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V. 1 '^ [C>, ^ EMIGRATION TO CANADA. p» ^ ' * ^ J: THB PROVmCE OF ONTARIO; ITS S(JIL, CLIMATE, RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONS, FREE GRANT LANDS. &c., &c. Jor Xixt J!n{0rmatiatt of ^ntcttdiing €mi0rnnt$. -»i •#.v :>*., ISSUED BY AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENa? OF ONTARIO. *-' '< > \ dDoronto: IMuNTBD >nr HuNTKB, RosB & V,i\, 86 AND 88 KiNO StwiiitVWest. mmiiSSISCt 1871. -ig i — nri i -T -rr-T i T-Trr ■ 1 1 vimmim I* ill DEPARTMENT OF CROWN LANDS, TCKONTO, 2j}tii Mat, 1860. NOTICE is hereby given, that the lollowin.,' Orders niid Kcjfulatioiis have been made by Hl» Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor in ( ouiicil, under the "Five Grants and Hoineste^ Act of 1883," wid the " Public Lands Act of Ist/i," '^y Order in Council bearinj,' date the 27th day of H&y Instant, OI^IDERS -A.3SriD I?,EOXJILi-A-TI01SrS Madeundtr "The, Free Grants and lli>m>.'steud Act of 1SC8," nnd "The Public Lands Act of 1800," by Order of Uis J'JxccUencjj Uie Lieutenant-Governor in Council, dated 27th May, 1869. 1. The quantity of land to be located to any person as a Free Grant, under " The Vrtc Grants and Homestead Act of 1808," subsequently to the 2;!rd day of January, laCl», shall be 100 acres ; but in case it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, that any person located, or to be located as aforesaid, has not by reason of rock, lakes or swamp, 100 acres that can be made available for fariiiiii^' piiri'oses, the quantity located to such person may be increased in the discretion of the Coniiuissioner of Crown Lands, to any number of acres, not exceed- ing' in the whole 200 u^res, so as to nialie loo acres of such farmint: land; and the male head of a family located, or to bo located, under said Act, since the said 23rd day of January, 18(i'J, having children under eighteen years of a;,'e residing' with him, may be located for in all 200 acres. 2. Any locatce under said last mentioned Act, beinj,' the male head of afamily as aforesaid, sliall be allowed to purchase an additional lOu acres at 50 cent^ per acre cash, at the time of such lowU ion ^ subject to the same reservations and conditions, and the performance of the same settlement cluties as are provided in rcsj)ect of Free Grant locations by the Uth and lOth Section-, of the .said Act, excei)t that actual residence and buildin;,' on tlie land purchaied will not be required. 3. Scpiatters upon land situate within any Township, or part of a ToHiiship, appropriated by Order in Council for Free (irants, and who bad settled or improved upon such lands hefore the passing of the said Free Graids Act, shall be allowed to purchase said land.-- (not exceedinj,' in (luanlity 200 acres to any one person), at f)0 cents an acre cMb, sneh sale to he siilijeet to the same conditions and reser- vations as are i)rovided by the IHli and luth sections of said Act in respect of Free Grant locations. 4. The ri;;ht is reserved to the Crown to coii.struct on any land located under said act, or sold aa hereinhefore provided, any colonization road, or any road in lieu of, or jiartly deviating' from any Government allowance for roud ; al.so the riyht to take from such land any wood, t^ravel or other materials, required lor the construction or Improvement of any such road, without makiii;; any com- pensation for the h'Jid or materials so taken, or for any injury occasioned by the construe'tion of sueh road ; and such rights may be exercised by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, or any one authorized by him for that purpose. 6, Holders of Timber Licences, their servants, and agents, are to have the riyhi to haul their tim- ber or loys over the uncleared portion of any land located as a Free Grant, or imrchased a:; oefore l)rovided, and to make such roads thereon as may be neces.sary for that puriiose, doing' no unneces- sary damaure, and to use all slides, portages, roads, or other works previously constructed or existiiiK on any land so located or sold, and the right of access to, and free u.se of all streams and lakes there- tofore" used, or that may be necessary fur the passage of timber or logs ; and all land necessary for su< i\sy \!^ ^ia^"<^i iSt^ -«fc ^^ '*<^jiii \ - ^^ ^#1;? ^^^ ■5r ^^ <^4? / *o. ' 327,800 12,000 100,000 Toronto Quebec Halifax Fredericton . Fort Garry. 00,000 i^uebec 70,0P0 NoT» Suoti.\ 40,000 NewBruuswiek.... Manitoba 0,000 2,000 TheNorth-\Vc«t... • 3,141,3^ 3,ltf0,561 4,395,103 , 2 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. The political institutions of the Dominion are based upon the British prin- ciple of responsible government. For the Dominion there is a Privy Coun- cil, responsible to Parliament ; a Senate, composed of life members, appoint- ed by the Crown ; and a House of Commons, the members of which are elected by the people every five years. This Parliament is charged with legislation on all matters of commerce or defence, and on all other subjects of general or common interest. Ottawa is the seat of Government. Each of the Provinces has a Govenmient and Legislature of its own, charged with the con- trol of all matters of local interest. The franchise is exceedingly liberal, as, practically, every householder has a vote. The taxes are levied through cus- toms and excise duties, the latter being chiefly on spirituous and malt liquors and tobacco. There is no direct taxation, except for municipal purposes, such as the making and repairing of roads, the maintenance of the Free School system, &c. The Municipal Institutions of the Dominion are an admirable illustration of the advantages of local self-government. The Province of Ontario is divided into forty-two counties ; those being subdivided into township, town and village municipalities, the cities being separate and distinct for municipal purposes. Tlie cities are governed by a Board of Aldermen, who are elected annually at the beginning of the year. The incorporated towns have a Mayor and Town Council, elected in a similar manner, while townships and villages are governed by a council of five, one of whom is the Reeve, who are elected annually. The Reeves of the different municipalities in a county form tlio County Council, which has ccitrol of all boundary roads between townships, and other matters of general interest. Each township and each village has one Reeve. Where the number of rate-payers is over five hun- dred, a Deputy Reeve is appointed, instead of one of the four councillors ; where over a thousand, a second Deputy, instead of a councillor, and so on — one for each five hundred rate-payers. These Municipal bodies levy by direct taxa- tion such moneys as may be required for local improvements, such as roads, bridges, drainage, police, &c. , and, at the requisition of the Boards of School Trustees, for the maintenance of the free school system. For purposes of taxation an assessment of the municipality is made each year, the right of appeal against the assessment being allowed to each rate-payer, to the Coun- cil, sitting as a Court of Revision, and from them to the County Judge. These Municipal Councils are generally well and economically managed. The taxation for municipal purposes does not usually exceed about £2 stg. per hundred acres ; and Municipal Councils are restrained by law from incun-ing any debt which, with all other charges, would raise tho taxation to above two per cent, of the assessed value of the property of the Municipality. This system has infused a fine spirit of self- j.'eliance in the people, and excited in them a lively interest in all public THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 8 British prin- *rivy Coun- 3X3, appoint- l which are barged with ir subjects of Each of the with the con- [y liberal, as, through cus- imaltliquora lal purposes, I of the Free lie illustration of Ontario is jwnship, town b for municipal ho are elected d towns have hile townships he Eeeve, who ics in a county roads between nship and each over five hun- ar councillors ; and so on— one f by direct taxa- such as roads, oards of School 'or purposes of kr, the right of er, to the Coun- County Judge. Lcally managed. 1 about £2 stg. )d by law from ould raise the )i the property spirit of self- iBt in all public questions ; and from the iranks of the Municipal Councillors, who re- ceive a practical training in the smaller arena, are, to a great extent, recruited our members of Parliament. THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. The ProTince of Ontario is situate to the North of the River St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes, Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior. The River Ottawa, a noble stream, divides it from the Province of Quebec. Its northerly and westerly boundaries are by no means well defined, so that its area can be given only approximately. However, it may be safely assumed at about 121,260 square miles, equal to 77,600,400 acres, or almost exactly tlio same as that of Great Britain and Ireland. The population of that Kingdom is upwards of 30 millions. It would therefore appear that after making due allowance for difference of climate and soil, Ontario could well sustain a population of at least 10 millions. Its actual population at different periods will appear from the following table : — 1830 210,437 by census. 1841 465,357 do 1852 952,004 do 1801 1,396,0<)1 do 1871 2,136,308 estimated. It will bo seen from the above figures that its present population is about ten times what it was 40 years ago, a rate of increase considerably greater than that of the United States during the same time. The figures also show that its present population of over 2,000,000 is only a fifth of that which it is probably capable of supporting, so that there is still ample room for a large immigration. The natural advantages of Ontario are very great. Tlie soil of the country varies in different localities, but a very large proportion is of the very best description for agricultural purposes ; its water communication by means of the great lakes, is unsurpassed; in mineral wealth (excluding the one article, coal) it has been pronounced by competent authorities eqiial to any part of the world, abounding as it does in iron, copper, lead, silver, marble, petroleum, salt, &o., &c. Its immense forests of pine timber aro too well known to need any description. The great lakes abound with fish, and the forests with game. No portion of the Dominion offers greater inducements to emigrants than does the Province of Ontario. Two facts may be prominently mentioned, as indicating in a comprehensive way the class of people to which Ontario •Sbrda a good field for emigrating to. These facts are ; that Ontario is a new EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. country, and that (at present, at all events,) it is essentially un agrisultnral one. The producing class then is that which the oountry needs. Men to clear the forest lands, to cultivate the soil, to raise live stock, to make clothes, to build houses, to make the ordinary household goods, and to open up communication from one part of the country to another, by the con- struction of roads and railways. The classes most needed, consequently, are farmers ; agi-icultural labourers ; day labourers, who will turn their hands to anything, whether it be sawing and chopping firewood, working on the roads and railways, or loading and unloading vessels ; building meehanics, such as bricklayers, stonemasons, carpenters, plumbers, painters and glaziers ; other mechanics, as cabinet makers, tinsmiths, blacksmiths ; also tailors and shoe- makers. Men to whom wages of four or five shillings a day" are an object, — and there are hundreds of thousands of such in tlie United Kingdom, — will find Ontario just the place for them, because such wages can always be obtained as agricultural or day labourers by those who aro able and willing to work for them. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the intending emigrant that of professional men, and of book-keepers, clorks, and others not directly engaged in the arts of production, Ontario has already enough and to spare. Of the female sex the class moat iu demand are house- hold servants. Those are always sure of immediate omploynieut, at wages of from twenty to twenty-nine shillings a month, according to ability. There is also a contiiderable demand for dressmakers, milliners, seamstresses and bonnet makers, all of whom can obtain much better wages than they can at home. Farmers possessing moderate means can readily purchnso or lease suitable farms of from one to two hundred acres, more or less cleared and improved ; and by ordinary discrt on and industiy, can scarcely fail, if blessed with health and strength, very materially to improve thoir condition in a few years, and to afibrd their children, as they grow iip, a favorable start in life. The price of land varies according to the situation and the improvements. Wild (that is uncleared, or forest) land varies in jjrico from 2s. to 403. an acre, according to situation and soil. Cleared and improved farms can bo had at prices ranging from £4 to £10 an aero. Of course the price will range much higher than tliis where buildings of an expensive character are on the land. The money can nearly always be paid in instalments, covering several years. Tlie leasing of farms is an exception to the general rule, as most men desire to own the land they cultivate. In good localities, rents range from eight to twelve shillings an acre for cleared land. As a rule, emigrants possessing msans would do well not to be in a hurry to purchase, but to get some ex- perience before taking bo important a stop. Agrioultural labourer* would study their own interest by accepting employment as it may bo offered on their arrival, and they will soon leam how to improve psrmaaeutly their I CITIES AND TOWNS. 1 agrioulttural sds. Men to ock, to make roods, and to ar, by the con- sequently, are their hands to ig on the roads lianics, such a« glaziers; other ilors and shoe- ,re an object, — ungdom, — will can always be ale and willing n the intending irliB, and others already enough I and are house- nieut, at wa^es ing to ability. rs, seamstresses 03 than thoy can jr lease suitable and improved ; if blessed with ition in a ievr hie start in life, improvements, to 40a. an acre, s can bo had at will range much re on the land, ig several years. lOst men desire ige from eight to rants possessing iO get some ex- labourer* would J bo offered on noaaentlf their condition. Persons accustomed to the use of mechanical tools, who intend turning their hands to fanning, will often find such an acquisition of great convenience and value. There is a prospect of the price of all kinds of labour being maintained, and even increased, as the Province becomes settled, and its population and -orealth increase. Men commencing as labourers, without any capital but strong arms and willing minds, seldom keep in that condition very long, but after a period of more or less duration they can, and do very generally, be- come employers of labour themselves. By far the greater number of our now well-to-do farmers commenced life with little or no capital. It is this moral certainty of rising in the social scale, when the proper means are emploj-ed, that brightens the hopes and stimulates the exertions of the needy settler. When the extent and resources of Ontario (some of which arc only bc<:;in- ning tc be developed) are considered, with the salubrity of the climate, and the fact that it is within ten or twelve days' journey of the mother country, the greatly iiicreased attention Avliich it is now receiving as a promising field for emigration, is perfectly natural ; and in proportion as correcb information regarding its capabilities, and the substantial inducements it holds out to in- dustrious settlers is disseminated and understood, wiU be the amount of emigration to its shores. In coming to Ontario, old country people Avill feel not much greater change than in going from one part of tho United Xingdom to another. In the older settled districts they will find themselves surrounded by appliances of comfort and civilization similar to those which they left in the old land ; the means of educating their children universally diffused ; religious privileges almost identically the same ; the old national feeling for tho land of their fathers loyally cherished ; and an easy means of intercourse, both by steam and telegraph, with the central heart of the great British Empire, of which Canadians are proud to boast that their country forms an integral and no in- oonsiderablo part. CITIES AND T0W1T8. There are many fine cities and towns scattered over the country. The largest, and in every respect tho most important, is Toronto, the capital of the Province. This city now numbera a population of over 60,000 j it is well situated on Lake Ontario, is very handsomely built, containing as large a number of fme buildings as almost any city of the same size in tho world ; among them may bo mentioned the Parliament Buildings, the Lieutenant- Governor's residence, the University, Osgoode Hall, containing the law courts %Dd. oflices, the AngUoau and Bomau CathoUo OathedraU, the Normal School, ;^^. .0 ^J A : # ^#^ »Ar— ■■■vr ' ^ f-y-^-.JP Ji m ,\*i»j«^ -v-jj-if '...^u-— Tr<^\a rM/i If ii^//c-,;- / 1/ ^iWcts^T^^^""""'. -«*''<&.. MBO/^ . \ ^ ll < ►N-^. m [\^ ^ i^ ^1 t« Klil 0.^,. ^r BCKTIE »^\l' .(<*' lV« ( m^ ) ^ OF PART or THE ( i d<«P IE iM Eiuting Railways. Ma^vmt/s under construction. IMectei Railways. Ctmixation Roads. Caimls. b(y Boundtiy lines. .— Jhoineial Bnadartf lines. "Compiled and prepared for the FROM THE UTEST GOVT SURVEYS , MAPS, M . S.C . W. J. S.H 1.WEIX^ P . Li.S . "—tm^nian SsKudary line. ^J Freit tkeaiit Lands. ■?»• ~ — - SCALE to miles to an inch . ^&s a» ts 10 i ho milfS 'm: — w ^v'^ i ^ ^ il f il , EMIGRATION TO THE PBOVINCE OF ONTABIO. Trinity College, the Mechanics' Institute, the Lunatic Asylum, the Hospital^i Gaol, and a number of other fine buildings, public and private. No better eTidence is needod to attest the enterprise and prosperity of its inhabitania^ Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion, and is beautifully situated on tho river of the same name. It contains the Parliament Buildings, one of thO' noblest structures on the American continent. Kingston is a well-built and] strongly fortified city, beautifully situated at the outlet- of Lake Ontario. Hamilton is a fine commercial city, at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario. London is a handsome inland city, in the Western peninsula, in the centre of an extremely rich agricultural district. The annexed table contains a list of the cities and towns which, at the last census, in 1861, had a population of upwards of 3,000. The population by the census of 1852 is also given, so that the rapid increase of every one of them can be seen at a glance. Toronto Hamilton Ottawa Kingston London St. Catherines. Belleville Brantford Guelph Cobourg Chatham Port Hope Brockville Peterborough . Woodstock .... Goderich Gait , Total. 1841. 14,249 183G 2,846 1841 G,292 1841 5,124 1841 3,500 1844 700 1846 1,000 1852. 30,775 14,111 7,760 11,585 7,035 4,368 4,569 3,877 ],860 3,871 2,070 2,476 3.246 2,191 2,112 1,329 2,248 105,483 1861. 44,821 19,096 14,669 13,743 11,555 6,284 6,277 0,251 5,076 4,975 4,466 4,162 4,112 3,979 3,353 3,227 3,069 159,115 CLIMATE. Very incorrect ideas prevail abroad as to the climate of this country. Our winters are supposed to be arctic in their duration and severity ; and our iBummers, in like manner, arctic in their brevity and coldness, — the rigours of a Canadian climate having almost become proverbial. The truth is, however, that Ontario has one of the most pleasant and healthful climates in the world. Comparing it with that of the United King- ( BIO. CLIMATE. am, the Hospital^i vate. No better >f ita inhabitants J situated on tho Idings, one of the^ 3 a weUrbuilt and] of Lake Ontario, dgation on Lake era. peninsula, in which, at the last Che population by e of every one of 1861. r5 LI 50 ;5 55 )8 )9 7 50 ri '0 6 16 )1 2 i9 IB 53 44,821 19,096 14,609 13,743 11,555 6,284 6,277 6,251 5,076 4,975 4,466 4,162 4,112 3,979 3,353 3,227 3,009 159,115 this country. Our severity ; and our Iness,— the rigours most pleasant and if the United King- dom, it is, as to heat and cold, far more changeable, but as to rain and sun- - shine, far less so. The atmosphere is purer and clearer, fogs being almost unknoAvn. Tlio sky is rarely clouded over for longer than 24 hours at a time, and consequently it seldom rains for two days in succession. Tho amount of rain which falk in the year is about the same as in England, but the number of rainy days are far fewer. Spring commences about the beginning of April, and lasts till tho end of May, by which time the trees are all in full leaf. Summer is hotter than .it home, especially in July and August. Autumn, or " the fall," as it is called, lasts through September, October and November, the two latter months be- ing very changeable ; raw, chilly weather being interspersed with lovely warm Indian summer days. Fires begin to be necessary about the middle of Octo- ber, and by the end of November the trees are denuded of their leaves, and there is a gradual progress to winter, which, however, does not usually set in with severity till the latter part of December. The winter lasts till the end of March, the extreme cold, however, usually being over by the end of February. With regard to the character of the winter, there is a good deal of misconception. It is probably neither so long nor so severe as that of European Russia, a country which now boasts a population of over seventy millions. It is certainly not much longer nor more severe than in Boston or New York, nor so tedious, cold, and tempestuous as in some of tho Western States — Wisconsin and Minnesota, for example. The season, though confessedly severe, is exhilarating : for it has its ameliorations in a bright sun; clear, frosty air; skating, and the pleasant jingle and fleet gliding of tho sleigh ; together with almost entire exemption from damp and mud, two most disagreeable accompaniments of winter in milder climes. The agricultural products of the country are an unerring indication as to its climate, and an inspection of the list on pp. 16 and 17 ought to satisfy the most sceptical on this point. It may, however, be remarked here, that throughout the Province, maize and tomatoes ripen well, and that in the southern parts peach trees and grapes come to perfection in the open air. As to health, in the absence of any reliable registration returns, we have no data from which to arrive at the death rate of the Province. Such figures as we have, however, tend to shew that it is extremely probable that Ontario is one of the healthiest countries in the world. THE PUBLIC LANDS, OTHER THAN FREE GRANTS. Large tracts of uncleared land are still in tho hands of the Government of Ontario, awaiting the advent of tho settler. In the natural course of things, the best locations are taken up first ; nevertheless there are large quantities i ' 8 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. of wilcl land inviting the labour of the backwoodsman, which, when cleared ■and improved, will be quite equal to many of the older settlements. There ■Tare in Ontario the following numbers of acres : — Tolal area. Total surveyed. Total granted and sold. 77,G0C,40O I 25,297,480 | 21,879,048 It will thus be seen that there are some three millions and a half acres of surveyed Government lands not yet taken up, and more than fifty millions of acres not yet survej'ed. The greater part of the lands not yet taken up lie in the region bounded on the east by the Ottawa River, on tho west by tho Georgian Bay, and on the south by the more northerly of what we are accus- tomed to call the front townships, and which are more or less settled. When it was asserted, years ago, that tho good lands of Canada were mostly sold, settlement had about reached the rocky ridge which runs along the north of these townships. Hoads made in this region showed its unin- viting character. But settlement was meantime turning the flanks of the ridge. First, from the west, from near Lake Sinicoe, people found the Mus- koka and the Parry Sound districts not uninviting. Then, from tlie east, tlie men of Lanark and of Renfrew moved up the ]Madawaska and the Petowawa rivers. Then the Crown Lands Surveyors, and, better still, tho employees of the lumberers, went further back. It was then discovered that inside the rocky barrier, best approached by tho Northern Railroad and Lake Simcoo on the one hand, and from tlio Upper Ottawa river on tho other, there is, in the basin of Lake ISipissing and tlie watershed of the Ottawa, both in Onta- rio and Quebec, a most extensive tract of excellent land, nearly as largo as l?)o peninsula of Ontario, mucli of it deep-soiled as the basin of the St. Law- rence, tinibcrcd Avith a heavy growth of mixed wliito pine and hardwood, much of it as level as tho St. Lawrence valley, and some as even as a prairie. It lies, moreover, near waters which either are or can bo easily made navi- gable. A market for its farm products exists already in tho lumberers' camps, which are even now breaking its solitudes, and but few years will elapse before its forests ring with tho settler's axe, before the shores of Lako Kipissing eclio to the whistle of the steamboat, or oven before a railway runs across it by the shortest route from IMontreal towards Chicago. In this re- gion are the Free Grant lands, respecting which full particulars are given in tho next section. The price of such Government lands as arc for sale varies with tho situa- tion. In the Algoma District it is ten pence per acre, but that is a somewhat remote region. Tho usual prico for tho moro accessible tracts is fronx 2s. to 153. per acre. Tho regulations, under which the lands are sold, vary con- Biderably according as they are of ordinary character, or specially valuablo for their timber or minerals. Tho usual settlement duties recpiired before a imtent is issued for the lands ocouxned are, tlxe building of a "habitable rARio. ^ licli, when cleared Dttlements. There unted and sold. J79,048 md a half acres o! han fifty millions of t yet taken up lia >n tho west by tho what we are accus- less settled, k of Canada ware 3 which runs along n showed its iinin- ; the flanks of the jplo found the Mus- 1, from tho east, the I and the Petowawa till, tho employees erod that inside tho and Lake Simcoo e other, there is, in awa, both in Onta- ncarly as largo as isin of the St. Law- Ino and hardwood, |' as even as a prairie. easily made navi- in tho lumberers' but few years will the shores of Lake cf ore a railway runs icago. In this rc- culars are given in ios M'ith tho situa- ; tliat is a somewhat tracts is from 2s. are sold, vary con- specially valuable IS reciuircd before a ig of a "habitable THE FREE GRANT LANDS AND HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 9 house," and 20 acres on a 200 acre lot to be cleared end under crop. In 18G8 and 18G9, tho Government of Ontario sold 93,203 acres of public lands for the sum of $214,404, equal to £44,055, or at about 9s. Cd. per acre. Besides which, in 18G8, 18C9 and 1870, there were 287,957 acres of Free Grant lands taken up by 2,277 heads of families and other locatees over 18 years of age,, the figures for 1870 being 155,427 acres and 1,200 locatees. THE FREE GRANT LANDS AND HOBiESTEAD EXEMPTION. Tlie Free Grant lands of Ontario are worthy the attention alike of the ira- inigrant and of residents in the country who are desirous of possessing free- hold farms, but whose means are limited. Anxious to promote the settle- ment of the yet uncleared districts, the Provincial Government li.is 1,hroAvn open, upon the lAost liberal terras, a large tract of land, including 53 town- ships, and about three millions of acres, where persons may go and select for themselves the site of a future home. Every head of a family can obtain, gratis, two hundred acres of land, and any person arrived at tho ago of 18 may obtain one hundred acres, in the Free Grant districts. This offer is made by tho Government to all persons without distinction of sex, so that a large familj^ having several children in it at or past 18 years of ago, may, take up a large tract, and become, in a fovr years, when the land is cleared and im- l>rovcd, joint possessors of a valuable and beautiful estate. Tho suttleraent duties are : to have 15 acres on each grant of 100 acres cleared and under crop, of wliich at least two acres are to be cleaved and cultivated annually for live years ; to build a habitable houso, at least 10 by 20 feet in size ; and to reside on tho land at least six montlis in each year. The Free Grant lands are marked in the map by being shaded with fine bluck line*. Fifty three townships, each containing from 50 to 60 thousand acres, have been sot apart ; they may bo divided into the following eight districts or agencies. 1. The Favi-tj Sound District. — This contains seven townships, McDougall, Foley, Hiunijhrey, Cardwcll, Christie, McKellar, and Fergusson. In slim- mer tho best route is from Toi-onto to Collingwood by tho Northern Railway; and from Collingwood to Parry Soitnd by steamer. In winter tho route is from Toronto to i trie, by tho Northern Railway ; and from Barrie to Parry Sound by stage. John D. Beatty, Esq., is the Government Agent for t\ieso townships ; his office is at Parry Sound, in the township of Mc- Dougall. 2. The Muskoka District. — This contains eleven townships, Muskoka, Dra- per, Monck, Macaulay, McLean, Watt, Stephenson, Brunei, Stisted, Chaflfey, and Medoru. In summer tho route ia from Toronto to Barrie or Bell E^art- 10 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 1 hj the Northern Railway ; thence to Washago, at the head of Lake Couchcm- cliing by steamer ; from Washago to Gravenhurst at the foot of Lake Musko- ka, by Btage : and from Gravenhurst to Bracebridge, by steamer or by stage. In winter the route is from Toronto to Barrie by the Northern Railway, and from Barrie to Bracebridge by stage. C. W. Lount, Esq., is the Gov- ernment Agent for these townships j his ofice is at Bracebridge, in the Township of Macaulay. 3. The, Bobcaygeon Road District. — This contains six townships, Anson, Hindon, Minden, Stanhope, Snowdon, and Glamorgan. The route is from Port Hope to Lindsay, by the Midland Railway ; and thence to Bobcaygeon by steamer or stage. Joseph Graham, Esq., is tlie Government Agent for these townships ; his office is at Bobcaygeon, in the township of Verulam. 4. Tlie Burleigh Road District. — This contains four townships, Anstruther, Chandos, Monmouth, and Cardiff. The route is from Port Hope to Lake- field by the Midland Rail vay; and thence to Paudash by stage. D. Ander- son, Esq., is the Government Agent for these townships ; his office is at Paudash, in ve Paris Ex* owanco for the great idea of the charaoter i and quantity of the crops which a farmer may confidently expect. Especi- ally in the three articles, barley, flax, and hops, the increase during the last few years has been very great. With regard to flax, there are at present some forty scutch mills in the Province doing a profitable business. Prices ©f fibre, prepared and ready for the market, will range from £40 to £50 per ton of 2,000 lbs., and seed from Ss. to lOs. per bushel of 56 lbs. The produce of the latter will average from 8 to 12 bushels per acre. Of white clean scutched flax of good quality, the average will be from 200 to 300 lbs. per acre. 'Hemp, tobacco, and sugar beet are also profitable crops. As to vegetables; potatoes, carrots, turnii^s, mangel-wurzel, peas, beans, cucumbers, onions, cauliflowers, tomatoes, artichokes, asparagus, and celery, all thrive well and yield abundant crops. The five last mentioned are far more common and grow to greater perfection than in England, the soil and climate seeming to be better adapted to them. The crop of tomatoes is enormous, it being, during the months of August. September, October, and November, the staple vegetable, next to the potato. With regard to fruits, all the following thrive well : apples, pears, cur- rants, strawberries, raspberries, plums, greengages, cherries, quinces, goose- berries, and melons ; and in the southern counties, grapes and peaches. Of late years more attention has been paid to pasture lands, which, though inferior to those of the old country, are rapidly improving under improved treatment. As a consequence dairy products such as cheese and butter have greatly increased in quantity and improved in quality. Cheese-making on what is termed " the Factory system," — that is, a number of farmers in the same neighbourhood co-operating to support a common dairy — has been ex- Bcnsively carried out in many parts of the Province with very satisfactory results ; one result being that Canadian cheese is acquiring considerable reputation in, andia being largely exported to, foreign markets. HOUGHINO IT IN THE BUSH. Tin accompanying illuatration gives a view of the rough beginnings of • ' !i 14 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. f\ ^ » i ,ii: ! home in the backwoods of Canada. Here are shown the first clearing, and the rude yet not uncomfortable log-house. Having inspected his estate, and selected the most advantageous site for his future residence, our settler plies- his axe, and by felliijg a few of the trees, lets in the long excluded daylight. His dwelling is to be constructed of materials that are close at hand. Ha need not haul tlio logs tliat form its massive frame-work many yards from where they grew, unless, indeed, there be low land not far distant, withcedar^ tamarack, or black ash, and he prefers to build his house of lighter, straighter, and more unifonn logs than are already on the spot. A well-built log-house is by no means to be despised. There is a fitness about it that cannot fail to impress every observant mind. The wonder is that better and more perma- nent log-houses are not erected. Below ia given an illustration, showing how a little skilful exercise of taste will make a log- buikling attractive and or- namental. Other styles might be adopted, equally, if not more tasteful. One evil usually com- mitted in putting up tho Bottler's first habitation, is neglecting the foundation. A moderately level spot of ground is pitched upon ; the biggest logs are chosen, for the bottom course j they are hastily bedded ; and the work proceeds. More pains ought to bo taken with the bottom tier. Ic would be unreasonable, perhaps, to expect the laying of a stoiio foundation, thougli it would bo a ■wise policy ; but good solid blocks, on end, might be let into tho ground, in order to prevent that chronic evil in log-houses, settling. In travelling through tho newer sections of this country, ono observes a great difference in the log structures. Some are contracted in size ; com- posed of rough, crooked, gnarled logs ; the ends wretchedly hacked, and projecting irregularly ; the ceilings low ; windows very small ; bark roofs j and earth, or as they are more appropriately called sometimes, "dirt" lloors. Others are spacious ; made of straight logs, gradually decreasing in size to- ward the eaves ; the ends cut smoothly, and the corners finished tme and square ; the ceilings high ; windows of good size ; roofs neatly shingled with either short or long shingles ; and inside, a good floor of sawed, and, perhaps, planed lumber. It may be urged that many settlers have neither the means' ITARIO. THE FAEMINQ INTEREST. 15 ) firat clearing, and ected his estate, and ace, our settler plies- excluded daylight, close at hand. Ha k many yards from r distant, withcedar^ of lighter, straighter, well-built log-house it that cannot fail to ;er and more i^erma- Ihistration, showing little skilful exercise to will make a log- ng attractive andor- ital. Other styles be adopted, equally, more tasteful. I evil usually com- l in putting up the r's first habitation, is cting the foundation, dcratoly level spot of id is pitched upon ; iggcst logs are chosen, e bottom course ; they aatily bedded ; and ork proceeds. More lid be unrccasonable, liough it would bo a let into the ground, ing. itry, one observes a ;racted in size ; com- tchedly hacked, and r small ; bark roofs ; times, "dirt" floors, lecreasing in size to- irs finished true and neatly shingled with sawed, and, perhaps, ro neither the means- nor the skill to manage all that is desirable ; but, generally speaking, by arranging an exchange of work with some skilful neighbour, the most im- portant points may be secured. Elbow and head room, airiness, neatness, and workman-like appearance, might be achieved from the outset. Even though a bark roof and a "dirt" floor must be borne with at first, they might soon be exchanged for shingles and planks. Sawing and planing are not needed about the exterior of a log-house ; with tlie axe alone a good wood- cutter will make very smooth, neat, work. THE FARM IN GOOD ORDER. Gradually but surely tho work of improving a new farm goes forward, un- til it is astonishing what a change is brought about in a few years. The wilderness is transformed into a fruitful field. One by one the stumps have rotted out, and tlie plough has free scope to work. Inequalities in the sur- face of the land have become smoothed down, and almost tho only evidence that the country is new, is f urniahed by tho rail fences. The log-buildinga have given place to structures of frame or stone. A garden has been laid out and stocked. An orchard has been planted, and brought into bearing. The front fences have ceased to bo of rails; a neat, ornamental paling or hedge skirts tho road, and a tasteful bit of shrubbery environs the house and out- buildings. THE FARMING INTEREST. The official census returns for Ontario for the years 1851 and 1860 furnish reliable data for ascertaining tho agricultural condition and progress of the Province ; and the annual repor'^^s of the Department of Agriculture and Arts for Ontario, for 18G8, 18G9 and 1870, provide same returns for those years. From these returns, it appears that the number of persons in actual occu- pation of land in Ontario, and tho area of land occupied (cultivated and un- cultivated), Avere as follows ; — 1851. 1860. Occupiers of land 99,906 131,983 Land vmder cultivation (acres) 3,702,783 6,051,019 Land not under cultivation " 6,123,132 7,303,288 Total land occupied " 9,825,915 13,354,907 Average to each occupant " 98 102 Cash value of farms (dollars)... 146,683,660 295,162,315 do of farm implements " ... 11,280,347 i Im m 16 EHIORATIOir TO THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. With regard to the size of the holdings, the following figures will give an idea : — 1851. 1860. P.746 4,424 2,671 2,675 19,143 26,630 47,427 64,891 17,515 28,336 3,404 5,027 Persons holding 10 acres and \mder... " 10 to 20 acres «• 20 to 50 " « 50 to 100 ♦• «« 100 to 200 " « over 200 " Total occupiers 99,906 131,983 It thus appears that, ten years ago, there were, out of a total population of about 400,000 male adults, not leas than 131,983 who cultivated their own land. If the number of farm labourers, blacksmiths, waggonmakers, &c., be added, it will be seen at once how large a proportion of the people are di- rectly or indirectly employed in the cultivation of the soil. Tlie fai'm produce in the two years v/as as follows : — Wlieat Acres sown do Produce in bushels do Bushels per acre Barley Acres sewn do Produce in bushels do Bushels per acre Rye Acres sown do Produce in bushels do Bushels per acre Peas Acres sown do Produce in bushels do Bushels per acre Oats Acres sown do Produce in bushels 11,391,307 do _. Bushels per acre Buckwheat Acres sown ;..... do Produce in bushels do Buslircls per acre Indian corn Acres sdwn do Produce in bushels do ... .Bushels per acre Potatoes Acres sown* do Produce in bushels. . . . db Bushels per aor& 1851. 18G0. 798,275 1,386,306 12,082,550 24,020,425 155- 17i 30,120 118,940 025,452 2,821,902 202 23J 39,006 7'>,376 472,429 973,181 12 13} 180,043 400,595 3,127,081 9,601,396 1C| 20| 413,058 078,337 11,391,307 21,220,874 Cl -':i 31i 44,204 74,505 579,935 1,248,037 13 16? 72,047 79,018 1,088,805 2,250,290 23^ 28| 77;960 137,266 4,982,180 15,325,920 U nil At TARIO. THE FARMING INTEBEST. 17 igures will give an , 1860. 6 4,424 1 2,676 3 26,630 7 64,891 5 28,336 4 16 5,027 131,983 a total population cultivated their own vaggonmakers, &c., of the people are di- il. 1860. 75 3,386,306 50 24,020,425 155- 171 29 118,940 52 2,821,902 202 23} )G6 r'>,376 129 973,181 12 131 }d3 400,595 381 9,601,396 ICJ 20| 358 678,337 307 21,220,874 £7i 31i 2G4 74,505 mr> 1,248,637 13 16? 017 79,918 805 2,250,290 23J, 28} 960 137,260 180 15,325,920 6« Ulf Turnips Acres sown do Produce in bushels. do Busliels per acre. . .. Mangel-Wu?zel, Acres sown do Produce in bushels. do Bushels per acre.... Grass seed, dover, &c... Bushels Carrots ^ do Beans do Hops lbs Hay Tons Flax and hemp lbs Tobacco do Maple sugar do Cider Gallons Wool Ibc , Butter do Cheese do 3851. J860. 17,048 73,409 3,110,318 18,206,959 182^ 243 1,523 64,206 546,971 359i 39,029 61,818 174,686 1,905,598 18,309 49,143 113,527 247,062 693,727 871,844 59,680 1,225,934 777,426 3,669,874 6,970,605 742,840 1,567,831 2,619,434 3,659,766 [16,064,532 26,828,264 2,292,600 2,687,172 Ihese figures show that iu 1860 the production of wheat, rye, oats, buck- wheat, hops, and cider, was twice as gioat as in 1851 ; of peas and potatoes^ three times ; of barley, four times ; of dumips, six times ; of mangel-wurzel and carrots, ten times ; and of ilax, not less than twenty times. The value of the above farm produce in 1851 was over £6,000,000, and in 1860 over £16,000,000 ; the latter sum being at the rate of £12 for every man, woman and child in the Province. More conclusive evidence of the wonderfully rapid progress of the Province couJd not bo re<^uired. With regard to live stock the figvias were : — 1851. 1860. Bulls, oxen, and steers .„ 192,140 99,605 Milch cows „ 297,070 451,640 Cab'es and Heifers 255,249 464,083 Hjrses of aU kinds ,. ,, 201,070 377,681 Sheep f,050,168 1,170,225 Pigs , 571,496 776,001 Totalhead 2,667,793 3,339,235 The total value of the live stock in lOCO ««;& |58,227,486, eqfial to over, £10,600,000 sterling. Making a total of the whole, we find that the cash Talue of farms, farm produce, and live stock rvaa :- • W'> 18 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. 1861. 1860. Farms £30,000,000 £60,000,000 Farm produce 6,000,000 16,000,000 Live stock 8,200,000 10,600,000 Total £44,200,000 £86,600,000 And this, be it remembered, is exclusive of the large crops of apples, pears, melons, peaches, plums, strawberries, raspberries, currants, grapes, and othex fruits ; and of tomatoes, parsnips, beets, artichokes, and other vegetables, not included in the above tables. And then, in 1860 the work was hardly more than begun. In that jear Ijhe total area under cultivation was only 6,051,619 acres out of 77,606,400 which the Province contains ; being less than one-twelfth part of tlie whole. THE AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS OF ONTARIO AS COMPABED WITH THAT OF THE UNITED STATES. I The maxim "comparisons are odious" is not always true. Without doubt tliey may sometimes be very properly instituted. In such cases they should, of course, be conducted with scrupulous fairness. Wlien thus made between parties engaged in honourable competition, and only asking from one another " a fair field and no favour," the results can hardly fail to be of an encourag- ing and stimulating cliaracter. Taking as the basis of calculation the official volume which containfl the agricultural results of the lasL census of* the United States, and the similac census returns for Canada, referring to nearly the same period, it can be de- monstrated that Canada, and Ontario especially, instead of lagging behind the United States in every element of progress, as some people are constantly telling us, can put the tabular statements of her products and her progress Bide by side with those of the Great Republic on her borders, and not sufiel one whit from the comparison, but that, on the contrary, she is shown to be considerably ahead ^f the United States in many important indications of a skilled and productive agriculture, and a rapid general advancement. The following is a summary of the results obtained by a comparison of the official statistics above mentioned, as regards Ontario. In nine years she added 46.65 per cent, to her population, while the United States in ten years added only 35.58 per cent, to theirs. She maintained a decennial rate of iacrease greater by one-half than that of the whole of the United States and territories ; more than double that of all the United States, excluding the Western Stater, and only falling short of the increase in the Western States and territories by 7 per cent. In iBIO. THE AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 19 1860. £60,000,000 16,000,000 10,600,000 £86,600,000 ps of apples, pears, B, grapes, and othex d other vegetables, gun. In that year out of 77,606,400 part of the wholo. AS COMPABED DES. lie. Without doubt b. cases they should, I thus made between ig from one another > be of an encovrag- i which contaiM the «s, and the sixnilaB period, it can be de- l of lagging behind leople are constantly ts and her progress [ders, and not suffer , she is shown to be ant indications of » advancement. The mrisonof the official ion, while the United rs. She maintained that of the whole ihle that of all the »nly falling short of y 7 per cent. In i i nine years to their ten, she passed four States of the Union which in 1850 had a population exceeding hers, Indiana, Massachusetts, Tennesaeo and Kentucky; leaving at the date of the last census' only five States which exceeded her in population. In nine years she added nearly 64 culti- vated acres to every hundred acres in cultivation in 1851, while the United States and territories in ten years added only a little over 44 acres to every hundred acres under cultivation at the date of tho pre\ious census. She subdued her wild lands more rapidly than even the growth of her popu- lation, and at a rate almost double that in the United States ; the proportion being as 17.10 to 8.72. The cash value of farms in 1860, per head of the population, was gieater in Ontario than in the United States, being $211 42 in Ontario, and 8211 33 in the United States. Their value per acre was greater in Ontario than in the United States by nearly $6, being §22 10 per acre in Ontario, and 316 32 per acre in the United States. The capital Invested in agricultural implements was greater in Ontario than in the United States in proportion to the breadth of land cultivated, being §186 for every hundred acres of cultivated land in Ontario, and §150 for every hundred acres of cultivated land in the United States. Tho value of agricultural imple- ments nMnufacitircd in Ontario did not fall very much behind the value of agricultural implements manufactured in the United States, in proportion tu population; being §0 41 per head of the population in Ontario, and §0 55 per head of the population in the United States. She grew more wheat in 1860 than any State in the Union. In j)roportion to population, she produced in that year more than three times as much wheat as the United States, raising 17. 04 bushels for each inhabitant, while the United States raised only 5.50 bushels for each inhabitant. She was greatly aliead even of the "Western States as a wheat-producing country, the average pro- duction of wheat in the whole of the Western States being only 10 bushels for each inhabitant. Of the nine leading staples of agriculture, common to both coimtries — wheat, Indian corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas, beans, and potatoes — she produced 55.95 bushels for each inhabitant, while of the same articles the United States produced only 43.42 bushels for each inhabitant. Excluding Indian com from the list, she produced of the remaining articles, 54.34 bushels for each inhabitant, against 16.74 bushels for each in- habitant, produced in the United States. In proportion to population, she had more capital invested in live stock than the United States, the value of live stock owned in Ontario being §38.13 per head of the population, while in the United States it was §34.04 per head of the population. For every hundred of the population, Ontario owned 27 horses, and the United States only 20. For every hundred inhabitants, Ontario owned 32 milch cows, and the United States, only 27. For every hundred inhabitants Ontario owned 84 sheep, and the United States only 71 ; of live stock, I IP ir . ii 20 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. in the number of pigs only was she exceeded by the United States, itt proportion to populatiop. In 1860 she produced 19.22 pounds of butter for every inhabitant, while the United States produced only 14.62 pounds. In the same year she produced 2.62 pounds of wool for each inhabitant, , wliilo the United States produced only 1.92 pounds. In the nine years from 1851 to 18G0, she increased her annual production of butter by 67 per cent., while in the United States, in ten years from 1850 to 1860, the increase in the production of butter was only 46 J per cent. And in nine years she increased her production of wool 40 per cent. , while in ten years the United States increased their production of wool only 15 per cent. These facts need no comment. They speak for themselves and exhibit a most gratifying progress in Ontario,' both absolutely and relatively, as com- pared with the United States. Perhaps however it would be more satis- factory to select, for comparison with Ontario, a single State, somewhat similar as regards size and situation. For this purpose the State of New York is perhaps the best. It is large and populous, is one of the best in the Union as regards agriculture, and as to climate is in much the same position as Ontario. In short it amply deserves its designation, "the Empire State." Its agricultural statistics given below are for the year 1864, three years after ours were taken, and yet in many particulars we completely take the lead. The following are the principal agricultural retu) is of each country j those of Ontario being for the year 1861, and those of Np\> i ork, for 1364 :— Ontario. New York State. Population 1,396,091 4,554,204 Acres of improved lands 6,051,019 14,828,216 Acres unimproved 7,303,283 10,412,534 Cash value of farms 8295,102,315 $923,881,381 Value of implements §11,280,347 §21,184,324 Acres of fall wheat 434,729 406,591 Bushels do 7,537,651 5,432,282 Acresof spring wheat 951,637 104,996 Bushels do 17,082,774 Acres of barley 118,940 189,035 Bushels do 2,821,962 3,075,170 Acres of rye 70,376 233,219 Bushela do 973,181 2,575,433 Acres of peas 460,595 46,491 Bushels do 9,601,396 580,827 'Acres of oats 678,337 1,109,565 Bushels do 21,220,874 19,052,833 Acres of Indian com 79,918 632,235 RIO. nited States, iit lotinds of butter ly 14.62 pounds, each inhabitant,, the nine years butter by 67 per 860, the increase id in nine years in ten years the r cent. ve3 and exhibit a elatively, ascom- Id be more satis- Stato, somewhat lie State of New le of the best in I much the same ion, "the Empire • 18G4, three years mpletely take the of each country } lork, for 1304:— rew York State. 4,554,204 14,828,216 10,412,534 $923,881,381 $21,184,324 406,591 6,432,282 104,996 189,035 3,075,170 233,219 2,575,433 46,491 580,827 1,109,565 19,052,833 632,235 AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 21 Ontario. New York State. Bushels do 2,256,290 17,983,888 Acres of potatoes 137,266 235,073 Bushels do 15,325,920 23,237,762 Acres of turnips 73,409 8,124 Bushels do 18,206,959 1,282,388 The contrast between New York State and Ontario as afforded by these Istatistics, is very favourable to us. With far less population, less improved and, and less value of implements, our farmers turned out far more fall wheat, spring wheat, peas, oats, and turnips. In Indian corn, rye, and potatoes, the New Yorkers rather take the lead, and they are also set down as doing so in barley. But the barley crop has had an immense increase in Ontario since 1861, and we have little doubt that our next census will show that we now raise more barley than New York does. As to quality, it is freely admitted by the Americans themselves, that we raise the best barley to be had on the Continent. The higher price paid for it fully attests this fact. One of the most gratifying features of the above comparison, is the fact that our lands yield more per acre than those of New York State. Of fall wheat. New York sowed within some 28,000 acres of the breadth sown in Ontario, but we reaped over 2,000,000 bushels more than they did. The average quantity of oats raised by us in 1861 was mo^e than 31 bushels per acre ; but New York averaged only 17 bushels per acre. As will ba seen by reference to the table. New York reaped 19,052,853 bushels of oats from 1,109,565 acres sown, wliilst our farmers, from 678,337 acres, took off no less than 21,220,874 bushels. This fact, of itself, speaks volumes for the fertility of the soil of Ontario. The small quantity of turnips raised in New York ap- pears singular ; our returns being 18,206,950 bushels as against 1,282,388. Taking the returns as a whole; they indicate pretty clearly that our farmers have nothing to envy in the Empire State and that either as regards excel- lent soil or good farming, we can compare favourably with our neighbours. AGEICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. In the Government of Ontario there is a Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts, who has also the charge of Immigration and Public Works. His func- tions are, to receive the reports of all societies connected with the Depart- ment, to pay the Government grant, and to embody in a report, presented annually to the Legislature, the state and progress of the various societies -«nd industries comprised within his sphere. 22 EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. i= !i; The Provincial Agricultural Association was commenced in 1846, and from a very small beginning it has, for somo years past, assumed a magnitude of great importance. Its main object is the encouragement of agriculture, liorticulture, manufactures, and the mechanical and fine arts, by holding an annual Provincial exhibition, and by such other means as it thinks advisa- ble. The number of articles entered in the various departments has of late been from five to upwards of seven thousand, and from ten to more than twelve thousand dollars have been anniially awarded in prizes. The Associ- iiticin is governed by a Council, chosen by the County Societies throughout the Province. The Legislature gives an annual grant of ten thousand dol- lars to this body to assist it in the prosecution of its important objects. The subjoined table indicates tlie progress of the Provincial Exhibition from its commencement to tlic present time : — Place and Yeab. Total amount of- fered in Prizes. Total No. of entries. Total amount awarded. Toronto, 1840 § cts. 1000 00 rwoo 00 3100 00 oOOO 00 5100 00 5017 85 5910 95 0410 15 7170 10 9210 30 9238 50 10,071 40 10,700 00 10,513 00 15,01 o .50 12,031 00 12,030 50 11,800 00 12,. 559 CO 13,434 00 12,712 00 12,731 00 13,304 50 13,428 00 13,041 50 1150 1000 1500 1429 1038 14GG 3048 2820 2933 3077 3791 4337 D572 4830 7532 0242 (1319 4750 0392 7221 (1279 4S25 0020 7049 0897 8 cts. 1100 00 Hamilton, 1847 2400 00 (::;(.bourg, 1848 2300 00 Xiri'^ston, 1849 2800 00 Tsia^ara, 1850 3400 00 Ikv^ckville, 1851 3223 75 Toronto, 1852..... 4913 00 Hamilton, 1S53 5293 25 London, 1854 C427 50 (jobourof. 185.5 0941 70 Kingston, lS."i!) Brantford, 1S,~)7 0799 50 8180 00 Toronto. 1858 9215 00 Kingston, 185!l Hamilton, 1800 8007 50 12,940 00 London. 1801 10,188 50 10,722 00 Toronto, 18i.2 Kinfston. IW) 9.100 00 Hamilton, ISiA 10,304 25 11 030 75 London. 1805 foronto, 1800 10^288 50 9,311 50 Kingston, 1807 Hamilton, iSiiS 11,120 00 Loudon, 180! Toronto, 1870 11,459 50 12.289 50 L; iift There are in Ontario upwards of three hundred Societies orj;anized accord- ing to law, for the promotion of agriculture, horticulture, and tho mechanical nrt3, principally by holding annual exhibitions for public competition, in their rc(!|'eLtivo localities. l;i addition to tho largo sums raised by mcmbcrH' wth- Bcriptions, tlio Ijiuvornmout encourages tlicir elTorts by an annual griKit RIO. n 1846, and from a magnitude of t of agriculture, ts, by holding an 1 it thinks advisa- ments has of late tea to more than zes. The Associ- lieties throughout en thousand dol- tant objects, rincial Exhibition TRADE AND COMMERCE. 28 Total amount awarded. $ eta. 1100 00 2400 00 2300 00 2800 00 3400 00 3223 75 4013 00 5293 25 5427 50 0941 70 0799 50 8180 00 9216 00 8007 50 12,940 00 10,188 50 10,722 UO 9,100 00 10,304 25 11 030 75 ) 10',288 50 '} 9,311 50 ) 11,120 00 ) 11,459 50 12,289 50 !3 organized accord- and tho mechanical ;onipctition, in their d by mombcrH' snb- y an annual griwit •motmting, on the whole, to nearly seventy thousand dollars. This large sum is given to the different Societies in proportion to the amount which each raises, respectively. The stimulus thus given to agricultural improve- ment generally, has induced, of late years, several enterprising farmers to im- port from Britain pure brad animals of the Short-horn, Hereford, Devon, aud other breeds, at great expense ; and this may be said also of horses, sheep, and swine, bo that the Province now contains a large amount of breeding stock of the highest character and value. Th6 high position which Ontario occupies, both in the Dominion of Canada, and as compared with tho United States, in relation to agricultural and in dustrial progress generally, is largely to be ascribed to the very liberal man* ner in wliich public aid has been brought to second individual aud volontaiy effort TRADE AND COMMERCE. The trade and commerce of Ontario have made as rapid strides as the other branches of industry, the amount having trebled in the last twenty years. For the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1870, the total value of the exports and imports of the Province was over £10,000,000. During the same time, tho number of arrivals of vessels engaged in tho lake trade between the United States and tho Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (principally the former), was 17,800, with a total freight of 3,189,606 tons ; tho departures being 18,804, with a freight of 3,143,391 tons. MANUFACTDRES. Tho almost unlimited supply of water power throughout Ontario affords unusual facilities for manufactures to which that power is adapted, and in consequence various descriptions of industry are springing up in all direc- tions. Steam power is also used to a lavgu extent. Tlio principal articles manufactured are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furniture, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton and woollen goods, ateam engines and iocomotivoB, wooden ware of all descriptions, agricultural imxilements, &o. MINES AND MINERALS. The mineral wealth of the country is not surpassed by any other in varieiy and richness. It has not yet, however, received anything like the attention ItdeaenreB, and may be said to be almost entirely undeveloped. To men- '■"■».. 24 EMIGKATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. tion some of the principal articles ; we liave iron in large quantities a short distance back from Lake Ontario, in the country between ihe Georgian Bay and the Ottawa ; also, in the same region, copper, lead, plumbago, antimony, arsenic, manganese, heavy spar, calcspar, gypsum or plaster of Paris, marble pronounced by good judges as fully equal to Carrara, or that obtained in Vermont, and building etone, all of them in large quantities near the sur- face. Gold has also been found in the same region, but not as yet In quan- tities sufficient to pay well. Mica is also found in considerable quantities, tHid is very profitably worked. On the north shore of Lake Huron are the celebrated Bruce mines of cop- per, from which ore and metal to the value of £50,000 are exported arnuaUy. Silver is found on the shores of Lake Superior, particularly in the neighbour- hood of Thunder Bay. Silver Islet, a small island in this bay, contains one of the richest veins of this metal ever discovered. An American com- pany, last summer, took out £2,000 worth of ore in two days, and soon after £12,000 worth in four days. There are other veins on the mainlund almost, if not quite, as rich. Petroleum is got in the westerly part of the Province in immense and ap- parently inexhaustible quantities. The first wells were struck at Oil Springs, County of Lambton, in 1862, and by March, 18G3, over four millions of gal- lons had been obtained. Other regions have yielded this valuable mineral in large quantities ; Bothwell, in the County of Kent, and Petrolea, in Lamb- ton, being the principal. Tlie last-mentioned place is now the largest pro- ducing district. In 18C7, 1^0 wells were sunk with groat success, 120,000 barrels being shipped, and 200,000 tanked for future use. In 1808, the pro- duce was about 4,000 barrels weekly, equal to 200,000 in tho year. In 1869 the produce had increased to between 800 and 900 barrels a day, equal to over 300,000 in tho year. Canada requires for home consumption only about 160,000 barrels, so that there is ample surplus for export. Tho difficulty in getting tho Canadian oil into Europe \ markets was its odour. American oil has been readily deodorized, and consequently kept Canadian out of tho market. Some time ago, however, a process was invented by which tho Can- adian article can bo perfectly deodorized, and as t\is oil is Buperior to Ameri- can, in having greater illuminating power, and being less explosive, a large export trade is being rapidly developed. Largo refineries have been con- structed at immense expense, for preparing tho oil according to tho now pro- cess, 47 of them being in operation in 1809. From 18G0 to 1870, the quan- tity of this artiole entered at tho excise 'or homo consumption was 1,011,267 gallons, and for export 0,930,450 gallons. Salt is obtained at Godorich and tho neighbourhood, in tho shape of brine, from wells sunk to a groat depth below the surface. The article is obtained by evoporatmg tho brine, and is exceedingly good for all purposes, having been [0. itities a sliorl Georgian Bay kgo, antimonyi f Paris, marble Eit obtained in near the sor- LB yet In qnan- ble quantities, B mines of cop- lortedarnually. I the neighbour- 3 bay, contains American com- , and soon after lainland almost, timense and ap- :k at Oil Springs, : millions of gal- aluable mineral itrolea, in Lamb- the largest pro- success, 120,000 In 18G8, the pro- year. In 18G9 a day, equal to iption only about The difficulty in dour. American adian out of the jy -which the Can- uperior to Ameri- i^xplosivc, a largo havo been con- ig to the now pro- 1870, the quan- ion was 1,011,207 ,hoBhapo of brine, iclo is obtained by )oacs, having been BELIOION. 25 found upon chemical analysis to be of almost perfect purity. As evidence of its quality, it may be mentioned that it received a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and the first prize at the New York State Fair for tha same year. Although the manufacture has been carried on for only three or four years, there is now produced far more salt than is needed by the Pro- vince of Ontario, and large quantities will probably be exported. In No- vember, 18G6, the manufacture was 46 barrels a day ; in August, 1867, it was 90 ; in August, 1868, 190 ; and now, February 1871, it is probably up- wards of 900 barrels a day. Over £20,000 have been expended ; 13 wells are now sunk, and about 200 kettles are in operation. Large peat beds exist in many parts of the Province, and the manufac- ture of peat for fuel is now being carried on by two companies, the Anglo- American and the Ontario. The above is not intended as a complete list, but is merely submitted to show what Ontario may be expected to become in future in respect of its mineral wealth. RELIGION. The following are the numbers of the religious denominations, according ■to the census of 1861, given in the order of number : — Church of England 311,565 Presbytoriaas 303,384 Homan Catholics 258,141 Wesleyan Methodists 218,427 Other Methodists 123,125 Baptists 61,559 Lutherans 24,299 Congregationalists 9,357 Miscellaneous creeds 60,718 Of noroligion 17,373 No creed stated 8,12*^ Total 1,396,091 After a long-continued agitation on the subject, the union between Church and Stato was severed many years ago, so that now there is no Established Church under the especial protection and patronage of the Qovornmei.t, but there is perfect religious equality ir the eye of the law. LAWS. The laws and the mode of administering them are mainly the same as In England ; tho practice, however, is simpler, and fur loss oxpensivo. Though the laws ore mainly tho same as those of England, there ore nevertheless 26 EMrGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. many very important diflferences. Among the most striking of these may be mentioned the following : — The law of primogeniture has been abolished, lands descending to all children, male and female, in equal shares. Married women hold their own property free from the debts and control of the hus- band. Trial by jury in civil cases is optional, being dispensed with unless either paxty desire it. The Courts are the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Chancer}', which are called the Superior Courts, each presided over by three judges, whose acknowledged ability and impartiality give weight to their decisions, which are consequen+'v received with the greatest respect. Then there are the County Courts, one in each county or union of counties, presided over by the County Judge. These are courts of inferior jurisdic- tion, only taking cognizance, as a general thing, of claims of less than £80, and more than £20. Below these in each county are the Division Courts, presided over by the County Judge, who goes circuit within his county. These are for the disposal of claims of £20 or less, which they do with re- markable cheapness and efficiency. The Judges of the Superior Courts (Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Chancery), go circuit to each county tliroughout the Province twice a year, in the spring and autumn, to hold assizes for the trial of civil and criminal cases. The County Judges hold Courts twice a year, in the summer and winter, alternately with the Superior Court Judges. The Judges are all appointed by the Dominion Government, not being elective as in tho United Sbates. The legal profession is greatly overstocked, owing the largo number of young men who have taken to it of late years. EDUCATION. $80. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Public School System of Ontario was originally introduced in 1810, but may be said to have been reconstructed, remodelled, and placed on its present cffi. ienl footing by tho Ptcv. Dr. Ryorson, tho head of the On- tario Education jJepartment. Its principal features were borrowed from New York and Ma^^sachusetts, Iroland and Germany, all so modified and blended as to suit tho temper and condition of the country, and differing in several particulars from other public school .'iystems on this continent. Thoso points of diU'eronco are chiefly as follows : 1. It declares that " every child from tho ago of seven to twelve years inclusive shall have the right to attend some school, or bo otherwise educated." 2. It provides that any parent or guardian who does not provide that any such cliild under his caro shall attend some school, or bo otherwise educated, shall bo subject to certain penalties. 3. It provides for religious instruction. 4. Thohead of tho department is aper- inancut, and not a political oflicor. 5. Taxation for its support is compulsory on tho part of tho municipality. G. No foreign books in tho English branches, of instruction are pornuitod. 7. Maps, school apparatus, prize and library EDUCATION. 27 books are directly supplied by the department, and 100 per cent on all local appropriations for a similar purpose is likewise granted. 8. Superannuated and -worn out teachers are pensioned. 9. Provision is made for recording meteorological observations at ten of the County High Schools. In order to work this system, each township is divided into school sec- tions of a suitable extent for one school, and in each of these sections, three trustees are elected to manage its school affairs. The rate-payers may, how- ever, elect a township Board of Trustees ipstead of Section Trustees. In cities, towns, and villages. Boards of Trustees, elected by the rate-payers, supervise the management and expenditure. The same general dispositions apply to the Roman Catholic Separate Schools. In 18G0, under the Public School System there were 4,524 schools in operation, and 5,054 teachers employed, 2,775 of whom were piales, and 2,279 females. Attending these tliere were 432,430 scholars, of whom 229,685 wore boj-s, and 202,745 were girls. Tlie Superintendent, in his report, states that " a larger number of gii-ls than boys attend private schools, and that lie deeply regrets to observe that the number -^f children reported as not attending any schools is 34,CC0. " The highest salary paid in a county to a teacher was $G35 ; the lowest $80. Tlie liighest salary paid in a city was 01,300 ; the lowest $300. The highest in a town, 8700 ; the lowest $300. The highest in a village, $000 ;. the lowest, $240. The average salaries of male teachers in counties, without board was $259 ; of female, teachers, $188 ; in cities, of male teachers, $602 ; of female teachers, $229 ; in towns, of male teachers, $478 ; of female teach- ers, $220 ; in villages, of male teachers, $420 ; of female teachers, $192. A small increase on the preceding year in the average salaries of teachers. Of the 4,524 Public Schools in question, not less than 4,131 were entirely free, and in the remaining 393 the highest fee charged was 25 cents (one shilling sterling) a month. By the Act passed at the Session of tho Legisla- ture just closed, however, it is provided that henceforth all Public Schools shall be free. History is taught in 2,155, of these schools. Book-keeping in 1,552, Alge- bra in 1,749, and Geometry in 1,330. Tho number of schools in wl 'A\ the daily exorcises were opened and closed Avith prayer is further stated to have been 3,127, and the number of schools in which the Bible and Testament wore read , 3,002. These religious readings arc purely voluntary with Trus- tees and teachers ; and no child can bo compelled to be present if its parents or guardians object. I nOMAN CATIIOLIO SEPAUATE SCHOOLS. The Ontario Scliool Law also provides for tho establishment and main- touttuco of Roman Catholic Separate Schools, of which, in 1869, there were ^ EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. ■<^. 165, with 228 teachers (104 of whom were males), and 20,684 pupils ; tho . average attendance being 8,331. HIGH SCHOOLS. The High Schools are the next most important feature in the Ontario ' School System, being ihe intermediate link between the Public School and the University. They were established in 1807, The whole number of . schools reported in 1869 was 101, with 0608 pupils. The pupils of the High Schools are grounded in Latin, French and • Greek, Arithmetic, Algebra, and Euclid, the Ancient and most of the Mod- • em Histories commonly taught in schools ; the Elements of Natural His- tory, Natural Philosophy, Geology, Physiology, Chemistry, Agriculture, Book-keeping, Drawing and Vocal Music. It Is provided by law that the head master of each senior county High School shall take meteorological observations, and under this provision the G( vernor-Gener- . al has authorized the establishment of meteorological stations at the following High Schools ; Windsor, Goderich, Stratford, Simcoe, Hamilton, Barrie, Peterborough, Belleville, Cornwall, and Pembroke, which establishments have been provided with instruments by Messrs. Negretti & Zanibra, and Casella, of London, and forward monthly reports of their observations to the . Education Office. NOBMAL AITD UODEL SC7 0L3. Normal and Model Schools are also provided, in order, as the Rev. Dr. Eyerson says, " to do for the teacher, what an apprenticeship does for the mechanic, the artist, tho physician, the lawyer — to teach him theoretically and practically how to do the work of his profession." No inducements ara consequently presented to any one to apply for admission to tho Normal School ; nor is any one admitted except those who declare in writing their intention to pursue the profession of teaching, and that their object in coming to the Normal School is better to qualify themselves for their profession. Nor is any candidate admitted without passing an entrance examination equal to whatsis required for an ordinary second class teacher's certificate by a county board. The gieat majority of candidates, it need scarcely bo added, aro those A"' > have beon teachers and possess county board certificates of quali. fication. The Normal School of the Province is at Toronto, and was erected in 1851-52, at a cost of upwards of $100,000. Two Model Schools aro attached to it, in which the scholar-teachers of tho Normal School aro taught to give practical effect to tho instruction they have acquired in that institu- tion, undar tho direction of teachers previously trained in it. Tho average number of admissions to the Normal School is about 300, nearly every one of whom duly receive Proyincial certificatoB. ling. 'K-« p POSTAL SYSTEM. 29 UNIVERSITIES, C01LEGE3, oEMINARIES, ETC. Notwithscanding their number and importance the Common and Gram- mar Schoola of Ontario may, nevertheless, be looked upon as only a part, of her educational agencies. The private schools, academies, and col- leges must also be considered, in order to form a correct idea of the state and progress cf education in the country. The two former number 279, and con- tain 352 teachers and 6,392 pupils, the income amounting to §81,315. The colleges are 16 in number. They had 1,930 students in 1869, and an income from A'arious sources of $159,000. They also received a further simi of $53,000 dollars in fees. They are as follows : — The University of Toronto ; University College, Toronto; Upper Canada College and Royal Grammar School, in connection with the University of Toronto ; University of Victoria College (Wesleyan Methodist), Cobourg ; University of Queen's College (Presbyterian), Kingston ; University of Trinity College (Church of England), Toronto ; University of Regiopolis College (Roman Catholic), Kingston ; Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Seminary and University, Ottawa; St. Michael's College (Roman Catholic), Toronto ; Knox's College (Free Church), Toronto ; Hiu-on Theological College (Church of England), London ; Albert University (Methodist Episcopal), Belleville ; Canadian Literary Institute (Baptist), Woodstock ; Wesleyan Female College, Hamilton ; Bishop Strachan School for Ladies (Church of England), Toronto ; Alexandra College for Ladies, Bcllovillo ; Hellmuth College [modelled after the great English Schools] (Church of England), London ; Hellmuth Ladies' College, London ; Trinity College School (Church of England), Port Hope ; Church of England Grammar School, Weston ; Ontario College (Church of England), Picton j and Friend's Seminary, Picton. POSTAL SYSTEM. The postal system is admirably arranged, so as to secure the great requi- sites, punctuality, despatch, and cheapness. Th'^ price of postage on letters carried within the Dominion is 3 cents per half ounce, equal to 1\ pence steriing, if pre-paid ; if not pre-paid, the charge is 6 cents, or 2^ pence ster- ling. The cliargo on letters to tho United States is 6 cents, or 3 pence, Money orders are given out for a large proportion of post ofFices within tho Dominion, and in exchange with the United States and Great Britain. Tliere is alao a parcel and book post in connection with tho general post, by which parcels, books, &c., are sent at reasonable rates. Some idea may be formed of tho extent and rapid development of the aystem from the following figures for the Dominion : In 1857, the number of ;i!l, SO EMiaRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. letters sent by post was 10,280,012, while in 1807 it rose to 17,545,458, In 1854, money orders were issued to the amount of §1,432,104; in 18G7, the amount was 02,682,206. ^ Savings banks have been e^ablished in connection with the post office, similar to those in operation in Great Britain. The system was commenced on the 1st of April, 1868, and already, on the 1st of Febniary, 1871, $2,050,000 remained on deposit in the hands cf tlio Receiver-General, the monthly increase being about §50,000. The yearly deposit by any one person is limited to $300, and the large sum above mentioned has been de- posited almost exclusively by mechanics and labourers out of their weekly savings. Interest is allowed on deposits at 4 and 5 per cent, per annum. TELEGRAPHS. The Electric Telegraph is made use of in Canada to a far greater extent in proportion to population than in Great Bi'itain. There are now two com- panies in existence in Ontario, the Montreal and the Dominion ; the latter has but recently started into existence. The rate tlirougliout the Dominion is 26 cents, equal to a slxilling sterling, for tlie first ten words, and one cent (eqTiial to a half-penny) for every extra word. In 18G9, the number of mes- sages sent by the Montreal Company in Ontario and Quebec was 741,254 being an increase of over 300,000 in four years. NEWSPAPERS. This great power has been developed to a greater extent, in proportion to population, than in Great Britani ; every town has its weekly or daily news- paper, which brings the latest news from all parts of the world witliin reach of the inhabitants. The total number of papers published in the Province is about 222, of wliich 24 ai'e daily, tlie rest weekly or bi-weekly. RAILWAYS, CANALS, ROADS. i The railway system has made rapid strides in Ontario during the last fifteen years. In the year 1852, there was not a single mile open in the whole Pro- vince. At the present moment there are ujiAvards of 1,600 miles in opera- tion. Several others are in course of construction, and in all probability others will be shortly commenced. The principal of these are the Intercolo- nial, tq connect the Proviiico of Quebec with New Brunswick and Nova PUBLIC WORKS. 31 •Scotia ; (Jie Toronto, Grey, and Bruce ; the Toronto and Nipissing ; the Toronto and Muskoka, to penetrate the Muskoka Free Grant district ; the Wellington, Grey, and Bruce ; the Whitby and Port Perry ; the Canada Cen- tral ; the Harrisburg and Brantford and the Glencoe Branches of the Groat Western ; and the Canada Southern. Their construction will involve an expenditure of many millions sterling, and will give employment to a very large number of operatives, clerks, &c. , for the next five or ten years. There are several canals in Ontario : — The Welland, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, to avoid the Niagara Falls ; the Rideau, between Kingston and •Ottawa ; and the St. Lawrence Canals, rendered necessary by the rapids of that 1 'ver. The last named will probably be enlarged before long, so as to permit navigation by a class of sea-going vessels of considerably heavier ton- nage than the largest which can now pass through them. As to ordinary roads ; in the settled parts of the Province these are ex- cellent, being generally giavelled or macadamized, and kept in good order. Tn the unsettled parts, with a view of opening them wp, the Government ■constructs what are called colonization roads. These are marked on the map with black lines of medium thickness, the very thick black lines represent the railways open. PUBLIC WORKS. There are numerous institutions throughout the Province which have been built at the expense of the people, and which are consequently public works, under the control of the Government. Of these are, the Lieutenant-Gover- nor's Residence, Toronto ; the Normal School, Toronto ; the Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville ; the Boys' Reformatory, Penetanguishene ; and the Lunatic Asylums at Toronto and London. The Government of Ontario having a large surplus on hand, is spending a considerable portion of it on the con- struction of other works which are greatly needed. Among these, may be mentioned an Institute for the Blind, at Brantford ; a Provincial Agricultural CJollego, having a large experimental farm, and suitable farm builaings in con- tnection with it ; a Provincial College of Technology, or School of Industrial tScience, at Toronto ; a Central Prison ; five locks, and several other works, ,4o obviate rapids and other difficulties in the navigation of the waters in the Muskoka District, and . at the back of Peterborough, and in other parts of the Province ; and a largo nimiber of works for the drainage of marsh lands in various parts of the Province. These and otlier works, the construction of which is contemplated by the Government, together with the railways now being built, and the other railways and the canal^ in contemplation, will give employment to a great number of men, and are therefore calculated to S2 EMIGRATION TO THE PBOVINCE OF ONTABIO. Attract a large immigration of building mechanics and other Isbcxnenj who will thus find ready employment at'good wages. i TAXATION. The Dominion revenue is raised altogether by indirect taxation. The annual expenditure amounts to about $15,000,000, equal to $3. 50 per head. In the United States, the federal tax amounts to $10.28 in gold per bead. Besides this, there is the State tax, which each State collects for State purposes. In New York State, this amounts to $11.55 a head, adding this to the Federal tax and the sum is $21.83, which is the annual burden per head of the population of that State. Ill Ontario, there is no taxation answering to the State taxation, th« Pro- vincial expenditure being far more than covered by the share of the Domin- ion tax, which the Dominion hands over to each Province. There is in the United States a municipal tax besides the Federal and State taxes, whLc3b ia probably about equal in amount to the municipal tax of Ontario. The diiTerenco between the above figures, $3.50 per head and $21.83 pw head, will very nearly represent the difference between Ontario and New York State in regard to the weight of taxation. With respect to public debt, that of Canada is $17.61 per head, that off the United States is $60.80, showing a state of things much in favour of the former country. BANKS AND CURRENCY. The financial affairs of the Province are carried on through the mediunt of the various banks, which are private institutions incorporated either by Act of Parliament or by Royal Charter. The currency consists of a silver and cop- por coinage, the coins usually met with being Canadianj50, 25, 10, and 5 cent pieces, of silver, and one cent pieces of copper; English shillings and sixpen- ces, which pass for 24 and 12 cents respectively ; and United States lialf and quarter dollar, and 10, 5, and 3 cent pieces, of silver, and one cent pieces of copper. Gold coins are very rarely used, bank notes having almost alto- gether superseded them. These notes are of various denominations, from oiie dollar to five hundred and upwards. The Dominion Government has, within the last four years, issued ** Pro* vincial Notes," similar to the bank notes. The Government is responsible) for the redemption of these at certain cities named in the notes, and tliey are now circulated very largely WAGES. 88 Iho 10' lid. per- for The following is a list of the principal banks doing business in Ontario, one or other of which has agencies at the important towns : — Bank of Montreal. Bank of BftirisH Noeth Amebioa. Mekciiants' Bank. Bank of Commerce. Ontario Bank. KoYAL Canadian Bank. Bank of Toronto. Niagara District Bane. Quebec Bank. City Bank. There are many otlier banks doing business in the other Provinces. bu< their notes are not largely circulated in Ontario. It is important that tlio difi'orcnco between the currency of Canada and that of the United States should be borne in mind. The Canadian dollar, the currency being redeemable in gold, is worth about 4s. Id. stg. The American dollar, on the contrary, being irredeemable in gold, varies in price but now is worth about Ss. 8d. A table will be found at the end giving the value of sterling money4n dollars and cents, and vice versa. WAGES. AoRicULTURAli LABOURERS. — These t!ro usually treated as members of the family, and are hired by the ye;'.i. Skilled labourers receive from £2 to £3 per month ; ordinary labourers from £1 15s. to £2 10s. per month ; besides board. Farm servants with wives can obtain employmrnt, with board, in the house, at from £2 10s. to £4 per month, provided the vvifeis willing to assist m tlie general female work of the fann. Sometimes farmers give to married servants a cottage and gaiden on the farm, with fuel, and with grass for a cow, tlie servants providing their own board. In such cases the usual wages are from £C0 to £00 a year. Casual farm labourers receive from 3s. to 5s. a day, with board, according to ability. During harvest, wages often rise to 6s. or 8s. a day, jvith board. Boys of twelve years of age and upwards read- ily get employment at proportionate wages. During three or four months of winter, farm woik becomee scarcer, and wages consequently lower, and in extreme weatlior but little can be done out of doors, except chopping, and preparing rails for fencing, &c. But people who are apt and ready usually find something advantageous to do within doore^ For professional gardeners there is but little demand ; but on emigrant possessing a practical kuowled|;e 34. EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. of gardening, in addition to that of farm work, will generally find such an acquisition advantageous. Day liAiiooiiERS. — Labourers working on the railroads, or at sawing and chopping firewood, or other miscellaneous work, can eai*n from 43. to 5s. a day, without board. jMecha-NUCS. — Carpenters get from Cs. to Os. a day ; bricklayers, plasterers and stonemasons, 7s. to 12s. ; plumbers, painters and glaziers, Os. to 9s. ; tinsmiths, 53. to Gs. ; blacksmiths, 53. to Ss. ; wheel '.vriglits, 43. to 7s. ; and tailors and shoemakers, who usually work by the piece, Os. to Ss. ; in all cases Avithout board. There is generally more or less work going on in the building trade durir.g the winter, except in extreme weather, wlien out-door work is i^artially suspended. Household Skkvants. — Good general servants are scarce and conse- (juently in great demand, and receive from 243. to 293. a month. House- maids and nursery-maids get from lljs. to 223., and good professional cooks, from 29s. to 333. and upwards, according to ability. COST OF LIVING. The cost of living in Ontario for meclianics and agricultural labourers, when quantity and quality of food are considered, is cheaper than it is for the same classes in the old country. In the smaller towns and in x'ae coun* try, the coat of living is considerably less tlian in the larger cities. Rent. — Small houses and cottages in cities and to^vns, suitable for small families, can be got for from £10 to £20 a year, including ta.xes. Facilities ire frequently available to workmen for purchasing a building lot and erect- ing a cottage, to be paid for bj' easy instalments. In the country, rents are iimch lower than in towns, and besides there is often the advantage of a gar- den, and the keep of a cow, pigs, and poultry. Fuel. — This is rather an expensive item ; being nearly equal to the rent. Wood costs in the country from 5s. to 20s. per cord, and in cities, from 203. to 30s. , besides the coat of sawing and chopping, which is from 4s. to Gs. additional. This latter item, however, can be saved, if the workman will saw and chojj the wood himself, which is almost universally the case. Coal is burnt only in the cities and largest towns. The price is from 21)s. to 333. a ton for the ordinary soft coal, which is burnt in the open grates, and from 3l3. to 39s. for the hard anthracite coal, which is burnt in the stoves. A cord of wood cjntains 128 cubic feet, the load containing a cord generally being 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet broad. A cord of wood ^'s usually consid- ered equal in heating and lasting power to half a ton of coal, and lasts about a month in winter and about two mouths in summer. 'l COST OF LIVING. :| Meat a^td Pouitry. — Beef and mutton cost from 3d. to 7^d. per 11 according to cut and quality ; veal and pork somewhat less, and lamb som what more. Poultry is generally cheap and plentiful. Fowls cost from 1 to 28. ; geese, Is. 3d. to 28. ; turkeys, 2s. to 4s. ; ducks, Is. 3d. to 28. Tu keys are very common, the climate being adapted to them. Dairy Products. — Milk, 2id. to 3d. per quart ; butter, 7^d. to la. p lb. ; and cheese, 6d. to 8d. per lb. Groceries. — Tea, 2s. Gd. to 43. per lb. ; coffee, Is. to Is. 9d. per lb, brown sugar, 4d. to 5d. per lb. ; soap, 23d. to 4d. per lb. Cereals. — Bread, 5d. to Tjd. per quartern loaf (4 lbs.) ; wheat flour, li to 2.id. per lb., or 20s. to 25s. per barrel, of 200 lbs. ; oatmeal, 12s. 6d. to 20 per 100 lbs. ; Indian com meal, Id. to 2d. per lb. ; buckwheat flour, Id 2d. per lb. Vegetables. — Potatoes, Is. to 2s. 6d. per bushel ; cabbages, 2d. to 4 each ; tomatoes, 5d. to lOd. iier peck ; carrots, turnips, and parsnips, 7d 9d. per peck ; and other vegetables at similarly moder ,te prices. Fruit. — Apples, 6d. to Is. 3d. per peck, or Ss. to 20a., per barrel of 2( lbs. ; pears, la. to 2s. 6d. per peck ; strawberries, 5d. to Gd. per quan raspberries Gd. to 8d. per quart ; red currants, 2^d. to Gd. per quart ; bla< currants, Gd. to 7^d. per quart ; cherries, Gd. to 7^d, per qiiart ; peache 58. to lOs., per basket containing from Ito 2 pecks ; melons, 3d. to 5d. ea& pine-apples. Is. to 2s. each ; Ontario grapes, Gd. to la. per lb. Clothing. — This is somewhat dearer than in England ; but as the man' facture of cloth in the Province ia extending, the price is becoming lowe A good, strong, well-made winter suit of clothes, of Ontario tweed, can hivd for from £2 10s. to £4. Summer clothing is lower. Hats and caps a: but little dearer than in England. Boots and shoes aro about the same, good stout pair of men's boots coata from 12s. Gd. to IGa. Gd. Calico and t finer deacriptiona of woollen goods being generally importud, are consequen ly dearer than in England. i EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. '[_ i MOXEY TABLE. 'able shoving the vahie of Sterling money in Canadian ciirren y and . ff ,•«(( ; Sterling money. Its oqniviilent in ilolliviii ami cents. Canadian '.ui -ency. Its equivalent in sterlin,!,' money. £ . cl. $ cU. S cts. £ s. (1. 1 02 01 i)^ 2 04 02 l' ' 3 OG 03 n ! 4 OS 05 2l 6 10 10 5' 6 12 15 7i 7 14 20 10 8 IG 25 1 oi 10 20 60 2 1 11 22 1 00 4 1 1 24 2 00 8 3 1 3 30 3 00 12 5 1 6 3G 4 00 IG 5 X 9 43 6 (X) 1 Gi 2 49 G 00 14 8" 2 C 61 10 00 2 11 5 1 22 20 ,)'j 4 2 2i 10 2 43 25 00 5 2 y' 10 4 87 50 00 10 5 G; 20 10 111 5 24 33 100 00 f 10 48 G7 500 00 102 14 OS 25 121 or 1,0CK) 00 205 9 7" 100 43G c: 5,000 (X) 1,027 7 11. 2,054 15 10; 1000 4,800 07 10,000 00 'or fteuoral purpoj :8, it will be siifli cient to renienib n- that tilt Canadian - %c. ■] 'I , it and the Engli.ih half -penny are almost identical in value. THE " ALLAN " LINE OF MAIL STEAMERS, « Under Contntot for the Conveyance of CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES MAILS, Bun in Conneotion with the Graitd Tkumc and other Bjulwayi, forwarding PaMengen on easy tunu to all Stations in CaawiM, 8.S. ASSYRIAN. " SCANDINAVIAIT, '• PRUSSIAN. " PERUVIAN. " NESTCRIAN. •' HIBERNIAN. " NOVASCOTIAN. » GERMANY. '■ OTTAWA. " NORWAY. S.S. AUSTRIAN. " MORAVIAN. " CORINTHIAN. " N. AMERICAN. " CASPIAN, " EUROPEAN, " ST. DA VID. «« SWEDEN. " ST. ANDREW. « ST. PATRICK. THEY SAIL FROM LIYEP^OOL TO QUEBEC EVERY TUESDAY AND THURSDAY, Calling at LONDOI^DERRY (Ireland) on the followiug day to tak* on board Passengers and Mails ; and from • GLASGOW TO aUEQEG EVERY TUESDAY, CALLING AT DUBLIN TO EMBARK PASSENGERS. Cabin Fare includes Provisions, but not Wines or liquors, which can be obtained on board. Intermediate FaMage includes beds, bedding, and all neceBsary utensils. Steeracn Passage includes a plentiful supply of cookad Provisions. Baggage is taken from th ; Ocean Steamships to the Radway Cars free of expense. jlorDuring the V7inter months — from the beginning of November until the First Wov^k in Apnl — ^the Steamers go to Portland instead of Quebeo, the same Bailwaj facilities being in operation there. Information as to the rates [of passage, and other particulars, can be obtained on applioation to ALLAN BR9THERS & CO., James Street, LiVEnPCOL, and n, fayle Street, LONDONDERRY; to J. & A. ALLAN, 13, Great Clyde Street, GUSGOW. To the Agents of the Company in the Cities and Towns of the United Kingdom ; or the following CANADIAN EMIGRATION AGENTS : WILLIAM DIXON, 11. Adam Street, Adelphi London, England. J. 0. MOYLAN, 14 South Frederiok Street Dublin Ireland. CHARLES TOY, 11 Claremont Street Belfait, ** DAVID SHAW, 24 Oswald Street ~ Glasgow, SooUaad. DOMINION OF CANADA. EMIGRA^TIOM TO THE To Capitalists, Tenant Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, Mechanics, Day Labourers, ai' I all parties desirous of Improving their Circumstances by Emigrating to a New Country. 'J'lif attention of intending Emigrants is invited to the great advantages pre HI ntod l)y llic Provinfo of Ontario. Persons living on the Interest of their Money can easily get EIGIi'l' PER CENT, on first-class security. TENANT FARMERS WITH LIMITED CAPITAL, Can buy and stcK^k a Freehold Estate with the money needed to carry on a small farm in Britain, (lood Cleared Land, with a Dwelling and good Barn and oi;t- houses upon it, can he purchased in desirable localities, at from £4 to £10 sterling pt'i ai^rp. ■ Funu Hands can readily obtain work at GOOD WAGES. Among the inducements offered to intending Emigrants, by Government, ia A FREE GRANT OF LAND! WITHOUT ANY CHARGE WHATEVER. ICvery Head of a Family can obtain, on condition of settlemer \ a Free (Jrai\t of TWO HUNDRED ACRKS of Land for himself . and ONE HUNDRED ACRES additional for each member .of his family, male or female, over 18 years of age. All persons over eighteen years of as^e can obtain a Free Grant of ONE IlIJN- DRED ACRES. The Free (Jrants an- protected by a Homestead Exemption Act, and are not liable to seizure for any debt incurred before the issue of the patent, or for twenty year:; after it? issue. They are within easy access of the front settlements, and iiio supplied with regular j)Ostal communication. And of improved J''arm8 for sale, are kept at the Immigration Agencies in the Province, and arrangements are made for directing immigrants to those points where employ »it»nt can be most readily obtained. Several new lines of Railway and other Public Woiks are in course of construction, or about being commenced, which vill atVord emj)loyment to an almost unlimited number of labourers. Persons desiring fuller information rpspeoting the Province of Ontario are invited to apply peisonally, or by letter, to the Canadian Government Fuii^ra lion Agent.s in Europe, viz : WM. DIXON, 11, Adam S* ■ et, Adelphi. London, W.t;. ; J. G. MOYLAN, 14 South Frederick St., Dub'n ; CHARLKS FOV, II Claremout St., Belfast; and DAVID SHAW, 24 Oswald St., Glas-jow. Also to the inmiigration Agents in Canada, viz :-- JOHN A. DONALhSON, Toronto ;R. K. RAE, Hamilton; WM. J. WlfiLS, Ottawa; RICH I). AtAC- I'HKHSON, Kingston; L. STAFFORD, Quebeo ; J. .1. DALEY. Montreal; E, .CLA^ , Halifax, Nova Scotia ; ROBT. SHIAKS, St. John, and J. G. GLAYTON, Miramichi, Now Brunswick, from whom pai\iphlets, issued nndor the authority of the (lovornmont of Ontario, contoining lull partienlars in relation to th« char- ueler and resources of, and the cost of living, washes, kc,, in the Provi\.co, can be obtained. JOHN OARLINa, OoimmMouir of AffrieuUiiit' and Pmbiic Wwkt. Dkparitwicnt or Immuiration, for tk» Provmic uf (kUarU. Tonmto, February, 187L