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THE NOR IN SEAKCH OF A PASSAGE TO CATHAY AND INDIA. 1496 TO 1G31 WITH SELECTIONS FROM THE EAKLY RECORDS OF THE HONOURAliLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY AND FROM MSS, IN THE riRITISH MrSEU:\I. nv THOMAS HUXDALL, ESQ. L O X D O X : PRINTED FOR THE IIAKLTYT SOCIETY. M.nrCC.XLIX. I \ ) \ UlCHABDS, 100, ST. martin's I.ANE. ^ THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY. Council. SiU RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON. G.C.St.S., F.R.S., Corr. Men., I„st. Fr Ho„. Mem. Imp. Acu,l. Sc. St Petersburg, &c., &c., President. VicE.ADMin,vL Sm CHAHr.FS MALCOLM, Knt. ) Ti.K R.:v. ^V. MHEWELL, D.D., Mast. T. C. C. | RKAiiADMiKAr. SiK FRAN'CIS BEAUFORT. CHARLE.S T. BEKE, Esq., PhU. iv, F.S.A. Capta.n- C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, R.N., C.B. Major Geneiial J. HRIGGS, F R S. WILLIAM DE.SBOROUGH COOLEY, Esy BOLTON CORNEY, Esq., M.R.,S.L SiK HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R..S. JOHN FOR.STER, Esq. R. W. GREY, Esq., MP. .rOHN HOLMES, Esq. JOHN WINTER JONES, Esq V. LEVESQUE, Esq. The Rev. H. H. MILMAN. R. MONCKTON MILNES, E.,q., M p. The Makquess of NORTHAMPTON. Rev. G. C. RENOUARD, M.A. THOxAIAS RUNUALL, Esq. ANDREW SMITH, Esq., M.D. Vice-Presidknts. R. H. MAJOIi. Esq., FJj.g.S., Honhrarv Secketakv. i ^ » stt \ M? TABLE OF CONTENTS. "U.,VT WAS SCATTKRE., IN MANY VOLrMKS, AND OHSERVKI, AT SF.VERU •rrvKs nv evk-wit.vkssks, urrn no criRsouv pains r L.„n t^ghttkr, to SAVK THK READER A EAR EONGKR TRAVAI. OF WANOERINO THROfOI, SO MANV DESERTED AETHORS THE KSSAV, SUCH AS IT IS, WAS THOEGHT Br SOME WHO KNEW OE IT, NOT AMISS TO RE PURLISHED ; THAT SO M VNV THINGS BEMARKARLE, DISPERSED REFORK, N..W RROUGHT ENDER ONE VH^W .UGHT NOT HAZARD TO RE OTHERWISE LOST, NOR lUE I.AROER LOST OF roLLECTING TIIEM." MiXTON, Pre/, to nriefWst. of AToscofia, Ki.Ti. A.P. f-ntiotJurti'oii : Of the claim, of S.u Uv,m Willouuhry to be consideml '" a dise«:.verer Of the pr..l.ability of an Englishman namc.l Wim,iam Ada,'. having maJe a voyage to Si)itzhergcn, a.p. 1o!)o ... AMS XU 1400 SEBASTIAN CAIJOTA; from y/.//«^, Sir MARTIN FIIOBISIIER : !•"') 1st voyage 1-.77 1578 1581 2ii.l 3rd ■1th .. projeoted From ncM: n,dh,,,t ; aii.l JAs-. Hrif. Jfy,, '" Master JoriN DAVI8 : 1585 1st voyage 158« '2n,l ., ''' ^>7 ;{r.1 ]'[ '" * ' ' • • • * • • I 15 10 3fi 11 •J 5 ^ft 1 IV A.D. 1601 1(JU2 1G06 IGIO 1()12 1(;14 Kilo COXTK.NTS. P. Captain GEORGE WAYMOUTII: Prelioiiuary Proceedings ... ... ... ... ... ."Jl Of the Outfit : I. Instruments of Navigation ... ... ... ... 51) II. rrovi>ious ... ... ... ... ... ... — III. Apparel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... — IV. .Aiuster-roll and wages ... ... ... ... ... <<» V. Miscellaneous ... ... ... ... ... ... — Captain Waymoutli: his eutertaynuit ... ... ... ul From the ^fs. I'tconls of the J£ad India Compdni/. Voyage; ivom. Parchas ... ... ... ... ... i'A Piocecilings subse, with a li'ttrr fnim Mr. llnurutt". iit xvliosj cxpt'iisi' llic l'uc->iiiiili' \vii» iinulc. '1 lii» letter wiM rel'eireil lu in tlie expec'tittiiiii of linihiiK xiiiio lu'coiiiit nl Ihu i>tigiuul ilociuittui ; but it I'tuveil to be a iiule of im intertst, or vuliie, uhutevur. roNTI'XTS, A.D. P. " The forme of the harbouro we wcare in", on the W. side of Rcsnlution Lshuul, 1 June lOlD; from a sketch l.y Baffin (J/«. A'nV. J^^,^) J ^2 KJIC Ol.scrvations on chari,^e,s made against Baffin iu'connoxion with his discoveries in Baffin'.s Bay j.j, Voyage ; from /V;r/^rt.? '' ' y^r Letter addressed hy Baffin to Sir John Wols'tcnliolinc ; fr.'m Pii.rchas 144 1019 Captain- IIAWKRIDGE; ixomXorth-westFoxe^n^J-J. /. Mss. l.'H) 1G3I OAPTAn- LUKE FOX; from. W/A-,,,,;/^,^., ^-o „ Captain JAMES ; from a Collection of Voyages and Travels hy llarrU Conclusion ... 18(; ... 224 ^pcntd'v: ^upplfiiuntarn J2otcs' : XoteA. SniPPIXG: Ships, officers, etc. Disciiiline ... Stores Annainent From Ihtkluiit and E. /. J/,,?. n. DUTCH VOYAGE, from /W/.,,« C. WAYMOUTirS EXPEDITION : Muster-roll, etc. of officers and crews Autographs of officers and mariners VromK/.M,,: - '." IJ. PRICES : I. Particulars of the apparel supplie.l to Waymouth's Expeditidii ...... u. Particulars of charges of setting forth three ships to Bantam, etc., A.i>. I (J()(i m. Sundries IV. Ttihlo of prices of provisions from 1021 to Ki.'JS From /:. J. J/,s. 22!) 2:50 2:}2 233 23f5 238 230 210 244 24r> VI (■'iXTENT-!. i-, ii NOTE V. E. BUTTON'S EXPEDITION : Answers, in writing, to certain demaruls made hy the General ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24.") From Xorth-irest Foxe. F. FIRST EAST INDIA SUBSCRIPTION LIST From E. I. Jf-si. ... 2r,o G. VARIATION OF THE COMPASS : I. Of the manner to observe the Variation of the Com- passe, etc., By Thomas Harriott, (J/«. i?/vV. Mas.) ... — II. Letter from blaster Rudston to ^Master Harriott (Jh.i. Brit. M7>s.) 255 III. Examples of the Variation of the Compass: Parry's Expedition of 1819 25G IV. Tahles of the Magnetic Declination and Dip at Lon- don from 1550 to 1844 .. ... ... ... ... 257 i //. DRAFT OF NORTH -POLAR DISCOVERIES from 14S)G to 1031 ; etc 258 iiviatfl, etc. I'ugo 3'.), lino 3 from bottom, for /i^yi, read hw/e. 40, — 5 — top, — were, — icttn. i:i."), — .» — — — it;oc — IGlfi. 17."), — 17 — — — Aiinra — Axriyn. 170, — 7 — — — when'tn — wlicnon. '2'y2, AiM'KXUix. To the " Victualling e\tr:uirdin.iri('", add (tot:d for llio Mint' ships): Pminis, French ni)s of tlio (t(K)-l:Jli.; Synanion ; I. Of the Claims of Sir HuirJi IVillouf^lihij to be considered a Discoverer. By injudicious advocacy on one hand, and by care- less oversight, or wilful neglect, on the other hand, the reputation of Sir Hugh Willougld)y is at present k'ft to the mercy of conjecture. One authority has la- boured to prove him to be entitled to the merit of a particular discovery. Another authority perem[)t()rily denies the validity of the grounds on which tlie claim is made on his behalf. N(;ither takes any pains to ascertain whetlier he is entitled to distinction for any other service than the one particularized. It is Purchas who claims the merit of a particular discovery for Sir Hugh Willoughby. Purclias states, that in his progress towards the North-east, the navi- I 11 INTRODUCTION. gator was driven to tlie height of 72", where he fell in with an island which is designated AVillougiiby Land, lying in a particular direction, and at a specified dis- tance from a place named Seynam. " From thence'\ it is said, he proceeded in a certain direction, saw certain lands, and finally cast anchor in a certain locality : which is described, and to which the follow- ing remark is applied; ''''And thh is the land wliich is now called Greenland, or King James his New Land, and is known to the Hollanders by the name of Spitzbergen". In continuation it is observed : " Sir Hugh Willoaglihy returned into Lapland, inhere lie and- his comparty were frozen to death in the haven called Arzina neer Kegor". From the construction of this narrative, the reader is induced to apply the phrase "from thence" to Seynam: to infer that the course subsequently alluded to, was that followed between Seynam and AYilloughby Land, only given with more detail ; and to view the observation " And this is the land'\ etc., as behig introduced merely for the sake of defining the discovery attri- buted to Sir Hugh AYilloughby, more precisely than by the previous simple designation of AYilloughby Land. Conforming to this view, Mr. Joseph jMoxon, " Ily- drographer to the King's ]\Iost Excellent Afajesty", author of some scientific treatises, and a Fellow of the Koyal Society, places, in a " Polar Draft" constructed by him in 167G, \Yilloughby Land in the position, or nearly so, of Edge's Land, otherwise called Staads Vorland, at the south-eastern extremity of Spitz- "^ . INTRODUCTION. Ill bergen. The constructor of a map in Harris's Collec- tion of Voyages and Travels, 1748, adopts, however, another view. He places AVillougliby Land mid-way between Lapland and Nova Zemla. So far the history of the matter merc.'ly exhibits a difference of opinion in regard to the locality of a dis- covery, acknowledged to have been made by Sir Hugh AVilloughby. Subsequently, the case presents another aspect: suggesting doubts of the fact, if not denying the fact, of that navigator having made any discovery. In opposition to the claim set up by Purchas on behalf of Sir Hugh AMUougliby, a modern author of considerable celebrity, and in connexion v/ith such subjects esteemed an authority, declares : " Tlu; brief journal of Sir Hugh AVilloughby by no means sanctions such a supposition, that this ill-fated com- mander was ever within many degrees of Spitzber- gen", adding, " the discovery of this land is certainly due to the Dutch". ^ AA^ith tliis summary decision tlie subject is dismissed, leaving only one inference to be drawn: that Sir Hugh A\'illoughby's reputation has been dependent on a misrepresentation, and nuist sink with the fallacious ground on whif'h it has hitherto rested. Such, however, is not the case; and that such is not the case, may be demonstrated by rejecting all authority but that of the " brief journal" to whicli the above appeal is made. The first step to be taken in this investigation, is to ' A ChronoUnjical History of Voyugis itito the Arctic Hvyious, etc. By John Barrow, F.U.S. (pp. 159.) Lomlun, 1818. i: \^^ IV INTRODUCTION. ascertain with precision, or with as much precision as possible, the course actually followed by Sir Hugh AVilloughby when he sailed from Seynain : which is in 70°, on the coast of Nor\vay. From this place, the navigator started on the 2nd of August, a.d. 1553; and he took a course which brought hiin, on the 14th of the same month, in sight of land. To reach Spitz- bergen from Seynam, the course lies either N. by W. f N., or N. by E. J N., or in some direction between those two points. Sir Hugh proceeded neither N. by AV^. I N., nor X. by E. ^ N., nor in any intermediate direction. He took a course nearly at right-angles with the track to Spitzbergen; and when he sighted land, it was " in 7-", one liundred and sixti) leagues E. hy N. of Sajnani" : far away, to the south-east- ward, from Spitzbergen. Either by tracing on a chart the course taken by Sir Hugh,^ by taking the bearing ' Analysis of Sir Hugh JVilloughby's Track. (^Ilakluyt, vol. i, j)p. 261, 263.) August 2, off Seynam. Trying to make the har- bour : driven by a storm out to sea: sailed N. by E.: storm en- creasing, sails taken in: lying adrift.. ..3, at daylight, The Con- fidence, one of the expedition, seen to leeward : " spread an huUoeke of our foresail, and bare roome with her".. ..4. Storm ab. cd: sail made: course, N.E. by N., towards Wardhouse: made 50 leagues.. ..5. [No account/... .6. S.E. by S. : 48 leagues....?. [No account.]. ..8. Wind strong from N.N.W.: "shook sails and lay adrift". ...9. Wind S.S.E.: course, N.E.: 25 leagues.... 10. Wind N.E.: course, S.E.: 48 leagues. ...11. Wind S.: soundings in 40 fathoms, fair sand.... 12. W^ind S. by E.: "we lay with our sails E. and PI by N.": 30 leagues.... 13. [No account.].... 14. Land 72°, 160 leagues from Seynam, E. by N.x unable to reach the sliore in a boat, " the land !so very shoal, and very much ice, aW. [Distance sailed, accounted for, 201 leaj^ues.l INTRODUCTION. V from Seynam of the new land he sighted, or by com- bining the two means of forming a judgment, it will be found, that the land-fall made on the 14th of Au- gust was on the Coast of Nova Zemla, somewhere, it may be assumed, between the promontories named in the Admiralty Chart of the North-polar seas. North and South Gousinoi Nos. It is to this discovery that the designation of Willoughby Land may be correctly applied; and, it may be hoped, will be so applied. Ignorant, however, as the countrymen of Sir Hu2;h Willoughby have hitherto been on the subject, the Dutch, at an early period, seem to have been well in- formed. During the year 1596, AVilham Barents, a navigator of that nation, was engaged in a voyage to seek Cathaia and India by a northern passage. Having proceeded for some distance easterly, from Bear, or Cherry Island, an observation was taken in latitude 73" X. ; and the chronicler of th voyage, Gerart de Veer, remarks : " Uteri were ice of opinion that ire were bj/ Willoughhij Land . . . . and not farre front Nova Zemla^\^ Strong in his preconceived notion, Purchas, in a marginal note, derisively terms this opinion ^^ map-co?iceited^\ Probably he would have applied the same epithet to the opinion of a subse- quent author of the same nation, who, referring to ' This occurred on the 13th of July in the year above named. Barents proceeded nortlierly, but his progress was greatly impeded by a vast accumulation of ice ; and he did not fall in with the coast of Nova Zemla, actually, till tlie 17th : about Lomsfjt/, to the south- ward oi Admirals hlami. — Purchas, vol. iii, p. 486. VI IXTUODUCTION. J Sir Hugh Willoughby, observes : " II y a graLcle ap- parence qu'il aborda a la Nouvelle Zemble".^ Per- haps, also, he would not have exempted from sarcasm a modern writer who takes the same view.^ After sighting land on the 14th of August, Sir Hugh Willoughby "plyed northerly" for three days; then, on the 18th, "bare roome S.S.E. 70 leagues"; and, after taking various courses, fell in with land on the following days, viz. : the 23rd and 28th of Au- gust; the 1st, 8th, and 11th of September. On the 18th of the latter month, the expedition was off a coast which lay N.AV. by W. and S.E. by E., along which they cruized for some days, and eventually re- turned and entered into a haven that had been before examined.^ ■il: 1 1' ^ Recueil des Voyages au Nord. '^ (sc. Prelim, p. xx.) Amster- dam, 1715. 2 Dr. Ilatnel, in his Tradescant, p. 27. Petersburgh, 1847. 3 Further Analysis of Sir Hugh Willoughhy's Track. August 15, 16, 17. Plying northerly.... 18.— Wind N.E.: "bare roome S.S.E. 70 leagues.... 19, 20. [No account. ]...21. Sounded in 10 fathoms, shoaling to 7 : no land in sight : " bare roome into the sea all night", N.W. by W....22. Soundings 20 fathoms: course W.S.W. until, 23. Low Land discovered, apparently uninhabitable : " westward along the land, which lyeth AV.S.W. and E.N.E.: wind strong from the W.": haled into the sea N. by E. 30 leagues : wind N.E., sailed W.N. W.: wind N.W.: "lay with our sails W.S.W. about 14 leagues".... 28. Descried land: worked into 4 fathoms, water still shoaling, and dry sands ahead. " Haled out again N.E. along the land until we came to the point thereof": " that land turning westward, we I'an along 16 leagues N.W." : a fair bay: landed, uninhabited, but tokens of being visited: thence all i.long the coast westward..., September 4. Lost sight of land, "by rea- INTRODUCTION. Vll Being safely moored, they " sent out three men S.S.AV., to search if they could find people, which went three dayes journey, but could find none. After that they sent out three W. four dayes journey, which also returned without finding any people. Then they sent out three men S.E. three dayes journey, which in like sorte returned without finding any people, or any similitude of habitation". These are the conclud- ing words of Sir Hugh AVilloughby's journal; and this document was eventually recovered through the agency of some Russian fishermen, who discovered two of the ships, which formed part of the expedition, in " the liaven of Arzina, neer Kegor^ in Lnplan(r\ In this desolate place perished miserably, through cold and starvation, it may be appr'^^ended, the ill-fated commander, with no less than seventy of his equally hapless associates.^ son of contrary winds".... 8. Land seen again: within two days, lost sight of. Running W. by S. 30 leagues, land again seen : "bare in with it till night'': being "a lee shore, gat into the sea". ...12. Haled to shoreicard again : anchored in 30 fathoms.... 13. Along the coast, which lay N.W. by W. and S.E. by E....14. Came to anchor, within two leagues of the sliore, in 60 fathoms: went on shore, and found two or three good harbours, land rocky and high, inhabitants none.... 15, 16. Running along the shore 17. Wind contrary: tack towards the harboui* visited before. ... 18. Came to anchor, 6 fathoms, in former haven (Arzina). 1 Tlakluyt, vol. i, p. 263. Milton, " A Brief History of Mus- covia", adds : " Whereof the English Agent at Mosco having no- tice, sent and recovered the ships with the dead bodies, and most of the goods, and sent tliem for England ; but the ships being un- staunch, as is supposed, by their two years' wintring in Lapland, sunk hy the way with their dead, and thcni also that brought fhem,^^ Prose Works, p. 577. Vlll INTRODUCTION. Yet, what is not a little singular, it is to this spot, thatPurchas applies the remark : ''''And this is that land ivhich is now called Greenland . . . and is ktiown to the Hollanders by the name of Spitzbergen'\ It is also no less singular, that, without any authority that can be traced, certainly not with the authority of Sir Hugh AYilloughby's journal, Purchas represents Sir Hugh as sailing from the spot above described, to the spot where he encountered his melancholy fate. That Sir Hugh AVilloughby did not discover Spitz- bergcn during his progress from Seynam to Nova Zemla is evident. The question is, did he make the discovery while " wandering on those desolate seas" between Xova Zemla and Arzina? On leaving the coast of Xova Zemla, it is stated, that Sir Hugh " plyed northerly" for three days. The solution of the question depends on the sense to be attached to the term plyed. If by that term the navigator intended to state that he went northerly for three days, there is every reason to believe that he did fall in with Spitzbergen : in fact, he could not, between Nova Zemla and Arzina, have fallen in with any other land than Spitzbergen. Of this opinion, was the author of the Reciieil des Voyages au Nord. After stating the great probability of Sir Hugh having touched at Nova Zemla, he adds : " Et au Groenland, d'ou le froid et les glaces I'aiant chassc, il descendit plus au midi jusqu'a I'Arzina, oil ce grand homme et ses compagnons furent trouvcs morts de froid dans leur vaisseau". But if the term "/>(ye6?" is to be taken in its strictly technical sense, as a nautical phrase, it ^f. (I INTRODUCTION. lie must be understood, that for three days he was striving unsuccessfully to make way against a head-wind, which would prevent him from making much, if any, pro- gress towai'd the northward. Then indeed must spe- cious advocacy, personal predilection, and national feelijig yield to candour. It must be confessed that the discovery of Spitzbergen by him, is rendered essentially apocryphal.' If such be the case, the fame of Sir Hugh VVil- loughby is only affected in regard to a proceeding which has been erroneously assigned to him. He cannot be deprived of the credit of having been the first Englishman by whom the coast of Nova Zenda was visited; while the subsequent part of his voyage remains to be reviewed. ^ A manuscript copy of the journal (in the British Museum), about the time of Elizabeth, has been consulted to ascertain whe- ther the term plyed is used, or not ; but without success, the pas- sage in which the word should occur being rendered illegible by fire. Falconer's definition {Mar. Diet.) of the word is : *' to make a progress against the wind", and gives " convoyer" [? co/Jtv'er] as the corresponding term in French. Milton, describing the opposition of the Britons to the landing of the Romans, states it was rendered ineffectual by " CoRsar causing all his boats and shallops to be filled with soldiers, commanded to pli/ up and doton continually, with relief when they saw need". {Ilist. of England, bk. ii.) Steven Burrough, in his voyage to Russia in 1556, observes: "July 28. Saturday at north-north-west sunne the wind came to east-north- east, and then we weied, and plied towards the northwards". {Hakluyt, vol. i, p. 310.) In the following pages, all passages are cited where the word occurs. The reader will thus be enabled to judge for himself of the meaning attached to it by the elder mari- ners, and how far it agrees with the modern interpretation. V INTRODUCTION. U n After plying nortlierly for three days, it is said, Sir Hugh AVilloughby "bare roome S.S.E. 70 leagues". In other words, he shaped a fair course towards Mus- covia. From the 2ord of August, the day on which he first saw land after quitting Xova Zemla, to the 8th of September, when he arrived in Lapland, he was exploring an unknown coast, which could have been no other than the northern shore of Russia, if the claim to Spitzbergen be abandoned. The nortli of Russia was new ground; and Sir Hugh Willoughby is entitled to the merit of an achievement, which has been pronounced by one whose judgment is indis- putable, and whose commendation is an hoiiour, to be " almost heroic'\^ It is not uninterestino; to trace the different dei]:rees in which the simple record of Sir Hugh Willoughby's services, contained in his " brief joumar', have af- fected the fame of the gallant, but ill-fated man. Either through misrepresentation, the result of inju- dicious zeal, or by misappreliension, he was invested, in the first instance, with an honour to which he had but a doubtful title, though his right was not disputed for the space of two centuries, and more. Next, on the authority of the same simple record, the right was ' "TX* ffiscoveri/ of liussia hif the northern octttn. made first of anr nation that we know, by Knglislitiu'n, might hare seemed an mte-rprize almost heroic ; if any higher »'n«l than excessive love of gain and tratfic had animated the des«igii." ( Mitton. A brief Uis- lortf (1^ yivfievria. IVorku, IH.'U, p, .)77.) But the gallant men who periUe«l their lives in the adventure niu:»t not be included with the promoters, as being inlluunced by i>urdid motive*. INTRODUCTION. XI rst of d an ove of ^ Jlis- t nu-n with questionecl ; and in disputing the right, his fume alto- gether was placed in jeopardy. Now, tVoni the same source, after a lapse of three centuries from the period when he encountered his lamentable fate, an attempt is made, earnest in purpose and honest in intention, to demonstrate, on grounds hitherto unsuspected by his countrvmen, that he merits no uneminent station among those who have a claim to honourable notice in the annals of their country. An attempt has been made to shew, that the renown to which Sir Hugh Willoughby has a claim, is neither dependent for sup- port on misrepresentation, or misapprehension, nor liable to Ix; shaken by detraction or error. No less intrepid in action, than ardent in temperament, he boldly pursued untried paths and perilous ways.' He sought and found new regions ; and the merit of the action is not the less, because his discoveries are ill- ' A cotemporary gives the following account of Sir Hugh Wil- loughby's selection for the commaml of the expedition : " Nowe prouision being made and carrid aboord, with urinour and munition of all sort*, suffi-ient Captaines and Goucrnoiu"* of so groat an enterprise were y*\ wanting: to which oilice and place, although many men oflV-red them selues, yet one Sir Iliiyh IViUuiKjIiby, a most valiant gentleman, and well borne, ucry ernestly requested to haue that care and charge comitted to him : of whom before all others, both by reason of his goodly personage (for he was of a tall stature) as also for Lis singular skill in the seruices of war, tho company of the Marclunits [of Muscovia] made greatest accompt ; so that at the la?t they concluded and made choice of him for the Generall of this royaye, and nppointvd to him the Admir',-i. ' For some time it was doubtful whether Vesso did not form a part of Nipon, the principal of the Japanese islands ; or, if an island, whetli' '• Mattesmaye did not lye between the two. Ycsso has been proved to be an island, of w\\\c\\ Mat Icsma ye is one of the principal towns. Broughton, in 1795, visited Ycsso, and coasted the east side. He visited the island again in 1797, and sailed tlu'ough The Straights of Saugar, which divide Nipon from Vesso. lie was the first and only European by whom the navigation was, or has since been, effected. The western and northern sides have been ex- plored by Kruscnslern and others. Golownin, a Russian, was de- tained a prisoner on Yesso for nearly three years ; but although u captive, saw a good deal of the country. «": XVlll INTRODUCTION. gather, Tartares joyning to the Cam^ or borders of Cattay. Now in my sympel judgment, yf the norwest passag be euer discouered, it wilbe discouered by this way of Jappan ; and so thuss, w*'^ diuers other speechis most frindli evsed [used], I toouk [took] my leaue of him". After some irrelative matter, Adams resumes the subject in the following terms, viz. : " Conserning this discouerle to the norward. Yf it stand w**^ your wourshipps liking, in my judgment neuer hath bin better menes to discouer. My ressons. First, this kingdoum of Japan w*^^ whoum we have frindship : the emperador hath pmyssed his assistance to geu [give] liis letter of frindship to the countri of Zedzoo and Matesmaye, whear his subiects are ressident. Secondly : ianguiges, that can speak the Corea and Tartar lang- wage for Japan langedge, not to be reckined. For shipping: yf your wourship send not, yet may you hau bylded, or cass to be bylder, such shipes or pinces [pinnaces] necessary for svch a discouery, w**^ lesse charges. Things are heer good cheep, as tymber, plank, irroun, hemp, and carpenters : only tarre heere is none; rosen annouf, but verry deer. Thess thihges I hau experienc[e] of, becass I hau by lit 2 shipes in this contri for the emperor: the on[e] of them sold to the Spaynards [bein of burden' 170 tunnes], and the other I sayld in my sellf vppon dyuers voyages vppon this cost. So that neuertheless by my pfession I am no shippwright, yet I hop to mak svch shipping as shalbe necessary for anny svch discouery. Xow men to sayll ' Introduced from a second letter from Adams, ^Yithout address, preserved among the E. I. Mss. ■■a INTRODUCTION. XIX For ,1 'I vv*** only excepted, the pcopell are not acquainted w^*^ our maner. Therefor yf vour wourships have anny svch pirposs, send me gOv. . mariners^ to say 11 w**'; and yf you send but 15 or 20, or leess, it is no mat- ter, for the people of this land are very stoutt seea men, and in what way I shall go in, I can hau so manny as I will. Now for vytelling. Heir is in this land annouf and svch plenty, and so good cheep, as is in Jngland, as thoss who hau bin heer can satisfi your wourship therin. So that I say agayn, the wantes be cordesh [ropes], pouldaues [canvas], and tarr, pitch, or rossen,and compasses, rounninglasses [hour-glasses], a payr of globes for demonstracion, and soum cardes [charts] or mapes contayninge the wholl world. Thees things yf your wourship do furnish me w**^, you shal find me not neglegent in svch an honorabell serues [service], by God's grace. Thus much I hau thought good to wrytt to your wourship, being soumwhat longe in making the pticullers apparent of this dis- couree: w''' discouree I do trust in Allmightw God should he on[e'} oj" the most famost tJud euer liafh, bin:'' But it is alleged by De Couto, that he had been in- formed by certain Jesuits, that a certain English pilot had averred to them, that he had been up to 82° N. ' Men acquainted with the science of navigation. • The second letter, to which reference has already been made (N. p. xviii), concludes thus: " I do not doiight, by God's grace, thear wilbe greate thinges found out, w''' to this ti/m hath not bin heeard of, and for my p't, shal think my self a most happie man to be imploycd in svch an honorabell axcion". XX INTRODUCTION. \\ i ii . t i !' The claimant on behalf of William Adams alleges, as before noticed, it could have been no other than Adams "himself" who made this statement; "because Timothy Shelton", correctly Shotten^ " his friend, and Thomas Adams, his brother, were dead". In this representa- tion a material fact is omitted. The captain of the ship on which Adams served, was one of the persons who arrived in Japan, and he remained in the empire for five years. His office might have been misapprehended ; and his nation might have been concealed. It is noto- rious the Dutch never scrupled, when occasion served, to assume the English name. In this case, the Dutch captain had good cause for adopting the expedient : to secure his personal safety.^ It remains only to be observed : that, in order to make the voyage attributed to Adams correspond with that accomplished by Cornells Ryp, it has been deemed necessary to alter the date communicated by the Je- suits. According to !».: Couto,^ the fathers alleged that the pilot asserted he went up to 82° N. in 1595 : which the advocate for Adams declares was ^^ probabli/ 15dQ^\ Without deciding whether the voyage attributed to Adams were performed by him, or not, it cannot be considered that sufficient evidence has been adduced to prove the fact. ' See Adams's narrative in Purchas. ^ See a brief narrative of this celebrated writer in the Introduc- tion to Kcempfer^s Hist, of Japan, by Scheuc/izer, p. xxx. NARRATIVES OF VOYAGES I i J? TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. fi lii ii 1 I -if f ■ ^1 .i, ^,^ iEtarratibffii of Wo^ntitsi, etc. A I'KKiOD of about three centuries and a half has chvpscd iucc the project of seeking a passage to the eastern hemispliere, 1)V wav of the North-west, was first entertained. IIiimiy \'11, tlien reigning in Enghmdj earnestly desired to promote mari- time enterprise on the part of his subjects ; and^ under tlie influence of that feeling, had sought, biit failed, to secure the services of Curistoval Colox, whose fame, as CiiiUsTOiMiHii Columbus, is imiversal, and will endure for all time. After the failure of the overture made to Columbus, a A'enetian, by name John Cabot a, accompanied b)^ his three sons, Liiwis, Skbastian, and Sancius, visited this realm; and the high reputation enjoyed by the father, f jr skill in navigation, and intrepidity as a seaman, caused him to be deemed a Avelcome visitor, and gained for him a cordial reception. This talented foreigner may l)c considered to have introduced a new era in the annals of English navigation, and to have originated the idea of an enterprise invested with no ordinary interest : in the prosecution of which, the energies of men of no ordinary character have been enlisted ; and for the accomplishment of which, anxiety of no ordinary description is experienced. Further than this, the accoimts of John Cabota are vague and discrepant. He is represented to have made one attempt, or racsrc than one attempt, to explore the North-polar s(!as ; but the record of his proceedings is imperfect ; and nothing authentic can be collected, except the simple fact of his hav- ^1 4 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. ing been engaged in the enterprise. Such iK'ing the case, the voyage undertaken by his son Sebastian^ who proved him- self worthy of the name he inherited, will Ik: brought undei' notice. v^ I. iTopage of ^rbasttau Cabota. Thi- voyager states, tliat he arrived in the city of London while he was very young, thongh " haWng. ncvcrthelesse, some knowledge of the letters of humanitic, and of the sphere.'' From his account it farther appears : his father died *" in that time Mhcn newes were brought, that Don Christopher Colonns Genuese had discovered the coasts of India.*' ' Tliis event, it is added, caused " great talke in idl the courte of Henry ^'II ; insomuch that all men, with great admiration, affirmed it to be a thing more diuiuc than hiunane, to sail by the west into the cast, where spices growe, bv a war that was never knowen before." Stimulated by the fame of this noble achievement, and hoping to rival in renown the successful Genoese, the vouns Cabota resolved to attempt some enterprise of note. " Understanding, by reason of the sphere", that if he should sail by the North- west, he miuht lie ena1)h'd to reach India bv a shorter route than Columbus had pursued, Cabota dctcrminetl to make the attempt, and "caused the king to be advertise2. lie arriveJ, ou his ruturn, at Lisbon on the 4th vf Much 1 iU'6. IIU *«*/-ii«l 'Tt'japc was cciunicncc'il the ilth of *»ettjli%;r. in the latkr T«mr. — tJmmiura. //tfi. O'ln. 4U(jle'l I'V I/uHio/f, \'I. i\. |«. 4i»j. VOYAGE Ol-' SEBASTIAN CABOTA. 5 r, by a)rth- routc ]n:ike A' liis o tlie Murcr tliC 1 4113. lutUr AD. ) As well as lie remembers, Cubota sailed early in the summer of 1490. lie did not accomplisb what be anticipated. AVhat he did eft'ect may be thus snccinctly stated. On the 2 1th of June, about five o'clock in the morn- ing, a "mainland" was discovered, and in front of it an island. To the former was given the name of Prima A'ista, because it was the first land that had been seen since the departure of the expedition from England ; and the latter was called St. John, because, "as it is thought, it was discovered upon the day of John the Baptist." What is termed the "main- laiul", may be considered as having been Nkwioinuland ; and the island in front corresponds with that which retains the name by wliich it was originally called. After making this discovery, Cabota continued to coast along the laud, in the hope of finding an opening ; but, being disappointed, he retraced his way on reaching, accord- ing to his own account, hit. oG" N.; or, according to (iomara, GO" N.' Pui'suing a southerly course, still anxiously looking out for a passage to the Indies, he reached " that part of the flrme lande now called Floiuda "; and from thence, his sup- plies failing, directed his course to England. On his arrival he found great tumults among the peojjle, and prepanitions in progress for war against the Scots; " by reason whereof there was no more consideration had to this vovaw".'^ Of Cabota it has justly been observed : "By his knowledge and experience, his zeal and penetration, he not only was the means of extending the foreign connnerce of England, but of keeping alive that sjjirit of enteri)iise, which, even in his life-time, was crowned with success, and which ultimately led to the most happy results for the nation that had so wiselv and honourablv enrolled this deserving; foreiijrner in the list of her citizens".' These results were not, however, innnediate. Shortly after the vovage which has been the 1 llakliivt, vyl. iv. |. IHi. - |1>iil. \ul. iii, ini. :i.v;!;J. '' Anliv V'i_v;igc->, \k '.Hi. 6 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOHTH-MEST. subject of notice, Cabota quitted England ; whether in dis- gust at his views not being seconded, or " by the command of His CathoHc Majesty of Castile", is not certain; and he did not return till the year l.ji8, during the reign of the eighth Harry. In the following reign he was created, by patent, " Pilot ^laior of England", with a pension, for life, of 500 marks, or i;]66 : 13 : 4 per annum ;' and he was subsc- ([ucntly invested \vith the office of "Gouernour of the Mys- terie and Companie of the ]\Iarchant Aduenturers for the Discovery of New Trades ", 1)etter known by the shorter title of the "Muscona Company". This digression, which might be deemed impertinent but for the sul)ject, will not be materially lengthened by the following incident in tlic career of this " man, for the knowledge of sea-ail'airs much renowned", recorded by Steven Biirrounh in tlie relation of his voyage to llussia, undertaken in the year 1550. He says : *' The 2rth of April, being ^londay, the right worshipfull Sebastian Cabota came aboord our pinnesse at (irauesende, accompanied with diners gentlemen and gentlewomen; and after they had \iewed our pinnesse, and tasted of such cheere as Ave could make them aboord, they Avent on shore, giving to our mariners right li))erall rcAvards; and the (jood oldi- (jenflemun, Master Cabota, gave to the poore most liberall almes, Avishing them to pray for the good fortune and pros- ])(;rous successc of the Serchthrift, our i)innesse. And then, at the signc of the Christopher, he and his friends banket- tcd, and made mce, and them that Avere in the company, great cheere ; and for very joy that lie had, to see the toAvard- ncs of our intended discouerv, he cntred into the dance him sclfe, amongst the rest of the young and lusty com])auy ; Avhich being ended, he and his friends departed most gently, coiiiending vs to the goucrnance of Almighty (Jod."^ ' Tlic patent is (luted the . 301. " lliikluvt, Vol. i. [>. :VMj. i! :i II1{ST VOYAGE OF SIR AIAllTIN FUOBISHKl!. tlicn, iUlkL't- ''(' lip iiii> §11. ti)t €\n'tt Wo\Mt^ of i^lartin jTroIJisifKr* Except an abortive attempt, of which tlie particulars are not known, made by tlie Domixus VoniscuM and another vessel, in 1527, "no more consideration was had for the voyage" for cijrhtv years after the failure of Sebastian Cabota. The project was revived by Sir Martin Frobisiier, a man of no emiui lit ineagc, but endowed with superior mental qualifica- tions. It appears that, at an early age, he was sent from his native place to a school in London, and placed under the care of " Sir John Yorke, knight, his kinseman ; who, per- ceinng him to be of great spirit and bould coiu'age, and n..turall hardnes of bodv, sent him to the bote cuntrvc of Guinea", on board a ship forming part of a fleet fitted out bv several merchants of London.^ As he advanced in years, he is represented to have been "thorowly furnished of the knowledge of the sphere, and all other skilles appertayning to the arte of na\igation".- By incessant and long study of tlic subject J by " sundry sure reasons and secret intelli- gence ", the nature of which, however, is not communi- cated, Frobisher wrought himself to a conviction of being able to accomplish the notable design he contemplated. His fortune was not commensurate with his desire : " he lacked altogether meancs and abilitic to pcrfornu) the same"; and for fifteen years he conferred earnestly, l)ut fruitlessly, with his private friends, and with merchants, on the project. The former proved lukewarm ; and the latter, he soon per- ceived, were not wont to regard " vertue, without sure, cer- taine, and present gaincs". Eventually he repaired to tlu> court ; and there, it is said, he found many honoural)l(; ' FruKincnt of n notice \>y Miduicl Lt.k.— MSS. Brit, iMus. Cotton; Ofho, i:. s-jr. ' llHklitvi, Vol, iii, j( .>,j. U1 8 VOYAGES TOWARDS THK NOHTII-WEST. :' • I :1': minds able and willing to favour his views : particularly Ambuosf, Dudley, Eahl of Warwick. Suchj at least, is the information communicated hy Ilak- luyt J but a very large share in promoting the success of the undertaking, is claimed by an individual named Michakt, LoK. He asserts, that the parties principally engaged in the adventure, were, with himself, Mr. George Burn, ShcriH* of London; IViUiuni Towerson, who was afterwards engaged in the East India trade ; and Sleren }3>(rroiff//i, Avhosc name has already occurred, and who had sailed as master, under C'hancclor, in "NVillougliby's ill-fated expedition. Burrough appears, however, to have confined his assistance to advice, w Inch he freely bestowed : but whether it was deemed more valuable than a monev contribution would liavc been consi- dcred, is not apparent. If the statement of Lok be correct, the supplies for the voyage were obtained mainly through his means and credit. The total cost of the adventure, he represents to have amoinited to fc2, 100 ; and he complains that the subscribers supplied no more than £1,000, leaving him responsible for the residue of €800. From this narrative it further appears, that the views of Lok and his associates were for some time thwarted, by oppo- sition on the part of the Muscovia Company. Althcmgh this association had been incorporated for the special purpose of promoting "New Trades", they would neither engage to enter on the uiulertaking on their own accoinit, nor permit others to engage in it. At Icngtl) the dilhculty was overcome. An appcjil was made to the Lord Treasurer ; and, in obedience to a mandate issued bv that functionarv, the Muscovia Com- pany, in February 1571, granted a license, under their com- mon seal, for the project to be proceeded with. In strong contrast with the proceedings of the Muscovia Company, was the conduct of Du. John Dee, who is intro- duced by Lok, for the first time, in connexion with this matter. Dr. John Dec entertained serious doubts respect- FIltST VOYAGE OF sll! MAIITIX 1 ItOHISllEn. 9 s of oppo- this 3SC of liter licrs All peace om- 0111- in^ the pi'ficticability of tlic intended voyail>,r hij Michul Lok : Cotton. JfS.S. {Hrlt .)fu.i.) 0(/,o, E. S, \i, ■\:\ 4.V Aiiuin,ij;>t this L'oIli;cti, tnuuL'il in (.•iiinicxi'>n with a voyafjro in soaivh of tho North-ea'^t pas- sago to (.'hinii ami Jiulia, which coiicliKks willi tho words, "p. mc John Dec ". 1 10 AOYAGES TOM'ARDS THE NORTH-WEST. H. 1 Pi ' M FRomsiiER M'.is nominated " captainc and pylot "; Ciirtsto- riiER IIaee, master of the Gahriel; and Owen Gryifyn, to tlic same post on tlic ^Michael.' Seemingly uninfluenced by tlic superstitious feeling Avliich not unfrcqucntly, in the present day, influences seamen, Frohislicr and his companions started on a Friday . They weighed, from De})tford, on the noon of the 7th of June ; but proceeded no further, that day, than " Grcenwhich ",^ where Elizabeth aud her com't then lay. Threc-and-tAventy years before, at the same spot, the ill- fated expedition, proceeding under Sir Hugh "Willoughhy, in search of a N^ "th-east passage to India, had exhibited " a trimnph (in a sort) for the gratification of good King Edward; Imt he being then sick, beheld not the sight. Presently" (that is, on AVilloughby's expedition coming to an anchor,) "the courtiers came running out; the privy council at the windows, and the rest on the towers and battlements of the palace. The mariners, all app; railed in watchet (or slcy- colored cloth), discharged their ordnance according to the order of Avar, iuiiomucli that the hills sounded thercAvith, the valleys and the Avaters giving an echo ; Avhilc the mariners and the beholders shouted in such sort, that the skie rang again Avith the noyse thereof.'^ ^ This example Avas imitated by the people under Erobisher, to the best of their means ; and the Queen's ]\Iajesty, standing at an open AvindoAV, not only greeted her faithful and ad\cnturous subjects Avith the Avaving of her hand, but sent a gentleman on board, " to make knoAvn her good liking of their doings, and thanking them for it, Avilling the captainc to visit the court the next day, to take his leave of her". Furthermore, during the evening of 1 Sonic detiiils hdVO bten added from Lok's paper, ut supra. 2 By the loiig-hhorc peoi)le, and the working population generally, the pronunciation of Greenwich according to the old orthography, ia still pre- served. 'i llakluyt, Narrative of Clement Aihtms. " 4 yy 2 a rang tatcd icans ; , not 1 tlie make tlicm av, to ing of I'lIJST VOYAGi: OF Slli :\IARTIN FKOBISII^JI. 11 tlic same (lav, one of tlic Queen's secretaries was despatched Avitli a message, giving them charge to be obedient to their captain and governors, and wishing them "hap|)i(> suecesse". Except a leak, sprung by one of the ships otf the Shet- lands, which was speedily repaired, nothing material occur- red during the voyage, till the 11th of July, when land was discovered in hit. Gl" N. The land, obserAcd to the W.N.W. distant sixteen leagues, rose like " piuacles of steeples, and all covered with snow", and was supposed to be Fuiesland, a land occasionally spoken of, jet never identified.' Attemi)ts Mere made to land; but "the great store of yce", and the heavy mists which covered the coast, prevented the intention from being carried into elfect. A severe tempest was also experienced ; diu-ing which, the pinnace, witli all hands on board (four in nnnd)er), foundered; and the people of the i^liciiAKL, " mistrusting the matter, privily conveyed them- selves awav". This vessel reached England in saietv. Ero- bisher, now left to himself, altered his course, and stood to the S.W.; and, seventeen days afterwards, other land judged to be Lauradou, was sighted in lat. G2 ' 2' N. On the 13th of Julv an incident occurred, which is not noticed in the printed accounts of the voyage, 1)nt which is too creditable to Erobisher to be suppressed. On the* day above named, tlu Gabriel was in the utmost danger of found- ering, and the crew ran great hazard of pei-ishing with their vessel. Erom this melancholv fate thev were saved bv the promptness, energy, and judgment of their eonnnauder. On the day above nanuid, tlu.' nuinuseript states : " In the rage of an extreme stornu', the vessell was cast Hat on her syde ; and, being open in the waste,-' was fylled with water, so as y, the ill pro- ^ " ThI'i island, whose iKisitimi has so greatly puzzled geographers, oiiild \V)i he tliu Frislatid (tf Zeiio ; hut. heiiig in (11" ot" latitude, was evi duntly the southern jiart of (Iruonhind'".— J/r//t' Vovoiji'^. p. >^'l. - It is elsewhere staled, that tiie liAiiUiiiL lahuureil under the additional di.-advaiitagc of heing low in the water. 13 VO\AGi;s TOWAKDS TIIK NOHTIl-AVlvST. % she \ny still for sunk, and would ncitlicr wcarc nor stcarc with any lielpc of the helme ; and could neucr have rysen agayn, but by the merveilous work of God's grefit mercy to help them all. In this distrcs, when all the men in the ship had lost their courage, and did despayr of life, the captayn, /ike Mm selfe, Mith valiant courage, stood vp, and passed alongst the ship's side, in the chayn m ales [channels] , lying on her flat syd(;, and caught holde on the weather lechc of the fore- saile ; but in the weather-coyling [going about] of the ship, the fore-yardc brake". To ease her, the mizcn-mast was cut away ; but she still rolled heavily, so that the water " yssucd from both sydes, though, withall, without any thing fleeting over". As soon as practicable, the poor storm-buffeted 1)ark was " put before the sea"; and all hands were set to work to repair damages.^ In lat. G3" 30' "north from Newfoundland", high land was fallen in with on the 31st of Jidy, to which the name of UuEKN Elizabkth's Cape was given ; and, sailing from Queen Elizabeth's Cape, more northerly, another foreland was des- cried, in lat. 03'^ 8' X., which formed the southern point of " a great gut, bay, or passage, divided, as it were, by two mainc landes or continents, asunder".^ Frobisher's desire was to have crossed this passage ; but, being bafiied by ice, cur- rents, and winds, he determined to enter it. This was effected on the 11th of August ; and the passage received the name of Frobisher's Strait, though it luis since been known as LuiiLEv's Inlet. Up these straits, Frobisher sailed sixty leagues. Ten leagues from the entrance, they found an island, to which the name of Gauriel was given; then Prior's Sound; and a mile further on. Prior's Bay. From the former, the land bore S.E. ; and good anchorage Mas found, with a sandy 1 From a paper without siguature, Lut in Lok's handwriting. — JAS»S'. lit supra, 48. - The eutruiicc to these straits was more particuhirly ohserved cluriujt liie seeuinl vnyage, IIKST VOYAGE OF SIR MAIOIN 1 ROBl.SIIEi;. i;'> two ■0 was ciir- cctcd name vii as sixty daiul, ouNu; ', the jandy -JASA'. iiiiiiu bottom. Xcxt, Thomas Williams' Island; and ten leagues bc'vond, Hrucii Eli's Isi^and, were discovered. Oil tlie extreme point to wliieh he navigated, Frohisher laud' , and fell in with a "salvage" peopl.v, greatly resemb- ling Tartars in appearance. They used canoes, made of seal skins, with a keel of wood within the skin ; and in shape, in some respects, resembling the shallops of Spain. A boat, con- taining five hands, was here lost ; but whether the j)e()i)le deserted^ or were captured by the natives, is not clear. How- ever, in retaliation of the real or supposed injury, one of the aborigines was taken by stratagem : " whereupon, when lie found himself in captivity, for very choler and disdaine, he bit his tongue in twaine within his mouth ; notwithstanding, he died not thereof, but lived untill he came to Ihigland, and then died of cold which he had taken at sea." xVrriving, on his return, at the mouth of the straits, Fro- bishcr anchored for a few days ; and, on the 2Gth of August, weighed for England. Harwich was made on the 2nd of Octoljcr. At home, the adventurer "was highly commended, of all men, for his great and notable attemjit; but specially famous for the great hope he brought of the passage to Cataya". Yet, but for an accidental circumstance that occurred some time snbse(pient to the completion of the voyage, it is not improbable the matter would have died awa\-. This incident is thus alluded to bv Ilakluvt. The crews of the vessels, it seems, had brought home divers articles as memorials of the regions they had been exploring ; and among these memen- toes were some pieces of stone "much like sea cole in colour". Hy chance, one of these jneces came into the hands of the wife of one of the adventurers : bv another chance she threw it into the fire ; and, when it became heated, for some reason which is not explained, (pienched it with vinegar : " whereon it glisteiu-d with a bright martpiesset of golck' ; and, the matter being called in >ome ([Ueslion, it was broiiglit # li VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOIMII-WEST. m P U- \3 • rr •i' i to certain j^oldfyiiers in London, to make assay thereof; wlio ^ave out that it hckl goklc, and that very richly for tlie quan- tity". ]\Iichuel Lok jj^ivcs a different version of the story. lie says, that some of the stone was publicly given to him on board one of Frobishcr's ships, after the return of the expe- dition. A piece of the stone he had thus acquired, he further states, he carried, in the first instance, to ]\Ir. William Sayer, ^Master of the ToAver. Another portion he afterwards, by direction of that officer, supplied to '' one A\'heeler, a gold fyner"; and some was also handed over to one Nod- ham. Sayer and Wheeler reported, "it was but a marqucsite stone": and Nedham declared "he could fvnde no mettall therein". But Lok seems to have satisfied himself that the stone tvonld yield gold ; so he applied to a certain John Baptistu Aiint'llo, avIio, on three difl'erent occasions, exhibited H"old to Lok, whicli the "gold fvner" ('cclarcd he had ex- tracted from as many different specimens. Hereon, Lok expresses himself as having been very much astonished; and with real or affected incredulity, inquired of xVgnello : I low- it was he sliould have succeeded in the experiment, when other skilful men had failed ? To this inquiry the wily adept replied: " Bisoyna sapcre advlure la iiatara". Lok's state- ment, of which the commencement is wanting, concludes thus : " The xviij of Jauuarie he sent me, by his mayde, this littel scrap of paper, written 'No.l, hcrinclosed'; and therein inclosed the grayne of golde, which afterwards I delivered to your ]\Iajesty. 1577".' There are no means of deciding which of these two versions is correct ; but the fact is certain, that a second expedition was determined on : less, however, for the purposes of dis- covery, than to gratify cupidity ; and many, in the true spirit of greedy speculation, seem to have been not unwilling to ensure gain at the expense of their neighbours. £1, 100 were required to lit out the expedition. Subscriptions to that i M>S8. ut tiqua. «F.CONT) VOYAHi: 01' Silt MAKTIN FIJOUISII 1,1!. 1 amount were promised, but only 18,000 were paid; and fiol., who acted as treasm-er on tliis and tlie fust jnul third voy- ages, was h'ft to meet the l)ahinec, of .tl,lOO, in the best way he couhl.' At least, such is his statement. 2nd Voyage, ) Tlic second expedition under Frohisher, con- sisted of tlie following vessels, viz., the Aid, a royal ship, of between one hiuulred and eiglity and two hundred tons, having one hundred persons on board : that is, thirty gentlemen and soldiers, the rest " sullicient and tallc sailers"; the Gabuikl, eighteen persons, viz., six soldiers and twelve mariners; the Michael, sixteen persons, viz., five soldiers and eleven scamen.- The ships sailed from Hlaekwall on "Whitsunday, the ^Hth of May, 1577. They arrived .at the Orkney ialuiids on the 7th of the following month ; and the manners of the inhabitants are described in the following not very flattering terms : 1 MSS. ut .suf.ni. 2 The par GeneraUoi the whole coin- [laiiy for her .Maiesty His Lieiitenaat . . Hit HiuiijM •. . . . Co rpo rail of th e sh ott Aho>>rc AvKE WHS < AboorJ the Gabuiel was The rest of the Gcaileraen - 77(1? Mnister . . The M'Ue . . . The Pjilot . . . The Maister f/unner C'liptaine . . . One Oeidleman The Mnister . . 4 1 II At {('tnitniiie . . AboorJ the Michael ) f,f^^ (jentlenum { The Muister was tieulars arc as follow : [ Martin Fioliisher. Geovu'C Best, llichard IMiilpot. Francis Funler. ' Henry ('arew. Filnuin-l Stuifortl, .Jolin Lee. M. llarnie. ^ Mathew Kinersly. Alirahani Lins. Koliert Kinersly. Francis iJrakenhury. William Arnishow. Christoi)her llall.-^" Charles .Jacknian. — •-'' Andrew Dicr, Richard Cox. E/t, vol, iii. H: I SKCONI) VOYAOK OF SII! MMMIN ritOIUSIlKl!. 17 for jrold : in (■ollectiiig what appeared to ('(xitaiu the precioiis metal ; and iu coinhating with the aborigines. In one of the skirmishes two females were ca|)tnrcd. One was aged : the other was a young mother, w ith an infant. The ehUu" of the tw ith little obscr of rtcsy styled the " old ance oi couri wreteh", was suspected by many of the sailors to he either a devil or a witch ; and her buskins Avcrc [) idled off, to ascer- tain whetlier she had cloven feet or not. Proving to be only of an ''oughly hcAv'' (it may be presumed, ill-fer lured), she was dismissed. The child of the younger captive had been wounded by a chance shot from a caliver, and the surgeon ajjplied salves. Thereon was exhibited, what is termed in a marginal note, "a pretty kind of surgery, which nature teaeh- eth". Not understanding the intentions of the surgeon, the mother "plucked those salves away; and, by continuall lick- ing with her owne tongue, not much vnlike vnto a dogge, healed up the child's arme". This captive is not represented to have been of "oughlv hew". She was detained. For the reason before stated, little was ctfectcd during this voyage, for the extension of discovery ; but the following places were named in addition to those visited in the former voyage. On the south side of the straits, ^NIount Warwick and Jackman's Sound; on the north side, Bkare's Sound, Lkicestku's Island, and the Countkss of WMtwiris's Sound and Island. On the wav home, if the narrator mav be credited, occur- red one of those singular coinci(''jnces which afford food for the distempered imaginations of the superstitious. " The 80th of August, with the force of the wind, and a surge of the sea, the master of the Gabriel, and the boatswain, were stricken both over boord ; and hardlv was the boatswain recovered, hauing hold on a rope hanging over boord in the sea ; and yet the bark was laced fore and after, with I'opes a breast high within boordc. This master was called AVilliam Smith, being but a yong man, and a very sufficient nuu'iner; D 7 n -\ m 4'i/! :|i . f 18 VOYAOES TOWARDS THE NOIJTH-U E.-fT. who^ being all the morning before exceeding: pleasant, told his captaine he dreamed that he was cast over boord ; and that the boatswain had him hv the hand, and could not saue hira. And so, immediately vpon tlie end of his tale, his drcame came right euilly to passe; and indeed, the boatswain, in like sort, held liim by one hand, haning hold on ro]»e wifli the other, vntill his force fay led, and the master was drowned." The 1st of September, a violent storm arose, and the ships were in great danger. "Lying a hnll", in order not to out- strip her consorts, a precaution which proved futUe, the Aid was most grievously buffeted by the waves. Threatened, momentarily, to be overtaken and overwhelmed bv the tre- mendous sea that was running, they were constrained, at length, "with a hoist of their sail, to try it out, and ease the rolling of the ship". The following tlay proved calm; and search being made to ascertain what damage had l^een sus- tained, it was found that the rudder was "refk in twain, and almost readv to fall awav". Though somewhat dismaveti, the stout mariners did not allow their energies to be d:iniiKMl by this discovery. Advantage Avas at ence taken of the wcjither : "they flung' half-a-dozen coui)le of the best men overlKiard, who, taking great pains, vnder water, driuing plank, and binding with ropes, did wiJl mend and strengthen the mat- ter "; though the most part returned nujre than half dead out of the water. Tlie Voyage terminated by the arrival of the Aii» at Mil- ford Haven on the :23rd of Septem])er ; by the arrival of the GABKiiLat Bristcd about the same time; an., hv the Michael getting safe to some place in the north. ^ On the return of the exijcdition, tlie subject was submitted to " special commissioners, chosen for this purpose : gentle- men of irreat juv Masters Dionise Settle jiikI Ik.'»t.— /Aii/w^, vol, iii. THIRD VOYAGE OF SIR .MARTIN I'RGHISllKR. 19 ']. iii, for the full handling of all matters thereunto appertayning". The eWdence on which the decision of these gentlemen was founded, is not recorded ; and it is uncertain whether their art did not exceed the judgment and skill they Mere pre- sumed to possess. However this may be, the commission decided, "that the matter of the gold ore had appearance, and made show, of great riches and i)rofit ; and the hope of the passage to Catava, by this voyage, was greatly incrcas{;d". The Queen's Majesty adopted the o])inion of the commis- sioners, or, the commissioners had anticipated the opinion of the Queen's Majesty ; and a new expedition was ordered to l)e set forth. The object of this expedition was to colonize the newlv-discovcred territorv, which Elizabeth herself nanu'd "Meta incognita". Before their departure, the general and all the captains appeared at court, to take their leave of the (iucen; at whose hamls, on that occasion, they received great encouragement and gracious countenance. Frobisher was especially noticed. Besides " other good gifts, and greater promises, a fairc chaine of golde " was bestowed on him : wjiich seems rather a superfluous gift, when it is considered on what an expedition lie was bound, and what riches, it was imagined, he would obtain. 3iu> VoTAoE. \ The third expedition, consisting of fifteen sail of shijjs,' assembled at Harwich on the 27th of May l.'i78; and sailed on the.'JOtli of the same month. 1 Tlic iiiitncs of the re**w/^«.<>r,f'.l ..... * .... U In the U'lhrirf 1"). In the Mirh't*! Kruliislier. Ynikc. I-Vntun li.st Carew. I'il|")t. Tanfiehl. ; ("iilitiiine ("I'Mitnev. ^Ic.vK...' Vjii lit. Ni'wtcin. Ilan.lal. Ki nf A oo VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. his company, and with what incredible labour the paincfull mariners and poore miners (nnacquainted with such extremi- ties), to the everlasting rcnoMne of oin* nation, did overcome tlie bnuit of these so great and extreme dangers ; for sonn; even without boord, ujjon the ycc, and some within boord, upon the sides of tlieii' ships, having poles, pikes, pieces of timl)er, and ores, in their hands, stood almo'^t day and night without any rest, liearing off the force, and breaking the sway of the yce, with such incredilile painc and pcrill, that it was wonderfuU to l)eholde'\' But for the extraordinary and unceasing exertions of the crews, it is represented tliat the ships would have " been stricken through and through tlieir sides", notwithstanding the provision that had been made against such a casualty, and wliich did actually happen to one of tlie ships separated from the fleet. In corrobora- tion of this re])resentation, it is related, that "plankes of tim])er of more than three inches thick, and other things of great force and bignesse, by the surging of the sea and bil- lowc, with the yce, were shivered and cut in sunder at the sides of the shijjs; so that it would secme more than credil)lc to be reported of". And in further illustration of the dan- 1 Onthcnthot'Ati.irust ISlSdut.r.^oO'.So' N.; long.r>4" 47 .00"W.; var. !)0" .32'.no" W.), the l-nrl'dlir, conunamletl liy Ciiptnin John AW*, imJ the ylA' v^/c/i"/', cniumumlod \\\ Lietitennnt \\vJii-anl /V/vy, were phiced in eiivuinstaiices if peril renuirkalily .xii.iilar to those cncouiitereJ by the Heet iimlcr »SV;' Marti)) Frohinhef : and the simihirity of the con- duct of the officers and crews, at hoth periods, is no le-s rcmarkalilo. The connnan<<, with a just ami generous spirit, sucli as chanicterized his ])redece>sor JAm^c/' (W/^A/i// Bext, bears onphatic testimony to the zeal tind activity of all hands luider the .severest fatigues, and to their patience anh m.iriner has contributed "to the everlast- ing reiiowne of ..ur nation". — See A'o.m'.i Voiiatic to It) i ft! ))'.•< Ihii/, pp. TA- 7!» (iiond. ISIU). THIRD VOYAOK OF SIK MAHTTN rUOIUsllKR. 2'.i jrerous position of the vessels, an appeal is made to '^substan- tiall witnesses, who can faithfully and plainly i)rove that the ships, even of the greatest burdens, with the meeting of eon- trar\' waves of tlie sea, were heaved up betwecne islands of yce, a foot wel-neere, out of the sea aliove their water-marke, having tlieir knees and timbers within boord, both bowed and l)rokcn therewitli". The precarious situation in which tlie vessels were placed, justifies tlic writer's concluding re- mark, that " he that held himself in best sccuritie, had ((lod knoweth) but onely bare hope remayuiug for his best safetie". By the next day, however, four ships had succeeded in extri- cating themselves from the ice, and were riding in compa- ratively clear water. They rejoiced fervently at their own release ; but were in sorrow and fear for the safety of their fellows ; "ami devoutly kneeling about their main mast, tliey gave unto vJod huml)le thanks, not only for themselves, but besought Ilim likewise highly for their friendes deliverance". Tlic hour was nearer at hand than the anxious people con- templated. " Even whilest amiddest these extremities, this gallant tieete and valiant men were altogether overlaboured and forewatclied, with the long and fearefuU continuance of the foresayd dangers, it pleased (Jlod, with His eyes of mercy, to looke downe from heaven, to send th(>m ]w\\) in good time; giving them, the next day, a morc^ favoiable wiude, at the west-north-west, which did not only dis|(ers(> iuul tlrixc forth the yce before, but also gave them liberty of more scope and sea-roome ; and they were, by night of the same day following, perceived of the; other four shi|)s, where (to their greatest comfort] they enjoyed the I'ellowship one of another". Then ensui-d a scene which is thus graphically described : " Some in uuMiding the sides of their shijjs, some in setting up their top nnists and memling their sayles and tucklings; againe, some complayniuir of their false steinnie borne away, sonu' in stopping their leakes, some in I'ccount- ing their dangers past, spent no small time and labour". '■ t 24 VOYAtiKS TOWARDS TIFK NOIM'll-WKST. ' , li I I' I! '■I ) , I Sonic (lays after the fieet had escaped from the perilous scenes which liave been described, they came into a locality, the whereabouts of which they w(;re luiablc to determine ; but in which a tremendous current from the north-east was encountered. According to Master Best's representation, " truely it was wonderfull to heare and see the rushing and noise that the tides did make in that place ; with so violent a force, tliat the ships, lying a hull, were tuinied sometimes round about, even in a moment, after the manner of a whirl- pool ; and t/ic itot/se of the streuine no le.sse to be heard afarre off, than the (nderfdll of London Bridge" } With the above incident, the adventures of the fleet, in the aggregate, may be considered to have terminated ; but the pcoi)le of individual ships had their particular trials and sufferings. Those of the Judith and the captain of the Anne Francis are wortln' of being cited. The Ji'DiTii was connuanded by Captain Fkxton, the lieu- tenant-general of the fieet. She parted company from the ships about the first day of July ; and the captain reported, on rejoining the fieet, that, "from that day to the l2Gth of the same month, they never saw any one day or houre wherein they were not troubled with continuall danger and fearc of death ; and were twcntic dayes, almost together, fast among the yce. They had their ship stricken through aiul through on both sides, their false stemme borne ([uite away, and could goc from their shij), in some places, u|)on the yce very many miles; and might easily have jjasscd IVom one iland of yce to another, even to the shore; and if (lod had iu)t wonderfully provided for them and their necessitie, and time had not made them nu)re cunning and wise to sceke strange renuv dies for strange kindes of dangers, it had bene impossiljle for them ever to have escaped : for among otlu'r dt>vices, wheresoever thev found anv iland of m'c of greater bi;;nesse 1 fee Davis, ;hil Vnyagc, 2!»th aii.l ;:isl nl .July. \hhl. w TllIHI) VOY.VfiK OK Slli MARTIN I'UOBISIIKR. 2: then the rest, they commonly coveted to recover the s.amc, and thereof to mukc a buhvarke for their defence ; m hereon hav- ing mored anker, they rod under tlie lee thereof for a time, being thereby guarded from the danger of the lesser driving yce. But when they must foregoe this new-found fort, Ijy meanes of other yce, which at length would undermine aiul compasse them round about j and when that, by heaving of the billowe, they were therewith like to be bruscd in pcces, they used to make the ship fast to the most firme and broad p^ f yce they could f"' lud binding her nose fast there- unto, \»ould fill all their saylcs ; whereon, the wind, having great power, would force forward the ship, so the ship bear- ing before her the yce ; and so one yce, driving forward another, should at length get scope and sea roome. Having, by tliis meanes, at length put their enemies to flight, they occupyed the cleare space for a prettic season, among sundry mountaines and Alpes of yce". One, it is stated, was found, l)y measure, to be sixty-five fathoms above water, and, " for a kind of similitude, was called Solomon's porch"; and it was conjectured by some, that these islands, on account of the enormous weight which was to be su^jported above, must be eight times their height under water. Dm'ing his wanderings in company Mith the ^loon, Cap- tain Best, of the Anne Francis, discovered "a great blneke island, where was found such plenty of black ore of the same sort which was brought into England tins last yecre, that, if the goodncsse might answere the great plentie thereof, it Mas thought it might reasonably sultice all the f/o/dc-f/fiiffons of the worlde ". From this circninstunce the island Mas named Best's Blessinc.. In entering the bav in Mhieh the island Mas sitnated, the Anne Francis, uotMithstanding the precaution had been taken of sending a boat before to sonnd, struck on u snnken rock, and lu^elcd over so much, that it Mas necessarv to " nnchMsettc " her m ith the mainvard, to E m .'1 .; ^ 'm'^' , 20 VOYAOKS TOWAKOS TFIF, XOKTH-WEST. •i< prevent a total capsize. The ^loon came in safely, and was of great service to the distressed ship. Aboard the Anne Francis Avere some materials for the construction of a pinnace ; bnt " they wanted two especiall and most nccessarie things, that is, ccrtaine principal tym- bers that are called 'knees', which are the chiefest strength of any boate ; and also navies^'. Nevertheless, it was deter- mined that, while the sailors were " romaging " their ships, and the miners engaged in collecting ore, the carpenters slionld do their best in setting np the boat. By good chance there Mas a smith amongst the com})any, thongh unfnrnished with the nccessarv tools to make the coveted article of nails. However ingcnnity triumphed over this difficulty. " They Mere faine, of a gunne chamber, to make an anvil to Avorke n])on, and to use a pi(;kaxe instead of a sledge, to beate Avith- all ; and also to occupy tAvo small bellowes, instead of one payre of greater smith's belloAves. And for lacke of small yron for the easier making of the navies, they Avere forced to brcake their tongs, grydiron, and fireshovell, in pieces". This Avork commenced on the 10th of August. On the 18th, the "pinncsse, Avith much adoe, being set together, the sjiid Captaiue IJest determined to depart up the straights" (at the entrauce of Avhich they Avere lying), "as before Avas pre- tended : some of his comi)anie greatly persiiading him to the contrary, and spccialh' the cari)euter that set the same together ; Avho sayde, thcit he Avonld not adventiu'c himselfe therein for five huudreth pounds, for that the boate hung together but onely by the strength of the nayles, and lacked some of her principal knees and tymbers". lint the captain Avas resolute. lie expressed his determination to enter on the undertaking, and appealed to the crew to join Avith him. His apjjcal Avas not in vain. "The nuister's mate of the Anne Francis, called John Ghay, manfully and honestly ofl'ering himself unto his captaiue in this adventure and service, gave cause to others of his mariners to follow the 4 THIRD VOYAGl': OF SIR MARTIN FROBISHER. 27 attempt". ]\[aster Captain Best, the promoter and chronicler of the enterprise, disphus a nohle spirit in the unostenta- tious maimer in which he states his own sliarc in tlic service, in his hearty commendation of his jrallant and willinp^ asso- ciate, and in recording for the information of posterity the name of manful and honest John Gray. On tlie 19th, Captain Best, accompanied by Captain I'pcot of the ^NIooN, a worthy compeer, and ci<;hteen liands, cm- barked in the "^ small pinnissc", in prosecution of the hazard- ous voyage that was in contemplation. " Ilavirif; onely the helpe of man's labour with ores", and encountering much difficulty and dang-er in forcing their way through ice, they accomplished, by the 22nd of August, between forty and fifty leagues ; and entered, as they imagined, the Countess of Warwick's Soinid ; but the identity of the j)lace is not clear. AN herevcr thev were, however, a varietv of circum- stances concurred to involve them in sore per})lexity. On landing, the adventurers found great stones set up, as it seemed, by the natives for marks. Thev also found crosses of stone, as if Christian people had been there. Re-end)ark- ing, and pulling along the shore, they noticed the smoke of a fire under a hill's side : "whereof thev diverselv deemed". Human figures then appeared in the distance ; l)ut too far off to be distinguished. Drawing nearer, the people ashore wafted, or seemed to waft, a flag : but the natives were wont to do the same Avhcn they saw a strange l)oat. Anon, the perplexed mariners perceived certain tents; and they made the ensign to be "of mingled coloiu's, black and white, after the English fashion". This discovery rather increased than diminished their amazement. Xo sliip was to be seen : no harbourage was known of in the vicinity. Besides, it was not the practice of the English to visit those parts. Api)re- liension ensued. It was feared that, ])y storms, some ship had been driven up : or, in some dense fog, had missed the way ; that the peojde had been wrecked and spoiled by the I*, 28 VOYAOKS TOWARDS THE XOUTH-WEST. 't > 1,11 < ( 'I r:l,i { M ?,1; .1 .i *.'. sound ; but found no bottom in one hundred and eighty fiithoms. This we repeated every four miles, with no better success ; and .... being then thirty miles past the spot marked out for this sunken land, v .' made all sail, but kejit the lead constantly going". It is added, " t'le existence of this bank has long been doubted by the masters of Greenlandmen ; and certainly it is not to be found where laid down in the charts. Various stories respecting it were related )ij' people on board ; l)ut it appeared, on comiiaring their testimonies, that no sound- ings had actually been found. I am more inclined to imagine, that when the ships have been struck in this quarter by lieavy seas, the shocks have erroneously been attributed to the sunken land of Busse." ; * ■11 32 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. was subjecttnl to actions at law, followed by incarceration, from which he dcsjmircd of beinj; released. Of the wretched contlition to which Lok was reduced, no reaMjnable doubt can be entertained; but of the causes of his niL*er\' there are no mean^ of forniinj; a correct opinion; and there is nothing besides the representations of the unhappy man, to indicate that Frobishcr contributed, in anv de«;ree, to hi* sufferings.' •ill PKO/Ee erroneous. Yet, lest information should be omitted by rejecting the supi)osition, the sul)stauce of the documeut-s is communicated. Among the jwpers above alluded to, there are lists of pro- * M?»>?. ut fupra. During the sccoiul voyage ma«l»; i>j I^tu. *- moun- taine*" of the *u|»j«o}*d gold-ore wore seen ; I'Ut the "glUlering" de«p- tiuD «»» |«M«N. /f no proitrtion If ft f Ka< g. Alfjfoun, Of Mink*, »if. .VLcnriii«r. PROJECTED FOl'HTH VOVA(il': t.NDKlt 1'U()I5IS|IKI{. a.'3 visious, and stores,* with an ai'inaincnt to consist of " four demy culverins; twelve sakers; eight myuioiis; one fauleon; two fowlers; fortv caliucrs: twentv-three barrills of Turkish powlde, ; shott of all sort; and Ifyrworks; with other pro- vision of Govnners stores." The ships named to be emph)ye(l, are: "Tin; Mauy Edwvkdes to be sett forth [by AlJurkman Martin k and his (OSS [in] ; the jraleon Or<;iiTi!i;oK CiOOO [....] ; the Xi;\vk Uaiikk, by estimate, fnrnisht vietuell and men, .tlOO": witli an additional allowance, of tlOO, for one Inindred ([uarters of wheat ; and the bark Tai.hot. This vessel was valued at tdOO, and the Eakl of Shhkwsbiky, the owner, engaged to place her at the disi)osal of the adventurers for half that sum, together with t^AA) in money : making a eoutributiou in the aggreg-ate of tHCX). The cost of the fitting out of the " Oughtrede " and the "New IJarke", would in great |)art be dctVayed, it was cal- odated, thus : Thcrit- "'f Ia.'\t [ Leicester ] ainl Mr. V-Lirt.-.Jc . . . . Eilc of Uxforde E. of Lincolu . . . , E of Peuiltfoke E. of Warwicke ly^nl Ilow&nlt' L. lluu!>^oii . . . , Sir I'Lr. Ilattoii 8ir Fr. WMNiii;:haiii (.'aptn. Siiivthu <':i|.iii Huric ... t'a|»tD. Frul>i»hcr E>iw. KciiU II ainl liiv tVioiitlus Sir Fr I'mke Luke Wanic ... ;5(i(Hi /i. m II I |U(I 2(io ■J,{Ht li(H» lull :it )( ) :ti)(t 7(M» :i(io" hy tlu" fragment of a letter, which escaped the raxagc's of a i'liv, to %)hicli, uith tlu* r(!st of the docuuieuts that ha\e * Tliv!«e •lociiiiiviiU are iiut in '^iilKcieiit detiiil tu CMiidile ii tiilile of |itife.e tmiuetL iif;* »• 34 VOYAfiES TOWAKHS TIIK NORTH-WKST. been cited, it Mas exposed, Sik Fran'( is Draki: appc.nrs to liave been a Avarm promoter of tlie enterprise. This letter is ad- dressed to the Earl of Leicester, and is dated the 1 1th of October l.")81 . The substance of the first portion is expressive of the interest taken by the writer in the expedition, and his ardent desire for its <:ood success. To further the objects of the nndertakinjr, he offers to supply Sir Martin I'robisher with sufficient nu-n of his late compiuiy, that " have some ex])erience that waie"; and to contribute in money, one thou- sand marks, althoujrh he says it will somewhat try his credit, "as now greatly indei)ted". Sir Francis proceeds to say, that, should his Lordshij) will him to pronde a ship, there is one fitted for the action, " l)i.'injre at least 180 tunns burdc"; and he adds, " I will beare the aduenturc of on[e] thousand pounds, aiul furuishc her verie sullicientlie in verie short time, so that there maie be ord' freuc for the oueiplus of her cliar^e ; l)ut yf y' L. w"' Mj-. Ffrobusher thinke but to bane the little uewe barke and the '2 piniices, 1 will bestowe the like aduentuic therein, and uppo yo' aduise ^'cven, 1 will haue the [V shi})] sin thed ppared ^: furnished w"' sullicient pvisions to yo"" jrood likinjre : whervppo I will ^ladlie attend yo' aunswer hi rein, for that I am verie desirous to show that (hitifull service I can possiblie do in any acton y' <;oo(l L. vouehsa\itli to vse nu' ; ami, i'ov y' 1 am willin^^e to foUow tlie (Urectio of y"" ],. and Mr. l'lVobu>hir in eve'y respect, 1 shall ))' y' souj on maie be >eiit d(twne" [. . . .]. Alti'r sonu^ lines, the sense of \\hich is (h'str«)ye(l, the letter coneliulcs with a jjeneral a^^surance of the interest taken in tin matter bv the writer. The above, is the la>t notice that has been traced of the intended proceedinjrs. 35 § HI, 0)r ^"opagrs of iHasitrr 3ioI)u Sabis;, In the year of jrrace 15S5, ccrtaiu liouourable personages and worthy gentk'nien of the eourt and eountry, together with divers \vorsliij)ful nierehants of London and the west conntry, moved, it is said, by the (k'sire of advancing (lod's jrhiiy and the jjood of their native huid, associated them- selves to consnlt on the prohaljility of disfoveiin^ the mneh- dcsired |)assa<;e to the Xorth-west. 'fliey (hciiU'd, that thi; efforts hitherto made had faih-d, not from the impraetiea- l)iHtv of the design, bnt throni^di ne^'h'ct of the main ohjeets of tl w enter[)rise ; ai id tliev therefore (U'tcrmined to renew the attempt. To earrv into effect this (h'termination, two harks were l)tu'ehas( () ne o f tl icm, name ■d 'fill; Sinsiiim;, of _////// /ons hnrden, had a crew of twenty-three pei'sons on hoard, inelndin}; four nnisicians ; the other, caUed Tin; Moonsiiim;, of tliirtii-j!n' tons, had a complement of nin''teen hands. Masti:u' John Davis, of Saiuh'iduc in hcvonshii-e, "a nan well jrronnded in the prinei|>leH of the Arte of Na\i|H'i'tivo" title is ivtaiiKil : that I'l" Mitua<), 1(5:12. lii 36 VOY\f;KS TOWARUS TlIK NOHTII-WEST. IsT VovAcjE, ) Tlic Sunshine and her consort sailed from Uartnionth on the /th of June, ror some time foul winds were encoiuitered, which opposed the j)ro mutton", lietween the 10th and the IHth great numbers of whales were also seen. On the IDth of July, "a great whirling and brustliug of a tvde" was encountered, foil wed bv a verv calm sea. Then was "heard a mighty great roaring of the sea, as if it had bene the breach of some shoarc". At this time a dense fog prevailed; so thick, that m-ither ship cotihl discern the other, though they were not far asunder. I'ncertainty, too, pre- vailed regarding the tides, and the navigators became ajjpre- i. Fit " his sake" ho al*n i aai'ii*, roar-an/t, vol. iv. p. Util. 1 K1I{S|- V()YA(iK OK MASTi:it .lOIIN DAVls. 37 hensivc : silthoujjli, on sounding;, no bottom could bo found Avitli three hundred fathoms of line. So a boat was "horsed" out ; and on ro\vin«:j towards the "l)reach", it was discovered that the noise was occasi(med by the rolling; and «;rindiu^ together of hujrc masses of ice. "When the boat returned to the ship, the course w as shap(?d northerly. Next day a land-fall was made, at five hmulred leajjues from the Durseys, wcst-north-wcst-uortherly. This land pre- sented the appearauce of a mass of stupeiulous mountains enveloped in snow. Neither wood, nor grass, nor earth, was visible. For tw o leagues od', the sea was so pestered w ith ice, firmly packed, that not even a boat could eH'cct an entrance. "The h)thsonu* view of this shore", Davis remarks, "and the irksome noyse of the yce was s\ieh, as it bred strange conceites among vs : so that we su])posed the place to be Avast[ej and voyd of any sensible or vegitablc creatures,, whereupon T called the same Dksolation". The locality thus iiulieated, is not, however, to be con- founded with the Cai'K 1)i;soi, Alios (,f tlie modern charts; but agrees rather with Caim; Discoim), on the east side of (ireenland, which, from what follows, it is e\ident the ua\i- gator liad made. The following day the wind veered to the northward ; and with the change in the wind, the course* of the ship was altered. " >V> roas/itif/ '\ Davis ol)serves in conliMuatiou, " l/us shore toivards the Sniiffi, in the latitude of sixtie de- grees, I ffwud it trend tuiran/s t/ic U'cst.^ I still followed the leading tiiereof in the same height; and after fifty or sixtie leagiu-s, it faiflrd, and Imi ilircrtiii \orf/t, trii'irh I slill Jolloircd, and in thirty /caf/Hcs sai/tiii// r/n/n the ll'rst side of this rooxt, uaiut'd f/y iiiv Ihsolation, we were jjust all the yce, and (on nit many yrwne and plcasuid llvs tiordi-rinii rjion the shore ; but ' Tliat !•« oil rciiiiilinfj Cai-k KAiu'wr.i.i. ; "in Int. '>',>" \'>' N.,tni(l li'iij;. 47 'iVt' W'., ;u'^•l'rii.lon, 1>I!> : i>. I'L't. H. <" I ■1.. r ■■■# li I 38 V()YA(ii;s TOWARDS TIIK NOKTII-WI^ST. h:, I ill i«ii;m 1 \l< ill "^t It tl>c liils of the mainc were still couercd with groat quantities of snow. / fj/'oiit/ht mij sliip among those Isles, and there moored, to refresh our selves in our weary trauell, in the latitude of sixtie foure degrees or thereabout. During their progress to this spot, which was named Gilbert's Soinj), they passed through water, "very blacke and thicke, like to a filthy standing poole", with soundings at one hundred and twenty fathoms. On one day, the 22nd, they saw woods, like those on Newfoundland, and met witli much timber adrift. One tree picked up 1)y the ]\Ioonshine, had the root attached, and was sixty feet long, with "fourteen liandes about". The 2rth the weather is re])resented as not l)cing very cold ; the air moderate, sis in England in April ; but variable, according to the direction from which the wiiul might be blowing : warm when it came from sea- ward, and cool when coming from the land, or over the ice. At (iilbcrt's Sound the ships renuiined from the 29th of July till the 1st of August. The natives were numerous; and, on this occasion, ])roved themselves to ])e " a very trac- table ])eople, void of craft or double dealing, and easie to be brought to any civility or good order". At first, some ai)])re- hension was entertained of their intentions when thev visited the shij), but "familiarity" was speedily established. Mastkr Elms, who is reported to have been, and appears to have been, a man of "good polieie", carel'iilly observed the ges- tures they made to invite intercourse, and imitated them not unsuccessfully. My this means a good feeling was excited, which was confirnu'd by the agency of the musicians. IJcing brought on shore, they j)layed a lively strain, while the mari- ners danced to thcMr minstrelsy. The savages, in an cxtasy, (juickly joined ; and, by their strange antics, added not a little to the nu'rrinu'ut of the ))arty. At this anchorage was plenty of diil't wood; and the rock.H consisted of "such oare as M. Frobisher brought from Meta Incognita". There Mcro also "(liners sliewes of study, or .Muscovy glass, shining not Itijj'i III- /,/ FIRST VOYAGE OF AIASTEK JOHN D.VVIS. 39 altogether unlike chrystall"; and a red fruit was foiuid, sweet, full of red juiee, and "the ripe ones like coriuths". On sailing, the course was directed towards the North- west ; and on the 0th of August, land was discovered in (JO' 40': the Sthaits w Inch hear the name of Davis having been crossed. The locality in which the shii)s arrived was " alto- gether free from the pester of ice, and they ankered in a very faire rode vnder a hravc mount, the clitles whereof was as orient as golde". It was named ^NIoiNi' R\i. 1:1011 : where the ships hiy, Totnks Road: the water compassing tlie mount, ExKTKii SoiM) : a foreland towards tlu^ north, Dvkh's ('mm:: and a foreland tow!' Is the south. Cap !■: \VAr.siN(iiiA\r. Whilst renuiiuing here some animals were seen, which were sni)posed to be goats or wolves, 1)ut on nearer inspection, they proved to be " white l)ears of a monstrons bignesse". Thev were attacked, and after a shai'p light four of them were killed. The day following another bear was killed, after nnich shoot- ing Avith gnns and stal)bing with pikes ; and on measuring one of liis fore paws, it Mas foniid to be " fonrtecMi inches" from side to side. All these animals were exeessivelv fat. A raven Avas seen perched on Mount Kaleigh, and thei'c were low shi'ubs growing like "withies"; together with flowers resembling " prinu'oses". The coast is represiMited to be destitute alike of wood, grass, and earth, and to consist of a hiigli mass of rocky nH)untains ; but the narrator observes, "the monn- taiues were of the brauest stone that ener we saw".' 1 "Wo found Oapi: WAi.siMiUAM aiul Moint IvAiKHiii cxjictlv in the liuituilo in which Davis j)liieoil them, and dillerinjij oidy in h)nj;itiidL', like all other jtlaces in this part of the world Tin; Monitt llihnili of Davis, whieh is the easternmost mountain on this side of his strait, is of a pyra- inidical form, and cxceedinj^ly hij^h ; our ohservation makes it in hit. (1(5 ' 37' N., and lou};itude Til 14' W. Viiftv ]\'iiIkuii//iiiiii heiny in hit. (if! IJ7' N , and longitude (in .')0' \V. [Var. (IT AV.], is the easternm.ist land; and conse-|nently the hreadth id" Davis" Strait, at 't.^ narrowest part, is ahout one hundreil and sixty miles." — /{om {.luhn) Vo^df/e to /liiflini^ liui/, l>ln. London, l!^!!). Pp. Sl.'i-iiO. " ,Sun(fni/, .fiih/ \tl>, 181i».— At noon wo wore in hit. CC, ."lO' -IT", 1 w^. ,.l ' 1* 1.1^' 40 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOIITII-WKST. Departing from Blount Raleigh, on tlie 8th, thej' took a southerly course, and on the 11th of August came to a fore- land which was named Thk Cape of Gou's Mercy. Davis conceived that by rounding this cape he would come into the passage of which he was in search ; and he rounded it accord- ingly. Steering westward, with land on his north, or star- board side, he sailed through a fine open passage, varying in width from twenty to thirty leagues : which, in a subsecpieu): vovage, was named Cl'.mi;:::;t.am) SntAir.' It was entirelv free from ice : " the water of the vcrv colour, nature and quality of the main ocean"; and confident ' )es were entertained 6('t° 47' .jO", liuing near the iiiiildle of the narrowest part oi Davis Strait; whicli is here not more than til'ty leagues across. Davis, on returning from his third voyage, sets it down at forty leagues [Xar. in //aNu//t] , and in another ]>hice [7V/tf Wurhle's IIi^y Davis, seemed to confirm the accuracy of that celehrate 8ti{AIt". Having stated the reasons which prevented lum from explor- ing the Strait, Captain Iloss, from whose narrative this note is selected, ohserves : "I therefore detern.ined on steering for the southernmost lanil in sight ; we therefore crossed the entrance tif C'umherland Strait ; and, making an allowance for indraft, >teered ahout S.S K." And he adds : " it will appear that, in tracing the land from Vaiie Walsinj/Ztani, no doubt could be entertained of its continuity until the place where we found VuwUrlaiul ,S?/v//.' |()ct. i. lat. iVl' oiij' N., lat. {'yl' -i:*' W., var. r>(j^ W.J, v/iic/i is initcli Jr ,.ier south tluiii it nas Ittid down from the latest author- ities the Admiralty were in jiossession of; hut it is very near the /dace where Davis placed it in his chart, which has been found since our return". — lioss(John) Voyayt to JJaJ/ins Jiay, If^lH. London, 18 li) : pp. 220-222. Kiiijuiiies have been made fur the chart alluded to in the abuve note. 'I'he result of the empiiry is : that this interoting document (with many others of value) was lost on Sir John Ross's la^t voyage. — C fti. Ill 1 1 1 SECOND VOYAGE OF MASTEli JOHN PAVT? 11 that tlic desired passage was at length found. 1 1 aving acconi- j)li.shed sixty Icagncs, a cluster of islands was discovered in the middle of the passage, "with great sounds passing he- tweene them". A council was held, and it was deciik'd that they had arrived at a point from whieli the enterprise might be prosecuted witli every prospect of s\icccss ; and that it should be proceeded in. However, the weather l)ecame dan- gerously thick, and the wind fell foul, afterwards stormy ; and they were c(mipelled, on the 23rd, to run for shelter. This thev found on the south coast of the straits. Shoi'tiv after they sailed for England, where they arrived on the 3()tb of September. 2.\n VovAr.i;, I On the 7th May 1580, Captain John Davis kit Dartmouth ni the prosecution ol a second voyage.' On this occasion Ik; was })laced in conunand of four vessels, viz. the Mi:i!.\iaii), of one hiindrid tons: the Sin- shine: the MooNSiiiNi;; and the Xouiii Stau, a pinmice of ten tuns. The 15th of June thev arrived at their old ancliorage in (iilbert's Sound; and the l)oats being sent out to seek pro- per ground, were met by the natives. The scene which ensued, was attended with pleasant circumstanci's, and pre- sents the characters and proceedings of botli j)arties during 1 It is observc'il (J /rassage to the wcstwaril, between FroMsher's Arclii- pelaj^o, and the land now eallod Cn;nherl'ii,(l\'< Tsf'in'l, the peat luuiiher of whales, seals, deer-skins, and other articles of peltry, in po-;session of the natives, which were freely uflered l>y them to the crews of the ships, excited snch lively hopes at home for the extension of the trallic and discovery, that the merchants of Kxeter, and other parts of the west of England, contributed a large trailing ve.->-el of one hundrc/i/roi/r(ii>l. Ikscrlj>- tioH, llnkiiiijt, vol. iii, p. \o\i. G ■ I •'I VOYAGES TOWARDS Till': NORTH-WEST. Il '<: ;i 1.1 \h- their former intercourse, in ;\ favorable point of vieM'. The natives quickly espying, in one of the boats, some of tlic company that had been there the year before, " presently rowed to the boat and took hold on the oare,' and huniied. Anx- iously on the look out, the mariners expected to sec lejrs flyinf; in all dirtctions. A part of their expeetatiou?» We«? realized. The le*r* dl^appeared with surprisinj; rapidity; hut to the mortiticntiou of the beholders, tlie Hyiuir meml>crs. were ac- eoni{Kiuiekl by their pro'per Ijodies. Kither from motives of huniauity, or from a desire not to daniajre the pinnace unne- ce^*.Hanly, mastc {runner omitted to sliot the piece. The cvc of dejiarture arrived, and the courage sad con- stancy both of the olHeers and crew, were piii to the te^t. Tlie ma^iter rej>orted, that the vessel leaked fearfully: that the ve* *-lie n>de in the harliour". This intellij;eiu'e * 10': the.'KUh, in latitude N. T'J \'2 ; where, "at midniglit, the conipaste set to the variation of 2S degrei's to the westwanl". From the ;il>t to ^he :21th, they had run along the land, which was to starlKwnl, or on the eust side; and they gave it the name of LoMx>N Oust. The sea being open to the northward and westwanl, hope» were entertained that their pn)grv*» would not l>e ini|Kde(l; but the wind shitting suddenly to the north, destroyetl their ho|K.»s «)f making an\ further progreth it was found, that either owin^ to some fanh in the hariv, or in con>€quence of the set of a enrrent, thi\v had heen driven out of their course, si\ points to the westward. On the riOtli they made Moint Rai,i:i(.ii, and a few hoiu's after- wards were otf the mouth of ('r:\ii5i;i!i,\M> Siwmis. On account of a certain pietures(|ueness of lanj^na^'e, ami as a specimen of, iKihaps, one of the eai'liest \()K. July. Nooiie the 10 : i4 : W. .'-ihy. : IH : CI . :}o ; S..!"..;;. | Tlie true fonvse. A-oa. Thi- l:» r-f July, Ht one a elncke in tin- arteni'iont', woo haf the «aytivi^lit> with .t r'.iitnuy wiul, liviD^ «c»t, aii'l fairc uvatlicr. 23 : — : :—: — . — : | Tlii^ ^W -lay. at -2 «\' tbecl'Hrkc in the afuriiuoiie, haviiiir >ailiil do li'a;:;uc-' Nnitli-wi^t, wc aiikercet' ol iles lyin^ in the liiiie of the say>l »U|i|M>M.-<] |>a>Mtge, at which phiee the water ri^ith I fa)]"iuc Tpright. Here, as we r<"le at anker, a f.mat whale |ia>e-l hy v*. an<.-e varied ^in tlcftjwr*. 21 : — : :_:_.— ; | The '2\ .lay, at ."> of the clov-kv in thv ui<>niin}{c, we ^ct i«aile, •leparlin;; fr<>ni thi" plaee, an"I >hii|>ing our c"ur»e S.K. to reO"Uer the inaine ncvan againe. 48 VOVAOKS TOWARDS Till; NOltTll-WKST. Aloiutli. f Kli'.ali'iii i ofiii.- IN.I.- 1 I ?l ii I Till I)|S( (iv iisK. July. Nooiic the 2.") : — : Tliis -2.') woo wore lio- » «■ culinc'l almost in the Kottomu of the strLi;,^hts, ami luul the wea- ther luurueilous extreme hot. 2«i: — S. K. I This (lay l.oing in iho .streights, woe hu'l a vory : j Tliis day \vc coasted tlie shore, a I«ank of ice lyin.ir theronpnii. AIsk this ;j(i of .Inly in the afternoonc wee crossed ouer the entrance or mouth nf u j,'reat inlet or i'a>»afre, hoinpr in loaguos hroad, and >ituato he- t«oen land ff ice was carried hy the furco id' the «Mir rent a> fast a- our 1>arke ctudd saile with lum wind, all sailes henrinj;. This cape as it was the mi)>t snuthorly limit of the ^ulfe which wv fiasscd oucr the W dav •'!' this monctli. ->o was it the North pMinontorv or lir>t hc^'imiin;; of another very ^j^reat iidet, whoso >onih limit at present we saw not. Which inlet or ^ulfo thi-i aftfriUMihc. and in tin- ni-rltt, wc pas'^cd ouer : where hi our ffffil fidiuii^itioH 'rtt »iic the mt fnlliiuj down into tlj-4»Jr*, iii itiuh sort ii» j\n'ctlifr uti'i'iiiHM /'•mat thoroir lit uerlr* nf hrkhjt*. Aufrn>.t. Noone the I , 24 : P K. hy S : HI : 01 . Ill ; W.S.W. | The true coui>c, A'ca. The first of .\ugust wee fell ill with the promontory of the sayd j^ulfe or second jm^sjijfo, iittuiiifr coasted liy diners coiir-^e- for our suue;e 31st was designated, it is stated, Wauwrk's Fohki.am) ; and the soutliern pror.iontorv, across the ^x\U, Cape Chidi.ky.^ On this Fox observes: " Dttris and he [Waymoutli, a hiter navi|xator,1 did, I ronrcirc, I'li/ht J/n(/,soii info /lis Sfrnia/ifs".^ 'I'lie modern authority before cited expresses a similar opinion ; and there is uo reason to dou])t the fact. From Cane Chidlev a southerly course was taken to seek the two vessels that were expected to beat the fishinjr i;ronnd; and on the lOth, in latitude oO UY, they " had w friskinij ifiilr at west-north-west". On the VZih, in about latitude 5 !■ ' ;W, an island was fallen in with which was named Daim ik's Is- land. Here five deer were seen, and ii was hoped some of them niijjht be killed, but on a paity landing, the whole herd, afti-r bi'in;; twice coursed about the island, '* took the sea and swamnu; towards ilands distant from that three lea<;ues". Th«'y swam faster than the boat could be pulled, and so es- caped. It is represented that one of theuj " was as bij;^e as u j;ood prcty cowe, and very fat, their feet as h\^ as o\e feet". The l.'5th, in seek H^ a i. )l)t)nr, the vessel struck ou a rock and received u leak . v hit h, however, was mended the follow- ing day, in latitude .'» t , ' in n sitornic not very outra^ious at iiuoue". On the } >il, iu latitude ^2" W, being disappointed ' Airtif Vnifitiffit, \t. 11.'. » " 7'/k Win-ship/iJaH M. Jolni Vhidtof, "/ C/n'tiU'i/, in tl'f roiiiitif of fknoH, etijin're'\ wan ji|>|iarcatly olii'-f" |in»tMotcr of an cx|if. '-Vn , • Surth \\'e»t F»x«, |». .ID. II in I- n Mi m It 50 VOYACKS TOWARDS TMK NORTH -WKST, •II in their expectations of finding the Klizabeth and Sunshine, or of fin(hn^ any token of tliose vessels havin<; been in the vicinity, and there hein«r but little vood, with only half a h(i;xshead of fresh water on Ijoard, it was determined to shape the course homeward for i*^n|»'land. This was aecordinjxly (lone, and they arrived on the 13th of September in Dart- mouth, "^iuinj; thanks to (Jod" for their safe arrival. The opinion entertained by the navi\hich by triall you shall best know, JnllN I>.\VIS". In his " n'o/'l(l\t I/tfffi'oi/rajtfiicd// tivurnjifioii", he (urther rcMuarks : *' I departed from the coast [the west side of (Ireen- land], thinking to discouer the north parts of America: nnatb. the voyage was omitted^ and neuei' sithens attempted".' § IV. Cbf il'opacjr of Captain 6rorg:r 5.2lamnoiitl). This adventure was carried ir.U) ellVet un(h>r the sole [)atron- aiii'a{>fii\'>ill Descri/iltitn, \'>\)'>. A very rare iiixl tuiioiis lutlc l«M«k ; of wliiili, piTlniiis. iiut tliico copir-* mo in cxi-'tuiicu". {Arctic \'<>}/ls, j>. 1 Id.) It nmv lu' Miti-riK-tniv ti> the curiouii rentier to learn tliat tlie e\(met t'lom this \M>rk, in uhich Ihivis rv'c<.'rceedinjjM, is printu'I in the tliinl Vdiunie ! I , •' I'luxfuts, vol. iii, p. ho;». 1:. , f 52 VOYAOES TOWAHDS TIIK NOUTII-WKST. act can scarcely be attributed to inadvertence, or to want of kuowlcdj^cof tbc trntli. Tbis, it is considered, will be evident from tlie following detail of circumstances in refutation of tins anticninted error : wbieb in tlie lapse of time, and by tbe mistakes of uutbors, bas been invested witb tbe cbaracteristics of a venerable fact. ^ I'KKLI.MINAKY 1M?0CF,K1)INGS. Tbe project was brou^bt to tbe notice of tbe Fellowsbip on tbe 21tb of Julv, lOOl. On tbat dav "a Ire written bv one (ii:()i((iK Waymoutii, a navij^af, touebin*^ an attempte to be made for tbe discovery of tbe Nortb-wcst passaj^e to tbe Est Indies", was submitted for consideration in a (Heneral Court ; and it was determined to refer tbe matter till anotber meet- ing. Of tbe next deliberation, tbe following minute is re- corded, viz.: " A {j^enerall court bolden tbe 7tb of Auf^nst 1001. Ques- tion bein^(i made for tbe sendinpanie,l)Ut /mt/i snjiiifitd iioeordiufic to the orde- nanoes of the Companic the some of ft. strtrfuii/e | j more, w<''' is after the rate of ly. the li. of hi> said aduenturc. — Cot. .MiMfffanif IIooH. |jj ?' VOYAOK OK CAl'TAIN (iKOllOK WAYMOUTH. 53 exempted from tliis trade of the North-west. And every iiism to l)rinm- bled on the 1st of September following; and, in eoufereiu'e with Ca])tain \Vayuu)uth, it was resolved, that two pinnaces Avoidd be sullieient for the jjurposes of tlu' coutemiilated voyage : that one should be of filty tons, and the other of fortv tons; and that thev should be nuuined \\ith thirtx men, in the |)roportions of sixteen to Iburteen. " Tlu" ehardge of all which", it is added, " by estimation will amoiuit to the valewe of 3(M)()li., or thereabouts". The subj(>ct of the remu- neration to be granted t») Captain Waymouth was next taken into considiratiou ; ami a preliminary arrangenu'ut was eon- eluded, which is entered on the court-book, with Ca[)taiu \Vaynu)uth's signature attached. Of this proceeding, a re- port N\as submitted, tht! next day, to a (leneral ('ourt ; and " thev did well allowe thereof". At this stage of tin proceedings a dillicidty, wliich delaytd 4:i- ^i•■ 54 VOYAfiKS TOWAlfDS TIIK NOIJTH-MKST, tli(^ final arrangcnicnt, arose out of the following circum- staiiees. AJtliongh the new ])assagc might be found by, and at the e.\])ensc of the East India Fellowship, it was apprehended, that the Muscovia Company (an assoeiation already notieed in coiniexion with Frobisher's first voyage) would "elaim the interest", and take advantage of any benefit that might acerue from the discoverv. It was therefore determined to ascertain their views on the subject ; and a suggestion was nnide, that they shoidd cede the rights tliey might consider themselves to possess, for the period of fifteen years ; which the East India jjatent had to run. The ^Fuscovia Com- pany refused to relincpiish, what they termed, their " in- heritance"; but they ollered to make the discovery on their own accomit, and to admit as manv of the Fast Imlia Fel- lowship to participate in the uiulertaking, as might be willing to join them. \\ hether justly, or otherwise, there are no means of judging, the I'^ast India Fellowship suspected the Muscovia Company of being influenced by a desire; to eii'- cumvent them : of intending to throw the burden of the charge oil' their own slundders ; and of being anxious to appropriate to themselves tlu' largest projjortion of profit. An offer was, however, made by the East India Fellowship, that the enterprise should be undeitakeu on e(pial ternis : both the associations to share and share alike. Then the Muscovia Company withdrew their first proposition, and de- clared they would enter on the adventure sith-hj on their own JU'count. They asserted that the right and privilege* of navigating the Northern h>eas were vested in them exclu- sively, and they expr(>ssed their (ht(M'minatit)n not to permit any intirference \\\i\i their claims. Thry declined, howev(7 a passsijje by sfJM into tlie siiid East liulics hy y' No'.thwcst throiijih some pto of America \v '' if ihvy shall fyiid na\ i^aliU; then shall tiicy by that passajre arrive in the countiics of (,'ataia and China beinjro the East |5ts of Asia and Afiita climats of that temperature w'' in all likelihood will al'oith a most liberall vent of En them f^iven by y --id b'cs pattents for the makinjje of ':v es eonstitntons onlei nd ordinance's for the better advance- ment and contin.. .icc of theire trade and tralli(|ne make ordeine and cou.>titute tliese seu'all lawcs and eonstitncoiis orders and ordinances folio winj;e vizt. '* First it is ordered and di'ereed by and w'*' y' j^enerall consent of this c'^tc for standinj^e and unchan«;eal)le decree, that w"' all convenient expc'dition there shalbe pre|)ara(.()ii made for V attemptiu-je of the diseon'v of V Northwest [)assa;;e to y' Estst Indies, wherein shalbe vsed two shippes or pinnaces of such burthen and niakin;;e as shalbe hearafter considered of ami resolved to be Htt for v' said vovaiic, and manned, vietualled, and furnished, and |)rovided w" such numbers of men, municon, furniture, Nictuall, m'chandise, and other thiui^s, as y coinittees hereafter nominated and a])pointed for y provision therof shall thinke meete. " And for II' /eri/ini/e of siicli monei/is as shall defray y' charfres of the preparaton of y" said shi})pes oi- |)inaces, and all other thinjis incident to v said vova^'e. .Itid for the brin}rinf;e of y' said moneyes, // i,s orili red that any brother of this felowshippe that hath contributed and achcntured in v' former vova;;e to v' East Indies bv v' cane of Mona Esne- lanza, shall contribute to the settini^e furth of this p'sc nt voyage after the rate of \\'yi. at y' least 'or en'y pound of his J ;u\: ■.'• > ' \- ^: ^> ^"^ # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^ M% ids ip. 1.0 I.I 1.25 1 1^ \im U li!l.6 V] v^ /a VI ^^ <>/ > .%/%^ W >^ ^^>V^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTiRNV I4sa0 |7t6) iri^SOJ V ;\ V ^ L* ^P MP £^^ 6^ tmsm 08 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTII-WF.ST. , 1 M It former adventure ])y liim adventured, or wherein he is inter- ested w"'out supplie. And if any brother of tliis fclowshippe sh.alhe wilUngc vohmtarily to hringje in a greater contrihucon tlien after the said rate of xi'yl. in y" ])ound of his said adven- ture in y' former voyage, it shalbe at his pleasure. And to thcnd to stirre vp men y' rather to enlarge theire said con- triljucons to this enterprise : It is alsoc ordered and agreed, that after what rate or proporcon soeu*" any man shall contri- bute in this discou'^y, yf the passage be found out, that he shall in all voyages hereafter to be made by y" said passage, be apportioned or stinted in his adventure according to the same proporcon or rate, and noe otherwise. And it is alsoe ordered th.at the said contrihucon shalbe brought in by eu'^y V'' contributors in this manner, viz.: the one halfe 1)efore the xxth day of January next comminge, rnd y'' residue, or soe mncli therof as shalbe foinid necessary, ;;t y' goinge away of y' shippes, to be paid to y' liands of ]Mr. Aid. Canibcll, ap- pointed Thrcr for \ same voyage. Pronidcd allivtuvs that if any brother of this fclowshippe shall deny to bringe in his aid or contrihucon at y rate of \\'}d. in }" pound of his for- mer adventure, or do not brii.g in the same at or l)efore the dales & tvmes liefore limited, that then he or thcv that shall « * make default on that behalfc, sliall satisfy and pay for (ifym' h\ w av of deduccon out of his stocke adventured in v'" last v()var " stroug waters". On beer .€120. 3s. was expended ; and on rice CO. I l.y., at 2C)s. Hd. per cwt. III. Aj)par"l. In regard to the apparel, the accounts arc minute, whether in respect to the (|uautity, ((uality, or [)rices of the materials. The following Merc the suj)plies, yiz.: 31 ])airs of leather l)reeches,' furred with white lamb skins, at IH.v. Of/, per pair ; and pairs of another description at .").%■. H^/. per pair; 30 cassocks of the like mateiial and similarly furred, at lO.v. each ; with 30 hoods to fasten to the cassocks, at o.v. 3^/. each ; 30 leather gowns lined witii frieze, at tl. 2.v. \)tl. each ; 1 The niiiiiitity nf jiiuteiial, ami minor dftiiils rej;iuiliiJg tlio ai'|iriixl, will 1>u fuiiml in Ap|iuiiili\. 1 00 VOYAGF.S TOWARDS TIIK NOKTII-WEST. ,r!l r M'ith 4 of aiiotlicr description at os. each ; 30 pairs of leatlier mittens, furred, at 1.9. 6d. per pair; 31 pairs of wodni[ar] boot liose, at 1.9. Sd. per pair; 32 pairs of socks of frize, Jit 5r/. per ])air ; 82 pairs of neat leather shoes, at 1.9. 8rA per pair ; 32 pairs of neat le{ither boots, at 7s. per pair : 109 Hamborongh linen shirts, at 2s. 7d. each ; 47 waistcoats of ("Welch) cotton, or " phine", at 3.9. C)d. each ; 12 pairs of " knyt" wollen hose of sundry colours, at 2,9. 10^. per pair ; 19 pair of stockings, at Is. 4f/.per pair; 48 dozen of leather points at. Id. per dozen; 3 -white capoches, 13*. 6d.; 7 pettycotes, 18*.; 5 dobletts, .fel. 7s.; 3 mandillions, 13.9. 6d.; 3 mandillions cantis, 3*. Gd. These articles, including the sum of .€G for chests and cords, cost in the aggregate, ^80. 12*. IV. Muster-roll ~\ A list of the persons embarked in the and tvdf/os. J expedition, Mith the pay attached to their respective ranks, has been framed fi'om tlic Court-minutes, the accounts of disbursements, and some miscellaneous docu- ments.' Except in some instances of the rating of the men, respecting which tlie information is defective, the list may be consich'red correct. The original agreements entered into l)y seventeen of the crew arc preserved. Of these persons four make their marks, three write their initials, and ten aifix their signatures.'- This presents a favourabh^ view of the state of education in the time of Elizabeth : that is, as far as r'^gards writing, and, it may be presumed, reading. Writing and reading were not, however, the sole tests of elficiency. It will be perceived by reference to the autographs, that awell-traiued seaman, though unlettered, was rated above and considered entith'd to better pay than the man, liis inferior in the pro- fession, though excelUng liim in the mechanical part of edu- cation. V. Misrcl/aHcous. Of these charges there arc several. Among tbem are the following, viz.: — For the expenses of Cai)taiu \Vaynu)Uth on his jouruies to and from the " West Countrey" 1 8ee A|)|)cii3 that tlie said George Wavmouth shall w"'in 10 dales after his retouriie into England, whether he doc Ajournall of their „ - . , ,. ^ ti, i. i)'ceel» and ohservac'ons of their p'ceedings in the viadge for the l.eiiefite of posteritic". The parties alluded to were pursers or merchants. 64 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOUTII-Wl.ST, sufficient proofc and testimonial! by liim made, that he hath passed tlirongli the Northwest passadge into tlie East Indies, and arrived at finy porte w'''in the dominions of the kingdomcs of Cataya, Chiu.a, or Japan, the some of ttiue hundred pounds of lawful! EngUsh money w'^out fraude or coven." Finally, in the event of failure, any claim to reward is ivaived by the naviyator; and wherefore. TJtus "tlie said George AVaj^- mouth doth promyse and agree tliat vnless in tliis intended viadge he shall discou'' and passe through the said Northwest The said Cuptn. passadge, and shall make sufficient proofe . ) Captain Wa\Tnouth sailed from Ratclift' in the river 1 CO'"' f * Thames, on the 2nd of May ; and was oft' the Start, the northern point of wliich bore west, on the 1st of June, in latitude N. 5U" 30'. On the 18th a great island of ice was descried from the main-top mast, whicli extended as far as the cyG could reach to the northward ; and about 2 p.m., in lati- tude N. 59^ 51', the southern part of Greenland was siglited, * PiirchRji, rol. iii, p. 809c. VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN OEOBOE WAYArOUTH. 65 l)earing north at a distance, estimated, of ten leagncs. Two days afterwards, witli Cape Desolation, twenty-fonr leagues N.N.E. by calculation, the phenomenon noticed hy Davis was observed. Streams of black water, " thicke as puddle", were intermixed with blue sea, which is represented to have been as clear as glass. In the thick water, shoals were appre- hended; but on sounding, no ground was to be got in 120 fathoms. A course more or less westerly was then followed till the 28th, when land was sighted, which was at first taken to be the coast of America, but proved to be Capo "Warwick, or Earl "Warwick's Foreland, to the northward of Resolution Island. In lat. N. 63° o3', land, also represented to be Ame- rica, was again seen. It lay S.W. by W., about five leagues off", the nearest approach that could be made, in consequence of the ice which lined the shore. This Avas on the 8th of Julv. The following day a violent storm was encountered ; and on the 17th, they were in considerable d.anger of being crushed among "four great islands of ice, of a huge bignessc". Dur- ing the day, especially towards the afternoon, a dense fog prevailed. At nine in the evening a great noise was heard, "as though it had been the breach of some shore". Being desirous of ascertaining the cause, Waymouth " stood with it, and found it to be the noyse of a great (piantity of ice, A-ery loathsome to be heard". The fog had now become so denize, that they could not see the distance of two ships' length, and it was tlioi,''it expedient to shorten sail; but, " AVhen the men came to hand them, thev found the savles, ropes, and tacklings, so hard frozen, that it did seem very strange, being in the cheefest time of summer". The next dav was clear, with intense frost. " In *.he fore- noone", the narrator observes, " when we did set our sayles, we found our roj)e£ and tacklings harder frozen then they were the dav before : which frost did annov vs so much in the vsing of our ropes and sayles, that wee were enforced to breake off the ice from our ropes, that they might rnnne K ■ ^^^ ■'. 66 VOYAOES TOWARDS TIIK NORTH-WEST. tlirougli the blocks. And at two of tlie clocke in the after- noone, the wind l)egan to blow Acrie hard, with thicke fogge, which frcezed so fast as it did fall vpon our sayles, ropes and tackling, that we could not almost hoj' se our sayles, or strike our savles, to haue anv vse of them. This extreme frost and long continuance thereof", he adds, " was a maine barre to our proceeding to the northward, and the discourag- ing of all our men"; and, probal)ly it was owing to these cir- cumstances that the following occurrence, a mutiny among the crew, took place, which had the effect of completely frus- trating the objects of the voyage. This event is thus related : The j/ticniers of if Mutinie. The nineteenth day [of July 1602], the wind was north and by east, and our course to the eastwards. The same night following, all our men conspired secretly together, to beare vp the helrae for Enyland, while I was aslcepe in my cabin, and there to haue kept me by force, vntill I had sworn \Tito them that I would not offer any Adolence vnto them for so doing. And indeede they had drawne in writing, the causes of their bearing \\i of the helme, and thereunto set their hands, and would haue left them in my cabin : but by good chance I vn- derstood their pretence, and preuented them for that time. Tlie twentieth day, I called the chiefest of my company into my cabin, before Master John Cartivriyht, our preacher,^ and our Master, WiUiam Cohreth, to hear what reasons they could alledge for bearing vp of the helme, which miglit be an over- throw to the voyage, seeing the merchants had bin at so great charge with it. After much conference, they deliuered me their reasons in writing : Concluding, that although it were granted, that we might winter betweene GO and 70 degrees of latitude, with safetie of oiu' Hues and vessels, vet it will be ]Mav next before Avee 1 This personage, who had travelled in Persia, was associated by the worshipful fraternity with Captain Wayniouth, to further the objects of the voyage ; but his character appears to have been mistaken. ^1 (/ VOYAG?: OF CAPTAIN GEORGE WAYMOUTH. or can (lismorc them, to lanch out into tlic sea. And therefore if the merchants shouhl haue pm'pose to procecde on the dis- couerie of the nortli-west parts of America ; tlic next yeare you may he in tlie aforesaid latitudes for [from] En(/hind, by the first of May, and so he furnished better Avitli men and A^ctualsj to passe and procecde in the aforesaid action. Seeing then that you cannot assure vs of a safe har])our to the northward, we purpose to bearc vp tlie helme for E/if/htnd; yet witli tliis limitation, that if in your wiscdom, you sliall think good to make any discoucry, either in 00 or 57 degrees, with this faire northerly winde, we veeld our lines, with vour selfc, to encounter any danger. Thus much we thought needefuU to signifie, as a matter builded vpon reason, and not proceeding vpon fe.ire or cowardise. Then we being in latitude of 08 degrees and 53 minutes,' the next [day] following, about elcuen of the clocke, they bare "S'p the holme, being all so bent, that tliere was no meanes to perswade them to the contrary. At last vnderstanding of it, I came forth of my cabin, and demanded of them : Who bare A'p the helme ? They answered. One and All. So tliey lioyscd vp all the sail they could, and directed the course south and by west. The two and twentieth, I sent for the chiefest of those which were the cause of the bearing vp of the helme, and punished them seuerely,'-^ that this punishment might ])e a warning to them afterward for falling into the like mutinie. In the end, \i)on the intreatie of ^Master Curtwriyht our preacher, and the Master IViUiam Cobretli, vpon their sulj- mission, I remitted some part of their punishment. Immediately after punishment had been inflicted on the mutineers, a large island of ice was fallen in w ith, and the 1 "This cannot be".— Fo.r, p. 49. 2 " This doth not appearc [reasona1>le] that he could punish, ami yet suffer them to carry the ship backe". — Fox, p. 49. 68 VOYAGES TOWARDS TlIK NOUTH-AVEST. "»' >i m ill boats were hoisted out and tlic crews set to work to obtain a supply, to convert nito fresh water, of which they were in great need. While they were engaged in this service, Avhich proved difficult on account of the hardness of the ice, the " Hand gaue a mightie cracke two or three times, as though it had beene a thunder clappe, and presently began to overthrow", so that the boats narrowly escaped being overwhelmed. In lat. 01" 40' N., var. 35 W., where " the needle did de- cline, or rather incline, 83 degrees and a halfe", AVaymouth states he entered an inlet, which, from the circiunstance of its not being much pestered with ice, he felt convinced afforded a better prospect of the passage than Davis'fc StraitlS. He represents the inlet as being forty leagues broad ; and adds, that he sailed in it " one hundred leagues west and by south": which Fox declares to be " no such matter"; and which another author, adverting to what is now known on the subject, pronounces to have been " impossible".^ From the 5th to the 14th of July, the navigator appears to have been ranging along the coast of Labrador, where, on the 10th, variation 22^ 10' W., he saw many islands. On the 15th he was in lat. 55" 31', var. 17° 15' W. ; and the day following, /t-/^. ■ saw "a very pleasant low land, all islands", in lat. N. 55°, var. 18° 12' AV. On the 17tli he entered, and sailed up, an inlet for thirty leagues, in sanguine hope of having found the desired passage; but he was doomed to disappointment. In this inlet, which has been identified with Sleeper's 13ay-^ or Davis's Inlet,- Waymouth encountered his last peril, and escaped in safet}\ The fly-boats were assailed by a furious storm, M'hich terminated in a whirlwind of extreme violence, that rendered them, for a time, completely unmanageable ; and though very strongly built, they took in so much water, for want of spar-decks, that they narrowly escaped being swamped. As soon as the weather cleared up, the course Avas shaped for England. 1 1 I Ardi<: Vm/iv/fi, 181S : p. IHS. 55°-50 VOYAGK OF CAl'T.VIN GKORUK WAVMOl.Tll. ()0 It is to bu observed,, .-hat the voyage of AVaymouth was a com- plete failure. The higlicst latitude attained by this navigator on the west coast of Greenland, was 24 leagues S.S.W. from Dcsobition; and when he had crossed Davis's Straits, there is no proof of his having been higher than G3^ 53' N., though he asserts he had reached G8^ 15' N.,when the mutiny broke out. From the day he made Cape Warwick, which was on the .^Hth of June, to the day of the above named occurrence, namely the lOtli of July, the jourujil is vague and confusea. For many consecutive days all notice of the work done is omitted; aiul, when noticed, the information is scanty and unsatisfactory. Every land that "VVaymouth sighted is denomuiaicd "^V.mi:- eica", though there is no proof of his having l)een, at any period, on any part of that coast, except when cruising, (hu*- ing the latter part of the voyage, along the shores of Labha- Doit. Fox [N. IF. Foxe, page 50) remarks : " Ilee ncyther discovered nor named any thing more than Davis, nor had any sight of Greenland, nor was so farre north ; nor can I conceive he hath added any thing more to this designe ; yet these two, Davis and he, did, I conceive, li/j/it Hudson into his straifjiits". In this opinion Sir John Barrow concurs, and adds : " Little or nothing can be drawn from his narra- tive, excc-'pt that he was among the islands to the northward of Hudson'*! Straits, and proljably those of Cape Chidley".^ PROCEEDINGS SIBSEQUEXT TO THE VOYAGE. Captain Waymouth arrived in Dartmouth on the 5th of August 1G02 ; and his journal, which was transmitted from that place, was read at a Court of the Committees held on the 10th of September. As might be expected, considerable disappointment was experienced at the result of the voyage, and enquiries were quickly instituted to '' sattisfy the Company of their returne 1 Ardic Voi/tif/es, p. IGS. 70 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. \bM ), soc suddenly ". The first person questioned was Master Cartwright, the Preacher. In answer to the enquiries to wliicli lie was subjected, he rofcrred to the journal of the voyage that had already been submitted, and professed his inability to give any explanations on account of his ignorance of navigation. John Drew, the Master of the Godspeed, Cap- tain Waymouth^s consort, Avas the second party examined. He directly chai'gcd " Cartivrif/ht the minister" with being the originator of the mutiny already alluded to ; and he ascribed the failure of the voyage to that occurrence. He declared the preacher to have been the cause of the mutiny, on the authority of the boatswain, the gimner, and the car- penter, of the Discovery, the ship which Captain Waymouth commanded ; and he expressed his conviction, that if those parties were called on, they would " averr soe much before the Company". John Lane, master's mate of the Godspeed, alleged that the Preacher " did confcsse to him and justifie that he was the pswader and mover of the company [crew of the Discovery] to retourne for England and to geave oner the voyage ". In consequence of these representations, it was resolved, that " the said Cartu'riijJd " should be rcciuired to give up " the gowne and apparcll delivered him to haue bccne vsed yff the voyage had beene made to the partes of Cathaia and ('hina". It was also determined, that, if the preacher should prove refractory on the demand being made, that opinion should be taken of "some learned counsel what accon would best lye against him for compelling the render- ing thereof". How the matter terminated does not appear. Besides the above parties, Captain AVaymouth was sub- jected to examination : not only by the Court of Committees of the East India rellowship, but by the Lords of the Privy Council. His explanations arc not on record; luit it a])pears he submitted a written statement, in which he represented certain inlets to exist, by which the contemplated passage might be eliected ; and his reasons were deemed so satisfac- VOYAOF. OF jr ASTER JOTIX KNTOIIT. 71 tory, that it was determined, that, " being very competent ", he shoukl be employed on a second voyage. The project, however, after a protracted discussion, wliich lasted from the 24th of November 1602 to the 21th of ]Mav 1C03, was al)andoned : apparently, from pecuniary considerations; and orders were issued for the sale of the Discovery and the God- speed. The price was fixed at "li.300 for one vessell w"' his invcntorie, and the hke for tlie other".' \':.' ^ V. m})ii(it of iBadtrr Sioftn Bnifff)!* In the vear 1G06 a resohition was taken to send out a further expedition in search of the North-west passage, which was placed under the command of John Knioiit, wlio, the year before, liad been employed by the King of Denmark in ex- ploring a portion of the Greenland coast. For his aid, the commander was furnished with a document, entitled "A passe to John Knight for the discouery of the Norwest passage". It was to the following effect, viz. : " To all those to whome theis presents shall come, of Avhat degree and condicon soeu'', we the Companie of English marchants for the discou'y of new trades, and of the East India Companie, send greetiuge. Whereas w* the consent and likeing of his ma''*' and tlio privic counsell, wc hauc intertayned the bearer hereof Johit Kn'ti/hl and his companie to vndei'take and attem[)te the pformance and discou'y of s'teyne [certain] i)hu'es, as we hauc gcucn him order, and have prepared and solie comitted a sinall shipp cahtd the Hopf.wklt, [offorfie (unties]' vnto the chardgc of the said John Knight to the same end and pur- » Court Book. -/i'. A JAw. 2 Purcluis, viil. iii, lil>. iv, ch. xvi, p. S-27. TIio Ilniicwcll wns ii pivnoce. '*■ < I ^^ijii 72 VOYAnF? TOWARDS THE NORTH -WEST. pose, & to noc otlicr effect. Theis are therefore to intreatc & desicr you, & eu^ of yoii to pmitt and suffer the said Jolin Kniglit w"' the said sliipp and companie frcelie aud quictlic to passe w"'out any yo' lett, liindrance, or molcstacon. In iesthaome wlicreof wee bane caused the seu'all seals of o"" Companies lieremto to he fixed. London, tlie lOtli of April lOOG. And in the 4th year of the reigne of (f Sov'eiyne Lo. James, by the grace of God K. of greate Britain, Ffraunce, and Ireland, defcndo'' of the faith", etc.' ti' AD. ) On the 18th of Ai)rd, the Hopewell sailed from Cjrravesend. J. lie voyage did not prove, however, one of discovery. The results were the loss of tiie master and of some of the crew: peril, excessive toil, with severe hardship to the rest of the people ; and unmitigated disappointment to the projectors. The Hopewell arrived at the Orkneys on the 2Gt]i of April, and was detained tbere for fourteen davs bv contrary winds. Captain Knight represents the Orkney men to be hardy and expert seamen. lie shipped two before starting. His account of the countiy and habitations agrees Mith that given in the narrative of the second vovage made bv Frobisher. After a most tedious and uninteresting pnssage, the vessel arrived off some broken land, in latitude 50" 25' X : much ice driving to the southward. Tbe wind was fi'csh and the commander made fast to a piece of ice ; but falling calm, he endeavoured to row in between the masses. This was an un- fortunate attempt. He became hampered. The weather i'ell tliick and foggy ; and, to add to his trouble, a furious storm arose. Fnormous masses of ice were driven about in all directions, and though the bark escaped the danger of l)eing absolutely crushed, it coidd not be prevented by any degree of skill or energy (and neither .seem to have been spared) from 1 Curt Miscellany Fto-.k — /;. /. ,IA«. i'. VOYAGE OF MASTKR JOHN KNICillT. 73 being severely damaged. This was on the 1 kh of Jime. Sight of land appears to have been lost till the 19th, when it is described as being seen again, rising like eight islands, in latitude 56^ 48' N., variation, 25° W. A cove was found in which the ship was brought up, and made fast by haw- sers laid out on shore. ^Misfortune pursued the ill - fated man. On the 24th, there ensued a severe storm from the northward. A tremendous surf rolled in, bringing with it hugh masses of ice. Not only were the warps that held the ship snapped, but the rudder was knocked away from the stern-post. To avoid further damage, the ship, half full of water, was hauled to the bottom of the cove. So far is from the journal of the commander. The parti- culars which follow are derived from an account written by " Oliveii Biio\\'NE, one of the company". On Thursdfiy the 2Gth of June, Captain Knight, hoping to discover a convenient harbour, set forth with his mate, Edward Goiuule, and three hands well ariiiod with muskets, pistols, swords, and targets, to explore a large island which lay about a mile from the Hopewell. The party landed, leaving two men in charge of the boat that had conveyed them. One had his trumpet with him, for he was a trumpeter ; and the other was provided with a musket. The boat keepers watched the exploring party over a high hill. The poor fel- lows disappeared, never to re-appear. From ten in the fore- noon till eleven at night, the Matchers kept at their post. The trumpeter sounded oft and loudly : in vain. His com- panion fired repeatedly : also in vain. Then they rowed sorrowfully back to the ship and imparted their heavy tidings to their conn-ades, which filled them with dismay. The ex- tremity in which they were placed, was at once C()m))rehoiuled by the mari:u'rs. They apprehended they had lost their master, on whose skill and science they depended for their safety. Four stout luinds Mcrc also wanting, reducing their number to eight. Tiieir ship was in a wolull plight ; and 74 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. Si iilD '/' though they had begun to set up a shallop, it was far from being in a sernceable condition. All night they lay in a tent on the shore between two rocks, keeping strict watch lest they should be surprised by an enemy ; and anxiously striving to catch any sound that iiiight indicate the approach of those whose return was so anxiously desired. " But they came not at air. The day following an attempt was made to land on the island, the scene of the disaster which has been narrated, that a scaich might be made for the missing men. But the attempt proved ineffectual, and the party by whom it was made experienced much difficulty, and no little danger, in making their way back to the ship. The 28th came, ])ringing fair weather, and efforts were made to clear the vessel : to save and mend all things that could be saved and mended ; and, as she lay bruising and beating on the rocks, to lighten her as much as possible. During the succeeding night, the oppressed crew were sub- jected to a visitation of a new and serious description. They were attacked by savages, who set on them furiously with bows and arrows ; and at one time succeeded in obtaining possession of the shallop. However, the eight mariners, with a fierce dog, showed a resolute front, aiul the assailants, upwards of fifty in number, were finally di'iven off. The savages are represented to have been " very little people, tawnie coloured, thin or no l)eards, and flat nosed". They are also described as being "man-eaters"; but for this impu- tation there a])[)eai"s to be no warrant, except in the imagina- tion of the i)arties on whom the attack was made. The shij) during this time remained fast in the ice, which extended far and wide ; and the cju'penter busiod himself in comi)leting the shallop. lie " did tench Ikm" in some places, but neither calked her nor pitched her"; yet she was moved down to Avherc the ship lay. To free the ship, they set to work with broad-axes and pick-axes, and by dint of hard VOYAGK OF MASTER JOHN KMfiHT. 75 labour and unflagging perseverance, they succeeded in clear- ing a passage. Tliey towed the ship into clear water, but they found her "very Icakc"; the shallop in the same condi- tion ; and w hat was worse, they " had never a rudder to stirre [? steer] the shippc withall". This was on the 30th of June. " The first and second daves" of Julv, the narrator pitifully remarks, "we continued also rowing vp and down among the floating and driuing ice, with little hope of recouer- ing our count rey" . Having, on the 3rd, a gale of wind ft'om the north, and a strong current, they drifted to the south, and made fast to an island of ice. Then they proceeded to stow all things within board, to make the vessel stiff, as they had no other ballast. The hanging of the rudder next engaged their at- tention. Their courage had hitherto been hardly tried : their ingenuity was now severely tested. They had no proper materials to make either gudgeons or pintles. In this dilem- ma they were fain to break up the master's chest, and to take off all the iron bands, with which to fasten on two pick- axes, the only substitutes they had for pintles. As an addi- tional securitv, thev rove a cable throu'rh the middle of the rudder, "to kecpe it too with two tackes". Thus they "had some steerage, though it was but bad": as may be easily imagined. This eased them, for " Iti-fore they had Ijeen forced to row till they were (dl sore and weary". The 4th of Julv thev were fairlv under weigh: but thev were in great danger of foundering, owing to the extreme leakincss of the craft. So leaky, indeed, was she, that if the crew omitted to pump her but for one half-honr, she could not be cleared Avith a thousand strokes. They romaged dili- gently and found many leaks, which they contrived to stop ; but it was long before thev could discover the one that was the chief source of their trouble. At last it was discovered close abaft the fore-foot, where the keel was splintered in three or four places; and as it could not be got at internally, ■ ^ J' ' 76 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. I %" being under tlie timbers, they had recourse to the expedient which is technically denominated foderiny. The narrator says : " Then did we take our maine bonnet, and basted it with occum [oakum] and put it ouerboord, right against our Icake, which eased vs some foure or fine hundi-ed stroakes in an hour". This, thoTigh it may be considered but a small relief, was acceptable to tlic overlaboured people : for this is the condition in which they then were. One man was very sick, another had "splitted" his hand sorely; and all were so sore Avith rowing and pumping, that they were scarce able to stir. "But that they must perforce". To labour they were compelled, in spite of their unlabouring condition. The adventures and sufferings of these stout-hearted fel- lows were now drawing to a close. Shaping their course towards Newfoundland, with a strong current in their favour, they made Fogo on the 23rd of July. At that place they were most hospitalily entertained. Ha\-ing refitted, they left on the 22nd of August, full of grateful feelings towards their generous friends ; and arrived at Dartmouth on the 24th of December. § VI. ^'opage of iHasittr feenn) Initisioiu Sir John Wolstenholm, Sir Dudley Diggcs, and others, being firmly persuaded of the existence of a passage to the north- west, which had hitherto been diligently sought and invaria- bly missed, determined to send out an adventure on their own account. A vessel called the Discovery, of fifty-five tons, was accordingly purchased, and supplied with victuals for six months. The master appointed, was Henry Hudson ; Avho had considerable reputation as a navigator, ha\ing previ- ously made three voyages to the northward. One had been VOYAGE OF MASTER HENRY HUDSON. / / directed along the east coast of Greenland : one had been intended to find a passage, eastward^ between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, which failed ; and one had, in the first instance, been du'ccted also to the north-east, but was event- ually diverted to the coast of America, and led to the dis- coverv of Hudson's river. * AD. > 1610. fj^ The Discovery sailed from Gravescnd on the th of April ; and on the 9th of June arrived oft' Frobisher's Straits. Keeping a westerly course, Hudson saw a flat, open country in latitude 60' N., which he named Desire Provoked. This was on the 8th of July. On the 11th he reached some rocks and islands, which he designated Isles OF God's Mercy. They were in latitude G2^ 9' N. The next place noted was Hold with Hope, a bay, in latitude Gl° 24' N. Then, between 61° 33' and 62^ 41-', he saw a land, which he named ]Magna or Nova Brittania. On the 2nd of August he came up with a head-land, that he called Salis- bury's Foreland. Sailing on W.S.W. for fourteen leagues, he encountered a great whirling sea; but whether caused by the meeting of streams, or jy water-falls, he was unable to decide. A few leagues beyond, he reached the western limit of the passage, now known as Hudson's Straits, which he had been navigating from oft' Frobisher's Straits ; and passed out by the southern channel : lying between the N.W. point of the portion of Labrador now called East !Main, and a group of islands opposite. Hudson named the head-land on the main Cape Wolstenholm, and the nearest point on the islands Cape Digges. Beyond the channel the land was found to trend to the southward; and the pros- pect of a large sea, now known as Hudson's Bay, was opened. This was in latitude N. 61' 20'. Abacuk Prickeit, one of the ship's company, adds in his narrative, that the following places were also discovered and named, viz. Prince Henuy's Foreland : King James's Cape : » 1^ rs VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. m I la m M' nw Itliit m ■I' QuEEX Anne's Foreland ; and Mount Charles (now astiir taincd to be an island) . Tlic positions of these places are not given in the narrative ; but they may be traced in the maps of the period. Hudson's journal terminates abruptly on the 3rd of Au- gust ; and after that the progress of the vessel cannot be traced with any precision. The only place named is INIichael- mas Bay, but no locality is assigned to it. The following is the summary given by Abacuk Prickett, in his narrative above alluded to. He says : " Hanng spent three moneths in a labyrinth without end, being now the last of October, we went down to the east, to the bottome of the bay ; but returned without speeding of what we went for. The next day wc went to the south and the south-west, and found a place whercunto we brought our ship and haled her aground: and this was the 1st of Nrrember. By the 10th thereof we were frozen in". Someri here about this place, Captain James, a later na\-igator, is represented to have wintered.^ It was not till the ISth of June in the following year, IGll, that an attempt to move the ship was made. About six days afterwards, when nearly clear of the ice, a mutiny broke out. Dissension had long prevailed in the vessel ; and privation had added to the discontent on board. The origi- nator of the mutinv was Robert Juet, a truculent and tur- bulent fellow, who had been superseded in his rating of master's mate by Robert Bylot. The spirit of mutiny Avas speedily caught by one Henry Greene, and, eventually, he became chief of the mutineers. The motives bv which Juet was actuated, may be comprehended though not justified. Irritation and disappointment may have induced feelings of revenge on his part. Nothing can be adduced to palliate the infamv of Greene's conduct. He was well educated, but utterly destitute of principle. Prodigal and profligate, he had brought himself to the verge of ruin. He was saved 1 Xorth-tctM Fo.it. V. 77. 4to. Loudon : 1C36, VOYAGE OF MASTER HENRY HUDSON, 79 from destruction by Hudson, who, on shore, gave liim shelter in his house ; and, afloat, gave him a berth, hoping and in- tending to improve his fortune. "Without any motive, except such as an evil and depraved nature may be conceived to engender, Greene turned against his benefactor, and became, of all the mutineers, his most implacable foe. Greene it was that doomed Hudson to lingering misery, certain to termi- nate in a terrible death. It was in consequence of his deci- sion, and under his superintendence, that the master and his son Avere exposed, in a frail vessel, to the tempestuous and ico-encumbcrcd sea. Henry Hudson the master, John Hud- son his son, and six others of the crew, who were either sick or disabled, were brutally driven from their cabins and forced on board the shallop. A seventh, a hale and stout man, followed. He was the carpenter, Joifn King by name. Honestly refusing to participate in the guilt of the majority of the crew, and nobly resolving to share, whatever it might be, the fate of his commander, he left the ship for the shal- lop, unmoved by the entreaties of his otherwise merciless comrades. The victims were no sooner on board, than the shallop was cut adrift, and the ship went away under full sail. She was hove to, however, short' " afterwards, to be the more conveniently searched for pluixjer; but the shallop appearing to come up, " they let fall their mayne-sayle, and up with their top-sayles, as if to flee from an enemy". In a short time sight was lost of the shallop ; and, for ever. Retribution was shortly aftenvards visited on some of the principal among the mutineers. Henry Greene, ^Vieliam AYiLsoN, John Tho^eas, Michaee Pierce, Andrew Motter, and Abacuk Prickett, were taken at disadvantage by a party of savages. Henry Greene was slain on the spot. Wilson died the same day on which the attack was made, " cursing and swearing in the most fearcful manner". Pierce survived two days, and then gave up the ghost. "Thus", says Prick- ett, Mho described himself to have been severely wounded in w \ ;/ 1. "Srfjnt it maic please Almightie god to presenie you and your charge from danger, and if it shall secme good vnto his Avisedome to give a hlessing of snccesse vnto this hopefvll and important enterprize. Let there be a religious care dailie throughout your shippcs to offer vnto his diuine jNIa''*^ the Sacrifice of praise and thanks-giving for his fatherlie goodnes and proteccon. Especiallie prouide that the blessed daies w''' lice hath sanctified vnto his service be Christianlike ob- serued with godlic meditacions. 2. Hct noe quarelling or prophane speeches, noe swearing or blaspheming of his Holie name, noe drunken nes or lewde behaviour passe vnpunished, for feare of his most heavie in- dignacon. 3. Hct there be a perticider note taken of all suclie as shall shew themselves most willinglie obedient vnto ycu, most dilligent and industrious in their charges, most resolute and constant in the prosecution of this Accon : That thereby we being informed at your retui'ue, maie esteeme accordinglie of their deservings. 4. "JLct there be faithfull and true registring everie daie of all the memorable accidents of the voyage and that by as many as shalbe willing, especiallie by the most skilfull and discreete personnes, whome we would have once everie 10. or 12. daies VOYAOK OF SIR THOMAS BUrrO.N. to confer tlieir Notes for the better perfecting a Joruall, aV '' wc expect at your returne. T). iiiitort pcrticulerlie wlien you slialbe clearc of the Landcs end, l)e carefull to have kept a true accoumpt of y"" wayes to GuoiNLANi), and from thence to the STUEifiiiTS mouth, and to observe in wliat Latitude it lieth, what face the coast beareth, Avhat Sea setteth into it, and Mhen you are within it, howe the coast doth trend, tlio contyuuance and course of the ebbe and fludd, what height it riseth, from wlience it comcth, and Avith what ^Nloone ; what Current, Eddie, or overfall you finde, what Islandes or Rockes, and howe bearing, and last of all your soundings w''^' you must trie with good store of faddome once at least everie ffourth glasse, and oftcner amongst broken landes Rocks Shole and white waters. Yet rcmembring that the wale is alreadie beaten to Digges Island, rather then lose tyme we would have you hasten thither, and leave the perfect observacon of theis thingcs to the Pinnace in her returne. 6. ^S often as occation oflers itselfe, especiallie when you shalbe forced to scnde on lande, for we would not have tliat you your self should quitt your shippc, Let some skilfnll man with good instrument obserue the Eleuation, the Declination, the Variation of the compasse, and if you arryve time enough, the begj'^nning and ending of the Eclipse, that will happen on the 20th of jNIay next. Especiallie if you shoidd winter let there be carefull and painefull watching to observe the instant of the coniunctions of anie of the planets, or the distance of the Moone from anie fixed starre or starres of note. All w*^'' we would have entred into a Booke, and presented me at your returne. 7. ILct there be care by y"" order and direction for keeping of your shippes in consorte all your course, wherein wc wishc you to make all the haste you can to the Streights ^ioltii, but we think your sm'cst way wilbe to stand vpp to Iseland and soe over to Groinland in the heighie of 61 soe to fall ''to' ll. ,1' ^. 1.. vt 'fk: n 'i.,i '^? M 84 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. IM •r: III: downe with the current to the most Southerlie Cape of that land lycing in about 59 called Cape Farewell, w''*' pointe as the Ice will give you leave, you must double, and from thence, or rather from some 20 or 30 L. to the Northward of it, you shall fall over Davis his straights to the westerne Maine ; in the height of 62 Degrees or thereabouts you shall finde HiiDSONs streights w'*' you maie knowe by the furious course of tlie Sea and Ice into it, and by certaine Islandes in the Northerne side thereof as vour Cardc sliewes. 8, 23f ing in : We holde it Ijest for you to kecpe the Nor- therne side as most free from the pester of Ice at least till you be past Cape Henry, from tliencc follow the leading Ice betweene King James and Queen Annes eorelands, the dis- tance of which two Capes observe if you can, and what har- bour or Rode is neir them, ])ut vet make all the hast you maie to Salisbury his Island betweene w'"' and the Northerne continent you are like to meet a great and hollowe billowe from an opening and flowing Sea from thence. Therefore remembring that your end is West we would have you stand over to tlie opposite Maine in the Latitude of some 58 degrees, where riding at some headland observe well the flood of it come in Southwest, then you maie be sure the passage is tliat waie, yf from the North or North West your course must be to stand vpp into it, taking heed of foHowing anie flood for fearc of entring into HAis,lM,i;Ts,or Sands [_? suunds'], w'*' is but losse of time to noe purpose. 9. 33|) the waie : if your Shippes within the STREKiHTs shouhl sever, we think Diggs Island for the good Rode and plcntie of refreshing that is there wilbe your fittest Randi;- vous. And if it shouhl fall out tliat the Winter growe vppon you l)efore your finding a thoroughfare into the South Sea, we think your safest waie wilbe to seekc southward for some place to winter in, for we assure our st'f by CJods grace you will not rtturne, without cither the good Newesof a passage, or suflieicnt assurance of an impossibility. ■ i VOYAGE OF SIR THOMAS BUTTON. 85 10. You must be careful to prevent all jMutynic amongst yo'" people, and to preserve them as muche as male be from the Treachcrie and villanie of the Saluages, and other East- erne [?] people; where ever you arrive have as little to doe Avith them as maye be, onlie if the straights it self afford noe sufficient strength [?], you shalbc happie in finding out some convenient parte on the back of A^iekica or some Island in the South Sea for a haven or stacon for our shippcs and mar- chandizes hereafter j but yet spend as little time as maie be in this or any other searche, saving of the passage till you have dispatched the Pynnace w"' advertisement of your eutrie into the South Sea, w''' must be done as sonc as you shalbc thereof assured. 1 1 . ILaSt of fill : see that you and all viuler yo'' charge, doe faiethfuUie obscrue and followe all such further directions and instruccons as shalbc given by the Auuentukeks. And to the end it may ai)i)carc what care we liaue of the Action and liowe acceptable cverie mannes good indcvour and ser- vice therein wilbe to ^ s, Let theis be perticerlie read once everic Moncth, if it can be, to your whole Companie. (L. S.)» If Captain, afterwards Sir Thomas Hi iton, had the reputa- tion of being not only well skilled in the knowledge of sea- afi'airs, l)ut in other respects a talented man. Associated with him was a relative, of the name of (jiuuoxs, with a friend called IIawkiudge.' These parties joined the ser- vice as volunteers, and both l)ore high characters as navi- gators : though when tried on subsccpuMit occasions, they cannot be considered to have sustained tiie good opinion that Mas entertained of them. The ships fitted out for the new vovagc were : Tiik Kksoei tion, couunanded by Siu Thomas Button; and the Discovehy, connnandcd by (.'ai'Tain Ingkam.-' > ThisdocuinontisiiriiittMl tr(iniiiriirc/Wc,«t/w//('oltliooii^Mnnl MS. ff.K. • The coincidence in the imnies of thece vessels with the names of those 11 9 w f 11!)!.. f >ll 8G mi VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. A. 101: •D- I The equipment of the vessels, ineluding provisions for eighteen months, being in every respect com- plete, the expedition sailed early in the month of May. ^ The first account given of Sir Thomas Button's progress is, his being off the south shore within Fret urn Hudson, and near Hope's Advance. From thence he proceeded to the north shore, and in the Weinity of some islands (subsequently named by Baffin Savaye Islands), made a trial of the tide: M-hich he found to come from the S.E., flowing three fathoms; and then, directing his course to what is termed the south channel, between Salisbury lie and the south shore of the Straits, he anchored at Diyyes Island. In this locality he stayed eight days, to set up a pinnace that had Ijcen carried out in frame. "And here it Mas", it is observed, "where the \-illaines Greene and Jewett were slainc, after thev had exposed Master Hudson". The statement is probably cor- rect, as both Bijlot and Prickett, who sailed with that unfor- tiniate navigator, were attached to the present expedition. Here also, it appears, five of Button's people were killed by the savages, in revenge for the seizure by the English com- mander of some of their large canoes : two of which only were restored. From l^igges Island the navigator proceeded north-west- erly, and fell in with land, to which he gave the name of Gary's Sw.\ns'-Xest.' The next land-fall was made in about latitude GO' 40' N., and was called Mopes Ciieck'd, because, it is supposed, " there his expectation was crossed". This laud was seen on the 13th of August, on which day a violent storm also occurred; and tlie ships' heads were put southerly. The weather continuing boisterous, it was leemed necessary under the celc'>rate7. ^ C>^ r>" r y^ "'.•*^' 1 i .1 VOYAGE OF SIR TlIOAfAS BUTTON. 87 to seek a harbour, in order to repair damages. Tlie de- sired haven was found " in a small rile or crceke", on the north side of a river, in lat. 57° 10' N. To the river the name of Port Nelson was given, after Ihe master of the Resolution, who died and was buried there. The circumja- cent land was called New "Wales, and the bight, where the river disembogued, Button's Bay. Thus, it will be perceived, Sir Thomas Button was the first navigator by whom Hudson's Bay was crossed from east to west. To him must also be awarded the merit of being the first Englishman by whom the eastern side of that portion of America was A^sited ; and there seems to be no just reason why he should be deprived of the credit of the action: which is virtually the case l)y the name of his bay being expunged from modern maps and charts. Having determined to winter in Port Nelson, Sir Thomas proceeded to take precautions for protecting his ships from danger of " stormc of snowc, ice, rainc, or what else might fall", by throwing up substantial " barracadoe " of fir-wood and earth. The river, " not a mile broad ",' was not, how- ever, completely frozen over till the lOth of February ; and during the intervals of mild weather, which were not uu- frecpient, the people were employed on shore in procuring g.'ime. By this means " they were sup[)lied with great store of wliite partridges, A\ith other fowle"; and Foxe states, he had heard it credibly reported, that the company killed " 1800 dozen" during their sojourn. After the 10th of Feb- ruary, however, the weather ai)pears to have l)een very se- vere. Many of the men perished, although three fires were constantly maintained, and the survivors were reduced to a very sickly condition : the general himself being among the number of the "disabled". "God a incrc}/ for iiot/i'nif/,for / had not abovv viyht sound men", was the pertinent reply given by the Prince's servant to Luke Foxe, on its being /'emarkt^d » Note.— .V. \r. A'o.8-in9. * See AmrxPix. * See lluliart's paper ; Appkxmx. *"• P. 1!)9. VOYAGK OF SI I! THOMAS BL'ITON. 89 hi Master Fox^ iu a luargiiial iiotLV, to remark, " well jrucst, Hubart". Arriving " iu GO', they tuiind a strong race of tide runinge sometvraes eastwarde soraetvmcs westwards, where\-pon Josias Hubbarde, in his platt, 'called y* i)lace Hubbakt's Hopk"."' The i23r(l of July, Ilopt's Advance, which was seen and named on the former part of the voyage, was again fallen iu with ; and on the 2Gth, Ut Ultra was made in latitude G.2" 4.->' N. The highest degree of latitude that was attained, appears to have been G5', on the 29th of July ; and then the course was shaped towards the southward. On the tth of August, Ma>'sel's Islands, or as thev are crroneou;>lv called in some charts, ^Mansfiklu Islands, were discovered in latitude Gl" 38' X. It is also believed bv Fox, that Sir Thomas Button had previou>ly named the extreme point of Southampton Island, Iving to the westward of Carev's Swans'-Xest; Cape SoLTiiAMPTON, aud that on the east of it. Cape Pembroke. Digges Islaud was next made, aud thence the course was directed towards England, On this part of the voyage, the following remarks are reported, by Fox, to have been made bv Abacik Prickeit. " lie saith, thev came not throu'^h the maiue chauuell of Frediiu Uinhon, nor thorow Luinh-ifs Inlet ; but through into the Mare HifperbonuH betwixt those Hands first discovered and named Cli'ullctfH {'tqie by Captu'tn Diwia, and the X'orth part of America, called by the Sj)aniards, who never saw the same. Cape Labrador, but it is meet by the X.E. point of America, where was contention among them, some maintaining (against others) that them Hands were the j Resohitioiiy which Josias Ilnhlidrt withstood, untill he stood j himselfe into the danger of displeasure ; but at length it ' proved a new Streight, and a very streight iiideed to come through, which resolved all doubts : but lu'reupon all their J (Ki ' • u .i tv- ti * I I * Note on a map in Pnrchnx (vol. iii, p. HI") connectctan(liiig that the harho' Mas open only to the E.N.E. 111. In coming out of the liarho"" shapinuI'si.iilioJ the hiigot amount (•uiitiUmted to the first voyage made by theCompauy of Merchants df Loiulon trading into the Ea,st Indies; and a '^ Jf aster Wif/imn Cockin" was one of the first Committees of the Fellowsliip. (See Appendix.) m If- 92 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. cceded towards tlie river " where the supposed mine should be". The weather, however, pro^"ing stormy, with the wind from the uortliward, they were constrained, on the 21st, to put into Ramtlsford; and here the master, Hall, was slain by a savage : who, " with his daite, strooke him a deadly wound upon the right side". The unfortiniate man was the only person assailed ; and he is supposed to have fallen a victim to revenge, from tlie fact of his having been associated, on a for- mer visit, with the Danes : who, it is said, " out of that river carried away five of the people, whereof never any returned againe ; and in tlie next river killed a great number". After the interment of the master, the company went northward, and entered Ccnmngham's River, where they found " divers places where the Danes had digged "; and collected " a kinde of shining stone ": which, on being tried by the goldsmith, James Carlisle, proved to have " no met- tall at all in it": and to be utterlv worthless. The stone is described as being " like vuto Muscovie studde, and of a glittering colour". From Cunningham's river, the course was retr.iccd to Ram- elsford, in latitude X. G7', which is described as being one of the fairest rivers to be seen on the coast of Greenland, and as Iving in E. and E. bv S. On the nnu'der of the master, the nati^es withdrew alto- gether from trading with the English, and it was therefore resolved to return home. Ilidl was made on the 17th of September. It has l)een remarked : " Tlie little that is known of this voyage appears to have been written by ^VILLIA^[ Baffin; and it is chiefly remarkable for its being the first on record, in which a method is laid down, as then practised by him, for determining the longitude at sea by an observation of the heavenly bodies." It is justly added: "The method he made use of sufficiently proves that Baffin possessed a very consi- derable degree of knowledge in the theory, sis well as prac- VOYAGE OF JAMES HALE. 93 VV tice, of navigation".^ Baffin's account of his method, wliich may be compared with another account given in the nai'ra- tive of his voyage of 1615, is as follows : "Wednesday the 8th of "' ly 1G12, in the morning I perceived the simne and mooue, both very fair aboue the horizon, as I had done diners times before. At which time I purposed to find out the longitude of that place, by the moone's comming to the meridian line: Avhich I did \'pon an iland neere the sea, hanging at the extreames two threeds with plummets at them, instead of an index and sights. "Thursday the 9th day, very early in the morning, I went on shoare the iland, being a fine morning, and obserued till the moone came iust vpon the meridian. At which very instant I obserued the sunne's height, and found it 8^ 53' N., in the eleuation of the pole 05' 20'. By the which, working by the doctrine of sphcricall triangles, hauing the three sides geuen, to witt, the complement of the pole's eleuation ; the complement of the xVlmecanter ; and the complement of the sunne's declination ; to find out the qiumtity of the angle at the pole: I say 1)y this working I found it to be foure of the clocke, 17' and 24". Which, when I had done, I found by mine epliemerides, that the moone came to the meridian at London that morning, at foure of the clocke, 25' ami 34" : which, 17' 24" subtracted from 25^ 34', Icaneth 8" 10' of time for the difference of longitude betwixt the meridian of Lon- don and the meridian passing by this place in Greenland. Now the moone's motion that day was 12° 7', which, con- Alerted into minutes of time, Avere 48' 29"; Avhich by Avorkiiig by the rule of proportion, the Avorke is thus : if 48' 29" (the time that the moone cometh to the meridian sooner that day then she did the day before) give 300 (the Avhole circum- ference of the earth), wliat shall 8" 10' give ? to Avitt, GO' 30', or neere thereabout ; Avhich is the ditt'erence of longitude betAveene the meridian of London and this place in (jjo- 1 Arrtir \'o>/iif/e.'^,\h2^>\. ,K . f 94 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOllTH-WEST. {^^■'■^: enland, called Cockin's Sound, lying to the westward of London." There is, hoMcver, a great discrepancy between the longi- tude of Cockiu's Sound given by Baffin, and that given by Sir John Ross in his Aoyage of 1818. In the chart prefixed to that voyage, and in the table of latitudes and longitudes annexed,' the longitude of Cockin's Sound is made 53° 00' W. There is, however, another statement made by Sir John Ross, which differs from the chart and table. In page 35 it is remarked, " we saw land south of Cokin's Sound It bore E. by N. to South, being about fifty miles distant, ac- cording to the judgment of the master .... though I thought it not more than thirty-eight". The ship, when this remark was made, was in longitude 55° 42' W. If this be the correct reading, Baffin's apparent error is somewhat reduced ; but still the difference is great, and is totally at variance with all other instances in m hich his accuracy has been tested. Such instances will be noticed in connexion with his voyages of 1615 and 1616. ^•oi?a(je of Captain (/5ibljcinsi* Captain Gibbons, it will be recollected, accompanied Sir Thomas Button on his voyage in 1612, as a volunteer; and it is evident the knight entertained a very high opinion of his relative. Sir Thomas " saith, albeit that bee is so necre in blood, as that modestie will not allow of his speaking too much of his merit, vet hce will boldlv sav thus much of his sufficiencv, as that he is not short of anv man that ever vet 1 Tahle. " Coquin's Sound, latitude r)3- 00', loarft'tuJe (i.V- 38'": which although not noticed in the errata, is evidently a typograiihical blunder for hit. (5*)° 38', and long. .03"^ dO'. V()YA(.I. OF \PT' cri'; ONS. 9» he cfirricd to sea. All that le can sa\ if him fiirtlicr is, for his countrie's, and for the adiiaiu neiit i His busiMcas they had in hand, he could wish his body \\ answ< ibie to his other al)ilitics, which, were it, not hini> I'e, but b<«ny, and his country most, would he the better Un it"' U ith this stroufi^ testimony in his favour, given by a competent judge, Captain Gil)bons undertook the advancement of the business ; and failed most wofullv. % A.r>. > Captain Gibbons was placed in the command of the Discovery, the consort of the llesoiution in his previous voyage. Neither the date of his departure, nor that of his return, is recorded ; but the voyage was made in the course of the year IGli. Of the result of the voyage, all that is known is thus la- conically communicated by ^Master Fox. " Little " he says, " is to be writ to any purpose, for that hec was put by the mouth of Fretmn Hudson, and with the ice driven into a bay called by his company Gibbons his Hote, in latitude about 57° upon the N.E. part of Stinenia, where he laid twenty weekes fast amongst the ice, in danger to have been spoyled, or never to have got away, so as the time being lost, hec was inforced to returne".- The bay in which Gibbons was caught, is supposed to have been that now called Nain, on the coast of Labrador.^ Although the name of the T\^i'shipful East India Fellow- ship is not mentioned in tlie printed relations of the voyages connected with the North-west enterprise, it has been ascer- tained from the records, that their assistance was not with- held. The particular voyages to which the contributions were apportioned have not, however, been traced. 1 Xorth IIV.nY /ore, p. 134. ///. p. 1:57. - Arrfir Vn7/'tr/fix. ^. 2<)r). .in .■■ ()() VOYAGES TOWAHDS THE NORTH-WEST. It is recorded tliat, in December 1G14, Sir Thomas Smith, the Governor, took an opportunity to remind tlie Court of Committees, "that three ycares since' this Coumpanie did aduenturc t300 p. annum for three yeares towardes tlie dis- cou'y of the Norwest passage". Having adverted to the failures that had occurred in connexion with tlie enterprise, and having also alluded to some property belonging to the company, that had been brought home in a vessel engaged in one of the unsuccessful attempts, he proceeds to observe : "The hope and pbabilitic notw"'standiuge of fiudiuge it here- after doth incouradge many of the pticuler Aduenturers to proceede and vndertake a voyage this ycare, w'"' he thought fitt to acquaint this coumpanie w"'all, to know their opinions what they intend to do therein : whether to joine in any parte of the said aduenture ; hopcing that they will not refuse to aduenture againe that reinaynder w'"' is come home, and some- what more towards y'' same discou'y". The resolu<^ljn of the Court on this proposition is recorded in the fcllowing terms, viz.: ''This Courte considering that it Avere dishonorable for such a bodie to withdrawe their hand from so Avorthie a Avorke for a small matter of charge, av''' Avill not cxccede a noble a man in their pticulcrs, and the honor and bencfitt Avill be greate yf yt may be found. They were therefore contented to ioync for a certain some besydes the remaynder : aV "' they gaue freely by erecon of hands. And the question being putt like- Avise for three seucrall soiiies, They did l)y like erecon of hands resoluc vpon the aduenturinge of tAvoe hundred pounds, so there may bee no expectation of any further supplie". 1 The records of this period are not attainable. t!L. K. Littl V()V.\(ii;s Ol UYI.OT AM) HAKIIN. \)7 .^X. Till:; only printed dociimcuts rclatiiif^ to these vovajies, that possess anyelaim to ori^in;Uityjarc those wliich are to be found in Purchas, and which were, professedly, printed from com- munications made by BafHu. One of these is a narrative of the procedinjjjs in the first voyage, performed during the year 1615, now ascertained to be an incorrect version. The second is a narrative of the vovay-e of 101 6 ; avIul . mav be faithful or not. The third is a short explanatory letter, re- lating to the later voyage, addressed to Sir.IohnWolstenholme. In addition to the above, Purchas was furnished with other documents prepared l)y Baffin, and essential to the right under- standing of those that are printed. They were : i. The Buiei' JouRXAi,s : exhibiting the dail}- courses of the ship, with the winds, latitudes, longitudes, and variation of the compass ; and II. CiiAiiTS : shewing the tracks that were followed, and fixing the localities of the discoveries that were made. These docu- ments, .vhich, as before observed, are essential to the right un- derstanding of such of the docmuents as are printed, being deemed " somewliat troublesome and too costlv to insert",' were excluded by Purchas from his compilation. By this pro- ceeding, not only was interesting information suppressed; but occasion has been given to impeach the character of HalHn. It is with feelings of no ordinary satisfaction therefore, that, as regards the voyage of 1015, the compiler of this volume is able to communicate a correct version of the narrative, which, hitherto, has been printed in a mutilated form oidy ; and to give publicity to the other documents, which have not appeared in any printed form. These papers, with an additional letter '■'■V» ■ ';.»■■■ I 1 Purchas, vol. iii, j). Mi-*. (>I;iig. note.) () Il-i 98 VOYAULS TOWAHDS TUK NORTH-WEST. addressed to Sir Tliomas Smith, and other adventurers in the enterprise, arc now given in their full integrity, from tlie autograph originals preserved in the Library of the British Museum, and are published with the permission of the Trus- tees of that Institution.' ■ J TO THK Right WoRsiiipi'vi, and trvi.ye IIonohable SirTmmxs Smith: knif/fit. »SV/*Dri)i.Y DififiKs: kf. J//'. John AVolstkn holme: esquire, and the rest of the ivorthy aduancers and aduenturers/o/' the undince of a passage btj the NORTH west. The auntiente [Right iVorshipfull) had so much regard to the worthies of those tymes, that any wave sought the good and preferment of tliearc countrye and common Mcalth whcare they lyucd, That ingratytude was so far fi*om them, they honoured, yea with diuine honoure, those to whome theire countrvc was anv wav obleegcd. But wee which Hue in an age, whome the poets tearme an jron age, are so far from honour- ingc our worthies with due pr.nvse, that many had rather seek occation of slander then otlierwisc, although not agaynst thcare persons, yet agaynst thearc acctions. You ar{; tlie worthvcs of our tvmc, wliosc manvfould aduen- tures arc such, but espetiall this of the north Avcst, which arc not (hscouraged with spcndingc and lossc of many hundrcth j)()un(lcs, iiey rather many thousand pounds ; rcapinge no other profitt butt onlyc ])are reports, and those little auaylable to the purpose, lint 1 fcarc if I .should take on me to sett fortli your due praysc, I should come so far short of tlic iiiarke I aynu>d at ; that it wcarc better for mc to leauc it undoonc, then badlye doonc : knowingc that who so sceketh to amend 1 Adi/itiou'if .!/.«. l2,-'n(;. With grout pleasure I ackiiowIe cch day at noone (although not nsual in .larnalcs) that thearebv ech seuerall uariatvon of the comjjas, and any other accidente may be the moic rcdylio found without protractinge all or parte of the voyage : in which variatyons 1 hope I hauc lujt much erred from the truth, comminge n(^arcr then souu' which hauc bccue iinph)ycd that way heretofore. And because your \\oi'ships may more redylic sec and pcr- scue howc far we hauc bccnc, 1 hauc licarc I'oMowinge i)hiccd a suudl uiapp, and it is to be noted that within the ii,i; of Hesom TYON, wee sawc no more land, then that I haiw c()h)red with grceuc, besides ilands. And hcarc is traced out our ships '^'^ 1 1(10 VOVAr.F^ TOWAI!l)S THE NOltTH-WEST. ■ l«5 1! m ,#■ waye,witli the red prickle lyne,notynf;e cucry plncc whcarc we came on shore (to make tryall of the tyde) with a red crosse, and for the tyme of high water at tliose places they are on the next pajre. Thus houldly hanc I presumed on your worships clcmencie in two respectes, the one in consideration of your sehics, beinge so well acquayntcd with these matters (as hauiuge payde so dcare for them) w ould in respect (not of the writer) but of the accion, voiich;?afe the readinge thereof j the other, that beinge in duty boinide to be at your worships pleasure, I knowe not howe to shewc mv selfe more dutvfuU affected, then by giuinge in an accounte, how we haue spent, or mis- spent, our tyme ; beseechinge your worships to accept them, not as mv Avorke, but as mv will and affection. And so with my daylie prayers to God for yoiu' health and prosperous successe in all your accions, I rest. Your wok>iiips, most dutvfuUie to be commanded to his best cndcuoures, AVili.iam Ham in. T/if i.ox(;mi>E o,nl latytiie of sitii vh\ii:>i v/ieare ire haueheene on shore ii-lthin Resolctiox ilaxp \ irhnt .Voone doth moke a fvU .sen, or the tvme or iiir.ii wateh on the chaixce date. 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O X "■^ w cc ci ;c ^M ;r c X c — 1^ X -M r: -" c 1 1 — :r r r; GO c CO -t -r -t (?4 fN ft -t t r: 71 — -SI — -fi — . 71 rt ft f: -< --I * X 05 >-.— I- ^ :- — , K UZ ;i< X X X X s: W • fM — X M • I ' -t , --. — "M ^ "^ c . — _ • ^ '.■: r 1" -N — — C K : cc 71 ^ --H « '^ ct ' -'- -r 71 X vr rt -SI w: ^ « x 7< rt re =;; fj js, ct ,^ ►^ W * >* W « S5 X X ./ H U H M W W W X X X i^ ^ -« (N W Tt ic » I- X rs c — ' 71 M -r •": - i~ r r: c — "m ^ "^ ^ Ct •i' '^ »C l'^ QO C^ "^ ^^ ^ Jl IN 71 (M ai (N (N jN ifj C^ M V *| ■l^A ' -^i^T P^' f'^. *•»■ ^ »ii*. 4:'. lOG VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. ^1 ' i;.' .ill '!'■ !'■' -' J'i ' III. A Tim Relatyox of such thixoes as iFArpEXEo in fourth coyafje for the discovery of a passer (/e to the north west, performed In the yeare 1615. After so many sundrve vovaj;es to the nortli westward, to the greate charge of the aduenturers, Tlie hist being under the command of Capfaine Gibbins, in wliich hy som sinister accident, was Httle or nothingc performed. Yctt tlie right wor- shipfull. Sir Tho. Smith, kniyht : Siu Dudly Digges, hiiyht ; Mr. John Wostenfiolme, esquire; Mr. Alderman* Jones, witli others, ])einge not thearc with discouraged, this yeare 1015 sett forth agayne tlie good shipp called the Discouerare, l)einge of the burthen of 55 tonn, or theare aboute, (which ship had beene the three former voyages on the accion) . March. The cheefe mr. and commander, ruder God, was Robert Byleth, a man icell experienced that ivayes, (liuiiinye beene intployed the three former voyayes) my se/fe heiiiye his mute and assotiafe, with fourteene other men and 2 boyes. This ship being in redines, vpon the loth daye 15 of March came aboard ^Mr. John AVostenholme, esquire, one of the cheefe aduenturers, and with him ^Mr. Allwin Carye (husband for the voyaye). Jf'ho hauinye delinered our mr. his commission, and reade certayne orders to be o/jserued by vs in the voyage, yiuiny vs yood exortations, and larye promyses of reward, as treble ivayes to all, if the accion weare performed, they departed, charyinye vs to make what .speede ice could away. So tlie next day, 10 heeiny fhursdaye, we u-ayed anchor at St. Katherins, ..f lH VOYAGES Ob' BY LOT AM) liAFl'LN. lor 17 and that tyde came to Black wall, and the next day to 18 Graues exde ; and the morrow after to Lee. 19 Sondaye the 19 it blu hard at south west and by south, yet this daye we came to anchor neare the booy on the NouRE ENDE. The 20 daye the winde variable, but by 2 2 clock this afternoone tve came to the North Forlam), 22 loheare we stayed all the 22 daye, which day we wayed and 23 that night anchored in the Dolnes. The 23 in the morne ive wayed anchor, the winde att east, and east and by south : 20 thus with indifferent windes and wether ive came to anchor in Silly the 26 daye. Aprill. 7 Heare we stayed for a fay re winde till the 7 day of Aprill, being Good Frydaye, which day we wayed anchor in the morne, the ivinde south south east. We had not stoode on our course aboue 10 or 12 leagues, but the wind came to south, then to south south west and blu extreme hard, which encreased so sore, that we iveare not able to beare any sayle at all. 8 T7ie next morning we stood for Padstow in Cornewall, because ive could not fetch Silly agayne, and about 10 a clocke we came to anchor in the entrance of the harbour, 9 and the next daye, being Easter Sonday, in the forenoone we moored our ship in the harboure. Heare ive stayed till the 19 daye, hauinge had much foule wether and contrary ivindes. TVJiile heare we stayed we found much kindness at the handes of ;Mr. Hicilvrd Penkewill, who, heinge will- inge to further vs with what things we wanted, or that jjlace could afford, as with beefe and porke, and also with a capstand which we wanted, haueing broke ours in the storme when we came from Silly. And also he urns de- sirous his eldest sonn should goe alonge with vs, to which our mr. and the rest of the company agreed, because he 19 luyd in all prouition Jilt for the voyage. So the 19 of W n"q 'I'K 108 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. ApriU in the morne ive wayed anchor, the ivinde south east a (jood yak, ive keephijje our courses as in the breefe Jarnall you may more conuemently see. And seinye feme thinyes of note happened in our outward bound voyaye, I refer all other ttiinyes to that table before noted} # » ■■ Maye. 6 We haucing had an indifferent good passage, vpon the 6 of Maye we sawe land on the coste of Groyni^vnd on the cast side of Cape Farewell ; and that night we had a storrae. So keeping a southwardly course to gett about the ice whicli lay on that coste, we kept on our course tyll the 17 daye of Maye : all whicli forenoone we sayled through many greate ilands of ice. Som of them were 200 foot aboue water, as I proued by on shortly after, which I found to be 2 10 foote high aboue water. And if reporte of some men be tru which affirme that there is but on seucnth part of it aboue water, then the heiglit of that pccce of ice I observed was 140 ['? 280] fathoms, or 1680 foote, from the top to the bottomc. This proportion doth hould I knowe in much ice, but whether in all, or no, I know nott.^ 1 The italic print denotes the matter omittedhj V\xrc\i^%. Material alterations, or additions, in the version given hy Purchas, will be noticed in foot-notes. 2 Dimensions of ice-bercjs. August Sfj, 1818 (lat. 76° 10' N., long. 78° 30' W., var. lU'J^' 58V W.). " I made fost to an ice-berg... This berg was one hundred and four feet high, six hundred long, and four hundred feet broad." ...September 11, 1818 (lat. 70° 34^' N., long. 67^4Gi' W., var. 75°00' W.). " At eight this morning we discovered the largest iceberg we had ever seen at such a distance from land (7 leagues)... Lt. Parry reported to me that it was four thousand, one hundred, and sixty-nine yards long; three thousau'l, eight hundred, and sixty-nine yards broad ; and fifty-one feet high, aground in sixty-one fathoms : and that it had nine uneijual sides. Its appearance was much like that of the back of the Isle of Wight, and its clitTs exactly resembled the chalke cliffs to the west of Dover." — Voy- age of the Isabella and Alexander ( John Itoss), pp. 159-2U1. London : 1811). VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BAFFIN, 109 1 7 This 17 of ^lay aboiite noonc, wee weare come to the firmc ice as it slicsved to sight, although in deecle it was many peeces dranen together : wheare our mr. asked my opinion conserninge the puttinge into the ice. My judgment was it Mould be best for vs to stand somwhat more nortli ward, to se if we could find any more likley place, for hearc we could not disserne wheare to put in the ships head. Hee answered we weare as for [far] to the north ward as the south end of Resolution iland, and now had all the south channell southward of vs ; and through much ice we must goe. Supposinge that, if we could gett som 3 or 4 leagues within the ice, at euery tyde it would open and we should gett somthinge on our waye, it being now fayre wether, and if it should chance to bio hard, we should then be forced to enter in. / coidd not muchsay agaynst his opynion, beinoe indeede in the latitude of 61 deg. 26' and hee knew the manner of this ice better then my selfe, so jn'esently tve resolved to put into the ice. (Tliis first entrance I liked not very ivell, the ice being so uery thick, and by all our accounte and reconinge ive were 30 leagues from shore, ivhich after ive found to be truj. After we weare entred a little into the ice, it was not longe before we weare fast sett vp, but sometymes of the tj'de the ice woidd a little open, then we made our way as much to the north west as we could, yet we playnlie found that we weare sett to the southward, although the wind weare southwardly. 23 Nowe vpon the 22 daye the wind came to north north- west, then Ave determined to gett forth agayne, fcaringc the wind slioukl com to the north east, for tlien it would be hard for vs to fetch any part of the Straytes mouth: seinge this aboundance of ice and knoAving that it must haue some time to dissolue, our mr. was determyncd to run up Davis straytes and to spend some 20 daycs therein, to trye what hopes that waves would afford. t '*JL A '» •r5 '■• I ;i r I)' .'! i*: tsi tl'' no VOYACKS TOWAKDS THE NORTH-WEST. 4\ ■■.\ \ supposingc by that tymc wc myglit come near Rksoltition Ile. This purpose of our mr. contynucd no h)nger l)ut tyll wc wcarc forth of the ice, which bv God's assistance was 22 the 23d daye about 8 a clock att night, the wind at N.W. and by W. When we wcarc clearc of the ice, avc stood to the nortliwardc, as much as the ice and winde would suffer vs, running about 13 leg. north east and by north ; by the next day at noone, beinge in the latytude of 61° 50' and fayre wether. 25 The 25 daye we made our waye and coui'se weare as we did the daye before, namely N.E. and by N., 13 legues.^ 20 The 26 daye all the forenoone fayre wether and could, but in the aftcrnoone it blew uery hard, and close haysey we- ther, that about 2 a clock we weare forced to take in our sayles. All the tyme that we sayled this daye we passed through much ice, lyingc in longe driftes and ledges, hailing made a west way about [?] leagucs.- 27 The 27 daye aboute 4 in the morninge we sett sayle. Most parte of the day proued close and foggy, with much snowe, freesinge on our shroudes and tackle, that the like we haiie not had this yeare ; but toward 5 a clock in the aftcrnoone it cleared vp and we sawe the Iland of Resq- LUTiON, it bearinge west from vs about 13 or 14 leagues, and at night moored our ship to a peece of ice.'^ 28 The 28 daye, beinge Whitsondaye, it was fayre wether, but the winde at west and west bv north, that we weare forced all this daye to make our shipp fast to a peece of ice, / yet we playnlie perceued that we sett more into the straytcs. '4 1 [About twelve leagues and an halfe, our latitude at noone 62 degrees 20 minutes. At sixe a clockc the winde was north north east. P.] 2 [Having runnc about twenty one leagues true vppon a west course. And note when I put this word true, I nieane the true course, the varia- tion of the conipasse and other accidents considered. P.] •* [The winde being at west. P.] ¥i r VOYACKS OF HYl.or AND H.vITIN, 111 with Olio tydc ot'floud,tlicii we sett forth iii2cbhs, although the wind blu contrary. 29 The 29 tlie wiiulc varialilc and favre wether. About « cleucn a clock we sett savle and tacked too and fro alonj; 30 the iland. And the next moxiic, about two a clocke, tlic windc came to the south south east, but we hauinge so much ice we could doe but little good nowc we had a faire wind.' This night (or rather cueninge, liccausc it Avas not darke,) we were sett ir'itlnn the poynt of the iland, so that nowe we weave within the straytcs, )laynly prouingc what is sayd before, namely that one tydc of fioud setteth more in, then two tvdes of ebb will sett forth.- 31 The last daye of ]Maye also faire weather, the wind for the most part north north west. The afternoone being clcare, M'e saw the point of the South shoare^ bearing from ys south by the compas, which is indeed south south east, somewhat eastAvard, because here the compas is yuried to the west 21 degrees. lyxi:. 1 The first day of June some snowe in the forenoone, but afterward it proucd yery faire, the wind west north west ; and pcrceiuing the ice to be more open ncarc to the shore we made the best A\aye we could to get in, and to com to anchor if the place wcare conucniente ; seeinge the wind vras contrary and also to make tryall of the tyde. And by seuen a clock Ave Aveare at anchor in a good har- 1 [The wind continued all tLis day and night a stifFe gale. P.] 2 It Avas a subject of constant surprise to the officers of the Fiu'i/ and Heda, to find those vessels, represented to be dull sailers, make consider- able way during the ebb-tides, when beating against a fresh Avind from the westward ; and the circumstance caused Captain Parry to entertain no doubt of the accuracy of the remark made by the early navigators [from Baffin to Luke Fox] : of the flood-tides running stronger than the cbl)s on this coast. — Voyacje of the Fury and Hecla {Parrii), 1821, etc. p. 19. Londou: 1824. 3 [Called Button's lies, P.] ■I m y\ !'■ "■ . '■■:■• '■' p ' i 112 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE XORTII-WEST. hour, on the west side of Resolution Iland^ wheare an east south east moone maketh a full sea, or halfe an houer past seuen on the chaing:e day, as seamen acounte. At this place the water doth rise and fall about 22 or 23 foote ; the compas doth varj' 24 . . 6' west, and it is in lon- gitude west from London 66 degrees 35'. The latytudc of the north ende of the Hand is 61 . . 36',^ and the latytude tude of the south end is 61 . . 26'. The bredth of the south channell, or the distance betweene the iland and the soutli shore is 16 leagues, and the bredth of the north channell is aboute 8 miles in the narrowest place. Vpon this iland we went on shore, but found no ccrtaine signe of inhabitants, but only the tracke of bcarcs and foxes. The soyle is only rocks and stonic ground, hardly any thinge growinge thearon which is grceuc. It is in- different high land to the north, hauinge one high hill or hummockc to the north east side, but toward the south ward it falleth aw.iy uery low. 2 The 2 June in the forenoone the wind came to east south east with snowe and foule wether. About noonc we wayed and stood >'p along by the iland- to the north ward. This aftcrnoonc it proucd foulc wether, but toward cueningc it cleared vp and we saw the north shore. But heare to wright of our often mooriiige to ice, takinge in sayles, and fast inclosinge, would ;)rooue b"t tedious to the reader, as it was troublesom to vs; so therefore I referre it: but our course, and Maye we made from noonc to noone mav be scene else wheare. We continuing our cour**os so ncare to the north shore as conuenicntlv we could, with much variable Avether and 8 windea, but stedfast in contynuance among ice, till the 8 1 "Wo had now only aJvanceii'ii(f Iflef, liauinp a urcnt priimil, r.r iii- 2' to tho eastwaril of the i>o>ition a>xiiriio'l to it l>y Hattiii. Variation '>i" '•\~'. — Viiyoff^ of the Fun/ nitii //fcla{l''irn/), l.s2l,ot«'. P. Hi. (C/,'ir(.) Lon- don :' 1824. VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BA1HN. ii; tlie compas doth varye 27.30, and a south east 4 degrees east moone maketli a full sea. It doth ebb and Howe almost as much water as it doth at RiisoLUXiox Ile ; and heare the floud commeth from the eastward, although our Master w as coufidente to the contrary. 10 The 10 daye,' in the morniuge, we set sayle, the Arindc north, which contvnucd not longe, butv as verv variable tvll uooue, and then it came to north west, we hauiuge sayled along by the shore, about 9^, leagues north north west, tlie ice Ivinge so thicke in the ofl'cn, that we could not gett of. Then perceuingo a good harbour betweene the mayue and 2 smale ilandes, we went in with the ship, wheai'e we moored her, and staved till the 12 dav at night. In this phice it is high water on the chaunge day, at 9 a clock, or a south east moone maketh a fidl sea.* Here the floud commeth from the south east, as it did at Salvage Ilamj,^ and becuust our Mr. was conceved otherwise, I tooke our surfjeon {a man of (jood iudf/uicnt) to the top of the lie, where most uppurently ire gmr the tru sett of the tyde hij the ice dryviiitfe in the offen. For all the tynie the wafer doth rise by the shore, the ire did sett in to the struytes , and as soon as the water fell it returned. But the truth of this was uiudi.' more apparent by other places after ward.* 12 The 12 day after we had doonc soni busines in our ship, as cleared our pumps and sueli lyke, seinge the ice to driue in more then vsuall it did before, about 8 a clock we set >avle, it being almost calme. Shortlv after the winde came to south west aiul bv south, which contvnued but till 12 a clock ; then it came to west with suowe and fouie wether. i II « (• * [At »ixc a cluckc. 1'.) * [The latitihlo of the i»hicf is i\i decrees 40 uiiitutcs. Pj ' (Ahhuu);h yur ina.»tci' wus pcrswit Icl uthvrwiM.-. I'l * [III thi.» i>lav.c is iKi .-igii ol pcopk. u- wc o>uM |.<.rcti%*:. P.] ^t K:? 116 VOYAGES TOWAUUS TILE NORTH-WEST. 'mi ' I if!' 14 .1 1'! 13 The 13 aboute noone we tooke in our savles, and made the ship fast to a peece of ice, beiuge some 9 leagues 11 from our last luirbour. All this daye and the next the wind was contrarye, and foule wether, we driuiuge too and fro with the wind and tide. 15 The 15 in the morne, the wind came to the south south east; then we set sayle, and made the best waye we couhl tlu'ough the ice, and in tlie afternooue it blu uery much winde, and was foule wether, so that at 8 a clocke we weare forced to take in our sayles and to make the ship fast to ice agaync, it beinge a storme and amouuge much ice. 16 The 16 day, Ij'ing still in the ice, the wether close and liasye (as it hath beene these six dayes) we being neare a grcate company of ilandes, and the wind at north north Avest, this afternooue wee stood toward these ilandes : and at night came to anchor neare one of tliem, in a small coue, the better to defend the ship from danger of 17 the ice. In this place we stayed all the next day : but 18 vpou the 18 being Sonday, at elcuen a clocke we set .sayle, it beinge allmost calmc, we makinge the best way we could gott from a monge those ilands, l)eing more safe further of then neare them : for these iles Ivc in a liav (.is it weare), being many of them, and euery one hath his seuerall sett and eddy, carryinge the ice to and fro, that a ship is allwayc in danger of some hurte. The latytude of the place is 63 . . 26' ; ami west fi'om London, neare 7J< . .' 25' : the conipas dotlj vary 27 . . 40';' and a south east and bv south moone' maketh a full sea. 19 This evcnhiri and the next jorenoone, we hud a fine yale of wind at south vast, we standinr/e ulont/t the lande, it l)ciny all broken y round and ilandes to the sea ward. Ihj noone weare come to the poynt of those ilandes, and beiny not past 1 (T-) I'-l » [4(5. P.l Aiiil a fiumtcr of an homo after nine on the chaingc ut foure miles from th.- point licforo named, fast inclosed with ice, very faire weather ; and well might wee have called this point Faikxesse, or, Pui.vT. P.] 1 [llaue. P.] - [The sunne^ Almicanter. at the instant when the mouuc wati on tliu jiiciidiim. wiis 2H degrees. P.j r' vi*j(. VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BAFFIX. 119 30": which substractcd from the former Icaucth 10'. . 22" .. 1'". .4'": and the mooue's motvon for tliat 24 honors was 12^ . . 38: which comicrtcd into tyme is 50'. . 25". . 20"'. This Ijcinge knowne the proportion is as follows : If 50'. . 25". . 20" ginc 300 what shall 10'. . 22". .1'". .4""gine? The foiu'th proportionall will be 74 degrees 5' which is the longitnde of this place west from London : because the moone was later on the meridian at this place by 10'. . 22". And by the same forme of work'iny by Orif/ani/s Epbemeriffen, the distance fs91 degrees 35 minites west from the place Ori- f/anus Ephemerides is siippntatedfor, but for to decide ivhich is the truer I leave to others .- but neyther of them is much different from my supposed lonyitude according to my iurnall fchich was 74 . . 30'.""^ And seeing I am entred to speake of celestiall obseruations, I will note another which I made at sea the twenty six of April, by the moones comminge in a right, or stray te, line with two' starres; the one was the Lyons heart, a starre of the first magnitude ; the other a 1 [22. P.] 2 [And l)y the same working of Orlganus Ephemerides. the distance is ni degrees, .'i5 minutes west of west. But whether he the truer, I leaue to others to iudge ; — and iu these workings may some crrour he commit- ted, if it he not carefully looked vnto : as in the ohseruation, and also in finding what time the moone commeth to the meridian at the place where the ephemerides is svipputatcd for, and perchance iu the ephemerides themselves: in all which the best iudicious may erre ; yet if ohservations of this kinde, or some other, were made at places far remote, as at the Cnpe Bonaxpernnza, Bantam, Japan, Noxia Alhion, and MiiyeVan Strayts, I sup- pose wee should haue a truer Geography than wee haue. P.] Alluding to Broken Point, Captain Parr>/ remarks : " This headland is memorahle on account of a lunar observation made off it liy this /d>le and intlcfafii/ahle naviyator [Baffin], giving the long. 74° 0"/, which is not u degree to the westward of the truth." The accuracy of l.afhn's "supposed longitude, 74" .30', according to his journal ", is enually remarkahle ; and would no douht have attracted the attention of his ^'a/Je and indefatiy- ahle'' successor, if the circumstance had heen stated in the printed narra- tive to which alone Parry had access. — V>yaye of tlie Fury and llecla, I821--J:i. P. 21. London : 1824. ■• [Fixed. P.] pfRP^"" ^^ n 120 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. 8M • I' *; 1 I starre in the Lyons rumpe, bcinge of tlie second liignes. TTiese 2 stars makinge a right line ivith the outward edge. or circumference of the moone, at the instante I tooke tlie height of one of thcm^ namely tlie Lyons harte, because I woukl haue the houcr of tyme:' but in this obseruation it is good to attend for a fit tjine: as to haue the moone in a right line with two starrcs not far distante, and those not to he much different in longitude, ])ecause then the moone will soone alter the angle or position, and such a tyme would also be taken when the moone is in, or neare, the 90 de- gree of the eclipticke aboue the horizon, for then there is no paralax^ of longitude, but only of latytude : but who is so paynfull in these busines shall soone see what is nccdefull, and what is not : but the notes I tooke are as followeth : f Right asscntion 14(53 deg. 28 min. ."^O see. J Declination ... 13 deg. r>7 min. 30 sec. ■{ Longitude ... 24 deg. 20 min. 4.5 sec. I Latytude ... 00 deg. 2G min. 30 sec. 1^ Al my canter ... 33 deg. 40 min. 00 sec. r Right a.ssention 1(53 deg. 23 min. 00 sec. Lyoivi rumpp J Declination Lyons hmrt 9, "il The Moone Longitude Latytude Paralax Latytude Almycanter 12 deg. 38 min. 00 .sec. .O deg. o3 min. 4."> sec. 14 deg. 20 min. CK) sec. 00 deg. 47 min. 4G sec. 03 deg. 20 min. 00 .sec 37 deg. 00 min. 00 sec. L/itytude of the Place, TjC deg., 43 min., 00 sec. After Tfjcho Brake. These notes I haue set dounc, that if anv other be desirous to spend a little tyme therein they maye ; my sclfc haue spent some therein, and more I would haue spent, if other busines had not letted. I haue not heare set downe the pcrtyculcr workc, because I found it not ^ [The circumference, or outward edge, of the moone, being in a right or straight line with these two starves heiorc named : at the instant I tooke the altitude of the south hallance, which was 2 degrees 38 minutes, heoause I would haue the time. P.] [Paralell. P.] [4fi. P.] m VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BAFFIN. 121 i altogitlicr to ray mynde. The woi'king of tliis proposition I reccucd from ^Master Rudston} But if it liad j)lcased God, that ^ve had performed the accion we intended, I would not fearc but to haue brought so good contentment to the adventurars, concerningc tlic tru scituation of notable places, that smale doubt should haue beene thereof: but seeinge so smale hopes are in this place, I haue not set dounr so many obscruations as otherwise I would. We lying hearc inclosed with ice, hauinge fayre and 27 calme wether (as before is said) till the 27 day at eueniugr; which tvmc we sett savle, the winde «it south east an easic 28 gale. All the 28 and 29 dayes, we made the 1)est waye 29 we could- through the ice. At noone this (hiy we saMc Salisbiry Ii.and.'' 30 TJie lust of June the wind variable ; but our daijlie object was still ice. A II this day we stood toward the foresaid Hand. hi.v. 1 The first of .////// close, haysic, wether, with much raine, the winde at south south east. Bv noone this dave we wcare some 3 leagues from Samsbtuv Island; but hauinge nnicli ice b}^ the shore stood alonge to the northward; and the next morninge we weare fayre by another smale ile (or rather a manv of small ilandesi, which we afterward called ^IiLi, Iland by reason of the greatc extremetye and grindiuge of the ice, as this night we had proofe thireof. At noone beinse close bv this ile we took the latvtude thereof, which is near to HI . . 00', but how it lijeth uKnj be m M W\ 1 III the Appe/uli.i: will be found the methoil uscl at this period for !isccrtaiuin_:X the variation i>f the coniiiass : followed hy a letter addressed l>y Master Rud-Mon to Muder Thouias Harriott, the expounder of the method. • [But the nine and twentieth day the iee was more open then it had I'eeu the>e ten dayes before, and at noone I'.] 3 (It bearing ilue west fr'>m v-. I*.] U Hi i i i' i mi N ■•I il! 122 VOYAGES TOWARDS TIIK NORTH-WEST. better seene in the mapp then heare nonmmtedwith ivrithiye. Hearc clriuiugc to and fro with tlic ice most parte of this (lave till 7 or 8 u cloeke, at whicli time the ice began somewhat to open and separate. Then we set sayle and haninge not stood' past an houer : bnt the ice came dri- ninge with the tyde of floud from tlie south east with snch swiftnesse, tliat it ouerwent our shippe, liauinge all our savles abroad and a good gale of winde, and forced her out of the streame into the eddv of these iles. The ilande or iles, lying in the middle of the channcll, haninge many sounds runningc through them, with dyuers points and headland^, encountering the force of the tyde, caused such a rebounde of water and ice,^ that vnto them that saw it not is almost incredible. But our ship beiny thus in the pertition. between the eddy which runne on, rvaye, and the streame u^hich runne another, endured so (jreat extremytie, that vnlcss the Lord himselfe had l)eene on our side we had shurely perished ; for sometymes the ship was hoysed aloft ; and at other tynies shee hauinye, as it were, yot the rpper hand, ivould force yreate miyhty peeces of ice to sinke doune on the on side of hir, and rise on the other. But God, which is still stronger then cither rocks, ice, eddy, or streame, preserucd vs and our shippe from any harmc at all. And I trust will still contynue his love to vs, that we may perfurme some more acceptable sends to his ylory, and to the yood of our common welth. This continued till towards high water, which was abontc one a clocke. Then with no smale trouble we got into the channell Jind stood awav to the north ivard.^ 1 [Alon.2^ 1)y the ilo, on the oast side thereof. P.] "^ I (Which ran one way ami the stream another) our ship hauing met the ice with the first of the Houd, which put her so ncere the shoare, that she was in the partition betwcene the ice, which the eddy caused to runne one way, and the streame the other, whore she endured great distresse ; l»ut (kkI, which is still stronger than either ice or streame, preserucd vs and our shippe from any harme at all. P.] 3 [North- (rtf,s'<-ward. I'J VOYAGES Ob' BY LOT AND BAM- IN. 1,^3 -idi When wc liad past some distance from tlic ilande we had the sea more clcare of ice then it was since Me came into 3 these straights ; and sayh'd all the next day thronut no other floud then that whieli commeth from Resolution 1 [Where we began to be inclosed againo. P.] 2 [Alter wee \\-crc fast in the ice, we made Init smale way, yet we per- ceiued a gfat tyde to set to and tVo. P.J 3 [KoiihwfA-^ward. P.] * [For to get to the east side, which we called the north shore, because it is the land stretching fVum Resolution, on the north side uf the straits. P.] s [Some twelue or foiirteene leagues from shore but the further otf more osey. I'.J .; A :!lf 124 v<)v.\(;ks towards the nohth-we.st. ilande ; for about 7 si cl/e'- nttt far from the shore, our mr. de- termined to stand over for XoiTVN(iAM Ti.and, to make triall of the tyde theare ; but the winde being at south west we weare foreed all this day to'^ tack to and fro, n'hvrehii ire had more //roofe of the setfi/nf/e of the tijde. Towards the night tlie winde came to the north noilh west ; then we stood away to the westward (leaning the seaieh of Xottyngam ilo hnuiiig a great swellinge sea out of the west with the winde which had bh)wne : MJiich put vs in some hope. II Till" ( Icuenth day, in tlic forenoone, wc sawe haul we t froui \s, but no grr)und at 130 fathoms: so standiuge alonge bv the land which here lav about north west and \'l by north. .\nd by the next morne we weare thwart of a bay, ur sound nninini/e into the tand. In the Indtoiii thereof Hie ice n-as not yet broke rp. 'I'hen stamling oner' that Iwij towards a fain' cape, or headland, in the afternoone it was almost cabne, and wc beinge almost a league fi'om shore hoysfd forth «»ur b«»te and sent six of our men to see howe the t\d«' was bv ihe Hliore." 'i'hev went from '! .' 1 \' |. 1? K V- *, Is ' T L •;4 1 I Ah HeniiK'ii aoroiint. P 1 ' |Tn the iiMitlnviir.lv IV I :|Ui'ckiii>:. P.) -'I Tunic. I'.l '^ \K\\'\ CroMi wlioiuo it ciuir'. P 1 V<)YA(iKS ()!■ HYI.OT AM) BAFFIN. 125 the sliip at 5 a clockc and came aljoord a«;ayne at 8, who brouf^lit vs word that it was lalhiig water, and tliat it liad el)bd while they weare on shore somewhat al)out .2 foote. Also they afUrnied that the floiid came from the northward in this place, the which we also sawe by the ship driuiii^'o to the northward, and it bein^ caline (the eanso thercM)!' I snppose to be the indraft of the bay) bnt this pnt vs in };reat hope of a passa;j!:e this waye, wherefore our Mr. named the poynte of land that was some leaj;ues to the northward of vs (Vm'k Comfoim'. It Iveth in the latv- tude of ()5de. OO'l and is Hrjdc.^O' - west from London, and lu'arc we had 1 10 fathoms water not a leaijue from shore. 13 There our sudden hopes weare as soon ([uayld, for the next mornin^e hauinge dubbled the cajx', when we sup- ])Osed (by the account of the tyde) we should be sett to the northward, it beiuije little oi- no Avinde, we weai'e sett to the contrary, and that day hauin<;e a }:;ood «;ale of winde we had not proceeded on our coinse past 10 or I'i leagues, but we sawe the land trendin;,^e from the cape, round nboute by the west tyll it bore north east and by east, and very thick pestred with ice, and the l'urth(>r we [)ro- ceeded the more ice and shoalder water, witli smale showe of anv tvde.*' We seeini; this, our mr. soone rcsolued hearo ' [2(! minutes. V.] Aocordiii;; td I'm-ri/, lat. " (i-J" ^tV". — Voi/nijc of the Fun/ ami Ilech, l.s2l-iJ3, p. X\. Lmattiii left of!" tht'ir search fir tlie North-we>t |iassa!,a', with tlie honl heariiij; N.K, l>y K. "The same land", ('nfitmii /'/f/vy/ uhserves, "wiiiili we had now in .sinlit, proved to lie one of MevtrnI i.shuids, and 1 pive it the lb. I m 'HIi l';lt I I ! " , S< 120 VOYAGES TOWAnOS THK NORTH-WKST. coultl ]je no passadjre in tliis place, and presently we bore vpp the licalnie and tnrned the ships licad to the sontli- Avard. T/iis truif about G a riork. The hind ir/iich we smre heure north ami north east was al)out 9 or 10 teat/aes from rs, and shure/tj without amj (piestion this is the Imttoni of the hatje, on the west side : but howe far it runneth more eastward is tjel ancertat/ne. 11 Tlie 1 1, the winde was for the most part at sonth east, so that we conld make bnt small wave baeke aj^ayne ; and the 1.") next morninjre very fonle wether, we eomniinf; to anehor in a smale cone near Cape Con)fort, on the north west side thereof. Ileare we ft)nnd (as on the other side) a sonth .J cast moone maketh a full sea, or halfe an honre past 1 1 on the chainffe daije : bnt lume the flond doth set we conld not well sec, it bcintfc so foiUe wether at sea, and so foiji/e. In the afternoone tlic wind came to north by west, then MC waved anehor, and stood alonj; bv the land to the sonth- ward, with a stille {rale of winde and verv hasev. liv the H» 1(> at noone we met with a ^reat (piantitie of ice lyinj; som 7 <»r 8 lea^nes within the point of the land. Anion^ this ice we saw som store of MoitsK, som rpjion the ire and other in the water, lint all so fearefnil that I thinke liltlr i/ood wonid be ev/wrted in hope of kilHn(/e them. Thrij are so beaten a'ith the SALlACKs thetf will not snjf'er nether shi/t nor bote to com neart them. \\\ ei|xht a clocke we were com to this southern ponit, which I called Si:a Iloitsr. Point, wheare we anchored open in the sen, the i)etter to prone the sett of th" tv»le. Ileare we fonnd, most nppaij'ntly to all onr eri«in>i nnriifituf". < »ii tlif I'lth of tlie wuno iiioiith, tho e.\|)i'ilitiiin was within a leapic of y (^ui'taiii I'am. Vwv. IiYi,i>T. a^ liciiij? " prHlml.ly tliu westcrinuoRt lain! Mwn l>y that iiavif^tor". — Voifnift of the Fur if end //a-/«>, IM'I, etc. l»|». :il-:i:W7. Lon.h.n : 18:^4. VOYAOES OF HYLOT AND KM I- IN. 127 i the south cast, and the cl)b fioni tho north west, hviiui the rcrtaf/nest sett of fj/(/e ire liaiic t/rf iikuIc in'oofc of : p/di/tn'fic /fcrcctfiiif/ the sett of the shi/>s riifi/if/e at (Uicliur, and also hij the settini/e of the Ire. Aiut for our Itetlei' os- siiraiive, our inr. leeiit h'lniselfe on shore to make jirfntfe thereof. The fijnie of h'ltjh nutter on the ehahnje (laije is afjont efenen a ctoeke, soniethini/e jiasl : kejj'nir/e a /iroportion of tijnie in aft places as ire hare lieene at since we came into the straijts, all concnrrinip' oftheflond to come from the sonth east, and no place else, sanint/e (J lear/nes short of Cape Com- fort, hat the cause thereof I snppose to he nothini/ hnt the indraft of the haije. 1 7 The ne.rt niornini/ onr mr. asked oar opinion n'hether it n'eare heller for vs to seeke out some harhonre heareahonte to see if ire conid kill anij of those Moksk n'e since, or present hj to ipt /o/' NorrvNCi.vMs Ilandi; /o make proof- of the tijde of Jlond I Ilea re, irhich iras the place iclieare formerlij was affirmed the Jlond to come from the north west. Mij answear and most of the companies icas, that seeinip- ire are hound for disconerij, it could not he onr hest iraije to spend anil ti/ine in .search for these morse, fhei/ heinr/ so feare- fnll and heaten with the salnaijes. And ijf ire should kill some fe we of them theij iron Id not he irorth the ti/nie ire should upend. Seeinrp' ire knewe not wheare to harhonre onr ship, and when shee is in harhonre, ire hane im other hole hnt onr ships hole, irhich we dare not .send far from the sh'p. And tho.se nior.se ire sawe weare in the sea, and iri.at tijme or wheare they wonid com on shore was rncertai/ne, The.se thinip's considered I thoni/ht it Iwtter to ipi for NoT- TYNe Point and XoiTVNCAM Ile. The distance is about 15 leajrues, bearinjre the one from the other north west and south east. 28 The 28 in tlie niornin^e we weare neare the former point, hi'hiff Hnmirliat .southirard of it, trendinjre away west south west so fai'ie as we sawe; and very much pestred with ice. At seuen a clocke we tacked alxjut ic stood south cast and by south. 29 The next day at eleuen a cloeke we came to anchor at Dkjges Ii.e, hauin<;e very foule weather. At this place wheare avc rode, it lyeth open to tlic Mcst, 1iauineii by the shore about an houer and a halfe, then the ship iloth ti'iiul I'lui and ride truly on the tyde of Houd all the tvde after. Now the tvme of hijrh watr'r on the chaiujre daye is halfe an lumer past ten,' i!i-ai'c' The 30, beinjr fayre weather, about noone wc set sjiyle,' wheare we presently perccued the sjiluajres to be close Ind on the top of the rockes ; but when they see wc had espyedthem, dyuersof them caineruniiiu<;e downe to the Mater side, cidlin^ ////// weanitiiff \ •» to coin to anchor, ♦j ft 1 [Or necrt'st tlicrenW.ut. P.] • [And »tf>oi| alrinjf f|n«e lij l>i^f:«-5> Ilv. P.] i * * l!'':l ^;l|,!.i:: ^'«|i!. '"■u* ' 130 VOYAGES TOWARDS TIIK NORTH-WKST. which we wouhl haiie done if conucniciitly we couhl. But licarc the water is so decpe, that it is hard to find a phice to ride in, which we secin<;e, h\y to and fro with our ship, whih) som of our men in the hote killed 70 fowh', for in this phice is the greatest (piantitie of these fcnvle (whom we call wiLLocKs), th.it in few places else the like is to be seen: for if ueade Were we might haue killed many thou- sands, almost incredible to those which haue not scene it. II care also we had sufficient proofe of the tydc, as we lay to and fro with the ship, but when our men wcare com aboord agayne, we set all our sayles for homeward, niak- inge the best ex})edition we could. AvcvsT. 3 But on the third of August we were forced to com to anchor agayne about thirtie leagues within Uksoi.ution 1,5 li.AM), on the north shore. The next daye we set sayle, and the 5th in the ibrenoone we past by Rksoiation li,AM>, without sight thereof: thus continuing our course (as in the breefe iournall nuiy be seeue) with much con- trarie windes and foule wether. Seitkmbkk. G \\c had sight of Capi; Ci.ekkk in Ireland tlie sixt of September. The next mornihge by daylight we were fairc by Silly, and that night, jit two a clocke the next morne, we came to anchor ni Plymoitm Soixn, irit/ioitt the Iosh of mil' man. For these and all otiu-r blessinys the Lord make rs thankj'ull} And noir it iiKiij In' that soin erperl I should i/ii'e iinj o/nfaion rotiseniiiif/e the jtassadi/e. To those mij aiisirrre laast be, that diiiihlles theare is a /jussadi/e. Hat a-ithia this straijle a'home 1 [With all ciir ini'ii liuin^', hiiuing onely three or four sickc, wMch soone rcooucreil. I'.| w. i% Wm \ H*j VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BAFFIN. 131 /* called Hudson's Stray tes, I am doubtfull, sitj/jjosinr/e the con- trary''. But whether there he, or no, I will not affinne. lint this 1 ii'ill afprme, that we hane not beene in any tyde then that from Resohityon Hand, and the f/reatest indraft of that conuneth fioniDaais Straytes; and my Jad/pnenf is, ifanyjjassadt/e with- in Resolntion Hand, it is hat som creeke or in lett, hnt the inayne will he vjjp f return Danis ; hnt if any he desirons to knowe my opynion in pertyvaller, I will at any tyme be redy to showe the best resons I cann ey titer by word of mouth, or otherwise. FINIS. It has ulrcady been observed, that through the suppression of iuCornuitiou, coniniuuieuted l)y Bafliii, of his proceedings, occasion has l)een taken to impeach liis character. In con- nexion with this second voyage, alh'gations have been ui'ged against IJallin,' which, if ea|)al»k' of l)eing substantiated, wouhl reiuler him initrnstwortliv as a narrator, and destrov his re- pntation as a navigator and discoverer. It is aUeged, lie lias given " a most vague, indifiniti", and unsatisfactory account" of a most important voyage, '' jtur- portiny io have reaehi'd many degrees of latitude beyond any preceding nivigator", and made in a direction "where the passage must l)e found if it has any existence". In con- nexion with this voyage, it is observed: "he has given neitliir c<»urse, wuY distance, nor variation of the com|)ass, e\eei»t once; and no one longitude whatever". It is added: "so vague and indefinite, indeed, is every information lelt, which could be useful, that each succeeding geographer has drawn rf ' .! Cln'on. Illxt. i>f Vnifttyet into the Arctic lt>;ii: if- th^f^ * Baffin's Hay' on liis chart as best accorded with his faucv". Severe as tliese strictures are, it must be coufesscd they mav be appHed with justice to the narrative printed in Purehas. IJnt at the same time it is to be remarked, that IJalKn docs not profess to jrive, in "that phice", a eom})lete report of his proceedinjrs. On the contrary, lie admits that some parti- culars are omitted, to avoid "tecUous repetition"; and for the details thus omitted, he refers to his "lireefe iournall". This explanation lias been overlooked : at least, it has not been made the subjj'ct of notice. On the authority of an ambi|ruous ^ihrase it is alleged: "it Avould almost .<-eem a.> if Batlin w;. averse from discovery on this voyage, when he had reached oidy the latitude 70 20', bevojul which even Davis had been". The fact is : when Baffin arrived in tlie latitude of 70 20', he experienced dis- appointment by the absence of an indication of success, on which the old na\igators placed great reliance. He had cal- culated, that as he increased his northing, he woidd find the height of the tides incre;i-se ; but in this place he found they did not risi' more than eight or nine feet, which was consi- dered to Ijc but "a small rise"; and this circumstance, he states, gave liini "some (/is/ike of tlie passage". Proliably iJalliu nu'ant nothing more, than this circumstance induced liiiM to have a /«/.v'//r///// of the ultimate success of the under- taking. It is impossible to decide which construction is cor- rect ; yet, that which does not involve an imputation may be preferred. Next : a complaint is made of " the slovenly manner in which he runs over the numerous '.so/okIh' in a very hi^jh dc- gree of latitude": which is further described as being "(piite vexatious". A doubt is insinuated of the existence of these sounds. It is said: "they were, perhaps, nothing more than huge ice-bergs, or, at any rate, passages made by an archi- pelago of islands". Vet, a page or two preceding that in wliich the insinuation i.s ha2arded, a passage is to be found. VOYAGES OF BYLOT AND BAFFIN. 133 (jiiotod from Baffin's narrative, to tliis effect : " all which sounds and ishmds the niaj) doth truly describe". Were this document in existenc(>, tliere couhl be no pretence for insi- nuating; a charj^e of want of veracity ajrainst Haflin ; and it seems difHcult to justify an insinuation of that (k'scription aj^ainst liim, because the evidence of his trustworthiness has been supjjresscd by the act of anotlier: rather it may be deemed matter of sin-prise, that such a course should have been pursued by any one cognizant of tlie facts of the case. Indeed, implicit reliance does not appear to have been placed on the suflicieney of the j^ronnds on which the insiuiiation is hazarded ; and an attempt is accordinj;ly made to streuj^then the position, by an endeavour to convict HafHu on testimony pven by himself. It is asserted; "so much aware" Avas Baffin of the delinciuency imputed to him, that he deenuMl it necessary to address an ai)oloj;etic letter on the subject, to Sir John AVolstenholme. The correctness, or otherwise, of this assertion nun' be tested bv consultinj' the letter itself, which follows the summary of the voya^'c. Kinallv, it is said : " Haflin drew ol!" from the main land of America, to the eastward, from the very spot where, of all others, a passajje is nu)st likely to be found": which is ])urely conjectiu'al. It is added : " but he is not to blame for not then i)()ssessin<; that knowledjje which Cook, and Ilearne, and Mackenzie, have since supjdied".' It may be observed, however, that, had Baffin been enjja^cd on an exploriu}^ voyaj^e some century and a half later, at the point he drew off he coidd not have derived any infornnition from the re- searches either of Cook, llearnc, or Mackenzie. A fjjlancc at the nnip will show at once the respective tracks of those parties, and how they bore in relation to each other. It must candidly be allowed, however, that in this " intole- rable deal" of objurj;ation, a palliative, thouj;h infinitesinnd in quantity and of no very commendable (|uality, is to be detcc- ' " Thtse he good humourf iadeea ! " A.vt iem I'i.-tul. n w 1 U' • 1; -! '" ,i 134 VOYAGES TOUAKUS THE NORTlf-WEST. ted. Every source of rei)roheiision hnving been exhausted, it is admitted : " Purchas, however, is bhimcuble to a certain extent, for the meaj^reness of Hallin's joiu-nal". Hut an ac- ku<)\vh,'dj;nient that Purchas is partially to blame for tlie meafrrencss of the jouruai, smally compensates for the {jravc eliar^jes that have l)een broui^ht a;;ainst the navi. ) The second voyage was performed in the same shij), '' ' set forth bv the same adventurers, and commanded bv the same officers, that were enpijred in the first. For the con- dnet of the expedition, the foUowinj; instructions were issued, namelv: " For voiu* course von must make all possible haste to Ca/K' Di'solut'ion ; and from thence you, William BalHn,as jjilot, keep along the coast of Greenland and up Frelinn Davis, initil you come toward the height of eighty degrees, if the land will give you leave. Then, for feare of inbaying, by keeping too northerly a course, shape yoiu* course west and southerly, so farre as you shall thinke it convenient, till you come to the latitmle of sixtie degrees ; then direct your course to fall in with the land of Yeiho, about that height, leaving your fur- ther sayling southward to your owne discretion, according as the time of the year and windes will jrive vou leave : althou", the lat. being 74" 2' N., the long. .")8" 4.j' W., with variation as before. — Voyage of the Im- M/fj and Ah'.rnnder, 1818, pp. .">8, .W. London : lsl!>. VOYACKS Ol' llVl.or AMI I'.AIllV. 1 '■•■*■ I •>/ concoaled tlionisclvi's Ix-liiud rocks ; iind iimoiiij: one, appiU'CMitly, not undci' I'oui'-score years oi" a^o them was To tl ic credit l)otli of Halliii and his people, it must be ol)served, tliat the poor peophMliseovered l)y them were treated uitli so much kindness, that the fugitives were induced to retnrn, and ^-ood fcHowship was established. These j)eople are represented to have been l)ut very poorly off, livinji; on di'ied seals' flesh, which they devcnu'ed raw ; and for which they ai)[)arently had a relish, as they expi'cssed dis- like to the ship's provisions after having tasted ihem. Their clothinj; consisted of the shin of the same animal, which was also used for tents and ior cttverinj;' their l)oats, Ijcin;;' skil- fully prejjared for the i)ur[)ose. Tlu^ wonu'n differed from the men in their a|)parel, thonji-h in what particulars is not stat<'d ; and their faces wer(> marked with a scries oi" black streaks, or lines. Tlu'se marks, which it may be ])i'(>sunu'd wer(> in- tended to bc^ oiMiamental, wei'c ascertiiined to l)e made by raisinj; the skin ol' younir persons and introdnciufi: a l)lack pigment. They are indelible. ]''roni tlieii' iicstui'es, these peojde were snj)poscd to worsliip the sun. The (h-nd wci'c found to be buried on the hill-sides, where the li\ini;' also dwelt; and the corses wer(^ covei-cul with stones, but too slightly to be (Mitii'(dy concealed. Howcvcm', it is stated, the piercing air, " keepeth them from stinking savour", i'oth nicn ami dogs, it was found, were buried in the same manner, Tlic navigators sailed IVoui \\'onnui's Island with fair wea- ther and a foul wind. However, tli(\v " plyed it u|)" along the ice, l)(>tw(H'n which ami the shore was ;i kind oi" clinnnel from seven to eight leagues bi'oad, till the !)th of June, when they rcaeluHl latitude 71' 1.")'. At this point the sliip became greatlv ])estered with ice, and was brought to anelnu' among some islands about eight nules from the main. IVom thence an endeavour was made to work to tlu' westward, but th(> ice presented an insuperable obstacle, and the way was retracein m m 138 VOYAOKS TOW.VKDS THK NORTH-WEST. 'f?. spot was named Houn Soind, and as the ice was observed to melt very fast, it was determined to MJiit tliere jjatiently till tlie [)assa-;{! slionld become free, Mneli siuprise is expressed at the remarkable rapidity with wliieli the iey rami)art disu})- jx'ared ; and, takinjr advantajre of tlie eiicumstanee, the voy- ii^ic was resumed on the iHth. Xo diflieulty was experienced ill proeeediiij; northerly. The inlands ah'eady noticed were passed, and in latitude 71 K)' X. an olliiij; was {jjaiued of about twenty lea<;ues to the westward. 1 )uriug the remainder of the moiitl:, litth' way wvi made, thou^di some progress, (hiv bv (hiv, was effected. The weather was variabh\ l)ut frost and snow frecpient ; and ' on Midsummer (hiy", tli(! nar- rator states, " our shrouds, roapes, and s;iihs were so frozen, tliat we could scarce handle them : yet", it is added, " the cold is not so extreme Ijut it mav be well endured". On tlie 1st of July, in latitude 7.") 10' X. an (.j)en sea was entered, which "anew revivei,i v |)i(i(ii;s {'\i'i;.' Twelve leaj^ues onward, a fair sound was discovered, which was na.ued Woi^stlmiolmk Soi nu.-' An island, named WOi.- 1 Awfiist 17, IMS (lilt. 7.V' '>4' N'.. lon^r. (;;|.. i.v W.). « l„ the cven- iii^c wc liii'l ill! LM-tcrlv ••retzf aii'l ('■!/•>' />,/iaiiil nflit, in !«i;;lit. Tlii; i^lallll lias ii (.•"uii'ul shapo, auc' Im.IiI ami (lucp on tlic uutsiilo; lnit on thv iii>i a lippliiiy, wliioh Ii.'halIow." l,ii/ii," ')4 1' W). *'C'i/>f /}"Jft'f lH'fi/iA was touiul tu lie a lew iiiile.s ti) tlie smith warit(Uitiun in wliieh liaHin lias laid it ilnwn. It Hjijieaieu to I'uriii a prciipicc «..f a)>out eight humheil feet in height, wan |)( rt'irlly ilear >liieli,at tlie |ieiire|s. I |..M. (lat. 70' i.",' N., long. 71" on \V., viir. \u'.r 10' \V. ) " We parsed ir.,/j«f*»,/,.,///,< ,V<"'«7aliout i' I'.M.. and found it eoni- pletely I'locked up with ioc. It oecined to lie i'i,;litieii or twiiitv Iragiies ill I'nadili Wc found the entrances to this inlet, and llic geiieni! form \uYA(;i:s or ini.or a.nd isaiiin, 139 sTENiioL.ME Isi.AND, is described as lyiuj; in the centre of the souiid and foniiiiiii- two entrances. Hailin sou^dit slielter nnder tlie island, hut tlie cnrrents ran so stront; that within two hours, althou>;h a couple of anchors were laid out, the shij) drove; and it became necessary to ^et ui.der sail, and. stand out to sea. In this sound, are reprc^sented to be many iidets, or bays ; w ith jjcood opportunities tor whale iishin|j^. The Ith, a '^va'A storm eanu' on in the mornin<; from west by south. At till' outset, the lore-course was blown away; and the ^"ale continuing to blow with undiminished violence, it \v;is at length found necessary to take in all sail and '' lye adrift". On the storm ceasiu^^the ship was found to be em- bayed in a larjje sound ; and, sail b(iu;j; made, the course was directed to the S.W. side. An anehora^'c was met with in a cove, or small bay; but the wind blowing furiously over the tops of some lU'i^hbourinir hills, both anchor aiul cable were lost, and way was made into tlu' sound a^'uin. A calm after- noon enabled the shi|» to iict to sea. l''rom the abundance of whales which were seen this plai'c was called \\ ii\ii: Sot nd ; \ and it is represented to be in latitiule 77 •'»<► N.' On the ."th, some proj^ress was nuuli'; till eucounteriujx a ;:reat baidv of ice backed with land, the ship was put on a southei'ly eour^e, to an island which was named II\Kiivr's Isi.AM*,- and which is di-'^crilx-d a> beiuir situated i)ctwe( u AVhalc Sound and another fxreat souml which was desi;xnatiil Sii! Thomas Smiiii's Soi no.' "It runneth," IJaHin observes, mill ii|>|i<.'iU!iiue ul' the laii'l, to aiiivo oxtivimly w^H \Nitli tliv autl ili.-laiiLi; tmiu ('apu iMnllov I>i;if:;o«." — I '".'/'.'/'' "/ '^"' '•'•'"'"''" "'"' Ale.riintkr {/toi*n), In 1m, p. l.V!. l.nii,|(,ii : l^i;>. 1 ]\7„in' Sound (lat. 77" I.V N.. Ion-,'. 71 ■ So' W.. viu-. 102 (MV W, : A,.- fif.vh'.r, M-viii). "Wu tarkc'l. ainl >t I to the N.K., to jftl a lutttr vii-w ut Whalo Soiiinl aiiil tlif lainl m-ar it, ami wc t*uoii iHscuvcJcmI there was no niiviualilo passau;*-' in that ijiivrtion." - " Alirr thin wo resuiiietl our course to tho w»>t\viir^' liiillin, vsiis di^iini'tlv ^ccn, and tho I m i]i ^■1 m i^'i m i 1 !>?•, 'C ^« 1 10 v()V.\<.i.< TowAitDs Till. Nni:iii-\vi;sr. lr« " to the iKirth of 7S and is ii(liiiir:il)l(' in one respect, heciui^e in it is tlie <;r«':jt(*st variation in the eonipasse of any part of the worhl known : \>>r In' (Uvers <;oo(l observations, I fonnd it to he above tiv«' {Miints, or litty-si.\ decrees, \aried to the west- Nvard, so that a north east and bv east is tnu- north, and so of thi' rest".' Xe\t, on the }>th, some islands were faHen in with, tM|ir> funiiin;,' each sMt-of it were naiiRiI alter tlio tuo >liii)s, /fuiMfn ami Al'.i'iiii'l' r ; I c<>ii>i'lcrc«l t!>c Imtt'tiii of tlii> .-•uinl tu lie eij;litcL'ii lua^iULS (li>taiit, Ixit its fiunmee was c<'iu|ilclfly lj!<>ckeil iij) l>y ice : a tliiek I'-ji; sMon oame "H. an• 1"»' W . — {.\/'/'e,a(i.f, \e\ii.) I'. ,//,!_,/,■ of (In' Jsufitfltt II, kI Ah'.riiinh,- I li-'Mt), lsl>-. ]i|.. I !s-:i. I^nii'loii : ls|!). 1 III ill- letter t'> M. .I"Iiii \Vc.|>teiih"iIiiie, the I'M na\ ij,'.tti»i' lurtliei- alhiile^ to tile •• variati"ii <.r the eotii|i,i>-e"; to its "woiulei fill i>|icralii>ii'"; aiiin^ «) .siul«lenly an.-. oi iiin ie|>re>eiitati"Ii. of the vi.leliee <'f the (Uiturhaiiee tu whieh the e<>iu|ia!is i-^ suliju't in the>e latitule-, i» e-'ir-ihiTated l>v the nl.~,i.rvatiiiiis of Sir Ivlwai'l Parrv. Sir I'Mwanl I'arrv resnaiks: '• Since the tiiue we lirst ciiteieil Sir .lames liaiicaster's Soiiixl, the >hi;riri!«hnc.ss of the ci'iiipasses, as well as the aiiii'iiiif of their irre.rularit\. pn. liiccl hy tlie altiiietioii of tin.- >\\\\i\ inui, ha'i l«eeu fotiii"! very ni|»i wotwanl : m) uuich, iiulecd, that for tlie hi>l two ilayn (,\>iifni*t 4 ainl 'i) »c haual oliMi-vatioii* fur as we ni'W aiuhwarn the prime vertical.as eoniparol with its true a/imuth. >»a-« sufficient to remler this iiierea-iii;: iiietheiciicy of the coiiipic* ijuite apparent For examph'. at noon this 'lay ( .!'/'/'. tnken the following nioriiitiK. which ^avo t:)T" \'1\ It wiim e\i- tletit, therefore, a wry niuteriul change htttl taken place in the dip, or the \ariuli>>n, of in )H*th then^ phenomena, -ince we lial la»t an oppoitnnity of olitainiii}; ol•^er\ntion*> u|MiU thtiii ; which rciiileieil it not improlia!>iu that w« Were n'»w tiiakiiig a very near iipproaeh to the magnetic pole. 'I'lii-. olMer\ation «a<. further »treitgthenc Imwhs:' " all wliii'li souiulsaiul ilands", natliii (>l)scrv('.s, " tlic nia|) doth tndy dfscrihc"; and he tlicrc- i'oic (Iocs not 'jiwv their vi'spi'ctivc [)osition.s. f ? iitii>n whatever in the :ili>uliitc coinso on wliiili the ilciia wp-* sfoorintr, j.iimIiu'l'cI a clian^'c hC nidv than thive m fnitr |Hiint> in the iliiootion inili- ratfil liy the tniii|i;i>s, which euiitiMiieii unitoinilx li'i'ni N.N.I), t<> N.N. W., Jicoonlinji as tiie .shijt ■< heail «a^ placril on ni.j -jile "V the other nl' the ina^netiir nierihtely ovi rcoiiie \>\ tlie attraetioii lA' the >hi|i; xi that tlie neeille nii:;lit now I.e |«ro|.erly >ai'l to ]ioint to ilic noith pole of tlie >liij>. It \va~ only, however, in tii"»e con»|tasse> in whieh tlie lii^htnt.» of the eaiiK. an-1 the great 'hiieaey in the suspension, hail heeii partifnlarly attencleil to. that even this 'legree of nniforniily jtrevaileil ; for. in the lieavier car<|s, the frietinii upon th(> poini< of .suspension was muili ti"> jireat lo he overeonie even hy the ship's attrai tion. anM they con-eipiently reniaiiieil inilillerently in any position in whieh they happene.I to lie plaet'tl. l"'or the purposes of na\ igation. therefore, the e inip.i-'>es were from thi.s time no longer eon>.ulte>l ; an, the iiiniiaolcs were reniove'l, as useless liimher ii iiii the IK'; anle-irou-> of olitaining all the magnetie oli-i rxatious po-sjlilo, at a spot whieh wa- 'leemc.'- force of the hori/.olitai needle, tnuli tuihe-l a* it w.'s liy the attraeii II of ' ,,i shiji, was, e\en hi.re, f lUUil to he ^o weak, in t'aplain Kater's H/.ii>iUtli < ri| :i->es, whieh were the most seiisiMe, that they re<{uire"; an p|>eniliN. illiisimtive of I'arrys lemarkK. — Voipiiif of tin- lltdn >inJ (trijnr { l'f the ti VOYA(!i;s TOWAIIItS Tin; NOllTII-MT.ST. Tlic next course uas to tho westward, witli a iUvourahle inee the Hh of .Vn;^ni^t. when the variiUi"n \va> IMC aiiil the 'li|' "f the nee'lle ^4 'rl' ei\ation i^ peeii- liaily ini|initiiiit in anv tiu'iv tliat niiv lie ailupted respeetinjj tho I'evi- atiiiii of the needle : >inee when that tniec hutll(ind. At iiiidni^^ht, a rid^e of vor) hi,i.di mountains were seen to extend nearly ueross the hottoni of it, and ji'ininj,' another from tlie south, whieh wa- not i|uito so h'',di. The hay was eoni|>let«ly Id'Kktd with iee. in whieh were some very laru'e iee- herjfs ; and from the |(oint'« uf land. >;laeiers of snlid iee were extendin;^ for many miles into the >eii". — \'jj/'imil Afexumltr fJlo.Mij. l''!*'. |». 1 ""T, J.oiid.in : l'«l!». ■•! A>i;/nM ;{o(lat. 74' l'.»y N.. h.n;;. 7v' :i:j \V.. \nr. Ilo- W). Thi^ day a strait was entered, whieh exeited miuh interest on Imard the exjie- ■ liliou ; the ;,'eneral o|iiiiiMn, liowe\er, wii>, that it rta> only an inlet. Captain Sahine, whn produeed llatlin > aeeount, was of npiuion they wero y<\]' L'liiainUr >"<»>' III/, ii\u[ that there were no hopes of a pa■<^a^u mitil they should arrive off Cniuherland Strait, lie i>l».erved, there wa> "no indieit- tion of a pa>-.a;ie"*. " no appearance of a eurreiu", "no liiftwood". ami " no swell from the northwest". .*'hi( v -i , however, made np the opening. AifjiiM ;JI,at •• !• M I lat. 74' !»:! iX., \un^. ^l" •1>^ \\ ., viir 1 1 I ' "o \\.) ('aptnin llo>» ohherve:s: " '/'/.r iiiti'fh r»»»'«f»', whieh wus the la-t I liad made I VOYAGES OF HYLOT AM* BAFFIN. 1 13 .vhoarc and us, l)ut cUaro to the >('a-\var(l". Alrmjr this Ktl^re the navigator steered till the 1 Ith (hiy in the afternoon, when tlioy were in hititnde 71 Id X., with hind clearly |KTee|iti- blc to tlie southw ard of 70 30 . Here the ship hecanic so pes- tered w itli ice, tliat it heennie neeessary to taek to the east- ward ; and a tedious navi;rati')n, tliron«rh iee, was followed f)r three score leagues. No opportunity was otien'd for approaeh- injr tlie hunl till the 21th, in ahont latitude OH . Kven there a landing; could not l)e elleetcd ; and from thence they drifted down to latitude (>."> 10'. "Then", IJallin ohservt^, "wee left ofl" seekinir the west shoare, because we were in the in- draft of ('lmblkiank Ills, ,iii(i should know nocertaintii", aud in Cot kin's Sol nh, on the 2Sth of July. '{'he day after the l>iseovery arrived in the ahovc-named harhour, a \isit uas paid to an i>laud in the vicinity, on uhieli the enfeehled jxople were fortunate eiiiMi;;h to tind an ahun- dance of " seurvie-^rasse, with sorrill and orpen". Tin; former was boded in beer, and the two latter were eat«'n as s:dlad>. !?y iinaus thereof, " with the bles-iin;; of (iod", the men were restored to pi'rfi'ct health, in which they e represented to be avcn'fjood harbour, out, irtu a de^ji inttt ; uinl h.h it tx'ictltf unMuyrnl to tt>e latitntlt ffuYit by li,i^n of LanCiutfr Sii)i,>il, I have ni>ul>t it wa.* die oaiiiv. an: iircunuy of tf,-it nUf n'iri>;iif;r.' Sir J«.>lni llosK. Iii-iiig Mitisfici-veii^h the I 't torn of Lancaster SuiiU'l \va» ■liioveiol liv Sir K'iwarl I'arrv in An^pist I"*!!*. — i'nifuft uf thf h>il>rfht uml Affrnnilrr i //'»*»(, |-ls. pp l7l-.*». Iyn>n ; I**!!*. \'f,.faiif of thf llfi'f-i '/!.i). I"!!*. i>|i. 2t». e *c<|. |ynod fortune, when I can anoid the imputation of ingratitude, by acknowled^^eiu'j: your nnuiy favours ; and si'ciujr it is not vidiiiownt; to your worship in what estate the businesse con- cernin;,' the North West hath bcene hen-toforc ; and how tin? only hope was in seaichinjr Fn-ttnu Ihirin : which if your SI !''e liii ' not beeiu' the more forward, the acti lie left ol". Now it rema\ netli for vonr worship to know vh:;t hath beene perforuu'd this yeere; wherefore I intreat you to ad.snt oi' my customc, and pardon nu' if 1 take the plaine hii.rh'vay in relating the particulars, without >sin^ any refnied phrases, or chxptent speeches. \ -m." ''SV-i :t \ '» VOYA(.l> OF IJVMJT .\M» ItAHlN. 1 1:» Therefore briefly thus, and as it were in tlie lore-front, I cntend to shew the whole proceeding; of tlie voyage in a word: as namely, there is no ])assa^e nor hope of passa<;e in the noi'th of Daris 8trai;,dits, WC hanin^r eoasted all, or neere all the cireinnferenee thereof, and tinde it to he no other then a <;r( at Hav, as the vova'je doth trnelv shew.' Wherefore 1 cannot I)Mt nineh admire the worke of the Almi^htie, uhen I considci- how \aine the best and ehiefest hopes of men are in thin^es vnccrtaiiK' ; and to spcake of no other then of the hopeful j)assaj;e to the North WCst. How many of the best sort of nun hane set their whole endeanonres to prooue a passage that wayes'.' not onely in eonfcrenee, hut al>o in writing; and piib- lishin<; to the world. Vea what trreat .Nnmnu-s of monev liaiic been spent about that action, as y«)nr worship hath eitslly experience of. Neither would tin* vaine-jrlorious S/jduiar// haiu' scattered abroad so many faKe maps and journals, if they had m)t beene confident of a pa ^ajie this way ; that if it had pleased (ioi» a passa;/e had been*' found, they mi;^dit liaue eclipsed the \>orthy pra\se of the advcntiun-rs and true (bs- eouerers. .\n(l Ww my owne i)art 1 would hardly bane beleeued the eontrarv \ntill mv eves became witnesse of w hat 1 d( >ired • • • not to bane foinid ; >till takin*; occasiiju of hope on euery likelihood, till such tinu- as wc had coasted almost all the eir- einuference of this ^reat l;ay. Nt ither was M \v|i i; Dvxi^ to be blamed in his report and ^rei^ hopes, if bee bad anchored about lldpc Siim/crsoii, to hane taken noti<'e of the tubs; For to that place which is 7'i d«'j;rees \'2 minutes tin- siii is 1 The opiiiiiin oxprosM-il liy Sir J\it >>f ll;ithir'> Hay, i> i;> (lceiile that t'xjire.»>en irii>t. an I liiilivvc iiiysolf, tliat the (>1«jeot» of the vnyaj^c liuve lietn, in i\eiv iiii |Mirtant [mint, aeeoiiijili>lietl ; tliat / A»i»y // Mf fxisft-urr i,f' il ift fut fcti' ///»' nnf^liitu ■ K 1 1 • 4 i 1 - «' no VOYAOES TOWARDS THE NOTITIT-WEST. o|)on, and of an ^^lscarf:llablc depth, and of a good colour : ont'ly the tydes keepe a certaine course, nor rise hut a small hcijrht, as ei;rht or nine foote ; and the Hood coninu'th from the soutliward ; and in ail the Bay beyond tliat place the tvde is so small, and not niueli to he re;rar(Ud. Vet hv reason of snow nu'ltinjr on the lainl, the el)!) is stronirer then the floud ; by meanes whereof, and the windes holding northei'ly the fore part of the yeerc, the great ihs of ice are set to the southward, som into Fretuiu Iludsoii, and other into Xttr- fuiimlldiid : for in all the channell where the sea is open, arc greate (juantities of them drining vp and d(jwue ; and till this veere not well knowue where tlu v were bred. Now that the worst is knowue (co:icerning the passage) it is necessarie and recpiisite your worship should Nudei'stand what i)robabilitic and hope of profit ntight here be made here- after, if the voyage niiglit bee attempted by fitting uu'U. And first, for the killing of ..hales; certaine it is, that in this Hay are great numbers of tlieni, which the IJiscayners call tlie (irnnd litttj nhahs, of the same kind as are killed at (ircrtn- laiid, and as it seemetli to nic, easie to be strooke, because they are not vsed to be chased or beaten. For we being but one dav in Wn vi.k soinu (so called for the number of whales we ft * saw there sh-eping, and lying aloft on the water, not fearing our shij), or ought else ; that if we had beeiu' fitted with men and things necessarie, it had beene no hard nuitter to banc strooke more then windd have nuuh- three ships a sauiiig voy- age ; and that it is of that sort of whah', theare is no feare; I being twise at (Ireeneland, tooke >utlieient notice to know them againe ; besides a dead whale we found at sea, hailing all her finnes Cor rather all the rough of her nu)uth), of which with much labour wo got one hundred and •'ixtie the same evening we fotnid her : and if that foule wether and a storme the next day had not followed, we had ju) doubt bnt to bane had all,or the nu)>t part of them: bnt the winde and sea rising, slice broke from w, and we were forceh, lianin^' a long hoi'ne or bone growing forth of liis f(»rehead or nostrils (snch as Sii: Maim in 1'k()I!I->iii:i;, in his second Noyage, found one), in dim rs places we saw of them : which, if the borne be of an\' good \aliie, no donl)t Ijnt manv of them ma\' be killed.' As concerning what the shore will yceld, as beach-finncs, morse-teeth, and snch like, I can s;/y little, bccans(> we <'anic not on shore in any ol' tJie places where ho[K' \\as of jimlingc them. Hill here som may obiect \\\\\ we songht that coast no better? To this j answerc, that wliih' we were thereabont, the wether was so exceeding fonlc, wc coidd not; for first 1 Till' oil 111 iliu >L';i uiiii iiin {iii'jiicfi'o.'<, mii'ivlnil ) i> ^if ;i .-ii[ieiiur niiiility. TliL- In. in was Idiitr the siitijoct of !i kiini of sii|>cr.«litiiius iLN|iL'ct. It wiiN consideivil to III' cllifaiioiis in the euro of >LVL'nd ; mi'l was lui/.L'il us lifin;;; of tlu- viiv hiiilic^t valiiL-. Tlio .Maijriavcs of Haitiuli jMis>(.'»>(.il one wliirli ro>t tliciii .-is liun'hcil tlion>anil rix-dolla s ; an csttLnii-'l of nioro vahio than il roii.|io-.cil oI'm^mM. Tho hoin i- of a liinr ti'Xtnrc. anil takes a Iti'ttiT |ioli>li. than tin.' iK'iihanl'.-. (/,'////'/','! \'iti/ warilrohc. (l'arcli>ii<.) Tliof Imrns were oa}j;erly sonyht hy the ('ur(iiii.i ami Jn^Kinene : |tarticiilarly when yf a hhick cvUnir. {('ock'n l)i(0'i/ in t/it/Htii. \{j\'.\. A'. / .!/.«.) u IIH VOYACIS lOWAiilt- Tiii; n<)1:tii-\vkst. \\r sMicliorcd in W'oi.stimioi.mi; Sdimi, wIutc |)r('S('ntly wo (lioiu* with two anchors a head; then were we forced to stand forth with a low saiU'. The jiext (hiy, in \\'ii\i.K Soivn, we h)st an anchor and cahh', and eonid fetch tlie phice uo more; then we canu' to anchor nccrc a small iland, lyinj; between Sii! Thomas Smiiii's Soi snan'' \'.'ii \i.i: Soind: hnt the windc canu' inor(! ontward, that we v^erc forced to wcij;h ajraine. Xencrthelc.sse, if we had hcnc in a t I 'enc spent in \;'ine, or the businesse oner eareles:';; ne^riccii'd ; and altln)' '' we haue not performed what we desired (that is, to ha\ »uml the passajje), yet what we have promised (as to brinjr certaintic and a true deseiiption}, truth will make numifest that I haue n(, whose wonderfull operation is such in this bay, incrcasint: and decreasin<^ so suddenly, ami sw ift, bcMUi? in some part, as in Woi.siknuoi.mi; Soim) and in Siu Thomas Smith's Soinu, varied aboue flue points or .")<» (h ^rees, a thiuir almost incredible and matehlesse in all tl. world beside ; so that w ithout jjreat care and •rood obserua- tions, a ti'ue description could not have beene hud.' In fine, whatsoeuer my laboiu's are, or shall be, T csteemo them too little to expresse n\y thankfull minde for your many fau(uirs, wherein 1 shall be excr studious to supply my othi'r wants bv mv best endeauours, and ener re>t at vour W(>rshi[>'s comuiand, ' See note. p. N*"' nide. W'li.i.iAM IJaiii.n.- - I'() leagues from the mouth, a great tyde of floode rnnnes, and riseth sonu'times 17 or IH feet in height, w''' is supposed can- nott be l)ut by some current in the sou in some other place, w''' in pbabiHitie may prone the desired passage".' Sir John AVolstenhohne further states, so satisfied is he of the feasi- bility of the project, that he intends "to make a good round aduentnrc in his own pticuler, and to pswade as many friendcs as he inav, whereby to raise meanes to fiunishc forthe two pinnaces, w*"'' will cost //.!2,0()()". This ajjpeal to the generosity of the worshipful body was no less successful 1 See 111 fill s Letter to Sir Thomas Smith, pp. 9f<-i»!), a.ite. ' Arctic Voi/iit/es, p. i'.h'). 8 Hfc I' s!>. (Dite, and note; and /larriott'n " Three /{rawitK". p. 00. h*:.; VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN IlAWKninOE. 151 tlian former applictitious of the same description had been. '' Seeing", the record states, "that the matter is small for this Companie, and that these workcs bringe forthc some good (as the whale-fishinge was fonnd by the Hke occasion),' yf the yssue prone good, tliey are like to be ptakers of that good j but yf itt should snccedc otherwise, yet the deed is charital)le ; Tlu'ij, therefore, by erecon of hands, did granntc an aduentnre of /i. 200 towards the same/'^ It is apparent, a voyage was contemplated in 1010; and as no othci' voyage but the one nnder notice was nuuk^ between that of lUlot and Ihiflin in 1010, aiul tliat of Luke Fox in 10.31, it nuiy be assumed, that the e\])e(Uti()n under Ilawk- ridge was sent out in the conrsc of the year 101!), aud that it Mas promoted by Sir John AVolsteuholme, aided by his friends, including the Ivist India Fellowship. A.T>. ) Captvix IlAWiviUDfiE, notwithstandinir the reputa- tion he enjoyed as a navigator, and tlie experience he may be presumed to have gained wliile serving nnder Sir Thomas Button, was not more snccessful than his fellow- volunteer, Captain (libl)ons. The only difference lietweeu the two navigators, is, that one was blocked up in a "hob.'", and did nothing; wliile the other roved about to no good l)urpose. All that is known of the jiroceedings of (^aptaiii liawkridge, is a very meagre account given by Fox: as much as he could gather "by manuseript or relation". It seems, the navigator passed by Resolution Island : went to th(^ southward of Mutton's Islands: saw Cape Charles (or Charles' Island) • cruized about some coast, but what coast is not 1 A.n. 1(!1 1, wliiilc-fishins was coininciicc'liii)il, ]t. in."), 47o. '■i Coiu-t Minate Book.— 7:', /. ,IA«. 152 VOYAGKS TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. known, from the 27th of Jnly to tlie 0th of August ; and is supposed to have sighted Sahshuiy Ishind at some indefinite period. > • i ; 1. . i H i> ■" ^ i^. L •^*« § XII. ^Udpacjc of Captnnt Hiikf ffoy. The navigator, whose voyage is about to be narrated, was a native of Yorkshire : a shrewd man, somewliat conceited and given to pedantry, l)ut of a generous disposition. He ]iad been bred to the sea, and was well versed in the use of the globes jind "other matheniatieke instruments". In the course of the voyage he proved himself to be both a good mariner and an able seaman. On one point Fox is to be particnlaily commended. lie si)ared no pains to nnikc himself accpiaintcd with the subject before he embarked in the tuidertaking. He not only diligently studied the wi'itings and opinions of his pre- cursors, but he assiduously consulted all i)ersons, professional or scientific, from whom he had any expectation of obtaining information. In his account of the " preparations to the voyage", he in- forms the reader, that he " had been itching after it ever since 1000, and would have gone mate with Jo/iii I\tiff//il"; but he was not considered, at that time, to possess suilieient experi- ence to entitle him to fill so responsible a berth. The " itch- ing", however, was not allayed by this rebuff. On the con- traiy, he proceeded to strengthen himself, to take advantage of any fit occasion that might present itself In process of time, he becanu^ associated with M. HiiNitY HiiHios, whose name has already been mentioned in connexion with Sir Thomas Button's voyage ; and by pcM'suasion of that learned and zealous gentlenum, the "honouiable knight, Siii John liiiooKE", was induced, "with diiu'rs friends", to join in the VOYAGi; OF CAriAIN }.VKV. VOX. i:)3 adventure. A petition was presented to Citahlks tiik Fiust, and that monarch without hesitation p:ave his countenance to tlie action, and phiced one of the ships of the royal navy at the disposal of the applicants ; hut the season heinj; far spent, it was considered expedient to defer the undertaking till the next vear. In the interval M. Brings died. One half of the adven- turers fell away ; and the project would probably have been abandoned, had not the merchants of Bristol announced an in- tention of sending out a vessel to prosecute the discovery. This announcement excited a spirit of emulation on the part of the London merchants; and, fortunately, at this juncture Sir Thomas Rok arrived in London, h.aving despatched an embassy with which he had been charged to the King of SwinhMi. On being applied to, he entered heartily into th(> project, and, through his iiiHucnce, the King's Majesty sent for Sii; .John WoLSTENnoL:MK, wlio is justly characterized as, ''the never failing friend of this voyage"; and, with Sir Thomas lloe, he was ai)i)ointed to " expediatc the enterprise". The ^[Asri:its and Waudkns of the Timmtv IIcmsi; were, also, commanded to give their aid ; and ^L John Wolstk-NHolmk, the young(>r, was maJ.e treasurer. By the combined eftbrts of these parties, an outfit was pro- vided which seems to have given perfect satisfaction to the commander of the expedition, and which he details, somewhat over elaborately indeed, in the following terms, blaster Fox states : "Iwas victualled comi)letely for eighteen moucths, ])ut whether the baker, brewer, butcher, and other were nn*. of their arts or professions, or no, I know not; but this I am sure of, 1 had excellent fat beefe, strong beere, good wheaten bread, good Iselaml ling, butter and cheese of the best, admirable sacke and arpia-vit;t', pease, oat-nu'ale, wheat-meale, oyle, spice, sugar, fruits, ami rice ; with chyrurgerie, as syn:ps, ju- lcps,con(lits, trechissis, antidotes, bulsoms, gimunes, unguents, iinplaisters, oils, potions, suppositers, and pinging pils ; and if \ -4'.: ' " M 1 'i i i i. Ui: m 151 VOYAGES TOWATIDS THE NORTH-WEST. I liacl wanted instruments niv clivrurKion had enoucrli. Mv carpenter was fitted from tlie tliickest bolt to the pumpe-nayle or taclvct. Tlie gunner from tlie sacor to tlie pistoll. The hoatswaine from tlie cahlc to the savle-twine. The steward and cooke from the calca-on to the spoone". Moreover,ii) the atten- tion Avliieh Avas paid to the body, the mind was not overlooked. Fox adds : " As for bookcs, if I wanted any I was to blame, bein'j; bountifullv furnisht from the treasurer Avith monev to proAide me'\ Ihit he intimates, that, contemplatinjr he should liave little time for study, he had taken care to prepare him- self beforehand for emergencies, lest on some sudden occasion, the same mischance might liap})en to him that befell the Hol- land skipper, a\ ho, Avhcn it Avas too late, '' runne to his chest, to looke vpon his Avaggoner booke". A T>. ) The ship selected for the service was the Charles, a pnmace or seventij tons bin'then, carrynig a comple- ment of twent\' men and tAAO bovs, with an armament of seven ginis. The voyage Avas commenced from Deptford on the 3rd of :May. No event of importance occurred till the 3rd of June, Avhen, somcAAhat above latitude 58' 39', X., a storm Avas encountered, in regard to Avhich the navigator observes, in his peculiar style : "This fulsome ugly morning presented the foulest childe that the Avhole voyage brought forth, a\ ith such variety and changes of the elements, ayre, and Avater, as if all had con- spired to make our destiny fatall". Escaping, hoAvever, Avith- out any accident. Fox proceeded to adopt measures Avhich give evidence of good seamanship and forethought. lie states : " 1 lav a trv in the mizen course, and caused the car- penter to make loose and strengthen the fishes and Avonldings of the maine-yard, Avhich l)eing done, I caused the mizen to be strucke, and the helme to be put on Aveather, to try if the ship Avould Aveathercoyle if I had occasion, toAvhich she obeyed presently, so as 1 a\...s then put into good assurance of her quickc steerage, against I was tf) enter ijito the ice." VOYAfiE OF CAPTAIN HKK FOX. 1 Ot) In latitude N. 58" 30', tlic ship was conceived to be not far from Cape Farewell. The article enjoining a strict look oiit on the part of the watch, was again read to the company ; and the very proper pivcaution was taken, of stationing a man in the fore-top during tlie night. Cape Farewell was not, how- ever, seen, and the circumstance is r.ttributed to the hazy state of the atmosphere to landward. This was on the loth. On the 1 1th of Juno, the weather was close, with drizzling mists, the wind contrary, and the ship in traverse. A large shoal of grampuses " following their leader passed ckiso by", Mhich caused, though wherefore is not evident, the na- vigator to "remember Mr. U'iirnini Broirne lu his Britd'iiivs Pa.sfora/s, where hee writes, the Tritons wafted T/nfis along the British s/iore". The Tritons and Thetis were brought to the recollection of Captain Fox in latitude X. 58 10', tlie va- riation by Azimuth and Almicauter being 1«S . In 58 50' the sea proved almost continually smooth; and black water, Avhich Lad been previously seen, was again noticed, but not so tliiek as before. On the 18th, the GOth parallel was attained. Overfalls and races of tide were encountered, and land being sup])osed to be near, all sail was taken in, and the " shi[) laid to hull". In the evening, al)out six o'clock, just as the com- pany had risen frcmi prayers, they found themselves ch)sc to a mountain of ice, hard to leeward ; and it was not without some dilHt'ulty that collision was avoided by " flatting the ship to the !S. wards". Two davs afterwards laud was nuulc on the N. side of Lumlev's Inlet, or Frobisher's Straits. At that instant, eleven o'clock, the latitude by dead reckoning was 0:2' 17', Jind by a good observation made presently afterwards C>'V 25', the difl'erence being 8' to the westward. Fox takes his last (lej)arture from latitude X. 58 30', on the west coast of Greenland. lie cidcuiates the distance he had passed in crossing over Davis's Straits at ^2:20 leagues, or thereabouts : and the dill'erence between the latitude made by dead reckoning and that by observation being only 8', he i «. *•:;■!■ '1 .i > •! O I f 156 VOYAGLS TOWARDS Tiff] ^ORTII-WEST. ' ' I 1. 1- : r 1 ♦ ^ i . . . I infers the current setting out of the straits, from N. to S., to hiivc been over-rated hy former navigators.' The arrival of Fox in this vicinity affords him an opportu- nity of indulging in a pleasant piece of gossip, to the follow- ing effect : " Seeing now^^, he proceeds to say, " that it hath pleased God to send me thus happily to the land on the N. side oi Luiiik'i/s Inlet, so named after the Eight Honourable the Lord LHiiilcy, an especial furtherer to Davis in his voyages, as to many other lordly designcs, as that never to be forgotten act of his, in building up the pccre of that poor fisher-towne and corporation of Hurtlepoole in the bishopricke of Durham, at his owne proper cost and charge, to the value of at least 2000 poimds. At my first coming thither, I demanded at wliose charge the said peere-towne was builded. An old man answered : marry e, at nnj good Lord Luiuley's, iv\ose soitle ivas in Heaven before his bodies were cold". The following day, the entrance of Hudson's Straits wa« made, and the navigator's account of liis progress through them Avill be adopted. This narrative, it may be premised, exhibits many singularities in point of style. It contains many etiplnu'snts calculated to excite a smile, and to induce an involuntary ejaculation with Morthy Sir Hugh, of: " U7tat phrase is this ?. . . . tchy it is affectations." These affectations cannot, liowevcr, be considered the rciult of a frivolous mind. They occur only in connexion with trivial matters : otherwise, the stvle of Fox is sufKcientlv sober and earnest. Thev ma\' be attributed to the out-bursting of a buoyant spirit, tram- melleil by the contemplatioii of difficulty, oppressed by anxious meditation on the means of escaping danger, and eagerly seizing the most trifling opportunity to gain even momentary relief. The proceedings of Fox, with the measures he adopted to overcome the difficulties in which he found himself, and the dangers to which he was exposed, give evidence of his 1 This oj.inion is confirmoil l>y the observations of Ross. ( Voyarfe of the Isaklla and Ak.'-ander, 181H, pp. 3"j-37, etc. Loudon : 1819.) VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN I.UKE FOX. 157 having been a man of no ordinary mind. They are charac- terized by decision, sound judgment, and skill. The track followed by the old mariner has been pursued by one of the most able and most enterprising of our modern navigators ; and the observations made by him during his voyage, will, it is conceived, demonstrate, that in the above estimate, the merits of Fox are not over-rated. Y^ PASSAGE TIIOROW FRETU5I IIUDSOX. June 21. This snowie morning I stoodc in againe, at clocke 7. I fell aboiit 2 leagues more to the west ott' the same ile I first discovered yesterday. The bay [lat. G2 dcg. 12 min. j lay still full of ice. This W.N. West wind blowetli hard by puft'es. Standing from hence South W., 2 leagues over Luinli'iis inlet, wee had great store of masht yce, and were fainc to beare up for one, aiul loose for another, but the sea was smooth ; after this, for 2 leagues sailing, it was clcare. At night 10, we see land, and made it upon assurance to be Cape Warwick, and this cleere was in the lee thereof; for standing still the same course over, wee found more yce in the south channell, and more comming out of Fretfon Hudson then I had before. The wind blew here bleake and unquoth. 22. This day we had boarded it up in smooth water, bear- ing a good saile lietweene Cape ClihUie and Cape JVurwick, and were entred Freluiu Hudson; and [near by] the iland Re- solution, so named l)y whom I kno' not. But sure I }\m, Davis was the first of us that see it, naming the east end thereof Cape JVarwick} Having made this cape (Cfiidlie), which to doe I stood over, as neere as I could for ice, but was at least G leagues oft*, it appeared high, and 4 distinct ilands. (In number, I iudge there is more.) Being now assured that God had sent me into the passage, I stoode over to the north, with Cape 1 Cope Wani'ick, or, E(trl Waneick's Foreland. See note, p. 4(t, ante : first voyage of Davis : which does not corroborate the opinion of Fox. » r P ■■t ■ 1, ■ » It 1 <> **'•' i^ «*' 1 . t . ■ *'' ■i M m 158 VOYAOKS TOWARDS Till; NORTII-WKST, IVarw'ick ; tlic middle clianiicll ^vas clcarc of icp, and therein I had a good observation of Gl deg. 10 min., elearc weatlicr, and a constant gale, otherwise I dnrst not have stoode to the southwards, remembriiig GihhoHH. It blew in both top- sailes, l)ut towards night the wind lessened ; and I eoidd perceive the ice betwixt me and the cape, to di'ive to seaward, of which, necre the shoare, was great store. The flood comming on, I caused both topsayles to bee cast over, and wee threed it, betwcene ice find ice, with a well- bent flood inwards; so as that we had got above the ile that tvde, if this faire dav had not ended in foirge. A motion was made before this, to looke for harbour ; but that I de- nied, for these reasons given: that I did not know what dan- ger might fall me if I had put into the shore, Avhere lay much yce (as we could see), and wliat yce or sunke rocks might be in the way, I A\as as ignorant of; besides not know- ing Mhether the wind would serve to bring me in a safe road, and how the tyde might set to turne or sayle in, as occasion might fall out ; but the worst was, and that was most 1 feared, the Avind might souther, and then there lieing such store of yce in the passage, would inforce all the harbours full, and so might cut my cable, and put nic on shore upon the rockcs, it flowing much water there, as Baffin reports. ^Vith these reasons wee were all perswaded to ply it up amongst the ice, in sea-roome, rather then to indanger our selves in harbour, or ncere the shoare, where for certaine the broken rockes, the grounded ice, the small ilands, by re- straining the tides, mitst make them reverse with counter- sets and eddies, as mav be observed bv Loxoox Bridge ' the 1 The ancient superstructure has been swept away ; Init, differing in this respect from the " baseless fabric of a vision", the old foundatious mostly remain : in defiance of the efforts of time, and the destructive ingenuity of man. Instead of serving as an illustration of the perils en- countered by Frobisher, Davis, and Fox, from furious races and over-falls of water, the narratives of these intrepid navigators of the northern seas must be consulted, to form an estimate of the dangers which be- VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN LI'KP: FOX. i:)9 bases of avIiosc arclu -, being set in the tides course, doth so restraiue bis motion, that the following streamcs, by heiglit- ning tbe waters, cansetb such a current, as it were, to ingulfc by tbe fall tbereof, as you see tbe Mater-men cannot keepe tbcir boates even on, tbe counter-tyde wbeeling on bcr of tbe one side, tbe eddic cour>ing licr upon tbe otber, not joyning tbeir separations, but gocing, as it were, distracted above CoA^-barbour, before they come to tbemselves againe, to passe westward; and all tins hazard is to no purpose, for Ave arc safer at sea : besides, wee are not sure of anv refresh- ing, and if wee were, we have no neede, being but newly come from home ; and if tbe wind come to south, and so eastwards to north-cast, wee being in the sea, may proccede night or day, but in harbour wee cannot ; and therefore to take harbour were vanity, unlesse to loyter, spend away, and consume time, tbe thought whereof is ridiculous. Tbe fogge and night came both together; and having the last 2-1 houres, quitted aboundance of ice to seaward, which might serve as a baraeadoe, if tbe wind should come from thence, and keepe us safe amongst it, as after {blessed be God) it i)roved, wee made fast to a peece of ice, filld fresh water thereupon, and Ment all to our beds, save tbe watch. ^ set the former passage through LonJon liri'lge. Over the spot, in their days fraught with hazard to the \>>A>\ and the experienced, crowds of persons, neither hold nor experienced, of hoth sexes and of all ages, in these days not only glide in safety, hut without sense of apprehen- sion. 1 On the protection nfonled hy ice. Sir Edward Pakuy ohserves : "The effects to he apprehended from exfjosure to the swell of the main ocean, constitute the peculiar danger of first entering the ice ahout the mouth of Hudson's Straits, which is completely open to the intlueuce of the whole Atlantic. A very inconsiderahle "juantity of loose ice is sufficient to shel- ter a ship from the sea, provided it he closely packed; hut when the masses are separated hy wind or tide, so as to admit the swell, the con- cussions soon hecome too violent for a ship, strengthened in the usual way, to withstand for any length of time. On this account, it is prudent not to enter the ice without a fair prospect of getting seven or eight leagues within the margin. For the "^me reason, also, when likely to he ♦ -ii : , ^ \ M' IGO VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH -WEST. 2P- i. This misty moruinpf made the sumie clime 10 degrees in height, before he coukl pecpc through the same,wlnch after- wards prooved a very faire cahne hot day, making both ice and pitch nmnc, but the ship M'as ench)sed amongst the ice driving with cbbe and flood. About 2 leagues from the south end of Resohdion, I had no ground at ISO fathomes, some of my men said they saw smoake on land, and after it prooved true, for Captainc James [the Bristol navigator] was in harbour there all that same time. jMy master went with boate and killed nine willicks, Avhercof he kindly bestowed upon every messe one. They make strong and good pottage. I pressing hard for getting cleere, that I might proceed, Avas demanded why I made such haste, answered, that as every mountaine consisted of severall peeces, so did my voyage upon fathomes, which must be measured here with speed, though afterward I might take leisure, which added one to another, might in time compasse all the moiintaincs of the world ; and that it fared with me, as the mackarell-men at London, who must hasten to the market before the fish stinkc. This evening the sun set cleare, the ayre breathed gently from the east, and we lay quietly all night amongst the ice. 24. This morning the wind began to gather strength from the E.S.E., the flood came on, and the ice began to separate. I caused one pecce to be made fast unto the ship with 2 grap- \ ! '■ % beset near the sea, it is better to make a ship fast to small than to large pieces, in order to avoid the heavier concussions occasioned by the latter." On the relative advantage of entering hj the centre, or alonr/ the coast, the same authority remarks : " Early on the morning of the !)th of July, the ice closed in upon us, and we remained immovcably beset for a week It was, however, a matter of agreeable surprise to us to find the masses of ice so quiet among themselves, as to give us no disturbance : a circum- stance that seemed to indicate a greater regularity in the set of the tides near the centre of Hudson's Strait, carrying the whole of the ice along in one body, instead of producing the violent cross-sets which we had expe- rienced in shore. In the middle of the strait we could obtain no sound- ings with three hundred fathoms of line." — Voyage of the Fury and Hecla, 1821-23, pp. 9-11. London : 1824. m\ VOYAf/E OF ( APT.VIN F.rKK lOX. 1()1 I ncls, to the intent to towc it iit tl.i; slijps stcrnc, nioorinj; the ship so tliereunto, that she mif!;ht make way X.W. for the north shore, for that it hath l)ccu alwayes said, that the north side wa-s cleerest from ice. Thus made fast, altlioiigli tlic wind foi*st on the ship, yet her way was so easie, as she couhl take no harme, if she had touehed upon the same, heeause this travle or draj; staved her wav : but the wind l)h3win<; on, tlie ship broke on? grapnel olf by the arme of the flooke, and bended the other, so as Me were loose from thence ; but meeting great store of driving ice, I caused to make fast againe for safety, where we were presently enclosed for many miles. ^-"i This morning, the ship broke kjose from that peece, I was made fast unto ; the ship and tackhng being more in the winds power than the ice (it lieing lower), caused lier to drive faster. I caused the spritsaile to be loosed, to binde the shiji's stem to the ice, which gfive alwaves wav with the flood, which set westward ; so the east wind forcing it backe, made it cloze with the cbbe, returning eastwards, which put nice in good hope, that further within the straight, I should linde all cleare, or at least the ice so thinne, as I might passe betwecne one and another ; and with this pcrswasion I drew on the Com- pany, that the S.E. winds which had blown for six or seven dayes before we came into this freet, had kept in this ice, and those west winds, which had ])lowne three dayes Ijefore, and at oiur entry, comming (from about 1 10 leagues) from the bottome heere, in some places 20, in some places 30, and in some 40 leagues more or lesse broad, had packt all from thence, unto this straitened place, lietwixt Cape ChiiUey, and the body of Resolution, and so choaked this entrance, being not above 14 leagues broad. The wind E.N.E. we drive all this time inwards witli the ice.^ 1 On thf ffecti of the iresf vhid. Sir Edward Parry states : '' It may He o^serrcl that, in the course of our endeavoiu's to get to the westward, as Y «' '^'/ 102 VOYAGES TOWARDS THF. NOKTH-WEST. n, Quantify and Shapes of Ice. Now this prodigious tiling we call ice r; of two sorts, as mountainous ice, w''' is a huge pecce, compact, of a great quantity, some of more, some of lesse ; but in this frcet you seldome have any higger then a great church, and the most therof lesse, hcing of severall formes, as some 20, some 30, some 40 yards above the superficies of the water, but farre more under : of these vou mav tell sometimes 7 or eight in sight, so that they are no hindrance to us.' The other is smaller, and that wc call masht or flcackt ice. Of this you shall there have numbers infinite, some of the (juantity of a rood, some a pearch, ,' an acre, some 2 acres ; but the most is small and about a foot or 2, or more above the water, and 8 oi 10 or more under the water, and those are thf^v M'hich doe inclose you ; so as in nuich wind, from the topmast head you shall hardly sec any water for them, but whilst you lie amongst them, it is so smooth as you shall not feele the ship stirre. Onely if it be much wind, make the ship snogge, and at returne of the tydes, when the ice doth loozen, have all care to the rudder. At shift of wind, the ice will make way one from another : in the meane time have patience, and in trailing of ice on sterne, if the ship doe well in this vovago as in that of 1810-2O, a westerly winil, though Mow- ing directly against u.s, was always found ultinuitely to ho the most favourahlo to our purpose, as it hrings away large bodies of ice from that (piarter, and conseijuently leaves a considerahle interval of open water. Tlie most jiroeious uppurtunity to seize, therefore, in this navigation, is at the springing up of an easterly hreeze. after a ualo from the opposite quarter; at wiiich time, if a ship he fortimately unhampered, considerahle progress may generally he made. Not a n\oment of this favouniMc inter- val must lie lost, as the ice invariahly closes again in a few limirs after the change of wind ; which is, l)esides, usually attended with thick wea- ther." — yoi/iiife, etc., J). :{."). 1 On entering Hudson's Strait, the cxjtedition of 1821-23 passed a great numher of ice-hergs. Fifty-fuur were in sight at one time. Some were not les- than two hundred feet in height. ( Voyiufe, etc., p. 7). See also Bathn'b first voyage, p. l(»y, a«^f, and note. VOYAGE Ol' CAPTAIN LUKK FOX. iG;i touch but agaiust it with the stcmnic, so as the strcke so- daiucly stay her way, tlicn have care to keep the lielme in midships, for your trailo with its way, will come presently against the hacke of the rudder, and it lying on either side, is in danger to breake, or set it on wry. There is another way, which is to nuizzell the ship with a pecce of ice close to his stem and bowes ; the ice being so swifted, the ship is to drive it with head saile; but this 1 doe not comend, for that the ship not having fresh way, shall not have her steering beside the edy water the foist ice shall make; not comming (piicke to the rndder, it shall not coui- m.and her, so as if any wind be, she shall cast a thwart with head to the wind, and drive sterne wr.yes, to the great dan- ger of her rudder, if ice be in the way. 25. This day hath been wet fog unto evening (>; then it cleered. At 10 we see land to the iS., not certaine whether Resohttion or no, for there was no remarkeable thing there- on. This evening sun kist Tlict'is in our sight ; the same greeting was 5 d. \V. from the N., and at the same instant the rainebowe was in appearance, I thinke to canopy them a bed. At the beginning of ilood, here is wheeling str(!ames like edic tides, I take to be caused by the ice themselves, one drawing more water then another, and continueth all the time of their nu)ving, nntill they be setled, so as it may be conjectured that it dcjth rnnne ^ tyde under other, as in most places elsewhere. All this time, since the wind came E. ward, it hath not blowne above conrse, and l)onnet gale. 2(). This morning the sun rose cleare, and so continued all this cold virgin da}', for T have not seene one cloud to interpose, yet he went peeping through a cloud to bed. And now the frost takes care that there shall no more }>itch runne from off the sjuj-side of the ship ; and the land towards sun- set, doth so alter by the exhalation of vapour.s, that it shewes f 1()4 \OY.VGES TOWARDS THE NOUTH-Wj;ST. ■F:,, ll.!. h i\ t 1 i V i' ' M ■,:l • f 1 r^i^I i! L !^r ■ ■U il now firme laud, then a bay, now high, then low^ that we cannot say Mlicthcr we make mainc-land, haycs, or through- lets; the ice with the uncertain reflex of the suUj made such uncouistant shapes. 27. This moruing the sun shewed himselfe through Fly- laud, and the south wind drave away the vapours, which fully satisfied our luistakiug of land the last evening; yet we were not mistaken, hut that we drive into the passage all this while. This m ind Avith tyde, helpes to separate the ice, (a little). It beiug advautageous for the N. maiu, I caused to make loose, whence we furthered h a mile, the wind com- niiug AV. with fog, caused us to make fast againe. God thinke upon oiu' imprisonment with ixsii/jcrsedcas. This evening su!i- dog [y (hint] 1 hope may bring some change to our good. This oveicast day proved faire, and a pretty AV.N.W. gale, luitill towards night. My carpenter made straight a peece, above the backe of our rudder, which was set awry with the ice. I caused the lead to be cast in 320 fathomes, but the under ebbe tide did carry it so far to the E. as wee could not thiuke wee had lesse stray then 30 fathomes. The ground was small blacke sand, with long crooked things the length of a needh;, and the small ])0(ly of two shell fishes, like lobsters, but no bigger tlieu luaggots. 2\). This faire hot dav is now almost ueere at end, wc Ive auiongst the ice, and I doe not know Mhat wind to pray for to (piit us of them, they lie so thicke every way ; but I thiuke we feare more danger then wee are in. (Jod for his mercies sake set us at libertie. 1 can [)erceive wee drive to the N.AV. ward, and have 210 fathonu's of water under vs. The sunne set cleere this evening. 30. This hot dav is also at an end. 1 have had an avre of w ind. "With all sayle on board, and threading betwixt the ice, got about I miles N.AV. wards, and stueke fast agaiiu'. Hy till' way, I canu' byone peece of ice, sonuthing higher then the ri st ; wliei'cupon a stone was of the contents of 5 vr (i tonne VOYAGE 01" C'AI'TAIN LUKE FOX. 165 weight,* witli divers other smaller stones tiiul muddc thereon. It seeraeth to condescend with reason, that these pccccs of ice are engendred upon the winters snow, M'liich falling in drifts by the forcing and wheeling of the wind, condensing and com- pacting a great ([uantitiy together, over the stcepe brow of some high monntainc, cleaving tliereto untill dissolving time of the yearc, wlien the earth receives her naturall warmnesse ; then inforced by their weight to tnnible into the sea, cariying with tliom all such trees or stones as tliev have formcrlv in- closed. God be tlianked the ice begun to thinne, and sepa- rate ; tliis liot weather doth fast dissolve them. This night, clock 2, came a small iland of ice, 1)rought up with the latter flood, and by his draught being deeper in the tydes way then the flact or masht ice, had a greater motion continued bv the uudertvde then that which had enclosed us, of which we were fast unto one of the biggest content, to wit, 3 acres. This iland did drive right m ith us, and but that some few masht ice interposed, thereby diverting the course there- of, some 2 or 3 ships length, it had drove directly upon us, and had crusht us mainely, if not to i)eeces, it being 1) or 10 fathomes above water ; and if it had boarded us, being under- mined by the waters continual working, the outside thereof by that shake might have fallen into the ship, and have sunke her. This Mas the greatest danger we were in since 1 came into Fretum Hudson, the fault being in the watch, m ho did not call, that M'C might have set the shij) the one way or the other about the pcecc we Mere fast unto, before we Mere so ingaged as 1 could doe neither. About oiu* houre after, the said iland tookc his recourse back againe to the east, Mith the ebbe faster then the other ice could doe. Juhj 1. This morning H, the sunne was up, before we saw- it ; the dav Mas Marme, and close, but calme, so as I could » !•< 1 *' >hisscs of rock, not loss tlmn a hundred itonnds in weight, are sonio- tinica oliserved in the wiihllc tif ii ^y)Cs nieiisuring half ii mile, or more, each Wiiv."— Voi/niic, etc., |i. Wl. IGG VOYAGES TOWARDS Till') NORTH-WEST. i T • ! 'I . li f 7 a f , 4'! 1^ ii Si not stirre for want of wind. The straight doth cloorr, and this N. land, that hath continued with us since we departed with Resolution it now bearing from E. and S. to N. and by E. The tvde doth set as the land doth lie, south-east and north- Mest. This night 7, it Mas an ayre, farre better then a younger brother, the ice well tliinnM. I caused the ship to be loosed, and bv that time the master Avith the boat was come from killing of fowlc, I stood to the N. about foure miles. This fayre A'ji\ being at an end, I made fast, set the watch, and went to cabin. 2. This morning 2, an easie gale breathed from the E. by south, which caused mec to send to the boatswaine to call up the company, where a chiefe one amongst us, being too sud- denly aw aked, speaking somewhat peevishly, 1 told the rest that the matter was not great, for the children did so when they were awaked out of their sleep. I began now to find the want of a shallop, which at home I did so earnestly desire, for my cocke boat would nor roAve nor sayle to any purpose, so as I dm'st hardly send her from me, for when it was any bil- low, she was not to be rowed, and with saile to windw ard shee Avould doc nothing, tdthough 1 had caused a large lee board to be made to helpe her. This meridianall observation, the wind came west, and I was in 61 d. 57 m., and stood in close to this inremarkeable shore, & so all the land within this straight may 1)e called, for it is all shoring, or (k^scending from the highest moun- taine to the sea. A\ hereon, the snow falling by degrees, doth pressc and burthen it selfe, nniking the masse more solid, which at the spring time, when it loosneth from the earth, its own weight doth force downward into the sea, being all com- l)osed of fresh water, it may be conceived that the most ice we meete in this ])a.ssage is thus ingendred. In the vallies betwixt the mountaines, is some snow undesolved. AVe arc now cleare of chatteri'd ice, yet (in sight) are some ilands, li VOYACE OF CAPTAIN [.I K K FOX. 167 about which wcc can compassc as we please. Here lycth many small Hands close by the raaync^ and there doth appeare to be fayre sounds into the land. Upon the sea, this calnie time that hatli beene, doth swinr-io a kind of corrupt slime; one may thinkc it may come by generation of great fishes, for it feeles soft and unctions, but put it into the fire it will not burne. I doe thinkc that all this time of our imprisonment, this north shore hath ])ccne free, as I could cspie it at Hipcrions going dowue : which valed with a blacke skreene of moyst fogge, wet through our coates before we see it agalne. This favre daves m estwind blew cold and uncouth from out the passage. AVee are all upon kindc tcarmes, di'inking one to another. God hold it. 3. This morninge the sunne lickt up the foggcs dew, as soone as hec began to rise, and made a shining day of it; I cannot say hot, it being counter-chcct by a coole top-sayle gale, from west, north-west, which made our noses runne. The clcarc day emboldened me to stand within two leagues of land to the deepe of 3'i fathomes, the ground white sand and gray with shels : the water was falling ; the houre 1 1 before noone, tlie sunne and moone in opposition. A good tyde set along the shoare to the northwards. The sunne set cleare. It was faire weather and calme. The ship drove along the shore this night to the westward. This morning at clocke one, I called to lauche the boate, to send to shore, to try the tyde, and Jigainst that time tliat I could send to land, 1 had drawne those instructions follow- ing, and given them to loftn CoutcHinn'th, whom I ajjpointed alway to goe in the boate, at whose return 1 expected an ac- count. if. Tlu'se are the fnsfnirfiotis. First, you shall take with you into tlie boate, one halfe hourc glasse, one hidfe minute glasse, one loggc and line, :t W * ]■''■ -■ j- ili-.. i' . ■ I •' I r .\l 168 VOYAGKS TOWARDS THE NORTII-AVEST. cleane paper, one pensill of 1)lacke Icade, and one compasse, with some pecces of iron. Secondly, one ([uartcr saAv, two axes, three carbins guns ■witli powder and shot, two or three lances, two swords, two pikeaxcs, and every man his one day bread. Thirdly, at yonr departure from the ship, turne the halfe houre, and when it is neere out, set your logge to goe by the halfe minute, that therebv von mav estimate the distance be- tweene the ship and land, as also what the boate can rowe an houre. Fourthly, when you shall approach neere the shore in the tydes way, I meane cleare of Bay, Point, or llocke, anchor the ])oate, sound the deep, and marke the tyde how it doth set, and by your logge what it doth passe in the halfe minute. Having rode there for halfe a glasse, weigh your anchor, and goe to land, and duely observe, what qiuuitity of water it doth flow, or fall perpendiculer, in one glasse : whether the height- ening, or lessening be c(piall in every glasse, while yee stay, or noe. Fifthly, being thus on land with your compasse, set all lands or islands in sight, draw the form with your paper and pensill, and estimate their distance. Sixtly, remember I give you no libertie to goe within the land. Yet if for recreation : goe no further then the full sea marke, and armed, leaving two to keepc the glasse and boat. Looke for stones of orient colour, or of weight, scamors teeth, vnicornes hornc, or whale finnc, plants, herbes, or any thing spungy [? that may] fleet out of the sea. If you finde scur- vie grassc, orpin, or sorrill, bring them all on board to me. Seventhly, if you will goe above the full sea marke, looke for footing of wilde beasts ; by that, or their dung, yon may imagine what they arc : if deerc, doe not chase them into the land for fearc of being betrayed, for the people in those parts are all treacherous, how faire soever thev intreat von. Re- member also that the losse of von, or the boate, is the utter overthrow of the whole vovajre. AOYAGK OF CAPTAIN IXKE FOX. lOi) Eiglitly, if you finde of their tents, and they fled, doe no harme to any of their huiklinjjs, but brins with vou the most things of markc, leaving in the same place, a pecce of iron, bigger or lesser, as you estimate the same to be of Avorth Tuito us. And so ncare as vou can, chuse a beach of saiulv liay to land in, for there you shall espie most likelihood of inhabitants. Ninthly, leave one carliine, one lance, and one short sword, to defend the boat, with whose (two) keepers, you shall give charge, that if either they shall espie any token from the ship, as striking the maine topsaile, mison, and spritsaile, gunshot, or firesmoke, or be assaulted bv anv the inhabitants, that then they shall discharge the said carbine. To the first intent, that yon repaire with speed on ])oard ; to the second for their rescue, and vour own safetie. W hen vou come cleere in the tydes way, try it as before in the 4 article; the rest is referred to your own discretion, and so I pray God for your safe retiu-ne. JuJij 1. This morning at clocke 6, the wind came faire, the weather like to be thickc and raine, I beckoj'ed tliem to come on board, but they saw me not. At their departing the dawn- ing being cleare, the ayre calme, and it wsis within an houre of sun-rising, the sea smooth, the ship nearer tlie shoare then at any time before, since we came into the passage, and the whole day towards, I woidd nut loose this opportunity to send to land the boat. After ."3 houres they returned, and gave account that it was flood-tide about clocke 5, and that thev thinke it flowed halfe mi houre. The land lav N.X.W. In this time, with the ship, we drive by an iland of ice a ground in 50 fathome. They found where people had been of old ; their tent walls were of stones laid one upon another, and square built ; found one knife haft, three scverall sorts of lierbes, but my chirurgion knew not what they were ; one peece of drift wood ; they found the dung and footing of deere y It' n {■'.f'tH: rhM i.i 'i !. r ^ ;. '; t! ■ .ff'.f, h 1 1' i" "1 III ' 1 X ^ ■ \ \\\ t ' '\i 1 . it pik 170 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. (lately made) ; and if they may be beleeved, they aflfirme that iu \ of an houre, it did flow above 4 foot water, and that it had above 5 fathomes upright to flow to the full sea marke, which they could easily perceive by the beach, they being forced to rowe and saile 4 miles before they could come to a place to land at. This E.S.E. wind blew on with stiff'e gale and durt. At noone it fell tliicke raine, and continued untill 4 next day morning, in which time wee made way neare 30 leagues in cleare sea, and then had like to have beene im- bayed with ice [that] lyeth thick ott' Prince Henries Foreland,^ the south land bearing round from W.N.'W. ^ Avesterly to 108 degrees southwards, to cleere which wee were glad to put tackes a board, and turne it forth to the northwards, Avhere it was cleare of ice. 5. This morning the sun was vailed v.ith drisling raine. I stood over for the N. shoare ; the master Mould have per- swaded me to stand over for the S., saying the capes on the S. which wee had scene, were Savage Hands, so named by Bylot, this being after wxe had an observation of 62 deg. 40 min., A'ar. 29 deg. We had some circumstance about it, but he went away well satisfied ; and it proved as I tolde him, for at night wee had Savage Hands N., but noe land north- ward in sight. This evening the sunne set M'ith a weather gall opposite, and Zephyrus blewe on a pretty gale, at the same instant the lead was Avet in 150 fathomes, the line having 20 fath. straie to the E., and I thought the tyde set W. The most of this day I stood away N.W., but was glad sometime to alter course to the N. for ice, for the S. land lay all full.. , 6. This day hath bin very hot. Before this S. wind came I did thiidcc the wind had blowne either right up, or right 1 Sir Edward Parry was informed by the master of a IIudsouN Bay ship, that little serious obstruction was encountered iu Hudson^ Straits, " except from a body of ice, which they usually have to penetrate near Charl€s\ Island, and which from the frequency of its occurrence has ob- tained the name of " Charles' i PatcW".- -Voyage, etc., p. 17. VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN LUKE FOX. 171 f. downe the passage, viz. E. or W., as for the most part it doth. Tlie W. is cleare, faire, and hot sun-shine, hut the aire is cold; when it veeretli al^out, as once in 3 dayes, and hy the S. it is either thick raine, soft sleet, or Avarme fog, the wind E. or thereabout ; these done, he changeth to the W. againe, bringing tlie weather faire as before. I did thinke tliat this day the tide set forth : this morning mc saw Cape Charles 12 leag. off, S. S.E.I 7. The sunne did rise cleare. At clocke 8 came on a fogge, and continued unto one ; wee had store of ice to the S. off us; then, it cleared and we were come to the westward, amongst much ice, and had sight of a high iland, bearing W. about 6 or 7 leag. off. Wee saw also the higli land of the N. maine 12 leag. off. The sun set valed, and we had no ground at 150 fath. It fell to raine, and I tookc in both topsailcs, and stood to and againe among the ice. 8. This morning was cold, witli some snow, and tlie W. wind blew hard. We made the ship fast to a great peece of yce, which she plowed through the rest, by force of the gale, although we had made her as snug as we eovdd. At noone we were in 63 dcg. 31 min. Now the wind calmed, and I made loose, and stood to the N. ; and at sun-set 'ng I had sight of the N. maine againe; t]ie sun set cleare thu, evening. 10. This morning sun rose cleare, and I stood to the N., close to an iland nere the maine, which iland, at my returne, I named He Nicholas ; from which, with a S."\V. wind, I stood over to the southward, and stood with the iland I saw the 7th day before, I hoped it would prove SaUsbury. This day ended, wee made fast agfiinc, for all this north chan\iell was thick with ice, upon which we filled 2 hoggshcads with fresh water. I loosed againe, and with a small gale came within 4 miles of Sallsbio'ies Iland, for it can be no other ; it is high land, but not clifted. I caused to make fast againe, for that ucre the land and the middle clianncll was all full of ice, and ^ Iludwn named all on the S. in his str.iite. — Fox, .f 4.: . iij: m 'A I,. Ill I I, !l|, ; Ifiir ii^' 17;> VUVAliKS TOWAUUS TllK NOia'lI-\VL>T. no ground at 120 futli. ; and untill G the tide set westward, and then it returned. AVliat tide it Mas I could not disccrne, altlioubi.s-waix : and Ben Jonson I'ses the a instead of the o. From this, the etvmok-gr- mav be traced to the Sa.ron "Ccopl", or "Capl", and the Teutonic krrl : and Charles Wain m.ay be considered to mean the ChnrFs, or Pefi»int'i Wain. C K. Im / } 1 m 176 VOYAGKS TOWARDS THE NORTH-WKST. UK V. { : :i I M 23rd (lat. 61" 37') was a fair, clear day, with easy winds, warm air, and no ice. The 2 Ith, the lat. was 62^ 20', var. by azimuth and almicanter, 26" 31'. The 2r)th, the lat. was 62° 36'. The 26th, in lat. 63^ 2(V, was "as hot a dav as anv in England, and the Pettie dancers and Henbanes", as the , Aurora BoxCalis is termed, "flashing during the night": t^j wherejai doth Master Fox wisli "joy to our Antipodes" . On the 27th, in lat. 61' 10', an island was descried, which was taken to be the X.E. side oi Sir Thomas Button' sUt Ultra. The evening on which the discovery was made, was as fair as cor Id be imagined. No land, within ten leagues, was to be seen to the N.E., or E., or S.E.; but it was imagined a shore couhl be traced from N.X.E. to AV. soutlnvard. An exami- nation of this island proved it to be a place of sepulture. The corses were laid, with their heads to the westward, on tlic rockv bed of the isl'\nd, walled about with blocks of stone, and protected, at top, from tlic weather witli old shnlges, "artificially made". Eacli plank was from nine to ten feet long, and four inches thick, but, "in what manner the tree they have bin made out on, was cloven or sawen, it was so smooth, that it could not lie discern'd". The long- est of the corses did not exceed foiu' feet. They were wrapped in deer-skins; and arms, with otlier implements carved in bone, were deposited with them. The mariners took advan- tage of the occasion to promote their own comfort. It is observed : " we rob'd the graves to build our fires, and we brought on ])oard a wliole boate's huhng of firewood". Having given the name oi' Sir Tlionias Rov's ll'elronie to this island, a designation which has since l)een extcnck'd to the straits in wliich it is situated, Fox discontinued his ])ro- grcss towards the northward, and took a southerly course. The reason he gives for this proceeding is as follows : " for I was directed bv the letter (>f mv instructions, to set tlie course from Caries Sirannc's Xest, N.W. by X., so as 1 might fall with the west su\v, in 63 d., and from thence southward, i'l Ml VOYAGE OF CvrTATX IXKK FOX. 177 1 to search the passajjc (lilifjently, all the hay al)ont, uutill 1 came to Hiidtiou's Bail''} Fox ohcvcd liis instructions, fliouu-h he evidently entertained an opinion, that this was; tlu fittest part to search for the passa<;e; " heing moved hy the hii;h flowinfj; of the tyde and the ivliuh-s, for all the tydes that floweth that bay, commcth [neere] from thence". (ioing west al)ont S'r Thomas Hoe's Welcome, another island, Avhite, like the one that had been left, was raised, to which the name of Brookk Coihiam was fjiven, in commemo- ration of the services of a man to whom Fox ex[)resses himself as heins; jjcreatly indebted for deliverinp^ his petition to his Majesty, and for brinj^in^ him into the lloyal Presence, "there to shew the hopcfnl possibility of the attempt": an act as graceful on the part of the monarch, as the acknowledgment is bccominjj: to his subject. To another group of islands in the same vicinity, the name of IJitKiHEs ms Matui;maticki;s, Mas given. From the 29th, the track lay along the east coast of Ame- rica ; and on the 2nd of August, Fox was off an island in latitiulc Gl° 10', which he presumed to be the Ifoiics Clwckhl of Sir Thomas Button. On the (5th, he looked \\\io Hii hart' n Hope, and satisfied himself it was a " vaine hope" to find the passage in that dii-ection ; and then lie saw land gently de- scending to the sea side, " the greenest and best like", he savs, he had seen since he " came out of the river of TIkiihcs. and as it were inclosed with thick rowes of trees betwecne one meadow and another, distinct, as it wervJianic IlIinoh ncrc Lutt- (loH, iind at sight thereof" he "did thinke of them". 'I'his was in lat.51)^5'. Standing on along shore, they came to the mouth of a great river, at the south entrance of which was a dill', i-e- presented to be "like unto UalsfH rl'tjfc, near Hf/riric/i". On the Hth, Porf Nr/son was made, and having debated the i)ro- 1 The uutli'ir i>i' tin: A irfic Voi/tii/i.i iiii|nitc's liliimc tn l'"-. ^ 'il,. m r H. 178 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. pricty of wintering there, it was determined merely to look in and then proceed on the voyage. On the 10th of August, Fox entered Nelson river, and plied up Jihout a mile witli the flood. He would have gone higher, ])ut was prevented by the shallowness of the w ater. He was content, however, for he was enabled to moor in a snug berth, which afforded facilities both for refitting the vessel, and for putting together a pinnace, that had been brought out in frame, and of which the navigator Mas in great need. These necessary proceedings were not comiiletcd till about the 19th. IJoth sides of the river are represented to be full of small woods ; find the north shore to be a clay cliff, like the Naze in Essex, but not so high. On shore were found : good grass, store of Avood, black -berries, straw-berries, grosel-l)erric;s, vetches, and several sorts of shrubs. \'arious fi-agments of the timbers of a vessel, of casks, and of chests, were also found. A cross, which, it was conjectured, had fallen down, or had been ])ullcd down ; and *' a l)oard broken in two, the one halfe (juitc gone, whereon had been the Kinges amies, and an inscription of the time of Sir Thomas Ihitton, with his owne name : when and why he tooke harbour, with other expres- sions", were viewed with great interest. The cross was re- erected, and this inscription, on lead, nailed thereon : " I sitj)- poac tilts rro.sse iras first erected Ity Sir Tiioafas lii tion, in. 1(513. ft was af/aine raised Inj Like Fox, Capt. of the Charles, in the riijht and possession of nnj dread soreraif/ne Charles the FnisT, Kiiif/ of Great Brittaine, etc., the 15//i of Ani/nst, 1031. Tins LAM) Ls CALLED Xeav Walks." Fox was under sail when the piece of board was brought to him, and he carried it away with him : otherwise, he says, " 1 woidd have cndea.oured to liave rcnned the same, as the act of my noble predecessors". Fox in this proceeding exhibited a just and generous spirit, wliich is to be connnended. On the night of the l!)th the follow iug observations occur : "At 10 were many pettiedaiu'crs. 1 hope faire weather to \j %i >t /' y VOYAGE 01' CAPTAIN lA KK I'OX. 171) come, yet liave vec had such as I pray our nciglibours, in Euf^hnid, have no worse ; and they cannot have l)ettcr harvest Aveatlicr to have hi their crop. And thongli this may be thought nothing pertinent to the history of a sea journall ; yet having been dissuaded from tliis voyage, in respect of tlie ice, I may thus mucli Avritc for the incouragement of others, that may liap])cn to navigate this way, God giveing goodc successc to this enterprise, that a sea voyage of discovery (to a phice unknoMue, and farre remote and in the like clime) cannot be taken in hand with more health, case, and pleasure. I am sure it hath been warme ever since we came from the ice.'' The 21st, in aljout latitude X. .17 10', it is oljserved, that since quitting Sir Thonuis Roe's ^Velcome, not a single indi- cation in favour of the desired passage had occurred. No high land had been seen : no deep water had been found ; and on trying the tide four times in this locality, it proved invari- ably to come from the eastward. Fox therefore comdnded they were " so far from their jir'ninmi iii()h'ilv'\ that it was .scarce worth looking for. Having chronicled these observa- tions, the navigator adds : " The moone is in the increase, and I thank (iod it doth make the nights grow lighter. Tlie ship is anchoi'cd, tlic watch is set, a mark is set on the lead-line ; and sleepe like a thcefe doth slily steale vpon me". From the above day till the 27th, the line of the coast was followed, on Easterly, E.S. easterly, and S. easterly cours(>s, the hopes of discovering the |)assage in that dir(>ction, dimiiiishiiig daily. It was calculated on the latter dav, that thev were sixtv leagues E.S.E. from Port Nelson, and in latitnde 55' 50'. Three days afterwards, ('(t/i/ai/i Jaiurs, of Jir/.sfo/, in llu; Murid, and Co/iftiin Liikc Fo.v, in His M C/tar/cs, met in llndsou's Hay. At first some dillicnlty was experienced in connnunicating, but at length the Maria's shallop with the lieutenant, coxen, and three others on board, canu' ah)ngsi(h" the Charles. The rowers were taken between decks, enter- ^i: H 180 VOYAGKS TOWARDS THE NOllTII-WEST. i4: m tained at several messes, most carefiillv examined as to tlieir procccdiii'^s, and every partieular extracted from them : tlioiijrli, it must be confessed, Fox did not make any attempt to conceal his own proceedings, hut, on the contrary, seems to have communicated tlicm without any reserve. The day following Uiat on whicli the two ships met, the ('a})tain of the Charles dined, by invitation, on ho.ard the Maria. Fox represents his reception to have been cordial, and his entertainment to have been as hospitable as circum- stances woidd admit ; but the visit did not impress him with a favourable opinion either of the craft, or of her commander: who was considered to prove himself by his conversation " a practitioner in the mathematicks", but " no seaman". AVith regard to the vessel, it seems there was not sufficient ac- connnodation in the great cabin, so the party dined between decks, and though the ship Mas but in "tMO courses, .and main bonnet", so much water was thrown in, that " sause wtmld not have been wanted, if there had been roast mutton". This circumstance caused Fox to ponder, " whether it were better for James his company to be impounded amongst ice, Mhere they might be kept from putrefaction by piercing ayre, or in open sea, to be kept sweet by being thus daily pickled". Having seriously observed, "they were really to be pittied", the facetious navigator resumes his jocular tone, describing the ship " taking her licpior as kindly as them sehes, for her nose was no sooner out of the pitcher, but her nei)e, like the duck's, was in't againe". Seventeen hours were spent in company with the ]\Iaria, which Fox declares, were the " worst spent" of any during the voyage. Having taken leave of his rival, Fox stood southward along the land, till he came to a "knoale bearing S.W.", which was somewhat higher than the rest of the shore. This Mas in la- titude 55" 11', and by account 05 leagues from Port Nelson. This spot, or a spot close in the vicinity, Mas nanu'd Uulsten^ hohiH's Vltimu Wile. Tlie navigator Mas convinced from ob- .:'! 4 VOYAGF OF CAPTAIN LIKE FOX. 181 "a scrvatioii of tliorc bciiif; no passap;c " from 05° 30' circularly to 55 10'/' and adopted the above name, as expressive of lils oi)iniou tliat Sir John would not lav out anv more moncvs in search of this bay; and his opinion was well founded.' Quitting T'ltima Vale on the 3rd of September, a course Avas shaped, X.E. by E. Next day land Mas seen, in latitude N. 57" 55', which was n.amed 1li: Slkkpi;. The 7th of Septeml)er Gary's Swans' Nest was seen. The following day Cape Pembroke was made in latitude X. 0.2' 23'; and it is placed by Fox at two or three leagues X.E. from the Swans' X'cst. Then, with the wind at S.E., they " plyde up" across a bay to a point which was named Cape Linsey. On dou])ling it, the land trended X. and then X^.E. X'ext, on the 13tli, in latitude 02^, across a second bay, another head- land was discerned, with a " knowell thereon", and it was de- signated " Point PEUECiuiNE". The following day, the S.W. side of Sea-horse Point was sighted. This headland is de- scribed as being of " an indifterent height, descending by de- grees into the sea". An {vccumulation of ice was now fallen in with, which rendered it necessary to alter the course, and it was accordingly shaped " close hald, E.X.E." Sight was had of ^lill Island on the 15th; and the passage by which the west side was made. Fox named III rin's Tmioudii-LET, "for that he, upon the fore-yard, conducted in the ship." The ship remained at anchor from the 15th till the 18th of September. AVith tiie morning flood he " plied vp by the X. mayne, and stojjt the ebbe in sixty fathoms neerc shore", and about five miles S.of a fair headland, made by the land trending E. and X. from the same, which was named Kinc; Cuaules his Pkomontory, and another cape to the X., the land lying there N. and S. V W., was called Cape Mauia. The latitude of King's Cape, by account, was made to be GV 10', and that of 1 The loss of Sir John Wulstciiholmc on this particular voyage, is esti- matcil liy Fox at i.'4<"i; ainl his aggregate losses on account of the North- west euterprise, at i'l !<'<». I if ^^; "i m 5 t i. • I'll*.. m ' 18.2 VOYAGES TOWAKD.S THE NOUTII-WEST. 1 i i Queen^s Capo, G5' 13'. Near the former, to the N., were three islands, passable round aljout, standinjr like an equi- lateral trianj]jlc, which were called Tiumtie Islands, "in re- membrance of the house in Deepford Strand". A fourth, lying outside, was lumied Isle Cooke, Fox thinking of " his good friend and countcnanccr, Mr. AV alter Cooke, an assistant in that corporation. On naming the King and Queen's Capes, the healths of their majesties and of the young princes were pledged. "This little recreation we had at this celebration", the narrator re- marks, " hath much comforted om* nuni that were aboue, and something cheered those that Mere downe, as the master, the boate-swaine and his mate, the gunner, carpenter, ex- poser, [Christopher] Russel, yet they seem to be the worse, since this certaine triall of the tyde to come from S.E. with his constant flowing and ebbing, doth make them conceiue, that this hard labour is in vaine : vet thev sav nothing to mec but this N.W. tide was mistaken : for t/ie Masters of the Triiiiff/ House were very carcfa/l that I should bee ivell inati'd, so that I had not aboue 5 but were capable of an accompt, and therefore easier to be f/ouerned, and more helpefull to the de- stf/ne. Thus", he continues, " wee ended the euening in feasting, and reposed vntill clocke 1.2 in the night, and then we weighed anker againc; Mr. Ilurin and my selfe, hoping by this faire meanes to indurc our sufferings, thereljy to see the hopes of the supposed passage this way". Passing by a head- land on the I20th of Sepiember, m latitude G5' 50', to which the name of Loud Weston's Poktland was given. Fox, on the 2l2nd reached a [)oint, in latitude GO' 17', where the land trended to the S.E.; and this he chilled Foxe his iahtuest.' 1 Between Lord Weston's Portlund and Ft>x's Farthest, tlic chart.s in- troduce a Point Pereguixe. This name is not tu ^>c traced in Fox's Jour- nal, or chart, ill this place. It may have hecn inserted on th-. .nu'iority of Ilurin's journal, of which a iuanuscrii»t exists, hut to whicn i have not obtaiiiol -icccss. C a. I! *,t ■tl VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN LUKE FOX. 183 Fox represents lie was sent out on the voyage in conse- quence of a statement made hy Sir Tliomas Button, that the tide in tlie vicinity of Xottingliam island came from the north- west, a point, however, v/hicli was disputed, on good grounds, but without success, hy ]?ylot, who served in the expedition with Sir Thomas Button. Bv exact obscnation, Fox ascer- tained that the tide came from the S.E. at Xottingliam ishind -^ ami the same, he alleges, proved to be tlic case at tlu» point he designated " his farthest".-' The master thought, and Fox conciu'red with him, that the adventurers would be satisfied when thcv found the vovajre had been undertaken on a wTong report of the tides, and that it was expedient to turn towards England. Other circumstances contril)uted to strengthen this opinion. It is observed : "The winds were north-west, nor could I star the chauire thereof, for the most of my best men, as master, gunner, caii^cuter, boatswainc his mate, and one or two of the common men, v.cre downe ; the rest complaining of cold paines, and no raarvell, they having 1 On the 1st of Augxist lS-21, the currents were tried in mid-cliiinnel, between Nottiughaui Isliind and the northern land, with the foHov'ng result- : at 8 a.m., E. by S., 1 mile per hour ; at 0.4n, E. I.y S.. 0-1(5 mile ; at 11.1.">, slack (? low) water, noon, W.N.W., 1| mile i-er hour. — yoi/af/e of Ihe Fanj and llech, 1821-:i3, p. 24. London : 1^24. 2 On the tides about here, Sir Edward Parrr observes : '' The rapidity iind irregularity of the tides in this neighbourho«>tiubance as has here been noticed." In a note. Sir Edward adds: " Baffin particularly insists on this being the case [the northerly set of the tide down Fox's channel], V>oth near Trinity Islands, and oti" South- ani]>ton Island; and I think, notwithstanding a contmrv f'jiinion held by Fox and Yourin, our observations of the tides in tliis neighl«ourhood, and subseiiuently at Winter Island, seem ta confirm tho-e of Iljifiin." — Voyage of the Fury and Ihdn, 18:21-23. p. 3(>. London : \^'1\. « ' I •l ! * 184 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. hr beene ovor-toylcd in the bottomc of Sir Thomas Button's Bav (and that undiscovered, betwixt him and Hudson), witli wateldng and -warding day and night, manning shipc, boatc, and pinnace, both in anchoring and sayling ; but especially at the leadc, when in all tvme of mv savling the said Bav, there was never one from keeping the same". It is added : " The weather had beene for about 3 Aveekcs before, nothing but snowe, frost and sleet at best, our selves, ropes, and sayles froaze, the sun seldomc to ])e scene, or once in five dayes, the nights 13 houres long, the moone wayning. And in conclu- sion, I Avas enforced cither to seeke for harbour, or freeze to death in the sea". Objections existed to seeking for a har- bour. There was none nearer than Port Nelson ; and if that place were made, it was feared the provisions Avould not last out, or, that the people AAould be rendered incapable of ser- vice. At least, so Fox thought, remembering the sufferings experienced by the crews engaged in the expeditions mider Hudson and Sir Thomas Button.' On these considerations, on the 21st of September, sail Avas made toAvards England. The 22nd, standing along the coast, Fox named a headland about tAA'cnty leagues beloAv Lord Weston's Portland, Cape Dorchester, designating the north side of it Poynt Barte, and the south broAV Carleiox. On the 23rd Fox embodies the folloAving extravagant idea: " This morning Aurora blusht, as though she had usher'd her master from some anchastc lodging, and the ayre so silent, as though all tliose handmaidcs had promised secresy". Passing bv the Charles' Foreland of Bvlot, a fair sound Avas obserA cd, and named The Prinli; his Cradle, Avith an island to the AAcst, Avhich Avas designated The Prince his Nurse. Distant, E.S.E., ten leagues from Prince's Foreland, a fair lieadland was named Cape Dorset, and three leagues to the E. of that 1 Answcrc to uneertainc rumours (or aspersions) given forth ai^ainst me, concerning my coming Lome from the Northwest, etc. — N. IT. /a/.', pp. 244-249. n % VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN LUKE FOX. 185 another cape was distinguished by the appellation of C.Cooke. Between these capes, in a deep bay, lay an island, which uas named Isle Nicolas.^ In the evening tliey were eight leagues from Isle Nicolas, with Salisburv Island bearing W. bv S. i S., distance 12 leagues. The course Avas t. i directed be- tween Savage Islands on the N. main, and Charles Cape (or ishiud) on the S. main. On the 25th of Septeml)er, it is observed : " this day was some snowe. God continue this W.X.W. wind, for wee have manv that alreadv have made a scurvie voyage of it. The mr. is up againe". Queen's Cape was afterwards made, and in the vicinitv two ishuuls were seen. One was named Sackfield, aiul the otlier Cuow i:, after Sir Sackfield Crowe, late treasurer of the navy. Then, pass- ing by the Isles of God's ]\lcrcy (about lat. G2^ 40), Reso- lution was sighted on the 27th. From this date, nothing occurred of interest till the vessel arrived in England. Cap- tain Luke Fox concludes his narrative in the following words: " The 31, blessed be Almighty God, I came into the Doinncs, w ith all mj' men recovered and sound, iu)t having lost one man nor boA\ nor anv manner of tacklinir, havinj' becne forth near G moneths. All glory be to God". In relation to this voyage it has l)een observed : " on the 25th of Septend)er, he [FoxJ begins to think they had made but a ' scurvie voyage of it', and that in liis opinion it was the best they could do to bear up homewards",'- Fox's observa- tion will not bear this interpretation. It refers to the un- healthy condition of numy of the people, and not to the cha- rsicter of the voyage ; and his determination to ])ear up home- wards, for the reasons already detailed, w as taken on the 21st. Moreover, there is very good evidence to shew tlint t • i 0. Linscy, C. Portlixnd, C. Dorset, and C. Dorchester, were named after the Lords Oomniissiouers of the Admiralty, to whom Fox considered hiui- solf indebted for the furtherance of his iindeitakini;'. I.-le Nicolas was named after their (Secretary ; C. Cooke, after the Secretary of State. - Arctic Voyages, p. 242. n B Illy «i ■ i ^■■y 'y »< - M J in \- lit »».'■' -., 1 -■ i-: ]8() VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. Fox (lid not consider ho had, by any means, " made but a scurnc voyage of it". In his " answer to aspersions", already quoted, he decLares, he has " proceeded in these discoveries further than any other of his predecessors, in lesse time, and at lesse charge": that he has " cleared up all the expected hopes upon the W. side of Button's Bay from GH circularly to 55, and on the point from Swans' Nest to Sharke Point [?], not perfectly discoucred but now by him"; and that he " car- ried a tydc, comming from south east through Fretum Hud- son, all along thfit east side to CG degrees 30 minutes, or thereabouts, things not knowne heretofore". With this voyage, the connexion of theWorshipfull the East Iiulia Fellowship with the North-west project, terminated. It appears from the minutes of the Court of the Committees, tliat in the vcars 1G25 and 1G31, Sir Joiix Wo ..-ten holme applied for further assistance. Pecuniary aid was not, how- ever, given on either occasion ; but the Court consented to forego the monopoly they held in spices, and agreed to per- mit the vessels which might be engaged in the enteqirise, to be laden with that commodity at Bantam : provided they made their way through the contemplated passage. And to the Honourable Successors of the Worshipful Fellowship, the writer expresses his acknowledgments for permission to use the information traced bv him in their records. ^^ XIIT. (ITopngt of Captain Samrsi* This navigator, already named in connexion with the voyage of Captain Luke Fox, having been selected by the merchants of Bristol, to search for a passage by the North-west, was J,' { VOYACE OF CAPTAJM jAMf*. 187 placed in command of a vessel named tli Maria, ' ' seventy tons burden, which had been expressly ' '* for th servio* Aictuallcd for eighteen months, and manned with twenty-tw. hands. W A. 1031, ^•i>- ) Captain James sailed from the Severn in the same vear, in the same month, and on the same day of the week, that Captain Luke Fox sailed from the Thames, namely, on the 3rd of :Nray 1G31.— On the 1th of June an immense quantity of ice was fallen in with otf Cape Farewell. The sliip was struck repeatedly and violently. Strenuous efforts were made to stave off the driving masses, but in vain. The poles used for the purpose were shivered, and the Maria became more and more enclosed until the (Jth, when, fearing to be crushed astern by some " extraordinary" pieces of ice, the commander ordered some sail to be " let fall"; and the ship was driven stem on against an iceberg ahead. It was thought the vessel was rent in twain ; but a trial of the pumps proving the contrary, all hands went to prayers, to return thanks for their merciful deliverance. Soon afterwards the shallop Avas crushed, and taken on board to be repaired, the long-boat being hoisted out and towed astern ; but the long-boat got adrift, and was not recovered without great ditficulty, being "much bruised", and two men in her being " much hurt". At length, on the 17tli, the Island of Resolution was made. Not possessing, or not exercising, the judgment ennced by Fox, Captain James kept close in with the land. On the 17th, the navi- gator observes : " We had got about the southern point of the island ; and the wind, at west, drove both us and the ice upon the shore. AVhen we were driven within two leagues of the coast, we came among the strongest whirlings of the sea that can be conceived. There were great pieces of ice aground in forty fathoms of water ; and the ebb, coming out of the broken grounds of the island, among those isles of ■¥- ^U^^.t ^e^.'. x-^ if / / f. i r» . vi. ^■^ ps iij. J'-. i ■ I m |.l. ' :' ^ii ■.ii ' 1 ■1 I i 1% - if s; . i ) ! ,' I*'' ^ k ; , 4 1 1 kI IB) ii :j ..I :■! nil "■• r 188 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE X01!TII-WEST. ico, made such a destruction, that we were carried sometimes close by tlie rocks, and sometimes so ckise hy those high pieces, tliat we were afraid they wouhl fall upon us". A boat was then despatched to look out for a place of security, and was nearly lost; the ship, in the meantime, being either driven furiously, by the currents, over rocks which Mere visible at no great depth, or " whirled round about back again, not- withstanding the sail that was aboard". In this extremity more sail was mad(?, and the ship proceeded with still greater rapidity over rocks covered but by a few feet of water, till at length it was deemed expedient to let fall an anchor, though with little expectation of its holding. " But", it seems, " by good fortune, the ship ran against a great piece of ice that was aground". By this piece of good fortune the main knee of the beak-head was broken, four of the main shrouds were carried away, together with an anchor at the bow. In getting into a place of refuge which they discovered, the shij), notwithstanding all their endeavours, settled on a sharp rock, about a yard above the mainmast ; and as the water ebl)ed, " she hung after her liead, and held to the offing". The proceedings which were adopted on the occa- sion of this mischance, are thvis narrated : " We made fast cables and hawsers aloft to the masts, and so to the rocks, straining them tough with oui' tackles ; but, as the w^ater ebbed away, the ship was turned over, that wc could not stand in her. Having now", the narrator continues, " done to the best of our understandings, but to little purpose, we went all upon a piece of ice, and fell to prayer, beseeching God to be merciful unto us". Afterwards, the ship, it is said, " was so turned over, that the portless of the forecastle was in the water, and we looked every minute when she Avould overset : indeed, at one time, the cables gave way, and she saidv down half a foot at that slip". However, when the tide made, the vessel righted, and floaied oft', without sustaining any mate- rial damage. The scene of ihoo events was named Thk Haubouu of (lOon PuovinENCF-:. (• VOYAfiE OK CAPTAIN JAMES. 189 From thence, Captain James made liis May into another harbour, lat. N. CI 24', which was named J*rice's< Cove. The experieuce of this navigator induces liim to " adWse no one to come near those dangerous sliores, for fear he Uise liis sliip". Sail \ra.> made on tlic 2 Itli. On the 5th of Julv thev were in hit. X. 63' 15', Salisbury ishmd bearing AV. by X. 7 k^igues. Soon afterwards, Prince Cliarles's Cape, with !Mill Ishmds, were seen; and on the 15th tliey were between Digges Isle and X'ottiugham Isle. The IGth, a course was taken towards Mansfield's Island. Plentv of ice was fallen in with, and the ship is represented to have " struck more fearful blows" than had been experienced at any prenous time. On the 29th, notwithstanding all sail was made, with a still' gale blowing, the ship is represented to have been so fiinily enclosed, that " she stirred no more than if she had been in a dry dock'". Whereon, the whole party went boldly on the ice, to sport and recreate themselves, letting the ship stand still under all her sails. The 1st of August, Hubbard's Hope was fallen iu with, and during the following night the ^laria struck heavily on a rock ; but " it pleased God", Captain James informs the reader, " to send two or three good swell- ing seas, which heaved them over the rocks into three fathom". The 16th, sight was lad of Port Nelson; and no mischance occurred till the 21st, when, perceiving the ship to be driv- ing, an attempt was made to weigh the anchor. By the chop- ping of a sea, and through a small rope having got foul of the cable, the crew at the capstan were overthrown. By this accident the master was bruised ; the two mates Avere hurt, one in the head, and the other in the arm ; one of the lusti- est men was struck on the breast bv a bar, " that he lav sprawling for life"; another had " his head betwixt the cable, and hardly escaped"; and the leg of the gunner was so much lacerated, that it Avas found necessary to amputate the limb. Pursuing a sontb-easterly course, a cape Avas made on the 2nd of September, in lat. N. 55" 5', to Avhich the name of Henkieita Maria Avas given. On the (Uh, Captain James ^ , ir't ^r.^ii t m ,' i it .^ b^^ 190 V0YAGE3 TOWAllUS Till: NORTH-WEST. IP* M and his crew found themselves in the predicament of " Jonas ill tlic wliale's bellv, the sea did so continuallv ovcrrack them": an event whicli Luke Fox did not contemplate, thougli lie anticipated their bchig thoroughly pickled. The 7th, aii island was seen, in lat. N. 53^ 5', and named Lord Weston's Island. On the 12th, through the alleged carelessness, or pcrverse- ncss, of the watch, the ship again struck on a rock. The first blow was struck when Captain James was in a deep sleep ; and he thought, when he was first wakened, it was to pro- vide himself for another world. A scene of confusion ensued. First, all the sails were hauled back, but that did no good ; oil the coutrarv, the vessel beat harder. Then all the sails were struck amain, and furled up close. Next, the stern was torn down, to bring a cable to the capstan from an anchor laid out astern. Afterwards, all the water in the hold was started, and some set to the pumps, to pump it out. The beer, after some consideration, escaped a similar fate ; but the coals were thrown overboard most rcadilv. This done, all hands rushed to the capstan, and hove with such good will, that the cable parted ; but with all speed another was provided. All this time the vessel kept striking so furiously, that some of the sheathing was seen to swim. Whether the ship leaked, or not, could not be ascertained, on account of the water that had been started in the hold ; but it was feared u death-wound had been received, and a variety of articles were thrown into the long-boat. At length, after five liours* buH'eting, " it pleased (iod she beat over all the rocks" ; and the state of the vessel having been ascertained to be sulH- ciently bad, the crew all went to prayers, and returned thanks inatt(!rs were no worse. In connexion with the cause of tliis transaction, Captain James evinces an extraordinary sj)irit. lie observes: "I contronlcd a little passion, and checked some bad counsel that was given me, to revenge myself upon them that had committed the error". «..t»i^ \f)Y.\GK OF CAPTAIN JAMKS. 191 After the a])ove escape, an island in the vicinity of Lord Weston's Island was named The Eakl of Biustol's Island; and two others on the 22nd, in lat. N. 52" 10', Sir Thomas Ron's Island, and Eakl Damu's Island. Having fonnd a snitahle har])onr in an island, subsequently named Charlton Ist,and, Captain James determined to win- ter tlierc. Ilow he fared will appear from the followiii\as the first time that I put foot on this island, which was the same that we .ifterwards wintered upon ; I found the tracks of deer, and saw some fowl ; but that which rejoiced me most was, that I saw an opening into the land, as if it had been a river. To it wc made with all speed, but found it to ])C barred, and not a foot Avater at full sea, on the bay, and yet within a most excellent fine harlxuu", having five fathom water. In the evening I returned aboard, bringing little comfort for our sick men, more than hopes. On the Itli it snowed very hard, yet I got ashore and apjjointed the boat to go to another place (which made like a river) and to sound it ; in the mean time I went with fom* more sonu* four or five milrs up into the country, but could fnul no ridief for mv sick, but a few berries oulv. After we had well weaiied oiu'selves, I returned to the ])lace I had appointed them to tarry for me; where nt my coming 1 still found her, she having not been where I ordered her, for it bad blown su(li a se\(>re gale of wind that slu coidd not \. \ 192 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOHTH-WEST. row to windward; thus wc returned u})oard with no good news. It continued foul weather with snow and hail, and extremely cold till the sixth, when with a favourable w ind I stood in nearer to the shore and moored the ship. On the 7th it snowed all dav, so that wc were fain to clear it off the decks with shovels, and it blew a very hard storm withal ; it continued snowing and very cold weather, and it froze so that all the bows of the ship with her beak-head were all ice ; about the cables also was ice as thick as a man's middle ; the bows of the boat were likewise fi'ozen half a foot thick, so that we were fain to beat it off. The sun shiued very clear, and we ])ore the top-sails out of the tops which were liard frozen in them into a lump, so that there they hung a sunning rdl day in a very lump, the sun not having power to thaw one drop of them. After tlie boat was fitted we rowed towards the shore, but could not come near the place where we were used to land, for it was all thick water with the snow that had fell upon the sands that arc dry at low water; this made it so diflicult to row that wc could not get through it Avith four oars; yet something higher to the westward we got ashore. Seeing now the winter to come thus extremely on upon us, and that wo had very little wood, I made them fill the boat tiud went aboard, and sent the carpenter to cut wood, others to carry it to the water-side wliilst till! boat l)rought it on board; for I doul)ted that we should not be able to go to and again with the boat. Tt was miserable cold already a1)oard the ship, ev(>ry thing froze in the hold and by the fireside; seeing therefore we could no longer make use of our sails, it raised nuiny doubts in our i linds that wc nnist stav and winter. After wc had brought as much wood on board as we could conveniently stow, and enough, as 1 thought, to have lasted two or three nu)nths, the sick men desired that some little house or liovel might be built ou shore, thereby they might be the 'i.»etter Nheltered to rccovi-r their healths: I took the carpenter and VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN JAMES. 193 imi},' others whom I thought fit for such a piu'posc, and chusing out a place, th( v' went immediately to Avork upon it ; in tlic mean time, I, accompanied Avith some others, wandered up and down tlic woods to see if we couhl discover any signs of savages, tliat we might the hettcr provide for our safeties against tliem ; we found no appearance that there were any upon this ishand nor near it. The snow by this time Avas lialf leg liigh, and through it avc returned comfortless to our companions, Avho had all this time Avrought upon our house; they on hoard our sliip took doAvn our top-sails the mean Avhile; and mad gnat fires upon the heartli in the hatch- Avay : so that having . ell thaAvod them, they folded them up and put tliem betAvixt decks, that if Ave had an occasion they miti'ht l)rinw T resolved to bring the ship aground. The wind was now south, which blew in upon the shore, and made the lowest tides, "We brought the ship into twelve feet water, and laid out one anchor in the offing, and another in shoh^- water, to draw her on land at command : our hope also was, that some stones that were to the westward of us woidd send off some of the ice ; wc then being about a mile from the sjiorc. About ten o'clock in the dark night the ice came driving upon us, and our anchors came home. She drove some two cables-length, and the wind blowing on the sliore, })y two o'clock she came aground and stopt much ice, yet slic lay well all night, and wc took some rest. The 25th the wind shifted easterly, and put abundance of ice on us. When the flood came we encouraged one another, and drew lionic our anchor by main force, under great pieces of ice; our endeavour being to put the ship to the shore : l)ut to our groat disconilort, when the half-tide was ■ h i In'' ■' ( , : ■ 196 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOllTJI-WEST. \m made, tlic sliip drove among the ice to the eastward, do what we coukl, and so she woukl on tlie shole of rocks. These two davs had been, and this dav was, verv Avarm wea- ther, and it rained, Avhich it had not yet but once done since we came hither, otherwise it had been impossible we could have wrought. AVithai the wind shifted also to the south, and at the veiy instant blew a hard puff, which so conti- nued half-an-hour. I caused the two top-sails to be had up from betwixt decks, and avc hoisted them up with two ropes in all haste, and we found the ship ashore Avhen she had not half a cable's length to drive on the rocky sholes. By reason of this wind it flowed verv much water, and we drew her up so high that it was doubtful if ever we got her oft' again. She continued thus beating till two o'clock the next morning, and then she settled again, whereupon we Ment to sleep, seeing the next tide we expected again to be tor- mented. The 2Gth in the morning tide our ship did not float. After prayers I called a consultation of the master, my lieu- tenant, the mate's carpenter and boatswain, to whom 1 pro- posed, that now wc were put to our last shifts, and therefore they should tell me what they thought of it, viz. : AVhether it were iu)t best to carry all our provisions on shore; and when the wind should come northerlv, to draw her further off and sink her? After many reasonings, they allowed of my purpose, and so I communicated it to the company, who all willingly agreed to it ; and so wc fell to getting up of our provisions. The 27th, I also made the carpenter tit a i)lace against all sudden extremities, for that with the north-west or northerly wind 1 meant to cft'ect our last jjroject. In the run of her on the starboard side ho cut away the cieling and the i)lank to tht! sheathiug some four or five inches s(piare, some four feet high from the keel of her, that so it might be bored out 1 !:i ; VOYACK OF CAPTAIN JAMRS. 1.97 in an instant. We bronght onr bread wliich was remaining in the bread-room up into the great cabin, and likewise iJl our powder, setting much of our light dry things betwixt decks. The 29th at five in the morning the wind came up at west-north-west, and began to blow vcrj' hard. It was ordi- nary for the wind to shift from the west bv the north round about : so first I ordered the cooper to go down into the hold, and look to all our casks ; those that were full to mell in the Imngs of them, and those that were empty to get up, or if they could not be gotten up to stave them ; then to coil all our cables upon our lower tire, and to lay on our spare anchors, and any thing that was weighty, to keej) it down from rising. By seven o'clock it blew a storm at north-west. The ship was ah'cady bedded some two feet in the sand; and whilst that was a-flowing she must beat. This I l)efore had in my consideration, for I thought she was so far driven up that we should never get her oft'. Yet we had been so ferreted bv her laj>t beating that I resolved to sink her right down, rather than run that hazard. By nine she began to roll in her deck with a mo!>t extraordi- nary great sea. And this was the fatal hour that i)ut us to our wits-end : wherefore I went down into the hold with the carpenter, and took his auger and bored a hole in the ship and let in the water. Thus with all speed we began to cut out other places to bore through ; but every place was full of nails. By ten, the lower tire was covered with water, for all which she began so to beat in lier deck more and more, that wc could not work nor stand to do any thing in her, nor would she sink so fast as we would have her, but continued ])eating double blows, fii-st abaft and then before, that it was wonderful how she could endure a (piarter of an hour with it. By twelve her lower tire rose, aiul that did so couuterb(.'at on the inside, that it bored the bulk- % '^-fi -I* I- . 198 A'OYAGES TOWAllDS THE NORTH-WEST. heads of the bread-room^ powder-room, and fore-piece, all to pieces. And when it came hetwixt decks, the chests fled about, and the water did flash and flv wonderfuUv, so that now we expected every minute when the ship Avouhl open and break to pieces. At one slic beat oft' her rudder, and that was gone we knew not wliicli way. Thus she con- tinued 1)eating till three, and then the sea came upon the upper deck, and soon after she began to settle. In her we were fain to siidc the most part of our bedding and cloaths, and the chirurgeon's chest. Our men that were on shore stood looking upon us, almost dead with cold and sorrow to sec our miseries and their own ; Ave looked upon them again, and both upon each other witli woeful hearts. Dark night drew on, aiul I ordered the boat to be hawled up, and com- manded my loving companions to go all into her, who ex- pressed their faithful aftcction to me, as loth to part from me. I told them that my meaning was to go ashore witli them, and thus lastly I forsook the ship. We were fourteen poor souls now in the boat, and we imagined that we were leai)cd out of the frying-pan into the fire. The ebb was made, and the water extraordinary thick with snow, so that we thouglit assuredly it would carry us away into the sea. We therefore doul)le-manned four oars, appointing foiu" more to sit ready with oars ; and so with the help of God wc got to the shore, bawling up the boat after. After we had hawled up the Ijoat on the 29tli of November, we went along the beach-side in the dark towards our house, where Me made a good Are, and with it and bread and water we com- forted ourselves, beginning after that to reason one Avith another concerning our ship. I required that every one should speak his mind freely. The carpenter especially was of opinion, that she was foundered, and would never be ser- viceable ; but I comforted them the best I could to this effect. " Mif masters and faithful conipanions, be not disntaijed for any of these disasters, Itat let us jtat our whole trust in God, li :: VOYAGK OF CAPTAIN JAMF.S. 199 // is fie that (fintli, and he that taketh airay ; he fhrotrefh flown with one hand, and raweth vp with another. His will he done. If it be our fortune to end our days here, ive are as near Heaven as in En(//and ; and we are much bound to God Alntiyhfy for (jiving us so large a time of repentance ; who, as it ivere. tli/ calls iqmn us to prepare our souls for a better life in Heaven. I make no doubt but he will be mer- ciful unto US both here on earth, and in his blessed kingdom. He doth not, in the mean time, deny that we may use all honest means to save and prolong our natural lives ; and, in my judg- ment, we are not so far past hope of returning into our native country, but that I see a fair ivay by which we may effect it. Admit the ship be foundered f which God forbid. I hope for the best), yet have those of our own nation and others, when they have been put to those extremities, even out of the wreck of their lost ship, built a pinnace, and returned to their friends again. If it be objected, that they have happened in better climates, both for temperateness of the air, and for pa- cijic and open seas, and provided withal of abundance of fresh victuals ; yet there is nothing too hard for courageous minds, which hitherto you have shewn, and, I doubt not, ivill still do to the uttermost of your power. '^ Tlicy all protested to work to the utmost of tlicir strength, and that they would refuse nothing that I should order them to do to the utmost ha^^ard of their lives. I thanked them all. And so for this nii;ht Avo settled ourselves close about the fire, and took some rest till day-light. The 30th, betimes in the morning, I caused the chiruigcon to cut oft' mv hair sho^'t, and to shave away all the hair of mv face, for it was become intolerable, and because it would be frozen so great with isicles. The like did all the rest ; ami we fitted ourselves to work. The first thing wc were to do, was to get our cloaths and provisions ashore, and therefore I divided the company. The master, and a convenient com- pany with him, were to go aboard, and get things out of the '(> >iill mi p\ i^mm^ 200 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. m H * hold ; the cocksAvain, with his gang, were to go into the boat, to l)ring and carry things ashore ; myself, with the rest, to carry them half a mile through the snow, unto the place where Are intended to build a store-house. As for the heaWer things, we proposed to lay them on the beach. In the after- noon the wind was at south-south-west, and the water veered so low an ebb, that we thought we might get something out of the hold. We launched out our boat, therefore, and mtli oars got through the thick, congealed water. It froze ex- treme hard, and I stood on the shore with a troubled mind, thinking verily, that with the ebb, the boat would be carried into the sea, and then we were all lost men ; but, l)y God's assistance, they got all safe to the ship, and made a fire there, to signify their arrival on board. They fell presently to work, and got something out of the hold upon the decks ; but night coming on, they diu*st not venture to come on shore, but lay on the bed in the great cabin, being almost starve('. The 1st of December was so cold, that I went the s'.me wav over the ice, to the ship, where the boat had gone yester- day. This day we carried upon om' backs, in bundles, five hundred of our fish, and much of our Ijcdding and cloaths, which we were fain to dis: out of the ice. The 2d was mild weather, and some of the men going over the ice, fell in, and very hardly recovered j so that this day we could land no- thing, neither by ])oat nor back. I put them, therefore, to make us a store-house on shore. In the evening the wind came up at west, and the ice broke and drove out of the bay. It was very deep and large ice, that we were afraid it would have spoiled the ship. The 3d day there were divers great pieces of ice that came athwart the ship, and she stopt them, yet not so as we could go over them. We found a way for the boat ; but when she was laden, she drew four feet water, and could not come within a flight shot of the shore ; the men, therefore, must wade through the congealed water, and carry things out of the boat upon their backs. Every time Mt VOYAGE OP tAlTAlN JAMIi.^. 201 they waded in the ice, it was most himentaljle to beliohl. In this extreme cohl cveninfr, thev cut a^av as much ice from al)out the boat as they could, aiul picked it with liandspikes out of her, and endeavoiu-ed to hoist her into the ship; there being small hopes that she could go to and again any more. But use what means they could, she was so heavy that they could not hoist her in, but were forced to leave her in the tackles, by the ship-side. The 4th, being Sunday, we rested, and performed the sal)- bath duties of Christians. The 5th and 6th were extreme cold, and we made bags of our store-shirts, and in them we carried our loose bread, over the ice, on shore upon our backs. We also digged our cloaths and new sails, with hand- s[)ikes of iron, out of the ice, and carried them ashore, which we dried by a great fire. The 7th day Mas so exceeding cold, that our noses, cheeks, and hands, cUd freeze as white as pa- per. The 8th and 9th it was extremely cold, and it snowed much ; yet we continued our labour in carrying and rolling things on shore. In the evening the water raised the ice very high, and it broke two thawghts of our l)oat, and broke in the side of her ; but for that time we could not help it. The lOtli. All our sack, nncgar, oil, and every thing else that was liquid, was now frozen as hard as a piece of wood, and we cut it with a hatchet. Our house was all frozen on the inside : and it froze hard within a vard of the fire-side. When I landed first upon this island, I found a spring under a hill's-side, which I then obsening, I caused some trees to be cut, for marks to know the place again by. It was about three-fomths of a mile from our house. I sent three of our men which had been with me thither. Upon the 24th these wandering through the snow, at last found the place, and shovelinj; awav the snow thc^ made wav to the vei'v head of it. They found it spring very strongly, and brought me a can of it, for which I was right joyful. This sj)ring continued all the year, and did not freeze, but that we could break the I) I) I w I 'I 1 ■:^l ::!• • ■ ? m VOYAGKS TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. m ico and romc to it. AVo l;U)oure(l vorv hard tlicsc tlirco or lour day.s to get wood to the house, wliicli avc found to be very troii1)lesomc, through the deep snow. AVe then settled our be(Uling and ])rovisious, providing to keep Christ iiias-dcn/ holy, wliieli we solemnized in tlie joyfullcst manner we eouhl. So likewise did we St, Julni's-daij, npon Avhieh we luimcd the wood we did winter in, in memory of that honour- able knight, Sir John AVintcr, Winter's Forest. And now, instead of a Christmas talc^ I Avill describe the house that we (lid live in, with those adjoining. When I first resolved to build a house, I chose the Avarmcst and convenientest place, and the nearest the ship witlial. It wjis among a tuft of thick trees, under a south bank, about a flight shot from the sea-side. True it is, that at that time we could not dig into the ground to make us a hole or cave in the earth, which had Ijeen the best way, because we found water digging within two feet, and therefore that project failed. It was a white light sand, so that we could by no means make up a mud-wall. As for stones there were none near us; besides we were all now covered with the snow. We had no boards for such a purpose, and therefore we must do the best we could with such materials as we had about us. The house was square, about twenty feet every way, as much namely as oiu" main course could Avell cover. First we drove long stakes into the earth, round about which we wattled with boughs, as thick as might be, beating them down very close. This, our first work, was six feet high on both sides, but at tlie ends was almost up to the very top. There we left two holes for the light to come in at, and the same way the smoak did vent out also. Moreover I caused, at both ends, three rows of bush trees to be stuck up, as close together as possible. Then, at a distance from the house, we cut down trees, proportioning them into lengths of six feet, with which we made a pile on both sides, six feet thick, and six feet higli; but at both ends ten feet high, and six feet thick. 1^' VOYAOK OK CAPTAIN .lA.MKS. 203 We left a little low door to ereop into, Jiud u portal hcforo that, made- with piles of uood, that tlic wind niijrht uot blow into it. Wc next fastened a roujrh tiee aloft, over all, npon which we laid onr rafters, and onr main course over them a^in ; which lyins; thwartways over all, reached down to the verv ground on either side; and this was th(> fabric of the outride of it. On the inside we made fast onr bonnet sails round about; then we drove in stakes, and made ns bedstead frames, about three sides of the house, which bed- steads we doubled one inider another, the lowermost bein*.'' i foot from the ground. These we first filled with boughs, then we laid our spare sails on that, and then our bedding and cloaths. We made a hearth in the middle of the house, and on it made onr fire; some boards we laid round our hearth to stand upon, that the coM damp shoidd not strike up into iLs. With onr waste cloaths we made ns canopies and curtains, others did the like with our small sails. Our second house was not more than twenty feet distance from this, and made, for the wattling, much after the same manner, but it was less, and covered with onr fore course. It had no piles ou the south-side, but, in lieu of that, we piled up all our chests ou the inside ; and, indeed, the reflex of the heat of the fire against them did make it warmer than the mansion-house. In this house we dressed our victuals, and the subordinate crew did refresh themselves all day in it. A third liouse, which was onr storehouse, was twenty-nine paces off from this, for fear of firing. This house was only a rou^h tree fastened aloft, with rafters laid from it to the srround, aud covered over with our new suit of sails. On the inside we had laid small trees, aud covered them over with boughs, and so stored up o\u* bread and fish in it, about two feet jfrom the ground, the better to preserve them; the other tliiujrs lav more carelesslv. Long before Christmas our mausion-house was covered thick over with snow, almost to the vcrv roof of it : and so likewise was our second house, 'I' •I ft I- '- :!i*:^ . i W [" 201 VOYAOKS TOWARDS TIIK NORTII-WKST. but our storo-housc all over, by reason we made no fire in it. Thus wo seemed to live in a heap and a wilderness of snow ; for out of our doors we could not ^o, but upon the snow, in which we made us paths middle deep in some places, and in one special case the length of ten steps. To do this, we must shovel away the snow first, and then, hy treadinjr, make it something liard \inder foot. The snow, in this path, was a full yard thick under us. And this was our best gal- lery for our sick men, and for my own ordinary walking ; and both houses and walks we daily acconmiodated more and more, and made fitter for our uses. On the 27th we got our boat ashore, and fetched up some of our provisions from the beach-side, into the store-house, aiul so by degrees did we with the rest of our provisions, with extremity of cold and labour, making way with shovels tiirough the thick snow, even from the soa-side to our store-house; and thus concluded we the (dd vear 1031. The first of January, 1032, and for the most part all the month, was extreme cold. The 0th I observed the latitude with what exactness T could, it being clear sunshiny wesither, which I found to be 51 degrees ,52 minutes; this difTerence is by reason tliat there is a great refraction. On the 21st I observed the sun to rise like an oval along the horizon ; I called three oi* fijur to see it, the better to confirm my judg- numt ; and we all agreed thj\t it was twice as long as it yav* broad. We plainly perceived withal, that by degrees, a« it got up higher, it also recovered its roundness. The 3()th and 31st there appeared, in the beginning of the night more stars in the firmament than ever I had l)efore seen, by two- thirds; 1 could sec the clouds in Cancer full of small stars. About ten o'clock the moon rose, and then a (ptarter of tluiii were not to be seen. The Mind, for the nu)st part of this iiuinth, hath been iiortluM'lv, nud very cold. The Marmest ul' which time wv employed ourselves in fetching wcmhI, working upon our pinnace, and other thiiig>. in the begin- udjr- VOYAOK OF CAPTAIN JAMKS. 20.") ning of this month the sea was all firmly frozen over, so that Mc could sec no water anv where. Our men found it more mortifying cold to wade through the water in the beginning of June, when the sea was full of ice, than in December, when it was increasing ; our Avell, out of which we had water in December, dried up in July ; the ground, at ten feet deep, was frozen. The fpiantity of ice may very easily he made to appear by mathematical demonstration ; and yet I am not of the opinion that the bay freezes all over. For the 21st the wind blowing a storm at north, we could perceive the ice to rise something in the bay. February. The cold was as extreme this month, as at any time we had felt it this year, and manv of our men c(mi- plained of infirmities : some of sore mouths, all the teeth in their lieads ])eing loose, their gums swoln with black rotten flesh, wliich every day wos to be cut away ; the pain was so great that thev coidd not cat their ordinary me.at. Others conii)lained of pains in their heads and their breasts ; sotne, of weakucss in their backs ; others, of aches in their thighs and knees ; and others, of swellings in their legs. Thus were two-thirds of the company under the chiriirgeon's hands ; and yet, nevertheless, they were forced to work daily, and go abroad to fetch wood and timber, notwithstanding most of them had no shoes to put on. Their shoes, uj)on their com- ing to the fire out of the snow, were burnt and scorched upon their feet ; and our store-shoes were all sunk in the ship. In this necessity, they made this shift, to bind clouts about their feet ; and endeavoured, by that poor help, the best they could, to perform their duties. Our carpenter likewise, l)y this time, fell sick, to our great discomfort. 1 practised some obs(>rvati()ns by the rising and setting of the sjin, calculating the time of his rising and setting by very true running glasses. As for our clock and watch, notwithstanding wo still kept them by the fireside, in a chest, wrapped in cloths, yet were thev so frozen that thev could not go, .Mv observations bv m< Hi h; 206 VOYAGES TOWAUDS THE NOIITII-WEST. m ' t these glasses, I compared Mitli tlio stars coming to the meri- (lifin. 13v this means \\c fonnd the sun to rise twenty minutes l)efore it shouhl ; and in the eveniu};, to remain twenty mi- nutes, or thereabouts, longer tlian it should : all this, l>y reason of the refraction. Since now I have spoken so mueli of the cold, I hope it will not be taken ill, if I, in a few words, make it some way appear to our readers. AVe made three differences of the cold, all according to the places : in our house, in the MOods, jind in the open air in our going to the ship. For the last, it would be sometimes so extreme, tliat it was almost unindurable ; no cloaths were proof against it, no motion could resist it ; it would so freeze the hair on the eyelids, that we could not see ; and I verily believe that it would have stifled a man in a very few hours. We daily found, by experience, that the cold in the woods would freeze our faces, or any i)art of our Hesh that was l)are ; but it was not so mortifying as the other. Our house, on the outside, was covered two-third parts with snow ; and on the inside, frozen and hung with isicles. Th(^ cloaths on our l)eds would be covered with hoar-frost ; which, in this habitation, was not far from the fire. The cook's tubs, wherein he watered his meat, standing about a yard from the fire, and which he all day long plied with snow water ; yet, in the night season, whilst he sleeped but on watch, they would be firm frozen to the very bottom. And therefore he was forced to wat(M- his meat in a brass kettle, close adjoining to the fire. And I have many times both seen and felt, by putting my hand ii.to it, that side which was next the fire very warm, and the other Hide an inch frozen. The chirurgeon, who had hung his bot- tles of sirrups, and other li(piid things, as conveniently as he <'ould, to pres(>rve thiin, had them all f/ozen. Our vinegar, oil, and sack, which we had in small casks in the house, were all Hrni frozi'n. It may fiu'ther, in general, be conceived, that in the beginning of .lune the sen was not broken up, and the ground was ut frozi'U ; and this ue foun«l by experieuee, VOYACK or CAl'TAIN JAMES. 207 in the buryiiifj; of our men, in setting; up the King's standard, towards tlie hitter end of June, and by our well; in coining away in the beginning of July, at wliieh time, upon the huid, for some other reasons, it was verv hot weather. March. Tlie first of tliis month, lieing Sf. David' s-daij , we kept holi(hiy, and solemnized it in the manner of the ancient Britons, praying for the hai)i)iness of his Royal High- ness (Miarles Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. The 2()th. This {>vening the moon rose in a very long oval along the horizon. ]iy the last of this month, the carpenter had set up seventeen ground timbers, and thirty-fovu* stad- dles ; and, })oor man, he proceeded the best he coidd, though forced to be led to his labour. In short, all this month it was very cold, the wind about the north-west, the snow as tloep as it was all this winter. 13ut to answer an objection that might be mad(\ You were in a wood (some men msiy say mito us), and therefore you might make fire enough to keep you from the cold. It is true we were in a wood, ami under a south bank too, or otherwise we had all starved. But I must tell you, w ithal, how difficult it was to have wood in a wood. And first 1 will make a muster of the tools we had. The carpenter, in his chest, had two axes, indeed ; but one of them was spoiled in cutting down wood to pile about our house before Christmas. \Vhen we first larded we had hut two whole hatchets, which, in a few days, broke two inches below the sockets. I called for three; of the cooper's hatchets. The carpenter's ax, and the cooper's best hatchet, I caused to be locked up ; the other two hatchets to be new helved ; and the blades of the two broken hatchets to be put into a cleft piece of wood, and then to be bound about with rope yarn, as fast as might be, which was to be repaired every day ; an by our anchor that was in sholc-watcr; which tlu' 17th in the afternoon we got up and carried aboard. The IKth J put them to «lig through the ice near the place where we thonght our rndder might E i: ' 1| i!^' liiu .»'- k I m <■ ,! U^ , 'i , ;ll;. 210 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. bcj they digged down and came to water, hut no hopes of finding it. AVc had many doubts that it might he sanded, or that the ice miglit have earned it away akeady the last year. Or if we coidd not recover it hy digging before the ice broke up and cbove, there v.crc little hopes of it. The 19th Avc continued minding our work .aboard the ship, and returned in the evening to supper ashore. This day the master and two others desired they might lie aboard, which I agreed to ; for, indeed, they had lain very discommodiously all the Avinter, and with sick bed-fellows, as I myself had done, every one in that kind taking their fortunes. By lying aboard, they avoided the hearing the miserable groanings and lamentations of the sick men, all night long, enduring, poor souls, miserable torments. By the 24th we had laboured so hard, that we came to the sight of a cask, and could like- wise perceive that there was some water in the hold. This we knew could not be thawed water, because it froze very hard night and day aboard the ship, and on the land also. By the 23d in the evening we came to pierce the fore-men- tioned cask, and found it full of verj' good beer, Avhich much rejoiced us all, especially the sick men, notwithstanding it tasted a little of the bulged water. By this we thought that the holes we had cut to sink the ship were frozen, and that this water had stood in tlie ship all the winter. The 2 1th we went ])etimes in the morning to work, but we found that the water was risen above the ice where we had left Avork, above two foot, for the Avind had bloAVii very liard at north the night before. In the morning the wind came about south, and blcAv hard, and, although Ave had little reason for it, Ave yet expected a lower veer of Avater. I there- upon put them to Avork on the outside of the ship, that avc miglit come to the lower hole, Avhich we had cut in the stern- sheets ; Avith much labour, by night, we digged down through the ice to it, and found it unfrcizen, as it had been all the Avinter; and, to our great comforts, avc found that on the in- »i ' «: VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN JAMEs 211 side the water was ebbed within the hole, and that on tlie outside it was ebbed a foot lower. \V hereupon I caused a shot-board to be nailed upon it, and to be made as tight as might be, to try if the water c.ime in any other way ; to the other two holes we had digged on the inside, and found tlicui frozen. Now I did this betimes, that if we found the ship f(»uiidcrcd, we might resolve on some course to save or pro- long our lives, by getting to the main before the ice was broken up ; as for our boat it was too little, and bulged be- sides that. Our carpenter was by this time past hopes, and therefor? lit ope had we of our pinnace. But which was worst w. .11, w, ad not four men .., to travel through the snow over the ice, and in this miserable state were we at this present. The 2oth we satisfied our longing, for the Avind now coming about northerly, the water rose by the ship's- side, where Ave had digged down a foot and more above the hold, and yet did not rise within board. Tlii'? so encouraged us, that Ave fell lustily to digging, and to heave the ice out of the ship. I put the cook, and some others, to thaw the pumps, who, by continual pouring of hot Avater into them, bv the 27th in the morninif had cleared one of them, Avhich we i)roving, found it delivered Avatcr very sulHciently. Thus we fell to pumping, and having cleared two feet water, Ave left the other to a second trial, continuing our AAork thus in digging the ice. By the 28th Ave had cleai-ed our oth(>r pump, Avhich avc also found to deliver Avater a en' Avell. \Ve found likewise that the water did not rise any thing in the hold. The 29th it rained all day long: a sui-e sign to us that Avinter Avas broken up. The 30th we Avere, betimes, aboard at Avork ; Avhich day, and the 31st, were AcrA- cold, with snow and hail, Avhieh pinched our sick men more than any time this year. This evening, being May cat, atc returned late from our Avork to our house, and made a good fire, and chose ladies, and ceremoniously Avore their names in our caps, en- deavouring to revive ourselves by any melius. At our coming P m I * I ,,, ", 212 VOYAGES TOWATIDS THE NORTH-WEST. t ..,.;.,* j',r ,J ■*.' from England, wc were stored witli all sorts of sea pro^•isio^s, as beef, pork, etc. ; hut now, as we had little hopes of recruit- ing, our cook ordered it in this manner : tlie beef which was to serve on Sunday night to supper, he boiled on Saturday night, in a kettle full of water, with a quart of oatmeal, about an hour ; then, taking the beef out, he boiled tlie rest to half the quantity ; and this we called jwitar/e, which we eat witli bread, as hot as we coukl ; and after tliis, we had our ordi- nary of fisli. Sunday, for dinner, we had pork and pease ; and at night, the forracn* boiled beef made more pottage. In this manner our Tuesdav's beef was boiled on the ^Mondav nights, and the Thursdays upon AVednesdays ; and tlius all the week, except Friday night, we had something warm in our bellies every supper ; and surely this did us a great deal of good. But soon after Christmas many of us fell sick, and had sore months, and could neitlier eat beef, pork, fish, nor pottage. Their diet was only this : they would pound bread, in a mortar, to meal, then fry it in a frying-pan with a little oil, and so eat it. Some Avould boil pease to a soft paste, and feed, as well as they could, upon that. For the most part of the winter. Mater was our drink. In the whole winter, we took not above a dozen foxes, many of which would be dead in the traps tAVo or three days oftentimes ; and then, when the blood was settled, thev would be unwholesome. But if Ave took one alive, and he had not been long in the trap, him we boiled, and made broth for the weakest sick men ; the flesh of them, 1)cing soft boiled, they eat also. Some white parti'idges avc killed, but no<" Avorth mentioning. AVc had three sorts of sick men : those that could not move, nor turn themselves in their beds, Avho muat be tended like infants; others Avere, as it Avere, crippled Avith aches ; and others, that AA'cre something better. Most had sore mouths. You may noAV ask mc, hoAv these infirm men could A\ork? I Avill tell you. Our surgeon, Avho Avas a diligent and sweet-conditioned man ;is cAcr I saw, would 1)0 up betimes in the morning, and VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN JAMES. 213 whilst lie picked tlicir teeth, and cut away the pieces of flesh from their gums, they would bathe their thighs, knees, and legs. The manner of it Avas thus : there was no tree, bud, or herb, but we made trial of it ; and this being first boiled in a kettle, and then put in a small tub and basons, they put it under them, and covered them with cloths upon it. This so molified the grieved parts, that though, when they rose out of their beds, they would be so crippled that they could scarce staud, yet, after this was done half an hour, they would be able to go (and go they must) to wade through the snow to the ship, and about other business. 15y night they woidd be as bad again, and then they must be bathed, anointed, and their mouths dressed again, before they went to bed : and in this diet, and in this manner, avc went through our miseries. I was always afraid that we should be weakest in the spring, and therefore I reserved a tun of Alicant wine unto this time. Of this, by putting seven parts of water to one of wine, we made some weak beverage ; which, by reason that the wine had been froze, and lost its virtue, was little better than water. The sicker sort had a pint of Alicant a day, by itself; and of such poor aqua vita', too, as we had, they had a dram allowed them next their hearts every morning. And thus we made the best use of what we had, according to the seasons. May. The 1st, we went aboard by times, to heave out the ice; the 2nd, it did suow and blow, and was so cold, that we were forced to keep house sill day. This unexpected cold, at this time of the year, did so vex our sick men, that they grew worse and worse ; wc could iu)t now take them out of their beds, but they would swoon, and we had much ado to keep life in them. The Gth, John JVurdon, the master of my ship's chief mate, died j whom we bm'ied in the even- ing, in the most Christian-like manner, on the top of a bare hill of land, which we called Braiidun-hill. The 15th I maniu'cd a little patch of ground that was bare of suow, and so\\ed it with pease, hoping to have some shortly 1 . v>\ 1' n if] ~; .t '■ 1 I ' i liri " 1 I- ■■'r^ !-j^ . 'Ki ! '*' " ' w * i '. 2U VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NOETH-WEST. to eat ; for as yet we could see no green thing to comfort us. The 18th our carpenter, IViUiam Cole, (lied; a man beloved of us all, as much for his innate goodness, as for the present necessity we had of a man of his quality : he had endured a long sickness Avith patience, and made a very godly end. In the evening we buried him by ]Mr. AVardon, accompanied with as many as could go, for three more of oiu* principal men lay then expecting a good horn*. And now were we in the most miserable state that we were in all the voyage. Be- fore this extreme weakness, he had brought the pinnace to that pass, that she was ready to be bolted, etc., and to be joined to receive the planks; so that we were not so dis- couraged by his death, l)ut that we hoped, ourselves, to fiiiisli her, if the ship proved unserviccal)le. This pinnace was twentv-seven feet bv the keel : she had seventeen ground- timljcrs, thirty-four principal staddles, and eight short stad- dles : he had contrived her Avitli a round stern, to save labour, and indeed she Avas a well-proportioned vessel ; her burden was twelve or fourteen tons. In the evening the master of our ship, after the burial, retm*ned aboard, and, looking about him, discovered some part of our gunner under the gun-room ports. This man Ave had committed to the sea at a good distance from the ship, and in deep water, near six months before. The 19th, in the morning, I sent men to dig him out. He was fast in the ice, his head downwai'ds, and his lieels upwards, for he had but one leg ; and the plaister was yet at the wound. In the afternoon thev had disrjjcd him clear out, and he was as free from noisomness, as when we first committed him to the sea. This alteration had the ice, and water, and time only wrought on him, that his flesh Avould slip up and down, upon his bones, like a glove on a man's hand. In the evening we buried him by the othei-s. This day one George Uyganes, who could handle a tool best of us all, had })retty well rcp^dred our boat, and so ended this mournful week. The snow Mas by this time pretty well m ■•! VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN JAMES. 215 wasted in tlic wood ; and we ha\-ing a high tree on the highest place of tlie island, which was called our watch-tree, from the top of it might see into the sea, but fomid no appearance of breaking up yet. And now by day sometimes we have such hot glooms that we cannot endiu*c the sun, and yet in the night it freezes verj- hard. This unnaturalncss of the season tormented our men that they grew worse and worse daily. The 23rd, our boatswain, a careful man, having been long sick, which he had heartily resisted, was taken with such a pain in one of his thighs, that we thought he would have died presently. He kept his bed in great extremity ; and it was a maxim among us, that if any one kept his bed, he could rise no more. This made every man to strive to keep up for life. The 24th was verv warm sunshine, and the ice consumed bv the shore-side, and cracked all over the bav with dreadful noise. About three in the afternoon, mc could perceive the ice, Mith the ebb, to drive by the ship, whereupon I sent two, with all speed, to the master, with order to beat out the hole, and to sink the ship, as likewise to look for the rudder be- twixt the ice. This he presently performed ; and a happy fellow, one David Hnmmon, pecking betwixt the ice, struck upon it, and it came up with his launce ; who, crying that he had found it, the rest came and got it upon the ice, and so into the ship. In the mean time, the little drift which the ice had, began to rise and mount into high heaps against the shole shores and rocks, and likewise against the heap of ice Avhich we had put for a barracado to om' ship, but with little harm to us ; yet we were forced to cut away twenty fathom of cable which was frozen in the ice. After an hour, the ice settled again, not haiing any vent outwards. This was a joy- ful day to lis all ; and we gave God thanks for the hopes we had of it. The 2oth was a fine warm day ; and, with the ebb, the ice drove against the ship, and struck her soundly. The 26th, I took the chirm'geon with me, and went again to the wood, >ii '•1 ! i 1' .• 11 I U':' 216 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. and to that bay where, hist year, we had lost our man, John Barton ; but wc could find no sign of him. The 28th, it was pretty clear betwixt tiie ship and the shore, and I hoped the ice would no more oppress us ; wherefore I caused the lower holes to be firmly stopped, the water then remaining three feet above the ballast. The 29th, being Prince Charles's birth- day, we kept holiday, and displayed Ilis ^Majesty's colours both on land and aboard, and named our habitation, Charles Town, by contraction, Charlton, and the island, Charlton Island. The 30th avc launched our boat, and had intercourse some- times between the ship and the shore by boat, which was new to us. The last dav of this month we found some vetches to appear out of the gromid, which I made our men pick ap and boil for our sick. Tliis dav we made an end of fitting all our rigging aiul sails, and it being a very hot day we dried our fish in the sun, and aired all our other provisions. There was not a man of us at present able to eat of our salt provisions biit myself and the master. It may be remem- bered that all this winter we had not been troubled with any rheums nor phlegmatic diseases. All this month the wind M'as variable, but for the most part northerly. June. The first four days snowed and Imiled, and blew very hard, and it was so cold that the ])onds of water froze over, and the water in our cans was frozen even in the very house. Our cloaths also that had been washed and hung out to dry did not thaw. All day the 5th it continued blowing very hard on the broad side of the ship, which made her swag and wallow in her dock, notwithstanding she was sunk, which shook her very much. The ice M'ithal drove against her, and gave her many fearful blows. I resolved to endea- vour to hang the rudder, and when God sent us water, not- withstanding the abundance of ice that was yet about us, to heave her further off". In the afternoon we under-run our small cable to our anchor, which lay a-stern in deep water, i^ VOYAGE OF CAPTAIN .lAMF.S. r217 and so with jsome difHculty got iq> our anchor. This cable had lain slack under foot, and nndcr the ice all winter, and we could never have a clear rslatch from ice to have it up before now, "We found it not a jot the worse. I put some to make coal-rakes, that they might go into the water and rake a hole in the sand to let down our rudder. The Gth we went about to hang it; and our young lustiest men took it bv turns to «ro into the water and to rake awav the sand, but they were not able to endure the cold half a (piarter of an hoiur, it was so mortifnng; and use what comforts we could, it would make them swoon and die away. We brought it to the stem-post, but then we were forced to give it over, being able to work at it no longer. '^Chen we plugged the upper holes aljoard, and fell to pumping the water out of her again. The 7th we wrought about our rudder, but were {Train forced to give over, and so put out ovu* cables overboard vi ith messengers unto them, the anchor lying to that 1 1 ss that we might keep her right in the dock when v,f^ had brought • er hght. By the 8th at night we had pv mp d all the water out of her, so that at high water she would float in her dock, though she were still docked in the sand almost four feet. This made us consider what was to be done. I resolved to heave out aiJ. the ballast; for the bott( u of her being so soaked all the winter, I hoped was so heavy that it would bear her. If we could not get her off that way, I then thought to cut her down to the lower deck, and take out her masts, and so with our casks to buoy her off. The 9th betimes in the morning we fell to wor'v '.'o hoisted out our beer and cyder, and made a raft of it, fastening it to om* shore-anchor. The beer and cyder sunk pre scntly to the ground, which was nothing strange to us. for any wood or pipe-staves that had laid under the ice all the winter would also sink down as soon as ever it was hove over board. This dav we heaved out ten ton of ballast ; and here I am to remember God's goodness towards us, in sending those r F i -» ♦. ^ 3 :ilH V{)Y.\(ii;s TOWARDS THE NOIITII-WEST. I- , 'ii; forcmcntioncd green vctclics ; for now our feeble sick men, tlmt could not for their lives stir these two or three months, could endure the jiir, and walk about the house. Our other sick men gathered strength also : and it was wonderful to see how soon they were recovered. Wc use them in this manner twice a day ; mc went to gather the herb or leaf of those \etches as they first appeared out of the ground, and then we washed and boiled them, and so with oil and nnegar that had been frozen we cat them. It was .m excellent sus- tenance and refreshing ; the most part of us cat nothing else. Wc likewise bruised them, {;ad took the jnice of them and mixed it with our drink : wc also eat them raw with our bread. The 1 Ith was very warm weather, and we hung our rudder. The 13th I resolved to know the latitude of this place; so having examined the instruments and practised about it this fortnight, 1 found it to be 52 degrees 3 minutes. The 11th wc had heaved out all the ballast, and carried all our vards and every thing else on shore, so that wc now had the ship as light as possible it could be. The 15tli we did little but exercise ourselves. Bv this time our men that were most feeble grew strong and run ab((ut, the flesh of their gums being settled again, and their teeth fastened so that they cat beef with their vetches. This day I went to our watch-tree, but the sea, for any thing I eonld perceive, was still firm frozen, and the bay full of ice, having no way to vent it. The IGth was won b'ous hot, with sotne thnnd«T and light- niug, 80 that our men went into the [)onds ashore to swim anci cool themselves, yet the wnter was very cool still. The 17th, the wind came northerly, and wc, expecting a high tide, in the moniing ])etimes, put out our small cable astern, out at the gun-room port ; but the morning tide, wc had not water by a foot. In the evening, I had laid marks by stones, etc., and thoijght that tlic water flowed apace. Making signs, therefore, for the b(»at to come ashore, I took \U 1 m 'i VOYA(;h OF CAPTAIN .lAMKs. 219 r tliis [I riui their Tl»is liiifi I >f ice, all that M'crc able to do any thing m itli nie aboard : and at high water, althongh she wanted something to rise clear out of the dock, yet we heaved with such good-w'll,that we heaved her through the sand into a foot and an half deeper water ; and further wc durst not bring her, for the ice was all thick about us. After we had moved her, wc all went to i)rayers, and gave God thanks that he had given us our ship again. The 18th, we were Jip betimes ; the cooper, and some with him, to bring fresh water, myself, with others, to gather stones at low Avater ; MJiich, we piling up at low water, the cockswain and his gang fetched them aboard, where the master, with the rest, stowed them to the ofling, by which means we could the better conu* and stop the two npi)er holes firmly ; after which, we fitted othc;* convenient places to make others, to sink her if occasion m ere. The lOth, wc were all up betimes to work, as afore speci- fied. These two days our ship did not float, and it was a very hajipy hour which we got her off, for we never had such u high tide all the time wc were here. In the evening we went up to our watch-tree; and this was the first time I coidd sec open Mater any way, except that little by the shore-side where wc M'crc. This put us in some comfort, that the sea woidd shortly break up, Mhieh, we knew, must be so to the north- ward, seeing, that way, we were certain there weic about two hundred leagm*s of sea. The liOth, wc laboured as fornu'riy, the wind at north-north-west. The ti ; by this cere- mony, taking possession of these territories for His Majesty's use. 'I'he win*' continuing southerly, and blowing hard, put all the ic(^ npon \is, so that the ship now rode among it in such apparent danger, that I thought verily wc should haM* lo^t her. The 2r*ti» in the morning the boatswain uilli a convenient I VOYAGE OF CAl'TAIN JAMKS. OOl crew began to rig the sliip, tlic rest fetching our provision on board. Al)out ten o'clock, when it was something dark, I * took a huince in my hand, and one with mc with a musket, and went to our watch-tree to make a fire on the most emi- nent phice of the ishmd, to see if it wouhl be answered. Such fires I have formerly made, to liave knowledge if there were anv savages on the main or the islands about us. Had tlicre Ijcen any, my purpose was to have gone to them, to get intelligence of Christians, or some ocean seas thereabouts. When I was come to the tree I laid down mv launce, and so did my consort his musket, whilst I climbed up to the top of the tree. 1 ordered him to put fire to some low tree therealjouts. He unadvisedly put fire to some trees that ■were to windward, so that they and all the rest too, by reason it had been very hot weather, being dry, took fire like fiax and hen)]); and the wind blowing towards rac, 1 made haste down the tree : but befoie I was half-wav down the fire took on the bottom of it, and blazed so liercely upward that I was forced to leap otf the tree and down a steej) hill, and in short with much ado escaped burning. The mods on the ground was as dry as flax, ami it run most strangely, like a train along the eai'th. The musket and lauiice were both burnt. My consoi't at la.^t came to me, and was joyful to sec me, for he thought verilv 1 had beeii burnt : and thus we went ho)neward together, leaving the lire encreasing and burning most furiously. 1 slept l)ut little all night after, and at break of day ordered all our [)(tw(ler and beef to be carried aboard this dav. 1 went to the hills to look to the fire, where 1 saw it still burn both to westward and northward. Leaving one upon till" hills to watch it, 1 came home immediately, and niiide them lake down our new suit of sails, and carry them to tlu! sea-side, ready to be cant in if occasion were, and to nuike ha>te to tak(^ down our houses. AI)out noon the wind siiifted northward, and our centinel came running home, briugnig uh woril that tin' fire followed hin) at his 'It n. 3* 'ill 'a» If' m I 222 VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST. heels, like a train of powder. There was no occasion to bid us pull down, and carry all to the sea-side. The fire came towards us M'itli a most terrible rattling noise, bearing a full mile in breadth; and by that time we had uncovered our houses, and going to carry away our last things, the fire Avas come to our town, and seized it, and, in a trice, burnt it down to the ground. We lost nothing of any value, for we had brought all into a place of scciu'ity. Oiu* dogs, in this condition, would sit down on their tails, and howl, and then run into the sea, and there stay. The wind shifted easterly, and the fire ranged to the westward, seeking what it migl c devour. This night wc lay together aboard the ship, and gave God thanks, who had been thus merciful unto us. The .27th, 28th, and 29th, we wrought hard in fetching our things al)oard, as likewise our water, which we towed off with the ebb, and sent it to the ship with the flood. We were forced to go about the eastern point for drift-Mood ; for the tools Mere all so spent, that we could cut none. Tlierefore about three days before, T had caused our piiuiace to be sawed to pieces, and with that we stowed our cask, intendiug to burn it at low writer ; and such other times as we could not work in carrying things aboard, I employed in fetching stones ; and we built three tombs over our three dead companious, filling them with sand, in a decent and handsome manner. The least tomb had two tons of stones about it. The UOth, wc earnestly continued our labeur, and brought our sails to yard ; and by elevtm o'clock at niglit had nuule a pretty shij), meaning to have finished our business with the week and month, that we might the better solemnize the Sabbath ashore, and so take leave of our wintering island. .//////. The 1st of this month we were up betinu^s, and I caused our ship to be adorned the best wc coidd : our flag in the poop, and the King's colours in the main-top. I had provided a short account of all the passages of our voyage t<» this day. I liKcwise wrote in what state we were in at pre- M'. VOY.VCK OF (APTAIN- JAMK?'. 223 ^ •! scut, and liow I intended to j)rosccutc this discovery, both to the westward, and to the southward, ahont this isbind. Tliis brief discourse I had conchided M'itli a request to any noble- minded traveller that should take it down, or come to the notice of it, that, if we should perish in the action, then to make our endeavours known to our Sovereign Lord the King. And thus, with oiu' arms, drums, and colours, cook and kettle, we went ashore ; and first we marched up to oin* eminent cross, adjoining to which we had buried our dead fellows. There we read morning prayers, and then walked up and down till dinncr-*:inie. After dinner we walked up to the highest hills, to see which way the fire had wasted; we de- scried th.at it had consumed to the westward sixteen miles at least, and the whole breadth of the island. Near our cross and dead it could not come, ])v reason it was a baie sand. After evening prayer I happened to walk along the beach- side, where T found an herb resembling scurvy-grass ; 1 had some gathered, which wc boiled with onr meat for supper. It was most excellent good, and far better than our vetches. After supper wc went to seek for more of it, which wc carried off to the rpiantity of two bushels, which did afterwards much refresh us. And now tlie sun was set, and the boat came ashore for us; Avhereui)on we assend)led ourselves together, and went up to take the last view of our dead, and to look to their tombs, and other things. So fastening my hricf, which M'ns securely wrapped up in lead, to the cross, we pre- sently took boat and departed, and never put foot more on that island. Thus terminates the unaffected, but not unaHeeting, ninra- tivc given by Captain James of the crosses he experienced, with liis Company, on Charlt(ni Island. Subjected to suf- ferings of no ordinary descrii>tion, this ollieer exhibited un- t less admire the intre[)idity, |)erseverance, and skill, with which, inadequately furnislu'd as they were, those di<«cov(ries wvvv. effected, and every dilliculty and danger braved. That any man, in a single frail vessel of Hvc-aud-twenty toii>, ill-found in most respects, and wholly unprovided fi^r wintering, having t-o contend with a thousand real dithculiici, as well as with numberless imaginary ones, which the supei-stitinns then ex- isting among sailors would not fail to conjure up, — that any man, luuler such circumstances, should, two hundred years ago, have persevered in accomplishing what our old navigators r:'Tr i ^ • ::i '4 Mi' ' ■it 4 n ...k b A'OYAGKS TOWARDS THE NOIiTll-AVKST. i:i » i .E*:- (lid accomplisli, is, I confess, sntncicnt to create in my miutl a feeling of the liigliest pride on the one hand, and almost approaehinf; to humiliation on the other : of pride, in remeni- beiinj; that it was our countrymen who performed these ex- ploits ; of himiiliation, when I consider how little, with all our advantaj^es, ivc have succeeded in goin<^ beyond them. " Indeed, the longer our experience has been in the navi- gation of the icy seas, and the more intimate our acquaintance Mith all its dilliculties and all its precariousness, the higher have our admiration and respect l)een raised for those who went before us in those enterprises. Persevering in d-fliculty, unai)palled by danger, and patient under distress, t y scarcely ever use the language of complaint, much less that of despair ; and sometimes, when all human hope seems at its lowest ebb, they furnish the nu)st l)eautiful examples of that Hrm reliance on a merciful and superintending Providence, whicli is the only rational source of true fortitude in man. Often, with theii* narratives imi)i'essed upon my mind, and surrounded by the very diflicidties which they in their frail Jind inefficient l)arks un(huuit(>dly encoimtercd and overcame, have I been temi)te(l to exclaim, with all the enthusiasm of Purchas : ' now SIIAI.r, I \DMIRE YOUR IIEKOICKE CGUUAfii:, VK MAKINH MOUTIIIES, BEYOND NAMES OK WOUTlllNESs'. •^l: r id' ■- 1 ^ 4 P ' J . APPENDIX or SrPPLEMENTAljy XOTKS. "■( •I!' i M ■ n 'M •A' 'i'*^ » V,, ,[ I-' ! if- 229 H-!.| 9[;)pfntiir. XOTE A. * ////' I' I y G. SHIPS, OFFICERS, ETC. In all expeditions that consisted of more tlian two vessels, one was ai)|)oiiite(l to lead, with the denomination of Aihnirnl ; and another was appointed to keep a look-out asteiii, with the denomination of Vice-admiral. Bv dav, the Admiral car- ricd a proper signal, and by iiijiht shewed a distinguishing light. These vessels were of mediimi size, between three and foiu* luuub'ed tons, stronirlv built, to carrv a heavv armament, and were required to sail well. They carried soldiers as well as mariners. The officer in command of the entire fleet, was named the Genera/, and he sailed in the Admii-.il. The second in com- mand, was denominated the Lieutenant-yeneral, and he sailed in the Vice-admiral. Both these officers were invested, by patent from the Sovereign, ^»^th power to exercise martial law ; and several of these documents, granted by Elizabeth and James I, to the earlv commanders emploved l)v the Wor- shi])ful Fellowship of the Merchants of London tratbng into the East Indies, are to he found among the East India Mss. On board each ship there wa^ also : a Captai/i, who "ruled in matters of controvci-sy, and in sea-figlil^"; a Master, who, under sureties, was held resjKJiisible for the goods brought into the ship ; a Purser, who was held accountable, also uiuler sureties, for the goods on l>oard, and who superintended their delivery from the ship ; a R'j,nayer, who regulated the stow- age : a Counter-master, or master's mate, who kept the keys '! 1 I ',1, 1 '■ m k n jVM . ! * m 2'M) AI'I'KNDIV. of tlic lintchcs ; and Ji Pilot, " to direct only in ^ouernin;^ nnd leading" the ship from port to port. y / OISCIPLINF,. From the commencement of tlie East India Traffic, Mic Connuander.s of vessels were instrncted to jiay the strictest attention to the follo\vin;j; points, viz.: i. To the performance of Divine Worship twice every day. ir. To the repression of blasphemous expressions, prophanc swearinj;, lewd conversa- tion, dicing, and every other description of gaming, which is described as being a fruitful cause of quarrels, frccpiently leading to murder, and an especial object of God's indigna- tion, in. To the careful removal of every kind of "filthy- ness " from within Ijoard ; cleanliness being emphatically declared to be "a notable prcscruation of health"; and want of cleanliness, to be the "cause of breeding sickness", iv. In their intercourse with strangers, particularly with uncivilized people, the crews are directed to avoid any kind of violence : to conduct themselves with civilitv and kindness, the same tending to promote the "honour of the countrie". v. That the crews, after having beeii long confined to sea-fare, may not injure themselves, either by eating immoderately of pro- per food, or by partaking of improper food, the Commander is instructed to select the discreetest of the company for the purpose of purchasing what may be recjuired : which is to be brought on board, and then divided according to the wants of the respective messes, vi. The sick are objects of solicitude. It is ordered that care be taken not to allow waste of the fresh meat that may be procured on the passage ; and that " the comfortable thinges whercM "' euery shippe is furnished be not spent in ryatt and banquetting,and soe the sicke pishe [perish] for want of thinges needful". And it is added : " Espctiall care must be had that when those that arc the most weak psonns come to fresh vietiudls after long abstinence alt sea, they be not suffered in any wise to cat of those fresh meates which APIMA'DIX. shall be jrotten on shorc,but tliat yo" cause such frcsli victualls as yo"- can prouide to be boylcd in pottaj^c, till yt be sodden in pccce«,and the cheefe substance lefte in the broth, and i^iue them of that broth onelie to fccdc vpou nioderatelie for twoe or three dales iiii their stoniackes be soiueirliatt sef/ed and their hotlhn comforted^* } If in some recent cases, some judicious measure of this kind liad ])een adopted, it is probable nuujy lives would have been saved. Oppi>*ed to jraming, the drama ap])ears to have been con- sidered a beneficial source of recreation ; and the ftdlowinj; curious and interesting; entries connected with tlu' suljjcct, occur in the joui-nal of the Draaon (Captain Keeling), bouiul with the Hector (Captain Hawkins) and the Consent towards the East Imlies* 1G07. Septeml>er 4. [At Serra Leona.] Towards nifjht, the kiufjes iuterpter came, and brought me a letter Iroui the Portingall,' wher in (like the faction) he offered mc all kindly services. The bearer is a man of mariuiilous redie witt, and speakes in elotjuent Poriugues. He layt abord me. 5. 1 sent the interpreter, according to hi^ desier, abord the Hector, wliear he brookc fast, and after came abord nice, wher we yuue the triiye- die of Hundett. 30. Captain Hawkins dined with mc, wher uiy com- panions acted /\'in//e Rirhiird the Second. ol. I euvited Cai)tain Hawkins to a llishe dinnii', and had Hamlet acted abord mc : nf'' I p\nitt to keepe nnj people from iillenes and rnlutrfull yauieSy or .s/eepe. » Court Mii^^lUnj R"k. {L\ f. Mss.) * £. I. J/«t. This journal is? jjuiitoil in Plu•c•ha^•. I'Ut with many uhii>- ^iuDil; of wfakh tLc alx'Vc- cxuacts t'orni a part. 3 A »Duall r»rtMirucf-c cral't. at aiiclini in the \<<,i'\ i^f Sioira liC-ne. 1 '' r 'ii ■'ii ,p '■j AriM:.M):x. re A ♦ ■', N» STOUFS. A goiiorall pportion ( f* victuiiUiuge made for tlio/)/Y///o»,<»f «irH) tuiiiis, ir)() niiircliants and mariiici's. Fohniarir, l()<)0-7. Biciide ffor 21 mo. aU 24/t. a man p. mo.,3U 9^ tunns. H'nr Ittkingc and lees ... ... ... (t ... (mi.'>J tiinn;*. Wyn< H'ur N mus. I ]>iiite a n>iiii p. diem <>il pjjK;!*. IJoi' , (hisaltcd flor 2 mo. alt Mi. a man p. diem ... (>2i'i(J. wight. I'jale pickled ffor 4 niuiineth, 1 y/. a man p. diem ... 24!C.wigiit. Porek piekled Hor Hi moiinellis, at 4//. for .'imcn p. diem 322C. wight. Pease . . . Ucancs... IJaekalew Stoektihli Lyngc ... H'or !» mo. att liallc a pint a man, p. diem, ;^ pease, and ', l>eanes tl'or 3 mo., att a li>h a man ]>. diem H'or 1 mo. at \ a fish a man ]». diem ffor a monncth. at 4 mcasc to a fish, 5 men to a mess ffor 4 mo. at |, a pint a man p. iliem ffor 4 nioiinelhs att I a pint To uliicli is added \vh.»L is termed, Oatmeale Steal wlieate' 2lol,u^li.iN. 1<».') liu-heU.s. 112 Cat 12m r C. in C. at 120 r C. iMt.Tr. ]fi4i. I 11 l.u-lalN. 144 hu.>helU. Vicfiittff'iiif/ Ej'fraot'diiiarit'. \ iz. : C'lieese, 005 weyes ; butter, O^Jl firkins; suectc oyle, CAHi P'dlons ; viiiej^ar, ()()() tunns ; ntjuavite, l.'iO <;aIlons ; Iionny, OIKJ liarrells ; nuiMard Necd,MM)G huNlulls ; riee, (M):J C. wi-ht ; salt,(K)()li.Ii., bay, and while; rape oyle for lainjies, (M ).'>.' Jli.li.; \\n\ cainlle.s, 100 ponndi' ; tallow candles, l."iOponnde; water eaNke, 010 tnnns; barrieo.s' (breakeis), OK) tnnns, » * f French i/niin. A lew year» a Iter ward.-*, the Company* purveyor reported, that JCn;ill/*h (jmin tntjficiciifhf Imrd to f>t ip'ouml, coultl Jk; pr<>- cnreil; and that a further importation .•}" Fr'inli grain w.is miniee''»ary. ■'' " I muslaiil ijiifrni" |iiiill] is inelutled in the inventory of t!jc "'Jnat Susnn", KUKi. — i'ourt Jiooi; p. ft. •'' The term "harrie<»" wu.s used so late n» He.^t's Narrative "i the .Nlutiny f'f the Ilounty. . « kit APPKNDIX. 233 Great attention was paid to the quality of tlie moat. The beasts were pureliased alive, iiispceted by duly (lualified olli- eers on the ])art of the Company, drixcn to the Conii)auy'.s slaughter-house at Blaekwall, and there killed and eurcd. In the contracts for meat, it is stipulated for : "The o.\en to be fatt, and larj;e j^roweth flesh, and euery one to waij^he up- MSirds of 5 cut. waijrht. The hoj;^e to be lar<;e and jjoode ; among all which, none to be soaken sows,' or measlee, and to contalnc one hundred waight p. hogg, and none to be under three-quarters ; to bo waighed without head or feet, and to have the lying side of the MU'tt both to the oxen and liogge : and further, to have the tongues of the said oxen Mithout the roote waighed into the beefe".^ .VKMAMI.NT. In the inventories of stores in vessels belonging to the East India Company, the following arms are enumi'rated,viz.: I. OriliKiiict'. Consisting of (/rmi-canon, of (JO cwt. each ; rWl| I cm 1/ llli^f KJl •'•» '.'V/, 111 HI .«!/, I. II I . I ItV. II , n 1 /fi r -1 ff f r f 1 rf*^ y *^n n% t *^ y 20 cwt. ,'i (p's. each.' Also/o/r/< /'.v and m nrt/u'i'i/ti/-pi('crs, the ' i.e. " not in I'Ik"- 8 A l)0(.k cpf'M'oiitrart.siin.lIJiiririiinM made IVp il'iiiui>'i'iis ",etc. (/;./.. lAs.t.) !' The following,' t'lf'ff uJ' particulars cunnec ted Willi ancient oidiiance, may not be unucccptuMu. Lvuitlh, W.iclil, I'i'i'l. i'«l. Cannon" Iii\i/>ir\or IMiim "f l". Diiiii of w, *lliM,lll'«, iulitiir.i)it !'• t-- 1 1 ... ■'» .. «=: .. 1". ... :io ... 1 1 ('u/fiiu'iu's ; \ cxtraunliiiary .. l-'i alpl.H"> .. ... .^1 ... I'o ... Ii'i •Jonlinary — ... .'>o .. .'J lca.>*t — ... lo .. . . . o ... .»; ... 17 :«./.. ... \\l 1 » ... in* J)evii'-ci'fi'fi'itifH : 1 oxtnu.r.linary .. loj ... :J<» .. • »? ... 1'. ... 12 n..z. Nj jJonlinary lo ... 27 .. 3 least 1» {'< 10 ... — .. •J ... ij ... ... I ... |i" 1 III/. 7 t"/,. 1» ... tij ('DlitlllUtlt. M II !^ Mi '. i 2n 1. Al'PKNOIX. latter l)i'in^' funiishcd witli two cliJinibor.s each.' The s/iof consisted of roinid, j;ra])0, case, and lan^xrell. II. S/ii((//-ariitfi. Consisting of muskvUs ; imd /i(tr(/t and sfcc/ /t/i//r/y,'n' hiiekhrs; /j}/h : loii^ and short pikt-s ; Jicr-jiikis, with and without staves ; /joarc-s/jcars : tnuskvlt-arihWH ; slurhoivs, with beiKhrs ; and //r/'-imn "f Diniii. '>r \Vi '.;;liin(s|,,it, Clmri;rt I.«iiinh tSidei',* : !•■• t. 1 fxtraoriliimry .. In 2 onliimry H least 1» A/ini'mn : 1 l.ir;;est 14 2 iitliiiary Ftilciia t V, Ftdconct — . Al. 1 ••>r> ,lll^, tliot.iiin .. • 1 ... :vt . ... '■^l .. :Ji. . * ... :v. ... .r . 10 . . . '•.'.\ .. 3 . H ... :) ... 'Ji . — ... ^i .. I'i . I.-. Il.< 7 .1 (1 1 1/ ... :\\ :\ 1 !>../.. ••«1 ;j in/.. ^i 1 .JU«. U 2 ... — 1 Thii ifiii'fitff of China is ^imllur iti Un construct iuii ; nwl dioru is rca- Hon In li!ie\e llio arm \v;i> iii»i«>iluc»'i| iuti. tluit »iii|>irc l>y tlic l'urliigiie>o; tbt>ii;rh ^'iin-poHdcr wa"« proimii'v kiiuwn uikI ii>«.i|. * ".Mathciiintiial M;i;;iLk ;^il»«' Womlcri* that may Iio porforiucJ hy Mi'oliaiiiral nt'ujijctry ". [.oixuln : ir.so. h.i' . 5 r AI'l'IlNDIX. 235 s'Ao/ :iii(l I ••'1 'i l.y second, in tlic facility with which, being made of wood, it may be constructed at all times and in all places ; third, in its comparative smallncss of cost ; and fourth, on account of the jijrcat saving in regard to " ammunition". " Hut", he observes, " this enquiry cannot be Adly determined without particular experience of both". The fowlers and murthering ])ieces were usuallv mounted on the forecastle. Sir John Hawkins' consi- ders "their execution and sjjcedie charging and discharging to be of great moment", and as calculated to render most etru ient service, both at close ([uart(M's, and in boarding. The musket- arrows were short, and put into the barrel after a" taui|)kin" [tompion] had been driven. In a great fight between Sir .lohn Hawkins and the Spnuiards, in May 15i)!, their ellicacy was proved. After the light, " the enemy confessed they were of singular use and execution, for they i)asse(l with facility through both si(l(>sof the upper works of the shipp, which were musket proof, and wrought exti'aordinary disasters". The sluibows appear to have been a species of catapult, or a powevlul bow worked with a " rack and bender".-' From tluMu wen? thrown missiles resembling (he modern carcase, vi/,., " brasse balles of artilleial lire, of very great account, either by sea or land". Slurbows were also used to jjropel " lii-r-arrows". One of these projectiles, during a naval engagement in I.'jSH, " was hhott into ihe beake hi.id (d' the Siru/Zvir, of lu r Uiaiestie, which was not .seen till it had l)urne ' ■ hole in the nose a^ big lis a nuju's head". The " fierwoiks" • re not nu re inollen- si\e (lisnla\>* of the |i\roteehni« -rt. i lu'V '( re of a hi^hlv di'struclivi' ciiaraeter, and ealculate(' '.» cii ar a deek in a \ryy short space of time. > (ffiiiei'i';itioii.i, vie. Kiliti 'U (if (III ll.iliinvt Sdoitty, ]^\~. " An cnjLtinc (if this iU->n, iViin an aatl'iuo inarliK-. i . •Itliufiitftl ill u \M.rk ciititlf( i/inrijifiutt nnll- tiinili' /{•jiiiiini,' A /,ioiif : l."i.,i({. 'I uyio is u!»i) a iit'lc li^'iii' in I»i»liii|i Wilkin-*' wmk IkI" re in-ticcil. ,^ i ".I -* 1 23(; APPKNOIX. ^- men 130. n 110. )) KM). }) 8(5. i> 50. A'Or/? /i. DUTCH VOYAGE. SIMMAIIY OF TllK VuV'AliK, A.D. l,;!*iS, UXUKK TIIK i uMMAM) '>V Sill JAtiJUES MAIir. The lleet sailed from ihnTtwel o\\ tlic 23r(l,or 2 ttli,of Jimc^ l.">!)8. It consisted of five sliips, measuring in the afrj^regatc 715 tons, and carryinjif 191 men, viz.: I. The HoiH', Admiral, of tons 250 II. yV/r r'A«/v7//,Vice-Admiral, ,, 100 III. TliL' FaUh, „ 1(50 IV. The FkU'litij, „ 100 V. The Good Xcwn, ,, 75 Of the above, The Fidelittj and The Foith alone returned to Holland. These two vessels, with the rest of the fleet, entered tho Si rails of M(i//e//(iif on tlie Cth of April, 1591). On the IHth, they anehored in hititiuh.' 5 1- , Mintered there, and lost one hundred meu. This is not surprising, if it be true, as stated, that, " alway the storm found them worke; and miserable was their toyle without any furtherance to their intended voyage. Haine. winde, snowe, hayle, hunger, losses of anchors, spoyles of ship, and tackling, sickness, death, sauages, uant of store, and store of wants, conspired a fulness of miseries. IJnt specially the colde encreased their appetites, and this decreased their pn>ui>ion". On the 3r(l of September the fleet weighed. Kor four days the ships kept together ; but on the fifth, The Faith and The Charih/ were compelled to put back. It is re- presented, " they were left behind in nnu'h miserie, tempest, hunger, leakes, etc." To their greater discomfort, also, one of the masters died. I'\)r a jieiiod of two months, it is said, " thev had not one favre dav to drie their s.vle* : while the (U'xil added mntinie in this miserable ccunpanie, and tlieeve- rie". After enduring " a world of straights in the >traights", tiny departed homewards on the 22ud of .lanuarv lOOO, and arrived in the Maes on the 1 Ith of .Inly following. It was not only in the Straits (»!' Miigella ■ il u the crews lii Al'PKXDIX. 237 of tliis ill-fated expedition sufrcred from want of provisions. Three months previons to their arrival tliero, they were put on an allowance of a ([uartcr of a poiuid of bread per diem, per man; with a proportionate allowance of wine and water. On this occasion, according; to one of the sufferers, the nun, in the sore extremity of hun<;er, Merc fain to " eate the c',\\\c skinscs" wherewith the ropes were served. Tlic rest of the ships encountered different fates, invariably disastrous. T/tr IIojji; continued in company with the shij) in which William Adams was eml)arke(l, till the '2 Mi of I'l^l)- ruarv 1000. On that dav, durinj; a tremendo'.is storm, thev parted company. J/ii' IJo^ir was " no r.iore .seen"; and was never afterwards heard of. 77/r ('!;>> r'lii nwX The (lood Xnr.s' remain to be noticed. One of tliesc ships, but whi^'h is not known, was captured by the Spaniards on the coast of Chili. The other, with Adams on board, was driven on tin* coast of Him^o, a province in the island of Kiusiu, appertaining to the empire of Japan ; from whence the vessel never retnrncd. This occiu'red in April lOOl. AVhen the ship anchored in Hnn^o, the " conJi)anie" on board was rednced by sickness and famine to twentv-four: and of thiM' onlv " foure were able to jjoc." Shortly afterwards the complenu'ut was fiu'ther H'dnced bv six deaths. Of the ollicers, Sir .hinjUi s Ma/ut, or Ma/iajf, fjeneral of thv.; fleet, died in September 1.">U3, in 3 S. of the line, lie was succeeded in the command by Simnii (fc Conffs, \ ice-admiral, who was slain through the treachery of the Spaniards, iit the island of Mocha, in latitude 3H to the westward of South America. Iliiiiiiii;ilniiii, Ihicklmit, and Si hull ilr //V/7, were ca|itains. The last, with a companion, made ^ood his return to HollantI, on board I'lii' Fidr/ih/ and 77/c Faith. Oiu' cap- tain wan slain on ihe voyatfc, in a skirmish with savages: one reached Japan, where he was detained fi\(' years. I5eini? pennitttMl to depart, at thi' earnest iuterc(>ssion of Adams, he proceeded to Joliore, and there joined, as n»astt'r, a Dutch f 238 APPENDIX. fleet of nine sail. Off' Malacca^ a battle was fought with " an armada of Fortugals", in wliich lie was " shot, and presently died.'^ One of the pilots was Timothy Shottcn, which had been "with Mr. T/ioinan Candisli in his vovage about the world".' XOTi: C. ilAVMOl'Tirs KXl'KDITIOX. 1 1 t t MUSTEn-IlOLL, ETv^., ur THE OFKICEKS AXD t'UEWS NO. XAME. XATIVE I'L.^CE. KATIXU. PAY. I Gcorjje Wayiuouth Devonshire Captain ... Condi. II Wui. Cobrtutli Ualclirt' 1) i;(J:():U III luo. Cart w right ... Loudon Preaeher £3:0:0 IV Hart"'- As. VI John Lane Tenton, Devon ... )i TiO.s. VII Thus. Yerworth ... — Purser ... 40.S. VIII Ed. Pulli^MH — » 409. -- I.X Win. IJateiuan Ipswich Tnmipetcr 3( "s. ~ X Wm. iJuIly I'eutou, Devon ... (jiwiHier ... ■I'N. XI Inu. IMaekniuur ... — Mr.liisuiate -Ids. XII Cornel"- Mecnm ... — lioatswn. 3()s. XIII Kil. .Viuhewerf Chuth.int, Kent ... f^hipwright 31s. XiV Tho.s. huren Lond'ii Steward... 2(;s. Nl. XV llic' .Memlavy ... IVntou, Dev...n ... Cooper ... 2ss. XVI lleny Tren.l »i » Mariner... •2Ss. XVII Tuny- I'owler Ti»i»hain, ,. »» 289. XVIII Th..,s. Ward I'enton, )) 30s. XIX Nioh''- Downe •t .. M iJ^s. x\ Kieh''- Seott ^Vai-ping »> 3( »s. XXI liich' lla.M.K-k ... T"|.>hiun. Devon It 2(!s. XXII Th"- Hrownscouilio ll;inklull. Devon >» 30s. X X 1 1 1 Tlr- Urowne »Ve.\ni<.uth. I)(>r>ct ** 30s. XXIV Kd. Watsun Suuthuniiitoi), lit.". t« 5iHs. XXV Anl> Walker* ... — >» 34s. ' Fourtli Ciiviniina\igation of the OIkIh; : hy Oliver Noort. — Voyage of Sehait de Wert (/'«/r/'"<, vol. ' lil>. ii, pp 71-7'.t ; and pj). \-lo-\\Vl).— Adams" Narrative. *' Also: "Thero in geuvn him, fur the p'' «ion of his ohe.st, w"'' snffi- tient Kaliies and instruiii ..9 titt for his vocation to Hruc. for ii surgeon, the sum of viii// Kd. W'-'d, •• surgeon, citti/on of London, dwelling w'''i» .Vld^ate ". enters into thi.^ a<:reciueut "U '-ehulf of hi.s • .-,"ruaiil". "! -A) \ 4 ^t. t. I' I i i v,s t^ •^^ ^ § ^.. r J. S. '^ o o ^ ^, ^-- \<. ^ . p > ^ •0 I •'HI i!|| !:| ■^1 m ,i' <*• i p^ J^ i\i * fl 1 ._-* . ,j h ,> '. . . APPENDIX. XXVI Jnlui WillC* — XXVII Th'.s. White* ... — XXVIII Sum'' (iuecnsliLTv* — XXIX John (2ueens1)cry* — XXX Will. ' !i;i])oll* ... — XXXI Rul>'- White* ... — xx.sii Thus. Wilson* ... — xxMii Thus. .Stuil Pciitoii, Dcviiii 2.39 finer 28.S 28s 3()s :io.s ;}iis 30.S nOs 2^s. xoTK n. r KICKS. .Memouaxda rchitive to the Pkick.s yf Aitauki,, .MAXiTAiTrnns, I'liuvi- sioxs,aiul SiXDUir.s, iit the Commencement nf the Seventeenth Century. I. P.vuTU ri.AKS of the Ai'Pai!i;l supplU'd to the expedition pro- eeedinijto theXortli ]l'(\st,iindvr(' For a cas.Hovke there goeth a hitU-, w'' duth eo.^t *.) 1 1 lamb skins and h to fur the same, at Od the piece . . . . . ..")'.) For laying in the fur of tlic skins is . .1 ;> For making the same is . . • . .3 () Som that a eassoeke (h)tli ce. t an'iots vnto For a hood the lether cost, l)esyde the i)eeee Ifft is 10 3 lamb skins to fur the same, at in\ is . .1 For making and furring of it . . .Oil r.) So each cap doth cost the som of 3 3 * The engagements on l>ch;ill' of these jnu'ties were m;i.le 1«v Cai^t. Way- mouth. n . P \ % >■> m'l 240 APPENDIX. s. (I. li. s. d. For a yowne there goetli a hide and a hali'. w'»» cost 13 For the liiiinjr,G yards of frizc at 13d the vard is G D For makiii": the same is . . . .26 Som tliat a gowiie doth cost aniots viito For a pairc of nujtina, the same is made w"* pcec. cloth . . . . . .00 To fur the same, 2 skins is , . . .10 For makin}' the same is . , . .00 1 2 9 Som y' a pairc of mytins doth cost For every paire of socks there goeth \ of a yard, w'' at 12d the yard is . For making of each paire is . . . Som y' a paire of socks doth cost To a shirt tlierc goeth 2 ells ^ and \ white Hamburgh (lyncn), at lOd the ell is For the nuiking is .... . Som v' a shirt doth cost is For cvcjy iraisfroaf there goeth 2 yardes -\ iiuf ■, u (j' of (Welch) cotton or ])lane, w"^' at IHd the yardc is . For the making is .... . Som v' a waist coat doth c(»>t is 1 G t 1 3 •> 1 3 G II. (a. I). IGOG.) A COMIM TACON 01 TIIK CUAKlXiK for SLT- TiNCJ Foinii to Ska ipon a Tuiun Voyage to Bantam and the ^roi.ucfos upon a new uccompte, and for discou'y of fiydcr trade and other places, w"' tue l)uA(iON, IIectoh, and a Pvn- NA( K, us tr«)llo\vt'th, viz. — APPENIJIX. 211 The Dragon. (COO Tons.) Drayon. Tlic price of the Dragon by apprayscm' amounted to €2100 10 00 Her repaire and chard{rcs in setting forth will coste . . . . Ilcr victualls . . . . Imprest to men . . . , The Hector. (.jOO Tons.) Hector, her price by appray-'^cm' . her repaire and chardges of setting forth her victualis ..... Imjjrcst to men The Pynnace. Pynuarc. A pynnace of 120 tunns, and all her chardges of setting forth, w^' vic- tiuils and ymprest 4770 2195 0781 00 00 00 00 00 00 10819 IG 00 lllG 00 00 3000 1720 322 00 00 00 (K) 00 00 GlOl. 00 00 2000 00 00 Soma totalis 19913 10 00 The Mar( HANDiZE the be l>ought and sent in Leade. Loadc for 1.jO ffothcr at 10//. p ffothcr Iron. Iron for 140 tonns, Eng. and Span, at 12//". p tunn ..... Tijnn. Tynn ill small bars,5tunnsat72//.ptuii. CIX»THES. Clothes. 30 Venice redds at 12//. 20 Stametts at . . 20//. . 10 popingcy grecnes at 12//. 5 ycllowes at . .11//. 5 flame coullo'' al«. gallants at 15/? thcis ships : €1500 00 00 1800 00 00 0300 00 00 300 00 00 100 00 00 128 00 00 055 00 00 075 00 00 1 1 hi I >J!l i •J \^^m: ^J v> ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y A // V fA 1.0 I.I |5 ™— '" HA IL25 i 1.4 m 12.2 M 18 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WeST MAIN STtfIT WISSTIR.NY I4SS0 (716) irs-^soD S^ C^ w^ ^^ \ iV \ \ ^. ^. \ k '^ ) . i Ui2 APPEXDiy.. Clothes. 2 blacks at . . 20/i. £040 00 00 5 v-ioletth ^ayne at . L8/i. . 090 00 00 5 murreys grayne at 18//. . 090 00 00 5 blewes at . . L5//. . 075 00 00 5 plunketts at . . ' l2/i. . 060 00 00 5 French greenes at 12/?. . 060 00 00 5 grass greenes at . 12/i. . 060 00 00 5 azars at . 12/i. 107 clothes . . 060 00 00 . 1545 00 00 DEVONSHIRE KERSIES. Devonshire 20 Stametts at Mi. • . 80 00 00 kersies. 10 \iolleth graine at \li. . 40 00 00 30 Venice redds 10 popingcy greenes 10 flame coullo"^ >■ att 505. . 150 00 00 10 grasse greenes 10 gallants 10 vallows • 4 blacks >■ att 50*. . 75 00 00 6 blcwes 120 kersies . 0345 00 00 KEIGHLEY S NARROW LISTES OF THE BEST SORTES 15 Venice redds 10 popingcy greenes //. s. (I. > 70 iK'Ccs at 53 1 p pccce 0183 06 08 15 flame colors 10 grasse greenes 10 vellowcs ft' 10 Avatchetts North: dozons. Northern doozcns redds att Hams: Kersies. { 4/i. 5*. p peece . 10 blewes \20pccccsat lOwatchettsJ 3/i. 12.« / 0042 10 00 007! 00 00 00 00 d. 08 00 (K) Sayes. Iron work. APPENDIX. 20 peecs sayes of dy vers colors 243 £0052 00 00 ox O/iS, • • • Head pecs, wliite, graiien and gilded w*^ som few shirts of male . . . , 0100 16 08 Somma totalis of all the nV'chndize 6001 16 08 A VIEW OF THE CIIARDGE OF THIS THIRD VOYAEGE. Stocke remayning in the East Indies The Draifon, setting forth Tht Hector, setting forth The Pinnace, setting forth Soma totalis Marchandize outwardcs will costc . The some of the whole chardye outwards 3000 00 00 10849 16 00 6464 00 00 2600 00 00 22913 16 00 6001 16 08 28915 12 08 A COMPUTACON OF THEIS SIIIPPS RELADEING HOMEWARDS. Drayons~\ For the Dragon, ouer and abono 6500 ladinye. J sackes of pcpp, and 460 bahars of clones, w'*' is esteemed the goods in that conn- trie will pnide 4000 sacks of pepp at 6r. p sack ...... 24000/'. Ilecfore. For the Hectore, to be laden at the Mo- Inccos w"' pcpp, nntts, and mace, will coste 40000r. Pynnace. The ladinye of the Pinnace att the Molnccos with pcpp, nutts, clones, and mace ....... 12000/'. The ladinge of thcis 3 shipps, oner and abone the goods in the conntrie, will cost iu royalls of 8, rated at -^^ss, p royall . 76000/'. \V''' is, starlingc The totall some of the chardye ont- ward^t, and of the ladinye home- nurds ..... //. s. d. 17100 00 00 28915 12 OH i, ;r: li'li \ 244 APPENDIX. li r '■ '-\ Somma totalis outwards ^' homewards Beside men's wages att the re- tourne of tlieis sliipps The total reduced to The w''' computac*on being £40000 hj ahatem't reuieioed. is reduced from of some pai'ticiders. li. 8. d. 46015 12 08 10000 00 00 46000/i. 12s. M. to aboute 40000 00 00 " Miscellaneous Com-t Book". S,r| L'lM Hi ■■■■ :\\M I^^Q 'i*'f Wm i 1 1/ III. SUNDRIES. I. Shipping materials. In 1615 and 1616, anchors of from 100 to 1000 weight, cost £\ 10s. per cwt. ; those from 1000 to 2000 weight, ^1 13s. per cwt. ; those of 2000 weight and upwards, M\ 15s. per cwt. " Murthering -pieces, standing a tryall", 5d. per lb. In 1621, tar was jgllO per last.' Cables and cordage, in 1622, 28s. 6d., and 28s. per cwt.;^ 1623, 24s. ; 1624, 24s. 6d.'' ; 1625, 29s. ; 1626, 26s. 6d., and 27s. 6d. ; 1627, 25s. 6d. ; 1630, 30s. ; 1631, 34s. ; 1635, 37s. 6d. ; 1637, 25s. 6d., and 28s. II. Apparel. In 1621, a canvas shirt cost 3s. 4d. ; a woollen shirt, 15s. ; and irish hoese, 2s. 3d. per paire. in. Provisions. In 1581, wlicat was £1 per quarter (p. 33, Nan'atives) . In 1615, strong beer was worth £3 3s. the tun ; great oatmeal, 30s. per quarter; good old pease, 24s. per qr. ; new pease, 28s. per qr. ; and " Newland fish" , 9s. per 100. * Contract with George Hall, Deptford Stroud. — Court Miscellawom Book: E. I. Mss. 2 The higher price was paid for " n(3-band'\ the lower for "rlnjn- hand", or " r>i,i-f)nnd and rhi/n-hmid, inlxed'\ 8 During a portion of this year, the retail prices of some provisions were as follow : roasting beef, 3 stone, 2 Ihs. for 5s. 4d. ; half a mutton, from Gs. to Ts. ; half a lamb, 3s. ; chickens, three for 28. ; pidlets, three for Bs. ; a pottle of da ret, and three pints of sack; 2s. lOd.; a pottle oi white, Is. 4d. — From "The Accompte of Wni. Pingley and Giles 8hcppard, Stewards for the E.rchantje at ^irith, for pvision bought for her there". 3rd to 1 7th July l(ii4. £. I. Mss. APPENDIX. 245 IV. A TABLE OF THE PRICES OF PROVISIONS. Year. Beef, Pork, Biscuit. B oltfl meal.Ship het-r p. cwt. p. cwt. p. cwt. p. cwt. p. tun. 1621 18s. 18s. ... ... 1.3s. 6d. ... 13s 40s. 1623 ... 17s. & ISs.i 22s. & 23s. 4d. 14s.6d.&15s.6d. 14s. — 1624 ... 20s. 6d. 20s. 6d. ... ... las. ... 13s. 6d. — 1625 22s. 6d. & 2us. 6d. 22s. 15s. 14s. — 1626 ... 21s. & 22s. 21s.. :i:^i 193 VARIATN. lid. 29d., a great mistake.* 3 points. 3d. 2d. differ- ent. Great in the va- riations. APPENDIX. From the Durses in Ireland, being in 52 lat., to Cape Farewell in Groenland, lat. 58.56^ the course is W.N.Wterly, and the distance is ..... . The southernmost part of the Hand of Resolution is in lat. 60rf. 34m. From Cape Farewell to the Hand of Re- solution, the course is W. and by N., and the distance is .... . Sir Dudley Diggs his Hand is in lat. 62d. 40m., and is in distance from the He of Resolution, upon a W. and by N. ~ north- erly course ...... The Cheekes lie in 61d. 17m. lat. from Sir Dudley Diggs his Hand ; thereto the course is W. and by S., and the distance is Our ivintering being in lat. of 56c?. ^ni. From the Cheekes to our wintering pLice, the course is S. and by W. i westerly, and the distance is .... . 247 LEAGUES. 400 208 180 190 87 The 27 of November. I made an observation of the moone and the planet Mars, and for that I stand in doubt, for the hourc to be exactly found out by any diall-block, or other instrument, to hang a planet to find where the foremost guard was right under the Pole starrc, at which instant I found $ and ([ to be one de- gree and 41 minutes asunder ; by which working, I suppose or dcemc it to bee as foUoweth : this our wintring place, in degrees, and 15 of longitude [?] from our meridian of the citie of London. Per me, Josias Hubart. ^ These marginal notes by Fox are not altogether intelligible ; which may, in some degree, be attributed to errors of the press. i i ft I' 1'! 248 APPENDIX. h- 'fit In the name of God. Amen. Of the courses from the Mission Head in Ireland, being bound towards the Northwest passage, Captain Thomas Button, gentleman, being our generall, in the good ship called the Resolution ; John Ingram captaine and master of the pinace called the Discovrie. 1612. VARIATN. LEAGUES. Imprimis, from the Mission Head in Ire- land, to Cape Discord in Groenland, lati- tude 6d. [? 60"] 30rain., the course is N.W. by N. northerly^ and the distance is . 360 From the Mission Head to Cape Discord in Groynland, the course is N.W. 67 W. northerly, by the compasse, the lat. 59d. 20m., and the distance is . . . 380 From the Mission Head to Cape Desola- tion, the course lyeth W.N.W., and the distance 490 From the foreside of Cape Discord to Cape Farwel, the course lyeth S.W. south- erly by compasse. Distance ... 58 From Cape Farwell to the westernc part of this headland, by Cape Desolation, the course is W.N.W. halfe northerly, 100 leagues distant, and from this headland to Desolation, is 10 leagu.es distant : in all, from Farewell to Desolation the dis- tance is ...... 100 23d. as N.N.E. by compasse, bctwecnc Cape he Farewell and the foresaid headland, there judged, set a very great current to the westward From Cape Desolation to the He ofReso- 29. lution, the course lyeth W.N.W. westerly, altitude 62d. 30m., and the distance . 120 AIM'KNDIN. :> M) 360 380 490 58 VAR. From Resolution to Sdlishurii He, \V. bv i.KAf;. N., altitude G3d. 15m., and from the iland to IFostenholme's Cape, the course lyeth W.S.W. southerly .... 12 And from this cape to Diff(/s his Hands 3 31. From Resolution to Wostenholme's Cape, the course Ivcth W. bv N. west(;i']v, and the distance is .... . 1 'tW From Resolution to Dif/f/s his Hands, the course is W. bv N. northerlv, arul the (lis- tance (altitude 63d.) .... \7)i\ From Sir Dudley Diyi/s his Hands to Not- tiuf/hani's Hand, N. by compasse, and the distance is ...... 7 or 8 From Sir Dudley Dij/gs to Swann'sHand, W. by S 40 From Digifs his Hand to Hopes Checkt, the course is W.S.W. a little westerly, and the distance is .... . 200 The altitude is 60d. 40m. From Hopes Checkt to the Broken Land, where ouradmirall received a great storme, the course lyethS.W. 49 leagncs,altitude,51) 10 From this Broken Land to the head Nor- therland, the course lyeth W,, and the dis- tance is ..... 8 The Headland is the entring into this Bay called ^kw ^^ ai.k.s. From this Head Land unto the Roade of the harbour, the course lyeth S. 12 leagues, and from Hopes Checkt to this Roade, the course lyeth N.E. and by N. . . . 86 Hitherto, the Lord, of liis mercy, hath blessed, preserved, and kept us from all dangers whatsoever, which wee beseech him to ble.sse us of his mercy, and send us well forth agaiiic. Amen. I'er me, l*>i)\v\iii) (Jr,\\\ ii.i;.' 1 Xortli-west Foxc. nr, Fuxe from the Xnith-\vo>t l'as.saj;c. Pp. I i:t-l::;i. K K ,.*! i--' ii -i p^ fS5^/!- 5!5() APPENDIX. .VOr/; /'. FTRST E. I. SUIISCIUVTION LIST. Tlio sul)scri|)ti()u-Hst for tlic first India voya<;c is datt'tl the 22)1(1 of 8cptLMiil)or 1599. Tlic amount subscribed was th : 1 }fiitlii':i1|. Mil, (1/ '^!l. Al't'KNDlX. :>:)! Ill the moniinge, or the eucninge, when you may see the soniic rise or set (your compasse standing tit), you are to marke liow many degrees the soiine riseth fro the east poynt of the fly, or setteth from tlie west, and note whether to the southward or northward. This ohscruation, and iis many as you can make, enter into your booke; noting of the (hiy and place wliere you make it. Then for the finding of the variation, I liave ealeuhated a special table for the purpose, whose title is, " A table of the Sonnes rising frci the true East and West", which you are to use in this manner : first, consider what declination the sonne hath that present dav, which vou may know bv vour rcaiii/cnt;^ also, what is the eleuation of the pole at that place, which you are to know vpon reckoning fro your last obser nation. Then in the sayd table of the sonnes rising and setting, loke in the head of the table the degrees of the sonnes decli- nation ; and on the left side loke the degree of eleuation, and risjlit ay William Bokxe, corrected and amended by Thomas Hood, D. in Phisicke, who hath added a new Jle/pmeid, and a fidjle of declination, with the Ma- ryner's guide; and a perfect sea card thervnto belonging". This volume is illustrated with numerous cuts, amongst which is a delineation of " the Bella Stella, or Crosse Staffc, to take the height of the sunne or starre"; and of a " Sea Astoroloh, or ring". Master IJorrioft\>i '■' /i('i/i7nent"' has not been tracdl. :| ^'■' i iM » Pi'. ?, r ^;| '-)i ' •u • \ II' il ln--K. ^1.^1. ¥k I: ■ ■; ' . 25:2 APPENDIX. breefcst and most intelli{^i1)le way is this: note vpon the same flv vou made vour obseniation hv, ov vijon anv other in anv hoke that hath degrees in the vtmost circle, the degree tliat tlie Sonne rose, or set vpon : then fro that markc reckon, or nomher, the degrees of the sonnes amplitnde northward, if the same hath sonth deehnation ; or reckon southward, if the Sonne liatli nortli declination ; and where the degrees end, there is the true east, or west ; which being had, it is then manifest how much your compasse doth vary, and which way. One example will make this playne. Suppose you be to the southwestwai'd of the Lyzard, and in the hight of 18 de- grees, the 10 of February next, this yeare 1595 ; and that yon find the sonne to rise 7 degrees to the southward of the east by such a compasse as hath the wires due north. Then lokc in the sonnes regiment, and you shall find the (k'clination of the sonne for that 10th day at noone, 1595, to be 10° 58' southerly. You may see that the day before it was more by 21', and therefore that morning it ought to be more by almost a quarter of 21', which is 5' ; and therefore the declination of the sonne at that present time, is 11° 3' : but a few minutes in this reckoning need not be regarded ; but you may take the declination as you find it at noone that day, which you may account 11 degrees, because it cometh nerest thcrevnto. Then in tlie table of tlu> sonnes rising and setting, right agaynst the liiglit of 18 degrees, and vnder the declination of 11 deg., you shall find 1() degrees and 33 miiuits, which is the amplitude of the sonnes rising frti the true east, and to be southwards of the east so much, because the sonne hath south declination. NoM' markc vpon the compasse vpon what degree the sonne rose ; tlum reckon fi'6 it northward, according to your rule, because the sonne hath south declination, the nomber of IT) degre(>s and 33 minuts, or 10 degrees and a half; and you shall find them to end 9 degrees and a half to the northwardes I HW i APPK.VniX. 2:>:) of the east of the compasse. And so mueh cloth the true cu!»t vary, or differro, fro tliat of your compasse, and so, per con- sequence, all the poynts else from the truth. That is to say, the east of your compasse doth vary 9 degrees and a half to the southwards fro the truth ; and therefore the north of your compasse so much to the eastward, the south poynt to the westward, aud your west poynt to the northward. But of Mhat poynt soever you rectifie in yoiu* booke the variation, you must specially note the variation of the north poynt, be- cause it is the chccfest poynt in name, and all the rest wiUx ordered by it. And because the nauifration and stceraflge is made comonly l)y the con'ion compasse, whose wires stand half a poynt to the eastward of the north of the flv, it is necessary that vou also know the variation of this compasse, otherwise, saylinjr by such a compasse, you can make no true reckoning of your course, nor appoynt what steeradge ought to be made. 1 will therefore giue this general rule : haning noticed the variation of the wires, or north poynt of one of the former compasses, you shall find the variation of the north poynt iA' tlie comon compasse thus : ffirst, in that compasse that hath the moueable fly, moue it in such sort, that his north poynt stand to the westward of the wires half a poynt ; then must the wires be to the eastwards so much, and so that fly repre- senteth the comon compasse. After, reckon the degrees of your foinuu* variation from the wires, contrary to the denomination, that is to say, if the variation were east, reckon it westward ; or if west, reckon eastward; and where the degrees end, there is tlie true north of the world, Mhich being marked, you may then see both how much, and which way, the north of the inner fly, or cornon compasse doth vary. You may also do the same by that compasse wliich hath no moueable flv, or bv annv other drawne in any boke, so it be divided into degrees, and that you make, or prick, or note. I. 251. AHl'LNDIX. Sv i i ■ \ if t^ h#5 *J? 3 liiilt' a poyiit to till' wcstwuid.s of tlie north, to represent the nortli of yoiii' coiiion compasse. But wlietlier your compasse haue degrees, or no degrees, you may help your self by addition and subtraction, re- membring that 11 degrees and a quaiter make a poynt, and 5 degrees and a half, and half a quarter, do make half a l)oynt. The example of tliis need l)e but short. The wires in the former obseruation varied to the eastward 9 degrees and a half: halfe a poynt to the westward is the north of the coiTion compasse; therefore abate it out of \)\, there will remaine !• degrees norwest. And so much doth your coiTion compasse vary in that place, Ijeir.g less than halfe a poynt, and to the eastward, as before, because the half poynt wa.s lesse then the variation of the wires. I bit if half a poynt had been greater, then it had varii'd till- eoniiarv war bv the ditt'erence. If the former rules be will vnderstode, there cannot hap- pen any case concerning this variation ; but you may very well know when to adde, or subtracte, and what is done by them, if you will vse tliat meane. You have voiu* chovse : so that 1 need not be more tedious. This mannei' of observing the variation, of all others is gene- rail, most readv, easy, and ecrtavne : the wav that thev vse by obseruation of the north starre vpon a northeast [ ], is not true but only in the latitude of 40 and 50 degrees, be« cause then oidy he is in the meridian or [ ], ^hich is to all seanu'U a paradox ; and to o])serue the starre by the [ ], when he is liije, it is very vncertayne ; but when he is low, it is a good meanes to attaync to the variation nere [ ]; nether do I wish it then to be refused, being vnder the hight of 20 degrees, and at a N.E. and S.W. g" ]. So likewise it is to be preferred ])efore any single obseruation that is made also of the sonne or starre when tin y are many degrees hve, oi MMv dol)le of the forenoone and afterno(»ne ; which yi AIM'KNDIX. .■W « 1 1 I urc only ^ood at huitl when the horizon can not be seen [ ], liave written, especially Mr. Jiorroives in his boke of the variation ariexed to Norman's neiv Attructiue} Besides the benefit that it hath in lihcwinjir vou vonr true course, it will hereafter ])c a meanes to obserue the longituch' sufficiently cxacte, and therefore I wish it the more to be regarded. I5y the table, also, of the sonnes amplitude, Avitli the rules before, may be found the variation of the eompasse by the moone, or any starre, whose declination may be found in the table. rht II. MASTER RUDSTON's r,K'lTi:R. To his very <^ood frciul, Mr. Harijolt, in Hlack Fryars, be these del. Silt, As, by experience, 1 hau found yo' sinji'ular humanitie by o'' late conferences, to make ^ood the great fame of yo' great learninge ; so hath it emboldened me, by this Ire., to re([uest that you would send me word, by this bearer, what the vari- acon of the needle is about jNIosco ; for at tliis present I haue such an ympediment fallen into my toes, that I cannot walke abroad, otherwise I had been the presenter of this my recfuest vnto you myselfe ; w''' if it might have been, 1 should then haue moved some other (picstions, viz., whether it is |)robable that the variacon can be, in any place of tlie world, ISO de- grees ; or the north point of the needle stand directly towards the south? Allso, wliether a shippe sayliug right east, or west, by the eompasse, keepes vpon a parallel, as the coiTion received opinion amongst maryners is ; w' '' 1 thinke not, be- cause' the east and west of ii;e eompasse is a [ ] tangent to the parallel ; but how little soever it so continues in sail- 1 " Tilt' iiiffiiiiifioii, or i/i/>/>i'iif/ "i" tlu' neeilli was ///v-!^ ili.-trnnnil fnf Itobei't Xoi'iiiiih.nw KiiKli^'niiaii. a.i>. l">7fl". — Fufcmii r's .Mm'. /He/.. \^\'t m 256 APPKN'DIX. $ kl , . f ' I ) , 1 V ( e ing, it is a porcoii, or arch, of the great circle of the east and west, and therefore i^I conceive) cannot bnt decline from the parallel. Bnt, ceasing to trouble you with these manner of questions, I crave pardon for this boldness, resting, at yo"" comand, Jo. RUDSTON. 9 Jannv 1G15. III. •' i i 1 '1' ExAMPLKs nf the Variation of the Compass, observed dvrht;/ Captain Parry's Expedition of 1819, etc. 181!). lAT. i.ox<;. VAR. June U) o9 : 49 N. ... 4S : m W. 4^ : 38 : 21 w •J() «3:o8 «;i : jo ... <;i 11 : 31 July I.-) 70 : 20 59 : 12 .. 74 . .39 : » : 12i ... 82 37 : 30 •lA 73:«» » : < »9 . . . 81 34 : W 31 73 : 31 77 : 22^ ... 108 46 ; 3.-, Angst. 3 74 : 2.* 641 : OS ... lo«; : "iS : o,-, 7 72 : 4.J 69:41 ... lis 10 : 27 13 73 : 11 h9 : 22i ... 114 : U; : 43 1o 73 : 33 ^8 : 18 ... ll.j 37 : 12 •li 74 : K» 91 : 47 ... 12h : 58 : 07 •2>> 7.>:<»!» 103 : 44i ... Km : :>i^ : 09 e. Scptv. 1 T*! : «»3 lO.j : •>4i ... lo> : 04 : 13 •1 74:58 107:0,3" ... 1.->1 .30 : 03 (1 74:47 no. 34 ... 126 : 17 : 18 1.-) 74 : 2s Ill : 42 ... 117 : .".2 : 22 From October :25, 1819, to July 27, 1820, at muter Har- bour, ill Melville Uand, hit. 71 47 13 ' X., long. 110 19' 00" \\ ., nearly three hundred observations were made of "the dirt'iMcnce between the true and magnetic bearing of a meri- dian mark. The result was a mean of 127 17' oO' east."' ' Ajipenifi.r tn thf Votfigertf the IM oxi-cxiii, anJ cxv. APPENDIX. 257 21 w. 31 27 30 27 : 43 : 12 : (►7 :0J) E. : 13 ; 03 ; 18 rV. MAGNETIC DECLINATION AND DIP AT LONDON. The following Table, which I am pcrniittcd, l)y the ivuthor, to insert/ Mas framed for the earlier periods, from the /'J/zr//- clopmlia Britanmca . for the recent periods, from tlie drcni- wk'h Observations. declination. l.")SD UJ22 1 G.i7 1092 1722 1747 17bO 1811 1 832 K^4o 1841 1842 1843 1844 11 ; •* : <• (i : : (i It II 14 2 <) 17 : 4ii n 22 : 41 : 24 : 14 : 2 24 • 17 II 23 3 in 23: IG 8 23 14 2!) 24 1) 1 2'' 31 3(! 23 11 : 43 23 2!) : I) 22 ; 4'J : G 23 : l.-> : 1!) 23 : 41 : .-.3 22 ■ 44 : .'iS Due N. I) (August) ( Deconilicr) ( Mean ot yoav) ( .Aleun of year) (Max., July 2) (:\!iii., .July :5) (."Mean of year) (Max., Jan. 7) (-Alin., .Vpiil :iii) (Mean of year) (Max., Aj)ril 17) (Min., Sept. 2G) 1843 1,^44 ME.VN MAONETK liP. G!) ; o : 30.nl G!> : o : is.i. ,1 1 1 '■A 9; A few notes are added respecting the assnmed periods of the discovery of the magnetic declination. Falconer, in his 'Olarine Dictionary", notices the exist- ence, in the Univeriity of Leyden, of a mannscript triict in Latin, written " by one l\ti'r Atfsif/er", in which the fact is » See the Enninetn'' and ContiMcton' Podet- Bool for 1847-8, eililetl nnil puMitihuil by John Wcale, •".!» High llolhorn. LL h 258 APPKXDkX. pjirticiilarly mentioned ; and lie refers to Cavallo^s snpple- nicnt to his treatise on masriictism, where the cliief part of the tract is printed, with a translation. The nifinnscript is dated the 8th of August, 12G9. Ferdinand, the son of Cohnn- biis, claims the discovery for his father, in 1492. By some, it is attributed to Se/jasticu} Cubota, in 1500. Each of these parties may be entitled to the claim of originality. The dis- covery was consistent with the pursuits of the nifin of science : and the profession of the navigators was calculated to lead to similar observations, independently of each other, without either being necessarily acquainted with the eiupiiries of the ld)i]os()[)lier. The discovery of the variation of the magnetic needle from a jiartienlar meridian from time to time, or the " variation of the variaiioii\ as the phenomenon was originally designated, is stated by Sir Hans Sloane, in the; Philosophical Transac- tions, to jiave been made, in 1035, by Gellibrand, Gresham Professor of Astronomv. Ward, the author of the " Lives of the Professors of Gresham College" (London, 1710, p. 80), assigns the discovery, in 1025, to Giintcr, also Professor of Astronomv in the same institution, the inventor of the scale still bearing his name, and co-operator \ ith Napier of ]\[er- chistouu in his labtmrs connected with logarithms. The fact appears, however, to have been observed before the earliest of of these dates ; but Ward may have been misinformed as to the exact year in which Gunter made the discovery. • « It has alr(>ady been stated, that an Ijiiglisliman, named Nor- itian, discovered the inclination, or dip, of the needle, in 1570. ...*f* h', ' xoTE If. im.iFT OF xonrrr POLAR nrscorEiiiKs, wm; to uis-2. The scale of tlu^ chart being restricted by the size of the volinne, the inteuiion. originally entertained, of inserting all (he disco>eiies made ficni I 11)0 to 10;J2, could not be carried APPENDIX. 259 into effect. But, in the narratives, pains have been taken to fix the localities of the discoveries, by giving the longitude aiul latitude whenever stated. Where the latitude and lon- gitude could not be ascertained, the position of the discovery may generally be determined by its noted proximity to some known point, or points. The " Isles of God's Mercy" occupy, in this draft, a diffe- rent position from that assigned to them in the Admiralty and other charts, which is near lat. Gl\ The change has been made on the authority of tlie discoverer, Henry Hudson (sec Xarrutives, p. 77) ; Avhich has been followed by ;M. Briggs in the map furnished by him to Purchas, and by Luke Fox in the chart prefixed to his voyage. (See also Narratives, p. 185.) The arms in the left corner of the draft, are those origi- nally granted to the '' Worshipfull Fellowship of the Mer- chants of London trading into the East Lidies". In conclusion, it may be noted that Master Captain Best, in the orignial edition of his account of Frobisher's voyages, gives a rude sketch of " Meta Incognita", conformably m ith his idea of its bchig an archii)elago of islands. 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Crofton, lCs(j , Aiiiiiiralty Cunningham, Captain I Cunningham, Peter, Esq., 2, Madeloy I Villas, Kenhington i Pi i -<„ i ! I '■ii 6 Chichester, J. I?., Esq., 49, Wimpole-st. Daniel, G., Esq., F.L.S., St. John's Wood De la 13eche, Sir Henry, K.H., 5 and 6, Craig's-court, Cliurin;,'-eri)ss Dennett, W. II., Es()., Boston, U. S. Diekens, Chiirles, Esc],, I, Devonshire- terrace, Marylebone Dilke, Cliarles Wentworth, Esq,, 9, Lower Grosvenor-place Dilko, C. W., Es([., Jun., 7G, Sloano-strect Doubleday, Edward, Esij., F.L.S., I3ritisli Museum East India Company, The Hon. th^ Court of Directors of tlio Ellesmere, the Earl of, 18, Brlgrave-square Elliot, J. B., Esq., Patna Ellis, Sir Henry, K.II., F. U.S., &c., British Museum Elphinstonc, John F., Esq., 23, York-ter., llegent's-park Elphinstone, Lieut., 3,Cheshara-placc, Bel- grave-square Enderby, Charles, Esq., East Greenwich Ethersey, Commander, I.N. Evans, Captain George, K.N. Fenntll, James Hamilton, Esq., 4, Devc- reux-court, Temple Fcrjjusson, James, Esq., 20, Langham-pl. Forster, J., Esq., 58, Lincoln's Inn Fields Fox, General, Notting Hill Furloiif^er, Cliarles J., Esq., Craven Hill, Bayswater Force, Colonel Peter, Washington, U. S. Gibraltar Garrison Library Gilbertson, Edward, Esij., 20, Cranbourne- street, Leicester square Gladdish, William, Esii., Gravesend Greenwich Hospital, the OHicers' Library Greenwich Society, for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Grey, R. W., Esq., 47, Belgrave-sciuare Guild, G. F., Es(j., Boston, U.S. Guise, W. v.. Est]., Elmore-court, Gloucester Gavvlor, Colonel Ilallidav, AV^illiam, Esq., 14, Donegall-pl., Belfast Hammill, ^liss Ellen, Liverpool Harrison, Thonuis, Esq., 36, Alpha-road, Regent's Park Harvey, W. Brotherton, Esq., Salford, Manchester Hawkins, Edward, Esq., British Museum Heath, Edward, Esq., Liverpool Henderson, Dr., 25. Curzon-st , Miiyfiiir Ilenslow, Lieutenant Frederick, Windsor TIerschel, Sir John, Burt., F.lt.S., &c., Collingwood, Hawkhurst Hertford Literary and Scientilic Institution Hodgkin, Thomas, Es(j., M.D., 9, Brook- street, Grosvenor-square Ilollond, H., Esq., M.P., Portland-place Holman, Lieutenant, R.N. Holmes, James, Escp, 4, New Onnond- street. Foundling, 2 copies Holmes, John, Es(\., British Museum Holt, G., Esq., Liverpool Hull Subscription Library Ibbs, Mr. J. C, I.N. Irvine, James, Esq., Liverpool Jackson, Henry, Esq., Sheffield Johnson, P., Esq., 57, Lincoln's Iim Fields Jones, J. ^Vinter, Esq., British Museum Jones, Robert, Esq., Liverpool Jones, Miss Susan, Liverpool Jukes, J. B., Esq., 5, Craig's-ct., Charing- cross Keith, Thos. Hilton, Esq., East India Ho. Ken} on, J., Esq., 40, York ter., Regent's Park Kerslake, Mr. T., Bristol Kcsteven, W. B., 1, Manor rd., Ilolloway Keys, Mr. J. A., I.N. Laire, Fr. J., Esq., II.M. Dockyard, Chatham Lardner, Leopold James, Esq., British Museum Latham, R. G., Esq., M.D., 20, Upper Southwick-street, Hyde Park- square Le Mesurier, R. Arthur, Esq., Corpus Christi College, Oxford Lemon, Sir C, Bart., MP., 4G, Charles- street, Berkeley-square Lenox, James, Esq., New York Levesque, Peter, Esq., 29, Guildford-st. Lloyd, James D., Escp, G, Grove -terrace, Ciimberwi>ll Loftus, William Kennett, Esq., Newcastle- upon-Tyne London Institution, Finsbury Circus London Library, 12, St. James's-s(iuare Ludlow, J. ]M., Esq., 69, Chancery-lane Logan, J. R., Esq. JI'Grigor, Sir James, Bart., ILD., 3, Harley-street Mackenzie, Gen. Sir Alex. Bart., G.C.H., 4, Circus, Bath Mackenzie, John W., Esq., Edinburgh Mackenzie, C.A., Esq., Hyde Purk-plitce Macready, W. C, Esq., 5, Clarence-tir., Regeiit's-pari< Madras Literar}- Society Major, R. II., Esip, British Museum F.H.S., &c., lie Institution D., 9, hrook- tland-place L'w Ormond- Museum >\ Id I's Inn Fields Ii Museum )I 2t,, Charing- st India Ho. T., Kegont's ., Iloiloway Dockyard, iq., British 20, Upper Iv- square jq., Corpus G, Charles- k klford-st. )ve -terrace, Newcastle- I! ire us 's-scjuare ery-Iane M.D., 3, •t., G.C.II., ubur^^h rarli-pliu'i' irence-ter., >CI1U1 Malcolm,Vice- Admiral Sir C, 16, Pall Mall Malcolm, Mr. G. J.. R.N. Malcolm, W. Elplu-^tone, Esq., Bumfoot Manchester Athenanim, The Marshall, Captain Sir J., I?.N.. Ruabon Marsham, Robert, Esq -, Stratton Strawlcss, Norwich Martin, the Rev. ,T., Keston, K^nt Massie, Captain 1 L., R.N . L iustor Mather, Edward, E^q., Newcastle-on-T^'ne Meek, James, Esq , 14, Somerset-place Miland, John, Esq., 35, Chapel-street, I}elgrave-S(]uare Milman, the Rev. H. II., M.xV., Cloisters, Westminster Milnes, R. Monckton, Esq., ^I.P., 26, Tall Mall Montriou, Commander, LN. JMoulriou, W., Esq., B.mibay Morley, G., Esq., 1 5, Serle-strcet, Lincoln's Inn Fields Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, F.R.S., &c., 16, Bel^rave-square Murphy, II., Esq., Brooklyn, New York ^Murray, John, Esq., Albemarle-street Murray, William, Esq., 2, John-street, Berkeley-square Miu'ton, George, Esq., Manchester Nebyam, J. Moore, M.D.. 16, Leeson- street, Dublin Nelson, Thomas Wright, Esq., 23, Glou- ' cester-place, Ntw-road Newcastle iipon-Tyne Literary and Sci- entific Institute Newton, Charles, Esq., British Museum Nimmo, Thomas, Esq., Demerara Northampton, the Marquis of. President of the Royal Society, Piccadilly Oswald, Joseph, Esfj., 21, Mitre-terrace, Downham-road, Kingsland Parker, J. W., Esq., West Strand Pasley, Major General Sir C. W.. K.C.B., 12, Norfolk Crescent, Hyde Park Petit, Rev. J. Louis, the L'plands, Shiftnal Petit, Louis Hayes, Esq., F.R.S., 9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn Pollington, the Viscount, M.P., 2, Bolton- row Porter, G. W., Es(i., British Museum Porter, Thomas, Esq., Manchister Porteus, John, Esq., Manchester Portsmouth, the Royal Naval College Pour tales, Count Albert, Berlin Prescott, Rear-Admiral U., Portsmouth Dockyard Pringlc, William, Esq., 3. Kinic's-road Procter, B. W., Eiti., 12, L'piK-r Harley- streel, Cavendish-square Rawdon, Christopher, Esq., Everton, Liverpool Raymond, George, Esq., 18, Pall Mall Ea.st Read, F. J., Esq., Friday-st., Cheapside Read, William, Esq., Rathmines, Dublin Renouard, Rev. G. Cecil, Swanscorabe, Dartford Rhodes, Richard, Esq., 9, Circus, Green- wich Richards, Mr., 100, St. Martin'slane Richardson, Sir John, M.D.,F.R.S„ Ilaalar, Gospitrt. Ritter, I'rofessor Karl, Berlin Rose, William, Esq., Coalport, Shropshire Rye, Arthur B., Esq., Banbury Ryt, W. B., Esq., liritish Museum Rendell, J., Escj., 8, Great George-street Rundall, Thomas, Esq., East India House Sanders, Captain, I.N. Scliomburgk, Sir Robert, St. Domingo Sedgwick, the Rev. Adam, Woodwardian Professor, Cambridge Shad well, the Rt. Hon. Sir Lancelot, Vice- Chancellor of England, Barnes Elms Simmonds, the Rev. J. D., M.A., Gosport Simpson, Lieutenant Sirapkinson, Sir Francis, Knt., 2 1 , Bedford- place Singapore Library- Smith, Andrew, Esij., M.D., 7, I'elham Crescent, Brompton Smith, Edmund, Esq., Hull Smith, G., Es(i., 29, Finsbury-sq., 2 coping Smith, G., Esq., Ilague-ter., Kingstown, , Dublin ■ Smith, J., Esq., Bombay I Smith, J., Esq., Alscot-place, Grange- I road, Bermondsey I Smith, J. P. G., Es([,, Everton, Liverpool 1 Sotheby, S. Leigh, Esq., Forest Hill, i Sydenham Staunton, Sir G. T., Bart., F.R.S., M.P., I 16, Devonshire-street, Portland-place I St. David's, the Bishop of, Abergwili, I Carmarthenshire Stevens, H., Esq., Boston, L'nited States Swan, the Rev. R. C, Ilothfield, Kent Sykes, Admiral, 51, Wilton-terrace Taylor, R., Esq., Red Lion-court, Fleet- Street Taylor, T., Esq , F.T.C.C, 6, :\Iichaers Grove, Brompton Ternau.\ Compans, Mons. II., Paris Thomas, W. A., Escj., 50, Tiireadneedle-st. Thompson, J., Esq., 19, Lincoln's Inn Fields Thompson, Thomas, Esq., Hull Todd, R.B., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., 3, New- street, Spring Gardens t I 8 i-'t Tonna, L. H. J., Esq., United Service In- stitution, Scotland Yard Turner, Dawson, Esq., F.R.S., North Yarmouth Vidal, Captain, R.N. Vienna Impe/ial Library Von Bach, Johann Fricdrich, Esq., British Museum Waite, Henry, Esq., Church-street, Stoke Newin{!fton Walkor, John, Esq., 47, Bernard-street, Russoll-squarc Washinjfton, Capt. J., R.N., 3, Oxford-sq. Webb, John, Esq., 1, Lawrence Pounteney HiU Weir, WilHxuD, Esq., 3, Regent-place, West, Regent-square Whewel!, the Rev. W., D.D., Master of Trinity C^Alege, Cambridge White, the Rev. James, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight WhitemmD, J. C, Esq., East India House Wilkinson, John, Esq., 3, Wellington-st., Strand Williams, R., Esq., 13, Elm Tree Road Willson, the Rev. J., 1 , Raymond's-build- ings, Gray's Inn Wilson, Edward S., Esq., Hull Woodd, Basil T., Estj., 108, New Bond-st. Wright, IL, Esq., Cheltenham * I t\H^ ni( llAttlii, I'BINI^U, iMt, IT. MAEIIKk L«Xt. REPORT FOR 1848. In the Report presented to the Hakluyt Society last year, allusion was made to the difficulties with which the Society had to contend, in consequence of its having risen into ex- istence at a time of general distress. Although its operations were confined in the first year to the printing of only two volumes, yet in order to defray the expenses of 1847 it was found necessary to intrench on the revenue of 1848. This was the inevitable consequence of endeavouring, with insuf- ficient means, to satisfy the expectations of the Subscribers. Though the Hakluyt Society is engaged in the promotion of studies which are thought to be generally interesting, it has not hitherto received the support which was reckoned on by its founders, and without which the advantages expected from it can never be fully realized. The cost of printing an octavo volume, of moderate size, cannot be much less than j€120, and as the Subscribers will expect to receive annually at least three of these, the Society cannot be deemed successful while its income falls far short of .€400 a-vear. How far it has been from realizing this condition of success will be manifest from the following statement of the last year's accounts : — Balance in hand, March 2, 184« . 49 17 :t Reeeivcil since, Subscriptiuns ForlH47 aft 1848 123 1849 69 217 . . 227 17 One CompoHition . . . . 10 10 The India House, for 20 Copies . 21 £M)9 4 a To Smith, Elder and Co., Mixcella- nrous I'riiitin)/, etc. . Mr. lUclmrds, lor I'rintinjf . Messrs. H.\-.t.Tnylor, oil account t'lir I'rititiuK .... Messrs. 8jinl(linK mid Hiidj;e, I'ur Piijier , Lniidnii I.iliriiry, Cor Kent Mr. Rodd, clmrffes ul' Ajjency . Advertisements ... Gratuities /.'. r, 1 1 Trnnscriber Cidleetor Dniwljacks Stationary, PostaKC, Parcels, and Sundries Cash in liand In the Dankers' bauds , £ s. d 11 1 74 8 a !k) {) 28 r, 10 8 10 8 7 1.') ♦I .5 2 l!i 1 .'i a 2 1 6 10 a 4 208 \!i 100 8 £.m> 4 a 1 . i m'^:i V Against this balance in our favour is to be set j686: 13: 2, the amount of bills sent in, but not yet discharged. NotwithstancUng that these circumstances necessarily tended to abate the ^^gour of the Society's operations, a volume edited bv Sir Robert Scuombukgk, " The Discoverie ft ' of Guvana bv Sir Walter Ralegh," was dehvered to the ft ft ~ ' Subscribers in June. Soon afterwards two original tracts relative to the last expedition and death of Sir Francis Drake, together with a paper on " The Discoverie of the Northern Seas by the Musco\ie Company," were sent to press, and completed early in November ; but the last mentioned paper, being found to intrench on Mr. Rlndall's volimie, was ^rith- (IraMn ; and the tracts relative to Drake, after being delayed by some ditficiUties respecring the announcement of the forth- coming volume, were issued in February. Hut the most important and interesting of the Society's l)roductions is the volume by Mr. Rundall, now on the eve of completion, and entitled, " Narratives of Early A oyages towards the North-west, in search of a passage to Cathaia and India, from 141G to 1631". This volume will be found to contain the fruits of much careful research in the archives of the East India House and amons: the MSS. in the library C ft of the British Museum : it restores many passages in the narratives of our early narigators which were injudiciously suppressed by Purchas; it presents to us entire, Baffin's journal of his tirst voyage, from the autograph MS., with his chart and courses; and also a valuable paper by Harriott, " of the manner to obser^•e the variation of the compass". The works now in preparation are *' Tlie Baron Sigismund von Ilcrberstcin's " Rcnuu Moscoriticarum Commcntarii ", 1319"; "The East India Voyage of Sir Henry Middleton, in 1G04-5", and Treswell's " Relation of such things as were observed to liappen in the journey of Charles Earl of Not- tingham, ambassadtnir to the King of Spaine, 1605". The first of these is the earliest account of Russia, and has also much intrinsic merit. The translation of it is under- taken bv Me. Major, to whom the Society already owes one of the best of its volumes, " The Select Letters of Columbus." " Sir Henry Middleton's First East India Voyage" has been for some time in preparation by Mr. Bolton Corney, who, with the archives of the East India House liberally opened to his persevering research and critical ability, cannot fail to add new value to a very rare and interestMig volume. Treswell's work has been reprinted in those costly collec- tions, "The Harleian Miscellany" and " Somers' Tracts". The original is extremely rare ; a copy of it, however, is in the Grenville Library; and in conjunction with the account of tlip rece})tion of the Constable of Castile — the Duke of Frias at the English court, the year before (another rarity in the lil)rary of the British ^Museum), — it will make a very inte- resting volume. The following six ^Icmljcrs retire from tlic Council, viz. : — Capt. F. p. Blackwood, R.N. Charles Xe\\t6n, Esq. W. B. Rye, Esq. Sir R. Schomburuk. J. E. Gray, Esq. Sir G. Staunton, Bart. Rev. G. C. Renouard, M.A. And in their stead the folloA\ing arc recommended for election, viz. : — The Marquis of Northampton. Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort. The Rev. W. AVhewell, D.D., Mast. T.C.C. R. W. Grey, Esq., M.P. Peter Levesque, Esq. John Holmes, Esq. Thomas Rundall, Esq. Mr. Cooley liaving more than once expressed a desire to i *i. M jA, t 4 resign the post of Secretaiy, on account of the state of his health, the Council, taking that desire into consideration, resolved, at their last meeting, that " the cordial thanks of the Council be given to Mr. Cooley, not only for his able services as Secretary, but also for having planned and origi- nated the Hakluy Society. In expressing their deep regret at losing the services of Mil. Cooley, the Council hear with pleasure that Mr. Major has accepted the office". In conclusion, the Council beg to remark, that being con- nnced of the necessity of placing the Society at once on a firm foundation, by assuring to it an adequate amount of revenue, they deemed it expedient to appeal to the Members generally by a circular letter, calling on them to assist in increasing the number of Subscribers. This call has not !)een -without effect, and a considerable addition has been made in consequence to the subscription list. A degree of zeal has thus been awakened in the Society's behalf, which, it may be hoped, will soon ensure its stability, and enable it to continue its labours, — " to preserve," to use the words of Hakluyt, "the memorable exploits by our English nation achieved, from the jaws of oblivion."