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THE LOST TRIBES: 
 
 A KEFL'I Al ION OF IHK IHl.OKIFS OV MKSSKP. WIISOX. HIM, AND 
 
 OIMIK WRIIKKS WHO HAVl. lliKNTIFIKI) THF.M 
 
 WriH THE KNCil.l.SH NATION. 
 
 A LECTURE 
 
 DEUVKRED UNDER THE Al'SPICES OF THE 
 
 Young Men's Society of Erskine Church, 
 
 MONTREAL, 
 
 ON 
 
 17th DECEMBER, 1877, 
 
 By rev. prof. CAMPBEEI., M.A. 
 
 MOI^TREAL: 
 "WII^LIAIVI I>ltYSr)^S.T.K & CO. 
 
 1878. 
 
 / 
 
The following Lecture was given at the request of the 
 Young Men's Society of Erskine Church, Montreal. The 
 very large audience which assembled to listen to it, and 
 the enthusiastic approval which was given to the wish 
 expressed to put it into more permanent form, together 
 with the request of numerous personal friends, induced 
 Professor Campbell to place his manuscript at the disposal 
 of the Society. 
 
 It is now placed before the public as an important ad- 
 dition to the literature of a subject which, of late, has 
 attracted no small amount of attention. 
 
 J. S. BLACK, 
 
 Hon. President, 
 
 **°*'™^^^' Erskine Church Y. M. S. 
 
 26M Dec, 1877. 
 
THE LOST TRIBES. 
 
 MANY years ago, and long before Anglo-Israelite views 
 became popular, there fell into my hands a work by 
 Mr. John Wilson, containing " Our Israelitish Origin " and 
 ^' Book of Inheritance." The first of these was published 
 by him in the year 1840, and, at the time, attracted some 
 attention. It was intended to prove the Israelitish origin, 
 not of the English people in particular, but of the modern 
 nations of Europe in general. The Rev. Edward Bick- 
 ersteth replied to the arguments of Mr. Wilson, and, as 
 that writer says, his objections were an obstacle to the 
 progress of this truth (that of the Israelitish origin) in 
 several quarters. The subject did not gain any hold upon 
 the minds of thinking men or of the public, although, from 
 time to time, writers more or less obscure, and fanciful in 
 their notions, re-stated and commended the views advanced 
 by the propounder of the theory. It was not till 1871 that 
 the Anglo-Israelite Apostle appeared in the person of Mr. 
 Edward Hine. He tells us that, when a boy of fifteen, 
 Mr. Wilson lodged a thought in his mind which has lived 
 there ever since. That thought was the Israelitish origin 
 of the English people, their constitution, their national 
 church, everything in short that claimed Mr. Hine's 
 loyalty as a patriot and a churchman. The boy of fifteen 
 developed into an enthusiast. With great earnestness 
 of purpose, with stern dogmi.tism, but with literary 
 humility as became a writer of no reputation, he launched 
 upon the tide of public opinion his first pamphlet, entitled, 
 ^* Twenty-seven Identifications of the English Nation with 
 the Lost House of Israel, founded upon three hundred 
 Scripture proofs." This was followed by other pamphlets, 
 which obtained an enormous circulation, and by lectures 
 which Mr. Hine delivered in many parts of England. 
 
6 
 
 The rank and file of the disciples gained by these means 
 are to be found in the large class of shallow religious 
 speculators, the good imaginat ve people who buy the 
 books of Dr. Gumming and other writers upon unfulfilled 
 prophecy, and read them. A few, like the Astronomer 
 Royal for Scotland, are men of heavier calibre, but are not 
 reckoned safe judges in other matteis that they have 
 sought to lay before the world. That Mr. Hine and his 
 followers are sincere in their belief there is no reason to 
 doubt ; that he, at least, is heart and soul devoted to its 
 advocacy is visible in every line he writes. He is evan- 
 gelical but anti-Calvinistic in his views ; tolerant of 
 dissenters, yet willing to set them right in various matters 
 of practice. His loyalty to Queen and country, constitu- 
 tion and laws, is no more to be questioned than his 
 reverence for pounds, shillings and pence, English weights 
 and measures and the British workman's two-foot rule ; 
 while he hates the decimal system as much as staunch 
 Protestants detest the mark of the beast. Missions ta 
 the Jews he deems a great waste of money, that might 
 better be spent on his magazine " Life from the Dead," 
 which he affirms will give to our country a greater event 
 than the Reformation ; and, as for the heathen, they are 
 the small dust of the balance that need not be taken into 
 account while the claims of the Israelitish origin are being 
 weighed. There is, however, one great objection that I 
 have to Mr. Hine, one that Professor Rawlinson and Dr. 
 Margoliouth, with other respectable scholars, have strongly 
 expressed, — with all his enthusiasm, energy and zeal for 
 what he considers to be the truth, Mr. Hine is a very 
 ignorant man. 
 
 When I call Mr. Hine ignorant, the term is used in 
 relation to the subject of his teaching. Although not a 
 master of the English language, he writes, as a rule, intel- 
 ligibly, and sometimes grammatically. His writings 
 evince an acquaintance with current events and national 
 topics ; they exhibit powers of observation, and a consider- 
 able amount of tact and ingenuity in the accommodation 
 
of his theory to persons and to facts. He seems also to 
 have a good acquaintance with the literal text of our 
 English Bible. This is all good as far as it goes, but it 
 does not go far enough to redeem Mr. Hine from the 
 charge of being very ignorant in regard to the matters of 
 which he treats. A carpenter may be well up in politics, 
 may even know the different kinds of wood and have a 
 smattering of the science of botany, but if he be ignorant 
 of the tools employed in his handicraft, and of their use, he 
 is a very ignorant carpenter. Now, Mr. Hine rails against 
 all commentators, ancient and modern, who, by dint of 
 great learning and life long studies, have placed the Church 
 in possession of its present standard of religious knowledge, 
 and arrogates to himself the proud position of a root and 
 branch reformer in Biblical interpretation. But he knows 
 nothing of the languages in which the Scriptures he pro- i 
 
 fesses to reverence were originally written, nor of any one 
 rational principle of Scripture interpretation. He deals 
 with grave questions in history, ethnology and philology, 
 without possessing a smattering of knowledge in any one 
 of these departments. Yet he catches eagerly at any 
 passing straw that presents a semblance of scientific 
 color, to keep his theory afloat before the eyes of reason- 
 ing men. And thus he becomes a witness to the truth, 
 that revelation and science, rightly so called, can no more 
 be divorced than God, the author of both, can cease to be 
 true and faithful. A Polish Jew, whom he meets in a lec- 
 turing lour, informs him that he has made out a list of six 
 hundred English words derived from the Hebrew. An old 
 sailor, who has been all round the world, has failed to find 
 Israelitish surnames anywhere but in England. Colonel 
 Gawler furbishes up the old story, that the coronation 
 stone which Edward I. brought to England was Jacob's 
 pillow, and thus connects the Scots, a Celtic people, with 
 the dispersed of Israel. And, finally, Piazzi Smyth is in- 
 troduced, saying much that is true concerning the great 
 pyramid of Cheops, which has no more relation to the 
 
8 
 
 English people in their identification with Israel than Mr. 
 Hine's argument has to common sense. 
 
 The theory of the Anglo-Israelites is built not upon 
 science but on the. application, to isolated prophetic 
 passages in the Bible, of a new system of interpretation. 
 The interpretation of unfulfilled prophecy is a perilous 
 thing. Many great minds have gone far astray while 
 seeking definitely to forecast the future by its means, and 
 small minds have made sad havoc with the truths of inspi- 
 ration. The world has lived to see the errors thus com- 
 mitted, — and wise men, once taken in, have been careful 
 not to recommit themselves to doubtful conclusions. But 
 there has always been a class ready to rush in where 
 angels fear to tread, and from its ranks Mr. Hine will yet 
 no doubt gain many followers. The statement that lies at 
 the basis of all that has been said and written on the sub- 
 ject is an exceedingly simple one, and one which if true 
 should be capable of proof from history and tradition, eth- 
 nology and philology, from a comparison of religious 
 beliefs and of national manners, customs and institutions. 
 It is this, — That the English nation is identical with the ten 
 tribes of Israel who were carried into captivity by Assyrian 
 monarchs between 740 and 720 B.C. The great apostle 
 of this doctrine, although far from being a learned man, 
 possesses, as I have already indicated, a large share of 
 ingenuity. His statement of identity should be proved by 
 an exhibition of various points of similarity between the 
 English people and the captive tribes of Israel. This he 
 attempted with his feeble knowledge, as his predecessor, 
 Mr. Wilson, did with a larger share of information ; he 
 failed, however, and that most lamentably. But, like 
 Antaeus, whom Hercules easily threw, yet who rose again 
 to the conflict soon as he touched his mother earth, Mr, 
 Hine, when cast down by every breath of true science, 
 falls upon the prophecies and gains strength to continue 
 the contest. His greatest stroke of ingenuity is when the 
 argument from similarity fails to take up that from 
 diversity. Proofs being given of the dissimilarity of the 
 
9 
 
 language, religious opinions and traditions of Israel and 
 the ancestors of the English people, the author of the 
 Identifications asks indignantly, " How could Israel be a 
 lost people if it retained these ?" The dogmatism is grand 
 and impressive ! God willed it that the ten tribes should 
 be so lost that no human science should ever be able to 
 find them, but at last, passing over the great and good of 
 all intermediate ages, He sent the vituperative prophet 
 Hine to point out their national existence in the land of 
 the prophet's birth. Mr. Wilson wrote like a Christian. 
 His answer to Mr. Bickersteth is a model of calm, intelli- 
 gent and courteous remonstrance. But he who has taken 
 up the mantle of our Israelitish origin has a more summary- 
 way of dealing with " wicked cavillers," imputing mercenary 
 imotives in many cases that might with better reason be 
 attributed to himself, and otherwise exhibiting little of the 
 spirit of a heaven-taught champion of truth. Still, Mr. 
 Hine professes to meet scientific objectors on their own 
 ground. 
 
 When the Anglo-Israelite tells us that the British 
 •nation is identical with the Lost Tribes of Israel, what 
 does he mean by the British nation ? As at present con- 
 stituted that nation cons'sts of two main elements, the 
 Celtic and the Saxon, — and the Saxon is not without large 
 admixture of the Scandinavian and Norman French. 
 Now, are Irish and Scottish and Welsh Celts, Angles, 
 Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Normans, and all other peoples that 
 have contributed to the population of the British Islands, 
 equally Israelites ? Mr. Hine has no doubt about the 
 Germanic elements ; the Norman, if we believe him, repre- 
 sents the tribe of Benjamin, and is the latest addition to 
 Anglo-Israel ; and the Scots, as wanderers and descend- 
 ants of Heber, may be recognized as belonging to the same 
 great family. The Scots, indeed, are highly favoured, for 
 Her Gracious Majesty traces her Davidic descent through 
 a Stuart ancestry, and they furnished the coronation stone, 
 which is an important elen^ent in the identification. It 
 ihas often been said that the people of Aberdeenshire are 
 
10 
 
 so Israelitish in their ways that Jews find it hard to make 
 a living among them, and pork, we know, is largely 
 eschewed in North Britain ; but the Scots who brought 
 the stone from Ireland were Celts, and in no sense a Ger- 
 manic people. Moreover, the Saxon or Lowland Scotch 
 are neither members of the Israelite State Church of Eng- 
 land, which furnishes an identification in its constant 
 remembrance of the Decalogue, nor are they dissenters 
 from it. But, worse than all, the Scots proper, or Gaels^ 
 are of the same blood as the Irish Celts, and they, accord- 
 ing to Mr. Hine, are no Israelites, but of the accursed 
 seed of Canaan — a thorn in the side of Israel to the 
 present day. The whole of Ireland was not peopled by 
 Canaanites, however. A notable exception is made in 
 favour of the Protestant North, where the Tuatha-de- 
 Danans represented the tribe of Dan. How they 
 made their way from Media nobody knows. Dr. Latham 
 suggested that the Danai of Greece might have been 
 Danites, and Mr. Hine at one time thought of connecting 
 Denmark with them, but changed his mind and leaped to 
 the North of Ireland. If tradition be true, the people of 
 that region are famous for their saltatory powers. A sea- 
 man on one occasion lost his foothold in the rigging of a 
 vessel, and alighted on the deck with great suddenness in 
 front of where the captain was pacing. " Where in the 
 world did you come from .'' " asked the officer, amazed at 
 the startling apparition. The seaman, gathering himself 
 up as best he could, put his hand to his forelock and 
 replied, with a charming brogue, " From the North of Ire- 
 land, sir." Well, the tribe of Dan leaped to the North of 
 Ireland from nobody knows where, and where they have 
 leaped from it is a conundrum that Mr. Hine may put 
 along with the Anglo-Saxon riddle. Modern history 
 derives the Protestant population of Ulster in the main 
 from Scotland, but if that does not agree with Mr. Hine's 
 interpretation of prophecy. I suppose we must abandon the 
 notion. The Irish historians maintain that both the Scots 
 and the Danans were descendants of Magog, but it is hard 
 
11 
 
 to say what credit should be given to the wicked posterity 
 of Canaan. I confess, however, that it seems strange to 
 find Canaanites in Irish Roman Catholic Celts and 
 Israelites in Scotch Protestant Celts, while Saxons and 
 Normans, belonging to a totally different branch of the 
 Indo-European family, are made Israelites also. Mr. 
 Hine would have us infer that he has found this out by 
 Divine truth. I doubt it very much, and am inclined to 
 believe the agency was something human ; but he is right 
 in saying that it was not human wisdom. Since, however, 
 Israel is Celtic and Germanic, it must have large conti- 
 nental relations. Benjamin, in the person of the Normans, 
 did not all aspire to the English aristocracy and come over 
 with the Conqueror. Many Normans remained in Nor- 
 mandy, and these have numerous descendants in this 
 Province of Quebec, who show something of the spirit of 
 their ancestor in claiming a Benjamin's portion of all good 
 things. The pious Protestants of Wales, who, although 
 dissenters in the main and thus not prime favourites of 
 Mr. Hine, are, we suppose, reckoned among Israel, have 
 blood relations in Brittany, which also sent its quota to our 
 shores. The Irish and Scottish historians tell of colonies 
 that the Milesians left in Spain, so that the land of Tarsh- 
 ish should have a right to a lecture or two on its Israelite 
 connections. What of Saxony and the modern Jutlanders, 
 and the conquering race of Sweden, who were Angles or 
 Ynglingians — are they not all Israelites as well ? Mr. 
 Wilson thought so ; at least he was in favour of including 
 the Germanic tribes, and so are Mr. Carpenter and the 
 Rev. Robert Polwhele, two witnesses for the identity. 
 But Mr. Hine is a conservative, and he feels that he must 
 draw the line somewhere. Ethnology has nothing to do 
 with the question. Germany was the birthplace of the 
 Reformation, and it would be a pleasing thing to make an 
 Israelite out of Luther, a Saxon too; but the Identity 
 question, says the prophet, is far more important than the 
 Reformation. There are twenty-seven reasons why 
 modern European nations cannot be parts of Israel. 
 
12 
 
 Among these are the facts that Germans and Dutchmen^ 
 Belgians, Danes ai.d Swedes do not keep the Sabbath,, 
 give no prominence in their national churches to the 
 Commandments, and that they have introduced the deci- 
 mal system. It would, in Mr. Hine's opinion, be a woeful 
 calamity and a terrible blow to rectitude and justice if 
 these modern Gentiles were allowed to participate in the 
 glorious heritage of Israel. I wonder how Mr. Hine likes 
 the national church of the Province of Quebec and the 
 decimal system of the Dominion coinage ! There is no 
 science, you perceive, visible, even with the aid of a 
 microscope, in the Anglo -Israelite theory so far, which sets 
 at naught all that ethnology teaches of the affiliation of 
 nations, and resolves the peopling of the British Islands 
 into a miraculous outgathering of the tribes of Israel from 
 the Celtic and Teutonic stocks with which they had amal- 
 gamated. To this, of course, the Canaanite Irish form an 
 exception. 
 
 Let us leave for the time that weak instrument, for so 
 Mr. Hine appropriately terms himself when referring to 
 his confounding the wisdom of the wise, namely, Messrs. 
 Wilson, Carpenter and Polwhele (a case of confusion worse 
 confounded), and examine the theory of the same wise 
 men. They trace the Anglo-Saxons to the East, which is 
 not remarkable, inasmuch as, if we believe the Bible, all 
 western nations came originally from the East. The 
 Teutonic traditions themselves go back no farther than to 
 Asgard on the Don, and make not the remotest reference 
 to any more ancient home. Yet it is true that some re- 
 putable historians have derived Germanic tribes from 
 Persia, of which Media, where many captive Israelites were 
 sent, afterwards became a province. Mr. Wilson, Mr. 
 Carpenter and others, f;nd the ancestors of the British 
 people and the descendants of the Captivity in the Sacae, 
 the Getae, and the Scythians in general, because they hold 
 the two former to be mere divisions of the latter. The 
 Sacse, or Saxons, were Isaac's sons, we are told, who, 
 forgetting their Hebrew name, Beni Isaac, began to speak-^ 
 
^ 
 
 13 
 
 English early. The Getae were originally of the tribe of 
 Gad, and kept up their Hebrew, for they called themselves 
 at times Massagetae, and as matteh means a branch or 
 tribe and is the nearest thing in the world to massa, it fol- 
 lows that the Massagetse were the tribe of Gad. However, 
 Colonel Gawler thinks that Reuben and half Manasseh 
 were included under this name. As for Scyth, some of 
 these learned historians decide that it means " wanderer," 
 because the people of that name were doomed to wander 
 from Media to the British Islands ; while others connect it 
 with booths, such as the Israelites made for themselves at 
 the Feast of Tabernacles. There is one difliculty about 
 the Scythians, and that is the fact of their name appearing 
 frequently upon ancient Assyrian tablets and cylinders, 
 ages before Israel was carried captive. Even the Sacae, 
 under the much more perfect form Sakisai, occur in an 
 inscription ot Assur-bani-pal not long after the Captivity, 
 as a people not of Media in the north but of Susiana far 
 in the south. The Identity historians, however, glory in 
 the statement of Josephus, that the ten tribes dwelt beyond 
 the Euphrates in his day, Unfortunately, the Getoe and 
 Scythians were not to be found there at that time, and if the 
 Sacae had been sought for they would have been discovered 
 far away on the borders of India, where, a short time 
 before, they had sought to establish their empire. The 
 Scythians were on the northern shores of the Black Sea in 
 the days of Herodotus, four hundred years before Josephus, 
 and the Getae, at the same period, dwelt to the south of 
 the Danube, There were, however, tribes dwelling in 
 high Asia, called Sacse by the Persians and Scythians by 
 Pliny, whose divisions are given us by that author, among 
 which one searches in vain for an Israelite name. More- 
 over, these Sacae or Scythians were Turanians of the 
 Tartar family, so that if they were Israelites, the ten 
 tribes, originally Semitic, must have become first Turanian, 
 and afterwards Indo-European. That the people of 
 Sacasene, in Armenia, were ancestors of the Saxons cannot 
 be said to be improbable, but there is not the least shadow 
 
14 
 
 of a reason for associating them in any way with the Ten 
 Tribes. Professor Rawlinson, whose researches into the 
 early history and migrations of all these barbarian stocks 
 have been most thorough, will not allow even the jiossibi- 
 lity of Israel being represented by any one of them. All 
 historians virtually say the same. There is not the least 
 tittle of evidence for connecting the captive tribes of Israel 
 with any people that ever moved westward from Media or 
 any other part of the Persian Empire. The Irish and 
 Scotch, as well as the Welsh traditions, connect with 
 Egypt and Asia Minor and not with Assyria or Persia. 
 
 Mr. Hine takes it for granted that the physical appear- 
 ance of the Jewish people, a well-known type, is different 
 from that borne by Israel ; and he does not scruple, in his 
 deplorable ignorance, asserting that the Jews of to-day 
 derive their peculiar cast of countenance from the effects 
 of a curse pronounced upon them at the time of the Cruci- 
 fixion. Now, in the first place, the Jewish type is found 
 upon Egyptian and Assyrian monuments of great antiquity. 
 And, second, the type is not that of a single nation but of 
 a family of nations ; in other words, it is the Semitic type, 
 common to ancient Assyrians and Chaldeans, to Phoeni- 
 cians, Arabs and Syrians. Mr. Hine denies the state- 
 ment that he ever taught the doctrine (of a change of 
 physical type in Israel, and in so doing he is held, or would 
 be held, were he a reasonable man, to the conclusion that 
 Anglo-Saxon features and complexion are Semitic. If 
 this be case, the term Semitic should supersede Caucasian 
 in all subsequent works on ethnology. The worst of this 
 is that the Irish Canaanites and a large number of Euro- 
 pean Gentile nations would become Semitic too. Ham, 
 apart from the line of Canaan, might preserve his dark and 
 woolly identity, but Japheth would no longer be in search 
 of a father ; where would he find a son ? Perhaps Mr. 
 Hine could furnish him a family from the Prophecies. 
 
 The views of the Identity teachers regarding language 
 are rich and rare. Mr. Wilson was careful enough to say 
 but little about it in " Our Israelitish Origin," promising to 
 
15 
 
 take up the subject in a separate treatise. He made, how- 
 ever, one sufficiently startling assertion, namely, that the 
 plentiful supply of Hebrew which exists in the moderni 
 languages of Europe came through a Gothic medium. 
 There are indeed many roots common to the languages of 
 Europe and the Semitic tongues, but these are found in all 
 the branches of the Indo-European family, and are more 
 abundant in the Celtic than in any other. Moreover, the 
 closest Hebrew affinities, outside of the Semitic area in 
 Asia, are to be found among the languages of northern and 
 eastern Africa. Many other languages present greater 
 likeness, as far as vocabulary is concerned, to the Hebrew 
 than the Gothic — such are those of the degraded Bushmen, 
 of South Africa, of the Malay inhabitants of Polynesia, 
 even of the Mayas of Yucatan and other tribes of this con- 
 tinent. Supported by the testimony of his Polish Jew,. 
 Mr. Hine derives the English language from the Hebrew, 
 and finds a most beautiful and telling identity in the large 
 number of words coming to us from the Sanscrit, which 
 was the intermediate language of the English and the 
 Hebrew. The apostle has made two great discoveries in 
 philology. One is, that a large part of the English vocabu- 
 lary is derived from the Sanscrit. We are not justified in, 
 saying that any European language is derived from the 
 Sanscrit, although as members of the Indo-European 
 family of tongues they had a common origin, but the Euro- 
 pean languages which most closely resemble the Sanscrit 
 are not the Germanic, of which the English is one, but the 
 Sclavonic, so that if Mr. Hine is not careful he will find 
 the Russians laying claim to Hebrew descent. The 
 second discovery, which would appal Professor Max 
 MuUer, is that the Sanscrit is intermediate between the 
 Hebrew and the English. Does not Mr. Hine perceive 
 that in this way he gives the dusky votaries of Brahma a 
 better right to lead the return procession to Palestine than 
 those who trace their Hebrew identity through an Indian 
 channel. Some wandering Hindoo must have crossed the 
 track of the Identity lecturer, and have palmed off his semi- 
 
16 
 
 Semitic dialect as pure Sanscrit, for certainly no man who 
 had ever looked into a Sanscrit grammar could furnish the 
 startling information he so complacently records. Let 
 Mr. Hine take another good look at the Canaanites, 
 through whom the. Queen traces her Uavidic descent, and 
 whose colony brougiit Jacob's pillow into Scotland. There 
 are two elements in language, the vocabulary and the gram- 
 mar ; and the Canaanite Irish not only possesses a larger 
 share of Hebrew looking roots than any other European 
 language, but, in common with its sister tongues of Scot- 
 land and Wales, its grammar, though widely diftering, is 
 yet nearer to the Semitic than that of the German, the 
 Sanscrit or any other Aryan form of speech. The Identity, 
 however, must be established philologically, so an old 
 sailor. Captain Henry Edgecumbe NicoUs, who seems 
 from his writings to be a really pious and worthy old gen- 
 tleman, is introduced by the editor of " Life from the 
 Dead," as the man who can and will accomplish the feat. 
 If the English are Israelites they should show some traces 
 of it in their proper names. Captain Nicolls accordingly 
 furnishes lists of such names. From these we learn that 
 the French Amaron, Michau and Delahaye ; the Celtic 
 Gibbon and James ; the Saxon Beecher and Hatch ; the 
 Latin Adrian, Claudi, Ceesar, Julius, Lucius, Mark and 
 Remus ; and the Greek Alexander, Demetrius, Baptist, 
 Nicholas, Peter, Philip, Paul, Stephen and Timothy, are 
 all Israelite. So little does the infallible interpreter of 
 prophecy know of the true text of the Bible, that he cannot 
 tell a Hebrew proper name when he sees it, or distinguish 
 Julius Cassar, Adrian and Claudius, Demetrius the Silver- 
 smith of Ephesus, Alexander the Coppersmith and Nicholas 
 the Proselyte of Antioch from the men of Israel. The old 
 sailor, still with the sanction and approval of his chief, pro- 
 ceeds to give lists of words and sayings used in the Bible 
 that are now only to be found in the north and west of 
 England. Of course, in order to the identity one 
 would expect to find the people of England in possession 
 of some of the Polish Jew's 600 words derived from the 
 
17 
 
 Hebrew^ the very terms used by I.srael. But, alas for 
 
 human ignorance, they ore the words and expressions of 
 
 the time of King James, the language of our English 
 
 Bible — stuff ?cciA fray, nether and vestment, I am in straits, 
 
 reprobate silver, and so on ; the sole end of which is to 
 
 show that the conservative Israelites of the north and west 
 
 of England speak as their ancestors spoke, not twenty-five 
 
 hundred, but two hundred and fifty, years ago. Canada is 
 
 called upon to rejoice in this connection, her identity being 
 
 established by the fact that " barked my tree " is an 
 
 Israelitish expression, while the practice is common in the 
 
 \ Dominion. There is a Canadian expression which is some- 
 
 (. what common too, and of which Mr. Hineand his followers 
 
 I afford an illustration in practice. It is " to bark up the 
 
 I wrong tree." I think we may pass on from the philological 
 
 ''. argument. 
 
 % Religion, the belief and rites of a people, is often employed 
 % as a means of establishing identity or relation. Here the 
 I argument from similarity breaks down. Circumcision is 
 found among Abyssinians, Caffres, Malays and other 
 peoples, but never was known to Saxons or Gaels. Mono- 
 theism prevails among many tribes of this continent, but 
 the colonizers of the British Islands were Polytheists. 
 There is hardly a nation on the face of the earth possessing 
 the least degree of religious culture, that has not rites and 
 beliefs as closely resembling those of Israel as had the 
 Anglo-Saxon people ; while, in the majority of cases, 
 [the resemblance is far more complete. But Mr. 
 Hine is an Englishman, and with all the stiffneck- 
 'edness of ancient Israel, refuses to allow himself 
 beaten. He holds it right to found upon this one point of 
 religion an argument from diversity ard not from resem- 
 iDlance ; "just as if," he says, " a people willed by God to 
 become a multitudinous race could ever become a lost 
 ■beople if they kept up the observances of the Mosaic Law." 
 ■Still he thinks that some features of ancient British 
 ■"eligions support the argument from similarity. One is the 
 
 r" """■■■"■"■ 
 
18 
 
 nacles. Any school-boy, who has read through tlie Anglo- 
 Saxon period of English history, could put the dunce's 
 cap upon the prophet's head for such an egregious piece of 
 folly. The other is the worship of IJaal, which the Israel- 
 ites brought to the British Islands. Now, Baal was 
 worshipped in Britain, in France, and in other countries in 
 old heathen days ; but, unfortunately for Mr. Hine. it was 
 the Irish Canaanites, Fenians or Phoenicians, who appro- 
 priately introduced his worship. Truly, these Canaanites 
 must be a thorn in his flesh to the present day. 
 
 In regard to institutions and symbols, manners, customs 
 and laws, everything that is English is found to be Israelite. 
 Most of the analogies are discovered in connection with 
 institutions either distinctively Christian or modelled upon 
 a Christian pattern, and these of necessity are more or less 
 Israelite in character. It would be wearisome and unpro- 
 fitable to examine these here, but he who chooses to 
 undertake the task will prove the truth of Professor 
 Rawlinson's statement, "that there is an absolute and 
 entire diversity in manners and customs between the 
 Israelites and the various races from which the English 
 nation can be shown historically to be descended." Great 
 stress is laid upon the coinage of England and its system 
 of weights and measures, all of which came from Israel. 
 If this be true it must follow that Charlemagne was an 
 Israelite, for it was he who established the system which 
 prevailed not only throughout his own dominions, in Italy 
 and in Christian Spain, but also in England. In the reign 
 of Henry VIII. a change was made in the system that 
 interferes somewhat with the identity. What shall we 
 think of the lion and the unicorn, the well-known supporters 
 of the British arms } The prophet Balaam compared Israel 
 to a lion and a unicorn, the latter, however, being not the 
 slender beast of the royal arms, that bears a close resem- 
 blance to the white horse of the Saxons, but the powerful 
 rhinoceros of the East. Neither of these are Saxon 
 emblems, and it would appear that if Israel is to be found 
 
19 
 
 in England the Saxons must be counted out. Were I an 
 Irish Celt and an ally ol 
 
 " The sons of General Jackson 
 Who trample on the Saxon." 
 
 I should be disposed to retaliate with the epithet 
 "Canaanite." I have little doubt that I could find an old 
 sailor and a Polish Jew and a number of Irish antiquarians 
 to prove the point. I cannot see that Anglo-Saxons have 
 a monopoly of the use of the bow, national chronicles, poor 
 laws, colleges, the priesthood, tombstones, tithes, volun- 
 teers, prime ministers and post offices, all of which are 
 claimed as identities. I am sure that many other peoples 
 must occur to your minds as in the enjoyment of like 
 inestimable privileges. But I confess to difficulty when 
 the parish beadle appears as an identity, for, although 
 other lands rejoice in parishes and beadles, history does 
 not record any continental or trans-atlantic counterpart of 
 Bumble. If, therefore, Mr. Hine or the old sailor, or the 
 Polish Jew, or any other witness for the identity, has a 
 well authenticated instance of the appearance on the stage 
 of Israelitish history of a genuine English parish beadle, 
 such an one as doubtless proved the terror of the prophet 
 in his youthful days, I am willing to recall all that I have 
 said, to subscribe to " Life from the Dead," and get ready 
 forthwith for the return procession. 
 
 After all, however, Mr. Hine does not care much for 
 scientific argument. He is a plain man, not a scholar, 
 and looks to the Bible as the standard of truth. We have 
 no fault to find with Mr. Hine for this. Though he be 
 a plain man, the word of God is open to him. In matters 
 pertaining to salvation he may run that readeth it, and the 
 wayfaring man, though a fool, shall not err therein. But 
 the Apostle Peter, speaking of the epistles of Paul, parts of 
 which Mr. Hine has commented upon, says that in them 
 are some things hard to be understood, which they that 
 are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other 
 scriptures, unto their own destruction. Mr. Hine knows 
 how easy it is for good men to err in the interpretation of 
 
20 
 
 the Scriptures ; for he has informed us that of all the good 
 men who sought to interpret them up to the time of his 
 teacher, Mr. Wilson, not one succeeded in finding the 
 truth. Even Mr. Wilson partially failed ; and yet he says 
 of him: "As far as the Religious World is concerned, 
 other minds have been pigmies, sapless myths, compared 
 with the gigantic intellect and penetrating execution of 
 John Wilson." I do not cite this passage as one of the 
 happiest efforts in composition made by the prophet. But, 
 be his composition classical or the iCverse, Mr. Hine is an 
 infallible interpreter. He never doubts, is troubled with 
 no difficulties, and sweeps all the research of past ages into 
 his waste-paper basket with relentless hand. I have 
 already said that he knows little and cares less for the 
 original tongues of Holy Writ. Here also I may present 
 his first rule of interpretation, which, I venture to assert, 
 never yet appeared in any hermeneutical work : " Prophecy 
 is made up of separate fragments given forth at separate 
 times, and frequently without any intention of conveying 
 the idea that they are connected with the fragments that 
 have preceded, although contained in the same chapter." 
 By thus disregarding the context, it would be easy to make 
 the Bible say anything that ever entered into man's vain 
 imagination. The second rule is: "That Scripture is 
 throughout, generally addressed in separate parts to three 
 distinct divisions of mankind, viz., to Israel, to the Jews 
 and to the Gentiles, and not, as is almost universally sup- 
 posed, applicable simply to the Jews and Gentiles." Now, 
 it is marvellous that this fact should never have been dis- 
 covered before, that the writers of the New Testament 
 were utterly ignorant of it, and that Our Saviour, who, ac- 
 cording to Mr, Hine, labored solely among Benjamites, 
 Jews and Levites, should speak of them as the lost sheep 
 of the House of Israel. This new interpreter of Scripture, 
 however, maintains that the opening verse of the eleventh 
 chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, refers to Israel and 
 not to the Jews ; because the Apostle Paul speaks of 
 himself as a Benjamite, and Benjamin, he has the amazing 
 
21 
 
 cfTront ry to say, belonged to the ten tribes, not to the two. 
 This second rule of interpretation, the keystone of the 
 whole system, is the serious part of the Anglo-Israelite 
 creed, because it is by its means that shallow speculators in 
 Bible knowledge, who pay little attention to the teachings- 
 of history, have been led astray. It is true, indeed, that, 
 in a few prophetic passages, the term Israel, nearly always 
 if not always, in antithesis to Judah, denotes the people of 
 the first captivity ; but, in the great majority of passages,, 
 it is simply a term to denote the people of God, whether, 
 on the one hand, it designate the children of Jacob, or, on 
 the other, the Israel of faith. There is not the least trace 
 in the Word of God of a separate dispensation for the 
 House of Israel as distinguished from that of Judah. In 
 the Book of Ezra the captives who returned from Babylon 
 call themselves Israel ; Nicodemus was by Our Lord 
 termed a master in Israel ; and the Apostle Paul, in his 
 epistles, speaks of the unbelieving Jews as Israel, and 
 draws a distinction between Israel of the flesh and of the 
 Spirit. Mr. Hine accuses commentators of giving a 
 spiritual twist to literal prophecy ; but he robs the Word 
 of all spirituality, and invites his disciples to rest in a blind 
 literalism, that cannot fail to be the death of all true 
 Christian life. 
 
 Let us come to his proofs. His proof that Israel should 
 become an island nation is founded upon the rhetorical 
 command to declare in the isles or lands afar off that God 
 will gather Israel. The proof of the isles being north-west 
 from Palestine is taken from passages that mention with 
 equal force the four points of the compass. With blasphe- 
 mous ignorance, passages that refer to the inheritance of 
 the Messiah are made to prove that Israel will found 
 colonies. And so, violating every principle of sound inter- 
 pretation and dishonouring the Word of God by his- 
 unpardonable folly, the prophet proceeds to show that 
 Israel shall possess the emblems oi the lion and the unicorn,, 
 a state church, an eastern window, and dissenters. That 
 sober men, professing Christians, persons who have studied 
 
22 
 
 their Bibles, should put their faith in this arrant nonsense, 
 this unmitigated falsification of scripture truth, is one of 
 the wonders of the nineteenth century. Apollo decorated 
 the Phrygian king Midas with a pair of ass's ears for 
 preferring Pan's music to that of his lyre, and much grief 
 the disgraceful appendages cost the obtuse monarch. But 
 now we find not only otherwise intelligent laymen, but 
 ■Christian ministers voluntarily placing upon their heads 
 the insignia of folly and glorying in their shame. Sen- 
 tences from the prophet's writings have already been before 
 us that carry a genuine Dogberry flavor. I do not mean 
 the flavor of the cornus or dogwood of our Canadian bush, 
 as the extreme literalists of the identity school might think, 
 but of the Shakesperian creation who ruefully cried ; " Oh 
 that he were here to write me down an ass ! — but, masters, 
 remember that I am an ass ; though it be not written 
 down, yet forget not that I am an ass." Some such wail 
 as this must have reached the principal organs of enlight- 
 ened Christian and public opinion, for, without exception, 
 Anglo-Israel has been written down accordingly. 
 
 While ignorance, viewed in its negative aspect, is but a 
 defect in the ignoramus himself; when it becomes positive, 
 and assumes the role of presumption, making proselytes 
 of silly women and weaker men who are ever learning and 
 never able to come to a knowledge of the truth, it is a 
 dangerous evil. The Anglo-Israeiite doctrine is utterly 
 opposed to the humility and catholicity taught in the New 
 Testament, of which the Saturday Review truly says that 
 Mr. Hine fights very shy. The prophets of the Old 
 Testament reprove this false spirit, as when Jeremiah says : 
 *' Trust ye not in lying words, saying The temple of the 
 Lord, the temple of the Lord, the temple of tl^e Lord are 
 we " ; and Isaiah ; " These are a smoke in my nose which 
 say. Stand by thyself, come not near to me, for I am holier 
 than thou." 'Ihere is no difference, the Apostle Paul 
 repeats, between Jew and Gentile ; and he sets forth the 
 breaking down of the middle wall of partition between 
 them as one of the effects of the Redeemer's sacrifice. 
 
23 
 
 The curse which fell on him who rebuilt the walls of Jericho 
 should be a warning to those that would set up again what 
 God has cast down. Let Ezekiel speak to the Anglo- 
 Israelite teachers : "Thus saith the Lord God: Woe unto 
 the foolish prophets that follow their own spirit and have 
 seen nothing. They have seen vanity and lying divina- 
 tion, saying : The Lord saith, and the Lord hath not sent 
 them ; and they have made others to hope that they would 
 confirm the word. So will I break down the wall that ye 
 have daubed with untempered mortar and bring it down 
 to the ground, so that the foundation thereof shall be dis- 
 covered, and it shall fall and ye shall be consumed in the 
 midst thereof; and ye shall know that I am the Lord." If 
 it be any comfort to the Identity leaders, I may add that 
 these words are addressed to the prophets of Israel, and 
 by every Anglo-Israelite rule of interpretation belong to 
 Mr. Hine and his followers. The theory wrests the truths 
 of Divine Revelation from their spiritual significance by 
 I its degrading literalism. There is no spiritual Israel, no 
 • election of faith ; the outpouring of the spirit is made 
 dependent upon the recognition of a mere carnal relation- 
 ship as taught by a man who has not mastered the alpha- 
 bet of Christianity ; and the new creature in Christ Jesus 
 is the old idolatrous Israel that has substituted the John 
 Bull identity for the golden calves of Bethel and Dan. 
 How can an Anglo-Israelite look this truth in the face : 
 ! " There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond 
 I nor free, there is neither male nor female ; for ye are all 
 [one in Christ Jesus." It draws away the attention of the 
 [Christian, for there are Christians who have been seduced 
 [by this false prophet, from Him who is the great centre of 
 [Christian truth and life. The unspeakable gift is no longer 
 I Him who gave His life for sinners without distinction of 
 nationality, who has promised to pour out His Spirit upon 
 all flesh, and whose love clasps the wtiole world in its 
 embrace ; but it is the message delivereil by Edward Hine, 
 for which Anglo-Israel offers praise and prayer. Paul 
 [counted all things but loss, even what Mr. Hine calls his 
 
24 
 
 Israelite origin, for the excellency of the knowledge of 
 Christ Jesus his Lord, and refused to know any man after 
 the flesh. I have treated the Anglo-Israelite theory on 
 the whole in a light manner, because of its abundant and 
 manifest absurdities ; but I now say with all seriousness 
 to any one whose mind and heart may cling to the carnal 
 doctrine: If you would follow Christ fully you must give 
 this up. If you are called upon to leave father and mother 
 and count all earthly ties nothing in becoming Christ's 
 disciple, much more should, what you must admit is at best 
 a doubtful Israelite ancestry, lose its hold on your affec- 
 tions. What has Mr. Hine taught you about the Saviour ? 
 What Christian graces has he been the means of impart- 
 ing to your soul ? What strength have you gained through 
 the writings of his school for the work and warfare of life, 
 and what comfort can they minister in the prospect of 
 death ? I would not be a Hineite upon a death-bed for 
 .all his coming glories ! 
 
 The practical teaching of 'he author of the Identifica- 
 tions has no reference to morality. True, one of his 
 glories is that of national righteousness, which is to be 
 secured by acknowledging the Identity, It seems strange 
 that, when the spirit of reliance upon mere descent was 
 strongest in the Jews, their righteousness was at its lov/est 
 ebb. The main use of the ten commandments, according 
 to Mr. Hine, is to place them on the walls of churches, 
 and to recite them as a part of church service. Other 
 commandments he adds to these. One is to hate the 
 decimal system with all thy heart, and cherish the British 
 workman's two-foot rule. Another is, Give heed to no 
 so-called pastor who does not accept the Identity. Many 
 more might be culled from the prophet's writings by 
 inference, such as, Send a hamper to the editor of " Life 
 from the Dead" at Christmas. As for the work of the 
 church, it is to be restricted to the study of prophetic 
 passages bearing upon the Identity, and to the proclama- 
 tion of that one *heme in Anglo-Israel. It is useless to 
 attempt the evanr:elization of the Jews or the heathen. 
 
25 
 
 They are to be brought in to occupy a subordinate posi- 
 tion in the Christian world after the Identity is fully 
 realised, and not before. The entire conception of the 
 Christian Church is to be changed. There is no church 
 universal. The [reformers of Germany and Switzerland, 
 the martyrs of France and Holland, of Spain and Italy, of 
 Hungary and Bohemia, the pious and persecuted believers 
 of early Christian ages, are not the church. They are the 
 Helots of Christendom — hewers of wood and drawers of 
 water to miserable identificators, that are not worthy ta 
 unloose their shoe's latchet. An island was necessary 
 somewhere in the world for the production of such a per- 
 verted type of humanity as Mr. Edward Hine, the most 
 insular thinker — if, indeed, the product of his brain can be 
 called thought — that ever framed a theory or played a 
 demagogue's part. But how men who have seen other 
 parts of the world, or have even spent half an hour upon 
 a continent, can creep back again into the same nutshell 
 of charity and intelligence, can only be explained on the 
 hypothesis of Mr. Darwin, that the human race descends 
 from a tunicated mollusk. The result of his teaching in 
 England, her colonies, and the United States, can only be 
 the transformation of groups of individuals, who might 
 ave been useful to the church and to the world, into 
 eds of human (I can neither say intellectual nor spiritual) 
 ysters, the sole end of whose existence is the fattening of 
 he hungry prophet. 
 But it may be asked. If Israel are not to be found in 
 ngland where are they to be found .'* I am nc': bound to 
 answer this question, on the principle that he who over- 
 throws the evidence for a supposed discovery is not thereby 
 called upon to make one himself. Travellers have pro- 
 fessed to find the lost tribes in many quarters of the 
 world, and several writers have even confidently located them 
 ,on this continent. Nobody ever dreamt of England, till 
 Mr. Wilson arose to inaugurate the theory. The most 
 
 Iitional belief is that they exist nowhere as a distinct 
 
26 
 
 Ihey are scattered among the nations. Many of the cap- 
 tives carried into Media and other parts of the Assyrian 
 Empire doubtless apostatized, and thus, having no bond of 
 union, became undistinguishable in time from the Gentiles 
 among whom they dwelt. Those who did not apostatize 
 were known as Hebrews and Israelites, names common to 
 themselves with the Jew. While many Israelites, probably 
 the larger portion of the tribes, remained in the East, 
 where many Jews also settled, a number evidently returned 
 at the time when Judah and Benjamin were restored. 
 Anna, a Prophetess, was of the tribe of Asher ; the 
 Apostles addressed their Hebrew congregations constantly 
 as men of Israel ; and Paul before Agrippa spoke of the 
 twelve tribes instantly serving God day and night in his 
 time. Those who returned from the Babylonian captivity 
 are in Ezra and Nehemiah called Israel ; the Apocrypha, 
 especially in the Book Tobit, purporting to be written by 
 an Israelite of the tribe of Naphthali, independently of its 
 character for truthfulness, attests the Israelitish element 
 in the restoration ; and we have no evidence that the 
 population of Galilee was Jewish, or that many of the 
 disciples of our Lord were other than Israelites like 
 Nathaniel. But, to return to the Israelites of the disper- 
 sion, who did not amalgamate with the heathen. I have 
 already cited the Jewish historian, Josephus, as saying that 
 the ten tribes were beyond, or to the East of the Euphrates, 
 in his day. Jerome, one of the great fathers of the Latin 
 Church, who lived long in Palestine and was an excellent 
 Hebrew scholar, said that, in his day, three centuries after 
 Josephus, the twelve tribes were still subject to the Persian 
 King. And, in the twelfth century, Benjamin of Tudela, 
 a Spanish Jew, who visited Persia, found large numbers of 
 Hebrews speaking Syriac, who, he asserted, were descend- 
 ants of those whom Shalmanezer led into captivity. With 
 his statement the traditions of these eastern Israelites 
 agree, for they consider themselves as belonging to the Ten 
 Tribes. Similar evidence is aflforded by Moses of Chorene 
 and other Armenian historians, who discovered in Georgia 
 
27 
 
 and Armenia members of the tribes of Dan, Zebulon and 
 Naphthali : while several Arabian writers inform us that 
 people of Ephraim, Zebulon and Issachar formed settle- 
 ments in their peninsula before the Christian era. Ezekiel 
 speaks of the house of Israel as scattered among the- 
 heathen, dispersed through the countries. He was a 
 captive in Judah's captivity, and plainly refers to the twelve 
 tribes under the one name. While his prophecy of restor- 
 ation is in the far perspective to be understood of a spiritual 
 Israel, in the nearer it refers to a return of parts of all the 
 tribes to their own land. Many still remained abroad after 
 the Edict of Cyrus was made to the servants of the God 
 of Israel, so that, while Paul and Peter appropriately 
 addressed the people of Palestine as Men of Israel, James, 
 writing to the dispersed or scattered abroad, calls them the 
 twelve tribes. There is no flaw in this chain of evidence, 
 and, however it may account for the whole of the ten 
 tribes, it utterly demolishes the arguments of Messrs. Wil- 
 son, Hine and Carpenter. I am indebted for it in the 
 main to the Rev. John H. Shedd, for many years a mis- 
 sionary in Persia, whose article on the Remnants of the 
 Ten Tribes appeared in April, 1873, in the Presbyterian 
 Quarterly, 
 
 This question still remains : How is it that so extensive 
 a population as that carried out of Palestine, together with- 
 the dispersion after the destruction of Jerusalem, is repre- 
 sented by the small number of seven millions at the pre- 
 sent day ? It is, I think, to be accounted for in this way. 
 The oriental Israelites who belonged to the Ten Tribes 
 were subjected to various influences. Christian on the one 
 hand and Mahbmmedan on the other, which caused them 
 to lose their identity and be merged more or less in sur- 
 rounding populations. The first missions of the Christian 
 Church were to the dispersed of Israel, and large numbers, 
 being brought into the Christian Communion, lost their 
 identity by that very fact. For them the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews was written, and to them James sent his general 
 Epistle. Of these were the Parthians, Medes, Elamites, 
 
28 
 
 dwellers in Mesopotamia and Arabia, upon whom the 
 ■words of Peter fell with power on the day of Pentecost. If 
 the advocate for the identity will refer to the prophecy of 
 Joel, quoted by Peter in connection with this great event, 
 he will find these words : " And ye shall know that I am 
 in the midst of Israel" The Christian Church in Persia 
 was one of the largest and among the most severely per- 
 secuted. In the third century the Gospel had taken deep 
 root there, and it is most reasonable to believe that the 
 majority of the converts were of Israel. In the first perse- 
 cution, which took place in the middle of the fourth 
 century, and lasted thirty-five years, 16,000 ecclesiastical 
 personages were put to death, and the number of martyrs 
 among the laity is said to have exceeded all computation. 
 That these martyrs and the early Christians of Armenia 
 and neighbouring regions were largely of Israelite ancestry 
 is the opinion of Dr. Edersheim, himself a Christian 
 Israelite, and of many other careful and learned students 
 of ecclesiastical history. The Nestorian Church, which 
 passed into Persia in the fifth century, by its diligent and 
 successful missionary labours carried the Gospel to others 
 of the dispersion, as well as to the remote heathen. On 
 the other hand, the wave of Mahoramedan conquest, which 
 rose in Arabia in the seventh century, which swept away 
 three Christian Patriarchates and extinguished the light 
 of six out of the seven churches of Asia Minor, not only 
 absorbed many Christian communities in the East, but 
 also drew into itself many Jewish and semi-Pagan Israelite 
 elements in Arabia and the neighboring countries. If 
 any doubt is entertained as to Israelites, whether of the 
 Ten Tribes or of the Two, accepting another faith, it must 
 be set at rest by the testimony of the Jew Orobio, from 
 whom we learn that in Spain alone, twenty thousand Jews 
 became converts to Christianity, and some of them priests 
 and bishops. Some of the Jews of the later dispersion did 
 indeed become the implacable foes of the false prophet, and 
 were banished out of Arabia into Syria, but by far the 
 larger number of Israelites residing in that country 
 submitted and were absorbed into Islam. It is the opinion 
 
29 
 
 of the best writers on the subject that the oriental Israelites 
 represent the greater part of the Ten Tribes, and that 
 those who are found in the West belong to the dispersion 
 that followed the destruction of Jerusalem. Now, of the 
 whole number, whether that be seven or eight millions, at 
 present in existence, not more than one-twelfth reside in 
 Asia. It follows, therefore, that the Ten Tribes have been 
 almost wholly absorbed into Christian and Mahommedan 
 communities. Mr. Shedd's summing up of his article on 
 [ the Remnants of the Tribes, is as follows : — 
 
 I. — That the apostate Israelites were lost among the Idol- 
 aters of the Assyrian Empire at the time of their apostacy. 
 
 2. — That the Israelites under Persian rule became iden- 
 tified with the captivity of Judah, and the nationality of 
 the Ten Tribes was extinct. 
 
 3. That these Jews, embracing since the time of Cyrus 
 the faithful of both Judah and Israel, greatly increased in 
 number, were reinforced by emigrants from Palestine, and 
 have sent off colonies to all the East, throughout Persia, 
 Tartary and Thibet ; but there is no Scriptural or his- 
 torical basis for the idea that the Ten Tribes are living as a 
 body in some obscure region or are found in any one nation. 
 
 4. — That some at least of the Communities of Jews still 
 living in the land of their original exile are lineal descend- 
 ants of the Ten Tribes ; and, considering the history of 
 these Jews, their present numbers of fifty or sixty thousand 
 souls in Persia and Assyria, and several thousand more 
 in Babylonia, they sufficiently solve the problem. 
 
 With this agrees the statement of Dr. Claudius 
 Buchanan, who says: "Calculating then the number of 
 Jews who now inhabit the Provinces of Ancient Chaldea 
 or the contiguous countries, and who still profess Judaism ; 
 and the number of those who embraced Mahommedanism 
 or some form of it in the same regions, we may be satisfied 
 that the greater part of the Ten Tribes which now exist 
 are to be found in the countries of their first captivity." 
 
 In opposition to the facts I have just stated the teachers 
 
 ff the identity school adduce prophetic passages, such as 
 bis : " If these ordinances (the sun, moon and stars) 
 epart from before me, saith the Lord, then the seed of 
 
30 
 
 ever." This they hold to prove that the Ten Tribes must 
 continue their national existence. Now, this is very foolish, 
 for Jeremiah, who wrote these words, was of the tribe of 
 Levi, and the whole of his prophecy refers to the Kingdom 
 of Judah, and the Babylonian, not the Assyrian Captivity. 
 The seed of Israel in its first signification denotes the 
 posterity of Israel or Jacob, among whom the tribe of 
 Judah was pre-eminent, and it is true that, even to this 
 day, they have literally never ceased from being a nation ; 
 and in its higher spiritual signification, that which makes 
 the Word of God a book for all time and for all nations, it 
 denotes the spiritual seed, to which such constant reference 
 is made in the New Testament. John the Baptist cast 
 contempt upon mere literal descent, even before the full 
 incoming of the Christian dispensation, when he said : — 
 " Think not to say within yourselves we have Abraham to 
 our father ; for I say unto you that God is able of these 
 stones to raise up children unto Abraham." I will not 
 insult the intelligence of this audience, nor take up your 
 time, with the numerous Scripture proofs for the existence 
 of a spiritual Israel, a chosen generation, a holy nation, a 
 peculiar people. If the followers of Mr. Hine will 
 examine the Epistle to the Hebrews, they will find the 
 context of their favorite passage in Jeremiah quoted more 
 than once in reference to blessings, not temporal for a future 
 Anglo Israel, but spiritual for a present Israel of faith. 
 Enough has been said of this ignorant, miserably selfish 
 and Bible-degrading theory. The true Israelite who 
 accepts Christ gives up in that very act all the national 
 privileges and hopes of the Jew, and this fact, if there were 
 no other, is sufficient to consign the doctrine of Wilson 
 and Hine to the limbo of defunct errors. We must cling 
 to Christ, not as Israelites or Britons or men of any 
 nationality, but simply as sinners needing salvation. 
 " Neither shall they say, Lo here or lo there, for behold, 
 the Kingdom of God is within you." Israel's bondage is 
 turned back in Jesus Christ. God is gathering in the 
 dispersed of Israel into union with Himself in the Church 
 below, and by translating them to the Church triumphant 
 
31 
 
 above. The English-speaking parts of the world are, in 
 spite of abounding worldliness, unbelief, superstition, and 
 this Anglo-Israelite absurdity, the most Christian, the 
 
 Imost highly favoured ;vith spiritual light, and it is not 
 wonderful that distant analogies between them and the 
 perfected Church of God should begin to appear. But if 
 anything were needed to show that millenial days are still 
 far off, and that the great ingathering of God's Israel is not 
 soon to be, it is furnished in the hundreds of thousands of 
 silly pamphlets sold and the many simple disciples made by 
 the prophet Hine. 
 
 As a prophet, Mr. Hine is perfectly safe. He makes no 
 definite predictions :uch as those which have brought Dr. 
 Gumming and other good men, in whose presence the 
 Identity ignoramus is not worthy to be mentioned, into 
 disrepute. He is not going to stir from his editorial sanctum, 
 with its money orders and Christmas hampers, until every 
 Englishman and Englishwoman, from the Queen to the 
 beadle of his parish, has accepted the Identity and been 
 nrolled as a national glory bell-ringer. Then the glories 
 ill appear. The Church of England will be disestab- 
 ished ; preaching will cease, yet heaven-taught pastors 
 ill be raised up, for what purpose we are not told, unless 
 be to lecture on the Identity. Dissenters will pull 
 own their ugly little meeting houses, and enormous 
 emples for praise will be erected. England will be 
 exempt from war ; will tax righteously ; proclaim a general 
 jail delivery ; and save millions of money a year. Some- 
 how or other, the Turkman's overthrow is to be a glory 
 ^ven to that Israelite Turcophile, Benjamin Disraeli ; and, 
 in some mysterious manner, the Astronomer Royal for 
 Scotland is to create another out of the great Pyramid. 
 When all these, and other things that reverence for the 
 Word of God and the work of the Divine Spirit forbid me 
 4o mention in such a connection, are accomplished, the 
 rophet will stop the bell-ringing, and marshal the proces- 
 lion of Queen, Lords and Commons, identity prophets, 
 gular hamper contributors, old sailors, Polish Jews and 
 arish beadles. Their route will lie through Egypt, for the 
 
82 
 
 Rctl Sea is to open up before them, and at lcn;;th they will 
 l)lacc the Jews and a representation of themselves in pos- 
 session of Palestine. Mr. Hine does not say what is to 
 become of the Canaanites, concerning whase language he 
 tells us that there is little difference between it and the 
 Hebrew. Perhaps Lord Macaulay's prophecy of London 
 Bridge may bear reference to the Hibernian descendant of 
 Ham rather than to the far-off Maori. And when the bell 
 ringing ceases, the hampers are packed, and the prophet 
 in Mr. Wilson's inspiring hyn^'. "Rise Israel," leads the 
 return procession to the Peninsular and Oriental Company's 
 fleet, that same Canaanite, with discarded hod, enjoying his 
 fragrant dudheen on the bridge's parapet, may wish the 
 pilgrims in his Hebrew tongue, the equivalent of " bon 
 voyage^' and afterwards, with the rest of his emancipated 
 race, proceed to occupy the land. 
 
 There are twenty-seven glories altogether, as there are 
 twenty-seven identifications, and twenty-seven reasons for 
 excluding continental nations from the heritage of Israel. 
 With his annexed condition, the national acceptance of the- 
 Identity, Mr. Hine is perfectly safe in promising them to^ 
 his ignorant dupes. He might even, on the same condi- 
 tion, offer the moon as a reward to him who should send 
 the biggest Christmas hamper or be the loudest bell- 
 ringer, and institute the solar system as a premium for the 
 largest number of subscribers to " Life from the Dead." 
 He has twenty-seven glories. There was an old Israelite 
 of the tribe of Benjamin, no Norman though, who had 
 but one ; and yet that old Israelite's glory in this world 
 far outshines all the twenty-seven, and in the world to 
 come it will be the one glory visible. I commend to the 
 glory-seekers the truth from which they are drifting away 
 farther than many good, simple souls among them think : 
 " God forbid that I should glory save in the cross of our 
 Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto 
 me and I unto the world. For in Christ Jesus neither 
 circumcision availeth anything nor uncircumcision, but a 
 new creature. And as many as walk according to this rule, 
 peace be on them and mercy even upon the Israel of God." 
 
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