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 * THE DAKOTAN LANGUAGES 
 
 
 BY 
 
 A. W. WILLIAMSON. 
 
 -•-•- 
 
 AuGusTANA College, Rock Island. Illinois. 
 
 ■« ♦ ■ 
 
 FROM 
 
 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, JANUARY, 1882. ** 
 
 -t* 
 
c/r^^ 
 
 ^ bciU, '^ ' 
 
 „^BE WEB^^|!;,„^ ST. 
 
 .V >'' ' 
 
 . <y 
 
 t:< 
 
o 
 
 THE DAKOTAN LAX(;UAGi:s, AND THKIR RELATIONS 
 TO OTHER LA NO LAG ES. 
 
 IJV A. \V. WILl TAAFSON. 
 
 To llu' elbnolonist and to the pliilolojrist the Dakotas and 
 those spcakiiii^ kindrod hui<.;u;i,i(es are a very interesting peopk'. 
 Tliere are tour principal Dakota (Hakx'ls. the Santee. Yankton, 
 Assinniboin and Titon. Thi; alHicl ian;;uai;es niav be divided 
 into three jrroups: 
 
 L a, \VinnebaL;"o: h, Osa<;e. Kaw , and 2 Quapaw; c, Iowa, 
 Otoe and Missouri; (k Omaha and Ponka. 
 
 ]]. Mandan. 
 
 in. a, Minnetaree (Minitari) or Ilidatsa; b, Absauraka. or 
 Crow . 
 
 Pawnee and Aricaree seem also to be somew hat related. 
 
 in mv lather's opinion the Dakota dialects difVer about as 
 much as the Greek dialects did in the time (^1 Homer, and 
 the Assinniboin is much nearer to tlu' Yankton dialect of which 
 it is an (stlshoot than is the Titon. Jud<;ini^ by the vocabularies 
 to which I have access chieHy in llayden's -Indian tribes of 
 the Missouri,"' I would supj>ose the first ij^roup to diller from 
 tlie Dakota about as much as the (jerman from the Enijlish, 
 and to diller anions^ themsehes somewhat as Ilollandish, Frie- 
 sian. and l<2n^lish. The Mandan appears to be separated much 
 more w idely from them than they are fr(;m each other. The 
 JNiinnetaree and Crow constitute a distinct LiPup diverj^ing from 
 er,ch other more than the Santee ami Titon, the extreme dia- 
 kcts of the Dakota. "^Phev show more resemblance to the 
 Mandan than to any other one of the class, but diverge very 
 wirlely from it. I>ut very few words approximate identity. 
 About one half of the words in Matthew's Ilidatsa dictionary 
 appear to me to be in part at least composed of material related 
 to the Dakota, and about five per cent to fairly represent Da- 
 kota words. Many of these show little similarity except as 
 compared in the li<^ht of sound representation. 
 
 When fust discoNcred the Dakotas and Assinniboins were 
 nomads, livinf; almost entirely bv hunting and fishin<j. The 
 Dakotas. then probably kss than ten thousand, are now more 
 than thirty thousand in nundier There are probably about 
 three thousand Asslniboins. The allied tribes, except the 
 Crows, when llrst f(nind lixed chiefly by ajj^riculture. They 
 ha\e during the last hundred years rapidly diminished in num- 
 bers, and do not number over twelve thousand including the 
 Crcnvs. 
 
 All of the Dakotan tribes and some others formerly made 
 
AW, 
 
 W7JIS 
 
 «ind baked pottery similar to that found in the mounds of the 
 Ohio valley. The Osam's and some others lived in caiih 
 houses, whose ruins are similar to those of the houses of the 
 mound builders. The Minnelarees, Mandans and Aricarees 
 still live in houses of the same kind, and make and bake jiol- 
 tery. Measurements indieate that the erania of the Dakolas 
 in size of brain and an^k: deeidedly approach the Euroj)e.\n 
 form. The cheek bones of the Dakotas are much less promi- 
 nent than those of the C'hippewas, and Uiose one-fourlh Cliip- 
 pevva and three-fourths whili- have on an a\'erai;"e darker com- 
 plexions than those half white and half Dakota. Amoiii;- the 
 Minnetarees and Mandans are man\' i)ers()ns of lij;*l\t hair. i)lue 
 eyes, and Lcjlerably fair complexion, noL attributable to an infu- 
 sion of Caucasian blood since the time of Columbus. 
 
 No people take more pains to speak their lan<^ua;^'o accurate- 
 ly than tlie Dakotas. Their social condition is simila.- to that 
 of the Arabs, whose lani^'uai^e has within iiisloric observation 
 changed more slowlv than an}' otlier. 'I'hc Assinniboins hiive 
 been separated from the Dakolas about three conluries, 
 perhaps a little less, possibly much more. During all this time 
 they have been entirel}' separated, associating wholly witii 
 tribes speaking languages entireb; diilerent, and yel their dia- 
 lect remains almost identical with the ^'anl^ton. We are then 
 ■ encouraged to believe tliat their language has not clumged so 
 rapidly as to obliterate traces of its origin. 
 
 So far as I have been able to ascertain them the most im- 
 portant features characteristic of the Dakolan languages gener- 
 ally are the following: 
 
 I. Three pronominal prefixes to verbs, i, o and wa. I, this, 
 forms nouns of instrument. O forms nomen aciionis, etc. 
 Some Crow and Mninetare words seem to indicate that its orio-i- 
 nal form was a. Wa, meaning some or something, prefixed to 
 transitive verbs makes them intransitive or general in their ap- 
 plication. Wa is in Min. ma (ba, wa), in Crt)w,ba. Scantiness 
 of material prevents me from more than inferring the existence 
 of these and other prefixes in the other allied languages, from 
 a few words apparently containing them. 
 
 II. A system of verbal prefixes used to form \ erbs from cer- 
 tain stems, regularly varied in signiricaLio:!, accordinLT to the 
 prefix used. The Dakota has seven of these prelixes. The 
 Min. has three of these almost iilentical in force. I should sup- 
 pose that i would, with as much material, find greater sim'lar- 
 ity in the other langinges. ba; the only one I have been able to 
 trace at all ge.ierally is D.ik yu. Tiiis m."i-ely coiverts ;:he 
 stem into a verb withjuL ch lag'ng \'ci m.'aning. Dak y is 
 nearly always represented in the allieil la.iguages so far a>'. I 
 
lo 
 
 cor- 
 ihc 
 The 
 up- 
 
 liir- 
 e to 
 ;.lie 
 V is 
 
 lia>o {)bscr\'ocl by r, d, 1 or m; jso tlial. I liiul ii in Min. clu (ru, 
 111, im). [owa, M uulan. and Crow ru. Omaha ra. 
 
 III. A rcjlcxiw jT/onoun lawa, Min. lama (tawa. taba), Iowa 
 tawf, (Jsauft* iain'. lorniinf.j from posscssiNu pronouns iloublc 
 posscssivi's. rc'laU'd to their prlmilivcs somewhat as mine to 
 mv. In .some feaUuvs of struelure thi' Dakotan laniiuajres 
 present an rimaxinif dixersily. 
 
 Accordinj^ to I'owell (Ir.t. to sluil Am. Lanj^.) a Ponka in 
 order to sa\' '•• a man killed a ral.>bit/' would have to say •' the 
 man. he, on<-. animate, s'.aneling, in the nominative case, pur- 
 posely, killed, by shooting an arrow, he. the one animate, sit- 
 ting-, in the objective case."' '• For the form of the verb to kill 
 wou'd have to bj selected, and the verb changes its form by in- 
 IlecLion. and b\- incorporated particles, to denote person, num- 
 ber and gender, as animaie or inanimate, as statiding, silting or 
 ying. 
 
 (Jn the other ban i the Dakota could not vary the form of the 
 verb to denote any of these things except number, with refer- 
 ence to cithi'r subject or object. lie would j:)robably say: 
 ''Wichasta-wan mastincha-wan kte,""— '•man-a,rabbit-a, kill,'' - 
 in which eacli word is about synonymous with its English 
 ei:uivak;nl, and case as in English denoted by position. If he 
 wished to shov.- that the action was done by shooting, he would 
 probid:)!y not vary tlu; form of the verb kill, but vvould use the 
 ver)) kule, meaning shoot whether with arrow or bullet. Ex- 
 ec pi that iht; Dak. order corresponds lo tlie Icelandic the only 
 dillL-rence in structure between the Dak. and English expression 
 is that the Dakota word kte may mean any time, the particular 
 time bein<r indicated whenever desira.blein all cases iii Dak. as 
 mosth' in Enalish bv auxiliary verbs and adverbs. If the 
 word man \\ere represented bv a pronoun the Dak. would 
 hv. still more analytic, since its pronoun would indicate any act- 
 or, male or female, or inanimate, unless it were desirable to dis- 
 tinguisli, in which case the distinction would be made by com- 
 pounding the pronoun with a suitabre auxiliary word. In this 
 ioature, often given as characteristic of American languages, is 
 a \'ariation the greatest possibk- between two languages closely 
 rel ited. It is also worthy of remark that the Minnetaree, which 
 I sliould suppose the most analytic of the group next to the 
 Dakota, is one of those that least resembles the Dakota in vo- 
 cabulary. Some of the features often assigned as peculiarties 
 of American languages were according to Bopp and Schleisher 
 ieatures of the 1. E, languages in their earlier stages. Of most 
 other features said to cliaracterize American languages I find 
 in Dak. but faint t>*aces. The Dak. cfocs have verbs nearly 
 synonymous with i,'W, ivalk\ cat, drink, strike, etc. It is well sup- 
 
 177547 
 
kl\.) 
 
 flicd -I'it/i purely copttla/hr irrbs. It has differotfialed ihc va- 
 rious parts of speech even to the tirfinile and indefinite artiefe. 
 It is sulhciently suppHeil with nouns tUnotinf;' <^enera and 
 classes. This is not a feature of recent dewloj^nK'nt. A nuich 
 smaller jiroi^ortion of <^eneral than of special names have lost 
 trace of orijL,dn. 
 
 "^riie Dak does not have inclusive and exclusive ]->lurals. etc. 
 It does not have a mullijilicity of verb forms to denote mode 
 and tense, but when necessarN' does denote tlu'iii with ele<.r;;nce 
 and pri'cision, by auxiliary \erbs and adwrbs, wry much r.s 
 we do in Enj.dish. The Ihikota is not made up chielly of very 
 lonj^ words. On the other hand it uses a ((reat many little par- 
 ticles and connectives to i;xpres:; fine shades of iueanini^, won- 
 derfully remindinjj; one of the Greek. It fully aj^rees with 
 other American lan_<4uai;vs in its wonderful faciliiy for forming 
 derivatives. The I. E. laiu;"ua<4"es in their earlier stages pos- 
 sessed equal facility. 
 
 As a maltiM' of fact we know scarcely anything coricerning 
 the strucim-e of American languages aside from the Algonquin 
 and Ir(xjuois groups, and a very few isolated hniguages. Tiiey 
 have been classiiied, in fact, almost entirely by examination of 
 scanty and not \ery accurate vocabularie.'.. hi investigating 
 the rek'ti(jns of the l)cd>.otan to other American languages we 
 are th rv. compelled to base our conclusions chieily on vo- 
 
 cabulary . 1 once resided a year among tlie Chippewas, and in 
 various ways have had much belter opj:)ortunilies of comparing 
 the Dakota with the Chi|>pewa than with any other American 
 language. I ha\e not been able to find a word alike in the 
 two; antl but \ery few w ords even slightly similar in sound and 
 sense. In jironouns few languages in any part of the world 
 are so strikingly contrasted. If I were to attempt an argument 
 for original allinit>- between Dakota and Chippewa my argu- 
 ment would be that so <;reat dissimilarilv could not be the re- 
 suit of accident. Aside from the Cheyenne an Algonkin 
 language, which has incorjiorated some Dakotan word.s, and 
 the Pawnee group, the similarities east of the Rock\' mountains 
 are surprisingly few, though the Huron, Iroquois and Mobilian 
 languages do not seem quite so strongly contrasted a.s the Al- 
 gonkin. Among the Eskimo, the tribes of the Pacilic Slope, 
 Mexico, Central and South America, we occasionalb/ lind 
 identical and not infrequently similar words. In seme the re- 
 semblances seem remarkable considering the si/.e of the \-oc;d:)- 
 ularv. Closer examination shows however diat lhe\ are not 
 of a kind to indicate a spLciid relationship. Tlic^y are .dmosl 
 exclusiveh' conlined to a f.nv iM-onominal bases of verv wide 
 ditVusion. and the folkiwing: i. a'.a. (ata. 2. papa, each meaning 
 
l- 
 r. 
 A 
 h 
 
 ice 
 
 cry 
 
 lar- 
 :ov- 
 
 pi)S- 
 
 r'ncy 
 on ol 
 
 es \v^- 
 on vo- 
 and in 
 
 K'ricaii 
 in Uh- 
 ncl and 
 work! 
 
 ar^ni- 
 ihe re- 
 ponkin 
 t\s, and 
 )VV.V»ains 
 ,lobiluin 
 
 ibe M- 
 
 Ic SlopL', 
 
 iUv liiid 
 
 \hc rc- 
 ,c vocab- 
 
 arc lU)^- 
 
 cry \v;.dt' 
 meaning 
 
 lallu'i: I. ana. nana; 2. ina, mama, rich nu'aninjLj moihi-r. As 
 an (.'xainjiU' I lake llu* base ala. lata. Dakota, ale (diak'Cl aia); 
 Minnetau'i'. ate. lata, latisli; Mind in. t;ila; Omaha, adi, iladi: 
 I'onka, tade-ha: Aricatxe, aU-ah; i*a\vner. aU'-ish. 
 
 Tuseai-ora at a: C'heroki'e (.•-(kurla; I'^skimo—Cireeidand alitala, 
 Ak'Ulian ata. C nkloi iiia, San Mimicl lala: Mexico A/tic tela; 
 (Jtomi. la, le: \ ucalan, C'akcheciuil tala: Central Am. Tarasca 
 tala; Darii n [aiua; liaslern iVru, Mossa lata: Western Para- 
 guay, N'iMela lai:i. 
 
 L'un<4() W'l stir-i .\tVica. tat, lala. 
 
 |a|ian diak'cl [vir: ChinL'Sc diak'ct tia. 
 
 Turko Tariar, 'rurki;.;h ata: Tatar ata, atha: Kunan atta; 
 Kasanish. Ort-nl-jurjn". Kirjjfis ata; vSamoycilic dialects, Eastern 
 I<iis;iaand Wi'stern Siberia ata, atai, a!ja, lalai: Finno llun- 
 ^arl:'n, I^ap attje; llimi^arian atja. 
 
 Caucasus, Kisti dada. Hasijue (Pyrei-nei-s Mountains) aita. 
 
 Iiulo luuopean: Sajiskrit ala. tala; llindusianee ikula: Latin, 
 atta, latla: (jn.rk alia, talla: .Miianian. Albania, at. atti; Cala- 
 bria and Sicily tala; Celtic. Welsh tad; Cornish and Bret tat; 
 Iri.>h, chiid. ; (Jaeiic daickin; J:CnL!,"li:h (accoidinL;' to Skeats of 
 Welsh) dad, ckiddv: Old Slav, Lata olici; Moldavian lata; Wal- 
 lachian tatr: J'olish talus; JioluMuian, Ser\ian Croatian otsciie; 
 Lithuanian Ula: Preuss thelis: Golhic ala; Old Fries tale; O. 
 II G tato; Old Sued atin; Swed iskuid Runoe dadda. 
 
 bi lifly-m'n.e ol' the one hundred and forty-six \ersions of the 
 Lord's j-rayi'r oiven by Adeluni;' in the Scku'onic. Lithuanian 
 and ''iY'iUonic families, the \VA>rd for father is from this base. 
 Atta \i\ the form used in Ullinas Gothic version of the fourth 
 century, the okk-st "^ri-ulonic relic. 
 
 Papa and mama in J)ak, as in I. E languages, occupy a sub- 
 orilinale posilion, havinj^ about the same scope as in Latin and 
 Greek. Words apparently related to these are rare in N. A. 
 lanfriiajj^es, but frequent in S. A., African, Malay Polynesian 
 and Turanian lan^ua<4es. The Semitic aba, etc., is perhaps re- 
 lated. IMie base ana, nana (Dak ina), thoui^h not very much 
 used in 1 K languages appears to be more widely distributed 
 than any of the others. 
 
 All tlu! Dakota pronouns which show mucii similarity to 
 other American forms are representative of Fick's I E bases, 
 and appear to be widely disseminated. Adelung and Latham 
 do not however oi\e pronominal forms in as man}' languages 
 as they gixe words for father and mother, and I cannot so well 
 deienn'ne their distribution. 
 
 Professor Roehrig, in his able paper on the Dakota, points 
 out somi' very interesting analogies to Turanian languages. 
 
 These similarities are chieflv in fea- 
 
 Oihers mi<rht be added. 
 
 in 
 
 2 
 
!( 
 
 tures coiiiiiioii to I. E. and Turanian. On tlie ollit-r liaml llie 
 Dakota shows on ihe surface strikini^ conlrasls to Turani- 
 an lantruaucs. The nunuTals aic cMnincnllv dissimilar. Tl-c 
 Dakota, hkc I. K. Ianj^ua<ft's, varies both root and sulli.x in 
 forming words, and uses liolh prefixes and suliixes. In Tura- 
 nian lan;^ua«L^es the sulHx only is varied, and prefixes are searci'- 
 ly at all used. 
 
 It seems to me therefor tliat it is not unsciiMitilie to inquire 
 whether die similarities of the various Dakotan lan<4in<4i's to 
 various European lan;^ua<^v's. moderti atul ancient, so oft.n re- 
 marked are or are not accidi-ntai. It is \ery easy to see that 
 the Dakota restMiihles the I'2i\iL(lish in vocabulary much more 
 than it n'send)les the Chijipewa. The similarities of the Da- 
 kota sullixes, j-jronouns and |)reposilions to those gi\en b\' Tx^p)), 
 and the «^eneral reseml^lance of Dakotan lan<;ua<4es to Sanskrit, 
 Gothic, etc., in vocabulary, made me certain of relationship be- 
 fore I ever saw Pick's iiicti(;nary. ^'et as I turni'd ovi-r his 
 pages I was amazed at the similarity of the I. E. roots to the 
 Dak roots. The Slav Teul leases of Fick seem to me most 
 similar to the Dak. I am certain that neither the '^I'eulonic or 
 Graeco-Italic dictionaries resemble the Dakota as much as do 
 the European, Indo. Juu'opean and Aryan dictionaries. The 
 I. E. consonants are represented in Dakota, Santee and Titon 
 dialects, and in Minnetaree in accordance with the following 
 table. 1 omit representatives concerning which I am doubtful. 
 I have too little material on the other languages to justify me 
 in including them. 
 
 IE 
 
 
 k 
 
 g 
 
 
 gl^ 
 
 P 
 
 bh 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 S 
 
 k,h, 
 
 kh, sh^- 
 
 k,ht 
 
 gh, 
 
 kh, zh j 
 
 P 
 
 m, b, w 
 
 m 
 
 w, p 
 
 T 
 
 k,h, 
 k, h 
 
 gf, khsh 
 , ghij, sh 
 
 k,gt 
 k 
 
 gl^> 
 
 i 
 kh, zh 
 
 gi^!! 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 b, w 
 
 ni, b;}: 
 
 w, p 
 
 M 
 
 m^ 
 
 (b, vv) 
 
 P • 
 
 IE 
 
 t 
 
 d dh n 
 
 ^ '■'n 
 
 yli 
 
 » 
 
 S 
 
 t, n 
 
 t, d, n d n 
 
 n, d 
 
 y'Z 
 
 1 
 
 i s, sh, z, zh, t 
 
 T 
 
 t,n 
 
 t,d 
 
 1 
 
 t,l,n 1 
 
 1 
 i n 
 
 n,l 
 
 y^z 
 
 ] s, sh, z, zh, t 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 t d§ (1, r 
 
 , • - 
 
 ts 
 
 ts, sh, t 
 
 1 
 
^ Cliit'll\ , ])r(»li;ihly not always, for FItk's sL-conil k. Lilh 
 87, (piuii sliK Slav s, Tlu' k's and <^'s liable to lahiali/alioii in 
 Juj. !an.4ua;;(.'s aj^poar to In- occasionally lahiali/.cd in D.ikolan 
 lani;ua;^cs. 
 
 •(•Ill S. Jul, ^'allkloll kil, T. ^1; S. liii, V. kii. '!'. ^n or^^l; S. 
 Iiii. ^^ km, T. Ljin. 
 
 ,{:In S. nul. \. Ink T. hi. 
 
 In a previous piper I represented this by kh: and do not 
 ];no\v whether it is nearest Dak kh German ch, or Dak gh; 
 
 • Santee d alwa\s becomes 1 in Tilon. 
 
 • Dak y becomes r, d. 1 or n in ihe allied lanLjua;;es. except 
 P'.'rhaps the Osaj^^e, and perhaps in part re|)resents 1 K r. 
 
 ijin Mmnetaree m, inlerchaniies so freelv with h and w, and d 
 with 1, n, and r. that .Matthews represents each ^roup by one 
 letter. 'Die .same irregularity occurs larjLjely in Crow, and 
 SOUK' what also in Mandan. 
 
 Cii as in chin very often occurs in Dak as a euphonic modiri- 
 calion of k. Otherwise it stands chieflv for d, r, 1, n of the al- 
 lieil laui^u li^^'s. Oa the other hand Win and Iowa ch usually 
 represents Dak, and I K t. R is found in all the allied lan- 
 j^iia-^ws, ami in Winnebai^o is more fretpient than even in Ice- 
 landic, fowa aspirate th, represents Dak s, and other sibilants, 
 llayilen ci'.es not distiii<jfuish the subvcjcal and aspirate th in 
 Omaha. From a small list gathered by my father I judf^e that 
 the asj)irate is probablv similar to the Iowa, and that the sub- 
 vocal represents Dak and I E dentals. F in Iowa represents 
 some Dak p*s. 
 
 'inhere is wonderful reiifularity in the sound changes in pass- 
 ing from Santee to Titon Dak, and so far as I can yet discover 
 great irregularity in passing to the allied languages. Possibly 
 fuller materials and closer studv mav reduce the changes to 
 s\stem. 
 
 Dak proper has but five vowels; a and e represent I E a; i, 
 i; u, u; and o, either u or a. They are weakened as in I E lan- 
 guages, and suflixes which raise I E vowels raise i and u to a. 
 The allied languages have a larger number of vowels, the Min- 
 uet aree ten. 
 
 NliRB STEMS. 
 
 The reduplication of roots in Dak as in I E is extremely fre- 
 quent, in both, as in other languages, developing iteratives 
 which occasionally become intensives. The reduplication of 
 Dak words is like Skt of but one syllable, usually but not always 
 the root. 
 
The^suflix a, a3'a, which formed verb stems of I E roots 
 usually becomes a, e, i in r3ak as in old liu. lan<j;ua<;es. 
 
 Ya seems to be rrrely preserved: I E pak ccok. fekt jajakaya 
 parch: D;,k pr.pt khya prrch: I E agh .^ay. Eat ajo lor agh3'a 
 sa\ : Dak c} a say. Tie Dak liis miany relics cf ll e n of suliix 
 na. which wcikcti its \\i\\ 1 eft re lie i i al ccr^cr.ant: I E tau" 
 touch whence I E targ, Lj;1 tr,r_i:o: E'ak tan 'uucli. 1 here 
 seem to l.e relics of th.e tthcr nuihcds. which A\cre h(\vc\cr 
 so clof:ely akin to mellu ds cf fcrmirg ixn.inal .••tens tb.ai d.cy 
 need not be discussed here. 
 
 Schleicher oives twc) methods of fcrmin*;- sccoridary \erb 
 stems: b}' sv.lhx sa forming frec}uentatives; by suflix ya ci',u:-;e 
 to be, forming transiti\-e verbs from verbs, adjectives aiul 
 nouns. Eolli a.re living siilixes extrcmeh- frecjuent and h;i\ ing 
 the same force in Dak. 
 
 NOMINAL STEMS. 
 
 As in I E a few Dak roots eilb.er single or rcduj-jlicated form 
 nomen actionis, etc. This similarity is too widely .■•pread to be 
 of value. It is far ollierwise with sullixes, \\ hicli ;ne in a ma- 
 jority of cases usualh' representative of one or more of Schleich- 
 er's twenty suflixes, and if otherwise at least cleri\'ed from I E 
 roots, excepting a few of obscure origin. 
 
 I. I E -a formed from roots, adjectixes, also appellatives, and 
 abstracts, of which the Dak has many relics: I E stag, Teut 
 stak strike beat: Dak staka beaten, broken; Slav. Teut kak 
 sound; Dak kaka rattling: I E pu stink, rot; Min pua stinking, 
 rotten: Eu sap understand: Eat sapa wise; Dak k-sapa wise. 
 
 Slav Teut kak cackle, kaka the crow; I^awnee kaka: Man 
 keka the crow : li^u sara stream flow, sara butter: Min tsara; 
 Tit Dak sla grease: I E ar join whence our arm; Win and Min 
 ara, the arm; Slav Teut lap, lamp shine: Dak ampa light: Slav 
 Teut krup fear: Dak kopa noun fear, a fearful place: adj inse- 
 cure; a Scandinavian base naf, nap, our nab, Icel nefi; Swed 
 nefwa (perhaps i was the original suHlx) the hand: Dak n;ipe 
 the hand; I E kak spring: Eiih szaka (pronounced shaka) twig 
 shoot, etc: Dak* shake nails claws: Om shage linger; Min shaki 
 hand paw. 
 
 In Dak as in I E -a usually raises the stem vowel: 1 E kid 
 burn; Teut haita hot: Dak kala hot: I E sik dry: Dak sakaalso 
 shecha dried; I E lip adhere: "['it Dik lapa sticky adlicsixe; 1 E 
 migh pour out water, Skt megha cloud: Om niiigha. mangha 
 cloud sky: Crow makha sky : I)ak in makhpiya( maghapivji) 
 cloud sky, maghaiihu rain, '^i'hc zhu is Dak-zhu, Min-ghu, I E 
 ghu pour. 
 
 a 
 
T 
 
 2. I E -i fornu'cl a1")stra(.:l,s ami nouns of a'''env'v: I E ar tro; 
 Min ari, way, track, trail. 
 
 3. I E u formed adjt'CtiveS; I E raj^h spriii<r, raghu li<(ht, 
 whence lun^s: Min dai^ho. aiifho: Dak chai;hu lun^s;'-' Eu park 
 wiience parka \rinkle; Dak pako crooked, wrinkled. 
 
 4. 1 E -\a formed nouns, adjectives and participles. Tlie 
 Dak still retains some adjecaves thus formed, and hundreds of 
 p; rliciples rendered by Enii^lish p;irliciples, but used only ad- 
 vt rbiallv, and it lias become an adverbial sullix. 
 
 5. 1 E -wa formed passive participles, adjectives and nouns. 
 It is in I'^ak a living passi\e jxulicipial suflix combined with the 
 like suHix -an, forming wa(^h)an. When added directlv to the 
 root it raises the slem vowel as in: Eu ku contain to be 
 lullow; Lat cava; l)ak -ko be iiollow, noun ko a hole; kawa 
 open. After consonants the w becomes p; I E akwa water of 
 ak ; Gothic ah\a river; Dak wakjia river. 
 
 6. I E -ma, -mana, -man formed adjectives, present participles 
 and nouns; I E akman stone of ak, A S iman; Dak imni stone. 
 
 7. I E -ra, -la formed adjectives and nouns: Eu kira yellow; 
 Old Slav seru; Crow shira, Min tsidi. tsiri, Man psida, Iowa 
 thi, Om thi, zi; Win and Dak zi n'cIIow; I E ghu pour; Min 
 ghu pour; Dak zhu pour, ozhu pour in, in ozhuclan, Tit ozhu la 
 full; Eu wasra spring of was; Icel vara, Lat ver; Win wera 
 spring; Eu tag cover whence; Welsh and Irish ti house, our 
 thatch; Winchira house; Man, Min, Om, Dak ti house; Ary- 
 an nira water of ni; Tit Dak nila water; Om and Win ni 
 water. 
 
 Ra, la is also a diminutive suffix in I E languages. It is the 
 regular diminutive suffix in W^in, -ra, in Tit Dak, -la, in Yank 
 -na, in Santee Dak -dan also -na. 
 
 8. I E -an formed past passive participles whence our en in 
 fallen, etc. It is still the regular passive participial suffix in 
 Dak either alone or combined with wa. As Dak verl? stems 
 end in a vowel it is preceded by a euphonic h. W^hen added 
 directly to the root it raises the stem vowel, as in Eu wik 
 whence Gothic veiha hoi}-; Dak wakan sacred. 
 
 9. I have not found infinitive suffix -na in Dak. 
 
 10. I E -na was a passive participial suffix, developing also 
 denominatives. The Dak has perhaps a few relics; I E ku 
 bring lew, kauna low; Dak ku- in kuchedan, also kun low. I 
 E mi, diminish (mince); Yank .md Tit Dak mina knife. 
 
 11. I E -ni formed abstracts and nouns of agenc}'. Possibly 
 it is found in; I E migh pour out water; Dak mini water: and 
 a few others. 
 
 ♦For I IC r — Dak ch coinpiiri; En \vir;i Pak wiclia -man; Ku wora; Oak wicaka true. 
 Tent loirva Ihifrh wlu'ncf losj of lak; Win lei>-i and lej^ra; Iowa reku; Manclari doksi; Min 
 Uiki, liki till- [cfi, the thigh ; Dak chcilia thu thighs, 1 hu r prohably first lu'canic d. 
 
1 2. Two words containing -nu, are recognized by Schleicher 
 as I E; IE and Dak su hear; I E sunii son: Dak sun younger 
 brother. I E and Dak tan extehd: I E tr.nu adj thin, noun 
 body; Dak tan body. 
 
 13. IE -ta (our -d) formed tlie past passive p;;rticiple, and 
 nouns of simihir signification, in which uses it is tolerably fre- 
 quent in Dak: I Eski collect, arrange: Dak shki plait gath.er, skita 
 bound toger her ti'. d on : I E pu c'.e.strt:«y rot : Min pu roi ; Dak po in 
 pjn ( po an) rotten, po -ta used up, W(jrn out; I E sta slr.nd, 
 stata standing, stopped, brought to a stand; Dak -sdaUi stand- 
 ing, slopped, hence .dso sdata feeble; 1 E su sew, siu. sev»'eu; 
 Dak sut;i strong, compare Min ashu a string cord: I E ;;.nd 
 Dak wi wind, wrap around, encircle; Dak wita island: wita 
 bound to<i^elher, in witavii together. 
 
 14. I E -ta-, ormcd nouns of age'ncy and future participles. 
 It is derived by j'opp from I E tar piiss-(;ver, whence also Eu 
 tar, lur pass-over, possess, accomplish, fullil. TliC root is ex- 
 tremely frequent in these uses in the Dakotan languages, and 
 in Dak at least is much used as a sullix. The last hall of the 
 word Mini-tari is tari, cross over. In Dak, Eu lUr is re; re- 
 sented as accurately as possible by ton possess, acconijilish, ful- 
 lil, have, give birth, a.nd the preposition tan in composition from 
 equally represents Ski tar, from.'" 
 
 As forming nouns of agency it has in Dak lost the r; Eu pa, 
 whence Eu pana lire: Dak peta lire: I E ak Skt iksh s< e, 
 whence our eye; Alin aka, ika see; Crow aiu-aka, Iowa at-aka 
 see; ishta eye, in all Dakotan languages. 
 
 We perhaps have a few relics of tar as a comparative suflix; 
 I E uk increase whence Old Sax agen our again; Mand age. 
 Dak ake again. Dak akton more than. 
 
 15. I have not recognized -ti in Dak. 
 
 16. Dak wetu,etu time, season, may be I E and Dak, -wi en- 
 circle, \\ith -tu, but is more probably related to I E vatas year, 
 adj. old. 
 
 17. I have not recognized -dhi in Dak. 
 
 18. I E -ant (our ing) forming active participles necessarily 
 drops t and prelixes h in Dak, and in this form, ban, is used as 
 active participial sullix with some verbs. 
 
 19. As a plural suflix I E -as seems to be presented b\- the 
 Mandan plural sutlix osh. 
 
 20. I E -ka as a primary suffix forms a few noun^: and adjec- 
 tives: I E ku contain be ]iollow: Da.k root ko the same, koka a 
 cask, barrel, box, etc; I E and Dak tan extend, stretch: Dak 
 tanka large (c f Iowa tanra large). J E da bind: Dak daka 
 
bound by ol^ligation, iLlaliont-hij^ or ea^uo. wht'nce tbcir name 
 Dakota, llioc liouiid b\ league, those makinjr a Icaj^ue, friend, 
 conirack' (-ta for i \i lar). As a secondai'y .sufbx it is cxtremu- 
 h frcqiii nt in Dak ris \' I'U ay I K, forming in both words of 
 n ullilarious rclolions to th.( ir pi'iniiti\c'S. I E kuan, kwan, 
 kA:ud<.a dog; Dilh sznn (]>n)U0uncL'd shu.i); Dak shiinka dog; 
 (Ad S\;\\ suka a l>luh: T-Jin slir.ka a dog. Ka is used both in 
 
 1 E and Dak as a ni.ga'.i\e sulhx. In !^'anskrit and several 
 t)lher I E languages it is used as a diminutive sutiix, and forms 
 one syllable o! the xarious Min diminutive suffixes. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 The Dak is like the I E languages remarkable for its copi- 
 ousness in prcp(jsitions. In their use or t)mission the Dak 
 diilers from the Eni-iish less than does the Anjilo Saxon. As 
 in some of the old i E languages they are either veibal ])refixes 
 o; follow their nouns. Nearly all of them seem to be of I E 
 prepositions mostly compounded. I give examples oi' the more 
 obvious similarities. 
 
 Sam. together with, in skt. A. S. and Dak. 
 
 En in, Greek, "^j'eutcniic and Dak. 
 
 On, A. S. with dat, for, on occount of, of, Dak the same. 
 • A verbal prefix on, Icel, A. S., Dak. 
 
 I E ana A. S. an on, Dak an in composition on. 
 
 A. S. at our at; Dak ta at necessarily transposed. 
 
 Eu da Old Ir du, our to. Germ zu; Min du, during, at that 
 time; Dak tu to, till etc. 
 
 Eu ek over, of I E ak; Min ak over. Dak in uk -an upon, ak 
 -am bevipnd over upon, ek -ta at, etc. 
 
 Eu api abo'it, around; Min api with. 
 
 Eu amb^hi about, around, over; Dak am in akam over upon; 
 A S and Ger um. Swed om same meaning; Dak om with, used 
 with ])lural object only. 
 
 A S ni negative; Dak ni prefix in nicha none and base of 
 negative words in shni not combined with reflexive sa. 
 
 PK(3NOUNS. . 
 
 The Dak and Algonkin pronouns are amazingly dissimilar 
 tb.e Dak and I 1^ are remarkably alike. 
 
 1st per: on sing, inflection, ma, mi, m, in I E and Dakota, 
 The Dakotan forms are however oftener prefixed than suffixed 
 ej';; Dak root ha have (^Teut aih own) yu formative prefix, 
 3 yuha he has; 2 duha thouhast; i mduha I have; Titon 3 yuha, 
 
 2 luha, I bluha. 
 
 1st p stem. T'he ga of Lat ego A S, ic etc. appears in Iowa, 
 ka, ke, etc. The chief base of nearly all the Dak languages is 
 
however, ma, mi, corresponding to I Ema, mi; Lat me, mi; Eng 
 mc, etc. 
 
 1st dual and Plural stem. I E na, Lat no, Mandan nu; Teut 
 dual onki, Goth ugki, A S unc, I3ak unki and uii. The base 
 \va whence we, has become in Dak wa I, in Omaha vvi me, in 
 Ijvva inflection p'.ual wa, us, etc. 
 
 2(1. 1 E iwa has become in Dak ni (cf Swed ni thou). It is 
 however in Omaha thi identical in sound with our thee, and da, 
 di in most allied languages similar to German du. Dak ya pi 
 yapi you, and our you are probably also of this base. The 
 Iowa forms the possessive of personal pronouns like the Ice- 
 landic by -i; Icel min m}'; Iowa min my. 
 
 3d person, I, he, she, it, extremely frequent in I E languages, 
 is the base used in all the Dakotan languages as least partak- 
 ing of a demonstrative nature. In Dak it is omitted except 
 when emphatic. 
 
 I E sa reflexive and emphatic; Min she, the same. Con- 
 tracted to s it forms I E nominative; in Dak, as sh nominatives 
 of i (ish), mi, ni and unki, and occurs in composition; in Min it 
 forms proper names. 
 
 I E sa, ta, Teut tha, this, that; Om the, this; Dak ta, to in 
 many compounds. 
 
 I E sawa genitive of sa, ta reflexive possessive for all per- 
 sons; Dak tawa the same, also ta. It is in the third person used 
 alone in Dak, but suflixed to i in Minnetaree. All its forms in 
 Min, and those of the first and second persons in Dak are 
 double possessives anologous to mine, thine. 
 
 Eu ki, kina, that, this, he, she, it; Dak ki, his, her, its, etc. In 
 Nom kana those, etc.; sing ka that, the vowel is raise'd as in 
 the Greek keinos. For abridgement of stem in singular com- 
 pare our ox, pi. oxen, Nortumbrian oxena, and other relics of 
 stems in na; Teut hina this; Crow hina this. 
 
 From kina, hina, originated the Icelandic and Swedish past- 
 positive def, article the; likewise Dak kin postpositive def, 
 article the; ke emphatic pronoun kuns, elf, etc. Of this base 
 A S stem he, he, she, it; Dak he (pi hena) he, she, it, that. 
 
 Slav Teut da this; Dak de (pi dena) this. 
 
 I E antara other; Mandan ant that. 
 
 I E i demon, pref, this; Dak i. 
 
 I E a dem. pref; Min a, o; Dak o. 
 
 I E wa pronominal base used in compounds; Dak wa pro- 
 nominal prefix some, something. Prefix wo (wa-|-o) forms ab- 
 stract nouns and nouns of agency. 
 
 I E ka int. and rel. pronoun; Pawnee ka interrogative; Dak 
 ka interrogative suffix and in compounds; Ger wer; Dak 
 
■■■ ,K' 
 
 . ^Evvika all the whole- Dot • u 
 
 lionl- J""^ ^'' I^ak pi l.^rv,^^^ ^'^^-' incorporated ob- 
 tion of this base. ^' ^''"' '"^ ^ ^«^-^' seems to be a contrac- 
 
 -^nalofifous to A <;: ^ 
 
 accusitiv?,„ie;,i,t^;Srhrk' hI'h"' '"''^ «« -<= have- Dak 
 
 I l>ave compared the Cf ^■-''■ 
 cessible to n^efinclucHnl/i^:'''" "rf '■'k vvuh all others ac- 
 hundred d.alects. I ca^ ri„7le °s , ^an 1 7/ °', '""^"^ *a„ five 
 K,J|S; '" '"'^ "'''" --^^embl e an D .kof ' *™" American 
 
 , '" 'lie I E numerals nn ,i, 7 ' ''^ smi aritv of th^ 
 
 "a-cha o^l'o';'::;/^^'^^-"^^ '^•^k ("■)-, ind. article wan.hi one 
 Al'tat^ofKrplt"^ '"-^ "(°)-^ Oa'' "(o)n.pa ci 
 
 ; /^^s:;a:!zr'i^'a%Vkr"' f--- •- (->) -j 
 
 5. E kankan, kwankva , 'Mati k'lT' ^r.'°'"' ^ '"l- 
 
 6. J E kswakswa- Win .'.. , kikhun; Dak zantan? 
 
 «han.J:"^'-^'-'o^'o;DakYsh-akdo-,ha„;Sa„tsh-ahdo- 
 ^5, I E k^'Sak ^''^"•'^■•''^-ikchem-na. 
 
 , 8, Either Gk h or DiV cK 
 
VOCADULARV. 
 
 The table of sound ropresenlalion herctol'(jro j^iven st-rves to 
 compare the materials ol the main body of the Dak with Pick's 
 I E bases, ^i'he results are, iiowever, in many cases ambiguous. 
 J3esides the number of accidental resemblances of the Dakotan 
 to the I E languages seems, to be much greater than ihe whole 
 number of similarities between Dakotan and Algonkin lan<iu- 
 ages. Dak anapta is identical with I E anapta in sound, closely 
 similar in meaning. Dak a-na-pta is p.rep. a Ic(?l a on, na prelix 
 converting root to verb, and pta separate; c f 1 E pat fall, also 
 open (Lat pateo). I E an-apta is an negative prolix, and apta 
 participle of ap attain. My father compared Dak chepa fat 
 with Lat adeps. 1 have since found Min idip. fat almost identi- 
 cal with Lat stem adipi. I E and Lat d and p are nearly always 
 d and p in Min ; but it is extremely doubtful whether the words 
 are related. On the other hand there is little apparent simil- 
 arity between Eu karpya shoe, and Dak h.inpa shoe; but the 
 Dak word represents the Eu as accurately as possible; similar 
 forms are found in ever}' Dakotan language, and it seems 
 scarcely possible to me that the similarity can be accidental. 
 
 In giving a few additional examples of similar roots I select 
 those that are the most obvious, rather than the most certain. 
 I exclude those not in accordance with sound representation, 
 and the analogies of such allied Dakotan and I E forms as a»-e 
 known to me. 
 
 Where the Dakotan forms are not used as separate words it 
 is indicated by a h3'phen, before, if used alone as a verb stem, 
 after if it requires sufhxes. Where the root is found primarily 
 combined with only one suffix or prefix the derivative form is 
 given. In some cases the Dak root has one of the meanings 
 given in one combination, another in another. * 
 
 Eu i go; Dak i go. 
 
 Aryan u mangle; Min u wound; Dak o. . 
 
 Eu ak tell, relate ; Dak o(y)-aka. 
 
 Eu aka mother; Min ika mother. 
 
 Eu ap attain; Dak ape wait for, expect. 
 
 Euad; Icel eta eat; Dak ta eat. 
 
 Eu as be; Ital, Alb, Pers e is; Dak e is, -esh be it so. 
 
 Eu as mouth, asta lips; Dak i mouth, ishti the under lip. 
 
 Eu unk dwell; Dak un dwell, be; unkan be, unkan and, (act 
 part for unkant continuing.) 
 
 Eu ka bend, curl, kak (for kaka) laugh; Min ka laugh; Dak 
 kha bend, curl, i-khakha laugh. 
 
 Eu kak be injurious, Gk kakos bad; Mand khekosh bad; 
 Crow kawi bad; Dak shicha bad.? 
 
 magll 
 El 
 Eu 
 El 
 Eul 
 Icel 
 -takaf 
 Eu 
 gard, 
 Eul 
 Eu 
 Eu 
 Eu 
 Eu 
 
<v 
 
 l'>u k;i aiul; Dak k;i and. 
 
 I E ka, kail, kar desire; Dak koti desire. 
 
 I E ka, kar, gar honor; Dak kan honor. 
 
 I E ka, <;a know; Miii eke know; Dak ka mean, signify. 
 
 Eu ka pierce, cut in; Dak ka diuj. 
 
 Eu kat cover; Dak o-kati, o in, kati cover. 
 
 Eu kap lake hold of; Dak yu-kapa catch as a ball, kapa sur- 
 pass. 
 
 Eu kam: Teut him bend, cur\e, arch; Dak S -hmi, Y-kmi 
 curve; S hmi-hma, ^' kmikma round. 
 
 Eu kas rub against, scratcli; Dak kashe rub against, kaza 
 pick lo piei.es. 
 
 Eu skar. kar shave oil*; Dak ka strip oil", as the feather part 
 of a quill. 
 
 Eu ki, gi possess by force; Dak ki take by force. 
 
 Eu ki, kit seek; Dak a-kitfi seek. 
 
 Teut ban waver, hang: Dak -ban hang, totter, waver. 
 
 Teut haf lift, heavr; Dak -ha lift, hea\e. 
 
 Teut hata hate; Dak -iiiti hate. 
 
 Teut hama die hull; Dak ha tin.' hull. 
 
 Teut hivvan related of the same famih'. Icel bjun household; 
 O. H. G. bun both husband and wife; Dak Imn- of the same 
 family, also bun mother. 
 
 Teut kan, kin beget, germinate; Goth kuni related; Dak ku 
 suiTix kin, root ku-, kin-, cliin- in many derivatives. Goth 
 kwino woman; Dak wino. 
 
 Eu .'.ha open out, whence gate, gape: Dak -gha, ghapa, 
 ghata open out. 
 
 Eu ghagh move convulsive!}-; Dak glieghe swing the arms 
 like a drunken man. • 
 
 Eu ghans: goose; Win wighanna, Mandan mihan. Dak 
 magha goose. 
 
 Eu ghans be rough; Min -glia. Dak kha be rough. 
 
 Eu tap press; IMin U\p\ press: Dak -tpa. 
 
 Eu tarp satisfy; Dak tpa satisfying, etc. 
 
 Eu tan thunder; Dak o-tin thunder. J 
 
 Icel taka take, touch, fasten; Dak yu-taka take, touch, na 
 -taka fasten. 
 
 Eu da know, dak show, suppose: Dak da, daka think, re- 
 gard, have an opinion. 
 
 Eu da give; Dak da ask. 
 
 Eu di go, h isten; Min di go, travel. 
 
 Eu du go forth; Dak du-za run. 
 
 Eu dup sink in, our di\e; Dak dopa mire; Min dipi bathe. 
 
 Eu nu now ; Dak i-nu suddenly, na-ka now, wan-na now. 
 
Eu nar man; Om no, nu man. 
 
 Eu pak, Gk pakto- bind; Dak pakhla bind. 
 
 Eu pat press; Min pati press. 
 
 Eu pat till up, crowd; Dak in pta-ya together. 
 
 Eu pa swallow nourish; Dak- pa -nourish papa the nourish- 
 ment, Min pe swallow, take nourishment. 
 
 Eu pap swell up, puff out; Dak popa swell burst. 
 
 Eu par divide (our part) ; Dak a-pa a part. 
 
 Eu pi hate; Crow -pi hate. 
 
 Eu pik pierce; Min pi tatoo, -pi pierce. . • 
 
 Eu pu dry; Dak pu- dry. 
 
 Icel fok our fog; Dak po fog, mist, steam, etc. 
 
 Icel finn, Swed, Nor, M. II. G. fin, Dan, Sax finn, O. Du fijn 
 M Eng fine; Win pin, Dak -pi, Iowa pi good, perfected.* 
 
 Eu bub (of bu) make a noise; Dak -bu make a noise, bubu 
 noisv. 
 
 Teut and Ir bata boat; Min mati, bati, Cr bashe, Dak wata 
 boat. 
 
 Teut bias flame, our blaze; T Dak bleza clear, transparent. 
 
 Lat and Gr bison from Ttut; Crow bishe the bison; dak pte. 
 
 Lat and Gr mamma the mother breast; Dak mama the 
 mother breast. 
 
 Eu man remain; Dak man remain, stay. 
 
 Sclav Teut man go, step; Dak mani walk. 
 
 Eu magh grow; jr magb field; Dak magha field. 
 
 Teut marka limit, boundary, territory of a tribe; Dak maka 
 the ground, the earth, makoche country. 
 
 Eu y a go ; Dak y a go. 
 
 Eu rup break; Min dupi, rupi break. 
 
 A S throte the throat; T Dak lote, S dote throat. 
 
 Eu wak say, speak, wad speak, sing; Gk wepos word; Dak 
 wo-wa-pi that related by pictures and writing, root wa in vari- 
 ous compounds, relate, count, write, sing, etc. (Gk p is root, 
 Dak p suffix.) 
 
 Eu wagh carry, our way; Dak o-we way, trail. 
 
 Eu wad flow forth, our wet ; Dak wi-wi a marsh, a springy 
 place. 
 
 Eu wasu good; Dak wash-te good. 
 
 Teut wantra winter; Dak wani- winter. 
 
 Icel wakta watch, guard; Dak wakta watch, guard. 
 
 Teut widu wood; Min mida, bida wood. 
 
 Eu sa refrain from ; Crow suffix sa the same. 
 
 Teut swa, Old Fris sa like as; Dak se like as. 
 
 •A word of this kind used every day by the masses of all Teutonic people, and corresponding: 
 
 n the principal lang^uaj^es in such a variety of meaning's, could not possibly be derived from the 
 
 Latin Unitum. Our fine may be in part from finitum, but fin ^ I E pin is certainly a Teut word. 
 
<^ 
 
 \ 
 
 Eu sak (livlcle, cut; Miii tsaki cli\'iik' cut. 
 
 Eu satiia summer; Miii tsamc hot, very warm. 
 
 Eu si bitul; Miri -shi bind; Dak -shi command. 
 
 Swed si! lo! behold! Dak shi! hark! 
 
 Eu su ^ood; Dak -su good. 
 
 Eu suk suck; Min tsuki. Dak zoka suck. 
 
 I E ska shine; Lat candidus wliite; Dak ska white shinin«jf. 
 
 I E ska separate; Dak ksa separate. 
 
 I E ska kill, Gk kten- kill; Dak kte kill. 
 
 I E ska tarry, Gk kta possess; Dak kta defer, tarry, us^'d also 
 as sign of future tense. The Mandan future inflection -kit -kt 
 -t appears to be an abridgement of this. 
 
 Eu skat spring, leap; Dak skata plav. 
 
 Eu ska, skad burn ; Dak shku roast. 
 
 Eu skap annihilate; Dak skepa evaporate, remove entirely, 
 cause to disappear. 
 
 Eu skap strike; Dak -skapa strike. 
 
 Eu skad, Gk keda spill, scatter; Dak kada spill, scatter, ap- 
 plied only to solids. 
 
 E'j skap scratch, sliave; Min kape scratch. 
 
 Eu kopa concave ; Dak skopa concave. 
 
 Eu skid press; Dak -ski- press. 
 
 Eu sku shave oftj flay; Dak -sku shave ofV, flav. 
 
 Eu skru rough hew ; Dak sku broken in gaps. 
 
 Eu snigh cold; Dak sni cold. ' 
 
 Eu swan sonare; Dak sna ring, rattle. 
 
 Eu skud, Teut skut shoot; Dak kate shoot. 
 
 Teut sota soot; Dak shota smoke, shotkazi soot. 
 
 Eu sad sit; Dak si, siha the foot. 
 
 The Dakota words that most resemble I E forms are those 
 in daily use, those roots entering into the largest number of 
 compounds, those most widely distributed in languages more 
 nearly related. 
 
 Excluding words repeated in compounds and those contained 
 in phrases I have not satisfactorily analyzed, and including 
 words derivative rather than compound, I find in Ilayden, 
 Morgan and Schoolcraft 262 ditlerent Iowa words. Of these 
 thirty-five as words represent words discussed in this paper; 
 thirty-nine others appear to be derived from roots herein dis- 
 cussed, a number of them varying from the Dak wovd only by 
 using a difterent suffix also herein compared. Out oi 159 that 
 I have been able plainly to trace to Dakota words and roots 121 
 are to Dakotan roots and words which seem to be related to I 
 E forms. If I had sufficient Iowa material to enable me to find 
 Iowa roots independently, I doubt not the resemblance to the 
 Dakota would be much increased, and the resemblance to the 
 I E in a still greater degree. 
 
The panibU' of the prodigal son .'is printed in Dr. Ring's 
 dictionary, l>a<^e 6i, contains as there printed 417 words, 199 
 difVerent* words. Of these 36 words, oceuring 186 times, are 
 in tiic exact fornj-j- giveii in this paper; 8 other words, occur- 
 ring II times, as given in my preceding p< per; 75 other words, 
 occurring 106 times, are composed wholly of the words, roots 
 and pronominal elements compared with I E forms in the two 
 papers. There remain 114 words, 80 diflerent words. If I 
 have correctly analyzed them they contain the following ele- 
 ments compared in this paper: words and verb roots, 9 times, 
 pronouns 19 times, prepositional and pronominal prelixes 35 
 times. Much of the remainder, in all about nine-tenths of the 
 whole, seems to me represent I E materials with which I have 
 compared it. I do not doubt that some of the similarities will 
 prove in the end fallacious. On the other hand I have no doubt 
 that many new similarities will be found. My father made a list 
 of 1,243 Dakota verb stems, radical words and words which he 
 could not satisfactorily to himself derive from simpler elements. 
 Of these about 500 seem to be similar to I E forms with which 
 I have compared them, and from them are derived more than 
 thrae-fourths of the 16,000 words in Dr. Rigg's dictionary. 
 
 The pronouns, prepositions and suffixts herein given seem 
 to indicate that the Dakotas did not separate from the Teutonic 
 family till long after the latter separated from the South Euro- 
 pean family. The fact that the Dak resembles the Icelandic 
 and Gothic in vocabulary and in structure much more than it 
 resembles the older Latin, points in the same direction. The 
 laws of consonantal change in many cases produce the same re- 
 sult as Grimm's law, but the laws themselves are entirely differ- 
 ent. It is certain^ therefore, that the Dakota has not been con- 
 nected with the Teutonic since the development of Grimm's law 
 made any considerable progress. I have studied the question 
 less, yet I think I have enough evidence in the system of con- 
 sonantal change to prove that the Dakota has not been con- 
 nected with the Slavonic or Lithuanian since the}' separated 
 from each other, or for some time previously. It is possible so 
 far as I can now say that the Dak may have borrowed material 
 from some language not I E, but I have found no evidence of it. 
 Undoubtedly the adoption of prisoners has introduced a consider- 
 able percentage of Algonkin blood. It is also certain that they 
 have adopted- some Chippewa religious observances, but even 
 in these the}'^ do not appear to have adopted any Chippewa 
 words. 
 
 * Worils varied liy inflection itre cliisscd !is difFerent words. 
 
 + Except thiit in accordance with euphonic laws initial k becomes ch sixteen times, and final a 
 e seven tmies. 
 
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