IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^i^ ti^ jtt 1^ 12.2 1.25 ^ U& 12.0 Mwu U ii.6 Hiotograjiiic Sciences Corporation ^ :^ ;\ \ ^^ 23 WiST MAIN STRf ET WIBSTER,N.Y. I4SM (716)t72-4S03 V ^ ^ ,^ ^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Coiiection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha inatituta haa attannptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically unlqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignif icantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chacitad balow. Q D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartuva da coulaur I I Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagte Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvarture raataurte at/ou pelliculia Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvarture manque Coloured mapa/ Cartea giographiquaa en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured platea and/or iiluatrationa/ Planchaa et/ou iiluatrationa en couleur Bound with other material/ RellA avec d'autrea documanta Tight binding may cauae ahadowa or diatortion along interior margin/ La re liure aerr^e peut cauaar de I'ombre ou de la diatortion la long da la marge IntAriaura Blank leavea added during reatoration may appear within the text. Whenever poaaibia, theae have been omitted from filming/ II ae peut que certainea pagea blanchaa ajoutAea lore d'une reatauration apparaiaaent dana le texte, mala, lorsque cela 6tait poaaibia, cea pagea n'ont pea AtA filmtea. Additional commenta:/ Commentairea suppi^mantaires: Tl to L'tnatitut a microfllmA la mellleur exemplaira qu'il lui a 6t4 poaaibia de ae procurer. Lea d^taiia de cet exemplaira qui aont paut-Atre uniquea du point de vue bibiiographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mAthoda normals de filmaga aont indiquta cl-deaaoua. □ Coloured pagea/ Pagea da couleur n D D Pagea damaged/ Pagea andommagiaa Pagea raatorad and/or laminated/ Pagea reataurAea et/ou pellicultea Pagea diacoloured, atalned or foxed/ Pagea dteolortea, tachat^ea ou piquAea Pagea detached/ Pagea detach^ea Showthrough/ Tranaparence □ Quality of print varlea/ Quaiit^ in6gale de I'impreaaion I I Includea aupplementary material/ Comprend du materiel auppi^mentaire Only edition available/ Seuie Mition diaponibia Pagea wholly or partially obacured by errata aiipa, tiaauea, etc., have been ref limed to enaure the beat poaaibia image/ Lea pagea totalement ou partiellement obacurciea par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M filmtea A nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image poaaibia. Tl P( 01 fil O b( th ail ot fil all or Tl 9h Tl w M dii ar be rifi rai m( Thia item la filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Cc document eat filmA au taux da reduction indiquA cl-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X I 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here ha* been reproduced thanka to the generoaity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The imaoea appearing here ere the beat quality posaible considering the condition end legibility of the originel copy end in Iceeping with the filming contract specif icetiona. Original copiaa in printed peper covera are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with e printed or liiustroted impres- sion, or the bacic cover when eppropriate. All other originel copies ere filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illuatrated impres- sion, end ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »>(meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meening "END"), whichever epplies. Mapa, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many framea as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grice k la gAnAroaiti de: La bibiiothique des Archives pubiiques du Canada Las images suivantes ont Ati reproduites avac ie piua grand aoin, compte tenu oe la condition at de la nattet* de rexempiaire film«, et en conformity avac las conditions du contrat de filmage. Lea exempleires originaux dont la couverture en papier eat ImprimAe sent filmAs en commenpant par la premier plet et en terminant soit par la dernlAre pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impreasion ou d'illustration, soit par Ie second plat, salon Ie cas. Tous las autres exempleires origineux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiire pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impreaaion ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dea symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon Ie ces: Ie symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte 6 des taux de r6duction diffirents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grsnd pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A pertir de I'engle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant Ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 12 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 a E C AN A D A : A BBIir OCTLINB OF HBB ^etfgraplial l0siti0n. PRODUCTIONS, CLIMATE, CAPABILITIES, EDUCATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS, &C., &0., &c ilubli8i)eti &s 0(ut|ot(t3r TORONTO, CANADA WEST. 1857. T ( : inti Co pot be Se Bureau 6r AoRTCULtURB, Toronto, January, 1857. This Pamphlet has received the approval of this Department, and is intended for extensive circulation in Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, in the hope that " Canada" as a distinct and important , portion of '' North America" may thus become better known. P. M. VANKOUGHNET. Minister of Agriculture. Any further and more detailed information on the subject of Canada, will be cheei fully afforded (personally or by letter) by^ William Hutton, Esq., Secretary. CONTENTS fAOB. 5. Introduction. (). The Geographical position and extent of Canada. 7. The Natural advantages and resources of Canada. 9. Her form of Government and connection with Great Britain. 10, The character of the Populatior. of Canada — Her Cities and Towns. 12. The Laws and Municipal Institutions of Canada. 13. Educational Institutions in Canada. 15. Religion in Canada. 15. Agricultural capabilities of the Soil. 16. Value of Land — Free Grants. 18. The Climate of Canada. 19. Routes through the Province to any part of Canada and the Northern States of the American Union. 21. Trade and Revenue. 23. Canada as a field for remunerative Industry — Skilled Labour un'-skilled Labour — Conclusion. 54. Wages in Canada. ^ INTROD UCTION. •-•-♦-■•- 1. Canadians can well understand the expression of mingleil wonder and regret which rose to the lips of Count Jauhert, when surveying the magnificent display of Agricultural Products from Canada at the Paris Universal Exhibition, " now we can form an estimate of the value of those kw acres of SNOW, ceded to England with such culpable carelessness by the government of Louis XV. ;"• for they know, from hard experience, that a name conveys no idea of the real wealth of a country, until that name becomes openly associated with the industry of its inhabitants and the triumphs they have won. During centuries Canada has been spoken of as a distant and unprofitable waste, and not until the wonderful pageants at London and Paris, in 1851 and 1855, did she take her place among the producing nations of the Earth, and acquire the richly deserved descriptive title of " a land of hope not likely to be disappointed. Active, intelligent, enterprising beyond all other distinct nations, which equally abound in the elements of industrial production, she claims and demands our attention."! In Europe it is usual to speak of " America and Americans " when any part of the Northern half of that great continent is referred to, while the existence of " Canada," as a distinct country, is ignored or unknown. The shadow of the great nation of " The United States of America " obscures it. Europeans too often think only of the latter when they give a thought at all to the North American Continent. Let it be our place to undeceive them and to shew that Canada is a country totally distinct from the United States — free from the blight of slavery, and free, too, from • La Botanique a rExposition Universelle de 1855. t M. Tresca. — A visit to the (Paris) Exhibition. many of the faults which have crept into the social and political relations of our Republican neighbours. A glance at a Map will shew the relative position of Canada and the United States. THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT OF CANADA. 2. If an area be traced in Europe corresponding generally to that occupied by Canada in America, and the meridian of the most soulhorn part of Canada be supposed to lie upon the meridian of (Jrecnwicii in Kngland, the south of France at the base of the Pyrennees will represent the south frontier of Canada ; the south eastern boundary of this area will stretch through Trance, Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria, to a point in the south of Poland, and a line drawn northwards to Warsaw will delineate the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The north western boundary of this area will extend from the south of France in a northerly direction towards and beyond Brest, and a line drawn from near Brest to the British Channel, thence through England, Belgium and Germany to Warsaw again, will establish the position of a European area corresponding to Canada in America. The inhabited and highly fertile portion of Canadr. is represented in this area by those regions which lie in the south, centre, and south east of France, and in those parts oi Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria included within its boun- dary. The other portion, although of vast extent, and not so well fitted for extended agricultural operations, is highly valuableon account of its timber and minerals. The Province of Canada embraces about 350,000 square miles of ter- ritory, independently of its North- Western possessions, not yet open for settlement ; it is consequently more than one-third larger than France, nearly three times as large as Great Britain and Ireland, and more than three times as large as Prussia. The inhabited or set- tled portion covers at least 40,000 square miles, and is nearly twice as large as Denmark, tliree times as large as Switzerland, a third greater than Scot- land, and more than a third the size of Prussia ; but such is the rapid pro- gress of settlement through immigration, that in ten years time the settled parts of Canada will be equal in area to Great Britain or Prussia. Prior to the year 1840, Canada was divided into two distinct Provinces, known as Upper and Lower Canada, possessing separate Legislative bodies or Parliaments for the local government of each. In 1840, these Provinces were united , although for some purposes tlie old territorial divisions still exist. Upper Canada is that part of the now United Provinces which lies to the West of the river Ottawa ; Lower Canada embraces the country to the East of that river. : This entensive Province is bounded on the north by the British possess- ions at present in the occupation or guardiauship of tlie Hudson's Jiay Company ; on the south and east by the States of the American Union and the British Province of New Brunswick. The western boundary of Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, is yet undefined. The Uivcr St. Lawrence, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form a wonderful natural barrier between Canada and the States of the Union, and a means of communication of surprising extent and unsurpassed excclleiice. THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES AND RESOURCES OF CANADA. 3. In all new countries means of communication may be styled the pio- neers of permanent improvement and expansion. Canada is especially fortu- nate in this respect ; she possesses, without exception, the most magnificent system of natural and artificial water highways, in direct communication with the sea, to be found in either hemisphere. A ship sails from Liverpool, Lon- don, Bremen, Havre, Hambro', Stockholm, or any other European Port, and arrives at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, the great marine outlet of the commerce of Canada and of the Far West. Let us ascend the St. Lawrence with her, and without changing our vessel unravel this water system from the ocean to the Prairies of the Far West, through Canadian rivers, canals and lakes. Three hundred miles from the vast outlet of the river St. Lawrence we pass the mouth of the Saguenay, a deep and noble river, navigable for the largest vessels 70 miles from its outlet. Four hundred and ten miles sailing from the ocean and we reach Quebec, the great sea port of Canada, with a large and increasing foreign commerce. Five hundred miles sailing finds us at the limit of tide water, and we now begin in reality to ascend the stream of the St. Lawrence ; 590 miles brings us to Montreal, near where the Ottawa or Grand River of the North mingles its red waters with those of the St. Lawrence, after draining a valley of 80,000 square miles in area, lying to the North West, and thus commanding the inexhaustible treasures of the magnificent forests of a part of Canada, more than t^vlce the size of Bavaria or the Sardinian States, and six times the superficial limits of Holland. It is at Montreal that those lasting monuments of eeterprise, courage and art begin to