f 1/0^4 iicc-cJ^^L ^^ 
 
 -A.XrTECOR»S BSDIXION". 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEBIOB. 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. 
 P. V. HAYDBN, U. S. Geologist-in-Charee. 
 
 THK 
 
 TWANA INDIANS 
 
 OF THK 
 
 SKOKOMISH RESERVATION IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. M.EELLS, 
 
 mSSIONABT AMONG THBSB DIDIANB. 
 
 ■XTSACTSD FSOM THE BULLKTIK Or THB BURVST, Yoi.. IH, Ho. 1. 
 
 Washinoton, April 9, 1877. 
 
AUT. IV.-THE TWANA INDIANS OF THE SKOKOMISH RESHK- 
 VATIUN I>: WA.SHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 By Key. M. Eells, 
 
 .}[l>isi<>nf(rij amonij thtst Indians. 
 
 Plates 23-25. 
 l^'TPtODL'CTION. 
 
 Tbp Ibllowingf account has been written in answer to questions aske<l* 
 Ijy the Indian Bureau, for the Centennial Exhibition and the Smith- 
 sonian Institution. If it is of any vahie, it is not altogether because 
 it describes the Indians under their old native habits and customs, but 
 because it gives an account of them in a state of transition from their na- 
 tive wildness to civilization. For the past sixteen years, a United States 
 Indian agent and Government employes have been on the reservation. 
 Previously to that, there were American settlers in this region for ten 
 or twelve years, and previously to that, the Hudson's Bay Company 
 were trading in the country for thirty years or thereabouts. They have 
 therefore had contact with civilization for a long time, during which 
 they have been adopting civilized customs more or less rapidly, and may 
 be called about half-civilized. Hence, transition is marked in every de- 
 partment of their lives — in food, dwellings, clothes, implements of use, 
 manners, customs, government, and religion ; therefore it is very diffi- 
 cult to describe their primitive customs, especially in regard to their 
 ancient ornamental dress, war and hunting customs, stonework, adorn- 
 ment, secret societies, and tamauamus. There are very few, even of the 
 old men, who know all these customs tloroughly. 
 
 The families have not all made equal advancement in civilization, 
 and hence what applies to some will not apply to others, even at the 
 present time; the younger, as a general rule, being further advanced 
 than the older ones. On this account, it has also been difficult to 
 describe all truthfully. On looking over the list of individuals, which 
 number about sixty-five, forty-two of them are at least half-civilized 
 in regard to eating-customs and houses, while of the remaining twenty- 
 
 [*In the publication entitled " Ethuoloirical Directions relative to the Indian Tribea of 
 the United States. — Prepared nnder direction of the Indian Bureau, by Otis T. Mason. — 
 Washington : Government Printing Office, 1875." — 8vo, pp. 32. The article is in the 
 form of answers to the questions there asked, following the printed heads of subjects 
 of inquiry very closely. — Ed.] 
 
 57 
 
 23^3 ^'-J 
 
58 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 three fourteen are either so ohl or so weak that they caunot work and 
 earn money and obtain civilized food, and so are obliged to live more 
 according to their old ways. 
 
 I have only been here about one year and a half, but I desire to say 
 that 1 have been assisted very materially by the present agent, Mr. E. 
 Eells, who has been here four and a half years, and by Mr. J. Palmer, 
 a native Indian, who both reads and wriles English, and has been in- 
 terpreter here for about six years. Dr. II. H. Lansdule, the resident 
 physician for the p.^st two years, has written paragraphs A and B in 
 Part I, B, C, and U in section 14, Part III, and a part of B in section 15 
 of Part III. 
 
 PAliT I.— MAX. 
 
 A. — Physical nature. 
 
 Measurement of the body tcith reference to each other and to a standard. — 
 p]Liven men were weighed and measured, with their clothes, and the 
 follo\\ing table is the average, both before and after deducting what we 
 think to be right on account of clothes, hair, «S:c., and also the extreme 
 limits under each head: — 
 
 Before deihietiug. After deductiug. 
 
 Average. \ Extremes. | Average. I Extremes. 
 
 ft-2i-ll in.-10 9-U iu. 
 15i in. — ISJ in. 
 Hi in.— 14 iu. 
 2fi in.— 30 iu. 
 29 in.- 34 in. 
 
 WeifiUt ISl 7-1111)3 124^His.— 174ill).s... 142 lbs....: 114 19-22 lbs— 164 19-22 lbs. 
 
 Heijjht ,5t't.6in... 5 It. 3 J in.— 5 ft. 9 in. 5ft.5in...l 5 ft. 2i i" 5 ft. 8 in. 
 
 Circumference of he.id 21 8-11 in..: 21 in.— 23 in 21 in ; 20 3-11 in.— 22 3-11 in. 
 
 Circumference of chest. ...i3.53i-ll in. 32 iu — 3i? in 34i in 31 2-11 in.— 37 2-11 in. 
 
 Circumfereuco of pelvis 3.>2M1 in. 33Jiu.— 37in 34 in' 32 3-11 iu.—35 8^-11 in. 
 
 Circuaiference of arm i 10 2-11 in..! 9 m.— 11 in : IU in ' 8 9-11 in.— 10 9-11 in. 
 
 Circumference of forearm . . 9 5-1 1 iu . - . : 84 in.— 1 1 in 9 311 in . - - 
 
 Circumference of thigli 18J in . 17 in. — 20 in 17 in 
 
 Circumference of leg i 134 in . •• 12 iu. — 14i in 13 in 
 
 Length of upper extreraities ..\ i 27 8-11 in. . 
 
 Length of lower extremities '' 31 3-11 in.. 
 
 Length of trunk 1 23 7-11 in..' 22 in. — 25 in. 
 
 Color of hair, — Black. 
 
 Color of eyes. — Black. 
 
 Blushing. — The same as white people, though not so sensitive. 
 
 Muscular strength. — Quite inferior to that of white men. 
 
 Characteristics of speed. — Xot equal to that of white men. 
 
 Characteristics of swimming. — Superior to that of white men. 
 
 Characteristics of climbing. — Inferior to that of white men. 
 
 Senses. — They are a little inferior to those of white men. 
 
 Groicth and decay. — Tlieir growth is attained early iu life, and their 
 decay also begins early. 
 
 Ch ild-bearing. — Very easy. 
 
 Eeproductive pou-er. — Much less than with whites. 
 
 Sterility. — This prevails to a large extent. They cause it early in life 
 by various kinds of abuse. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 69 
 
 Puberty. — In males at the age of fourteen, and iu females about the 
 age of thirteen. 
 
 Crosses. — They cross with all races. 
 
 Dentition. — The teeth come al)out the same as in white children, but 
 they wear down early in life. They attiiL-'tt it to eatiuy dry salmon, 
 though this is not the cause. 
 
 Loss of poll' er, — It is lost sooner than with white persons. 
 
 Growimj gray. — There are very lew gray people ainonj' tiiem. TJ^ey 
 do not grow gray as soon as white persons, owing to the freedom from 
 mental care and strain, their out-door lite, and the bareness »)f the head 
 from covering. 
 
 Longevity. — I think it is ten years less than with white men. 
 
 B. — Patholout. 
 
 Diseases. — The i»rincipal ones are scrofula, consumption, bleeding at 
 the lungs, scrofulous swellings and scrofulous abscesses, all of which are 
 grafted on a scrofulous diathesis; also acute and chronic bronchitis, all 
 forms of catarrh, diarrhcea, dysjjcpsia, conjunctivitis, skin diseases, all 
 forms of syphilis, gonorrhoea, toothache, and chronic rheumatism. There 
 are others, but they are not common. 
 
 Physical effect of diet, habit, and climate. — These have been the means 
 of producing a scrofulous diathesis from generation to generation, and 
 thus of shortening their lives, as previously stated. The dampness of 
 the climate also produces rheumatism and consumption. 
 
 Pain and healing. — They are not sensitive to pain. Cuts and wounda 
 heal easily. Scrofulous diseases {.re very difficult to cure. 
 
 Abnormalities and natural deformities. — There are no natural deformi- 
 ties. 
 
 C. — Psychical phenomena. 
 
 Mental capacity for acquiring, remenbering, generalizing, volition. — In 
 school, the Indian children acquire on an average as rapi<lly as the 
 white children in the same school, who have had the same advantages 
 in the primary studies, but do not progress as well iu the more advanced 
 studies. The younger ones reason a little, and the older ones more, 
 sometimes quite sharply. The strength of will in some of the older 
 ones, who become leaders, is quite great, but that of the common peo- 
 ple is not very great. Their memories are good. 
 
 Sagacity in tracTcing game. foUouing bees, and other occupations. — They 
 have no bees; but iu tracking game, they will notice very little things, 
 and follow generallj- until they find it. In obtaining tish, they nave 
 also a large amount of patience and good habits of observation. The 
 greater portion of them have, however, of late years, left these pursuits 
 as their principal means of support, and follow American forms of labor, 
 chiefly logging and working for the whites, making gardens, and rais- 
 ing hay. At these things they are quite industrious, and on most 
 
60 BrLLtTIN r.MTED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 pleasant days a trip over the reservation shows most of them, both men 
 aud women, busy in some way. They still hunt some, and tish more ; 
 but the majority of them do not lollow tliese occupations as the i)rin- 
 cipal means of support. 
 
 Moral ideas. — Formerly i\yute low, in regard to theft, lying, murder, 
 and chastity, but of late years they have been elev&ted very much. 
 Formerly they would say it was wrong to steal ; but if not found out 
 it wtis all right. Now, both among Indians aud whites, there are very 
 few who accuse any of them of stealing. Lying is much more common. 
 Murder of late years has been almost unknown on the reservation. In 
 regard to chastity, they have imi>roved very much, though there is 
 still room for improvement. 
 
 Emotions and passions. — Generally strong; sometimes lasting and 
 
 sometimes not. 
 
 I). — Tribal phenomena. 
 
 Name. — Twana, spelled in the treaty between the tribe aud the United 
 States, made at Point-no-Point January 20, 1S55, Too-an-hooch ; but I 
 much prefer Twana as being simi>ler and the one most in use here. 
 
 Their own account of their origin and relationships. — God made them 
 soon after he made the world, and he placed them here, as they think 
 he did the different tribes and peoples in the different countries. They 
 believe in different centres of creation for themselves and all other tribes 
 and peoples. God made them at first man aud womau. 
 
 History of their increase, migrations, growth, and decay. — There is no 
 reliable information about their increase, growth, or any migrations. 
 Twenty years ago, when the treaty was made with them, they numbered 
 about twice as many as they do now, although for the past four years 
 their births have equaled or exceeded their deaths. According to the 
 record of the physician, the deaths for two years previous to July 1, 
 1875, have been only sixteen. It has been impossible to keep any 
 record of the births. As far back as there is any reliable information, 
 they have always lived in this region. They have a tradition that at 
 the time of the flood, which was only a few generations ago, one great 
 mountain, Mount Olympus, was not wholly submerged, and that on it 
 the good Indians were saved ; that as the flood subsided a Dumber of 
 canoes with those in them broke from their fastenings on the mountain, 
 and were carried away to the cast and north, which accounts for there 
 being but few people left here now. 
 
 Population, male, female, children, and causes affecting. — January, 
 1875, men, 80 ; women, 95 ; boys, 50 ; girls, 39 ; total 264. Till within 
 about five years, they have been decreasing, owing chiefly to syphilitic 
 diseases. 
 
 Invention, conservatism, and progress. — But little invention. Are gen- 
 erally more than medium abo"t progress. Improving very much in 
 dress, houses, names, food, auv habits of industry, though but slowly 
 
EELLS ON Tilt: TWANA INDIAX.S. 61 
 
 in Cbristiaii ideas; learning more tioiu example than truiii lueeept, but 
 in both ways. They have had instruction in Christianity only about 
 four years, and in the other matters tor fifteen yeai s. which accounts partly 
 tor the ditterence in regard to this. In almi>st all things, however, as 
 they see the superiority ot the white man, they are ready for progress, 
 especially the younger ones; the old ones being more conservative. 
 
 VAin II.— sunuoryi)iX(rS ou enviuoxment. 
 
 « 
 
 A. — Inokganic. 
 
 Outline ami st;e of Territory — Elevdt'on and Wattr-systtins. — Reserva- 
 tion near the hea«l of Hood's Canal on Paget Sound, in Washington 
 Territory, and at the "louth of the Skokomish liiver. It is nearly square, 
 and comprises about o.OOO acres; two-thirds of it but a few feet above 
 tide-water, the other third njountainous and several hundred feet high. 
 The JSkokomish is the only river which, coming from the north in the 
 Olympic range of mountains, tiows east on the south side of the reser- 
 vation and north on the east side, when it empties into ilood's Canal. 
 There are several sloughs running from the river to the canal across 
 the reservation. 
 
 Geological encironment, both Htratiijraphical and economic. — Tiie strati- 
 graphical environment has not been thoroughly studied. Both lava 
 and granite evidently lie at the bottom ; the granite I think to be the 
 oldest. Suice the granite, evidently' there has been a long washing 
 ler by salt-water or fresh, I do not know which, but presume it was 
 .(tit, as the upland is mostly a gravel-bed. As the sea then went down, 
 the river formed most of the soil good for cultivation. 
 
 Economic. — The soil of about two-tifths of the reservation is black, 
 rich bottomland, very excellent for cultivation when cleared of the 
 timber which covers it. One-fifth of the land is swamjiy, and 1,800 
 acres, nearly two-fifths, is gravelly and covered with fir timber, and is 
 almost useless except as timber-laud. 
 
 Climate. — Chiefly a dry and wet season, as in Western Washington 
 and Oregon ; but little snow or cold weather generally during the win- 
 ter, but a large amount of rain, which continues at intervals during the 
 summer. The spring is generally backward, as the Olympic Mountains, 
 some of which are snow-cnpi)ed most of the summer, are but twenty 
 miles distant to the north. Frosts in the fall generally not early, 
 coming from the 1st to the 25th of October usually. 
 
 Remains of plants and animals found icith relics of extinct tribes. — 
 There are two shell-beds, which as yet have not been opened, at Eneti, 
 on the reservation ; one is near the north line of the reservation, and is 
 about 450 feet long, from 3 to 20 wide, and a foot or two thick ; the 
 other, half a mile south of it, 300 feet long, and about the same width 
 and thickness. They are both just above high tide, andfare evidently 
 
62 HrLLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 of recent torniation, the shells heing chiefly clamshells. There is also 
 
 said to l)e one at Big Jackson's i)lace, eight miles up the canal, and 
 
 another at Huuihumnii, l.j miles down the canal ; and I think it very 
 
 probable that there are such, and i>erhaps others about, as these are 
 
 old caini»ing-places of the Indians. 
 
 Note. — The vegetable and animal resources of the country being all 
 
 mentioned under other h»'ads, there is no necessity for a detailed 
 
 enumeration here. 
 
 C. — Social. 
 
 Contact icith civilhid and inn-iviUzed trihes, and its injinence. — There 
 are no civilized tribes of Indians with whom they have any contact. 
 There are a number of tribes of half-civilized Indians, with whom they 
 are in contact more or less, cbietly the Sijuaxons, Nisqually, Clallams, 
 Snohomish, Luiumi, and Cliehalis tril)es. Their relations are peaceful 
 with them all, and their influence is to keep them in about the same 
 conilition, neither particularly elevating nor depressing. 
 
 There is much contact between them and white civilization, and has 
 been for twenty-five years, and a little for twenty years previously. 
 Its influence has been both goorl and bad ; good with reference to food, 
 clothes, houses, and habits of industry, and against theft, murder, and 
 lying ; bad with reference to chastity and temperance. 
 
 PART III— CULTURE. 
 
 4 l.—MEAXS OF SCBSISTEXCE. 
 
 A.— Food. 
 
 Methods of procuring. — Their food is a mixture of old Indian and 
 civilized focxi, but principally the latter, varying, however, in different 
 families ; the younger and middle-aged using chiefly civilized food, and 
 the old and poor ones a large amount of old Indian food. 
 
 Most of them have gardens, where they raise chiefly potatoes, corn, 
 peas, onions, turnips, beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, and cabbages, and 
 some fruits, as the raspberry, strawberry, gooseberry, and apple. 
 Potatoes, however, are the principal crop. In the cultivation of their 
 gardens, they do not equal the white man. They seldom plow the 
 ground, as they have been accustomed to clear small patches of land, 
 often too small to plow, and where also too many roots remain. The 
 first season they dig it up with a spade or large hoe, but afterward do 
 not always every year, but sometimes plant the seeds in the old ground, 
 and cultivate with the hoe. As a general thing, they cultivate less than 
 Americans. 
 
 They gather many wild berries, chiefly the wild raspberry, gooseberry, 
 currant, sallalberry, strawberry, cherry, cranberry, blackberry, elder- 
 berry, salmon berry, thimbleberry, and red, blue, and black huckleberries. 
 Most of these aie eaten at once, both cooked and uncooked, but some 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 6S 
 
 are dried for future use, chiefly the huckleberry, sallalberry, aud black- 
 berry, the last of which is pouuded up aud made iuto cakes, which are 
 then dried. 
 
 They also gather fern-roots and three other kinds without English 
 names, which grow in swamps, the sprouts of the thimblcberry an<l 
 salmouborry, rush-roots, Indian onion, aud hazelnuts. 
 
 They are fond of kamass; none, however, grows near them. For- 
 merlytheymadelong journeys in order to obtain it, but having otherfood 
 now they have used but little of late years. Most of the roots named 
 are eaten in their season, but few being kept for future use. 
 
 They have a few cattle, from which they get a little beef, but prefer 
 to keep most of them in order to raise more cattle to use as work-oxen. 
 They do but little milking, not seeming to think that it pays. They buy 
 some pork, bacon, and hams, and hunt and obtain chietiy venison, bear- 
 meat, pheasants and grouse, ducks and geese, rabbits and squirrels. 
 Most of the hunting is done with the gun, the bow and arrow being en- 
 tirely out of use, except as a plaything for children. At certain times 
 of the year, ducks are very abundant, yet they have been shot at so often 
 that they are very much afraid of canoes. The Indians, therefore, cover 
 their canoes with green boughs, standing some upright. Hiding among 
 these boughs, they paddle quietly among the ducks, which are not 
 frightened at such things, when they are easily shot. 
 
 They tish and obtain salmon, salmon-trout, dog-salmon, herring, sil- 
 ver trout, rock-cod, flounders, smelt, halibut, and skates. Salmon-eggs 
 and the eggs of all large fish are used for food. They fish with the hook, 
 spear, net, and build traps across the Skokomish River. Their fish- 
 spear is three-pronged generally, but sometimes they are only two- 
 pronged. These are about two feet long, and made of iron, old rasps 
 being preferred. When iron cannot be obtained, they are made of very- 
 hard wood. These prongs are tied to a very slim pole, from fifteen to 
 twenty-five feet long, with strings or tough bark; and when a fish is 
 still they are easily thrust into it by tbe Indian in his canoe. Their traps 
 across the river are built of small sticks about an inch in diameter and 
 six feet long, very close together, leaning down stream, which prevent 
 the salmon going up, when they are easily caught and killed. They dry 
 some of the fish, especially large quantities of tht salmon, for winter use. 
 
 Th€'y dig for clams, which they dry in the smoke, aud also obtain 
 mussels and oysters. 
 
 Formerly they obtained oil from seals and porpoises, and bought 
 whale-oil from the Makah Indians, but of late years they have ceased to 
 use oil for food. 
 
 They use no grasshoppers, crickets, or insects for food. 
 
 They buy chiefly flour, sugar, rice, beans, coffee, tea, butter, yeast- 
 powders, saleratus, salt, lard, spices, sirup, dried apples, and crackers, 
 according to their means. 
 
 Dicinion of Utbor, concerning. — The men and women both work in the 
 
64 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 gardens. The men bunt and do most of the fishing ; the women get a 
 large share of the clams, mussels, berries, and roots, and do the cooking. 
 
 Amount eaten and frequency of eatintj. — They generally eat three times 
 a day, and about the same amount as white people. Formerly tiiey 
 were very irregular, eating a large amount at times, and very often, and 
 again very little for a long time. 
 
 Eating customs and rites. — ^lany of them have tables, chairs, and 
 stools, plates, bowls, knives and forks, and eat in the American way. 
 Sometimes they cook in a large pot, and a number sit around it and take 
 out what they wish with spoons, knives, and their fingers. At feasts 
 where there are a very large number present they spread mats upon the 
 ground, in the open air or in a large house, place the food upon them, 
 and sit on the ground around them while eating. 
 
 B. — Drinks. 
 
 Methods of preparing decoctions and intoxicating drinks; occasions for 
 Their use, and their effects. — They make no intoxicating drinks. They 
 sometimes get them of white people, drink secretly, and the etfect is 
 very bad — physically, pecuniarily, mentally, and morally. 
 
 There is a temperance society among them, and about one hundred 
 have joined it, pledging themselves to abstain from all intoxicating 
 drinks. Within the last year and a half since its organization a few 
 have broken this pledge ; but it is not known that any more have done 
 so than when the same number of white people join such a society. 
 The fact is also to be taken into consideration that in earlier years, 
 when there was less restraint, the greater portion of them would get 
 drunk. 
 
 They are very fond of tea and coffee, and use them as Americans do ; 
 and also make teas of cranberry-leaves and young blackberry and hem- 
 lock leaves, 
 
 C. — Xakcotics. 
 
 Methods of using, and effects. — Tobacco is quite generally used. Tlie 
 older ones generally smoke ; the younger ones both chew and smoke. 
 A few of the women also use it. It makes them somewhat dizzy at 
 first. Xo other narcotics are used to my knowledge. Tobacco is used 
 much as Americans use it, and not to my knowledge as a calumet of 
 peace. 
 
 The leaves of the killikiuick, a small bush which grows a foot or two 
 high, dried, and of laurel, dried, also the dried bark of ironwood, are 
 used, wh-^n they are short of tobacco, to mix with it, but are seldom if 
 ever used alone. 
 
 D.— Savors, flavors, etc. . 
 
 They use salt, pepper, and some other American spices as Americans 
 use them, but have no native ones. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. G5 
 
 E.— MEDICIN iii, POISONS, ETC. 
 
 Medkinea, preparation and adniunstration of. — U.snally by old men or 
 women, but by uny one who is sni)pose(l to know. There is no cUiss of 
 physicians. 
 
 Lint of diseases soutjht to he cured, the medicine for each, and the effect. — 
 Colds and biliousness: Eat alder-buds, and afterward drink salt water 
 for an emetic. 
 
 To stren;jjthen general debility : Ileat rocks, throw water over them, 
 place skunk-cabl)aj;e h'aves on them, then }?et over the steam. 
 
 For a physic and tonic : Oherry-bai k ; grind it in water and drink the 
 water. 
 
 For a tonic : Alderbark ; in same way as cherry-bark. 
 
 To purity the blood: Barberry-bark ; in same way as cherry-bark. 
 
 Skin-diseases: Oregon grajx' root and bark ; in same way as cherry - 
 bark. 
 
 Burns and scalds : Potatoes ; scrape and put tliem on. 
 
 Sore eyo^" • Tliey make r. coM tea from crab-apple bark, and wash the 
 eyes with it. 
 
 This is a partial list, but is the best I can give, as they do not t<'ll all 
 they have. 
 
 Effect. — All of them cure sometimes, and at other times do not. At 
 present, the Governmer.t furnishes them with a physician, who uses 
 American medicines entirely. If, however, they are not cured immedi- 
 ately by him, they often cease to take the medicine sooner than he or- 
 ders, and use their own. They sometimes also buy patent medicines. 
 Thus their medicines are a mixture of American an<l T.idian. 
 
 Poi.wns. — They have no native poisons which they now use, and very 
 seldom obtain any i''om the whites. Formerly it is said that matter 
 from sores was used, especially where there were two wives, one of 
 whom became jealous. Wh»Mi this was so, the jealous one gave this 
 matter to the other with her food. 
 
 $ i.—irAiiiTATioys. 
 
 A. — Dwellings. 
 
 Are they permanent or morahle? — Nearly all permanent; only occa- 
 sionally one which is movable. 
 
 ^atitral refuge and habitations of degraded tribes. — These Indians can- 
 not be called degradetl, but about half-civilized. All have houses of 
 some kind. 
 
 Location and laying out. — There is no order. Most of their houses are 
 on their farms, which consist of from ten to forty acres. In a few places, 
 there are quite a number of houses together, and where this 's so they 
 are generally near the water, in a single row facing the water. 
 
 Labor of construction. — The men build the houses with the help of the 
 Government carpenter, when they can have his assistance. 
 o BULL 
 
GG BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 1 
 
 rianx of intcrinv arran{iement : stnictiires at (liferent seasons. — The; 
 best lionses, which are built by Government help, are on their farm- ^^ 
 most of them on the Skokomi.sh liiver bottom, which is liable to ovei 
 flow in the winter. Hence the houses are built on blocks about t\v 
 feet from the ground, which renders them cold in the winter. Owin -^^ 
 to this, most of them leave them in the winter, and go to some larg ^^ 
 houses at Eneti, that part of the reservation which is ou Hood's Canal 
 and is not liable to overflow. rj 
 
 The summer houses are mostly about IG by 22 feet, and generally d: ^ 
 vided into two rooms, one for a bed-room and the other for a kitchei ^^ 
 and eatiiig-room. Sometimes there is only one room, and sometime 
 there are the two and a shed-kitchen added. A few of the rooms ar 
 papered, and most of the houses have a cook-stove, one or two bed 
 steads, a cupboard, a few chairs and trunks, &c. 
 
 Their winter houses are much larger, four times as large often, o 
 larger, generally 25 or 30 by 40 or 50 feet, and are for several families, 
 but with no partition. There is no floor but the ground, exeeptiug 
 against the wall all around for about 6 feet from it. Above this flooi 
 there are bunks all around about 3h feet wide, on which they sleep. 
 The doors are either in the middle of both ends of the house, or in the 
 middle of one side, and in each of the four corners one or more families 
 reside, building their fire on the ground, and letting the smoke escape 
 through holes in the roof. Their trunks, provisions, &c., are stored on 
 the small board floor. The workmanship of these houses is much poorer 
 than of the summer houses. Each house is owned by one man, and ht 
 allows his friends to live in a part of it, but they pay him no rent. 1 
 shall speak of these two difierent kinds of houses as summer and wintei 
 houses, although they are not strictly such, as a few use each kind all 
 the year round, and during the coming winter most of them expect to 
 live in their new, better houses, which I have termed summer houses. 
 
 Ancient strnctHres. — They were sunill, movable, and generally made 
 of split cedar boards, poles, and mats. Occasionally, when they are oli 
 fishing, or away from home for a time, they build such now. They are 
 5 or G feet high, 14 by IS feet or less ; the door is a mat, and all the 
 property is stored in this house, consisting of a single room, where 
 thej' also eat and sleep. The tire is in the middle of the house, and 
 when they are fishing, the fish are hung overhead, where they dry in 
 the smoke. There is no floor but the ground, or sometimes a mat. 
 
 OutbHildings. — (1) A barn for hay, as they use no other kind of feed. 
 This is either a shed made by setting posts in the ground, and cov. 
 eriug it with split cedar boards, varying in size, according to the 
 amount of hay, which is usually not more than three or four tons ; or it 
 may be one of their houses, for they sometimes store hay in a part and 
 live in the other part, or they fill the house with hay and go away for the 
 summer, either at work in a logging camp or fishing. 
 
EELL8 ON THE IWANA INDIANS. 67 
 
 (2) A stable for work-oxen. This is g^oiierally built similar to tbe shells 
 for hay, or tliat is built larger, and answers for both. 
 
 (3) A few have stables for horses, when they have one, which they 
 prize very highly, as a race-horse. Most of their horses and cattle, 
 however, are not sheltered ; the timber, according to their ideas, being 
 suflicient for this. 
 
 Structures for ohsirvation, memorial, (lefense, hurhd, and ceremony. — 
 There are none for any of these things except for burial, which are de- 
 scribed under chapter 111, section 15, B, '' Manner of disposing of the 
 dead." 
 
 Fuhlic huildmgs. — There are none, except when a potlatch is to take 
 place, which may be only once in ten or twenty years or more. The last 
 one took i>lace seven years ago, a few miles off" from the reservation. A 
 large house, about 50 feet wide and more than 300 long, was erected. It 
 was a frame building, inclosed with boards. The best part of the material 
 was removed soon after, and the rest has gone to decay. 
 
 ISweathousea. — These are used much as among most other Indian 
 tribes. They are 3 or 4 feet in height, and a little more in diameter, 
 being conoidal. Sticks are first driven into the ground, rather close to- 
 gether, which are covered with large leaves, as the maple, and these are 
 covered with mud. 
 
 B. — Appuktenanx^es to dwellings. 
 
 Boors. — For their best houses these are a plain American door, made 
 by the Government cari)enter. For their large winter houses, they are 
 made by themselves, are smaller, and mucli rougher. 
 
 Fireplaces. — For their large winter houses and their fishing-houses, 
 they have been described under the previous section. Most of their 
 summer houses have no fireplaces or chimneys, but are furnished with 
 cook-stoves, a part of tlie annuity goods of last year. A few have 
 a rough chimney built of sticks and mud at one en<l of the house, and 
 on the outside of it, and a few have cut a hole in the middle of the 
 tloor, filling it up with earth to the floor, on which they build the fire, 
 cutting a hole in the roof, where the smoke escapes. 
 
 Windows. — Their winter houses have none. Their summer ones have 
 one or two American windows. 
 
 Roofs, — These are made of split cedar boards. Fi)r some of their bet- 
 ter houses, they are dressed smooth, something similar to shingles, and 
 some are covered with shingles. 
 
 Fastenings, such as locks and latches. — Their winter houses are gener- 
 ally fastened with a wooden latch, wtiich is worked with a string, and 
 when they leave the house for the summer the door is usually nailed 
 fast. The summer houses are provided with American locks and door- 
 knobs. 
 
 Water-tanlis. — They have none; but when they live some distance from 
 
68 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 good water, wbich is not often the case, they generally carry their wate 
 in kegs and small barrels. 
 
 Totem-posts. — la the potlatch house which they began to build atj 
 Eneti more than a year ago, but which was not finished on account oij 
 the death of the principal man connected with it, there are five totem 
 posts, or tamanamus-posts, as they are called, which are about 8 feet 
 long, about 1 foot through, some being round and some being about G 
 incb'^s through by \ foot. They are intended to support the ridge-pole, 
 as shown in Fig. A, Plate 23, and are 8 feet long, of the shape showu 
 in Figs. B-E of the same plate, though there is not really much more 
 art to them than there is to a wooden turned bedstead-post. They are 
 not painted. 
 
 At the old potlatch house (see III, 2, A, '^Public-houses"), there were 
 originally twenty-six large cedar slabs set in the ground, which support 
 the cross-pieces, thirteen on each side. Ten of these have been re- 
 moved, and on four more there are no figures. Five were originally 
 painted, but the weather has worn the most of the x>aint off. They are 
 about 9 feet long above ground, li to 2^ feet wide, and 5 or G inches 
 thick. These posts are delineated on Plate 21, Figs. F-K, where the 
 dark shading indicates figures in red paint on the inside of the posts. 
 
 The first four of these figures are simply painted on a smooth surface, 
 but the last is carved, the darkest parts being raised the highest. Tiiese 
 posts have been left -exposed to the weather for seven years, but are 
 still considered tamanamus-posts, and probably would be even if they 
 should remain there until they should rot down. 
 
 Materials for buildinf). — Everything is built of lumber, or occasionally 
 split cedar boards are used, except some temporary structure of mats. 
 
 C. — Furniture and utensils. 
 
 IlammocJcs, hals, bedsteads. — They have no hammocks. Most of their 
 summer houses are furnished with plain, unpainted bedsteads made by 
 the Government carpenter. Those in the winter houses have been 
 described in A of the present section. For beds they have straw, 
 feathers, the head of the large mat-rush — sometimes called catstail — 
 several thicknesses of mats or blankets. A few use sheets. For the 
 covering they use blankets and <iuilts. 
 
 Filloics and head-rests. — They have feather-pillows or roll up their 
 mats. 
 
 Cradles and pappanse cases. — They have no cradles, but for young 
 infants they have a small board about the length of the child, on which 
 they place cedar bark, which is beaten up very fine, and on this they tie 
 the child a large portion of the time. When the child is a little older, 
 but not strong enough to hold on to its mother's neck, she wraps a blanket 
 or shawl around it and herself, and thus carries it on her back. 
 
 Chairs, stools, and benches. — Last year a number of chairs were fur- 
 nished them among their annuity goods. Previously to that they had 
 
Ball. IT. S. Geol. anrt Osogr. Survey, Vol. III. 
 
 Plate 23- 
 
 J 
 
 -i 
 
 Fig. B. 
 
 Fig. L. 
 
 Fig. A. 
 
 Fig. C. 
 
 Fig. D. 
 
 Fip. N. 
 
 Fiij. M. 
 
 Fig. E. 
 
 Fig. O. 
 
 a ^ 
 
 Appurtenances of dwellings, and implements, of the Twana Indians. 
 
' EEi LS OX THE TWANA INDIANS. C9 
 
 very few, but used homc-inade stools and b<Michos or sat on tlie <;round. 
 The woiiHMi especially are very luueh aceustoujed to sit on the ground, 
 or on their mats, or on the lioor. 
 
 Matting, carpet, and Jloor-cDcrriHi/s. — Tiu'y use nothiii<;' in the form of 
 carpetinj^. They often lay th«Mr mats on the floor or jj^round, on which 
 they store their things, eat, or sit, but do not use them as carpeting. 
 
 Racks and other protections for food. — Most of them have a small cup- 
 board five or six feet hij^h and two or three feet wide, without any door. 
 Their Hour is generally kept in the sack, the salmon in bundles or 
 baskets, and much of their other food in baskets or sacks, or small 
 amounts in cupboards. Their <lishes are generally kei)t in the cup- 
 boards. 
 
 Tables. — The Government carpenter has made plain, unpainted tables 
 for most of the summer houses, on which they eat, seldom, if ever, using 
 a table cloth. In their winter houses thej' use very few tables, either 
 placinJ^• the food on a mat or eating from the vessel in which it is cooked, 
 sometimes eating singly and sometimes together. 
 
 E. — MlSCELLANEOirs — FURXITUKE. 
 
 Brooms, Jlyhrushes, urinals, others not mentioned. — A number of them 
 have American brooms, and a few use them considerably, becoming 
 somewhat neat, but with most of them there is very much room for 
 improvement. They also sometimes make a temporary broom from fir 
 and cedar boughs. There is nothing else under this head of any im- 
 portance which is used. 
 
 ^■i.— VESSELS AXD UTENSILS. 
 
 a. — Xatural material. 
 
 Mineral material. — They make no pottery or wares from clay, nor am 
 I aware that they make any utensils from stone or of metallic material. 
 
 Vegetable material . — Maple and laurel are used in making spoons, cedar 
 roots in making water-tight baskets, cedar boughs in making common 
 carrying-baskets; also, one kind of swamp-grass forms the chief mate- 
 rial for one kind of carrying-basket. Small grasses of black, j'ellow, 
 and slate colors are used for l)eauty in the water-tight baskets. Kushes 
 or cattail are used in making mats. 
 
 Animal material. — Cattle-horns are used in making large spoons, and 
 clam-shells are occasionally used as drinking-disbes or spoons without 
 any manufacture. 
 
 A. — Vessels fok holding and cabbying water food, etc. 
 
 Oourds, dugouts, bladders, and funnels. — Xone. 
 
 Bottles, jugs, jars, boicls. — All of these are used, and are of American 
 manufacture. 
 J Boxes. — Boxes of all shapes and sizes are iu use, chiefly of American 
 
70 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ^"^ 
 
 manufacture, both of tin aud wood. They like also those of Chiuese 
 make. They do not use them for carrying water, and but little for 
 holding food, but usually for hohling other things. Cheap trunks of 
 American manufacture are very common, in which they keep their best 
 clothes, and other things which they wish to save from the smoke and 
 dirt. 
 
 Tight baskets. — Water-tight baskets which are indexible are very 
 common, holding from a quart to half a bushel. Tuey make them of 
 cedar roots split, sew them very firmly together, and ornaujent them 
 with grasses of various colors, yellow, bUick, slate color, &c. 
 
 Mats. — Their u.ats, which are often spread on the ground, and on 
 which their food is placed, are made of the swamp grass sometimes called 
 cattail. The women feather the material in the summer, dry it, and 
 make them in the winter. The grass is first cut as long as is to be the 
 ■width of the mat, usually about tliree feet, but sometimes five feet. The 
 ends are then fastened together in the shape of the mat, and strings 
 made of the same grass torn lo pieces and twisted are run through 
 lengthwise of the mat and about four inches apart. In doing this, a 
 needle is used, which is about three feet long, a half an inch wide, and 
 three cornered, with an eye in one end, in ^vhich the string is placed. 
 After the string is run through, a small piece of wood wiih a crease is 
 run over the mat where the string has been sewed to render it firm and 
 of good shape. The edges of the mats are fastened by weaving the 
 grass firmly together. These mats are also used for beds, several thick- 
 nesses of them being quite soft, for making temporary houses, and for 
 lining wooden houses to make them warm. 
 
 Mathaslcts. — A basket is sometimes made of grass, which is quite 
 strong, but their prin(!ipal rtexible basket is made of cedar limbs, split 
 and dressed. These pieces, some with the bark on and some with it off, 
 are arranged quite regularly and tastily. They are strong, and are 
 used for carrying apples, potatoes, fish, clams, mussels, indeed are of al- 
 most universal use for carrying purposes. They hold from half a bushel 
 to a bushel. A rope is fiistened into the handles of the basket, which 
 passes around the forehead of a woman, and thus they usually carry 
 the load by the strength of the neck. I have seen one c-.rry a basket 
 full of apples, and two babies one and two years old. Where the rope 
 presses against the forehead it is changed to a braid of cloth, about 
 three inches wide, which is soft, and does not hurt the head. The colors 
 in this braid are often woven in quite fancifully. 
 
 B. v^'essels and utensils for preparing food. 
 
 Troughs and hasPetsfor stone boiling. — Xone are in use now. Formerly 
 iheir water-tight baskets described in A of this sectiou were used for 
 this purpose. 
 
 Pots of clay, stone, d-c. — !J^one of clay or stone are used. Iron pots of 
 
B«ll. U. S. Geol. and Googr. Survey, Vol. ILL 
 
 Plate 24. 
 
 Appurtenances of dwellings of tbo Twaua Indians. 
 
I EliLLS OX THE TWANA INDIANS. 71 
 
 Ainciii^m iiiaiiiiCacttin' are very coiniiioii i\)v hoiliiij,' food, whet her tliey 
 cook l»y a stove, tire|»la<!e, or on the ^mouikI. 
 
 I'ans. — Tin pans of American nianntaeture are very eoinrnon for vari- 
 oas cookinj; pnrpo.ses. 
 
 Spits and other contrironveH for roasting. — A very common spit for 
 roastinji lish is made l)y splittiiif? a stick abont three feet long and an 
 inch in diameter tw») thirds of its len^tli, and then tying it with grass to 
 prevent its splitting farther ; all the entls are sharpened, the meat being 
 stuck on the parts that are split, and the other end placed in the ground 
 before the tire. 
 
 Boivl.s for mixing food. — They use American ones of earth(!nware quite 
 geneially. 
 
 Ckurnfi and dairy vessels. — Tliey have none, as they use bat very little 
 milk, ajid make no butter. 
 
 Coffee-mills. — American coflfee-mills are used for grinding coffee. 
 
 C— Vessels and utensils for serving and eating food. 
 
 Bread trays, mushbowlSj meat-trays. — There is nothing made specially 
 for these things. 
 
 Plates and dishes, pitchers. — Those of American manufacture, chiefly 
 earthen, but some of tin, are almost universally used. 
 
 Drinking vessels. — Eartheu tea-cups, bowls, tin cups, and dippe-rs, are 
 commonly used, and glasses are sometimes in use. 
 
 Knives and forks. — Common ones of American make are quite generally 
 in use. 
 
 Spoons, ladles, and (///;;>ers. — Common American tea and table spoons 
 and tin dii)pers are used quite often. They also make a spoon both of 
 born and hard wood, the handle of which is 4 inches long, the bowl 
 of the spoon G inches long, 4 wide, and IJ deep, which is (luite com- 
 mon, though sometimes they are much smaller and sometimes larger. 
 
 Pipes, pipe-stems, pouches. — Common American pipes and stems are gen- 
 erally used; sometimes they make stems of wood ; generally they carry 
 their tobacco in their pockets or in a common bag; a few of the older 
 ones have pouches adorned with fancy work and beads and similar to 
 a shot-[»ouch. 
 
 D.— Ornamental and miscellaneous vessels, etc. 
 
 Lamps and the lile. — Quite often they use American coal-oil lamps. 
 Candles were used a few years ago, and are to some extent now; but as 
 lamps have become cheap they prefer them. Some also use American 
 lanicrns, and torches of pitch-wood are very common. However, the^' 
 use neither candles nor lamps as much as Americans, as they cannot 
 read or write during the evening. 
 
 Pails, basins. — For wash-basins they commonly use American tin wash 
 basins, or tin pans, or sometimes earthen bowls ; they use both tin and 
 wooden water-pails. 
 
72 1{ULLKTI.\ INlTKi) STA IKS GE(M.OGICAL .SUUVEV. 
 
 ^ 4—CL0TlHy(i. t 
 
 A.— Kaw material. * 
 
 Sliins, shuics. — Fijnnerly, clothes wore iiiiid*' of dresstMl (ker-skiiis , 
 sewed with sinews, I, however, liuve seen only one pair of pjints here 
 made of this material, and they were boiij^ht of the Cht'halis Iinlians. 
 A few niot'casins are made of deer-skins. Tiicy dress a few deer and 
 elk skins and catch a few beaver and seals, but sell most of the skins to 
 the whites. 
 
 Wool and hair. — Formerly, a blanket was made of dogs' hair and feath- 
 ers, but not now. They have no sheep, but buy a little wool, which they 
 card, spin into yarn, and knit into socks and stockings. 
 
 B.— Fabrics in different stages of manufacture. 
 
 Dressed slcins and furs.— 'Soiliing except what is spoken of in the pre 
 ceding section. 
 
 ^Yoolen, cotton, and linen stufs. — They l)uy a large amount of these 
 kinds of American goods, which they make into dresses, women's un- 
 derwear, shirts, children's clothes, and the like, and articles of house- 
 hold use. 
 
 C. — Suits of clothing. 
 
 0/ dignitaries. — There are none; neither the chiefs nor the medicine- 
 men dressing diflerently from others. 
 
 Of male adults. — They generally dress with plain American clothing 
 of all kinds during the week, though they do not keep it very clean. 
 For Sunday, Fourth of July, and public days, most of the men have 
 good pants, broadcloth or linen coats, according to the season, white 
 bosom-shirts, collars, neckties, shoes and boots, socks, vests, hats, and 
 caps. 
 
 Of females. — They dress very much as xVraerican women, with plain 
 clothes. For more particulars, see the following paragraphs. 
 
 Of children. — At home, those just able to run around sometimes have 
 little more than a long shirt, but generally they have more, especially 
 as they grow older ; very seldom, however, wearing shoes during the 
 week-days. They have good clothes, like American children, for Sun- 
 days. Nearly all of school-going age are in the boarding-house, where 
 they are provided with plain, strong American clothes as American 
 children. Government furnishing the cloth, and the matron or her as- 
 sistant making the clothes. 
 
 For special occasions. — Nothing except tha^ both men, women, and 
 children have better clothes for Sunday and prominenc days than their 
 common e very-day wear. 
 
 Of special castes or crafts. — None. 
 
 D. — IIead-clothing. 
 Head-cloths, hoods, &c. — The women often tie handkerchiefs around 
 
EELLS ON Tin: IWANA INDIANS. 73 
 
 thi'ir heads, or wear their shawls over tlicir heads; very often also 
 they go l>arehea(hMl. Very few have hoods, h.vts, or bonnets. About 
 a dozen have Anieriean hidi«*.s' hats, thon;,'h bnt lew wear them much. 
 The scliool-fjirls all wear hats. 
 
 C<i)>s, litifs. — Tin^ men wear always American hats orcai)S, some wear- 
 iuj^ one and some the other; bnt hats are more <j:enei'ally worn. Tiiere 
 are a very few hats whieh are made by the Makah Indians which 
 are worn by the ohl Indians. They are strong and water-proof. 
 
 Umddrc'fis of ceremony. — They wear none now. 
 
 E. — Body CLOTHING. 
 
 Clouts, cinctHres, Hmocks. — They wear none iu)w. Formerly th(*y had 
 a clout around the waist made of cedar bark, it being a baml with a 
 fringe extending nearly down to the knees. After tb.e English came, 
 they made them of blankets. 
 
 Aprons. — The women sometimes wear plain ones. 
 
 Breeches. — American ones are always worn by the men and older 
 bo^s, except occasionally a very old man does not. 
 
 Shirts. — The men commonly undershirts and woolen uvershirts ; but 
 on Sunday many appear with white ones. 
 
 Jackets, blouses, j)arkas, and tunics. — A few Jackets and blouses are 
 worn; almost all have coats of some kind; and, for rainy and cold 
 weather, a few have cloaks, all of American make. Vests too are com- 
 mon. 
 
 ]Vomen''s nndertcear. — They buy American material, and make their 
 own clothes. First a chemise, and second a petticoat, and sometimes 
 two or three. 
 
 Gowns. — A few of the very old ones are seen without dresses, stopping 
 with the skirt ; but almost all wear gowns made by themselves of Ameri- 
 can calico and woolen dress goods, according to the season. 
 
 Mantles, capes, and the like. — A very few have cloaks. 
 
 Shawls. — American woolen and "Dolly Varden" shawls are very com- 
 mon. Often they have several. 
 
 Blankets. — Occasionally blankets are worn in the winter, bat not often, 
 except by ver> old persons. 
 
 Holes of state and ceremony. — None are worn now. 
 
 F.— Arji-clothing. 
 
 Gloves and mittens. — Occasionally, when well dresseJ, a few men and 
 women wear cotton gloves, aud in cold weather a few wear woolen 
 mittens. All of American make. 
 
 G.— Leg and foot clothing. 
 
 Moe'"^<iin8. — ' very few are worn, but the climate is too wet to admit 
 of tbeii 1L.V. " ub I much. 
 
'a 
 
 A. — Skix ornamentation, 
 
 Painti)}<i, patterns, and apparatus. — During their jjamos, festivals, and 
 at special times, a tew of the men paint their faces, but it is more com- 
 mon amonj; the women, not onlv on such davs, but on other davs. 
 They use American red paint chietly, but sometimes the juice of ber- 
 ries: formerly they obtained a red paint in the mountains. The women 
 paint to prevent their beiu;; tanned by the sun; and also, if tliey have 
 done anything: which will make iliem blush when in company, they 
 
 74 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Shoes, boots. — P.oth are very common, of American make. Thick pj 
 heavy ones are generally worn ; but sometimes they have lighter ones ^i 
 for Sunday. The men, except the old ones, wear them constantly; the cl 
 women but little in the summer, except on Sundays, and the children u 
 are barefoot a great portion of the time. Even the Indian school-chil- xi 
 dren are barefoot in the summer, but not in the winter. 
 
 Stoclcings. — Socks and stockings are very common, both of native and j 
 American manufacture. ( 
 
 Lei/fiings. — Very seldom worn. 
 
 II. — Parts of dress. 
 
 Collars. — They are not usually worn, but sometimes the men wear 
 American paper ones, and the women American paper and linen ones. 
 
 Poekets and reticules. — They have no reticules. Pockets are common 
 in coats, vests, pants, overshirts. and gowns. 
 
 Xeedleicork and qnill-icork. — I have seen no quill-work. They do 
 plain sewing very well, and a large amount of it, making their dresses 
 and underclothes, and sometimes men's white shirts. 
 
 Bead-icnrl: — There is not very much bead- work among them. Their 
 gowns and shot-pouches are sometimes trimmed with them. 
 
 Fastenings. — A large brass pin of native manufacture, about five 
 inches long, is used for fastening the shawl together; and when this is 
 lacking, one made of hard wood and in similar shape is used. American 
 buttons, pins, a few buckles, hooks and eyes, are used. 
 
 Belts. — The men and women both wear belts, as American men and 
 women do. 
 
 Others not mentioned. — Of late years, suspenders are slowly taking the 
 place of belts among the men. 
 
 I. — Receptacles for dress. 
 
 Xets, knapsnels, and skin-hags. — Very few, if anj*. 
 
 Trunks, chests, tCr. — Trunks are very common for this purpose. See 
 sec, 3, A, '• Boxes." In their better houses, some of their clothes are 
 often hung up on the walls. There are also a few American valises 
 among them. 
 
 V^ :y.-rERSOXAL ADOnyMEST. 
 
M EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 7& 
 
 '-"'^ paint to prevent their blushes being seen. They paint their faces very 
 ^■'' differently — sometimes in streaks on the cheeks, sometimes the whole 
 '*^ cheek, or other parts of the face. There is no order about ii. They 
 ^ use their tinf^ers for brushes. Formerly there was much more of it than 
 '• now, it being almost universal in time of war. 
 
 The native red paint was ootained from a tree in the mountains, 
 '' and apparently has the grain of the bark ; but from their ilescription 
 
 of it I think it is a parasite of the tree, and is prepared in some way, 
 
 which certaiidy, from the specimen T have seen, does not destroy the 
 
 grain of the plant, which is very co.irse. 
 
 Tattoos and apparatus. — A little of this is done, but much less than 
 
 formerly, and chiefly now among the children. In doing it, they use a 
 
 needle and thread, blackening the thread with charcoal, and drawing it 
 
 under the skin as deeply as they can bear it. 
 
 Scarring lancets and Jl int. — There rre none now. Probably there were 
 
 formerly, but I cannot learn definitely about them. 
 
 13. — Head ornaments. 
 
 Flumes and the like. — It is very seldom now that they wear native 
 plumes in their hats. Formerly they were quite common, eagle's and 
 hawks' feathers being preferred. Occasionally now in play the boys 
 put a feather in their hats. Two or three of the men have their caps 
 trimmed with a band of fur or red velvet. The few women who have 
 hats have an ostrich feather in them, bought with them. 
 
 Hair-2>ins. — Some of the women braid the hair and puc it up with 
 pins ; a few put it up in nets, but generally it is left to hang down un- 
 braided. 
 
 Tuching-comhs. — Very few are used. 
 
 Earrings and pendants. — They wear both native ear-rings and Amer- 
 ican cheap jewelry. One kind of native ear-ring is about an inch square, 
 green, and made of a large oyster shell. Another is their ancient mone^-, 
 obtained, as they say, far otf in the ocean, probably north. They are 
 white, about an inch and three-fourths in length, three-sixteenths in 
 diameter at the larger end, and tapering toward the smaller end and 
 slightly curved. Small bits of black or red cloth are thrust intt the 
 large end of them. About ten of them are worn in each ear. They 
 also buy of other Indians, one made of silver, about two inches long, 
 one-half an inch in diameter at the lower end, and tapering toward the 
 upper end. I have also seen money used as a child's ear-ring. Except 
 in the cases of a few old ones, the men wear none. The old women 
 more commonly wear the shells, and tlie younger ones American cheap 
 jewelry. 
 
 Headhands were also made of the second kind of shell, used for ea"- 
 rings (see ear-rings of present section); also used for money, and called 
 dentalia. Enough of these were strung to go around the head, but 
 often ten or fifteen were placed side by side, making a wide head-band 
 
76 BULLETIN UNITED STATES, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ChecTcstuds, inouthpc{/s, lahrcts, nose ornaments, teeth mutilations, and 
 ornaments. — Xone are used now. Formerly' they bored holes in the 
 nose, into which they inserted quills or shells, the second described 
 among the ear-rings in this paragraph. 
 
 C. — Neck-oknaments. 
 
 SecJilaces. — Those of beads are often worn, the blue color being pre- 
 ferred, the second kind of shells spoken of under the previous para- 
 graph. Ear-rings were formerly sometimes used for this purpose. 
 American cheap jewelry is also sometimes worn now. All of these are 
 ■worn chiefly by the women. 
 
 D. — Breast and body orna3ients. 
 
 Gorgets and ornamental chains; nipjylestuds. — There are none in exist- 
 ence now, nor have they been used as far as I can learn. 
 
 Ornamental girdles, sashes, tfcc. — There are none now, but they for- 
 merly were used. 
 
 E. — Ornaments of the limbs. 
 
 Armlets. — There are none now, and I do not know that they have been 
 used. 
 
 Bracelets. — American ones are often worn by the women, of copper, 
 brass, silver, and gutta-percha. 
 
 Finger-rings. — Those of American manufacture are ofteu worn, chiefly 
 by the women, ma<le both of silver and gold. 
 
 Anl-Iets. — There are none worn now, but those of copper and brass 
 were formerly used. 
 
 F. — TOILET-ARTICLES. 
 
 Cosmetics. — Xone except paiut. 
 
 Pomades for the hair. — Hair-oil is very often used, and formerly they 
 used bear and other oils, but nothing for coloriug the hair. 
 
 Soaps and substit^ites therefor. — American soaps are verj' common. 
 They also use a kind of sugar colored clay, and the leaves of some 
 trees. 
 
 Combs. — American ones are in common use. Formerly they made 
 them of wood. 1 have one with teeth about two and a half inches 
 Jong, and five of them to the inch, but they vary in size. 
 
 Brushes. — American hair and clothes brushes are often used. 
 
 Ticeezersfor removing hair and heard. — They make them of steel and 
 tin, and sometimes pull out the beard between the finger and a knife. 
 
 Mirrors. — Small American ones are very common. 
 
 Perfumes. — All kinds of American perfumes which they can obtain 
 they use. They also use sweet-scented roots. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. TT 
 
 G. — OTnER PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. 
 
 Fans. — Boughs of trees are used for fans, also birds' wings and tails, 
 especially those of eagles and hawks. 
 
 Parasols, shailes. — None are used to i)rotect them from the sun. A 
 few have American umbrellas for rainy weather. 
 
 Artificial Jioicers. — The few women who have American hats have 
 artificial flowers in them. They use no others. 
 
 Beads. — They are common for necklaces: a few also use them for trim- 
 ming dresses. A few children have their dresses trimmed witli dimes, 
 
 on the shoulders. 
 
 C.— IMrLKMEXTS. 
 
 I. — Of f/eneral vse. 
 
 Knires. — American eating, butcher, and i)ocket knives are in com- 
 mon use. They also make one of steel, with a wooden handle. It is 
 about six or eight inches long, and curves at the end, as shown at Fig. 
 L, Plate 23. 
 
 Chopper-knircs. — They use none. Formerly they made one similar in 
 shape to a chop[)ing-knife, of tin, for opening salmon. 
 
 Axes and hatchets. — All use American ones, as they do a large amount 
 of logging. 
 
 Adzes and wood-scrapers. — They make a small hand-adze of a large 
 file, sharp'ening it at one end and fastening the other to one branch of a 
 forked stick with rawhi<le, while the other branch is used as the handle. 
 Each branch is about six or eight inches long. 
 
 Wedfjes and matils. — Both are in use. The mauls are made by them- 
 selves, as xlmericans make tliem, or with the help of the Government 
 carpenter. Old ax-heads are also often used for wedges. They were 
 formerly made of elk-horns, ])ieces a foot in length being cut off from 
 the base where they are two and a half or three inches in diameter, 
 Wooden ones are also used. 
 
 Chisels, gouf/es, and the like. — They have American chisels, 
 
 San-ing-tools. — American hand aad cross-cut saws are in common use, 
 the latter chiefly in logging. 
 
 Rammers. — They use American ones chiefly. A few have the old 
 stone ones, made in the shape of a pestle. 
 
 Drills and perforators, embracing awls, reamers, hand and hoic drills. — 
 American awls and augers are in common use. 
 
 Clamps and nippers. — They have American nippers. 
 
 Ras2)s and other smoothingtools. — They have American drawing-knives 
 for smoothing boards, and some of them are able to use a plane, but 
 they own none. 
 
 Whetstones and other sharpening tools. — They have American whet- 
 stones, and some own grindstones. Ti)ey use American files, large and 
 small, for filing saws. 
 
78 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Levers, dt'. — They use wooden levers and caut-books for rollin.vj loj^s. 
 They also have some American blocks aud tackle. 
 
 Tool-boards and boxes. — They have no tool-boards. Any common box 
 answers for holding the smaller tools, aud the large ones are kept any 
 where about the house. 
 
 II. — [mplemcnts of war and the chase. 
 
 A. — Striking. 
 
 Clubs of rarious forms and material. — Formerly they made such ot 
 wood and stones large enough to be handled easily. 
 
 B. — TUROWING-WEArONS. 
 
 Slings and shots or stones. — Slings and stones are used as i)laythings 
 by the boys, aud formerly by the young men in killing ducks. 
 
 Fire-2>ots. — Those filled with pitch-wood were formerly used to set 
 on fire houses into which an enemy had tied. A part of the besieging 
 force would attack one side of the house in order to draw the attention 
 of the besieged away from the opposite side, when the party with these 
 tire-pots would approach, set on fire the pitch-wood, throw it on the 
 roof, and as the besieged attempted to escape they were killed with 
 spears, dubs, knives„or were shot. 
 
 C. — Weapons for cutting and striking. 
 
 Battle-axes, tomahairl:'^, and the like. — Xonearein use now. Formerly 
 they had them made of stoue, and, after they were able to obtain them, 
 hatchets were used, though not to throw. 
 
 •»5' 
 
 D. — TlIRUSTING-WEAPONS. 
 
 Lances and lance-heads. — These, about eight feet long, were formerly 
 used iu both war aud the chase. The points were stone, iron, bone, yew, 
 or ironwood. 
 
 Harpoons and points. — These were formerly used in fishing. See be- 
 yond, under '' Fishing-implements." 
 
 Daggers. — They formerly made them of files or other suitable iron 
 which they could obtain, and they are used some now. 
 
 Spears and points. — A duck-spear, which is fifteen or twenty feet long, 
 with four or five prongs at the end, so far apart that a duck may be 
 caught between them. At the end of each prong is a piece of steel 
 about six inches long, made from an old file, with a few very coarse 
 teeth, which are on the outside so that they will not injure the body of 
 the bird, and yet will catch among the feathers. They use these spears 
 by night, going in their canoes, making a kind of dark lantern, so that 
 the duck will not see the men. (See Fig. M, Plate 23.) 
 
 t 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 79 
 
 E. — Projectile weapons. 
 
 « 
 
 Boies and arroicH. arroic heads, and quirers. — At present, they are used 
 only as pUiytliiiij^s tor children, and are very poor; but formerly they 
 were very coiniuon. The bows were about three feet long, and were 
 made of yew- wood ; the strings of sinew, or the intestines of raccoons. 
 The arrows were about two and one-half feet long, were made of cedar, 
 with feathered shafts, and points of stone, and of nails after they ob- 
 tained them ; and the (juiver of wolfskin. Arrow-hea<l.s are sometimes 
 made of brass or iron, two or three inches long, half an inch wide, and 
 very thin, and of very hard wood, five inches long, and round. Some- 
 times, for birds, they are made of ironwood, about five inches long, 
 with two prongs, one of them being half an inch shorter than the other, 
 
 Fire-armH and outfii. — llifles and muskets are very (ioiumon, the men 
 often owning several. Their shot-pouch is made either of cloth or 
 leather, and their powder carried either in the flask or horn. A very 
 common sheath for the gun is made of a piece of a blanket, sewed so 
 that the gun will tit into it. 
 
 Poison for missilefi. — None, as far as 1 can learn, lias been used. 
 Formerly', they sometimes burned their spear-i»oints a little, both before 
 and after wounding an enemy, superstitiously thinking it would hurt 
 worse, or poison that into which it had been or would be thrust. 
 
 F. — Defensive weapons. 
 
 Piirryinti-stielcH, shields, helmets, visors, mail, greares, fetters, snares, pit- 
 falls, stockades, earthicorks, and other fortifications. — None are in use 
 now, nor do I learn that they ever were, in war. In hunting, they 
 formerly sometimes used pitfalls, and also made stockades of sticks in 
 the form of a V, at the small end of which was a net made of string. 
 The deer being driven into the V would attemi)t to escai)e, but not see- 
 ing the net, would catch his horns in it, and then was killed. The string 
 for the net was made of nettlestalk tiber twisted. 
 
 G. — Besieging and assaultinct contrivances. 
 
 The only one of which 1 learn has been described in B of the present 
 section, " Fire-pots." 
 
 II. — Armories. 
 They had none. 
 
 I. — Trophies and standards. 
 
 Scalps and the like ; tomahawks of ceremony and other standards - 
 trophies erected to commemorate victories. — As far as I can learn, none 
 of these have ever been in use. 
 
 Skulls. — The heads of the enemy were formerly brought Lome as em 
 blems of triumph. 
 
80 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL ST'RVEY. 
 
 K. — OXHEU WEAPONS. 
 
 Deadfalls were formerly used in huntin;;, some of them very Iarf:;( 
 with weights so lieavv that tliev would kill lar^fo .animals. As the, 
 have had no war either with the whites or other Indians for eighteen o 
 twenty years, it is almost imimssible to describe minutely their weapon ^ 
 or mode of war. They are now a very peaceful tribe. If by any clianc 
 a war >:liould occur, it is jirobable that an observer would learn man\ 
 things of which we now have no report. 7 
 
 llD 
 
 III. — Implements of special use. su 
 
 A. — Flint and stone work, emgracing also working in ivory ^j 
 
 AND OTHER HARD MATERIALS. 
 
 Qunm/Dnj, tlakhig by tire and otherwise, chipping, peeking, grinding. P* 
 iharptning. ^.olishing, perforaiing, earring. — They do no such work now. l'^ 
 and hence have no such implements. I have been told that they never 
 did much such work, but bought their stone implements of other Indians : ^ 
 but i am inclined to think they did make some stone hammers, pipes, ^^ 
 and arrow-heads, but if they did it was so long ago that it is impossible * 
 to describe the process or the implements. 
 
 r.. — Implements for fire making and utilizing. r 
 
 n 
 
 Hand-drills and tire-sticls, hoicdriJh; Jiint and steel or other pyrites, j. 
 
 moss, pintk. and tinder-tongs, bellows, other fire-tools, and special fuels. — I 
 do not learn that they ever used tongs or bellows. Formerly a fire was j 
 made with two sticks, holding one perpendicular to the other, letting ^ 
 one end of it press on the side of the other, and rubbing it briskly be- 
 tween the hands. Fire was then very valuable, and was often carried » 
 very carefully long distances from one camp to another by inclosing .it ] 
 closely between two sticks, so that very little air should strike it. This 
 process was used twenty or twenty-five years ago. Afterward, when 
 they obtained tlint-lock muskets, they struck lire with them. Of late 
 years, they use matches almost entirely. Fir pitch-wood is also very 
 common in helping to start the fire, and also for a light out-doors, 
 especially wlien fishing in the night. They frequently bring small 
 bundles of it to the whites for sale. 
 
 C. — Implemenls for bow and arrow making. 
 
 Bow dressing, bowstring-making, arrow straightening and polishing; 
 cement and stickx. — As at present, bows and arrows are only used as 
 playthings by the children ; the making of them is of no special import- 
 ance. They are made with a knife, and any common strong string is 
 used. A straight cedar stick is split for arrows, a few common feathers 
 tied on, the point split, and a nail tied into it. For further particulars 
 see sec. G, II, E. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 81 
 
 D. — P'ISHING-IMPLEMENTS OTHER THAN WEAPONS. 
 
 ' Hooks and lines. — Tbey buy Americaa lines, also some American 
 hooks. They make a large number from steel and bone, which they 
 prefer, as they say they are stronger than American ones. By heating 
 
 .and filing the steel, they bring 't into the proper shape. One kind of 
 salmon-hook is made of a straight piece of steel, about six inches 
 long, and sharp. On each side of it pieces of bone are tied. A 
 line is attached to it, and also a pole fifteen or twenty feet long, in 
 such a way that by means of the pole it may be driven into the fish, the 
 pole drawn out, and the hook remain, held by the string, when it is 
 
 ' drawn in. 
 
 Gigs, harpoons. — Harpoons are sometimes used for seal-fishing. The 
 point is of iron, and the spear and line used as with the salmon-hook 
 just described. 
 
 P Spears. — For one kind, see sec. A, of the present chapter. A her- 
 
 . ring-spear or rake is made about fifteen feet long, and on the lower end 
 for three feet sharj) iron points, often made of nails, are driven iu about 
 an inch apart. 
 
 Ifets. — They generally buy American twine and make them. For one 
 kind, see the following description of weirs. There is one net on the 
 reservation about four or five hundred feet long and forty feet wide, 
 made of twine, buoyed with blocks made of cedar, and used for catch- 
 ing salmon in salt-water. 
 
 Probes, ice-breakers, stools., skewers, tCr,, for seal-fishing. — They have 
 none. In catching them, they shoot them or spear them at night. For 
 spear, see harpoons. 
 
 Weirs and traps of every kind. — Weirs are made across the ri er. 
 They are of small sticks, about an inch in diameter and six feet long, 
 fastened closely together, so that a fish cannot run up between them. 
 A number of nets are made of twine, about eight feet across, and in the 
 shape of a shallow bowl, the rim being of wood bent around. These 
 are let into the water at night below the weir, and closely watched. A 
 few strings, one end of which is tied to them and the other end above, 
 indicate when a salmon is in it, when it is hauled up, and the fish 
 killed. 
 
 E. — Hinting IMPLEMENTS other than weapons. 
 
 Traps and snares. — American steel-traps are often used in catching 
 
 mink and beaver. 
 
 F. — Leather-working tools. 
 
 Butchering and fiaying. — For this an American knife, commonly a 
 bntcher-kiiife or large pocket-knife, is used. 
 
 Scrapers, tanning. — The deer or elk hide is soaked for two days, and 
 the hair removed by scraping it with a rough iron. It is then soaked a 
 half a day with the deer-brains, in hot water, over a fire; the deer- 
 
 6 BULL 
 
82 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 braius beiug rubbed over, somethiug like soap. It is then stretched, at 
 rubbed witli rocks uutil it becomes soft aad pliable, when they dig 
 liole iu the ground, build a tire of rotteu wood or cedar bark, streti 
 the skiu over it, and cover it with blankets, thus smoking it, alt 
 which it is fit for use. 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 Leatheru-orklmi, crimping, se icing, ahoemalcing, fringing, braiding, nui 
 ing babiche, dc — There is very little of this now, as has already bet 
 stated. They sell most of their tanned deer and elk skins to Amer 
 cans. In sewing into moccasins, they use a needle and awl, thread an 
 sinew. I have not seen auv of the other kinds of work mentioned. 
 
 
 G.— BUILDEES' TOOLS. 
 
 01 
 
 Tent-making. — They have no real tents, only mat houses, in the makin 
 of which they use an ax, hatchet, hammer, and a few nails. 
 
 Felling trees. — American axes are always used. a 
 
 Making jAanks. — They are bought at the American saw-mills. Fo; \ 
 merly they were split from cedar-trees with wedges. c 
 
 Smoothing wood. — The knife, ax, hand-adze, and drawing-knife, aii 1 
 a few use Government planes, though they own none. e 
 
 Holloicing and carving wood. — The knife, ax, hatchet, and hand-adz 
 are commonly used. 
 
 Prtirtfm^.— Generally this is done with the fingers or a cloth; seldon 
 if ever, using a brush. 
 
 Boat-building. — They make no boats except canoes, in the making , 
 which an ax and the hands are the principal implements used. 
 
 I — Potters' tools. 
 
 As has been already stated (sec. 3, A), they do no work of this kimi 
 and hence have no tools. 
 
 J.— Tools for mining and metallurgy. 
 
 !Sledges for breaJcing ore, hammers and anril-stones for cold metal, smeh 
 ing and molding ajjparatus, smithing-tools, implements for gold and sih\ 
 working. — They do no stone, gold, and silver working, and hence hav- 
 no tools. In working iron for making spear-points and fish-hooks, tbe 
 use an ax and hammer and file and fire. 
 
 K.— Tools for procuring and manufacturing food. 
 
 Eoot diggers.— ShsiTi>po'mteil sticks and iron tools are used. * 
 Gathering-baskets and fans.— Their common baskets, of all kinds au 
 
 sizes, are used ; the water-tight ones more especially for berries and tL 
 
 larger ones for roots. (See sec. 3, A.) 
 
 Pounding-baskets and pesths— Their water-tight baskets are used i: 
 
 which to pound the food, and any rough rock or tbe hand for pounding 
 
LELL8 ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 83 
 
 L.— AGRICrLTLRAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Spailf's, .shorels, hoes, ntkes. — All of these of American inciiiufiK'tuiv are 
 in constant use, a large share of which they liave r^-eeived aiuouj; their 
 €h)veruiueut annuities. 
 
 Ploics. — Generally they <lij; their gardens with the hoe or sj>a<le. 
 When they wish to plow, which is sehloiu, they borrow a Government 
 plow, as they own none. 
 
 Uarrestingtools, (jrananeN. — As they raise no grain, they have none. 
 
 For cuttin}; hay, they use American scythes ; forked sticks in the shape 
 
 <rf forks, and American forks for putting it up, and haul it in with oxeu 
 
 OB a sled. 
 
 M. — Basket WORKING tools. 
 
 Tools, ornamentation patterns. — They use but few tocjls in doing this; 
 a knife in cutting and si»litting the material, and an awl in sewing the 
 water-tight baskets. The rest of the work is done with the fingers. For 
 ornamentation, see sec. A of the present chapter. There is no particu- 
 lar figure in this oruauientatiou. nor does it mean anything, but is done 
 simply for beauty. 
 
 N. — Tools for making and working fiber. 
 
 Carding and hackling. — They have none for hackling now. Formerly 
 when they made string out of nettle-stalks, they scraped them with a 
 shell or knife. Some of them use American cards for cardiugwool very 
 well. 
 
 Spinning, twisting, — Some of them roll the wool on their laps with 
 their hands, and make a coarse yarn. A more common way is to use a 
 native hand-wheel, eight or ten inches in diameter, through the center of 
 wLch a spindle twelve or fifteen inches long is inserted at right angles. 
 This is rolled by one hand on the lap and the wool held by the other. 
 This year a few American spinning-wheels have been introduced among 
 their annuities, and are well liked. 
 
 Knitting. — This they do with American knitting-needles. 
 
 Weaving, matting. — These have been described under section A of the 
 present chapter. 
 
 Ornamenting. — The needle is chiefly used in ornamenting common 
 work. 
 
 Seicing emhroiderij xcith heads. — American needles are used. 
 
 For braiding. — The hands are used. 
 
 For dyeing. — Dark mud is used in dyeing black; the grass which they 
 use in ornamenting their baskets and the root of the wild Oregon 
 grape in coloring orange. 
 
 I 
 
 O. — Implements of nomadic and pastoral life. 
 
 Tools for marking cattle. — They have but few cattle, which they rea<lily 
 know, and do not mark them. 
 
84 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Wliips. — Generally any common stick is used. A few have whips, 
 with wooden handles, about a foot and a half long, and a lash of raw 
 hide inserted into the end. 
 
 Tethers, halters, lassos, lariats. — For these they use chiefly American 
 hemp ropes. Formerly they used those made of rawhide. 
 
 P.— ImPLE^IENTS of SPECIAL CRAFTS NOT ENUMERATED. 
 
 Lojrging is a very prominent business among them, as they sell the 
 logs to the different saw-mills on the sound. After the road is built, 
 they cut the timber. As they wish to cut the trees much higher than 
 they can when they stand on the ground, they cut notches in the tree, 
 and insert therein a plank, about 4 or 5 feet long, and 6 or 8 inches 
 wide, with the end ironed, on which they stand and cut with an 
 ax. When the tree has fallen, they measure it with a pole, saw it with 
 a c/oss-cnt saw, and take off a part of the bark, so that it will slide 
 easily. Thiy is done with an ax, or a heavy iron made for the purpose, 
 about 3 feet long, widened and sharpened at the end. They then 
 haul the logs to the water with three yoke of oxen. For a whip they 
 use a small stick about 5 or 6 feet long, with a small brad in the end, 
 with which they punch the cattle. They use American yokes and 
 chains. When the saws are dull, they file and set them with American 
 files and saw-sets. When the boom is full, a steamer from the mill 
 comes for it and tows it to the mill. The money being received, they 
 first pay the necessary expenses of running the camp, including the 
 provisions, and divide the rest among themselves according to the 
 amount of work done by each. They mess together, some of their wives 
 generally cooking for the camp. 
 
 ^ 7.—MEAXS OF LOCOMOTION AND TEJXSPORTATIOX. 
 
 A.— Traveling by water. 
 
 Dug outs, canoes. — They do a large amount of traveling by water, 
 chiefly in canoes. These are dug out of a single cedar-tree and vary in 
 size. The largest are about 30 feet long and 5^ wide and 2 deep, and 
 the smallest about 10 feet long, 2^ wide, and 8 inches deep. They make 
 but few here larger than those 22 feet long, 4 wide, and IJ deep. The 
 larger ones are bought of the Clallam Indians, who in turn buy them 
 of the Indians of British Columbia. 
 
 Boats built from logs or of platiks.— There is one small sloop owned by 
 one of the Indians, which was bought from an American. 
 
 Sailing-crafts. — The larger canoes and sloop carry sails. 
 
 Bridges, ferries, d-c— Bridges are made with log stringers, and cov- 
 ered with logs, or split cedar. In crossing a large river where there 
 is no bridge, they swim their horses, and take their things over in 
 canoes. 
 
FELLS OX THE TWAXA IXDL\X.S. 85 
 
 li. — Appurtenances to the foreuoino. 
 
 Poles for propelling^ 2)HshiHg-8ticks. — Xoue. 
 
 ruddles. — There are two kiuds, eacU about four or five feet long, the 
 blade two aucl a half to three feet long, aud five or six iuches wide, and 
 a second handle three or four inches long at the end of the main handle, 
 and at right angles to it. The blade of one kind is straight; that of the 
 other kind curves (see Plate 23, Figs. X aud O). The first is most 
 generally used, but the latter is used in the river for pushing ott" from 
 logs, the point being made for that purjiose, and there being many in 
 the river. They are generally made of maple or yew. 
 
 Oars. — A very few are used, generally six or seveu feet long, and 
 made of cedar. 
 
 Sails. — All the larger canoes are made to carry sail, and the largest 
 two or three, which are of cloth. Formerly they were of cedar-bark 
 il}ats, made by the Makah In«^ans. 
 
 Rudders. — Very few are use 1, as they generally steer with a paddle. 
 
 Anchors. — GeTierally a large stone, or piece of iron of any shape, an- 
 swers for these. 
 
 Cables and tackle, cleats for various uses, dead-eyes. — None, except in 
 the American-made ones in the sloop. 
 
 Outrigyers. — Booms and sprits are used for spreading sail. 
 
 C. — Traveling on foot. 
 
 Carrying-straps, baskets. — The common water-tight and mat baskets 
 are used for this purpose. For a description of them and straps see 
 sec. 3, A, of the present chapter. In addition to these, others of the same 
 shape are made, but the material is bark, and they are also used in 
 carrying loads of wood ai d bark. They are used almost entirely by the 
 women and very old men. 
 
 Staff for mountain-travel, scrip or haversack, canteens, carrying-nets and 
 yokes, sedan for carrying travelers, skates, ive-vreepers, and the like, and 
 snoic-shoes. — I do not know that any of these things are used. There is 
 but little snow and ice here during the winter, therefore they have no 
 special means of tiaveling in that way. 
 
 D.— Land conveyances and other means of transportation. 
 
 Saddles and their parts. — American saddles and their rigging are used. 
 Ko womeus' saddles are used, the women riding like the men on men's 
 saddles. 
 
 Bridles and halters of all kinds. — American bridles are used, but often 
 a rope is put in the animal's mouth for a bridle. American leather halt- 
 ers and hemp ropes are used for tying. 
 
 Packs, panniers. — Sometimes they pack on American pack-saddles, 
 and sometimes on riding-saddles, often carrying large loads on the 
 horses which they ride. 
 
8() BL'LLETIN INITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SIRVEY. 
 
 IlarncHH for horses. — This year a nnniber of American harnesses hii\ 
 been turnish«'«l tliera ainoii;^ their annuities. I'revionsly to that, a It 
 ropes a' oands rouj^hly put toirether generally answered the little ib 
 they had for them. American ox-yokes are used always with the oxei 
 
 Trappings, tasstis, sadiUe-vloths,friiujes. — Hardly anything of this kin 
 is used. 
 
 ^h>}(ies, emhracbuj sihVmg rehUhs of nif linds. — Sleds are in commo 
 use for hauling hay, lumber, Hcc. Some are very roughly made an 
 slender; others are quite strong. As the reservation is not three milt 
 square, with water on two sides of it, and the greater portion of thei 
 houses not far from the water, they do most of their transportation i 
 canoes. 
 
 RoadtnaJciny and tools. — Roads for common traveling are simple, 
 trail sufficiently wide for walking and traveling on horseback being cii 
 through the timber with an ax. A few roads are wide enough for 
 sled, drawn generally by oxen. Their logging roads are more ex[>ei: 
 sive. Of necessity in hauling louy logs there cannot be short turns i: 
 them, they must be tolerably level, and also must go through heav 
 timber. Large trees must be cut down, large logs cut out of the wa} 
 roots dug out, holes filled up, and small banks dug down. This is don- 
 with axes, saws, spades, and shovels. Then skids, about a foot in diaui 
 eter and eight feet long, are placed across the road, at intervals of abou 
 ten feet, on which the logs are hauled. Where it is very muddy, espe 
 cially over the salt-water marsh, corduroy road and bridge are made 
 On one road there is'more than a thousand feet of this work. The skid- 
 are kept constantly oiled with dog-tish oil, so that the logs may slid* 
 easily. 
 
 Postal apparatus for sending inessages, means of signaling, public conveij 
 ances. — None. When they wish to send a message, some one goes \i 
 person, or occasionally they get some one who can write to write fo: 
 them and send by mail. 
 
 ^y^.—MEASUBIXG AXD VALUING. 
 
 A.— Counting. 
 The extent and character of their numeral system : — 
 
 1. Da'-kus. 
 
 2. Es-sa'-le. 
 
 3. Cho'-us. 
 
 4. Boo'-sus. 
 
 10. O'-pah-dich. 
 
 11. O'-pah-dich-klo-de dakus. 
 20. Tsub-klak'. 
 
 30. Chah-dahk'-klak. 
 
 5. Tsa-whess' (whisper first sylla- ■ 40. Shtib-oo'-sus. 
 
 ble). 
 
 6. E*pah'-chy. 
 
 7. Tu-khos'. 
 
 8. Tkah'-ehy. 
 
 50. Tsitss-a-whus' (whisper first syl 
 
 lable). 
 60. Stee-a-pah'-chy. 
 70. Stich-tu-kos. 
 
 9. Hwi'-lea. 80. St-tu-kah'-chy. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INItlAXS. 
 
 87 
 
 fM». Sttnliwilo. 
 100. St-tii-|)alil owlsf'. 
 2<M>. E.siil. litii palil-owlse. 
 300. ('lio-ns-tii-j)iiljlowl.se. 
 400. Jioo .sus-tupahl owlse. 
 600. Tsawliess-tn-pahl owlse 
 (whiaper iirst syllable). 
 
 r»oo. I->-a pali-oliist tn pahl-owslo. 
 
 70i». Tii-kMS htu pahl-onlse. 
 
 8<M(. Tii-kah-cliisli-tii-pahl-owl.se. 
 
 000. Ilwilislitu-piihl owlse. 
 
 ' 1.01(0. ()i>ali(llcli-tii-pahl-owIse. 
 
 Havinj:,' no written lanjjiia<;«'i nil their counting is verbal. 
 Metho(h of ntlrnhittnf/. — Xone. except mentally. 
 
 System of notntion, if ami e.rists. — None, except sotnetiines l)y cultinj^ 
 notches on a stick, or the like. 
 
 B.—Measurinu, 
 
 Linear and other stanihirdn. — They use the American foot, yard, mile, 
 &c. : formerly the two arms' len<;ths. For cabic measure, they use pint, 
 quart, gallon, bushel ; formerly a basket full. 
 
 JJicisions of the month ami year. — Now they use the American hour, 
 dav, week, and month. Formerlv tln'v divided the vear into moons, or 
 lanar months, aud mouths iuto days. Many of them have clocks, aud a 
 few have watches. 
 
 Namen of ilayfi, months, year, heacenty Itodie^, and points of the compass. 
 
 Moo n, 
 
 Slo-khwill'-um. 
 
 June, 
 
 Tah-ka-chid. 
 
 Star, 
 
 Kla-kla-chls'. 
 
 July, 
 
 Kwl-o-wflt-id. 
 
 Sun, 
 
 Klo-kwat'. 
 
 Auyust, 
 
 Kla-lach'-rid. 
 
 January, 
 
 Ha-hat. 
 
 September, 
 
 Ka-kabat. 
 
 February, 
 
 Stah-kwal'-deb. 
 
 October , 
 
 Kwa-la-kwobe. 
 
 March, 
 
 Sl-ai-kwiidst. 
 
 November, 
 
 Kwa-kwa'-chid. 
 
 April, 
 
 Sta-ko'-lit. 
 
 December, 
 
 Yil-shutl. 
 
 May, 
 
 Sta-kla'-chid. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 These are the names as well as 1 can fiud out. They are nearly out 
 of use, and the young men who understand English do not know them. 
 The older ones can only begin at the present month, November, and 
 count backward and forward, and hence they may be a little inaccu- 
 rate as to the order. The beginning and end do not exactly agree with 
 ours, but are nearly as indicated. 
 
 There are no names for the points of the compass ; but the following 
 are the names for the winds : — 
 
 North icinrh To-lo'-tsad. 
 South Kind, To'-la-chul'-la. 
 East wind, (No word.) 
 West tcind, Toz-ba'-dit. 
 Before the Americans came, they had no weeks, but simply num- 
 
88 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 bered the days iu eacb moou. Since that time they liave used the I met 
 
 lowing: — gat 
 
 Sunday, Fla-ha-at'-lis. ( 
 
 Monday, Tsla-pat'-lis. 801 
 
 Tuesday, Tsibbl-as'-sab. hft 
 
 Wednesday, Cha-da-kwi-sub. on* 
 
 Thursday, Biis-satli'-sub. gr 
 
 Friday, Sii-kus-tU'-sub. tb 
 
 Saturday, Sa-chub-its. rii 
 
 The tiist means literally holy day; the second, past, /. e., one day pasi 
 the third, second day ; the fourth name, third da> ; the hfth, tourth dav 
 the sixth, titth day; and the last, alongside, i. c, of, Sunday. 
 
 Number of (fenerations, moonn, hunting-seasons, d'c, to which memtHj. 
 runs back. — How far tradition runs back they do not know. 
 
 lo 
 fe 
 t\ 
 T 
 1< 
 
 C. — Valuing. 1 
 
 c 
 
 Means of establishing ndue, raJuing, obligations, liens, transfers, moneij. \ 
 
 d:e. — Formerly they had a kind of shell-money, the second described < 
 under ear-rings, sec. 5, B. At present, they use the American standard j 
 coin, both gold and silver, not having much to do with currency, as thev 
 cannot read, and cannot tell the difference in the value of currency 
 Their obligations, liens, transfers, &!.'., were, and are, all verbal, and 
 are sometimes broken. 
 
 s^ 'X—nniTiXG. 
 
 None of the older Indians write, and none of the others, except those 
 who have been in our schools. I send, in connection with Part I, some 
 specimens from the school. They are generally as good as that of the 
 children of the white eiuployes, who attetul the same school and have 
 written for the same length of time. During the last four years, the 
 school has increased from an j^. erage atten«lance of five to thirty-live, 
 which is all that the Government funds will support ; for, iu order to 
 secure anything like regular attendance and cleanliness, it is necessary 
 to keep most of them at the boarding-house, where Government sup- 
 ports, feeds, and clothes them ; also paying the teacher $1,000 iu cur- 
 rency and the matron 8-500 per annum. Thus far, the chddreu have 
 studied only reading, spelling, writing, geography, arithmetic, and gram- 
 mar, all being taught in the English language, their own language never 
 having been reduced to writing. In the winter, they atteml school six 
 hours a <lay, and in the summer three hours, working half of the day, 
 under the ttacher, getting wood, in the garden, and the like. 
 
 ^ w.—sroirrs axd pastimes. 
 
 A. — Gambling. 
 
 Number of g((mes and mode of playing and effect. — There are three 
 
EELLS OX THE TWANA INDIANS. 89 
 
 I methods: with loimd blocks m disks, with bono, and the vvoiueu's 
 game. 
 
 (1) With round blovls. — The men's game more jj^enerally. though 
 sometimes all engage in it. There are ten blocks in a set. All but one 
 have a white or black and white rim. Five ot them are kept under 
 one hand on a mat, and live under the other, covered with cedar bark, 
 ground up line. After l)eing shulUed round and round for a short time, 
 the opposite party guess^^s under which hand the one with the black 
 rim is. If he guesses aright, he wins and plays next ; but, if wrong, he 
 loses, and the other continues to play. The players are ten or twelve 
 feet apart. Generally tliey have six or more sets of these blocks, so 
 that if, as they suppose, luck does not atteiul one set, they try another. 
 They generally have from twelve to twenty-four sticks, a few inches 
 long, lying ou a board or frame, with whi(;h they keej) tally. When one 
 party wins, a stick of the opjuisite party is moved to his side, and when 
 he loses, it is moved back again. If fortune attends each party evenly, 
 or nearly so, it naturally takes a long time to finish a game, sometimes 
 three or four days. Sometimes two persons merely are interested, one 
 on each side; but on special occasions nearly the whole tribe engage in 
 it, being attached to one side or the other. When one player is tired, 
 or bad luck attends him, another takes his place. When many are en- 
 gaged, they are accon"^>anied by a kind of drum, au«l those belonging 
 to the ])arty playing ballot) and sing in regular time to keep up the 
 spirits of the i)layer. Sometimes they play foi" fun, but in large games 
 sometimes for "j.iOO or $400; generally, however, for only a small amount. 
 as a dollar or a <linner. There is a tradition in regard to the disks, that 
 wheu the Son of (rod came, a lon;^ time ago, he told them to giveuj) all 
 bad habits and things, these among others; that he took the disks and 
 threw them into the water, but that they came back ; he then threw 
 them into the fire, but the\' came out ; he threw them away as far as he 
 could, but they returned; and so he threw thtnu away five times, and 
 every time they came back ; al'ier which he tohl the people that they 
 might use them for fun and s[)ort. 
 
 (-) Game icifh one or two small hours. — The young men and older boys 
 play this most. The players sit o})positeeach other, about six feet ai>art, 
 from one to six or more on a side. ea»;h party in front of a long pole. 
 Then one person takes one or both of the bones in his hands, and rai>idly 
 changiis them from one hand to the other. One person on the oi)posite 
 side guesses in which hand one is. If only one bone is used, he guesses 
 ■which hand it is in, and if both are used he guesses in which hand a cer- 
 tain one is. If he guesses aright, he wins and plays next; but if not, 
 he loses, and the other continues to play. While each one is playing, 
 the rest of his party bea^ with a small stick upon the larger one in front 
 of them, and keep up a regular sing song noise in regular time. Small 
 sums are generally bet in this game, from oO cents to $l.r)(). J)ill'ereut 
 ones play according as they are more or less successful. Sometimes 
 
01 
 
 90 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 they grow so expert, even if the gness is right, that the one playii, 
 can change the bone to the other hand withont its being seen. 
 
 (3) Women's game. — The dice are made of beavers' teeth generally 
 but vsometimes from muskrat.s' teeth. There are two pairs of them, an 
 generally two persons play, one on each side ; but sometimes there ar^ +i 
 two or three on each side. The teeth are all taken in one hand, an^l 
 thrown after the manner of dice. One has a string around the 
 middle. If this one is down and all the rest up, or up and xh 
 rest down, it counts four; if all are up or down, it counts two; if on* , 
 pair is up and the other down, it counts one; and if one pair is ui , 
 or. down and the other divided, unless it be as above when it counts ] 
 four, then it counts nothing ; 30 is a game ; but they generally plav , 
 three games, and bet more or less, morey, dresses, or other things, 
 They sometimes learn very expertly to throw the one with the string on 
 differently from the others, by arranging them in the hand so that they 
 can hold this one, which they know by feeling, a trifle longer than tbt 
 others. 
 
 The general effect of gambling is bad, because it teaches them to lie 
 and cheat, and many other evils attend it besides the common ones oi . 
 loss of money, and the excitement. It is very common among them, 
 though less so than formerly. Regular dice, chess, and checkers art 
 not used, and cards but very little. 
 
 B. — Field sports and pastimes. 
 
 Horse-racing and sometimes foot-racing are common. Bets are 
 made on them, generally small, but occasionally amounting to $300, 
 and are said to have amounted occasionally in former times to $1,000. 
 
 Dancing is another amusement, which was formerly very much 
 practised, but now very little. There are no partners chosen, but men 
 and women both dance; the men generally being together, and the 
 women by themselves, holding on to each other's hands, in the same 
 room. Their dancing is chiefly a jumping up and down, keeping time 
 to the music, which consists of singing, hallooing, pounding on a drum, 
 on sticks, or on the wall, &c., while rattles, either in their hands or hung 
 around their waists, are being continually shaken. These rattles are 
 simply deer-hoofs dried and hung on a string. 
 
 C— Sports and toys of children. 
 
 The extent to ichich they are taught to mimic the occupations of their 
 seniors.— They are continually taught to do so from youth until grown. 
 
 Their toys and games as afro re.— Formerly the boys played at shooting 
 with bows and arrows at a mark, and with spears throwing at a mark, 
 with an equal number of children on each side, and sometimes the older 
 ones joined in ; but of late years there has been but little of this. They 
 now mimic their seniors in the noise and singing of gambling, but with- 
 
EELLS OX THE TUANA INDIANS. 91 
 
 out the gambling; also play ball, jump, ami rnn races. The girls play 
 with dolls. The girls and boys both piny in canoes, and stand on balT 
 of a small log six feet long and a foot wide and paddle around in the 
 water with a small stick an inch in thickness, and in fact play at most 
 things which they see their seniors do, both whites and Indians. 
 
 Ml-— -l/r>7r. 
 
 The chnractcr and frequency of their music ^ both vocal and imtrn- 
 mental. — Vocal: Love songs, tamanamus or medicine-men songs, war 
 and gambling songs, and baby songs. All bnt the war songs frequent, 
 but with no regularity. Instrumental : X kind of rough drum to ac- 
 company tamanamus and gambling songs. 
 
 The classes ^cho practice it. — All classes practice all kinds. 
 
 The existence of minstrels or special ^nusicians. — None. 
 
 The occasions, icith copies of the melodies and score, if possible. — War 
 songs in war time ; tamanamus songs at the medicine-men's work ; 
 gambling songs at gambling, and love songs \ery irregular, but often, 
 especially when in company, traveling, or at work, and more especially 
 by the women and younger persons ; baby songs when taking care of 
 their children. Their own native songs as yet I have been unable to 
 obtain. 
 
 The following are songs in Chinook, which they have been taught 
 during the past two years at church and Sabbath-school. The Chinook 
 is the language which they use in their intercourse with the whites, 
 except when an interpreter is used, although the Twana is their own 
 language, and used in the intercourse between themselves. 
 
 TUNE. 
 
 1. Ahnknttie nika tikegh whiskey, {Repeat twice.) 
 
 Pe alta nika mash. 
 
 Alta uika mash (Repeat twice.) 
 Ahukuttie nika tikegh whiskey, (Repeat twice.) 
 Pe alta nika mash. 
 
 2. Whiskey has cnltus, ) 
 
 Pe alta nika mash. 
 
 3. Whiskev mimoinse tillicums, i ™i „ * 4.1 „ e.,0*^ „ _=„ 
 
 Ph kUn nika nmsh. ^hese all repeat as the first verse 
 
 Pe alta uika mash 
 
 4. Cultns klaska muckamuck, 
 Pe alta uika mash. 
 
 (Translaiion.) 
 
 1. Formerly I liked whiskey, 
 But now I throw it away. 
 
 2. Whiskey is very bad, 
 Aud uow I throw it away. 
 
 3. Whiskey kills the people, 
 Aud now I throw it away. 
 
 4. They drink that which is bad, 
 Aud now I throw it away. 
 
92 
 
 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Song 2. — Tune : Come to Jesus. 
 
 1. Chaco yakwa, (Repeat twice.) 
 Okoke sun (Repeat once.) 
 Chaco yakwa, (Repeat once.) 
 Okoke sun. 
 
 2. Halo mamook 
 Okoke sun. 
 
 3. Halo cooley 
 Okoke sun. 
 
 4. Iskum wawa 
 Okoke sun. 
 
 5. Saghalie tyee 
 Yaka sun. 
 
 ^ 
 
 {Translation.) 
 
 Come here (». e., to church). 
 To-day (i. e., Sunday). 
 
 Do not work 
 To-day. 
 
 Do not plav 
 To-day. 
 
 Get the talk 
 To-day, i. e. Sunday. 
 
 God, 
 
 It is his day. 
 
 SoN'G 3. — Tune : John Broicn. 
 
 (Translation.) 
 
 1. Jesus chaco copa Saghalie. (Repeat 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. [twice.) 
 
 Jesus wawa copa tillicums. (Repeat 
 Jesus hias kloshe. [twice.) 
 
 Jesus wawa wake kliminhoot.' 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 Jesus wawa wake kapswalla. 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 1 
 
 Copa nika Jesus mimaloose. 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 Jesus klatawa copa Saghalie. 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 > 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 4. Alta Jesus mitlite copa Saghalie. 
 Jesus hias kloche. 
 Yahwa Jesus tikegh nika klatawa. 
 Jesus hias kloche. 
 
 Song 4. — Tune: Greenville. 
 
 Copa Saghalie conoway tillicums, 
 
 Halo olo, halo sick. 
 Wake klimiuhoot, halo solleks, 
 Halo pahtlum, halo cly. 
 Chorus : 
 
 Jesus mitlite copa Saghalie 
 
 Kunamoxt couoway tillicums kloshe. 
 
 2. Yahwa tillicums wake klahowya. 
 
 Wake sick tumtum, halo till. 
 Halo mimoluse. wake mesachie. 
 
 Wake poluklie, halo cole . 
 Chorus; 
 
 Jesus mitlite, «Stc. 
 
 3. Yahwa tillicums mitlite kwanesum. 
 
 Hiyu houses, hiyn sing. 
 Papa, mama, pee kloshe teuas ; 
 
 Oacut yakachikainiu pil. 
 Chorus: 
 
 Jesus mitlite, &c. 
 
 4. Jesus potlatch copa Siwash. 
 
 Spose niesika hias kloshe, 
 Conoway iktas mika tikegh, 
 
 Copa Saghalie kwanesum. 
 Chorus: 
 
 Jesus mitlite, «&c. 
 
 1. Jesus came from Heaven. 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 Jesus preachedto the people. 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 2. Jesus said, Do not lie. 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 Jesus said, Do not steal. 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 3. For me Jesus died. 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 Jesus has gone to Heaven. 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 4. Now Jesus lives in Heaven. 
 Jesus is very good. 
 There Jesus wishes me to go. 
 Jesus is very good 
 
 (Translation.) 
 
 1. In Heaven all the people 
 
 Are not hungry, are not sick, 
 Do not lie, are not angry. 
 Are not drunk, do not cry. 
 Chorus : 
 Jesus lives in Heaven 
 With all good people. 
 
 2. There the people are not poor, 
 
 Have no sorrow, are not tired, 
 Do not die, are not wicked, 
 
 There is no darkness and no cold. 
 Chorus : 
 
 Jesus lives, &c. 
 
 3. There the people live always. 
 
 Many houses, much singing, [dren ; 
 There are father, mother, and good chil- 
 
 The road is of gold. 
 Chorus : 
 
 Jesus lives, &c. 
 
 4. Jesus will give to the Indians, 
 
 If you are very good. 
 Everything you wish. 
 In Heaven forever. 
 Chorus : 
 
 Jesus lives, &c. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 95 
 
 Instruments for beating. — A rough drum is made about a foot and a 
 half square aud four or five inches deep. This is covered with rawhide 
 on one side, and used in their gambling aud tamanamus songs. One of 
 the school-boys has a small American snare-drum, which he beats tol- 
 erably well. No clappers, bells, sounding bars, tambourines are used. 
 
 Blowing instruments. — One of the school-boys owns and plays on a 
 flageolet. There are no pan-pipes, flutes, nose-flutes, clarionets, reed 
 instruments, or whistles. American tin horns are used for calling the 
 people together, especially the people of a logging camp, to their meals, 
 bat not as a musical instrument. 
 
 ^ $ 12.— AKT. 
 
 The classes of men called artists, if there are any, and are thty separated 
 Jrmi the artisans ? — There are no special artists. 
 
 The first efforts of rude tribes to carry out art ideas. — I know of none 
 except as under the next head. 
 
 The sources from ichich they draic their models, mythical, imaginary, and 
 natural. — A figure similar to an alligator is painted on some of their 
 caDoe-heads, said to represent lightning. There are no alligators near 
 here which they have ever seen. These figures are chiefly on those 
 which have come from British Columbia. The face of a man is painted 
 on one door. The figure of a man's head roughly carved from wood, 
 and painted, with the body dressed with clothes, is placed inside of a 
 few of their grave-inclosures. I have also seen two figures roughly 
 carved, representing an English man and woman, about eight and eleven 
 inches tall. There are no specimens of art-work in pottery or on stone, 
 ivory, bone, shells, or gourds, no feather-work purely artistic, no mo- 
 saics or stucco-work, nor do I know of any cloth or leather embroidery 
 or bead-work for art purposes, except that spoken of under sections 4, 
 H, and 5. Their powder-horns are sometimes ornamented with figures 
 marked in the horn and with brass tacks driven in. 
 
 ^ \?,.— LAXaUAGE AXD LITERATURE. 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 Man. Ste'-bat. 
 
 "Woman. S'khhll'-dai. 
 
 Boy. Ts'-chai'-ats. 
 
 Girl. Sl'-hal-do. 
 
 Infant. Ts'-chai'-ats (same as boy). 
 
 My father (said by son). Do-bad. 
 
 My father (said by daughter). Do-bad. 
 
 My mother (said by son). Dis-ko'-ytl. 
 
 My mother (said by daughter). Dis-ko'ya. 
 
 My husband. D-kwit-ta-buts. 
 
 My wife. Di-cho' wash. 
 
94 
 
 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 My SOD (said by father) . 
 My sou (said by mother). 
 My daughter (said by father). 
 My daughter (said by mother). 
 My elder brother. 
 My younger brother. 
 
 My elder sister. 
 
 My younger sister. 
 
 An Indian. 
 
 People. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Hair. 
 
 Face. 
 
 Forehead. 
 
 Ear. 
 
 Ear. 
 
 Eye. 
 
 Nose. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 Beard. 
 
 Neck. 
 
 Arm. 
 
 Hand. 
 
 Fingers. 
 
 Thumb. 
 
 Nails. 
 
 Body. 
 
 Chest. 
 
 Belly. 
 
 Leg. 
 
 Foot. 
 
 Toes. 
 
 Bone. 
 
 Heart. 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Town, village. 
 
 Chief. 
 
 Warrior (literally brave). 
 
 Friend. 
 
 House. 
 
 Kettle. 
 
 Bow. 
 
 Arrow. 
 
 LMs-bild'-da. 
 
 Dis-bud'-da. 
 
 iJis-kla'-da-ale. 
 
 Dis-kla'-daale. 
 
 Dis-sil'-kla-du-chat. 
 
 A: 
 K 
 O) 
 Id 
 P 
 
 So-so'-kwi, (or) Tr-u-hwa-tal-la-bdi> t 
 
 so-kwi. g 
 
 Tsi-tsi-kla-du-chush. g 
 
 Tsi-u-hwa-tal-lab du chush. ;5 
 Kla-wal'-plsh. 
 Klo-kla-wal'-plsh. 
 
 iSo-hotes-hls. 
 
 Ta-bate'-kwob. 
 
 BQs. 
 
 Sku-pos'. 
 
 Kwfil-lad-di. 
 
 Kwul-lad'-y. 
 
 DO-klais'-a-but. 
 
 Buks'-sud. 
 
 Tsuts-tsid'. 
 
 Dukt'-saeh. 
 
 I'-e-dls. 
 
 Kwi-duts'-a. 
 
 St'stsa-haps'-ud. 
 
 Chal-lash'. 
 
 S'kha-suk'-kah-gy. 
 
 S'kha-suk'-kiih-gy (same as hand). 
 
 Si-da-kuls-chy. 
 
 Ivwow-hfi-chy. 
 
 Dow'-ut-sy. 
 
 Skup-pO-bade. 
 
 Khl-ach'. 
 
 Shi-ashud. 
 
 I-a-shud. 
 
 Ska-shuk-a-sid. 
 
 Ska'-wa. 
 
 I'-adu-wus. 
 
 Sld-dilk'-kOle. 
 
 No word ; they use town. 
 
 So'-wil-lus. 
 
 Scha-lah-kah. 
 
 S'to-ba'-ted. 
 
 Si'-a. 
 
 Tsuk-sta'-kld. 
 
 Stat'-pt-86d. 
 
 Ta-at-sed. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 
 
 95 
 
 Ax, hatchet. 
 
 Knife. 
 
 OaDoe. 
 
 Moccasins. 
 
 Pipe. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Sky. 
 
 San. 
 
 Moon. 
 
 Star. 
 
 Day. 
 
 Night. 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Evening. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Thunder. 
 
 Lightning. 
 
 Bain. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Ice. 
 
 Earth, hind. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Kiver. 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Valley. 
 
 Prairie. 
 
 Hill, mountain. 
 
 Island. 
 
 Stone, rock. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Tree. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Leaf. 
 
 Bark. 
 
 Grass. 
 
 Pine. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 Kub'-bad, kub-batl-dotl. 
 
 Dii-whlk'-bid. 
 
 Kla-I-olatl. 
 
 loshld. 
 
 rrihilk'-u. 
 
 SMs[)'-whu-uV». 
 
 SkhV-tl. 
 
 Klo-kwiitl'. 
 
 Slo kwill' iim. 
 
 Kla-kia clii'-us. 
 
 Klu-khr-i'. 
 
 Chaal'. 
 
 Cha'-IQ. 
 
 Uii at'kd. 
 
 ST-ai-kwatst, or i»etl'-ko-sab, or sal'- 
 lal-al) (the lirst a name, tlie last 
 two literally getting warm). 
 
 Spit'-kap. 
 
 Pet-to fil las (literally getting cold). 
 
 Si)atchi'-a (literally cold weather). 
 
 Spo-hobe'. 
 
 Kwa a-hwod. 
 
 Chur-la-kwoh. 
 
 tStuts. 
 
 Sauk' kwa-kwa. 
 
 Askwot'-ta. 
 
 Ka'-a. 
 
 Skah'-fi. 
 
 Tahf-hii. 
 
 Si-da'-kwil. 
 
 Ka'-a (same as water). 
 
 Kwa la'-at. 
 
 Ba-kwab. 
 
 Ba-kwab. 
 
 S'ba-tay-chab, s"bah-date. 
 
 S 'tech a. 
 
 S'chal-tas'. 
 
 Salt (having no word). 
 
 Pay-ta di' up. 
 
 Che-sab. 
 
 Tsa'-ko pay. 
 
 Sl-a-wis'. 
 
 Kwa -la-oy. 
 
 Pa-lad' (whisper first syllable). 
 
 Skwil'-Ia-ai. 
 
 Tuk-tuk'-la-hoi. 
 
 Have uo word ; use corn. 
 
96 
 
 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Squash. 
 
 Flesh, meat. 
 
 Dog. 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Bear. 
 
 Wolf. 
 
 Fox. 
 
 Deer. 
 
 Elk. 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 Kabbit, hare. 
 
 Tortoise. 
 
 Horse. 
 
 Fly. 
 
 Mosquito. 
 
 Snake. 
 
 Eattlesnake. 
 
 Bird. 
 
 Egg. 
 
 Feathers. 
 
 Wings. 
 
 Goose. 
 
 Duck, mallard. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Sturgeon. 
 
 Name. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Eed. 
 
 Light blue. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Light green. 
 
 Great, large. 
 
 Small, little. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Old. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Bad. 
 
 Dead. 
 
 Alive. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Have no word; use squash. 
 
 Bai'-yilts. 
 
 Skwa-bai-yji. 
 
 Have no word. 
 
 Stsa-u'-fil. 
 
 Dfi-eh-shfi'-eh-yai. 
 
 Have no word. 
 
 Swhe-shld. 
 
 Kwah-kwa'-chid. 
 
 Sto-pohwob. 
 
 Kwlchi-dy. 
 
 Have no word. 
 
 Sti-a-ke'-o. 
 
 Uh-hwai'-uh-hwai'-tth. 
 
 Chi-chi'-ats. 
 
 Bilts'-ai. 
 
 Wat-push. 
 
 SpApts' ho. 
 
 Kaw'-ku-ba-lich. 
 
 Sfkluki^'-el. 
 
 Same as feathers. 
 
 Pi-sak. 
 
 Hah-hobshud, or bak. 
 
 Have no word. 
 
 Hu-blp. 
 
 Sbe-lilch'-sud. 
 
 Slaw-awb. 
 
 Have no word. 
 
 Tso-bat'. 
 
 Pak. 
 
 Ais-klal'. 
 
 Ast-sa-uk. 
 
 As-kwa-iih. 
 
 As-kwa-ka. 
 
 Ahs-pap-kwak-do-kureb (whisper 
 
 last syllable). 
 Sl-sid'. 
 
 Ka-kap, or ka-k5m-el. 
 Sto-bish. 
 Has-pot'-iil. 
 T'chay-shul, tchai-ats. 
 Ai'-y. 
 Ki-lub. 
 
 Ais-klai'-Lul, as-at'-to-bit. 
 Hah-lay'. 
 S'chay' fih. 
 
i 
 
 EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 
 
 97 
 
 Warm, hot. 
 
 L 
 
 Thou. 
 
 He. 
 
 We. 
 
 Ye. 
 
 They. 
 
 This. 
 
 That. 
 
 AU. 
 
 Many, much. 
 
 Who. 
 
 Far. 
 
 Near. 
 
 Here. 
 
 There. 
 
 To-day. 
 
 Yesterday. 
 
 To-morrow. 
 
 Yes. 
 
 No. 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Thirty. 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 Seventy. 
 Eighty. 
 Ninety. 
 One hundred. 
 One thousand. 
 To eat. 
 To drink. 
 
 7 BULL 
 
 LV-say-lab, us-kwil-lok-kho. 
 l)its-u. 
 DfiM. 
 Tsud-dl-ul. 
 Di-n-batl. 
 Wil-la-wdl lup. 
 T.sood-tsud-dill. 
 Tee-tli-a. 
 
 Kla-tsfih la, taw-o-y. 
 ri-ase'. 
 Haw-haw'. 
 Wu-at. 
 Kwa. 
 Chate. 
 Echtel-ya'. 
 Klay-tsa la, taw o-y. 
 Tel-es-lQ-kha' it. 
 IJt-sus-wful-it. 
 TsO-ut-cha'-ul. 
 A. 
 
 Hwa'-ka. 
 Da'-kus. 
 Es-s;V-ly. 
 Cho'-us. 
 Bu'-sus. 
 Ts-whess'. 
 I-a-pa'-chy. 
 Tu-khOs. 
 T-khiV-chy. 
 Ewail-e-a. 
 O'-pa-dich. 
 
 O'-pa-dich-klO-dy-da-kus. 
 O-pa dich-klo dy-es-sa'-by. 
 Tsub-kh-lak'. 
 Cha-dak-klOk. 
 Sh'tib-bu-8us. 
 
 Tsitss-a-whuss' ('whisper first sylla- 
 ble.) 
 Ste'-a-pali'-chy. 
 Stich-tii-khos. 
 St'-tu-ka'-chy. 
 St'-tfi-hwal'-e-a. 
 St'-tu-pal-owlse. 
 O-pri-dicli-tu-pal-owlse. 
 SCi-i-klad. 
 SkOh. 
 
98 BULLETIN 
 
 UNITED SI 
 
 [■ATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 To run. 
 
 
 Wr- chfi'-chun. 
 
 To dance (Indian dance). 
 
 Skwates. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 S'il-lal. 
 
 To sleep. 
 
 
 S'to-pad'. 
 
 To speak. 
 
 
 S-lay-nl-kwob. 
 
 To see. 
 
 
 Sil-la-lap. 
 
 To love. 
 
 
 S-bat''-l. 
 
 To kill. 
 
 
 At'-to-bid. 
 
 To sit. 
 
 
 Ab'-but. 
 
 To stand. 
 
 
 Us-sfili-tad'-u-bit. 
 
 To go. 
 
 
 ST.l. 
 
 To come. 
 
 « 
 
 Tsi-u', hai-fi. 
 
 To walk. 
 
 
 Woh'-cbab'. 
 
 To work. 
 
 
 Su-fi cbib. 
 
 To steal. 
 
 
 S'cba-lo-al. 
 
 To lie. 
 
 
 Skwai yup'. 
 
 To give. 
 
 
 Sbi-bwa. 
 
 To laugh. 
 
 
 Sbi bwa-wa (whisper last syllable) 
 
 To crv. 
 
 
 Il-lal. 
 
 I 
 
 bei 
 ] 
 sta< 
 be 
 of 
 ch 
 of 
 
 I have obtained these words by asking three or four individuals, 
 and where they differed, continually asking unt'l I found which was 
 right. They are the native Twana. (^uite a number talk the Nisqually 
 language entirely ; a large number understand, and it is said that dur- 
 ing the last few years more and more individuals are learning to speak 
 it. The great majority, however, talk the Twana language in their con- 
 versation among themselves. All except the old persons talk also the 
 Chinook in their intercourse with the whites and some other tribes of 
 Indians, and quite a number understand English. 
 
 Their Icnoicledge of their oicn a fairs. — Of their history they know very 
 little except what the oldest remember. 
 
 Their theories of natural 2)henoviena, as sunrise and sunset, the origin 
 and motion of the heavenly bodies, thunder and lightning, wind, rain, d:c. — 
 They supposed that the sun really rose and set, and not that the world 
 turned over as they have been told. 
 
 Wind they supposed was caused by the breath of a great being, who 
 blew with his mouth. In this they reasoned from analogy, as a man can 
 with his breath cause a small wind. 
 
 Cold they supposed to be caused by our getting farther away from the 
 sun in the winter, for they suppose that the sun is much farther off 
 when it is low than when it is high, and that the cold regions are away 
 from the sun, hence that we are near these cold regions in the winter. 
 
 Thunder and lightningsome supposed were caused by a great thunder- 
 bird flapping its wings, an idea which is prevalent among nearly all of 
 the Indians on the sound. Others suppose that a wicked tamanamus, 
 or medicine-man, very strong, caused it by his tamanamus when angry 
 with some one. 
 
J IIKLLS ON THK TWANA INDIANS. 99 
 
 I have lieaul of two legends of the origiu of tbe sun; hotb, however, 
 being lej^ends, more than a matter of real belief. 
 
 First. A woman had a sou who ran away from honu'. After a little 
 she went after him, but could not find him. Ilrr |»eoi)h' went after 
 her, found her, and brought her back. They did not know what became 
 of her son until a short time afterward they beheld him, having been 
 changed into the real sun, coming up from the east. This is the origin 
 of i/he sun. 
 
 Second. A woman having no husband had a sou, who, being left in 
 charge of its grandmother, who was blind, was stolen away by two wo- 
 men who carried him very far away, when^ they brought him up, and 
 he grew very fast and became their husl)an<l. His children were the 
 trees, the cedar-tree being the favorite one. IJ's mother iu the mean 
 time sent messengers, the cougar, panther, and some birds, who went 
 everywhere on the land searching for him except to this place, where they 
 couhl uot go on account of a very ditlicult place in the road, which was 
 liable to come together and crush whatever passed through. At last, 
 the blue-jay made the attempt, and was almost killed, being caught by 
 the head, nearly crushing it, and thus causing the top-knot on it. It 
 however found the son, a man grown, and induced him to leave his 
 present home and return to his mother. When they came to this ditti- 
 cnlt place in the road, he fixed it, and did goo<l wherever he went. 
 When his mother found that he was lost at first, she was very sorry, 
 and gathered his clothes together, pressed from them some water, 
 wished it to become another boy, and, being very good, her wish was 
 granted. He was a little boy when his older brother returned. They 
 were both somewhat like God, in that they could do what they wished. 
 The older brother said to the younger one, " I will make you into the 
 moon to rule the night, and I will be the sun to rule the day.'' The next 
 day he arose iu the heavens, but was so hot that he killed the fish in the 
 sea, causing the water to boil, and also the men ou the land. Finding 
 that this would uot do, he retired, and his brother tried to be the sun 
 and succeeded, as the sun is at present, while the older brother became 
 the moon, to rule the night. 
 
 Orations. — The following are taken from the minutes of a council held 
 with them by Commissioner F. it. Brunot, September 4, 1871 : 
 
 By Big Frank, the present head chief : 
 
 I am the only one who was at the treaty at Point-no-Point. I heard 
 what Governor Stevens saitl, and thought it was good. I am like a 
 white man, and think as the white uian does. Governor Stevens said 
 all the Ineliaus would grow up and the l^resident would make them 
 good. He told them all the Indians would become as white men ; that 
 all their children would learn to read and write. I was glad to hear it. 
 Governor Stevens told them, "I will go out and have the land surveyed, 
 and it will be yours and your chihlren's forever." I thought tiuit very 
 good. He said a doctor and carpenter and farmer would come. The 
 
100 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 chiefs thought that was all good ; they thought the President was doiug 
 a kindness. •. I never spoke my mind to any one. I talk to yon because 
 you come from AVashington. All the agents talk dillerently. You talk 
 as Governor Stevens did. I hear what you say. Every agent who 
 comes here, I don't know them. I thought all Governor Stevens said 
 was very good. Perhai)s the President thinks all the Indians are good, 
 as they were to^be under the treaty ; but they are not, they are Indians 
 still. I think; there was plenty of money sent by the President, but I 
 think much did not come here. Perhaps it gets scattered. I really 
 think^it does not come. When it comes, it is in calico. But I know 
 more is sent than gets here. 
 
 By Spar, the chief at that time, since dead : 
 
 When I came here I was young, and did not know much. I was here 
 when the reservation was opened, and know what was done. When the 
 agents came, they never taught us anything; never said, ''Go and fix 
 your places." All they think of is to steal, to sell the reservation cattle 
 and reservation hay ; to sell the fruit and get all they can ; to go and 
 log and sell them. That is all every agent has done. They never 
 advised us what to do, never helped us. After I had seen all this, I was 
 sorry. Did the President send men for this, to come and get what 
 money they could out of the reservation and their pay ? I know the 
 Indians lose all their cattle. When they get the money, where does it 
 go ! When I ask about it, they say they will punish me. I thought the 
 President did not send them for that. I got very poor, and wanted to 
 borrow the reservation team. You know what I have done. They re- 
 fused me the use of the cattle. 
 
 By Duke Williams : 
 
 I am glad to see you. All our folks are very poor. Our planting 
 grounds and logs and apples and hay are taken from us, and I felt sad, 
 and wanted to go and see the President. I know I will not live long. 
 T asked the Indians to give me the money, and I would go an<l see the 
 President. I would have gone if you had not come here. Did the 
 President send men here as agents to log and get all the benefits ? That 
 is what I wanted to go and ask the President. 
 
 By Big John, a subchief : 
 
 Y'ou come to get the Indians' hearts. You ought to take time. You 
 are the great chief, and we want you to hear us. When we talked before, 
 it was put down, and they said it would go to Washnigton. We do not 
 know what became of it. We don't think the President saw it. We think 
 it don't go far from here. I am a poor man. Y'ou are making all of these 
 young men and women happy. I thought, when a boy, that we would 
 get all of the money that was promised. White men don't give things 
 away. They don't take a shirt or a blanket for lands. They get gold 
 and silver. The Indians don't get money for their country. 
 
 These are samples of their orations on this subject, and enough to 
 
EKLLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 101 
 
 show tlieir .style. I have lieiir.l tliem speak on other suhjecta; on tern- 
 lUTance and reli<;ion ; but those orations have not been preserved. We do 
 not get their real style, however, wlien they talk throufjli an interpreter. 
 They are natural orators, and their h»oks and ^jstiues, whicli are numer- 
 ous, speak elo4Ucntly. 
 
 v^ U.— DOMES 1 1' I.IFi:. 
 
 A.— Maruiage. 
 
 Indndhuj owrfuhip, hitronial, and H-xhlhui oc/rwow/'tx— Formerly 
 courtship extended for a long time, and the eouple were engaged for 
 some time before marriage, though secicily. The husband purehased 
 the wife of her parents, the i)rice getierally being a hundred or several 
 hundred dollars, a large part of whieh was returned at the wedding. 
 At the wedding there was a large feast at the house of the wife's 
 parents, to which all the friends were invited, and after this there was 
 often more feasting for a long tini(>, alternating between the families of 
 the husband and wife. There is but little of this now. At present 
 when they are married in Indian fashion they generally simply take 
 each other without any ceremony, though a few marriages in ancient 
 form liave taken jdace lately among the more uncivilized. 
 
 Within two and a half years, a dozen marriages in American Christ- 
 ian form have taken place, ami when this is done they consider the re- 
 lations far more binding, so much so, that they are generally unwilling 
 to have it done unless they have been married six months or more in 
 Indian fashion, to learn whether they will like each other sufliciently. 
 
 Conditions of both j)rtr//('.9 as to relationship. — The wife is not so ele- 
 vated as white women, doing much more rough work, but is by no 
 means a slave, and is highly prized. 
 
 Dotcry. — The wife receives at marriage a large share of the property 
 which the husband gave her father for her before marriage, and also 
 some other things, but there is no regular rule. 
 
 Polygamy, ranJc of n-ivcs, t[v>.— Polygamy has been practiced quite 
 commonly among them, the number of wives depending on their abil- 
 ity to purchase, and their wishes. lUit this custom is going out of ex- 
 istence, only four of them having more than one wife and only one hav- 
 ing three now. 
 
 Laics about marrying in and ont of the tribe— Thoy may r""" '" 
 with the consent of the parents. The children of those wi 
 of the tribe belong to the tribe of the lather; and a number rf persons 
 have married out of the tribe. 
 
 Sacreuness and permanency of marriagr.—QvMe sacred, there being 
 trouble when the marriage- vow is violated by either party; but not per- 
 manent, divorces occasionally taking place, though much less often now 
 than formerly. 
 
 B.— CniLDKEN. 
 
 Aeconching.— The woman attends to herself. 
 
 ^edusio7i of mother.— They SLTQ. secluded as imclean about one week. 
 
102 IJULLETIX UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY 
 
 For a loiiK time, the mother is not allowed to touch fi.sh, fowl, or game, 
 the ffiui, fishiii;^-ai)[)aratu.s, or anything by which any of these are taken, 
 as they think it will bring ill hick. 
 
 ydmlny. — They are named after deceased friends often, and when this 
 is done, a little potlatch is maile. 
 
 Cradling. — The cradle is described in chap. Ill, sec. !i, C. The 
 cradle often lies down, but sometimes is hun.Li' on a small stick, a few- 
 feet high, which is fastened in the ground or lloor, in a slanting direc- 
 tion, and acts as a spring. A string is fastened to it, and the mother 
 pulls the string, 'vhich keeps the stick constantly moving, and the 
 cradle and child constantly swinging. This is done with the foot when 
 the hands are busy at work. 
 
 Ih'/onnations. — The only one is the llattening of the head, which is 
 done in infancy. 
 
 Xursing. — This is done longer than among the whites. 
 
 Chihl-nuirder. — This is unknown. 
 
 Adopiion. — This i>revails a little, but is not common. 
 
 Educatioa or treatment while (inncing up. — The Indians educate them 
 only in Indian customs. For school, see sec. 9. 
 
 C— Women. 
 
 tStanding infamili/ and society. — Inferior to whites. 
 
 Peculiar duties. — Waiting on her husband, preparing meals, getting 
 wood ami water, preparing fish, the large game being dressed by the 
 men, spinning, sewing, knitting, making of clothing, and washing are 
 her chief duties. 
 
 (rcneral appearance. — Unattractive, with coarse features. 
 
 Groning old. — Early in life, they begin to have a wrinkled and aged 
 appearance. 
 
 1). — KiGIITS AND AVRONGS. 
 
 Chastiti/. — Xiiry many are unchaste. 
 
 J t)t moralities. — Almost universal. 
 
 Frostitution. — It is rather common by both sexes. 
 
 iSchoopanism and iSodomy. — Uidcnown. 
 
 Divorce. — They are easily obtained, but growing less. 
 
 Conditions of. — If a man puts away his wife, he gives her a pres- 
 ent; but if she leaves him, he does not. 
 licsults ()/■.— :\rorally they are evil, but socially, among others, 
 neither party is lowered. 
 Celibacy. — Xot known. 
 
 Inheritance. — See see. Iti, 13, of present chapter. 
 
 Ixights of parents and guardians.— ViWGnts exercise authority over their 
 children fully eciual to that of white parents over theirs, but over adopted 
 children they have less. 
 
EELLS OX THE TWANA INDIANS. 103 
 
 v^ lo.— SOCIAL LIFK ASD CFSTOifs. 
 A. — ORaANIZATION OV SOCIETY. 
 
 Classes of men and professions.— Clwi's, sub-chiefs, hcadiuon, iiiodicine- 
 men, couiiuoii i)oople, slaves. 
 
 MiUtarij, political, and nliijious castes.— 'Sone iu the proper S'use of 
 tlie term. 
 
 Secret orders.— niAck Tamaiiaiiiu.s. I cannot learn that there has been 
 any of it for eight years. IT it is i)ra('tiee(l at all now, it is done very 
 quietl}-, and iu a very dillerent manner iioui formerly ; but as near as I 
 can learn, the society is entirely broken np. I have not been able to 
 learn the entire ceremony, but am told that it was similar to the ^Makah 
 ceremony, which has been given by .Mr. J. G. Swan in his desciiption of 
 that tribe, though the ceremonies varied somewhat in the dillcreiit tribes 
 on the sound. I, however, loarn that the candidate was starved lor a 
 long time (one man saying that he did not eat anything lor eight days), 
 but he or she (lor both men and women were initiated) was closely 
 watched inside a large tent, and what else was done in it I cannot learn; 
 but occasionally the candidate was let out and pursued by two or three 
 others with all their might, and sometimes he himself pursued others, 
 and if be gave out in the race or other exercises lie was iu)t considered 
 worthy to become a member. If he »lid not, he was taken back to the 
 tent and watched and starved, and the same scene repeated every day 
 or two. At last be was brought out perfectly rigid, and taken by sev- 
 eral men and thrown up as high as they could into the air, sometimes 
 eight feet, and caught, and this was continred until he ap[)arently came 
 to consciousness and screamed. There was also very much cutting of 
 the body and limbs quite deep, so that the candidate became quite 
 bloody, but he did not seem to take any notice of it. After these cere- 
 monies, he would sometimes sit, in his house or lodge, looking like an 
 idiot, for two or three months, and speak to no one, even to a husband or 
 wife, but simply wind something on a stick and unwitid it again day 
 after day. 
 
 iSlares. — Those taken in war or bought, always originally captives, 
 however, were slaves. Formerly they were very much opi>ressed, but 
 now they have considerable liberty, an<l there are only two in the tribe, 
 as there has been no war for a long time, and the treaty by the Govern- 
 ment i)rovides that there shall be no slavery. 
 
 15.— Customs. 
 
 Personal habits.— yot neat in their houses, and not very neat in their 
 clothes, though growing much more so. Very much accustomed to 
 bathe. In dress, quite showy and clean on public days. 
 
 Salutation, etiquette, hospitality.— 'Sot much form in salutation, only a 
 Avord or two, and sometimes shaking <if hands, which they have learned 
 from Americans. Not much etiquette. A'ery hospitable to friends. 
 
104 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Feasting and festivals, manner of observing, and meaning. — When friends 
 come oil the 4tli of July aiul Christinas, or because of a potlatch, i. e., 
 distribution of gifts. On the tth of July, Christmas, or when friends 
 come, they simply cook a large amount of food, spread it on mats, which 
 are on the ground, and they gather around the different mats in com- 
 l)anies. Sometimes when friends come, they bring a large amount of 
 food with them, both for themselves to eat and •those whom they come 
 to see, expecting that there will be much over, which will be given to 
 the friends whom they visii. At u potlatch, one man, or a few persons, 
 give notice that they will give away a large amount of money and 
 provisions, and they invito not only their own tribe, but also the 
 neighboring tribes. Food, clothes, and money, and other things, are 
 then given away, sometimes to the amount of 85,000, the persons doing 
 so immortalizing themselves for life by this means. The potlatch lasts 
 from three days to three weeks, and is accompanied by feasting, gamb- 
 ling, visiting, &c. 
 
 Sleeping customs. — The more civilized class have a bed-room partitioned 
 off, and very many have bedsteads. Often men, women, and children 
 sleep in the same room, and sometimes on the floor with mats, feather- 
 beds, straw-beds, skins, blankets, and quilts, more or less as they are 
 able to procure them. ■' A few use sheets. Formerly they all slept in the 
 same room and on the ground, but are now slowly adopting American 
 customs. 
 
 Charities, lio. — There is nothing organized, and formerly there was 
 much suffering among the sick and old ; but of late years, as they have 
 earned money, the friends of the sick and poor care for them, so that 
 there is but little real suffering because of poverty. The agent also 
 provides extra food for the sick and poor from Government supplies. 
 
 Initiation into manhood or into the tribe. — There is no ceremony now, 
 and has not been, as far as I can learn. 
 
 So&iat vices. — Intemperance/gambling, and^lilthiness. 
 ^ HeaUng.-i-See sec. 1, E, of present chapter. 
 
 Bleeding, extracting teeth, amputation, tre2)anning. — These were unknown 
 among them before a white physician came. 
 
 Customs when about to build a house, to go on a hunting or fishing expe- 
 dition, to male a journey, or to engage in any new pursuit. — Formerly, as 
 now, when about to build a house, they did nothing special, as their houses 
 were so small and often removed, that it was an event of no great im- 
 portance ; but when about to go on a hunting or fishing expedition, to 
 make a journey, or engage in anything special, they would tamanamus. 
 their way of invoking the presence of the Great Spirit, so that they 
 might be successful. They do very little of this now. 
 
 Customs when about to eng<igc in icar. — They would consult together 
 in an assembly where those who wished would speak, and then do as 
 the chiefs said. After this they would tamanamus in order to be success- 
 ful, and paint themselves with black and red, making themselves as 
 hideous as possible. They have had no war for many years. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 105 
 
 Treatment of the captives and icoundcd. — Wouiuled enemies were gen- 
 erally killed. Captives were made slaves or sold ; but sometimes promi- 
 nent men were ransomed. 
 
 Customs around the dying and dead. — They will tamanamus (see 111, 
 17, D, Exorcism) for the removal of the evil spirit. When a person is 
 about to die, they remove the person from the house, supposing tliat if 
 a death takes place in a house the evil spirit who killed the deceased 
 will kill every one who shall afterward live in the house. If it is 
 unpleasant weather, a mat house is built in which they nuiy die, and 
 being immediately torn down, it allows the evil spirit to escape. If a 
 person dies in a house, they will not live in it afterward, and generally 
 tear it down. After death, there is a great deal of crying and mourn- 
 ing and noise. 
 
 Funeral and hurial customs. — The dead are placed in cotlins, and many 
 things are also placed with them in the coflins, as good clothes and other 
 things, which they will be supposed to need in the next world. Occa- 
 sionally, Christian services are held over them, after which they are 
 taken to the graveyard. The number of these Christian services has 
 increased considerably during the last two years. If no Christian serv- 
 ice is held at the convenience of the friends, they are taken to the 
 grave, but generally much sooner after death than with the whites, 
 often as soon as the coffin can be made. They are quite supersti- 
 tious about going near the dead, fearing that the wicked spirit 
 who killed the dead will enter the living who go near. They are most 
 fearful of having children go near, they beiiig more liable to be attacked 
 than older persons. They are very slowly overcoming these prejudices 
 as they see the customs of the whites, but are more slow in regard to 
 this than to adopt most other American customs. 
 
 Manner of disposing of the dead, by cnmation, in coffins, embalming, in 
 graven, in lodges, on scaffolds. — No <'remation, no embalming, not in 
 lodges. They are placed in coftius, which are made by the Government 
 carpenter, or in a rough box, if the former cannot be easily i)rocured, 
 and then in a grave. Formerly they were placed on scaftblds, but there 
 is very little of this now. Over the grave is an iuclosure generally in 
 the shape of a small house, shed, loilge, or ience, and Avith some the 
 sides are quite open, and with others entirely closed, or with a window. 
 Both outside and within the iuclosure are various articles, as guns, 
 canoes in miniature, dishes, clothes, blankets, sheets, and cloth mats, 
 and occasionally a wooden man, carved and painted in the U^ce, and 
 dressed. On some graves, these things are replenished every year or 
 two, as they are destroyed by the elfects of time. Some graves have 
 nothing of this kind. In this respect, they are adopting American cus- 
 toms more and more. 
 
 Ossuaries and public cemeteries.— ThcvG are no ossuaries. They have 
 two cemeteries, both on Hood's Canal, one on the reservation and the 
 other a little ways from it. They are not regularly laid out, but face 
 the water, generally extending back only one or two rows of graves. 
 
ion BULLKTIX UNITKIJ STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ^S H).—GOVERXMi:ST AND POLITICAL ECOXOilT. 
 A .— O U G AN IZ ATION. 
 
 AutJiorilics ill timi- of penvv, chums, and treatment of. — The United 
 St'ites IiKlian niU'ut is almost supreiiio with them, and hence the chiefs 
 have Imt litth^ real authority. Tlie ollicers are a head chief, four sub- 
 chiels, headmen, and ai)oliceinaii. The lionorof chieftainship is, however, 
 c >nsi(l»'ral)le, so much so that the place is sought after. The chiefs, 
 sub-chiefs, and liea Imeu have, however, considerable influence, and on 
 I'Durt ilays, while the agent acts as Judge, they act as jury, and they 
 also are supposed to have more influence with the agent than others. 
 They also settle some of the minor cases. 
 
 Asscinhlies and public drlibcrations. — They generally assemble on the 
 sabbath lor religious worship aiul sabbath-school, on court days for 
 court, at feasts and tamanamus, and when Government annuities are 
 distributed ; also when any event of importance takes place. The 
 chiefs and headmen do most of the talking, but any one who wishes 
 has tlie privilege of speaking. 
 
 Military organizations, war chiefs. — The same persons who are chiefs 
 in time of peace are also chiefs in tijue ot war. They are the command- 
 ing ollicers of the army, which, in battle, is a very irregular one, each man 
 lighting as seems best to him. 
 
 Authority of privileged classes. — The chiefs are honored, and have 
 sonu' authority, but not much, especially when they disagree with the 
 Indian agent. The medicine-men are feared. 
 
 The eoinnion people, what part of them have a voice in the assembly. — Any 
 one speaks who wishes to do so. 
 
 B. — Regulations, laws, etc. 
 
 Concerning labor, trades, and castes. — There is no law about labor or the 
 trades. There is no caste. AVheu one wishes to labor, he does so in 
 the way which suits him best. Logging has been their principal busi- 
 ness. A number work together, from six to'fifteen, and when the boom 
 is sold and tho amount deilucted which their food cost, the rest is di- 
 vided among tliem according to their labor. Tliey have farms and 
 work on them, also work for white persons as they And employment. 
 None have learned the trades to any extent. It has been difficult to 
 teach the older ones the trades, as, while they are able to earn but little, 
 they wish full i)ay. .V few, however, have learned to handle tools quite 
 well. ]\Iany of the women wash anil iron for the whites. 
 
 Personal and communal possessions, debtors. — Their i)ossessions are 
 personal wholly: hardly anything is held in coaimon. Common custom 
 says debtors must pay, though seldom is property taken by force for 
 debt. 
 
 Oaths and trials. — The United States Indian agent acts as Judge some- 
 
EELLS 0\ THE TWANA INDIANS. 107 
 
 times; in regard to small cases, the chief and subchiefs decide; but 
 generally the cases are brought to the ageikt, who, after hearing all the 
 evidence, decides the case, or else refers it to five or six of the principal 
 men as a jury for decision. Witnesses and jury are not put on oath; 
 but when persons join the temperance society, they are sworn in the 
 presence of God and all present. 
 
 Slavery.— There are a very few slaves; hut as there has been no war 
 for a long time, slavery is dying out, and the few which there are are 
 not treated as harshly as they fornu'rly were. 
 
 Inheritance.— Vroi^evty of deceased parents goes to their children, or, 
 if there are no children, to their friends; sometimes, with the consent 
 of the friends, it being given to everybody, strangers even. The oldest 
 child generally receives most. 
 
 Torture and imnislunent. — There is no torture among them now, nor 
 has been, except when captives tried to run away or were contrary, 
 when they cut the soles of their feet. The punishment is generally by 
 fines or imprisonment for a few days, seldom more than two weeks. 
 Generally murder is settled by the payment of from $300 to 8G00, though 
 occasionally blood revenge is practiced. 
 
 Revenue — The only revenue is that the convicted persons pay the 
 sheriff or policeman ; the chiefs and jury give their time. 
 
 Census. — They take no census. All that is done is taken by the agent, 
 as given under I, D. 
 
 Declaring and conducting tear, truces, treaties, (be. — For declaring war, 
 see III, 15, B. When a truce takes place, one man, who is favorably 
 known, is sent to the opposite i)arty to arrange the terms of peace; and 
 if a treaty is made, then, sometimes, they prepare a feast, to which the 
 principal men on both sides are inviteil, and of which they partake to- 
 gether. In their later truces, they used the white tiag, or something 
 white as a sign of the truce. 
 
 Commerce, foreign and domestic. — There is nothing deserving the name 
 of commerce among themselves; they simj ly trade lor dilforent articles 
 as they wish. To the Americans they sell boo-n-iegs ehielly, an 1 buy 
 provisions, clothes, ornaments, &c. They have very little trade with 
 other tribes, sometimes trading horses with the Isisqually Indians, and 
 buying canoes of the Clallan)s. 
 
 Succession to ranJc. — Formerly the chieftainship descended from father 
 to son ; now the head chief is elected, generally annually, on the Fourth 
 of July, the custom having changed within ten years. The subchiefs 
 are chosen by the people to serve during good behavior, subject to the 
 will of the people and agent. The sherilf or policeman is appointed by 
 the agent to serve during good behavior. 
 
 Public proinrty, procisious, and slock. — There is none. 
 
\()H I'.I'LIJ'/riN IMTKI) STA'IKS (;EOI.OGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 -N i7.~i:i':i./iii<)X. 
 
 A.— On.IKCTS (»!■' liKVKUKNCK AM) WORSHIP. 
 
 A iiffrlif si>itils till)! thiiniiis. — Miiiiy nii^c.lic s[)irits. (See Tiiinauainus.) 
 .SoiiM'tiirics it, is l)i',li(5vril tliat llicy'lo l«':ir the devil and deinons so much 
 that llmir medieiiu; men Ir.v to '^un their favor so that they shall not 
 he injiiied by tlieni. 
 
 >iliiniiniis. — As al>'»ve, nnder liead of demons. 
 
 (lulls. — 'I'hey worship a (!reat Spirit, who they believe made the world 
 ami all in it, and who preservi's anil <i()V"rns it. See nothing of a Trin- 
 ity in their ideas. 
 
 7'»/rwv. — Dm'U p(>rson has his own .i;nardian spirit, called his tamaua- 
 nins. On IIm> door of one lumsi^ is an imai^e [)ainted with white paiut 
 (Me<« V\<j!:. I', IMale l'r»), — the tamanamus of the owner of the house. 
 
 On the «luor of another is one of the shape shown at Fig. It, Plate 25, 
 tlu> hea\y shading immediately around the humau figure indicating red 
 paint. At tlu^ heail of the bed of one woman is a board about feet 
 hi^h, L'A bn)ad, ami tiguretl as shown at Fig. It, Plate 25. There the 
 heavy shading imlieates red paint. 1 am told that some others have 
 tli(>irs at the head of their beds, but have not seen them. They gener- 
 ally liav»> some animal as their tamanamus, although these look very 
 little like any. Most of the Indians, however, have no figure to repre- 
 stMit tlu'ir tamanamus. llow it is chosen or when, I have not learned 
 iVom them, but suppose it to be done as other Indians on this coast do. 
 flien' is very mueh ab»)ut the whole subjeet which I do not fully under 
 stand, tlunigh I am trying eonstantlv to learn more. 
 
 •p>' 
 
 r».— Holy rr.At'ES and objects. 
 
 \ur,\l Itijouis.litanits, or litirs. — That God made the world; that He 
 made man. bat that thtnv were ditVerent centers of creation for man, 
 tlie aiu'estors oi' eaeh tribe being created where that tribe now lives; 
 that theri< was a tiood, bur that it was not verv long airo, and that it 
 did ■\o{ i>vt>rilow cill their land, but (hat the summit of Mount Olympus, 
 the highest inouiuaiu near here, was not submerged, and that a number 
 ot' pei'plo veinained there until the ilood subsided: that before it sub- 
 siili'il a number of Uu> caiuu's broke from their fastenings, and carried 
 tlu' peo[ile who wore in them far away, so that they never returned, 
 w hiih aeeonuts lor there being si» tow left here, and the mountain is 
 ealleil F.istener in thoir language, from the fact that they broke from 
 their fasteuuig; that none but goinl liulians were saved at all : that the 
 pigeon oi ilo\ e dul not tlie. but went abroad to see who were dead; that 
 tliove has been a gvoat tire, which burned up everybody and everything 
 exeept good Indians; tiiat one person, very wicked, was turned into a 
 rvvU. and heuee tliat all wicked Indi.ms will be rurued into a rock or 
 else into some boast : and that (lod at some time formerly oamo ilowu 
 to this world. See III. 17. l". Inoaruation.^ 
 
null. U. S. Geol. and (leop-. Survey. Vol. Ill, 
 
 Plate 25. 
 
 Kij. P. 
 
 .jiJi 
 
 Fiji. Q- 
 
 FiK- K. 
 
 Fifl. S. 
 
 Tiitems, &c., of the Twaiia Indians. 
 
EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 109 
 
 C. — Ecclesiastical organization. 
 
 Medicinemen, rain-maJcers, sorcerers, devotees. — Xo sorcerers ortlevotees- 
 There are medicine-men. Xo special class of rain-makers; but there is 
 a certain rock iu Uood's Canal, near the reservation, whiih they have 
 thought if any one should strike in a certain way it would bring rain. 
 But they have about lost faith in it now. 
 
 Part taken by the hiiety in religious ceremonies. — At tamanamns they 
 are present and help make the noise, while the medicine-man draws 
 forth the evil spirit. (See III, 17, I), Exorcism.) In their old mode of 
 worship, by dancing, they danced. 
 
 D. — Sacred rites. 
 
 Installation of dignitaries. — At present, when a chief is chosen, he 
 makes a short speech, and a few others congratulate him. 
 
 Exorcism, generally called tamanamns. — A wicked medicine-man is 
 supposed to be able to send a woodpecker, s<iuirrel, bear, or an^- treach- 
 erous animal, to the heart of his enemy, to eat his heart, plague him, 
 make him sick, or kill him. The good medicineman finds out, from his 
 sickness, what kind of an animal it is, and then tries to draw it forth ; and 
 while the common people make a noise, pounding on a rough drum, on 
 sticks, hallooing, singing, &c., the medicineman places his hands on 
 some part of the body, where to him seems best, and draws forth with 
 his hands, or says he does, the evil spirit ; and when he says he has it, 
 he holds it between his hands, invisible, and blows it up, or takes it to 
 another man, who throws a stone at it and kills it. When the sick 
 person is not cured, they say there are several evil spirits, but some- 
 times the person dies before they are all drawn out, or else the opposing 
 medicine-man is stronger than he, and so he cannot draw them all out. 
 Sometimes the good spirit of the person is gone, and he is sick. Then 
 the medicine-man tries, with his hands, to draw it back, and so cure 
 him. 
 
 Choosing a totem. — See A of present section. 
 
 Sacrifice. — Formerly, when they went to a new land to live for any 
 length of time, they would build a tire, and then burn some fish, good 
 mats, or something valuable made with the hand, except clothes, which 
 they said they gave to the land in order to gain its favor. Even now 
 in some of their tamauamus ceremonies they do something similar. 
 
 Purification. — None as a religious rite. Formerly the women were 
 considered unclean when changing to womanhood, and also at the birth 
 of a child ; on account of which they were kept out of the house, and 
 purified by washing with certain leaves. These customs are almost 
 extinct. 
 
 Exorcism. — A wicked medicine-man can also, in an invisible manner, 
 shoot a stone, ball, or poison into the heart of the sick person, and the 
 animal spoken of, to eat the heart of the person, is also sent in an in 
 
110 ni'LLKTIN UMTKD STATKS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 visihlc, iiiimiicr. Tlicy In^licve in it so lirmly, that tliey say \tlK'u the 
 htart of oiM' who has died has hceii ojxmhmI tliat often this stone, or 
 Itone, or the like, has been found. When tlie j,^ood medicine-uian 
 tanianaiMUSi^s ovjt the siek person, sometimes he gets well and some- 
 limes lie does not. When he does, often I thiidc he would have re- 
 eovered ha<l tluire been no tamanamus, an«l sometimes I am inclined to 
 think it might, perhaps, lie attributed to mesmeric; i)ower on the part of 
 the d(M;tor, or to the powers of the imagination, as often spoken of in 
 mental philosopiiy, on the part of the sick person. There are enough 
 cures to make them firm Ix^lievers in it, and enough deaths to make them 
 believe that there is some other doctor stronger than the one who is 
 trying to cure. They pay the doctor who is trying to cure whatever 
 they wish, but g«'nerally considerable, sons to secure his services again 
 if they iietMl him, and if they can discover to their satisfaction the bad 
 doctor who sends the sickness, they will extort considerable from him. 
 
 In addition to this, which might be called tamanamus for the sick, 
 there are at least three other kiiuls which are called by the uame of 
 taimmamus — tlu' black tamanamus — which is the most savage (see III, 
 1."), A, Secret orders), that tor the living and that for the dead. 
 
 I tlo not know all the order of ceremonies, but there is, in connection 
 with the last two of them, very much feasting, pounding, singing, 
 hallooing, tlancing, <S:c., and some fasting. 
 
 In the tamanamus for the living, the candidate starves himself until 
 he is about sick, when all his friends gather and make the noise, he 
 singing a kind of solo at times and they responding; and this is kept 
 up more or less for several days and nights, with intervals of rest 
 more or less long. The object of it is to gain the favor of his tamana- 
 mus or guardian spirit. 
 
 Tamanauuis for the dead: — Some time before a person dies, it may be 
 months, it is supposed that a spirit comes from the spirit-world and 
 carries away the spirit of the person, after which the person gradually 
 wastes away or suddenly dies. If by any means it can be discovered 
 that this has been done, and there are those who profess to do it, then 
 they attempt to get the s[)irit back by a tamanamus, and, if it is done, 
 the person will live. 
 
 There are three traditions about tamanamus which I have learned. 
 
 One is of a man, a long time ago, who formed an image of a man, into 
 which he put his tamaiuimus, ami over which he had considerable 
 power, even to making it dance. Two young men did not believe it, 
 and at one time, when many were gathered in the house where it was, 
 were told that, if they did not believe it, to take hold of it and hold it 
 still, r.iir when they did so. the man made it dance, and soon, instead 
 of the two men holding it still, it made them dance, one holding to an 
 arm on each side of it, nor eouUl they stop or let go, but after dancing 
 a while in the house it took them outside, dancing toward the salt-water. 
 All the people followed. Irving to stop it, but could not. It took them 
 
EELLS ON THE TWAXA INDIANS. Ill 
 
 « 
 
 into the water, and then all three became chan,i,'e(l into something like 
 the fish called a skate, went underneath the v.iiter like a fish, and were 
 seen no more. 
 
 They al.so s<ay that one woman, called Jaiie, '.ow on the reservation, 
 could, before the whites eann^, make certain blocks of wood wiiicdi she 
 had, and which were a foot or two lonij and about a loot in diameter, 
 dance by means of her tamanamns without touching them, l)ut cannot 
 do it now, and since the whites came she has taken them ott into the 
 woods and buried them. 
 
 They also say that a long time ago a man nho lived at Union City, 
 and was very successful in catching iiorpoises, had a brother who was 
 his enemy, who lived up the river, and who trie<l to injure him, but could 
 not. He especially tried to injure him by seeking to prevent his catch- 
 ing porpoises, but could not. Failing in this, he made a wooden por- 
 poise, put his tama'i -mus into it, and i)ut it into the water, where he 
 thought his brother would catch it. His brother at Union City found 
 it, and Miijikiug that surely it was a ])ori)oise, caught it, but fouiul 
 really that it was too strong for him, and that he was caught by it, for 
 it took him north under water to the unknown place where ducks live 
 in summer, which is also inhabited by a race of pigmj' men a foot or 
 two high, between whom and the ducks there is war. He helped the 
 pigmies, killed many ducks and ate some, whereupon the iiigmies called 
 him a cannibal, and became enraged at him. At last, a whale caught 
 him, and brought him back nearly to Union City. He very much 
 ■wished ':o be thrown out on dry land or in shallow water near the land. 
 But his wish was not granted, for by some means the whale vomited 
 him up in deep water, and he swam to land. This is the reason why the 
 dentalia, the si^ecies of shell formerly used as money, are found in deep 
 water, for they were vomited up with him. If his wish had been 
 granted, and he thrown on drj- land or in shallow water, they would 
 have been found there. 
 
 Many of these things have caused some white people to believe that 
 their religion was a kind of spiritualism. 
 
 For a long time it troubled me to know what was meant by the word 
 " tamanamns", it being most generally used in connection with the work 
 of the medicine-men over the sick. It, however, means more ; anything 
 supernatural, except, perhaps, the direct work of God and Sataii. 
 
 The noun good tamanamns hence means any spirit between God and 
 man, and an evil tamanamus any between Satan and man. It also 
 means any stick, stone, or the like in which this spirit may dwell, and 
 also the work of trying to inlluence this spirit. The verb means to 
 work in such a way as to influence these spirits, and is done in sickness 
 by mediciue or tamanamus men, but in other cases, as described above, 
 by individuals alone, or in companies ; so that a tamanamus is often the 
 work of people tamanamusing. 
 
 I have sometimes asked them whv their tamanamus does not affect 
 
112 HULLKTIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUUVEV. 
 
 whit<' ii'.L'ii. In fact, the superinteinlent of Indian affairs oftered their 
 me«liciiie-men a hundred dollars to make him sick or kill any of liis 
 horses, for thoy profess to have i)Ower to kill horses as well as persons, 
 but they could do nothin<j, and say that the white man's heart is hard, 
 so that the invisible stone cannot affect it, but the Indian's heart is soft 
 like mud, and is easily affected. 
 
 The fifth, month, sta-ko-lit, was so named because it was the month 
 for tamanamus formerly. The practice which gave it the name has now 
 entirely ceased, and is hardly known to the jounger ones, and indeed 
 there are many who hardly know the old name, or indeed any of the 
 names of the months. The ancient practice, it is said, in this month, 
 was to go far off' into the mountains, wash themselves very frequently, 
 remain half-naked, build a very large fire a hundred feet long and 
 twenty feet wide, and remain for seven days or thereabouts without 
 sleep. I suppose that they tamanamused also in other ways. AVheu 
 they returned, they rested and slept very much. 
 
 E. — Myths. 
 
 Hades and heaven. — Their idea of heaveu formerly was that it was be 
 low, and a place for good hunting and fishing, for good Indians. They 
 had no hell, as they supposed wicked persons would be turned into a 
 rock or beast. Now most of them believe the heaven and hell of the 
 Bible to be true, I think. 
 
 Omens. — When they see something very unusual, they think some- 
 thing bad will happen. For instance, if they find a fish very different 
 from any they have ever seen, or a white squirrel, or find a frog cut 
 open and laid on a rock, or anything very unusual, they think something 
 bad will happen, as a great storm, or that some one will die, or some- 
 thing else bad, and if it does not occur till a jear passes, but then 
 occurs, they think the omen is fulfilled. To go near a dead person, 
 especially if children should do so, is au omen that those doing so may 
 die soon. 
 
 Inanimate objects. — There is a rock a few miles from Union City, 
 which, if touched by any person, would cause the hand to dry up and 
 wither.] There is at Eneti, on the reservation, an irregular basaltic 
 rock, about three feet by three feet and four inches and a foot and a half 
 high. On one side there has been hammered a face, said to be the rep- 
 resentation of the face of the thunder-bird, which could also cause 
 storms. It is delineated in diagrammatic outline at Fig. S, Plate 25. 
 The two eyes are about six inches in diameter and four inches apart, 
 and the nose about nine inches long. It is said to have been made by 
 some man a long time ago, who felt very badly, and went and sat on 
 the rock, and with another stone hammered out the eyes and nose. 
 For a long time, they believed that if the rock was shaken, it would 
 cause rain, probably because the thunder-bird was angry. They have 
 now about lost faith in it, so much so that about two years ago they 
 
KELL.s ON TIIK T>\ ANA IN1»I.\^.S. 113 
 
 t\)rmtMl a boom of logs anmiul it. many of which olt«'ii struck it. That 
 season was stormy, and some ot the older Indians said, however. •• No 
 wonder, as the rock i.s .shaken all ot the time."" Ii is on the beai'h. fac- 
 ing? the water, where it i.s tiooded at high tide, but not at low tide, and 
 the impression is being gradually worn away by the waves. 
 
 Krlip.sr. — An eclipse of the sun almost annular occurred about two 
 weeks ago. which gave me an oi>i»(>rtunity to learn some of their ideas 
 about it. They formerly, as near as I can learn, supposed that a whale 
 was eating uj) the sun. At the time of the eclipse, several of the women 
 and old persons told me that they stopi)ed work, went to their houses 
 and prayed in their minds to (lod. Many wished to know what I 
 thought was the cause of it. 
 
 I'rotliffies. — (I) Stick Siwasli, a great man or giant, by some thought 
 to be as large as a tree, who would carry olf women and children when 
 alone or nearly alone, does not attack men. He lives in the woods. (2) 
 A great land animal which carried otf a woman was pursued by a large 
 number cf i>eople, who attacked it, cut it with knives, speored it. and 
 did many thiugs, enough to have killeil very many common animals, 
 but were unable to kill it, and left it. (3) A great water animal, which 
 has overturned cauoes and eaten u[) the people, but cannot be killed. 
 
 ]'rai/cr. — In connection with their worship of the Great Si)irit, or liter- 
 ally the Chief Above, as given (see Great Sjiirit, III. 17. F), they i>ray 
 to the Great Spirit, asking Ilim to take caio of them, help them, and 
 
 make them good. 
 
 F.— Belief. 
 
 Aniiiiisu) or the existence of the soul. — They tirmly believe in this. 
 
 Transmhjration. — They believe that some wicked people have been 
 turned to animals, or did Ibrmerly believe it. 
 
 They have a tradition of a dog which was l)ad, which swam from Eneti 
 to Union City, and back near to the graveyard, a distance of about live 
 miles, and was turned into a long rock, now lyirig there; also that a cer- 
 tain kind of round Hat shell about four iiu-hes in diameter was formerly 
 their gambling-disks, but that these disks were changed to these shells. 
 
 Worship of a Great Spirit. — They believe in Him and wor.ship Him, 
 chielly as the Americans do; the old way, which has now ceased, being 
 by girding themselves, singing, and dancing before Him. 
 
 Inearimtion. — They have a tradition that God once came down to 
 earth, because of a certain imi)ressiou in a rock on this canal (now 
 washed away), which looked somewhat like a large footstep, and since 
 they have been told that Christ came to this earth, they say they know 
 it to be true. 
 
 In addition to the tradition given in connection with gambling (see 
 III, 10, A) they also have a tradition that when the Son of God 
 walked over this land, as He was walking ou the beach, north of the 
 mouth of the Skokomish River, He slipped, and because of it He 
 cursed the ground, and it has been a salt-water marsh ever since, 
 
 8 BULL 
 
114 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 as it is now; also that in crossing a stream down the canal, whicli was 
 very tail of flsb, lie slipped again, and then cursed the stream, and 
 bence Hsli never go up this stream, though they inhabit all others. 
 
 KcsHrrccfioH of the (had. — None according to their old ideas; the spirit 
 went to the spirit-land; the body was not raised in this world, but grad- 
 ually, as it decomposed, was taken there also. 
 
 liitribution. — That the wicked will be turned into a rock or animal, 
 formerly. Xow, most believe in future punishment as taught in tiie 
 Bible. ' 
 
 Merit una il(m<rit in sight (n/ Deity. — All were good except the very 
 bad, tormei'ly. Tbey had no dividing line. The Great Spirit divith-d 
 the good from the batl at death. 
 
 Eternity of happiness and woe. — Happiness was eternal. The wicked 
 were turned into a i-ock and always remained so, or into an animal, 
 as long as it lived. At present most believe in the eternity of hap- 
 piness and woe, as taught in the Bible. 
 
 Progress in relif/ion. — It is but four years and a half since the tirst 
 Protestant services were held among them. About twenty-three years 
 ago, a liomaa Catholic priest taught them a little and baptized some ; 
 but this instruction was given up a long time ago, and most of them 
 have giveu up their belief in it. ^Yhen the present Indian policy began, 
 four and a half years ago, this reservation was turned over to the Con- 
 gregationalists under the American Missionary Association. The attend- 
 ance on the sabbath services has been increasing every summer, the 
 Sabbath attendance averaging about eighty during the past summer 
 (lS7."ii. In the winter there are not so many, as most of them live from 
 one to three miles away, and the weather is often bad. One of their 
 number has united with the church here, and there are others whom 1 
 believe to be Christians. IMost of them say they believe the Bible is true, 
 and that Christ came to this world ; but still they cling strongly to their 
 tamanamus, some of them I think as a religion, and some merely as a 
 superstition. The ideas of many in regard to the Bible are dim yet, even 
 respecting the most important truths, and this is not strange when we 
 remember that they cannot read. They are in a transition state in this 
 respect, as in ma!!y others.