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This resemblance did not escajje the ncjtice of I'humons, Avho, in his de- scription of the Adirondack Mountains, referred these rocks to the hyperstheue-rock of :\IcCulloch, although these observers on the opposite sides of the Atlantic looked u])on them as unstratified. In the 'Cauadian Naturalist" for ls()L^ Mr, 'J'homu^ Mclarlaue, for 4<; I'uocKKDiNd-^ OK niK li !;iir,o(;]c vi, ^o(ti;ty, fNov. 2:i, sonic time rosidciit in Xni'Aviiy, mikI now in ('nnodii. diTW alti'ii- tioii to the .strikiujj; n'scnihiaiicc lit'twcon tlii' Nurwcj^iaii |»i'iniitivn RiieiMS fonnutii'ii, us (k'Hcnl)LMl I)y Naiiiiuiun iiiid Kfilli.iu, and ol)HL'rv('d by himself, nnd llic Lauivntinn, including the Labrador f^roiip ; and tlio ('(lually rcniai'kaJdc similarity of the lower part of the primitive slate formation to the Jliironiaii series, which is a third (Canadian ^ronj). These j)riniitive s(>rieH attain a p:re;it thick- iiesH in the north of Knrope, and constitute tlie main features of Scandinavian jrcology. fn IJavaria and JJoliemia tliero is an ancient {^neissic series. After the labours in Scotland, by whicli ho was the first to establish a Laiirentian iMpiivalent in the Ih'itish Isles, Sir Roderick Muri'hi- son, turning liis attention to this central European mass, pla(ed it on the siime horizon. These rocks, underlying I5arrande's rrimordial zone, with a great development of intervening clay-slate, extend soutliward in breadth to the banks of the Danube, with a prevailing dip towards the Silurian strata. They had previously been studied by (Jiimbel and Crejci, who divided them into an older reddish gneiss and a newer grey gneiss, liut, on the Danube, the mass which is furthest removed from the Silurian rocks being a grey gneiss, (Jiim- bel and Crejci account for its presence by an inverted fold in the strata, while Sir lloderick places this at the base, and regards the whole as a single series, in the normal fundamental position of the Laurcntian of Scotland and of Cana^.a. Considering the colossal thickness given to the series (90,000 feet), it remains to be seen wdiether it may not include both the Lower and Upper Laurcntian, and possibly, in addition, the Huronian. This third Canadian group (the Huronian) has been shown by my colleague, Mr. Murray, to be about 18,OtlO feet thick, and to consist chiefly of (piartzites, slate-conglomerates, diorites, and lime- stones. The horizontal strata, which form the base of the Lower Silurian in Western Canada, rest upon the upturned edges of the Huronian series, which, in its turn, unconformably overlies the Lower Laurcntian. The Huronian is believed to bo more recent than the Upper Laurcntian series, although the two formations have never yet been seen in contact. The united thickness of these three great series may possibly far surpass that of all the succeeding rocks, from the base of the Palaeo- zoic series to the present time. We are thus carried back to a period so far remote, that the ai)pearance of the so-called Primordial fauna may by some be considered a comparatively modern event. We, however, find that, even during the Laurcntian period, the sanu^ chemical and mechanical processes which have ever since been at work disintegrating and reconstructing the earth's crust were in operation as now. In the conglomerates of the Huronian series there arc enclosed boulders derived from the Laurcntian, which seem to show that the parent rock was altered to its present cry- stalline condition before the deposit of the newer fornuition, Avhile interstratified with the Laurcntian limestones there are beds of conglomerate, the pebbles of which are themselves replied fragments I i'^OkJ i a a to S •^ •I .■- til I ^ 60 ^.g • a :C4 4< c o i ^ s ■/j 5h O s-> LoiJAX — L.vCRKXnv.N 1-»SS1LS. 47 of still older l.iininntcd snnd-iiK'k. iind tlio tuniiiitioii (»t' llit'sc l)c(|s Iciitls us still I'lirtlit r into llu! past. ill hotli tlu) UjiiMT ,111(1 Lowor li/iuJi'iitiau H{'ii(\s tluav uie Hcvcnil zones uf liiiuslonr, iiicli of HufHcicnt volunio to constitute uu iniU'iHiulcnt formation. Of thivso cjilcuroous niiissi's it has been uscoitiiint'd that throo, nt K'ast, bt'lon};' to tlio l^owcr Laurcntian. J>ut as wo do not as yet know with certainty cither tht' base or the suniniit of tluH ^scries, thesis three may be confoniifibly followed liy many more. Although the Lower and Upper I-iiurentian rocks spread over more than 2<»(»,0(»<) s(|uare miles in Canada, (mly about Jr)()0 ,s(|uare miks have yet been fully and Fig. 2. — Srction across Trcmhlhuj Monnldin (21 miles). . c a ^ -v Sr - p a t- s^ O J3 ~ e ^- ■;^ cc 1; OJ 't. fc. :^ s ;3 3 X ^ ^ (^ 1. t- 0) a> ^ is o C s t^tJlJ 3 S = = //. IJppor liauivntiaii. ''. ['\)iirtli ^nu'iss. d'. Tliird liniostono. d. Third gneiss. (■'. Second liinoslono. f. S(!C()nd gticiris. /'. I'^rst limestone. f. First gneiss connectedly examined in any one district, and it is still impossible to say whether tlu! nnmerons cxi)ostires of Lanrentian limestone met with in other parts of the province are ecjnivalent to any of the tlirec zones, or whether they overlie or nndcrlie them all. In the examination of these ancient rocks, the (piestion has often natnrally occurred to nu- whether, during these remote periods, or- ganic life had yet appeared on the earth. The apparent absence of fossils from the highly crysti'llino limestones did not seem to offer a proof in negation, any more than their un- discovered presence in newer crystalline limestones, where we have little dotd)t they have been obliterated by metamoi'phic action ; Mhile the ciirbon which, in the form of graphite, constitutes beds, or is disseminated throiigli the' calcannais or .siliceous strata of •t,H n nil cvidcjicc of (lie cxistciict' of vo-vt.ifioii, .since no one (li.simtcM the oi-jranic {•liiinictcr of tliis iiiiiioiiil ill iiioro ivcoui rocks. My tolli'(i«,'iie, Dr. T. Stcrry Hunt, liii« iir;,'iic(I for the rxisteiicc of orj,'Miiic lUiilU'rs at Iho earthV siirtfKo (liiiiiio; till. Lamciitiiin period from the im'sence (»f ft..lH.r l,s.-,s, l,y Mr. ,1. M.Coliorh. then attached, as an explorer, to the (leojo-ical Survey of the j»rnvin( .•, In.ni one ofllie iimestoncs <»l the l,aiir<'iitian series, occurriiif,' at the (.'laiid (Jalmiiet. on tlu; liivcr Ottawa. Any organic renuiins whidi may have heen entonihed in the»c Iiniest..nes wonld, if they retained th(«ir calcareous character, he almost certainly ohliterati'd liy crystallization ; and it would only he hy the replacMiient of the orij^nnal caihonal.- of lime hy a different mineral suhstanoo, or hy nn infiltration of siicli a suhstaiici- into all the pores and sjiacos in and ahout the fossil, that its form M-oiihl lie preserved. Tli(> sjxrimcns from the (irtind Calumet |)resent parallel or apjiarently coiurntric layorH, resenililinp: those of Strniiafnjmra, exce|)t that they aiia.stomose at various points. What wore at first eonsidered the layers are composed of erystallixed jtyroxene, while the IIk'Ii supposed interstices consist ol'*earhonate "of lime. Those specimeiirt, one of which is figured in the '(Jeolo->y of Canada,' pai?o -IJJ, calli'd to nionioiy otliers which had. some yvms jiroviously, l»eeii ohtained IVom Dr. James Wilson, of IVrth, and were tiieii regarded merely as minerals. They came, I helieve, from masses in Ilurgess, hut whether in place is not (piite certain; and iheyexhihit similar forms to those of the (Jrand Calumet, composed of layers of dark-green silicate of magnesia (loganite). Avhile what was taken for the int(>rslices are filled with crystallized dohmiite. If the sjiecimens from hoth these jilaces were to he regarded as the result of unaided mineral arrangement, it appeared to me strange that idiMiticijl forms should he derived from minerals of such different eomiiosilion. I was therefoir (lisi)osed to look upon them as fossils, and as such_ tluy were exhihited hy me at the m(>eting of the Amc- ric;in Association for the Advancement of Science, at Si)ringfield, in August IS')!).^ In l^&J they were shown to some of my geological friends on this side of the Atlantic; l)ut no microsco])ic stniAuro having heen ohserved helongiiig to them, few seemed disjwsed to lielieve in tlu'ir organic character, with the exception of my friend Professor Kamsay. One of the sjiecimens had lieeii sliced and sulimitted to microscopic examination, hut unfortunately it was one of those composed of loganite and dolomite. In tliese, minute strm^ture rarely occurs. The tnie character of the specimens thus remained in suspense until last winter, when I accidentally oliserved indications of similar forms in lilocks of Laurentian limestone which had lieen hrought to our museum hy Mr. .lames Lowe, one of our explorers, to he sawn uj) for niai'lde. In this case the forms were composed of serpentine IMJ4. I.tMiAN . I,U-Ur,NTI\\ KOrtS||>. 49 and oulcspiir; iiiul Hlicen of thoiii hiiviiiKbecn pivpim-d for tho niioro- .scoju', the luinuto Htriutuio wiis observed in the first one .sulunittcd to iiispcclion. At the re(|ue,sl of Mr. iJiUiii-s (the paheont.dofri.st of our Survey), tlio Ni)eeimenH were eonlided for ••Xiiinination and de- Nonption to Dr. J. \V. Duw.son, of Moiitrcul. our nioist praetiised observer with tli(! microscope, and tlie coiichisiont; at which lie has arris ed are a])i)ended to this eounnuiiicition. He tiuds that the serpen- tine, whicli was sujjposedto rei»luce the orj,'anic form, reuUy Hlls tho interspaces of the caU'aicous fossil. Tliis exhil.its in some i)arls a well-preserved or<,mnic structure, which Dr. Dawson describes as tliat of a Foraminifer, growing in large sessile patclies after the num- ner of I'ohitrtnut and Cur/tnitn-ln, but of mucli lai'ger dimensions, and presenting minute jioints which reveal u structure resembling that of other Foraminiferal forms, as, for example, (',ih-a,'inn and NiotDtiuHiKi. Dr. JJawsou's description is accomi)anied by some re- marks by Dr. Stcrry Hunt on tho mineralogiciil relations of tho fossil. He observes that, while the calcareous sci)ta which form tho skeleton of tho Foraminifer in general remain unchanged, tho sar- code has been replaced by certain silicates N\hich have not only filled up the chambers, cells, and septal orifices, l)ut have been injected mto the minute tubuli, which arc thus perfectly preserved, as may bo seen by removing the calcareous matter by an acid. The replacing silicates are Avhite pyroxene, serpentine,' loganite, and i)yrallolit" or rensselaeiite. Tho pyroxene and serpentine arc often found in contact, filling contiguous chambers in the fossil, and wore evi- dently formed in consecutive stages of a continuous process. In the Burgess specimens, while tho sarcode is replaced by loganite, the calcareous skeleton, as has already been stated, has been re- placed by dolomite, and the finer parts of tho stnicture have been almost wholly obliterated. But in tho other specimens, where the skeleton still preserves its calcareous character, tho resemblance between the mode of preservation of the ancient Laurentian Fumml- nifera and that of tho allied forms in Tertiary and Recent deposits (which, as Ehronberg, Eailey, and Tourtales have shown, are injected with glauconite) is obvious. The Gronvillo specimens belong to the highest of the three already mentioned zones of Laurentian limestone, and it has not yet been ascertained whether tho fossil extends to the two conformable lower ones, or to the calcareous zones of the overlying unconformable Upper Laurentian series. It has not yet either been determined what re- lation tho strata from which the Burgess and Grand Calumet spe- cimens have been obtained bear to the Gronvillo limestone or to one another. The zone of Grenville limestone is in some places about 1500 feet thick, and it api)cars to be divided for considerable distances into two or three parts by very thick bands of gneiss. One of these occupies a position towards the lower part of the limestone, and may have a volume of between 100 and 200 feet It is at the base of tlie limestone that tho fossil occurs. This part of the zone is largely composed of great and small irregular masses of white crystalline pyroxene, some of them twenty vnrds in ")<» l'Frpentin(\ the former still show- ing minute structure ; and on the outside (u the wlude a similar mix- ture appears to have boon swept by currents and eddies into rudely parallel atid curving? layers, the mixture bocomiiig f,'radually more calcareous as it recedes from the pyroxene. Sometimes beds of lime- stone of several feet in thickness, with the green serpentine nK.re or less aggregated into layers, and studded Avith isolated lumps of pyroxene, are irregidarly interstratiticd in the mass of rock ; and less Imiuently there are met with lenticular patches of sandstone, or gra- nular (juartzito, of a foot in thickness and several yards in diameter, holding in a])uudance small disseminati'd leaves of gnqdiite. The general character of the rock connected with tlie fossil pro- duces the impression that it is a great Foraminiferal reef, in which the pyroxenie masses represent a more ancient portion, which having died, and having become much broken up and much worn into cavities and deep recesses, afforded a seat for a new growth of Fui-aminifeni, represented by the caloarco-serpentinous part. This in its turn be- came broken up. leaving in somi' places uninjured portions of tho general form. The nuiin difference between this Foraminiferal reef and more recent coral-reefs seems to be that, while with the latter are usually associated many shells and other organic remains, in the more ancient one tho only remains yet found are those of the animal which built the reef. \ ISflJ. IIAWSON— fHTRl't'TrUK OK KOZdoX. til I -I 2. On the SrniTrrruE of ctttain Oiuianu; Hi:m,uns ,„ the Ladhknti^n LiMKsn.NKs o/-(;vNu.A. \\y J. W. I) vwsoN, LL.l)., F.ll.H., F.G.8., I nncipiil of M.(iill Univfisity, Montmil. [Plateh VI. & Vir.] At tlu< r(M|uo,st of Sir William K. I,o-an. I have sii1)mitt.Ml to micro- Mcopic cxiuniimtioti sli.-'H of .rrtain pcmliar laininat.'d foniiH, •■on- siMtiiif? ot (iltcrniitP liiyors of carbonate of lime and scrprntiiH', or of (•arlM,naf(> of Innc lui.l wl.ito pyrox<-nc. found in thi. Lanrcntian l-mirstont's of Canada, and ir^^Mrdi-d hy Sir William as im«,sihly tosHiLs . I have also examined slieow of a numlx-r of limestoi'es anil NerpentinoH from (he Laurentian Series, not showing the external torms ot these supposed fossils. The Hiicos were prepared l)y the lapidsirv of the Survey, and woro eiiretully examined under ordinary and polari/ed lij,'ht, with ol.jectives ina(le hy Itoss and Smith & Jlcck, and also with good French ob- jectives. The specimens first mentioned are masses, often several inches in diameter, jtresentlug to tlie naked eye alU" inite laminm of serpentine, or ot pyroxene, and carbonate of lime. Their general aspect as remarked by Sir W. K. Logan (deology of Canada, I.S({;j, p. 41)). reminds the observer of that of the Silurian Corals of the genus ibtrmiHitupora, (^^cept that the lamina) diverge from and ai)pr()ach ea(!h other, and freijuontly anastomose or are connected by transverse septa. •' Under tlu^ mioroseoi)e the resemblance to Stroinatopom is seen to be in general form merely, and no trace appears of the radiating ceUs characteristic of that genus. The hiraina? of serpentine and pyroxene present no organic structure, and the latter mineral is highly crystalline. The lamina^ of carbonate of lime, on tiie con- trary, retain distinct traces of structures which cannot be of a crystalline or concretionary character. They constitute parallel or concentnc partitions of variable thickness, enclosing tlattened spaces or chambers frefjuently crossed by transverse plates or septa, in some jdaces so numerous as to give a vesicular ai)pearance, in others occurring only at rare intervals (PI. VI., PI. VII. fig. 1 ). The lamina) themselves are excavated on their sides into rounded pits, and are in some ])laces traversed by canals, or contain secondary rounded cells apparently isolated (PI. VII. fig. 2). In addition to these general appearances, the substaneo of the laraiiife, where most perfectly preserved, is seen to present a fine granular structure, and to be penetrated by numerous minute tubuli, which are arranged in bundles of great beauty and complexity, diverging in sheaf-like forms, and in their finer extensions anastomosing so as to form n network (PI. VII. figs. i\<,, 4). In transverse sections and under high powers, the tubuli are seen to be circular in outline and sharj.ly defined (PI. VI f. fig. 5). In longitudinal sections they sometimes present a beaded or jointed ajjpeanuice. Even Avh(>re the tubular * Caiiadiaii Naturnlist and Geologist, 18r>0. p. 40. V. '^ S2 iROCKKUINGfS OF TIIK (JKOLOfilfAT, SorrKTV. Nov. 'j:i. Htructure is least i)crfL'ctly pfeservocl, traces of it can still be seen in most of the slices, though there are places in which the laminte are perfectly coni])uct, and jierhaps were so originally. Faithful delineations of these structures have been prepared by Mr. Horace Smith, the artist of the Survey, which will render them more intelligible tluui any verbal description. With respect to the nature and probable origin of the appearances above described, I would make the following remarks : — 1 . The serpentine and pyroxene which fill the cavities of the cal- careous matter have no appearance of concretionary structure. On the C(mtrary, their aspect is that of matter introduced by infiltration or as sediment, and filling spaces previously existing. In other words, the calcareous matter has not been moulded on the forms of the serpentine and augite, but these have filled spaces or chambers in a hard calcareous mass. This conclusion is fm'ther confirmed by the fact, to be referred to in the sequel, that the serpentine includes multitudes of minute foreign bodies, while the calcareous matter is uniform and homogeneous. It is also to be observed that small veins of carbonate of lime occasionally traverse the specimens, and, in their entire absence of structures other than crystalline, present a striking contrast to the supposed fossils. 2. Though the calcareous lamina) have in places a crystalline cleavage, their forms and structures have no relation to this. Their cells and canals are rounded, and have smooth Avails, which are occa- sionally lined with films apparently of carbonaceous matter. Above all, the minu tubuli are diflTerent from anything likely to occur in merely crystalline calcspar. While in such rocks little importance might be attached to external forms simulating the appearances of corals, sponges, or other organisms, these dehcate internal structures have a much higher claim to attention. Xor is there any improba- bility in the preservation ef such minute parts in rocks so highly crystalline, since it is a circun..itance of frequent occurrence in the microscopic examination of fossils that the finest structures arc visible in specimens in which the genei-al form and the arrangement of parts have been entirely obliterated. It is also to be observed that the stnicture of the calcareous lamina) is the same, whether the intervening spaces a^e filled ^rith scipentine or Avi.h pyroxene. '.}. The structures above described are not merely definite and uniform, but they are of a kind proper to animal organisms, and more especially to one particular type of animal life, as likely as any other to occur under such circumstances; I refer to that of the Ilhizopods of the order Fora mini fern. The most important point of diff'erence is in the groit size and com])iict habit of growth of the specimens in ijuestion ; but there seems no good reason to maintain that Forami- nifei'd must iiecessuvily be of i-imall size, more especially since forms of considcrai)le magnitude referred to this type are known in the Lower Silurian. Prof. Hall hr.s described specimens of Receptacalites 12 inches in diametei' ; and the fossils from the calciferuus formation of Labrador, ^•';ft>n''.'d by Mr. Billings to the genus Arcliceoctiathus, are examph^s of Frofozon with calcareous skeletons, scarcely inferior 2:{, 18G4.J DAWSON — .VIUUCTURK OF KOZOOX. r>;i ill their massive style of growth to tlie forms now under consider- ation. These reasons are, 1 think, sufficient to justify me in regarding these rp'narkable structures as truly organic, and in searching for their nearest allies among the Fonouiiufcra. Supposing tlien that the spaces between the calcareous laminiie, as well as tlie canals and tubuli traversing their substance, were once filled with the sarcode body of a llhizopod, comijarisons with modern forms at once suggest themselves. From the iiolished specimens in the Museum of the Canadian (kolo- gic i Survey, it appears certain that these bodies were sessile by a broad base, and grew by the addition of successive layers of chambers separated by calcareous laminoe, but communicating with each oth'T by canals or septal orilices sparsely and irrcgidarly distributed. Small specimens have thus nuich tlie aspect of the modern genera Carj)enferi(i and Poli/fremd. Like the first of these genera, there would also seem to have been a tendency to leave in the midst of the structure a large central canal, or deep funnel-shaped or cylin- drical opening, for communication with the sea-water. Where the lamina) coalesce, and the stmicture becomes more vesicular, it assumes the " acerviilinc " character seen in such modern forms as Still the magnitude of these fossils is euornums Ai-hen compared with the species of the genera above named ; and from the specimens in the larger slabs from Grenville, in the Museum of the Canadian Survey, it would seem that these organisms grcAV in groups which ultimatcdy coalesced and formed large masses penetrated by dec}) irre- gular canals, and that they continued to grow at the surface while the lower parts became dead and were filled up with infiltrated matter or sediment. In short, we have to imagine an organism having the habit of growth of Curpcntcria, but attaining to an enormous size, and l)y the aggregation of individuals assuming the aspect of a coral-reef. Mr. Billings has described two remarkable species from the Cal- eiferous formation at Mingan, referred by him to the new genus ArcJueori/athxs, which he i)laces, with doubt, among Protozoa. If, as I believe, correctly refei'red to this group, their calcareous-cham- bered skeletons would place them with Fomminifeni rather th,:n with Sponges. The mode of growth ot Arc/uroct/afIii(s is cylindrical or inverted coni(.'al, with a hollow axis. In one of the species, A. Mliiffaiiensiii, this hollow cyHnder is very Avide, and the chambers are arranged in a radiating manner. In the other, yl. aflanticu!^, the central canal is narrower, and the chambers have thick walls and are more irregularly disposed. These fossils, in the general arrangement of their parts, aj)pear hke gigantic representatives of NuhfciiJarin and Ihictjilopora, tliough dift'erent in details. They are evidently generically distinct from the Laiirentian fossils ; but "if, a« I think probal)le, calcareous Ithizopods, they resemble the specimens now under consideration in the development of sueh structur(>s ijito et)ral-like forms and dimensions, and this at an early, if les>, remote, geological period. 64 I'KOCEKDINOS OF THE OEOLOGICAI, SOCIMTY. [NoV. 23, The complicated systems of tubuli in the Luurentiau fossils indi- cate, however, a more complex structure than that of any of the forms mentioned above. I have carefully compared these with the similar structures iu the " supplementary skeletoii '' (or the sliell- substance that carries the vascular system) of Calcarina and other fcjrm.s*, and can detect no difference except in the somewhat coarser texture of the tubul' in the Laurentian specimens. It accords well with the great dimensions of these, that they should thus thit;ken their walls with an extensive deposit of tubulated cal- careous matter ; and, from the frequency of the bundles of tubuli, as well as the thickness of the partitions, I have no doubt all the suc- cessive walls as they were formed were thickened in this manner, just as in so many of the higher genera of more modern Forauiiulfcra. It is jjroper to add that no spicules, or other structures indicating affinity to the Sponges, have been detected in any of the specimens. As it is convenient to have a name to designate these forms, I would propose that of Eozoon, which will be specially approjtriate to what seems to be the characteristic fossil of a group of rocks which must now be named Eozoic rather than Azoic. For the species above described, the specific name of Cdiicjh'iise has been proposed. It may be distinguished by the following characters: — Eozodx Can vdense, gen. et spec. nov. Pis. VI. & Vll.f Genc'i'dJ form. — Massive, in large sessile patches or irregular cylin- ders, growing at the surface by the addition of successive laminte. Internal struct nrr. — Chambers large, flattened, irregular, with numerous rounded extensions, and separated by walls of variable thickness, which are penetrated by septal orifices irregularly dis- posed. Thicker parts of the walls with bundles of fine branching tubuli. These characters refer specially to the specimens from Grenville and the Calumet. There are others from Perth, Canada "West, which show more regular lamina^ aiul in which the tubuli have not yet been observed ; and a specimen from Eurgess, Canada West, contains some fragments of laminnc which exhibit, on one side, a series of fine par- allel tubuli like those of Ninninuiiud. These specimens may indicate distinct species ; but, on the other hand, their peculiarities may dejjcnd on different states of preservation. With respect to this last point, it may be remarked that some of the specimens from (xren\'ille and the Calumet show the structures of the lamime with nearly ecpial distinctness Avhethor the chambers have been tilled with serpentine or pyroxc'ne, and that even the minute tubuli are penetrated and filled with these minerals. On the other ?sire to cxprossi my oblij^ations to the invaluable memoirs of Dr. Carponter *'()ww/«/ym/, in the 'Transactions' of the Royal Society * I desire on tlie FoTd/itiH/fcnt, in the 'Transactions' of the Royal Society and in the piib- licalions of tlie Ray Society, and without which it would have been impossible satisfactorily to investi'^ate the structure and adinities of Kvanim. I have also to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. Carpenter in furnishing me with specimens of some of the forms di^scribcd in his works. t Plates yill. & IX.. illustrating the following paper by Dr. Carpenter, further elucidate the structure of F.o:oihi.—-VM. i ™ 1804 DAAVSON 8TRUCTUKE OK EOZOON. 65 ■'i hand 'v are large specimens in the collection of the Canadian Survi which the lower and older parts of the masses of Eozom are m\ ,dized with pyroxene, and have to a great extent lost the pcrfecluin of structure which characterizes the more 8U})erficial parts of the same masses, in which the chamhers have heen filled with a light-green serpentine. Dr. Sterry Hunt has directed his attention to the conditions of deposit of these minerals, and will, I have no douht, he able satisfactorily to explain the manner in which they may have been introduced into the chambers of the fossils without destroying the texture of the latter. It is due to Dr. Sterry Hunt to state that, as far back as 1858, in a paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society*, he insisted on certain chemical characters of the Laurentian beds as affording "evidence of the existence of organic life at the time of the deposition of these old crystalline rocks," and that he has zealously aided in the present researches. I may also state that Mr. BilHngs, the palaeontologist of the Survey, has joined in the reijuest that I should undertake the ex- amination and description of the specimens, as being more specially a subject of iiiicroscopical investigation. Before concluding this port of the subject, it is proper to observe that the structures above described can be made out only by the canit'ul study of numerous slices, and in some instances onlj' with polarized light, liven in the more perfect specimens of Eozobii, as those accustomed to such researches will readily understand, the ac(;idents of good i)reservation and the cutting of the slices in the proi)er place and direction must conspire in order to a clear defini- tion of the more minute structures. It is also to be observed that the specimens present numerous remarkable^ microsco])ic api)earances, depending on crystallization and conoretionary action, which must not be confounded "with organic structure. It would be out of place to give any detailed descrip- tion of them here, but it is necessary to caution observers unaccus- tomed to the examination of mineral substances under the microscope, as to their occurrence. I may also mention that the serpentine presents many curious varieties of structure, especially Avheu asso- ciated with apatite, pyroxene, and other minerals, and that it affords magnificent objects under polarized light, when reduced to sufficiently thin slices. In connexion with these remarkable remains, it appeared desirable to ascertain, if possible, what share these or other organic structures may have had in the accumulation of the limestones of the Lauren- tian series. Si)ecimens were therefore selected by Sir W. E. Logan, and slices were prepared under his direction. On microscopic exa- mination, a number of these wore found to exhibit merely a granular aggregation of crystals, occasionally with particles of graphite and other foreign minerals, or a laminated mixture of calcareous and other nuitters, in the manner of some more modern sedimentary * Vol. XV. )). 4!>;!. 56 proci;kdings of the geological society. [Nov. 23, limestones. Others, however, were evidently made up almost en- tirely of fragments of Eozom, or of mixtures of these with other calcareous and carbonaceous fragments which afford more or less evidence of organic origin. The contents of these organic limestones may be considered under the following heads: — (1) Remains of Eozoon ; (2) Other calcareous bodies probably organic ; (3) Objects imbedded in the serpentine ; (4) Carbonaceous matters ; (5) Per- forations or worm-burrows. 1. The more perfect specimens of Eozoon do not constitute the mass of any of the larger specimens in the collection of the Survey ; but considerable portions of some of them are made up of material of similar minute structure, destitute of lamination and irregularly arranged. Some of this material gives the impression that there may have been organisms similar to Eozoon, but groT^-ing in an irrcular or "acervuline" manner without lamination. Of this, hovTCver, I cannot be certain, and on the other hand there is distinct evidence of the aggregation of fragments of F^izoon in some of these specimens. In some they constitute the greater part of the mass. In others they are imbedded in calcareous matter of a different cha- racter, or in serpentine or granular pyroxene. In most of the specimens the cells of the fossils are more or less filled with these minerals, and in some instances it would appear that the calcareous matter of fragments of Eozoon has been in part replaced by ser- pentine. 2. Intermixed with the fragments of Eozoon above rcterrcd to, are other calcareous matters apparently fragmentary. They are of various angiilar and rounded forms, and present several kinds ot structure. The most frequent of these is a strong lamination, vary- ing in direction according to the position of the fragments, but cor- responding, as far as can be ascertained, with the diagonal of the rhombohedral cleavage. This structure, though crystalline, is highly characteristic of Crinoidal remains when preserved in altered lime- stones. The more dense parts of Eozoon, destitute of tubuli, also sometimes show this structure, though less distinctly. Other fragments are compact and structureless, or show only a fine granular appearance; and these sometimes include grains, patches, or fibres of graphite. In Silurian limestones, fragments of corals and shells which have been partially infiltrated with bitumi- nous matter show a structure like this. On comparison with altered organic limestones of the Silurian system, these appearances would indicate that, in addition to the debris of Eozoon, other cal- careous structures, more like those of Crinoids, Corals, and Shells, have contributed to the formation of the Laurentian limestones. 3. In the serpentine filling the chambers of a large portion of Eozo'iln from liurgess, C. W., there are numerous small pieces of foreign matter, and the serpentine itself is laminated, indicating its sedinumtary nature. " ne of the included fragments appear to be carbonaceous, others calcareous ; but no distinct organic structure can be detected in them. There are, however, in the serpentine jnany minute rounded grains of a bright-green siliceous colnnv, ve- 18G4.] DAWSON — STRUCTITRK OF EOZOON. pcmbling greensand-concretions ; and the manner in which these are occasionally arranged in lines and groups suggests the supposition that they may possibly be casts of the interior of minute Foramini- fcral shells. They may, however, be concretionary in their origin. 4. In some of the Laurentian limestones submitted to mo by Sir W. E. Logan, and in others which I collected some years ago at Madoc, Canada West, there are fibres and granules of carbonaceous matter, which do not conform to the crystalline structure, and present forms quite similar to those which in more modern limestones result from the decomposition of Algae. Though retaining mere traces of organic structure, no doubt would be entertained as to their vegetable orim'in if they Avere found in fossiliferous limestones. '). A s])C(:imen of impure limestone from Madoc, in the collection of the Canadian Geological Survey, which seems from its structure to have been a finely laminated sediment, shows perforations of various sizes, somewhat scolloped at the sides, and filled with grains of rounded siliceous sand. In my own collection there are specimens of mica- ceous slate from the same region, with indications on their weathered surfaces of similar rounded perforations, having the aspect oiScoIithus, or of worm-burrows. I would observe, in conclusion, that the researches detailed in this paper must be regarded as merely an introduction to a most interest- ing and promising field of research. The specimens to which I had access were for the most part collected by the explorers of the Sur- vey merely as rocks, and without any view to the possible exist- ence of fossils in them. It may be hoped, therefore, that other and more perfect specimens may reward a careful search in the localities from which those now described have been obtained. Further, though the abundance and wide distribution of Eozobn, and the im- portant part it seems to have acted in the accumulation of limestone, indicate that it was one of the most prevalent forms of animal ex- istence in the seas of the Laurentian period, they do not imply the non-existence of other organic beings. On the contrary, independ- ently of the indications afforded by the limestones themselves, it is evident that in order to the existence and growth of these large Rhizopods, the v/aters must have swarmed with more minute animal or vegetable organisms on which they could subsist. On the other hand, tliough this is a less certain inference, the dense calcareous skeleton of Eozoon may indicate that it also was liable to the attacks of animal enemies. It is also possible that the growth of Eozo'dn, or the deposition of the serpentine and pyroxene in which its remains have been preserved, or both, may have been connected with certain o<^eanie depths and conditions, and that we have as yet revealed to uf the life of only certain stations in the Laurentian seas. "^.Vhatever conjectures we may form on these more problematic ])oints, the observations above detailed appear to establish the follow- ing conclusions :- -First, that in the Laurentian period, as in sub- srcpient geological epochs, the Rhizopods were important agents in the accumulation of beds of limestone ; and, secondly, that in this early pori(>il thovo low forms of anim;'.! life attained to a development, 58 I.U0CKEDIN08 OF. THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [NoV. 23, in point of magnitude and complexity, unexampled, in so far aa yet known, in the succeeding ages of the earth's history. This early culmination of the llhizopods is in accordance with one ol the great laws of the succession of living beings ascertained from the study of the introduction and progress of other groups ; and, should it prove that these great Protozoans were really the dominant type of animals in the I.aurentian period, this fact might he regarded as an indica- tion that in these ancient rocks we may actually have the records of the first appearance of animal life on our planet. Since the above was written, thick slices of Eozoiin from (Jrenville have been prepared, and submitted to the action of hydrochloric acid until the carbonate of lime was removed. The serpentine then re- mains as a cast of the interior of the chambers, showing the form of their original sarcode-contents. The minute tubuli are found also to have been tilled wth a substance insoluble in the acid, so that casts of these also remain in great perfection, and allow their general distribution to be much better seen than in the transparent slices previously prepared. These interesting preparations estabhsh the following additional structural points : — 1 . That the Avholc mass of sarcode throughout the organism was continuous, the apparently detached secondary chambers being, as I had previously suspected, connected with the larger chambers by canals filled with sarcode. ... 2. That some of the irregular portions without lamination are not fragmentary, but due to the acervuline growth of the animal ; and that this irregularity has been produced in part by the formation of projecting patches of " supplementary skeleton," penetrated by beautiful systems of tubuli. These groups of tubuli are in some places very regular, and have in their axes cylinders of compact calcareous matter. Some parts of the specimens present arrange- ments of this kind as symmetrical as in any modern Foraminiteral shell. 3.' That all except the very thinnest portions of the walls of the chambers present traces, more or less distinct, of a tubular structure. 4. These facts place in more strong contrast the structure of the regularly laminated specimens from Burgess, which do not show tubuli, and that of the Grenville specimens, less regularly laminated and tubulous throughout. I hesitate, however, to regard these as distinct species, in consequence of the intermediate characters pre- sented by specimens from the Calumet, which are regularly laminated like those of Burgess, and tubulous like those of Grenville. It is pos- sible that in the Burgess specimens tubuli originally present have been obUterated ; and in organisms of this grade, more or less altered by the processes of fossilization, large suites of specimens should be compared before attempting to establish specific distinctions. Some additional specimens, from a block consisting principally of serpentine, differ from the ordinary Grenville specimens in the more highly crystalline character of the calcareous spar and serpentine, m the development of certain minute dendritic crystallizations, and in the apparent compression and distoi'tion nf the fossils. These ap- 23, p ^-1 p-1 o .1* HM. i* I o ' J^ll^ i "^ 1^ < < t-^ Juar..tlo-urr. 3ou.Yc)i.aX'.P].VL:. .. ' ♦• .^-^^ / ; C,^:^ ■^■r:^^^^^|g|► ^"^^^ ^ ^ ^^V ,i-. '■^i %-' Y ' I.; i^M '• •.'hi*:. c> G-.Vv'es'.. ilia. M&N.HanlioLrt/Imp. E Z Q Or^ C ANADEls SE , 2j (Ui/son^ l«04.j CAHPKNTKR- HTIIUCTIUK OK K0J500N. 60 pearuncos I regnr.l us due to tho niodo of preHervation rather than to any onf,'inul diH'erenees, certiiin portions less altered than the others proseiitiiif? the ordinary typical (•ImnicterH. Two Nliccs oflimeHtone from the Jtriti.sh IslundH, and supimsed to be Laurcntian, have been compared with the Catmdiun limestones above noticed. One is a serpentine marble from Tyreo. It aj)peurH to bo frngmental, like some of the Laurentian limestones of Canada and may contain fragments of Eozoiin. The other is from lonu (?).' It presents what I regard as traces of organic structure, but not, in so far as can bo made out, of tlio character of Eozoihi. Uoth of these limcstoiies deserve careful microscopic examination. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI. & VIL Ithistraiiug the Sfruvture of Eozouii. Plate VI. Specimen froni Gnaul Calumet. Natural size. The wliito layers are carbonate ol lime; tlio dark layers are wliitish pyroxene. Fig. 1 Plate VIL Specimen from Burgess. Natural size. The wiiite layers are dolomite • the black layers are dark-green loganite. 2. Transverse section of Fm-ooii from Grenvillo, magnified 2o diameters • (a) tubuh ; (/>) septal orifices, &c. ; (c) largo cliainberH. J. Horizontal section of Eocoon from Grenvillo, magnified 2j diameters • {(i) systems of tubuli ; (i) secondary chamber. 4. One of the systems of tubuli cut transversely, magnified 1(H) diameters Part of a system of tubuli cut transversely, magnified 2C)0 diameters b. y. Additional Note on the Stuuctube and Affinities of Eozoon Canadense. By W. H. Carpenter, M.D., F.K.S., E.G.S. [In a Letter to Sir William E. Logan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.] [Plates VIII. & IX.] TnE careful examination which I have made— in accordance with the request you were good enough to convey to me from J)r. Daw- son, and to second on your own part— into the structure of tho very extraordinary fossil which you have brought from the Laurentian rocks of Canada*, enables me most unhesitatingly to confirm the saga- cious det^>rmination of Dr. Dawson as to its Khizopod characters and Foraminiferal affinities, and at the same time furnishes new evi- dence of no small value in support of that determination. In this examination I have had the advantage of a series of sections of the fossil much svporior to those submitted to Dr. Dawson ; and also of a large series of decalnfied specimens, of which Dr. Dawson had only the opportunity of seeing a few examples after his memoir had been written. These last are peculiarly instructive; since, in conse- * The specimens submitted to Dr. Carpenter were taken from a block of Eozoon rock, obtained in the Petite Nation Seigniory, too late to afford Dr Davvson an ojiportunity of examination. They are from the same horizon as the vxj'onvillu specimens. — W. E. L. m i'K(>rKh;DiN(i8 Of THK oKor.noic.it, storiKTV. Nov. 2'.i, qiKMico of the comploto iiiHltnitioii of the ohanihoiH uiid caimlH, onginnlly ocrupied by the sarcode-body of the auitiml, by niinoral matter iiiHohible in dihitc nitric acid, the removal of tlie calcareous Hhell brings into view not only the internal ciistn of the chambers, but alHo caHts of the interior of the '♦ cannl-HyHtem" of the " inter- mediate " or " .supplemental .skeleton," and even ciistH of the interior of the very tine i)arallel tul)uli which travci'se the proper walls of the chambers. Ai.d, m I have remarked elHewlure *, '• such cuhIs place before us far more exact representntions of the configuration of the animal body and of the cmnexions of its different parts, than vre could obtain even from living specimens by dissolving-away tbciv shells M'lth acid; its several portions being disi.oscd to he ^p them- selves together in a mass when they lose tlio support of the calca- reous skeleton." The additional opportunities I have thus enjoyed will bo found I believe, to account satisfactorily for the differences lo bo observed between Dr. Dawson's account of the hozoiin and my own. Had 1 been obliged to form my conclusions respecting its structure only from the speciracms submitted to Dr. Dawson, I should very probaldy have seen no reason for any but the most complete accordance with his description : while if Dr. Dawson had enjoyed the advantage of examining the entire series of preparations which have come under my own observation, T feel confident that he would have anticipated the corrections and additions which I now offer. Although the genera? plan of (jroivth described by Dr. Dawson "ill ,Tr , r^ '" '"'^ photographs of vertical sections of the fossil { 1. \i., PI. \II. fig. 1), is undoubtedly that which is typical ..t hozoon, yet I find that the aarvnlinr mode of growth, also men- tioned by Dr. Dawson, very frequently takes its place in the more superficial parts, where the chambers, which are arranged in regular tiers in the laminated portions (I'l. VIII. fig. l), are heaped" one upon another without any regularity, as is particularly well shown m some decalcified specimens which I have myself prepared from the slices last put into my hands (PI. IX. fig. 2). I see no indi- cation that this departure from the normal tvpe of structure has resulted from an injury ; the transition from' the regular to the irregular mode of increase not '» .'n!;' abnipt, but gradual. Nor should I be disposed to regard it a.s a t-io istrosity • since there are many other Fommlnlfem in which an «, Iginally definite plan of growth gives place in a later stage to a Uke acervuline piling-up of chambers. or In regard to the form and relations of the chamhers, I have little to add to Dr. Dawson's description. The evidence afforded by their internal casts (PI. IX. fig. 1) concurs with that of sections, in sliowin<^ that the segments of the sarcode-body, by whose aggregation each layer was constituted, were but verv incompletely divided by shellv partitions ; this incomplete separation (as Dr. Dawson has 'pointed out) ha^^ng its parallel in that of tlie secondary chambers in Carpm- trrw. But I have occasionally met with instances in which the * InU'oduction fo the Study oC (lie Furamiiiilcra.p. iO. lft»!4. <»HI.KNTKU-«iKlrrn{b:.,K KoZu,iv. Ul Boparatioii of the chamhora l.nu i. ^>/<>,%,.«,i. ^" ''^"''^ ^ ''"^'^ ' "^^*'^'') ^•'•^' traversed by multitudes therps'nid^^^^^^ to pseudopodia,-tho co'aleseence inese pseudopodia on the external surtace would suffice to lav the foundation of a new layer of sarcodic segments. But where an l^^fu^e or supj^lanental skeleton, consisting of a thick layer of WslTrvi'''^'l'r..'"" '^T^^^^^ ^'^'^^-" two luclsi^e nvpr;.f >. >, ""' "",'^ ^^"^ '^""^^^^ body contained in the lower P?es the upp« Tnir^' '' ""^'^f ^ '''' '^ ^^^^ *^^^ ^^^^ occu- pies the upper, unless some special provision exist for their mutual * Op. rif. p, 204. rrJ I'ROCKEUINGS OF THE (JEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Nov. 2;^, communication. Siicli a provision 1 believe to have been made by the extension of bands of sarcode, through canals left in tlie inter- mediate skeleton, from the lower to the upper tier of chambers. For in such sections as happen to have traversed thick deposits of the interniediiite skeleton, tliere are generally foimd passages distin- guished from tliose of the ordinary " canal-system '' by their broad Hat form, tlieir gi'eat transverse diameter, and their non-ramitica- tion. Oiu' of tlu'se passages I have distinctly traced to a chamber, with the cavity of which it communicated through two or three apertures in its proper wall ( PI. VIII. fig. 'i c) ; and I think it likely that I should liave been able to trace it at its other extremity into a chamber of the sui)erjaceut tier, had not the plane of the section passed out of its course. Kil)and-like casts of these passages are often to be seen in decalcified specinu'us, traversing the void s])aces lett by the removal of the thickest layers of the intermediate ski'leton (Tl. IX. fig. ;5). But the organization of a new layer seems to have not unfrc- quently taken place in a much more considerable extension of the sarcode-body of the pre-forraed layer ; which either folded back its margin over the surface already consolidated (in a manner somewhat like that in which the mantle of a Ci/prmi doubles back to de])()sit the final surface-layer of its shell), or sent upwards wall-hke la- mella^ sometimes of very hmited extent, but not unfreiiucntly of considerable length, which, after traversing the substance of the shell like ti'aj)-dykes in a ])ed of sandstone, spread themselves out over its surface. ' 8vich, at least, are the only interpretations I can put upon the appearances presented by decalcified specimens. For,^ en the one hand, it is frocpiently to be o})served that two bands of serpentine (or other uifiltrated mineral) which represent two layers of the original sarcode-body of the animal, approximate each other in some part of their course, and come into comp](>te continuity; so that the upper layer would seem at that part to have had its origin in the lower. Again, even where these V)ands are most widely sepa- rated, Ave find that they are commonly held together by vertical lamella) of the same material, sometimes forming mere tongues, but often running to a considerable length. That these lamella) have not been formed by mineral infiltration into accidental fissures in the shell, but represent corresponding extensions of the sarcode- bodv, seems to me to be indicated not merely by the characters of tneir' surface, but also by the fact that i)ortions of the canal-system may be occasionally traced into connexion with them. Although Dr. Dawson has noticed that some parts of the sections which he examined present the fine tubulation characteristic of the shells of the NxmmvUiw Foraminifera, he does not seem to have recognized the fact, which the sections placed in my hands have en- abled m(! most satisfactorily to determine, — that the propo- wilh of the chaiiihd'.^ eveniivlwrc prcsth. tlie fine fifhi'lation of the NnmrnnlinK shell (PI. VIII. figs. ;?. 4), a point of the highest imi)ortauce in the determinati ?^' ^>' ''^^^^^ '"^« the fibres of of the fine tubuli wln'ch perWed f ^ "'' 'T ^^'' ^"^ernal casts passing direct from its i E to outi.^?^'? " ""''" ^1" '^^^^ ^^•""^^^^"^«' inthis situation affords the mstt^f;^^'^ a'-.^I their presence ^Jenee of that tubulat.n^Sd ttln^S^-^l^t 1^! -Slc^rr u^^'^^oS ^Slh rr-I- -^'' - often P?.....^«/ or mteLdiate S^o , such "'^''^■'"^.^"" «*' ^^J' ^"P- more massive forms of the \ . ' r ''^l^^^'«™ts itself in all the form of shell-suZL^ee roadiK 2?''' •??/ ^"^ ^ ^^'P'^^^t of this ness from the find Sd.^ Si mS"^ ''^' ''' homogeneous- of the sarcode-body, is tl e source Tt'^-^''*^^ calcareous zones often p I'eint Tnl f "'* thickening which the presence of this " intermedia tesk^Pof"' T'T "*' ^''''^^'' The dicated by Dr. Daws^ wf ' ^ ^'''^ ^''' ^'^'^ ^'"^^ectly in- ferentiated it fi'ortl e prop ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ --\ to have clearlf dif- which he has dcMTibed eW I t , f ^^ambers. AU the tubuli shown*, is li„,ited in i s dtSS^ution to t'he :"'f "' ''?''^' '' ^ ^^^'^^ and is expressly destined t( snnnW ^^^^^rmediate skeleton." augmentation. ' Of tWs '• anf/I ? "''"?• ?' ''' ^^^^^^tion and markable varieties .idiments^TV 7^^- ^'''''''^ ^^««t re- from the casts presentecl I^- Sciff 1 ^bstribution, we learn more Avhich onlv exhibif h la^s in- n'';r'-™''i'' '^''''' ^''''' •^^''^-"•^ traverse, 'illustrations ft. ^^^ both ourc r''-^'"'"' "''^^ ^'^^P^" ^^ representation of it than Z li - ^' ^^'"'"^ " ^«^'^^ complete prepare(lfromthLdditi^.aN;^ ^^''''' '''"'^^■^^' have been bevo that, as in Calearhm rwhth T , n ^ *^^ contrary. I be- to as presenting the n ^relt arS^Mr^' ^"'^ '"'^■^^''^'^' ^^^-"^'l n^f^m), they originate in CU:, ^t among recent Fomm/- walls of thl chfn Ws in wh c tb" ^I'^r 't't '^ ^^'' P^'«P^^^' externally; and that b fe^tSn of tt^ "' 'Yl'^f' "P^'" occupied them were formed h^.i 7 ^ sarcode-body which issuing from SioL tubuhf ^ ''" "'^^^^^'^•^"^^^ °*' ^^^^ P-'u^lopodia * On. rif m. Op. p. I'L'i. 64 PUOCEEUIXGS OK TIIK WKOI^OOU.'AL S0CI1;TY. [Nov. L\'{, It seems to me worthy of special notice, that the '• canal-system," wherever displayed in transparent sections, is distinguished by 'a yeUowisli-brown coloration, so exactly resembling that which I have observed in the canal-system of recent Fononinlfera (as Foly- stomella and Ccdcanna) in wliich there were remains of the sarcode- body, that I cannot but believe the infiltrating mineral to liave been dyed by the remains of sarcode still existing in the canals of Eozoov at the time of its consolidation. If this be the case, the preservation of this colour seems to indicate that no considerable metaraorphic action has been exerted upon the rock in which this fossil occurs. And 1 should draw the same inference from the fact that tlie organic structure of the shell is in many instances even more completely preserved than it usually is in the Nummulites and other Foramt- mfera of the Nummulitic limestone of the early Tertiaries. To sum up,— That tlie EozQ-oa iinds its proper place in tlie Forami- nik|ral series, I conceive to be conclusively proved by its accordance with the great types of that series in all the essential characters of organi/ation,— namely, the structure of the shell forming the proper wall :^f the chambers, in which it agrees precisely with NammuUna and Its allies ; the presence of an " intermediate skeleton " and an elaborate " canal-system,'^ the disposition of which reminds us most ol L (dcanna ; a mode of communication of the chambers when they are most completely separated, which has its exact parallel in CUich- cbipeus: and an ordinary want of completeness of separation betWeen the chambers, corresponding with that which is characteristic of Laipcntena. There is no other group of the Animal Kingdom to which Eozooa presents the slightest structural resemblance ; and to the suggestion that it may have been of kin to Nidlipore I can offer the most distinct negative reply, having many years ago carefully studied the structure of that stony Ahja, with which that of Eozoon has nothing whatever in common. The objections which not unnaturally occur to thos(? familiar with only the ordinary forms of Fomminifera, as to the admission of hozoon into the series, do not appear to me of any force These have reference in the first place to the great .^/r. of the organism : and in the second, to its exceptional mode of groivth. 1. It must^be borne in mind that all the Fommhiifen, normaUy increase by the continuous gemmation of new segments from those previously formed; and that we have, in the existing types, the greatest diversities m the extent to which this gemmation may pro- ceed. Ihus in the Ghlmiennce, whose shells cover to an unknown thickness the sea-bottom of all that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which is traversed by the Gulf-stream, only eiqld ovten segments are ordinarily produced by continuous gemmation; and if new segments are developed from the last of these, they detach themselves so as to lay the foundation of independent Ghhigermiv. On the other hand, m Cychchipem, which is a discoidal structure attaining 2+ inches in diameter, the number of segments formed by continuous gemmation must be many thousand. Again, the JiecepfacuJites of the Canadian 1864.] CARrENTER-srurCTCRE OF EOZOO.V. bilurian rocks, shown bv Mr vj„u^ , , bitolite, attains a dlan^S iS if ""T;,?^ ^^ ^ ^'^-"tic Or- by vertical as well as bv horizon Hi L ' ^."^ '^ ^^'^ ^^'^^^« to increase Tino2.orus or O.V./.o/^ so nt onil"^"?f l^ (^^^^er the manner of another, it would form a mat e " ,Ui^'"/' ^ l-yor would be piled on mensions. To say, therefoTe th ,7 a'^ ''' '^' '^"^^^"'■'^T di~ Foranunifera on account ofTs^SantivT'' ' ''''"'.' ^'^'""'^ '^ the who had only studied plants aKr?l ' '' "^"'^ ""' '^ ^ ^^'^t'^'^^t tree into the same category it Sr .' '"'"'' "'-''^'''' ''' ^^^'^^^ a which has produced an ^..^7^3.1/'''^"'"°'''' gemmation md<.pendentWo/>.>..,W,iltafTercrhfnrr^''' ?•"• ''1'^"^ ^^''^^ «f COS. the new segm'ents ;ve;et"Jtai\hem:e^^^^^ '' ^^^ I^^ ^i;./:: a^ tai:^:^,z:T' r ^^ '^^^^-^ — of ^opod segment; and t\ th r'-^/o r^^"''" ^''"^ ''^^ ^""^^"^'l 1^^- «'/^vr.? organism shoidd not Siin ?1? ^ ' v '"^''^'"^ '^^>' ^ ^'>'-««"- -the intimate relat onshh of thV h ''"' ^""*-^"«i«"« «« '^ ^^"'v/; ;.„^ difference between thrSe on^ h • ^'""^^'^ notwithstanding the ^ 2. The difficulty arLtw'thri ^7^'^'^^^^- Eozoon is at once disposed of bvH If ^ri/^'l'^'" ^^"^^ ^^ ^^'^^vth of aUied m all essential points 'oFititturc 2 Z'r^"''''"^ "^'^^'^^ aberrant ni its plan of ffrowfb v^,^^turc to liotaha, yet no less among the JlillJoZ A? 1 f ' ''""^ ^'"^^ ^^"^^^^ by Lamarck place quite as naCa^y in tL S''7- '" '"^ *^^' ^'^'^'^^ ^^^es its AV.^/n. As we are fed fr^^S^^^"^^^^^^^ ^ones as iV^.... in the regular Planorhullna, to TiZol lr 'l- f^f^'' through the less up vertically, as well as iSuZ^iZ ^^^^f , the chambers are piled an easy gradation to Fo^^Zt t^T^^^'' '^^ ^^^"«^ V^'^ by form is lost, so may we pfs Zm?h7?''^ all regularity of external Inu,, through //cY.?oJ.y rand a.,7^/^^'' . ^^^^ or.V..,,,.,- a« in Tinoporus, the d^lmbers mS^'ri\^'?''^''^^'*^' ^^^ ^^bich, vertical gennnation ; anTfrom O^^t^^^^^^^^ b^' the intimate stncctaJofZ^.n^^^^^ '^"'"^*^^^ ^"^^i^hed by pJan of nrowth in \h/ Z .^\'^^'^ *}" ^'^''^ subordinate value of fera, zander it' m^e ef^a^^^^^^^^^ '^ -«-ties of Foramini- reusons for unhesiZiSrafflm^^^ t^V'^V^'^'t' ^^ ^^ Aocoon from the microsconio nn^I^ ^ummuhne affinities of wall of its chambertltStaS'T^^^^^^ ^'T'^^ ^^ *^« W«^ and I cannot but feel it tThp n fn f^ J""'^' '"'^''''^^^ peculiarities ; peal inquiry, that [L trtt£^^^^ '""'T'' "^ -^-^- known sliould be determiinbl. W f^ ^ •'' *^^ ''^^^^'^ ^o^^^^ ^et the smallest pin's head would^.n^^^ comparison of a portion which existing. ^ ^ "^^"^^^ ^ovcr, with organisms at present I need not assure you of the pleasure which it has afforded me to * First Dooado of Canadian Fossils, pi. x. (Hi PROCEEDINGS OF THE OEOIOGICAI SOCIEXY. auticipation'thL the dir^; Jii/isTo S'T '° ""v ""' also to concur in the belief expressed bv ?)r n ^•^'^^' '''' '°''^ letter to myself that a nmro ';^l''^'-^^^5^ ^y ^^.' Dawson in a private Silurian fSs/such .. S ^^^""&A examination of some of the and 4..r' 4^ l^ethrff^ hitherto ranked among Com/. EXPLANATION OP PLATES VIII. & ix. /7/«s^r«^/„^ tke Structure and Affinities o/Eozoun. Plate VIII. infiltrated with sSpentr.'e ] ^''" '"'^^ P'"''^^''^^'^' «"d its minutest^S'es Fig. 1. Vertical section of regularlv stratifipri r.,.^; i • magiiiaed 100 diumeters '™g't"V. 23, The c.'ilciiroous so])tii in tins apcciineii uro very tliiii, and nir trans- verse to the phme of contact of the two minerals ; yi't thi'y are seen to traverse hotli the pyroxene and the .seri)i'ntine without any inter- rnj)tion or change. Some sections cxhil)it tht!sc two minerals tilling adjacent cells, or even portions of the same cell, a clear line of divi- sion heing visihle between them. In the s[)ecimenH from (Jrenville, on the other hand, it wonld seem as if the development of the KozoHn (considerable masses of which were replaced by j)yroxene) had been interrupted, and that a second growth of the animal, which was re- placed by serpent' i>, had taken place upon the older masses, tilling up their interstices. The residts of the chemical examination of these fossils from dif- fercint localities may no"^ be given . — 1. A 8i)ecimen of EozoiJn from the Calumet, remarkable for the legidarity of its laminated arrange- ment, gave to warm acetic acid 27'U per cent, of soluble matter, con- sisting of carbonate of lime !>7'1. carbonate of magnesia 2'*J=1()0. TI. Another specimen of the fossil, from (Jrenville, replaced by pyroxene, j-ielded in the same way !_!•(> per cent, of soluble matter, which was composed of carlxmate of lime OS- 7, carbonate of mag- nesia l';i=lUO. III. In this specimen of the fossil, which adjoined the last, ser[)entine was the replacing mineral. The soluble i)ortinn from this e(|ua]le(l 47-0 per cent., and consisted of carbonate of lime 0()-0, carbonate of magnesia 4'0=10(>. It thus appears that the sci)ta in these specimens of Eozooii are nearly pui'e carbonate of lime. The somewhat largi-r [)roi)ortion of magnesia from the last is duo to the use, us a solvent, of dilute nitric acid, which slightly attacked the serpentine. The pyroxene of the above specimens is a very pure silicate of lime and magnesia ; that from T. gave, by analysis, silica i34'i)0, lime 27-07, magnesia l(5-7(), volatile matter 0-8U= 100-13. A partial analysis of the pyroxene from IT. yielded lime 28-3, magnesia 13\S. This sjiecimen was interpenetrated with serjientine, amounting to about 10-0 per cent., wliich Avas first removed by the successive action of heated suli)huric acid and dilute soda-ley. The serpentine from III. yielded silica 42-8o, magnesia 41 •08, protoxide of iron 0*67, water 13-89=09-0!). As already mentioned, this serpentine had lost a little magnesia from the action of nitric acid ; a similar serpentine from the Calumet, associated with the Eoziion, gave silica 41-20, magnesia 43-52, protoxide of iron 0-80, water irr40 = 100-02. These serpentines from the Laurentian limestones are remarkable for their freedom from iron-oxide, for their large amount of water, and their low specific gravity*. Specimens of Euzoon from Eurgess differ from the foregoing in the composition both of the rei)lacing material and the septa. The latter consist of a somewhat ferriferous dolomite, the analvfns of which was made upon portions mechanically separated from the enclosed silicate; it yielded carbonate of magnesia 40-7, carbonate of lime, with a little peroxide of iron, 50-0=09-7. The septa of the See my dci^criptionti, 'American Journul of Science,' 2nd ser. vol. xxvi. p. 230. ^^^■^-J STRUBY nUNT— EOZOOjr. Q^ spooimcn fn.m this looulity aro in Hon.o parts more than M-O niilli- niotrcH m tlu..kru-HH. an.l exhibit the chamhors, (vIIh, and Hc.tal onflcos; but no tubuli aro «oen. Tho rq.b.einK matcia ha" ' o hardness o s.riu.nt.no, for which it was at first nust kc. colour iH b ackisb-f,n-eon, but olivo-grcrn in thin sections, w hon s 8.on by transmuted light to be ..rystalline in texture. I'Zv- ture IS granular, and its lustre feebly shining. It is deconn.oHe.l bv heated sulphune acid, and was thus' analysc^d, yielding tire It ? nxo centesimal composition of tho soluble portion is gfven ,tmk'r 11 ^,^^^^^• 33-75 36.14 30-r,0 ^/'^'""'i^ 9'75 lo-ir, 10-80 Jf"f?"^"«i'^ 3024 31 -47 2H-'>0 Irotoxideofiron .. 8-10 8-(50 0-54 f/'^'', , l^-(>« 14-04 14-02 Insoluble sand .... 2-50 ,p, .,. , ^. , , ^^^''1 lOO-OO 99-00 fho silicate which hero takes tho place of tho pyroxene and ser- pentine observed in the other specimc-ns of KozoiiJl c>„ , of Jmn ent occurrence in the Laurentian limestones, and appears to cons Up a distn.ct species, which I long since dmribed^ u U; heX 'f cS; :*"' I ;f ^•'•^^^-^ "t tlK" Calumet in dark brown pri" atl trj8t.ils* I have since observed a similar mineral in two other loca ities besides the one here noticed. The result IIL, which s,ei by the side of the analysis of the Burgess fossil, was obfa l^ ha greenish-grey sparry prismatic variety from North Ehnslev 1 nvin^ a hardness of 3-0, and a specific gravity of 2-o39t. KJlm Z alummo-magnesian silicates, which I hive there Lduded un e the name of loganite, are related to chlorate and to pyroscleritek com- stmc're "' '" ^^'^tinguished by their eminentiyfoliated micacrus Whc.n examined under the microscope, the loganite, which replaces the Ao.00. o JJurgess, shows traces of cleav^e-lines, which ind_ catc a crystalline structure. The grains of insoluble matter found m the analysis, clneHy of ,aartz-sand, are distinctly see a^f," • ".^ bodies embedded in the mass, which is moreover niarkcl by 1 nt apparently due cracks formed by a shrinking of the silicate -2 sulKsequently filled by a further infiltration of the s.mie nmilX Ihis arrangement resembles on a minute scale that of sentaria Similar apiu'aranccs are also observed in the serpentine which re- places the Lozoan ot Grenville, and also in a massive serpentine from Burgess resembling this, and enclosing fragments of the fossil. In both ot hese specimens also grains of mechanical impurities are detected by the microscope, which are, however, rarer than in the loganite of Burgess. From the above facts it may bo concluded that the various sili- * Phil. Mag. 4th scr. vol. ii. p. Vui. t For atlescriptioii of this and similar silicates, see ' Geology of Canada.' p. 4U1 70 I'R()Ci:ei)IN(»k ok ttik oEOL(i«ic,a hociktv. [Nov. 23, catoM which now constitute i.ynixoni,', Hcrpontint-, and loj^unito wcro (hrcctly (lepoHitcd in wiittTH in tho niidNt of whicli tho Kuzviin wtw Htill ^rowin;,' or ha.l only recently perished, niid Ihut thene Mi'iciitcM penetrated, enelo.sed, and pn-Hcrved the culeareons Ntrueture ])reciHely iw ciirhoniite of linio nii-,'ht have done. The iissociution of the Hili- ciites with the h'ozniin is only accidentii!, and lar^e (piantities of them, deposited at tlie nanie time, inclnde no orj^anie remains. Thus, for oxiunplo, thoro uro found ussocuited witii the Ko/oon-limesfones of (Jrenvillc masMive hiyer.s and concretions of pure serjientino ; and 11 Ncrpcntino from !{nrj,'es,s ha.s ah-eady heen mentioned as containiii},' onlyHmall hrokeii fra^^ments of the fossil. In like manner \avzo(hi, replaced by serpentine, consist of (M-ystalline pvrallolite (rcnsselaerife), winch seems, like tlu> other silicates, to have replaced tlie oi-f,'anic matter oftho Rhizopod. Farther cxaniinalions, aided liy the microscope, arc however needed tu dctcnnine with certainty tho relations oV the JiozoOn to these masses ofnyral- lohtc. ' '' t Amer. Joiu-n. Science, 2nd ser. vol. xxix. p. 281; vol. xxxii. p. 28G. Geo- logy of Canada, )). 577. t Amcr. Journ. Science, 2nd ser. vol. xxxiii. p. 277. Geology of Canada, p. 487. ■f 1804. HTI-IKHY nt'NT — r.OZoiiN. 71 Niluut<' of protoxide ..liroii iind potash, which sometimes iiuliKlcs n ''OM.si(li'nil)l(! proportion of aliiniiim in its composition, h(iH l.ocn oh- Nimcins ichjntical with tluit in which pyrox- ene, senH'ntme, and logunito occur with the Eozoiin in the Lauren - tian linicHtoneH. According to the Hrst of thcHo obscrverH, the grains (.t Kreensund or ghiuconite, from the Tertiary linu^stone of Ahihanui ure casts of the interior of I'olythahiniia, the Klm.conite httvinir flll<.d hem by "a species of natural injection, which in often 8o perfect that not only the large and coarse cells, hut also the very finest ennals ot the ..ell-walls and all their connecting tuh(.s are thus pe nhed and Heparately exhibited." Uml.y confirmed these obser- x^.ti.uis, and extended then. He found in various Cretaceous and leitiary limestones of the Inited States, casts in ghiuconite, not only ot lummuujn-a, but of spines of Erhhu,, and of the cavities of LoruiH. Uesides, there were numerous red, green, and an bite .uists of minuti" ana.stoi„osing tubuli, whi.h, according to Ikiley, resemble nists ot the holes made by burrowing Sp.mges (ClUma) and Worms. Iheso forms are seen after dissolving tlie carbonate of lime by a n nni "m 11 , ^""'J'l' "\«rcover, similar casts of Fomminifera, of m mute Mollusks and of branching tubuli, in mud obtained from s onndings in the (iult-stream, and conclmled that the deposition of glauconito is still going on in the depths of the sea*. Poiirtales has t() lowed up these investigations on the recent formation of ghiuco- fn ?bn". -r ^'\7-» ^ '"''*'''• , .^^" ''"' °^«*^^^'^''^ it« deposition also in tho cavities of Mdhpores, and in the canals in the shells of Bala- nm. According to him the glauconitc-grains formed in Fovamimfem lose after a time thoir calcareous envelopes, and finally become - con- glomerated into small black pebbles," sections of which still show under a microscope the characteristic spiral arrangement of the ceUsf It appears probable from these ol,servations that gluuconito is formed by chemica reactions in the ooze at tho bottom of tho sea where dissolved silica comes in contact with iron-oxide rendered soluble by organic matter ; the resulting silicate deposits itself in the cavities of shells and other vacant spaces. A j.rocess analogous to this, in Its results, has filled the chambers and canals of the Lauren- tian Fommnvfera with other silicates; from the comparative raritv of mechanical impurities in the silicates, however, it would appear that they were deposited m clear water. Alumina and oxide of iron enter into the composition of loganite as well as of glauconite ; but in the other replacing minerals, pyroxene and serpentine, we have only silicates of bme and magnesia, which were probably formed bv the direct action of alkaline silicates, either dissolved in surface-waters or in those of submarine springs, upon the calcareous and magncsian salts of the sea-water. Exp(«riments undertaken with the view of determining the precise conditions under which these and similar silicates may thus be formed are now in progress. * Amor. Journ. Science, 2nd acr. vol. xxii. p. 280 T R('p. Amor. Coast-Survoy, 1858, p. 248.