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y:^^/ 
 
 JOURNAL 
 
 OP 
 
 COLONEL GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 COMMANDING A DBTACHMKNT OF VIRGINIA TROOPS, 
 
 i 
 
 SENT HV 
 
 ROBERT DINWIDDIE, 
 
 LIEUTBNANT-GOVERNOR OF VIBGINIA, 
 
 ACROSS THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. IN 1754. TO BUILD ^nRTS AT TF^r 
 
 HEAD OF THE OHIO. IT COMPRISES THE HISTORY OK mIrcheI 
 
 CAMPINGS AND EVENTS. A SKIRMISH wixH THE 
 
 FRPNCH. AND THE DEATH OK THEIR LEADER 
 
 DE JUMONVILLE. 
 
 The Journal fell into the hands of the enemy, who in i7.:6 
 printed a version of it in French; a new tninslltion of t^is 
 into English is what is here given in the absence of th^ 
 original. To complete the history of the Expedition 
 
 AN APPENDIX 
 
 '^ ""^^lir "^""^ ^""^"^ °'" ^ '''^^^' Sl-PI'LYING AN ACCOUNT OF TilE BATTI K 
 
 OF THE GREAT MEADOWS AND THE CAriTULATION OF FORT NECESSI rv 
 
 THE RETREAT OF THE ARMY; WITH COPIES OF ORIGInU MUSTER ' 
 
 AND PAY ROLLS OF THE VIRGINIA REGI.MENT, AND OTHER 
 
 DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THIS EXPEDITION 
 
 Edited, with Notes, 
 By 
 
 J. M. TONER, M. D. 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y.: 
 
 JOEL MUNSELL's SONS, PUBLISHERS. 
 1893. 
 
•■•»*■-»*« ^ . 
 
 / 
 
 ^.' 
 
 Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, 
 
 By J. M. TONER, 
 In the-'office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The real provocation or motive for the armed 
 expedition to the Ohio in 1754 was not frankly 
 stated by the Governor to the Legislative Assembly 
 of Virginia, or in any state paper by the British 
 Ministry, and is only to be gathered from the official 
 letters of Governor Dinwiddie and the correspondence 
 of other parties, well informed in State affairs, of that 
 period. The following extract from a letter written by 
 Governor Dinwiddie to Colonel Thomas Cresap, and 
 dated Williamsburg, January 23, 1752, presents the 
 views then held by the Colony of Virginia as to the 
 obligations it was in duty bound to observe toward the 
 French in the region of the head-waters of the Ohio : 
 " Sir : You herewith will receive the Opinion of the 
 Council in Answer to your Letters. As to making 
 Reprisals for the Robberies done by the French on 
 the Ohio, it is inconsistent with the Laws of Nations, 
 while We are In Peace with France, and your Letter 
 is too general ; if you can give a particular Account 
 of the different Robberies, we must apply to the 
 Governor of Canada for Redress ; Upon his Refusal, 
 we may proceed in another manner." The Governor 
 shortly after writing this letter became interested in 
 "the Ohio Company," which was a creation of the 
 
Introduction. 
 
 British Ministry designed to test the strength and 
 disposition of the French in maintaining their claim 
 to that vast region of country and to see what 
 support measures for asserting a counter-claim would 
 receive from t le Colonies. The movement on the 
 pPirt of Virginia was by no means a spontaneous 
 outburst on the part of the people. On the contrary, 
 the measure was set on foot by the Governor, almost 
 without conference, except with his Council, although 
 he solicited aid from the other Colonies soon after 
 he had committed himself to the enterprise. It 
 seems more than probable that the project was in- 
 spired more by state-craft and private interest, than 
 from any ambition on the part of Virginia to repel 
 Indian depredations or to acquire additional territory. 
 While the expedition was a war measure, war had 
 not been declared, and the propriety of, ?nd necessity 
 for, the measure were not apparent to. i^r sympathized 
 in, by the mass of the people in the several Colonies 
 and was, to a great degree, unpopular with the As- 
 semblies of Virginia. Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
 The following extract from a letter written on the 
 subject by Governor Dinwiddie in January, 1754, to 
 Lord Fairfax, discloses some of the State motives 
 and, at the same time, shows the indifference of the 
 people. He says: "As the French Forces on the 
 Ohio intend down as far as Logstown early in the 
 spring, I think it is for His M'y's Service and the Pro- 
 tection of the Settlem'ts of this Dom'n to do all in 
 our Power to prevent their building any Forts or 
 
Introduitioii. 
 
 in 
 or 
 
 making any Settlem'ts on that river, and more par- 
 ticularly so nigh us as that of the Logstown. I there- 
 fore, with Advice of the Council, think proper to 
 send immediately out 200 Men to protect those 
 already sent by the Ohio Conip' to build a Fort, and 
 to resist any Attempts on them. I have Commis- 
 sion'd Major George Washington, the Bearer hereof, 
 to command 100 Men to be rais'd in Frederick County 
 and Augusta, therefore I trouble Y'r L'ds' to direct 
 the Militia of Frederick to be drawn out and fifty 
 Men to be enlisted for that service, that Number 
 probably may voluntarily enlist themselves on this 
 Expedit'n on the Pay settled by Act of Assembly, 
 but if they do not voluntarialy enter on this Service, 
 I think the>i must ballot, that the Number may be 
 ascertained so as to prevent as far as we can, of 
 being Surpriz'd. When the Men are properly order'd 
 and their Names taken, they may proceed to Alex- 
 andria to Maj'r Carlisle, who I have appointed Com- 
 missary of Stores and Provisions, who will take 
 proper Care of them." 
 
 The drafts and enlistments were so slow and in- 
 adequate to the purpose, as to induce Governor Din- 
 widdle, February 19th, 1754, to issue a proclamation 
 granting two hundred thousand acres of land on the 
 Ohio, to be divided among , the officers and men 
 serving in this expedition. 
 
 In a letter in answer to Governor Hamilton, who 
 requested of Governor Dinwiddle a specific state- 
 ment of his purposes on the Ohio, he writes, 27th 
 
."•^ 
 
 6 Introduction. 
 
 of April, 1 754: •' The Plan of my Operat's is agreeable 
 to His M'y's Com'ds to take Possess'n of the Lands 
 on the Ohio in His Name, to build two Forts My 
 Order to the Com'd'r in Chief, is to be on the De- 
 fensive, but if oppos'd by the Enemy, to desire them 
 to retire; if they sh'd still persist, to repel Force by 
 Force. If You sh'd raise Men, they may be told to 
 submit to the rules and regulat's of the other Forces." 
 \Pa. Colo. Records, vi, p. 32.] 
 
 The apathy of the people was so great as to amount 
 to opposition, but was, in time, greatly overcome by 
 personal influence, national pride, dislike of the 
 French and fear of Indian atrocities which were 
 pictured as imminent. The theory upon which the 
 English government acted throughout was that the 
 French had no valid claim to the territory or, indeed, 
 any land in America, notwithstanding existing treaties 
 which the British were bound to respect, and they 
 made good these conclusions in a war of expulsion. 
 
 1 
 
 -^-^ 
 
THE JOURNAL OF MAJOR WASHINGTON.^ 
 
 [Notes in the Krenth edition arc copied and referred to by letters, vhilc the editor's notes 
 
 are referred to by numeraU.) 
 
 On the 31"' of March [1754] I received from his 
 WoviQx{af a Lieutenant Colonel's Commission" of the 
 Virginia Regiment, whereof Joshua Fry, Esq/ was 
 Colonel, dated the is"*, with Orders to take the 
 troops, wh.ch were at the time quartered at Alex- 
 andria,'^ under my command and to march" with 
 them towards the Ohio, there to help Captain Trenf 
 to build Forts, and to defend the possessions of his 
 Majesty against the attempts and hostilities(<^) of 
 the French. 
 
 * This is a private journal of Colonel George 
 Washington's, kept by him on his march from Alex- 
 andria to the Ohio in the spring of 1 754. By mis- 
 chance and the accidents attending war it fell into 
 the hands of the French. The Journal was in no 
 sense an official one, and even the French rendering 
 of it makes it accord, in all essential points, with his 
 letters to Governor Dinwiddie and to other corre- 
 spondents. Sparks says the Journal was captured at 
 the battle of the Monongahela. He does not, how- 
 
 fa) Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia. 
 
 (b) These hostilities had consisted in defending that country against the invasion of the 
 English, and in summoning the latter to withdraw. This note in the French edition of the 
 Journal is omitted in the English translation published by Gain in New York, 1757. 
 
- «_.-4^-.^ 
 
 8 
 
 IVashinc^ton^ s 
 
 ever, give any authority for this statement. It is 
 doubtless true that some of General Braddock's 
 papers were captured at the battle of Monongahela, 
 and some of Washington's may also have been lost in 
 that engagement. But in the absence of any specified 
 testimony to that effect, that this journal was cap- 
 tured at that time, and there being no reason why 
 Washington should have the Journal of 1754 with 
 him in the campaign of 1755, »if*<^ ^he further fact 
 that the record in the Journal is alleged to stop on 
 the 27th of June, the time, Washington's forces began 
 their retieat, I am of the opinion it was lost with his 
 other papers at the battle of the Great Meadows. 
 Again, the period between the date of the last entry 
 and the battle of the Great Meadows was so inces- 
 santly occupied as to preclude the giving of any 
 thought to his Journal ; but had Washington pre- 
 served his Journal after the battle, it would have 
 been according to his usual custom and exactness to 
 have completed it so as to include the history of the 
 campaign to its close and his return to Williamsburg. 
 This view is strengthened by Washington's statement 
 of his losses in a letter to Carter Burwell, Esq., Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 
 House of Burgesses, bearing date the 20th of April, 
 1 755 : •' For besides the loss of many valuable papers, 
 a valuable servant (who died a few days after of his 
 wounds), my stores, wearing apparel, books & horses, 
 amounting to no trifling sum on the whole, and in 
 which I was in a manner singular by being the only 
 person who got his baggage up before the engage- 
 ment happened." This letter was written before the 
 Braddock campaign began, and the loss is referred 
 to the engagement of the Great Meadows. A fur- 
 ther reference to his loss of papers occurs in the copy 
 
Journal. 
 
 »rses, 
 in 
 only 
 age- 
 2 the 
 rred 
 fur- 
 copy 
 
 of his first account with the county, rendered to the 
 Assembly of Virginia, preserved in the Department 
 of State, City of Washington, in which the closing 
 item is: "To sundry small disbursements which I 
 cannot recollect or ace', for, having lost all my papers 
 in y" engagement," namely, the battle of the Great 
 Meadows. 
 
 " Robert Dinwiddle, Lieutenant-Governor of Vir- 
 ginia from I 75 1-7. was born near Glasgow, Scotland, 
 1693; died near Clifton, England, August ist, 1770. 
 Having been favored with a good education, he was 
 disciplined to the counting-house and commerce. 
 December ist, 1727, he was appointed Collector of 
 Customs in the Island of Bermuda, which position 
 he held, under successive commissions, until April 
 iith, 1738, when, in recognition of his ability and 
 fidelity, he was appointed " Surveyor-General of 
 Customs of the SDuthern Ports on the Continent of 
 America." In this office he was named, as his prede- 
 cessors had been, a member of the Councils of the 
 American Colonies. This mandate was recognized by 
 Governor Gooch of Virginia, but the claim was resisted 
 by the Councillors, who refused to allow him to sit 
 with them and transmitted a remonstrance to the 
 King, asking for his exclusion. The Board of Trade 
 in May, 1742, advised that the royal purpose should- 
 be adhered to in the matter. He was specially com- 
 missioned August 17th, 1743, Inspector-General to 
 examine into the duties and the collection of customs 
 of the Island of Barbadoes and discovered flagrant 
 frauds. In 1749 he appears to have resided in Eng- 
 land as a merchant. He was appointed as Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Virginia July 20th, 1751; and, on his 
 arrival in November following, was warmly welcomed 
 by the State officials. U nder his administration the at- 
 
'•'W*-"'^ 
 
 i I 
 
 lO 
 
 Washington s 
 
 tempt was begun to expel the French from the head of 
 the Ohio Valley, at Fort Duquesne. He was a zealous 
 and vigilant officer, and early discerned the capa- 
 bilities of George Washington, whom he appointed 
 Adjutant-General of a military district. He was a 
 Loyalist of the sternest stamp. In 1 754 he suggested 
 to the British Board of Trade, taxation of the Colonies 
 to raise funds for military defenses, and in 1755 was 
 one of the five Lieutenant-Governors who memorial- 
 ized the Ministry to the same purpose. He left the 
 Colony in 1 758, worn out with vexation, with the 
 cares of office and with age. He was very meddle- 
 some in military matters, and seemed at times un- 
 generous enough to be jealous of the popularity of 
 Washington, which left an unpleasant memory be- 
 hind him. \Drake, also Brocks in the Dinwiddie 
 Papers P\ 
 
 ^ George Washington's Commission of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. — I have not been able to find a copy of 
 this commission. — It is not certain whether the date 
 given in the Journal, March 31st, should be taken as 
 the date of this commission, or of its reception, since 
 Governor Dinwiddie, writing in January, 1 754, to Lord 
 Fairfax says that he had "commissioned Major George 
 Washington to comm.and roo men," etc. Washington 
 was attending to his duties as Lieutenant-Colonel 
 before the ist of February, 1754. Governor Din- 
 widdie, in a letter to George Washington, which 
 bears date March 15th, 1754, says: "you have Com'o 
 Lieut. Colo i2''6'*p day without any trouble of Com- 
 manding a Company." In a letter to the Governor, 
 written from Alexandria March 20th, 1 754, Washing- 
 ton acknowledges the receipt of the commission with 
 appreciative remarks. June 4th, of the same year, 
 Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 ) I 
 
Jonrna/. 
 
 I 1 
 
 >hing- 
 with 
 year, 
 
 )lonel 
 
 Washington nd sent him his commission as Colonel 
 using the lollowing language: "Sir, on the death 
 of Colonel Fry I have tho' it proper to send you the 
 enclos'd Com'n to Com'd the Virg'a regiment and 
 another for Maj'r Muse to be Lieut. Colo, The oldest 
 Capt. to be Major, and the eldest Lieut, to be Capt., 
 the eldest Ensign to be Lieut., unless you sh'd have 
 Object'n to them.." 
 
 Washington resigned this latter commission in 
 October, 1754, because under the new military estab- 
 lishment, devised by Governor Dinwiddie, to consist 
 of ten independent companies of 100 men each, there 
 was no grade or rank provided for above that of a 
 Captain, and all Colonial appointments were to be 
 subordinated to officers of whatever rank, holding 
 commissions from the King. The effect of this 
 arrangement was to reduce Colonel Washington to 
 the rank of Captain and to place him under officers 
 he had commanded. To this he would not consent, 
 but quietly retired and remained in private life at 
 Mount Vernon until invited in a letter from General 
 Braddock of March 2nd, 1755, to join his staff as an 
 aide, and in that capacity make the campaign to the 
 Ohio. 
 
 ^Colonel Joshua Fry, born in Somersetshire, Eng- 
 land; educated at Oxford, and mentioned as being 
 in Virginia and holding the position of Parish Vestry- 
 man and Magistrate in 1710, in Essex county; mar- 
 ried Mary, widow of Colonel Hill, an extensive 
 landed proprietor, and daughter of Paul Micou, a 
 Huguenot physician in exile. In 1729 Mr. Fry was 
 appointed Master of the Grammar School of William 
 and Mary College, and subsequently Professor of 
 Mathematics. In 1737 he proposed to the Virginia 
 Assembly, in conjunction with Major Robert Brock 
 
"T 
 
 12 
 
 Washinotons 
 
 
 and Major William Mayo, "to make an exact survey 
 of the Colony and print and publish a map thereof, 
 &c., if the House should see fit to encourage the 
 same." Later Mr. Fry appears to have been a mem- 
 ber of the House of Burgesses and of the Council. 
 He was Presiding Justice of Albemarle county from 
 1746 to 1748, and possibly longer; was appointed 
 County Lieutenant March 28th, 1745; and the same 
 year acted with Peter Jefferson as one of the Com- 
 missioners of the Crown in marking the line from the 
 head spring of the Potomac river, and defining the 
 western lim.it of the grant of the " Northern Neck" — 
 the Lord Fairfax landed estate. About. this time he 
 assisted with Jefferson in the completion of the map 
 of Virginia known as " Fry & Jefferson's." In 1749 
 Fry and Jefferson were Commissioners on the part of 
 Virginia to continue the survey of the boundary line 
 between Virginia and North Carolina, which had 
 been left in 1728 at Peter's creek. In 1752 he was 
 one of the Commissioners for Virginia at a treaty with 
 the Indians at Logstown, on the Ohio below Pitts- 
 burg. He was commissioned in February, 1754, Col- 
 onel, and intrusted with the command of the Virginia 
 forces intended to circumvent the purposes of the 
 French on the Ohio. He died from an injury, being 
 accidentally thrown from his horse while marching to 
 the region designated at Will's creek (now Cumber- 
 land), May 31st, 1754. He was faithfully attended 
 by Dr. Craik. On his death the command of the 
 expedition devolved wholly upon Washington, as it 
 had been managed by him from its inception. \Din- 
 widdie Papers, vol. \, p. 7, Slaughter, Drake^ 
 
 The following is a copy of Colonel Joshua Fry's 
 commission: 
 
 " Robert Dinwiddie, Esqr.: His Majesty's Lieuten- 
 
Jotirnal. 
 
 13 
 
 I Fry's 
 
 juten- 
 
 ant-Governor & Commander-in-Chief of the Colony 
 and Dominion of Virginia. 
 
 " To Joshua Fry., Esq.: 
 
 " His Majesty having by His royal Instructions 
 commanded me to send a proper Number of Forces 
 to erect and maintain a Fort at the Fork of Monon- 
 gahela, a Branch of the River Ohio.* And having a 
 good opinion of your Loyalty, Conduct and Ability, 
 1 do hereby constitute, appoint and commission you, 
 the said Joshua Fry, to be Colonel & Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Forces now raising and to be called 
 the Virginia Regiment, with which, and the Cannon, 
 Armes, Ammunition — necessary Provision & Goods, 
 you are with all possible Dispatch to proceed to the 
 said Forks of Monongahela and there act according 
 to Your Instructions. — And I hereby direct and re- 
 quire all Officers, Soldiers, and others to obey Your 
 Orders and Commands, for which this shall be yours 
 and their warrant. 
 
 " Given under my Hand & the Seal of the Col- 
 ony at Williamsburg the 25*** Day of F'ebruary, in 
 the 2f^ year of His Majesty's Reign, Annoque 
 Domine 1754." [Front the origifial conwiissio7i noiv 
 in the possession of Mrs, W. O. Fry, of Charlottes- 
 ville, Va., 1890. 
 
 "Instruction's to Joshua Fry, Esqr., Colo, and 
 ComV-in-Chief of the Virg'a Regiment. 
 
 "Mar., 1754. 
 
 " Sir: The Forces under Y'r Com'd are rais'd to pro- 
 tect our frontier Settlements from the incursions of the 
 French and the Ind'sin F'dship with them. I therefore 
 desire You will with all possible Expedition repair 
 to Alexandria on the Head of the Poto. River, and 
 

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 Washington s 
 
 there take upon You the com'd of the Forces accord- 
 ingly; w'ch I Expect will be at that Town the Mid- 
 dle of next Mo. You are to march them to will's 
 Creek, above the Falls of Poto. from thence with 
 the Great Guns, Amunit'n and Provisions. You are 
 to proceed to Monongahela, when ariv'd there. You 
 are to make Choice of the best Place to erect a Fort 
 for mounting y'r Cannon and ascertain'g His M'y 
 the King of G. B's undoubt'd right to those Lands. 
 My Orders to You is to be on the Defensive and if 
 any foreign Force sh'd come to annoy You or inter- 
 rupt Y'r quiet Settlem't, and building the Fort as 
 afores'd. You are in that Case to represent to them 
 the Powers and Orders You have from me, and I 
 desire they w'd imediately retire and not to prevent 
 You in the discharge of your Duty. If they sh'd 
 continue to be obstinate after your desire to retire, 
 you are then to repell Force by Force. I expect a 
 Number of the Southern Indians will join you on 
 this expedit'n, w'ch with the Indians on the Ohio, I 
 desire You will cultivate a good Understanding and 
 Correspondence with, supplying them with what 
 Provisions and other Necessaries You can spare; 
 and write to Maj'r Carlyle w'n You want Provisions, 
 who has my Orders to purchase and Keep a proper 
 Magazine for Your dem'ds. Keep up a good Com'd 
 and regular Discipline, inculcate morality and Cour- 
 age in Y'r Soldiers that they may answer the Views 
 on w'ch they are rais'd. You are to constitute a 
 Court Martial of the Chief of Your Officers, with 
 whom You are to advise and consult on all Affairs of 
 Consequence; and as the Fate of this Expedition 
 greatly depends on You, from the Opinion I have of 
 Your good Sense and Conduct, I refer the Manage- 
 ment of the whole to You with the Advice of the 
 
 \ \ 
 
Journal. 
 
 15 
 
 Court Martial. Sincerely recommending You to the 
 Protection of God, wishing Success to our just De- 
 signs, I heartily wish You farewell." 
 
 ^ Alexandria, formerly " Bell Haven," was included 
 within the original grant of 6,ocx) acres of land front- 
 ing and lying along the Potomac river from Hunt- 
 ing creek up to Pomit's run, nearly opposite 
 Georgetown, from Sir William Berkeley, Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Virginia, to Robert Howson, in October, 
 1669. In the same year, Mr. Howson, for the con- 
 sideration- of six hogsheads of tobacco, conveyed 
 these lands to John Alexander, who, with his two 
 brothers, Robert and Gerard, had emigrated from 
 Scotland to Virginia and were then seated upon their 
 property. 
 
 "A tobacco-rolling house," as such storage or ware- 
 house was called in this part of Virginia, because 
 of the mode of rolling the hogsheads of tobacco on 
 their own periphery, was soon after established near 
 the mouth of Hunting creek, and was for a time 
 known as " Hunting Creek Warehouse," but later, 
 as it grew to be a favorite shipping port for the 
 upper Potomac plantation, as " Bell Haven." Fi- 
 nally, as the village grew in importance, and the 
 influence and large land possessions of the Alexan- 
 ders increased, it came to be known as Alexandria. 
 The laying out of the town was authorized by 
 Act of Assembly in 1748, while Major Lawrence 
 Washington was a member of the House of Bur- 
 gesses, and it was regularly organized as a town in 
 1 749. George Washington was a member of its Board 
 of Trustees in 1763. It became a corporation under 
 the namv of Alexandria by an Act of the Assembly 
 of Virginia in 1779. When the ten miles square 
 was selected for the permanent seat of the govern- 
 
i 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 ( 
 
 |i 
 
 i6 
 
 Waskingtons 
 
 ment of the United States, a part of Alexandria, then 
 in Fairfax county, fell within the District. But in 
 1846, by Act of Congress, all that part of the Dis- 
 trict lying south of the Potomac was retroceded to 
 Virginia, and that portion which, for a time, was in 
 the District of Columbia, is now known as Alexandria 
 county. 
 
 ^Governor Dinwiddie's Instructions to Major 
 
 Washington. 
 
 " Instruct^ s to be observd by Maj'r Geo. Waskington, 
 on the Expedit'n to the Ohio, 
 
 " Maj'r Geo. Washington : You are forthwith to 
 repair to the Co'ty of Frederick and there to take 
 under Y'r Com'd 50 Men of the Militia who will be 
 deliver'd to You by the Comd'r of the s'd Co'ty 
 pursuant to my Orders. You ar.; to send Y'r Lieut, 
 at the same Time to the Co'ty of Augusta, to receive 
 50 Men from the Comd'r of that Co'ty as I have 
 order'd, and with them he is to join You at Alex- 
 andria, to which Place You are to proceed as soon as 
 You have rec'd the Men in Frederick. Having rec'd 
 the Detachm't, You are to train and discipline them 
 in the best Manner You can, and for all Necessaries 
 You are to apply Y'rself to Mr. Jno. Carlisle at 
 Alex'a who has my Orders to supply You. Having 
 all Things in readiness You are to use all Expedition 
 in proceeding to the Fork of Ohio with the Men 
 under Com'd and there you are to finish and compleat 
 in the best Manner and as soon as You possibly can, 
 the Fort w'ch I expect is there already begun by the 
 Ohio Comp'a. You are to act on the Defensive, but 
 in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the 
 Works or interrupt our Settlem'ts by any Persons 
 
Journal. 
 
 17 
 
 whatsoever You are to restrain all such Offenders, 
 and in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or 
 kill and destroy them. For the rest You are to con- 
 duct Y'rself as the Circumst's of the Service shall 
 require and to act as You shall find best for the 
 Furtherance of His M'y's Service and the Good of 
 His Dom'n. Wishing You Health and Success I 
 bid you Farewell." \ Brock in Dinividdtc Papers, 
 vol. I, p. 59.] 
 
 ~ Captain William Trent was a native of Lancaster, 
 Pennsylvania, born about 171 5. His father was a 
 distinguished citizen of the State. Captain Trent 
 entered the military service of Pennsylvania under a 
 commission from Governor Thomas in 1746, serving 
 against Canada under the immediate orders of Gov- 
 ernor Clinton. The following year he was honorably 
 discharged, receiving the thanks of the Assembly. 
 In 1749 he was appointed by Governor Hamilton, 
 Justice of th':^ Court of Common Pleas and General 
 Sessions of Peace, for Cumberland county. Pa., and 
 the same year was employed as a confidential mes- 
 senger to the Ohio Indians to deliver messages of 
 good will and presents from the government of 
 Pennsylvania. For this service he was paid by the 
 Legislature £2/^^. In 1750 Captain Trent formed a 
 co-partnership with his brother-in-law, Colonel 
 George Croghan, and others, and engaged in trade 
 with the Indians on the Ohio. The firm was pros- 
 perous and it was said Dr. Benjamin Franklin was a 
 member of the company. The Governor of Virginia 
 also employed Captain Trent, because of his thor- 
 ough acquaintance with the Indians on the Ohio 
 river, as an agent to attend his Commissioners at a 
 treaty with the Indians in 1752 at Logstown, below 
 the forks of the Ohio. Before this treaty was con- 
 
1 
 
 • 
 
 , 1 
 
 liH 
 
 \ 
 
 t I 
 
 i8 
 
 Washington s 
 
 eluded he was diFpatched with messages and presents, 
 to the Miami Indians. [See Trent's Journal.^ In 
 August, 1/53, he was authorized by Governor Din- 
 widdie to examine the site selected by the Commis- 
 sioners in 1752 for a fort near the forks of the Ohio 
 and to report. In September of the same year he 
 was present at a treaty with Indians at Winchester, 
 Va., and was selected as one of three, the others 
 being Andrew Montour and Christopher Gist, to 
 deliver presents to the Miami and Delaware Indians. 
 Early in the spring of 1754, Governor Dinwiddle 
 commissioned him to raise a company of 100 men 
 for immediate service and directed him to protect 
 and assist the Ohio Company or himself to erect 
 a fort with his command at the forks of the Ohio. 
 His men were to be recruited from the immediate 
 vicinity and some of them were in his nominal or 
 actual employment. John Frazer, who resided at 
 the mouth ,of Turtle creek, on the Monongahela, 
 was commissioned his Lieutenant and Edward Ward, 
 his Ensign. The complement of men was not ob- 
 tained, out work was begun on the fort. When, on 
 the 17th of February, in the absence of Captain 
 Trent, and also Lieutenant Frazer, Ensign Ward, 
 was suddenly summoned by a su^ erior force of 
 French and Indians to depart, a derr^and to which 
 he was obliged to submit, Trent was severely cen- 
 sured by Governor Dinwiddie for being absent from 
 his post and ordered to be court-martialed, but he 
 was never brought to trial. In 1761 Captain Trent 
 had presented to the Assembly of Virginia a claim 
 against the Province for money expended under 
 engagements with Governor Dinwiddie. The fol- 
 lowing is the report to the House of Burgesses on 
 the matter from a committee to consider the merits 
 
Journal. 
 
 '9 
 
 of the claim. Journal April 9th, 1761: "Mr Pendle- 
 ton reported that the Committee appointed had, 
 according to order, inquired whether any and what 
 Part of a Judgment recovered in the General Court 
 by William Tient, Gent, against the Hon. Robert 
 Dinwiddle, Esq., late Lieutenant-Governor of this 
 Coloiiy, ought to be paid by the Publick; and that 
 they had agreed on a Report, and come to a Reso- 
 lution th, reon, which he read in his place, and then 
 delivered in at the table, where the same were again 
 read, and are as follows: 
 
 " It appears to your Committee that Mr. Trent's 
 claim for ;^40 1-2-9^, Part of his Recovery, was for 
 his expense and trouble in carrying out presents of 
 Goods for the Indians at two several times by order 
 of the Governour and Council ; that this Claim of 
 ^29i-5--io was for the pay and Provisions of him- 
 self and a Company of Men under his Command, 
 raised by order of the said Lieutenant-Governour, 
 before the first Virginia Regiment was established, 
 and who afterwards were enlisted into the said Regi- 
 ment, and that ;^io7-ii-4i, the residue of his recov- 
 ery of ^800, was allowed by the Jury for interest on 
 those sums, of which interest ^45-2-2 accrued on 
 the said sum of ;^29i-5-io. 
 
 " Resolved, that it is the Opinion of this Com- 
 mittee that the said sum of ;^29i-5-io ought to be 
 paid by the Publick, but no Part of the Interest as 
 Application was never made to this House for Pay- 
 ment of the said Money ; and it was a transaction 
 entirely betv/een the said Lieutenant-Governour and 
 Council, and the said Trent. 
 
 ''The said Resolution being read a second time, 
 and the Question put that the House agree thereto, 
 it passed in the Negative." 
 
"^^'-Mr-yr, «..i 
 
 20 
 
 jriys/if)io/())i\<s 
 
 Captain Trent met with heavy losses in the Indian 
 trade, and it is believe"' he died poor. He was a 
 patriot in the Revo ,1 and held a Major's com- 
 mission at P'ort Pitt in July, 1776. In 1778 while 
 on his way from Ft. Pitt he was taken ill at his house 
 in Cumberland Co., Pa., and is buried in an old 
 graveyard at "Silver Spring Church." [See Journal 
 of Wni. Trent. \ 
 
 April the 2"'' Every Thing being ready, we began 
 
 our march according to our Orders, the 2"** of April 
 
 with two Companies of Foot, commanded by Captain 
 
 Peter^ Hog and Lieutenant Jacob Van Braam^ 
 
 five subalterns, two Sergeants, six Corporals, one 
 
 Drummer, and one hundred and twenty Soldiers, 
 
 one Surgeon, ^^ one Sivedish Gentleman," who was 
 a volunteer, two wagons guarded by one Lieutenant, 
 
 Sergeant, Corporal and twenty-five Soldiers. 
 
 ** Captain Peter Hog or Hogg, son of James, was 
 born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1 703. He is believed 
 to have been a near relative of the famous " Ettrick 
 Shepherd." He and his brothers James and Thomas 
 came to America about 1745, and settled in Augusta 
 county, Virginia. Peter married Elizabeth Taylor 
 March 9th, 1 754 ; he was commissioned a Captain, ser- 
 ved with Washington in his expedition of 1 754, was 
 at the capitulation of Fort Necessity, and his name is 
 included among the officers who received the thanks 
 of the Assembly of Virginia for their brave defense 
 of English rights. In 1756 he was actively engaged 
 in the construction of a line of frontier forts which 
 v/ere ordered by the Assembly. | See Washington s 
 instructions to him July 21st, 1756.] He took 
 
Journal. 
 
 21 
 
 part, also, in the Sandy Creek Expedition the same 
 year, and served continuously in the Vir^jinia regi- 
 ment until the fall of P'ort Duquesne. On leaving 
 the military service he studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar May loth, 1 759. Lord Dunmore appointed 
 him Deputy to the Attorney-General for the county 
 of "Dunmore" in 1772, which being renamed in 
 1777, is now known as Shenandoah county, Va. He 
 received 2,000 acres of la .id under the Dinwiddie 
 proclamation. He also owned, on the Ohio river, a 
 tract of 8,000 acres, near Point Pleasant, and another 
 large tract in Mason county, Ky. \Brock m Din- 
 widdie Papers, vol. i, 470.] 
 
 ® Captain Jacob Van Braam, a native of Hol- 
 land, was trained to arms and served under Admiral 
 Vernon in the Carthagena Expedition, in the same 
 department of the British army with Major Lawrence 
 Washington. Having heard much from the Virginia 
 regiment in favor of the land of promise in Virginia, 
 at the end of his military engagement he removed 
 there and was engaged to some extent in teaching 
 military tactics. Jacob Van Braam was a " Mason " 
 and attended the same lodge in Fredericksburg at 
 which Washington became a member of that order ; 
 both are recorded as present at a meeting September 
 ist, 1753. Major George Washington, when start- 
 ing on his journey in the fall of 1753 to deliver 
 Governor Dinwiddie's letter or summons to the 
 French commandant on the Ohio, found Capt. Van 
 Braam at Fredt.ricksburg, and engaged him as an 
 attendant on the journey. He again served under 
 Washington in the expedition to the Ohio in 1 754, 
 enlisting as a Lieutenant, but, having seen much 
 service, he acted in the capacity of a Captain, to 
 which rank he was advanced and proved himself 
 
**> 
 
 hi 
 
 Ml 
 
 It 
 
 i, ( 
 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 JVas/iinQfons 
 
 efficient. Captain V^an Braam and Captain Stobo, 
 both of whom were in the engagement at the Great 
 Meadows and the capitulation of Fort Necessity July 
 3d, 1754, were retained as hostages by the French. 
 From an unfortunate miswording in his translation 
 to Washington of the articles of surrender, and par- 
 ticularly in the expression " assassination," which he 
 rendered " killing," of Jumonville. who fell in the skir- 
 mish of May 28th, 1754, Van Braam has been much 
 censured, and his fidelity to the British cause has even 
 been questioned. On the matter of tlie mistransla- 
 tion Washington wrote, March 27th, 1757: "That we 
 were wilfully, or ignorantly, deceived by our inter, 
 preter in regard to the word assassination I do aver, 
 and will to my dying moment; so will every officer 
 that was present." War had not been declared be- 
 tween France and England, and the French prisoners 
 taken by Washington were sent to Governor Din- 
 wiudie ' t Williamsburg, who held them as tres- 
 passers or prisoners of State. The Governor made 
 but one effort for the exchange or release of Captains 
 Van Braam and Stobo by sending a flag of truce to 
 Fort Duquesne and offering to send Monsieur 
 Druillon, of the rank of Major, and two Cadets, 
 then prisoners, for the return of the two Captains. 
 This offer was declined, and Captains Van Braam and 
 Stobo were sent to Canada. The latter escaped from 
 prison and the former was released on the surrender 
 of Montreal, in 1760. The Virginia Gazette of No- 
 vember 8th, 1760, announces the arrival in Williams- 
 burg of Captain Van Braam. His name had been 
 omitted in the resolutions of thanks to the officers 
 and men for their good conduct in the battle of the 
 Great Meadows. Distrust in his loyalty must have 
 given place to sympathy for his long suffering, and his 
 
 - E- 
 
Journal. 
 
 n 
 
 want of familiarity with the French language became 
 the explanation of his mis-translation, else he would 
 not have regained the confidence of the Governor of 
 Virginia as he did {sec Journal House of Burgesses, 
 Mare/i 2J^l/i, 1761): "On motion made, /c'rj.Wwv/, That 
 the sum of ^'500 be paid by the Treasurer of this 
 Colony to Captain Jacob Van Braam over and above 
 the Ballance of his Pay that is due to him to this time, 
 as a Compensation for his sufferings during a long 
 and painful Confinement as a Hostage in the Enemy's 
 Country. Ordered, That the said Resolution be en- 
 grossed, and that Mr. Bland do carry it up to the 
 Council for their Concurrence." And on March 3cth, 
 1 76 1, the Journal shows that "On motion made, Re- 
 solved, neniine eontradicente, that an humble Address, 
 be made to His Honour the Governour to desire that 
 he will be pleased to take Capt. Jacob Van Braam, 
 who has undergone a long and severe Captivity in 
 Canada, to his special Favor and Protection, and 
 recommend him for Promotion in His Majesty's Ser- 
 vice ; and that Mr. Charles Carter and Mr. Bland do 
 wait on his Honour with the said address." On the 
 2d of April, 1 76 1, " Mr. Charles Carter reported that 
 he had, according to order, waited on His Honour 
 the Governour with the Address of this House in 
 Favour of Capt. Van Braam, to which His Honour 
 was pleased to answer that he would recommend him 
 to Lord Halifax and Mr. Secretary Pitt for Promotion 
 in His Majesty's service." The Journal of the House 
 of Burgesses further shows that on April loth, 1761, 
 " His Honour" likewise gave his assent to the above 
 resolution for extra pay as indemnity to Capt. Van 
 Braam. His claim to land under Governor Din- 
 widdie's proclamation of February, 1754, was duly 
 allowed, and he received 9,000 acres. He was made 
 
24 
 
 Washington s 
 
 Major of the 30th Battalion of the 60th Foot of Royal 
 Americans stationed, in 1777, in the West Indies. 
 \Brock, Dinwiddie Papers, JourL House Burgesses, 
 eic.'\ 
 
 '*^ James Craik, surgeon in the Virginia regiment 
 in the armed expedition to the Ohio in 1754, was 
 born at Abigland, Scotland, in 1730, and died on his 
 plantation " Vaucluse," near Alexandria, in Fairfax 
 county, Va., February 6th, 18 14. He was educated 
 at Edinburgh, graduating both in letters and in medi- 
 cine at the University. On leaving college he went, 
 as surgeon in the army, to the West Indies, but 
 shortly after resigned, and, removing to Virginia, 
 began the practice of his profession at Norfolk. It 
 was from there that he received his appointment to 
 the Virginia regiment in the spring of 1754. His 
 name appears on some of the pay-rolls as an Ensign 
 and on others as a Lieutenant, while he was also acting 
 as Surgeon. The reason or explanation of this seems 
 to be the scarcity of trained officers, combined with 
 the Doctor's zeal for the success of the expedition 
 and his desire to make a penny, for he seems to have 
 been paid for both services. \^See the Rolls of 
 officers and men at the end of the Journal.^ In ref- 
 erence to Dr. Craik's serving as an Ensign, Gov- 
 ernor Dinwiddie, in a letter to Colonel Fry of May 
 5th, 1 754, uses the following language: " The appoint- 
 ing of Mr. Craik, Y'e surgeon, to be an Ensign I leave 
 to your option, or any other you think proper." 
 \pimviddie Papers, vol. i, /. 171.] Doctor Craik 
 marched with Colonel Washington and his two com- 
 panies from Alexandria to Will's creek, and over the 
 Alleghany Mountains, was with him in his operations 
 on the Monongahela, and in the battle of the Great 
 Meadows. His name is included among the officers 
 
 iM 
 
Journal. 
 
 25 
 
 of th^ V^irginia regiment thanked by the House of 
 Burgesses for their bravery at the latter battle and he 
 also received his proportion of land under Governor 
 Dinwiddle's proclamation. The plot of this survey in 
 Washington's handwriting is among the Washington 
 papers in the Department of State. Surgeon Flem- 
 ing held the rank of Ensign in Major Lewis's com- 
 mand and attended as a surgeon Captain Hogg's 
 company. \Scc Washiui^toiis letter to John Robin- 
 son, November 9, 1756.] The Reverend Mr. Slaugh- 
 ter in his Life of Colonel Fry, says Dr. Craik attended 
 him in his last illness. Upon his return to Will's 
 creek with the troops after the capitulation of Fort 
 Necessity, he was stationed at Winchester where he 
 also engaged in private practice. The next year he 
 marched with the Virginia recjiment in the Braddock 
 Expedition, and again on his return practiced at 
 Winchester. From there he removed to a plantation 
 he purchased below Alexandria in Maryland. But 
 upon Washington's suggestion he located, about 
 the close of the Revolution, in Alexandria, where he 
 enjoyed an extensive practice and was on terms cf 
 intimate friendship with Washington to the close of 
 the latter's life. In 1760 he married Mariamna 
 Ewell, daughter of Colonel Charles Ewell. On the 
 breaking out of the Revolution, he entered the 
 service as Surgeon and rose to the first rank. In 
 1777 he was active in unveiling a conspiracy to re- 
 move the Commander-in-Chief. He was made Di- 
 rector-in-Chief of the Military Hospitals at Yorktown 
 in 1 781. Toward the close of his life he spent much 
 of his time on his plantation, " Vaucluse," about five 
 miles from Mount Vernon. Dr. Craik named one 
 of his sons George Washington. This son studied 
 medicine, but abandoned the practice to art as private 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 ' : \\ 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 t 
 
26 
 
 Washmgton s 
 
 'secretary to President Washington during his second 
 term. Dr. Craik was remembered in affectionate 
 terms by General Washington in his will as his "old 
 and intimate friend," and given a chair and desk. 
 
 " This Swedish gentleman is supposed to have 
 been Carolus Gustavus de Spiltdorph. He seems to 
 have been included among Washington's troops from 
 the start. Acting as Ensign, he was sent with Lieu- 
 tenant West and a guard of soldiers to convey the 
 prisoners taken in the de Jumonville skirmish, and was 
 then spoken of by Washington as Mr. Spiltdorph. 
 He was in the battle of the Great Meadows, but is 
 not mentioned among the officers who were thanked 
 by the House of Burgesses. He was, however, only 
 commissioned Ensign July 21st, 1754, and October 
 29th, the same year, was made Lieutenant. He 
 served in this rank in the Braddock expedition, and 
 was killed at the battle of the Monongahela. 
 
 We left Alexandria on Tuesday Noon and pitched 
 our tents about four miles from Cameron^'^ having 
 marched six miles. 
 
 (From the 3rd of April to the 19th of said month^^ 
 this Journal only contains the march of the troops, 
 and how they were joined by a detachment which 
 was brought by Captain Stevens^^^ 
 
 April 19"* Met an Express who had letters from 
 Captain Trent^ at the Ohio, demanding a reinforce- 
 ment with all speed, as he hourly expected a body of 
 eight hundred French. I td^xxx^A'dX Job Pears aWs^^ 
 for the arrival of the troops when they came the 
 
Jou7'?iai. 
 
 27 
 
 next day. When I received the above Express, I 
 dispatched a Courier to Colonel Fry, to give him 
 notice of it. 
 
 ^^ Cameron was the name of Mr. Charles Broad- 
 water's estate on Cameron run, near Alexandria, in 
 Fairfax county, Va. There is also a Cameron parish 
 in Loudoun county, Va. The patent for these lands was 
 granted in 1 720-1. Mr. Broadwater is recorded as 
 voting at an election in Fairfax county in 1748. He 
 was a Scotchman and it was understood gave his 
 estate the name of the clan to which his family be- 
 longed. The name has also been given to a consid- 
 erable stream known as Cameron run, and to one of 
 the chief streets in Alexandria. In the last century 
 there was on the level bottom of this estate a fine 
 race course, at which parties owning racing stock 
 annually congregated for the test of speed. General 
 Washington in his Diaries records the fact that he 
 attended races here in 1769 and 1770. 
 
 ^^This French version of the Journal omits every 
 thing recorded in it between the 3rd and the 19th of 
 April, dismissing the subject with the remarks con- 
 tained within the brackets. The route marched over 
 by Colonel Washington will be given in another 
 note. 
 
 ^* General Adam Stephen was born about 1718 in 
 the State of Pennsylvania, died and was buried on his 
 own plantation in Virginia in 1791. His farm is now 
 in part embraced within the limits of the town of 
 Martinsburg, Berkeley county, Va. His will bears 
 date June 5th, 1791, and was admitted to proba^ ■ in 
 November following. As early as 1738 he migrated 
 to what is now Berkeley county, and took up large 
 
 Hi 
 
28 
 
 WasJiiugtons 
 
 \\ 
 
 f' 
 
 bodies of fine land, deriving his title from Lord Fair- 
 fax. The New York Magazine in noticing the death 
 of Adam Steven, Esq., says he was widely known 
 and highly esteemed for his medical talents, his 
 learning and mertal endowments. \^Ne'w York 
 Magazine, August, 1791, /. 488.] This is the only 
 reference I have seen to him as a physician. He 
 had a taste for military life and served with Wash- 
 ington in the Expedition of 1754, joining him at 
 or near Winchester or en route to Will's creek. 
 During the campaign he was promoted to be Major, 
 was in the battle of the Great Meadows, and is 
 named as of that rank in the vote of thanks by the 
 House of Burgesses to Colonel Washington and 
 the officers under his command for their gallant and 
 brave behavior in the engagement. After the death 
 of Colonel Fry, the resignation of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Muse, and the promotion of George Washington to be 
 Colonel in command of the Virginia regiment, Major 
 Stephen was made Lieutenant-Colonel with Andrew 
 Lewis as Major. Colonel Stephen remained for a time 
 with the regiment on their return to Will's creek and 
 during the fall recruited the regiment. The follow- 
 ing year he went out with the Virginia troops in the 
 Braddock campaign, was in the disastrous battle of 
 the Monongahela, and afterward was stationed for a 
 time at Fort Cumberland. In 1756, being sent in 
 command of some Virginia troops against the Creek 
 Indians in South Carolina, he acquitted himself with 
 much credit. Later in the same year he was placed 
 in command of a detachment of troops to defend the 
 frontier of Virginia. He served as Lieutenant-Col- 
 onel in command of the regiment under Colonel 
 Washington from 1756 to the close of 1758 and the 
 fall of Fort Duquesne. Colonel Stephen petitioned 
 
 
 ^:- 
 
^4f. -.•mm 
 
 Joitrnal. 
 
 29 
 
 the House of Burgesses for himself and the surviving 
 part of the detachment of his regiment to be re- 
 embursed for the loss of their arms, blankets and 
 clothing on the occasion of Gram's defeat in the 
 skirmish before Fort Duquesne. Mr. Withe from 
 the committee reported that the allegations set forth 
 in the petition were true and that the surviving mem- 
 bers of the regiment in that action ought to be 
 allowed ;^i75 for their losses. \Sec Joicrnal House 
 of Burgesses, March 20th, 1759. J In 1764 charges 
 were preferred by Thomas Rutherford against Col- 
 onel Adam Stephen for a sort of peculation in the 
 use of the Militia to escort and guard wagons carry 
 ing his own personal property to Fort Cumberlana 
 and Fort Bedford, outside the Colony of Virginia. 
 He was acquitted of the main charges and compli- 
 mented for his bravery and activity, but censured for 
 a breach of duty in sending the Militia beyond the 
 Province. [^Journal House Bu7^gesses, Deccmdcr I'^t/i, 
 1764.] On the breaking out of the Revolutionary 
 war, he was commissioned a Colonel of one of the 
 Virginia regiments. In September, 1776, he was 
 made a Brigader-General, and on February 19th, i 'jj'j, 
 a Major-General. He served with the main body of 
 the army, enjoyed the confidence of General Wash- 
 ington, and was a vigilant, brave and efficient officer ; 
 but, yielding to the bad habit of drinking, was re- 
 ported, court-martialed, convicted and dismissed from 
 the army. He then retired to his plantation, where 
 he passed a useful and honorable life. He did much 
 to advance the interests of his section of the State in 
 the organization of the new county of Berkeley. He 
 warmly espoused the adoption of the Constitution of 
 the United States, and in the convention held for its 
 consideration made an able speech in its favor. 
 
 M 
 
 
30 
 
 Washington s 
 
 III, 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 ^"^ Job Pearsal was one of the fir&t settlers on the 
 south branch of the Potomac, at or near the site of 
 the present town of Romney. His cabin, on the 
 right bank of the stream, was surrounded by a stock- 
 ade, which in 1756 was enlarged to a garrison and 
 troops were stationed there by the direction of Colonel 
 Washington. This was on the line of the main road 
 between Winchester, the forts on Patterson creek, 
 Oldtown and Fort Cumberland. It is presumed that 
 it was here that the junction of Washington's forces 
 which composed the Virginia regiment took place. 
 He set out with two companies ; three others joined 
 him en route or were brought up to him by Major 
 Muse. 
 
 April 20''' Came down to Colonel Cresafs^^ to 
 order the Detachment, and on my Route, had notice 
 that the Fort was taken by the French. That news 
 was confirmed by Mr Ward,^'' the Ensign of Captain 
 Trent, who had been obliged to surrender to a Body 
 of one thousand French and upwards, under the 
 Command of Captain Contrecoeur,^'^ who was come 
 from Venango^'^ Presque Isle(^) with sixty bateaux, 
 and three hundred canoes, and who having planted 
 eighteen pieces of Cannon against the Fort, after- 
 wards had sent him a Summons to withdraw.^ 
 
 Mr Ward also informed me that the Indians kept 
 steadfastly attached to our Interest. He brought 
 two young Indian Men with him, who were Mingoes, 
 
 (c) In French the Peninsula. 
 
 u---- 
 
V 
 
 Journal. 3 1 
 
 that they might have the Satisfaction to see that we 
 were marching with our troops to their succor. 
 
 *® Colonel Thomas Cresap of Old Town, Mary- 
 land, and the founder of the Cresap family in 
 America, was born in Skipton, Yorkshire, England. 
 At the age of 15 he came to America, and when 
 about 30 married a Miss Johnson at a point now 
 known as Havre-de-Grace, Md., on the Susque- 
 hanna. With a desire to better his condition, he 
 made a visit to Virginia and engaged to rent a farm 
 from the Washington family. His wife's dislike, how- 
 ever, to remove so far, led him to locate higher up 
 the Susquehanna, where he secured a tract of some 
 500 acres of good land on the " Peach Bottom," 
 and built himself a small stone house. 
 
 His land title from Maryland, however, proved 
 defective, Pennsylvania asserting and maintaining 
 her claims, to which, after much litigation, he was 
 obliged to submit. From there he removed to a 
 tract of some 1,400 acres of fine land on the Antie- 
 tam creek, called " Long Meadows," in what is now 
 Washington county, Md., which he improved, and 
 then began to trade with the Indians. He borrowed 
 ^^500 from Mr. Dulany to invest in furs and skins, 
 which he shipped to England, but, unfortunately, 
 the ship was captured by the French and his whole 
 fortune sunk. To repay the money borrowed of 
 Mr. Dulany he transferred to the latter his farm, 
 and himself removed to a more western venture, at 
 " Old Town," in Maryland, nearly opposite the mouth 
 of the south branch of the Potomac. Here he ac- 
 quired a large body of land on both sides of the river, 
 calling it at first " Skipton," for his native town, and 
 conducted a profitable trade with the Indians. He had 
 
 'ii 
 
32 
 
 Washingtofis 
 
 become familiar with the art of surveying and held 
 a commission to survey from Prince George's county, 
 Md., which now inchided the whole of the western 
 part of the State. With the aid of a noted Indian, 
 named Nemacolin, he marked the line for the first road 
 for the " Ohio Company " across the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains. He was well established at the " Shawanese 
 Old Town," where the project of organizing " the 
 Ohio Company " was devised. He became one of the 
 most valued members with Lawrence and Augustine 
 Washington and others as proprietors. This com- 
 pany prospered for a time and was one of the chief 
 agents which brought about the expulsion of the 
 French from the Ohio and the lakeS; trained the 
 Colonies to arms and generalship, and finally wrought 
 the independence of America. Colonel Cresap did 
 much surveying for his section; in 1749 he surveyed 
 Walnut Bottoms, just below the mouth of Will's 
 creek, for Governor Bladen of Maryland. He was 
 frequently called upon by his county to represent it 
 in the Legislature and was reported one of the best 
 members in that body. He was twice married ; the 
 second time at the age of 80. By his first wife he 
 had five children — three sons and two daughters. 
 He understood the habits of the Indians, spoke their 
 language and was populai with then. He lived to 
 the exceptional age of 105 and died highly respected. 
 \^ Jacobs Life of Captain Michael Cresap and other 
 sources.] 
 
 " Ensign, afterward Major Edward Ward, was an 
 officer of Captain Trent's company, which was ordered 
 by Governor Dinwiddle to protect the " Ohio Com- 
 pany" and assist them in constructing a fort at the 
 forks of the Ohio, now Pittsburg, in the spring of 
 1754. A small force was enlisted and work begun 
 
[ournal. 
 
 33 
 
 in accordance with the Governor's instructions. On 
 the 17th of April, 1754, in the absence of Captain 
 Trent and Lieutenant Frazier, Ensign Ward was 
 summoned by a superior French force under Captain 
 Contrecoeur to evacuate the worlds and depart. This 
 order he was obliged to obey. He arrived at Will's 
 creek with his men on the 2 2d April, where Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Washington met him and learned from 
 him all the particulars of the surrender. This infor- 
 mation induced Lieutenant-Cvolonel Washington to 
 call a council of war on the 23d to determine what 
 course to pursue under all the circumstances. The 
 result of this conference, together with a letter, 
 Ensign Ward bore to Williamsburg to Governor 
 Dinwiddle, who was greatly irritated by the news, 
 and in a letter to Colonel Fry in May, 1754, uses the 
 following language: " I am advised that Captain 
 Trent, and his Lieutenant, Frasier, have been long 
 absent from their duty, leaving Ensign Ward with 
 ab't 23 men to guard the workmen whilst prep.iring 
 materials to erect the fort begun and [who was] 
 obliged to surrender on the summons of a French 
 Com'd'r, which conduct and behavior I require and 
 expect you will inquire into at a Court- Martial and 
 give sentence accordingly." 
 
 ^^ Captain M. de Contrecoeur, belonging to the 
 French military forces in Canada, was sent early in 
 the spring of 1 754 to construct a fort at the forks of 
 the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers. When 
 he arrived, he found a small force at work, under 
 Ensign Ward, erecting a fort for the English. Cap- 
 tain Contrecoeur at once invested the place and sum- 
 moned Ward to surrender possession and depart. 
 This he was obliged to do April 17th, 1754. Captain 
 ContreccEur continued the work and named it, when 
 
if! 
 
 34 
 
 VVasliiugton\^ 
 
 t 
 
 !'h 
 
 completed, Fort Duquesne. June 23d, he sent out 
 Ensign de Jumonville and a small force with instruc- 
 tions to reconnoiter the region as far as the crest of the 
 Allegheny Mountains, and to serve a summons upon 
 any English forces he should meet to quit the terri- 
 tory of the French. This party was encountered by 
 Colonel Washington June 28th, a skirmish ensued 
 and de Jumonville was killed. Captain de Contrecoeur 
 was in command at Fort Duquesne at the time of 
 Braddock's defeat. He was a capable ofiftcer and 
 full of zeal for his king. 
 
 ^® Venango is the name of an Indian town at the 
 mouth of French creek, where it enters the Alle- 
 gheny river. Here the French in 1751 or '52 con- 
 structed a fort and trading post, which was destroyed 
 in August. 1759, and then occupied as a British post. 
 It is now the site of the town of Franklin, the capital 
 of Venango county. Pa. 
 
 -° " A summons sent by order of M. de Contrecoeur, 
 captain of one of the Independent Companies of the 
 detachment of Marines, Commander-in-Chief of his 
 Christian Majesty's troops now at the Ohio, to the 
 Commander of those troops belonging to the King of 
 Great Britain, whereof M. le Mercier was Bearer, the 
 16th of April, 1754: 
 
 " Nothing can surprise me more than to see you thus 
 attempt to settle on the territories of the King my 
 Master; 'tis that which obliges me this Day to send 
 you M. Le Mercier, Captain of the Cannoneers, and 
 Commander of the Artillery in Canada, that he may 
 know, Sir, from yourself, by virtue of what orders 
 you are erecting Forts on the Territories of the King 
 my Master. This Motion appears to me so contrary 
 to the last treaty of Peace concluded at Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle, between his most Christian Majesty, and his 
 
 ,. 
 
Journa/. 
 
 35 
 
 Majesty the King of Great Britain, that I know not 
 to whom I shall impute such usurpation ; since those 
 Lands which are situated along the river Ohio, be- 
 yond all dispute belong to the most Christian King. 
 
 " I am certainly informed, Sir, that your schemes 
 are contrived only by a company who hath the in- 
 terest of trade more in view than to maintain the 
 Union and Harmony existing between the crowns of 
 Great Britain and France ; though, sir, the Main- 
 tainance thereof, may be as advantageous to your 
 nation as to ours. 
 
 " However, sir, if you come vested with any orders 
 to this place, I summons you from the King my 
 Master, by virtue of the orders which I have from 
 my General, peaceably to withdraw yourself, and 
 your troops, from the King's territories ; if not, I 
 shall be under the necessity, for the performance of 
 my duty, to oblige you thereto. I hope, sir, you will 
 not prolong the time, and thereby force me to Ex- 
 tremes. You may, sir, in that case, be fully per- 
 suaded, I shall give such orders to my Detachment, 
 that you shall receive no damage thereby. 
 
 "Sir, I give you notice now, that it will be to no 
 purpose to demand one hour's Delay, or to expect I 
 shall consent to your stay, until you receive Orders 
 from your Governor, for none he can give upon the 
 Lands of the King my Master The orders I have 
 received from my General are a Law to me ; there- 
 fore, sir, I cannot go from them. 
 
 " But if, on the Contrary, you have no orders ; if 
 you are only come here to trade, I am sorry to in- 
 form you that I am obliged to seize your person, and 
 confiscate your effects to the use of the Indians, who 
 are our children, our allies, and our friends, as you 
 are not permitted to follow any illicite Trade. 
 
 4 
 
36 
 
 ll'as/un^lons 
 
 " It was for that very reason, sir. that two English- 
 men were by us arrested last year for trading on our 
 Lands, luirthcrmon*, the King my Master demands 
 only what is his right. His intentions are not to 
 interrupt that good Harmony and I'Viendship sub- 
 sisting between his Majesty and the King of Great 
 Britain. The General of Canada can give proofs in 
 what Manner he concurreth to keep up the Union 
 existing between the two Princes ; for having been 
 informed that some Indians of the Six Nations, in 
 company with some Nepissengues, from the Lake of 
 the two Mountains, had fallen upon, and destroyed 
 an English Family towards Carolina, he stopped their 
 Passage, and obliged them to deliver him up a little 
 boy belonging to that Family, and who was the only 
 one left alive ; he was brought back to Boston, by 
 Mr Ulerich, v.-lio was then upon some Negotiation at 
 Montrial. 
 
 " Moreover, he has strictly forbidden all Indians 
 to exercise their usual Cruelties on those English 
 who are our friends. I could complain, sir, of the 
 many Solicitations you have made last year to the 
 Indians, to take up the Hatchet against us, whilst we 
 were busy in maintaining Peace. 
 
 " Sir, I am persuaded that you will rece" ve M le 
 Mercier, in a polite manner, on account of his Com- 
 mission, as also of his Distinction and personal merit; 
 and I expect you will send him back to me with one 
 of your officers, who will bring me an exact answer, 
 signed by yourself. As you have Indians with you, 
 I send an Interpreter with M. le Mercier, that he may 
 acquaint them with my intentions on their account. 
 
 I am, &c., 
 
 (Signed) Coxtrecceur 
 Done at Our Camp, the i6th of April, 1754. 
 
 
 
Journai. 
 
 37 
 
 \From " Memoirc coiitoiiuil /r Precis di's Fails, Cr'c." 
 Translated ami printed by Uaine, N. K, \'JS7* P- ^5- J 
 
 He also delivered me the following speech which 
 the Hal/ Kin^ s^nX. to me.(^/)''' 
 
 Fort on Ohio, April I8'^ 1754. 
 
 A speech from the Half-King, Scruneyattha,'""' and 
 belt of wampum, for the Governors of Virginia and 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 My Brethren the English. The Bearer will let 
 you understand in what manner the French have 
 treated us. We waited a long time, thinking they 
 would come and attack us ; we now see how they 
 have a mind to use us.(^) 
 
 '^^ Half-King was one of the titles of Tenacharison, 
 a chief of the Senecas, 01 Mingoes, as the English 
 traders called them, who was also spoken of as " the 
 old King." He was an astute diplomatist, a brave 
 warrior, had great influence among his people and 
 was devoted to English interests. Frequently con- 
 sulted by Washington, he was with the party that 
 attacked de Jumonville and was credited, in certain 
 quarters, with having slain that French officer with 
 his hatchet ; but this was without any foundation in 
 fact. He was very proud of the name " Dinwiddie " 
 conferred on him by Colonel Washington in recog- 
 
 (rf) This Half King was an Indian chief to whom the English had given the title, and 
 whom they had greafly excited against the French. 
 
 (f) Behold here is a confession of the goodness \.ith which the French had treated the 
 Indians which had revolted. Those Indians expected to be pursued; surprised at the 
 indulgence of the French they propose to attack them themselves and acquaint the 
 £»^//,f A of their resolution. 
 
 I' I 
 
38 
 
 Washington s 
 
 l\ 
 
 !i 
 
 I' 
 
 I' ) 
 
 nition of his services. As a part of the ceremony of 
 investing him with this name, he was decorated with 
 a medal sent by the Governor to the commander of 
 the forces to be given to those Indians who were 
 loyal to the English. When Washington first visited 
 the Ohio in 1753, the Half-King had his hunting 
 cabin on Little Beaver creek near the dividing line 
 between the present States of Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 He died October 4th, 1756, at Aughquick, Pa., where 
 he was residing with his family as wards of that 
 Colony. [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 148. | 
 ^ Scruneyattha, an Indian chief who also had the 
 title of King or Half-King. 
 
 We are now ready to fall upon them, waiting only 
 for your succor. Have good courage, and come as 
 soon as possible; you will find us as ready to encounter 
 with them as you are yourselves. 
 
 We have sent those two young men to see if you 
 are ready to come, and if so they are to return to us 
 to let us know where you are, that we may come and 
 join you. We should be glad if the troops belong- 
 ing to the two Provinces could meet together at the 
 Fort which is in the way. If you do not come to 
 our assistance now, we are entirely undone, and 
 imagine we shall never meet together again. I speak 
 with a heart full of grief. 
 
 A Belt of Wampum. 
 
 The Half-King directed to me the following 
 speech. " I am ready, if you think it proper, to go 
 
 ; 
 
 ul' 
 
Journal. 
 
 39 
 
 to both the Governors, with these two young men, 
 for I have now no more dependence on those who 
 have been gone so long, without returning or send- 
 ing any message." 
 
 A Belt of Wampum, 
 
 April 2z'\ A Council of War held at VViirs 
 Creels in order to consult upon what must be done 
 on account of the news brought by Mr Ward, 
 
 The News brought by Ensign ^^r^ having been 
 examined into, as also the summons sent by Captain 
 Coiitrecoeur Commander of the French troops and 
 the speeches of the Half-Klng, and of the other 
 chiefs of the Six-Nations; it appears, that Mr Ward, 
 was forced to surrender the said Fort, the i f^ of 
 this instant to the French, who were above one thou- 
 sand strong and had eighteen artillery pieces, some 
 of which were nine pounders(/) and also that the 
 detachment of the Virginia regiment, amounting to 
 one hundred and fifty men commanded by Colonel 
 Washington had orders to reinforce the Company of 
 Captain Trent, and that the aforesaid Garrison con- 
 sisted only of thirty-three effective men.^ 
 
 ^Will's creek derived its name from an Indian liv- 
 J-"g-.^L^J^^_^_^"^"^"^^ ^^ ^^^ North branch of the 
 
 u/f^^hS"''"''!' ^'■'''"' ^'^^ Ensign Ward had greatly exafrgerated the French forTpT 
 summons '°'"'""° '"°"«*' ^"^ '^'"P'" '° do\vho Tbandon their fort at a bare 
 
40 
 
 Washington s 
 
 h 
 
 Potomac and that creek, the present site of the city 
 of Cumberland, Md. The name Will was given to 
 the Indian by the Whites. And in time, as a matter 
 of convenience, it came to be applied not only to this 
 stream, but also to an adjacent mountain. The deep 
 cut made by Will's creek through a detached range 
 of the Alleghany, locally known as Savage Mountain, 
 forming with the main range the divide between the 
 head springs of the Potomac and the Youghiogeny 
 river, a tributary of the Monongahela, made this the 
 favorite Indian trail across the mountains; and, in a 
 great measure, it has continued to be the route taken 
 between the Potomac river and the head waters of 
 the Ohio by all modern improved roads, to the present 
 time. 
 
 ^COMMISSION OF CAPTAIN WILLIAM 
 
 TRENT. 
 
 '' RoB't Dinwiddie Esq'r His Majesty's L't Govr 
 Comd'r in Chief and Vice Admiral of his Colony 
 a7id Do7nn of Virg'a — 
 
 " To Wm. Trent, Esq'r : 
 
 " Whereas certain Persons pretending to be Sub 
 jects of his most X'n Majesty of the King of France, 
 and that they act by his Como. have in a hostile 
 Manner invaded the Territories of our Sovereign 
 His M'y King George the 2d, King of Great B. &c. 
 and have comitted divers Outrages and Violence on 
 the Persons and Goods of His M'y's Subjects, in 
 direct violation and infract'n of the Treaties at present 
 subsisting between the two Crowns, ancl Whereas 
 these Acts of hostility and depredations have been 
 perpetrated in that Part of His Majesty's Dom's 
 w'ch are under my Gov't ; In order therefore to the 
 
 \< 
 
r' li nw ifj fc 
 
 Journal. 
 
 41 
 
 Preservation of the Peace and Good understanding 
 between the two Crowns and the Preservation of 
 our Sovereign's undoubted rights and the Protection 
 of his Subjects as much as in me lies, I have thought 
 fit to appoint and by Virtue of the Power and Au- 
 thority to me given as Com'd'r in Chief of this Col- 
 ony, I do hereby constitute and appoint You Wm. 
 Trent Esq'r to be Com'd'r of such and so many of 
 His M'y's Subjects not exceeding 100 Men as You 
 can immediately raise and enlist, and with the s'd 
 Comp'a and the Assistance of our good and faithful 
 Friends and Allies the Ind's of the Six Nat's and 
 such others as are in Amity with them and Us, to 
 keep Possession of His M'y's Lands on the Ohio 
 and the Waters thereof and to dislodge and drive 
 away, and in case of refusal and resistance to kill 
 and destroy or take Prisoners all and every Person 
 and Persons not Subjects of the King of G. B. who 
 now are or shall hereafter come to settle and take 
 Possess'n of any Lands on said River Ohio, or on 
 any of the Branches or Waters thereof. And I do 
 hereby require the s'd Men who shall so enlist them 
 
 selves and every of them to obey You as their 
 
 Com'd'r and Capt'n &c. and You are to 'constitute 
 such and so many Officers under You as the Service 
 shall require, not exceeding i Capt. and i Lieut't. 
 
 " Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Col- 
 ony at W'msburg the — Day of Jan'y in the 27 Year 
 of His M'y's Reign, annoq Dom. 1754." \Dinwiddie 
 Papers, vol. i,p. 56.] 
 
 N 
 
 i ' 
 
 It was thought a thing impracticable to march to- 
 wards the Fort without sufficient strength ; however, 
 
 being strongly invited by the Indians, and particularly 
 6 
 
 % 
 
42 
 
 Washington s 
 
 i 
 
 by the speeches of the Half-Kingy the president put 
 the question to vote whether we should not advance, 
 as far as Red-Stone Creek ^ on Monofigahela^'^ about 
 thirty-seven miles on this side of the fort, and there 
 to erect a fortification, clearing a road broad enough 
 to pass with all our artillery and our baggage, and 
 there to wait for fresh Orders. 
 
 ^•^ Red Stone creek is a tributary of the Monon- 
 gahela river. As early as 1752 the Ohio Company 
 had erected a store-house and trading post on the 
 right bank of the river. The improvement, known as 
 the " Hangard," was near the mouth of this creek. 
 The place is occasionally referred to as " Redstone 
 Old Fort," as " Monongahela " and also as "Fort 
 Burd" or " Byrd." The present town of Brownsville 
 occupies the site of Burd's Fort, which is at the 
 mouth of Nemacolin's or Dunlap's creek, a little over 
 a mile above the mouth of Redstone creek. But the 
 name Redstone was applied not only to the creek, 
 but also to the region, ar' included the Dunlap 
 Creek settlement, The forts, however, were distinct 
 and over a mile apart. 
 
 ^^ Monongahela river rises in Randolph county. 
 West Virginia. Its head springs in the Alleghany 
 Mountains, interlock with the sources of the Great 
 Kanawha. This river flows in a northerly direction 
 for nearly 200 miles, until by its union with the 
 Alleghany at Pittsburg, it forms the Ohio river. In 
 •jarly times, at certain seasons of the year, it was 
 navigable for light bateaux and Indian canoes to 
 a distance of one hundred and fifty miles above its 
 mouth. 
 
 I' i 
 
Journal. 
 
 43 
 
 The proposition aforesaid was adopted for the 
 following reasons ; 
 
 \st. That the mouth of Red-Stone is the first con- 
 venient place on the River Monongahela. 
 
 2nd. The stores are already built at that place 
 for the provisions of the Company,^ wherein our 
 Ammunition may be laid up, our great guns may be 
 also sent by water whenever vve shall think it con- 
 venient to attack the Fort. 
 
 ^'^'' The Ohio Company " v/as chartered by the British 
 government in 1 749, with a grant of 500,000 acres of 
 land, to be located west of the Alleghanies, on con- 
 dition of settling within seven years 100 families, 
 the purpose being to make settlements and to con- 
 duct trade with the Indians on the Ohio, and to 
 check French domination among the Indians. This 
 company exercised great influence in the early settle- 
 ments about Will's creek and the head waters of the 
 Ohio river, and as early as 1 749 their agents explored 
 the country and selected sites for forts and trading 
 houses. Their agents were discreet and experienced 
 woodsmen and hunters, acquainted with the habits 
 and best methods of dealing with the natives. As 
 early as 1 749 the company had a store house at Will's 
 creek, well stocked for a frontier and Indian trade; 
 and by 1752 another such house at Red-Stone Old 
 Fort, which Villiers, the French Commander, in 
 his Journal of operations in that region in 1754 de- 
 Came to the Han- 
 
 .tii 
 
 scribed as follows: "June 
 
 gard, which was a sort of a fort built with Logs, one 
 
 upon another, well notched in, about 30 foot in length, 
 
 1 : 
 
 It 
 
44 
 
 Washingtotts 
 
 and 20 in breadth, and as it was late, and would not 
 do anything without consulting the Indians, I en- 
 camped about two Musket shots from the place." 
 The company was limited as to numbers and means, 
 but was composed of energetic and capable business 
 men resident in Virginia, Maryland and Great Britain. 
 Among them were Thomas Lee, George Mason, Esq., 
 John Mercer, Augustine and Lawrence Washington, 
 John Hanbury, Thomas Cresap, Robert Dinwiddie 
 and others. \For fuller sketch of, see My Journey 
 over the Mountains, p. 64.] 
 
 ■}^rd. We may easily (having all these conven- 
 iences) preserve our men from \k ill consequences 
 of inaction, and encourage the Indians our Allies, to 
 remain in our interests. Whereupon I sent Mr. 
 Ward to the Governor(_|^), with one of the young 
 Indians and an interpreter : I though it proper also 
 to acquaint the Governors of Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 vania*^ of the news ; and I sent away the other Indi'zn 
 to the Half-King, with the speeches enclosed in the 
 following letter. 
 
 1 \ )! 
 
 ^ Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia No- 
 vember 20th, 1 751-175 7. 
 
 Horatio Sharp, Governor of Maryland August loth, 
 
 1753-1769- 
 James Hamilton, Governor of Pennsylvania 1748- 
 
 1754. 
 
 ( »•) The Jovernor of Virginia is here undei-stoood. 
 
"■•"•W^MMM-MMpq 
 
 >«iiiu«.jijla ■ 
 
 "Kar.1 
 
 Journal. ^e 
 
 '^^ ^^.1 honorable Robert Dinwiddie Esq. Gov- 
 ernor &c^ 
 Sir, 
 
 Mr. Ward, an Ensign of Captain Trent's Company 
 is this day come from Forks of Monongahela and 
 has brought the sorrowful news of the surrender of 
 the Fort on the i;^'^ of this instant; having been 
 summoned by Captain Contrecoeur to surrender to a 
 body of French troops who were a thousand strong 
 who came from Venango with eighteen pieces of 
 cannon, sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes, 
 they permitted all our men to retire, and take with 
 them their working-tools out of the Fort, which was 
 done the same day. 
 
 ^ This letter of Washington's to Governor Din- 
 widdie, or what purports to be the same, is ^iven by 
 Sparks with the date April 25th, 1754. Neither the 
 original nor a transcript of it, has been found by the 
 editor, but from the opening sentence he is led to 
 surmise that it has been given a false date. It is of 
 record that Ensign Ward arrived on the 22d at 
 Wills creek and reported to Washington, who there- 
 upon called a council of war which was held on the 
 23d, making it probable that the date should be 23d 
 ^Pnl 1 754- Washington's letter to Governor Sharp 
 of Maryland, giving him practically the same infor- 
 mation, bears date April 24th, and it is not at all 
 likely that Washington wrote to the Governor of 
 Maryland before he did to the Governor of Virginia 
 The letter, as printed by Sparks, bears evidence of 
 
 ! i 
 
 I 
 
 
 t 
 
 i n,g 
 
 li 
 
m 
 
 U 
 
 n^>i 
 
 46 
 
 Washington' s 
 
 being a compound of several letters and contains 
 matter occurring from the 2 2d up to the 27th of April. 
 
 Upon receiving this news, I called a council of 
 war, in order to consult what was the best to be done 
 in such circumstances; and have sent you a particular 
 account of every thing agreed upon at the said coun- 
 cil by the same express, that you may know things 
 yet more particularly. 
 
 Mr. Ward is the bearer of the summons as also of 
 the speech from the half-king, wherein I enclosed the 
 wampum ; he is in company with one of those hi- 
 dians mentioned in the speech, who had been sent to 
 see our forces, and to know what time they might 
 expect us; the other Indian I have sent back with a 
 message. I hope you will feel the absolute necessity 
 of sending us our forces as soon as they are raised, 
 as also a sufficient number of canoes, and other 
 boats that can carry burden ; send us also some 
 mortar-pieces, that we may be in a condition to at- 
 tack the French with equal forces. 
 
 And as we are informed that the Indians of the 
 Six Nations, and the Ottowas are coming down 
 Sciodo-Cree^ in order to join the French who are to 
 meet at the Ohio ; so I think it would not be amiss 
 to invite the Chcrokces, Catawbas, and the Chickasaws 
 to come to our assistance ; as I have received intel- 
 
 w 
 
Journal. 
 
 47 
 
 llgence, that there is no good understanding between 
 thein and the Indians of the Six Nations aforesaid, 
 should you do so, it would be well to have them 
 brought here in good order, that they might be per- 
 suaded to make a peace with the Six Nations; 
 otherwise if they should meet at the Ohio, it might 
 cause great disorder and turn out to our disadvantage. 
 We find the great advantage there is in water-car- 
 riage, wherefore, I would remind you to provide a 
 number of boats for the purpose. 
 
 This day, arrived the men belonging to Captain 
 Trent, who by your Orders had been enlisted as 
 Militia Troops; the officers having imprudently 
 promised them two shillings per day, they now refuse 
 to serve for less pay.^i Ward shall receive your 
 Orders on that head. 
 
 ^ The Scioto river rises in the central or a little 
 north of the central part of the State of Ohio and 
 flows m nearly a southerly course to the Ohio river 
 at the mouth of which the Shawanese Indians had a 
 town now the site of the city of Portsmouth, Ohio. 
 It would seem that the pay promised the men 
 enlisted by Captain Trent was higher than that pro- 
 vided for by Act of Assembly. H is enlistruents were 
 to be made on the western side of the mountains 
 Most, if not all, of his men had been in the service of 
 " the Ohio Company." They were, at best, a hetero- 
 geneous set of frontier traders, trappers and adven- 
 turers, all very impatient of restraint. The Captain 
 
 ^\ 
 
 \ A 
 
 % 
 
 i^ 
 
 I! 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 % 
 
48 
 
 Washington s 
 
 himself, was more of a trader than a soldier accus- 
 tomed to order and discipline, so that his men had 
 learned but little of the manual of arms or how to 
 submit to authority and be serviceable as soldiers. 
 Those men who came with Ensign Ward to Will's 
 creek were found by Washington to be intractable 
 and were directed to camp at the New Store at Will's 
 creek and there await orders from Governor Dinwid- 
 dle. But they soon after dispersed without authority. 
 Neither the officers nor men were included with those 
 who received land and bounty under the Governor's 
 proclamation for enlisting in the Expedition of 1754. 
 It is probable that Trent's company were soldiers in 
 the service of Virginia chiefly for diplomatic reasons, 
 but on a different basis from that of the Virginia 
 regiment. They received some pay guaranteed by 
 the Governor and were at the same time under pay 
 of " the Ohio Company." The exact status and 
 agreement between the company and the province is 
 not clear to the writer. [^Washington s letter to 
 Gov. Dinwiddie, May i2>th, 1754.] 
 
 To his Excellency Horatio Sharp, Governor of 
 Maryland^ 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have arrived here with a detachment of One 
 hundred and Fifty men. We daily expect Colonel 
 Fry with the remaining part of the regiment and the 
 artillery ; however, we shall march quietly across the 
 Mountains, clearing the roads as we go(//), that our 
 
 (A) How can the English say that country was their's. They had not one road leading to 
 it from their colonies. 
 
Journal. 
 
 49 
 
 cannon may, with the greater ease, be sent after us; 
 we proposed to go as far as Red-Stone Creek, which 
 falls into the Monongahela, about thirty-seven miles 
 this side of the Fort which the French have taken, 
 from thence all our heavy Luggage may be carried 
 as far as the Ohio. A store is built there by " the 
 Ohio Company," wherein may be placed our ammu- 
 nition and provisions. 
 
 ^^ Governor Horatio Sharp, of Maryland, who was 
 appointed by the Crown to be the Executive of that 
 State, arrived at his post August loth, 1753, and 
 served until 1769. He had held the appointment of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, a local office, in the British West 
 Indies, but had seen no active military service. He 
 was a man of culture and integrity, but with limited 
 capacity for the management of military and colonial 
 affairs. His letter-book of official correspondence 
 is preserved in the Historical Society of Maryland, 
 and has been largely printed in the Maryland 
 Archives. It is presumed that the letter from 
 Washington to him of the 24th of April, 1754, may 
 likewise be preserved in these Archives. The simi- 
 larity of this letter given in the Journal to the one 
 printed in the Baltimore Repository for March, 181 1, 
 and reprinted in the American Magazine of History 
 February, 1881, suggests that they are practically the 
 same. 
 
 Besides the French forces above mentioned we 
 have reason to believe, according to the accounts we 
 have heard, that anothe' Party is coming to the 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
I 
 
 r 
 
 50 Waskingtofis 
 
 Ohio; we have also learnt that six hundred of the 
 Chippeways and Ollowais Indians, are coming down 
 the River Scioto in order to join them. 
 
 The following is my answer to the speech of the 
 Uatf-Ki7ig. 
 
 "To the Half-King, and the Chiefs and Warriors 
 of the Shawancse and Loups our Friends and Brethren. 
 I received your speech by brother Bticks who came 
 to us with the two young men six days after their 
 departure from you. We return you our greatest 
 thanks and our hearts burn with love and affection 
 towards you, in gratitude for your constant attach- 
 ment to us, as also your gracious speech, and your 
 wise counsels. 
 
 This young man will inform you, where he found 
 a small part of our army, making towards you, clear- 
 ing the roads for a great number of our warriors, 
 who are ready to follow us, with our great guns our 
 ammunition and provisions. I cannot delay letting 
 you know the thoughts of our hearts, I send you 
 back this young man, with this speech, to acquaint 
 you therewith, and the other young man I have sent 
 to the Governor of Virginia, to deliver him your 
 speech and your wampum, and to be an eye-witness 
 of the preparations we are making, to come in all 
 haste to the assistance of those whose interest is as 
 
Journal, »j 
 
 clear to us as our lives. We know the character of 
 the treacherous French, and our conduct shall plainly 
 show you how much we have it at heart. I shall not 
 be satisfied if I do not see you before all our forces 
 are met together at the Fort which is in the way, 
 wherefore, I desire with the greatest earnestness, 
 that you, or at least one of you, Scruneyattha and 
 send a necklace of wampum, should come as soon as 
 possible to meet us on the road, and to assist us in 
 council. I present you with these bunches of wam- 
 pum, to assure you of the sincerity of my speech, 
 and that you may remember how much I am your 
 Friend and Brother 
 
 Signed 
 
 G° Washington or 
 Conotocarious(/) 
 April 28"^. There came to us some pieces of 
 Cannon, which were taken up to the mouth of Pat- 
 terson's River. 
 
 (From the 29'^ of April to the ii^^ j^^^ ^j^^ 
 Journal only contains marches, and things of little 
 consequence.)'^^ 
 
 May 11^ Detached a party of twenty-five men 
 commanded by Captain Stevens and Ensign La 
 Perome^ with orders to go to Mr Gist's,^ to enquire 
 
52 
 
 Washington s 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 li 
 
 e 
 
 \1 
 
 where La Force'^{JS) and his party were; and in case 
 they were in the neighborhood, to cease pursuing 
 and 1-0 retire to a safe place. I also ordered them to 
 examine closely all the v, oods round about, and if 
 they should find any Frenchman apart from the rest, 
 to seize him and bring hin: to us, that we might 
 learn what we could from him. We were exceed- 
 ingly desirous to know, if there was any possibility 
 of sending down any tl ing by water, as also to find 
 out some convenient place about the mouth of Red- 
 Stone-Creek where we could build a fort, it being my 
 design to salute the Half-Kmg, and send him back 
 under a small i';uard, we were also desirous to en- 
 quire what were the views of the French, what they 
 had done, and what they intended to do(/) and to 
 collect every thing, which cou.d give us the least 
 intelligence. 
 
 ^ This hiatus in the narrative with the remark in 
 parenthesis is in the French version of the Journal. 
 
 ^^ Captain William Chevalier La Peyronie was a 
 native of France, well educated and of good family. 
 He came to America and settled in Virginia about 
 1750. His correct habits and dignified and gentle- 
 manly character won him friends. Having had some 
 training in military tactics, he sought and obtained 
 
 (/O) Mr </? la Force was one of the Frenchmen who accompanied Mr de Jumonville 
 iind about the beginninjr of -l/rtj', was sent out with three other !■'> i-nchinen and some 
 I Htiiiins, after deserters, and Major Wasliin}>ton had Itnowledge of this from the Indians. 
 
 U) If the English were ignorant of the designs of the French at that time, it cannot then 
 be said that their Hostilities had occasioned the orders which Major Washington had to 
 attack them. 
 
tl 
 
 Journal. 
 
 53 
 
 an Ensign's commission in the Virginia regiment 
 under Washington in 1754. He made a brave and 
 efficient officer, was desperately wounded at the bat- 
 tle of the Great Meadows, but finally recovered. 
 Washington in a letter, June 12th, 1754, to Governor 
 Dinwiddie strongly recommended him for the posi- 
 tion of Adjutant of his regiment. He proved him- 
 self capable and trustworthy in every position ; and 
 was well acquainted with engineering and the con- 
 struction of fortifications. The Governor wrote to 
 Washington, September nth, that he had commis- 
 sioned Mr. Peyronie a Captain on his recommenda- 
 tion. His name appears among the officers under 
 Colonel Washington in that engagement, receiving 
 the thanks of the House of Burgesses for their 
 courage and bravery. He was shortly after made a 
 Captain, August 25th, 1754, remained in the service, 
 went out the next year with the Virginia troops in the 
 Braddock Expedition and was killed at the disastrous 
 battle of the Monongahela. \_Sargent' s Braddock, 
 p, 328.] 
 
 •^ Captain Christopher Gist, surveyor, explorer and 
 agent of the Ohio Company, was a native of Mary- 
 land. In the interest of the Ohio Company h^ had 
 explored the country from the head feeder of the 
 Ohio river as far south as the falls, now Louisville. 
 Ky., in 1750. Again the next year he traversed the 
 valley of the Ohio on both sides of the river to the 
 falls and kept a journal of his observations. In 1 752 
 he selected a site for a plantation in the Mononga- 
 hela Valley, where he erected a cabin and began a 
 clearing at a point now known as Mount Braddock, 
 and which is alluded to in the Journal as his new 
 settlement. This is very near the geographical center 
 of Fayette county, Pa. By the early settlers the 
 
 I ! 
 
 1': 
 
 I 
 
54 
 
 Washington's 
 
 I'* '{ 
 
 ' % 
 
 '* 4 
 
 term Monongahela was applied to the large district 
 of territory lying between the Youghiogheny and the 
 Monongahela rivers. Washington, in his Journal of 
 his journey to the French commandant on the Ohio, 
 in returning, says: January ist, 1754, "We left 
 Frazier's house and arrived at Mr Gists at Monon- 
 gahela." Gist's place. Mount Braddock, is ten miles 
 from the Monongahela river and almost as far from 
 the Youghiogheny. In 1754 eleven other families 
 had made imorovements and built cabins in the same 
 vicinity, encouraged thereto by Mr. Gist and the Ohio 
 Company. These were doubtless the first, or among 
 the first, settlers in Western Pennsylvania. As 
 Christopher Gist was commissioned a Captain in the 
 Virginia troops in the fall of 1755, he may have left 
 the service of the Ohio Company. In 1756 he was 
 sent by the Governor of Virginia to the southwest 
 to enlist a body of Cherokee Indians into the English 
 military service, but his mission was attended with 
 poor success, as all such schemes of enlisting Indians 
 proved. In 1757 he was appointed Deputy Indian 
 Agent, for which position he was strongly recom- 
 mended by Colonel Washington. Captain Gist had 
 three sons, Nathaniel, Thomas and Richard ; and 
 two daughters, Anne and Violet. 
 
 "^ La Force. — French records refer to Monsieur La 
 Force as commander of stores in the Canadian con- 
 tingent. In 1754 he was with the French troops at 
 Fort Duquesne and was an active and influential 
 emissary of that nation among the Indians. In 
 the skirmish between Colonel Washington and de 
 Jumonville on the 28th of May, he was taken 
 prisoner, sent to the Governor of Virginia, and after 
 being detained for more than a year, was sent to 
 England. 
 
t! 
 
 Journal. 
 
 55 
 
 May la*** Marched away, and, went on rising 
 ground where we halted to dry ourselves, for we had 
 been obliged to ford a rapid stream, where our 
 shortest men had water up to their arm-pits. 
 
 There came an Express to us with letters, ac- 
 quainting us, that Col. /'VjK, with a detachment of one 
 hundred men and upwards, was at Winchester and 
 was to set out in a few days to join us ; as also, thai 
 Col. Inne^'' was marching with three hundred and 
 fifty men, raised in Carolina, that it was expected 
 Maryland would raise two hundred men, and that 
 Pennsylva7iia had raised teri thousand pounds (equal 
 to about Fifty-tivo tho2isand five hundred livres^ to 
 pay the soldiers raised in other Colonies, as that 
 Province furnished no recruits, as also that Governor 
 Sherley^^ had sent 600 men to harrass the French in 
 Canada,(;?^) I hope that will give them some work to 
 do, and will slacken their sending so many men to 
 the Ohio as they have done. 
 
 ^'''Colonel James Innes, a native of Scotland, was 
 a personal friend of Governor Dinwiddle's. He was 
 advanced in life and had resided for a few years in 
 New Hanover county, N. C. The Colonel had seen 
 some military service as a Captain in the unsuccess- 
 ful Expedition against Carthagenia in the regiment 
 under the command of Colonel, afterwards Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, William Gooch, the same regiment in 
 
 (»«) The English are seen to attack every where. 
 
 I 
 
 i L 
 
56 
 
 Washington s 
 
 ii 
 
 s 
 
 if 
 
 
 if. 
 
 which Major Lawrence Washington had served. 
 North Carolina raised a body of troops to assist 
 Governor Dinwiddie in his project against the French, 
 and Colonel Innes set out with about 300 men to 
 join the command of Colonel Fry. From delays of 
 one kind and another and bad management, Colonel 
 Innes arrived at Winchester with but about 150 men 
 on the 9th of July, 1 754, his troop being without arm .. 
 \Sec Governor Sharps Letter?^ On the death of 
 Colonel Fry, Governor Dinwiddie issued, June 4th, 
 
 1754, a commission of Colonel to George Washing- 
 ton to command the Virginia regiment and appointed 
 Colonel Innes, then en route from North Carolina, as 
 Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of the Expedition 
 to the Ohic^ Events were at this time, however, 
 rapidly maturing to a crisis with the Expedition to 
 the Ohio, west of the Alleghany Mountains, and cul- 
 minated in the battle of the Great Meadows on the 
 3d of July, 1754. This reverse, perhaps, had a dis- 
 heartening effect upon the North Carolina troops, 
 for in a short time after, they nearly all dispersed and 
 returned home without orders. Later in the year 
 Governor Sharp, of Maryland, was notified of his 
 appointment by His Majesty as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the combined forces of Virginia and Maryland of 
 the troops operating towards the Ohio. Governor 
 Dinwiddie then appointed Colonel Innes Camp Mas- 
 ter-General. S^See Governor Dinwiddids Letter y 
 October 2^th, 1754, and in another letter June 2^thy 
 
 1755, he congratulates him on being appointed Gov- 
 ernor of Fort Ctimberland.'] Although he enjoyed 
 the confidence and friendship of the Governor, 
 he made but an indifferent military record. He was 
 one of the officers who acted under two com- 
 missions, an old one from the King in a former war 
 
Journal. 
 
 57 
 
 and a new one from Governor Dinwiddle, to each of 
 which he appealed as occasion required. By this 
 means he kept up a double headed command for a 
 time at Will's creek. 
 
 Governor Dinwiddle s Commission to Colonel James 
 
 Innes 
 
 "His Majest-v George, the Second of G. B. F'r. 
 and I. King, having been graciously pleas'd to Order 
 and Com'd Me to raise Forces, build Fortresses on 
 the river Ohio, and to protect his Lands on the s'd 
 River ; also to pre\ent any foreign Power whatsoever 
 to settle on the s'd Lands, as His M'y has an un- 
 doubted right thereto, And I, rcpos'g especial Trust 
 and Confidence in the known Loyalty, Courage and 
 Conduct in You, the s'd James Innes, have, by Virtue 
 of the Power and Authority given me by His s'd M'y, 
 constituted and appointed, And do hereby constitute 
 and appoint You, the 3'd Jas. Innes, to be Com'd'r 
 in Chief of all the Forces already rais'd and destin'd, 
 or that shall hereafter be rais'd, design'd and ordered 
 on the Service of the s'd Expedit'n. You are, there- 
 fore, carefully and diligently to discharge the Duty 
 of a Com'd'r in Chief agreeable to the Instruct's 
 herewith given You ; And I accordingly hereby 
 Order and Com'd all the Officers and Soldiers to give 
 due Obedience to such Orders and Direct's as from 
 Time tc Time You may think proper and necessary 
 to direct and Com'd. And You are to follow all suc!> 
 further Instruct's and Orders as You may receive 
 from me in discharge of the Duty of Y'r s'd Com'd 
 for ail w'ch this shall be Y'r Warr't and Com'o. 
 Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Colony at 
 Winchester this 4^'' day of June, 1754." [^Dinwiddle 
 Papers, vol. i, p. 194.] 
 8 
 
I 
 
 58 
 
 Washington s 
 
 II 
 
 
 ■ 't 
 
 is i 
 
 II 
 
 Pi 
 If 
 
 Governor Dinwiddie^ s Instructions to Colonel Innes. 
 
 "All the Forces c.ppointed and by me directed and 
 order'd to the Gen'i Rendezvous being joined, You 
 are on the first convenient day [to] cause a Muster 
 roll of the whole to be taken, and all such of the 
 Articles of War to be publicly read as may relate to 
 Mutiny, Disertion and the keeping up a proper 
 Discipline among the Officers and Soldiers under 
 Y'r Com'd, whereby each Officer may know and per- 
 form their respective Duties. And that I may be 
 acquainted with the Exact Number of the Forces, 
 You are once in every two Months [to | cause a 
 Gen'l Muster to be made and a List or Muster roll 
 sent me by the first opp'ty or Courier, and the s'd 
 Article of War, at such Musters, to be as publicly 
 read. You are, before You enter on any Action of 
 Attack or extraordinary Enterprize to annoy or cir- 
 cumvent the Enemy, [to| call a Council of War, to 
 consist of the Field Officers and Capt's of the Inde- 
 pend't Compa's ; in w'ch Council You are to form a 
 Plan of Operations and issue Your Orders accord- 
 ing!}.. The Capt's and Officers of the Independ't 
 Compas having their Com'ds signed by His M'y 
 imagine they claim a distinguish'd rank, and being 
 long trained in Arms expect suitable regards. 
 
 " You will, therefore, consult and agree with Y'r 
 Officers to shew them particular marks of Esteem, 
 w'ch will avoid such Causes of Uneasiness as other- 
 wise might obstruct His M'y's Service, wherein all 
 are alike engag'd and must answer for any ill Conse- 
 quences of an unhappy Disagreem't. You are to 
 appoint and hold Courts- Martial as often as the same 
 shall be thought necessary, to proceed and give Sen- 
 tence according to the rules and Articles of War, of 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
Journal. 
 
 59 
 
 /i 
 
 w'ch You are to give me Advice. The French having 
 unjustly invaded the King of G. B, Lands on the 
 river Ohio and taken Possession of a Fort that was 
 begun to be built by my Order for his s'd M'y and 
 the Territory around the same. You are hereby 
 order'd and directed, as soon as Your united Forces 
 shall be sufficient, to repair thither, and summons 
 the French possesing it, to surrender the Fort and 
 evacuate the King of G. B. Lands. And in Case of 
 refusal, You are to use Your utmost Efforts to com- 
 pell and force them, and if You have the desired Suc- 
 cess You are to take especial Care of the Prisoners 
 by sending them down to W'mburg. Or if You sh'd 
 think the sparing of Men to guard them thither w'd 
 too much weaken Y'r small Army, then, You may 
 give them some Canoes to go down the river Ohio ; 
 by no means leting them go up that river to Canada 
 or returning. If, in Y'r Council of War, the taking 
 the above na'd Fort sh'd be judged impracticable. 
 You are to build another Fort on the s'd river Ohio, 
 in some proper Place, for the better security of Your 
 Men, Arms, Stores, Provis's, &c., And prevention 
 of any Supplies being carried to the French Garrison, 
 whereby, in all probability. They will be reduced to 
 the Necessity of Capitulating and accept'g such 
 Terms as the Situation and Circumstance of Y'r 
 Affairs may require and You may reasonably admit 
 of. If any of the French Army sh'd desert to You, 
 take proper notice of them, but not to give them too 
 much Liberty, and w'n convenient, it may be proper 
 to send them down the Country. 
 
 "The Ohio Ind's having discover'd their Inclina- 
 tions to join the English, being now convinced of 
 their Intent's to defend and protect the Ind's ag'st 
 the late Invasion and Encroachm'ts of the French 
 
6o 
 
 Washington's 
 
 1-i 
 
 
 on the Ohio Lands, And particularly the Half King 
 who has greatly distinguish'd Hiniself as our hearty 
 Friend, and appears to me a Man of good Sense and 
 great resolution, I therefore recomend him in the 
 Kindest maner to Y'r F'dship and good Offices and 
 let him and the other Ind's know that we come to 
 aid and assist them and to protect their Lands from 
 the ruinous Excursions of the French and their Ind's, 
 and so order it that Y'r Soldiers behave to them 
 with great Decency and Brotherly Affect'n. If any 
 of Y'r officers sh'd die or unfortunately [be] slain in 
 Battle, You are to supply their Places by the most 
 deserving, hav'g regard to seniority in Com'o, And 
 give me Advice thereof for my Approbat'n and 
 Confirmation. Whilst it may be tho't unnecessary 
 for His M'y's Service to keep his Forces on the river 
 Ohio, a Courier will be appointed that I may be 
 frequently advised of the Occurrences ; You will 
 therefore embrace such Opp'tys. As I have hitherto 
 exerted my utmost Endeavours to hasten the several 
 Corps to their appointed rendezvous, purchas'd and 
 sent the necessary Provisions and Stores, tho' at- 
 tended with extraordinary and great Delays, I am 
 determin'd to continue my resolutions to have Your 
 army supplied in future, trusting that His M'y and 
 myself will have the pleasing Acc't of Y'r well doing. 
 As many Occurrences and Accidents may happen 
 that cannot be fore-known, You are to act in such 
 Cases in the best manner advisable, as may conduce 
 to His M'y's Service, for the doing of w'ch You have 
 my full Power and Instruct'n. Wishing You and the 
 whole Corps good Health and Success, I am Sir, 
 
 Y'r loving Friend." 
 
 b .11 
 
 R 
 
 
Journal. 
 Additional Instructs. 
 
 6i 
 
 "To preserve regularity and Order, to keep up 
 Discipline, and enforce Obedience, I do hereby 
 further authorize and empower You to suspend any 
 Officer who shall misbehave himself or be refractory, 
 as You shall see Cause, and appoint another in his 
 room, Giving me imediate Notice thereof. 
 
 "June 25th, [1754]. W'msburg. — The Independ't 
 Compa's are also under Y'r Com'd. You are, there- 
 fore, to receive them in a particular manner, and give 
 them Y'r Orders from Time to Time as You do the 
 other regim'ts, they having my Orders to ob ; Y'r 
 Com'ds, and to receive their Orders from You. I 
 wish for Unanimity and good Conduct in defeating 
 the Designs of the French. I wish You Health and 
 Success. 
 
 I Am, S'r, Y'r H'ble Serv't." 
 \Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i,p. 195.] 
 
 ^General William Shirley, Governor of Massa- 
 chusetts 1741-56, was born at Preston, Sussex, Eng- 
 land, and died at Roxbury, Mass., March 24, 1771. 
 He was bred to the law, came to Boston in 1734 
 when about 40 years of age, and practiced his pro- 
 fession with success and reputation. At the time of 
 his appointment as Governor he was one of the 
 commissioners for the settlement of the boundary 
 between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It was 
 to his genius that the Expedition against Cape 
 Breton was due and its success assured in 1 745. The 
 Governor was in England much of the time between 
 1746-53' ?'itid was one of the commissioners at Paris 
 for settling the limits of Nova Scotia and other con- 
 troverted rights between the French and the English 
 
 i u 
 
62 
 
 IViishifijrfons 
 
 In AiiuMMoa. lit" ("xplorcil tlic KcnndxT rrj^ion, 
 built several iorts aiul mailc treaties with the I'.aslern 
 liulians in 175.1. \\\ 17.S.S he was llu* C'oiniiiaiuier of 
 the r>ritish forees in North America and i)lann(>(l the 
 Mxpevlilion aj;.iinst Niai^ara, leailinj; it hiinscll as far 
 as Oswej^o. In 1 754) he was made I aeutenant-Cien- 
 eial. There was som(" ilisa_i;reement between him 
 atul Cieneral lA>u«.loun whieh led to a ehani^e antl he 
 was maile Ciovernor of the Hahama Isl.nuls. but re- 
 turntMl to Massachusetts in x'j'jo. lie built himself 
 a spacious house in l\oxbury. afterward the residence 
 of Ciovernor Mustis | Ihitkt- ami Pmividdii' rapiis, 
 
 vol. \ . /. (H). I 
 
 May io'\ Met two trailers, who told us they lied 
 for fear of the brench as parties of them were often 
 seen towards Mr. C list's. These traders arc of opin- 
 ion, as well as many others, that it is not possible 
 to clear a roail for loaded wagons to go from hence 
 t o Rid-Stonc- C/ it/i\ 
 
 May 17"'. This evening Mr. //j;\/ arrived with 
 the vouno lnd<\in from ]\'il/t\vnsdinx- and delivered 
 me a letter, wherein the Ciovernor is so good as to 
 approve of my proceedings, but is much displeased 
 with Captain Trent, and has ordered him to be tried 
 for leaving his men at the Ohio: The Governor also 
 informs me that Capt. Mackay."^'' with an inde- 
 pendent company of 100 men, excluding the officers, 
 had arrived, and that we might expect them tlaily; 
 

 s 
 
 Journal. 
 
 63 
 
 and tliat tlu; iikmi from N(!W-Y()rk would join us 
 within ton days.'" 
 
 This ni^dit also camo two huHaus from tlic CV/^ 
 who h-ft th(^ iM-cnch fort fiv(' days ajro; riu^y rclattt 
 that th(; I'HMich f')rc(:s arc all (Mnjiloycd in hinUlin^r 
 tluiir lu)rt, that it is already hrcast-hi^di, and of tlic 
 thickness of twelve fed, and filled uj) with l-iarth, 
 ston(?, cStc. 'I'hey have; cut down and burnt up all the 
 trees which were about it and sown ^rrain inst(;ad 
 thereof. The' Imiians Ixdieve they w(;r{; only 600 
 in numluM', althoujrh they say themselves they are 
 800: They expect a ^^reater number in a f(.'W days, 
 which may amount to i,6o(j. Then they say they 
 can defy the Eui^lish. 
 
 •'"Captain James Mackaye, as he seems to have 
 written his name in i 754, thou^di others usually wrote 
 it McKay, was a native; of Scotland and was in com- 
 mand of an Independent Company of about one 
 hundred soldiers in His Majesty's service. The 
 troops came from South Carolina and were sent to 
 aid Governor Dinwiddie in his design against the 
 French on the Ohio. 'I'he Governor of Virginia 
 writes on the 20"' of June to Governor Sharp of 
 Maryland setting forth his plans for settling the 
 question of rank and asking his opinion of it. Cap- 
 tain Mackaye wrote to the Governor from Will's 
 Creek on the 10''' of June that he was detained there 
 for want of flour. He joined Washington with his 
 force on or about the 18"' of June. His was an 
 
64 
 
 Washingtons 
 
 actual instance of an officer of a lower rank, but 
 holding his commission from the King, refusing to 
 serve under or receive orders from an officer hold- 
 ing a Commission from a Governor of one of the 
 Provinces. It is due to the memory of Captain 
 Mackaye to say that while he was punctilious, 
 Colonel Washington was discreet, so that no actual 
 collision of authority was developed. The fault was 
 not in the officer, but in the system. In the battle 
 of the Great Meadows, Washington found no fault 
 with him and Captain James Mackaye's name is the 
 first signed to the Articles of Capitulation at Fort 
 Necessity. Was this an accident or as recognition of 
 his claim to rank. No reference is made by either 
 to this fact. The Virginia regiment and Captain 
 Mackaye's Independent company marched back to 
 Will's Creek together. After resting here a few days, 
 he accompanied Washington to Williamsburg where 
 they made a full report of the campaign and the battle 
 of the Great Meadows. His name is included with that 
 of Washington and the other officers who took part 
 in the engagement with the French. From Williams- 
 burg he went for a brief visit to Philadelphia and then 
 returned to Will's Creek. From Philadelphia he 
 wrote to Washington in September: " I had several 
 disputes about our capitulation; but I satisfied every 
 person that mentioned the subject as to the articles in 
 question that they were owing to a bad interpreter, 
 and contrary to the translation made to us when we 
 signed them." After a time Captain Mackaye retired 
 from the service, sold out his commission and went 
 to reside in the state of Georgia. About 1787, while 
 en route from Rhode Island by land to Georgia, he 
 was taken sick and died at Alexandria, Va. \See 
 Letter of Washington in Sparks, vol. 12, p. 303.] 
 
 
Journal. 
 
 65 
 
 to 
 
 . 
 
 On the subject of the independent companies 
 Governor Didwiddie writes Colonel Joshua l*"ry, May 
 4"', I 754: " As the officers of the Independ't Compa's 
 are Gent, of Experience in the Art Military, have 
 serv'd in several Campaigns, are jealous of their own 
 Hon'r, and are well reconiended, I hope You will con- 
 cuct Y'rself towards them with I'rudence and receive 
 their Advice with Candor, as the most probable 
 means of promoting His M'y's Service and the success 
 of the Expedit'n." \Dinwiddic Papers, vol. i, p. 147.] 
 The same day the Governor writes to Colonel 
 Washington: "The Independ't Compa from So. Car. 
 arriv'd two days ago; is compleat; 100 Men besides 
 Officers, and will re-embark for Alex** next Week, 
 thence proceed imediately to join Col" ¥vy and 
 You. The two Independ't Compa's from N. York 
 may be Expected in ab'' ten days. The N. Car. Men, 
 under the Com''' of Col° Innes, are imagin'd to be 
 on their March, and will probably be at the Randez- 
 vous ab^ the 15"* Inst." * * * '< I hope Capt. 
 McKay, who Com'ds the Independ't Compa., will 
 soon be with You And as he appears to be an Officer 
 of some Experience and Importance, You will with 
 Col° Fry and Col" Innes, so well agree as not to let 
 some Punctillios ab' Com'd render the Service You 
 are all engag'd in, perplex'd or obstiucted." 
 
 The New York independent companies did not 
 join Colonel Washington's forces until after the 
 battle of the Great Meadows. They were therefore 
 stopped and encamped at Will's Creek where they 
 remained for some time and assisted during the fall 
 and winter in building a fort, which was subse- 
 quently named Fort Cumberland, in honor of the 
 Duke of Cumberland, Commander-in-Chief of the 
 British army. 
 9 
 
i 
 
 66 
 
 Washington s 
 
 May I8'^ The waters being yet very high, hin- 
 dered me from sending forward my men and my 
 baggage wherefore I determined to set myself in a 
 positior of defence against any immediate attack 
 from the Enemy,(;/.) and went down to observe the 
 river. 
 
 May I9'^ I despatched the young Indian who 
 had returned with Mr Ward, to the Half -King, with 
 the following speech. 
 
 To the Half-King, &c 
 My Brethren, 
 
 It gives me great pleasure, to learn that you are 
 marching to assist me with your counsels; be of good 
 courage, my brethren, and march vigorously towards 
 your brethren the English; for fresh forces will soon 
 join them, who will protect you against your treach- 
 erous enemy the French. I must send My friends 
 to you, that they may acquaint you with an agree- 
 able speech which the Governor of Virginia has sent 
 to you: He is very sorry for the bad usage you 
 have received. The swollen streams do not permit 
 us to come to you quickly, for that reason I have 
 sent this young man to invite you to come and meet 
 us: he can tell you many things that he has seen in 
 
 («) It has been seen in the foregoing; pieces that this pretended Enemy had no inclina 
 tion to attack. j »u "u lutiina- 
 
 •«* 
 
I 
 
 •0* 
 
 Journal. 
 
 67 
 
 Virginia, and also how well he was received by the 
 most prominent men; they did not treat him as the 
 French do your people who go to their Fort;(^) they 
 refuse them provisions; this man has had given him 
 all that his heart could wish; for the confirmation of 
 all this, I here give you a Belt of Wampum. 
 
 May 20^^ Embarked in a canoe with Lieu' 
 West,^^ three soldiers, and one Indian; and having 
 followed the river^^ along about half a mile, were 
 obliged to come ashore, where I met Peter Suver, 
 a Trader, who seemed to discourage me from 
 seeking a passage by water ; that made me change 
 my purpose of causing canoes to be made ; I ordered 
 my men to wade, as the water was shallow enough, 
 and continued myself going down the river. Now 
 finding that our canoes were too small for six men, 
 we stopped and built a Bark ; with which, together 
 with our canoe, we reached Turkey-Foot,^^ by the be- 
 ginning of the night. We met with some slight and 
 unimportant difficulties about eight or ten miles from 
 there, we passed some places where the water (un- 
 less it became lower than it then was) yrouXd have 
 been deep enough to allow the passage of canoes. 
 
 (o) This is the only bad usage this pretendeii //,<//-A7«^-coiild complain of; The French 
 were not willing to receive in their Korts sach huiians as were perfidious and evil minded' 
 It may be seen in Robert Strobo s letter hereafter, how the Frenck used the Indians 
 
I 
 
 68 
 
 Washington's 
 
 *^ Lieutenant John West, Jr. served in Captain 
 Van Braam's company for a time, but may have been 
 an officer unattached, as he was frequently off on 
 special duty. It was his province to conduct the pris- 
 oners taken in the de Jumonville skirmish down to 
 Winchester. I find among some old papers relating 
 to this armed expedition a list, without date, of the 
 men's names and with the following heading, " Cap- 
 tain West's New Recruits Not Incorporated," and 
 having this indorsement in Washington's handwrit- 
 ing " Return of Recruits Not Incorporated." Lieu- 
 tenant West's name is borne upon the rolls of the 
 Virginia regiment for the months of June and July, 
 1754, and it is presumed that he was in the battle of 
 the Great Meadows, although he may have been off 
 on some detached duty. His name does not appear 
 among the officers in that engagement who were 
 thanked by the House of Burgesses for " their gallant 
 and brave behavior." But his name does appear 
 among the officers in the distribution of land under 
 Governor Dinwiddle's proclamation to those who 
 served in the campaign. He resigned his commis- 
 sion shortly after the return of the Virginia regiment 
 to Will's Creek. (See Washington s Letter August, 
 20, I 754.) Although I have not the proof, it is rendered 
 very probable that this is the John West Jr. who was 
 with George Mason, Esq., member of the Virginia 
 convention of 1776 from Fairfax County, Va. The 
 following are the names of the recruits referred to 
 John Caphaw, James McBride, 
 
 Jacob Cat, James McLaughton, 
 
 Bryan Conner, Gasper Morhead, 
 
 Wm. Fyan, Richard Murry, 
 
 John Hamilton, Jacob Perkley, 
 
 Jacob Havely, Hugh Rotchford, 
 
 \ • 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 Journal. 
 
 69 
 
 George Hoarst, Thomas Sellers, Sergeant, 
 
 Jacob Kibler, Benjamin Smith, 
 
 Henry Leonard, Christian Taylor, 
 
 John Lowe, John Thomas, 
 
 John David Wilber [supposed Woelpper], Sergeant, 
 *^ Youghiogheny is a considerable stream which 
 rises on the western side of the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains, between it and a parallel ridge known as Laurel 
 Hill, through which it passes and empties into the 
 Monongahela river at McKeesport, about 25 miles 
 above Pittsburg. The term " Forks of the Yough," 
 was a common name applied by the early settlers to 
 a large section of country lying between the forks of 
 the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers. 
 
 *="' Turkey Foot," "Three Forks" and "Crow 
 F'oot " were names applied to the same locality, made 
 notable by the junction of three streams at the one 
 place, the Youghiogheny, Laurel Hill Creek and 
 Castelman's River. Although known as "Turkey 
 Foot," from the earliest recorded visits by white men 
 and so given by geographers, the modern city builders 
 have named it "Confluence." 
 
 ^f 
 
 May 21^* Tarried there some time to examine the 
 place, which we found very suitable for the erection 
 of a fort, not only because it was gravelly, but also 
 because it was at the mouth of the three branches ; 
 a, id in most places there was a good tough bottom 
 on which to build it: The plan thereof, which may 
 be seen here is as exact as could be done without 
 mathematical instruments. 
 
I 
 
 lilt 
 
 70 
 
 Washtngtofii 
 
 We went about two miles to observe the course of 
 the river, which is narrow, has many currents, is full 
 of rocks, and rapid ; we waded it, though the water 
 was pretty high, which leads me to think that it 
 would not be difficult to cross it with canoes, which, 
 however, could not readily be done v/ithout. 
 
 We also found other places where the water was 
 rapid but not so deep, and the current smoother, we 
 easily passed over them, but afterwards we found 
 little or scarce any bottom. There are mountains on 
 both sides of the river. We went down the river 
 about ten miles when at last it became so rapid as to 
 oblige us to come ashore.** 
 
 (From the 22*^ to the 24''' the Journal contains only 
 a description of the country.)*^ 
 
 ** Ohio-Pile Falls of the Youghiogheny River, in 
 Fayette County, Pa., are both remarkable and beauti- 
 ful. The stream in the course of a mile falls over 60 
 feet and at one bold plunge has a perpendicular fall 
 of 46 feet. A town has grown up at the place known 
 as Fall City, in Stewart Township, Fayette County, 
 Pa. This place was cnce gravely recommended as a 
 suitable place to locate the U. S. Armory on account 
 of its great water power. 
 
 *^ The French version of the Journal omits records 
 of 22^ and 23^, with the remarks contained within 
 the parentheses. 
 
 y» 
 
 4 
 

 Journal. 
 
 71 
 
 ^ 
 
 May 2if^ This morning an Indian arrived in com- 
 pany with the one whom I had sent to the Half-King 
 and brought me the following letter' from him. 
 
 To any of his Majesty's officers whom this May 
 Concern. 
 
 As 'tis reported that the French army is set out to 
 meet M. George Washington, I exhort you my 
 brethren, to guard against them, for they intend to 
 fall on the fir^t English they meet ;(/) They have 
 been on their march these two days, the Half King 
 and the other chiefs will join you within five days, to 
 hold a council, though we know not the number we 
 shall be. I shall say no more ; but remember me to 
 my brethren the English. 
 
 Signed The Half-King. 
 
 I examined these young Indians in the best manner 
 I could, concerning every circumstance, but was not 
 much enlightened by them. 
 
 They say there are parties of them often out, but 
 they do not know of any considerable number coming 
 this way.(^) The French continue erecting their fort; 
 that part next the land is very well inclosed, but that 
 next to the water is much neglected, at least without 
 
 .f^4L?n"n *•"* "^^'?^ *IV^ Indian! It has been proved that M. de ContreccEur tarried 
 at Fort Du Quesne; as to Mr. de Jumonville this cknnot concern him seeing he dkK 
 set out before the 23rd and his instructions have already been jriven ^ 
 
 (q) A newr proof of the falsehood of this letter s 'cu. 
 
u 
 
 
 r c 
 
 72 
 
 Waskingtofis 
 
 any defence. They have only nine pieces of cannon 
 and some of them very small, and not one mounted. 
 There are two on the point and the others some dis- 
 tance from the Fort next the land. 
 
 They relate that there are many sick among them 
 that they cannot find any Indians to guide their 
 small parties towards our camp, these Indians having 
 refused them. 
 
 The same day at two o'clock, we arrived at the 
 Meadows/^ where we saw a trader, who told us that 
 he came this morning from Mr. Gist's, where he had 
 seen two Frenchmen the night before, and that he 
 knew there was a strong detachment on the march, 
 which confirmed the account we had received from 
 the Half-King wherefore I placed troops behind two 
 natural intrenchments, and had our wagons put there 
 also. 
 
 ^' The Meadows here referred to are two Great 
 Meadows, a circumscribed, treeless valley on the 
 Eastern slope of Laurel Hill mountain near the head 
 of Great Meadow creek, a tributary of the Youghi- 
 ogheny River, and in what is now Wharton Town- 
 ship, Fayette County, Pa. Camp No. 8 of Brad- 
 dock's march was in this meadow. It is 18 miles 
 from the "Great Crossing," 13 from Gist's Planta- 
 tion and Fort, 4 from the foot of Laurel Hill, 51 
 from Cumberland, Md., and 10 from Uniontown, Pa. 
 From the exciting occurrences which took place at and 
 
'^^^^^lors 
 
 '*Utoo 
 
 ^ 
 
Jotirnai. 
 
 73 
 
 4- 
 
 ac '!' 
 
 near this locality in which Washington was a con- 
 spicuous, if not the chief actor, we may well sup'->ose 
 it possessed special interest for him through life. It 
 is situated within a mile of the scene of the ski.iMsh 
 with de Jumonville, where Washington fired the first 
 gun in a war which blotted New France in America 
 from the map of the world. It is also in the immediate 
 vicinity of Braddock's Grave, at whose interment 
 Washington read the funeral services. And last, 
 though not least, it is the ground on which he threw 
 up a hasty fort, and after battling for nine hours 
 against a vastly superior forc> w^s obliged to capitu- 
 late and did so with honor. t must have been 
 some lingering regard for t.c place that led him to 
 buy the tract of land on which " Fort Necessity " was 
 built, as we learn from the His .ory of Fayette County, 
 he did: "In 1767 Gener ' Washington acquired a 
 claim to a tract of two hundred and thirty-four acres 
 called ' Mount Washington,' and situated on Big 
 Meadow Run, including Fort Necessity. It was con- 
 firmed to him by Pennsylvania, and surveyed en 
 Warrant No. 3383 for Lawrence Harrison, in right 
 of William Brooks, and was patented to General 
 Washington and devised by his will to be sold by his 
 executors. It was bought by Andrew Park of Balti- 
 more, who sold it to Gen. Thomas Meason, whose 
 administrators sold it to Joseph Huston in 1816;" etc. 
 Washington in his will after devising this land, in a 
 note refers to it as follows: " This land is valuable 
 on account of its local situation, and other properties. 
 It affords an exceeding good stand on Braddock's 
 road from Fort Cumberland to Pittsburg, beares a 
 fertile soil, possesses a large quantity of natural 
 meadow fit for the scythe. It is distinguished by the 
 
 10 
 
74 
 
 WashingtoiCs 
 
 1 1 
 
 V < 
 
 appellation of the Great Meadows, where the first 
 action with the French in the year i 754 was fought." 
 \F7'07n Washington s will^ 
 
 May 25'** Detached a scouting party at Chavert to 
 go along the roads/" and sent other small parties to 
 scour the woods. I gave the Horse-men orders to 
 examine the country well, and endeavor to get some 
 views of the French, of their forces, of their move- 
 ments, etc. 
 
 In the evening all these parties returned, without 
 having discovered anything, though they had been 
 pretty far towards the place whence it was said the 
 party was coming. 
 
 May 26'^ Arrived William Jenkins ;^^ Col. Fry had 
 sent him with a letter from Col. Fair/ax,^'^ which in- 
 formed me, that the Governor himself, as also Col- 
 onels Corbin^ and Liidivell^^ had arrived at Win- 
 chester, and were desirous of seeing the Half-King 
 there, whereupon I sent him word thereof. 
 
 *^ The roads. — This, doubtless, refers to the roads 
 opened across the Alleghany Mountains by the 
 "Ohio Company" in 1753 and somewhat improved 
 by Captain Trent, so that pack horses with their 
 loads could readily pass. 
 
 ^ William Jenkins, was a messenger much employed 
 by the Governor to ride express between the capital 
 of Virginia and the military posts. He is probably 
 the same person whom Washington had in his em- 
 
 •^ 
 
Journal. 
 
 75 
 
 m» 
 
 ployment in the journey to deliver Governor Din- 
 widdie's summons to the French commandant at Fort 
 Le Bceuf. He also received land under Governor 
 Dinwiddle's proclamation for service in 1754. Gov- 
 ernor Dinwiddle in a letter to Colonel Washington, 
 May 8, 1756, says: "I p'd Jenkins till the time you 
 were order'd a Military Chest, and you are to con- 
 tinue to pay him, as it's a necessary Service, and I 
 shall support you therin." S^Dintviddie Papers, vol. 
 1 1, p. 407.] Jan. 16, I 762, the journal of the House 
 of Burgesses shows that he applied for relief in the fol- 
 lowing language: " A petition of William Jenkins, set- 
 tmg forth that he has been employed in the service of 
 the Public as an Express from the beginning of the war 
 to this time, and has discharged his Duty therein with 
 his utmost Care and fidelity; that in the Course of 
 that time he has lost a great number of Horses of 
 considerable value, and although he was by Agree- 
 ment (when he first engaged in the service) to fur- 
 nish his own Horses, yet he hopes the House will 
 make him some allowance for his Losses, especially 
 as he was often sent to places far remote from Win- 
 chester, which was to be his furthest stage out; and 
 praying also some Provision for his future support 
 and Maintenance, being now old and infirm, was pre- 
 sented to the House and read. Ordered, That the 
 said Petition be referred to Mr. Richard Henry Lee 
 and Mr. Attorney; that they examine into the Allega- 
 tions thereof, and report the same, with their opinion 
 thereon, to the House." January 18, 1762, the journal 
 contains the following reports: "Mr. Richard Henry 
 Lee reported that the Committee to whom the Peti- 
 tion of William Jenkin^^ vas referred and, according 
 to Order, examined into the allegations thereof, and 
 agreed on a Report and came to a Resolution 
 
76 
 
 WaslLtngtofis 
 
 thereon, which he read in his place, and then de- 
 livered in at the table, where they were aj^ain twice 
 read, and agreed to by the Mouse, as follow: 
 
 " It appears to your Committee that the said Wil- 
 liam Jenkin:> has been engaged in the service of the 
 Public, as an Express, from the beginning of the war 
 to this time; and has during that time been often 
 charged with large sums of the Public Money, which 
 he has faithfully delivered, and in every instance dis- 
 charged his Duty with care and Fidelity. It also ap- 
 pears to your Committee, by the oath of the said 
 William Jenkins, that in the course of his said service 
 he has lost 1 1 Horses and Mares, valued in the whole 
 to £11-1^^ 
 
 " Resolved, that the said William Jenkins ought 
 to be allowed some Compensation for his said Losses 
 for his Fidelity in the Execution of his office. 
 
 " On Motion made, 
 
 "Resolved, that the sum of ^loo be paid by the 
 Public to the said William Jenkins as a Compensation 
 for his Losses and services in the said report men- 
 tioned. 
 
 " Ordered, that the said Resolve be engrosed, and 
 that Mr. Richard Henry Ivee carry it up to the Coun- 
 cil for their concurrence." No further record is found 
 in the case, but it is presumed the grant was made. 
 
 '^^ Honorable William Fairfax was Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the County of F'airfax. He was at the 
 same time a member of the Governor's Council. 
 [For sketch of his life see p. 15 Journal of My 
 Jotwney Over the Moii7itains^ 
 
 ^^Hon. Richard Corbin of Laneville, King and 
 Queen County, was the receiver general for the Colony 
 of Virginia and a member of the Governor's Council, 
 being for a time its president. He was a firm friend 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 «> 
 
Journal. 
 
 11 
 
 « 
 
 I 
 
 • '» 
 
 of the yoLin^ soldier and future statesman, George 
 Washin^non, their families, accordin^r to Sparks, 
 being related by marriage. He was born in Virginia 
 about I 70(S and was living in 1783. It was known 
 that Mr. Corbin warmly espoused the appointment 
 of Washington as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1754. His 
 wife Elizabeth was the daughter of John Tayloe 
 of " Mt. Airy," Richmond county. \^Ji rock- Gilmer 
 Papers. \ 
 
 •"^'Colonel Philip Ludwell, whose fine estate, " Green 
 Spring," was in James City County, Va., was a man 
 of high character, held many positions of trust and 
 honor in the State, among them that of County 
 Lieutenant of his County. His daughter, Hannah, 
 married Thomas Lee and was the happy mother of 
 the patriot brothers — Richard Henry, Francis Light- 
 foot, Thomas Ludwell, William and Arthur Lee. 
 \Dimviiidie Papers, vol. \,p. 190.] 
 
 May 27"^ Mr. Gist arrived early in the morning, 
 who told us that Mr. la Force, with fifty men whose 
 tracks he had seen five miles from here, had been at 
 his plantation the day before, towards noon, and 
 would have killed a cow, and broken every thing in 
 the house, if t\wo Indians, whom he had left in charge 
 of the house, had not prevented them from carrying 
 out their design: I immediately detached 65 men 
 under the command of Captain Hog, Lieutenant 
 Mercer,^^ Ensign La Peronie, three Sergeants and 
 three corporals, with instructions. The French had 
 made many inquiries at Mr. Gist's, as to what had 
 
7^ 
 
 Washingtofis 
 
 II 
 
 i '■ 
 
 become of the Half-King? I did not fail to let 
 several young Indians who were in our Camp know 
 that the French wanted to kill the Half-King; and it 
 had its desired effect.(r) They immediately offered 
 to accompany our people to go after the French, and 
 if they found it true that he had been killed, or even 
 insulted by them, one of them would presently carry 
 the news thereof to the Mingo village, in order to 
 incite their warriors to fail upon them. One of these 
 young men was detached towards Mr. Gist's, and 
 in case he should not find the Half-King \\\qx^, he 
 was to send a message by a Delazvare.{s) 
 
 •''~ Colonel George Mercer was the son of John 
 Mercer, E.i,, of "Marlborough," Stafford Co., Va., 
 born June 23, 1733, died in England April, 1784. 
 He was educated at "William and Mary College," 
 '^ Virginia, and afterward studied law. A military life 
 had attraction for him and he served as a Lieutenant 
 with Colonel Washington in the Expedition to the 
 Ohio in 1 754, and was with him in the battle of the 
 "Great Meadows," as was also his brother, John 
 M Tcer, who was subsequently killed by the Indians 
 at Fort Edwards on the Great Cacapon. Shortly 
 after the affair at the Great Meadows, George was 
 promoted to be Captain, and for a time served as aid 
 to Colonel Washington. The names of both George 
 and John Mercer are included with the officers of 
 
 {>-) Major Washington it seems did not scruple to make use of an imposture, for here he 
 takes priile in it. 
 (s) The name of an Indian tribe. 
 
 j 
 
 
 ft'JB 
 
 I 
 
Jotirnal. 
 
 79 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Virginia who received the vote of thanks of the 
 House of Burgesses for their courage and brave 
 defense in the battle of the Great Meadows. Cap- 
 tain George was also in the Battle of the Monongahela 
 with General Braddock, was severely wounded and 
 was again complimented for his bravery. In 1756 he 
 accompanied Colonel Washington from Williams- 
 burg to Boston on his mission to General Shirley in 
 behalf of the rank of the Virginia military officers. 
 He was a capable and intelligent officer and in 1758 
 was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel of the second 
 Virginia regiment of which Colonel William Byrd, of 
 Westover, was in command. After the French had 
 been driven from Fort Pitt, he retired from the ser- 
 vice and in 1761 was a member of the House of 
 Burgesses. In a letter to a friend in England about 
 1 760, he gave a very particular and minute pen picture 
 of the personal appearance and prominent character- 
 istics of Colonel George Washington as he appeared 
 when he took his seat in the House of Burgesses in 
 1759. A copy of this letter was in the possession of 
 Colonel Lewis W. Washington, of Hall Town, Jeffer- 
 son Co., Va., in 1855, and a copy of the descriptive part 
 relating to General Washington made at the time 
 by the writer. Colonel Mercer had acquired con- 
 siderable quantities of land on both sides of Blue 
 Ridge. Ao he resided much abroad, he had his lands 
 sold in I 774 and 5. George Washington became an 
 extensive purchaser of them. Being a man of educa- 
 tion, good address and business habits and personally 
 familiar with what the Ohio Company had done to 
 secure settlements at the head of the Ohio, he w?.-j 
 selected as the company's agent and sent to England 
 in 1763. 
 
% \ 
 
 H 
 
 80 
 
 Washington s 
 
 The following is a copy of his Commission and 
 Instruction: 
 
 Stafford Court House [Va] July 
 
 r 1 1^1 
 
 :bir 
 
 From our knowledge of you, trusting in your skill, 
 abilities and address, do, the Members of the Ohio 
 Company, impower you to solicit for that Company, 
 according to the following Instructions: 
 
 Vou are to proceed, as soon as convenient, to Lon- 
 don and upon your arrival there, communicate your 
 errand and instructions to Mr Dinwiddle and Messrs 
 Hanburys, who are Members of the Ohio Company, 
 and will assist you in every particular for the general 
 advantage of the Company. 
 
 You are then to apply to Charlton Palmer, Esq., 
 our present agent, with whom you are to act jointly 
 to procure us Leave to take up our Lands according 
 to the terms mentioned in our Petition to his Majesty, 
 which you now have with you. If this cannot be ob- 
 tained, to endeavor to have us reimbursed the Money 
 we have spent on the Faith of the late King's former 
 Grant to us. If any Objections should be made to 
 either or both of those Points, you will be able fully 
 to answer them by our stated Case, which Mr Palmer 
 has, and the Papers you have with you. 
 
 It will be of great service to us for you to wait 
 upon Lord Halifax, and We desire you to use all 
 possible Means to get him to be our Patron ; and it 
 will be necessary to give him a Copy of the State of 
 our Case, and also at the bottom of it a Memorandum 
 of what we request now to be done. 
 
 You will write us, we hope, by every Opportunity, 
 what you have done. 
 
 ^» 
 
 J 
 
 <# 
 
Journal. 
 
 8i 
 
 % 
 
 At some convenient time settle the Company's Ac- 
 count with Messrs Hanburys, which, when done, in- 
 form us of, for our Guidance. 
 
 It will not be amiss, in your Transactions with the 
 great People of Business, to say a great Deal in as 
 few Words as possible, and often to put them in 
 Mind if they seem to forget us. 
 
 We doubt not of your Economy in the Expenses, 
 and your Dispatch in returning to us ; therefore, 
 wishing you success we have thf^ Pleasure to be. 
 
 Sir, your real Friends, &c. 
 J. Mercer John Tayloe 
 
 Phil Lud Lee Presley Thornton 
 
 Thos Lud Lee Lunford Lomax 
 
 Richard Lee 
 To Colonel George Mercer, 
 
 \Front the American Historical Record, vol. 3, 
 
 A 557-] 
 
 His father John Mercer had long been the secretary 
 of the board and in i 760 wrote out a history of the 
 enterprise and a statement of the condition of the 
 Company, to bring the needs of the enterprise to the 
 attention of the Crown. Col. George Mercer went to 
 England but there were adverse interests at work 
 though he was hopeful and possessed warm attach- 
 ments for his Virginia friends, as the following letter 
 preserved among the manuscripts of the " Force " col- 
 lection in the library of Congress shows. In the end 
 he was not successful. 
 
 My dear Sir. — As it always gave me the greatest 
 pleasure to hear of a friend from any friends, I am so 
 vain to think it will not be disagreeable to them to 
 hear of me; and really I have only the old plain story 
 to tell you, that I am well. As this Island affords no 
 II 
 
'^^2 
 
 Washingtons 
 
 news at present, nor is there any to be expected except 
 the most melancholy accounts we receive from the 
 outer world, which alarms and surprises every one 
 here much, but me more especially, who knows every 
 scalp, I see described in the papers as lost, every 
 House I see burnt I remember to have been in, and 
 every farm I hear is deserted raises my compassion for 
 the poor unhappy proprietor and his little ones, help- 
 less and destitute of the means of a support. — Good 
 God what has occasioned this general revolution of 
 those faithless, inhuman, merciless wretches ? When 
 or where will it end ? I know they will and indeed 
 see by the papers they have laid waste all our 
 frontiers. 
 
 I dare say you suspect that I am so engaged here 
 in pleasures and so fond of this country that I am 
 quite happy — but I tell you the truth I had rather 
 be at Winchester six months, than in London. Really 
 there are many things here remarkably curious and 
 entertaining, but amidst them all, the true balm of 
 life is wanting. Friendship can only be bought here, 
 and you must pay high for the purchase, in short must 
 be always laying out. [ never was more tired of a 
 place in my life nor ever liked my uwn Country better 
 — you may depend I shall see you so soon as I can 
 get my business finished. — I am in hopes to obtain 
 the payment of the arrears due the people in our 
 county (Frederick) and Hampshire for the Cam- 
 paignes under Generals Braddock and Stanwix, I have 
 made push, and expect success — it will save them 
 about ;^6,ooo. 
 
 I have bought you of the jemmyest swords London 
 could prodvice, and I shall send it you by the first safe 
 conveyance — you should have had it now, but I did 
 iiOt k;)ow whether the Parson would carry it. 
 
 »^ 
 
 
Journal, 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 »<• 
 
 The bearer hereof Mr. Skyvin is a C!ero,-nan 
 who has been recomended to me in the stn ' cresi 
 manner and he goes with hopes of being received i'nio 
 Frederick Parish. As it always will give me plea- 
 sure, and I shall think it my duty to do every thing 
 in my power for the good of my country it will rejoice 
 me to hear of his fixing there, as he is a man of great 
 learning and has an exceeding good moral character; 
 — I beg to recomend him to your notice and that 
 you will introduce him to our friends. 
 
 I can not yet tell upon what establishment the 
 surveyors in N° America will be put or whether I 
 shall be one, should I obtain my desires on this occa- 
 sion, I dare say you know I shall remember you. — 
 
 My best wishes attend all our acquaintances. I 
 hope you will tell them I say so, and that I am alive 
 and remember them. 
 
 I am my Dear Rutherford 
 your obliged and sincere iriend 
 
 London, Oct. 28, 1763. G^P Mercer. 
 
 written on back of letter | To Captain Thom.'io Ru- 
 in different handwritingr j therford. 
 
 i 
 
 In 1 765 he returned to Virginia with a Commission 
 as Collector for the Crown under the SL~nip act. 
 'Fhe following letter and statement from him to the 
 citizens of Williamsburg, Va., which show how he was 
 received and the determined spirit of the people to 
 resist the stamp tax are published in the Pennsylvania 
 Magazine of History, vol. 2, p. 209. 
 
 Account of Col. George Mercer's Arrival in Vir- 
 ginia, and his resignation of the office of stamp Dis- 
 tributor (see Pcnnsylvaju'a Joumai No. 1197.) Wil- 
 iamsburg (in Virginia) Oct. 31 [1765.] 
 
84 
 
 Washingto7t s 
 
 
 This week arrived in York river, the Ship Leeds, 
 Capt. Anderson, in 9 weeks from London, on board 
 of which came passenger George Mercer, Esq., Chief 
 Distributor of Stamps for this colony. Yesterday in 
 the evening he arrived in this city, and upon his walk- 
 ing up street as far as the Capitol, in his way to the 
 Governor's, was accosted by a concourse of gentle- 
 men assembled from all parts of the colony, the 
 General court sitting at this time. They insisted he 
 should immediately satisfy the company (which con- 
 stantly increased) whether he intended to act as a 
 commissioner under the Stamp Act; Mr. Mercer told 
 them that any answer to so important a question that 
 he should make, under such circumstances, would be 
 attributed to fear ; though he believed none of his 
 countrymen, as he had never injured them, could 
 have any design against his person ; insisted that he 
 ought to be allowed to wait on i"he Governor and 
 Council, and to receive a true information of the sen- 
 timents of the colony (whose benefit and prosperity 
 he had as much at heart as any man in it) and that 
 he would, for the satisfaction of the company then 
 assembled, give them his answer on Friday at ten 
 o'clock. This seemed to satisfy them, and they at- 
 tended him up as far as the Coffee-House, where 
 the Governor, most of the Council, and a great 
 number of gentlemen were assembled ; but soon after 
 many more people got together, and insisted on a 
 more spec. Jy av.d satisfactory answer, declaring they 
 would no^ depart without one. In some time, upon 
 Mr. Mercer's 1 ron ising them an answer by five 
 o'clock this e\'en!ng, they departed well pleased ; and 
 he met with no further molestation. 
 
 And accordin^dy he was met this evening at the capi- 
 tol, and addressed himself to the company as follows : 
 
 i 
 
Journal. 
 
 8s 
 
 I* 
 
 I now have met you agreeable to yesterday's prom- 
 ise, to give my country some assurances which I would 
 have been glad I could with any tolerable propriety 
 have done sooner. 
 
 I flatter myself no judicious man can blame 
 me for accepting an office under an authority that 
 was never disputed by any from whom I could be 
 advised of the propr'ety or weight of the objections. 
 I do acknowledge that some little time before I left 
 England I heard of, and saw, some resolves which 
 were said to be made by the House of Burgesses of 
 Virginia ; but as the authenticity of them was disputed, 
 they never appearing but in private hands, and so 
 often and differently represented and explained to 
 me, I determined to know the real sentiments of my 
 countrymen from themselves : And I am concerned 
 to say that those sentiments were so suddenly and 
 unexpectedly communicated to me, that I was alto- 
 gether unprepared to give an immediate answer upon 
 so important a point ; for in however unpopular a 
 light I may lately have been viewed, and notwith- 
 standing the many insults I have from this day's 
 conversation been informed were offered me in effigy 
 in many parts of the colony ; yet I still flatter myself 
 that time will justify me ; and that my conduct may 
 not be condemned after being cooly inquired into. 
 
 The commission so very disagreeable to my coun- 
 trymen was solely obtained by the genteel recom- 
 mendation of their representatives in General 
 Assembly, unasked for ; and though this is con- 
 tradictory to public report, which I am told charges 
 me with assisting the passage of the Stamp Act, upon 
 the promise of the commission in this colony, yet I 
 hope it will meet with credit, when I assure you I was 
 so far from assisting it, or having any previous 
 
ii> 
 
 
 % 
 
 U- 
 
 86 
 
 Washingtons 
 
 promise from the Ministry, that I did not know of 
 my appointment until some time after my return from 
 Irehmtl, where I was at the commencement of the 
 session of Parliament, and for a long time after the 
 act had passed. 
 
 Thus, gentlemen, am I circumstanced. I should be 
 glad to act now in such a manner as would justify me 
 to my friends and countrymen here, and the authority 
 which appointed me; but the time you have allotted 
 me for my answer is so very short that I have not yet 
 been able to discover that happy medium, therefore 
 must intreat you to be referred to my future conduct, 
 with this assurance in the mean time that I will i.ot, 
 directly or indirectly, by myself or deputies, proceed 
 in the execution of the act until I receive further 
 orders from Eno^land, and not then without the assent 
 of the General Assembly of this colony; and that no 
 man can more ardently and sincerely wish the pros- 
 perity thereof, or is more desirous of securing all its 
 just rights and privileges, than 
 
 Gentlemen, Yours &c., 
 
 George Mercer. 
 
 Whatever his views as to the law before he arrived 
 in Virginia may have been, the people did not permit 
 him to remain in ignorance of their determined oppo- 
 sition to the law and hostility to any persons attempt- 
 ing to execute its mandates. He was personally 
 popular and well known throughout Virginia and the 
 other Provinces ; but the spirit of the people was ^^o 
 aroused as to make it impossible for him or any other 
 person to discharge the duties of the office. He 
 concluded, therefore, to return to England. Before 
 doing so, however, he executed a power of Attorney 
 to James Mercer to care for the stamped paper and 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 -1 
 
 \ 
 
Journal. 
 
 87 
 
 , 
 
 parchment and do such other thiiiLrs as he could 
 himself have done. The following- is a copy of this 
 paper taken from the American Historical Record 
 vol. 3- p. 557- 
 
 Sir.— As I amobll^nred to quit this Colony on Busi- 
 ness of Importance and expect some consi^rnments of 
 Stamped Paper and Parchment will arrive in my 
 absence, I desire you will have them immediately on 
 their Arrival, properly secured for his Majesty's Use 
 and Orders. And I impower and require you to do 
 and perform every particular service as well for the 
 security and preservation of the said Stamped Paper 
 and Parchment which may hereafter arrive, or has 
 been already imported for the use of this Colony as 
 for the Distribution of them to the Country, if they 
 shall hereafter think them necessary and demand them 
 agreeably to the Act of Parliament. 
 
 And I do also give you Power and Authority to 
 appoint one or more Assistants, as you may find it 
 necessary, and to act and do in the said office every 
 Matter and thing whatsoever which I myself could 
 do were I present, agreeable to the printed Instruc- 
 tions herewith given. And for so doincr this shall be 
 your Warrant. 
 
 Given atWilliamsburgh,underMy Hand and Seal, 
 this 1 8th day of November 1765. 
 
 George Mercer, [l. s.] 
 
 To James Mercer, Esq., of the Colony of Virginia. 
 
 ^ Through the influenceof Lord Hillsborough, he was 
 in September, 1 768,appointed Lieutenant-Governor of 
 North Carolina. He soon found the office uncongenial 
 and in a short time retired from it and returned to 
 bngland. 1 hough twice married he left no children 
 
f 
 
 88 
 
 Waskin^tofti 
 
 
 About eight in the evening I received an express 
 from the I/a/f-Kim^, who informed me, that, as he was 
 coming to join us, he had seen along the road, the 
 tracks of two men, whicli he had followed, till he was 
 brought thereby to a low obscure place ; that he was 
 of opinion the whole party of the French was hidden 
 there. That very moment I sent out forty men and 
 ordered my ammunition to be put in a place of safety, 
 fearing it to be a stratagem of the Fj'cnch to attack 
 our camp; I left a guard to defend it, and with the 
 rest of my men, set out in a heavy rain, and in a 
 night as dark as pitch, along a path scarce broad 
 enough for one man ; we were sometimes fifteen or 
 twenty minutes out of the path before we could come 
 to it again, and we would often strike against each 
 other in the darkness : All night along we continued 
 our route, and on the 28''' about sun-rise we arrived 
 at the Indian camp, where after having held a coun- 
 cil with the Half-King, we concluded to attack them 
 together ; so we sent out two men to discover where 
 they were, as also their posture and what sort of 
 ground was thereabout, after which we prepared to 
 surround them {t) marching one after the other, In- 
 dian fashion : We had thus advanced pretty near to 
 them^ when they discovered us ; I then ordered 
 
 (t) Therefore certain it is that the English had orders to attack. 
 
JournaL 
 
 89 
 
 my corni)any to fire ; my fire* was su[)port(*cl by that 
 of Mr. W^aggoner'^ and my comjiany and his received 
 the whole fire of the I*'reiich, ihiring tlie greater part 
 of the action, which only lasted a quarter of an hour 
 before the enemy was routed. 
 
 "^^ " Jumonville's Camp and the scene of the skir- 
 mish in which he lost his life," says Mr. Veech, " is a 
 place well known in the mountains. It is near half 
 a mile southward of Dunbar's Camp and about five 
 hundred yards eastward of Braddock's road — the 
 same which Washington was then making * * ^ 
 There is not above ground in b^ayette county a place 
 so well calculated for concealment and for secretly 
 watching and counting Washington's little army, as 
 it would pass along the road, as this same J umonville's 
 Camp." The spot is well known and frequently 
 visited by tourists from motives of curiosity. 
 
 ^^ Captain Thomas Waggoner. — A family of this 
 name was early seated in Rappahannock Co., Va. 
 Branches of it were among the first settlers on the 
 South Branch and on Patterson's creek in Western 
 Va., where they had two forts known as Waggoner's 
 Fort and Waggoner's Upper Fort \scc Letters of 
 Washmjrtofi]. Thomas was a Lieutenant with Wash- 
 ington in his expedition to the Ohio in 1754, was 
 serving as Captain when Jumonville was killed May 
 28'*" 1754 and was slightly wounded in that skirmish. 
 His name is included with those who received the 
 thanks of the House of Burgesses August 30, 1754, 
 for " their gallant and brave conduct " in the campaign. 
 Other members of this family also rendered good 
 service to their country. Ensign Edmund Waggoner 
 12 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 Hi 12.5 
 
 ■ 2.2 
 
 :tf 1^ 12.0 
 
 ■- I. 
 
 U 11.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 73 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 
i^ 
 
 
 was in the Ohio ^.^^ftZ::W^^X<TSlt 
 
 died there in 1812. L 
 
 vol. 1. A 1 H- J ^ . Commander 
 
 . we killed («) Mr. de Jumonv^e- ^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 of that party, as also nme o-e , ^^^^ 
 
 and made twenty-or>e pnso;;e. ^^„ ,,<lets5 ^^, 
 
 M. /» Force. M. f ^ ^ JU away the greater 
 Indians scalped the dead and ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^j, 
 
 part of their arms, after jV^-^ ,„,,,« camp, where 
 the prisoners under gua^ to t ^^^ ^^,^,, 
 
 1 again held a councU -v-th the /^ ^^,^^^^ ^^ ,,, 
 informed him that the Gov « ^.^^^^^^^^ . ,^ 
 him, and was exp- ^gj"- ^^ ^,,„, as his people 
 swc.ed that he -"« "O* g^;,,,,^ the French whom 
 
 ,ere in too --'-"'^'^^t he must send runners to 
 they had attacked (.); that h .^^.^^ ^^^^ ,^ 
 
 2/the allied nations m order ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 take up theJ^^!f*!!!l^^^^^;Ji;;^^ 
 
 e' makes to just Y {gu. ^ because 't was 
 
 iliacked, and wey « 
 
Journal. 
 
 91 
 
 lUed 
 
 long 
 
 Din- 
 
 1754- 
 
 ny 11^ 
 
 avery 
 
 early 
 i\e to 
 ,, and 
 papers 
 
 tiander 
 ed one 
 n\ were 
 SI The 
 k greater 
 on with 
 p, where 
 ind there 
 )us to see 
 ,.; he an- 
 ^is people 
 yich whom 
 runners to 
 e then^ to 
 ,ung Dela- 
 
 buttheenieavour 
 o shake off the 
 bat they had beea 
 
 ware Indian to the Delaware Nation and gave 
 him also a French scalp, to carry to them. This 
 man desired to have a part of the presents which 
 were allotted to them, but the remaining part, he 
 said, might be kept for another opportunity. He 
 said he would go to his own family, and to several 
 others, to bring them to Mr. Gist's, whither he de- 
 sired me to send men and horses to assist them in 
 coming to our camp. After this I marched on with 
 the prisoners. They informed me that they had 
 been sent with a summons to order me to retire. A 
 plausible pretence to discover our camp (ze/) and 
 to obtain knowledge of our forces and our situa- 
 tion ! It was so clear that they were come to recon- 
 noiter what we were, that I admired their assurance, 
 when they told me they were come as an Embassy; 
 their instructions were to get what knowledge they 
 could of the roads, rivers, and all the country as far 
 as the Potomac; and instead of coming as an Em- 
 bassador, publicly and in an open manner, they came 
 secretly, and sought the most hidden retreats {x) 
 more suitable for deserters than for Embassadors; 
 they encamped there and remained hidden for whole 
 days together, at a distance of not more than five 
 
 (w) Thus the only hostility the French can be reproached with is the endeavoring to 
 discover an enemy who was umrching with orders to attack them. 
 
 (a-) Why this apology in a mere journal ? Major Washington only mentions such re- 
 proaches, as knowing others have a right to reproach Iticn in like manner. 
 

 i 
 
 92 
 
 Washingto7is 
 
 V t 
 
 1 ■*! 
 
 miles from us ; they sent spies to reconnoiter our 
 camp; the whole body turned back 2 miles; they 
 sent the two messengers mentioned in the instruc- 
 tion, to inform M. de Contrecoeur of the place where 
 we were, and of our disposition, that he might send 
 his detachments to enforce (r) the summons as soon 
 as it should be given. 
 
 ^Ensign M. de Jumonville was a half-brother of 
 M. Coulon de Villiers. He was in the French military 
 service at Fort Duquesne in 1 754 under Captain 
 Commander-in-Chief of Marines, M. de Contrecoeur, 
 of His Majesty's troops on the Ohio. Under instruc- 
 tions at Fort Duquesne, May 23, 1754, he was sent 
 with a small force (according to French accounts) of 
 one officer, three cadets, one volunteer (M. la Force), 
 orie English interpreter and twenty-eight men to 
 scout the country along the headwaters of the Monon- 
 gahela to the crest of the Alleghany Mountains, and 
 to deliver a summons to any English he might meet 
 to depart from F"rench Territory. At the same time, 
 he had instructions to observe and report everything 
 to M. de Contrecoeur before the summons was served 
 on the English. Washington knew nothing of the 
 summons, but by his vigilance and enterprise with 
 scouts had discovered de Jumonville's camp and sur- 
 prised him and his forces. In the skirmish which 
 ensued May 28, de Jumonville and ten of his men 
 were killed and twenty-one taken prisoners, among 
 
 (,v) A plan is here attrib«jted to the French, Viiich, however, shows only regular pro- 
 ceeflin|j[s. It was proper to sununon the linp^lish to withdraw from the territories they had 
 invaded, bef' :e driving tiieni out. .An lunbassndor makes tliis summons, and it was his 
 duty to ac(iuaint tiie person who sent him vvitli whatever was done, so that, in case the 
 l£nL(lish should refuse to comply ^vith bis demands, he might take his measures accord- 
 iugly. 
 
Journal. 
 
 93 
 
 • our 
 they 
 atruc- 
 vhere 
 : send 
 J soon 
 
 her of 
 lilitary 
 aptain 
 ecceur, 
 nstruc- 
 is sent 
 mts) of 
 Force), 
 nen to 
 Vlonon- 
 ins, and 
 It meet 
 \e time, 
 rything 
 served 
 of the 
 se with 
 and sur- 
 which 
 lis men 
 among 
 
 h 
 
 y regular pro- 
 ories they had 
 and it was his 
 ■-.at, in case the 
 lasures accord- 
 
 whom was M. la Force. The prisoners were all sent, 
 under a guard, to the Governor of Virginia. They 
 set up the claim to the Governor as they had done 
 to Washington, that they were on a mission of peace, 
 but this was not evidenced by their behavior, nor 
 by the orders to de Jumonville accompanying the 
 summons, both of which documents were found 
 upon this officer's person. Parkman, in a note on 
 France and England, vol. i, p. 151, says: " In 1755 
 the widow of Jumonville received a pension of one 
 hundred and fifty franco. In 1775 his daughter 
 Charlotte Aimable, wishing to become a mm, was 
 given by the King six hundred francs for her 
 ' ;:rousseau ' on entering the convent." 
 
 ^ Monsieur Drouillon, a French officer of the rank 
 of Major, was taken prisoner in the skirmish between 
 de Jumonville and Colonel Washington, near the 
 Great Meadows, May 28, 1 754. Governor Dinwiddie 
 in a letter to Sir Thomas Robinson of October i, 1755, 
 writes of him as follows: " I gave him his enlarge- 
 ment in Williamsburg and allowed him IO^ per 
 week and the cadets 7^ 6'^. each; it was thought 
 proper to move him and the other prisoners to Win- 
 chester, and from there to Alexandria, the privet 
 men in confinement, and he and the cadets at present 
 lodgings, and when winter approached, he and the 
 other prisoners wanted clothes, I ordered them all 
 proper clothing." They remained at Alexandria until 
 the arrival of General Braddock'sarmy. The privates 
 were sent on transports, two on a vessel, to England, 
 **as Sieur Drouillon said, he was an officer I sent 
 him, the two cadets and a servant to Hampton to be 
 sent passengers on board any ship bound for Britain, 
 which was accordingly done, and I p'd 20;^ for their 
 passage." S^Brock in Dintviddie Papers, vol. \,p. 227.] 
 
94 
 
 Washingtofis 
 
 f i 
 
 " Cadets were young volunteers serving in military 
 establishments and expeditions not only for the love 
 of the service, but also in expectation of commissions 
 as opportunities offered. The names of these French 
 cadets were M. de Boucherville and M. du Sable, 
 
 Besides, an Embassador has princely attendants, 
 whereas this was only a simple petty French officer, 
 an Embassador has no need of spies, his person being 
 always sacred : and seeing their intention was so good, 
 why did they tarry two days at five miles' distance 
 from us {£) without acquainting me with the summons, 
 or at least, with something that related to the Em- 
 bassy ? That alone would be sufficient to excite 
 the strongest suspicion?, and we must do them 
 the justice to say, that, as they wanted to hide them- 
 selves, they could not have picked out better places 
 than they had done. The summons was so insolent, 
 and savored of so much Gasconade, that if it had 
 been brought openly by two men it would have been 
 an excessive Indulgence to have suffered them to 
 return. (^«y^ 
 
 ^Papers Found on de Jumonville's Person After 
 
 THE Skirmish. 
 
 Copy of the Orders give7i by M. de Contrecoeur to M. 
 
 de Jumonville May 23'*, 1754. 
 
 " We, Captain of a Company belonging to the 
 
 detachment of Marines, Commander-in-chief at the 
 
 X 
 
 z) M. de Jumonville knew not that the English were five miles off. 
 [aa) Auother kind of apology which only shows his remorse. 
 
Journal. 
 
 95 
 
 litary 
 i love 
 isions 
 rench 
 )le. 
 
 dants, 
 
 )fficer, 
 
 being 
 
 ) good, 
 
 [Stance 
 
 imons, 
 
 le Em- 
 excite 
 
 ) them 
 
 e them- 
 
 places 
 
 solent, 
 
 it had 
 
 ^e been 
 
 ;hem to 
 
 After 
 l^r to M. 
 
 to the 
 at the 
 
 Ohio River, Fort Du Quesne, the Peninsula and Ox 
 River, have given orders to M. de Jumonville, an 
 Ensign of the Troops, to depart imediately, with 
 one officer, three cadets, one volunteer, one English 
 interpreter, and twenty-eight men, to go up as far as 
 the High-Lands; he shall keep along the Mononga- 
 hela river in perogues as far as the Hangard; after 
 which he shall march along until he finds the road 
 which leads to that which is said to have been Cleared 
 by the English. As the Indians give out that the 
 English are on their march to attack us (which we 
 cannot believe, since we are at peace), but should M. 
 de Jumonville, contrary to our expectation, hear of 
 any attempt intended to be made by the English on 
 the lands belonging to the King, he shall ime- 
 diately go to them, and deliver them the Summons 
 which we have given him. 
 
 " We further charge him to dispatch a speedy mes- 
 senger to us, before the summons be read, to acquaint 
 us of all the discoveries he hath made, of the day he 
 intends to read them the summons, and also, to bring 
 us an answer from them, with all possible diligence, 
 after it is read. 
 
 " If M. de Jumonville shall hear that the English 
 intend to go on the other side of the Great Moun- 
 tain,* he shall not pass the High-Lands, for we would 
 not disturb them in the least, being desirous to 
 keep up the union which exists between the two 
 Crowns. 
 
 ^" We charge M. de Jumonville to stand upon his 
 guard against any surprise either from the English 
 or Indians. If he meets any Indians he shall tell 
 them he is travilling about to see what is transacting 
 
 * The Appalachian Mountain. 
 
»r- — 
 
 96 
 
 Washington s 
 
 in the King's Territories, and to take notice of the dif- 
 ferent roads and shall show them friendship. 
 
 " CONTRECCEUR. 
 
 " Done at the Camp at Fort Du Quesne the 23** 
 of May, 1754." 
 
 A copy of the Summons %v here of M. de Jumonville was 
 
 the Bearer. 
 
 " A summons which shall be read by M. de Jumon- 
 ville, an officer of the troops of the most Christian 
 King, to the Commander of the English troops, if he 
 shall find any on the Territories of the King. 
 
 " Sir : 
 
 The Indians have already informed me that you 
 are coming openly and armed on the territories of 
 the King my Master, though I cannot believe it ; 
 but as it is my duty to neglect nothing in order to 
 discover exactly the truth thereof, I have sent out 
 M. de Jumonville to see for himself; and in case he 
 shall see you, to summon you in the King's name, 
 and by virtue of the orders which I have received 
 from him through my General, to depart forthwith 
 peaceably with your troops ; should you refuse, you 
 would oblige me, sir, to force you thereto, by using 
 all means that I should consider most effective for 
 the honor of the King's arms. The sale of the lands 
 on the Ohio river by the Indians gave you so weak a 
 title to them that I shall be obliged to repel force by 
 force. I forewarn you, that if, after this summons, 
 which shall be the last, there be any act of hostility, 
 you shall answer for it, as it is our intention to keep 
 up the union existing between two friendly Princes. 
 Whatever your plans may be, I hope, sir, you will 
 shew M. de Jumonville all the respect that officer de- 
 
 Mi 
 
Journal. 
 
 97 
 
 lie dif- 
 
 EUR. 
 
 he 23'* 
 
 'lie was 
 
 Jumon- 
 hristian 
 ps. if he 
 
 :hat you 
 tories of 
 Ueve it ; 
 order to 
 sent out 
 \ case he 
 r's name, 
 'received 
 orthwith 
 fuse, you 
 by using 
 -ctive for 
 the lands 
 ;o weak a 
 force by 
 iummons, 
 hostility, 
 n to keep 
 f Princes. 
 ■ you will 
 officer de- 
 
 serves, and that you will send him back to me again 
 with all speed, to acquaint me with your intentions. 
 
 " I am, &c., 
 "(Signed) Contrecceur. 
 
 "Done at the Camp at Fort i 'U Quesne, the 23** 
 of May, 1754." [Translation as given in Memoir 
 ConlenaUi le precis des fails, &c., 1756,/. 68.] 
 
 It was the Opinion of the Half-Kin^ in this case 
 that their intentions were evil (^bb) and that it was 
 pure pretence; that they had never intended to come 
 to us otherwise than as enemies, and if we had been 
 such fools as to let them go they would never have 
 helped us to take any other Frenchmen. 
 
 They say they called to us as soon as they had 
 discovered us; which is an absolute falsehood, for I 
 was then marching at the head of the company go- 
 ing towards them, and can positively afifirm, that, 
 when they first saw us, they ran to their arms, with- 
 out calling, as I must have heard them had they so 
 done. 
 
 May 29th. Dispatched Ensign Towers^^ to the 
 Half-King with about twenty-five men, and almost as 
 many horses; and as I expected that some French 
 parties would immediately follow that which we had 
 defeated, I sent an Express to Colonel Fry for a 
 reinforcement. 
 
 {bb) What authority ? 
 
 13 
 
tr" 
 
 98 
 
 Washington s 
 
 ^ Lieutenant James Towers — the name is occasion- 
 ally written Towner. The representatives of James 
 Towner, deceased, as the name is written, received 
 6,000 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's 
 proclamation [see Washingtoi^s Letter, November 5, 
 1772.] The person meant is James Towers, as given 
 in a letter of Governor Dinwiddie's to Colonel Adam 
 Stephen, December 20, 1754, and also a letter of the 
 same date to Lieutenant James Towers, accepting 
 his resignation, but regretting his intention to retire 
 from the service. \Brock in Dimviddie Papers, vol. 
 
 ^^PP' 443-4.] 
 
 After this the French prisoners desired to speak 
 with me, and asked me in what manner I looked 
 upon them, whether as the attendants of an Embas- 
 sador, or as prisoners of war. I answered them 
 that it was in the quality of the latter, and gave them 
 my reasons for it, as above. 
 
 May 30^ Detached Lieutenant West, and Mr. 
 Spiltdorph^ to take the prisoners to Winchester with 
 a guard of twenty men. Began to erect a fort with 
 small palisades, fearing that when the French should 
 hear the news of that defeat we might be attacked 
 by considerable forces. 
 
 ^ Carolus Gustavus de Spiltdorph and " the Swedish 
 gentleman " are presumed to be the same, a sketch of 
 whom is given in note 1 1, p. 26. 
 
 June i^' An Indian trader arrived here with the 
 Half' King. They said that when Mr. de Jumonville 
 
Journal, 
 
 99 
 
 was sent here another party had been detached 
 towards the lower part of the river {cc) in order to 
 take and kill all the English they should meet. 
 
 We are finishing our Fort. Towards night Ensign 
 Towers arrived with the Half-King, Aliquippa {ddy^ 
 and about twenty-five or thirty families, making in 
 all about eighty or one hundred persons, including 
 women and children. The old King (ee) being in- 
 vited to come into our tents, told me that he had 
 sent Monakatoocha*** to Logs-town** with wampum, 
 and four French scalps, which were to be sent to 
 y^^ Six Nations, to the Wiandots, et':. to inform them, 
 that they had fallen upon the French and to ask their 
 assistance to enable them to maintain the advan- 
 tage gained. 
 
 "'Aliquippa was a female Sachem whom the English 
 denominated " Queen Aliquippa." She belonged to 
 the Delawares and resided in a somewhat pretentious 
 wigwam at the junction of the Youghiogheny and 
 Monongahela rivers, the present site of McKeesport. 
 She was a woman of courage and more than usual 
 address, with considerable knowledge of her people 
 and much respected by them. Washington visited 
 her on returning from his interview with the French 
 Commander at Fort Le Boeuf in 1753, and made 
 her a present of a Match coat. At a later period he 
 gave to her son one of the medals furnished by the 
 
 (cc\ An egrepious falsehood by the English. 
 
 (dd) An Indian Squaw created a Queen by the English. 
 
 (it) Another Indian chief. 
 
» !,- i-l "I . 
 
 »W« H »I^ 1 -- 111 
 
 ICX5 
 
 Washington s 
 
 Governor of Virginia for distribution to influential, 
 friendly Indians. With this decoration Washington 
 also gave him the name of " Fairfax." After this 
 Aliquippa's son was admitted to the Indian councils. 
 An early Land Patent of Pennsylvania makes refer- 
 ence to its adjoining Aliquippa's town. 
 
 *^Monacatoocha, or Monacatootha, known in 1748 
 as Scarroyadda and earlier as Skowoniatta, was an 
 Oneida chief of one of the mixed bands of the Six 
 Nations which in 1754 and for some time previous 
 lived on the head waters of the Ohio. These people 
 were accustomed to choose from their number a ruler 
 or chief, whom through European influence, they 
 termed Half-King. Tanacharison, the friendly Half- 
 King, who died at Aughquick, Pa., in 1754, had been 
 chosen in this way. Governor Dinwiddle wrote a 
 friendly letter to Monacatootha in the spring of 1754, 
 on the subject of the French encroachments and the 
 support the Indians were expected to give the English 
 in driving the French away from the forks of the 
 Ohio. \See Dinwiddle Papers, vol. i,p. 57^^. In the 
 winter of 1754-5 this chief was sent by his people to 
 Onondagua to learn the views of the Confederation on 
 the expected troubles, and it was about this time he 
 was named Half-King. He served in the Expedition 
 of Braddock, at whose defeat his son was killed. His 
 services to the English as Scarroyadda were acknowl- 
 edged by Governor Morris, at Philadelphia, in August, 
 1755. \Pa. Col. R., vol. vi, p. 524.] [Sargent's 
 Braddock 173-4.] 
 
 ^ Logstown was a small French and Indian village 
 situated on the right bank of the Ohio River, about 
 17 miles below Pittsburg. It consisted of a cluster 
 of log houses built by the French, for the In- 
 dians, as early as 17=^0, or probably before that date. 
 
JournaL 
 
 lOI 
 
 ;ntial, 
 iigton 
 r this 
 incils. 
 refer- 
 
 1 1748 
 /as an 
 he Six 
 evious 
 people 
 a ruler 
 J, they 
 y Half- 
 id been 
 jvrote a 
 
 3f 1754. 
 and the 
 English 
 of the 
 In the 
 eople to 
 ation on 
 time he 
 pedition 
 led. His 
 icknowl- 
 August, 
 Sargent's 
 
 n village 
 er, about 
 a cluster 
 the In- 
 hat date. 
 
 The Indian name for the town was Chininque, and 
 here the natives held many conferences among them- 
 selves and also made treaties with the whites, liy 
 local historians there has been some contrariety of 
 opinion as to the exact location of Logstown. Knsign 
 Edward Ward, in a deposition relative to the opera- 
 tions of Captain Trent's Virginia forces at the forks in 
 the spring of 1 754 and his efforts to build a fort there, 
 makes the following declaration: "The Shawanese 
 inhabited Logstown on the West side of the Ohio, and 
 tended corn on the East side of the river. \^Sce 
 Calendar of Virginia State Papers. \ Mr. Craig in 
 his history of Pittsburg concludes it was on the right 
 bank " immediately above the run, below which, it is 
 well known, Legionville stood; while Croghan in his 
 journal places it on the opposite side of the Ohio 
 River. 
 
 He also told me he had something to say at the 
 council, but would wait till the arrival of the Shaw- 
 anese, whom we expected next morning. 
 
 June 2"'' Two or three families of the Shawanese 
 and Loups arrived: we had prayers in the Fort. 
 
 June 3'' The Half-King assembled the council and 
 informed me that he had received a speech from 
 Grand-Chaudiere (Big Kettle) in answer to the 
 one he had sent him. 
 
 June s'** An India7i arrived from the OhiOy who 
 had lately been at the French For'. This Indian 
 confirms the News of two Traders being taken by 
 the Frenchy and sent to Canada, he says they have 
 
I02 
 
 Washington s 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 ?1 i 
 
 i \ 
 
 set up their palisades and enclosed their fort with 
 exceeding large trees. 
 
 There are eight Indian families on this side of the 
 river, coming to join us. He met a Frenchman who 
 had made his escape in the time of M. de Jumonville's 
 action ; he was without either shoes or stockings, 
 and scarce able to walk ; however he let him pass, 
 not knowing that they had been attacked. 
 
 June 6*^ Mr. Gist is returned, and acquaints me of 
 the death of poor Colonel Fry, and of the safe arrival 
 of the French prisoners at Winchester, which was the 
 cause of great satisfaction to the Governor. 
 
 I am also informed that Mr. Montour (^ff)^ is com- 
 ing with a commission to command two hundred 
 Indians. Mr. Gist met a French deserter, who assured 
 him that there were only five hundred men when 
 they took Mr. Ward's Fort, that they were now less, 
 fifteen men having been sent to Canada to acquaint 
 the Governor of their success. That there were yet 
 two hundred soldiers who were only waiting for a 
 favorable opportunity to come and join us. 
 
 ^ Captain Andrew Montour, a Canadian Half-breed, 
 was employed by the Virginians as an interpreter with 
 the Indians and also with the French. He was the 
 eldest son of Madam Montour, the daughter of a 
 
 {/j) This is the Canadian deserter mentioned in the Examination of the four English 
 Traders. 
 
Journal. 
 
 103 
 
 t with 
 
 of the 
 in who 
 nville's 
 ckings, 
 n pass, 
 
 s me of 
 e arrival 
 was the 
 
 ^ is corn- 
 hundred 
 assured 
 n when 
 ow less, 
 acquaint 
 were yet 
 |ng for a 
 
 ilf-breed, 
 
 Jeter with 
 
 was the 
 
 Iter of a 
 
 t four English 
 
 Frenchman named Montour and a Huron Indian 
 w nan. Madam Montour, it is asserted, had received 
 some education and was possessed of great strength of 
 character. She was partial to the English and was de- 
 voted through her whole life, to the interests of the 
 whites. Her services became so important to the 
 English interests, that the Commissioner of Indian 
 Affairs for New York promised that thereafter [i 719] 
 she should receive " a man's pay from the proper offi- 
 cers of the four Independent Companies posted in the 
 province." [Letter Commission of Indian Affairs to 
 President Schuyler, September 25,1719.] H er husband 
 was an Indian chief of the Oneida tribe, whose Indian 
 name was Corondawana — alias, Robert Hunter. 
 They had four, possibly five, children, three sons and 
 a daughter. Captain Andrew was a man of intelligence 
 and some education, although a letter of his to the 
 Governor of Pennsylvania, July 21, 1754, is signed by 
 a mark instead of a signature. The Captain married 
 for his first wife the granddaughter of Allum- 
 mapees, chief of the Delawares. Their son, John 
 Montour, in 1782 commanded a company of Dela- 
 ware Indians on the side of the Americans in the 
 Revolution, and acquitted himself with credit. Henry 
 Montour, a brother of Andrew's, was also a trader 
 and interpreter and was much employed about Pitts- 
 burg by the Governor of Pennsylvania in dealing 
 with the Indians. He resided on and claimed all, or a 
 part, of " Montour's Island," just below Pittsburg. 
 The island from this fact was long known by 
 his name, though of late, it is designated Nevill's 
 Island. The home of Madam Montour, for at least 
 a considerable time, was at the head of Seneca Lake 
 and on the waters of the Susquehanna River, above 
 Shomokin or within the Territory of the present 
 
 liiturfciftiiiMlBiMiifrKiiiW- 
 
■ t 
 
 i ! 
 
 104 
 
 Washingtons 
 
 county of Montour, at French town now Montour- 
 ville, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. The name 
 has become permanently fixed ir the geographical 
 history of Pennsylvania, in" Montour Ridges," islands, 
 towns, townships and a county ; and deservedly so, 
 for they were noted and worthy characters in their 
 way and much above their associates. Governor 
 Dinwiddie in a letter to Thomas Cresap, July 23, 
 1752, writes as follows of Captain Andrew Mon- 
 tour : *' I shall be glad if Mr. Montour will de- 
 termine to live in Virginia, that we may hereafter 
 have an interpreter in our own province on any occa- 
 sion we may have to do with the Indians ; and there- 
 fore desire you will prevail with him to be at your 
 house when the Commissioners come to go with the 
 goods to Logstown." Captain Andrew Montour 
 joined Washington west of the Alleghany Mountains 
 on the 9**^ of June, with a Captain's commission to com- 
 mand some friendly Indians as scouts. \See Gover^tor 
 Dinwiddie s Letter, June 18, 1754.] His services as 
 interpreter were especially valued by Washington, 
 surrounded as he was by French and I ndians. Captain 
 Montour was also in the Braddock Expedition and con- 
 tinued with Washington in 1 756-7. He took up some 
 land in Virginia in the vicinity of Fort Cumberland. 
 Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel Innes, 
 May 10, 1755, recognizes the justice of his claim. 
 Andrew and Henry received large grants of " Dona- 
 tion Lands" from Pennsylvania on the Chillisquaque 
 and on the Loyal Sock, branches of the Susquehanna. 
 Zinzendorf, the Moravian, has left the following pen 
 picture of Captain Andrew Montour, quoted by Park- 
 man : " His face is like that of a European, but 
 marked with a broad Indian ring of bear's grease and 
 paint drawn completely around it. He wears a coat 
 
 1 !. 
 
Journal. 
 
 105 
 
 of fine cloth of cinnamon color, a black neck-tie with 
 silver spangles, a red waistcoat, trousers, over which 
 hangs his shirt, shoes, and stockings, a hat and brass 
 ornaments, something like the handle of a basket, 
 suspended from his ears." 
 
 June 9*** The last body of the Virginia regiment, 
 arrived under the command of Colonel Muse^ and 
 we learnt that the independent company of Carolina 
 was arrived at WilVs-Creek. 
 
 ^ Major George Muse of Caroline county, Virginia, 
 had seen some service during the Expedition against 
 Carthagena in the regiment raised in Virginia and 
 commanded by Colonel Spotswood, the same in 
 which Major Lawrence Washington served under 
 command of Admiral Vernon. Major Muse returned 
 to Virginia and held one of the four Adjutant-Majors' 
 commissions into which the Militia of the Province 
 was divided. It is said that at one cime he was an 
 instructor in military tactics to George Washington. 
 Governor Dinwiddie appointed him Major of the Vir- 
 ginia regiment in the spring of 1754 and expected 
 valuable services from him. On the death of Colonel 
 Joshua Fry, which brought promotion to Colonel 
 Washington, Major Muse was made June 4'^ Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the regiment. He joined Wash- 
 ington on the 9*^, but soon fell into discredit 
 from some want of promptness or courage, so that 
 his name was omitted from the list of officers com- 
 plimented by the House of Burgesses " for their 
 gallant and brave behaviour" in the battle of the 
 Great Meadows. His claim to land under the 
 proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie was. however, 
 X4 
 

 • 
 
 
 i<jT' 
 
 i«k 
 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
 ! : 
 
 i 1. 
 
 I 06 
 
 Washington i 
 
 recognized, and he received 3,500 acres. Dissatisfied 
 with the share assigned him, he wrote somewhat 
 rudely to Washington on the subject. His letter has 
 not been preserved, but Washington's spirited reply 
 has been, and will appear in its chronological place. 
 Governor Dinwiddle in a letter to Colonel Innes, 
 July 20, 1754, says: "Colonel Muse desires leave 
 to resign his com'd, as he is not very agreeable to the 
 other officers, I am well pleas'd at his resignat'n, 
 and have now sent you ten blank Com's to be filled 
 up properly ; take the advice of Colo. W., in this 
 affair, as they must be filled up from their own corps." 
 
 June lo*^ I received the regiment, and in the even- 
 ing had notice, that some French were advancing 
 towards us; whereupon I sent a party of Indians 
 upon the scout towards Gist's, in order to discover 
 them, and to know their number: just before night 
 we had an alarm, but it proved false. 
 
 June I2*^ Two of the men whom we had sent out 
 yesterday upon the scout, returned; they had discov- 
 ered a small party of French; the others went on as 
 far as Stuart's.^ Upon this advice, I thought it 
 necessary to march with the major part of the regi- 
 ment, to find out those ninety men, of whom we had 
 intelligence. Accordingly I gave orders to Colonel 
 Muse, to put away all our baggage and ammunition, 
 and to place them in the Fort, and set a good guard 
 there till my return ; after which I marched at the 
 
 ^ I 
 
Journal. 
 
 107 
 
 head of one hundred and thirty men and about thirty 
 Indians, but at the distance of half a mile I met the 
 other Indians, who told me, there were only nine 
 deserters; whereupon I sent Mr. Montour, with some 
 few Indians, in order to bring them in, in safety. I 
 caused them to be clothed, and they confirmed us in 
 our opinion of the intention of M. de Jumonville's 
 party; that more than one hundred soldiers were 
 only waiting for a favorable opportunity to come and 
 join us; that M. de Contrecoeur expected a reinforce 
 ment of four hundred men; and that these four hun- 
 dred men must have arrived before the attack made 
 on la Force; that the fort was completed; that its 
 front and gates were protected against an attack by 
 artillery ; that there was a double palisade next to 
 the water; that they have only eight small pieces of 
 cannon, and know what number of men we are. 
 
 ^ Stewart's Crossing of the Youghiogheny river was 
 about one mile below the present town of Tonnells- 
 ville, in Fayette county. Pa. A ford at low water and a 
 ferry at high water, it was on the line of the early 
 Indian trail or path, and bore the name of Stewart's 
 Crossing as early as, or before, 1753. It was at this 
 ford, that Braddock's army crossed in 1755. 
 
 They also informed us that the Delaivares and 
 Shawanese had (^gg) taken up the hatchet against 
 
 {gg) This was the effect of the indignation the murder of M. de Jumonville had caused. 
 
 I 
 
 'I' 
 
i: I 
 
 i 1^ 
 
 ( J 
 
 1 08 
 
 Washington s 
 
 us; whereupon we resolved to invite those two Na- 
 tions to come to a council at Mr. Gist's. Sent for 
 the purpose messengers and Wampum. 
 
 June I'f^. Induced the deserters to write the fol- 
 lowing letter, to those of their companions who had 
 an inclination to desert (M) : 
 
 [The letter is not given in the Journal as printed 
 by the French.] 
 
 June I5*^ Set about clearing the roads. 
 
 June I6*^ Set out for Red Stone Creek, and were 
 extremely perplexed, our wagons breaking very often. 
 
 June 17*^ Dispatched an express to the Half King 
 in order to persuade him to send a message to the 
 Loups, which he did, as I expected that he would. 
 
 June i8*^ Eight Mingoes arrived from Logstown, 
 who on their arrival told me, without delay, of a com- 
 mission they had and that a council must be held. 
 When we had assembled, they told us briefly that 
 they had often desired to see their brethren in the 
 field with forces, and begged us not to take it amiss, 
 since they were amongst the French, that they com- 
 plied with some of their customs, notwithstanding 
 which they were naturally inclined to attack them, 
 and other words to that purport. After which they 
 said they had brought a speech with them, which 
 
 (Jih) How can such proceedings be justified ? 
 
 h 
 
 
Journal. 
 
 109 
 
 they must deliver with speed. These, together with 
 some other things, made us suspect that their inten- 
 tions towards us were evil; wherefore I delayed giv- 
 ing them audience until the arrival of \h^ Half-King, 
 and desired also the Delawares to have patience till 
 then, as I was only awaiting their arrival, which I 
 expected would be the same day, to hold a council. 
 After the eight Mingoes had conferred a while to- 
 gether, they sent me some strings of wampum, desir- 
 ing me to excuse their insisting on the delivery of 
 their speech so speedily, that they now perceived that 
 it was proper to await the arrival of the Half-King. 
 
 When the Half-King arrived I consented to give 
 them audience. 
 
 A council was held in the camp for that purpose, 
 at which the HalfKing2iX\d several of the Six Nations, 
 Loups and Shawanese to the number of forty were 
 present. 
 
 The spokesman of the Six Nations addressed the 
 following speech to the Governor of Virginia : 
 Brethren : 
 
 We your brethren of the Six Nations are now 
 come to acquaint you, that we have been in- 
 formed that you threaten to destroy entirely 
 all your brethren, the Indians, who will not join 
 you on the road ; wherefore we who keep in 
 
I*f-. 
 
 mtf^^f-^mt-"- I. *»*«^*#* *• 
 
 I » 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 1 u 
 
 no 
 
 Washington s 
 
 our own towns, expect every day tc be cjt to 
 pieces by you. We should be glad to know from 
 your own mouth whether there be any truth in tha*- 
 information, and hope that you will not think it im- 
 proper that we are come to inquire into it, since you 
 well know that bad news commonly makes a much 
 deeper impression upon us than good. That we may 
 be fully satisfied by your answers of the truth thereof, 
 we give you this belt of wampum. 
 
 We know the French will ask us on our return, of 
 what number our brethren are whom we went to see ? 
 Therefore we desire you, by this belt, to let us know 
 it, as also the number of those whom you expect, 
 and at what time you expect them, and when you 
 intend to attack the French, that we may give notice 
 thereof to our town, and know also, what we are to 
 
 tell the French. 
 
 Answer. 
 Brethren : 
 
 We are very glad to see you, and sorry that such 
 reports disquiet you. The English do not intend to 
 hurt you, or any of your allies: this news, we know, 
 must have been forged by the French, who are 
 constantly treacherous, asserting the greatest false- 
 hoods {it) whenever they think they will turn out to 
 
 (iV) It may be judged by what has been before mentioned, who most deserve that re- 
 proach, the French or the English. The imposture which Major Washington confesseth 
 he had recourse to, in order to irritate the Indians, can give a clear idea of the means which 
 the English made use of. 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
Journal, 
 
 III 
 
 cat to 
 w from 
 in tha*- 
 k it im- 
 [ice you 
 a much 
 we may 
 thereof, 
 
 eturn, of 
 t to see ? 
 us know 
 Li expect, 
 ^hen you 
 e notice 
 ve are to 
 
 hat such 
 ntend to 
 we know, 
 who are 
 est f alse- 
 irn out to 
 
 deserve that re- 
 jgton confesseth 
 he means which 
 
 their advantage; they speak well, promise fine things, 
 but all from the lips only ; whilst their heart is corrupt 
 and full of the poison of the serpent. You have 
 been their children, and they would have done every 
 thing for you, but they no sooner thought themselves 
 strong enough, than they returned to their natural 
 pride and drove you off from your lands, declaring you 
 had no right on the Ohio, i^kk) The English, your 
 real friends, are too generous to think of using the 
 Six Nations, their faithful allies, in such manner; 
 after you had gone to the Governors of Virginia and 
 Pennsylvania they (at your repeated request) sent 
 an army to maintain your rights (/^ ) to put you again 
 in possession of your lands, and to take care of your 
 wi^ es and children, to dispossess the French, to sup- 
 port your prerogatives and to secure that whole coun- 
 try to you, for these very ends are the English arms 
 now employed; it is for the safety of your wives and 
 your children that we are fighting; and as this is the 
 only motive of our conduct {mm) we cannot reason- 
 ably doubt of being joined by the rest of your forces 
 to oppose the common enemy. 
 
 (kk) It is true, the Indians of the Six Nations have never inhabited the banks of the 
 Ohio; neiiher do thev claim any rights to them; but the English, who in America treat 
 them as friends and allies, would fam persuade them that the banks of the Ohio belong to 
 the Six Cantons, under a pretense of some ancient wars that these had with the Indians on 
 the ")hio. And in Europe they insist that country belongs to England, and claim that the 
 Iroquois are her subjects. 
 
 (//) Here the English confess, that country is none of theirs; of what hostility can they 
 then reproach the French? It would more become the Indians of the Six Nations to com- 
 plain; yet they do not. 
 
 (mm) So ! This is the reason of the war against the French ? Protection due to the 
 Iroquois, whenever complained. 
 
 telMMMlMaNfitMllfMMMW 
 
I 
 
 IT' 
 
 ■ ■»>■ ■*' " ■ •'— 
 
 ) \ 
 
 
 Ht 
 
 112 
 
 Washington's 
 
 Those that will not join us shall be answerable for 
 whatever may b . consequence, we only desire 
 your brethren to choose the side which shall seem 
 most agreeable to them. 
 
 The Indians of the Six Nations are those who 
 have the most interest in this war, for them it is that 
 we are fighting, and it would greatly trouble me to 
 do them the least hurt; we have engaged in this 
 war, in order to protect and assist you, our armies 
 are open to receive you, and our hands ready to feed 
 your families during the course of this war. The 
 Governor of Virginia has often desired that they 
 might be sent to him so that he might see them in 
 person, feed and clothe them according to their own 
 desire; but as you could not decide to send them to 
 him, we are ready to share our provisions with you, 
 in a friendly manner, and shall take such measures, 
 and give such orders, that enough shall be brought 
 to maintain your wives and children. Such conduct 
 will evidently prove how much more the English love 
 and esteem their faithful allies, the Six Nations {nn) 
 than the French do; as we have drawn the sword 
 in your cause and in your defence, delay not one 
 moment, b*^ no more in suspense, but put all your 
 
 (nn) The grand argument of the English in Europe in support of their claim to the 
 country which lies on the other side of the Appalachian Mountain is that the Six Nations 
 are their subjects. How can we reconcile thai with the reasons they allege in America in 
 speaking to the Iroquois ? 
 
 >--i 
 
Journai. 
 
 113 
 
 wives and children under our protection, and they 
 shall find plenty of provisions; in the meanwhile 
 set your young men and your warriors to sharp- 
 ening their hatchets, in order to join and unite with 
 us vigorously in our battles. 
 
 The present, my brethren which I offer you is not 
 so considerable as I could wish, but, I expect in a 
 short time, a quantity of goods, which are to be at 
 my disposal, in order to reward those who shall have 
 shown themselves brave and active on this occasion ; 
 I shall, moreover recompense them most generously. 
 
 Be of good courage, my brethren, deliver your 
 country and secure it to your children ; let me know 
 the thoughts of your hearts at this juncture, that I 
 may give an account of your sentiments, to your great 
 friend, and brother, the Governor of Virginia. In 
 order to assure you of my sincerity and esteem I 
 present you with this belt of wampum. 
 
 June 20'** The council is still continued. When 
 the Delawares learned that they were suspected of 
 being in the French interest, they asked the reason 
 why they had been sent for, and what they should 
 tell the French on their return. 
 
 I answered them, it was to let them know, that we 
 were come at their reiterated requests to assist them, 
 15 
 
 \ 
 
 miAmmmSSSHmBmi 
 
I 
 
 tr 
 
 h 
 
 \ 
 
 I! 
 
 
 114 
 
 Was/ungtons 
 
 with sword in hand ; {00) that we intended to put them 
 in possession of these lands which the French had 
 taken from them. 
 
 And as they had often asked our assistance as 
 being our ancient and faithful allies, I invited them 
 to come and place themsel/es under our protection 
 together with their women and children. 
 
 Whereupon the spokesman stretched out his blanket 
 on the floor, and laid several belts and strings of 
 wampum thereon, in the same order in which he had 
 received them from the French. Here are repeated 
 the words of M. de Contrecoeur (//) after which the 
 Delaware orator addressed the following speech to 
 me. 
 
 Brethren, 
 
 The Governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania; 
 we your brethren the Delawares remember per- 
 fectly well the treaty made at Logstown where 
 you and your uncles, the Six-Nations, considering 
 the bad situation we were in for want of a man to 
 be our leader, then gave us a King, and told us, he 
 should transact all public business between you and 
 us; {jjq) you charged us not to listen to every vain 
 
 {00) The Delawares at that time were in the French Interests, and were not duped by 
 the tone of assurance with which it was sought to persuade them, that the £nglish were 
 come at their request only. 
 
 (//) Major Washington does not relate in his iournal what those words of the French 
 were. He had, no doubt, good reasons to conceal them. 
 
 (qg) Could it be from this pretended King that the English had made such purchases ? 
 
 I 
 
Journal. 
 
 iM 
 
 report, that might be spread, but to consult well 
 among ourselves, and to do what should seem to us 
 to be right : We assure you, that we have given no 
 credit to any of those reports, nor ever shall; but 
 will be guided by you, our brethren, and by our 
 uncles the Six-Nations : and will do on all occasions, 
 what is just and right, taking advice from you alone. 
 To assure you of the desire we have to fulfil our 
 engagement with you, we present you with this belt 
 of wampum. 
 
 After which they made the following speech to the 
 Six-Nations. 
 
 Uncles, 
 
 Thirteen days are now past since we received 
 this belt from the Onondaga council, I do not 
 doubt that you have heard of it. They exhorted us 
 to remember the old times, when they clothed us 
 with a robe reaching down to our heels; they after- 
 wards told us, to raise it up to our knees, and there 
 to make it very fast, and come to them at the head- 
 waters of the Susquehanna, where they had provided 
 a place for us to live ; that they had also sent a 
 speech to those of our Nation who live near the 
 Minesinks, inviting them to go to the place by them 
 appointed that they might live with us : They also 
 sent us a speech to give us notice that the English 
 
 
 imnwnnmw 
 
 ^aams-x 
 
tr?' 
 
 II i 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ( I 
 
 ( )■ 
 
 I 
 
 : I 
 
 ii6 
 
 Washington s 
 
 and French were upon the point of coming to an 
 engagement on the Ohio river, and exhorted us 
 to do nothing in that matter, but what was reason- 
 able, and what they would tell us themselves. Lastly, 
 they urged us to keep fast hold of the chain of friend- 
 ship, which has so long subsisted between us and 
 them, and our brethren the English. 
 
 A belt of Wampum. Then the Delawares spoke 
 to the Shawanese as follows : 
 ** Grandsons, 
 
 By this belt, we take you in our arms, and fetch 
 you away from the Ohio, where you now are, to 
 carry you amongst us, that you may live where we 
 live, and there live in peace and quiet." 
 
 The Council then adjourned until the next morn- 
 ing. 
 
 June 21^* Met very early, and I spoke first to the 
 Delawares, in the following manner. 
 Brethren : 
 
 By your open and generous conduct on this occa- 
 sion, you have made yourselves dearer to us than 
 ever ; we return you our thanks, that you did not go 
 to Venango, when the French first invited you there ; 
 their treating you in such a childish manner, as we 
 perceive they do, raises in us a just and strong resent- 
 ment. They call you their children, and speak to 
 
 N < 
 
 t' 
 
 ^i^*'? *■ 
 
Journal. 
 
 117 
 
 you, as if you were children in reality and had no 
 more understanding than children have. 
 
 Consider well my brethren, and compare all their 
 speeches, and you will find that all it tends to, is to 
 tell you, I am going to open your eyes, to unstop your 
 ears, and such like words to no purpose, only proper 
 to amuse children. You also observe brethren that 
 if they deliver a speech, or make a promise, -..nd con- 
 firm it by a belt, they imagine it binds them no longer 
 than they think it consistent with their interest to 
 stand by it. They have given one example of it ; and 
 I will point it out to you in the leap which they say 
 they have made over the barrier which you had set 
 them ; which ought to stir you up my brethren, uo 
 just anger, and cause you to embrace the favorable 
 opportunity that we offer you, as we are come, at 
 your request, to assist you, and by means of which, 
 you may make them leap back again with more speed 
 than they advanced. 
 
 A string of Wampum. The French are continually 
 telling you, not to give heed to the ill reports that 
 are told you concerning them, who are your fathers. 
 If they did not know in their hearts, how richly they 
 deserve it on account of their injustice to you, why 
 should they suspect that they are accused ? Why 
 should they take so much care to forewarn you, in 
 
 
"! ' : 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 ] 
 
 I' 
 •I 
 
 I - 
 
 1 I 
 
 ii8 
 
 Washingtofis 
 
 order to hinder you from believing what is told you 
 concerning them ? With regard to what they tell 
 you of us, our conduct alone will answer in our be- 
 half. Examine the truth yourselves ; you know the 
 roads leading to our habitations, you have lived 
 amongst us, you can speak our language ; but in 
 order to refute whatever may be said against us and 
 to assure you of our brotherly love, we once more in- 
 vite your old men, your wives and your children, to 
 take refuge under our protection, and in our arms, in 
 order to be plentifully fed, whilst your warriors and 
 young men join with ours and espouse the common 
 cause. 
 
 A string of Wampum. Brethren, we thank you 
 with all our hearts, for having declared unto us your 
 resolution of accomplishing the engagements which 
 you entered into at the Treaty of Logstown {rrf^ and 
 we can do no otherwise than praise your generous con- 
 duct with regard to your grandsons the Shawanese ; 
 it gives us infinite pleasure. 
 
 We are greatly obliged for the advice given you 
 by Onondaga, charging you to hold fast the chain 
 of friendship by which we are bound; I dare say, 
 that had he known, how nearly you were inter- 
 ested in this war, or that it is for the love of you, 
 
 (,rr) What this Treaty of Logstown can be, no one knows ; this Journal malces it appear, 
 that it was convened by a man whom the English had given them for a King, and of 
 whom they consequently felt very sure. 
 
 n 
 
 if I 
 
 -cWH 
 
Journal. 
 
 119 
 
 and at your request {ss) that we have taken up arms, 
 he would have ordered you to declare and to act im- 
 mediately against the common enemy of the Six 
 Nations. In order to assure you of our affection, 
 and to confirm the truth of what I have said, I pre- 
 sent you with this belt. Two long strings of wampum. 
 
 ^^The Treaty of Logstown here so superciliously 
 referred to, is probably confounded with the one held 
 at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in July, 1744, by which 
 the Six Nations assumed to cede to the English the 
 land from the Alleghany Mountains to the Ohio river 
 for the consideration of ^^400. \See Penn. Colo. 
 Records.^ Nothing was done by Pennsylvania to 
 profit by this nominal grant, the other Indians assert- 
 ing that the Six Nations never had any lands on the 
 Ohio. The treaty held at Logstown in 1752 with the 
 resident tribes was at the instance of Governor Din- 
 widdle, prompted by the parties interested in the Ohio 
 Company which saw that it was to their intex^est to be 
 at amity with the Shawnee, M ingo and Delaware tribes 
 inhabiting that region. The Indians evinced but 
 little interest in the matter, but dimly seeing through 
 the selfishness of the project, hesitated and declined 
 to act and it became doubtful w^hether any thing could 
 be accomplished; at length, however, in an omnibus 
 set of resolutions passed June 13, 1752, the Indians in 
 council consented to confirm the Lancaster Deed in 
 as "full and ample a manner as if the same were here 
 recited." They bound themselve not to molest 
 settlements on the south-west side of the Ohio and 
 to be firm Allies of the English. In 1751 Governor 
 Hamilton of Pennsylvania had sent Colonel Croghan 
 
 (ss) Why so often repeated; Major Washington was certainly in doubt as to the Dela- 
 wares giving any credit to it. 
 
 ;i 
 
 ■ -rrr-rr.'.TTC'^sft** 
 
/f 
 
 120 
 
 Washington s 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 |:i 
 
 ?, i> 
 
 ■t'^-^i 
 
 with presents to the Miamies to "renew the chain of 
 friendship;" when, however, his embassy returned 
 and a favorable report of its conference was made 
 to the Assembly, it was rejected " for bringing ex- 
 penses on the Government." The Governor sent 
 Colcnel Croghan again the next year with presents 
 to the Mingoes and Delawares whom the agent 
 persuaded, that it would be to their interest if the 
 English should build a fortified Trading house 
 at the Forks of the Ohio. The Indians thereupon, 
 at his suggestion, made a formal request of the Gov- 
 ernor to erect such a Fort. This report and petition 
 were laid before the Assembly of Pennsylvania and 
 were again rejected by them. [See Croghan s Treaties 
 with the Indians y N. Y. Colo. Doc. vii, p. 267.] 
 
 The following letter from Governor Dinwiddle to 
 Thomas Cresap shows with tolerable clearness the 
 views held by him in January, 1752 as to the obliga- 
 tions of the Colony of Virginia to respect the rights 
 of the French in the region about the head of the 
 Ohio river. 
 
 " W'msb'g, yhjwVjj/ 23^ 1752. 
 
 "Sir: You herewith will receive the Opinion of 
 the Council in Answer to Your Letters. As to making 
 Reprisals for the Robberies done by the French on 
 the Ohio, it is inconsistent with the Laws of Nations, 
 while We are in Peace with France and your Letter 
 is too general : if you give a particular Account of 
 the different Robberies, we must apply to the Gov- 
 ernor of Canada for Redress : Upon his Refusal we 
 may proceed in an other manner. 
 
 I shall be glad [if] Mr. Montour will determine to 
 live in Virginia that we may hereafter have an Inter- 
 preter in our own Province on any Occasion we may 
 have to do with the Indians ; and therefore I desire 
 
 .iBaH»manJn. 'W * j i i it i « *g i J i^amimiM ^ / mw^ a m amm 
 

 Journal. 
 
 121 
 
 you will prevail with him to be at your House when 
 the Commissioners come to go with the Goods to 
 Loggs Town. 
 
 I have the Success and Prosperity of the Ohio 
 Company much at Hart tho' I have not a Line from 
 any concern'd since my arival, but this from you. 
 There is a Cargo of the concrn'd come in the ship 
 with me, it now lies at Colo. Hunter's, the severity of 
 the Weather prevented his sending the Goods, to 
 Colo. Mason. I am surprised at what you write, that 
 Patton or any other Person should obstruct that 
 Company's making a settlement on the Ohio, but 
 shall take Care that it shall be strongly urged to the 
 Indians and doubt not of Success. I suall be glad if 
 you could furnish me with an Account of the several 
 Nations of Indians, their names and numbers of each 
 separate, viz.: the fighting Men, Women, and Chil- 
 dren, and your Advice how to engage them to the 
 British Interest. The Assembly sits down the 27*^ 
 of next Month, the General Court imediately after, 
 which makes it impossible for me to come at this 
 time to a treaty with the Indians, at the same time, I 
 am confessing Ignorance in these Affairs; but if here- 
 after, I shall find it for his Majesty's service, I shall 
 not think much of the Trouble to give them a Meet- 
 ing, if not at too great a Distance, but am in Hopes 
 the Meeting now proposed will end with the desired 
 success. And as you are a Member of the Ohio Com- 
 pany, I think your good offices will be very necessary, 
 and will be acknowledged by the Company. I shall 
 be very glad to hear frequently from you ; and am 
 
 Sir your humble servant 
 
 Robert Dinwiddie 
 
 To Colo. Thomas Cresap 
 
 \_From Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 1 7.] 
 16 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 is 
 ill 
 
f 
 
 \ I 
 
 .1 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 122 
 
 Washington s 
 
 After the Council broke up, and those treacherous 
 devils who had been sent by the French to act as 
 spies, returned, though not without some stories pre- 
 pared to amuse the French, which may be of service 
 to make our designs succeed. 
 
 As they have told me there were sixteen hundred 
 French and seven hundred Indians on the march, to 
 reinforce those at the Garrison, I persuaded the Half- 
 King to send three of his men to inquire into the 
 truth of it ; though I imagined this news to be only 
 soldiers' talk, these Indians were sent secretly before 
 the council broke up, and had orders to go to the 
 Fort, and get what information they could from all 
 the Indians they should meet, and if there were any 
 news worth while, one {t£) of them was to return 
 and the other two to continue their journey as far as 
 Venango, and around the Lake, in order to obtain a 
 perfect knowledge of every thing. 
 
 ^^Shingise, King or Chief of the Delawares, and 
 brother of King Beaver, was one of the great Indian 
 warriors of his day, and a terror to the western fron- 
 tier of Pennsylvania. His home was about the head 
 of the Ohio, mainly at the Forks, Shanopin's Town, 
 and his hunting grounds between the waters of the 
 Monongahela and the Alleghany Rivers to the sum- 
 mit of the Alleghany Mountains. He was the first 
 
 (ft) It was by the means of those Indians that the English had communication with Stobo 
 the spy, whose letter will be seen hereafter. 
 
 -< f?.-u7«?i.-^ 
 
 iMnpFtn-rirniirn- 
 
Journal. 
 
 123 
 
 Indian Chief visited by Washington en route to 
 deliver Gov. Dinwiddie's letter to the French com- 
 mandant at Fort Le Bceuf, in the winter of 1753. 
 He was inferior in rank to Tanacharison, who was a 
 sachem of the Six Nations. 
 
 I also persuaded King Shingas to send out rangers 
 towards the river, to bring us news, in case any Frejich 
 should come ; I gave him also a letter, which he was 
 to send me back again by his runners to prevent my 
 being imposed upon by a false alarm. 
 
 Though King Shingas, and others of the Delawares 
 could not be persuaded to retire to our camp with 
 their families, owing to their fear of Onondaga's 
 Council, they nevertheless gave us strong assurance 
 of their assistance and directed us in what manner 
 to act in order to obtain our desire : the method was 
 this ; we were to prepare a great war-belt to invite all 
 the warriors who would receive it, to act independently 
 of their King and council; and King S/ungas prom- 
 ised to take privately the most subtle measures to make 
 the affair succeed though he did not dare to do it 
 openly. The day that the council broke up I persuaded 
 Kaquehuston, a trusty Delaware, to carry tha^ letter 
 to the Fort which the French deserters had written 
 to their comrades and gave him instructions how he 
 should behave in his observations upon several arti- 
 cles of which I spoke to him, for I feel convinced 
 
 I V 
 
 ! 
 
 :'S \ 
 
 v.: 
 
 ( 
 
 \^ 
 
 1 i": 
 
y t 
 
 124 
 
 Washzngtofii: 
 
 that the Fort may be surprised, as the French are 
 encamped outside, and cannot keep a strict guard by 
 reason of the works on which they are engaged. 
 
 I also persuaded, George, another trusty Delaware, 
 to go and visit the Fort, a little while after Kaque- 
 huston, and gave him the proper instructions, recom- 
 mending him particularly to return with speed, that 
 we might have fresh news. 
 
 Immediately after the council was over, notwith- 
 standing all that Mr. Montour could do to dissuade 
 them, the Delawares, as also the Half-King, and all 
 the other Indians, returned to the Great Meadows; 
 but though we had lost them, I still had spies of our 
 own people, to prevent any surprise. 
 
 As it had been told me, that if I sent a belt of 
 Wampum and a speech, that might bring us back 
 both the Half-King and his young men, I sent the 
 following speech by Mr. Croghan.^'^ 
 
 ®® Colonel George Croghan, an Indian agent, inter- 
 preter and trader of Pennsylvania, was born in Ireland 
 and died at Passayunk, Pa., about 1 782. His will is on 
 record in Albany, N. Y. He was educated at Dublin, 
 Ireland, and coming to America, settled on the 
 Juniata river above Harrisburg, Pa., and carried on 
 the business of an Indian trader as early as 1746. 
 Acquiring the Indian language and being a man of 
 character, he in time became an agent for the Colony 
 of Pennsylvania. His plantation was at Augquick, 
 
 . 
 
JotirnaL 
 
 125 
 
 I 1 
 
 ; 
 
 Huntington county, Pennsylvania. He was engaged 
 by Governor Dinwiddie in 1 754 as an interpreter 
 and sent with a letter to Col. Washington. \Scc the 
 Gov's Letter, June i, 1754, in Dinwiddie Papers.] 
 Col. Croghan's service did not give entire satisfaction 
 to the Governor as is inferred from the language he 
 uses in a letter to Col. Innes of January 15, 1755, in 
 which he says: " As for Croghan I have no opinion 
 of him his whole views are self Int't." [Dinwiddie 
 Papers, vol. i,/. 461.] In 1755 Genl. Braddock com- 
 missioned him a captain for the campaign to marshal 
 the Indians. 
 
 Fort Louther \yK^June6, 1755. 
 
 Sir. — Captain Jack has promised his aid in the 
 contemplated attack on Fort Du Quesne. He will 
 march with his Hunters by a circuitous route and 
 join Braddock. He and his men are dressed in hunt- 
 ing shirts, mocasins, etc., are well armed and equally 
 regardless of heat and cold. Tbey require no shelter 
 for the night. They ask no pay. If the whole army 
 was composed of such men, there would be no cause 
 for apprehension. I shall be with them in turn for 
 duty. 
 
 Yours, etc., 
 
 George Croghan. 
 
 To the Governor of Pennsylvania. 
 
 \From the Pennsylvania Records, vol. iv, p. 416.] 
 
 He was frequently employed by the Provinces in 
 negotiations with the Indians of the western frontier. 
 In November, 1756, he was regularly commissioned 
 Indian Agent for Pennsylvania and Ohio Indians by 
 Sir Wm. Johnson, who in 1763 sent him to England 
 to confer with the Ministry about the Indian bound- 
 ary lines. In 1766 he made a settlement four miles 
 
 ii* 
 
126 
 
 Washington^ s 
 
 \\ 
 
 above Fort Pitt and continued up to 1776 to render 
 valuable services in conciliating the Indians. He 
 was somewhat distrusted as to his loyalty in the early 
 part of the Revolution, but as he resided quietly on 
 his farm, he was undisturbed and, possibly, was un- 
 justly suspected. \Doc. Hist. N. V., and a/so DrakeJ] 
 
 'Tis but a short time since we were assembled 
 together ; we were sent here by your brother the 
 Governor of Virginia at your own repeated request, 
 in order to succor you and fight for your cause ; 
 wherefore my brethren, I must require that you and 
 your young men come to join and encamp with us, 
 that we may be ready to receive our brother Mona- 
 cotoocha, whom I daily expect. That this request 
 may have itr desired effect, and make a suitable im- 
 j.ression upon your minds, I present you with this 
 string of Wampum. 
 
 As those Indians, who were spies sent by the 
 French, were very inquisitive, and asked us many 
 questions in order to learn by what way we pro- 
 posed to go to the Fort, and at what time we expected 
 to arrive there, I left off working any further on our 
 road, and told them we intended to continue it 
 through the woods as far as the Fort, felling the 
 trees, etc. That we were waiting here for reinforce- 
 ments which were coming to us, our artillery, and 
 our wagons to accompany us there, but as soon as 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
Journal. 
 
 127 
 
 they were gone I set about marking out and clearing 
 a road towards Red-Stone. 
 
 June 2 5'\ Towards night three men came from the 
 Great Meadows, among whom was the son of Queen 
 Aliquippa. 
 
 He brought me a letter from Mr. Croghan in- 
 forming me what difficulty he had in finding any 
 Indians willing to come to us ; that the Half-King 
 was inclined, and was preparing to join us, but that a 
 blow which he had received prevented him. I thought 
 proper to send Captain Montour to Fort-Necessity ^° 
 in order to try if he could, possibly, induce the 
 Indians to come to us. 
 
 '*^ Fort Necessity,the scene of Washington's first bat- 
 tle, was situated near the head springs of Great or Big 
 Meadow run, a tributary of the Youghiogheny River, 
 on the eastern slope of the Laurel Hill Mountain, 
 at a place named by the early explorers "the Great 
 Meadows," because it was a flat, open field without 
 trees, but with an abundance of nutritious grass. 
 Pasture was a matter of great moment to the explorer 
 and trader having horses or cattle to feed. Hence 
 both the Little and Great Meadows on this route 
 across the Alleghany Mountains early became places 
 of especial note on this account. It would seem from 
 the Journal that Colonel Washington, as a precau- 
 tionary measure, had made some defensive work here 
 as he marched out to the V\rest, and gave to it the 
 name " Fort Necessity." From stress of circum- 
 stances, a week or so later, while retreating with his 
 
 h 
 
128 
 
 Washington s 
 
 \ 
 
 1 1 
 
 « i 
 
 small army, he was compelled to make a stand at the 
 Great Meadows, when he enlarged the defensive 
 works as best he could, considering his want of time 
 and resources. Here before his works were com- 
 pleted, he was attacked by the French and Indians 
 under the command of M. de Villiers; the attacking 
 party greatly outnumbering his own forces. His 
 small garrison withstood the attack and defended 
 themselves with spirit and ability for nine hours, 
 but were then obliged to capitulate, which they did 
 on the night of July 3, 1754. If this version of 
 the Journal can be relied upon, the name " Fort 
 Necessity" was given to the fort by Washington as 
 early as the 25"^ of June. 
 
 June 26"*. An Indian arrived bringing news that 
 Monacatoochahad burned his village, Logstov.'n, and 
 was gone by water with his people to Red-Stone, and 
 might be expected there in two days. This Indian 
 passed close by the Fort,and assures us that the French 
 have received no reinforcements, except a small num- 
 ber of Indians who had killed, as he said, two or 
 three Delawares. I did not fail to relate that piece 
 of news to the Indians in its proper colors, and par- 
 ticularly to two Delawares who are here. 
 
 June 2 7'^ Detached Captain Lewis,^^ Lieutenant 
 Waggoner and Ensign Mercer, ^^ two Sergeants, 
 two Corporals, one drummer and sixty men, in order 
 to endeavor to clear a road to the mouth of Red- 
 Stone Creek, on Monongahela.""^^ 
 
 i 
 
Journal, 
 
 129 
 
 •P* 
 
 '• Major Andrew Lewis, of Virginia, was the third 
 son of John and Margaret (Lynn) Lewis, i)ioneer 
 settlers in Augusta county, Virginia. He was born 
 in Ulster county, Ireland, in 1720; he was commis- 
 sioned captain in the Virginia regiment March 18, 
 1 754, and was part of the time in the expedition to the 
 Ohio under Colonel Washington, serving as major, 
 and was with him in the battle of the Great Meadows. 
 The following year he served in the company of his 
 brother Samuel in the Braddock Iixpedition. In the 
 fall of this year, after Washington had been named 
 to command the sixteen companies ordered by the 
 House of Burgesses to be raised for the protection of 
 the frontier, he was appointed major. \Sce Wasli- 
 ingtcns Letter to Major Leivis September ^,^ *755-] 
 In 1756 he commanded the Stony Creek Expedition, 
 and on the is'** of April was complimented by a vote 
 of approbation of the House of Burgesses for the 
 manner in which he had discharged his duties. The 
 same year he was sent on a special mission to con- 
 struct a fort in the Cherokee country, and executed 
 his trust to the satisfaction of all concerned. He con- 
 tinued in military service until the fall of Fort 
 Du Quesne, in 1758. He was in the ill-advised attack 
 on the Fort by General Grant, and was taken pris- 
 oner and sent to Montreal. He was soon after ex- 
 changed and returning home, was appointed by 
 Virginia a Commissioner to treat with the Six Nations 
 at Fort Stanwix. In 1774 he was in command of 
 the Virginia provincial troops at the hardest fought 
 battle against the most formidable Indian forces, 
 that ever took place in the State. He was a 
 member of the House of Burgesses for a number 
 of years from Botetourt county and a member 
 of the conventions of Virginia of March and 
 17 
 
I30 
 
 Washington s 
 
 \\ 
 
 t I 
 
 June, 1775. He was commissioned colonel in the 
 army March i, ^776, and made brigadier-jreneral at 
 Washington's request, April 15, 1777, but declined. 
 He drove Lord Dunmore from Gwynn's Island in 
 Virginia. His duties kept him much in the lower 
 part of the State, where he contracted a fever, of 
 which he died, September 25, 1781, at the house of 
 Captain Talbott, in Bedford county. His remains 
 were interred by the side of his youngest son, Charles, 
 in the burial ground on his home farm on Roanoke 
 tiver. His military abilities wei-e of a high order and 
 much esteemed by Washington. His statue appro- 
 priately occupies one of the pedestals which surround 
 her Washington statue in Richmond. Four of his 
 brothers were also distinguished in the military annals 
 of Virginia, namely, Samuel, Charles, Thomas and 
 William. 
 
 ''^^ Captain John Fontain Mercer was an Ensign in 
 the Virginia forces, with Washington, in the armed 
 Expedition of 1 754 to the Ohio. He was the son of 
 John Mercer, an eminent lawyer, who resided on a 
 fine estate known as Marlboro in Stafford county, 
 Virginia. Captain John was born August 31, 1738; 
 he was the brother of Captain George Mercer, who 
 was also in the military service of 1 754, under Wash- 
 ington. The names of both are included in the vote of 
 thanks by the House of Burgesses to the officers for 
 '' their gallant and brave behaviour in defense of the 
 country." Captain John Fontain Mercer was pro- 
 moted to a Lieutenancy July 21,1754. He continued 
 in the service and was in the Braddock campaign, 
 acquitting himself with credit. He again accepted 
 service as a Captain, with a force of 100 men, and 
 was under Washington on the Virginia frontier in the 
 Warm Spring Mountain, with his headquarters at 
 
 •U 
 
 •*• 
 
 li 
 
t* 
 
 Journal. 
 
 131 
 
 Fort Edwards. Here he was killed and scalped by the 
 Indians in an engagement April 18, 1756. His heirs 
 received the portion of land to which he was entitled, 
 under the Dinwiddie proclamation, for his military 
 service. I admit the middle name Foniaiii from a 
 sketch in the Dinwiddie papers, but while Ensign of 
 Captain van Braam's company he signed his name 
 John Mercer, Ensign. [See rettirn of cojupany in the 
 appendix ^\ 
 
 ^^ Here we come to an abrupt close of the Journal, 
 and are left to speculate whether this paragraph on 
 the 27'*' was actually the last entry made by Wash- 
 ington in his journal, or whether the remainder was 
 withheld by the French as not calculated to promote 
 their special views in quarters where the '' Me^noire 
 Contenant le precis dc fails, elc." was intended for 
 circulation. Washington in a letter written at New- 
 castle, March 27, 1757, speaking of the version of 
 the Journal as given by the French, says: "In 
 regard to the Journal, I can only observe, in general, 
 that I kept no regular one during the Expedition ; 
 rough notes of occurrences I certainly took, and find 
 them as certainly and strangely metamorphised, some 
 parts left out which I remember were entered, and 
 many things added that never were thought of, the 
 names of men and things egregiously miscalled, and 
 the whole of what I saw Englished is very incorrect 
 and nonsensical." 
 
i I 
 
 I i 
 
 ^11 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 t.^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
\ 
 
 i 
 
 APPENDIX." 
 
 r:» 
 
 J 
 
 ■f 
 
 The absence of a record by Washington himself 
 of the closing days of his campaign to the Ohio ren- 
 ders the history less satisfactory than it would have 
 been had he continued the diary, suddenly closed on 
 the 2^°" of June, down to the return of his forces to 
 Will's Creek. Fortunately, the official records and the 
 correspondence of Washington and others fully cog- 
 nizant of the operations of the expedition, along with 
 the labors which able historians have bestowed upon 
 the subject, enable us in a measure to supply the omis- 
 sion. To the end of completing the narrative, the 
 following data and occurrences connected with the 
 campaign, from the last entry in the Journal, on the 
 2^°" of June, until the troops returned to Will's Creek, 
 and Washington himself to Williamsburg, are sub- 
 mitted as a brief epitome of face's. 
 
 ''^The editor here volunteers an appendix in the form 
 of a journal gathered from sources believed to be reli- 
 able, to complete the history of the first armed cam- 
 paign to the Ohio. 
 
*• \ 
 
 I 
 
 ■ f . 
 
 '• I 
 
 ii 
 
 I '.: 
 
 134 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 However, I do not cease to hope that at no very 
 distant day some zealous historian will discover and 
 give to the public a literal transcript of this Journal 
 of Washington's, which fell into the hands of the 
 French, and which is as yet only known to the world 
 by the partial and garbled French translation pub- 
 lished by them for political effect at a time when 
 France and England were at war, and when the edi- 
 tors may have felt themselves justified in suppressing 
 certain parts and giving a bias to others not warranted 
 by an impartial rendering of the recordsJ^ 
 
 ^^The only authority for this Journal is the French 
 version of it printed in " Memoire Contenant le Precis 
 des Fails" &c., Paris, 1756, p. 147. Different trans- 
 lations into English, however, from this original 
 French versio', have been published, but the original 
 Journal, in Vv ashington's own language and hand- 
 v;riting, has been withheld from the examination of 
 historians, if it is still in existence, which is doubted 
 by some, but not despaired of by the writer. 
 
 June 2 7^^ In addition to the troops under the officers 
 already mentioned as having been sent out to open the 
 road between Gist's and the mouth of the Red-Stone 
 Creek, Captain Poison,''^ it should be stated, was also 
 out with a detachment to reconnoiter and give pro- 
 tection to the working party. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 135 
 
 i 
 
 •I 
 
 '"Lieutenant William Poison, or Poulson, was a na- 
 tive of Scotland, and was understood to have been 
 concerned in the rebellion of 1 745. He had a taste 
 for military life, and served as a Lieutenant with 
 Washington in 1754. His name appears among the 
 officers complimented by name in a resolution of 
 thanks, for their courage and good conduct in the 
 battle of the Great Meadows, by the House of Bur- 
 gesses of Virginia, August 30, 1754. November, 
 1754, Governor Dinwiddle suspended his commis- 
 sion in consequence of Lieutenant Poison neglecting 
 an order to go out and enlist recruits. He asked 
 for a court martial, but, the facts being explained, 
 the Governor was satisfied and recalled the suspen- 
 sion. He joined the Braddock expedition and was 
 killed at the battle of the Monongahela. An annual 
 pension of £2^ was granted to his widow by the House 
 of Burgesses, August 13, 1755. His son John was 
 commissioned a Lieutenant in the 60th Regiment, 
 of which Gage was Commandant and Gates Major, 
 May 5, 1 756. He served in the Revolution as Captain 
 from July 1,1777, to May 12, 1779, when he was pro- 
 moted to Major of the 8th Virginia Regiment. He 
 was a prisoner from October 5, 1779, until exchanged 
 November 2, 1780, at Elizabeth, N. J., when he re- 
 turned to his home in Accomac County, Va. He 
 subsequently rejoined the army and served until the 
 establishment of peace. \Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, 
 vol. I, p. 114.] 
 
 June 28"^ Sparks says Washington arrived at Gist's 
 this day, and there learned from the reports of his 
 different scouting parties that the French had been 
 reinforced and that a strong detachment of French 
 
 i 
 
,i I 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 ( .i 
 
 136 
 
 Appe7idix to 
 
 and Indians were on the eve of marching from Fort 
 Duquesne" to attack him without delay. Work was 
 continued by the several parties all this day and 
 nearly eight miles of road cleared, leaving less than 
 eight miles, presenting no great obstacles, to com- 
 plete the road to the Monongahela, at the mouth 
 of Red Stone Creek. 
 
 '^Fort Duquesne, a name which the French, while 
 in possession of the Ohio Valley, gave to their fort 
 at the junction of the Monongahela and the Alle- 
 ghany rivers, is no^ the site of the city of Pittsburg. 
 It was named in nonor of Marquis Duquesne, at 
 that time Governor of New France; he having 
 ordered the erection of a fort at this place. 
 
 June 29'** A council of war was called, at which it 
 was resolved to concentrate all their troops at Gist's, 
 fortify themselves there and await the advance of 
 the French. 
 
 Gist's house, around which a clearing had been 
 made, was situated in a heavily wooded country on a 
 beautiful elevation, now known as Mount Braddock. 
 The natural advantages of this spot indicated it as 
 the most desirable site for a fort. It was accordingly 
 selected, intrenchments and breastworks commenced 
 and defensive preparations prosecuted with vigor. '''^ 
 A messenger was sent to request Captain Mackaye 
 to march his company to Gist's without delay, which 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 ^^. 
 
Washingtoii s Joiirnal. 
 
 m 
 
 he promptly complied with. Orders were also sent for 
 the immediate return to Gist's of the detachments 
 under Captains Lewis, Waggoner, Mercer and Poison 
 to assist in the work on the fortifications. 
 
 ''^ Gist's Fort begun by Colonel Washington, but 
 not completed, was at his new settlement in 1 754. 
 The site is now known as Mount Braddock, in Dun- 
 bar Township, and is about the geographical center 
 of Fayette county, Pa. 
 
 In the House of Burgesses October t^o, 1754: " A 
 petition of Christopher Gist, was presented to the 
 House and read, setting forth that he had for some 
 years past used his utmost endeavours tc promote the 
 settlement of His Majesty's lands on the River Ohio, 
 and had engaged a considerable number of families to 
 remove there from the adjoining provinces, which was 
 prevented after the first of them came there by a survey 
 made by one William Russel, which included the land 
 where the first settlement was begun. That the 
 petitioner, having settled there with his family, upon 
 the late incursions of the French His Majesty's forces, 
 under the command of Colonel Washington, en- 
 camped at the petitioner's plantation, and his Horses 
 and Carriage being employed in his Majesty's ser- 
 vices, he was thereby prevented from removing the 
 greatest part of his effects, to the value of nearly 
 two hundred pounds, which the French either took 
 away or destroyed, besides setting fire to all his houses, 
 and fencine v/hich had been removed and used as a 
 palisade for the security of His Majesty's forces, to 
 a considerable value ; and praying that this House 
 will be pleased to make him such allowance for re- 
 pairing his losses as they shall think fit; as he has 
 18 
 
138 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 y I 
 
 '■f ■> 
 
 been, and still shall be, ready on all occasions to 
 resign his life, and small fortune, in promoting the 
 settlement of that part of His Majesty's Dominions, 
 so necessary to the preservation and interest of all 
 his American plantations. 
 
 " Ordered, that the said Petition be referred to the 
 consideration of the next Session of the Assembly." 
 
 " House of Burgesses, May 7, 1755. 
 
 " The Petition of Christopher Gist was presented 
 and read." "May 9, 1755, House of Burgesses. Re- 
 solved, that it is the opinion of this committee that 
 the Petition of Christopher Gist praying to be allowed 
 a satisfaction for the losses he sustained by the in- 
 cursion of the French be rejected." 
 
 This decision, as we see the facts, seems to have 
 been a real hardship and was certainly unjust. It is 
 possible that some subsequent action rectified this de- 
 termination, but with that the writer is unacquainted. 
 
 June 30^*^ The troops were all assembled at Gist's 
 and actively engaged in erecting a formidable forti- 
 fication, when Col. Washington, owing to the receipt 
 of further and more definite information concerning 
 the enemy and their manoeuvres, called another 
 council of war, before which he laid all the most re- 
 cent intelligence of the strength and movements of 
 the French forces now advancing up the Monongahela 
 River to attack the English. At this council it was 
 unanimously resolved to abandon their works at Gist's 
 and retreat forthwith to Will's Creek. For want of 
 
 
 -V. 
 
i 
 
 Washington s Journal, 
 
 139 
 
 transportation the troops had to leave behind much 
 of their baggage, and with but meager supplies were 
 soon on a retrograde march. Sargent says they " had 
 but two miserable teams fit for use and a few pack 
 horses." On these were placed some intrenching 
 tools and their most essential military stores, to be 
 helped along the road by the soldiers, themselves 
 bearing burthens on their backs. 
 
 Colonel Washington set the noble example of giv- 
 ing up his own saddle horse, loading him with the 
 munitions of war and leaving his own personal bag- 
 gage to less reliable modes of transportation, and gave 
 four pistoles to some soldiers to carry a part of it 
 forward. The other officers followed his example and 
 loaded their horses with packs of military stores. In 
 addition to their arms and their own baggage, which 
 they bore on their backs, the Virginia regiment had 
 nine swivel guns on wheels, which they dragged by 
 hand. The independent company under Captain 
 Mackaye refused to assist in the labor of transporMng 
 stores, because they claimed it was not incumber: on 
 them as King's soldiers. Here, at a most inconvenient 
 time, came a practical demonstration of the impracti- 
 cability of attempting to combine differenc classes of 
 troops under different regulations, pay and rank to 
 serve in the same Expedition. The conduct of the 
 
 h 
 
I> 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 King's troops, which could not be concealed, had a dis- 
 couraging effect upon the Virginia soldiers, dampening 
 their ardor and making them more discontented with 
 their service, excessive fatigue, poor pay and meager 
 supplies. 
 
 July i^' The retreating troops arrived at the Great 
 Meadows in the evening en route for Will's Creek. 
 The distance from Gist's was thirteen miles, and it 
 was traversed, under the excitement of the retreat, in 
 less than two days; though it had required thirteen 
 to clear and march over the same route going west. 
 
 Colonel Washington made a careful personal in- 
 spection of his forces that evening and had a formal 
 written report made of the Viiginia Regiment, as to 
 its condition, the number of officers and men fit for 
 duty, &c. \Sec Appendix.] 
 
 The inspection even more than the report con- 
 vinced Washington that it was impracticable for the 
 troops to proceed further, subjected to the labor they 
 were, without rest, and at the same time preserve an 
 orderly retreat. 'For, as vSparks says : "His men had 
 become so much fatigued from great labor and defi- 
 ciency of provisions that they could draw the swivels 
 no farther, nor carry the baggage on their backs. 
 They had been eight days without bread, and at the 
 Great Meadows they found only a few bags of flour. 
 
 t 
 
 ¥ 
 i 
 
 \i 
 
 I ,1 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 141 
 
 It was thought advisable to wait here, therefore, and 
 fortify themselves in the best manner they could and 
 defend themselves until they should receive supplies 
 and reinforcements. 
 
 They had heard of the arrival at Alexandria of 
 two independent companies from New York^'' twenty 
 days before, and it was presumed they must by this 
 time have reached Will's Creek. Another express 
 was sent to hasten them on with as much dispatch as 
 possible." 
 
 ''^The Assembly of Virginia, for a time, refused to 
 appropriate money for the support of these inde- 
 pendent companies and the House of Burgesses was 
 prorogued, September 5, 1 754, to October i 7, 1 754, as 
 a consequence by Governor Dinwiddie in quite a 
 sarcastic address. The facts were that the military 
 enterprises to the west were inspired by the Crown 
 and Ministry of Great Britain, and were but partially 
 sympathized in by the people of the colonies. The 
 independent companies were solicited from New 
 York by the Governor without having advised 
 with the House of Burgesses of Virginia or asking 
 for an appropriation for their support before they 
 arrived. And as it turned out they were of no real 
 service to the Colony of Virginia in this expedition. 
 These New York independent companies are re- 
 ferred to in note 40, page 65. They are the same so 
 anxiously looked for by Colonel Washington at Fort 
 Necessity. They were under the command of Cap- 
 tains P.utherford and Clark. These companies 
 arrived from New York at Hampton Roads in H. M. 
 
 y 
 
 h. 
 
If~ 
 
 J 
 
 142 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 \ I 
 
 I, 
 
 S. Centaur, Captain Dudley Diggs, on the i8th of 
 June, 1754. It was not until September ist that 
 these troops were actually marched to Will's Creek. 
 Here they were shortly after joined by Captain 
 Demerie's independent company from South Carolina, 
 and on the 12th the military works there were com- 
 menced. 
 
 The officers and soldiers were devoted to Wash- 
 ington and had every confidence in his generalship, 
 were full of courage and free from anything like 
 panic, but declared their inability to carry their bag- 
 gage and drag the swivels farther, greatly preferring 
 the chances of battle. 
 
 After a full and free conference with his officers it 
 was concluded to make a stand where they were. 
 Orders were at once given to enlarge the stockade 
 and to strengthen and extend the fortifications, which 
 had already been erected at the Great Meadows, and 
 named " Fort Necessity." \See entry in Journal of 
 June 25^^] 
 
 The reason for erecting a fort here, as the troops 
 marched west, seems to have been on account of the 
 exceptionally good pasturage found there for horses 
 and beef cattle, which were so essential to the success 
 of the expedition. 
 
 July 2"^ This was a busy and anxious day to all 
 at the Great Meadows. The Virginia Regiment 
 
i 
 
 Washim^ton s Journal. 
 
 143 
 
 J 
 
 worked with alacrity. Timber was cut to enlarge the 
 cleared grounds aroind the fort and transported to ex- 
 tend and strengthen the works. Trenches and ditches 
 were dug around the fortifications, after the order of 
 the modern rifle pits. The meadow was cleared of 
 all bushes which could conceal an enemy and the 
 palisades were extended to inclose and secure the 
 baggage, the horses and beef cattle, and everything 
 put in as good a state of defence as time and the 
 means at their disposal would admit. 
 
 Much has been written about the battle of the 
 "Great Meadows" and the capitulation of "Fort 
 Necessity," the location of this fort, its size, its form, 
 etc. It was in no sense an ideal fortification or a 
 model to be patterned after, but was rather a sort of 
 " Hobson's choice," accepted on the theory of " any 
 port in a storm," and was appropriately from these 
 circumstances named "Fort Necessity." The most 
 accurate description of this fortification is the one 
 based upon an actual instrumental survey made in 
 1 8 16 by Mr. Freeman Lewis, a lithograph of which 
 may be seen in " LowdermiW s History of Cumber- 
 land." 
 
 Skirmishers and double picket lines were kept out 
 to gain information and prevent surprise. These re- 
 ported the steady advance of the French and Indian 
 
 
144 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 V . '' 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 forces estimated to amount to considerably over a 
 thousand.''*' 
 
 ^Villiers, in his Journal, says that M. Contrecceur 
 had detailed for this service five hundred French and 
 eleven hundred Indians. This was probably an over 
 estimate. \_See Memoire Contenant le Precis des 
 Fails y etcJ\ 
 
 The French had the advantage of the road just 
 opeiicd by Washington's troops, nearly all the way 
 from the Monongahela River, and when they neared 
 the Meadows their troops marched in columns. 
 
 July 3'' Early this morning one of Washington's 
 pickets v.'^ r brought in, wounded by one of the advance 
 skirmishers of the French, whose column was reported 
 to be or'y four miles distant, and advancing. At 
 eleven o'clock tb^ enemy came in view of Fort 
 Necessity and began firing from a distance of six 
 hundred yards, but without effect. Colonel Wash- 
 ington had his troops drawn up in the open, level 
 ground outside of the trenches awaiting an attack. 
 This he expected would have been made as soon as 
 the French forces could emerge from the woods, and 
 he ordered his men to reserve their fire until the 
 enemy should approach near enough for it to take 
 effect. The French, however, continued their dis- 
 tant firing, which Washington supposed was designed 
 
WasJnngtoits Journal. 
 
 H5 
 
 to draw the Virginians into the woods, as the enemy 
 did not seem inclined to come close or attack the 
 fort by assault, as their number would seem to have 
 justified. 
 
 Seeing the enemy would not leave the cover of the 
 woods, Washington after a time drew his men back 
 into the trenches and gave orders for them to fire 
 -according to their discretion, as opportunity offered. 
 The French and Indians kept on the rising ground 
 nearest the fort and wherever sheltered by trees, and 
 continued a brisk firing, but mainly beyond range 
 from the Fort, at no tii.ie appearing on the open 
 plain. 
 
 The rain fell incessantly all day, but the engage- 
 ment continued without intermission until eight 
 o'clock at night, when it had become quite dark. For 
 the last two hours the firing from the swivels within 
 the fort had been increased in frequency. 
 
 At eight o'clock the French called requesting a 
 parley. Washington suspecting that this was a strat- 
 agem on their part to have an officer enter the fort 
 to discover its condition, at first paid no heed to the 
 proposal. But upon the call being repeated, and with 
 it the proposition for the English to send out one of 
 their own officers, at the same time engaging for his 
 safety and return, he acceded to the request. 
 19 
 
 I1 
 
 J 11 
 

 I 
 
 m 
 
 146 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Captain van Braam was at the time the only avail- 
 able officer with Washington who could speak French, 
 and he was therefore sent to see what communication 
 they desired to make. Ensign Peyromi, a French- 
 man by birth, in the Virginia regiment, had a short 
 time before been dangerously wounded, and was then 
 incapable of rendering any service. Captain van 
 Braam returned in a short time, accompanied by M. le 
 Mercier, a French officer, bringing a verbal propo- 
 sition from the French commander, M. de Villiers, 
 for granting a capitulation to the troops in " Fort 
 Necessity.''^* 
 
 ^^General de Villiers professed to be animated by a 
 desire for peace, and proceeded on the theory that 
 France and England were not at war; that he was 
 on the rightful and long recognized possessions of 
 his Christian Majesty, the King of France ; that it 
 was unnatural for him to make prisoners of the sol- 
 diers of a friendly power, and he was therefore pre- 
 pared to grant honorable conditions to the English, 
 in the nature of a summons to depart. 
 
 Washington had by no means despaired of making 
 a successful defence against an assault, but he had 
 witnessed with sorrow the loss of his horses and beef 
 cattle by their escape and by their slaughter during 
 the engagement; he was conscious, too, of his insuffi- 
 cient stock of provisions and the scanty ammunition 
 he had to rely upon in case of a siege. 
 
 X. 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 147 
 
 The proposal and the conditions suggested were 
 verbally reported to Washington and his officers by 
 Captain van Braam. Objections being made to 
 certain propositions. Captain van Braam and le 
 Mercier were twice sent back to de Villiers for confer- 
 ences. When finally an understanding was reached, 
 they returned the third time with the articles of capit- 
 ulation reduced to writing, but in French. No English 
 version or translation of the agreement was made in 
 writing, van Braam undertaking to translate ver- 
 bally the articles and terms of agreement by word 
 of mouth, and by the aid of the light of a single tal- 
 low candle. The first proposition had stipulated for 
 the surrender to the French of all the artillery and mil- 
 itary stores. This was objected to by Washington 
 and readily modified to the destruction of the artil- 
 lery. 
 
 On several other matters of difference the French 
 made concessions and seemed desirous to accommo- 
 date and reach an agreement promptly. 
 
 The main points of the capitulation, as Washington 
 and his officers understood them, were that they were 
 allowed to return to Virginia without molestation by 
 the French or Indians. That they should march out 
 of the fort with the honors of war, drums beating and 
 colors flying, and with all their effects and military 
 
.■ 1 
 
 f: 
 
 148 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 stores, except the artillery which was to be destroyed. 
 One swivel gun they were to retain. This, however, 
 had to be abandoned for want of transportation and 
 was destroyed by Washington. The stipulation not 
 to build forts on the lands of His Christian Majesty 
 was not made a circumsta.i.ce of, because the 
 Americans held that the French had no lands on 
 the Ohio. The further stipulation for the return of 
 the French prisoners taken at the skirm h with de 
 Jumonville, and for the fulfillment of which Captains 
 van Braani and Stobo^^ were given to the French 
 as hostages, Washington fully expected would be 
 cheerfully and promptly complied with.^^ 
 
 ^^ Major Robert Stobo was born in Glasgow, 
 Scotland, in 1727. He was the son of William Stobo, 
 
 merchant, and his wife (Mitchell), daughter of 
 
 James Mitchell, of Balmore. Robert was the only 
 son of his parents that lived past infancy. In youth, 
 he was delicate and was carefully watched over by both 
 father and mother, who secured for him the founda- 
 tion of a good education at the Latin School. His 
 father died in 1 740, leaving Robert to the care of 
 his mother and near relatives. His mother died a few 
 years later. On leaving the Latin School, he attended 
 for a season or two, the University of Glasgow. In 
 accordance with his own desire, his friends determined 
 in 1 742 to send him to Virginia, to serve in a store 
 conducted by merchants from Glasgow, where he dis- 
 charged his duties to the satisfaction of his employers. 
 He then resolved to begin business for himself, and 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 T49 
 
 in 1747 he returned to Glasgow and converted some 
 houses, he inherited, into money investing it in mer- 
 chandise, after which he returned to Virginia in hopes 
 of acquiring wealth and establishing himself in busi- 
 ness. He was a man of intelligence, of cheerful dispo- 
 sition, fond of gayety, much courted by the best people, 
 and kept almost an open house for the entertainment 
 of his friends. These traits did not further his com- 
 mercial enterprises. Among his particular admirers 
 was Governor Dinwiddle, so that on his applying for 
 an appointment in a regiment to be raised in the 
 spring of 1754 to oppose the pretensions of the 
 French, he was promptly appointed the oldest Cap- 
 tain in the organization. He carried with him his 
 hospitable disposition, providing himself liberally for 
 the campaign. He had ten servants, mechanics whom 
 he enlisted, and he provided himself with a covered 
 wagon, which he filled with every necessary to make 
 the mountainous deserts of the Alleghanies as 
 agreeable as the situation would admit. On the 
 march and in the field he kept an open table, which 
 was plentifully supplied with game by hunters whom 
 he employed for this purpose. Besides other pro- 
 visions, he set out with a whole butt of Madeira 
 wine. With all his conviviality he was discreet in 
 his habits of indulgence, and by his devotion to the 
 service and his attention to duty, won the good 
 opinion of his brother officers, a^ well as of the 
 enlisted men. With all, he had a daring and adven- 
 turous disposition, and had projects for the employ- 
 ment of a company of mechanics wherever the 
 English should build forts. It .vas this courageous 
 disposition which led him to offer to be one of the 
 hostages provided for in the capitulation, that he 
 might iave an early opportunity of studying the situa- 
 
fo 
 
 150 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 I 
 
 
 i) 
 
 tion of the country about Fort Duquesne. His 
 plans were thwarted by the turn events took, by his 
 prolonged imprisonment and the coming on of the 
 war. He proved an active and efficient officer in the 
 campaign, and superintended the construction of the 
 trenches, breast works and rifie pits around Fort 
 Necessity, the existence of which had so much to do 
 witl; deterring the French from assaulting the fort. 
 He bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the 
 battle of the Great Meadows, ond gave his ready 
 assent, if he did not actually solicit, to be one of th'=^ 
 hostages. At this juncture in his career, as he had 
 no further use for his sword, he presented it with feel- 
 ing and becoming remarks to the lieutenant of his 
 own company, William Poison, and begged of him 
 not to spare it when opportunity offered to draw it 
 in behalf of his country. As Poison, gallantly bear- 
 ing this sword, fell with the unfortunate Braddock, 
 it was finally restored to its original owner, long 
 after his escape from Quebec, and he ever after 
 wore it with singular esteem. Fe was commis- 
 sioned Major by the Governor Juiy 20, 1754, and 
 was so known ever after. His long imprisonment 
 without any effort on the part of Virginia or Great 
 Britain for his release, his fortitude while in con- 
 finement and his escape from the French, all went 
 to invest him with the character of a hero. While 
 confined at Fort Duquesne, he drew a plan of the 
 fort, with all its approaches, and suggestions how 
 the works could be successfully assaulted. He signed 
 his own name to it and sent it by a friendly Indian 
 to the commanding officer at Will's Creek. He was 
 aware that he was taking great risks in this matter, 
 and that he might lose his life if detected. 
 
 In his letter he argued that " when we engaged to 
 
 '1 
 
Washington s Journal, 
 
 151 
 
 :d 
 
 r, 
 
 :o 
 
 serve our country we expected to do it with our lives." 
 " Consider the good of the expedition without regard 
 to us." *' Haste to strike." " Let the good of the ex- 
 pedition be considered preferably to our safety." Such 
 was the spirit and the language of the courageous 
 Captain, who in turn languished, for periods, in every 
 French fort from Fort Duquesne down to Quebec. 
 His cheerful and gentle manners captivated the 
 Indians as well as the French, and in time he became 
 measurably familiar with the language of both. 
 Captain Stobo's letters from Fort Duquesne having 
 fallen into the hands of the French at the battle of 
 the Monongahela, led to his close confinement in the 
 fortress in Quebec as a dangerous spy. A letter 
 from him was laid before the Assembly of Virginia 
 by the Governor March 30. 1756. The House of 
 Burgesses voted him ^300 to be sent by the treas- 
 urer on the first convenient occasion. [Jotcrnal 
 Hotise of Burgesses, 30 Aprils I756-] He escaped 
 from prison in Quebec, whereupon 6,000 livres being 
 offered for his capture, he was retaken. He was finally 
 tried for treasonable acts while a prisoner and was sen- 
 tenced to death, but this judgment was not approved 
 by the French King. He finally managed again to 
 escape from his prison, but after several days was 
 recaptured and brought back. After another year in 
 prison he again eluded the vigilance of his guards 
 and escaped to the liver. Favored by the tide, he 
 descended the St. Lawrence, in a boat, past Orleans 
 Isle; by break of day he landed and concealed him- 
 self in the forest. He finally, after much suffering 
 and many hairbreadth escapes, reached the English 
 fl'=^et, and with the gallant General Wolfe returned 
 north and at Louisburg did good service by his famil- 
 iarity with the city of Quebec. He was finally sent 
 
 } 
 
' 
 
 :. 
 
 152 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 as a confidential courier to General Amherst. After 
 faithfully performing this service he was favored with 
 a letter to his old friend, the Governor of Virginia, 
 to whom he went and from whom he received flat- 
 tering attention. The Governor of Virginia had 
 had a letter from Captain Stobo, while a hostage in 
 Quebec, which was made a message to the House of 
 Burgesses. This letter is not spread upon the Jour- 
 nal, but the proceedings for March 31, 1759, have the 
 following record: " Upon motion made, ordered, that 
 the Speaker do transmit to Colonel Peter Schuyler, of 
 the Jerseys, the thanks of this house for his unpar- 
 alleled tenderness and humanity to Captain Rob- 
 ert Stobo and several other inhabitants of this Col- 
 ony, who have been and still are unfortunate prisoners 
 in Canada, and that the treasurer of this Colony do, 
 by the first opportunity, remi' him the full amount of 
 his account now laid before this house, with interest 
 from the time the money was advanced." 
 
 The same Journal for November 19, 1759, also 
 contains the following: 
 
 " A message from the Governor was delivered by 
 Mr. Waltho : 
 
 "Mr. Speaker : 
 
 " The Governor has commanded me to lay before 
 the House a Letter his Honor has just received from 
 his Excellency General Amherst in favor of Captain 
 Stobo, by whom it was sent, which, with that gentle- 
 man's singular sufferings, he recomends to the im- 
 mediate consideration of this House. 
 
 " The House immediately proceeded to the con- 
 sideration of the saide Letter, and the same being 
 read, 
 
 " Upon a motion made, it was 
 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 153 
 
 "■Resolved, That the sum of /i.ooo be paid by the 
 Trcasuer of this Colony to Captain Robert Stobo, 
 over and above the p/.y that is due to him from the 
 time of his renderinor himself a Hostage to this day, 
 as a reward for his zeal to his Country and a recom- 
 pense for the great hardships he has suffered during 
 his confinement in the enemy's country. 
 
 " Ordered, That the said resolve be engrossed; 
 and that Mr. Bland do carry it up to the Council for 
 their concurrence. 
 
 *' Upon a motion made, 
 
 " Resolved, That an humble address be made to his 
 Honor the Governor to desire that he will be pleased 
 to take Captain Stobo into his special care and favor, 
 and promote him in the service of his Colony ; and 
 that Mr. Richard Henry Lee do wait upon his Honor 
 with the said address. 
 
 " Upon motion made, 
 
 " Resolved, That the thanks of this House be given 
 Mr. Robert Stobo for his steady and inviolable at- 
 tachment to the interest of this country ; for his 
 singular courage and bravery exerted on all occa- 
 sions during this present war, and for the magna- 
 nimity with which he has supported himself during his 
 confinement in Canada ; and that he be congratulated 
 in the name of this House on his safe and happy return 
 to this Colony; and that Mr. Nicholas, Mr. Bland and 
 Mr. Washington do wait on him for that purpose." 
 
 Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 
 November 20, 1759: 
 
 " Mr. Nicholas reported that the committee ap- 
 pointed had, according to order, waited on Captain 
 Stobo with the resolution of this House, to return 
 him their thanks for his late services to this Colony, 
 to which he has returned the following answer: 
 
 20 
 

 154 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 » \ 
 
 I . 
 
 \\\ 
 
 
 "Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of 
 Bijr(;f.s.ses : 
 
 " The distinguishing tokens of favor and Benevo- 
 lence which you have vouchsafed voluntarily to confer 
 on me, and that unanimously and immediately upon 
 my happy return to this country, has administered to 
 my heart the greatest Consolation it was susceptible 
 of, gratified every wish it was capable of entertain- 
 ing, and imprinted upon it the most indeliblr- sense 
 of Gratitude it could possibly be affected with. 
 
 " To be informed by the voice of the public that I 
 have discharged my duty to their satisfaction, and 
 merited their thanks for my conduct, is the highest 
 glory my ambition could aspire at, and will determine 
 me upon any future occasion, to exert myself with all 
 the vigor and alacrity which the united ardor of grati- 
 tude and duty can inspire. 
 
 " Robert Stobo." 
 
 Captain Stobo left Virginia for England, February 
 18, 1760. On the 5th of June he was made Captain 
 of the 15th Foot, Captain Amherst's regiment, and 
 served in the West Indies in 1762. He returned 
 to England in 1767, and left the army in 1770, dying 
 soon after. \Craigs Memoirs of Stobo, Di7iwiddie 
 Papers, etc.^ 
 
 The articles of capitulation were finally reduced to 
 writing, duplicate copies were made, but both in 
 French, and about midnight they were signed by the 
 commanding officers, in the following order: James 
 Mackaye, G. Washington, Coulon de Villiers. Each 
 party kept a copy of the articles of capitulation,^ the 
 two Captains going over the same night to the 
 
 .•^^. 
 
JVas/i i'}ig;ions Journal, 
 
 155 
 
 French camp as hostages. The French were to take 
 possession of the fort at sunrise on the 4'^ imme- 
 diately on its evacuation by the English."'' 
 
 •^^In the matter of the exchange of these prisoners 
 Governor Dinwiddie proved obstinate, and it was 
 not in Washington's power to carry out that stipula- 
 tion in the capitulation. The hostages, so far 
 as Virginia was concerned, though not forgotten, 
 were practically abandoned to their fate. This did 
 not comport with Washington's sense of justice to 
 the men, nor was it honorable on the part of the 
 government of Virginia. The Governor's policy was, 
 however, to exasperate the French rather than to 
 conciliate them. 
 
 *** The following translation of the terms of capitula- 
 tion ageed to between Monsieur de Villier of the 
 French forces and Colonel George Washington in 
 command of the Virginia troops, in surrendering 
 Fort Necessity after the battle of the Great Meadows, 
 July 3, 1754, is copied from the manuscript record in 
 the Force collection in the Library of Congress. 
 Slight verbal variations are observable in most of 
 the translations. To this translation is appended 
 the French version given in Sparks' Writings of 
 Washington. 
 
 Capitulation granted by M. de Villier, captain in 
 command of the troops of His Christian Majesty, to 
 the Commander of the English troops now in Fort 
 Necessity, which has been erected within the Domin- 
 ion of the King : 
 
 "The 3"^ of July, 1754, at eight in the evening. 
 To Wit: 
 
 1^ 
 
■TT 
 
 156 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 " Whereas our intention has never been to disturb 
 the peace and harmony which exist between the 
 two friendly princes, but only to avenge the murder 
 of one officer, the bearer of dispatches, and of his 
 escort, as well as to prevent the forming of any 
 establishment on the lands of the King my Master. 
 
 " I^'or these considerations we wish to grant favor to 
 all the English who are in the aforesaid fort, upon 
 the following conditions : 
 
 "Artici.k i"*'. * We j^ermitthe English Commander 
 to withdraw with all the garrison, in order that he 
 may return peaceably to his country, and to shield 
 him from all insult at the hands of our French, and 
 to restrain the savages who are with us as much as 
 may be in our power. 
 
 "Art. 2"''- He shall be permitted to withdraw and 
 to take with him whatever belongs to his troops, ex- 
 cept the artillery, which we reserve for ourselves. 
 
 "Art. 3''- We grant them the honors of war; they 
 shall withdraw with beating drums, and with a small 
 piece of cannon, wishing by this means to show that 
 we consider them friends. 
 
 "Art. 4''* As soon as these articles shall be signed 
 by both parties, they shall take down the English flag. 
 
 "Art. s"'- To-morrow at daybreak a detachment 
 of French shall lead forth the garrison and take pos- 
 session of the aforesaid fort. 
 
 "Art. 6"* Since the English have scarcely any 
 horses or oxen left, they shall be allowed to hide 
 their property, in order that they may return to seek 
 for it after they shall have recovered their horses ; for 
 this purpose they shall be permitted to leave such 
 number of troops as guards as they may think proper, 
 under this condition that they give their word of 
 honor that they will work on no establishment either 
 
 
WashiiK^totL s Journal. 
 
 157 
 
 in the surrounding^ country or beyond the Iliglilands 
 during one year beginning from this day. 
 
 "Art. 7"'- Since the Hnghsh have in th(Mr power 
 an officer and two cadets, and, in general, ail the 
 prisoners whom they took when they murdered Lord 
 Jumonville, they now promise to send th(!m with an 
 escort to Fort Duquesnc, situated on Helle River, 
 and to secure the safe performance of this treaty 
 article, as well as of the treaty, Messrs. Jacob van 
 Braam and Robert Stobo, both Captains, shall be 
 delivered to us as hostages until the arrival of our 
 French and Canadians herein before mentioned. 
 
 " We on our part declare that we shall give an escort 
 to send back in safety the two officers who promise 
 us our French in two months and a half at the latest. 
 
 " Copied on one of the posts of our block-house the 
 same day and year as before. 
 
 "(Signed) Messrs. James Mackave, G*^- 
 
 G"- Washington, 
 
 COULON ViLLIER." 
 
 The following are the articles of capitulation, as 
 published at the time from the duplicate copy retained 
 by Colonel Washington : \Sec Sparks.\ 
 
 " Article I. Nous accordons au commandant 
 Anglais de se retirer avec toute sa garnison, pour 
 s'en retourner paisiblement dans son pays, et lui pro- 
 mettons d'empecher qu'il lui soit fait aucune insulte 
 par nos Franyais, et de maintenir, autant qu'il sera 
 en notre pouvoir, tous les sauvages qui sont avec 
 nous. 
 
 " Art. II. II lui sera permis de sortir, et d'emporter 
 tout ce qui leur appartiendra, // r exception de lUiriil- 
 leyie, que nous nous reservons. 
 
 "Art. III. Que nous leur accordons les honneurs 
 de la guerre; qu'ils sortiront tambour battant avec 
 
 ''\ 
 
 V 
 
 >; ii\ 
 
 '/ I 
 
"IT 
 
 i. i 
 
 k\ 
 
 158 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 une petite piece de canon, voulant bien par-14 leur 
 prouver que nous les traitons en amis. 
 
 Art. IV. Que si-tot les articles signes de part et 
 d'autre, ils ameneront le pavilion Anglais. 
 
 " Art. V. Que demain k la pointe du jour, un 
 detachement Fran(,-ais ira faire defiler la garnison et 
 prendre possession du dit fort. 
 
 " Art. VI. Que comme les Anglais n'ont presque 
 plus de chevaux ni bffiufs, ils seront libres de mettre 
 leurs effets en cache pour venir chercher lorsqu'ils 
 auront rejoint des chevaux; ils pourront A, cette fin 
 laisser des gardiens, en tel nombre qu'ils voudront, 
 aux conditions quils donneront parole (V Jionnenr de ne 
 plus travailler a aucun etablisscmcnt dans ce lieu-ci, m 
 dega de la hauteur des terres, pendant tme annee a 
 compter de ce jour. 
 
 " Art. VII. Que comme les Anglais ont en leur 
 pouvoir un officier, deux cadets, et generalement les 
 prisonniers qu'ils nous ont faits dans l assassinat du 
 Sieur de Jumonville,^\. qu'ils promettent de les envoyer 
 avec sauvegarde jusqu'au Fort Duquesne, situe sur la 
 Belle-Riviere ; et que pour surete de cet article, ainsi 
 que de ce traite, Messrs. Jacob Vanbraam et Robert 
 Stobo, tous deux capitaines, nous seront remis en 
 otage jusqu' k I'arrivee de nos Frangais et Canadiens 
 ci-dessus mentionnes." 
 
 The parts here marked in italics were misrepre- 
 sented by the interpreter, or at least the meaning of 
 them was so imperfectly and obscurely expressed by 
 him, as to be misunderstood by Colonel Washington 
 and his officers. The words, pendant icne annee a 
 compter de ce jotcr, which occur at the end of the sixth 
 article in the copy retained by Colonel Washington, 
 are not found in the copy of the articles printed by 
 the French government. 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 J 59 
 
 ^c a 
 lixth 
 |ton, 
 by 
 
 ^ No suspicion seems to have occuired to Wash- 
 ington and his officers that any other interpretation 
 or meaning could be given to the articles of capitula- 
 tion than the one verbally given to them by van 
 Braam. But, either from ignorance of the French 
 language on the part of van Braam, or some base 
 motive, Colonel Washington was in this partic- 
 ular imposed upon, which, however, he did not learn 
 until he had reached Virginia. Governor Sharp, 
 in the letter to Lord Bury of November 5, 1754, 
 writes [Archives of Maryland, 1753-57, p. 116] that 
 the reason Washington " did not stand longer on the 
 Defensive He attributes to the great improbability 
 there was of holding out against such a Superiority 
 of numbers when he had not any expectations of 
 seeing the other troops come to his Assistance, and 
 being also in want of both Ammunition and Provi- 
 sions, but that He was prevailed on to sign a dis- 
 honorable Capitulation is owing, he declares, and con- 
 current Circumstances support his Assertion, not to 
 these Difficulties, but to the Infidelity of one of his 
 Captains, now a Hostage with the enemy, on whom 
 he depended to interpret to him the terms and Con- 
 ditions proposed by the Enemy, which were written 
 in French, a Language that Mr. Washington had the 
 misfortune to be entirely unacquainted with." 
 
 July 4*'' Colonel Washington and his courageous 
 though unsuccessful troops filed out of Fort Necessity 
 between a guard of French soldiers, and, although 
 they marched with drums beating and colors tlying, 
 they felt a humiliation at their failure, for which they 
 knew others were responsible. They were forced to 
 
i6o 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 hi 
 
 march as best they could to Will's Creek, a distance 
 of about 51 miles, through an inhospitable wilder- 
 ness. Their horses had been all killed or lost in the 
 battle. They had therefore no means of transporta- 
 tion for baggage, or even for their wounded, save 
 upon stretchers or upon the backs of the soldiers, 
 who had scarcely enough food to serve them for 
 three days. They traveled the first day three miles, 
 and encamped for the night. Washington remained 
 behind during the forenoon to see that all moved off 
 in an orderly manner and to secure the destruction 
 of his powder and other stores which it was found 
 impossible to move. Much of the baggage, as well 
 as stores, was also destroyed to keep it from falling 
 into the hands of the enemy. For, notwithstanding 
 the stipulation in the capitulation of protection from 
 the Indians, the march was scarce commenced when 
 a large body of Indians, allies of the French, began 
 plundering the baggage. Seeing that the French 
 could or would not restrain them, baggage that could 
 not be borne on their backs, and which it was provided 
 might be left with a guard and sent for, the soldiers 
 were ordered to destroy, as the Indians were carrying 
 it off in their presence. 
 
 A detail was made from each company to march 
 with and care for the sick and wounded, with instruc- 
 
 1 
 
 Li 
 
 t 
 
Washington ' >s" Jo n ma /. 
 
 i6i 
 
 tions to move on by short stages, and as best they 
 could. A few soldiers, as is shown by the report made 
 to Colonel Washington on the 9*'^ of July, grew foot- 
 sore and lame, and fell behind on the road, and were 
 cared for by the detail provided for this purpose. 
 
 The French, apprehending that relief for the 
 English might possibly arrive, destro)'ed the fort as 
 soon as it was vacated, and the same day (the 4''') 
 they marched two miles and encamped for the night, 
 on their return toward Fort Duquesne. On the 
 5**^ the French reached Gist's, and Villiers In his 
 Journal says : " I ordered the intrenchment to be 
 demolished, and the houses to be burnt down, and 
 after having detached M. dela Chauvignerie to burn 
 the houses around about I continued my route, and 
 encamped three leagues from there." In his journal 
 he also states they reached the hangard or store house 
 at the mouth of Red Stone Creek on the 6*'', which 
 they burned, and then embarked in their canoes. On 
 the f^ he says: " We burned^'' down all the settle- 
 ments we found, and about four o'clock I delivered 
 my detachment to M. de Contrecoeur."®'^ 
 
 ^^ Lieutenant John Frazier, gunsmith, interpreter 
 and trader, resided at the mouth of Turtle Creek, and 
 his house was included in the destruction He was 
 probably a German, and, according to Edward Ship- 
 pen, Prothonotary of Lancaster county, Pa. He had 
 
 31 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
^ ■■' " - 
 
 li [ 
 
 '■ i 
 
 'I 
 
 f,l 
 
 * 
 
 1; 
 
 162 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 resided for twelve years at Venango when he was 
 obliged by the French to leave. Mr. Frazier then 
 built himself a cabin on the Monongahela River, 
 near the mouth of Turtle Creek, and not far from the 
 scene a few years later of Braddock's defeat. Thither 
 he removed and conducted his business of gunsmith- 
 ingand trading with the Indians. On the organiza- 
 tion of Captain Trent's company, in the spring of 
 1754, to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio, the 
 company to be enlisted west of the Alleghany 
 Mountains as far as practicable, Mr. Frazier was 
 induced to accept the Lieutenancy, but he stipu- 
 lated at the same time that he was liot to be re- 
 quired to reside at the fort, or to attend there ex- 
 cept on special occasions, nor to give up his own 
 business ; he was commissioned with this understand- 
 ing. This in part explains his absence from the fort 
 when the French invested it, and obliged Ensign 
 Ward, the only officer present on duty, to evacuate 
 the works under construction on the summons of the 
 French Commander Contrecoeur, on the 17^^ of April, 
 1754. Whenever Mr. Frazier is mentioned in the 
 literature of these times, he is spoken of as a man of 
 courage and industry. The following reference to 
 him by Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel 
 Fry, March 18, 1754, has some interest : " A': Cap- 
 tain Trent has a d'ble compa' you cannot fix the 
 Lieut's till you come to the Ohio, and if you divide 
 his Compa' the oldest Lieut' has a right for Capt's 
 com'o ; but as he is a Dutchman and cannot speak 
 good English, I think you better prefer the next to 
 him." Colonel Washington, on August 20, 1 754, in a 
 letter to the Governor, recommended Mr. Frazier for 
 the office of Adjutant, " who, I think, I can fully 
 answer for, let his former conduct be what it will." 
 
 " ',: ! 
 
 I!'- ™ 
 
 I 
 
^mmmmmmmtmrnmrn^ 
 
 Waskijigions Journal. 
 
 163 
 
 !n November, according to the Governor's letter, he 
 was appointed Adjutant of the Virginia Regiment. 
 It is presumed this refers to the same person. 
 \ Brock in Dimuiddie Papers, vol. \,p. 415. Pa. Col. 
 Rcc, vol. 5, /. 659.] 
 
 ®^We have Gist's statement that eleven families had 
 taken up land under the encouragement of the Ohio 
 Company and made improvements in the Mononga- 
 hela settlement. We regret that their names have 
 not been preserved. But we here have from Villiers' 
 Journal the specific statement that his troops not 
 only destroyed Gist's house, but those of several 
 others. 
 
 July 5*^ From their pine-tree-canopied camp three 
 miles from Fort Necessity, the weary and mortified 
 troops departed early in the morning, for they had no 
 tents to strike and fold and but a meager breakfast to 
 partake of. They reached and forded the Youghi- 
 ogheny this day at the Great Crossing,^® the strong 
 and vigorous helping on the road the weak and weary, 
 by occasionally bearing part of his load or sharing 
 with him his water can or cold meat from his bullet 
 pouch. 
 
 *** Great Crossing refers to the fording or crossing 
 place of the Youghiogheny River, ten miles above 
 Turkeyfoot. The locality is identical with the pres- 
 ent village of Somerfield, in Somerset County, Pa., 
 and about 40 miles west of Cumberland, Md. 
 
 Common wants and necessities soon establish a 
 community of feeling and comradeship. In this way 
 
 U' 
 
^ i, 
 
 II m a^JVaaa 
 
 164 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 \\\ 
 
 i 
 
 %\ 
 
 'r \ 
 
 the Virginia Regiment and Captain Mackaye's in- 
 dependent company trudged along to Will's Creek, 
 camping at night, or halting during the day only for 
 needed rest. 
 
 July 9*'' The main part of the more able bodied 
 of the troops arrived at the fort at Will's Creek on 
 this evening, when the officers of the several com- 
 panies made a detailed report to Colonel Washington, 
 of the present condition and actual loss of each in the 
 battle of the Great Meadows. [Sec Regimental Re- 
 port farther 071 J\ 
 
 Here on the banks of the Potomac the weary 
 soldiers found needed rest and supplies. 
 
 After a few days spent in providing for the com- 
 forts of his men, Washington, accompanied by Cap- 
 tain Mackaye, proceeded to Williamsburg to report 
 the result of the campaign to the Governor.^'' 
 
 ^^The campaign to the Ohio ending in the battle of 
 the Great Meadows and the capitulation of Fort 
 Necessity, was a great disappointment to the British 
 Ministry and to Governor Dinwiddle and his friends, 
 who had confidently looked upon the scheme as cer- 
 tain to be a surprise and to end in a complete 
 check to the French. Although not fulfilling these 
 expectations, it was eminently useful in centering the 
 attention of the English Colonies in a policy of the 
 British Ministry to dispossess the French, from not 
 only their possessions in the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Valleys, but in Canada also. The frontiersmen and 
 
 I' 
 
IVas/i ingtons J on 7'naL 
 
 165 
 
 the Colonies were now more than ever encouraged 
 by the British Ministry to be aggressive, without 
 waiting the formalities of a declaration of war. 
 
 Washington, with his small force, acquitted him- 
 self with honor, as did the whole body of his troops. 
 The real difficulties, in a military sense, were now 
 better than ever understood ; and the resolution was 
 stronger than ever, on the part of Virginia, to per- 
 severe in the determination to plant a fort at the forks 
 of the Ohio. The initial blow had been struck which 
 led not only to the expulsion of the French but also 
 to the independence of the American Colonies. 
 
 The independent company from Virginia remained 
 at Will's Creek. 
 
 In a brief time a full report of the armed expedition 
 to the Ohio to build forts and its failure was laid be- 
 fore the House of Burgesses by the Governor, accom- 
 panied by detailed accounts of its operations, by 
 Colonel Washington and Captain Mackaye. 
 
 The consideration of the report of the expedition 
 was duly referred to an appropriate committee of 
 the House of Burgesses for their examination, which, 
 after careful deliberation, they re^^orted to the House: 
 
 " August 30, 1754. Upon motion made in House 
 of Burgesses, Ordered, That the Thanks of this House 
 be given to Colonel George Washington, Captain 
 Mackaye of his Majesty's Independent Company 
 and the officers under his command — Major Adam 
 Stephen, Captains Robert Stobo, Peter Hog, Andrew 
 
 :h 
 
 ! ; 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ..a 
 
I I ' jfmm 
 
 I 
 
 mmm 
 
 166 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 I 
 
 
 \ I 
 
 Lewis, George Mercer, Lieutenants Thomas Wag- 
 oner, William Poison, John Savage, James Towers, 
 Ensigns William Bronaugh, John Mercer, William 
 Peyronie and James Craik — for their gallant and 
 brave Behavior in the Defence of their Country, 
 an' i-.hat the Speaker^ be desired to write to Colonel 
 WaMngL -n, to acquaint him of the same, to desire 
 him to info.-., the Gentlemen (the officers) of it, and 
 to communicate to the Soldiers the just Sense this 
 House has of their Bravery also." (See Journal 
 House of Burgesses.) 
 
 ^ Hon. John Robinson was Speaker of the House of 
 Burgesses, and ex-officio Treasurer of the Colony of 
 Virginia. His term of office extended from 1754 
 until his death in 1766. The offices were subse- 
 quently divided. He was a personal friend of Colonel 
 Washington, and enjoyed to the fullest extent the 
 confidence and respect of the leading citizens of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Many letters on public business passed between 
 the Speaker and Colonel Washington while the lat- 
 ter was in command of the Virginia troops on the 
 western border of the state, protecting the settlement 
 from Indian incursions. Thursday, October 24, 1754, 
 the Speaker acquainted the House that, in obedience 
 to the commands of the House the last session, he 
 had transmitted to Colonel George Washington the 
 thanks of the House, etc. * *• * ^nd that he 
 had. received from the said Colonel Washington an 
 answer as follows : (Journal of the House of Bur- 
 gesses of Virginia, 1754.) 
 
 V 
 
IVashingioii's Journal. 
 
 167 
 
 Washington's reply, October 23, . 754 ; 
 
 The Journal of the House of Bur, :sses of Virginia 
 for October 24'* 1754, contains the following: "Mr 
 Speaker acquainted the House. That in Obedience 
 to the commands of the House the last Session he 
 had transmitted to Col. George Washington. Capiain 
 Mackay, of his Majesty's Independent Company and 
 the Officers und, his Command, and the other offi- 
 cers of the Virgin Regiment, the thanks of this 
 House for their late gallant and Brave Behaviour in 
 Defence of thei: Country and had desired Colonel 
 Wasii:ngton > communicate to the Soldiers, the just 
 Sense this House had of their Bravery also; and that 
 he had received from the said Col. Washington an 
 Answer as follows." 
 
 Sir. — 
 
 " WiLLiAMSBURt;, October 23'', 1 754. 
 
 Nothing could give me, and the Officers under my 
 Command, greater Satisfaction, than to receive the 
 Thanks of the House of Burgesses, in so particular 
 and public a Manner, for our Behaviour in the late 
 unsuccessful Engagement with the French, and we 
 unanimously hope that our future Proceedings in the 
 service of our Country, will entitle us to a Continu- 
 ance of your Approbation, I assure you, Sir I shall 
 
 .,i- 
 
■*«»i 
 
 ■^> ■■ 
 
 
 I I 
 
 H 
 
 168 
 
 Appoidix to 
 
 always look upon it as my indispensable Duty to en- 
 deavour to deserve it. 
 
 I was desired by the officers of the Virginia Regi- 
 ment to make their suitable Acknowledgments for 
 the Honor they have receiv'd in your Thanks; 
 
 I therefore hope the inclosed will be agreeable, 
 and answer their, and the intended Purpose of 
 Sir your most obedient humble Servant 
 
 Geo. Wasiiin(;ton." 
 
 " And that he had also received inclosed in the 
 above, a joint Letter of all the Officers in the 
 Virginia Regiment, signed by Col. Washington, in 
 their Behalf as follows: 
 
 " To the Worshipful the Speaker, and the Gentle- 
 7nen of the House of Btcrgesses : 
 
 We the Officers of the Virginia Regiment are 
 highly sensible of the particular Mark of Distinction, 
 with which you have honored us in returning your 
 Thanks for our Behaviour in the late Action: and 
 cannot help testifying our grateful Acknowledgments 
 for your high Sense of what we shall esteem a Duty 
 to our Country, and to the best of Kings. 
 
 Favor'd with your Regard, we shall zealously en- 
 deavour to deserve your Applause, and by our 
 future Actions, strive to convince the Worshipful 
 
 i \ 
 
 i 
 
 Ik 
 
House of Burgesses how much we esteem their 
 Approbation; and as we ought, to regard it as the 
 voice of our Country. 
 
 Signed for the whole Corps 
 
 Geo. \VAsnh\{;T()N-." 
 
 " The following action was taken by the Tlouse of 
 Burgesses of Virginia, October 25, 1754. 
 "Upon motion made, 
 
 "Resolved. That an honorable address be presented 
 to h,s Honor, the Governor, to express o„r approba- 
 tion of the conduct and gallant behaviour of the sev- 
 eral officers of the Virginia forces, except George 
 Muse, late Lieutenant-Colonel, and Jacob van Braam 
 late Captain, and to desire his Honor to recommend 
 ^hem m^ a particular manner to his Majesty's favor. 
 
 The House of Burgesses also granted a bounty of a 
 pistole to each and every soldier who served in the 
 battle of the Great Meadows. 
 
 The Morning Return of Colonel Washington's 
 Regiment, July i, 1754." 
 
 •'This report of the Virginia Regiment, at the time 
 
 ""^K f"" ^r'"-'^"^ °f ^°l°"«l Washincrton mLde 
 just before the battle of the Great Meadows is well 
 as the reports of the several companies compo.l 
 the regiment, on the 9th of July, at Wiiri^>ec"r 
 
 t 
 
 ri 
 
 ( 
 

 i 
 
 I 
 
 If : i- 
 
 
 170 
 
 ^ 
 
 ]ppcndix to 
 
 after the battle, arc preserved among the manuscript 
 collection made by Peter Force, and now in the 
 Library of Congress. The papers have the appear- 
 ance of being the originals; at all events they bear 
 VVashington's indorsement. They are deemed of 
 such importance as to justify their being given as a 
 part of the history of this noted campaign. 
 
 Colonels. . . 
 Majors . . . . 
 Captains. . . 
 Lieutenants 
 Ensigns . . . 
 Serjeants . . 
 Corporals. . 
 Drummers . 
 Privets . . . . 
 
 Total . 
 
 •a u 
 
 
 •d 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 S.1 
 
 c 
 u 
 
 Si 
 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 .ti ^ 
 
 Xi 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 ■c 
 
 U. 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .••#.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 218 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 259 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i) •* 
 x> * 
 
 as 
 'A 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 249 
 
 293 
 
 Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting, 
 " A report of y^ Regim' July i^', 1754." 
 
 Return of Captain Stobo's Company, July 9, 1754. 
 
 Meji Fit for Duty. David Welch, 
 
 James Carson, Nathaniel Lewis, 
 
 John Goldson, John Franklin, 
 
 John James, Adam Jones, 
 
 William Coffland, John Carroll, 
 
 ' V 1 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 17' 
 
 Charles Smith, 
 William Stallons, 
 Robert McKoy, 
 Jessy Morris, 
 Joseph Gibbs, 
 Anthony Kennedy, 
 Charles Waday, 
 Henry Bayly, 
 William Deweny, 
 Nicholas Foster, 
 Jean Moore, 
 Ja^ Welch, 
 Joseph Costerton, 
 Henry Bowman, 
 Henry Neill, 
 John Bryan, 
 Jacob Gowing, 
 Ben jam Gause, 
 John Brown, 
 James Milton, 
 Wm Swallow. 
 
 Wounded. 
 Michael McGrath, 
 Michael Reily, 
 Patrick Durphy, 
 James Good, 
 
 Alexander Stewart, 
 Robert McCulroy, 
 Peregrin Williams, 
 SolomonBotson(Deserted). 
 
 Killed in the Engagement. 
 John Ritson, 
 Daniel McClaran, 
 Thomas Fisher, 
 John Tranton. 
 
 Left with sick, 
 Edward Graves, 
 Richard Morris. 
 
 Left Lame on road. 
 Thomas Langdon(Serjeant), 
 Ware Rocket, 
 Daniel Staple. 
 
 Sick in camp. 
 Robert Tunstile (Serjeant), 
 Dennis Kinton, 
 John Allen, 
 James Batty, 
 Thomas Ogden, 
 
 Absent as Hostage. 
 Capt Robert Stobo. 
 
 if 
 
 (;l 
 

 Ml 
 
 172 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Indorsed by Colonel Washington, " Return of 
 Captain Stobo's Company." 
 
 A Return of Captain Stobo's Company July 9, 
 1 754. 
 
 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 .a 
 < 
 
 I Sick in camp. 
 
 Fit for 
 duty. 
 
 Cantain 
 
 
 Hostage 
 
 Ijieutenant 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ensiern 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Serjeants 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Cornoral 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Privet Men 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 William Polson. 
 
 Indorsed in George Washington's handwriting 
 " Return of Captain Stobo's Company." 
 
 Return of Captain Hog's company given the (^^ of 
 July, 1754- 
 
 Men Fit fo?^ Duty. 
 Jesse May, 
 James Samuel, 
 Joseph Milton, 
 Benjamin Hamilton, 
 Mathew Cox, 
 John Martin, 
 
 Michael Scully, 
 William Johnston, 
 Abner Hazlip, 
 William Coleman, 
 Thomas Kitson, 
 Nicholas Morgan, 
 Tho^ Moss, 
 
Washington \s Jon ma l. 
 
 ^Vo 
 
 John Ogilby, 
 John Roe, 
 Southey Hazlip, 
 James Thomas, 
 Peter Effluck, 
 Duncan Farguson, 
 Thomas Chaddwick, 
 John Ramsay, 
 Andrew Fowler, 
 Zachariah Smith, 
 Tho' Napp, 
 Bibby Brooke, 
 Tho' Slaughter, 
 Joseph Ga*:ewood, 
 Briant Page, 
 John Meares, 
 Mathew Levison, 
 William Underbill, 
 Tho^ Harris. 
 
 IVonnded. 
 Robert Jones, 
 James Heyter, 
 Mathew Durham, 
 
 Joshua Burton, 
 Argil House, 
 David Gorman, 
 Robert Elliot, 
 Samuel Hyden, 
 John Chapman, 
 Edward Goodwin, 
 James Ford, 
 Dudley Skinner. 
 
 Lame on the road. 
 Joseph Scott, 
 Marshal Pratt, 
 William Dean, 
 James Letort, 
 Dominick Moran. 
 
 Left with the wounded. 
 Andrew Clark, 
 John Stephens, 
 
 Sick in the camp. 
 Philip Gatewood. 
 
 Return made per William Bronaugh. 
 
jps; 
 
 ili 
 
 i H 
 
 n 
 
 
 174 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting, 
 " A particular return for Captain Hog's company." 
 
 A Return of Captain Hog's Company, on the 9"* of 
 
 July, 1754- 
 
 
 5 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 i 
 
 Left with 
 wound. 
 
 •0 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 
 S 
 
 Missing. 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 s 
 
 g 
 u 
 
 Fit for 
 duty. 
 
 CaDtain 
 
 I 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Ensign 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Serieants 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 CoTDorals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pri V Men 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 I 
 
 34 
 
 
 * * * 
 
 Return per W"" Bronaugh. 
 
 Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwritir , 
 *' Return of Captain Hog's company, a general one." 
 
 A particular return of Captain Lewis's Company 
 July 9, 1754. 
 
 Men Fit for Duty. 
 John Whitman, 
 John Smith, 
 William Harbinson, 
 Robert Grymes, 
 John Poor, 
 
 William Poor, 
 Michael McCannon, 
 John Maston, 
 John Biddlecome, 
 Thomas Pearson, 
 Edward Bailey, 
 
 Lit 
 
 .1 
 
WashuLgton 's Jo u ma I. 
 
 ^r:^ 
 
 John Powers, 
 James Furguson, 
 Jabes Rowe, 
 John Mulholand, 
 Patrick Coyle, 
 John Smith, 
 John Rodgers, 
 Mathew Jones, 
 Joseph Baxter, 
 James Ludlow, 
 Tho^ Foster, 
 Tho' Burney, 
 John Burk, 
 Cornelius Henley, 
 William Carnes, 
 Tarance Swinney, 
 James Smith, 
 John Field. 
 
 Wounded. 
 Captain Lewis, 
 Lieutenant Savage, 
 John McCulley, 
 James Fullham, 
 John Rodgers, 
 Thomas Bird, 
 
 Edward Cahell, 
 Arthur Watts, 
 Nehemiah Tendell, 
 John Durham, 
 Thomas Nicholson, 
 Nathan Chapman, 
 Philip Comerley, 
 George McSwine. 
 
 Killed in battle. 
 Thomas Scott, 
 Gerrett Clark, 
 John Ramsay. 
 
 Left with sick. 
 Josias Baker, 
 Thomas Stedman, 
 Robert Murphy, 
 James Tytus, 
 John McEntire, 
 Betho" Burns, 
 Patrick McPick, 
 John Truston, 
 Daniel Malatte, 
 James McCormack. 
 
 i!i 
 
In 
 
 M 
 
 (|l ,j 
 
 
 ;;: I 
 
 176 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Indorsed by Colonel Washington, "A particular 
 return of Captain Lewis' Company." 
 
 A return of Captain Lewis' Company given in on 
 9^"^ of July, 1754. 
 
 
 Killed. 
 
 1 
 
 •0" 
 
 <u 
 ■a 
 s 
 3 
 
 
 1 Left with 
 •'•ound . 
 
 % 
 
 C 
 
 
 E 
 
 bib 
 
 iS 
 
 d 
 S 
 S 
 
 e 
 
 u 
 
 Fit for 
 duty. 
 
 CaDtain 
 
 
 
 T .I'pntpnnnt" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knsitrn 
 
 
 
 
 
 None. 
 
 Serieant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Corooral 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Priv Mpii 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 .... 
 
 38 
 
 
 Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting, 
 " A general Return of Captain Lewis' Company 
 after y*^ Engage' 3'' of July," 
 
 A List of Capta an Braam's Company, July 9'*^, 
 
 1754. 
 
 Serjeant Rudol. Brickner, 
 Wile Johnston, 
 George Taylor, 
 John Potter, 
 Joseph Powell, 
 Dernsey Simmons. 
 
 Killed. 
 John Robinson, 
 W™ Simmons, 
 W"^ Bailey. 
 
 VVotinded. 
 Serjeant John Hamilton, 
 
 \ 
 
Washih,^lons Jo it , -iiat. 
 
 n? 
 
 Sick in cam/). 
 W'" Gerrard. 
 
 Sick on road. 
 Robert Bell, 
 George Merharren, 
 Richard Bolton. 
 
 07t Connnnid. 
 Thomas Dimahough, 
 Michael Franks. 
 
 Absent. 
 William Knowls, 
 James Black, 
 John Brown, 
 Nicholas Major, 
 Godfry Bombgarden. 
 
 Men Fit fo?- duty. 
 
 W'" Mitclu !(, 
 John Ste irt, 
 John McGuire, 
 Charles Allbury, 
 Francis Self, 
 John Johnston, 
 John Campbell, 
 Fdward King, 
 John Coin, 
 Charles Dunn, 
 Patrick Galloway, 
 Jacob Funkhowser, 
 Barnard Draxeller, 
 George Go bell, 
 William Carter, 
 John Thom'-on, 
 Thoi^. s H(jnnessy, 
 Fr: ...is Rogers, 
 Benj';nin Spiser, 
 Edward Whitehead, 
 
 Thomas Carter (^>r_;.^^;//)^ Hugh Paul, 
 
 John Allen {Corporal), Angus McDonald, 
 
 Esechial Richardson Arthur Howard, 
 
 {drnvmicr), Mathias Sharp, 
 Christopher Byarly, Edward Minor. 
 
 Per John Mercer, Ensi'm 
 
 ) 
 
 i 
 
' .TJH- ' t tM-gt 
 
 lilt I 
 
 ■i- I 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 4 
 
 178 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, " A par- 
 ticular report of Captain van Braam's Company." 
 
 A Return of Captain van Braam's Company, given 
 on the 9"" of July, i 754. 
 
 
 
 
 
 •d 
 
 
 a 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 •a 
 
 fi-^ 
 
 a 
 
 , 
 
 
 3 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 •c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 
 s 2 
 
 a> 
 
 c 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 -& 
 
 s 
 
 i« 
 
 Ji! 
 
 •*-! 
 
 
 
 
 
 "' 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 ? 
 
 J 
 
 >-) 
 
 r'^ 
 
 m 
 
 u. 
 
 
 CoDtiiin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hostage. 
 
 T^icutenn.nt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knsipn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scrieants 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 (^nrnornl'; .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Privet Men 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 
 A Re urn for John Mercer, Ensign. 
 
 Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, " Return 
 of Captain van Braam's Company." 
 
 The within is a true return of Captain Mercer's 
 Company, given in at Will's Creek, July 9, 1754. 
 
 Fit for Duty. David Montgomery, 
 
 James Tyrrel, 
 John Boyd, 
 F.J ward Evans, 
 lames Dewey, 
 James Gevin, 
 Robert Bennet, 
 
 William Lowery, 
 Samuel Arsdale, 
 Nath Barret, 
 W" Field, 
 John Ferguson, 
 George Gibbons. 
 
 i 
 
Washing-toils Joiiriial. 
 
 179 
 
 Jacob Myer, 
 Frederick Riipart, 
 Henry Ernest, 
 Alexander Pierry, 
 Thomas Burk, 
 Adam Leonard, 
 Hugh Stone, 
 
 Killed. 
 Barnaby McKan, 
 WilHam Pullen. 
 
 Lame on the Road. 
 John May, 
 John GallahoLir, 
 
 Christoph Bombgardner, John Clements, 
 
 Claud Dal 1 owe, 
 Christoph Helsley, 
 John Beyans, 
 Thomas Burris, 
 John Farmer, 
 Philip Walters, 
 Robert Bennet. 
 
 Left with the ivounded. 
 Michael Walker, 
 W"" Broughton, 
 Henry Bristowe, 
 Mark Hollis. 
 
 Wou7ided, 
 Robert Stewart, 
 Tim° Conway, 
 William Gardner, 
 Joshua Jordan. 
 
 John Huston, 
 W-" Mclntire. 
 
 Missiitg. 
 John Bisnor, 
 W- Holland, 
 Mathew Howard. 
 
 Sick in the camp. 
 Hugh McKay, 
 James Daily. 
 
 Taken prisoner. 
 Jacob Arrens. 
 
 Absent on leave. 
 John McQuire. 
 
 G. Mekcer. 
 
 ; I 
 
 ' 
 
■ftl 
 
 •••rurfiw 
 
 I 80 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 l\ 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 % t 
 
 ''. s 
 
 ' \ 
 
 Return of Captain Mercer's Company given in the 
 9"^ of July, 1754. 
 
 
 i2 
 
 <u 
 ■0 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 
 is 
 
 I 
 
 Left with 
 wound 
 
 Lame on 
 road 
 
 Missing 
 
 .51 
 
 
 I- 
 
 If 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 Captain 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 None to y* 
 company 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ensign 
 
 
 
 Serceant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 Coroorals 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 T 
 
 
 Privet Men 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 Given at Will's Creek, per G. Mercer. 
 
 On back in Washington's handwriting, " Return of 
 Captain Mercer's Company." 
 
 Also on back in Washington's hand, "A particular 
 and general return of Captain Mercer's Company." 
 
 D*" The Country in Ace' with George Washington. 
 
 92 
 
 1754- 
 Ap' 6. 
 
 10. 
 
 To Expences of the Regim'at Edward Thomp- ) 
 
 son's in Marching up J 
 
 To Bacon for D° of John Vestal at Shanandoah [ 
 
 & Ferriages over ) 
 
 To Cash to B. Hamilton for discovering y* | 
 
 plot of 4 Sold"''' to Desert f 
 
 To Cash to M"- Wood 
 
 To D" for Enlisting Thomas Kitson 
 
 To D" for Enlisting Barnaby Evans 
 
 To D" to a Joiner for a Standard . . . 
 
 Tp D" to a Blacksmith for mending a Wag: 
 
 To D" for an Ace* of Brickners Expenc' to } 
 
 Belh° with Recrutes in Feb: last f 
 
 To an Express at Edwards's 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 iH 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 Vi 
 
o 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 Washington s JournaL 
 
 To Cash to Jacob Arrans at Enlisting N. B. 
 this person was one of Cap' Trents Men, 
 Master of the Indian Language it perfectly 
 acquainted with all the way & iVIount"' betw* 
 this and y* Fork 
 
 Edward Lucas — another 
 
 To Cash to John McCJuire at Enlisting 
 
 To D" to John Smith at D " 
 
 To D" to John Baker at D" 
 
 To D" to W"' Cromwell D^ C> to buy Cattle 
 
 To Enlisting John Lee 
 
 To Cash for Flour 
 
 To an Express 
 
 To Cash to M"" Croghon 
 
 To D" for Flour 
 
 To D" to W" Jenkins for a Formal Express . . . , 
 
 To Enlisting of James Bowman Thomas 
 
 lo D" p'' tor Bacon 
 
 To hire of my Horse to Ward & Saddle & \ 
 Bridle lost )" 
 
 To my Expences in Riding to & from \V""burg ) 
 after y" late Engag'^nent \ 
 
 To Expences in comti:igdown Potomack River \ 
 for Canoes Menhue &' this was undertaken > 
 by y* particular desire of Col" Charles Carter ) 
 
 To an Express from Alex" to Winchester 
 
 To Sundry small disburscm" w"'' I cannot ) 
 recollect or Ace' for having lost all my papers >• 
 in y" Engagement'^ ) 
 
 i8i 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 i8 
 
 I 
 I') 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 
 2 
 10 
 
 I 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 8 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 lO 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
 lO 
 lO 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1% 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 3 
 
 "Washington's First Account with Virginia, rendered October, 1754. 
 This document gives us much desirable information. The journal of the 
 expedition to the Ohio kept by Colonel Washington as we have it, manipu- 
 lated as it has been by the French, does not furnish information as to the road 
 the little troop took from Alexandria to Will's Creek. But one place is named 
 in it, viz., Pearsal's, on the south branch of the Potomac. This memoranda 
 of expenditures left us in Washington's handwriting, and preserved in the 
 Department of State, renders it probable that he took the more northerly 
 road from Alexandria through Loudoun County and crossed the Blue Ridge 
 through Vestal's Gap, passing the Shenandoah River at Vestal's Ferry. 
 At this ferry an expense of £,\ gs was incurred. Then it is probable the 
 march was to Winchester. "The cash paid to Mr. Wood, it is presumed, 
 was to Mr. [James] Wood, of Winchester, for supplies of various kinds, as 
 he was one of the principal business men at and the founder of that town. 
 Thence the march was by Edwards's Fort, on the south branch of the Great 
 Cacapehon Creek, where a slight expense was incurred, thence by Pearsal's 
 and down the south branch to the Potomac, crossing to Cresap's, and 
 thence up the Potomac to Will's Creek. 
 
 "^This is a very emphatic statement by Washington that he lost all his 
 papers at the battle of the Great Meadows. It favors the conclusion reached 
 by the editor that the journal of the expedition to the Ohio, which the 
 French got, fell into their hands at the battle of the Great Meadows, and 
 not at the battle of the Monongahela, in 1755, as is usually stated. 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 :i. 
 
 A 
 
n^--mt 
 
 ni^ 
 
 182 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 ':" i 
 
 [The Country In Ace' with George Washington] 
 
 C^ 
 
 May 
 31 
 
 By Cash of Maj' Carlyle 
 
 By D" of y" Right Hon''''' the L'' Fairfax 
 
 By D-'of Cap'" Stobo W^"" was found in Col" \ 
 
 Frys pos" \ 
 
 By D" of Col" Muse in p' of what he had of | 
 
 Col" Fry \ 
 
 23 
 
 no 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 183 
 U 
 
 183 
 
 i 
 
 ? \ 
 
Washington s Journa/. 183 
 
 [The Country in Ace' with George Washington.] 
 
 M 
 
 emorandum in Washington's handwriting. 
 
 A Copy of my 1"' 
 ace' handed to the 
 Committee October [17541 
 
 ^•83 
 
 s. 
 
 I 
 
 d. 
 9- 
 
 *! 
 
 D"^ The Country to George Washington 
 
 July 
 
 2gth 
 
 Aug" I 
 
 I 
 
 I4»'' 
 
 20 
 
 22'> 
 
 25 
 
 Sep' 4*h 
 
 ^«,^,?^^ '° ^" Express for money from 
 Williamsburg 
 
 T(j Do lost in the co'' of ^'eoo broilght by 
 the 3'* Express 
 
 To the payment of the Regiment as p r pay 
 Bill '^ ■' 
 
 To a pistole bounty Money to 218 Soldiers 
 as pr List 
 
 To 98 Do Capt McKayas per Receipt &' pi- 
 Order 
 
 To Cash to Carson for appreJiendine two 
 Deserters & Charges per Do as p'r R 
 
 To Do to Capt Mercer for recruiting as p'r 
 ace'' "^ 
 
 To Do to Lieutenant James Towers as p'r 
 Do 
 
 To Do to Frances Self his expence and V 
 trouble in finding Armes sold by De- ' 
 
 serted Soldiers 
 [To Do to Constable for arresting him 
 To Do to Mr Bullet for Recruiting as pr 
 
 accoumpt 
 
 To Do to John May for his expences in per 
 
 suit of Deserters _ 
 
 To Do to Charles Smith for Do in persuit of 
 
 Deserters ' 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 790 
 
 234 
 105 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 5 
 2 
 I 
 18 
 o 
 I 
 
 13 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
s^. 
 
 .^J^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ^Ih I^ 
 
 IIS 
 
 lU 
 
 u 
 
 ■ 40 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 IL25 i 1.4 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 <V 
 
 LV 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 
 
 ^/^' 
 
^ 5.^!^ 
 
 >* 
 
 ."'.^l^ 
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 V 
 
 %i 
 
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i84 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 li 
 
 J'i i* 
 
 I I 
 
 Oct 2"> 
 
 To Do for Enlisting recruits with expences. 
 
 5 To Do p'' Daniel Cincheloe for Deserter 
 
 6 To Do p'' Sergeant Trotter for his Expences 
 in p'g of Dese't' 
 
 To Do p' Charles Callineaux his recruiting 
 
 Expences 
 
 ID To Do Serg'"' Carter for his Expences in 
 
 following Deserters 
 
 To Do to Cap't^ Hogg as p'"' accoun't for 2 
 
 recruits 
 
 j To Do to a Negroe for finding 2 muskets | 
 ] supposed to be lost ever since last May ) 
 To Do for W" Scot a new Recruit & Charges 
 ig To Do to Henry Hardin for b'g a Deserter 
 
 as p'' Recp' 
 
 To Do to Cap* Lewis and the Detach- 1 
 
 ment under his Command sent to Au- I 
 
 i gusta by the Governor's orders — See ( 
 
 [ the pay Bill for that purpose J 
 
 iTo Do to Cap' Poison in part 'or his ) 
 comp'y pay to y'* 29"' of Sep* p'' Re- >• 
 ceipt ) 
 
 To Do Cap''" Hogg for p'' Do — p'' 
 
 Receipt 
 
 To Do to Cap'' Mercer for Do — as p'' Do. 
 
 ITo Do to Cap'' Poison Expences to W""- ) 
 burg as an Express & for Cash w''='' he > 
 p'** a Wounded Soldier J 
 
 £ 
 
 The County to George Washington Cr 
 
 By Cash of Maj'' Carlyle to distribute 
 among the Soldiers of the Virginia Regi- 
 ment & Cap'' McKay's Independent 
 Compa'y by order of the Committee 
 allow'g each man one pistole 
 
 By Cash of His Honour y'* Governor p 
 Express 
 
 By Do of Maj'' Carlyle 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 i'A 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 155 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 ifj 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1411 
 
 16 
 
 7/2 
 
 1420 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 2K 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 The whole in Washington's handwriting. 
 
 hi 
 
 f 
 
 :il 
 
 ^J 
 
Washinoions Jonnial. 
 
 Indorsed in Washington's h. .dwritiii^', 
 "A copy of my 
 Regiment — ace"* deli''' 
 into the committee 
 October [1754] 
 
 S (I 
 
 ^1420 . o .. 10 
 
 185 
 
 24 
 
 In Department of Stale, Washington, D. C. 
 
It 
 
 186 
 
 Appe7idix to 
 
 \\ 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 m\ 
 
 Pay Roll of the Virginia Regiment.^* 
 
 Commenccing from the 29th of May and Ending July 2c)th, 1754. 
 
 Of the Conimission'd Officers 
 
 Colonel 
 
 Lieutenant Col" George Muse till the 20"' of July.. . . 
 Lieut. Adam Stephen from the 20th July with his / 
 
 otiier pay as Major & Captain S 
 
 Maj"" Robert Stobo his pay as Captain & Major from 
 
 the 20th July 
 
 Capts 
 
 Peter Hog as ^ Ace' & Receipt. 
 
 Andrew Lewis as ^ ditto . 
 
 Jacob Vanbraam 
 
 George Mercer as 13 ditto . 
 
 Thomas Waggoner.. . .as if* ditto . 
 
 William Poison as ^ ditto . 
 
 Leiu** 
 
 John Savage as ^jr^ ditto'' . 
 
 James Towers as ^ ditto 
 
 William Bronaugh.. . as ^. . .'T. . . .ditto^'^ . 
 
 John Mercer as %i ditto . 
 
 James Craik as ^ ditto 
 
 |ohn West as f* ditto . 
 
 Ensigns 
 
 William Wright from the 20th July''^ 
 
 Carolus Sprittdolph from iV*- Ditto 
 
 Thomas Bullett from the 22'"' Ditto'-"* 
 
 * Walter Stuart from the 23'' Ditto"'' 
 
 • mistake in yo date 
 
 100 Majr John Carlyle Commissary of Stores &c as 'P 
 Acc' ... 
 
 M' Peyrouney (Ensign & Adjutant) from the s** 
 June ^ Ditto 
 
 M' Craik Surgeon as ^ Ditto 
 
 Sum p** y* several Officers 
 
 [End of first page.] 
 
 Sum Paid 
 
 45 
 
 31 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 23 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 12 
 
 389 
 
 15 
 o 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 ID 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 
 \ ' 
 
 ill ^it ( 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 187 
 
 '■•This pay-roll -f the Virginia Regiment is preserved amonjj the 
 Washington papers in the Department of State at Washington. It has 
 been copied witli literal exactness and is given here as of special interest 
 as a part of the history of the campaign of 1754. 
 
 "•'•Captain John Savage served with Colonel Washington, in the Expedi- 
 tion of 1754, as Lieutenant, commissioned as such, March 9, of that year. 
 Having behaved well in the battle of Fort Necessity his name- is included 
 among the officers thanked by resolution of the House of Burgesses. lie 
 was also a recipient of 2,572 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddle's 
 proclamation, Mr. Savage served likewise in the Braddock Expedition, and 
 was with Colonel Washington, as a (Captain, protecting the frontier against 
 incursions of the French and Indians in 1756. He resigned and left the 
 service in January of this year. [See letter of Colonel Washington to 
 Governor Dinwiddle, January 25,1756.] 
 
 '•Captain William Bronaugh was a resident, and I believe, a native of 
 Fairfax county, Va. He went out with the armed Expedition to the Ohio, 
 in 1754. He was soon advanced to be an Ensign in Captain Peter Hog's 
 company. Governor Dinwiddle in a letter to Colonel Fry, of March 18, 
 1754, commends Mr. Bronaugh for an Ensign's commission. He went 
 through the campaign with reputation. He was in the battle of the Great 
 Meadows, and is ranked as an Ensign and mentioned by name in the vote 
 of thanks tendered by the House of Burgesses to the officers who were in 
 that battle. He received 6,000 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddle's 
 proclamation and continued in the service as a Lieutenant in Captain 
 Peyronie's company in the ill-fated Braddock Expedition. He served 
 with Colonel Washington on the Virginia frontier, in 1756, as a Captain. 
 [See Washington's letter to Captain Bronaugh, December 17, 1756. j 
 
 *' Lieutenant William Wright had served as an Ensign, commissioned 
 July 20, 1754, and was promoted to a Lieutenancy, November 18, 1754. 
 Continuing in the service, he was killed in battle at the defeat of Braddock. 
 His heirs received 2,500 acres of lund under Governor Dinwiddle's 
 proclamation. [See Governor Dinwiddle's letter to him, February 12, 1755, 
 giving him instructions while in command of an Indian fort.] His name 
 is given as John Wright, whose heirs received the land awarded in 1771, to 
 the soldiers who served in the Expedition of 1754. [See Washington's 
 letter to Lord Dunmore and Council, November 5, 1772.J 
 
 ** Captain Thomas Bullet was a native of Prince William county, Va. He 
 wasa volunteer in the armed expedition to the Ohio, in 1754, to build forts. 
 His commission as Ensign was dated July 22 of that year, although he had 
 filled the position for some time before. October 30 of the same year he was 
 made Lieutenant. He remained in the service and was with the Virginia 
 regiment in the Braddock Expedition, and, surviving its disaster, continued 
 in the service under Washington, building forts across the State from the 
 Potomac to the Roanoke, for the protection of the inhabitants. He was a 
 vigilant, active and an efficient officer. He was with General Grant in his 
 rash attack upon Fort Duquesne, and acquitted himself with credit in that 
 unnecessary engagement. In May, 1758, he ranked as the Captain or Senior 
 Lieutenant in the Virginia regiment. Washington, in a letter September 
 25, 1758, says: "Your old acquaintance. Captain Bullet, who is the only 
 officer of* mine that came off untouched, has acquired immortal honor in 
 this engagement by his gallant behaviour and long continuance in the field 
 of action." In 1771 Captain Bullet materially assisted Washington as a 
 distributer of the Dinwiddie land gratuities to the soldiers of the campaign 
 
 
• I 
 
 i88 
 
 Appc7idix to 
 
 \ \ 
 
 
 u 
 
 of 1754, being a recipient himself of 6,000 acres. He became quite 
 an explorer of the western country; was appointed a public surveyor 
 in 1760 [see Washington, Feb. 23, 1760], and in 1773 '^^'d off a town 
 covering part of the present site of the city of Louisville, Ky. He was in 
 the battle of the Great Bridge in Virginia, in 1775, as a Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 and was Governor Henry's Adjutant-General of Virginia in 1776, his com- 
 mission foi the latter office bearing date Feb. 22, 1777. He died in the 
 service before the independence of the country was recognized. 
 
 "* Captain Walter Stuart or Stewart, supposed to be the same who afterward 
 was a General in the Revolution, was born in Ireland. He seems to have 
 served in the Virginia regiment in 1754. A note on the pay-roll to his name 
 s.iys, "Mistake in the date," referring to liis appointment as Ensign, which 
 is given as July 23, 1754. The list of commissions, with date of appointment, 
 published in the Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 319, gives the date of his 
 commission as Ensign as July 25, T754, and his commission as Lieutenant as 
 August 31, 1754. These commissions are all dated after the battle of the 
 Great Meadows, and, as he is not named among the officers who received 
 land under Governor Dinwiddle's proclamation, nor in the vote of thanks 
 to those in the battle of the Great Meadows, it is possible he was not then 
 in the service nor was benefited by the Governor's proclamation. He remained 
 in the arm V, served as Ensign with the Virginia forces in Braddock's Expe- 
 dition, and <vas wounded at the battle of the Monongahela. The Assembly 
 voted him a gratuity of ;^30 for his gallant behavior in this action. 
 He served as Lieutenant under Washington in protecting the western 
 frontier of the State from Indian depredations until the fall of Fort 
 Duquesne, was in the engagement known as Grant's defeat, at Fort 
 Pitt, and there "distinguished himself greatly." [Washington's letter, 
 September 25, 1758.] He was wounded, but escaped. He is supposed 
 to be the officer of this name who served in the 44th Regiment as an 
 additi0n.1l Lieutenant and was retired on half-pay in 1763. In the Revo- 
 lution he was Aide de-Camp to General Gates and Colonel of the 13th 
 Regiment of Pennsylvania, in 1777, and acquitted himself honorably. 
 He was considered the handsomest man in the army. April 11, 1781, 
 he married Deborah, daughter of Blair McClenachan, and resided in 
 Philadelphia. He rnjoyed the esteem and friendship of Washington. 
 March 2, 1759, he psiitioned the House of Burgesses, setting forth that he 
 had acted as Brigadier-Major of the Virginia Troops from the 7th of June, 
 1758, until the appointment of Captain Robert Stewart to that office, for 
 which he had not been paid. A resolution of the House the following day 
 allowed him the sum of ;^27 los. for that service. Here the name is spelled 
 Stewart. [Journal House of Burgesses, March 24, 1759.] 
 
 '"" Major John Carlyle, Commissary of Stores, was a successful merchant 
 in Alexandria, Va. He was a native of Scotland, but began business on 
 the Potomac before 1745. By marriage he was related to the Fairfaxes, 
 having married Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. Wm. Fairfax, of Belvoir. 
 In 1753 he resided in the stone house on Fairfax street, and in 1755 enter- 
 tained there General Braddock and the Governor of the five provinces. The 
 house is still standingand in good repair. Governor Dinwiddie commissioned 
 him Commissary of Provisions and Stores for the Expedition to the Ohio 
 river, January 27, 1754. [See Dinwiddie Papers, i, 54.] Mr. Carlyle's 
 mercantile and shipping business was conducted under a copartnership 
 with John Dalton. The firm, being well known and esteemed for its honor- 
 able dealing, was extensively employed in furnishing outfits and supplies 
 
Washino;iotis Joui-na/. 
 
 189 
 
 
 H,n , M ?" '"''"^'.V '^•^Pe^'t'ons. particularly to Braddock's army, and 
 later to he roops employed in the Indian and the French and Indian w^rs 
 VVhen the charier was granted to the town of Alexandria, in 1748. C;o one! 
 f.?hLVLT^w"\7^ % "'f ''^•'"'' '''''''"'• '" '758, afte; the death o hf 
 CnU^rlnr^f'r ,"■ "^^''• t' '"" ^PPointcd to succccd him as Royal 
 Co lector of Customs on the Potomac. He and his family were frcquen 
 and always welcome visitors at Mount Vernon, and General and ^Mrs 
 VVashrngton were often entertained by the Carlyles in Alexandria. 
 
 Stored tarTollows:"' ''^^" ^°"" ""''''''' ^-"'"--3' oi Provisions and 
 " Robert Dinwiddle Es^'r, Lieut. GovV and Com'd'r in Chief of the 
 Colony and Dom'n o Virginia -to Maj'r John Carlisle: 
 
 of .n^r '['"'' °T I ?"""" '*".'' Authority to me given as Com'd'r in Chief 
 of thi3 Colony I hereby constitute and appoint vou, the s'd John Car is e 
 Commissary of Provisions and Stores for an Expedition intended the 
 River Ohio, in this Dom n and appertaining to the Crown of G H 
 
 \ou are therefore carefully and diligently to provide Provis's of ill 
 kinds for s'd Expedition (viz) Bread. Flour, Corn, Pork and Bee and the 
 same to have carried to Will's Creek, from thence to be carried to the Fort 
 
 r.JI h"1 '^"i"^ °" '^' ^^"'"■f °^ !'•'= °^'°- And as the Act of Assembly i 
 regard to Invasions provides that in necessitv, Boats, Sloops. Waggons 
 Carts, Horses, \'c. may be impressed for expediting the Services required 
 
 ItTnn",' "^'"'^'"^ ^'^ ^^^^'V^'^^ y^" f"" P°-«^ °n O^ca i^to iml 
 press Boa s. Sloops Waggons, Carts. Horses, or any Thing else thaMs 
 
 necessary for Uie safe Conveyance of Provisions or Stores. fo7 the due exi 
 cution of the Expedition afores'd. 
 
 nil^-f V"k'^"'', >''''*' ^'?'i ^9'''^' ^"'^ Authority to appoint one or more 
 Deputies to be aiding and Assisting to you in the discharge of the Trus^ 
 reposd in you. For such Deputies You must be accountable And 
 further hereby require and com'd all Magistrates. Civil and Military, and 
 all otliers to be aiding and assisting to you in the due discharge of the Duties 
 requisite by this Commission. -^uui-i, 
 
 '• Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Colony at W'msburch the 
 26th Day of Jany In the 27th Year of His Majestys reign AniToque Dom 
 
 [From Dinwiddle Papers, vol. i, p. 54.] 
 
 Of Cap^ Rob' Stobo's Comp- 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Names 
 
 Quality 
 
 Sum Paid 
 
 
 Thomas Langdon 
 
 Serjeant 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Corporal 
 
 Drummer. .. . 
 Private Cent'. 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 £4 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 < • • • 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 
 Robert Tunstall 
 
 Nathan Lewis 
 
 James Carson 
 
 Charles Smith 
 
 John Tones 
 
 John Goldsoii 
 

 ( f- 
 
 1 
 
 190 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Joseph Gibbs 
 
 Adam Jones 
 
 Richard Smith 
 
 Henry Bailey 
 
 Benjamin Guusc 
 
 Jacob Going 
 
 William Stallions 
 
 John Capshaw 
 
 Jesse Morris 
 
 James Welsh 
 
 Solomon Batson 
 
 Charles VVaddey 
 
 Henry Neale 
 
 Robert M'Coy , 
 
 John Brown 
 
 Joseph Casterson 
 
 Alexander Stewart 
 
 Patrick Doughy 
 
 Henrj Bowman 
 
 John Harwood 
 
 James Milton 
 
 Carried Over 
 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 D" 
 D« 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 D» 
 D" 
 
 2 
 
 • • > 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 . • • • 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 I 
 
 
 [End of second page.] 
 
 ii 
 
 Of Cap' Robert Stobos Comp" 
 
 Brought Over 
 
 William Swallow. .. 
 
 Thomas Ogdon 
 
 Michael M^Gaugh.. 
 Peregrine Williams. 
 Anthony Cannaday 
 John Carroll.. . . 
 James Good 
 
 Sum del** Maj' Carlyle for pay* 
 
 Private Cent', 
 
 D« 
 
 D' 
 
 D« 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D- 
 
 of y» ab" Sol" 
 
 [End of third page.] 
 
 Sum Paid 
 
 64 
 
 78 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 I, 
 
Waslunotons JourmxI. 
 Of Cap' Peter Hogs Comp" 
 
 191 
 
 No. 
 
 Names 
 
 Edmcnd Waggoner, 
 Ricliard TroUer 
 
 iame-: Thomas 
 licholas Morgan .. . 
 
 James Samue! 
 
 Robert Jones 
 
 Joseph Milton 
 
 Benjamin Hamilton. 
 
 Joseph Scott 
 
 Phillip Gatewood . . 
 
 Matthew Cox 
 
 John Martin 
 
 James Hyler 
 
 "Michael Scully 
 
 Matthew Durham .. . 
 William Johnston.. . 
 William Coleman.. . 
 
 Abner Hayslap 
 
 Thomas Moss 
 
 Joshua Burton 
 
 John Ogleby 
 
 Southy Hayslap . 
 
 Argyle House 
 
 Andrew Clark 
 
 Charles Joanes 
 
 Peter Afflack 
 
 Marshall Pratt 
 
 William Dean 
 
 Duncan Ferguson . . . 
 David Gorman 
 
 Carried Over 
 [End of fourth page.] 
 
 Quality 
 
 Serjea.it . 
 
 D" 
 
 ('orporal 
 D" 
 
 Private C. . . 
 
 D» 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 DO 
 
 O" 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D" ' 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 !)" 
 
 \Y 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 D" 
 
 D« 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 Sum paid 
 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 68 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
i 
 
 19; 
 
 - Ippcndi.x to 
 Of Cap' Peter Hogs Comp* 
 
 I I 
 
 Broii{;lit Over 
 
 Thomas Thaddock. 
 
 John Ramsay 
 
 Andrew Fowler, . . . 
 Robert Elliott. .. , 
 Samuel Hyden . . . . 
 
 Zachary Smith 
 
 Thomas Nap 
 
 Hibby Hrooks . . 
 Thomas Slaughter , 
 Joseph (Jatewood . . 
 
 Bryant I'ane 
 
 John Chapman 
 
 Matthew Levistoii.. 
 William Underhill. 
 Edward (Joodwin . , 
 
 James Megs. , 
 
 Thomas Harris 
 
 John Mears 
 
 James Letort 
 
 Thomas Cellars.. . . 
 
 Sump^iCapt" Ilogas p' Rec' del** 
 
 [End of fifth page.] 
 
 Quality 
 
 Sum paid 
 
 L 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Private Cent'. 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 R 
 
 D" 
 
 8 
 
 n» 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 ... 
 
 8 
 
 0" 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 R 
 
 D" 
 
 8 
 
 D» 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 D" 
 
 8 
 
 0" 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 0- 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 D" 
 
 8 
 
 Do 
 
 
 108 
 
 15 
 
 R 
 
 y* Committee. 
 
 8 
 
 No, 
 
 Of Cap' Andrew Lewis' Comp' 
 
 Names 
 
 John M'Cully 
 
 Abraham Mashaw 
 Robert Graham.... 
 Josias Baker.. . . 
 John Marston . . . . 
 Terence Swinney.. 
 Thomas Stedman . 
 
 John Smith 
 
 Matthew Jones... . 
 
 Quality 
 
 Serjeant 
 
 Drum' 
 
 Private Cent' 
 
 D° 
 
 Do .. 
 
 Do 
 
 D"... 
 
 D» 
 
 D" 
 
 Sum Paid 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 ■^ 
 
// \is/iiiij^/on\s Jounui/. 
 
 »^^j 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Jatnes Fulham 
 
 James Titus 
 
 Nathan Chapman 
 
 John Hiddlecomb 
 
 Patrick M' Pike 
 
 John iMulholland 
 
 Cornelius Henley 
 
 John Triston 
 
 Tliomas Hurney 
 
 Thomas Pearson 
 
 Michael M"=Cannon 
 
 James Ludlow 
 
 Jolm Feiids 
 
 John Burk 
 
 Bartholomew Barnes 
 
 John Durham 
 
 John Roe 
 
 Robert Murphew 
 
 Sum delivcr'd M' Savage for pay* 
 
 D« ... 
 
 D- 
 
 D" 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Do 
 
 D" 
 
 D" .. 
 
 D" 
 
 D' 
 
 D" 
 
 D. 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 D" 
 
 D« 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 y* ab*Comp^ £ 
 
 [End of sixth page. ] 
 
 Of Cap' Vanbraam's Company. 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 • • • < 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 • ■ • * 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 • • * 1 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 • • • • 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 * • * > 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 • * • • 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 No. 
 
 aid 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Names. 
 
 iohn Hamilton . . . . 
 >odolpl» Brickner . 
 Thomas Carter ... 
 
 Nicholas Major. . . . 
 John Allan 
 
 Ezekiel Richardson 
 
 John Johnston. . . . 
 William Mitchel. . . 
 
 John Stuart 
 
 John McGregor)'... 
 William Knowles . 
 Charles Allbury. . 
 Jo.in Campbie. . . . 
 
 Edward King 
 
 James Black 
 
 Patrick Galloway . 
 John Thompson. . . 
 Francis Rogers. . . . 
 
 25 
 
 Sum paid 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
I** I 
 
 194 
 
 / 
 
 Ippcndix to 
 
 Benjamin Spiccr 
 
 Edward Whitehead . . 
 
 Hugh Paul 
 
 Angus M'Donald ... 
 
 Arthur Howard 
 
 Joseph Powel 
 
 Dumpscy Simmonds. 
 
 John Potter 
 
 rhotnas Donnahough. 
 
 Carried Over 
 
 D. 
 D, 
 D. 
 D. 
 D» 
 D* 
 D" 
 D» 
 D«.. 
 
 [End of seventh page.] 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 .. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 L 
 
 8 
 
 
 65 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 Of Cap' Vanbraams Comp* 
 
 No. 
 
 Names 
 
 Brought Over 
 
 Michael Franks.. 
 
 Francis Self. 
 
 William Carter... 
 Richard Bolton .. 
 
 Robert Bell 
 
 Wile Johnson . . , 
 
 ~ohn Coin 
 
 illiam Gerrard. 
 George Taylor. . . 
 William Hogan.. 
 
 ^ 
 
 P* M' Towers for discharge Cap* 
 as p' Receipt 
 
 Quality 
 
 Private Cent' 
 
 DO 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 Corporal . . . . 
 Priv' Cent'..., 
 
 D" 
 
 Do 
 
 D« 
 
 Van Camp' 
 
 Sum paid 
 
 65 
 
 £2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 [End of eighth page.] 
 
 86 
 
 II 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 7^ 
 
No. 
 
 Was/iiHo/ous Jour. ul. 
 Of Cap' George Mercer's Comp 
 
 Names 
 
 '95 
 
 Mark Hollis.. 
 lames Tyrroll 
 Hhij^h M'Coy. 
 John Boydd 
 
 iames Dailey 
 lobert Bennett 
 
 Philip Waters 
 
 William Holland... 
 David Montgomery. 
 William Lowery . . . 
 
 Samuel Arsdale 
 
 Nathaniel Barrett.. . 
 
 John Ferguson 
 
 George Gibbons .. . 
 
 Hugh Stone 
 
 Alexander Perry. . . . 
 
 John Farmer 
 
 Henry Bristow 
 
 Claud Dallow 
 
 James Ford 
 
 iames Cammock. . , . 
 ohn Clements 
 ohn M'Quire' 
 l^illiam Broughton . 
 
 Thomas Burris 
 
 John Gallihour 
 
 John May 
 
 Richard Pritchard... 
 
 Sum Carr** over 
 
 Hdward Evans D 
 
 Serjeant 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Corporal 
 
 Ditto . ... 
 •rummer .. . . 
 
 Private Cent'. 
 
 D» 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 D° 
 
 D " 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D"... 
 
 D« 
 
 Do 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 D« 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 D- 
 
 D" 
 
 D" 
 
 [End of ninth page.] 
 
 £\ 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 67 
 
 II 
 II 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 

 196 
 
 Appaidix to 
 
 No. 
 
 Of Cap' George Mercers Comp' 
 
 Names 
 
 Brought Over 
 
 Cristopher Bomgardiner. . . . 
 
 Henry Earnest 
 
 Frederick Rupart 
 
 Hugh Ratchfordi 
 
 Jasper Moorhead Eniisfd p' 
 
 SeoiTM^SmblLeiut-We'st^ 
 
 Bryan Conner J 
 
 Timothy Conway.. 
 
 Sum del"* Capt" Mercer as p' 
 
 Recep' for pay* of his Comp^ 
 D" del"* Lieut' Towers as p' D" 
 
 for pt of Capl" Van"" Corny .. 
 D° del"* Lieut' Savage for pay' 
 
 of Capt" Lewis's Comp 
 
 D» del"* Capt" Hog as per Rec' 
 
 for pay' of his Com^ 
 
 D» deH Maj' Carlyle for pay' of 
 
 Capt" Stobo's Compy 
 
 D" paid y" Several Officers as 
 
 p' Receipts 
 
 Total 
 
 Quality 
 
 Private Cent', 
 
 D' 
 
 D» 
 
 Do 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D» 
 
 D° 
 
 Sum Paid 
 
 67 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 82 
 86 
 52 
 108 
 78 
 389 
 
 798 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 4 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 2 
 8 
 8 
 
 [End of tenth page.] 
 
 .V 
 
Washins^tons Journal. 
 
 ^97 
 
 A Pay Bill of the Detatchment sent to Augusta 
 under the Command of Capt" Lewis^o^ commencing 
 from the 29^'' of July & end« 29th of Sept^ 1754 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 6 
 2 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 Akidrew Lewis 
 John Savage . . 
 William Wright 
 John M'Kully 
 Rob* Graham . 
 Thomas Stedman 
 Joshua Baker, 
 David Wilk.nson 
 
 Abraham 
 
 Cen' 
 
 John Biddlecomb. 
 Robert Murphey. 
 Bartholamey Burns, 
 James Fulham. 
 John Thurstan. 
 Thomas Burney. 
 John Maston. .. . 
 Terrence Swiney. 
 
 John Smith 
 
 Patrick Smith. 
 John Mulholland. 
 James Cammock . . 
 
 Patrick M'Pike 
 
 Michael M'Cannon. 
 Matthew Jones . , , . 
 Thomas Pierce. . . . 
 
 Charles Waddey 
 
 Ja8 Smith, for his pres' & last 2 M"« 
 Pay & a Pistole Bounty Money. . 
 
 [End of eleventh page.] 
 
 '"'This roll preserves the names of the detachment frnm th„ \t\ ■ ■ 
 
 wKT^'a""^" "^"^""^^ Washington, sent by 'dtecrono? Governor lii" 
 
 rfj^l^J^T^.!!^^^?.^.""^?'^' V«- "."der the imiiediate command of clp^arn" 
 
 ton 
 
 A_j T • ro -"-.'• • — > -••—>-■ iiiv iiuiiicuiiiit: command nr i anf- 
 
 ndrew Lewis. [See Governor Dinwiddie's letter to Colonel Washing; 
 September lo, 1754, and letter, September 11, 1754 To Cantain I ewS 
 instructions. Dinwiddie's Papers, vol. i, p. 313-317 J ^ '^"' 
 
 as 
 
••**" 
 
 •mmf 
 
 wmmm 
 
 198 Appetidix to 
 
 Of the Detatchment under Capt" Lewis. ^^ 
 
 1 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Names 
 
 Sum brought forward 
 
 William Stallions 
 
 Henry Bowman , 
 
 James Milton 
 
 Jacob Gowen , 
 
 Henry Bailey , 
 
 John Brown 
 
 Henry Neale 
 
 Benjamin Gauze 
 
 John Hart 
 
 George Gibbons 
 
 William Holland 
 
 Thomas Burras 
 
 Samuel Arsdale 
 
 George Malcom 
 
 Philemon Waters 
 
 John Gallihon 
 
 Casper Moreau 
 
 John Chapman 
 
 Samuel Hyden 
 
 William Dean 
 
 Nicholas Morgan 
 
 Barnaby Ryley 
 
 Nath' Deadman 
 
 Andrew Fowler 
 
 John Allan, till this a Corp' 
 
 Thomas King, discharg'd 
 
 William Chaplain 
 
 John Davis 
 
 John Campbell . 
 
 Francis Rogers 
 
 Pledge Ward, for y« last 2 M» pay dis"* 
 James Ford 
 
 Quality 
 
 Privi Cent. 
 
 D" 
 
 D» 
 
 D« 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 D» 
 
 DO 
 
 D° 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 D° 
 
 D» 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 D° 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 Do 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 Do 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 DO 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Sum paid 
 
 96 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 I 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 I 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 155 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 4 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 [End of twelfth page.] 
 These original pay rolls arein Department of State, Washington, D. C, 
 
-J 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 
 Washingions Journal. , ^g 
 
 The following list of officers, with the dates of their 
 commissions, is itself without date, but was probably 
 forwarded to Colonel Washington in September, as 
 it carries a date of August 31 to one of the pro- 
 motions. All these officers were in the battle of the 
 Great Meadows, and the promotions were probably 
 in the nature of rewards for their gallantry in that 
 engagement. 
 
 Commissions sent Colonel Washington for the 
 officers of his regiment [September, 1 754]. 
 Adam Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, July 20. 
 Robert Stobo, Major, July 20. 
 Peter Hogg, Captain. Mar. 9. 
 Andrew Lewis, Captain, Mar. 18. 
 Geo. Mercer, Captain, June 4. 
 Thol Wagener, Captain, July 20. 
 W- Poison, Captain, July 21. 
 W-. Peyronney, Captain, August 25. 
 John Savage, Lieutenant, Mar. 9. 
 James Towers, Lieutenant, June 9. 
 W'". Bronaugh, Lieutenant, July 20. 
 John Mercer, Lieutenant, July 21. 
 James Craik, Lieutenant, July 23 [acting surgeon]. 
 William Wright, Ensign, July 20; Lieutenant. 
 Octob. 28. 
 
 \ ;J 
 
"•■"•"■^••■K 
 
 •ma 
 
 .■TnrrainiTfi 
 
 200 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 -; * 
 
 Carolus Gustavus de Spildolph, Ensign, July 21; 
 Lieutenant, October 29. 
 
 Thomas Bullett, Ensign, July 22 ; Lieutenant, 
 Oct. 30. 
 
 Walter Stewart, Ensign, July 22 ; Lieutenant, 
 August 31. 
 
 \Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 320.] 
 
 A List of Captain Stobo's Company who have re- 
 ceived His Excellency's bounty money.^*^ 
 
 Henry Bailey, Adam Jones, 
 
 Solomon Batson, John Jones, 
 
 Henry Bowman, Anthony Kennedy, 
 
 John Brown, Thomas Langden, 
 
 John Carrol, Serjeant, 
 
 James Carson, Drummer, Nathan Lewis, Corporal, 
 
 Joseph Casterton, 
 Patrick Duphy, 
 Nicholas Foster, 
 Benjamin Cause, 
 Joseph Gibbs, 
 Jacob Going, 
 John Golson, 
 James Good, 
 Edward Graves, 
 John Harwood, 
 
 Michael McGroth, 
 Robert McKay, 
 James Milton, 
 Jessy Morris, 
 Richard Morris, 
 Henry Neil, 
 Thomas Ogden, 
 Charles Smith, 
 Richard Smith, 
 William Stallions, 
 
/ Vask iiii^ton '.v J our mil. 
 
 20 1 
 
 Alexander Stewart, James Welch, 
 
 William Swallow, Peregrine Williams. 
 
 Robert Tunstail, 
 
 Serjeant, 
 Charles Waddey, 
 
 '•^The House of Burgesses granted one Pistole 
 to every private in the engagement at the Great 
 Meadows. The document from which this List is 
 copied IS preserved among the " Force Manuscripts" 
 in the Library of Congress, and has written on the 
 back of all five of the rolls the above indorsement in 
 the handwriting of Washington. 
 
 A list of Captain Hogg's Company who have re- 
 ceived His Excellency's bounty money. 
 Bibby Brooks, 
 Joshua Burton, 
 Thomas Chaddock, 
 John Chapman, 
 Andrew Clark, 
 William Coleman, 
 Mathew Cox, 
 William Dean, 
 Mathew Durham, 
 Robert Eliot, 
 Peter Essleet, 
 
 Duncan Ferguson, 
 26 
 
 James Ford, 
 Andrew Fowler, 
 Joseph Gatewood, 
 Philip Gatewood, 
 Edward Goodwin, 
 David Gorma 
 Benjamin Hamilton, 
 Abner Haslip, 
 Southy Haslip, 
 James Hyler, 
 William Hogan, 
 Angoile House, 
 
 •I 
 
I- )' ■ '' 
 
 I \ 
 
 I i 
 
 202 
 
 Samuel Hyden, 
 Charles Joames, 
 William Johnston, 
 Robert Jones, 
 James Letort, 
 Mathew Levison, 
 
 McGuire, 
 John Martin, 
 John Mears, 
 James Meggs, 
 Joseph Milton, 
 Dominick Moran, 
 Nicholas Morgan, 
 Thomas Moss, 
 Thomas Napp, 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 John Ogilby, 
 
 Bryon Page, 
 
 Marshall Pratt, 
 
 John Ramsay, 
 
 John Roe, 
 
 James Samuel, 
 
 Joseph Scott, 
 
 Michael Scully, 
 
 Dudley Skinner, 
 
 Thomas Slaughter, 
 
 Zach Smith, 
 
 James Thomas, 
 
 Richard Trotter, Serjeant, 
 
 William Underhill, 
 
 Edmund Waggoner, 
 
 Serjeant. 
 
 { 
 
 A List of Captain Lewis' Company who have re- 
 ceived His Excellency's bounty money. 
 
 Josias Baker, Corporal. Edward Cahill, 
 
 Joseph Baxter, 
 John Biddlecom, 
 Daniel Billot, 
 John Burk, 
 Bartholomew Burnes, 
 Thomas Burney, 
 
 W^illiam. Cairns, 
 James Cammack, 
 Nath Chapman, 
 Patrick Coyl, 
 John Durham, 
 John Featon, 
 
 M! 
 
ll\rs/u'Ho/o,i\s Journal, 
 
 20 X 
 
 11 
 
 rjeant, 
 
 ;ant. 
 
 ave re- 
 
 James Ferguson, 
 John Field, 
 James Fullham, 
 Robert Grimes, Serjeant. 
 Cornelius Handly, 
 William Harbinson, 
 Mathew Jones, 
 James Ludlow, 
 Michael McCannon, 
 John McCully, Serjeant. 
 Patrick McPike, 
 John Maston, 
 John Moulholand, 
 Robert Murphy, 
 Abraham Mushaw, 
 
 John Poor, 
 William Poor, 
 James Price, 
 John Rowe, 
 John Smith, 
 John Smith, 
 George Swiney, 
 Terence Swiney, 
 James Titus, 
 Elijha Ward. 
 Arthur Watts, 
 Thomas Wedman, 
 
 Corporal. 
 John Whitman, 
 Daniel Wilkinson. 
 
 A List of Captain Van Braam's Company who 
 have received His Excellency's bounty money. 
 John Alan, Corporal, John Campbell, 
 
 Charles Allbury, 
 Robert Bell, 
 James Black, . 
 Richard Bolton, 
 Godtrey Bomgardener, 
 Rudolph Brickner, 
 Christopher Byerly, 
 
 Thomas Carter, Serjeant, 
 William Carter, 
 Mathew Chape, 
 John Coin, 
 Thomas Donahough, 
 Bernard Draxter, 
 Michael Franks, 
 
H » » n> 
 
 ,^3,^. 
 
 204 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 \ 
 
 H 
 
 > I 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 
 \^\\ 
 
 1, 
 
 i..it 
 
 Patrick Gall away, 
 William Gerrard, 
 George Gobell, 
 John Hamilton, 
 
 Serjeant-Major, 
 Thomas Henncsey, 
 Arthur Howard, 
 John Johnston, 
 Wile Johnston, 
 Edward King, 
 William Knowles, 
 John Lee, 
 Angus McDonald, 
 John Mackgrigory, 
 Nicholas Major, 
 
 George Markam, 
 Edward Minor, 
 William Mitchell, 
 Hugh Paul, 
 John Potter, 
 Joseph Powell, 
 Ezechel Richardson, 
 Francis Rogers, 
 Francis Self, 
 Dernsey Simons, 
 Benjamin Spicer, 
 John Steuart, 
 George Taylor, 
 John Thornton, 
 Edward Whitehead. 
 
 A List of Captain Mercer's Company who have 
 received His Excellency's b unty money. 
 
 Samuel Arsdale, 
 Nath Barret, 
 Robert Bennett, 
 John Bishop, 
 Charles Bombgardner, 
 John Boyd, 
 Henry Bristowe, 
 Wm. Broughton, 
 
 Thomas Burk, 
 Thomas Burris, 
 John CiementSs 
 Timothy Conway, 
 James Daily, 
 Claud Dallowe, 
 Henry Earnest, 
 Edward Evans, 
 
Washington s Journal. 
 
 205 
 
 John Farmer, 
 John Ferguson, 
 James Ford, 
 John Gallahour, 
 Christopher Haltzley, 
 William Holland. 
 Mark Mollis, Serjeant, 
 Adam Leonard, 
 William Lowrey, 
 William Mclntire, 
 Hugh McKoy, 
 John McQuire, 
 
 John Maid, 
 John May, 
 
 David Montgomeries, 
 Jacob Myer, 
 Alexander Perry, 
 Richard Pritchard, 
 Frederick Rupart, 
 Mathew Stanard, 
 Hugh Stone, 
 James Tyrrall, Serjeant, 
 Michael Walker, 
 
 Philip Walters. 
 On the 19th of February, 1754. to encourage the 
 prompt enlistment of a sufficient force to build and 
 hold a fort at the head of the Ohio, now Pittsburg, 
 Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, promised! 
 "by and with the advice and consent of His 
 Majesty's council of this Colony, that over and 
 above their pay (the legal pay of the soldiers of the 
 Province of Virginia) two hundred thousand acres 
 of His Majesty the King of Great Britain's lands on 
 the east side of the river Ohio, within this dominion 
 (one hundred thousand acres whereof to be contigu- 
 ous to the said fort, and the other one hundred thou- 
 sand acres to be on or near the river Ohio), shall be 
 laid off and granted to such persons who, by their 
 
f 
 
 f;' 
 
 If 
 
 206 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 voluntary eng?*^' ?nt and good behavior in the 
 said service, shaii ueserve the same." Although the 
 benefaction was in good faith and duly legalized, it 
 came near failing in its purpose for want of money 
 and the legislation essential to allot equitably the 
 quantity of land to which each was entitled and to 
 survey and locate the same. 
 
 It was almost entirely due to the intelligent ad- 
 dress and enterprise of Colonel George Washington 
 that the bounty lands, granted by the proclamation 
 of the Governor of Virginia to the soldiers who en- 
 listed and served in the campaign of i 754 to build 
 forts at the forks of the Ohio River, was secured to 
 those who had earned them. In 1770 Washington 
 went in person, and at his own expense, to view the 
 country and locate lands on the Ohio River for him- 
 self and associates under this grant. In the spring 
 of 1 771 he sent out Captain William Crawford to 
 survey these lands, bearing, for the time being, 
 the whole expense preparatory to having them pat- 
 ented under the Governor's proclamation of 1 754. 
 The grant of 200,000 acres was portioned out among 
 the officers and men on the basis of the pay of 
 those who actually served in the expedition. The 
 number of persons to be benefited and the ex- 
 pense attending surveys at that period, rendered 
 
Was/iut^ions Journal. 
 
 207 
 
 n the 
 g\\ the 
 ized, it 
 money 
 )ly the 
 and to 
 
 ent ad- 
 hington 
 amation 
 who en- 
 to build 
 cured to 
 shington 
 view the 
 r for him- 
 le spring 
 Lwford to 
 being, 
 hem pat- 
 
 of 1754- 
 at among 
 e pay of 
 on. The 
 the ex- 
 rendered 
 
 separate surveys for each claimant out of the ques- 
 tion, so that to secure any of the benefits intended 
 by the grant, it was necessary to take up the land 
 in the first instance in large tracts and embrace 
 in one and the same patent a number of names 
 as joint owners. Dinwiddie's proclamation granted 
 " to every person having the rank of a field officer, 
 5,000 acres ; to every Captain, 3,000 acres ; to every 
 subaltern or staff officer, 2,000 acres ; to every non- 
 commissioned officer, 200 acres, and to every private, 
 50 acres. 
 
 The following is a record relating to the patenting 
 and surveying of the two hundred thousand acres of 
 land granted by Gov. Dinwiddie to the officers and sol- 
 diers who served in the Virginia expedition to the Ohio 
 in 1 754. The account is copied with literal exactness 
 from Ledger A and Ledger B of the private accounts 
 of Gen. George Washington, preserved in the De- 
 partment of State at Washington. 
 
 The account is on left hand page of Ledger. 
 
 1769 
 1770 
 
 June 23 
 October 
 
 & 
 
 Nov 
 
 The Officers & Soldiers concerned in the 
 
 Grant of 200,000 Acr' of Land 
 
 j To Fee given Mr Walthoc Clerk of the 
 f Council for entering y* Grant Dec 151'' 1759 
 
 To Mess" Purdie & Dixon their Adver 
 ( tisement for the Claims to be brought in. . . . 
 To Will"" Rind inserting y* above 22 weeks. . 
 To Publishing in both Gazettes notice of the 
 
 meeting at Fred'g in August 
 
 To Expenses attending my trip to the Great 
 Kanhawa from Captain Crawfords & backe 
 to that place again exclusive of y« other Exp's 
 of my journey amounting to as much more viz 
 
 Dr 
 
 5- 
 
 5- 
 
 14- 
 
 7- 
 
 14- 
 
 »'T 
 

 208 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ppcndix to 
 
 " .' I 
 
 Nov 25 
 
 1771 
 
 Febr 
 
 Mar I 
 
 1770 
 Aug* 2 
 
 " 4 
 " 6 
 
 Oct 9t»> 
 16 
 1771 
 
 ( 
 
 £x- 7- 6 
 
 To the Smith at Fort Pitt 
 
 fixing our Canoe &c 
 
 To James Milligan a Lock ji , ^ 
 
 for Do [ -4-0 
 
 To the Commissary for | /•.„ . 
 
 Provisions \ £'o-ig a 
 
 John Street assisting in j 
 
 bringing our Horses toy* >■ 9- o 
 
 Mingu Town ) 
 
 To paid the Indians per 
 
 Alexr McKees Acct 
 
 iohn Harts 
 )ev' Smith 
 
 ;^ 5- 8- o 
 
 4-10- o 
 
 15 lO-IJ-O 
 
 To the Ind" Interpreter 
 
 To Sam' Samples Tavern" 
 
 Acct for our own & Horses 
 
 Exp' at Fort Pitt whilst we 
 
 were unavoidably detained }• /^ 19-14- 5 
 
 there on our way out & in 
 
 — it being part of his Acct 
 
 of ;^26-i-io ^ 
 
 To the Widow Miers Acct 
 
 of Expe* f 
 
 5- 8-0 
 
 1-19- 6 
 
 jCso-14- 7 
 
 deduct 25 pr Ct 10- 2-1 r 
 
 To cash paid Capt" Crawford for his trouble — 
 The Expense of his H" & loss of time in ac 
 
 companying me to the Great Kanhawa 
 
 To advertising the Meet* at Winchester in 
 
 both Gazettes — 3 weeks each 
 
 To Ball" due from G. W. — & Cred* per 
 Contra 
 
 Contra Cr 
 
 By Docf Craik — towards surveying 
 
 By Capt" Hog Do Do 
 
 By Mr James Mercer for his Bro'' George Do. . 
 
 By Colo Muse towards surveying 
 
 By George Washington Do Do 
 
 By Ditto advanced for Mr Jno West 
 
 By Lieut Jno Savage for his advance 
 
 By Colo Stephen in part for his 
 
 By Mr Henry Fry Acct of his Father Colo Fry 
 deceased — his proportion of the advance. . . . 
 
 -i 
 
/ / 'tr/.s hi net on '.v font no/. 
 
 2U9 
 
 40 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 - o- o 
 
 13 
 
 m 
 
 14 loo 
 
 II Uo 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 6 
 
 »77« 
 Mar II 
 
 Oct 21 
 
 1772 
 Jay I 
 
 »77t 
 M.ir f) 
 Do Do 
 
 1771 
 
 Mar 6 
 
 Do 
 
 Dido 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Do 
 
 8 
 II 
 
 May 7 
 
 July 27 
 
 1772 
 Nov 
 
 Dec 4 
 
 The Officers and Soldiers conccrr.rd in I 
 
 l)r 
 
 (irant of 200,00 i acres of Land S 
 
 To cash sent 'ant" W"' Crawford per Marcus \ 
 Sti'phcnson's Kecript for /Gj-i Penn Mooey > 
 
 etpial to ) 
 
 To cash paid Cipt" William Crawford per ri'ccipt 
 
 To Rail" carried to Lrdger H. fol" 40. 
 
 Contra Cr 
 By Ball* per Contra & as rendered al the Meet- \ 
 
 ing al Winchester Mar 6 1771 f 
 
 By Cash of Artdrtw Wa(,'ener on Acct of sur- [ 
 
 veyinfj the ahove Land: j 
 
 By Oiiio from Doctor Ciaik 2"J advance 
 
 Carr'' to folio 334 
 
 By amount brought from folio 322 
 
 By (3ash from Capt" Hog — His 2'"' advance | 
 
 towards the Expense of Surveying \ 
 
 i By C-olo Stephen in full for his 1"' iSi' 2""' . . . 
 ■| By Mr James Mercer for his Brother Colo 
 
 ( Mercer's quota — two shares 
 
 I By Ditto on accoun' of Ditto for 2 Soldiers 
 \ to wit John Hamilton iS: Mark Hollis 21/ 
 
 ( each 
 
 i By Mr McGuire on Acct of James Cammacks 
 
 ) Proportion of the above Expense 
 
 j By Magnus Tate — for David Gormans and ) 
 I Patrick Callaway's proportion of Do . . . . | 
 
 By Isaac Larew — for Nathan Barrett 
 
 By Geo Washington's quota 
 
 By Co'.o Muse's Di'to 
 
 S By Jno Gholson ) ,. • .„ 
 
 1 By RichO Morris >'*^^"^*1"°^^« 
 
 By Rich'l Smith do 
 
 By John West, 2'"! Advance pr Go Washington. 
 By Cash from Colo Andrew Lewis per (.'aptn 
 
 Hog for i"*^ & 2"'! Advance 
 
 By John Creagh 
 
 The grant of 200,000 acres of land Dr 
 To Cash paid Mr John Blair Clerk of the 
 Council for Copies of Scv' orders of Council 
 
 & other Services in this Land 
 
 j To Ditto paid Captain W"> Crawford for 
 
 \ Balls of an Acct Exhibited this day 
 
 To Ditto paid Mr Everard, for Fees due to the 
 Govern' & Secretary on 13 surveys returned 
 
 to the olfice to be Paten' ed 
 
 \ To Ditto sent Ditto extra Fees to hasten the 
 ( Patenting of the Surveys 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 2 O 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ;^I04 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 
t 
 
 It' 
 
 f 
 
 m I 
 
 I 
 
 K ^*- : 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 July 
 
 Nov 22 
 
 Dec 2 
 
 1774 
 
 Feby 26 
 
 1772 
 Jany i 
 
 May 18 
 Nov 18 
 
 Do 
 
 March 13 
 Apr 19 
 
 21 
 
 June 
 
 October lE 
 
 M 
 
 j To Cash given Ditto for hastening the Pat- ) 
 
 I enting — according to promise j" 
 
 To Cash paid Capt" Crawfords Order in favor j 
 
 of John Hite \ 
 
 To Capt" Crawford's Order in favor of Mr \ 
 
 Hugh Stephenson \ 
 
 To Cash paid for the Gov's and Secretary's 
 Fees on the last 5 Patents 
 
 To Ditto paid Mr Everard to hasten the Pat- | 
 
 ents j 
 
 To advertising the last Distribution of the Land ) 
 
 for Mr Rind f 
 
 ( To your Assumpset in favor of Mr. Hugh ) 
 \ Stephenson omitted in December last . . . ) 
 
 To cash paid you 
 
 Contra Cr 
 
 By Balle brought from Ledger A 
 
 j By Mr Jno Barnes for Lient James Tower's 
 
 \ proportion of y^ two advances 
 
 j By Mr Alex Craik for Lieut Jno Poison pro- 
 
 \ portion of the two advances 
 
 By cash recvd from Colo Andrew Lewis viz for ) 
 
 his proportion of y^ contingent Acct j 
 
 Exhibited at y^' meeting in Fredrkg for his pro- \ 
 
 prtn of the Expense of Surveying and for >- 
 
 Jno Smith a Soldrs part ) 
 
 By Cash recvd from Doct James Craike \ 
 
 for his proportion of y« Contingent >■ 2-19-9 
 
 Acct '. ) 
 
 And for the Survey of his tracts 8-13-6 
 
 By Cash received from Mr Alex Craike on ) 
 
 Acct of Mr Poison ) 
 
 By Cash receivd from Col Adam Stephen per | 
 
 Mr Donaldson j 
 
 By Ditto reed from Capt" Hog per Do 
 
 By Ditto receivd from Mr Jno West 
 
 j By Ditto receivd of the Rev Mr Thruston per ) 
 
 I Mr Norton. j 
 
 By Cash receivd of Mr John Baynes on account 
 
 of Lt James Tower's Claim 
 
 By my quota of the Contingent acct per the) 
 
 Resolutions at Frcdericksburgh Nov 1772. . . ) 
 
 By Colo Muse's Do Do 
 
 By Geo Washington for surveying the follow- \ 
 
 ing Tracts of Land viz 10,990 acres — 4,395 \ 
 
 Do 2,448 Do & 2,314 Do ) 
 
 By Ditto for Capt" Bronaughstwo first advances 
 
 viz ;f 6. & ^4. 10 
 
 By Ditto for Capt" Bronaugh — dividend of) 
 
 the Contingent acct per resolution at Fred'g f 
 By the Cost of Surveying Muse's Land in the first \ 
 
 distribution viz. 9,073 acres in the large tract [■ 
 
 of 51,302 acres and the small tract of 927 a''^ ) 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 ID 
 
 10 
 
 ID 
 
 10 
 
 ID 
 
 £^ 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 o 
 9 
 
5 
 oo 
 
 25 
 
 8 I 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 xo, 
 
 10 
 
 £^ 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 lO 
 
 10 
 
 9 I 7 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 i6 
 
 i6 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 13 3 
 
 o 10 
 
 IX 
 
 II 
 
 10 15 
 
 o 
 4 
 4 
 
 PS 
 
 I' 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 
 9 
 
 1774 
 Feb 19 
 
 " 25 
 May 17 
 June 14 
 
 / Vashingtons Journal. 
 
 By Geo Washington on Acct of Mr John West | 
 
 freight of 9 hhds Molasses as/ \ 
 
 j By casli of Mr Jno Baynes on Acct Jas ) 
 
 / Towers \ 
 
 By Ditto reed per Doctor Craike 
 
 By Ditto Reed frm Colo Andr Lewis 
 
 By Ditto of Mr Chas Yates on Acct of Wni \ 
 Wright deceased his share of y*" Expen'' of > 
 Surveying y'' 200,000 acres of Land ) 
 
 2 I I 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 XI 
 
 5 o 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 They were to hold according to their several claims 
 and to divide or dispose of as they might choose. The 
 claim of the soldier who served in this .ampaign was 
 recognized as valid to an amount of land determined 
 by his rank, which in many instances was sold by the 
 soldier before the land was located. Washington 
 purchased many of the claims and held large tracts 
 of very fertile lands at different points on the Ohio. 
 Although he advanced the money to make .he sur- 
 veys, he was in a great measure reimbursed by a pro 
 rata pooling of the outlay by those most benefited. 
 I had hoped to find a complete list of the recipients 
 of this bounty, but I have only partly succeeded. It 
 is not improbable, however, that a full list of all who 
 received land under this grant might, with patience, 
 be compiled by an exhaustive examination of the 
 records of the Land Office at Richmond. 
 
 The following list of recognized claimants v;ith 
 the pro rata of cost to each in securing the land is 
 preserved in Washington's handwriting. The docu- 
 ment is without date. 
 
 i 
 
( I 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 ' H 
 
 f! f 
 
 Ippoidix 
 
 A List of Balances due from Sundrys en Acct of their Claims to 
 Land under the Proclamation of 1754.' 
 
 I' 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 10. 
 
 II. 
 12. 
 
 14. 
 15- 
 
 16. 
 
 17. 
 18. 
 
 ^9- 
 20. 
 
 21, 
 
 22. 
 
 23- 
 24. 
 
 25- 
 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 30- 
 
 31- 
 32. 
 33- 
 34. 
 35- 
 36. 
 37. 
 38. 
 
 39- 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 
 43- 
 
 The Estate of Col" Joseph Fry 
 
 Col° Adam Stephen p'l 
 
 Colo George Muse 
 
 The Estate of Capt" Robert Stobo 
 
 Colo Andrew Lewis paid . . 
 
 Captain Peter Hog C. Craw** 
 
 Captain Jacob Vanbraam 
 
 Col" George Mercier. .paid by M'' Ja^ Mercer. 
 
 Mr Andrew Waggoner. C. Craw* 
 
 Mr John West C. Craw^ .... 
 
 CC ( 
 
 The Estate or Heir of Willm Poison C 
 
 Lieut John Savage C. Crawd . . 
 
 Captain William Bronaugh 
 
 Doctor James Craik C. CraW^. . 
 
 John Baynes for James Towers heirs. . . ) . . 
 
 CC ( .. 
 
 The Heir of William Wright paid .... 
 
 Captain Thomas Bullet 
 
 Robert Longdon CC 
 
 Robert Tunstall CC 
 
 Andrew Waggener CC 
 
 Richard Trotter CC 
 
 John David Wilpper 
 
 Wire Johnson CC 
 
 Hugh McRoy CC... 
 
 Richard Smith CC .... 
 
 Charles Smith CC ... 
 
 Angus McDonald CC 
 
 Nathan Chapman CC 
 
 Joseph Gatewood CC 
 
 James Samuel CC 
 
 Michael Seally CC 
 
 Edward Goodwin CC .... 
 
 William Baily CC . . . . 
 
 Henry Baily CC ... 
 
 William Costland CC .... 
 
 Mathew Doran CC 
 
 John Ramsay CC .... 
 
 Charles James CC 
 
 Mathew Cox CC 
 
 Marshall Pratt CC . . . . 
 
 John Wilson CC 
 
 William Johnston CC 
 
 John Wilson CC. ... 
 
 £54. 
 
 II. 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 paid 
 40. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 12. 
 II. 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 'A 
 
 40. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 40. 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 9. 
 
 5- 
 
 3 
 
 II. 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 5- 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 20. 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 paid 
 8. 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 5- 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 II. 
 
 4. 
 
 7 
 
 II. 
 
 4. 
 
 7 
 
 2. 
 
 13- 
 
 9 
 
 I. 
 
 12. 
 
 9 
 
 2. 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 2. 
 
 13. 
 
 9 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 13- 
 
 4. 
 4- 
 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
Jl'as/u')ii'iotis foiirnal. 
 
 21 
 
 ir Claims to 
 
 II. 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 9- 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 II. 
 
 5- 
 
 9- 
 
 14. 
 18. 
 
 3- 
 12. 
 
 4- 
 I. 
 
 7. 
 9- 
 
 V^ 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1. 
 
 4- 
 
 I. 
 
 4. 
 
 2. 
 
 13- 
 
 I. 
 
 12. 
 
 2. 
 
 n- 
 
 2. 
 
 13- 
 
 2. 
 
 13- 
 
 2. 
 
 4- 
 
 2. 
 
 4- 
 
 1. 
 
 3- 
 
 I.' 
 
 IS- 
 
 I. 
 
 IS- 
 
 I. 
 
 iS- 
 
 I. 
 
 15- 
 
 I. 
 
 iS- 
 
 I. 
 
 15 
 
 I. 
 I. 
 I. 
 1. 
 I. 
 
 I. 
 I. 
 I. 
 1. 
 I. 
 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 IS- 
 iS- 
 iS' 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 44. 
 45- 
 46. 
 47- 
 48. 
 49. 
 50. 
 
 51- 
 52. 
 
 S3- 
 54- 
 55- 
 56. 
 
 57- 
 58. 
 
 59- 
 60. 
 
 61. 
 62. 
 
 63- 
 
 64. 
 
 65- 
 66. 
 
 67. 
 68. 
 
 69. 
 70. 
 
 71. 
 
 72. 
 
 73- 
 74- 
 
 75- 
 76. 
 
 n- 
 78. 
 
 79- 
 80. 
 81. 
 82. 
 
 83- 
 84. 
 
 85- 
 86. 
 
 87- 
 88. 
 
 Nathaniel Barrett CC . 
 
 David Gorman CC . 
 
 Patrick Galloway CC . 
 
 Timothy Conway CC . 
 
 Christian Bombgardner CC . 
 
 John Maid CC . 
 
 John Howstown CC . 
 
 James Ford CC . 
 
 William Broughton CC . 
 
 William Carnes CC . 
 
 Edward Evans CC . 
 
 Thomas Moss CC 
 
 Mathew Jones CC . 
 
 Philip Gatewood CC . 
 
 Hugh Paul CC. 
 
 Daniel Staples CC 
 
 William Lowry CC . 
 
 James Ludlow CC. 
 
 James Lafort CC . 
 
 James Gwin CC 
 
 Joshua Jordan CC. 
 
 William Jenkins CC . 
 
 James Commach CC. 
 
 Richard Morris CC . 
 
 John Golson CC , 
 
 Robert Jones CC . 
 
 William Hoggan CC. 
 
 John Franklin CC. 
 
 John Bishop CC . 
 
 George Malcomb CC 
 
 William Coleman CC , 
 
 Richard Bolton. . . CC , 
 
 John Smith 
 
 George Hurst CC . 
 
 John Cincaid CC. 
 
 Andrew Fowler 
 
 Thomas Napp 
 
 The Representative of Arthur Watts. . . . 
 
 John Fox Assignee of Jesse May 
 
 Francis Self 
 
 Robert Stewart 
 
 Robert Murphy 
 
 Alexander Bonny 
 
 The Representative of W™ Hon 
 
 William Mi^Anulty 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 i;. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 ID 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15, 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 ID 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 ID 
 
 
 15. 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 •5- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 
 IS- 
 
 10 
 
 
 IS- 
 
 10 
 
 
 •5- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 ID 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 15- 
 
 ID 
 
 
 •5- 
 
 ID 
 
 
 15- 
 
 10 
 
 
 Among Washington's letters there are quite a 
 number relating to the subject of these bounty lands. 
 
! 
 
 214 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 u ij 
 
 i I' 
 
 
 j' 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 In one to Governor Dinwidclie, dated November 5, 
 1772, he says: "The whole quantity of 200,000 
 acres of land granted by the Hon. Robert Dinwiddle's 
 proclamation of the 19th of February, 1756, has been 
 fully obtained." 
 
 Although the surveys were returned, some of the 
 patents were not issued until 1773, and others pos- 
 sibly later.^^ 
 
 ^"^The following advertisement appeared in the 
 Virginia Gazette oi Feb. 17, 1775: 
 
 " It is now become indispensably necessary that the 
 clairnents in the patent to %i\.r.John Savage and others 
 who were with Colonel Washington at the battle of 
 the Meadows, for 28,627 acres of land on the river 
 Ohio and the Sandy Creeks, should come to a speedy 
 divission of the said lands: They and every of them, 
 or their representatives, are therefore desired to 
 attend at the confluence of the Great Kanhawa, on 
 Monday the 8"' day of May next, in order to proceed 
 to a divission. It will also be expected that the costs 
 attending the original survey, be by each claiment 
 then paid 
 
 van Swerengen 
 R Rutherford 
 Isaa Larew 
 James M^Cormack" 
 
 The following from the public press of the county 
 also bears upon this subject 
 
 Prince William, April 12''', 1775 
 
 As the time approaches when the lands patented 
 under the Proclamation of Governor Didwiddie must 
 
.it, 
 
 I Vasliingtous Journai. 
 
 2'5 
 
 mber 5, 
 
 200,000 
 
 widdie's 
 
 las been 
 
 te of the 
 lers pos- 
 
 d in the 
 
 \^ that the 
 [id others 
 
 battle of 
 the river 
 
 a speedy 
 
 of them, 
 esired to 
 
 hawa, on 
 o proceed 
 
 the costs 
 claiment 
 
 lack" 
 
 he county 
 
 t^ 1775 
 patented 
 
 iddie must 
 
 be improved or forfeited, I request the favour of the 
 proprietors of the tract lying on the Pokotcllico creek, 
 and the Kenaiva/i river themselves or by their agents 
 to meet upon the premises, to divide, on Monday the 
 12'** of next June. The necessity of this measure is 
 obvious; but lest it may appear extraordinary to any 
 of the proprietors, that a single person should 
 undertake to appoint the time, I must inform thrm 
 that I have heretofore written, to each seperately to 
 the above purport. Should the proprietors fail to 
 attend at the time, or to send some one to act for 
 them, I hope they will think it reasonable I should 
 take possession of the quantity I am entitled to, by 
 purchase under Major Bullit and ^ .cjutenant Woelper, 
 and proceed to improve it accordingly 
 
 Cuthbert Bullett 
 \From the Virgmia Gazette May 12*^, ^775.] 
 
 The above account kept by Colonel George 
 Washington with those entitled to the bounty land 
 and co-operating to the end of having it surveyed 
 and patented, it is believed will prove of interest, 
 and is given in his own language, showing the 
 amounts contributed to the expense of the survey 
 by each. 
 
 The recital of the patent or deed is, in nearly every 
 case, in the following language : 
 
 George the Third, by the Grace of God, of Great 
 Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the 
 Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come, 
 greeting : Know ye that for Divers good Causes & 
 
 M'J] 
 
Appendix to 
 
 Considerations, but more especially for the consider- 
 ation mentioned in a proclamation of Robert Din- 
 vviddie, Esqr., late Lieutenant-Governor and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of 
 Virginia, bearing date the nineteenth day of Febru- 
 ary, one thousand seven hundred and fifty-four, for 
 encouraging men to enlist in the service of our late 
 Royal Grand Father for the Defense and Security 
 of the said Colony, we have given, granted and con- 
 firmed, and by these presents for our heirs and suc- 
 cessors do give and confirm unto 
 
 The following list is collected from the land pat- 
 ents recorded in the Land Office in Richmond, Va. 
 It is probable that a thorough search there might 
 discover the names of others. 
 
 Henry Baily, 
 William Bailey, 
 Nathaniel Barrett, 
 John Bishop, 
 Richard Bolton, 
 Christian Bomgardner, 
 Alexander Bonney, 
 William Bronaugh, 
 William Broughton, 
 Thomas Bullett, 
 William Carnes, 
 
 Nathan Chapman, 
 William Coleman, 
 James Commack, 
 Timothy Conway, 
 William Copeland, 
 Matthew Cox, 
 James Craik, 
 Matthew Doran, 
 Edward Evans, 
 James Ford, 
 Andrew Fowler, 
 
 \ ! 
 
^Vas/iin^/ons Journal. 
 
 2 1 
 
 John Fox's heirs to Arthur 
 
 Watts, 
 John Franklin, 
 Joshua Fry's heirs to 
 
 John Fry, 
 Patrick Galloway, 
 Joseph Gatewood, 
 Philip Gatewood, 
 John Gholston. 
 James Giben, 
 Edward Goodwin, 
 David Gordan, 
 William Hogan, 
 Peter Hogg, 
 May Horn, 
 John Houston, 
 George Hurst, 
 Charles James, 
 William Jenkins, 
 William Johnson, 
 Wire Johnson, 
 Matthew Jones, 
 Robert Jones, 
 Joshua Jordan, 
 John Kincade, 
 
 Robert Langdon, 
 
 28 
 
 James La Tort, 
 Andrew Lewis, 
 William Lowrey, 
 James Ludlow, 
 William M^Anulty, 
 Angus McDonald, 
 Hugh M'^^Koy, 
 John Maid, 
 George Malcomb, 
 Daniel Maples, 
 George Mercer, 
 Richard Morris, 
 Thomas Moss, 
 Robert Murphy, 
 George Muse, 
 Thomas Napp, 
 Hugh Paul, 
 John Poison, 
 Marshall Pratt, 
 John Ramsay, 
 James Samuel, 
 John Savage, 
 Michael Scully, 
 Francis Self, 
 Charles Smith, 
 John Smith, 
 
ys=r» 
 
 n 
 
 li I 
 
 11 
 
 1' 
 
 1 
 
 2i8 Appendix to 
 
 Richard Smith, Jacob Van Braam, 
 
 Adam Stephen, Andrew Wagener, 
 
 Robert Stewart, Edmund Wagener, 
 
 Robert Stobo's represen- George Washington, 
 
 tative, David Richard- John West, Jr., 
 
 son. John David Welper, 
 
 Richard Trotter, John Wilson, 
 
 Robert Tunstall, John Wright's heirs. 
 
 James Tower's heirs to 
 
 John Baynes, 
 
 An alphabetical list follows of the recipients of land 
 and the amount awarded to each at the second and 
 last distribution under Governor Dinwiddle's procla- 
 mation, granting 200,000 acres of land on the Ohio 
 River to the officers and soldiers who served in the 
 expedition to the Ohio, to build forts, in 1 754. 
 
 A letter from Colonel Washington in the form of 
 suggestions, and as a final report to Governor Din- 
 widdie on the subject of the distribution of the 
 bounty lands, bearing date November 5, 1772, is the 
 basis of this list. \See Paytons History of Augusta 
 County, Va., p. 169.] 
 
 Alex'. Bonny, acres 400 
 
 W"*. Bronaugh, in full 6, 000 
 
 Thomas Bullett, in full 6, 000 
 
 D^ James Craik i , 794 
 
 James Forest's heirs 6, 000 
 
 =??a".— ir'^ij^ 
 
1, 
 r, 
 
 er, 
 ton, 
 
 per, 
 
 iirs. 
 
 Its of land 
 
 
 ;cond and 
 
 
 e's procla- 
 
 
 the Ohio 
 
 
 ^ed in the 
 
 I 
 
 754. 
 
 
 le form of 
 
 1 
 
 ernor Din- 
 
 i 
 
 on of the 
 
 
 772, is the 
 
 
 f Augjista 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 . . 6, 000 
 
 
 . . 6, 000 
 
 
 .. 1.794. 
 
 !'] 
 
 . . 6, 000 
 
 i 
 
 II as/iifigU)n\s JoiirnaL 2 1 9 
 
 Col". Joshua Fry's heirs, acres 7, 242 
 
 Andrew Fowler .qq 
 
 ^^^^^^og 2 ,00 
 
 W-. Horn, dec ^^ 
 
 Andrew Lewis 2 100 
 
 Wm. M'^Anulty ' ^qq 
 
 Jesse May, assignee to M. Fox 400 
 
 CoK Mercer 3 g,^ 
 
 Robert Murphy .qq 
 
 George Muse - ^2-1 
 
 Thomas Napp ^^^ 
 
 John Savage 2, 5 72 
 
 Francis Self .qq 
 
 Adam Stephen 2 100 
 
 Jn"- Smith 400 
 
 Capt. Robert Stobo's heirs g^ 000 
 
 Robert Stewart .qq 
 
 James Towner, dec 6,000 
 
 Andrew Wagener 2, 572 
 
 Geo. Washington ^r, 
 
 << (I 
 
 3-500 
 
 Arthur Watts, dec ^qo 
 
 John David Welper 600 
 
 John West j^^^^ 
 
 John Wright's heir 2, 500 
 
 Capt. Jacob Van Braam g^ 000 
 
 i 
 
 *s«Bai 
 
^^ 
 
 r 
 
 ■ I 
 
 220 
 
 ■ippcudix to 
 
 . 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ' ! 
 
 ■ 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 f 
 
 Virginia Pensioners of 1754. 
 The following is a partial list of military pensioners 
 who had served in the armed expedition to the Ohio 
 under the command of Colonel George Washington 
 in 1754, and who, from disabilities caused by wounds 
 and diseases, subsequently petitioned the House of 
 Burgesses for relief, which was granted them. Their 
 names are culled from the journals of the House of 
 Burgesses of Virginia. 
 
 Thomas Anderson — not wounded, was allowed back pay. 
 
 Robert Bell — wounded, was paid 50 shillings. 
 
 Tudor Davis — not wounded, was awarded back pay. 
 
 Matthew Doran — shot through both thighs, paid £j los. 
 
 John Durham — wounded, allowed jCs. 
 
 Joseph Gillam — not wounded, allowed back pay. 
 
 James Good — wounded in the thigh, ;^io. 
 
 Edward Goodwin — wounded severely, allowed ;^5 and /'s annually. 
 
 David Gorman — not wounded, back pay. 
 
 James Halter — wounded, allowed £is with back pay. 
 
 John Hamilton — wounded, allowed ;^20 with back pay. 
 
 Argall House — lost a leg, allowed £s and £s annually. 
 
 William Lansdown — not wounded, allowed back pay. 
 
 Michael M'Cannon — wounded, allowed ;^io as a recompense. 
 
 Michael M'Graff — wounded, allowed ;^io as a recompense. 
 
 John Ogleby — wounded, paid £«, in full as recompense. 
 
 John Potter — wounded, allowed £s and £s annually. 
 
 Joseph Powell — wounded, allowed £6 as a recompense. 
 
 Richard Richbell — wounded, allowed ^5.105. 
 
 Robert Stobo — a hostage with the French, allowed ;^i,ooo. 
 
 Jacob Van Braam — a hostage with the French, allowed ;^500. 
 
 Concluding Chapter. 
 While it may not be claimed that the data here 
 assembled are all new, or give as satisfactory a his- 
 
/ / 'as/i /no ton '.v Joh nial. 
 
 221 
 
 tory of Governor Dinvviddic's armed expedition to 
 the Ohio in i 754 as could be desired, it is neverthe- 
 less hoped that the facts and averments presented 
 may, at least, prove serviceable to other and more 
 capable students of this very interesting event in 
 American history. 
 
 Whether this movement be viewed in the light of 
 a purely provincial enterprise, or as a military exploit 
 of a diplomatic and strategic character on the part 
 of Great Britain, it must always possess special his- 
 toric importance. It introduced George Washing- 
 ton to the people of Virginia in a most favorable 
 manner, awakened among them a pride of coun- 
 try and an honorable military ambition to equal 
 the best troops, and pointed the way to a practica- 
 ble union of the colonies for defense against a for- 
 eign foe and for a possible independence. Hence 
 although the particular purpose of the expedition 
 failed, it was from no want of soldierly traits, but on 
 the contrary, the provincial troops evinced the highest 
 courage and endurance, and their performances ex- 
 hibited to a marked extent the genius and fortitude 
 of the young lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 The fate of the expedition was sealed by the tar- 
 diness of the Governor and by Colonel Fry, the com- 
 mander, not forwarding reinforcements and supplies 
 
rr- 
 
 f 
 
 { . 
 
 ih 
 
 i\ 
 
 |:!| 
 
 nl- 
 
 li '^.'k 
 
 r ii 
 
 f l< 
 
 Itl 
 
 I 
 
 I i 
 
 222 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 with sufficient promptness to sustain Washington in 
 his advanced position, thereby subjecting him and 
 his heroic band to the necessity of giving battle 
 to a superior force, 'i'hey accepted the alternative, 
 however, and fought with a courage that deserved 
 a better result, but which merited and received the 
 unanimous thanks of the Assembly of Virginia for 
 their bravery and their gallant defense of their 
 country. 
 
 Some incidents connected with the conduct of the 
 campaign brought Colonel Washington's name and 
 his ability for military command in emergencies, under 
 severe critical review. The discussion of the con- 
 duct of the expedition and the management of the 
 troops brought out the main facts as to the actual 
 force in the field, their equipments, supplies, &c., 
 and fully demonstrated the young officer's activity, 
 discretion and ca^^' nity for using to the best advan- 
 tage the forces under his command, and also his 
 genius and courage in defending himself when 
 attacked by a superior force, as perhaps nothing in 
 his after life, when his great military ability was fully 
 established, equalled o/ surpassed. 
 
 His skirmish with an advanced reconnoitering 
 party of French under de Jumonville, their captain, 
 and the death of this leader was much commented 
 
 

 II 'as/iui^ion\s Journai. 
 
 2:23 
 
 upon, and the facts in the case greatly perverted by 
 the French for political effect. The terms of the 
 capitulation, after the battle of the Great Meadows, 
 agreed to between the French commander. Mon- 
 sieur de Villiers, and Colonel Washington and 
 Captain Mackaye on the part of Virginia, which was 
 written in French, but of which no copy in English 
 had been made at the time of signing, when trans- 
 lated and published, caused unfavorable comments, 
 in consequence of certain expressions derogatory to 
 the English. Washington and his officers in this 
 were misled, having relied upon the oral translation 
 of Captain Jacob van Braam, a German having but 
 an imperfect knowledge of either the French or Eng- 
 lish language, and who, through inadvertence or 
 ignorance, rendered the word assassination of de 
 Jumonville, death of de Jumonville. This with a few 
 other words and passages depreciative of the English, 
 and not observed at the time, the French plumed 
 themselves, according to de Villiers's report, on 
 having had the English sign. 
 
 That Washington and his officers were misled by 
 the translation is certain, but subsequent events 
 showed that this was from ignorance of the language 
 on the part of Captain van Braam and not from 
 treachery as was at first surmised. 1 he historian, 
 
 
?^ 
 
 fr 1 . 
 
 ii ' 
 
 
 h ^ 
 
 
 .!: 
 
 
 i! 
 
 224 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 Jared Sparks, in the Writings of Washington, has 
 made a very thorough study and exposition of this 
 matter, to which work, vol. ii, persons particularly 
 interested in the subject are respectfully referred for 
 the evidences and all the details of the capitulation, 
 which fully exculpate Washington from blame in the 
 matter. 
 
 In an early part of this work it has been shown 
 that Washington had declined the chief command of 
 the expedition to the Ohio on account of his youth 
 and his want of experience for so great an under- 
 taking, but he accepted the second place. After re- 
 cruiting his regiment by direction of the Governor 
 of Virginia, he marched his forces from Alexandria 
 westward and won the distinction of having led the 
 first American troops across the Alleghany Mountains 
 to build forts and to reclaim the Great West to 
 civilization. 
 
 Colonel Joshua Fry was commissioned Colonel of 
 the Virginia Regiment, and made commander of the 
 expedition to the Ohio. He was a man of character 
 but advanced in years, and died May 31st, 1754, 
 en route to assume direction of the military opera- 
 tions in the field. This promoted Washington to be 
 Colonel and made him the responsible director of 
 the troops undei bis command. 
 
 i -I 
 
Washingto7is Journal. 225 
 
 Governor Dinwiddie, who was more noted for zeal 
 than for ability in military affairs, on learning of the 
 failure of the campaign, was impatient to organ- 
 ize another expedition and send it over the moun- 
 tams at once to recover the defeat and make good 
 the pretensions of the English in the Ohio country 
 To do this required men and money. The Assem- 
 bly of Virginia were indifferent to the matter, or at 
 least did not partake of the Governor's enthusiasm 
 or sense of duty in the premises and in effect op- 
 posed the measure, for which action the Governor 
 as a rebuke, prorogued the Assembly in September' 
 1754. He wrote to the Ministry "That the people 
 seemed to him infatuated, and that he was persuaded 
 the progress of the French would never effectually 
 be opposed except by an act of Parliament to compel 
 the Colonies to contribute to the common cause 
 independently of the Assemblies." The Virginia 
 forces ivhich had been in the battle of the Great 
 Meadows under the command of Colonel Washing- 
 ton, after resting a short time at Will's Creek, re- 
 turned through Winchester to Alexandria, Va 
 Captain Mackaye's, the two independent compa- 
 nies from New York and the one from North Caro- 
 lina remained at Will's Creek and built - Fort Mount 
 Pleasant," afterward named Fort Cumberland These 
 
 29 "cav. 
 
m 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 ■ I 
 
 }. i 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 fi •' 
 
 f' .'.; 
 
 if 
 
 
 I 
 
 !i 
 
 :i; 
 
 226 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 troops were placed under the command of Colonel 
 James Innes of North Carolina, who had been com- 
 missioned by Governor Dinwiddle June 4th, 1754, 
 commander of the expedition to the Ohio. None of 
 these forces, however, had joined the Virg-inia regi- 
 ment under Colonel Washington until after the battle 
 of the Great Meadows. Indeed Colonel Innes only 
 arrived at Winchester, en route to Will's Creek, on the 
 9th of July, I 754, with about 1 50 men and these were 
 without arms {see Governor Sharp's letter in which 
 he says he supplied them ivith arms from Mary- 
 land^ Washington, on learning the desire of Gov- 
 ernor Dinwiddle to march the forces then on hand 
 over the mountains to the head of the Ohio, gave a 
 calm but full consideration to the question of the 
 expediency and practicability of the scheme during 
 the fall or winter. He submitted his views in a defer- 
 ential letter to the Governor, reviewing the whole 
 situation in a masterly manner from a military stand- 
 point, but without changing the Governor's opinion. 
 He then wrote August iith, 1754 {see Sparks), to 
 the Hon. Wm. Fairfax, who was a member of the 
 Governor's Council. In this letter he showed that 
 every essential to success was wanting and could not 
 be supplied in time, and set fortli the reasons against 
 another expedition that fall in such a convincing 
 
of Colonel 
 :l been com- 
 t 4th, 1754, 
 3. None of 
 irg^inia regi- 
 er the battle 
 I Innes only 
 >eek, on the 
 d these were 
 er in which 
 '^rom Mary- 
 sire of Gov- 
 en on hand 
 )hio, gave a 
 jtion of the 
 leme during 
 ^s in a defer- 
 of the whole 
 litary stand- 
 or's opinion. 
 
 Sparks), to 
 mber of the 
 showed that 
 nd could not 
 
 Lsons against 
 I convincing 
 
 IVashingtorts Joitnial. 227 
 
 manner that the project lost the support of the 
 Council and was deferred for a more favorable oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 When the House of Burgesses met in October, 
 they voted ^20,000 for military purposes against the 
 French, while England had already granted ^10,000 
 in gold with considerable military stores, to be at the 
 disposal of the Governor, for the same purpose. 
 The Governor, however, had by this time concluded 
 to reorganize the Virginia troops, and in a manner 
 which he supposed would effectually settle all ques- 
 tions of rank between the Colonial and British forces 
 and minimise the influence of Colonial officers. His 
 plan was to raise ten independent companies of 100 
 men, each company to be commanded by a Captain, 
 and this officer to be inferior to any officer of the 
 same rank holding a commission from the King. 
 
 The views which Colonel Washington held on the 
 question of rank and the proper recognition of 
 Colonial officers, and the sound reasons he gave for 
 his conclusions, he set forth in repeated letters to the 
 Governor, and also to members of the Council, which 
 he recapitulated, in a concise manner, in a letter of the 
 loth of June.i 754,to Governor Dinwiddle (see Sparks). 
 He naturally became the champion of equal rights 
 and honors among officers of the same grade, having 
 
 I, 
 
 I " 
 
228 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 A, 
 
 (h 
 
 
 
 . \ 
 
 
 
 'f 
 
 -; ( 
 
 like responsibilities, whether Colonial or British, the 
 senior officer taking command when serving together. 
 
 The effect of the Governor's plan of reorganiza- 
 tion was to reduce Colonel Washington to the rank 
 of Captain and place him under officers he had com- 
 manded. To such treatment a man of Colonel 
 Washington's spirit could not submit. He therefore 
 resigned his commission and returned to the manage- 
 ment of his plantation at Mount Vernon. 
 
 There seems to have been with the Ministry, a 
 spirit which Governor Dinwiddie promoted or fully 
 concurred in, not to permit Colonial field officers to 
 hold any high military rank. British pride encouraged 
 this supercilious assumption of superiority in the 
 King's commission, a theory which found a warm 
 supporter in the Governor of Virginia. If, hov/ever, 
 the Governor had had tact equal to his loyalty, he 
 would at all hazards have procured a commission for 
 Colonel Washington in the British army, which it is 
 probable would at that time have been accepted 
 by him. 
 
 But had not Washington resigned when he did, he 
 would have been forced eventually to retire, as the 
 position he took in demanding rank was covertly 
 opposed by Governor Dinwiddie, and was not accept- 
 able to the traditions and notions of the British Min- 
 
 
Washington s Journal. 229 
 
 istry, so that the Government during the winter, or 
 before General Braddock came to Virginia in the 
 spring of 1755, had adopted a specific regulation to 
 govern His Majesty's forces in North America 
 which directed " that all such as were commissioned 
 '^ by the King, or by his general Commander-in- 
 " Chief, in North America, should take rank of all 
 "officers CO. .missioned by the Governors of the 
 " separate provinces. And, further, that the general 
 " field officers of the provincial troops should have 
 " no rank when serving with the general and field 
 " officers commissioned by the Crown ; but that all 
 '' Captains and other inferior officers of the Royal 
 " troops should take rank over provincial officers of 
 " the same grade having older commissions." This 
 code of regulations but crystallized the claims of 
 the officers of the British army, while serving in 
 America. The promulgation of these rules had the 
 effect to keep up a perpetual irritation and to give 
 point to the injustice and hardships heaped upon the 
 officers of the Colonies when serving with those of the 
 Crown. It is true the rigor of this rule was some- 
 what changed through the influence of Lord Pitt, 
 but never fully relieved of its sting of injustice. 
 
 Governor Sharp, of Maryland, was appointed by 
 the King in the fall of 1754 to the command of the 
 
 
230 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 forces to be sent against the French, thereby super- 
 seding Colonel Innes, who held his commission from 
 Governor Dinwiddle. General Sharp appreciated 
 the ability and character of Washington, and either 
 wrote a personal letter or had others write inviting 
 him to resume his station and former rank in the 
 service. He also had Colonel Fitzhugh, second in 
 command, write to him to the same purport. That 
 Washington's views may be properly understood, 
 his letter in reply to Colonel Fitzhugh is given 
 in full : 
 
 To CoP William Fitzhugh, Belvoir : 
 
 November is'**, 1754. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 I was favoured with your letter from Rousby Hall 
 of the 4^*^ Instant — It demands my best acknowledg- 
 ments, for the particular marks of Esteem you have 
 expressed therein ; and for the kind assurances of 
 his Excellency Governor Sharp's good wishes to- 
 wards me. I also thank you, — and sincerely, Sir, — 
 for your friendly iatention of making my situation 
 easy, if I return to the Service ; and I do not doubt, 
 could I submit to the Terms, that I should be as 
 happy under your command, in the absence of the 
 General, as under any gentleman's whatever : but, I 
 think the disparity between the present offer of a 
 
Washingto7ts Journal. 
 
 231 
 
 Company and my former Rank too great to expect 
 any real satisfaction or enjoyment in a Corps, where 
 I once did, or thought I had a right to. command, 
 even if his Excellency had power to suspend the 
 orders received in the Secretary of War's letter; 
 which, by the bye, I am very far from thinking he' 
 either has, or will attempt to do, without fuller In- 
 structions than I believe he has : especially, too. as 
 there has been a representation of this matter by 
 Governour Dinwiddle, and, I believe, the Assembly 
 of this State; we have advices that it was received 
 before Demmarree obtained his Letter. 
 
 All that I presume the General can do. is, to pre- 
 vent the different Corps from interfering, which will 
 occasion the Duty to be done by Corps, instead of 
 detachments; a very inconvenient way, as is found 
 by experience.* 
 
 You make mention in your letter of my continuing 
 in the Service and retaining my Colo. Commission. 
 This idea has filled me with surprise: for, if you 
 think me capab le of holding a Commission that has 
 
 * Note by Sparks : " That is, the Independent and Coloi^CompanieT 
 must act separately, and not in concert by detachments from each The 
 inconvenience of this method was proved in the case of Captain Mackivc 
 previously to the battle of the Great Meadows. Colonel Innes, at Will's 
 Creek, contrived to keep up a nominal command by acting under two 
 commissions, his old one from the King received in the former war and 
 h.s new one from Governor Dinwiddic, to each of which he appealed as 
 occasion required." 
 
 %. 
 
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 '■ • 
 
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 it ' ? 
 
 i\ 
 
 n. 
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 :i 
 
 
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 .; 
 
 232 
 
 Appendix to 
 
 neither rank nor emolument annexed to it, you must 
 entertain a very contemptible opinion of my weak- 
 ness, and believe me to be more empty than the 
 Commission itself. 
 
 Besides, Sir, if I had time, I could enumerate 
 many good reasons that forbid all thoughts of my 
 Returning, and which, to you, or any other, would, 
 upon the strictest scrutiny, appear to be well 
 founded. I must be reduced to a very low Com- 
 mand, and subjected to that of many who have 
 acted as my inferior Officers. In short, every Cap- 
 tain bearing the King's Commission, every half-pay 
 Officer, or other appearing with such commission, 
 would rank before me ; for these reasons, I choose 
 to submit to the loss of Health, which I have, how- 
 ever, already sustained (not to mention that of 
 Effects), and the fatigue I have undergone in our 
 first Efforts, rather than subject myself to the same 
 inconveniences, and run the risque of a second dis- 
 appointment. I shall have the consolation itself of 
 knowing that I have opened the way, when the 
 smallness of our numbers exposed us to the attacks 
 of a Superior Enemy ; That I have hitherto stood 
 the heat and brunt of the Day, and escaped un- 
 touched in time of extreme danger; and that I have 
 the Thanks of my Country, for the" Services I have 
 rendered it. 
 
 ^:w: 
 
 rutfy^irt t i r«n . ;' 
 
IVas/u'fio-hvi's loHniaL 
 
 211 
 
 It shall not sleep in silence my havini;- received 
 information that those " peremptory orders from 
 Home," which, you say, could not be dispensed 
 with, for reducincr the Regiment into Independent 
 Companies, were generated, hatched, and brought 
 from Will's Creek. Ingenuous treatment and plain 
 dealing — I at least expected.* It is to be hoped 
 the project will answer; it shall meet with my acqui- 
 escence in every thing except personal Services. I 
 herewith enclose Governor Sharp's Letter, which I 
 beg you will return to him, with my Acknowledg- 
 ments for the favour he intended me ; assure him. 
 Sir, as you truly may, of my reluctance to quit the 
 Service, and of the pleasure I should have received 
 in attending his Fortunes. Also inform him, that 
 
 * Note by Sparks : " It would seem that some unfair purpose was sus- 
 pected in this matter of reducing the regiment, and thereby throwing out 
 the higher officers. Nor was this a groundless suspicion. Governor Din- 
 widdle wrote to the Earl of Halifax, on the 25th October: — 'As there 
 have been some disputes between the regulars and the olhcers appointed 
 by me, I am now determined to reduce our regiment into Indei)cndent 
 Companies, so that from our forces there will be no other distinguisiiod 
 officer above a captain.' — It is clear, therefore, that this was done at the 
 governor's own motion, probably in concert with General Sharpe, and not 
 by any orders, which had as yet been received from higher authority. He 
 had written for instructions, but none had then arrived, nor in f-.ct did 
 they arrive, till brought out by (General Braddock the winter follo'.ving. It 
 is no wonder that a high-minded officer should be displeased at such a 
 manoeuver, cloaked ai ii was under the pretence of ' percm,jtory orders 
 from Home.' Doubtless the arrangement was considered '.ssential to the 
 prosperity of the service, but this would hardly be take" as an apology for 
 a concealed design, by a man of spirit and high motives, who felt himself 
 entitled vo frankness and confidence." 
 30 
 
'^*, 
 
 V I 
 
 234 Appendix to Washin(^tons Journal. 
 
 it was to obey the call of Honour, and the advice of 
 Friends, I declined it, and not to <j^ratify any desire 
 I had to leave the military line. — 
 
 My inclinations are strongly bent to arms. 
 The length of this & the small room I have left, 
 tell mc how necessary it is to conclude, which I will 
 do, as you always shall find — 
 Truly & Sincerely 
 
 Your most hb''' Servant, 
 
 Geo. Washington.* 
 
 M 
 
 th 
 
 ?^ov. 15'", 1754 
 
 * Letter copied from Transcript in tiie Department of State — with literal 
 exactness. 
 
 i ' 
 
INDEX. 
 
 — with literal 
 
 Abigland, Scotland, 24. 
 Absent from duty, 177. 
 Accomack county, 135. 
 Account with Virginia, 
 
 180, 181, 182. 
 Across the mountains, 48. 
 Action with the French, 
 
 89. 
 Acts of Assembly, 47, 1S9. 
 Acts of Parliament, 8y. 
 Adjutant Frazier, 162. 
 major's commission, 
 
 105. 
 Peyronie, 53. 
 Advance of French, 136. 
 Advertisement, 214. 
 Afflack, Peter, 191. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle treaty, 34. 
 Alarms of the enemy, 123 
 Albany, N. Y, 124. 
 Albemarle county, 12. 
 Albury, Charles, 177, 19 
 
 203. 
 Alexander, Gerard, 15. 
 Alexander, John, 15. 
 Robert, 15. 
 
 3> 
 
 Alexandria, county of, 16. 
 town of, 5, 7, 10, 13, 
 15. 16, 24, 25, 26, 
 27, 64, 65, 141, 181, 
 ^ 185, 224, 225. 
 French Prisons in, 93. 
 trustees of, 189. 
 Aliquippa, Queen, 99, 100. 
 son of, 99, 127. 
 town of, 100. 
 Allan, Corp. John, 171, 
 
 177. '93. 19^^ 203 
 Alleghany Mountains, 24, 
 32, 40, 42, 69, 92, 
 104, 1 19, 122, 127, 
 162, 224. 
 crest of, 34. 
 River, ^^, 34,42, 122, 
 136. 
 Allies of the English, 119. 
 certain Indian tribes, 
 
 41.44- 
 
 Alummapees chief, 103. 
 
 American Historical Rec- 
 ord, 81, 87. 
 
 plantations, 
 
 138. 
 
M»i 
 
 ^ 
 
 'n 
 
 !<' 
 
 i ; H 
 
 M' 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 i \ 
 
 ' ; ! 
 
 
 236 
 
 Index. 
 
 Amherst, General, i 52, 1 54. 
 Ammunition, care of, 106. 
 
 scarcity of, 146, 159. 
 Anderson, Capt., 84. 
 
 Thomas, 220. 
 Antietam Creek, 31. 
 Apathy of the people, 6. 
 Appalachian Mountain, 
 
 1 12. 
 Appendix, purpose of, 133. 
 Appropriation for troops, 
 
 141. 
 Armed expedition to 
 
 Ohio, 24, 133. 
 Armory for the U. S., 70. 
 Arms for soldiers, 13. 
 recovered, 183. 
 sold by deserters, 183. 
 taken up, 1 19. 
 Army rank regulations, 
 
 229. 
 Arrans, Jacob, 179, 181. 
 Arsdale, Samuel, 178, 195, 
 
 198, 204. 
 Articles of Capitulation, 
 
 22, 56. 
 Articles of War, 58. 
 Artillery, 107, 126, 147, 
 
 148, 156. 
 Assembly of Virginia, 3, 
 4, 5, 9, II, 15, 18, 
 20, 23, 47, 121, 141, 
 188, 189. 
 apathetic, 225. 
 prorogued, 225. 
 
 Assembly thanks officers 
 and men, 165. 
 of Pennsylvania, 1 7, 
 120. 
 Attack on the camp, 89. 
 by the I^^'ench, 1 28. 
 Attorney-General, 21, 75. 
 
 power of, 86. 
 Aughquick, Pa., 38, 100, 
 
 124. 
 Augusta CO., Va., 5, 16, 
 20, 129, 184, 197, 218. 
 
 Bacon, i 79, 181. 
 Baggage, 106, 139. 156. 
 Bahama Islands, 62. 
 Bailey, Edward, i 74. 
 
 Henry, 171, 190, 198, 
 
 200, 212, 216. 
 William, i 76,216, 21 2. 
 Baker, John, enlists, 181. 
 Baker, Corporal Josias, 
 
 175, 192, 197, 202. 
 Baltimore, ']i, 148. 
 Barbadoes, Island of, 9. 
 Bark — a boat, 67. 
 Barnes, Bartholomew, 193. 
 
 John, 179, 210. 
 Barret, Nathan, 178, 195, 
 
 204, 209, 213, 216. 
 Bateaux, 30, 42, 45. 
 Batson, Solomon, 190, 200. 
 Battalion, 30th, 24. 
 Battle of Monongahela, 
 
 79, 135, 151, 181, 188. 
 
Indc.w 
 
 ^Z7 
 
 Battle of Great Brldcre 
 
 Va.. 1 88. *'' 
 
 of Grea*^ Meadows, 
 
 24, 26, 28, 53, 56, 
 
 H 65, 135, 143, 
 
 144. "45. '50, 169, 
 iHi, 187, 199, 201, 
 214, 222, 226. 
 Point Pleasant, 129. 
 Batty, James, 171. 
 Baxter, Joseph, 175, 202. 
 Bayne, John, 210, 21 1, 212 
 218. 
 
 Bedford co., Va., 90, 130. 
 
 Beef, 189. 
 
 Belle River, 157. 
 
 Bellhaven (now Alexan- 
 dria), 15, 180. 
 
 Bell, Robert, 177, 194, 203, 
 220. 
 
 Belts of wampum, 114, 
 1 16. 
 
 Bel voir, Fairfax's Estate, 
 
 188, 230. 
 Bennett, Robert, 178, 195, 
 
 204. 
 Berkeley co., Va., 27, 29. 
 
 Sir Wm., 15. 
 Bermuda, Island of, 9. 
 Beyans, John, 179. 
 Biddlecomb, John, 174, 
 
 193. 197. 202. 
 Big Kettle, loi. 
 Big- Meadow Run, J2>' 
 Billot, Daniel, 202. 
 
 Bird, Thomas, 1 75. 
 Bisho[), John, 204, 213, 
 
 216. 
 lilack, James, \-j-j, 193,203. 
 Bladen, Gov., of Maryland, 
 
 3^ 
 
 I ^ lair, John, 209. 
 
 Bland of Assembly, 23, 
 
 '53- 
 Blankets, i 14. 
 
 Blue Ridge, 181. 
 Boats, 46, 70, 189. 
 Boisner, John, 179. 
 Bolton, Richard, 177, 194, 
 
 203, 213, 216. 
 Bomgardner, Charles, 204. 
 Christopher, 179, 196, 
 
 213, 216. 
 Godfrey, 177, 203. 
 l^onny, Alexander, 213, 
 
 216, 218. 
 Boston, 36, 61, 79. 
 Boston, Soloman, de- 
 
 serted, 171. 
 Botetourt county, 129. 
 Boucherville, M. de, 94. 
 
 Boundary line of V^irginia, 
 12, 125. 
 
 Bounty lands, 205, 206 
 218. 
 money, 183, 197, 201, 
 
 202, 203, 204. 
 of a pistole, 169, 184. 
 Bowman, Henry, 171, 190, 
 I 198, 200. 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
I 
 
 ! 
 
 s 
 
 ; i 
 
 : 'i 
 
 h . ■"- i 
 
 b J 
 
 I; 
 
 I'ii \i 
 
 I : 
 
 I 
 
 
 ' r:f 
 
 ' ^tt 
 
 i: i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 238 
 
 Index. 
 
 Boyd, Corporal John, 178, 
 
 195, 204. 
 Braddock, Genl., 8, 1 1, 79, 
 125, 135, 150, 188, 189, 
 -^29, 233. 
 Braddock's Army, 93, 107. 
 Camp No. 8, 72. 
 campaign, 28, 72, 82, 
 
 130. 
 defeat, 34, 162. 
 expedition, 25, 26,53, 
 100, 104, 129, 187, 
 188. 
 grave, ']i. 
 papers, 8. 
 road, 89. 
 Branches and waters of 
 
 Ohio, 41. 
 Brardywine, battle of, 90. 
 Bread for soldiers, 189. 
 br'^thrtii the English, ^il- 
 the Indians, 109, 114. 
 T18. 
 Brickner, Sergeant Ru- 
 dolph, 176, 180, 193,203. 
 Bristowe, Henry, 179, 195, 
 
 204. 
 British Army, 21, 24, 65, 
 228. 
 claim, 6. 
 
 government, 43. 
 interests, 121. 
 ministry, 34, 125, 128, 
 
 164, 165. 
 post at Venango, 34. 
 
 British pride, 228. 
 
 West Indies, 49. 
 Broadwater, Charles, 27. 
 Brock, Maj. Robert, 11. 
 
 R. A., 21, 38, ^T, 98, 
 
 135. 163. 
 Bronaugh, Capt. Wm., 163, 
 166, 173, 186, 187, 199, 
 210, 212, 216, 218. 
 Brooks, Bibby, 173, 192, 
 
 201. 
 Brooks, William, 73. 
 Broughton, Wm., 179, 195, 
 
 204, 213, 216. 
 Brown, John, 171, 177, 
 
 190, 198, 200. 
 Brownsville, Pa., 42. 
 Bryan, John, 171. 
 Build forts, 57, 187. 
 Bullett, Cuthbert, 215. 
 Ensign Thomas, 183, 
 186, 187, 212, 216, 
 218. 
 Bunker Hill, Va., 90. 
 Burgesses, House of, 8, 
 
 12, 121, 220, 227. 
 Burke, John, 15, 193, 202. 
 
 Thomas, 179, 204. 
 Burney, Thomas, 175, 193, 
 
 197, 202. 
 
 Burns, Bartho''', 175, 197, 
 
 202. 
 Burnt houses, 161. 
 Burris, Thomas. 179, 195, 
 
 198, 204. 
 
Index. 
 
 239 
 
 Burton, Joshua, 173, 191, 
 
 201. 
 Burwell, Carter, 8. 
 Byarly, Christopher, 177, 
 
 203. 
 Byrd, Col. Wm., 79. 
 
 Cacapehon, Great, 181. 
 Cadets, French, 22, 90,92, 
 
 Cahill, Edward, 175, 202. 
 Calendar, Va., State 
 
 Papers, loi. 
 Callincaux, Charles, 184. 
 Cameron, an Estate, 26, 
 
 Parish, 27. 
 Run, 27. 
 
 Cammack, James, 195, 197, 
 
 202, 209. 
 Camp at New Store, 48. 
 Hidden, 91. 
 Master Genl., 56. 
 of retreating troops, 
 163. 
 Campaign to Ohio, 8, 133, 
 
 164, 165. 
 Campbell, John, 177, 193, 
 
 198, 203. 
 Canada, 17, 22,23,55,59, 
 loi, 102, 152, 153 
 157. 164. 
 Contingent, z^^, 54. 
 General of, 36. 
 Governor of^ 3, 1 20. 
 
 Canadian half-breeds, 102. 
 Cannaday, Anthony, 190. 
 Cannon in the service, 13, 
 30. 45. '07, 156. 
 
 mounting of, 14, 72. 
 
 transportation of, 49, 
 
 Canoes, 30, 42, 45, 46, 59, 
 67, i6r, 181. 
 
 Cape Breton Expedition, 
 61. 
 
 Capitol, Williamsburg, 84. 
 Capitulation of Forr Ne- 
 cessity, 22, 25. 143, 
 223. 
 to the French, 59, 'j^^^ 
 128, 146, 159, 224. 
 terms written in 
 French, 147, 154, 
 157. 223. 
 no copy in English, 
 
 147. 
 terms as accepted, 
 
 155- 
 criticised, 64. 
 
 translation of, 147, 
 223. 
 
 Capshaw, John, 68, 190. 
 Captains in service, 170. 
 
 and other officers, 58. 
 Carlyle and Dalton, 188. 
 Maj. John, 5, 14, ,6, 
 182, 184, 186, 188, 
 189, 190, 196. 
 Commission of, 189. 
 
 I 
 
240 
 
 Index. 
 
 I 
 
 i \S 
 
 r I) 
 
 m '' 
 
 Carnes, WilHajn, 175, 213, 
 
 216. 
 Carolina, S. C, Independ- 
 ent Co., 55, 105. 
 Caroline county, Va., 105. 
 Carroll, John, i 70, 190,200. 
 Carson, James, drummer, 
 
 170, 183, 189, 200. 
 Carter, Charles, 23. 
 
 Serg. Thomas, 177, 
 
 184, 193, 203. 
 William, i 'j']^ 194, 203. 
 Carthagena Expedition, 
 
 21, 55. 105- 
 Carts, 189. 
 
 Castelman's River, 69. 
 
 Casterson, J oseph, 1 90, 200. 
 
 Cat, Jacob, 68. 
 
 Catawba Indians, 46. 
 
 Cattle for beef; 181. 
 
 Cellars, Thomas, 192. 
 
 " Centaur" ship, 142. 
 
 Chaddock, Thomas, i 'j'^, 
 
 192, 201. 
 Chain of friendship, 116, 
 
 1 18, 120. 
 Chape, Matthew, 203. 
 Chaplain, William, 198. 
 Chapman, John, 173, 192, 
 198. 
 Nathaniel, 175, 193, 
 202, 212, 216. 
 Charlottesville, Va., 13. 
 Charter of Ohio co., 43. 
 Chavert's, 74. 
 
 Cherokee Indians, 46, 54, 
 129. 
 
 Chickasaw Indians, 46. 
 
 Children, Indians so- 
 called, 1 1 7. 
 
 Chillisquaque river, 104. 
 
 Chininque or Logstown, 
 
 lOI. 
 
 Chippeway Indians, 50. 
 Christian Majesty's 
 troops, 34, 40, 146, 148, 
 
 .155- 
 Cincade, John, 213. 
 
 Cincheloe, cash for taking 
 deserter, 184. 
 
 Civil and military magis- 
 trates, 189. 
 
 Claims, 18, 19. 
 
 Clark, Andrew, 173, 191, 
 201. 
 capt. of independent 
 
 Co., 141. 
 Gerrett, 1 75. 
 
 Clements, John, 179, 195, 
 204. 
 
 Clifton, England, 9. 
 
 Clinton, Governor, 1 7. 
 
 Coffee House, 84. 
 
 Coffland, William, i 70. 
 
 Coin, John, 177, 194, 203. 
 
 Coleman, William, 1 72, 
 191, 201, 213, 216. 
 
 Collector of Customs, 9,83. 
 
 Colonial officers without 
 rank, 70, 227, 228. 
 
 
 
 h'' 
 
. 46. 54. 
 
 s, 46. 
 IS so- 
 
 ;r, 104. 
 gstown, 
 
 IS, 50. ^ 
 e s t y ' s 
 
 46, 148, 
 r taking 
 
 magis- 
 
 11^ 191. 
 pendent 
 
 79. i95> 
 
 9- 
 
 ', 17. 
 
 170. 
 
 94, 203. 
 n, 172, 
 16. 
 
 1113,9,83. 
 without 
 28. 
 
 Index. 
 
 241 
 
 Col< 
 
 . \ 
 
 lonies, 4, TO, 231. 
 to act aggressively, 
 
 165. 
 taxing them, 10. 
 Colony of Pennsylvania, 
 124. 
 of Virginia, 3, 4, 12, 
 13, 19. 29, 76, 87, 
 ^ /20 /43, 153, i8q. 
 
 Comedy, Philip, 175. 
 
 Commack, James, 213,216. 
 Command, 16. 
 Commander of British, 62. 
 in Chief, 6, 163, 216. 
 Commissaries of Stores, s, 
 
 188, 189. 
 Commission of Major 
 Carlyle, 189. 
 of Lieut-Col, 7. 
 of Cap t. Trent, 40,41. 
 Commissioner of Indian 
 
 Affairs, 103. 
 Commissioners to treat 
 with Indians, 
 17, 18. 
 to Logstown, 104. 
 Commissions from Gover- 
 nors, II, 64. 
 the King, 11, 64, 227, 
 
 228. 
 in Virginia regiment, 
 106. 
 Commissions toCadets,94. 
 Companies of foot, 20. 
 in Va. regiment, 169. 
 31 
 
 12, 
 
 Compensation for losses, 
 
 ^76. 
 
 Concluding chapter, 220. 
 Confederation of Indians, 
 
 100. 
 Confluence, 69, 
 Congress, acts of, 16. 
 Connellsville, Pa., 107. 
 Conner, Brj^an, 68, 196. 
 Conotocarious (pseudo- 
 
 ^ nym), 51. 
 
 Conspiracy against Wash- 
 ington, 25. 
 Constitution of U. S., 29. 
 Contrectiiur, Capt. de, 30, 
 
 ^1^^ 34. 36, 39. 45. 71. 
 92, 94. 96, 97, 107, 114, 
 ^ 144, 161, 162. 
 
 Convention to ratify Con- 
 stitution, 29. 
 
 Conway, Timothy, 1 79, 
 196, 204, 213, 216. 
 
 Copeland, William, 216. 
 
 Corbin, Elizabeth, -]•]. 
 Col. Philip, 74, 
 
 11- 
 Corn, 189. 
 
 Corondavvana, 103. 
 Corporals, list of, i 70. 
 Corps, 131. 
 
 to rendezvous, 60. 
 Costerton, Joseph, 171. 
 Costland, William, 212. 
 Council of war, 14, T^^i^ 39, 
 46, 58, 136, 138. 
 
 76. 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 lii 
 
 
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 ■ il f 
 
 mk 
 
 IL 
 
 ■Mii V 
 
 ^ . 
 
 242 
 
 hidcx. 
 
 Council, Governor's, 4, 5, 
 9, 12, 76, 84, 120, 
 226, 227. 
 with Indians, 51, 88, 
 
 loi, 108. 
 adjourned, 1 16. 
 close :1, 122. 
 with Mingoes, 108. 
 Counting-house, 9. 
 Country thankstroops, 232. 
 County lieutenants, 12, 
 
 Courier appointed, 60. 
 Court, a general one, 84. 
 martial, 14, 15, 18, 29, 
 
 58, 135- 
 Cox, Matthew, 172, 191, 
 
 201, 212, 216. 
 
 Coyle, Patrick, 175, 202. 
 
 Craig's memoir of Stobo, 
 
 154. 
 Craik, Alexander, 210. 
 
 Geo. Washington; 25. 
 
 Ensign Jas., 24, 166. 
 
 Lieutenant Jas., 24, 
 
 25, 26, 186, 199. 
 
 Surgeon Jas., 12, 186, 
 
 199, 208. 209, 210, 
 
 211, 212, 216, 218. 
 
 Crawford, Capt. Wm., 206, 
 
 207, 208, 209, 210. 
 
 Creagh, John, 209. 
 
 Creek Indians, S. C, 28. 
 
 Cresap, Cap. Michael, 
 
 181. 
 
 32, 
 
 Cresap, Col. Thomas, 3, 
 30, 31, 32, 44, 104, 120, 
 181. 
 
 Crest of Alleghany Moun- 
 tains, 34. 
 
 Croghan, Col. George, 17, 
 loi, 119, 120, 124, 125, 
 126, 127, 181. 
 
 Cromwell, Wm., 181. 
 
 " Crow Foot " 69. 
 
 Crown commissions to 
 rank, 12, 2 9. 
 
 Crown of Great Britain, 
 141, 189. 
 Great Britain and 
 France, 35, 36, 40, 
 
 95- 
 and Ohio Co., 81. 
 
 Cumberland county. Pa., 
 
 ^ 17, 20. 
 
 city of, Md., 12, 40, 
 
 72, n, 163. 
 
 Duke of, 65. 
 
 Customs collected in 
 
 America, 9. 
 
 Daily, James, 1 79, 1 95, 204. 
 Dallowe, Claud, 179, 195, 
 
 204. 
 Dalton, John, 188. 
 Davis, John, 198. 
 Tudor, 220. 
 Deadman, Nathaniel, 198. 
 Dean, William, 173, 191, 
 
 198, 201. 
 
 I .1 
 
 i 
 
Index. 
 
 H3 
 
 mas, 3, 
 D4, 1 20, 
 
 /Moun- 
 
 rge, 1 7, 
 24> 125, 
 
 81. 
 
 Dns to 
 
 Britain, 
 
 n and 
 
 36, 40, 
 
 81. 
 ty, Pa., 
 
 12, 40, 
 zd in 
 
 95, 204. 
 ^9> i95> 
 
 el, 198. 
 3» i9i» 
 
 De BoLicherville, M., 94. 
 De Contrecoeur, M., 92, 
 
 94, 96, 97, 161. 
 Decoration of Indians, 100. 
 Defensive attitude, 6, 16. 
 
 works, 66, 127, 
 De Jumonville, Ensign,34, 
 
 7h 92, 93- 
 camp of, 89. 
 
 command under, 107. 
 death of, 223. 
 Lord, 157. 
 
 skirmish with, 26, ;^'/, 
 54» 68, 73, 89, 90, 
 102, 148, 222. 
 Delaware Indians, 18, 78, 
 91, 99> 103, 107, 109, 
 113, 114, 116, 119, 120, 
 122, 123, 124, 128. 
 Demerie's, Capt., inde- 
 pendent company, 142. 
 Department of State, 9, 25. 
 Deputy commissary, 189. 
 Indian inspector, 54. 
 Deserters, 108, 123, 180, 
 183. 
 from the French, 107. 
 De Spiltdorph, Carlos G., 
 98. 
 
 Detachment of troop, 107, 
 
 231. 
 to Augusta county, 
 
 197. 
 under Capt. Lewis, 
 
 197' 198. 
 
 Detail to assist sick, 160. 
 
 DeVilliers, M.Coulon, 92, 
 155, 223. 
 
 Deweny, William, 171. 
 
 Dewey, James, i yS. 
 
 Digges, Capt. Dudley, 142. 
 
 Dinwiddie, Lieut.-Gov. 
 Robert, 3, 4, 5, 7, 
 9, 10, II, 12, 16, 18, 
 19, 22, 24, ^2, s^, 
 40, 44, 45, 48, 53, 
 56, 57, 62, 65, 74, 
 93> 98, 106, 135, 
 141, 149, 155, 162, 
 164, 187, 189, 197, 
 214, 215, 216, 230, 
 , 231, 233. 
 land grants, 187. 
 letter to the French, 
 21. 
 
 Papers, 9, 10, 12, 21, 
 
 24, 37r 38, 4I' 57. 
 
 61. 62, 65, 75, yy, 
 90,93, 100, 121, 125, 
 
 i35» 154. 163. 187, 
 188, 189, 200. 
 proclamation, 21, 25, 
 68, 90, 131, 205, 
 206, 207. 
 his z-al, 225, 226, 227. 
 Diplomatic exploit, 221. 
 Director of military hos- 
 pital, 25. 
 
 Disabled soldiers, list of, 
 220. 
 
 il 
 
r \ 
 
 n 
 
 > i 
 
 'if 
 
 ill'! 
 
 II . 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 ■ |J 
 
 I' 
 
 Hi 
 
 .•-! 
 
 »i 
 
 'I 
 
 r 
 
 ! '■ 
 
 ^ I. 
 
 ^1 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 I. 
 
 11 
 
 244 
 
 Index. 
 
 Disbursements not recol- 
 lected, 181. 
 
 Discipline to be main- 
 tained, 14, 58. 
 of Capt. Trent s men, 
 48. 
 
 Discussion of battle of 
 Great Meadows, 222. 
 
 Dispersion of North Caro- 
 lina troops, 48, 56. 
 
 Dispossess the French, 1 1 1. 
 
 Distinguished rank, 58. 
 
 District of Columbia, 16. 
 
 Dixon & Purdie, 207. 
 
 Documentary history of 
 New York, 1 10, 126. 
 
 Dominion of Virginia, 4, 
 40, 216. 
 
 Donaldson, Mr., 210. 
 
 Donation, lands, 104, 105. 
 
 Donnaghough, Thomas, 
 194, 203. 
 
 Doran, Matthew, 212, 216, 
 220. 
 
 Doughy, Patrick, 190. 
 
 Drake, 62, i 26. 
 
 Drafting militia, 5. 
 
 Draxeller, Bernard, 177, 
 203. 
 
 Drinking habit, 29. 
 
 Druillon, Major, 22, 90, 
 
 93- 
 
 Drummers, 170. 
 
 Drums beating, 156. 
 Dublin, Ireland, 1 24. 
 
 Dulany, M,, 31. 
 Dunahough, Thomas, 177. 
 Dunbar Township, 137. 
 Dunbar's Camp, 89, 
 Dunlap's creek settlement, 
 
 42. 
 Dunmore county, 21. 
 
 Lord, Gov., 21, 130, 
 
 187, 231. 
 Dunn, Charles, 177. 
 Dupliy, Patrick, 171, 200. 
 Duqueson, Marquis, 136. 
 Durham, John, 175, 193, 
 
 202, 220. 
 Matthew,! 73,191,201. 
 Du Sable, M., 94. 
 Dutchman, 162. 
 
 Earnest, Henry, 179, 196, 
 
 204. 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 20, 
 ^24. 
 
 Edwards, F'ort, 180, 181. 
 Effluck, Peter, i ']^. 
 bLlizabeth, N. J., 135, 
 Elliot, Robert, 173, 192, 
 
 201. 
 Embassy to French, 91, 
 
 ,94- 
 Enemy, superiority of,232. 
 
 Engagement, papers lost 
 
 in, 155, 181. 
 
 returns after, 1 10, 146, 
 
 167, 172, 174, 176, 
 
 178, 180, 181. 
 
 1 
 
 f f 
 
 j ! 
 
 f 
 
 k 
 
 if 
 
Index. 
 
 245 
 
 as, 177. 
 lement, 
 
 21. 
 I, 130, 
 
 7- 
 
 71, 200. 
 
 s, 136. 
 '5. 193. 
 
 [91,201. 
 
 79, 196, 
 md, 20, 
 o, 181. 
 
 35. 
 
 3, ^92, 
 
 ich, 91, 
 
 J of,232. 
 
 ers lost 
 
 : 10, 146, 
 
 74. 176. 
 5i. 
 
 England and France, 36, 
 ^ 134, 146. 
 English flag, 156. 
 
 invited by Indians, 
 
 66, 1 10, 113, 114. 
 on the Ohio, 225. 
 to attack, 31, 78, 79, 
 
 92, 93» 95- 
 traders arrested, 36. 
 troops, 87,92,99, no, 
 
 155. 196. 
 Enlistments encouraged, 
 
 6. Z7, 63, 87, 114, 184, 
 
 205. 
 Ensigns, i 70. 
 Equal rights and honors, 
 
 227. 
 Essex county, Va., 11. 
 Essleet, Peter, 201. 
 Ettrick, Shepherd, 20. 
 Eustis, Gov,, 62. 
 Evacuation of Ohio fort, 
 
 Evans, Barnaby, 180. 
 
 Edward, drummer, 
 178, 195, 204, 213, 
 216. 
 Everard, Gov. Secretary, 
 
 209, 210. 
 Ewell, Col. Charles, 25. 
 
 Mariamne, 25. 
 Expedition to Ohio, 5, 16, 
 24,28,56,78,87,89, 
 90,129,181,189,226. 
 
 Express to Col. Fry, 27,97. 
 rider, 74, 75, 76, 181, 
 183. 
 Expulsion of the French, 
 
 Fairfax county, 68, 76, 187. 
 Col. G. W., 74. 
 Hon. Wm., 76, 188, 
 
 226. 
 Lord Thomas, 4, 5, 
 10, 12, 28, 182. 
 Falls City, Pa., 70. 
 of Ohio, 53. 
 of Potomac, 14. 
 Farmer, John, 179, 195, 
 
 205. 
 Fayette county, Pa., 53, 
 70, 72, 7Z, «9» 107, 137. 
 Featon, John, 202. 
 Feed and clothe Indians, 
 
 1 12. 
 Fees, extra, 209. 
 Ferguson, Duncan, 173, 
 191, 201. 
 James, i 75, 203. 
 John, 178, 195, 205. 
 Perry and fording, 107. 
 Field, John, 175, 178, 193, 
 203 
 officers, 58. 
 Fields, natural and tree- 
 
 less, 
 P1ght 
 
 127. 
 
 ing 
 
 cause of failure, 151. | Fisher, Tho 
 
 men. Indian, 
 •mas, 171. 
 
 121 
 
i '[ 
 
 ( ; 
 
 ii il : 
 
 I If 
 
 \ ■• 
 
 I 
 
 
 i: 
 
 V I 
 
 i^-- 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 246 
 
 Index, 
 
 F^itzhu^rh, Col. Wm., 230. 
 Flag of truce, 22. 
 Memming, Surgeon, 25. 
 Flour, deficiency of, 63, 
 
 140, 181, 189. 
 Force met by force, 6, 14. 
 Peter, 81,155,170,201. 
 Ford, James, 173, 195, 198, 
 201, 205, 213, 216. 
 of a stream, 55. 
 Forest, James, heirs of, 2 1 8. 
 Fork of Ohio, 16. 18, 32, 
 45, 100, loi, 120, 
 162, 165. 
 Youghiogheny, 69. 
 Fort at fork of Ohio, 6, 
 i3i 16, 2^1, 57, loi, 
 205, 218. 
 Will's Creek, 164. 
 Bedford, 29. 
 Biird or Byrd, 42. 
 Cumberland, 28, 29, 
 30, 56, 65, 73, 104, 
 225. 
 Duquesne, 10, 21, 22, 
 28,29,34,54,71,72, 
 
 92, 95» 96, 97> 125, 
 
 129, 136, 150, 151, 
 
 161, 187. 
 Edwards, 31, 78. 
 French, 33,42, 43, 5 1, 
 
 loi, 122, 124, 162, 
 
 189. 
 Fort at Gist's, ']:^, 136, 137, 
 
 138. 
 
 Fort Le Boeuf, 75, 99, 123. 
 
 Louth -^r. Pa., 125. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 225. 
 
 Necessity, 20, 22, 25, 
 
 27- 28,73,98,99, 
 
 141,142,143,144, 
 
 145,146, 159,163, 
 
 187. 
 
 capitulation of, 164, 
 
 223. 
 description of, 143. 
 surrender, 155, 156. 
 of the Ohio company, 
 
 30, 32, 102. 
 Pearsal, 30. 
 Pitt, 7, 20,79, 125,208. 
 Redstone, 43. 
 sight for, 18, 69. 
 Stanwix, 129. 
 Fortified trading house, 
 
 120. 
 Fortify and defend, 141. 
 Forts beyond the Alle- 
 ghanies, 224. 
 building by French, 
 
 45. 
 beyond Ohio, 7, 14, 
 
 52, 59- 
 near Kennebec, 61. 
 
 settlements around, 
 
 149. 
 
 Foster, Nicholas, 171, 200. 
 
 Thomas, 175. 
 
 Fowler, Andrew, 173, 192, 
 
 198, 201, 213, 216, 219. 
 
Index, 
 
 247 
 
 Fox, John, heirs of, 217, 
 219. 
 
 Franklin, Dr. Benj., 17 
 John, 170, 213, 217. 
 Venango Co., 34. 
 Franks, Michael, 177, 194, 
 
 203. 
 Frazier, Adjutant, 163. 
 Lieut. John, 18,33,54, 
 161, 162, 163. 
 Frederick county, Va., 5, 
 16, 82. 
 Parish, 83. 
 Fredericksburg, Va., 210. 
 
 Masonic lodge, 21. 
 French and English in 
 America, 61, 134, 
 146, 148. 
 advice to Indians, 
 
 117. 
 and Indian forces, 
 
 143. 
 and Indians, i^, 26,37, 
 
 46, 67, 90, roo, 102, 
 
 104, no, 128. 
 and Indian village, 
 
 100. 
 attacked by Indians, 
 
 99. 
 building forts on 
 
 Ohio, 63, 66, loi. 
 cannon, 72. 
 captains, 31. 
 claims to Mississippi, 
 34. 35- 
 
 French claims to Ohio, 3, 
 4, 6, 12, 34, 35, 63.' 
 1 15, 120, 136. 
 
 commandant on Oliio, 
 21, 75. '23. 
 
 complaints against, 3. 
 
 creek, 34. 
 
 deserters, 102, 123. 
 
 detachments, 72. 
 
 encampments at fort, 
 124. 
 
 engagement, 64. 
 
 expulsion begun, 6,10. 
 
 feared by traders, 62. 
 
 forces large, 74, 122, 
 
 123,129,130. 145. 
 
 onOhio, 3,4, 20,34. 
 
 garrison, 39, 45, 59. 
 
 Oist's, T-], ']'^. 
 
 hiding, 88. 
 
 invite Delaware In- 
 dians, 1 16. 
 Mingoes, 108. 
 
 influence on Ohio, 43, 
 52, 92, 120. 
 
 invest fort at Forks, 
 162. 
 
 looked upon as in- 
 vaders, 59, 97, III. 
 
 march and attack, 71, 
 106, 136, 138. 
 
 military in Canada, . 
 
 notification to En^r. 
 lish, 34, 35. 
 
248 
 
 Index. 
 
 Hi i 
 
 w ■[ '■ 
 
 P \ if 
 
 'I 
 
 French officer slain, ^il- 
 open battle at Fort 
 
 Necessity, 144. 
 pretensions, 149. 
 prisoners, 22, 98, 102, 
 
 148, 156, 157. 
 re-enforced, 49, 128. 
 retire after battle, 
 
 161. 
 scalps sent to Indians, 
 
 91, 99. 
 scouting parties, 135. 
 summons from, 59. 
 town, 104. 
 version of Journal, 70, 
 
 13^ 134- 
 working on fort, 71. 
 
 Frontier settlements, 13, 
 
 125. 
 Fry & Jefferson's Map, 
 12. 
 Henry, 208. 
 Col. John, heirs of, 
 
 217. 
 Col. Joshua, 7, 10, II, 
 12, 13, 24, 25, 27, 
 
 28, zz, 48, 55. 56, 
 
 65^ 74; 97. 102, 105, 
 162, 182, 187, 208, 
 212, 219, 221, 224. 
 W. O., 13. 
 Fullham, James, 175, 177, 
 
 193, 197, 203. 
 Furs and skins, 31. 
 Fyan, Wm., 68. 
 
 Gage, Commandant, 135. 
 Gaine (Printer, N. Y.), 
 
 7. Zl- 
 
 Gallahour, John, 179, 195, 
 
 198, 205. 
 Gallant and brave be- 
 havior, 68, 105, 166, 
 
 167. 
 Galloway, Patrick, 177, 
 
 193, 204, 209, 213, 217. 
 Gardner, William, 179. 
 Garrison on Ohio, 39, 122. 
 Gates, General, 135, 188. 
 Gatewood, Joseph, 173, 
 192, 201, 212, 21 7. 
 Philip, 191, 201, 213, 
 217. 
 Ganse, Benjamin, 171, 190, 
 
 198, 200. 
 General Assembly, 85, 86. 
 courts, 121. 
 rendezvous, 58. 
 George III, 215. 
 Georgia, State of, 64. 
 Georgetown, Md., 15. 
 German, 161. 
 Gerrard, Wm., 177, 194, 
 
 204. 
 Gevin, James, 178. 
 Gholson, John, 209, 217. 
 Gibbs, Joseph, 171, 178, 
 
 190, 195, 198, 200, 217. 
 Gillam, Joseph, 220. 
 Gilmore papers, 'j^. 
 Gist, Anne, 54. 
 
Index. 
 
 249 
 
 Gist, Col. Christopher, 18, 
 51. 53. 54. 62, 72, 
 n> 91. 102, 106, 
 
 ^08, 134, 135, 136, 
 
 ^n^ 138, 140, 161, 
 163. 
 
 Nathaniel, 54. 
 
 Richard, 54. 
 
 Thomas, 54. 
 
 Violet, 54. 
 Glasgow, Scotland, 9, 148, 
 
 149. 
 Gobell, George, 177, 204. 
 God's protection, 15. 
 Goldson, John, 170, 189, 
 
 200, 213. 
 
 Gooch, Lieut.-Gov., 55. 
 
 Good, James, 171,190,200, 
 220. 
 
 Goodwin, Edward, 173, 
 192, 201, 212, 217, 220. 
 Gordon, David, 217. 
 Gorman, David, 173, 191, 
 
 201, 209, 213, 220. 
 Governor of Virginia, 84, 
 
 151, 152, 164, 174, 
 
 175. 188, 224, 225. 
 
 and council, 19,44, 76. 
 
 funds from, 184. 
 
 order to Capt. Lewis, 
 
 184. 
 policy, 155, 228. 
 proclamation, 206. 
 Gowing, Jacob, 171, 190, 
 198, 200. 
 32 
 
 Great Britain, 44, 215, 221. 
 Cacapon river, 78. 
 Crossing, 72, 163. 
 guns, 14. 
 
 Kanawha river, 42. 
 Meadows, 8, 9, 22, 64, 
 65. 68, 72, 74, 78, 
 79. 93, 105, 124, 
 127, 128,129,140, 
 142,143.155.164, 
 223, 225. 
 battle of, 169, 199, 
 
 201. 
 run, 127. 
 survey of, "j-i^. 
 Mountain, 95. 
 war belt, 123. 
 West, 224. 
 Graham, Serj. Robert, 192, 
 
 197. 
 Grammar school, 11. 
 Grand-Chaudiere, loi. 
 Grant's, Gen., defeat, 29, 
 
 129, 187. 
 Grave of Gen. Braddock, 
 
 n- 
 
 Graves, Edward, 171, 200. 
 Green Spring, ']']. 
 Grymes, Serj. Robert, 1 74, 
 203. 
 
 Guide and interpreter, 181. 
 Gun, a swivel, 148. 
 Gunsmith, 161, 162. 
 Gwin, James, 213. 
 Gwynn's Island, 130. 
 
 1 ; 
 
1 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i ! 
 
 > r 
 
 M 
 
 ! • I ■ 
 
 ill; 
 
 M 
 
 250 
 
 Index. 
 
 Haiter, James, 220. 
 Half-King. 11, 38, 39, 42, 
 44, 46, 50, 52, 60, 
 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 
 78, 88, 90, 97, 98, 
 99, 100, 10 1, 108, 
 109, 122, 127. 
 character of, 60. 
 named Dinwiddle, 37. 
 son killed, 100. 
 Halifax, Lord, 23, 80, 233. 
 Haltzley. Christopher,205. 
 Hamilton, Benjamin, 172, 
 180, 191, 201. 
 James, Gov., Pa., 5, 
 
 i7» 44. 1.19- 
 John, Serj., 68, 176, 
 
 193, 204, 209, 220. 
 
 Hampshire county, Va., 
 
 82. 
 Hampton Roads, 93, 141. 
 H anbury, John, 44, 80, 81. 
 Handly, Cornelius, 203. 
 Hangard or storehouse, 
 
 42, 43, 95, 161. 
 Harbinson, William, 174, 
 
 203. 
 Hardin, Henry, 184. 
 Harris, Thomas, 173, 192. 
 Harrisburg, Pa., 124. 
 Harrison, Lawrence, 'j^i- 
 Hart, John, 198, 208. 
 Hatchet, to take up, 36, 90, 
 
 107. 
 Harvey, Jacob, 68. 
 
 Harwood, John, 190, 200. 
 Havre-de-Grace, Md., 31. 
 Hayslap, Abner, 172, 191. 
 Sou thy, I 73, 191, 201. 
 Head waters of Ohio, 40, 
 
 122. 
 Helsley, Christopher, 179. 
 Henly, Cornelius, i 75, 193. 
 Hennessy, Thomas, 177, 
 
 204. 
 Henry, Gov. of Virginia, 
 
 188. 
 Heyter, James, 173. 
 High land, 95, 157. 
 Hill, widow of Col., 11. 
 Hillsborough, Lord, 87. 
 Historical Society of 
 
 Maryland, 49. 
 Hite, John, 210. 
 Hobson's choice, 143. 
 Hog, James, 20. 
 
 Capt. Peter, 20, 25, 
 -j^, 167, 172, 184, 
 186, 187,191, 192, 
 196,201,208, 209, 
 210, 212,217, 219. 
 Thomas, 20. 
 Hogan, William, 194, 201, 
 
 213, 217. 
 Holland, William, 21, 179, 
 
 195, 198, 205. 
 Hollis, Mark, Serj., 179, 
 
 195, 205, 209. 
 Honors of war, 147, 153. 
 Horn, May, 217. 
 
 II 
 
Index. 
 
 251 
 
 i 
 
 Horn, William, 213, 219. j 
 Morse and man, 74. 
 
 fell from, 12. 
 
 Horses killed or lost, 146, 
 
 160, 189. 
 
 lost in service, 75, 76. 
 
 Hospitals at Yorktown, 25. 
 
 Hostages to the French, 
 
 22, 23, 149, 150, 152, 
 
 153. 155. 159. 171. 172. 
 House, Argil, 173, 191, 
 
 201, 220. 
 
 of Burgesses, 15, 18, 
 
 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 
 
 28, 29, 53, 68, 75, 
 
 79, 85, 89, 105, 129, 
 
 130. 135, ^Z1^ 138, 
 
 141, 151, 152, 153, 
 154, 165, 166, 168, 
 169, 187, 188. 
 Houses burnt by Indians, 
 
 82. 
 Houston, John, 213, 217. 
 Howard, Arthur, 117, 194, 
 204. 
 Matthew, 179. 
 Howson, Robert, 15. 
 Hunter, Col., 121. 
 
 Robert, 103. 
 Hunter's cabin, 2i'^. 
 
 marching routes, 125. 
 kill game, 149. 
 Hunting creek warehouse, 
 
 shirts, 125. 
 
 Huntingdon county, Pa., 
 
 125. 
 Huron Indians, 103. 
 Hurst, George, 69, 213, 
 
 217. 
 Huston, John, 179. 
 
 Joseph, Ti, 
 Hydcn, Samuel, 173, 192, 
 
 198, 202. 
 Hyler, James, 191, 201. 
 
 Impressed into service, 
 
 189. 
 Independence of the Col- 
 onies, 165, 221. 
 Independent companies, 
 61, 63, 64, 65, 103, 
 105, 141, 164, 165, 
 167, 225, 227, 233. 
 company at Will's 
 Creek, 105. 
 Indian agents, 125. 
 atrocities, 6. 
 boundary lines, 125. 
 camps, 88, 90. 
 councils, 100, loi. 
 company in Revolu- 
 tion, 103. 
 depredations, 4. 
 families reside in Vir- 
 ginia, 102, 1 12. 
 George, a Delaware 
 
 chief, 124. 
 guides, 72. 
 incursions, 166. 
 

 ;: 
 
 ,• t 
 
 I 
 
 ■(, \i. 
 
 jhii' '■ 
 
 4 
 
 liiif 
 
 t 
 
 
 r>- 
 
 I i M 
 
 252 
 
 Index. 
 
 Indian interpreters, 36, 
 102, 120. 
 for Pennsylvania, 
 124. 
 
 language, 3 2, 124, 181. 
 
 named Fairfax, 100. 
 
 traders, 31, 98, 122, 
 124, 162. 
 
 trails across moun- 
 tains, 40, 107. 
 
 treaty at Logstown, 
 12. 
 
 warriors, 122. 
 
 with canoes, 42, 67. 
 Half-King, 71. 
 
 young man, 30, 62, 66. 
 Indians and French, 36. 
 
 at Gist's, "j^j^ 78. 
 
 attached to English, 
 30, 44, 59, 60, 100, 
 
 113- 
 called children, 35. 
 
 from the French, 63, 
 126. 
 
 invited to council, 47, 
 102, 125. 
 
 killed a Delaware, 1 28. 
 
 march with Washing- 
 ton, 107. 
 
 on Ohio, 14, loi. 
 
 plundering baggage, 
 160. 
 
 request forts, 120. 
 
 scalp French, 90. 
 
 southern, 14. 
 
 I ndians speak English, 1 1 8 
 surprise from, 95. 
 women and children, 
 112, 113. 
 
 Innes, Col. Commander, 
 
 55» 56, 57» 58, 61, 
 
 65, 104, 106, 226, 
 
 231. 
 to raise independent 
 
 companies, 61, 65. 
 Inspector of troops, 9, 140. 
 Instructions to Col. Fry, 
 
 13- 
 French, 71. 
 
 Interpreters, 102. 
 
 Ireland, 86, 124, 129, 188. 
 
 Iroquois, 1 12. 
 
 Jack, Capt, 125. 
 
 Jacobs' life of Cresap, 32. 
 
 James, Charles, 112, 117. 
 
 City county, 'j']. 
 
 John, 170. 
 Jealousies of rank, 65. 
 Jefferson county, Va., 79. 
 
 Peter, 12. 
 Jenkins, William, 74, 75, 
 
 76, 181, 213, 217. 
 Jerseys, 152. 
 
 Joanes, Charles, 191, 202. 
 Jones, Adam, 170, 190,200. 
 
 Matthew, 175, 192, 
 197, 203, 213, 217. 
 
 Robert, 173, 191, 202, 
 213, 217. 
 
 ' \ \ 1 ^ 
 
 i% 
 
Index. 
 
 253 
 
 Johnson, Jane, 31. 
 
 Wire, 1 94, 204,2 12,217. 
 
 Johnston, John, 177, 189, 
 
 193, 200, 204. 
 
 William, 172,176,191, 
 
 202, 212, 217. 
 
 Jordan, Joshua, 179, 213, 
 
 217. 
 Journal, H. B., 75, 166,167. 
 kept by Col. Wash- 
 ington, 181. 
 in possession of the 
 
 French, 134. 
 French version of, 7, 
 
 70, 131* "^Z^- 
 may be found, 134. 
 
 omissions in publica- 
 tion, 26, 70. 
 
 sudden close, 133. 
 
 of my journey over 
 mountains, 76. 
 Jumonville, M. de, Ensign, 
 34, 2i1^ 89, 93, 94, 
 95, 96, 98. 
 
 widow of, 93. 
 
 daughter Charlotte, 
 
 93- 
 Juniata river, 124. 
 
 Justice of Albemarle co., 
 
 Va., 12. 
 
 of Court of Common 
 
 Pleas, 17. 
 
 Kanawha, Great, 42, 207, 
 208, 214, 215. 
 
 Kaquehusto' , a Delaware 
 
 Indian, 123, 124. 
 Kennebeck region, 62. 
 Kennedy, Anthony, 191, 
 
 200. 
 Kibler, Jacob, 69. 
 Kill and destroy the 
 
 French, 17, 41. 
 Killed in engagements, 22, 
 171, 175, 176, 179. 
 in skirmish, 22. 
 Kincade, John, 217. 
 King and Queen co.,Va.,76. 
 Beaver, 122. 
 Edward, 177, 193,204. 
 France, 34, 35,36,40, 
 95, 96, 146, 155, 
 156. 
 Great Britain, 14, 34, 
 
 40, 41, 59, 114. 
 Shingas, 122, 123. 
 Thomas, 198. 
 King's arms, 96. 
 
 commission, 56, 64, 
 
 228. 
 grants, 80. 
 soldiers, 139, 140. 
 Kinton, Dennis, 171. 
 Kitson, Thomas, 172, 180. 
 Knowles, William, i ']'], 
 193, 204. 
 
 La Chauvignerie, M., 161. 
 La Force, M., 52, 54, T'j, 
 90, 92, 93, 107, 213. 
 
 ! 
 
if^ 
 
 In 
 
 t 
 I 
 
 . 1 
 
 III 
 
 hi. 
 
 ',■1 
 
 J: 
 
 !:n 
 
 'il 
 
 ii 
 
 ( 
 
 n 
 
 254 
 
 Index. 
 
 Lake to mountains, 36. 
 
 scouts to, 122. 
 Lame on the road, 171, 
 
 i73» 179- 
 Lancaster, Pa., 17, 119,161. 
 
 Deed, 119. 
 
 Land at Fort Necessity, 
 
 .73- 
 distributed, 21, 218. 
 
 granted to soldiers by 
 proclamation, 21. 
 
 grants to soldiers, 5, 
 6, 68, 105. ^ 
 
 grants, conflicts of, 
 
 office at Richmond, 
 
 211, 216. 
 patents in Pa., 100. 
 
 in Va., 216. 
 warrants, '^^i- 
 Lands claimed by France, 
 
 35- 
 on Ohio, 41, 57, 205. 
 
 Laneville, King and 
 
 Queen co., 76. 
 
 Langdon, Robert, 217. 
 
 Thomas, Serj., 171, 
 
 189, 200. 
 
 Lansdown, William, 220. 
 
 La Peyronie, Capt. Wm., 
 
 5i» 52, 53. n- 
 
 Larew, Isaac, 114, 209. 
 Latin school, 148. 
 Laurel Hill, Pa., 69, 72. 
 Creek, 69. 
 
 Laurel Hill Mountain, 127. 
 Laws of nations, 120. 
 Lee, Arthur, /7. 
 
 Francis Lightfoot, ']']. 
 
 John, 181, 204. 
 
 Philip Ludwell, 81. 
 
 Richard, 81. 
 
 Richard Henry, 75, 
 
 76, 11, 153- 
 Thomas, 44, n, 81. 
 
 Thomas Ludwell, H. 
 William, i^]. 
 Left with the sick, 171, 
 
 173, i75» 179- 
 Legionville on Ohio, loi. 
 
 Legislature of Md., 32. 
 
 of Va., 3. 
 
 LeMercier, Capt. (French), 
 
 34, 36, 146, 147. 
 
 Leonard, Adam, 1 79, 205. 
 
 Henry, 69. 
 
 Letort, James, 173, 192, 
 
 202, 217. 
 
 Letter Book, Gov. Sharp's, 
 
 49. 
 
 Letter from deserters, 108. 
 
 George Mercer, 81. 
 
 Half King, 71. 
 
 officers, 169. 
 
 Levison, Matthew, i n, 
 
 192, 202, 
 
 Lewis, Capt. Andrew, 25, 
 
 128, 129, 130, 137, 
 
 166, 174, 175, 176, 
 
 184, 186, 192, 196, 
 
Indc 
 
 x. 
 
 255 
 
 I97> 199. 200, 209, 
 210, 211, 212, 217, 
 219. 
 
 detachment of, sent 
 to Augusta, 197. 
 
 Capt. Charles, 130. 
 
 Charles, son of An- 
 drew, 130. 
 
 Freeman, 143. 
 
 John, 129. 
 
 Margaret Lynn, 129. 
 
 Nathaniel, Corporal, 
 170, 189, 200. 
 
 Samuel, 129, 130. 
 
 William, 130. 
 Library of Congress, 81, 
 
 .155. 170. 
 Lieutenant-Governors, 10, 
 216. 
 
 Lieutenants, 16, 170. 
 Line of frontier forts, 20. 
 
 of Northern Neck, 1 2. 
 List of soldiers' lands, 218. 
 
 of losses not remem- 
 bered, 137, 138. 
 Little Beaver Creek, 2i'^. 
 
 Meadow, 127. 
 Logstown or Chininque, 
 
 17. 45' 99? 100. loi, 104, 
 
 108, 114, 118, 119, 121, 
 
 128. 
 Lomax, Lunford, 81. 
 London, England, 80, 82, 
 
 83, 84. 
 Long Meadows, 31. 
 
 Longdon, Robert, 212. 
 Lord Fairfax, 182. 
 Loss in Expedition, 164. 
 Loudoun CO., Va., 27, 181. 
 
 General, 62. 
 Louisburg, 151. 
 Louisville, Ky., 53, 188. 
 Loup Indians, 50, loi, 
 
 108, 109. 
 Love of country, 82. 
 Lowdermilk's History, 143. 
 Lowe, John, 69. 
 Lowery, William, 178, 195, 
 
 205, 213, 217. 
 Loyal Sock River, 104. 
 
 Indians, medal to, 38. 
 Loyalists, 10. 
 Loyalty of Van Braam, 22. 
 Lucas, Edward, 181. 
 Ludlow, James, 175, 193, 
 
 203, 213, 217. 
 Ludwell, Col., 74, ^']. 
 
 Hannah, 'j']. 
 Lycoming co.. Pa., 104. 
 
 McAnulty, William, 213, 
 
 217, 219. 
 McBride, James, 68. 
 McCannon, Michael, 174, 
 
 i93> i97» 203, 220. 
 McClaran, Daniel, 171. 
 McCormack, James, 175, 
 
 214. 
 
 McCoy, Hugh, Corporal, 
 195, 205, 217. 
 
 
il .i ' 
 
 111 
 
 tif. 
 
 iii 
 
 a- 
 
 .' ( 
 
 M ' 
 
 # •! 
 
 I ) 
 
 Index. 
 
 \'H: 
 
 McCulley,John, Serj.,175, 
 
 192, 197, 213. 
 McCulroy, Robert, 171. 
 McDonald, Angus, 177, 
 
 194, 204, 212, 217. 
 McEntire, John, 175. 
 McGaugh, Michael, 190. 
 McGraff, Michael, 220. 
 McGrath, Michael, 171, 
 
 200. 
 McGregory, John, 193. 
 McGuire, John, 177, 181, 
 
 202, 209. 
 Mclntire, William, 179, 
 
 205. 
 McKan, Barnaby, 179. 
 McKay, Hugh, 179. 
 McKee, Alexander, 208. 
 McKeesport, Pa., 69, 99. 
 McKoy, Robert, 171, 190, 
 
 200. 
 McLaughton, James, 68. 
 McPicke, Patrick, 175,193, 
 
 197, 203. 
 McQuire, John, 179, 195, 
 
 205. 
 McRoy, Hugh, 212. 
 McSwine, George, 175. 
 Mackaye, Capt. James,62, 
 
 63, 64, 65, 67, 137, 139, 
 
 183, 184, 204, 223, 225, 
 
 231. 
 Mackgrigory, John, 204. 
 Madeira wine, butt of, 149. 
 Magazine of provisions, 14. 
 
 Magistrates, civil and mili- 
 tary, 189. 
 
 of Essex county, 11. 
 Maid, John, 205, 213, 217. 
 Majesty's commands, 6. 
 
 council, 205. 
 
 Dominion 01 Va.,138. 
 
 favor, 169. 
 
 forces, 229. 
 
 lands on Ohio, 137. 
 
 lieu? -gov., 40. 
 
 officers, 71. 
 
 service, 4, 7, 17, 60, 
 63, 65. 
 
 subjects, 41. 
 
 troops, 92. 
 
 use, Z"]. 
 Major, Nicholas, 170, 177, 
 
 193, 204. 
 Malatte, Daniel, 175. 
 Malcomb, George, 196, 
 
 198, 213, ri7. 
 Manual of arms, 48. 
 Map of Colony of Va.. 12. 
 Maples, Daniel 217. 
 March begun to Ohio, 20. 
 
 Indian fashion, 83. 
 Marines, French com- 
 mander, 34, 92, 94. 
 Markham, George, 204. 
 Marlboro, Stafford county, 
 
 78, 130. 
 Martin, John, 172, 191, 
 
 202. 
 Martinsburgh, Va., 27. 
 
 i( 
 
 ^'iii', 
 
Index. 
 
 257 
 
 Maryland,4, 25, 31,44,45, 
 
 49. 53. 55> 63, 226. 
 Archives, 49. 
 Mashaw, Abraham, drum- 
 mer, 192. 
 Mason county, Ky., 21. 
 George, Esq., 44, 68, 
 221. 
 Masonic Order, 21. 
 Massachusetts, 61, 62. 
 
 Governor of, 61. 
 Maston, John, 174, 192, 
 
 197, 203. 
 Match coat, 99. 
 May, Jesse, 172, 113, 119. 
 John, 179, 183, 195, 
 205. 
 Mayo, Maj. William, 1 2. 
 Meadows, Great, 8, 9, 72, 
 127, 144. 
 
 Meares, John, i y^,, 1 92, 220. 
 Meason, Gen. Thomas, jt^. 
 Medal given son of Ali- 
 _ quippa, 99. 
 given friendly In- 
 dians, 2i^. 
 Meigs, James, 192, 202. 
 Members of the Ohio Co., 
 
 80. 
 Memoir Continent, 31, 7)7, 
 
 97» 134. 144- 
 Men exhausted by labor, 
 140. 
 fit for duty, 170, 172, 
 i74> 177- 
 2>3 
 
 Men hired, 181. 
 
 missing, 179. 
 
 taken prisoners, 179. 
 
 Mercer, Col. George, jy, 
 
 79> 80, 81, Sz, 84, 
 
 86,87,130, 137,166, 
 
 178, 179, 180, 186, 
 
 195, 196, i99» 204, 
 208, 209, 212, 217, 
 219. 
 
 James, 86, 87, 208, 209. 
 John, Esq., 44, 78, 
 
 81, 130, 131. 
 John, Ensign, 78, 
 
 128, 130, 131, 166, 
 
 177, '7^> 186, 196, 
 199. 
 Merchandising in Va., 
 
 149" 
 Merharren, George, 197. 
 Messenger to Ohio In- 
 dians, 17. 
 Miami Indians, 18, 120, 
 Micou, Paul, II. 
 Miers, Widow, 208. 
 Military Affairs Commit- 
 tee, 8. 
 ambition, 221. 
 and civil magistrates, 
 
 189. 
 art, 65. 
 chest, 75. 
 defenses, 10. 
 express, 75, 76. 
 posts, 74. 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 ( 
 
 I ' \\ 
 
r^.y'l7 ' 
 
 
 H\ 
 
 1 11/ i 
 
 I; 
 i 
 
 M'l 
 
 h ^ 
 
 f^i 
 
 IH 
 
 \y 
 
 i|: 
 
 ' {i 
 
 
 
 258 
 
 Index. 
 
 Military service, retired 
 from, 79, 135. 
 stores, 139, 147. 
 Militia as escort, 29. 
 
 beyond the province, 
 
 29. 
 of Frederick co,, 5, 16. 
 Milligan, James, 208. 
 Milton, James, 148, 171, 
 190, 198, 200. 
 Joseph, 172, 191, 202. 
 Minesink, 1 15. 
 Mingo Town, 30, 2>1^ 7^. 
 
 108, 1 19, 120, 208. 
 Ministry, British, 10, 86, 
 125, 140. 
 petitioned, 10. 
 Minor, Edward, 177, 204. 
 Mission of peace, 93. 
 Mistranslation of capitu- 
 lation, 223. 
 Mitchell, William, 177, 
 
 193, 204. 
 Mocassins, 125. 
 Monakatoocha, a chief, 
 
 99, 100. 
 Monongahela, battle of, 
 
 7, 8. 
 river, 13, 14, 18, 24, 
 
 26, 28, II, 40, 42, 
 
 43, 49, 69, 92, 95, 
 
 99, 122, 128, 136, 
 
 138, 144, 162. 
 
 settlements, 34, 163. 
 
 valley, 53. 
 
 Montgomery, David, 178, 
 
 195'' 205. 
 Montour, Capt. Andrew, 
 18, 102, 103, 104, 
 105, 1 20, 124, 127. 
 county, Pa., 104. 
 geographical monu- 
 ments to, 104. 
 Henry, interpreter, 
 
 103, 104, 107. 
 John, 103. 
 Madam, 102, 103. 
 ridge, 104. 
 Montour's Island, 103. 
 Montourville, 104. 
 Montreal, Canada, 22, 36, 
 
 129. 
 Moore, Jean, 171. 
 Moorehead, Jasper, 68, 
 
 196. 
 Moran, Dominick.i 73, 202. 
 Moravian missionaries, 
 
 104. 
 Moreau, Casper, 198. 
 Morgan, Nicholas, 172, 
 
 1 98, 202. 
 Morris, Jesse, 171, 190, 200. 
 Governor of Pa., 100. 
 Richard, 171, 200, 
 209, 213, 217. 
 Mortar-pieces, 46. 
 Moss, Thomas, 172, 191, 
 
 202, 213, 217. 
 Most Christian King, 35, 
 96. 
 
Index 
 
 259 
 
 Mountains to lakes, 36. 
 Mount Airy, 'j'j. 
 
 Braddock, 35, 54, 136, 
 
 Vernon, 11, 189, 228. 
 Washington, 'j^^. 
 
 Mu]holland,John, 175,193, 
 197, 203. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, 175, 193, 
 197, 203, 213, 217, 219. 
 
 Murry, Richard, 68. 
 
 Muse, Lieut.-Col. Geo., 
 II, 28, 30, 105, 106, 169, 
 182, 186, 208, 209, 210, 
 212, 217, 219. 
 
 Mushaw, Abraham, 197, 
 203. 
 
 Musket shot, 44. 
 
 Muster, general, 58. 
 
 Muster-roll, 58. 
 
 Myer, Jacob, 179, 205. 
 
 My journeyover the moun- 
 tains, 44. 
 
 Napp, Thomas, 173, 192, 
 202, 213, 217, 219. 
 
 National pride, 6. 
 
 Nations of Indians, 121. 
 
 Natural meadows, ']'^. 
 
 Necklace of wampum, 51. 
 
 Negro rewarded, 184. 
 
 Neill, Henry, 171,190,198, 
 200. 
 
 Nemacolin, an Indian, 32. 
 
 Nemacolin's creek, 42. 
 
 Nepissengues Indians, 36. 
 Nevill's Island, 103. 
 New France, ']i, 136. 
 
 Hanover, N. C, 55. 
 
 recruits, 68. 
 
 settlements, 53. 
 
 store at Will's Creek, 
 48. 
 
 York independent 
 company, 63, 65, 
 141, 225. 
 
 York magazine, 28. 
 Niagara expedition, 62. 
 Nicholas, Mr., 153. 
 Nicholson, Thomas, 175. 
 Night march by Washing- 
 ton, 88. 
 Norfolk, Va., 24. 
 North America, 229. 
 
 branch of Potomac, 
 
 Carolina, Lieut-Gov., 
 
 87.^ 
 Carolina independent 
 company, 56, 65, 
 225, 226. 
 North'^rn Neck, boundary 
 
 of, 12. 
 Norton, Mr., 210. 
 Not to make establish- 
 ments, 156. 
 Nova Scotia, limits of, 61. 
 
 Office of stamp distribu- 
 tor, 84. 
 
;t .■ 
 
 t 
 
 i tin 
 
 I V 
 
 I' 
 
 1 h» 
 
 i i; 
 
 260 
 
 Index. 
 
 'ft' 
 
 ?l^ti r; 
 
 
 'IS 
 
 i! 
 
 ;li 
 
 Officers and soldiers, 57, 
 165, 167, 170. 
 list of, 177, 199. 
 thanked by Assembly, 
 
 168, 187, 188. 
 of Virginia regiment, 
 186. 
 Og Ifn, Thomas, 171, 191, 
 
 Ogiiby, J :n, 173, 191, 
 
 202, 220. 
 Ohio and Mississippi, 164. 
 branches and waters, 
 
 7, 21, 40, 41, 100, 
 
 189. 
 Company, 3, 5, 18,32, 
 
 42, 43, 47, 49, 53, 
 
 54, 74, 79, 80, 81, 
 
 119, 121, 163. 
 expedition to, 5, 133, 
 
 187, 221. 
 forks of, 26, 62, 100. 
 forts on, 62. 
 Indians, 17, 59, 125. 
 lands granted on, 5, 
 
 218. 
 Pile falls, 70. 
 river, 12, 42, 47, 95, 
 
 96, 100, loi, 119. 
 State line, 38. 
 troops on, 92. 
 valley, 10. 
 Old and intimate friend, 
 
 26. 
 King, a chief, 37, 39. 
 
 Old Town, Md., 30, 31. 
 
 Ollowais Indians, 50. 
 
 Oneida chief, 100, 103. 
 
 Onondaga Indians, 100, 
 115, 118, 123. 
 
 Omission in French Jour- 
 nal, 51, 52, 70. 
 
 Open house, 149. 
 the way, 232. 
 
 Orders found on de Ju- 
 monville, 93, 94. 
 
 Orleans, Isle of, 151. 
 
 Oswego, 62. 
 
 Ottoway Indians, 46. 
 
 Oxford University, 11. 
 
 Ox river, 95. 
 
 Pack horses, 74. 
 
 Page, Bryant, 173, 192, 
 202. 
 
 Palmer, Charlton, Esq., 80. 
 
 Palisades around French 
 forts, 102. 
 double rows, 107. 
 
 Papers of Col. Washing- 
 ton lost, 181. 
 
 Park, Andrew, y^. 
 
 Parkman, 93. 
 
 Parley called by French, 
 
 145- 
 Parliament, 86, 87. 
 
 Paris, commissioners at, 
 61. 
 
 Parson coming to Amer- 
 ica, 82. 
 
 [H 
 
 >' 'it ^ ' i 
 
 if 
 
 11 
 
 ! i I 
 
 — ^ _ ■ • -"-^rrr 1*- - 
 
 i'a?i f^^'' ■j-BSfti'prTW 
 
Index. 
 
 261 
 
 Pissayunk, Pa., 124. 
 
 Pasture, grass for stock, 
 127, 142. 
 
 Patented to Geo. Wash- 
 ington, -ji. 
 
 Patenting lands for sol- 
 diers, 207. 
 
 Patriot brothers, ']']. 
 
 Patriotism of the people, 
 
 234. 
 Patron of Ohio C mpany, 
 
 80. 
 Patterson cree! 30, 51, 
 
 n^ 89. 
 Paul, Hugh, 177, '94, 204, 
 
 213, 217. 
 Pay-roil Cap. ^ewis' com- 
 pany, 197. 
 detached forces, 184, 
 
 197. 
 Virginia regiment, 
 186, 187, 
 Peace between the crowns, 
 
 41, 146, 156. 
 Peach bottom, 31. 
 Pearsall's, Job, fort, 26, 30, 
 
 181. 
 Pearson, Thomas, 1 74, 
 
 193. 
 People of business, 81. 
 
 indifference of, 4, 6. 
 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia, 
 
 III, 114. 
 Colonial records, 125, 
 
 163. 
 
 Pennsylvania, governor of, 
 103 125. 
 land varrants, 31, ^j^. 
 Magazine of History, 
 
 83-. 
 Province of, 4, 17, 27, 
 
 44. 55. 95. 104, 119, 
 120, 124, 188. 
 State line, 38. 
 Pen picture of Geo. Wash- 
 ington, 79. 
 Pension list of Va., 93, 
 
 135, 220. 
 Perry, Alexander, 195, 
 205. 
 
 Peyronney,Cap.Wm., 146, 
 186, 199. 
 
 Peyton's History of Au- 
 gusta CO., 218. 
 
 Perkley, Jacob, 68, 
 
 Peter's Creek, 12. 
 
 Petition of Wm. Jenkins, 
 
 75. 76. 
 to His Majesty, 80. 
 Philadelphia, 64, 100. 
 Picket lines doubled, 143. 
 Pierce, Thomas, 197. 
 Pierry, Alexander, 179. 
 Pistole as bounty to each 
 
 man, 169, 184, 197, 201. 
 Pitt, Lord, on rank, 23,229. 
 Pittsburg, 12, 32, 42, 69, 
 
 73, 100, loi, 103, 136. 
 Plat of Fort Necessity 
 
 land, 73. 
 
f 
 
 
 f I 
 
 i* M 
 
 11^ 
 
 ?l 
 
 i 
 
 «; 
 :1 
 
 ii 
 
 I ill 
 
 ., 
 
 " 1 r , I 
 
 262 
 
 Index. 
 
 Plat or survey by Wash- 
 ington, 25. 
 Point Pleasant, 21. 
 Pokotellico creek, 215. 
 Poison, Capt. William, 1 34, 
 
 135. ^37.150.172. 
 184, 186,199,212. 
 
 thanked, 166. 
 Lieut. John, 135, 210, 
 217. 
 Pomit's Run, 15. 
 Poor, John, 174, 203. 
 
 William, 174, 203. 
 Pork, 189. 
 Portsmouth, O., 47. 
 Posts of block house, 157. 
 Potomac, Falls of, 14. 
 river, 12, 13, 14, 15, 
 40, 91, 164, 181, 189. 
 to Roanoke, 187. 
 Potter, John, 176, 194, 204, 
 
 220. 
 Powell, Joseph, 176, 194, 
 
 204, 220. 
 Powers, John, 75. 
 Pratt, Marshall, 173, 202, 
 
 212, 217. 
 Prayers in the forts, loi. 
 Precautionary defenses, 
 
 127. 
 Presents to Miami In- 
 dians, 18, 19, 1 13. 
 Presque Isle, 30. 
 Price, James, 203. 
 Pride of country, 221. 
 
 Prince George county, 
 Md., 32. 
 William county, Va., 
 187, 214. 
 Princes, friendly, 96. 
 Prisoners of State and 
 war, 17, 22, 54, 59, 91, 
 
 93. 9^- 
 Pritchard, Richard, 195, 
 
 205. 
 
 Privates, whole force of, 
 
 170. 
 
 Proclamation granting 
 
 land, 5 21, 216, 218. 
 
 Promotions by seniority, 
 
 II. 
 
 Proposition to capitulate, 
 
 verbal, 146. 
 
 Provincial enterprise, 221. 
 
 governors, 188. 
 
 troops, 228. 
 
 Provisions and stores, 14, 
 
 93, 189. 
 
 Public express, 75, 76. 
 
 money, 76. 
 
 surveyor, 188. 
 
 Pullen, William, 179. 
 
 Purdie & Dixon, 207. 
 
 Quebec, Canada, 150, 151, 
 152. 
 
 Race-course at Cameron, 
 
 27. 
 Rain during battle of Fort 
 Necessity, 145. 
 
 %^ 
 
 .^■ii.r*:*!*-:; ;!'■-'*• ■^pSMBSja 
 
Index. 
 
 26 
 
 Ramsay, John, 173, 175, 
 192, 202, 212, 217. 
 
 Randolph county, VV. Va., 
 42. 
 
 Rank of Colonial officers, 
 63. 64, 79, 227. 
 Crown officers, 11, 
 139. 187. 
 Rappahannock county.SQ. 
 Reconnoitering the 
 enemy, 91, 134. 
 
 Recruits from Alexandria, 
 
 180. 
 Reducing the Virginia 
 
 regiment, 233. 
 Redstone Fort, 34, 36, 42, 
 
 43' 49' 52, 62, 108, 127, 
 
 128, 134, 136, 161. 
 Reinforcements expected, 
 
 26, 126, 141, 220, 222. 
 Regimental pay-roll, 183. 
 
 reports, 164, 169. 
 Rendezvous, 65. 
 Report of House of Bur- 
 gesses, 76. 
 
 on conditionof troops, 
 140. 
 Retreat from Fort Neces- 
 
 ity, 139, 160. 
 Return of Capt. Hog's 
 Co., 174, 201. 
 Lewis' Co., 202. 
 Mercer's Co., 204. 
 Stobo's Co., 170, 172, 
 200. 
 
 Revolution, service in, 25, 
 
 90, 135, 188. 
 Rhode Island boundary, 
 
 61. 
 Richardson, David, 218. 
 Ezekiel, drummer, 177, 
 193. 204, 
 Richbell, Richardson, 220. 
 Richmond co„ 'j'j, 130, 
 
 216. 
 Riely, Michael, 171. 
 Rifle pits, 143. 
 Rights of nations, 3. 
 Rind, William, 207, 210. 
 Ritson, John, 171. 
 River, Ohio, 13. 
 
 not suited to boats, 70. 
 Youghiogheny, ex- 
 amined, 70. 
 Road cleared for artillery, 
 42, 48, 50, 62, 74, 
 95' 108, 126, 136, 
 144. 
 made by Col. Wash- 
 ington, 144. 
 Roanoke river, 130. 
 Robe used by Indians in 
 
 treaty, 1 15. 
 Robinson, John, speaker, 
 25, 166, 176. 
 Sir Thomas, 93. 
 Rocket ware, 171. 
 Rodgers, John, 175. 
 Roe, John, 173, 193, 202, 
 203. 
 
 I 1 
 
til 
 
 M' 
 
 It 
 
 f '' 
 
 t 
 
 ii^ 
 
 n nil .[ 
 
 264 
 
 Index, 
 
 Rogers, Francis, 177,193, 
 
 198, 204. 
 Roll of Capt. Hog'c Co., 
 
 Lewis' Co., 202. 
 
 Mercer's Co., 180. 
 
 Stobo's Co., 200, 
 
 Van Braam's Co., 1 76. 
 
 detached command, 
 197. 
 
 officers and men, 24. 
 
 of soldiers in battle, 
 201. 
 Romney, Va., 30. 
 Rotchford, Hugh, 68, 196. 
 Rousby Hall, 230. 
 Rowe, Jabes, 175, 
 Roxbury, Mass., 61, 62. 
 Royal Americans, 24. 
 
 grandfather, 216. 
 
 troops, 229. 
 Rupert, Frederick, 1 79, 
 
 196, 205. 
 Russel, William, 137. 
 Rutherford, R., 214. 
 
 Capt. Thomas, 29, 83, 
 141. 
 Ryley, liarnaby, 198. 
 
 Sable, M. du, 94. 
 Sachem, a female, 99. 
 Saddle and bridle lost, 
 181. 
 trees for pack horses, 
 
 139- 
 
 Sale of lands by Indians, 
 
 96. 
 Sample, Samuel, Pitts- 
 burg, 208. 
 Samuel, James, 172, 191, 
 
 202, 212, 217. 
 Sandy Creek, 214. 
 
 expedition, 21. 
 Sargent's History, Brad- 
 dock, 53, 100, 139. 
 Savage, Lieut. John, 166, 
 175, 186, 187, 193, 
 196, 197, 199, 208, 
 212, 214, 217, 219, 
 mountain, 40. 
 Savages to be restrained, 
 
 156. 
 Scalped by Indians, 82. 
 Scalps, French, 99. 
 
 sent Delawares, 91. 
 Scarroyadda, chief, 100. 
 Schuyler, Col. Peter, 103, 
 
 152. 
 Sciota Creek, 46, 47, 50. 
 Scotland, 15, 20, 55. 63, 
 
 135, 188. 
 Scott, Joseph, 173, 191, 
 202. 
 Thomas, 175. 
 William, 184. 
 Scouting party, 74, 106, 
 Scruneyattha chief, 37, 38, 
 
 51- 
 Scully, Michael, 172, 191, 
 
 202, 217. 
 
 -"C'liA-^iziciim^Hi'f -'■t--'-'-^*'^ 
 
Index. 
 
 26 s 
 
 Seal of Colony of Va., 13. 
 Seally, Michael, 212. 
 Secretary of War, 231. 
 Self, Francis, 177, 183, 
 
 194, 204, 213, 217, 219. 
 Sellers, Thomas, Scr^.,69. 
 Seneca Indians on Lake, 
 
 ^l^ 1,03. 
 Seniority command, 60. 
 Sergeants, 11, 170. 
 Servant, death of, 8. 
 Servants and mechanics, 
 
 149. 
 Settlements, frontier, 4, 
 
 5. 13- 
 on Ohio, 79. 
 
 Shamokin, 103. 
 Shanopin's Town, 122. 
 Sharp, Horatio, Governor 
 and commander, 
 44, 45, 48, 49, 56, 
 63, 159, 226, 229, 
 236. 
 Governor's letter,233. 
 Matthias, 177. 
 Shawanese at Logstown, 
 loi, 107, 109, 118, 
 1 19. 
 at Old Town, 32, 47, 
 50. 
 Shenandoah county, 21, 
 180, 181. 
 river, 180, 181. 
 Sherley, Gov.-Gen., 55, 61, 
 
 34 
 
 Shingise, king, chief, 122, 
 
 123. 
 Ship Leeds, 84. 
 Shippen, Edward, 161. 
 Sick in camp, 171, 173, 
 
 ^n^ 179- 
 on road, 177. 
 
 Silver Spring Church, 20. 
 Simmonds, Dempsey, 194. 
 Simmons, Dernsey, 176, 
 204. 
 William, 176. 
 Six Nations, 36, 39, 41,46, 
 47. 99' 100, 109, HI, 
 112, 114, 115, 119, 123, 
 129. 
 Skirmish with French, 'j'i^. 
 with de Jumonville, 
 .29, 34, 94, 222. 
 Skirmishers, 89, 143, 144. 
 Skinner, Dudley, 173,202. 
 Skipton in Yorkshire, 31. 
 Skowoniatta, 100. 
 Skyvin, Pearson, 83. 
 Slaughter, Rev. Philip, 25. 
 Thomas, 173,192,202. 
 Sloops, 189. 
 Smith, Rev., 208. 
 Benjamin, 69. 
 Charles, 171,183, 189, 
 
 200, 212, 217. 
 James, 175, 197. 
 John, 174, 175, 181, 
 192, 197, 203, 210, 
 213, 217, 219. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ il 
 
266 
 
 Index. 
 
 ;.■ f 
 
 |!( If 
 
 ! 
 )( 
 
 ti 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 \% 
 
 
 a^H 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 f^ •' J 
 
 Smith, John, second, 203. 
 Patrick, 197. 
 F^ichard, 190, 200, 
 
 209, 212, 218. 
 Zachariah, 173, 192, 
 202. 
 Soldiers, bounty money, 
 
 183. 
 carry heavy burdens, 
 
 20, 139, 165, 167. 
 for diplomatic rea- 
 sons, 48. 
 fit for duty, i 78. 
 haul the cannon, 139. 
 Somerfield, Pa., 163. 
 Somerset co.. Pa., 163. 
 Somersetshire, England, 
 
 1 1. 
 South branch Potomac, 
 ^ 30, 31, 89. 
 Carolina, independ- 
 ent CO., 63, 65, 
 142. 
 Sparks, Jared, historian, 7, 
 45, 64, "j^, 124, 126, 127, 
 
 131. 133. 135 140, 153- 
 Speak French, 146. 
 
 Speaker,House Burgesses, 
 
 152, 154, 166, 168. 
 Speech by Croghan, 124. 
 
 Half King, 166. 
 
 by Indians, 109. 
 
 to Six Nations, 50, 1 15. 
 Spies reconnoitering, 92, 
 
 94, 124. 
 
 Spiltdorph,EnsignCarolus 
 
 Gustavus, 26, 98, 186,200. 
 
 Spiser, Benjamin, i ']'], 194, 
 
 204. 
 Spotswood, Col., 105. 
 Squaw, Indian, 99. 
 Stafford county, Va., 78. 
 
 C. H., 80. 
 St. Lawrence river, 151. 
 Stallons, William, 171,190, 
 
 198, 200. 
 Stamp act, 84, 85, 88. 
 
 distribution, 83,84,87. 
 Stamped paper, 87. 
 
 parchment, Z'j. 
 Stanard, Matthew, 205. 
 Standard, staff for, 180. 
 Stanwix, Gen., 82. 
 Staple, Daniel, 171, 213. 
 State affair, 3. 
 
 craft, 4. 
 
 Department, 185, 187, 
 
 234-. 
 of Ohio, 47. 
 
 Statue, Gen. Andrew 
 
 Lewis, 130. 
 Stedman, Thomas, Corp., 
 
 175, 192, 197. 
 Stephen, Gen. Adam, 26, 
 
 27, 28, 29, 51, 98, 165, 
 
 186, 199, 208, 209, 210, 
 
 212, 218, 219. 
 Stephens, John, 173. 
 Stephenson, Hugh, 210. 
 Marcus, 209. 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 :2S- 
 
Index. 
 
 267 
 
 Stewart, Alexander, 171, 
 190, 201. 
 John, 177, 193. 
 Robert, 179, 188,204, 
 
 213, 218, 219. 
 Township, 70. 
 Stewart's Crossing, 106. 
 Stobo, Capt., 22, 67, 122, 
 148, 149, 150, 151, 
 
 152, 153, 157. 170, 
 171, 172, 182, 186, 
 
 189, 190, 196, 212, 
 
 218, 220. 
 company of, 172, 200. 
 escapes from prison, 
 
 151- 
 heirs of, 219. 
 
 imprisonment of, 150. 
 
 letter to Assembly, 
 
 154- 
 plan of Fort Du- 
 
 quesne, 150, 151. 
 
 sentenced to death, 
 
 151. 
 thanked by the House 
 
 of Burgesses, 153, 
 
 165. 
 
 Stone, Hugh, 179, 195, 
 205. 
 
 Stony Creek expedition, 
 129. 
 
 Stores and baggage de- 
 stroyed, 160. 
 
 Storehouse at Fort Red- 
 stone, 42, 43, 49, 161. 
 
 Stratagem suspected, 145. 
 Street, John, 208. 
 Strings of wampum, 1 19. 
 Strong men help the weak, 
 
 163. 
 Stuart, Debora, 188. 
 
 Capt. Walter, 186, 
 188, 200. 
 Summons by de Coatre- 
 cceur, 18, 34. 
 
 bearers of, 91, 92, 93. 
 
 copy of, 96. 
 
 insolent, 94, 95. 
 
 to depart, 146. 
 
 to the French, 46, 75. 
 Supplies and reinforce- 
 ments, 222. 
 Surgeon British army, 24. 
 
 Virginia regiment, 20. 
 Surprise, 95. 
 Surrender Fort Necessity, 
 
 155- 
 Survey soldiers' lands, 206. 
 
 Surveys patented, 209. 
 Surveyor-General of Cus- 
 toms, 9. 
 Surveyor's Art, 32. 
 
 in America, 83. 
 
 license of, 32. 
 
 public, 188. 
 Suspend officers, 61. 
 Susquehanna river, 3 1 ,103, 
 
 104, 115. 
 Sussex, England, 61. 
 Suver, Peter, a trader, 67. 
 
1^ I 
 
 [ 
 
 268 
 
 Index. 
 
 \m\ 
 
 ') 
 
 \ 
 
 " ',1 
 
 \\ 
 
 Swallow, William, 171,190, 
 
 201. 
 Swedish gentleman, 20,26, 
 
 98. 
 Swiney, George, 203. 
 
 Terrance, 175, 192, 
 197, 203. 
 Sword as a present, 82. 
 
 Talbott, Captain, 130. 
 Tallow candle, a single 
 
 one, 147. 
 Tanacharison, a sachem, 
 
 37, 100, 123. 
 Tate, Magnus, 209. 
 Taxation of the Colonies, 
 
 10. 
 Tayloe, John, "]"], 81. 
 Taylor, Christian, 69. 
 Elizabeth, 20. 
 George, 176, 194, 204. 
 Tendell, Nehemiah, 175. 
 Ten miles square, 15. 
 Terms of capitulation, 2 23. 
 Territories of the King,96. 
 Thanks of the Delawares, 
 1 16. 
 of Assembly to sol- 
 diers, 166, 167. 
 of Assembly to Wash- 
 ington and officers, 
 165, 168. 
 This war to serve the In- 
 dians, 1 12. 
 Thomas, Gov., of Pa., 17. 
 
 Thomas James, Corp., i ']i, 
 181, 191, 202. 
 James Bowman, 181. 
 John, 69. 
 Thompson, Edward, 180. 
 
 John, 177, 193. 
 Thornton, John, 204. 
 
 Presley, 81. 
 Three Forks, 69. 
 Thurston, John, 175, 197, 
 
 210. 
 Title to land, 137. 
 Titus, James, 193, 203. 
 Tobacco rolling-house, 15. 
 Towner, Lieut. James, 97, 
 98, 99, 166, 183, 186, 
 194, 196, 199, 210, 211, 
 312, 218, 219. 
 Trade, British Board of, 9, 
 
 10. 
 Traders, Indian, 17, 3 , 47, 
 62, 72, 98, 124. 
 made prisoners, loi. 
 sent to Canada, loi. 
 Train of soldiers, 16. 
 Translation misled Wash- 
 ington, 22, 158, 223. 
 Tranton, John, 171. 
 Trappers, 47. 
 Treasurer of the colony, 
 
 153, 166. 
 Treaty of Logstown, 118, 
 119. 
 with Indians, 18, 121. 
 Treeless valley, 72. 
 
 1 
 
Index. 
 
 269 
 
 Trenches around fort, 143. 
 
 Trent, Capt. William, 7, 
 
 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32, 
 
 33. 39,40,41,45,47,62, 
 
 74, loi, 181. 
 
 Trent, a patriot, 20. 
 
 calls for reinforce- 
 ments, 26. 
 double company, 162. 
 claim for losses, 18, 
 
 19. 
 Indian trade, 20. 
 journal, 18, 20. 
 Triston, John, 193. 
 Troops without arms, 56. 
 in battle of Great 
 Meadows, 1 70. 
 Trotter, Richard, 19, 184, 
 
 212, 218, 220. 
 Tunstale, Robert, Sen^., 
 171, 189, 201, 212, 281. 
 Turkey Foot, 67, 69, 163. 
 Turtle Creek, 18, 161, 162. 
 Two shillings a day, 47. 
 Tyan, William, 196. 
 Tyroll, James, Serg., 175, 
 178, 195, 205. 
 
 Underbill, William, 173, 
 
 192, 202. 
 Ulerich, Mr., 36. 
 Ulster county, Ireland, 
 
 129. 
 Unhappy disagreement, 
 
 68. 
 
 Union of the colonies, 22 1. 
 Uniontown, Pa., 72. 
 University of Edinburg, 
 24. 
 of Glasgow, 148. 
 
 Valley of Virginia, 90. 
 Van Braam, Capt. Jacob, 
 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 
 68, 146, 147, 148, 
 154, 169, 176, 186, 
 193, 194, 196, 212, 
 218, 219, 220, 223. 
 
 given as a hostage, 
 22, 23. 
 
 received land, 23, 24. 
 
 roll of company of, 
 178, 203. 
 
 verbal translation by, 
 
 159- 
 van Swerengen, 214. 
 
 Vaucluse, Fairfax county, 
 
 24. 25. 
 Veech, Mr., 89. 
 Venango, a French and 
 
 Indian post, 30, 34, 45, 
 
 1 16, 122, 162. 
 Verbal report of terms 
 
 of capitulation, 147. 
 Vernon, Admiral, 21, 105. 
 Vestal, John, ferry, 180, 
 
 181. 
 Gap, 181. 
 Vestry of church, 1 1. 
 Vice-admiral, 40. 
 
 4 
 
 t .'^ 
 

 ■T 
 
 u 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 n. 
 
 ^1' 
 
 ::70 
 
 Index, 
 
 Villiers,Coulon de, French 
 Commander, 43, 
 128, 144, 146, 147, 
 154, 157, 161. 
 Journal, 163. 
 
 Virginia, 44, 67, 148, 149, 
 
 155. 
 and Pennsylvania 
 
 governors, 11 1, 114. 
 Assembly, 3, 4, 5, 
 
 151, 222, 225. 
 capital of, 74. 
 claims to Ohio, 4. 
 commissioners, 129. 
 convention, 68. 
 colony of, 3, 29, 67, 
 
 11, 89. 
 colonial commander, 
 
 189. 
 forces, 54, 130, 188. 
 rest at Will's 
 Creek, 225. 
 frontier defenses, 28. 
 Gazette, 22. 
 governor of, 1 ;. 23, 
 
 37, 45, 50, 66, 93, 
 
 100, 109, 112, 11^, 
 
 114, 126, 206. 
 land office, 211. 
 opposed Stamp Act, 
 
 86. 
 regiment at Cartha- 
 
 gena, 21, 105. 
 regiment, 7, 11,13, 19, 
 
 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 
 
 39. 48, 53' 56, 64. 
 105, 129, 142, 164. 
 167, 168, 169, 170, 
 186, 187, 224, 
 Virginia regiment, retreat 
 
 of, 133- 
 pay-roll, 187. 
 troops cross the moun- 
 tains, 224. 
 at Gist's, 138,140. 
 reorganize, 227. 
 vote of thanks, 79,105. 
 
 Waddy, Charles, Serg., 
 
 170, 190, 197, 201. 
 Waggoner, Andrew, 90, 
 209, 212, 218, 219. 
 Ensign, Edmund, 89, 
 
 90, 191, 202, 218. 
 Capt. Thomas, 89, 
 128, 137, 166, 186, 
 199. 
 Upper Fort, 89. 
 Wagon road, 62. 
 Wagons, 126, 139, 180, 
 
 189. 
 Walker, Michael, 179, 205. 
 Walnut Bottoms, 32. 
 Walters, Philip, 179, 195, 
 
 205. 
 Waltho, clerk to Council, 
 
 152, 207. 
 Wampum, 46, 50, 51, 99, 
 119, 124. 
 belt of, 38, 39, 67, 126. 
 
 I, ^' 
 
 K\ 
 
luiex. 
 
 271 
 
 Wampum ordered by 
 Council, 108, 1 10, 1 13, 
 114, 115, 116, 117, 
 118. 
 
 Warm Spring Mountain, 
 130. 
 
 War, articles of, 58. 
 
 not declared, 4, 22. 
 of the Revolution, 29. 
 
 Ward, Maj. Edward, 18, 
 
 30. Ti^^ ZZ^ 39. 44. 
 45, 46, 47, 48, 62, 
 
 66, loi, 102, 162, 
 181. 
 Elijah, 203. 
 Pledge, 198. 
 Warehouse, 15. 
 Warriors sharpen hatchets, 
 
 ii3» 123. 
 Washington, Augustine, 
 
 ^ 32, 144- 
 
 Col. George, accounts 
 of, 9. 
 
 accounts of, for sol- 
 diers' lands, 207, 
 208, 209, 210, 21 1. 
 
 accounts of, nith Vir- 
 ginia, 180, 181, 182, 
 
 183. 
 
 a Mason, 21. 
 
 and bounty lands, 206. 
 
 and officers thanked, 
 147- 165. 
 
 and officers joint let- 
 ter, 168. 
 
 Washington, ai j'v to Gen. 
 Braci Jv^ck, 1 1. 
 a trus -e of Alexan- 
 dria, 15. 
 at Williamsburg, 133, 
 
 164, 165. 
 capitulation of, 22. 
 commissioned adju- 
 tant-general, 
 10, II. 
 lieu tenant-col- 
 onel, 224, 226. 
 commander, 12. 
 conference with In- 
 dians, 2il- 
 county, Maryland, 31. 
 declines servica, 232. 
 diary of, 27. 
 indorsement of, 201. 
 expecti ig an attack, 
 
 144. 
 fam'ly. 31. 
 
 (eorre, Col., 5, 7, 
 10, II, 20, 24, 25, 
 28, 33^ 34, 37. 39> 
 
 4'^'' 5I' 53. 54. 5^. 
 64, 65, 66, 68, 
 
 n^ 74. r:>^ 77> 
 78, 79, 89, 91, 92, 
 
 93, 99, 100, 104, 
 
 105, 106, 119, 123, 
 
 125, 128, 129, 130, 
 
 131. 135. 137. 138, 
 
 ^^9. 154. 155. 157. 
 1 6 J, 162, 169, 170, 
 
 J' 
 
 /I' 
 
I'*. I 
 
 ■I 
 
 i 
 
 i • 
 
 ill' 
 
 I 
 
 \ < 
 
 If 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
 n 
 
 ) " 
 
 ^ \ 
 
 nil' 
 
 272 
 
 Index. 
 
 172, 174, 176, 178, 
 180, 187, 197, 213, 
 214, 215, 218, 219, 
 220, 221, 223, 228, 
 234. 
 Washington gave his sad- 
 dle horse to pack 
 ammunition, 139. 
 
 imposed upon by 
 translator, 159. 
 
 letters of, 45, 98, 230, 
 
 lieut.-col., commission 
 
 of, 10. 
 losses in battle of, 8. 
 on rank, 227, 228. 
 and officers thanked 
 
 by Assembly, 165, 
 
 166. 
 instructions to, 16, 
 
 20. 
 journal of, French 
 
 version, 7, 27, 38, 
 
 7^. i3i» 134- 
 Major Lawrence, 15, 
 
 21, 32, 44, 56, 105. 
 
 Col. Lewis, 79. 
 
 papers of, lost, 89. 
 
 President, 26. 
 
 resigns commission, 
 
 T I. 
 
 soldiers' devotion to, 
 
 142. 
 solicited to accept 
 
 commission 
 
 230. 
 
 Washington succeeded to 
 command, 224. 
 unacquainted with 
 French, 159. 
 Washington's pay, 10. 
 picket attacked, 144. 
 reply to thanks, 167. 
 retreat, 8. 
 servant's death, 8. 
 soldiers at Fort Ne- 
 cessity, 1 40, 1 44, 1 46. 
 speech to Indians, 50, 
 
 1 10. 
 statue in Richmond, 
 
 130. 
 visit to Ohio, 2i^. 
 will, 74. 
 writings, 224. 
 Waters and streams, 47, 
 49, 66, 67, 70. 
 Philemon, 198. 
 Watts, Arthur, 175, 203, 
 
 213, 217, 219. 
 Wedman, Corp. Thomas, 
 
 203. 
 Welch, David, 170, 17T, 
 
 190, 201. 
 West, John, 208, 209, 210, 
 21 1. 212, 218, 219. 
 Lieut. John, Jr., 26,67, 
 68,98, 186,187,196. 
 Indies, 24. 
 Virginia, 42. 
 Western country, 188. 
 frontier, 1 25. 
 
 Sc' \ 
 
 A'>,i 
 
Index. 
 
 2/3 
 
 Western Pennsylvania, 54, 
 
 122. 
 Westover, 79. 
 Wharton township, 72. 
 Whitehead, Edward, 177, 
 
 194, 204. 
 Whitman, John, 174, 203. 
 Wiandot Indians, 99. 
 Wilkinson, Daniel, 203. 
 
 David, 203. 
 Will, an Indian, 39, 40. 
 
 of Col. Croghan, 124. 
 William and Mary Col- 
 lege, II, 78. 
 Williams, Peregrine, 171, 
 
 190, 201. 
 Williamsburg, 3, 8, 13, 22, 
 33, 41, 59,62,64, 79,83, 
 87, 93, 120, 132, 164, 
 181, 189. 
 Will's Creek, 12, 14, 24, 
 28, 32, 33, 39, 43> 
 45' 48, 57. 63, 64, 
 68, 105, 133, 138, 
 140, 141, 142, 15O) 
 160, 164, 165, 169, 
 178, 180, 181, 189, 
 225, 226, 233. 
 Mountain, 40. 
 Wilson, John, 212. 218. 
 Winchester, 18, 25, 30, 55, 
 56, 57»68, 74,75-82,90, 
 
 35 
 
 93, 98, 102, 181, 208, 
 209, 225, 226. 
 Woelper, or Welpcr, John 
 David, 69, 212, 218, 
 219. 
 Wolfe, Gen,, 151. 
 Wood, James, 180, 181. 
 Working party, protection 
 
 of, 134. 
 Wounded, 171, 173, 175, 
 176, 179. 
 soldiers, aid to, 184. 
 Wright, John, heirs of, 
 218, 219. 
 Ensign Wm., 186, 
 187, 197, 199. 211, 
 212. 
 Wythe, Mr., 29. 
 
 Yates, Charles, 211. 
 York river, 84. 
 Yorkshire, England, 31. 
 Yorktown, 25. 
 Youghiogheny ford, 163. 
 
 head springs, 40. 
 
 river, 54, 69, 70, 72, 
 99, 107, 127. 
 Young Indian men, 38, 44, 
 46, 50. 
 
 Zinzendorf on Montour, 
 104.