, to continue the hole, if po.sHible, to a depth of 2 500 feot as a test hole. Throughout the depth bored only a succession of sand- stones and shales appears to hiivo been encountered. The second company engaged in boring is the "International of St Paul, Minnesota." They have HC(,uired lands in block forty-one Gait' on a branch of the first fork (Martin's Fork), of the River' York about eighteen miles from Gasp^ Basin. The indicatioiis on the property ai-o ,-eported to consist of a gum bod and several shews of oil, one of which IS stated to be an oil spi-lng from which sevei-al gallons of oil can be collected in a day. The boring on this pi-oporty is i-eported to be down 24o"feet through dark sandstone, in which depth no oil was found.* Sevoi-al other ai-oas ha, 3 been secured by diffei-ent parties in the iinmediate vicinity of those already being opei-ated on. The question of the occurrence of oil in the Gasp,< limestone sei-ies of this place cannot therefoi-o bo said to be satisfactorily settled yet, but if the original company ca.Tios out its pi-esent scheme, something definite will be ascertained concerning the p.-ospects from this area, more directly along the coast. Peat. While deposits of peat ai-o found at many points throughout the Early province of Quebec, but moi-e particularly in the great stretch of'"^"""""' comparatively level land lying to the east of the St. Lawrence, and have been referred to in the scvoi-al reports of the Geological Survey since 849 but few attempts to woi-k these on a la,-ge scale have been made. In the Geological Survey i-oport for 1855 Dr. Hunt gave much inform- ation of the highest value in reference to the economical working of these deposits, basing hie observations upon the methods in use in France, where peat fuel is very extensively used and where the indus- gives employment to a lorgo number of persons. The methods of manufacture there employed in the preparation of^^ Hunto„ compressea peat and chai-coal, and of the by-products which are 'T* j^P«rtwo, derived in the several stages of the process, such as pai-afflne ^eP-iS!" arnmoniacal salts, illuminating gas, oil, etc., are also staled, as well a^ the cost of the pi-oductlon of a very useful fuel, which appears to equal in value much of the coal or woo d there consumed and with which it • For much fl thU InforiDatloD I »m Indebted to the late Mr Joseph Eden, of GaspC- Basin. 86 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Peat maohineg of Mr. Hodge. Preparation of dnedpeat by thu procesH. Work on the AnMabasoa bnnoh of the O. X. zaJwa}'. enters into close competition. The importance of the peat bogs as a Boiirco of supply for fuel was still further insisted on in the GeoLvof Canada for 18G3, where much additional information was given 2d i,» view of the scarcity and present high prices of coal, both bituminous and anthracite, in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and the great and rapidly increasing demand for imported fuel, owing to the yearly decrease in the .upply of wood, the facility with which an excellent fue can now be manufactured from peat is such as to warrant some little attention being devoted to this branch of our mineral wealth • moi-e especially, if by improved methods of preparation, a fuel sufficiently hard and dense can be produced which mav bo used in the blast furnace for smelting purposes or can be readily converted into a firm and durable coke. The prime difficulty in the utilization of peat as a fuel for the various processes of manufacture, or for domestic purposes, is apparently the large quantity of contained moisture and the great difficulty exneri- enced ni its removal. This difficulty arises in large part fi-om the porosity or springiness of the material, and many trials and experiments have been made by which this tendency to absorb moisture could be checked when once it had been eliminated. As a result of these the plan of pulverizing the peat as it comes from the bog, drying it as rapidly as possible, and then soldifying it under great pressure, has in so far as yet tried, been found to yield the most satisfactory results' Applying in part these principles, Mr. Hodges, an English engineer" some yeaiv^. ago invented a machine, which by means of huge revolv- ing disks, attached to the front of a large scow, cut the material of the peat bog, the surface of which had been previously prepared by clearing away the roots, and at the same time pulped the peat to a very hne and uniform mass. The pulp was then distributed by mean-^ of a long spout over the side of the scow upon the prepared surface of the adjoining bog and left to dry in the sun for some days As divided into blocks of convenient size by cuts along the length of the bed generally at intervals of about six inches apart, and subsequently upon further diying by a series of cuts at right angles to these at ntervals of eighteen inches, so that in a comparatively short time if se.ies of blocks, eighteen inches by six, which, as soon as sufficiently hard for handling, were carefully taken up and stacked for further drying, the final result being a very excellent quality of fuel at a very ^.w cost The peat by this process was not compressed. A practical application of the invention was made by Mr Hodges in 1864-65 m a peat bog along the line of the Arthabaska branch of the i El-I-'-] PBAT. 87 k I Grand Trunk railway. Tho machine, which has, however, subso- queutly been very gi-eatly improved, required for its management six men, and was capable of digging, pulping and spreading over ]4,0li0 ! cubic feet per day of ten hours. This was estimated to yield fifty tons I of air-dried peat fuel, costing in the barges on the canal ninety-two cents per ton, and containing about twenty-five per cent, of water, [ which was lessened by further drying. Experiments with this fuel j were made for some time in the locomotives of the Grand Trunk j^, ! railway, both on the Arthabaska brunch and on tho main line to •^■'T-'wifway.: Montreal, with such satisfactory results, that a contract was made by ! tho Company for a daily supply of 300 tons after the first year, and extending over a period of five years. Tho produce of such a bog per square mile, cutting the peat to a depth of five feet, was very nearly half a million tons. The cause of the failure of the enterprise has not been made public, but that tho quality of the fuel was satisfactory may be inferred from subsequent operations in the samcdirection. Fj-om the description of this industry given in the " Catalogue of Economic Minerals," prepared by the Geological Survey for the Paris Exhibition of 1878, we learn that tho Canada Peat Fuel Company subsefjuently engaged in the manufacture of the fuel prior to 1877, near St. Hubert, in Chambly county, ten miles from Montreal, and at Sto. Brigide ten miles east of St. Johns on the Richelieu; the machines employed being s'HubertMd' those of Mr. Hodge, two of which were at woi-k at St. Hubert and^''^"''''**- one at Ste. Brigide. These in 1874 produced 20,000 tons of prepared peat, and in 1875 13,000 tons, of which the greater part was sold to the Grand Trunk for their locomotives. Upon the suspension of operations by this Company, Mr. Aikraan, who for nine years had been their manager, undertook the business of peat-making on his own account near the same locality, but he substituted for the Hodge machine an improvement of his own invention, less costly, more simple, and giving better results. By the Aikman process the peat, after being pulped and freed from roots and other impurities, was artificially compressed and then dried in the air, the drying requiring only about six days. These machines wore made in Montreal and cost about fifteen hundred dollars each, and had a capacity of twelve tons of compressed peat per day, the price of which in Montreal ranged from three to four dollars. The time of working extended from the first of May to the first of October. The operations of Mi-. Aikman were, however, largely experimental, and no great output was obtained. In 1875 about 400 tons were taken from the bogs near Port Huntingdon Lewis, in Huntingdon county, by the Huntingdon Peat Company """"*''• using a system know as the Griffin process. Antiooati. ■m AnaiysiB, Value nf peat as fuel. 88 iv PROVINCB OP QUEBEC. C.V'^^^fn ^^'''^''"t'^^ «t ^hich peat boge occur i. given in .l,e Geology of Candida, 1863, both for the north and Houth side of the St Lawrence. In the island of Anticosti also veiy extensive bogs of apparently excellent peat occur, one of which is .said to be twcuv- lour miles in length by two in breadth. The following table, taken from the Catalogue of Economic Minerals above cited may be added as showing the analysis of four samples of peat prepared bj the Aikman and Hodge process. Nos. I and H a by the former, III and IV by the latter :— Water ^ " "^ I^' n u'\'-'J,""\ ^4-^3 16.52 17.06 14.98 Combustible and volatile matter.. . 50.15 53.29 50.73 69 60 S ?: .°.";;.v;;:: 'it ''^^? ''■'' '''^^ 6-84 7.71 6 .27 8.24 100. OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 There appears, with proper treatment, to be no difficulty in manu- factunng an excellent quality of charcoal from peat, either from the oh^JZt 7 o-mpressed. From the figures quoted by Dr. Hunt as th^n r*" '" "'■" '^^^""f^^t^rerB, air-dried peat yields from thuty to forty i'o. ,ent. of its bulk and twenty-five to thirty of its Zted" 'tk'"" "'■ '^'^V'"^ '^' compressed peat higher results were ah^th ^-'" '° ^"''^ "^P^"* ^^«'-^«^l '^"d ''^od charcoal was about the same experiments were made with peat in Montreal some years ago in puddling iron, with very satisfactory results ; and from th EeTit Ih"' from various places in Europe 'as well as i ^ml H I u '^P'"' *^"' '" ^ ^'^"'^^'•y ^'^' Q»«bec. where coal commands a high price, these peat deposits should be found very well adapted, not only for the manufacture of iron, but for manyVhe purposes for which coal is at present used. IS ^iven in ilie €Lii.] MINERALS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES. 89 K ».00 100.00 CLASS III. MINERALS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES. Of the minerals which naturally come under this head several .0 already been described in precedii ; pages, more pai'ticujarly un, ..^' •vr..^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1.1 1^ |2^ 13-0 ^^^ |Z5 Iff iSii 12.2 L25 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 150mm <$> >? *; / / W /APPLIED J IIVMGE . Inc .ss 1653 East Main ^. eet ^^as -^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA ■J^ar^ Phone: 716/482-0300 ■JSSr — |- Fax: 716/2BB-5989 1993, Appliad Image, Inc., All Rights Reseived '^ 90 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. hS datrlZ ^ ?h' "" ''»""""' "• -P-P'^-Ph^^te; but even at tha date, although the presence of the mineral was known in the Laurentmn rocks of the Gatineau, the importance of the deposits h^' been f fi .^f T'""'= *'' ^'''''''''' examinations and woJk having been confined to the townships of Burgess, Elmsley and Eoss in the provnee of Ontario, and it was not till ten years l^ter. or in 1873-74 pa ofrr'r^.f ''"^ ""^^ •" Q^^^*^'' -- taken up J'th; pait ot the Geological Survey. f"Sfv1n*fo'n Butel^l!"' '??;■' 1"^ ^''- ^^- ^- ^«""^-"' the apatite openings in "• ff^^e mrelT"^ l^ '""""'' ''"' ^'^^ P.-obabilities of the occurrtnce of the mineral in other portions of the Laurentian rocks considered in ^o far as the information available at that date permitted. The rock" to nr« ' \ "'^ "P"''^ '"'' '^"^^" *« ••'^«"'- ^«'-« held to belong mos i>„rf '■'"" " ^'r '*'^"'"'«' ^"'^ ^'^-^ consisted for tht wit mt„ 1."T' T^^'"'""' "'"''''""^' ^""'''-'^ «"^ pyroxenite with mica schist and occasional masses of red syenite, which were regarded as of Laurentian age *" Ihenatu eof the mineral, the green granular pyroxenite rock beinL^ frequent y regarded as phosphate and mined for the purpose of ship' ment. The interest now taken in this mineral had then scarce! 'begun to man.fest itself, and but little further information can be obtaTe^ from the report quoted, except that veins or masses of apatite a^e found at several points along the Lievre River, in the towTshipB of the Little Rapids in what was known as the Garrett mine gr-efry-""-' . , " '^? 7f' -J.^^'- the succeeding year, while Mr. Vennor goes quite fully into the history of the apatite industry in Ontario no 0,?^? the lesults of his examination of the apatite and plumbago deposits of Ottawa countj- appeared, and furnished the first authentic acfoant of the progress of phosphate mining in Quebec. Mr. Venno in Z ,6 that near the summit. This constitutes the lowest division '^' ous deposits of apatite associated with mica. cm.] APATITE OR PHOSPHATE OF LIME. 91 K 4th. Rust-colored garni tiferous gneiss, rust-colored quartz and ortho- clasc rocks, crystalline limestone with serpentine and pyrallolito, con- taining irregular deposits of apatite and mica. Mr, Vennor expressed tiie opinion that the rocks which contained the apatite in quantity constituted a distinct horizon, and belonged to a higher portion of the series than those in which the iron ores of Hull, Souch Sherbrooke and Bristol are situated, as well as those which contain the plumbago of the same district. In Buckingham and Tem- pieton the apatite was stated to be '' confined to a bolt of rocks aver- h. q, vennor, aging about one mile and three-quarters in width, which runs in a''""'*'*' general northeasterly direction from Perkin's mill on the Blanche Eiver, near the centre of Templeton, through the extreme north- western corner of Buckingham, and thence across the Aux-Licvies River, through the south-eastern corner of Portland, into about the central portion of Derry township. This belt is very productive, and yields a finer quality of apatite than I have met with in any other section of the country. On it are situated all the apatite mines of any importance which have so far been opened, and it will bo on the repetition of it, on the opposite sideo of anticlinal and synclinal folds of the strata, that other similar deposits will probably be discovered." These weie the views held by Mr. Vennor in 1876. The deposits of ai^atito in the townships of Hull and Wakefield, which were at that date discovered, were held by him to occur in a repetition of the same belt of rocks as those just described. A very important paper, bearing upon the mode of occurrence of apatite in the Ottawa district, is found in the Geol. Rep., 1877-T8, by Dr. B. J. Harrington. Dr.Hnrrington, In this the resemblance between the apatite-bearing rocks of Norway ^*"^'™' and those of Canada is pointed out, as well as the points ofdifference.^'ins'nnd''"'*' According to Dr. Hunt (see Geol. Canada, 1863), the workable deposits Nodded depoeiu weie, with few exceptions, at least in the Burgess district, confined to the veinstones, although the mineral did occur at times in beds. From the evidence observed by Dr. Harrington, the conclusion was reached that many of the apatite deposits were not beds, since they cut across the strike of the containing rocks, while in other places deposits that presented the aspect of interstratified beds in places were seen to give off lateral branches, which also cut across the strike of the rocks. » The rock containing the apatite veins is very frequently pyroxenite, though they occur also in gneiss. They are said by Harrington to be frequently characterized by a want of regularity in the arrangement of their constituents rather than by any degree of symmetry. Some- times a true fissure vein occurs, and in some cases a regular alternate deposition of minerals from side to side. Sharply defined walls are rarely seen, the sides of the vein frequently merging into the contain- 92 K PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Segregation origin of the veins. Sir William Dawson. Possible organic origin of apatite. Extent of deposits down- ward). ing wall. As to the mode of their formation, Dr. Harrington's conclu- sions wore the same as those of Dr. Hunt, vi.., that thev were tl,e resut of the filling i„ of fissures or eavities by the deposition o niatenal derived fi-om the adjacent strata. While in this case the pmenceof the apatite is held to be due to the segregation of this and other minerals which accompany it from the surrounding rocks into enticular or n-regular shaped masses, without the existence of any ^•ue cavity or crevice, Dr. Harrington also holds that the views of the I^orwogian geologists, as to the eruptive origin of apatite in that country, cannot apply to the Canadian deposits, since the composition and character of the mineral is found to vary as it passes fL one th^tlrf ■'"*"?*'''" '^''' """'"^ limestone, or in proximity to that lock, being calcareous in a much greater degree, while, in tl ,se cutting pyroxen.to, grains of apatite are found imbedded in the mas. of the containing rock, and tend to show that the apatite was derived trom these strata, probably by segregation. Sir William Dawson, in a paper, read before the Nat. Hist Soc Montreal, 878. " On the Phosphates of the Laurentian and clmbi^n' of Canada discusses the probability of the animal origin of thTLlu ronian apatite and holds that there are cei.ain consid^erations whi" pc»nt in this direction, although there is no direct testimony on h rnd'of Eo ''r^ ''r° "" *'^ P''^^^"^« ''''''' ^'— ' the gra^h he and of Eozoon Canadense, which he, with others, holds to remlsent h« £v"ofr"'-™r''''''^- «"•^^'"-^-■th-^-ystrart:po bihty of the animal origin of this phosphate is strengthenod by th presence of phosphatic matter in the crusts and skeletoi ossUs of primordial age, "giving a presumption that in the sti.; .riau rcntxan a similar preference for phosphatic. matter may hav, existed and perhaps may have extended to still lower forms of life " In ht connection, Dr. Harrington remarks that, "if the apatite of the ancient strata, represents material, accumulated by organ c a«oncr matoi ml of the former constituted an ocean bottom, particularlv suitable for the life of the creatures which secreted the'pt'S The formerly received opinion, that the deposits of apatite v/ere comparatively shallow or extended downward to a very limUed depth ha., by the work of late years, been completely disprove slftf to itC :l 'T ''' 'T ^*'" ^^"^'""« ^" good phosp'hate, and the ve matter, though irregular, is continuous. The occurrence ;f the apati IS somewhat peculiar in this respect, resembling strongly the ore of manganeseand of iron, as found in the Carbon .^vous and Devonian ocks of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In places pockets of large^i. IIU.] APATITI! OR PHOSPHATE OP LIME. 93 k are found, whioh extend in-ogulavly for some distance, and gradually, Rcembiance to or sometimes abruptly, diminish to mere thioads, with a subsequent !,ro8oln"/w°*'^ eniargoraent ; and it is this great element of uncertainty as regards the "'''"''"'''''• permanence of the veins or beds which has acted ho unfavorably in miiny cases, as regards the successful development of apatite locations. Tiiis irregularity in structure and mode of occurience may bo due to the great crumpling or pressure to which the.se locks have been sub- jected, and which may, in some cases, have occuried subsequent to the formation of the vein itself Some of the veins appear as if they had been disrujjted by the ertect of pressure, the mineral occurring in veiy irregularly shaped and disconnected masses. The apatite of Norway, where considerable quantities are found, The apatite of presents some points of resemblance to that of the Ottawa district, ^"""y- The veins occur in granitic or gneissic rocks, and are frequently sur- rounded or enclosed by layers of black mica or hornblende. These veins ■•re very irregular in their character, frequently thinning out, or at otiior times thickening into large pocket masses. They are some- times suddenly broken and interrupted by masses of rock, after the nat-.-re of faults apparently, on the other side of which,by careful search, the vein can be again located, and is frequently of largo size. The veins are often from one to two feet thick at the surface, but, in follow- ing them downward to a depth of fifty feet or so, they are often found to increase to five or six feet, below which thoy descend to an unknown depth. The quality of the Norway phosphate is generally high, averaging 83 *o 95 per cent, of tribasic phosphate of lin- (, and, though not quite uniform, its richness does not vary greatly, and it is said never to yield loss than 85 pv,;- cent. The apatite of Norway varies in color, being rose-red, yellowish, green and sometimes whitish. A vein near Dram- men is said to have attained a thickness of thirty feet at a depth of one hundred feet from the surface. The geologists, Messrs. Bra>gger and Reusch, in a paper on the Messrs. occurrence of apatite in Norway, presented to the Geological Society rS?""'* of Germany, hold to the eruptive origin of these apatite veins, in Vr„.,r Which conclusion they difter from the opinion expressed by Hunt, '*''"""''«• Harrington and others, of the Canadian Geological Survey, * as applied to the Canadian mineral. The association of other minerals with the apatite is, however, very much the same in both countries, although ♦ My own examinations of the Canadian apatite daposita (veins, eto.) have led me to a conclusion respecting their origin oorrcsponaing with that of the Norwegian geologists. I hold thut there is absolutely no evidence whatever of the organic origin of the apatite, or that the deiiosits have resulted from ordinary mechanical sedimentation processes. They are clearly ooniieoted, for the most part, with the basio eruptions of Arohajan date.— A. R. C, Sklwyn 94 k PROvrNoa OF quebko. limestone is said to occur very rnroly in thodlHtricts of Norway whero Re..mb>ancepf the apatite deposits are principnily found. The eabbro TH^ich H S-eins are said to occur in No..«,«v i- ..„ :^:,J.,'.'°.^^'''^ ^''1 Canadian rocks . ' . ' ' v.j/iiiijr luuim. me cabbro. in whir>h (Iw.l tothe . veins are said to occur in Norway is vnrv slmiianf .u / k-T . Norwegian. r« .. . V' '" ^"'y similar to that which n ihA Canadian renorts s doscrih«rf ... M.....i.-.t n. .. . .""'"-" "» i'"^ Present'souroes of supply g™o„to .lack ho,.„bl.„.lo,wi,h l»l,«d„,,,c „,. o ™Z "j/soti t,me. a imlo „i.„. Ae<,„„|i ,„ ,„. ,i„„i„«t!„, „hlo veins ij Mr. Hoffmann's LSsays +!,„ r • ■ , ^, ° "• ""'I' ".y 'wr pnospnato ot mo one of the greatest ,s in the Southern States of America more partic^IaHyi South and North Carolina, though similar deposits arefound in Fbdd Georgm and several other places. This mineral is of a different ch.' acter and or.g.n presumably ,o the Canadian and Norw g 'aU ' being without doubt entirely organic in its nature, if oc ^ in nodules of phosphate of li,„o. oHen of yery large si^e diliiut through marly clays, through which the st/eams V that sect on exca..ted and which belong geologically to the Tertiary LcTel; period. Those are particularly well soon in the vicinitv of Ohnl ? South Carolina, where they a.-o o.xtonsivolv n LI 1 f. ^ of Charleston, to England and to other p'ointa 1.;'!;:^^ States it av^ '"" eentage of tribasic phosphate from the minlrsh ^ed riTs/: 60 per cent., among other ingredients present be Lg sulpZc an fluoric acid, ammonia and sosquioxido of iron ^"'P'li'iic and The percentage of tribasic phosphate of lime in the Canadian min al 18 tolerably un form ..« ul,«.„., i ... , ■•-'"imumn mm- Report by Mr. Torranoe. Ihe latest report on the apatite donosits nf nifo,„ the co„r,„ of tho ^LTZ lU™ !„ f „TT™t'^ '°"°""' direction, and ai-e more „,. ij ^^X in orofnlT ""'■"'■""■■"'■»«"' regard ,„ the bedded elu.,.e.rof IZ of the h"'''" Tf ''" ■" "Daring the past .oaaon I oftj noU^ !„ ... ^'^- *" "^''^ apatite, tb.t might e.,i„ be ."...nTt lt:TaS„rfe^ t there we,, any ca„ng ™i, „„ eith... side of it u, sepa^aS u LTi. I Cll>.] APATITE OB PHOSPHATE OF LIME. 95 k country rock, and patches of flat-lying apatite, that might easily be '■ called bedded, if they were of any groat extent or approximately uniform thickness, and if the country rock showed any planes of I>ed- ding parallel to the longest axes of such patches; .or else it might easily be assumed that the country rock had been more or less tilted and overturned since the deposit of the apatite, and that the vertical patches wore interbedded and the more horizontal ones were veins if their relations to the country rock were such as veins and beds reapectiveiy are wont to maintain, but unfortunately 1 failed to per- ceive these conditions." Mr. Torrance did not find the presence of the band of rusty-colored gneiss to be a guide to the richest deposits of phosphate, as supposed by Mr. Vennor, but found that these rocks wore commonly associated with the graphite. From the description of the many pits and workings, as given in the report of Mr. Torrance, it would appear that, in " by far the greatest number of cases, the con- taining rock of apatite is pyroxenite, and that the veins are very irreg- ular, consisting of large bunches or pockets of ore, yielding hundreds of tons, which suddenly pinch out, but soon reappear when followed on their course. The great depth to which seveial of these mines have been proved already shows that the mining of the apatite, when carried on in a si ientific and systematic manner, can lo profitnblv conducted. The loose and unscientific methods foimerly pursued while giving rapid returns for the time, since these were for the most part entirely confined to surface shews which rapidly became ex- hausted, will of necessity require to be changed, and the entire industry placed on a proper basis for future succes^'ful work, and the exploitation of the veins will have to be carried on in a proper manner. In this connection it will doubtless be found an advantage to have several pits in operation at the same time, so that in case of encountering dead ground, owing to the pinching out of the vein in any one, a supply of ore will still be at command in some one or more of the other workings and prove sufficient to carry the mining in the poor ground into pro- ductive work again." The increase in the production from the Quebec mines since- 1 877, Progresg of th« when an output of only 2,823 tons was returned, has been for the '"'^'""^" most part constant, reaching in 1886 no less than 28,535 tons. * The estimated figures of the output for 1889, according to the Ottawa Mining Review, are 33,000 tons, including that from the Ontario mines, but a new feature has of late been introduced into the industry, viz., the increased demand in the United States market; the export to that quarter for last year having aggregated over 4,000 tons, • See report, E. Coite, Geological Survey, 1887. 96 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Ontpnt Crude phoapbate. Farther information on most 01 It of a quality not suffidontly rich for the English trade. The introduction alno of sulphuric acid workH In Capelton and the manu- tacturo of .superphosphate, which is now being commenced in connec- tion thorewuh, will also tend to provide a market for the lower grades which in the past have been regarded simply as waste rock. The question of the utilization of the crude phosphate as a fer- tilizer IS also receiving much attention. While it is recognized that the apatite itself is unacted upon in its raw state by the atmosphere, It hnely pulverized it can be taken up by the little rootlets of the plant when brought into contict with these by admixture with the 801I, though not so readily as in the shape of superphosphate. The report of the experiments conducted on the Central Experimental tarm, on this subject, will be awaited with interest. u.. ^" "ddition to the reports of the Geological Survey, already referred Xlp& °' t«'.««^«'«' others of great importance, bearing on the question of the Can- adian apatites, have quite recently appeared. As most of these are nf iater date than the latest views on the subject by the officers of Cana- dian Survey, a brief resumi of the principal ones is hei-e summarized mo.e especially as they all have a practical bearing on the discussion ot the mode of occurrence of apatite, together with its economic and commercial value, in order that the subject may be treated as fully and completely as possible. In a p:iper on the apatite deposits of Ontario and Quebec, by Mr G C Lrown,rc..d at the Montreal meeting of the Bri sh Association, 1>>84, it IS stated that apatite occurs in different ways-tirst, as a con- stituent of the rock, much in the same sense that quartz is a constituent of granite, with the proviso that apatite-bearing rocks are in much smaller masses than granite. In such rocks apatite may vary from hve or ten to fifteen per cent., in grains and particles from the size of peas to hazel nuts, enclosed in pyroxenite. Mica is not always present in those cases the pyroxenite rock is said to sometimes occupy an area of several acres having the general strike of the country rock; the length of the areas being from four to five times the breadth. Mr. Brown holds that there are seldom clear walls of separation between the apatite and the enclosing rock, such as occur with crystals, and, in aetaching a piece, some of the apatite may be left with the pyroxenite or some of the latter come away with the apatite. A further development of this type shows fewer but larger masses of apatite, sometimes of more than 1,000 tons in weight, having the same indistinct walls of separation and containing masses of pyroxenite, Massive iron pyrites occur in the larger deposits, but not in the dis- seminated grains. Where the wall is other than pyroxenite the apatite separates cleanly from it. The presence of the massive apatite was Views of Mr. G. C. Brown, 1884. ••] APATITE OR PHOSPHATE OP LIME. 91 K held to indicate the presence of pyroxenite, but the latter frequently occurs without the former. In quantity the apatite deposits vary from a tew hundreds of pounds up to several thousands of tons. I Deposits of apatite, on the surface soil being removed, have some- times been found to have a length of ten times the breadth. Thus, one of four feet wide might be forty feet long ; in which case, the deposit thins out at either end, and continu-s sometimes as a mere thread. The strike of these masses is generally that of the country rock, and I the appearance, according to Mr. Brown, is as if the mass had been I squeezed up and enfolded in abed-like form. In a paper by Mr. F. D. Adams, at the same meeting, the presence Mr F D of rocks near Arnprior, on the Ottawa, is pointed out, which resemble'^'''""'- very closely the Norwegian rock called " apatit bringer," in or near which the apatite of Norway is found. Slices of these rocks, under the microscope, showed the presence of scapolite, sometimes in large I amount. Dr. T. S. Hunt, in his paper in the "Transactions of the American Dr. T.»s. Hunt. Institute of Mining Engineers," 1884, on "The Apatite Deposits of*^*' ' Canada," makes a distinction between the character of the bedded and vein deposits. He says : " The gneissic rocks, with their interstratified qnartzose and pyroxenic layers and an included band of crystalline limestone, have a general north-east and south-west strike, and are much folded, exhibiting pretty symmetrical anticlinals and synclinals, in which the strata are seen to dip at various angles, sometimes as low as 25° to 30°, but more often approaching the vertical. The bedded de- posits of apatite which are found running and dipping with these, lam disposed to look upon as true beds, deposited at the same time with the enclosing rocks. The veins, on the contrary, cut across all these strata, and, 111 some noticeable instances, include broken angular masses of the enclosing rock. They are, for the most part, nearly at right angles to the strike of the strata, and generally vertical, though to both these conditions there are exceptions. One vein, which had yielded many hundred tons of apatite I found to intersect, in a nearly horizontal attitude, vertical strata of gneiss, and in rare cases, which appear from their structure and composition to be veins, are found coinciding in dip and in strike with the inclosing strata," " The distinction between the beds and the veins of apatite is one of considerable practical importance-first, as related to the quality of the mineral contained, and second, as to the continuity of the deposit. The apatite of the interbedded deposits is generally compactly crys- tallme, and free from admixtures, though, in some cases, includin- pyntes, and more rarely magnetite iron-ore, with which it may form I fine interstratified layers The veins present more 98 k PHOVINCE OP QUEBEC. ,^' complex conditions. While they are often filled throughout their wicltJ by apatite as pure and massive as that found in the beds, it happenj not unfrequently that portions of such veins consist of coarsely crvsJ talhne, sparry calcite, generally reddish in tint, holding more or ij apatite in large or small crystals, generally with rounded angles ani often accompanied by crystals of mica, and sometimes of pyroxen and other mmorals. Occasionally these mixtures, in which the carl Donate of lime generally predominates, will occupy the whole breadthl '?® ^®|" These calcareous veins often carry J much carbonate of lime as to be worthless for commercial purposes, miless some cheap means of separating the apatite can be devised! While the thickness of the deposit in both veins and beds is ven irregular. Dr. Hunt expresses the opinion that those in the beddei torm are the most continuous and persistent throughout, and as J whole, more likely to give more profitable returns, other things 'belnj Dr. H«nu885. In a subsequent paper read by Dr. Hunt at the Halifax meetiuK ofi the same institute, in 1885, he states that " the crystalline apatite of the DuLievres district belongs to lodes of great size, which traverse thJ ancient gneiss of the region. These lodes include a granitoid fell spathic rock and a pyroxene rock with large masses of quartz, of carbonate of lime, of pyrites and of apatite. All of these show a banded structure not unlike that of gneiss, to which they are evidently posterior, and of which they often contain fragments." I Improved machinery for mining and systematic methods of work have greatly increased the output from these mines, so that Dr HantI says some of these have put out from 600 to 1,000 tons per month I yielding on an average 80 per cent, of phosphate of lime, and worth in Montreal «18 per ton. This is for the summer of 1885. He aI.J says: 'The growing demand for high fertilizers on this continent, and the fact that the apatite of Canada may be shipped to the valleyJ ,11 ?« "^ rl ^^T'''^^' ™"*^h more cheaply than the phosphatJ lock of South Cai-ohna, give a great importance to these Canadian mines. ' Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, in a paper presented to the Manchester! Geological Society, 1884, on " Some Deposits of Apatite near Ottawa, Canada, after an examination of the Little Eapids and the Emerald mines, as well as of several others, held that these deposits occur in veins, formed either in the massive state or as large independent crystak, shooting from the side of the fissure, or sometimes perfect at both ends, and completely surrounded by calcite, but that these veins have no uniform direction. They occur in bright crystalline, massive schists, composed of pyroxene (augite) more or less altered, mica, orthoclase, ProfeMorW. Dawking.lSSi liui ] APATITE OR PHOSPHATE OF LIMl. 99 k Itridinic felspar and apatite, which, if not bedded, would pa»8 for an leruptive rock ; but from this fact, and in addition that it is associated I with crystalline limestone and quartzito, he is of the opinion that the Icontaining rock of the apatite at these places is an altered rock of the iLuurentlan series, and to be classed with the hornblende gneiss of that I system The reasons for the vein structure of the apatite are summed up I under five heads, which may be summarized thus :— Ist. The veins are in some cases sharply defined, and deposited in a series of fissures, striking across the rock in various directions. The I vein stuff sometimes shades off into the pyroxenite, as might be expected on the hypothesis that these deposits took place under conditions of enormous heat and pressure in the presence of water. 2nd. The character of the vein stuff is such as is usually found in I fissure veins, sometimes presenting a banded structure formed by layei-s I of apatite and pyroxene. 3i-d. That both rocks and veins most probably received their charge from some common deep-seated source by hydrothermal action, while both were sunk deep beneath the surface, and the heat and pressure were sufficient to allow of apatite and the other minerals in the veins being deposited by water. 4th. The surfaces of some of the crystals present traces of hydro- thermal action in their rounded angles and honeycombed surface. 5th. That the vein was in a state of movement while in a pasty state, shown in the crumpling and distortion of crystals of mica there I found. From the opinion expressed by Prof. Dawkins, dissent was taken by vig^g„,j,. Ml. Gr. A. Kinahan, who, after an examination of the Emerald and other *^- A. Kin^lSn. mines, came to the conclusion that the structure did not resemble that I of a true fissure vein or lode. Ho says: "There ", .a absence of con- tinuity in any particular direction, and in cross sections there is no correspondence between deposits on opposite sides. Calcite occurs on the foot and apatite on the hanging wall." The views held by Mr. Kinahan us to the origin of the deposit were that " it had resulted from the action of a solution, bearing fluorine and phosphorus (in what combination it was impossible to say) upon a bed of limestone." He held that this solution had traversed the main mass and been distributed by means of side fissures, the result of which upon the limestone of the bed was to convert a portion into fluoi-- apatite. Mr. Gr. Henry Kinahan, in a paper before the same society, on i' The Mr. o. H. Possible Genesis of Canadian Apatite," also expressed the view that " it'^'""''"' 15 possible the present Canadian apatites were originally limestone or 100 k PROVINCE OF QDKBIC. Dr. R. Bell, line. allied rocks, the change to apatite being due to paramorpl.osis which at prcHent cannot bo sauHfactoi-ily cxplainetl." No attempt to explain the source of the phosphoric acid was, however, made. Mr. Kinah.in m his paper compares the Cani.dian apatite-bearing rockn with certain rocks of Ireland, and says, in relation to the change of the limestone tr. apatite, that " if in the Irish asHcmbly of subraotamorphic rocks there are found phosphoritic eruptive rocks and limestone associated, while in the Canadian motaraorphic rocks, apatite and nonphosphoritic erun- tive rocks are similarly i-olated, it may be supposed that the additional action to which the latter were subjected was such as to allow the phosphoric acid to replace the carbonic acid." In a paper to the Engineering and Mining Journal, 1885, " On the Mode of Occurrence of Apatite in Canada," Dr. E. Bell states that the apatite is derived principally from the pyroxenite, and that there is nn evidence whatever of the organic nature of the mineral. The pyrox- enite is hold to bo probably derived from igneous sources, either as submarine injections, while tho Laurentian rocks were being formed, or as subsequent intrusions, even though at present they exhibit much of the aspect of bedded rocks. While not as a rule regarded as occur- ring in true fissure veins, certain large deposits, as at the Little Eapids appear to have that structure. Dr. Bell holds, in this paper, that the lines of deposit mark approximately the original jointing of the rock which occurred in three sets, two of which were nearly vertical inter- secting each other, and the third was nearly horizontal; the apatite being deposited in these joint planes by the usual processes of segrega tion. The apatite is held to be accumulated in the largest masses along the intei-section of tho planes of the joints, more especially where' all three come together at one point. He further remarks that "the apatite sometimes follows only one set of natural joints, when it appears on the surface as parallel veins ; at others it is mostly confined to the horizontal ones, when it forms a succession of 'flaws,' and again it may follow both of the vertical sets or even all three, in which cases it appears in a reticulated form which is of very common occurrence." Dr. Bell also says that on this view " we should naturally expect to find the mineral most freely exposed when upwaixl movement? of the apatite-bearing rocks had occurred, and that the deposits of the mineral between the blocks of the country-rock would be widest above, and further, that in going downward they would become pinched toward the next horizontal joint below, where they would open out again ; also that the successive bunches of the mineral would become smaller and smaller in descending. These conditions appear to corres- pond with the experience of mining so far," ..] APATITK OB PHOSPHATE OP LIME. 101 K Mr. F. J. Falding, M.E., in a paper to tho Engineering and Mining Mr. p. j. Jo-"-nai, vol. xiii, 1885, on "Notes on Canadian Fluor-Apatito or *'"''""*• **"• Fiuor-Pho8pljato of Lime," in which much valuable information is con- tained, states his belief in tho organic nature of the mineral ; arguing from tho standpoint of tho organic origin of all other phosphates yet known, except possibly those of Norway and other similarly situated dojjosits, and from tho fact that many of the remains of fossils from the primoi-dial rocks are largely phosphatic in their character, and also that the presence of tho Eozoon limestones, tho magnetic iron ores and the graphite also indicate the presence in those rocks of living organisms. As to the mode of occurrence of apatite ho claims that: — " 1st. The apatite, pyroxenite and calcito were deposited in bed form. 2nd. That the phosphate of lime separated and concentrated, tilling up fissures and breaks, the result of violent motion of the strata. 3rd. That although much contorted and disturbed, the formation of the principal deposits where the mineral may be said to be in place is still bedded." Mr. Falding says : " If we consider these deposits to form part of an immense bed two hundred miles long and cropping up over a tract at least twenty-four miles in width, this bed consisting of banded gneisses, limestones, pyroxenites and apatites, crushed, contorted, broken up into synclinals, crystalline in all its constituents, it is easy to under- stand its practical occurrence, its varying thickness, its sudden cutting off, and yet its general persistency when followed. . . If the deposits are the remains of original beds they are likely to be subject to the same laws that govern such deposits elsewhere ; in short subject to demineralization and to faulting. The extreme action to which they have been subject will naturally make the occurrence of mineral more varied and even precarious than in beds of similar but less altered formations. Experience has shown that, while subject to all these vicissitudes, well defined surface croppings continue to produce an average quantity of mineral." According to Mr. Falding the supply is limited only by the demand. ' In a paper by Dr. G. M. Dawson, read before the Ottawa Field gf • »• M,. Naturalists' Club, 1884, on " Tho Occurrence of Phosphates in Nature," *'"'"'' the view is expressed that the stratified rocks of the Laurentian series, in which the apatite largely occurs, are of sedimentary origin, which Anatlte both m have become changed from the original mud and sands into the b^ddeddeporitt crystalline rocks as we now find them, in which category is also included the contemporaneous volcanic materials. Dr. Dawson asserts his belief in the two modes of occurrence, viz., that the mineral occurs both in beds and as distinct veins p.nd fissures, the former of which have apparently derived their apatite from the original presence of phosphatic 102 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEO. j^PWroee, nodules or coprolitic matter which has become changed by the processes of metamorphism into true phosphate of lime or apatite, while the veins have been filled by "processes of segregation in which the miiieral is found, either neaily pure or more frequently mingled with crystals of other substances." Among the most recent publications on the subject of Phosphate may bo mentioned a very valuable and comprehensive paper by Dr Penrose, published by the U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin Jfo. 4n, 1888, in which the author not only discusses the question of the mode of occurrence of Laurentian or Canadian apatite, bui presents a very comprehensive outline of the phosphate industry in general For convenience of reference the classification of the phosphates as expressed by Dr. Penrose may be given. They are divided into two general classes thus : — f Fluor-apatites. Mineral phosphates, j ^P^tites. j Chlorapatites. ( Eock phosphates. . , , , . (Loose nodules Amorphous nodular phosphates.^ cemented or J-Du u ^- 1- . (. ooriglomerjites. (Phosphatic limestone beds. /Guanos, j Soluble guanos. I { Leached guanos. 'Bone beds. This classification is stated to be intended simply as a matter of convenience in describing the various deposits, and as a consenuence is m some respects, somewhat arbitrary. • ^ ' In this paper, which presents very clearly the greater part of the observations made by the officers of the Canadian Geological Survev and includes many others, as well as the result of direct examination of the deposits by the writer, Dr. Penrose has included a number of very mte:-esting sections of apatite deposits which show very clearlv the diflferent forms in which this mineral occurs, and illustrates the very great irregularity of its deposition. No new features as to its occur- Oeeur, both in f" *°''' ''^^V' ^^.'^^ ^^"'^ ^'''^^^y Stated, are presented. The pyroxenite Td«.«db.d..>8 8aidto be "never found distinctly bedded, though occasionally a series of parallel lines can be traced through it, which, while possibly the remains of stratification, are probably often joint planes. Some- times when the pyroxenite is weathered, apparent signs of bedding are brought out, which are often parallel to the bedding of the country rock The presence of numerous trap dykes which occur in the Quebec district is pointed out, and their later age as compared with int.] APATIT£ QR PHOSPHATE OF LIHE. 103 k the apatite is t^hown by the fact that these it. places traverse the apatite i veins. An instance of the bedded charactei- of some of the deposits is mentioned as occuiTing in an old pit in Buckingham township, where the apparent lines of stratification in the pyroxene are marked by bands of apaiito. The rlistinctly banded character of some of the veins is also pointed out. Good rteotions are presented of the Emerald and the North Star mines, in which the vein structure of the former is well ehewn, and the often pockety character of the mineral at the latter. According to Dr. Ponroso the deposits of apatite proper as at present Deposits of known, are confined to throe countries, viz., Canada, Norway and S" "wlfy and Spain. Of these the two former furnish a mineral veiy similar in^P*'"* character and mode of occurrence, though the views held by the geologists of the two countries as to its urigin and mode of occuri-ence differ very considerably. Fiom the series of assays presented by ]yir. Hoifmann in the Geological Survey Report 1877-78, it -^uld appear th'vt the apatite of Norway and Spain contains a sligh^i^ higher per. centago of tribasic phosphate of lime than the Canadian. The deposit in Norway was somewhat extensively mined a few years ago, the output being sent to the English market ; but the difficulties presented in its extraction and shipment, together with the competition from the Cana- dian mines and from other sources, is said to have nearly driven it out of the market at present. The mode of its occurrence in Norway and its supposed oriiptivo origin have already been noted. The Spanish de- posits, also a very high grade phosphate, occur principally in granite, but have never been mined to any very great extent, the shipment being limited to but a few thousand tons yearly. Among the other sources of supply of phosphates mentioned by Dr. other louroes Penrose, and which may hero bo briefly stated for the sake of reference °^''"''''^' and as having a marked bearing on the commercial aspect of the ques- tion, although furnishing mineral of a somewhat different character, are the following :— For the variety of apatite known as phosphorite, those phosphate of of Nassau in Germany ; the Bordeaux phosphate from the south-west of ^*^°|^ji France; and those of certain provinces of Spain. The mineral at the^P*'°- last locality occurs principally in well defined veins or as pockets. In Their supposed the former case the veins are in the country slate near the junction of "**'''"' "'«'"• granite; in the latter the mineral occurs in large pockety veins lirgely composed of limestone and quartz, the masses of phosphorite being often of very largo size. The French and German deposits dift'er in their mode of occurrence, in that they are frequently found to occupy hollows or fissures in the limestone rock underlying the clay covering, and not as regularly defined veins. The origin of these deposits is by most regarded as purely organic, although the presence of organic remains is of exceedingly rare occurrence. They are supposed by I' 104 k PBOVINCE OF QCEiEO. »1 . many authorities to be caused by the action of a phosphatic solution Kett ™Tt '' f^ ^•^^^^^' ^"^ 'y «^^- ^ live tei ^^ in the ac Uon of phosphatic vapors arising from below and thus actf upon the hmestone. They are. however, of comparatively recent da e' and are generally referred to the Eocene period ' ftW" ^^'"""g the phosphates of the second divi«io"n, viz., that called rock K^Sr"-P^2 '.'' r^'^'y *h« -<>«* '-Po^-tant at the pre ont day are nodular deposits of the States of North and South Carol inl ad Florida These have already been referred to and their orig „ ' il as purely organic, the phosphatic matter having been derived talh wT^c^";"' ''*'"' P-*-^--a'«. both^errestrial and male w h ,vhich certain portions of the clay beds, in which they are now found were impregnated. The enormous demand at present eliZ for this form of the mineral no doubt arises from the fact that ircan ht veiy cheaply mined and shipped; and even though trepe^cel" pho phoric acid is much less than is the case of the higher gradefhn! phate of Canada or Norway, this cheapness of production ifsuch 'a^ to" give It a very great present advantage overother and superior depTsi no so advantageously situated. This is seen in the fact'that flm South Carolina beds alone several hundreds of thousands of tonT Ir shipped annually. In age these deposits belong to some portion of t Tertiary series, and probably are later than the Eocene "°° ^* ^'^^ The phosphate deposits of England and Wales belong to two en tirely different periods. Those of Wales are found in Ms «? the' Cambro-Silunan formation or system, in the form of phosphaUc nlle clea„y associated with the Bala limestones. The nodules, which ar very numerous are said to be cemented into a solid mass'by a bla k manx;thewholemassgivingayield of 46 percent, of phosphateoflme while the percentage in the nodules themselves is very much h 1^ ' or about 65 per cent, tribasic phosphate. In the mode ofo^cu^^^en f tie phosphatic nodules resemble somewhat the deposits found in the shale of he St Lawrence, ah-eady alluded to, although the quantity in the the kind in Canada. The thickness of the bed is about ten to Seen inches ; t.e underlying limestone, however, for a thickness of s x in he or so. contains from fifteen to twenty per cent, of phosphate of 1 ^.e The second series of deposits, or those found more particularly in eZ. S. tiC fo:^L *'' TT- '"""'^ '«'°°^'"« '''"^^ Cretai'eoL and Te, tiaiy formations. In their mode of occurrence they much resemble those of South Carolina. The nodules are of organic origin and a" ^f various sizes from mere grains up to several pounds in weight In phosphate of lime they range from forty to sixty per d.^ntis r. Nodular phof Engl WdM, phosphate of England and ELK.] APATITE OB PHOSPHATE OP LIMB. 105 k spect, also agreeing very closely with the best Carolina phosphate. The greater cheapness, of the latter combined with the fact that many of the beds in the English district are nearly exhausted, has. seriously affected the output from these diggings ; the figures given by Dr. Peni'ose for the three counties of Cambridge, Bedford and Suffolk, showing a falling off in ISTS from 250,000 tons to only 31,500 tons in 1881. The deposits of Belgium, of France and of Eussia in great part are Nodular very similay to those already described both for England and the Siefgmm," ° Southern States of America. They appear to belong to the Cretaceous Ru^fa. " period, and to consist largely of phosphatic nodules, sometimes cemented to form a conglomerate, at others disseminated through the clays and marls of the Cretaceous formation. They may for the most part be classed as low grade phosphates, yielding from forty to seventy-five per cent., though much of the Eussian phosphate is of very much lower grade. From the paper of Mi-. Hermann Voss, read before the Chemical yogj^fg^*"" Manure Manufacturei-s Association, London, 1888, we are able quote some figures bearing on the commercial aspect of the question, which are of importance as affecting the possible future of the industry in Canada, and as showing the enormous demand on the part of the English market for phosphatic material of all kinds, much of which, under proi)er management and improved methods of mining and trans- port, Canada should be able to supply. The imports of bone and bone statistics of ash into the United Kingdom for the year 1887 were 52,519 tons, and oonsumption. for the nine years from 1879 the average was 73,000 tons. Of guanos, owing to the general exhaustion of the most important Ouanos. deposits, the importation has neru-ly ceased as compared with the large quantities of twenty years ago. The pi'oduction of coprolitic or phosphatic nodular matter from the English deposits of Bedfoi-d, Cambridge and Suffolk have continued to decrease from 34,000 tons in 1^79 to only about 20,000 tons in 1886. The importation of crust guano, by which is meant a phosphate de- Crust guano, rived from the contact of the coral rock limestone with the extensive bii-d deposits of certain places in which, through the long continued action of the guano on the rock itself, the upper portion of the mass has been converted into phosphate of lime, from various sources has for the last nine yeare ending 1887, averaged over 52,000 tons yearly. Of Spanish phosphate the average of the nine years to 1887 has been Spanish 28,300 tone, while of Carolina phosphate the figures quoted by Mr. »'""»''»'"»• Voss show a total importation in that time of no less than 1,032,842 tons, the amount for 1887 being given as 165,275 tons. 106 k PROVINCE or QUEBEC. Cuiada phosphate. From Canada the imports from 1882 to 1887, both inclusive are stated to have aggregated almost 100,000 tons, the figures for 1887 beinfj given as 19,194 tons. ^ English imports The total import of phosphate of all kinds into the United Kingdom for the three years, 1885-1887, are stated to be no lass than 745 048 tons, or a yearly average of 248;366 tons. ' Basic .la,. In addition to the various kii.ds of phosphate already described mention may be made of the variety known as basic slag, a product of comparatively recent date, but which has rapidly risen to pro- minence, and to some extent is said to alfect the market of the Cai.adian mineral. Of this it is stated that Germany in 1887 used no less than 300,000 tons alone, yet without materially affecting the established superjjhosphate industry of that country. This material IS generally of low grade; good slag containing from seventeen to twenty per cent, of phosphoric acid, though some grades range several per cent, higher. The total production of the basic slag or, as It is sometimes called, "Thomas slag," for the year ending October, 1887, is estimated at 494,300 tons, obtained from the manu- facture of 1,702,252 tons of basic steol, of which Germany alone Pjoduct^nof produced 262,000 tons. In the year ending 31st of December 1886, 1,375,000 tons of basic steel were produced, representing more' than 400,000 tons of basic slag, which contained on an average seventeen to twenty per cent, phosphoric acid, fifty per cent, lime four per cent, magnesia, five per cent, of manganese, two per cent, of aluminum, fourteen per cent, of oxide of iron, and eight per cent, of silica. The cheapness of the material has made it exceed- «at?ffl. "!^^y P^P"'"*^" f«'- fertilizing purposes; more especially in view of the fact that recent experiments in Germany, where this material is largely employed, have shown that the untreated slag as it comes from the conveiter, simply ground to a fine state of division, has been founa, when applied to certain soils, to give very satisfactory results, and no injurious etlocts seem to have occurred fiom the presence of the contained iron. The soils to which this material appears best 8U1 ed are those which are peaty, sandy, loamy and poor in calcareous matter. In such poor soils it is said, from the German experiments, to equal in productiveness the better grades of superphosphate The material is derived as u by-product in the manufacture of steel from phosphoric pig, and is described in a paper by Messi-s. Stead andR.dsdaleinthelron and Steel Institute, 1887. The quantity of basic slag produced is said to vary from one-thii-d to one-half the' pig n-on used, and the process is thus staf ' :-"The basic or Thomas Gilchrist process is conducted in converters or furnaces lined with a base, generally lime and magnesia in varying proportions, with the \ Messrs. Stead and Ridsdale. 1887. Basio or Thomas Oilobrist piooeis. EUS.] APATITE OB PHOSPHATE OP MMB. 107 k , both inclusive, are figures for 1887 being the United Kingdom 10 lass than 745,048 3 already described, basic slag, a product ipidly risen to pro- the market of the ■many in 1887 used jrially atfecting the itry. This material ing from seventeen some grades range I of the basic slag, or the year ending ed from the manu- ich Germany alone 31st of December, representing more ed on an average ^y per cent, lime, nganese, two per 3f iron, and eight las made it exceed- lecially in view of re this material is ig as it comes from division, has been satisfactory results, jm the presence of Brial appears best poor in calcareous ■man oxporimentfl, rphosphate. le manufacture of ir by Messi-s, Stead The quantity of ) one-half the pig basic or Thomas laces lined with a portions, with the addition of some more basic material, almost invariably lime, to the , charge of molten iron, as contradistinct to the ' acid ' process, in which the converter or furnace has an acid lining, such as silica fire-brick, and in which the slag is never basic. " It is the lime, together with the solid oxidation products of the impurities, and of part of the iron, and together with the material worn from the furnace linings, whic? foims the 'basic' slag. " It consists mainly of phosphate of lime, silicate of lime, free mag- nesia and the oxides of iron and manganese." In a paper by Mr, Percy C. Gilchrint, in the same Institute, 1887, ^f,-gj'^'jf j^^^ it is stated that the total amount of phosphatic manures used in 1886 in England, the United States, Germany, Austria and France was, by estimate, no less than 2,443,000 tons. The market therefore, from the foregoing statements, is practically unlimited. In his presidential address in Section III, Koyal Society of Canada, Mr. Thomw 1887, Mr. Thomas Macfarlano has given an excellent desci^iption of theissT. ' process for the manufacture of basic slag, and has pointed out its great value and importance as a fertilizing medium, as well as its lelation to the production of apatite from the Canadian mines. In regard to the increased output of the Canadian phosphate, itlnorewing is gratifying to notice the gradually increasing demand, more especially for the lower grades — that is, those containing less than seventy to seventy-five per cent, tribasic phosphate; since, in the present state of the foreign market, these low grades will scarcely warrant the expense of transportation. These can, however, it is utilization of found, be placed on the markets of the Northern and Western States at a cost which permits them to enter into active competition with the ordinarily low grade Carolina mineral, while the establishment of extensive works for the manufacture of superphosphate, either at the apatite mines or at the sulphuric acid works in the eastern townships, bids fair to still further utilize and to make valuable much of the pro- duct which, up to the present, haa largely been regarded as waste. In addition to the increased demand on the part of the American market, which, according to the figures published in the Ottawa Mining ^^^^^^ jd^j^ji Review for December, 1889, amounted for that year to 4,176 tons, the Keji*'. i>e«., lower grades of phosphate ai'e now being shipped to the English market as well, and a considerable quantity of si sty per cent, apatite has already been sold there. The output of Canadian apatite for the year 1889 is given by the Mining Eeview as 33,000 tons ; the shipment from the Quebec mines to the English market aggregated 23,981 tons, and to the United States trom the Quebec mines 2,810, while the balance of several thousand tons remained on hand awaiting shipment. 108 k PROVINOK 0» QUEBEC, Liat of phosphate properties, now aompanics, " ■ 'nil The companies engaged in mining in tlio Temnleton anH Tt„.i.- ;8ia±.' "'.<'."'»7 l>e.«n»mera.ed ft^om ,> ll-t kindly fl„.„i.hed by Mr B. I „f ,! Mm,„(. Bov,ew, the po«ti„„« „f ,h„ di|r„;,„, „„^ beC.«PplW t NAMB OF MINB. 1«3ATI0N. ^""^ ^**'' Dominion Phospliate Co. (Limited). . / ^-o* 18, R. VII, I Portland East. «^«^««'='^ Phosphatoof Lime Co. (Limited) ^'''^^^''' ^'''^■ Union Mines Canadian Phosphate Co . McMillan Mines.. , . . yil, and 1 and 2 j R. VII, Portland l West. Lots 3 and 4, R. VII 3' ,-*. 7. 8, 9, r! VIII, 5,6. 7,8,R. IX, 1 R. X, Port, land West .. -Dominion Phosphate Co. (Limited), f^^* * Lot 7, R. II, London, Eng N East J Lot 8. R. T{Hi» T> -J „. *• '• Portland East. Little Rapids Mme. . W. A. Allan / Lots 6, 7. R. I, Port- London, Eng ^"«'»^<^ Ottawa Phosphate Co Blackburn East \ Buckingham. /Lot 19, K. XII, I. Buckmgham. Ph.?aiii!ivsr.g..'!'-c-.?,fe!-r^'s •,.„, „ I of Templeton. Jackson Rae Jacksou Rae Co /W. } lot 9, R, X Th«.r,.>„., ^ Gore of Templeton ^^°'"P«''° /Let27, R.X.Tem. TIT »!• *• P'eton. ^°°'***™ Seybold&Gibwn / Lot 18. K. II, Wake- I field. Among other prospectors are the Central Lake Mining Co r .*. • o n ./v r, , TheChapleauLot.. f<»J", J' M; ^0, R. X, Portland West. TheGrier Lot (East Templeton).'.'.'.*.*!*.!*. '. 'w 7 'r Y t ^"I^?*^ ^*'*' Charles Lionais & Co ....... . p J; ^Z X. Templeton. E" * I^t 9, R. X, Templeton. ,^^^-'!:T^^lI!!'!''A ""'' «"".»« Co,np.„y .re .t p.^e„. now apparently idle f™„. »„. „.-„„,-; i;-J-™° ,„ ^_^^^ ^^ 1T1T}°: p.?""/""' '■"■■■""■IJ' """■kod under different n.„,ee. but iiu] AVATITE OR PHOSPHATE OP LIBIE. 109 K make the list of mining locations as complete as possible, the following, Proterties taken from the reports of Mr. C. W. Willimott, 1882, and Mr. J. F. woTcdfnow Torrance, 1 883 :— ^ p""'' '"°"^- NAME. LOCATION. The Moore Mine Lot 17, R. I, Wakefield. Haldane's Mine Lot 12, R. I, Wakefield. Wilson's Mine Lot 17, R. II, Wakefield. Moore's Mine Lot 12, R. XVI, Hull. Apatite Mine Lot 7, R. VII, Templeton. Post's Mine Lot 9, R. X, Templeton. Jackson Rae Mine W. J Lot 9, R. X, already noted. Murphy's Mine S. J Lot 10, R. X, Templeton. Mr. A. McLaurin's Mine S.J Lot 8, R. XII, Templeton. Breckin's Mine Lot 23, R. XIII, Templeton. From Mr. Torrance's report, 1883, the following list is extracted. Several of these properties have since that date changed hands, and some have been abandoned. The list will be useful for future refer- ence. The principal mines at that date were the High Rock, the Star Hill and the Emerald, the output of apatite for that year, 1883, being 19,666 tons. Of these the fii-st two are apparently included under the present name of High Rock, already described ; of the others may be mentioned : — NAME OF HINB. LOCATION. The Fowler and Bacon Properties Lot 3, R. 1, Portland. La Companie Francaise des Phosphates r Lots 1, 2, K. Ill, Lot I, R. IV, Lot du Canada 1 16, 17, R. VII, Portland East. Tamo Lake Mines Lot 14, R. V, Portland East Major Chapleau's Co Lot 16, 17, 18, R. VI, Portland East The Haycock Mine (now North Star).... Lot 18, R. VII, Portland East The Watt Mine Lot 6, R. I, Portland East Cameron Property (Philadelphia and/ Canada Phosphate Mining Company). I Lot 27, R. VIII, Portland East McLaren's Mine Lot 27, R VIII, Portland East Croft's Mine Lot 24, R. VII, Portland East The Ross Property Lot 2, R. VII, Portland West Kendall's Mine • Lot 26, R. XI, Buckingham. Vonnor's Lot Lot 26, R. XII, Buckingham. Very full descriptions of these different m'ning areas, with the amount of work done on each up to the date of the report, are given by Ml*. Toi ranee, which it is unnecessary to introduce here. X ^^^^ PBOTINCB OP QUKBKO. Bibliography. BlBLIOGBAPHY OP THE SUBJEOT. Reports of the Geological Survey, 1847 to 1883, including those of Hunt, Logan, Broome, Harrington, Richardson, Vennor and Torrance . ^■^■'^'«'^y Geo]. Mag., 1864. vol. i, Ou the Laurentian Form- ation. Sir J. W. Dawson Quarterly Journal, Geological Society. Londoa,1876 vol. xxxii. Notes on the Phosphate of the n, T s w.,„* . Laurentian and Cambrian Rocks, i^r. I. b. Hunt Quarterly Journal. Geological Society. 1852. vol. vni, Examination of Phosphatic Matter, Occur- Gordon Broome Can Tat" W^Z' '""r '" f'\'! ''^°^" JL^J:::^^^'^' ^o'- V. Canadian Phosphates IN REFERENCE TO THEIR USE IN AGRI- Cy U liT U Pi fjrt ?• ^- ,t^*™' • • • • • Canadian Economics, 1883. Prof. W. Boyd. Dawkirs... Trans. Manchester Geological Society, 1884. On Mr G H Kinahan Tr«n« m ^^^'^^ °L ^^"^'^ "«" ^'tawa, Canada. • ""^"^ ^'*°«- Manchester Geological Society. 1884. On the M^ r A ir- u ^ i'ossible Genesis of Canadian Apatite. Mr. G. A. Kinahan Trans. Manchester Geological Society. 188*. Discus- T,, p p „ ^ sion. Mr. Boyd Dawkins' Paper. ^ ^" Engineering and Mining Journal. 1886. vol. xxxix, On the Mode of Occurrence of Apatite in Can- ad a. Mr. J. F. raiding Engineering and Mining Journal, 1886. vol xlii On Notes on Canadian Fluor Apatite, or Fluor^ Phosphate of Lime. Dr.G.M. Dawson Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, 1884, On the Occur- rence of Phosphate in Nature. Dr. R. F. Penrose Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey. 1888. No 46 ^- ^''''''''''' ^T./°'« '°"^*-^' ^''°^^*' 1««7. Presidential Address .Sec. III. Hermann Voss 1888 On our Supply of Phosphates for the Manu- Messrs. .J. E. SteadandC. H. "'"' "' Superphosphate. ^'•^"*'^' Journal Iron and Steel Institute, London, 1887. On Basic Slag. Mr. Percy C. Gilchrist.. . | Journal Iron and Steel Institute. The Utilization of Tv,»n** • Ti*- • T, . \, """^ S'*g for Agricultural Purposes. TheOttawaMmingReview..Sundry Papers. Magnesite OB Oabbonate of Magnesia. The occurrence of magnesite was noted at several points in the eastern townships ,n connection with the serpentinous rocks in he lot ofthe ninth range of Bolton, and referred to in 1847,18 stated to r. % including those of ennor and Torrance ; the Laurentian Form- 1 Society, London, 1876. ;he Phosphate of the n Rocks. al Society, 1852, vol. Mphatic Matter, Occur- 1 Rocks of Canada, ladian Phosphates IN SIR USE IN AGRI- al Society, 1884, On near Ottawa, Canada. 1 Society, 1884, On the Jian Apatite. Society, 1884, Discus- 'aper. ■nal, 1886, vol. xxxix, ice of Apatite in Can- iirnal, 1886. vol. xlii, ior Apatite, or Fluor- ), 1884, On the Occur- ure. ey, 1888, No. 46. a, 1887, Presidential hates for the Manu- te, London, 1887, On e, The Utilization of Purposes. SIA. ral points in the nous rocks, in the 1 the seventeenth 184t, is stated to cut.] OHROHtC IRON. lllK have a breadth of twenty yards, a large portion being marked by light i green stains of oxide of chromium. The analysis of a portion free from these stains gave carb. of magnesia 83.35, carb. of iron, 9.02, and silica 8.03, This mineral can be economically employed for the manu- facture of Epsom salts. Other localities in which raagnesito occurs are lot twelve, range seven, Sutton, in a bed one foot thick, in gray Sutton. mica schist; and on lot twenty-four, range nine, Bolton, in a bed of unknown thickness, in argillites. This rock is also said to be well fitted for ths manufacture of cement, and when sufficiently free from foreign matter or too large a percentage of insoluble silica is employed for the lining of crucibles for steel castings. Much of that in Sutton and Bolton contains a large proportion of insoluble mutter, reaching in some places as much as 4(5 per cent. ; this is from the Sutton bed. Two other analyses of the great Bolton bed gave : insoluble, 29.90, AnaiysU. 32.20 ; carb. of magnesia, 59.72 and 59.13; carb of iron, 10.31 and 8.32, The material is often difficult to distinguish from the crystalline dolo- mites of this section. Chromic Iron. This valuable mineral is found at many points throughout the ser- pi^f^iij^jiQ^ pentine be't of the eastern townships from the boundary of Vermont to the Shickshock Mountains in Gasp^, In Vermont state adjoining, its presence in the serpentine of Troy and vicinity is also recorded. It was first described in the Geological Report, 1847-48, as occurring in the township of Bolton, on the twenty-sixth lot of the seventh range, in a vein said to be one foot thick, a sample of which gave Dr. Hunt on assay 45.90 oxide of chromium. A laige block of 600 lbs. weight, picked up near the lower end of Memphreraagog Lake, and indicat- ing a vein of at least eighteen inches, gave also on assay 49.75 per cent. From the mineral resources of the United States, 1883-84, we learn Manufaoture of that the principal works for the manufacture of chromium, the guc-"'*™'"'""^ cessful extraction of which appears to be to some extent in practice a secret, are owned by the Tyson Bros, of Baltimore, who have almost entire control of the American output, though large amounts of the bichromate are also annually imported, principally from Scotland. The supply of ore for the chromium works is obtained from very widely separated points, probably the largest quantity now being derived from the Pacific coast, from certain deposits in California. In the eastern States the large deposits which have been worked for some years in Maryland and Pennsylvania appear to have become, to a large extent, exhausted. f 4 112k PROVINCE op QOEBEC. Value of the ohromio iron South Ham mino. WolfestowD Leeda. Thetford. Shiokibook Moon tains. i!!i The value of the ore depends upon the amount of oxido contained and an ore of less than fifty per cent. i. not considered sufflcientlyS to warrant shipment to the English or Scotch market. The prfce o the ore has also greatly decreased within the last twenty year^ The mmeral occurs very irregularly, and frequently in a serL of pockets in the serpentine rock, some of which may yield hundreds of tons whUe others are speedily exhausted, and the miner has no assurance . that tins source of supply „,ay not terminate at any time. In Z eastern townships, while chromic iron is found at a number of places he attemp e to mine it have not been attended with much success In the township of South Ham, on lot forty, range two, a lenticular mass hav.„g a thickness of fourteen inches, was worked ;bout thirty yea.; since, and some ten tons of forty-four per cent, ore extracted'^by Mr Leckie, when the supply apparently gave out and the locality was seve", Ir . ° ^«'^««^«-"' «° '«* twenty-three, ranges two and^hr^ several pockets occurred in the serpentine, and were mined by Mr Unsold r^^ If'" " "'^ '^'"^ ^•^^''^"^' ''"* *»>« -' «"" >•«--» unsold presumably owing to the fact that it did not contain the requisite per oentage of chromic oxide. In Leeds, on lot ten, rang ten a deposit of excellent ore was mined, several years ago, 1"^- Keed of Inverness, and about fifty tons taken out, for which a ready sale fZ- tr« ' " ''' *r"^''P ^' ^^«*^^^^' - '-' «--teen, Lg foui there is apparently a very extensive deposit which has been sightly opened up. A sample of this assayed' in the laboratory of by Dr Bee7 ^"''' "'' ""^"^^ ^'•^^- ^^'^ ^^'''*^'"^ '^ "^'^^ ^^"^^ Mou"nfirh?!'™"'r^'^' Shickshock Mountains, the serpentines of Mount Albert were found to contain certain small veins of this ore and a considerable quantity of pieces, some of which were twent^ Tnt th- T^^ '• ""' P"'''' "P- '* '^ P^^^^'^'^ '"--' f-ther explora tion xn this direction would result in finding workable deposits. As a inle, however the ores found in the serpentine of the townships are not remarkable for their richness, though an assay of a sample^rom a loose piece m Bolton gava sixty-five per cent, of chromic o^de, and hatTin soT'".:'" '^'^ -P«y theexpenseof miningand shipment that 18. in so far as the present discoveries are concerned. There are and trr; 1^^ "''*' ""^"^"'^ P"'"""'" ^"^"^^ «° ««"*=««'«d ^y forest and 80,1 that their examination cr.nnot yet be accomplished. The InufactZTH-T'' ^^ ^' ^''°* '" *^« ^««^- ^«°-' 18«3, that the Sitr ^^J'"'*''^ P"'*^'^ ^"S*^* *« ^^ * profitable unde. ?om?t laow'^'T^' «mce while the quality of the ore might not, tiom Its lacking afew per cent, of the required standard, be adapted for wick. of oxido contained, ered sufficiently rich rket. Tho price of twenty years. The a series of pockets I hundreds of tons. 3r has no assurance any time. In tho a number of places, h much success. In 0, a lenticular mass, about thirty years extracted by Mr. d the locality was nges two and three, ere mined by Mi'. hat place in 1880, le ore still remains d not contain the , on lot ten, range years ago, by Dr. which a ready sale t seventeen, range t which has been the laboratory of ition is also owned the serpentines of veins of this ore, bich were twenty it further explora- le deposits. As a the townships are of a sample from hromic oxide, and ing and shipment, eraed. There are jncealed by forest somplished. The n., 1863, that the profitable under- e ore might not, •d, be adapted for IU>.] MANGANESE. 11.3 k transport to Scotland, lai-ge quantities might be utilized on the spot, i which otherwise would be of no commercial value, and thus a fresh impetus be imparted to the search for this valuable mineral. The price quoted for tho Leeds ore at tho station on the Quebec Central railway was 818.00 per ton. Manganese. The deposits of manganese in the province of Quebec are, in so far as Bog manganeie yet observed, confined to the variety known as wad or bog manganese, which is u hydrated peroxide. Tho most important ores of manganese occurring in Canada are pyi-olusito or psilomelano, of which large quantities are Ibund in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick. The wad of Quebec, though found at a number of places, is generally regarded as poor in quality and of but small commercial value. This mineral was referred to by Sir Wm. Logan in the Report for Bolton. 1847 as occurring in the township of Bolton, lot twenty, range twelve, in a bed from three to six inches thick, resting on slates and with a superficial extent of several hundred square yards ; the amount of pure peroxide in the ore being, according to assay by Dr. Hunt, 26 per cent. In Stanstead also, on lot nine, range ten, a considerable deposit, esti- stonstead. mated to cover about twenty acres, and with a thickness in places of ten to twelve inches is found ; tho yield of the ore, after being washed from the sand, was 37 per cent, of peroxide. ' Other localities in which this ore has been observed at different times Localities, may be mentioned. A deposit on the road from Lambton to St. Francis, Beauce.near the eastern boundary of the township of Tring, yielded 25 percent., and one on tho west side of the Chaudi^re, opposite tho mouth of the Famine River, yielded 20 per cent. Similar deposits occur in the seigniory of Ste. Mary, but presumably unimportant in extent, as also in the seigniory of Ste. Anne do la Pocati^re in rear of the church. In tho village of La Plaine, Cacouna, and on the St. Louis road about four miles from Quebec city, small deposits also have been observed. Other localities noted in the Report for 1866 by Mr. Jas. Richardson are in Cleveland, lot sixteen, range thirteen ; St. Sylvestre, lot nine, range St. Charles ; half a mile west of St. Apollinairo chui-ch, Gasp^ seigniory, and near the line between St. Antoine and Lauzon, about two miles south of the St. Lawrence. In the Report of the Geological survey, 1877-78, Dr. Bell notes the Hudson Bay. occurrence of spathic iron ores in the chain of islands along the east coast of Hudson Bay, called the Nastapoka group, which ai*e found to o I 114 k PROVINCE UF yUBBlO. Shell marl. Aigenteuil. t BJ^^^^H ^Tentworth T Vaudrenil. ft JkJm Montreal. i ^^^^H) '. ramaaka Honntain. 1 St. Armand. contain upwards u' twenty-four per cent, of carbonate of manganese and 26.449 T.ietallic iro„ constituting a very extensive band of not Iohs than twm.fy feet thick. The high nor centage of manganese in the«. am *»11 render them valuable for the manufacturn of speigeleimn and owing to their abundance and accessibility, they will probably some day be found to be profitably workable. This locality i, however, not within the limits of the pi-ovinco of Quebec CLASS IV. MiNIRAL ManURKS. With the exception of the apatite, which when applied in its raw state may come under this heading, the only mineial of value yet known is shell marl. This is found at many places from the Ottawa River to the extremity of Gasp^, occupying the beds of lakes and mai-shes, and is so named from its containing, generally in considerabl. abundance, the shells of certain species of fresh water molluscs It h generally white and earthy, and, unless containing foreign mattoi- is nearly a pure carbonate of lime, of great value as a fertilizer for coi-tain c asses of soils which are lacking in calcareous matter. It produce^ also, when burned, a white and very pure lime, well suited for buildiiH' purposes, and is, in some places, largely used in this way. " In Quebec, among other localities, marl is found on lot three, ran-e one of Argenteuil, underlying a bed of peat nine feet thick. The milri 18 from five to thirteen feet thick, and is reported to cover an area of over twenty acres. On the twenty-second lot of the eighth range of jVentworth, and on the fifth lot of the fourth range of Harrington deposits of considerable extent also occur. In Vaudreuil, at Point ii Cavagnol, a bed of marl from twelve to eighteen inches thi^!. cxtenri^ over twenty acres, and has been largely used as a manure wJi; , r beneficial results. Near Montreal, marl is found underlying the peat along the St Pierre Eiver between the city and Lachine; also at Thornberry on the wcHt 6ide of Mount Royal, but this deposit is not regarded as very exi-...^e. In the seigniory of St. Hyacinth, near the foot of Yama^ka Mom i-. ind near the road to Granby and St. Pie, a bed of marl one foot th.. s Tvi, nde o^ dr seven acres and is covered by a thin layer of peat, vUc I If , one hundrsd and fifty seven and one hundred and fifty ;-?g;vJ ?• iJt. Armand :,jre is an apparently extensive deposit, ••] MINKRAL HANURI8. IISk rbonate of manganese JnHive band of not Iohs f manganese in thew cturn of Bpeigeloimn, ', they will probnidy 0. This locality in, r Quebec. n applied in its raw nineial of value yet IC08 from the Ottawa e beds of lakes and erally in considerablt' ?ater moIluscH. It is Qg foreign matter, is a fertilizer for certain matter. It produces ill suited for building his way. i on lot three, range eot thick. The marl i to cover an area of the eighth range of »nge of Harrington, '^audreuil, at Point i inches tL" ', (jxtenos a manur.' .vh>. >■•■■ peat along the St. it Thornberrj' on the )t regarded as very the foot of Yaraafka i, a bed of marl one by a thin layer of id one hundred and ■ extensive deposit, covering from thirty to forty acres, which is in places seven feet thick, while on lots four and tlvo, ranges ton and eleven, Slanstoad, it/ippear«^ at the margin of a pond, and is reported to bo thirty to forty foot thick over an area of twenty acres. In eastern Quebec marl is found in the basins of a number of lakes B«y of along the north side of tho Bay of Chaleur, in the counties of Bona- ^''"'''""' venture and Gaspo. On th Viv peculiar tint the " Blue Lakes," the color being upparei.tlv due to a considerable deposit of marl over their bottoms. Inre;i )t N'ew Richmond also and of Paspebiac and Now Carlisle other largo deposits occur. On the north side of the peninsula, about five miles below the Matane River near the St. Lawrence, a denosit „ I i. L •.! n . .nutans. underlies a marsh with an area of sixty to seventy acres and about fifteen inches thick. On the island of Anticosti, Mr. Richardson, in the Report of Progress Autiooiti. for 1857, in speaking of the marl says that " the bottoms of all the lakes and ponds examined, with the exception of those surrounded by peat, were more or less covered with it. Marl L ike is one of these ; its area is about ninety acres, and though the thickness of the marl was not ascertained, it appeared to be considerable. The brook which empties the lake into Indian Cove at the west end, carries down a largo quantity of the marl to the sea, where it becomes spread out for a considerable distance over the rocks in the vicinity.'' An assay of a marl fi-om Anticosti, by Mr. F. D. Adams, shewed the pi-osence of 01;{7 per cent, tribasic phosphate of lime.* But little attention is, however, apparen- tly paid to these deposits at the present time. CLASS V. Mineral Piq-ments. The-e, 'n the province of Quebec, are practically confined to ironsuiph»t«of and manganese ochres. Veins of sulphate of baryta occur, however, *>afyta- in the rocks of the south side of the Gasp^ peninsula, and at Port Daniel a vein nine inches thick is reported in the Niagara limestone. Other smaller veins occur on the l)oach along the streams flowing into Gasp^ Basin, -and on lot twelve, range twelve, of Templeton, a vein of impure baryta is found ; but these do not appear to have any economic importance. The deposits of iron ochre in the province are, however large and valuable, and some of them have been worked for many years. •See Report Geological Surrey, 1886, p. 41 T. 116 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. North side of the St. Lawrence, Sf£i: This material is a hydrated oxido of iron, very similar in composition Iron ochre. to bog iron ore or limonite. The ochro, however, lacks generally the coherence of the bog oies, being, for the most part, soft and easily pew- dored, and contains frequently a considerable amount of organic mat. ter and earthy impurities. In color, the ochres are generally reddish, brownish or yellowish, though purple or dark brown tints are some' times found. By burning, the contained water and oiganic matter are eliminated, the ochres change color and become frequently a dark red. They can be used, however, either raw or burned, mixed with oil oi- water as paints or as stains of various colors for furniture j for which purpose some of them are well adapted and quite extensively used. The value of an ochre depends very much upon its facility of mixing with oil when ground, so as to form an easy flowing and durable paint; a groat difference being found in this respect. Many of the deposits of this province exist in the vicinity, or near the foot, of the Laurentian hills along the north side of the St. Law- rence Eiver, where also the largest beds of bog iron ore are found. In places these ochres contain a certain amount of manganese, which, when burnt, tends to impart a brown or umber tint instead of a red color, as is generally the case in ochres free from this mineral. Among other numerous deposits of ochre may be more especially mentioned one of three feet in thickness, extending over several acres, on lot fifteen, range ten, Hull. Among the deposits described in the Geology of Canada, 1863, two of special importance may be noted as having been quite extensively worked for some years. Of those, that found in the seigniory of Pointe du Lac, range St. Nicholas is said to cover about four hundred acres, and to have a thickness of from six inches to foui- feet, averaging about eighteen inches. The pre- vailing shades are red and yellow, but in some parts the ochre has a dark purple tint; when burned, it assumes a dark red color. A blackish brown variety is also found, which, when burned, becomes a lighter brown. An attempt was made in 1851 by a New York company to woik these ochres on a large scale, and furnaces were erected for their cal- cination. They are said to have produced as much as twelve barrels per day for some time, worth in New York about five dollars per bariel. Eight different tints were made fiom the ochre, a rare blackish brown variety being the most valuable, which was sold under the name of raw sionna, in the raw state, or calcined as burnt sienna. The manufacture has long since been abandoned. Another large deposit, said to extend over six hundred acres, occurs m St. Malo range in the seigniory of Cap de la Madelaine, about two miles below the parish church and the same distance back from the HnU. Pointe du Lao. MaiiDfaotures. Vf de la lelaine milar in composition , lacks generally the t, soft and easily pow- lount of organic mat. n-e generally reddish, rown tints are some- id oiganic matter are ■equently a dark red. i, mixed with oil or urniture; for which te extensively used, ts facility of mixing g and durable paint; the vicinity, or near ide of the St. Law- n ore are found. In ganese, which, when )ad of a red color, as eral. Among other ly mentioned one of cres, on lot fifteen, in the Geology of e noted as having 8. Of these, that . Nicholas is said to ickness of from six inches. The pre- larts the ochre has lark red color. A burned, becomes a : company to work ected for their cal- ih as twelve barrels e dollars per barrel, are blackish brown er the name of raw The manufacture idred acres, occurs delaine, about two ice back from the '•] MINERAL PIGMENTS. IHk St. Lawrence. It is hero interstratified with pott in an old lake basin, ' the bottom of which is occupied with shell marl. The presence of the peat here might prove advantageous in calcining the ochre which has a thickness, in ditt'eront portions of the deposit, of from six inches to two feet, and is capable of yielding a very large quantity if loquired. In the vicinity of Three Eivers also ochre is found in considerable quantity. The most extensive deposit probably as regards thickness is that near ste. Annede the Ste. Anno do Montmorency River, which has a depth in places of' "" '"°"°«' from four to seventeen feet, and extends over an area of four square acres. This deposit is very fully described in the Geology of Canada, 1863, pp. 511-12. The color is said to vary in different parts; being yellowish brown at the surface, reddish or purplish brown whore most exposed to the light and air, and at a little distance beneath the surface a greenish or greenish white. The mineral has been carefully assayed by Dr. Hunt and contains peroxide of iron 59.10, organic acids 15.01, Analysis, water by difference 21.14, soluble silica 1.15, sand 3.60. The deposit is very favorably situated for working, being on the top of a bank over- looking the road, so that by beginning on the lower side the working could be so carried on as to obviate the necessity of further drainage. This deposit was referred to in the Geological Survey Report, 1851-52. Other deposits of greater or less extent are found at Ste. Rose, on Durham, the fourth lot of the fourth range, Durham, having a thickness of four Afoot'.'*^ feet and an area of some 1500 square yards; on the sixteenth lot, range nine. Ascot ; lot twenty-four, range three, Stanstead ; and in the seigniory of Lotbiniere, near the mouth of the Gi*ande Riviere du Chone. A similar deposit of very good ochre occurs on lot twelve, range ^toke. fourteen, Stoke, on property of Mr. Gansby. The ochre is of two shades, a yellow and a brown, burning to a chocolate tint ; the ochre contains a few roots of plants, but appears to be otherwise remarkably pure. The brown deposit has been dug to a depth of three foot, though the whole thickness is unknown, and the superficial extent is very considerable ; being traceable into the woods on the adjoining lot. The burned and raw ochre has been tested with very satisfiactorj results ; showing it to constitute a valuable pigment when properly prepared. In addition to the ochres, other sources of supply for the mineral paints are found in many of the highly colored slates of the Sillery for- mation, where red, green, and gray shades are obtained also are very common, and in one of the islands in Brompton Lake the variety diallnge forms large masses which could be easily ground for paint. Large deposits of steatite or soapstone occur at many places in Serpentines Serpentine ^ una aoapstoM. Btaiutead. AtbestuB. 118 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. Bolton, Hatley, Ham.Wolfstown, Broughton and Leeds, which areeasily and cheaply ground, and which, when mixed with the prepared ochre^ duraWlUy ' ' ''' "'^'^ ^^ "'*""' '''"^ '" ^'"« " P^'°* ^^ Sre.t In Stan«tead lot thirteen, range nine, a soft talcose slate, which shows differen bands of yellow and greyish white, the former bein^ duo to he hydrated peroxicL of iron, has been locally used, when mixed with 0.1, for pamting houses and outbuildings, and a similar rockoccurs in Leeds on the seventeenth lot of the thirteenth range. Certain low grades of asbe^tus also are used for the manufacture of a fire proof paint, and deposits of aetinolite on the fourth lot of the fourth range o lenorLTth". ''""^•\^-"-' described by Dr. Hunt in the farly 1 epoi ts of the Survey, might also be found useful for this purpose. CLASS VI. Salt, Brines and Mineral Waters. teX^^i.t coS!„M ')' ''''^'"'' '^ ^"''''' ^" ^"^'^' ^" '^ f«»' «« known, no considerable deposits of salts or brines, mineral waters occur at a number ofplaces, and although these maynot be classed as mineral, m the true sense of the term, they present many points of interest and have u very considerable economic value, more particularly from the m dicinal standpoint; since the presence of a mineral spring of recog. nized herapeutic properties tends to draw to the vicinity a large amount of wealth, not only by the erection of sanitariums, but by the influx of a very considerable transient population ; so that in this way such a spring may bo rega.-ded as a source of very considerable revenue to an entire neighborhood. Further, certain springs obtain such a reputation for the cure of disease that they^re ~t y sought after from abroad, and the waters when bottled are shipped o remote ponions of the country, and may oven acquire a much wid celebrity than a merely local one. the'i™/ Survey Eeport for 1847-48, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt published of th« w^' ; ' ^«'->' ^«'«''"' «"d extensive series of examinations of the waters from many localities both in Ontario and Quebec. These Z^ 3r T "'r"" '™P''''"'' ''''' ^" *^« -^sequent report of 1853, additional analyses were presented, so that the greater part of he mineral springs in the two provinces were ve.y thoiZhly examined. In consequence of these analyses, practical results followed HI the establishment of large sanitariums at the Caledonia Springs at Dr. Hnnt's analygis. Ell.8.] SALT, BRINES AND MINERAL WATERS. 119k eeds, which are easily the prepared ochres ive a paint of great talcose slate, which te, the former being lly used, when mixed a similar rock occurs ange. Certain low ture of a fire proof f the fourth range of :•. Hunt in the early )i* this purpose. SRS. ) far as known, no waters occur at a lassed as minerals lints of interest and •ticularly from the [•al spring of recog- B vicinity a largo ariums, but by the io that in this way very considerable lin springs obtain they are greatly led are shipped to ii'e a much wider r Hunt published 8 of examinations nd Quebec. These )8equent report of tie greater part of very thoroughly al results followed idonia Springs, at Plantagenet, at St. Leon, and at other points, and in later years at Bolton. Dr. Hunt arranged the waters from the different springs into six classes, according to their chemical composition ; the details of which are presented in the Geology of Canada, 1863. Those which relate to the p4*ovince of Quebec may be briefly summarized. In the first three classes chlorides predominate, in the fourth ciaasifioation carbonates, and in the fifth and sixth, sulphuric acid and sulphates, waters. The waters of the first, second and sixth are neutral ; of the third and fourth, alkaline ; and of the fifth, acid. The springs of the province of Quebec belong for the most part to the second, third and fourth classes, of which the second class com- prises saline waters, which include considerable portions of bicarbonate of lime and magnesia, in addition to the chlorides of sodium, calcium and mivgnesia. Tho • aters of the third class include those saline waters which contain also in addition to the chloride of sodium a portion of carbonate of soda with bicarbonate of lime and magnesia. Small amounts of barj'te, strontia and of boracic and phosphoric acid are also present, as well as of bromides and iodides. The fourth class contain but a small amount of chloride of sodium, with a large relative quantity of car- bonate of soda, and have no marked taste, unless evaporated, when they are strongly alkaline. These springs have been so well described in the Geology of Canada, 1863, that it will serve here simply to enumerate the principal ones and indicate their class. A&mtii'ption. — Saline spring of the second class; the "Aurora Spring," Localities, containing 7'86 parts of solid matter in the 1,000, gives off large volumes of carburetted hydrogen gas, contains small quantity of Btrontia. Bait du Febvre. — Four springs examined, two of the second class containing strontia j one of which, near the line of Nicolet in the Grand Bange, on land of Antoino Loizeau, contains 5*44 parts of solid mattei- and 4.54 of alkaline chlorides in 1,000, two of which latter are chloride of potassium ; the other, in the same range on land of Mr- Lafort, about one mile above St. Antoino church, contains 15*94 parts solid matter, with a little boracic acid. The two other springs belong to the third class, and also contain small portions of strontia and give off carburetted hydrogen gas. One of these, on land of David Houle, adjoining Loizeau's, contains 496 parts solid matter ; the other, on Ignace Courchese, half a league east of the church, contains carbonate of soda and magnesia, in addition to the chlorid of sodium ; the chlorid of potassium equalling 0.92 per cent of the chlorid. 120 K PHOVINCE OF QCEBEO. u x,wuu, ot which carbonate of magnesia is 1-059 solid matte,. 574 pc ■ I ooo wi'.K T. '"""«' "^ ""> """■<' ■>'•"», .idemble quantity.'^ ' ' "'" ^'"'''' "»" "'■0"'i« P«6ent in con! .hftldti^:!™ ""■'"^' ""* ""» » '-• -P"""-. belong to borates. '^ ^''" •'"■'• ™<'= « eonsidemble quantity of oni*y-nd""^''S' rr :r;r''™T '^""'" "■« '■"■«« M..„,a„.eon.n:arjl^^^^^^^^^ ..fi:::-?oTC;Ltr„.^i\r.'^: -7 - - on land of OJivier Eov in Wi<.„l.t n "'"o"' ™noie Hebert. and one wb.„ evaporated ^' '°'- *"" "' ""o 'o"""- o'^w ^ alWine co„n,o„ »,t anS eaVL:: ff'^t^pfZ' 7:;^: "^^'"°° '° iZji;er Owe^/e.-^Thii-d concession, on the south side of fl,« • strongly saline and bitter, belonging to the W^h nl 1?'" ' ''^''' parts solid matter to 1 000 ^ ''*''' ^''''^^"S 13-36 eus.] SALT, SaiNES AND MINERAL WATERS. 221 K putation, belong to Sabrevois. — Near the village of Pike Eiver, several mineral prings of the second class, two of which are known as the Saline and the Sulphur Spring. The first containing salts of baryta and strontia ; the second, soluble sulphates. Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. — Two springs. One in the second conces- sion, on land of Nicholas Rouleau, sightly sulphurous, containing 0'36 of a part solid matter to 1,000, belonging to the fourth class ; the other, one mile south of the college small spring of bitter saline water, con- taining, besides chloride, aii abundance of sulphates of lime and magnesia and a small portion of carbonates, and yielding 5-06 parts solid to 1,000. St. Benoit, Two Mountains. — A spring of the first class, with 6"0 parts of solid matter to 1,000 ; traces of carbonates, and a large amount of calcareous and magnesian salts. St. Eustache, Two Mountains. — A spring of the second class, feebly saline, yielding 1*85 parts of solid to 1,000. St. Genevieve, — In the Batiscan River, contains several strongly saline springs of the second class, two of which were analysed, and were remarkable for their large proportion of iodide. St. Hyacinthe. — The Providence spring, a saline water of the third class, strongly alkaline, and containing a portion of strontia ; solid matter 5- to 1,000. St. Leon. — Strongly saline, second class, gives off large quantities of carburetted hydrogen gas, and contains small portions of strontia, with sufficient carbonate of iron to give it a chalybeate taste. Ste. Martine, Beauharnois. — Feebly saline, belongs to the third class, with 1-98 solid matter to 1,000, contains small portions of sulphates. St. Ours, Richelieu River. — Spring of the fourth class, contains only 053 solid to 1,000, with large percentage of potash salts. Varennes. — Two saline springs, one mile and a half below the church, and near the St. Lawrence. One, styled the " Gas Spring," from the quantity of cajburetted hydrogen gas given off; the other, called the Saline Spring. They contain carbonates of soda, lime and magnesia, and belong to the thi'-d class; the Saline Spring is also slightly chalybeate. The analysis of several of these watera, as determined by Dr. T. S. Hunt, will be found in the Geology of Canada, 1863, pp. 547-550. 122 k PROVINOB OP QUIBIC. Wide diatribD'. CLASS VII. M.VXKKIAr,8 APPUCAB.K TO CoMMON OR D^OOBATUK CONSTECOTIO.V. •limestone, sandriV:'^^^^ occurs at so many points thmn.rl « ^;„ilr " ''"'"'°'"'° '■"'='" '° "-0 oxtrem- for the purpose reouirod t.?« "^ convenient thicj^ness dressed, Ldiit^f^iiirr,;: :;s; iff'^' ^"'. ^-r^^''^- the rocks or in some cases being bi^Ui.oUv, f T ^''""1"'^ '' iB quarried. As a source ofUn luo ,h« T ?'* "'''''■' '' very extensively used at many poi, ind vi^? "*"" " material, though in some cS/Jl ^ '^'^ " "^^''^ excellent portion;fargiflaceournattoAN '■"':* '""'"''^' a considerable pro- occurs inco'f tion witrr^^^^ "'^•^J *« -«">• «» ™arble, and has been used t^:^:Z^'X:Z^^^ eZrhTd/o/tZ f^e rs„r;h?rrer ^' ^^-^ ^-^ '^ for building purposes and ibr lime burning! ''"'"■"' '"^'^ Trenton and COftBy limestone. '•] CONSTRUCTIVE MATERIALS. 123 k iVE Construction. juilding purposes at bsenee of suitable ts many of these quarries of granite, imited quantities of •e easily reached at the material most ction i8 limestone, formations. This more particularly that it is scarcely for other purposes, leture of hydraulic cks to the extrem- uality of the stone a specially worthy itended. Amonj; employed is from sn in the buildings Levis. This may, this formation lie i^enient thickness ined and readily ose proximity to the spot where it ton formation is a very excellent sonsiderable pro- I really a marble, »8te:'n townships, samples are seen the rock being ely, where quite en quarried both A good limestone frcm the Chazy formation, obtained from the St. st. Dominique. Dominique quarries not far from St. Hyacinthe, is somewhat exten- sively used, and certain beds of the lower Chazy and Calciferous, near Philipsburg and at St. Armand, of a dove grey color and partly ciys St. Armand. talline, are capable of furnishing large quantities of excellent building material. In the eastern portion of the province the massive limestone of Port Port Daniel. Daniel, on the south side of Gaspe Peninsula, is quite extensively quarried for shipment to P. E. Island and the adjacent shores of New Brunswick, where it is burnt for lime. In Dudswell, and at various Dudswell. points on the St. Francis River north of Lennoxville, the Silurian lime- stone, nearly the same age as that of Port Daniel in Gaspe, produces, when burned, a lime of great purity and value, and specially adapted for use in factories for the manufacture of chemical pulp, and for paper mills, where large quantities are employed. So excellent a reputation has this lime of Dudswell now acquired, that the product from the kilns of this place, which have at present a possible capacity of about 3000 bushels a day, is shipped over the gieater part of eastern and southern Quebec and the adjacent States, as well as over a largo portion of eastern Ontario. The Devonian limestones on the Chaudi6re are burned locally for lime, and the semi-crystalline limestones of Thetford, Broughton and Sto. Marie also furnish a small quantity for local consumption, but the competition of the Dudswell works has had the effect of nearly closing these smaller industiies. In the manufacture of hydraulic cement, a limestone is required Hydraulio which contains a certain amount of argillaceous mutter. The qualities "*'"*" " of a good cement include that of rapidly setting or becoming solid under water. Experiments have been made at a number of places in Quebec to produce a first class article, but as this necessitates a series of tedious and somewhat costly experiments, the works at present in operation are apparently confined to only two localities, viz., Hull and Quebec. The rock at Quebec is taken from a dark or black argillaceous Quebec, limestone found iii aq Trenton-Utica formation of the city, and of the north side of the Island of Orleans. The same material also occurs at various points along the north side of the Gasp6 Peninsula, where a similar series of beds occurs. The black matter of the Quebec rock, being carbonaceous, disappears in the calcining ; the rock becoming yellowish, and the cement is said to be of excellent quality. The cement made in Hull, by Mr. C. B. Wright, is from rock brought from Hull, the township of Nepean, Ontario ; though precisely similar bands occur on the Quebec side of the Ottawa. The limestone contains about twelve per cent, of carbonate of magnesia, and belongs to the Chazy 124 k PROVmCE OP QUEBEC. Granite of th eastern tunrnships. Syenites of Qrenville. OnolgB. Potsdam sandatone. land "I , " "'""'' '''"" "°' ''""^™ » ™l>iaiy .. tho '• fZ lond, but i,olhe™„e„vo,j.oxceltat article co.pa„Uvely f,.ee f„„ „,,.„,",„, 1. b,rnt.le S;.,^"^; fKe":!: ase It It h„ ^^L'-i?"" '-"^i'y. """i "■■»«» with compaT ; rihe I'll" ert"; rtr'r?r"'^ --' ««-"»'- .tone can be ebta2f.l Will Zd\? """'""^ '"' '""'""»' *eLa„,.entia„ belt of the n^th ll'em.tr" '"'"'' ""■°"^''°"' Gneiss, which is very often scarcely distineuishaMo f,.nn. .ible, a,, JenneWtr : .MS, aZ "ZT T' ''"''^' *""• Bati,c.n, ne... the old bl.Bt LI? a 'a I.t'^:;'^ ' f "f srr.T"i:sro7tr„rtit£'^^^^^^^^ ^auharnoi, yand.-eail, O-eni 1" aLg hfwroSr Tb": tb. weatbet, bat the «,. „ ^euTb":' Z°ZT^ ^i itanco. The cement apidly as the " Port- ad to under the head sonstruction, granite eastern portion of aof Cumbro-Silurian Great mountain tains, and along the > Hereford and Con- seen to the east and ntic. At Barnston ke Memphremagog, luality of stone has 1 as white fe. mite, a. This granite is Fected by the action almost any desired cityofSherbrooke as well as in the of the Parliament rocks of the Laur- tes just described, )lor of the felspar ; with comparative y near Gananoque •eal, but excellent points throughout from syenite or rentian rocks, and itham and Went- eology of Canada, and easily acces- 3bec city ; on the • Paul. Of sand- istruction. Prob- am formation at •or Ottawa. The d frequently free readily resisting re of hardness Eiia.] CONSTRUCTIVE MATERIALS. 125 k and toughness renders it more difficult to work than the softer calcareous beds of the Trenton and Chazy. The strata, however, are readily separable and easily quarried. Good beds for quarry pui- poses are obtained at St. Scholastique and at Ilemmingford, as also at various places between Lachute and St. Jerome, where this form, ation rests directly upon the Laurentian gneiss. The stone has also been ut^ed for the lining of blast furnaces, and found to be well adapted for that purpose. It enters somewhat largely into the construc- tion of the magnificent Parliament and Departmental buildinns at Ottawa; a large part of it being obtained from the township of Nepoan. It has also been used to some extent for building purposes in Montreal. The Sillery sandstone, found largely developed near the city ofsiiiery Quebec and to the south and east of Ldvis on the upjier side of the *'""*'"'°*' Eiver St. Lawience, is extensively used in construction at both cities. Much of the city wall is built of this stone, as well as the Citadel, while it enters largely into the structure of both private and public buildings. It is for the most part a green <"■• greyish-green rock, which in some places becomes highly quartzose, passing into a whitish weathering, yellowish brown quartzite. The rock frequently contains small pebbles of quartz and pieces of shale of various colors ; the quartz pebbles sometimes becoming sufficiently numerous to constitute a fine conglomerate. Certain portions of the rock quarry readily, but it is said not to weather uniformly, and does not resist atmospheric influences so well as the Potsdam sandstone. Used by itself in large buildings, its dark-green shade tends to give the structure a heavy, and not pleasing, as])ect, but the dark color blends well with lighter materials. This rock is very widely distributed along the south side of the St. Lawrence, below the mouth of the Chaudi«ire, and is found at many places inland. Quite extensive quarries exist at Sillery, about four miles south-west of Quebec, and also from one to two miles south-east of L^vis, where large quantities of stone of almost any de- sired size can be obtained. About St. Eaphael and Armagh, and at certain points near the coast below L'Islet the beds are highly quart- zose, and often have a purplish-red color, which contrabts well with the sombre tint of the typical Sillery rock. Among the Devonian beds of Gasp^ basin and tho interior of the Devonian and peninsula of Gaspe, greyich sandstone forms an important feature, and, sftndstones of where of suitable thickness, should constitute an excellent building "" ' stone. As, however, this is not so readily available as the freestones of the Millstone Grit formation on the south side of the B.ay Chaleur, it is doubtful if it could compete with these as a source of supply for building blocks of large size. Certain whitish, hard sandstones, 126 k PROVINCE OP QCEBEC. Trenton limentone. north of the St. Lawrence. Chiiy limeatone. Antioosti. Traohytio rook, yea™ „g„ f„,. J I„.erco „„ tl 1 '„Sf °i"'7j«.» I""""-' •<>"■« shore of Lake Temi.conata, and hoi fn 7h * ?'"'"' °" "" Chatea,. KilrWo;" 'a. ° , " °?""™'^ ""^ '" '^"«'»<'- ^' from which „ua„ui- f ,o ^ T ■mporlaa. quarrie, a|,„ „...■« al'-endy been «- the island of iton ™l A i e.«ns>"e™, near the upper end of was. for the most im.-f ni.t„ ^^ Cunllon and Grcnvillo canal »...«« ae:r;hr\!;rTi:;::h'nTit^turr"r' obtained ' '""' '"""'' '"'"'''°8 '"•".•»l ooald be easily The Beraral trappean or trachylic hills, which ,i.o on, „f ,i, , , and, from the lack of ouartz dl T " '^"'"'^ ^" *«^*»'-«' weather as well as could be dosi ed "l T' T "T""^ ""'''' i-oek mass is intersected by joinTs 'nd 1 Lr"P T' ^"^'"''•' *^° Bplit ou. These rocks a,, v^we' su ffi:' r' ^'^^ ?'« '"^^''^ road metal, answering much hetZfov2'^ ^ l^ ^'^"'''' ^""^ ^'^'^ building atone on Shelford Monltain '■""""" '*""'"'»'■'■ """l '<■' gely Of d„ft bloeka, wh.eh lie ecltered qnile thickly at eomo lUt.] OONSTRCOTIVE MATIRIAL8. 127 k »g the base of tlio e well soon on the been quarried somo :ain appear on the I good and lasting d Quebec the Treri^ leveral points, as at . Alban road, about extensive quarrios ntroal. At Pointe similar to that of ed in Quebec. At quarries also exist, he LtJvis forts, as )ccur at St. Paul's Iso the beds about already been re- imestono occur at ' the upper end of ne for the piei-s of irer u rries; from Chazy limestones been quan-ied for id Grenville canal 3 same formation, It limestone also int at Cape James ;al could be easily ) out of the level al Mountain fur- ood material for )arae in texture, influence of the as, however, the size are readily f blocks, and for an the limestone irries for paving Juntain, and for irches are built bickly at Eome points. Those consist of gneiss, quar^nite, nyenite, crystalline lime- Drift bouid«ri. stone, labradorite, etc., and in the church of St. Joseph, Beauce, many ditierent kinds of these rocks are seen, the whole presenting a pleasing eilect. . Marbles are found in the Laurentian series, and in the newer form- ^p^^J*o°,Ji^^? ations as well, at different points. The Laurentian marbles are quite extensively worked in that portion of Ontario to the south of the Ottawa, at RentVew, Arnprior and Fitzroy Harbor. From these places large quantities of excellent stone have been obtained, some of which has been employed in the interior construction of the Parliament buildings at Ottawa. In the township of Hull, lot eighteen, range eight, a quarry in Laurentian limestone furnished very good stone, and in Grenville, lot sixteen, range three, works for the preparation of similar rock were also erected. The limestone of the metamorphic rocks of the eastern townships at Stukely has already been referred to. Among marbles of newer horizons the deposit at Dudswell hasDudiwell long been known. This belongs to the Silurian system, and certain™*' beds are entirely composed of organic remains ; largo corals being abundant, which, when polished, present a beautifully marked surface. Several varieties of this stone are found in this quarry, among others a kind showing bandings and motJings of yellow upon a dark or black mass, presenting a very attractive appearance when polished. The extent of this quarry is considerable, and several years ago it was opened to a depth of five feet by the removal of the surface bench, the lower portion being found to be comparatively solid and capable of j'ielding large blocks which readily took a line polish. "Work has, how- ever, been suspended in this quarry for the last two years, owing pro- bably to luck of capital on the part of the company, who were largely engaged in lime burning on a portion of the same formation. Near Philipsburg several of the limestone bands offer a good variety of marble, but little has been done to develop the industry in this direc- tion. On the Chaudidre Eiver in Beauce, about three miles above the village of St. Joseph, near the mouth of the Colway, a very pretty reddish variety, veined with calcite, is found, which, when polished, has a rich and handsome appearance, but the band is not very extensive, and a similar variety is found near the St. Francis Eiver, about four miles below Eichmond, but nothing has ever been done to test their real value as a source of supply for marble. A very handsome variety of marble is found in the Laurentian at Grenville several places, as at Grenville, St. Andre Avelin, and the augmentation '""'■''■ of Grenville ; the limestone being mixed with greenish or yellowish green serpentine, in clouded markings or in bands. This constitutes the variety known as Eozoon limestone, and when polished the diffei'ent marble. Serpentine, Diflioulty in (tetting good bloolig. Eoioon limestone. Slates. 128 k PROVINCl OF QUIBEC. eolo,« and markmg« of thonupposcd fo.M havea ve.-yhandHomeoffccf ofthol.meHtonesofthoChazy and Trenton are HUrtlciently n et.Z phosed to poli.,. well, and ve.y hanU.o.e .arble. a.^o tain fn l" The«o are lound at Caughnawaga, St. Lin, Terrebonne, Montreal S Dominique, St. Armand and other places ^onireai, ht. ^erp.«/,«. ThiH rock occurs in connection with the Laurentiuu agoncio. .„a i. „„. ,„.,,f„,, aiptw :^t r;^,°'";S':: poi-hea .u,,aco .p.cdi|j, |,«om.. ,a,„i.h,j by w^th"" ng Du, „ the la.tfew yea,, atu mpt, have leea ma,le to Jbtain good ^.empany of Ottawa n Quebec, east of th the Cambrian t different times, are obtained, but rk or bluish grey, le at New Rock- m, known us tho IU1-, and in Cleve- Mr. J. C. Bedard of Bichmond, on lot six, range fifteen ibout three miles south-east of Thr.. qu»rri«. Richmond and near the line of the Grand Trunk railway. These three "l^Vti"' quarriea produce slates of the same general color, and are presumably from the same belt of rock oi- from a repetition of the same by folding, as well as the slates of the old Walton quarry on lot twenty-two, range 81X, Melbourne, which was worked some years ago, but subsequently abandoned. On the Grand Tiunk railway, about four miles east of Acton station, on lot twenty-six, range five, Acton, a quarry in red slates, with large patches of green, is located. This is the Rankin Hill it»"''i° Hiii quarry. The rock is said to be easily quarried and belongs to what is '"""'" called the Sillery portion of the Quebec group. It was opened in 1876 and was worked for two years, when it was closed, owing it is said, to- a lack of market and the low price at that time of the output. This quarry had, in 1877, a length of one hundred and fifty feet by sixty in breadth, and with a depth in one place of thirty-five feet, and in 1877 produced about 600 squares of slate. Slates also are found in Kingsey, lot four of the first range ; in Or- Abandon.* ford, lot two, range five, and in Tring and Westbury. Good deposit* are ""*"*"• also found in Brompton on lot twenty-nine, range five, where there is a quarry from which flagging stone has been obtained ; and in Garthby on the road to Ham, about four miles from Garthby station on the Quebec Central railway, lot fifteen, ranges eight and nine, same town- ship, the last in the red and green slates of the Sillery. North of the ChaudiAre an old slate quarry long abandoned is found on lot two, range ten, of Frampton, in purple rock; and bands of purple, red and green slates occur at many other points in the slaty series to the west of the main anticlinal of crystalline schists, some of which, were the market sufficient, should yield slates of good quality. The lai-gest„ „ u, ^ slate quarry at present in operation in Quebec is that of the New Rockland Company. This was firet opened in 1868 and has been woi-ked almost continuously ever since. It is situated on a rise with an elevation of about 500 feet above the St. Francis River, which is four miles distant to the north, and has at piesent a working bench 20 J feet deep. The slate cleaves readily, is very free from pyi-ites, im- pervious to water and equal in every respect to the celebrated Welsh slates. The quarry is equipped with the most improved machinery for cutting, sawing and dressing the rock and for making roofing slates of any required size The motive power consists of a turbine wheel, placed in the river half a mile above the works, to which the power 18 transmitted by cables. Four travelling derricks raise the Plant, rock from the pit, while inclined tracks transfer the finished products to a line of narrow gauge railway which connects the quarry with the hne of the Grand Trunk railway at a point about three miles south of Ontput. Aaaljnig. Blatetett*. ^ PBOVINCE OF QUEBEC. Silica Alumina ..'.!.'.".'..' ^'^^ Ferrous Oxide ........'., ^^'^^ ManganouB Oxide *'66 Lime ",'.'.'.'.'.". ^'^ Magnesia 0-67 Potash 2.99 Soda 3.60 Lossby ignition.....] 3.33 3.26 Q . 100.26 Specific gravity • 2 7fi -36JS31 ItaperCTtoch " °°' "°""^ «' '"■«» "»■ «ng.. 9601b,; mrf.lu. „, „p, j;„5j" "^ •!»«, fiutaj b, .pl„. imum; n.«d«l„,„(,„pta„°lw "^^ '"^ by .pUtUDg at Osfleolion with patean at ««) lbs was 7.10on-. 3800 feet B. M. of ,7.1^8™ work ^^^''""-^ "^ «"■'"« "''". «"ccur8 at that nes have been c splitting out >f from one to ;ely employed not appear to s again being I also furnish )ut these have rice, at Three e thickness of and be avail- B rook of the same formation in the vicinity of the city of Montreal. In the Report of Progress, 1847, page 82, Sir William Logan refei-s to the mica schists of Sutton Mountain as probably affoi-ding good material for this Mounuin. purpose. He says :— " Plates were observed showing a superficies of six feet by three, under six inches thick, and I was informed they might be obtained measuring ten feet by five." Similar mica schist, or a schistose micaceous gneiss, is found in the T^®i„,aingB, Oambrian rocks of the Upper Ottawa, on Lake Temiscamingue, from which good flagstones of large size can be obtained. On the fifth lot of the second range of Inverness, a greyish green talcoid and siliceous ^"'*"«"' slate is found, which was quarried some years ago, and which fur nished a very excellent stone ; and on the Upper ChaudiSre the sandy slates of the Cambro-Silurian or Upper Cambrian, both on the Duj,^^^^.. Loup and Chaudi^re itself, contain many thin beds of fine dark-blue River.' "* sandstone, which split out readily and furnish very excellent slabs for this purpose. Bricks and Brick CtAYs. While in Ontario brick clay of two kinds is found, from which brick of two shades can be made, viz., red and white, in the province of Quebec the deposits principally worked are confined to a marine g^ji^^^^,,^ deposit, known as the, Leda clay, and which overlies the boulder clay deposits. These marine clays frequently contain organic remains in cae shape of shells, and the bones of fish, as well as of seals and whales ; and when burned yield bricks of a red color. They are so extensively disti-ibuted throughout the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa that it is needless to particularize localities. Other deposits of apparently a similar clay, but which have not yet yielded organic remains, are found in the eastern townships, at Sherbrooke, Lennox- ville and Ascot, and even at much more elevated points, which also yield an excellent rod brick ; but no white brick clay has yet been observed, or at least burned. An inexhaustible supply of excellent material for the manufacture of ciay from brick exists in the waste from the slate quan-ies. This, when gi-ound, '"""'** *'*'*** makes a clay which, when properly mixed and burned, yields a brick of much greater value than that obtained from ordinary clay. The Rockland Slate Company, it is undei-stood, had the manufacture of these bricks in contemplation for some time; but has not yet been able, owing to the pressure of other work, to undertake the industry. The most extensive brick yards in the province are those in the vicinity of Montreal, but a clay of the same character is very exten- sively used at St. Johns for the manufacture of pottery and drain tiles, as well as at St. Sauveur, near Quebec, where also drain tiles are made ; but outside the principal cities the industiy is not carried on to any extent. 134 k PROVINCE OP QUEBKC. XL..] Qropbite. Onu?ille, WetimeatL. iMhtber. CLASS VIII. REFRACTORY MATERIALS. The principal minerals under this heading found in the province of Quebec are plumbago, mica, asbestus, soapstone and potstone and sand- stone, of which the three first named are of the most economic im- portance. Graphite. Graphite or plumbago is referred to in the earlier reports of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1845-46, by Sir William Logan as occumng m Grenville, on the south half of lot ten. concession five, " in a vein with^felspar, quartz, pyroxene and sphene, with carbonate of hme and serpentine, cutting the white micaceo-plumbaginous limestone of the metamorphic rocks." The deposit was worked some years by .he Hon. Mr. Harwood of Vaudreuil, and in the excavation the mineral was found to bo confined to three small strings, each about five inches thick, and comprised in a space of four feet and a r. P.u !! ^^T ""^'^ "^''^ ''^^""''^^ ^" *^« thirteenth and fourteenth lota ot the fourth range of the same township. On lot twentyone, fiont A, Westmeath, plumbago of excellent quality was seen, but the extent of thedeposit could not be ascertained In the Geological Survey Eeport for 1847 Dr. Hunt reported plum- bago as occurring on the north half of the same lot as Mr. Harwood's mine m three strings from two to eleven inches wide, which were stated to unite in one vein with a thickness "of eighteen inches, and quite free from any foreign substance." The mineral was described as being quite soft and pure, and the locality as worthy of further explor- ation In the Eeport of Progress for 1853 additional deposits are noted in the north half of the second lot, range ten, of GrenviHe and on the fifth lot of range four, Chathlm Gore, it is here dl^ cribed as "associated with the Laurentian limestone, and of a grev color and foliated structure, resembling that of Ceylon: its nrice would not exceed from £3 to £5 per ton when clean." Further refer once 18 made to these areas in the Geology of Canada for 1863 p 793 and other localities are noted in the vicinity, among which are the township of Lochaber, lot twenty-four, range seven, which flxrnished some excellent graphite; the seigniory of Petite Nation and in Buck, ingham. In these two townships this mineral occui-s at a grea+ num- ELlt.] GRAPHITE. 13Sk the province of stone and sand- t economic im- reports of the iam Logan, as sssion five, " in 1 carbonate of aous limestone d some years le excavation strings, each ur feet and a ind fourteenth of excellent )e ascertained, sported plum- [r. Harwood's , which were Q inches, and 3 described as irtherexplor- deposits are of Grenville, is here des- id of a grey n; its price 'urther refer- 1863, p. 793, hich are the ch furnished tnd in Buck- grea+ num- ber of points, and quite extensive works were erected by the Lochaber Plumbago Company on the twenty-eighth lot of the tenth range for crushing and separating the plumbago from the gangue. These works were under the management of Mi*. S. T. Pearce, and a large quantity of good material was obtained and cleaned, not only from the lot men- tioned, but from several others in the neighborhood. The graphite occurred principally disseminated in bands of limestone, though well defined veins were also found. The largest quantity of graphite obtained in this vicinity was appar- McCoy's mine, ently from McCoy's mine on lot twenty-four of the eighth range, where the mineral occurs as usual in a coarse grey crystalline lime- stone, having a breadth of twenty-five to thirty feet ; a shaft was sunk on it and from the several veins, which seemed to traverse the i-ock in all directions, about 620 tons of crude ore for dressing was raised. In the eleventh range of Lochaber, on the line between lots twenty-three and twenty-four, similar ore was found in a band from ten to twelve feet thick, from which about 150 tons, giving about twenty per cent, of pure graphite, were sent to the mill. In Buckinsrham graphite was found at a number of places, both aH Buckingham. ... 1 J. ■ i J • II 8te. Mary's lenticular masses in the limestone and as disseminated in smaller mine, grains, as well as in veins as already described. Several attempts to work these deposits were made at diiferent times. On the nineteenth lot of the fifth range Mr. Labouglie opened the Ste. Mary's mine from which several tons of pure graphitc>i were obtained, as well as a large quantity of disseminated ore for crushing. About two hundred yards east of this opening the graphite was found over an area thirty feet by eight in a series of reticulating veins, as at McCoy's mine in Loch- aber, and about 500 lbs. of pure graphite were obtained without the use of powder. On the twenty-second and twenty-third lots of the fifth range gi-aphite also shows in considerable quantity, occurring in a similar manner, and on the twenty-fourth lot of the same range several shafts were sunk, and over one hundred tons of ore extracted. This is called the St. Louis mine. "Veins of graphite also occur in the sixth gt. Louis mine, range, on lots twenty-two and twenty-eight ; the thickness of pure graphite being from three to six inches, and in one place from fifteen to twenty inches. Several openings have been made in these veins, but no returns of output are available. In Wentworth, on the west half of lot one, and the east half of lot Wentwortli. two, in the third range, similar outcrops occur, as well as on the twenty-second lot of the seventh range, and on the seventeenth lot of the ninth range. These lots have been acquired by the New England Plumbago Company. 136 k PROVINOK or QUIBIO. If r. VenDor's mport, 1878-74 ':->■'- DiMeminated snphite most iiBiwrtakt. "West A Co. 's tnio*. The Castle Vioperty. Pennook'i lot- Pn«h Sc Wort's In the Geological Survey Keport for 1873.74 fUrther details of the occurrence of graphite are given by Mr. Vennor, more particularly with reference to the Ottawa county deposits. He states that the mineral occurs "in three distinct forms, 1st, as disseminated scales or plates in the limestone, gneisses, pyroxenites, and quartzites, and even in some of the iron ores, as at Hull ; 2nd, na lenticular or disseminated masses, embedded in the limestone, or at the Junction of these and the adjoining gneiss and pyroxenite, and 3rd, in the form of true fissure veins, cutting the enclosed strata." Of the relative importance of these different deposits he says : " The first form is that most commonly met with, and It 18 in the limestone that the graphite is most abundantly disseminated, oftentimes to such an extent as to constitute deposits of gr . . economic value. The second form, viz., that of embedded masses 18 01 common occurrence, and in a number of localities in Buckingham' Lochaber and GrenviUe, such deposits have been met with and worked to a small extent. The third, or last form, that of fissure veins, is not so common, and does not appear to be of as great importance as the bedded deposits, although many such veins exist and have been worked to some extent in the townships already named. In these veins the graphite is very brilliant, often lamellar and of great purity " Of these three modes of occurrencA, Mr. Vonnor inclines to the belief that the first will prove of the greatest economic importance. In addi- tion to the localities where mining operations have been carried on and already referred to, others are given in this report. Of these lot twenty-seven, fifth concession of Buckingham was opened by Me^rs West & Co. by a pit ten feet square and ten feet deep on three veins of graphite ranging in thickness fVom six inches to two feet. From these twenty barrels of pure graphite are reported as having been shipped On lots fifteen and sixteen of the sixth concession (Crosby Xewton 8) a little mining was also done. On lot twenty-three, conces- sion five, the "Castle property," the nize of the veins is not stated : on the west half of lot four, concession seven, graphite also occurs, and on the south half of lot twenty-one, same concession, known as the "Pen- nock lot," a vein of very fine matei-ial, from a foot to a foot and a half in thickness, has been opened and worked to some extent; the quality of the graphite being said to compare fkvornbly with that from Ceylon On the twenty-seventh lot of the sixth concession is the mine of Messrs. Pugh & Wort, consisting of a shaft forty feet deep on a bed of about three feet, which has also been worked by an open cutting for over sixty feet from which a largo amount of fine graphite was obtained. In the vicinity of Donaldson's Lake several other openings have been made at different times, and on some of the lots, more especially on lots four and five of the ninth concession, very promising indications were found, but no details of the output are to hand EUt.] In the Re the analysis ingham was 1876-77, by including ii GrenviUe n graphite. \ among whi< eighth lot ated graphi in the rock ing to the large bed o 23-798; an sixth rang! which coni centage of three samp chloric aci was 2-475 ] dressed gr were exan were of di 3-638 per ( bonate of 1 facture of matters, w acid, 80 t exhaustive dicial to tl Four asf a foliated range, coi columnar which con GrenviUe, the augm( carbon 99 from lot ( carbon 99 silica. Respect Mr. Hoffn EU*.] aOAFHITK. 13tK ietails of tha particularly ates that the ited scales or ites, and even disseminated hese and the f true fissure !;ance of these )ramonl7niet t abundantly e deposits of dded masses, Buckingham, I and worked veins, is not tance as the been worked se veins the ity." to the belief ce. In addi- 1 can'ied on Of these, lot 1 by Messrs. three veins feet. Prom laving been ion (Crosby iree, coiices- b stated ; on Burs, and on s the"Pen- t and a half the quality *om Ceylon. ;he mine of on a bed of cutting for aphite was Br openings lots, more ' promising >and. In the Report of Progress of this Survey for 1815-16 the results of the analysis of four samples of graphite from the township of Buck- ingham was given ; this was followed in the report for the next year, 1816-11, by a very valuable series of analyses by Mr. Hoffmann, MrHoffm^n^ including in all eighteen specimens of graphite from Buckingham and Grenville made in order to institute a comparison with the Ceylon, graphite. The Canadian mineral was obtained from various deposits among which were the Montreal Plumbago Mining Co.'s, on the twanty- eighth lot of the sixth range of Buckingham, where a bed of dissemin- ated graphite eight feet in width occurs, the percentage of the graphite in the rock being 29518 ; from the twentieth lot of range eight, belong- ing to the Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company, where there is a large bed of similar character, the percentage of the graphite being 23-198; and from the twenty-second, and twenty-third lots of the sixth range, belonging both to the Buckingham Mining Company, which contained 22-385 and 30516 per cent of graphite. The per- centage of rock matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid from the first three samples averaged 55-094 ; .nd of rock matter soluble in hydro- chloric acid, 19-430. In the last sample the soluble i-ock matter was 2-415 per cent, the insoluble 66814 per cent. Seven specimens of dressed graphite from the Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company were examined, and the amount of ash determined. The samples were of different grades, and the ash ranged in amount from 11 682 to 3-638 per cent. All the samples contained certain proportions of car- E^^Uent bonate of lime and oxide of iron, features objectionable in the manu-C»nadi^ factureof crucibles; but these, together with other injurious foreign matters, were removed by digesting the graphite with hydrochloric acid, so that the resulting graphite, according to Mr. Hoffmann's exhaustive tests, contained nothing that would in any way be preju- dicial to the manufacture of cruciblee from the pui-ified material. Four assays of vein graphite were also made ; two from Buckingham, ^"figiig;^ a foliated vein occurring on lots twenty-one and twenty two, seventh range, containing 99-615 per cent carbon, with -141 of ash, and a columnar variety from the twenty-seventh lot of the sixth range which contained 91-626 per cent carbon and 1-180 ash ; and two from Grenville, a foliated variety from the north half of the second range of the augmentation, formerly mined to a small extent, which contained carbon 99-815 per cent, with only -016 ash, and a columnar variety from lot one of the sixth range of the augmentation which showed carbon 99-151, and ash 0-135 ; nearly sixty per cent of the latter being '' Speoting the character of the Canadian graphite as determined by ConoU^ign. of^ Mr. Hoffmann, he remarks that " From these experiments it will be 138 k PROVINCB OP QUEBEC. Mr. Torrance report. Pratent eondition of the indaitry. seen that in respect to incombustibility, the Canadian graphite may claim perfect equality with that of Ceylon; and that consequently apart from any consideration of the proportion and nature of the asso- ciated foreign matter, it is in no wise inferior to the latter as a material for the manufacture of crucibles." Mr. Hoffmann farther remarks that "prepared according to the present process, tho dressed graphite obtained from the beds of the disseminated mineral, is apt to contain more or less carbonate of soda and oxide of iron." He, however points out that these can be easily removed by a simple process, and the graphite be left " with a veiy small amount of ash, and that of a nature in no wise prejudicial to its application for the purpose here under consideration." Ml". ToiTanco, in the Report of the Geological Sui-vey for 1882-83 m refeiTing to the quality of the Canadian plumbago for ihe market! cites the opinions of those who have used it, to the effect, that its bad reputation abroad is due to the uncertain quality of the article shipped, and to the fact that it contained certain impurities pointed out already in the report of Mr. Hoffmann as easily remo/able, but which appar- ently had not been done by the company which worked the mines. The hydrochloric treatment is also referred to, and Mr. Torrance says that " until acid chambers are erected in Ottawa county, or at Mont- real, the best plan of working the plumbago deposits would be to dress the plumbago at the mines as completely as mechanical skill can accomplish, and then ship it to Brockville in barrels for the further treatment with acid, before its export;" and further, that " so long as the price of dressed plumbago does not fall below forty dollars per ton many of our Canadian deposits could be profitably worked, always pro- vided that they are managed by competent engineers. No mining company need hope to succeed in Canada, or any other part of the world, unless its manager has had a careful technical training, or the ore is of a phenomenal richness." No graphite has been mined in Ottawa county now for several years The property formerly owned by the Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company has lately passed into the hands of Mr. W. H. Walker, of Ottawa. The areas embraced in this property, which amounts 'to about 2,000 acres, are the north half of lots nineteen and twenty-one, range twenty-three, Buckingham; lot twenty-four, range seven; lot nineteen, range eight; the south half of lots twenty and twenty- one, rapge eight; the south half of lot nineteen, range nine, and lot twenty-one, range nine. A large amount of work was done here in former years; but at present the industry is confined to the utilization of the refuse of the mine for the manufacture of stove polish, much of which is obtained by draining a lake on the property. EILI.] ELI!.] MIC * — ASBE8TU8. 139 k graphite may consequently, ire of the aeso- r as a oiateria) p remarks that ssed graphite, apt to contain He, however, le process, and , and that of a 3 purpose here yfor 1882-83. )r ihe market, it, that its bad rticle shipped, ad out ah'eady which appar- ed the mines. Torrance says 7, or at Mont- lid be to dress ical skill can )r the further t " so long as oUars per ton, 1, always pro- No mining I- part of the lining, or the leveral years, da Plumbago I. Walker, of amounts to 1 twenty-one, ;e seven ; lot and twenty- range nine, )rk was done nfined to the are of stove he property. Hecently a vein of disseminated graphite about tbrco feet thick huU. has been found, accoi-dingto Mr. Willimott, on lot nine. . .^nge eleven, Hull, near Cantley, on land owned by Mr. Davis of that place. This has not yet been opened. The property in Grenville, lot ten, range ^^^^^^ five, formerly known as the " Miller Mine," has recently been bought min,,GrenTill» by Messi-s. Rae & Co., of Montreal. The veins, of which there are five, occur in a band of white crystalline limestone. They have a breadth of five to eight feet, and have provided a fair amount of graphite. The mine has been opened for sixty feet in length to a depth of thirty feet, but nothing is at present being done at the place. MiOA. At present there are no deposits of this mineral being worked in Vi^ieneu«> Quebec. The most important location probably is that of Villeneuve, lots thirty and thirty-one, range one, which has lately been acquired by Messrs. Franchotte & Co. of Buckingham. A considerable quantity has been mined at different times, but the deposit is now said by Mr. Willimott, who has lately visited the spot, to be worked not for the mica but for felspar, which is employed in the manufacture of porce- lain. Among other localities referred to in the Geology of Canada, 1863, in which mica occurs in suflSciently large masses for economic purposes, is the ninth lot of the sixth range, Grenville, from which one Grenville. crystal was obtained furnishing sheets twenty-four by fourteen inches. Also on the tenth lot of the fifth range, and on the first lot of the tenth range. Mica has^lso been reported within the last four or five years from the north side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Wat8heeshoou,c'Guifo*f''st- peninsula, and some very fair sample sheets have been exhibited as if'^n^e- coming from this area. The rocks are of the usual character of the Laurentian found in Grenville and Buckingham, and it is said the deposit bids fair to be of considerable importance, though no reliable details arc to hand. ASBXSTUS. There is probably no mineral in Canada which has assumed so much j-irst referene» economic importance in so short a time as asbestus. Prior to 1880 its (jeoiogio«l use in this country was comparativelj' limited, while the value of the ""^"" imports into the United States for that year, according to the mineral statistics of that country, was less than $10,000. Although the pres- ence of this mineral in Canada has been known for more than forty years, reference being made to it in the Eeport of the Geological I':' 140 k PBOVINCE OF Q0IB1C. gsbibited in ondon, 1862. Survey for 1847-48 as occurring with the serpentines of the raagnesian belt in Bolton, but little value was attached to the discovery, the uses for the mineral and the market being exceedingly limited. At the exhibition in London in 1862 a specimen of asbestus from the seign lory of St. Joseph was on view, which probably came from outcrops of serpentine on the Des Plantes Eiver, or the Bras, between St. Joseph and St. Francis villages ; but while the extension of the belt of serpentine rocks in which this minei-al is known to occur had been traced with sonae care from the Vermont boundary in the township of Potton to A.b..tu.inth,r« '^°''^ *•?' Chaudi^re River, the deposits of asbestus observed ^SltSd Stite'i* ^r® comparatively limited. In the United States veins, generally of short and harsh fibre, were found at several points, and a considerable quantity of a tremolitic variety was mined, which, while ill-adapted for the purposes to v.iiich asbestus is now generally applied, was used for the manufacture of fireproof paints, cemente, etc. The chief source of supply for fibi-ous asbestus was the mines of Italy, where deposits of UTegular extent occur the mineral often possessing a long and silkv fibre which well adapted it for spinning, and from this source the material for fire-proof curtains and such like manufactures was K .f"f-;u f i" ^^^^'^^ '^^''"! ^^ discovered in the serpentine hills of Thetfoi-d and Coleraine; tie size of the veins, often several inches thick, leading to the expectation that deposits of value might exist there, though their true importance was not ascertained for several yeai-s. The credit of the discovery in this locality is claimed by Mr. Robert Ward, though by others it is stated that the firet find was made by a French Canadian named Fecteau. Following closely upon the discovery several parties secured areas both at Thetford and Black Lake in Coleraine township on the line of the Quebec Central rai way, which for some miles, or from Coleraine station to a short distance beyond Thetfoi-d station, runs between high ridges of serpen- tine, m which, the timber having been burned off, the veins were observed at the surface by the weathering and felting of the mineral on the surface of the bare rock. In the first year of mining operations, 1878, only fifty tons were taken out, for which it was difficult to find a ready sale at remunerative figures. The value of the mineral was however, speedily ascertained, and in a short time additional areas' were seeured from the Government. The land was considered of no value, either for agricultural or any other purpose, and the mining was rapidly extended. The principal areas in which the asbestus bearing serpentme was found to occur were on lots twenty-six, twenty-seven and twenty-eight, near the line between ranges five and six of Thetford- and, m the township of Coleraine, near the Black Lake station four miles south-west of Thetford station, in an area previously unsurveyed Italiui Mbestus, piaooTery of the Thetford depoiits. BeginniDB of the industry. Mining areaa. but adjoinii on lots tw( two, range All these tine-bearing railway tov Poudrier ro aine, an'' it tine extendi ently termi depression ; beyond the tion into th two ridges, lately openc works of th' lota twentj Further we three miles tions have learned, gr Coleraine. All these is asHOciatec sandstones i related to c and is appai The country mining ente part are suj pentine is s( itic and talc serpentines to be in ver work any si In connec pentinous li: tus, generall fourths to 01 or more, are thickness of attempts ha asbestus veil III!.] ABBEBTUa. 141 K le magnesian ""eiy, the uses ited. At the m the seign. a outcrops of t. Joseph and >f serpentine traced with of Potton to tus observed generally of considerable e ill-adapted ed, was used chief source e deposits of igand silky J source the lictures was i serpentine ften several 7alue might artained for y is claimed he fii-st find ^ing closely hetford and bee Central to a short )s of serpen- veins were the mineral operations, lilt to find a ineral was, ional areas ered of no mining was ius bearing enty-seven fThetford; ation, four insurveyed, to the south-wMt. but adjoining, on the south-west, range B, and called block A, as also on lots twenty-seven and twenty-eight, range B, and on lot thirty- two, range C. All these areas were speedily secured, as well as most of the serpen- Mining tine-bearing ground extending south-eastward from the Quebec Central railway towai-d Caribou Lake from and along what was known as the Poudrier road for several miles. In the south-west portion of Color- aine, an^" in the portion of Ireland adjoining, a large ridge of serpen- tine extends from Black Lake to the Wolfestown road, where it appar- ently terminates, the road to Wolfestown passing through a deep depression; but a second mountain mass of similar rock rises directly beyond the road, and extends for some miles in a south-westerly direc- tion into the townships of Garthby and Ham. Upon the first of these two ridges, or that south-west of Black Lake, four mines have been lately opened, while in the ridge beyond the Wolfestown road the first works of the Bell Company of London were commenced in 1875 on lots twenty-three and twenty-four of range two of Wolfestown. Further west also, on the south-west face of the same hill, some three miles distant from the Bell Company's opening, other explora- tions have lately been made, but these have not, in so far as yet learned, given such promising results as those of Thetford and Coleraine. All these mining locations are situated on areas of serpentine which Rook of the is associated with green, grey, black or reddish slates, and quartzose *™"" sandstones and conglomerate.. The Bcrpentine is more particularly related to considerable masses of dioritic and whitish granitic rock, and is apparently due to the alteration of portions of these masses. The country is very rough and unpromising for anything other than mining enterprises. These slates and associated rocks for the most part are supposed to belong to the Cambrian system, though the ser- pentine is sometimes connected with areas of older rocks, such as chlor- itic and talcose schists, and considerable masses of soapstone. In the serpentines which are found with the older rocks the asbestus appears to be in very limited quantity, and no attempt has yet been made to work any such deposit. In connection with the Laurentian rocks of Ottawa county the ser- Asbestui of pentinous limestones sometimes cai-ry veins of a pale yellowish asbes- "*** '°"° ''" tus, generally of short fibre, but at times having a length of three- fourths to one inch. In some pieces of lock several of these, six, eight or more, are found, occupying a breadth of ten to twelve inches, the thickness of the veins ranging from one fourth of an inch upward. Few attempts have, in so far as can be learned, been made to work these asbestus veins, some of which, as in Temple ton, range seven, lot two, 142 k PHovmci: or quibic. Unlike that of th* town«liip!>. Orowth of the indaitry. The Thet ford mines. BzUnt of the lerpentine at Thetford. might, if thoy wore continuous to any extent, affoi-d material of aecon.l and thii-d quality, the fibre having ncarcely a sufficient length to class ii lis first. Both the serpentine and asbestus of the Laurentian rocksdittei in quality from that of the eastern townships, as might indeed Iv supposed fiom their mode of occurrence and from the associated wckn In connection with some of the phosphate deposits, iis at the Emerald mine on the Du Lievre in Buckingham, considerable masses of thf variety of asbestus known us mountain cork are found, but this has «h yet no economic value. The history of the asbestus industry has already been very fullv given in the Report of Progress of this survey for 1886 and 1887-88 as well as in various articles in the Ottawa Mining Review ThJ growth of this industry has been constant and rapid, as can be seen by the greatly increased output from year to year; that for 1889 leaching over 6,000 tons. There is also a great and constantly increasin'.. demand for the material itsolf-a demand in fact so great that with the present appliances and conditions of mining, the supply cannot keep pace with it. The reputation which the Canadian asbestuc ha^ already acqmred in foreign markets is such that the principal manu- facturers have either already obtained asbestus producing areas of their own, or are striving to purchase them. Of those the most prominent already in the field are the Bell Company, of London- the Unj'ed Asbestus Company, also of London, and the American Asbistu^ Company, controlled by the Wertheims, of Frankfort, Germany The companies now working at Thetford, are the King Bros n lot twenty-six, range five; the Bell Company, on east half of lot twenty- seven, same range; Ross, Ward & Co., on west half of same lot and range; Irving Johnston & Co., on lot twenty-seven, range six- the Thetford Asbestus Mining Co. (A. H. Murphy & Co.), on lot twinty- eight, range six; and the King Bros, als* on lot twenty-eight range five— on which some new development work is being carried on The four mines of King Bros., the Bell Company, Irving, Johnston"* Co and Ross, Ward & Co. are all situated on parts of a small knoll of serpentine lying directly to the south-east of the Quebec Central rail- v^ay which traverses the area. The serpentine, however, extends to the Thetloi-d Rive.-, about a fourth of a mile to the north-west of the railroad. Some of the openings are situated to the west side of the railway, but the greatest amount of asbestus is taken from open pits in the sides and from the top of the knoll mentioned. It seems not improbable that the whole of these magnesian rooks are nf th„ i.»> r<.«k^ - They constitute "The Volcanic Group " Report of the QeoToS Su^^y' or 18nt"5;^^^:• haTe been found .n them, and their mineral character seems to ally them moteZotJJ^T pre-Cambrian (Huronian system) than it doe. to any known CambCtlrne -^" i ft^t!!.! Id Colera Jk, Co. have i traversed b; In range A twenty-seve some good menced on made an op of the Pouc tempt to pr thirty-two, pit in 1888 thirty tons lots twenty formerly Di \sbestus C< the Bell Co on the form lock of Glae of asbestus The prini block A, ai tish-Canadi Asbestus C the AngIo-< To the sou! the Laurie line of the is the pro] flanked on west by tl upper end have opeD< Further to Ooleraine a own the lA Ooleraine i north-east commenoir On lots 1 Messrs. Ki on the wes the Bell C< ial ofsecoDil ;th toclasH it nrockadittei it indeed lie ciated rockM. he Emerald 18968 of the this has nn 1 very fully and 1 887-88, 3view. Thf 1 be seen by '89 i-eachini; ■ incroaeinL' t that, with )ply cannot ksbestuG ha^ cipal manu- ]g areas of e the most ondon; the an Asbestu.s i-many, Iros., n lot lot twenty- ime lot and ;e six; the lot twenty- ight, range }d on. The iston & Co. ill knoll of antral i-ail- eztends to vest of the iide of the open pits flU.] ASBK8TUS. 143 K Cambrian age. 78 No fossils, oloiely to tiie • S.O. Selv>i/ii. In Coleraine township, adjoining Thetford, Messrs. Lucke, Mitchell Mining & Co. have a mine on lots thirty-two and thirty-one of range C, also coiSraiM traversed by the Quebec Central railway, and showing excellent fibre. '"""'•'''■ In range A of this township prospecting work has been done on loti^ twenty-seven, twenty-eight and twenty-nine by Dr. James Eeed, and some good veins of asbestus disclosed, and mining bos lately com- menced on these. On lot twenty-six H. W. Johns several years ago made an opening in the thee of the hill, about one>fourth of a mile east of the Poudrier road, and found some small veins, but no further at- tempt to prove this propei>ty has since been made. In range B, lot thirty-two, Mr. Williams of the Rockland Slate Quairy opened up a pit in 1888 on land leased from Mr. A. H. Murphy from which about thirty tons mostly of second and third grades were obtained. On lots twenty-seven and twenty-eight, the south half of which was formerly Dr. Seed's, and was obtained two yeai-s ago by the American isbestus Co., and the north half (which was formerly Hayden's) by the Bell Co., work has been going forward very extensively, especially on the former. Further to the rear, on lot twenty-four, Mr. D. Black- look of Glasgow, Scotland, opened several pits in 1889, but the quantity of asbestus found was not great, the veins being of short fibre. The principal workings of the Black Lake district are situated on The Biaok block A, adjacent to the south line of range B, and are the Scot- " "**' tish-Canadian, formerly the Eureka and Emilie mines; the United Asbestus Company, of London, formerly the Prechette-Douville ; and the Anglo-Canadian, controlled by Hopper, Irwin & Co., of Montreal. To the south-west of this last and directly a'^joiniiig i the property of the Laurier Mining Company of Arthabasr and further down the line of the Quebec Central, nearly one mile from the Anglo-Canadian is the property of Loomis and Johnston, opened in 1888, which is ^^^ companlM flanked on the north-east by that of Wood & Co., and on the south- west by that of the Black Lake Asbestus Mining Co. Across the upper end of Black Lake Messra. i Irundy and Steele of Sherbrooke have opened an area on the southern flank of the Silver Mountain. Further to the south-west, >n the southern extremity of the great Coleraine and Ireland serpentine ridge, Messrs. Fenwick and Sclater own the Megantic mine, situated one mile and a half nortli-west of Coleraine station on the Quebec Central, and adjoining this on the north-east is the ai'ea of Lambly & Company of Inverness ; the latter commencing work in 1889. On lots twenty-four and twenty-five of the third range of Ireland Ireland— Kfjii« Messrs. King Bros, have commenced operations, with good prospects, ^"^' "'*"•* on the western flank of the serpentine ridge. The former workings of the Bell Company are situated on the noi-th end of the Wolfestown and 3i 144 k PBOVINOB OP QUBBBO. Wolfegtown Oarthby. White's Atbestus Co BramptoiiLake JKining Co. Bolton. North Stukely, Sfaipton. Jeffny'i mine. Garthby serpentine ridge, on lots twenty-three and twenty-four of Wolfestown, range two. These have not been operated since 1888 On he south-west extremity of this ridge, on lot tLnty-fourrange fou, further openings were made in 1885. but soon discont^nu^' earned on mining operations, are the White's Asbestus, 1889 who M?n.'T;i' ^"^«'y-«««*t«red areas in Garthby and Co eraine-The rt^ twelver' f'''^'''^^^' -'•--Iced for some time on re'lght range twelve Colerame, near Little Lake St. Francis, but apparentlv without much success; and the Brompton Lake Mning Comprnv formed in Montreal in 1889, who last year acquired the oW NoeTS* on lot twenty-six, range nine, Brompton, near the lower end oTthe lake on the east side. This property wks first opened by ^N^, of Ku^hmond in 1886, who sold to Messrs. McDonald BroJ of S feTvar r. "'* ^'' ''*°'°°« *« P'-^"^'"^^^ definit^yTpon ite he e anH\ ' ''"'''''"'' «"*«°«^^« P'«°' « ««^ being 7acS Sth ; ^P^'-^"^^. «« «« asbestus belt, will soon be known co^pan; atll^^^^^^^ °" ''' ^^S'^*' ™"«« «--' ^Xn, a Zo^Zw ^K u ""* ^'"" ^'^ ^'^'■^ *^^««*"« i« * knoll of serpentine one of a chain which extends for sevfral miles between Trousers ilk; and Eastman. The indications of large and profitable ve ns w^it however, very few. Some small local vdns of Le.fourthTha7f7n the season. This is the only attempt to work asbestus in the south cTl T S"' '' '°"*' ""' ^^•^^'•'^ ^«-**-' but on one of the out Lake in° ^IuTT! "''' '^* ^"^"^^^'^^^ «^ ^ "''« -«* of 1. ng f«!t?' . .^''^' ''^"■*' "b«"o- pits ^«'-« ««nk in a soft shaf sltrr?«^f . T°''"'' *'■" in contact with the black and grey ma vet not r .f *^^«P«"'"^' ^d' -^^I^ the exception of^ he vSrl Th^ 'V :":^'-^ other indications of asbestus were Zt!; • n , P""^'"*'''*^"''" i" character from that of the areas IooIhLT* "^T"'^ *''* '" -b'"^ ^^''^^tus is mined is at Jeffrey's SZ' Thc"a" "r"l '' '''*"^'"« ^'""^«' - >«* --' range S wh.Vh * ^ ; ' "' *'"'" °'''"™ '" * ^o"°ded knoll, one of a serS cm-nt f^ ''"T ^«'bourne through Cleveland into the south e^ coine.. of Tingwck, and is the only one in which valuable vein have yet been found in this direction. This was fi..t worked in 1884 and has yielded a large amount of asbestus of excellent quality, though the veins are r Francis Ri small veins size to extr of Mr. J. S, been made Much of Bolton and that while < deposits lik< areas may c To the no: and has bee Thetford, or taining both an inch to a poor for shi] lot thirteen, on the road : of serpentin asbestus hav economically railway, on 1 in which the In Leeds a are found, bu cession of St knoll of som( latter place, 1 East of th( Thetford, on sixteen, rang seven, nine, t Obalski, but i areas of serpi adjoining The in the barren ' As regards apparently a appears to be veins of any v ground has bei In the towi ] CILI.] ASBESTUS. 145 K veins are not of large size. In Melbourne, on the south side of St. Me.boum. Francs Rive.-, near the slate quarries, the hills of serpentine contain small veins of asbestus, but these have never been found of sufficient size to extract with profit. So also in Cleveland, near the slate quarry <^'"«»-°o- of Mr. J S. Bedai-d, small veins can be seen, but no attempt has yet been made to work them. Much of the serpentine of the smaller areas in Potton, Sutton, Bolton and Orford is as yet covered by forest growth, or by drift, so that while the search has hitherto been unsuccessful in finding large deposits like those of Thetford and the vicinity, it is possible that such areas may exist. ^ > r To the north of the Thetford mines serpentine occurs at several places *«>* northv and has been already opened to some extent. In the fourth range of-S.^-""'"" Thetford on lots sixteen, seventeen and eighteen, knolls are found con- taining both chromic iron ore and asbestus ; the latter in veins of half an inch to an inch ; the former of a quality, in so far as tested, too poor for shipment to a foreign market. Near Robertson station, on lot thirteen, range five, several outcrops of sei-pentine are visible, and on the road from Broughton station to Harvey Hill a number of knolls of serpentine and soapstone are seen. In some of these, small veins of asbestus have been recognized, but none of sufficient size to be as vet economically available. Near East Broughton station, Quebec Central B^»<*ton railway on lot fourteen, range seven, Broughton, another area occurs"""" in which the Broughton mine is situated. In Leeds also near Kinnear'g Mills, several outcrops of sei-pentine Leed.. are found but these appear to be barren of asbestus, and in the con- cessu)n of St. Catherine, on the road leadingeast from St. Sylvester, a knoll of some acres in extent has been mined by Mi-. Fahey of the^*' ^'"•^•'• latter place, but without obtaining anything of importance. Th«J?o..f *^ I \'°! °^ '\' ^'''^'' ^'°*™^ ^*"^^y ^^'•P^'^^'ne occurs inThetfo«L Jhetfoid, on lots ten and eleven, range seven ; lots fourteen, fifteen and sixteen, range eight; lots fourteen and fifteen, range nine: and five seven nine, ten, range ten. These areas have been examined by Mr' Obalsk. but no important veins discovered. In Adstock considerable Ad,took. areas of serpentine occur in the south-west corner of the township adjoining Thetford, but these also seem to be, for the most part at least! in the barren belt. As regards the serpentines of Little Lake St. Francis, while there is Litti. Uk. st apparently a considerable development in this direction, much of il ^^'"^ appears to be too hard and siliceous to be asbestus producing, and no veins of any value have yet been observed in this quarter, though the ground has been thoroughly prospected. In the township of Tring several outcrops occur. That on thoTrt... 146 k PROVINCE OP QUEBEC. The Chauditire River. Oes Plantes Rirer. Cranbourne. Rolette and Talon. Oaip« Peninsula. Mount Albert. M«nnt Seqtentine. tbii'teenth lot of the first range was opened several years ago, but only Mmall and irregular veins were found. In the vicinity of St. Victor de Tring similar outcrops are seen, but the veins are small, being only a fourth of an inch or so in length of fibre. On the Brasdu Sud-Ouest, a branch of the Chaudifire, a mass of serpentine occm-s at the falls, about three miles from the mouth, but though carefully prospected, has also as yet yielded nothing of importance ; and on the Des Plantes, near the road to St. Francis from St. Joseph, several openings were made, some years ago, but the veins found were small and not continuous for any distance. This serpentine has the soft greasy look of much of that in the Orford and Bolton area, and is very much shattered. At the falls of the Des Plantes, between one and two miles from the mouth of the river, a considerable bed of serpentine occurs, apparently of the barren sort ; and near the boundary between Vaudreuil and St. Joseph, about four miles from the Chandi^re, an area of similar rock contains a large deposit of titaniferous iron ore, but has not yet been prospected for asbestus, or if so, none is yet reported. On the east side of the Moose Mountain, in Cranbourne, on lot twenty-three, range five, on the west side of the Etchemin Eiver, a small area occurs with the trappean rocks, but no veins larger than half an inch in thickness have yet been seen. ' Several small areas occur in the township of Eolette, range four, and Talon, range six, ; but of these not much is known. No asbestus has yet been reported ; the country in this direction being almost entirely unopened. In the Gasp^ Peninsula the great serpentine areas of Mount Albert and the South Mountain, which mark the western prolongation of the Mount Albert ridge to the Salmon Branch of the Cascapedia, have long been known. The western portion is too hard and siliceous to give much promise of asbestus, but some portions of the Mount Albert areas have shown small veins along with deposits of chromic iron. In the eastern portion of the peninsula, at Mount Serpentine, on the Dart- mouth River, a few miles from its mouth, a band of this rock associ- ated with hornblende rock occurs, in which some small veins of asbestus were observed by Mr. Obalski ; but owing to the covering of soil and forest, the full extent of the deposit could not be ascertained. This mountain, which rises, according to Mr. Obalski, to a height of 1,600 feet above the sea, was named Mount Serpentine by an officer of the Geological Survey thirty years ago. It is surrounded by the sandy and calcareous beds of the Siluro-Devonian system of that region, and probably marks the most easterly exposure of the older rocks of the Green Mountain range. In the SOI the only oni known, the of short-fibi Geological I been heard ( not indicate inaccessibili with its dev A somewhai tine ot Big carried on ti fibre were o W. Willimol occur. The which is rar second was of three feel third variet occurs alon^ where ; whi concretionar of serpentim and importa chromite, is asbestus of t! iflg a large s the lake. From a ci stretch of co rock can app of supply foi barren, viz., i color on fresl to that porti Lake St, Frai Ai'eas of this in the heart < Small, but ve rock, but the; tion. The b< barren, is thi Orford, and ii ;o, but only . Victor de jing only a id-Ouest, a falls, about d, baa also IS, neai- the aade, some )us for any of that in it the falls luth of the the barren eph, about ins a large ipected for the Moose n the west > trappean e yet been ange four, o asbestus ag almost mt Albert tion of the have long us to give ibert areas . In the the Dart- ick associ- veins of jvering of Qertained. height of officer of the sandy )gion, and }kB of the £L18.] ASBESTITS. HI K In the south-eastern part of the province areas of serpentine are few, Q^yhurst the only one reported being in Gayhurst ; but the exact location is not known, the difficulty of access being considerable. Several samples of short-fibred asbestus said to be from this locality were sent to the Geological Survey office several years ago ; but nothing definite has been heard on the subject since. The quality of the sample sent does not indicate it to be of much economic importance, while the present inaccessibility and distance from the railway would seriously interfere with its development, even though the veins were of considerable size. A somewhat peculiar development of asbestus is found in the serpen- tine of Big Island, Nicolet Lake, in South Ham. Explorations were South Ham. carried on there for some weeks in 1885-86, but no largo veins of good ^''""" ^'"'' fibre were obtained. The property was carefully examined by Mr. C. W. Willimott, in 1882, who reports that four varieties of the mineral occur. The first, or workable asbestus, is found in veins, the fibre of which is rarely half an inch in length, and not easily separable ; the second was the coarse variety, the fibre having sometimes a length of three feet, which is apparently of very little economic value. The third variety is somewhat " --^r in texture, and like that which occurs along the joints o'" terpentine in the mines worked else- where ; while the fourtt oteatitic rock, in masses containing concretionary pellets of asbestus, the centres of which show a nucleus of serpentine. In the serpentine of the west shore of the lake, a large and important vein of magnetite, containing a small percentage of chromite, is found. No attempt has yet been made to work the asbestus of this district, though some money has been spent in develop- ifig a large stratum of soapstone in the vicinity, near the south end of the lake. From a careful examination of the serpentine, extending over a Different kind, stretch of country for some hundreds of miles, several varieties of the °^ '"*''*®°''"*' rock can apparently bo recognized, differing in importance as sources of supply for asbestus. Two of these varities seem to be very nearly barren, viz., the hai-d reddish-brown siliceous rock, often of a greyish j,g^„ color on fresh fracture, similar to much of the Wolfostown ridge, and ""*'"*' ' to that portion of Coleraine lying in the vicinity of Caribou Lake, Lake St. Francis and Adstock, as well as in the Shickshock mountains! Areas of this hard barren looking rock, of considerable extent, occur in the heart of the productive belt itself, at Thetford and Black Lake. Small, but very irregularly distributed veins are frequently seen in this rock, but they are not thick enough to repay the cost of their extrac- tion. The second variety, which has likewise been found generally barren, is the slaty rook seen about the south side of Long Lake in Orfoi-d, and in Bolton and Potton. This rock frequently has a peculiar 148 k PBOVINCE OP Q0EBEO. CUB.] Serpentines north of Oxford Moan tain. Irregnlarity of the ubeitns Tvinj. Danger from rook elides. Fknlted nature of the •erpentine. greasy, or talcose aspect, and generally is much shattered. Here small veins also occur, sometimes only a few inches in length, but no well defined veins have yet been seen in this rock. In areas of serpen- tine associated with soapstone in quantity veins of asbestus of work- able size are gene, .lly absent, though the Broughton mine furnishes an exception; the haiiging wall being for some distance composed of soap- stone, the foot wall of serpentine, but the deposit was, in this area confined to but one vein, as far as yet ascertained. About Long, Webster, Orford, Brompton and other lakes^to the north of the Orford Mountain ridge, the serpentine is largely associated with masses of dioritic rock. This admixture is well seen about Long and Brompton Lakes ; on the west side of the latter several high hills, known as Bear and Carbuncle mountains, rising from 500 to 150 feet above the surface of the lake. These serpentines have been very carefully explored for asbestus ; but as yet have not yielded any satisfactory results. The irregularity of the asbestus veins, even in those areas where most abundant, should not be lost sight of. The serpentine is very greatly affected by fissures, some of which constitute faults of considerable extent. These intersect the rock in every direction, and not only frequently destroy the value of the veins by crushing or cutting them off directly, but are a great source of danger in working the quanies, especially where these have reached a considerable depth, as is the case now with most of the workings, both at Thetford and Black Lake. An unlucky blast may send hundreds of tons of rock into the pit at a moment's notice, as happened last year in the King Bros.' mine at Thetfoi-d by which great loss of life would have resulted, had not the men, a short time before the slide occurred, left the pit. The sides of these fissures, or faults, are generally smooth and slippery, aud along the joints there are long strips of fibrous serpentine styled hornblende by the miners, which can be stripped off in pieces several feet in length. The occurrence of the veins of asbestus in the mines now being worked is by no means uniform— large portions are inter- sected by veins in all directions, some of which reach a width of four inches or more, and pass through a band of this sort to a fissure, where they end against a wall of apparently barren rock. In nearly all the mines, dykes of a whitish-grey granulitio rock penetrate the serpen- tine, shattering and otherwise altering the sides adjoining, and in some of these mines have exerted a bad effect upon the veins of asbestos; while in otherc, the rock in their vicinity is so shaken and seamy that water enters in such quantity as to require heavy pumping to keep the pits clear. Although these mines have been in operation scarcely more than ten years, so rapid has been the increase in the demand and, in consequence, the output, those of ev have the m Owing to 1 workings t by drift -co amount of close proxi great deptl too great t has iticreat appliances; of such a s so great as very speed of quarry i ing from si plan, whicl material to fore, have rate of o increasing removed. The Blac situated, si and there venient di here, at se at Thetfor( The outp portions, n the long fii little less, 1 and similai from eight; hundred ai purposes it others it it much good includes m) colored and iron ore, w! other asbee EUi.] ASBE8TUS. 149 k ed. Here th, but no lof serpen- ! of work- irnishos an ed of soap- thia area out Long, the Orford masses of Brompton rn as Bear he surface :plored for ts. here most ry greatly nsiderable not only ting them 1 quari'ies, as is the md Black k into the ing Bros.' ulted, had pit. The pery, aud ne styled es several the mines are inter- th of four re, where ly all the e serpen- i in some asbestos ; amy that keep the I than ten iequenoe, the output, that the present conditions of mining as contrasted with ' those of even five years ago are completely changed, and in no case have the necessary provisions been made for a future regular supply. Owing to the fact, at Thetford more particularly, that the principal Character of workings are located in a small knoll of serpentine surrounded largely Theff """** ** by drift -covered rock of uncertain value, when first worked the large amount of waste rock which goes to the dump has been left in too close proximity to the pits. This, so long as the pits were not of too great depth to be easily worked and drained, or the demand was not too great to be easily ouppHed, did not so much matter, but the demand has increased sc rapidly, that it is with difficulty met with the present appliances, and the inconvenience experienced fi-om the inauguration of such a system of mining and disposition of waste rock is becoming 80 great as to necessitate a radical change in this respect, and that very speedily. It will soon be found impossible to can-y the system of quarry working to a much greater depth, owing to the danger aris- ing from slides, and from the cramped character of the openings. The plan, which should have been adopted at first, of removing the waste material to some portion of the area of no economic value will, there- fore, have to be adopted, and the sooner the better, since, at the present rate of output, each additional year but adds to the trouble by increasing the amount of rock which must at last require to be removed. The Black Lake areas are in this respect rather more fortunately The BiaekUke situated, since the principal mines are on the face of a bold ridge, '"'°*'' and there are areas of barren rock or granitis masses at a con- venient distance on which the refuse can be dumped; although here, at several of the mines, the same difficulty is experienced as at Thetford. The output of Canadian asbestus when graded is divisible into four Fo„q„,,iti^ portions, numbers one, two and three and waste. The first includes ''^'"''•'"'•• the long fine silky fibre, over one inch or thereabouts in length or a little less, well adapted for spinning and manufacture into yarn, rope and similar products. The price of this fibre has rapidly advanced from eighty dollars, at which it was quoted three years agOj to one priee. hundred and seventy or more, with an upward tendency. For many purposes it is found to be quite equal to the Italian product, while for others it is even regarded ad superior. The second grade includes much good fibre, but shorter and from smaller veins ; the third kind ^uf ^„'f « *'" includes material very often with but little continuous fibre, or dis colored and with the vein matter broken by bits of rock or grains of iron ore, while the waste includes a considerable quantity of fibre and other asbostugk-like material that accumulates about the mts and sheds. Eeonomio raloe of the material. Vh» to whiob applied. Sopdrioritv of the Oanodian mioeral. Orowth of the indtutiy. 150 K PBO VINCI 01- QUIBIO. The lower grades, which do not posHoeu the I'equlsite length of fibre for spinning into yarn, are used for folting, while the still lower grades are ground and manufactured into paintB, etc. , The great value of the material, as every ono at all interested now knows, consists in its capacity for resisting heat without changing its Character, certain grades having successfully withstood a temperature of 4500° to 5000° Fahr. The most important of the manufactures made from the material are paints of diflf'erent colors (the colors being due to the admixture of other materials with the ground asbestos), roofing and other felts, as for lining safes, ranges, etc., asbestus paper, mill board, rope, yarn, packing, etc. Of these, the paints, while not regarded as perfectly fireproof, are hirgdy used both for inside work and for roofs, having the power of I'OHJsting sparks or light flames ; the felting is employed for the covering of steam pipes, boilers, stills, fur- naces, etc. ; the yarn, either as packing or rope, for packing steam cylinder pistons, flange joints, hot air-Joints, cylinder heads and for other purposes, not only about steam engines, but in gas piping; mill board is also largely employed for the same purposes. Sometimes in weaving the asbestus into rope, fine copper or brass wires are incor- porated therein to give it greater flrnjreHS or strength. In its manu- facture, the asbestus in first torn asunder, teased out, carded, npun and woven either into sheet or i-ope, which varies ii size up to several inches in diameter. The great excellence of the Canatlian niinei'al is now universally ac- knowledged, and the fact that the nei-pontine of Canada contains the largest and most readily available quantity of this mineral at present known, places these mines in the province of Quebec in a very desir- able position. For although its piesonco is known at many points in the United States, the amount is in most cai-es not sufficient to war- rant the necessary outlay in opening up the deposits. The amount of asbestus produced in the United States in 1883 and 1884 averaged about 1000 tons, which decreased in 1880 to 200 tons, the market being largely supplied by the Canadian mineral. In order to give a better idea of the rapidity of the growth of this industry, the figures of the output fi'om its inception may be stated, the data being obtained from the managers of the severalj mines, and published in the Geological Survey Report for 1887.— 1878 60 Zl ^^ •••••' 19.500 ]l^ 880 24.700 ]l^ 640. 35.100 ^882 8X0 52,650 ClLt.] 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 From info the followinj Thetford am Boston C( Johnston King Bro Mr. Noel, Mr. Lieut Jeffrey's. The Bell : Mr. Lionj Douville ( Fenwick . A. H. Mu Lucke & '. Lambly i Soapstone rarely founc chiefly in co ships, often from Potton a hydrous i in different s protoxide of tile matter 4 in the perc< amount of li and is easily highly refra furnaces anc the manufac answers adi ground, as certain paii 1 of fibre for • grades are rested now hanging its smperature vnufactures olors being asbestus), itus paper, , while not nside work lames ; the , stills, fur- ling steam is and for ping; mill letimes in are incor- I its manu- , Hpun and to several lUJ.] A8BE8TUS. 151 K 1883 955 68,750 1884 1141 75,097 1885 2440 142,441 1888 3458 206,251 1887 4219 1888 4404 255,007 1889 6014 424,350 From information kindly furnished me by Mr. Wm. King, and othere, the following dates are given for the opening of the several mines at Thetford and Black Lake :— BiMton Co., on Ward's opening 1878 Johnston & Co 1878 King Bros 1879 Mr. Noel 1880 Mr. Liouais (Anglo Canadian) 1883 Jeffrey's, Danville 1884 The Bell mine, Wolfestown 1885 Mr. Lionais (Scottish Canadian) 1885 Donville (United AsbestUB Co.) 1886 Fenwick & Sclater, Coleraine 1887 A. H. Murphy 1887 Lucke & Mitchell 1889 Lambly & Co., Coleraine 1889 Datea oi the several mininB companiea. jrsally ac- ntains the at present rery desir- points in nt to war- tmount of averaged i-ket being Ih of this be stated, uines, and VALUE. 19,500 24,700 36,100 52,650 SOAPSTONE. Soapstone, or steatite, is a rock largely composed of a talc which is Mode of rarely found in the rocks of the Luurentian of Canada, but occurs °f '"'"•°«'' chiefly in connection with the slates and schists of the eastern town- ships, often in association with serpentine. An analysis of this rock from Potton township, made by Dr. Hunt, shows the composition to be Analysis. a hydrous silicate of magnesia ; the composition vaiying somewhat in different specimens — being in one case silica 59.60, magnesia 29.15, protoxide of iron 4.50, alumina 0.40, oxide of nickel, traces, and vola- tile matter 4.40^97.95. A second variety contained a marked decrease in the percentage of silica and magnesia, but had a considerable amount of lime with peroxide of iron and alumina. The rock is soft and is easily cut or sawn into any required shape, and as it is of a highly refractory nature it is admirably adapted for linings for stoves, „ ^^ furnaces and such like uses. Certain pure varieties are in demand for the manufacture of gas burners, while, when ground and purified, it answei-s admirably as a lubricant. It is also used, when finely ground, as a filler for paper, and enters into the composition of certain paints, being said, when mixed with oil and white lead, 162 k PEOVINCE OP QCEBEO. Dittribution. Fenwiok A: QlMk'a'mine. Sonth Ram. to form a durable compound of very consideiable value for oi-dinarv work. •' Though 8oap8tone occurs at many points throughout the belt of magnesianrocks of the townships, it is at present but little worked In Bolton and Potton it has in past years been quarried for local uses," but the only deposit now being utilized for purposes of shipment is on the road from Coleraine to Wolfestown Corner, at the crossing of the renwiok* J^^iJ* ^!''®''' °° '^* nineteen, rang^ two, Wolfestown. This is owned WoWowT""? ^*r' *'®"'''*^^'' ""^ Montreal, formerly by Mr. Calvin Carter. According to Mr. Obalski's report this company took out and shipped to Montreal during the past year one hundred and fifty tons. It is there ground in a cyclone pulverizer and used for paints and as a lubricant The value of the mineral at the Colc-aine station on the VJuebec Central railway is from six to eight dollars per ton. The bed of soapstone which is worked is near the contact of the crystalline schists and lower black Cambrian slates, and has a width of from one to ten feet where quarried on the bank of the stream In the township of Ham large quantities of this rock are n)und on lots forty-three and forty-four, range one, owned by the late Mr E Olark of Sherbrooke, and on lots forty-nine and fifty same ranjre owned by Dr. Eeed. Mr. Clark opened the deposit on his property t»'«'"«- used as hearths for the St. Maurice forges. These are apparently from the flaggy beds of the Postdam formation, and have been referred to elsewhere. The same formation in Ontario has furnished similar refractory slabs, which have also been used in blast fiirnaces. 164 k PROVINCE OP QUEBIO. Grincbtonet Millitones. Wbetttone. HooMtone. 6o7thMtODea> CLASS IX. GRINDING AND POLISHING MATERIALS. Tl-ose occur in various forms and at a number of places. Thev embrace grindstones for cutlery and edge tools, millstones, whetstones and infusorial earth, with marls from which whiting can be obtained of f ha°i?°'' T '^'1^ »«»»fact«red in the province, the superiority ^hose fronijhe san^stpne^an^grits of N.w Brunswick and Nova Scoha, togeth«-m^^^ rate of water carr iagel.oi^;^.K-^r7:^ ZoffllT^ """''""; Ce-rtihrBS5dr5fThTch-Si7foi:^ti5ir5S the Ottawa, however, produce grindstones that answ- r well for edge tools; and sooie of the finer varieties of the Sillery sandstones might be found suitable for this purpose. ** Millstone rock is found in the Laurentian series on the lii-st lot of he sixth range of Grenville. It is a sort of cellular chert occurring h.-L T/" J'l'^lf^^' "'^''^ '^^"^ ^^•^'" ^^' '«t mentioned to th! bnhM : '"^ '"°^'- "^^^ «'^°« '""^'^ ^^^^'"Wes the French buhrstone in character, and is said to be' equally adapted for the manu- fec ure of millstones, though it is somewhat difficult of extraction In JTutn,- ^^/'•^/^""try some of the bands of the gneiss of"the ^Z^T *''. °^. u '°'^''' ^''^ ^^"- ^'«°g the contact of the Trenton formation with the Laurentian a band of quartz conglomerate Td oirVhr:?'^'"^"^'" '^ '^"°' *« yield good millstones; sT.l r %^i ?. ' * ^'^''^'''^ Sneissic rock associated with th^ eei-pentme of that district between St. Joseph and St. Francis has been used successfully for years. There are whetstone bands on Whetstone Island, Memphremago^ Lake; on lot four, range nine.Stanstead; near the upper end of Mass^ wippi lake, on the west side ; on lot twenty-three, range six, Bolton ; in lot seven, i-ange two, Kingsey ; and lot nine, eighteenth range of Orfoi-d ; as well as at other points in the slate and serpentine belt of the eastern Sr'J'^ t T'y °^ J>«°««to°e ha« more recently been opened in Z2 f ^' .'■ "^''■^ "^ Ai-thabaska. Though but little attention seems to be directed to the whetstones of this district at present there is no apparent reason why they should not be worked at a SlSZ ?! !"' ^''' ^^^ ™^'* P^^**' * ^°« g'''^'°«^' micaceous and siliceous slate or schist, and some of the bands yield a stone of a very hue quality; while certain bands of mica schist associated with the pi-e-Cambnan rocks of the Sutton Mountain axis should also be well adapted to the manufacture of scythe stones, &c. commerce is, b MINERALS . tlli.] MINERALS APPLICABLE TO JEWELRY AND FINE ARTS. 155 k Polishing powderw, deposits of infusorial earth or Iripoli o, areinfmori known at but few places. On the north side of the St. Lawrence, in range seven, Gosford, near the north branch of the Ste. Anne river, on land of Mr. Loretie, a small area is reported by Mr. A. P. Low, of about one acre in extent; and samples of excellent quality have been received from some point near Quebec, but the exact location has not been disclosed. A sample has been forwai-ded bj' Mr. Obalski from the Kev. Mr. Gerin Lajoie, cur^ of St. Justin, Maskinongc county, Three Elvers. A polishing powder is also prepai-ed in Westbury township, but the material from which it is derived is at present unknown. "Whiting can bo prepared from shell marl, the deposits of which Whiting. have already been alluded to, by simply mixing the marl with water and allowing it to settle in vats. An these deposits of marl are numerous, and the price of good whiting from six to ten dollars per ton, it should be manufactured at a profit. Most of the whiting of commerce is, however, prepared from ground chalk. The marl is manufactured into whiting in Hastings county, Ontario, by W. G. Allen & Sons of Marlbank. . CLASS X. MINERALS APPLICABLE TO JEWELRY AND THE FINE ARTS. Under the heading of Materials for Ornamental Purposes, attention is directed in the Geology of Canada, 1863, to the occun-enco of various minerals, sometimes occurring in large masses as the phorpyries, ser- pentines, and labradorites, but in others in comparatively limited quantity. These, when cut and polished, furnish stones well adapted for ornamentation on the large scale, as for table tops, mantels, etc., while of some of the rarer minerals it may be said that at times specimens of great beauty occur, which when cut and polished, constitute gems of considerable value. Attention has been called to this branch of industry by the establishment in Ottawa, within the last year, of the lapidary firm of C. P. Willimott & Co., which, in showing what material Canada can furnish for decorative purposes, is doing a very excellent work. While precious stones, properly speaking, cannot be said to be found Quart* ytint. in the province of Quebec, some of the quartz veins which traverse the Laurentian rocks of the townships of Hull and Wakefield, and presum- ably of other localities which have not yet been closely examined, yield small pieces or pellets which separate easily from the surrounding quartz mass. These, when cut, taruish beautiful stones of the class 166 k PBOVmrg OK gUBBEO. Hair ftone. AntM. JMp«r. Parphyiy. ^««t. A.tTi.. called by Dana "Quartz Asterm," and by Tiffany "Star Quartz " from i-ayB. When the cut stone is turned, these six rays have the property of mergmg into one somewhat resembling a cat's eyo. In the same quartz vein from which these specimens are obtained arc also found Bpecim.nH of a bluish amazon ntone, while from other portions "he vauol, known as the hair stone is obtained, a greenish transparent quartz penetrated by haii-like filaments of actinolite Ofagates, while it may be said that these occur in the district the specimons obtained are generally of inferior quality, not comparing with those from Lake Superior or Nova Scotia ^ Jasper occurs in veins or beds in the township of Hull, the principal workable deposit being a vein from one to two feet thi^k of^-ed and yellow and red mottled shades, which when polished presents a very locatr "-f r™"''L ^'^^^^^of'-g^-e can be obtained from thi^ W L • u' P^yP*'^''^ "^ ^'•^""'"^ «"'* «f Chatham has been descnbed in the earlier reports of the survey. Of these, it is remarked .n the Geology of Canada, 1863, p. 832, that on the fourth lot of the B.X h range of Grenville there is "a great mass of this porphyry whch J^^i'ir "/rJ"'-«"^" ^^ blackish.green.and is ilkeltt to fir:, ♦^f ° ^'^^^'y '' ^''' ^''^"^ fif*y f««t i" b'-eadth, and to the northwai-d it passes into a chocolate-brown variety, which is «t.ll naore abundant. Specimens of several varieties of these ^oTphyri^ irJZZT' K ''J'''? "'^'"^ ^ '°« P^"^^'«°^ arevery beau«fuT hal,T ! ""^ '° '"'«" *^'"^'"' ""'^ ^« °o* *PP««r to be much harder thant e granites of Aberdeen and of other regions which are rreitrC;?.^'^^'^'-^^ '-'-'^''^ ^^^y --^ ^- -p- bufLTlvr'°""r/°''''^''"'"'"""'^^"°'''^« '" considerable quantity, LI f "" l^^ ^^^ ^'" '^'^"^^^'P^' but not in crystals or size sufficiently arge for cuttuig. Crystals of garnet have also been reported from the Trirr ';^ '".T-'r^^^"'^' '""^*y' ^•^^^^ ^^^^ P«"«bed are very transparent and brilliant. ^ ™«Tr"?ii.°^ °'?"'' generally in long crystals imbedded in the vein matter of the rocks of Wakefield, and is generally notof . quality filtM pi^posT' '''"''°°""^ P'«"^« *^'« fo°°d Bufflciently clear for this nn?T'\,T''"'' '^ ^"'"P"" *'■" ^''«^°- ^ °»i^t«'e of albite and quartz called peristente, occurs at Villeneuve. in which the felspar has a beautiful play of color. A bluish variety 'of the albite is Sto *0»B>««, Toarmaline, 'Pariaterite. •U(.] have the sa equal in a instead of ^ Aii-nishes h Labradoi opalescent great massi mass is avs tinted ari wards the ] large mass points, ami Belleisle. some stone The Ami to Coloradt Wakefield, crystals, t\ ever, quite slope. Among Grenville, obtained; yield eithe handsome ferred to. cat and po of large s Basin beai have been erates of i susceptible In addil preceding mentionec manufacti as well as • U(.] HI8CILLANI0U8. 157 k lartz," from I star of six ho property n the same also found ortions the transparent lifltrict, the comparing e principal of red and Qts a very from 'his has buen I remarked lot of the yry which u ked with :onchoidal sadth, and which is orphyries beautiful. be much ivhich are 1' surpass quantity, le garnet ifficientiy from the lystals of are very have the same hai-dnens as the Ceylon moonstone, and furnishes gems Uoonitone. equal in appearance to those fVom Coylon, the reflection being blue instead of white. Of the orthoclase variety, that known as adularia furaishes handsome gems equalling the Ceylon stone in beauty. Labradorite, or Labrador-felspar, presents, when polished, beautiful Ubr»dorit». opalescent tints of blue, green, gold and purple. Though there are great masses and areas of Labrador rock, but a small proportion of the mass is available for the cutting of ornamental stones, the beautifully tinted ariety generally occurring as small imbedded portions. To- wards the peninsula of Labrador, from which the rock takes its name, large masses of the precious variety are known to exist at certain points, among which may be mentioned Paul's Island in the Strait of Belleisle. This, when cut, forms, from its flashing t'r i.-<, u ery hand- some stone, either for gems, or for interior decorati^ 3 work. The Amazon stone, which was for some years sup lOt r.'l to be . mfined Amwon tton*. to Coloradc has recently been found in the town, hi), »' of IS ill and Wakefield. It occui-s in a coarse granite vein as .t -gf .'jiperfect crystals, the angles in most cases being rounded. The stone is, how- ever, quite equal in tint to that originally obtained from the Pacific slope. Among other minerals may be mentioned Scapolite, found in 8e«polit«> Grenville, and from which large slabs of a beautiful yellow can be obtained; Eensallerite or Pyi-allolite, also from Grenville, which will yield either slabs or columns, and which, when dressed, are exceedingly handsome ornamental stones. The serpentine has already been re- ferred to. The so-called Quebec diamonds, which are occasionally cut and polished, are merely crystals of quartz, which are often found *^ iwy • . of large size ; while along the shore of Bay of Ohaleurs and Gasp^ Basin beautifully colored pebbles of Jasper and other stones, which have been derived from the disintegration of the Devonian conglom- erates of those shores can bo picked up in gi-eat numbers, and are susceptible of a high polish. CLASS XI. the vein ity fitted for this bite and ) felspar s said to MISCELLANEOUS. In addition to the minerals of economic importance described in the preceding pages, several others already indirectly alluded to may be mentioned. Of these, the most important are those applicable to the manufacture of porcelain and of glass, and for the lining of furnaces, as well as for moulding sands, &c. ^^^ ^ PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. vfeve The deposit of felspar from the ViUeneuve mica mine, on lots thirty- mine. One and thirty-two, range one. ViUeneuve, occurs in a vein of consider able size, which has been traced for several hundred yards This has been mined and shipped to England and the United States, and has been used in the manufacture of porcelain, for which it appeai-s well adapted. Prom the report of Mr. Obalski, M.B., Quebec, in the report Of the Crown Lands Department of that pi-ovince, 1889, we find that this rock IS a nearly pure or orthoclase felspar, the analysis of two samples being given, thus :— ^ ®'"<'a 64-7 63-96 -*^^«'"ina 18-4 1916 Potash and Soda jg.gjj ,5°°'".' traces. Magnesia q-S The amount of felspar shipped from this mine for the past year was 250 tons according to Mr. Obalski's report; but according to the Mining Eeview the amount produced was 411 tons IfaSteiS! ^" *^« ««°'«gy of Canada, 1863, p. W8-800, reference is made to the presence of sandstones suitable for glass-making. and for the linings of blast furnaces or other refractory pui-poaes. Of the former, deposit of Bandstones of the Potsdam formation are found on Isle Perrot (Vau- dreuil), at Lachute, Ste. Scholastique and Beauharnois. These are very free from ii-on, and have been employed in the manufacture of Va?H "" -f Tu ^uT ^'*^ *^ '^^ ^'^ '''''^' °««^- St. Johns and at Vaudreml. The blast furnaces of St. Maurice and Batiscan obtain^ « .- . 1\ 'J'"^°=' f ^""^ ^"^^ «^ ^^"'^^^^"^^ «f the same age as the ab^ve IS?^'^!Z. ''^"']' T' ^"""'^ *" "°«^«^- admirably. In Pitteburg, Frtntenac isshjpped to Montreal and Toronto, where it is used to protect the sides ar Pt: /™"' * ^°' ^'^^'^ '' ^^-^^ - ^-^-^ «b-^ thre EIL(.] district. 1 promises to It is underfi mence the works near The Otta the fertiliz( though thi obtained ft In conne a new ind where pea' stable use, Mr. E. Ohi much of i1 dr^._ Th< l)UBhe B. &( This lattei tKe conta evaporati< at preseni this mosB As a litte liquid ma of the pi market s propertie Salphurioaoil works, Oapelton- SuLPHuaio Acid. Ze vtr^t^ „ ' Co. Capelton. Though only in operation aboft thioe years the amount of acid prod-oed during the past year was rv^LsTth 7 '°"'^'^: '''; "^' '' *^'^ p>-' ^« --^« ^0- " theiewith, the same firm has introduced the manufacture of super- P|^^^P^^te_ofJim ^ the phosphate or apatite of the Ottewa • See a«ology of Canada, 1863, p, 800. "^ ~~ ~ ~ " ELK.] SUIiPHURIO AOID. 159 k lots thirtj- Jf consider- This has 38, and hag )peai'8 well the report e find that ■8i8 of two year was ig to the ide to the linings of eposits of i-ot (Vau- ^hese are facture of s and at obtained ie above, 'rontenac Jred, and the sides mt three district. This industry has rapidly increased since its inception, and promises to develop shortly into one of the most important in Canada. It is understood that a powerful English company is shortly to com- mence the manufacture of phosphate on a large scale by erecting . works near Buckingham and at Capelton also. The Ottawa county phosphate is also employed to some extent in BrodiejwoA.. the fertilizer works owned by Mr. R. J. Brodie & Co., at Smith s Falls, though the acid used is manufactured by the firm from sulphur obtained from Italy and from Japan. ^ „ „ . Tn connection with the deposits of peat in the St. Lawrence Valley, Peamo« a new industry which has lately been developed in New Brunswick, where peat bogs are also found, viz., the preparation of moss litter for stable use, is worthy of consideration. The process is referred to by Mr E Chalmers in his summary report for 1889. The material owes much of its value to the great power of absorption it possesses when dry The top of the peat bog is removed, with the living growth ot b'fes, &c., and the second layer or that lying upon the fuel peat, also fhtelatter is passed through a set of rollers by which a greater pa,rt of tTTTcontained water is extracted, the remainder being removed by evaporation, after which it is packed in bales for shipment, the market at present being principally in the United Slates The price per on of this moss litter is, according to Mi-. Chalmers, from $16.00 to «n.OO. As a litter for stable bedding it is of great value, absorbing all the liquid matter and ammonia, while it is much more cleanly than most of the preparations heretofore employed for this pui-pose. A large market should b« created for this material when once its excellent properties are recognized. ' belong- >n about 'ear was rom the inection E* super- Ottawa