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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s an commencant par !a premidre page qui comporte une ampreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui cnmporte une telle empreinte, Un des symboles sulvants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE " le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre film6s d des tcux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■■—»—» n il B^^— — — NATlCmiVL LiaKARY CANADA BiBUcymii^uE nationale mmtm /SSZ, 1 / /^ iRmid'S iiii;hts.--tiie boihidir! iwird. A Reference to Arbitration Repudiated. Partizan Hate to a Liberal Province Manifested. Ontario Denied her Territorial Bi9]its.»H9r Title to the Disputed Territory. AN OLD CLAIM. It is well known that Old Canada had always disputed the pretensions of the Hudson's Bay Company of right of owner- ship in the North- West Territories. The people of the United Provinces always maintained that they were the successors of France in the North- West, and in the coun- try north of the w&ter-shed to the Hv Ison's Bay. It was upon this ground that the North- West Company contested the claims of the Hudson's Bny Company, and con- tinued to do so until the dispute was s'^*tled by thier partnership. THii QUESTION RAISED AGAIN. As the Territories lay far beyond the limits of settlement in Upper Canada, the question was not again raised until the time arrived for considering the renewal of the lease granted to the Company in 1838. This was late in 1856, when the Secretary of the Colonies informed the Governor-General of Canada that Her Majesty's Qcvemmcnt had determined on bringing the whole subject under the investigation of a committee of the House of Commons ; and His Excellency was instructed to consider with the advice of his Council, the question, whether it might be desirable to send witnesses to Appear before the Committee, or in any other manner to cause the views of his ■Government and the interests of Canada to be represented there. CANADA'S CLAIMS ASSERTED. In reply to the Colonial Secretary's des- patch, a minute of Council was transmitted, sUting amongst other things, that "'the general feeling here is strongly that the western boundary of Canada extends to the Pacific Ocean;" that the Committee of Coun- cil were most anxious that Canadian inter- ests should bt properly represented before the proposed Committee of the House; that situated as Canada was, she necessarily had an immediate interest ^in every portion of British North America; and that the ques- tion of jurisdiction and title claimed by tde Hudson's Bay Company was to her of paramount importance. The Canadian Prime Minister of that time, it may be remarked, was Mr, JohnJA. MacdonalS. THE LIMITS NORTH AND WEST. In the same year (1857) an official paper was prepared by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, claiming that the westerly boundary of the Province extended as far as British territory not otherwise organized would carry it, which would be to the Pacific ; or, if limited at all, it would be by the first waters of the Mississippi, which a due west line from the Lake of the Woods intersected, which would be the White Earth River, and with respect to the northerlv boundary the Commissioner pointed out as the only possible conclusion that Canada was either bounded m that direction by a few isolated posts on the shore of Hudson's Bay, or else that che Compauv's territory was a myth, and consequently that Canada had no particular limit in that direction. CANAD/i'S SPECIAL AGENT TO ENGLAND. Inresponee t«.> the Colonial Secretary's invitation, the Government sent Hon. Wm. H. Diaper, as a special agent to represent Canadian inteiMts before the House of Com- 3 mons Committee. He was examined befoTe the Committee and gave evidence against ♦he claims of the Company. Afterwards Chief Justice Draper reported to the Canadian Qovemment, and gave as his opinion that Canada had a clear right, under the Act of 1774 and the proclamation of 1791, to the •wtole country as far west as the line of the Miikissippi, and to a considerable distance north ot the water-shed; and he recom- mended that the opinion of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council should be obtained upon the merits of the dispute. AN ABORTIVE xMOVE, In August, 1858, a joint address of both Houses was forwarded to the Queen, in which it was stated that in the opinion of Parliament, Canada had a right to claim, as forming part of her territory, a considerable portion of the country then held by the Hudson's Bay Company, and that a settlement of the boundary line was immediately required. The law oflicers of the Crown were con- sulted on the subject by the Colonial Secre- tary, and they expressed the opinion that, •while a decision of the Judicinl Committee of the Privy Council might be useful in showing what were the merits of the pre- tensions of the respective p-^rties, it could have no binding effect, and that an Act of the Imperial Parliament would be necessary to finally settle the question. But the Company, though strongly urged'thereto by the Secretary, refused to be parties to a reference which would raise any question as to the validity of their charter, and no issue was reached. Sir John Macdonald, from inattention to the subject, seems to have fallen of late into the error of sup- posing that the Queen, up~m the advice of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Ck)uncil, could give a binding decision. The opinion of the law officers of the Crown as stated above, shows that the Judicial Committee could only make an award by the consent of the parties. A COMPROMISE SETTLEMENT ADVISED. The time of the Judicial Coiiimittee is 80 largely taken up with ihu consideration of judicial questions referred to them by appeal, that the propriety of inviting a report upon the matter in dispute between the Canadian Goveniment and the Hud- sin's Bay Company, was felt to be more than doubtful. The question wad compli- cated, the evidence was volumincus, audit was feared that a long time m>tst elapse before a deci^on could be had. Accord- BKly, in lHt»5, the Government in a report made to the Governor General, expressed the opinion that it would be in the interest •••»*■ ■^.«. ••».«».. ^„ .^,^ of the counlry to '(jUi^lf to the^'Onilpany a moderate libmpensationtl-dther than submit to the eviU) of dday ooBsequfinl;. upon, a reference tdthe^Com^iittee; pjjt^no aetiott was taken upon the report. STILL ASSERTING CANADA'S RIGHTS After confederation the claims to the territory made by the old Province of Can- ada contiiiued to be made by the Dominion Government, Sir John Macdonald being Prime Minister. In the first session of Parliament a joint address was presented to Her Majesty by the House 'of Commons and Senate, praying that she would be graciously pleased to unite Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion. So little value did Sir John Macdonald then place upon the title of the company, that he urged the transfer of the whole country to Canada, leaving the company no right, except the right of asserting their title in the best way they could in the Canadian courts. "And what," he asked, " would their title be worth the moment it was known that the country belonged to Canada, and that the Canadian Government and Canadian courts had jurisdiction there, and that the chief protection of the Hudson's Bay Company and the value of their property, namely, their exclusive right of trading in those regions, was g one forever ? The company would only be too glad that the country should be handed j ver to Canada, and would be ready to uter into any reason- able arrangement.' ' He failed to get the territory handed o ver to Canada on those terms, but he succeeded in incurring the ill-will of the company's agents, and of the settlers in the North- West, and in stirring up a rebellion which cost the country more than u million of dollars. SQUATTERS ON THE SOIL. A second joint address on the same sub- ject was adopted in 1869, and Sir George Cartier and Hon. Wm. Macdougall pro- ceeded to England to press the views of the Government on the Colonial Secretary. In their correspondence with the Colonial Office, the rights of Canada were asserted Ih strong terms. Referring to a road between Lake of the Woods and Fort Garry, on Red River, upon which the Do- minion Government had expended $20,000 in 1868,Sir George Cartier and Mr.Macdou- gall said there was no doubt that it lay with- in the limits of Canada ; and concerning the extent of the Province they declared in the same letter to the Secretary that "no impartial investigator of the evidence in the case can doubt that it extended to and included the country between Lake of the Woods and Red River." The Government of Canada, they said, denied and had 3 "D.O always denied the pretensions of the com- pany to "any right of soU beyond that of the Lake of the Woods and Fort Qarrv road was being constructed . THE COMPANY'S CLAIM GIVEN UP, So strong were the Krouuds on which the contention of the Canadian Government rested that the Hudson's Bay Jompanv compose 1 of some of the shrewdest busi- ness men in England, and acting under advise ol the able,-t counsel, gave ud their claim to I,300,()(X) square miles of teVritorv 'lorJ^n""^""*"'"'?^ ^^'"« *^'»^ed to retain l^on mrl^'T r ''"' ""! ^*' ^^^^ "^ receiving ,i300,0(X) sterling— about one-fith of the sum paid by the United States for the com- paratively barren region of Alr^ka, less than one-fourth of the area. The com- pany feared that tlie legal boundaries of Ontario, if aubmited to an impartial tribu- nal, would be held to include the bulk of territory which Canadian ministers claimed tor It ; hence the small sum for which they agreed to release their interest. ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. Rupert's Land and the North- West Ter- ritory were admitted into the Union by an Imperial Order-in-counci], dated 23rd June, 1870, subject to the provisions of the British North America Act . The Order-in council did not and could not ,take awav any part of Ontario's territory, for the B.N. A. Act specifically declares that the territory "which formerly constituted the Province of Upper Canada shall constitute the Province of Ontario." There is, there- fore, no doubt whatever that the bound- aries of Ontario to the north and west are the old boundaries of Upper Canada year, and before its ciose a new Admin.'« S^^'^l ^^ f^'^ed in the Pr^vi^cf^th Mr. Edward Blake at its head, oi the^ £ of January, 1872, the new Government from the junction of the Ohio and VlLis I sipp, rivers as the westerly boundarv an l" I ^t'^.^'^^' °f ^''"'^ cling Jhe'^^i; .which How, nto Hudson's Bay from thosp emptying into the valley of the Meat akp« ?Ve OrZ^^t '"""^'■'^^ "^ tlie^Sv t ,,Ztl v^pv^r}^"i^nt declined to ac cept those limits, cloiming that the bounrl dSned rthe^''**'"'^ froin throt tt^ttd^rrmmirnrr' Icf "''^^ to .abstain from any furthS action under his commis.sion. A conven- tional or compromise boundary proposed by the Provincial Government inet with no mponse,-Sir John Macdonald apuarentW i78""'ng the fact that the GovemS of which he was a member was pr?pS to make a compromise with the Konl Jiay Company m 1865. "uuson s SUGGESTION AND COUNTER SUG- GESTION. ^ A NEW DEPARTURE. It has been shown that up to the time of the admission of the No.th-West into the Union the successive Governments of which Sir John Macdonald was leader, maintained for Upper Canada (the Ontario of confede- ration) limits far to the west and to the north of those which his government is now willing to allow her. But once the bargain with the Hudson's Bay Company was concluded, the views of Sir John Macdonald and his follow-ministers under- went a great and sudden change ; a new departure was taken, and they sought to grasp from the Province a territory many thousand square miles in extent, a part of which the company had never claimed under its charter. Some steps had been taken for defining the boundary in 1871, and Commissioners had been named by the Local and Federal Governments to locate the line. Nothing further was done that i In a memorandum of Ist May. Sir John Macdonald suggested that the (fo'vSnmen" of Ontario be invited to concur ?n tTe statement of a case for immediate refer ence to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Councd of England, with a view to settle the boundaries by a judgmenT o? oZT n *^^*t"bunal.' On 31st^May th Ontario Government in reply stated that the settlement of the questU depends upon numerous facte, the evidenrp T m America and the collection of wh°ch would mvolve the expenditure of mud S'n'Trf"'^''!:!^^ f^ counter sugges Canada *. f""^'^ '^^ Government^'' of Canada decline to negotiate for a con ventional line, the more satisfactory waJ of se thng the question would be by rafe^^ ence to a Commission sitting on tL side of the Atlantic. On November 7th the proposi ion of the Dominion Govemmen? for a reference to Her Majesty in CounpH was renewed, but no further^ negouSn THE ARBITRATION. In 1874 both Governments agreed to eave the question to arbitral anS to accept the award as final and cTn dusive. Ex-Governor WiJmot, S? Sew Brunswick, was chosen for tke Do^ BRITISH COLUMBIA. Area 400,000 Square Mi lea. Or 256,0000,000 Acres. COMPARATIVE SIZES MANITOBA. WITH ONTARIO TERRI TOKIKS. Area 150,000 fji'iar- Miles. Or 96,000,000 Acres. MANITOBA, WITHO0T DISPUTED TERKITORTES Area 115,000 Sq. Miles. Or 73,600,000 Acres The abn-e " spuares," based upon a scale of 100,000 square miles to th« inch, show at a stance tho rolaiivo sizasofthe lour Provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba ; of the Province of Ontario, with and without the disputed territory ; and lastly of the Province of Manitoba, as enlarged (without disputed territory), and with the disputed territory. Ontario under the award, 197,009 square miles, or 126,000,000 acres. Ontario without the disputed territory, 100,000 square miles, or 64,000,000 acres. Manitoba as enlarged by part of the disputed territory 115,000 acres. Manitoba without any of the disputed minion, aad Chief Justice Richards for Ontario,. Sir Edward Thornton, the British Ambassador at Washington, being accepted by the two Qovernments as third arbitrator. Info/m&tion wfta from time to time given to Fariiiiaient &nd the Legislature with respect to the progress of krralit;ements for this reference, atid the |>olicy of fixing the boundaries by arbitration was never ques- tioned. Sir John Macdonald once, in the debate on the North-West Territories BUI in 1875, expressed regret that the matter had not been referred to the Privy Council, but ailded that the arbitrators " would be acceptable, he was satisfied, to the country, as they were to himself." The sum ef $15,000 was also voted by Parliament for defraying the expenses of the arbitration, and no question was raised or objection made. The death of one arbitrator and the resignation of another was followed by the appointment of Sir Francis Hincks for the Pominion, and Chief Justice Harrison for Ontario . Both appointments were con- firmed by Orders-in-Council, and it was again declared that the determination of the three referees should be final and con- clusive ; and ea.h Government agreed with the other for concurrent action in obtaining such legislation as might be necessary for giving binding e£fect to the conclusions arrived at. TEE AWARD. From 1874 tp 1878 both Govemmenta were occupied in making an exhaustive collection of all the documents, facts and evidence bearing upon the controversy, all of which were printed for the purposes of the arbitration. Counsel for the two Qov- ernmenis were heard by the arbitrators, and on August 3rd, 1878, an unanimous award was delivered, determining and deciding what are and shall be the northerly and westerly boundaries of Ontario. The westerly boundary was declared to be a line drawn due north from che most north- westeily augle of Lake of the Woods, and the northerly boundary the southern shore of James' Bay, the Albany River, and the English River. It gare to the Province on its westerly side the least favorable limit that on the facts and evidence was possible, as was demonstrated by a mass of evidence which there appears no danger of ever seeing overcome. The Government of Ontario accepted the award, not because it assigned to the Province all that was claimed on its behalf, but because consistently with good faith and public honor, neilher party to the arbitration could refuse to abide by the decision. SHILLY-SHALLYING. Mr. Mackenzie's Administration was defeated at the general elections of Sep- tember, 1878 — less than two months after the boundary award was made — and a lew weeks later Sir John Macdonald formed a new Administration. One of his first acts as Minister of the Interior was to nublish a map in which the boundaries of Ontario were laid down as fixvid by the award; but the old hostility soon manifested itself afresh, and backed by Sir Hector Langevin a i( 6] OF THE LARGER PROVINCES. ONTARIO. MINUS THE AWAKD. Area 100,(XK) Sq. Miles. Or 64,000,000 Acres. ONTARIO. WITH THK AWARD. Area lOT.OOu .-(.j .30». An annual tax foraver on olc taxpaye and the phalanx of Quebecc Torie.?, the Premier found courage to pursue towards the Liberal Government of Ontario a policy of studied contempt. At least eight despatches from the Lieutenant- Governor of that Province, bearing on the award and urging the necessity of action being taken by the Dominion Government in the interests of law and order in the disputed territory, were treated with UNMANNERLY NEGLECT. Their receipt was formally acknowledged, but no answer was made nor further notice taken of any of them. It made no difference that law was being set at defiance in the terri- tory, that crinae went unpunished, that drunkenness and immorality prevailed that public lands were being robbed of their timber, or that there was no security for life or property. For three years Sir John Macdonald and his colleagues refused to have any dealings with the Government of Ontario on the subject. A ninth despatch was sent on the Slst December of last year, and on the 17th January this year the Legis- lature of the Province met. The debate on the address opened out a discussion of the whole situation and all the circumstances, and then the Tory Premier of the Domin- ion discovered that he could pursue a policy of contempt no lor gen REPUDIATION. A reply to the de.opafch of 31st December was sent on the 27th January, and the Gov- ernment and people of Ontario were in- formed officially, what had been evident for sometime, that the Dominion Government had determined, in violation of good faith and public honor, to repudiate the award. This course had been indicated by the con- duct of the Government in the s&ssion "< 1880 in consenting to a Parliamentary Cov.i. mittee for the professed object of antiuiring into and reporting upon all matters con- nected with the Ontario boundaries. No new or material evidence was obtained by the Committee, but by a part- vote the opinion was expressed in its rep^ ;. bat the award did not describe the true bot ndarie^ of Ontario, and that it included within that Province territory to which, the Committee asserted, the Province was not entitled. ENLARGING MANITOBA. Thlj action was followed up in the session of 1881 by a Government measure enlarg- ing the boundaries of Manitoba. Sir Alex- ander Campbell when introducing the Bill in the Senate plainly affirmed that the in- tention was to give to that Province the whole tract of country eastward as far as the meridional line claimed by the Domin- ion Government to be the westerly limit of Ontario, embracing a territory 39,000 square miles m extent, which had been declared to be part of Ontario by the award of the arbitrators. In the House of Commons Sir John Macdonald avowed oh an object of the Bill that it would " compel" the Govern- ment of Ontario not to in.sist on the awardetl boundaries, and he assured the House that the Government of that Province would come to terms quickly enough when they f i i, "ll, "'".I' *^*' «° • " "Til" undertaking to bulHoHc ' Ontario was of a piece with the^ undertaking to "bulidose" ihe Hud- Hon * Bay Company tea or twelve years previously. •' ALLEGED REA.S'ONS FOR REJECTING THE AWAUD. Tlic alleged reasons of the Dominion Oovernnient for rejecting the award are, that the reference to arhitration "trans- ceuded the p .wer of the Government of the day; that tlie matter should be " con- Bidered rii{ully as one ,f law;" and that His Jixcellency's present advisers were "oi)p..sed to disposing of the question" by arbitration, conceiving that mode to be "inexpedient and lackmg in legal authority." It ib a sulhcient answer t.) tliose objections to say that the reference was made with the ^anc- tion.of the Domini.m Parliament, and that both Governments concerned pledged their gop'l faith to a settlement of the question procured in this way. A further auswsr is, that arbitration is the usual way of settlinc such disputes, and that it is a reasonablt way. The boundaiy between Canada and New Brunswick was settled by arbitration; 80 also WM the San Juan dispute. Sir John aiacdonald himself was a party to referring the ban Juan question. Even now he pro- poses after repudiating the award of one set of arbitrators, to refer the dispute to an.v ler set— to soi.ic "eminent E, '!;.}. legal functionary," or t:. the Judicial (.>„». "V\^f «f th« Privy Council, neitlier of which could give a decision in any wav more binding than the one already given Liberal Qovernment of OnUrio, and so en- sure the continuance of Tory misrule in the ?rZT'\- ,?' ''"^ ^^ Tory foUowing have irpa "''? l^" P''^*' °f ^''«'f Province to create a feehng agauiHt the award, and to XT"!*" ^"'""'''' ^^'^ ^i"^''"^*^ Liberals who voted against reopening the boundaiy case and breaking faith with one of the Pro- vinces of the Union. It is hatred and jeal- ousy of Liberal progress iu Ontario that ompts he hostility of Quebec Tories to he award, and Ontario Tories obedient to the crack of Sir John Macdonol.l's whip, have joined hands in repudiating it by their votes on Mr. Pu.ub's motion to\eopen the case and to refer it to another tribunal. IS ONTARIO TOO LARGE i But is Ontario too large, as |he Quebec Tories profess to fear 1 Wliatevcr was her extent as the Province of Upper Canada, that IS her extent now, and she is entitled to her full measure of territory, belt great or ymall. She has never shown a disposition to be unjust to other Provinces of the Union. How H± ^,"^.0^ ^J the_.trongest' A CONVENTIONAL LINE. But it is said the award established a con- ventional hne instead of a legal one. That IS not true All the evidence was consid- ered and the arguments of counsel liea.d. Ihe arbitrators were appointed to find the true legal Imiits of the Province, and their award declares that they found it. Thev did not give advice, but they pronounced 1 4eci»ion. On what pretence, then, of reason orjustice can a demand be made for re- opening the case ? If the Government of Canada do not feel themselves in honor and good faith bound by the award which has already been made, Ontario has no reason to suppose that they would not quite as readily repudiate any subsequent decision. THE QUEBEC TORIES. Sir Hector Langevin has put his foot on the award because he professes to fear that It would give Ontario too great strength in •!u Vu° J '^®''^'^"°' ^'"<^h would increase with tlie development of its territory. His real motive is a desire to break down the How does she compare in area with the other Provinces ? the diagrams at the head of this page will Ulustrate at a glance theur relative extent, and will show that Ontario, with all the territory given by the award is stUl smaller than Quebec or Jhsritish Columbia. liie loss of the territory in dis,,,. it will be seen, would ix-dwrn the area' of ' luario to 1(K),0()() square miles. Why should the area of that Province b.. reduced to less than half ihe area of Quebec / or to less than one-third the area of British Columbia ? Or why should the area of Ontario be reduced, and ll,at of Manitoba extended, untU Manitoba shall have a:i area one-half greater than Ontario / Can Sir Hector Langevin and tlie Qucl)ec Tories, who say that Outai-io would be too large answer tnese questions ? AS A POLITICAL ISSUE. Liberals, fair-minded men, hf-norable inen and true Canadians in all Provinces of the Dominion have a vital iiUuresl in main- taining the cause of Outaiio in tlio present struggle. The indepen.lence, if not the very existence of the Local Government is at stake. If they are to be crushed out on any pretence by an adv.rse political party m olKce at Ottawa, what guarantee is there tor the maintenance of self-government and provincial rights? To tolerate such conduct on the part of the Dominion Gov- enimcnt is not only to place a premium on pubhc dishonor, but to prepare the way for the disruption and dismemberment of I the Union. Were any independent State to pursue the course towards another which the Government of Canada has adopten of the prices of the various grades of Caomlian grey cottons shows that the average increaxe of price at the mill between December 31st, 1879, and December 31st, 1881, is 14 j)er cent., while the increase of duty upon the same class of goods amounts to i.2i per cen\ It is abaurrl to talk about the increase in the tarill' having no effect upon the price of Can- adian goods, for the facts uniformly show that Canadian goods are sold just far enough under the cost ot the imported arli Je to enable the Canadian manufacturer to secure the sale; and to effect this a slight conces- sion only is necessary. INCREASED COST OF GOODS DUE TO THE TARIFF. ..35d ..3|d ,.35d ,.3id .3Jd These instanees will suffice to show that the market abroad for cotton goods has been steady during the above period. Dur . ing that same period there has been a material advance in the price of Canadian domestic cottons. We will first take the two brands of Hochelaga grey cottons most extensively used, as an evidence of the sharp increase in price since the duties were raised: Grey H. H. H. cotton—Jan., 1879— 7-17a ;; ;; " Yea.-, 1879-7-40c " Dec, 1881-8-62C " Jan., 1879— 8 -090 " Year, 1879— 8-32c " " Dec, 1881- 9-37c We will next take two grades of Valley- field bleached cottons, again selecting the brands most largely consumed: XX (I The effect of the tariff has been to' impose an enormously atlded tax upon the goods we buy of Great Britain and the United States. The cost of f Canadian cottons is, on the average, over 25 per cent, higher than the , same goods could be imported for free of duty, which increases the cost of our (lomes- tic production to the consumers of ihe country to the extent of ?1, 000,000 per annum. Our imports of cotton goods last year paid a duty of «2,27 1,937, which was 8486,158 more than would have been paid uiider the old tariff. Our imports of woollen goods last year paid a duty of 32,345,627, which was ^815,773 more than the same goods would have paid under the old tariff. The Canadian consumerH, therefore, paid in the fiscal year 1880-1 ^1,301,929 more for imported cottons and woollen goods than would have been paid under the previous tariff and in addition paid a sum exceeding the increased duties, for increased cost of Canadian cottons and woollens due to the increase of tariff rates. ENORMOUS PROFITS OF COTTON AIILL8. Before'the change of the tariff Canadian cotton mills were making profits that ought to have been satisfactory, and in the natural course of events those profits would have largely increased without any tariff changes, as soon as the depression in the United. 10 Sed ^Thf ^'"'^' ^""^ slaugbter sales Tk^^u • i"® f^^^g® ^n the United States in CanZ^V ''^"'/Sreat revival there Jnd withoSn •"°'' P'""*^ ^" 1«^»- But even w thout an nnprovement in the business of our cotton milk such us a revival in tr.r?! was sure to bring, they did „o !need add tional protection. Th^Hochelag; SSe fI^Fy ""J*- VP*^'^ ''' «»Pit-^l in 1878 and it isbeheved that none /f oi,r cotton m:i niatle le..s than 10 per cent, that yeai »isa!lo»vance „f the Streams BUI cottnn.ill! ?"*"*-'" \" ^^'"^ tariff Canadian tha tthea n '?• ''''"^^ ^'''^'' «^ enormous made tn 1 "PV"u"''"y "'stances has been sTockanl ""1'^^ the .amount by watering of capaci!;.^P^^'"^^ ^"^"">«^ '' enlargement «4S;0(X?tt|?;" Thelo!. ^r^^*^- ^^ been' watered by one tlnSL '•""'? amount T»7. •'i i*?^:""^*! the origmal y^ars L;. J^« '^f h ^lividend the last few per cen^ nnTl. ^" P?' f«"t-equal to x3J per cent, on the origmal amount. Since ha! T"" *5"^.,'^« «>i" and machinery has been doubled and then trebled oS liif 'T'l^'- '^^' watered stock Two?th »275 and the actual net profits on Th» Snt'Tra^ "^P^^^^ «4ff.o5oV?Ope: cent, per annum. ^ inltZt7^'\^ """' ^^''^^ has not been Ll^ '? " '''/"'V* fi^ one in Hocl.e- TacKion fVi ''•i"*,' *« «^J5 on pro^A^'d "Iha? h"" ."'•'" '^'^ '"'^'''^n «'««% wo" 1 ens a e ' ; "'"n "^^?" «"'tons and b<>a. haLh^v „. ""^''1"^ ^' ch-tribated\nd Thei?7, '"'""'" "^'"" the poor, lue piea . t uec'SMty cannut be raided for we have a large surplus revenue rhe e ot Srr r?'"" "^"^' e/uitleit'tt lucitased [.nitection main y at the exoense mofi? P""'' ^."•''.'^'^ mi-Wle clashes, for^tS werelri' '"^.^ ^"""^'^ ^efure the du fes . ^he fullest liberty of action by the Pro vmces, wuhm their true constitutional limS IS the only safety of the Federal syst" ni Act3l8fi7w^^' ^f'''^ North ArJerS Act of 1867 was a solemn compact, under which local control over local affair w2 guaranteed. Under that Act the Domin7on Government has no more right to interfere with the censtitutional le^slation of the Provinces than a Local Government wouH have to interfere wita the legislation of a municipal council. When the^uestion of Confederation was under discussion the necessity of aUowing the fullest liberty of action to the Provfnces within their own and no sooner had we entered upon a trS of the new system than the propriety for defining the conditions upon which wf tVLTu """"^^ ^^i^t^^fe'ted wi-hbeie On the 8th of January, 1868, Sir John Macdonald prepared a Slate pape ■ in wiS he dealt with the question o^{ disallowance , ''111 dfci.ling whether anv Act of a Pro- vuicuU Wi«atu..shc.uld be disallowe.l or saucuo. ed, the (iovernment mu^t not only Se' w? r^'S'" >'■ ^^'''' '^' "^terest S the whole Dominion or not, but also whether It be unconstitutional; 'whether it exceeds the jurisdiction confe;red on the L ca Legidature, and, in cases whpre the juii^diction IS concurrent, whether it Ur^h ''-''i "^ ""Portance that the course of is 1 tilf t ''" '-T^'^ 'r /"t'rf^r'^^l with as little as possible, and the p„wer of dis- d lowance exercised wi,h great caution, aid ui.eichis 01 the Duiuiiiiuii imperat vtily de- mand it, the un,ler.signed .ec,!iam.nds\ at the loll,, Wing course be pursued ; of thri.r ''"' ''r>'^l'* '^y ^''"'' Excellency referred ^.''tr'^'r ^-"^ ^'^■"^•"«^' '^^Y ^ reterred to the Minuster of Justice for ' pee'd dol/'f \^' 7"^ «" convenien speed do report as to those Acts which he ZTfr \'^ ^'""^ "'^J''''=tion of any kind! Eiltf^lnS^^^^^^ 11 "1. As being altogether illegal or uncon- T Btitutional. "2. Afl illegal or unconstitutional in part. "3. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction, as clashing with the legislation of the general Parliament. "4. As affecting the interests of the Do- minion generally. And that in such report or reports he gives his reasons for his opinions." Here we have a clear exposition of the grounds on which local legislation was to be r all the circumstances may to the Lieutenaut-Oov- ernor m Council seem just and equitable." Clause 5 applies the provisions of the Act to improvements made or hereafter to be made. . Clause 6 provides that any person making improvemcut.3 are to have a lien upon logs for his tolls. ^ Clause 8 provides that the person who has the right to ccl!o=t tolls shall also have the riKht to make rules for passing the timber through or over his works subject to tha api^raval of the Governor in CouncU. THE BILL GENERAL. BiJl th?fo!w-'^^^*^°»« '^l^u^es of this notice °^°^'"« P°'"^« «'« worthy of the^mTpil^ iV%^-'^« «=l-r that privilege of fl^r , ^'''eains— and the streamf are fnnl'n^ '°«' '*•=• ^°^° those ^i^bject, ot course, to the provisions^of the 2. By clause 2 it is declaipd ih«t^ t\. mere coiistmrfinr, „r ^it-ciaiea that the 3 Th«f i^ ,^' *? ''^'■''^i'^ conditions paying fo??h.p2lege* """""'^ ™"""" parties ^^ ''^ thought just to all interfere with iCL '"''^^ ^''^ »«* man's L.L , ? movement of another mCouS "^^ ^ Lieutenant-Governor BILL REASONABLE streamed havTnf I -u' P°^!^««ion of a at all thrS «f! *^^^*''^'* reaches it other peiXdmS?' ""■ ^^^^^ ^"'"^ would^rto deinl tr'p™^'-"^^"^"*^ certain portiou i?Tf« ^« P'«^ince of a and the puE of a v?rv • '^'^'T*' "^^^""^ puojic 01 a very important right. SPECIAL EFFECT OF THE ACT }f f applied in the Brst instance to « ahk..,u him Se^cS; w^rf °" '2 '««t'"tx when theltrS'ms BUI pS tto'^r-^ Legislature and even witCt the f-v'"**.'}' SrU' *";" ''"■"'■ ""= Mi»i»to of Jiuce and v« .i i/il'J-g- ,»/„»-»« case, m addition to interfenn? with Tu tion by declaring retrospectively il t th; mtZ,Jl:?lf, ,^ifferent^fr^-i^t£. gr"?nds"rSa?r.°^^^^^^^^ S 2 ThI t< ^ ^'iterfered with private then pending. In rVn?d 'o he %„^,^H priv^ riX'"'' *^«* int-erferenc^^°^;|' thTn -^^^' "^^ ^^^er set up beforrbv See fiTTp-.^.^ir'^ f°^ dlialow^ ance. By the Bfltish Jlorth America Act. 1^ ^propertv and civil rights" are exdi' -ly withm the jurisJiction of the Lo> " ;18- Jsture, and it ^d a violent breacK°thl I'ave been guilty of cause they hVl d'k l°f .^"l^^» if>>- teen yeare. which the preSir^ t'' !? ',T"^ *» <1-W he e-xeS'^BetLf-te""!' BETBOSP.OTIV. X.O.SLA™.; ksi^^,^,^!^VX^-^^^^ w V./V/ L taingroundlT,jS If"*'" "P°° ««r- laissed bv thV OnJL -^ammoud was dis- to th°e-Se;" Z tht actio"'?i ^'""'f' further fn r«.,v,„.u .' 7 action, i h^ve onlv wh,ch "8toodirthV;:!iv;mi^' "^'^''tion the legal right is'e^oU when^tb^^^^^f lerbylandorh,„^r.tS;^nS I 15 lumber down astreaui, finds the highwav unobstructed, he is at liberty, in my jude- ment, to make use of it without inquirinc by whom, or with what motive, the way has been made practicable. He find the rock on the road allowance blasted, or the chasm that crossed it bridged, and he p:ir- sues his journey along the highway thus improved; or he finds that the freshet covers all obstacles with a sufficient depth ofwater, andhe floats his logs down the highway thus made useful. It may be in ' appearance and perhaps in reality rather Hard on the man at whose expense what was a highway only in legal conte- plation becomes one fit for profitable use, has to aJow others to slia.e in the advantage with- out contributing t.. tie cost. That is, how- ever, a luaittr for his own consideration wben lie makes the improvement, PiiECEDENT. But it is said that during the Liberal Ad- ministiation a Lill passed by the Legisla- ture of Prince Edward Island, involving the same nrinciple as tne Streams Bill, was disallowed, and of course the Liberal party have no right to complain if their own precedent is followed. The Bill referred to 13 known as "An Act to amend 'the Land Purchase Act of 1875." It was passed by the Legislature and reserved by the Lieute- nant Governor for the assent of the Gover- nor General, and had no resemblance whatever to the Streams BiU. To prove that there 13 nothing in common between the two Bills, attention ia invited to the tollo wing particulars: 1. The Prince Edward Island Act affected several of Her Majesty's subjects who were not residents of the Dominion, and in that respect came within clause 7 of the Gover- nor General's instructions from the Imperial Government, which required him to refuse his assent to such a Bill . 2. The rights of the Crown were clearly affected by it. Under 14 Vic, chap. 3 of the Island, the quit rents reserved to the Lrown by the original grant were assigned to the Government of the Province. The Land Purchase Act" directed the Commis- sionei^s, authorized by that Act, to consider the rents reserved in the original grant, and how far payment of the same has been remitted by the Crown. " vt' ''5%'^^'^i' °^ the parties in Prince Edwai-d Island to certain interests in the lands affected were never questioned. Mr McLaren never had any rights to the exclul nve use of the stream in dispute. He was a tiesjgasser on public property. V. ^'J^t ^}^^^ "^ *^« Crown were affected by the Prince Edward Island legislation perhaps iniuiiously. In the case of the fatreauie Bill, the rights of the Ontario Gov- ernment and the public generally were protected from the usurpation of a private n,f ■p'^^^ '"l?!'*' °! 1^" ?*'"*^«3 affected by the Prince Edward IslaniBill were not pre- mJ/ • ^"^ -^u" <^" °f ^^' Streams S McLaren 8 rights were carefully guarded and privileges accorded to him which the courts afterwards decided he had no right to claim, so it is clear that neither by pre- m1 W^llr'^f ^..'^"".■^tif^Honnl rule was the GERRYMANDERING. HIVING THE CRITS. POLITICAL TYRANNY REDUCED TO A SCIENOK-IX FAMOUS USE OF POWER. By the Confederation Act of 1867 the Froviuce of Quebec was allotted G5 mem- bers and the Province of Ontario 82 It was nroyided, however, that Ontario and the Maritime Provinces should receive such additional members as they might be entitled to taking Quebec as the unit of measure. lu 1872 Ontario on this principle received six additional members. In brinc- mg down the Bill proyidiug for the in- creased representation. Sir John Macdonald distinctly laid down the principle that the redistribution of the six seats then at his disposal should be made without interfering with the municipal county lines. MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES This principle, so strongly contended for by 6ir John Macdonald in 1872, is utterly Ignored in the Kedistribution Bill of 1882. THE BOUNDARIES OF 1^0 LESS THAN TWENTY-FOUR Municipal Counties are sacrificed in order that safe seats might be provided for his disorganized and cowardly supporters— the principles of 1872 are sacrificed to prop up the declining popularity of his corrupt Government, and by the most flagrant violation of the well accredited po.'icy of his own party, it is sought to snatch a verdict from a people anxious to shake off the bonds in which they are so reluctantly held. The following are the counties whose mun- icipal boundaries are affected: — Carleton Lanark, Leeds, Peterboro', Victoria, Ontario' York. Lincoln, Simcne, H.ildimand, Went- worth, Halton, Wellington, Gray, Brant, Oxford, Norfolk, Perth, Elgin, Kent, Essex, Lambtoa, Middlesex and Huron. Shall these counties forget this wrong when the elections take place, or shall they tell Sit 16 John Mftcdonald by their votes, that they wui not tamely submit to such a grosa mjuatice as thU notorious schem« of rSttt- mandering indicts upon them. POLITICAL TURPITUDE OP THE BILL • ^^ o" *^^ ^^ brought down so late in the Session? Why was this midnight wu j^^ on the Liberal party of Canada? Why did Sir Joha reconstruct the political map of Ontario? Why did he load the Ujce just before going to the country? Jividently because he was conscious of his own shortcomings, of broken pledges, of gross public wrongs, and felt convinced that unless ha PACKED THE JURY the verdict would be against him. Now what has been done is simply this. To streugthen nearly every Tory mamber now in Parliament and to weaken the Reform members. Jamea Drew, M.P., North WdUagtw,, 5 84 votea ^ ^^ ^ ^"'*^*' ''*'**^ Dr. Strange of North York, with a ma- Kdgth. °'"^^ ^^ *^^^ ^ ^» «A ^^"^''Jt*' ^•?-' ^^^ « majority of 66 IS strengthened by 43 votes. James Shaw, M.P., of South Bruce, with a majority of 75 is strengthened by 461 votes . REFORMERS WEAKENED. TORY MEMBERS STRENGTHENED As this nefarious scheme was desijmed to strengthen the Conservative party it will be • interesting to notice the number of mem- bers who used their position to avert, if possible the fate which they so much dreaded. The foUowing are a few out of a great many that might be mentioned:— JohnHafeMrt, M.P., South Lanark, with - majonty of 324 had Smith's Falls taken oflF to ndmg because it gave a Reform majority Of 87, makmg his position, of course, that much stronger. Darby Bergin, M.P., of Cornwall, with 27 of a majonty had the County of Stomiont added to his ndmg with a Conservative majority of 197. George Jackson, M.P., with a majority of °J^^eceive8 an additional strength of 153 Thomas Frrrow, M.P., North Huron, with amajonty of 84 is made stronger by detach- ing two villages from his riding that gave a Reform majority of 41. Timothy Coughlin,M.P. ,of North Middle- «ex, with a majority of 8 is supposed to be made quite safe by removals and additions of 25P'*'P' 8'^i°g a "et Reform majority L. McCaUura, M.P., of Monck, with a UoiKtl^^^'''''"^''^'"^^ ^^ '^^'^"^• « Z\ ^f"^^ J^.-^-' of South Norfolk, with a majonty of 17 1« strengthened by 91 Votes. Mr. H«8on, M.p., with a majority of 83 is further strengthened by the additioh of 278 Conservative votes. " ui ^ / o DrOrton, of Centre WelUngton, with a U^rV' «J 6 in spite of aU hfs Jci e-flyingt haJ to fopk for the substantial addition o m votes in order to make it comfortable to face the music. It was not enough, however, to make safe retreats for the present Conservative members m the House, whose past record no doubt, justified them in thus anticipating an indignant public opinion, but Sir Joh^ must needs go further and strike down, if possible many of the Reformers now hold- ing seats in Parliament. As instance: Mr. McDonneU, of North Lanark, is to be ^^rJJ'Uf'^n^ adding two Tory town3hip8 ^^ *^^ Fv"°'y ""^ Carieton to his riding. Mr.Cockbum, of Muskoka, with a Re- of'S ™'*J""*y °^ ^3 ^ P^'^'ed in a minority Mr. Cameron, of South Huron, with a ^^*Jonty of 165 has this majority swept Mr. GilUes, of North Bruce, with a Re- form majonty of 166 is placed^aminority Mr. Patterson, South Brant, with a ""t^^^Z^^ \^^ 19 placed in a minority of 43. Mr. Wheeler, of North Ontario, with a ^^^?^ ^ " ^^'^^ ^» * minority of 146. iq?^vS!°' "^'^^ * majoritv of 206 has 198 of that majority taken otf. Hon. David Mills, of Bothwell, with a majonty of 286 is placed in a minority of Mr. Rymal, of South Wentworth, with a majority of 74 is placed in a minorit/of 94 Mr. Bam, of North Wentworth, with a majonty of 106 is reduced to 20. Mr. Guthrie, of South Wellington, with a majonty of 303 is reduced to 81 • -i .^°^' of So"*^ Perth, with a ma- ns ^ ^'**^^ *° * minority of Mr. Charlton of North Norfolk, and Mr. Ross, of West Middlesex have their positions weakened. DOES THIS BILL EQUALIZE THE POPULATION. It certainly does not as the followins S^JJ^- ®°"*'' ^^^ *^^^ » population of 12,206 represented by Mr. Ralph Jones J 1013-; Ls not touched; RoBseil with a popu- f^l''^°l^^^^'2,repre6mted by the Bon. John O'Connor, is not touched, while two adjoining counties are re-adjuated. The population of a few of tb« re-adjusted » counties is as follows: P o h r( a i( h 17 North Leeds and Grenville.. 12,428 South Ontario 20,244 North Ontario 24,389 North Essex 25,659 East Elgin 26,305 East Sitnooe 27, 185 Kent 28,712 These are but samples of the extremes in a few of the intermediate counties. MOWAT'S BILL. By reference to Mowatt's Bill it will be ieen that in no case did he interfere with municipal county lines. Had Sir John Macdonald adhered to the same principle his Bill would be shorn of some of those objectionable features which make it the most nefarious! piece of legislation ever passed through the Pailiament of a civi- lized country. THE SUGAR DUTIES. There's Millions in it for the Beflners, and the People Fay the Piper. Who does not use sugar ! It is as much an article of food as meats or breadstufFs. and whether prices run hicrh or low our people must have it. But, unlike those othei' staples of our daily diet, we must go abroad for supplies. The little that is produced from the beet root and the maple tree at home is the merest fraction of the whole. The consumption, too, is steadily grow- ing year by year. In England it has risen fiom about 30 lbs. per head in 1852 to more than 60 lbs. Just year. In Canada during the same period^ and exclusive of home-made sugars, it has risen from 12 lbs. to 81 lbs. A PR.OPER SOURCE OF RE VENUE. An article of such krg© and common use is a pi-oper object of taxation for public revenue, and no serious difficulty ought to be experienced in making a just and equable distribution of the burden. To get the greatest possible revenue with the least possible disturb- ance of price should be the aim of the iegislator. In no other way can the Interests of the consumer be guarded. But this is just what the Government has not done. The price of sugar has been raised by the Tariff, the people are made to pay a great deal more for it, and there has been a heavy loss to the public revenue. V/hen the Finance Minister unfolded his policy in 1879 members of the Liberal party in the House pointed out that it must inevit- ibly work to this end, and their pre- diction hiis been only too well verified by results. The pul)lic revenue haa been depleted, the whole country has been heavily taxed, and half a dozen men have made colossal fortune.s. The only good thing that can be said for the Minister's ]»olicy is,that "tlieiv's million* in it" for the Redpaths and the Driuii. monds. THE LIMIT OF PROTECTION. If sugar refining in Canada d^manda protection it is very difficult for Parlia- ment to say what the limit ought to be, for the reason that no one except the sugar refiners themselves knows exact ly the quantity of refined or granulated sugar which a certain quantity of raw- sugar will produce. This is a secret off the refiners which they have steadily refused to make known. While askiii" Parliament to make them rich at the expense of the people who consume ) their goods, they resolutely deny to j Parliament the facts and information upon which alone it is possible to calcu- 1 late the advantages wbicli thf'y are I seeking to obtain. "It is a trade secret," was the answer of a leading refiner to the Trade Committee of 1876. " If I were to state to the Committee what results I obtained in my busine;s3 during a year I would expose myself to the reproaches of refiners in all parts of the world." It is this FREBMASONRY OF THE RE- FINERS that makes it so difficult, to fix the limit of a tariff just to consumers as well as to producers. The same diffi- cnlty h!\n been experienced in Europe^ and to get a solution of it the British, French and Bdgian Governments several years ago rented a refinery at Cologne and conducted refining operations for a period of twelve months. Thev bought 18 HUDfars of all kinds, ^nd the result of their experiments was to establish the fact that 100 lbs. of raw sugar would give 83 lbs. of granulated. This is now the standard in England, where the Cologne calculations are known and recognize'! by all refiners. In the United States in 1875 a Commission conducted an enquiry with a view to fix Ihe amount of the export bounty. The evidence of experts was taken, and, as a result of the investigation, the Commission reported as their conclusion "that the product of well regulated refineries in hard or stove-dried sugars is 60 per cent., and in soft sugars of interior quality 23.60 per cent,, and in up 11.50 per cent., and in waste 4.90 per cent." This, however, was a con- clusion reached upon interested evidence that of sugar refiners themselves, and the fact tliat the export bounty has since been reduced from $3.60 to $3.17 per 100 lbs. clearly indicates that in the opinion of the United States Gov- ernment the estimated quantity of granulated product was too low. APPLYING THE AMERICAN ESTIMATE. But for the purpose of making a test of results under the Canadian sugar tariff, with all odds in the refiners' favor, we will take the data furnished by the American Commission's report as correct. The total waste is only 4.90 per cent, of the whole, and, faince the 23.60 per cent, of soft sugars and the 11.50 per cent, of syrup are at least as valuable as the raw sugars from which they are produced, no possible injustice can be done to the refiners by converting the total quantity of raw sugars into granulated on a basis of 12J per cent, for waste. There is almost conclusive evidence to show that in reality it does not exceed 8| per cent., but the case is so strong that the opponents of Sir Leonard Tilley's sugar tariff can afford to be generous Let us now see at what cost the industry of sugar refining is being carried on in this country. FIRST CALCULATION. For the year ending June 30, 1880, the first complete year under the opera- tion of the new Taiiff, there was im- ported into Canada 116,847,050 lbs. of sugars. This quantity, converted into granulated on the basis of 1 2^ per cent, for waste, gives 102,241,169 lbs. This at $9.58 per 100 lbs., which was the average cost of refined sugars to Cana- dian consumers that year, gives a total of $9,794,703. During the same period the average price of refined sugar in New York, less the export bounty, was $6.20 per 100 lbs., or $6,838,952 for the total of Canada's consumption. The difference — $3,445,751 — is what the Canadian consumers paid for the privi- lege of buying their sugar'* in Montreal and MoDcton instead c f in New York. And it need not be doubted that at their prices the New York refiners did not carry on business at a loss ; sugar refiners don't conduct business in that way, as the Canadian people very well know. But what became of the $3,- 445,751 paid to the Canadian importers and refiners in excess of the New York price] The Trade and Navigation returns show that $2,026,689 went intj the public treasury by way of the Customs. That was proper, and no one complains of it. But what became of the balance — the large sum of $1,429,- 062 1 The people paid it, but Lha public treasury didn't get it. It went to the home refiners, and it helped to swell their profits, plus the profits made by the New York refiners on the same quantity of sugar ! SECOND CALCULATION. In the second year of the sugar re- finers' bonanza tariff there was imported into the country 136,406,513 lbs. of sugar. Reducing this to refined or granulated as befor*^, we have as the result 119,355,702 lbs. The average price for the year was $9.77 )jer 100 lbs., or a total of $11,661,052. The average price in New York, less the export bounty, was $6.55, or a total of $7,817,797. The difference— $3,843,254 — is the excess of price to the Canadian consumer. Where did it go? The public treasury received $2,459,142 by way of duty, and the remaining $1,- 384,112 was— lost! Well, not lost exactly. It went into the pockets of the Montreal and Moncton refirers, to swell their profits over and above the profits made on the same class and f 19 i i i •quantity of work by the refiners of New York city. It went, as Mr. Tliomaa White explained to the House of Commons, to help Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, buy for himself "a quiet, unassuming, modest little place on the other side of the water," and to hob-nob with the nobility and the landed gentry of Old England. A snug sum of ^2,813,174 is not bad for two years in the RugHr-wa8hin(; bnsinesa Bnt thw people who paid it, and who got nothing in return, ought to have something to aay about it. Sir Leonard Tilley and liis colleagues are alone to blame in the matter. The refiners took what the law billowed them, and no more. THIRD CALCULATION. To show in another way the advan- tages possessed by Canadian refiners over their New York rivals, let us compare average duties and average prices. For the year ending 30th June, 1881, the New York refiner paid upon his raw sugar an average duty of f 2.45 per 100 Iba The Canadian i«finer paid an average of only $L75 per 100 lbs., which gave him an advanf°ge of 70 <5enta For the same year ne had an advantage of 6 cents per 100 lbs. in the price got for his stigar, or a total of 76 cents. This on the total consumption of the year gires a j.rofit of $1,036,689. For the year 1880 the Canadian refiner Lad an advantage of 70 cents less duty, and 22. cents exrra price, and this on the total consumption of the year is ^1,086,677. Add the amount short on reveniie as computed on the rates of the Cartwright tariff; and we have a total annual loes to the country of about $1,500,000 or very nearly the same result as by the first and second calcu- lations. But of course the thing that has been the oountrji's loss under this ingenious arrangement of the Tilley tariff has been the refiners' gain. FIFTH CALCULATION. It is claimed by the Finance Minister that under the new tariff" there has been no loss to the revenue on the sugar duties. In his last Budget speech, and professing to quote from the Trade Returns, he stated that "during the last year we paid into the treasury for duties on sugar $154,910 more than the aveiage for the five years previous." This is a bold statement, and as disingenuous as it is bold. The average imports for those five years, as the Trade Returns show, was 107,456^- 865 lbs , and the average duty paid whs 12,313,280, or 12.15 per 100 lbs. Last year the quantity irajwrted was 136,- 406,5l3ll>s., or 28,949,648 lbs. in ex- cess of the five years average, upon which the duty collected was $2,459,- 142, or an average of only $1.80 per 100 lbs. Under the average tariff" of the five years 1874-8, therefore, the duty on the sugar imports of last year would be $477,422 more than the actual amount received, instead of $154,910 le:,s as stated by the Finance Minister. But if instead of taking the average duty for the five years 1874-8 we take the average for the two years 1877-8, the result will be much more striking j it will show a total loss of revenue on the importationsoi last year of $725,000, or very nearly 30 per cent, of the whole amount collected. This, then, is the actual result to the revenue, after adding 25 per cent to the taxea SIXTH CALCULATION. It has been shown that the price of sugar has been increased to the con- sumers, and that the refiners have been enabled to make about $1,400,000 a year more than fair competition in the foreign markets would tolerate. What is there to show for it ? The Finance Minister points to the employment oi 885 men, and that 4s all. Their w-ges are not paid out of any portion of the $1,400,000, unless, indeed, that sugar refining is conducted in Canada at a much greater cost than in other countries in which the cost of labor and raw material is not any less. The New York refiners who sell granulated sugars in the open market at $6.20 per 100 lbs. pay all the costs of production out of that figure, and make a living profit besides. The Canadian refiners can hardly do any less, and on the most liberal calculation of cost they are makinf yearly profit of $1,400,000. It is a V. .- which the «jfo\ jment en- ables them to impose on the whole country, and in return 885 men, are given employment at low rates of \ fiO «'agr« -the avemgo being $400 a year. In Great Britain the sugar refiners eati- niato I hut one man can turn out 850,000 IbB. per annum, and at this rate 300 men in Great Britain can do the work which in Canada it requires 885 men to do. But assuming that 885 men are given steady employment at $400 a year; that amounts to just $354,000, and tijey caiuiot distribute more than that sum for the mrtiiKenance of thfir families, p.jr the sum of $1,400,000 which the country pays to the refiners over and above living profits the Gov- ernment, or any favorite under it, could suj.port 3,500 families in the country, and could distribute them over all the Provinces of the Dominion, witli noth- ing else to do than spending their $400 year, and eating up the flour, the btitter, the corn and the chickens which the farmers would have to sell— and this would be far better than giving it to swell the fortunes of half* dozen men already rich. SUSTAINING THE MONOPOLY. The Liberal p-irty in the House of tommons has shown its friendliness to tJie industries of he country in too many wajn to liave its attittKle on the sugar monopolies miaundrrstood. It •^mrms aiul Iwliwcs that it is i)0HRil)lf* to carry on the business of sugar relln ing in Caniwhi on a basis of justice tc consumers and prodi»cers, and it was with this object in view that the fol- lowing resohition was morfid by Mr Paterson, of Brant, seconded by Mr' Gunn, of Kingston : *"Tliat the Speaker do not now leave the chair, but that it be resolved "That under the operation of the ex- isting duties on sugar the pftO))le have paid, and are liable to jxiy for that article a price largely in excess of the- cost abroad of sug^r after adding th» Canadian duty and freight to thi- point of consumption : "That the duties on sugar are exces- sive and should be so amended as to re- duce tile great burden tliey impose upon, tlie people." The resolution was lost on a vote of 3& Yeas to 85 Nays, the Nays signifying thereby that they were content that the great burden imposed upon the people should remain unadjusted and uadi». turbed. /U^. \/