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* THE DAKOTAN LANGUAGES
BY
A. W. WILLIAMSON.
-•-•-
AuGusTANA College, Rock Island. Illinois.
■« ♦ ■
FROM
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, JANUARY, 1882. **
-t*
c/r^^
^ bciU, '^ '
„^BE WEB^^|!;,„^ ST.
.V >'' '
. <y
t:<
o
THE DAKOTAN LAX(;UAGi:s, AND THKIR RELATIONS
TO OTHER LA NO LAG ES.
IJV A. \V. WILl TAAFSON.
To llu' elbnolonist and to the pliilolojrist the Dakotas and
those spcakiiii^ kindrod hui<.;u;i,i(es are a very interesting peopk'.
Tliere are tour principal Dakota (Hakx'ls. the Santee. Yankton,
Assinniboin and Titon. Thi; alHicl ian;;uai;es niav be divided
into three jrroups:
L a, \VinnebaL;"o: h, Osa<;e. Kaw , and 2 Quapaw; c, Iowa,
Otoe and Missouri; (k Omaha and Ponka.
]]. Mandan.
in. a, Minnetaree (Minitari) or Ilidatsa; b, Absauraka. or
Crow .
Pawnee and Aricaree seem also to be somew hat related.
in mv lather's opinion the Dakota dialects difVer about as
much as the Greek dialects did in the time (^1 Homer, and
the Assinniboin is much nearer to tlu' Yankton dialect of which
it is an (stlshoot than is the Titon. Jud<;ini^ by the vocabularies
to which I have access chieHy in llayden's -Indian tribes of
the Missouri,"' I would supj>ose the first ij^roup to diller from
tlie Dakota about as much as the (jerman from the Enijlish,
and to diller anions^ themsehes somewhat as Ilollandish, Frie-
sian. and l<2n^lish. The Mandan appears to be separated much
more w idely from them than they are fr(;m each other. The
JNiinnetaree and Crow constitute a distinct LiPup diverj^ing from
er,ch other more than the Santee ami Titon, the extreme dia-
kcts of the Dakota. "^Phev show more resemblance to the
Mandan than to any other one of the class, but diverge very
wirlely from it. I>ut very few words approximate identity.
About one half of the words in Matthew's Ilidatsa dictionary
appear to me to be in part at least composed of material related
to the Dakota, and about five per cent to fairly represent Da-
kota words. Many of these show little similarity except as
compared in the li<^ht of sound representation.
When fust discoNcred the Dakotas and Assinniboins were
nomads, livinf; almost entirely bv hunting and fishin<j. The
Dakotas. then probably kss than ten thousand, are now more
than thirty thousand in nundier There are probably about
three thousand Asslniboins. The allied tribes, except the
Crows, when llrst f(nind lixed chiefly by ajj^riculture. They
ha\e during the last hundred years rapidly diminished in num-
bers, and do not number over twelve thousand including the
Crcnvs.
All of the Dakotan tribes and some others formerly made
AW,
W7JIS
«ind baked pottery similar to that found in the mounds of the
Ohio valley. The Osam's and some others lived in caiih
houses, whose ruins are similar to those of the houses of the
mound builders. The Minnelarees, Mandans and Aricarees
still live in houses of the same kind, and make and bake jiol-
tery. Measurements indieate that the erania of the Dakolas
in size of brain and an^k: deeidedly approach the Euroj)e.\n
form. The cheek bones of the Dakotas are much less promi-
nent than those of the C'hippewas, and Uiose one-fourlh Cliip-
pevva and three-fourths whili- have on an a\'erai;"e darker com-
plexions than those half white and half Dakota. Amoiii;- the
Minnetarees and Mandans are man\' i)ers()ns of lij;*l\t hair. i)lue
eyes, and Lcjlerably fair complexion, noL attributable to an infu-
sion of Caucasian blood since the time of Columbus.
No people take more pains to speak their lan<^ua;^'o accurate-
ly than tlie Dakotas. Their social condition is simila.- to that
of the Arabs, whose lani^'uai^e has within iiisloric observation
changed more slowlv than an}' otlier. 'I'hc Assinniboins hiive
been separated from the Dakolas about three conluries,
perhaps a little less, possibly much more. During all this time
they have been entirel}' separated, associating wholly witii
tribes speaking languages entireb; diilerent, and yel their dia-
lect remains almost identical with the ^'anl^ton. We are then
■ encouraged to believe tliat their language has not clumged so
rapidly as to obliterate traces of its origin.
So far as I have been able to ascertain them the most im-
portant features characteristic of the Dakolan languages gener-
ally are the following:
I. Three pronominal prefixes to verbs, i, o and wa. I, this,
forms nouns of instrument. O forms nomen aciionis, etc.
Some Crow and Mninetare words seem to indicate that its orio-i-
nal form was a. Wa, meaning some or something, prefixed to
transitive verbs makes them intransitive or general in their ap-
plication. Wa is in Min. ma (ba, wa), in Crt)w,ba. Scantiness
of material prevents me from more than inferring the existence
of these and other prefixes in the other allied languages, from
a few words apparently containing them.
II. A system of verbal prefixes used to form \ erbs from cer-
tain stems, regularly varied in signiricaLio:!, accordinLT to the
prefix used. The Dakota has seven of these prelixes. The
Min. has three of these almost iilentical in force. I should sup-
pose that i would, with as much material, find greater sim'lar-
ity in the other langinges. ba; the only one I have been able to
trace at all ge.ierally is D.ik yu. Tiiis m."i-ely coiverts ;:he
stem into a verb withjuL ch lag'ng \'ci m.'aning. Dak y is
nearly always represented in the allieil la.iguages so far a>'. I
lo
cor-
ihc
The
up-
liir-
e to
;.lie
V is
lia>o {)bscr\'ocl by r, d, 1 or m; jso tlial. I liiul ii in Min. clu (ru,
111, im). [owa, M uulan. and Crow ru. Omaha ra.
III. A rcjlcxiw jT/onoun lawa, Min. lama (tawa. taba), Iowa
tawf, (Jsauft* iain'. lorniinf.j from posscssiNu pronouns iloublc
posscssivi's. rc'laU'd to their prlmilivcs somewhat as mine to
mv. In .some feaUuvs of struelure thi' Dakotan laniiuajres
present an rimaxinif dixersily.
Accordinj^ to I'owell (Ir.t. to sluil Am. Lanj^.) a Ponka in
order to sa\' '•• a man killed a ral.>bit/' would have to say •' the
man. he, on<-. animate, s'.aneling, in the nominative case, pur-
posely, killed, by shooting an arrow, he. the one animate, sit-
ting-, in the objective case."' '• For the form of the verb to kill
wou'd have to bj selected, and the verb changes its form by in-
IlecLion. and b\- incorporated particles, to denote person, num-
ber and gender, as animaie or inanimate, as statiding, silting or
ying.
(Jn the other ban i the Dakota could not vary the form of the
verb to denote any of these things except number, with refer-
ence to cithi'r subject or object. lie would j:)robably say:
''Wichasta-wan mastincha-wan kte,""— '•man-a,rabbit-a, kill,'' -
in which eacli word is about synonymous with its English
ei:uivak;nl, and case as in English denoted by position. If he
wished to shov.- that the action was done by shooting, he would
probid:)!y not vary tlu; form of the verb kill, but vvould use the
ver)) kule, meaning shoot whether with arrow or bullet. Ex-
ec pi that iht; Dak. order corresponds lo tlie Icelandic the only
dillL-rence in structure between the Dak. and English expression
is that the Dakota word kte may mean any time, the particular
time bein<r indicated whenever desira.blein all cases iii Dak. as
mosth' in Enalish bv auxiliary verbs and adverbs. If the
word man \\ere represented bv a pronoun the Dak. would
hv. still more analytic, since its pronoun would indicate any act-
or, male or female, or inanimate, unless it were desirable to dis-
tinguisli, in which case the distinction would be made by com-
pounding the pronoun with a suitabre auxiliary word. In this
ioature, often given as characteristic of American languages, is
a \'ariation the greatest possibk- between two languages closely
rel ited. It is also worthy of remark that the Minnetaree, which
I sliould suppose the most analytic of the group next to the
Dakota, is one of those that least resembles the Dakota in vo-
cabulary. Some of the features often assigned as peculiarties
of American languages were according to Bopp and Schleisher
ieatures of the 1. E, languages in their earlier stages. Of most
other features said to cliaracterize American languages I find
in Dak. but faint t>*aces. The Dak. cfocs have verbs nearly
synonymous with i,'W, ivalk\ cat, drink, strike, etc. It is well sup-
177547
kl\.)
flicd -I'it/i purely copttla/hr irrbs. It has differotfialed ihc va-
rious parts of speech even to the tirfinile and indefinite artiefe.
It is sulhciently suppHeil with nouns tUnotinf;' <^enera and
classes. This is not a feature of recent dewloj^nK'nt. A nuich
smaller jiroi^ortion of <^eneral than of special names have lost
trace of orijL,dn.
"^riie Dak does not have inclusive and exclusive ]->lurals. etc.
It does not have a mullijilicity of verb forms to denote mode
and tense, but when necessarN' does denote tlu'iii with ele<.r;;nce
and pri'cision, by auxiliary \erbs and adwrbs, wry much r.s
we do in Enj.dish. The Ihikota is not made up chielly of very
lonj^ words. On the other hand it uses a ((reat many little par-
ticles and connectives to i;xpres:; fine shades of iueanini^, won-
derfully remindinjj; one of the Greek. It fully aj^rees with
other American lan_<4uai;vs in its wonderful faciliiy for forming
derivatives. The I. E. laiu;"ua<4"es in their earlier stages pos-
sessed equal facility.
As a maltiM' of fact we know scarcely anything coricerning
the strucim-e of American languages aside from the Algonquin
and Ir(xjuois groups, and a very few isolated hniguages. Tiiey
have been classiiied, in fact, almost entirely by examination of
scanty and not \ery accurate vocabularie.'.. hi investigating
the rek'ti(jns of the l)cd>.otan to other American languages we
are th rv. compelled to base our conclusions chieily on vo-
cabulary . 1 once resided a year among tlie Chippewas, and in
various ways have had much belter opj:)ortunilies of comparing
the Dakota with the Chi|>pewa than with any other American
language. I ha\e not been able to find a word alike in the
two; antl but \ery few w ords even slightly similar in sound and
sense. In jironouns few languages in any part of the world
are so strikingly contrasted. If I were to attempt an argument
for original allinit>- between Dakota and Chippewa my argu-
ment would be that so <;reat dissimilarilv could not be the re-
suit of accident. Aside from the Cheyenne an Algonkin
language, which has incorjiorated some Dakotan word.s, and
the Pawnee group, the similarities east of the Rock\' mountains
are surprisingly few, though the Huron, Iroquois and Mobilian
languages do not seem quite so strongly contrasted a.s the Al-
gonkin. Among the Eskimo, the tribes of the Pacilic Slope,
Mexico, Central and South America, we occasionalb/ lind
identical and not infrequently similar words. In seme the re-
semblances seem remarkable considering the si/.e of the \-oc;d:)-
ularv. Closer examination shows however diat lhe\ are not
of a kind to indicate a spLciid relationship. Tlic^y are .dmosl
exclusiveh' conlined to a f.nv iM-onominal bases of verv wide
ditVusion. and the folkiwing: i. a'.a. (ata. 2. papa, each meaning
l-
r.
A
h
ice
cry
lar-
:ov-
pi)S-
r'ncy
on ol
es \v^-
on vo-
and in
K'ricaii
in Uh-
ncl and
work!
ar^ni-
ihe re-
ponkin
t\s, and
)VV.V»ains
,lobiluin
ibe M-
Ic SlopL',
iUv liiid
\hc rc-
,c vocab-
arc lU)^-
cry \v;.dt'
meaning
lallu'i: I. ana. nana; 2. ina, mama, rich nu'aninjLj moihi-r. As
an (.'xainjiU' I lake llu* base ala. lata. Dakota, ale (diak'Cl aia);
Minnetau'i'. ate. lata, latisli; Mind in. t;ila; Omaha, adi, iladi:
I'onka, tade-ha: Aricatxe, aU-ah; i*a\vner. aU'-ish.
Tuseai-ora at a: C'heroki'e (.•-(kurla; I'^skimo—Cireeidand alitala,
Ak'Ulian ata. C nkloi iiia, San Mimicl lala: Mexico A/tic tela;
(Jtomi. la, le: \ ucalan, C'akcheciuil tala: Central Am. Tarasca
tala; Darii n [aiua; liaslern iVru, Mossa lata: Western Para-
guay, N'iMela lai:i.
L'un<4() W'l stir-i .\tVica. tat, lala.
|a|ian diak'cl [vir: ChinL'Sc diak'ct tia.
Turko Tariar, 'rurki;.;h ata: Tatar ata, atha: Kunan atta;
Kasanish. Ort-nl-jurjn". Kirjjfis ata; vSamoycilic dialects, Eastern
I<iis;iaand Wi'stern Siberia ata, atai, a!ja, lalai: Finno llun-
^arl:'n, I^ap attje; llimi^arian atja.
Caucasus, Kisti dada. Hasijue (Pyrei-nei-s Mountains) aita.
Iiulo luuopean: Sajiskrit ala. tala; llindusianee ikula: Latin,
atta, latla: (jn.rk alia, talla: .Miianian. Albania, at. atti; Cala-
bria and Sicily tala; Celtic. Welsh tad; Cornish and Bret tat;
Iri.>h, chiid. ; (Jaeiic daickin; J:CnL!,"li:h (accoidinL;' to Skeats of
Welsh) dad, ckiddv: Old Slav, Lata olici; Moldavian lata; Wal-
lachian tatr: J'olish talus; JioluMuian, Ser\ian Croatian otsciie;
Lithuanian Ula: Preuss thelis: Golhic ala; Old Fries tale; O.
II G tato; Old Sued atin; Swed iskuid Runoe dadda.
bi lifly-m'n.e ol' the one hundred and forty-six \ersions of the
Lord's j-rayi'r oiven by Adeluni;' in the Scku'onic. Lithuanian
and ''iY'iUonic families, the \VA>rd for father is from this base.
Atta \i\ the form used in Ullinas Gothic version of the fourth
century, the okk-st "^ri-ulonic relic.
Papa and mama in J)ak, as in I. E languages, occupy a sub-
orilinale posilion, havinj^ about the same scope as in Latin and
Greek. Words apparently related to these are rare in N. A.
lanfriiajj^es, but frequent in S. A., African, Malay Polynesian
and Turanian lan^ua<4es. The Semitic aba, etc., is perhaps re-
lated. IMie base ana, nana (Dak ina), thoui^h not very much
used in 1 K languages appears to be more widely distributed
than any of the others.
All tlu! Dakota pronouns which show mucii similarity to
other American forms are representative of Fick's I E bases,
and appear to be widely disseminated. Adelung and Latham
do not however oi\e pronominal forms in as man}' languages
as they gixe words for father and mother, and I cannot so well
deienn'ne their distribution.
Professor Roehrig, in his able paper on the Dakota, points
out somi' very interesting analogies to Turanian languages.
These similarities are chieflv in fea-
Oihers mi<rht be added.
in
2
!(
tures coiiiiiioii to I. E. and Turanian. On tlie ollit-r liaml llie
Dakota shows on ihe surface strikini^ conlrasls to Turani-
an lantruaucs. The nunuTals aic cMnincnllv dissimilar. Tl-c
Dakota, hkc I. K. Ianj^ua<ft's, varies both root and sulli.x in
forming words, and uses liolh prefixes and suliixes. In Tura-
nian lan;^ua«L^es the sulHx only is varied, and prefixes are searci'-
ly at all used.
It seems to me therefor tliat it is not unsciiMitilie to inquire
whether die similarities of the various Dakotan lan<4in<4i's to
various European lan;^ua<^v's. moderti atul ancient, so oft.n re-
marked are or are not accidi-ntai. It is \ery easy to see that
the Dakota restMiihles the I'2i\iL(lish in vocabulary much more
than it n'send)les the Chijipewa. The similarities of the Da-
kota sullixes, j-jronouns and |)reposilions to those gi\en b\' Tx^p)),
and the «^eneral reseml^lance of Dakotan lan<;ua<4es to Sanskrit,
Gothic, etc., in vocabulary, made me certain of relationship be-
fore I ever saw Pick's iiicti(;nary. ^'et as I turni'd ovi-r his
pages I was amazed at the similarity of the I. E. roots to the
Dak roots. The Slav Teul leases of Fick seem to me most
similar to the Dak. I am certain that neither the '^I'eulonic or
Graeco-Italic dictionaries resemble the Dakota as much as do
the European, Indo. Juu'opean and Aryan dictionaries. The
I. E. consonants are represented in Dakota, Santee and Titon
dialects, and in Minnetaree in accordance with the following
table. 1 omit representatives concerning which I am doubtful.
I have too little material on the other languages to justify me
in including them.
IE
k
g
gl^
P
bh
m
w
S
k,h,
kh, sh^-
k,ht
gh,
kh, zh j
P
m, b, w
m
w, p
T
k,h,
k, h
gf, khsh
, ghij, sh
k,gt
k
gl^>
i
kh, zh
gi^!!
P
P
b, w
ni, b;}:
w, p
M
m^
(b, vv)
P •
IE
t
d dh n
^ '■'n
yli
»
S
t, n
t, d, n d n
n, d
y'Z
1
i s, sh, z, zh, t
T
t,n
t,d
1
t,l,n 1
1
i n
n,l
y^z
] s, sh, z, zh, t
1
M
t d§ (1, r
, • -
ts
ts, sh, t
1
^ Cliit'll\ , ])r(»li;ihly not always, for FItk's sL-conil k. Lilh
87, (piuii sliK Slav s, Tlu' k's and <^'s liable to lahiali/alioii in
Juj. !an.4ua;;(.'s aj^poar to In- occasionally lahiali/.cd in D.ikolan
lani;ua;^cs.
•(•Ill S. Jul, ^'allkloll kil, T. ^1; S. liii, V. kii. '!'. ^n or^^l; S.
Iiii. ^^ km, T. Ljin.
,{:In S. nul. \. Ink T. hi.
In a previous piper I represented this by kh: and do not
];no\v whether it is nearest Dak kh German ch, or Dak gh;
• Santee d alwa\s becomes 1 in Tilon.
• Dak y becomes r, d. 1 or n in ihe allied lanLjua;;es. except
P'.'rhaps the Osaj^^e, and perhaps in part re|)resents 1 K r.
ijin Mmnetaree m, inlerchaniies so freelv with h and w, and d
with 1, n, and r. that .Matthews represents each ^roup by one
letter. 'Die .same irregularity occurs larjLjely in Crow, and
SOUK' what also in Mandan.
Cii as in chin very often occurs in Dak as a euphonic modiri-
calion of k. Otherwise it stands chieflv for d, r, 1, n of the al-
lieil laui^u li^^'s. Oa the other hand Win and Iowa ch usually
represents Dak, and I K t. R is found in all the allied lan-
j^iia-^ws, ami in Winnebai^o is more fretpient than even in Ice-
landic, fowa aspirate th, represents Dak s, and other sibilants,
llayilen ci'.es not distiii<jfuish the subvcjcal and aspirate th in
Omaha. From a small list gathered by my father I judf^e that
the asj)irate is probablv similar to the Iowa, and that the sub-
vocal represents Dak and I E dentals. F in Iowa represents
some Dak p*s.
'inhere is wonderful reiifularity in the sound changes in pass-
ing from Santee to Titon Dak, and so far as I can yet discover
great irregularity in passing to the allied languages. Possibly
fuller materials and closer studv mav reduce the changes to
s\stem.
Dak proper has but five vowels; a and e represent I E a; i,
i; u, u; and o, either u or a. They are weakened as in I E lan-
guages, and suflixes which raise I E vowels raise i and u to a.
The allied languages have a larger number of vowels, the Min-
uet aree ten.
NliRB STEMS.
The reduplication of roots in Dak as in I E is extremely fre-
quent, in both, as in other languages, developing iteratives
which occasionally become intensives. The reduplication of
Dak words is like Skt of but one syllable, usually but not always
the root.
The^suflix a, a3'a, which formed verb stems of I E roots
usually becomes a, e, i in r3ak as in old liu. lan<j;ua<;es.
Ya seems to be rrrely preserved: I E pak ccok. fekt jajakaya
parch: D;,k pr.pt khya prrch: I E agh .^ay. Eat ajo lor agh3'a
sa\ : Dak c} a say. Tie Dak liis miany relics cf ll e n of suliix
na. which wcikcti its \\i\\ 1 eft re lie i i al ccr^cr.ant: I E tau"
touch whence I E targ, Lj;1 tr,r_i:o: E'ak tan 'uucli. 1 here
seem to l.e relics of th.e tthcr nuihcds. which A\cre h(\vc\cr
so clof:ely akin to mellu ds cf fcrmirg ixn.inal .••tens tb.ai d.cy
need not be discussed here.
Schleicher oives twc) methods of fcrmin*;- sccoridary \erb
stems: b}' sv.lhx sa forming frec}uentatives; by suflix ya ci',u:-;e
to be, forming transiti\-e verbs from verbs, adjectives aiul
nouns. Eolli a.re living siilixes extrcmeh- frecjuent and h;i\ ing
the same force in Dak.
NOMINAL STEMS.
As in I E a few Dak roots eilb.er single or rcduj-jlicated form
nomen actionis, etc. This similarity is too widely .■•pread to be
of value. It is far ollierwise with sullixes, \\ hicli ;ne in a ma-
jority of cases usualh' representative of one or more of Schleich-
er's twenty suflixes, and if otherwise at least cleri\'ed from I E
roots, excepting a few of obscure origin.
I. I E -a formed from roots, adjectixes, also appellatives, and
abstracts, of which the Dak has many relics: I E stag, Teut
stak strike beat: Dak staka beaten, broken; Slav. Teut kak
sound; Dak kaka rattling: I E pu stink, rot; Min pua stinking,
rotten: Eu sap understand: Eat sapa wise; Dak k-sapa wise.
Slav Teut kak cackle, kaka the crow; I^awnee kaka: Man
keka the crow : li^u sara stream flow, sara butter: Min tsara;
Tit Dak sla grease: I E ar join whence our arm; Win and Min
ara, the arm; Slav Teut lap, lamp shine: Dak ampa light: Slav
Teut krup fear: Dak kopa noun fear, a fearful place: adj inse-
cure; a Scandinavian base naf, nap, our nab, Icel nefi; Swed
nefwa (perhaps i was the original suHlx) the hand: Dak n;ipe
the hand; I E kak spring: Eiih szaka (pronounced shaka) twig
shoot, etc: Dak* shake nails claws: Om shage linger; Min shaki
hand paw.
In Dak as in I E -a usually raises the stem vowel: 1 E kid
burn; Teut haita hot: Dak kala hot: I E sik dry: Dak sakaalso
shecha dried; I E lip adhere: "['it Dik lapa sticky adlicsixe; 1 E
migh pour out water, Skt megha cloud: Om niiigha. mangha
cloud sky: Crow makha sky : I)ak in makhpiya( maghapivji)
cloud sky, maghaiihu rain, '^i'hc zhu is Dak-zhu, Min-ghu, I E
ghu pour.
a
T
2. I E -i fornu'cl a1")stra(.:l,s ami nouns of a'''env'v: I E ar tro;
Min ari, way, track, trail.
3. I E u formed adjt'CtiveS; I E raj^h spriii<r, raghu li<(ht,
whence lun^s: Min dai^ho. aiifho: Dak chai;hu lun^s;'-' Eu park
wiience parka \rinkle; Dak pako crooked, wrinkled.
4. 1 E -\a formed nouns, adjectives and participles. Tlie
Dak still retains some adjecaves thus formed, and hundreds of
p; rliciples rendered by Enii^lish p;irliciples, but used only ad-
vt rbiallv, and it lias become an adverbial sullix.
5. 1 E -wa formed passive participles, adjectives and nouns.
It is in I'^ak a living passi\e jxulicipial suflix combined with the
like suHix -an, forming wa(^h)an. When added directlv to the
root it raises the slem vowel as in: Eu ku contain to be
lullow; Lat cava; l)ak -ko be iiollow, noun ko a hole; kawa
open. After consonants the w becomes p; I E akwa water of
ak ; Gothic ah\a river; Dak wakjia river.
6. I E -ma, -mana, -man formed adjectives, present participles
and nouns; I E akman stone of ak, A S iman; Dak imni stone.
7. I E -ra, -la formed adjectives and nouns: Eu kira yellow;
Old Slav seru; Crow shira, Min tsidi. tsiri, Man psida, Iowa
thi, Om thi, zi; Win and Dak zi n'cIIow; I E ghu pour; Min
ghu pour; Dak zhu pour, ozhu pour in, in ozhuclan, Tit ozhu la
full; Eu wasra spring of was; Icel vara, Lat ver; Win wera
spring; Eu tag cover whence; Welsh and Irish ti house, our
thatch; Winchira house; Man, Min, Om, Dak ti house; Ary-
an nira water of ni; Tit Dak nila water; Om and Win ni
water.
Ra, la is also a diminutive suffix in I E languages. It is the
regular diminutive suffix in W^in, -ra, in Tit Dak, -la, in Yank
-na, in Santee Dak -dan also -na.
8. I E -an formed past passive participles whence our en in
fallen, etc. It is still the regular passive participial suffix in
Dak either alone or combined with wa. As Dak verl? stems
end in a vowel it is preceded by a euphonic h. W^hen added
directly to the root it raises the stem vowel, as in Eu wik
whence Gothic veiha hoi}-; Dak wakan sacred.
9. I have not found infinitive suffix -na in Dak.
10. I E -na was a passive participial suffix, developing also
denominatives. The Dak has perhaps a few relics; I E ku
bring lew, kauna low; Dak ku- in kuchedan, also kun low. I
E mi, diminish (mince); Yank .md Tit Dak mina knife.
11. I E -ni formed abstracts and nouns of agenc}'. Possibly
it is found in; I E migh pour out water; Dak mini water: and
a few others.
♦For I IC r — Dak ch coinpiiri; En \vir;i Pak wiclia -man; Ku wora; Oak wicaka true.
Tent loirva Ihifrh wlu'ncf losj of lak; Win lei>-i and lej^ra; Iowa reku; Manclari doksi; Min
Uiki, liki till- [cfi, the thigh ; Dak chcilia thu thighs, 1 hu r prohably first lu'canic d.
1 2. Two words containing -nu, are recognized by Schleicher
as I E; IE and Dak su hear; I E sunii son: Dak sun younger
brother. I E and Dak tan extehd: I E tr.nu adj thin, noun
body; Dak tan body.
13. IE -ta (our -d) formed tlie past passive p;;rticiple, and
nouns of simihir signification, in which uses it is tolerably fre-
quent in Dak: I Eski collect, arrange: Dak shki plait gath.er, skita
bound toger her ti'. d on : I E pu c'.e.strt:«y rot : Min pu roi ; Dak po in
pjn ( po an) rotten, po -ta used up, W(jrn out; I E sta slr.nd,
stata standing, stopped, brought to a stand; Dak -sdaUi stand-
ing, slopped, hence .dso sdata feeble; 1 E su sew, siu. sev»'eu;
Dak sut;i strong, compare Min ashu a string cord: I E ;;.nd
Dak wi wind, wrap around, encircle; Dak wita island: wita
bound to<i^elher, in witavii together.
14. I E -ta-, ormcd nouns of age'ncy and future participles.
It is derived by j'opp from I E tar piiss-(;ver, whence also Eu
tar, lur pass-over, possess, accomplish, fullil. TliC root is ex-
tremely frequent in these uses in the Dakotan languages, and
in Dak at least is much used as a sullix. The last hall of the
word Mini-tari is tari, cross over. In Dak, Eu lUr is re; re-
sented as accurately as possible by ton possess, acconijilish, ful-
lil, have, give birth, a.nd the preposition tan in composition from
equally represents Ski tar, from.'"
As forming nouns of agency it has in Dak lost the r; Eu pa,
whence Eu pana lire: Dak peta lire: I E ak Skt iksh s< e,
whence our eye; Alin aka, ika see; Crow aiu-aka, Iowa at-aka
see; ishta eye, in all Dakotan languages.
We perhaps have a few relics of tar as a comparative suflix;
I E uk increase whence Old Sax agen our again; Mand age.
Dak ake again. Dak akton more than.
15. I have not recognized -ti in Dak.
16. Dak wetu,etu time, season, may be I E and Dak, -wi en-
circle, \\ith -tu, but is more probably related to I E vatas year,
adj. old.
17. I have not recognized -dhi in Dak.
18. I E -ant (our ing) forming active participles necessarily
drops t and prelixes h in Dak, and in this form, ban, is used as
active participial sullix with some verbs.
19. As a plural suflix I E -as seems to be presented b\- the
Mandan plural sutlix osh.
20. I E -ka as a primary suffix forms a few noun^: and adjec-
tives: I E ku contain be ]iollow: Da.k root ko the same, koka a
cask, barrel, box, etc; I E and Dak tan extend, stretch: Dak
tanka large (c f Iowa tanra large). J E da bind: Dak daka
bound by ol^ligation, iLlaliont-hij^ or ea^uo. wht'nce tbcir name
Dakota, llioc liouiid b\ league, those makinjr a Icaj^ue, friend,
conirack' (-ta for i \i lar). As a secondai'y .sufbx it is cxtremu-
h frcqiii nt in Dak ris \' I'U ay I K, forming in both words of
n ullilarious rclolions to th.( ir pi'iniiti\c'S. I E kuan, kwan,
kA:ud<.a dog; Dilh sznn (]>n)U0uncL'd shu.i); Dak shiinka dog;
(Ad S\;\\ suka a l>luh: T-Jin slir.ka a dog. Ka is used both in
1 E and Dak as a ni.ga'.i\e sulhx. In !^'anskrit and several
t)lher I E languages it is used as a diminutive sutiix, and forms
one syllable o! the xarious Min diminutive suffixes.
PREPOSITIONS.
The Dak is like the I E languages remarkable for its copi-
ousness in prcp(jsitions. In their use or t)mission the Dak
diilers from the Eni-iish less than does the Anjilo Saxon. As
in some of the old i E languages they are either veibal ])refixes
o; follow their nouns. Nearly all of them seem to be of I E
prepositions mostly compounded. I give examples oi' the more
obvious similarities.
Sam. together with, in skt. A. S. and Dak.
En in, Greek, "^j'eutcniic and Dak.
On, A. S. with dat, for, on occount of, of, Dak the same.
• A verbal prefix on, Icel, A. S., Dak.
I E ana A. S. an on, Dak an in composition on.
A. S. at our at; Dak ta at necessarily transposed.
Eu da Old Ir du, our to. Germ zu; Min du, during, at that
time; Dak tu to, till etc.
Eu ek over, of I E ak; Min ak over. Dak in uk -an upon, ak
-am bevipnd over upon, ek -ta at, etc.
Eu api abo'it, around; Min api with.
Eu amb^hi about, around, over; Dak am in akam over upon;
A S and Ger um. Swed om same meaning; Dak om with, used
with ])lural object only.
A S ni negative; Dak ni prefix in nicha none and base of
negative words in shni not combined with reflexive sa.
PK(3NOUNS. .
The Dak and Algonkin pronouns are amazingly dissimilar
tb.e Dak and I 1^ are remarkably alike.
1st per: on sing, inflection, ma, mi, m, in I E and Dakota,
The Dakotan forms are however oftener prefixed than suffixed
ej';; Dak root ha have (^Teut aih own) yu formative prefix,
3 yuha he has; 2 duha thouhast; i mduha I have; Titon 3 yuha,
2 luha, I bluha.
1st p stem. T'he ga of Lat ego A S, ic etc. appears in Iowa,
ka, ke, etc. The chief base of nearly all the Dak languages is
however, ma, mi, corresponding to I Ema, mi; Lat me, mi; Eng
mc, etc.
1st dual and Plural stem. I E na, Lat no, Mandan nu; Teut
dual onki, Goth ugki, A S unc, I3ak unki and uii. The base
\va whence we, has become in Dak wa I, in Omaha vvi me, in
Ijvva inflection p'.ual wa, us, etc.
2(1. 1 E iwa has become in Dak ni (cf Swed ni thou). It is
however in Omaha thi identical in sound with our thee, and da,
di in most allied languages similar to German du. Dak ya pi
yapi you, and our you are probably also of this base. The
Iowa forms the possessive of personal pronouns like the Ice-
landic by -i; Icel min m}'; Iowa min my.
3d person, I, he, she, it, extremely frequent in I E languages,
is the base used in all the Dakotan languages as least partak-
ing of a demonstrative nature. In Dak it is omitted except
when emphatic.
I E sa reflexive and emphatic; Min she, the same. Con-
tracted to s it forms I E nominative; in Dak, as sh nominatives
of i (ish), mi, ni and unki, and occurs in composition; in Min it
forms proper names.
I E sa, ta, Teut tha, this, that; Om the, this; Dak ta, to in
many compounds.
I E sawa genitive of sa, ta reflexive possessive for all per-
sons; Dak tawa the same, also ta. It is in the third person used
alone in Dak, but suflixed to i in Minnetaree. All its forms in
Min, and those of the first and second persons in Dak are
double possessives anologous to mine, thine.
Eu ki, kina, that, this, he, she, it; Dak ki, his, her, its, etc. In
Nom kana those, etc.; sing ka that, the vowel is raise'd as in
the Greek keinos. For abridgement of stem in singular com-
pare our ox, pi. oxen, Nortumbrian oxena, and other relics of
stems in na; Teut hina this; Crow hina this.
From kina, hina, originated the Icelandic and Swedish past-
positive def, article the; likewise Dak kin postpositive def,
article the; ke emphatic pronoun kuns, elf, etc. Of this base
A S stem he, he, she, it; Dak he (pi hena) he, she, it, that.
Slav Teut da this; Dak de (pi dena) this.
I E antara other; Mandan ant that.
I E i demon, pref, this; Dak i.
I E a dem. pref; Min a, o; Dak o.
I E wa pronominal base used in compounds; Dak wa pro-
nominal prefix some, something. Prefix wo (wa-|-o) forms ab-
stract nouns and nouns of agency.
I E ka int. and rel. pronoun; Pawnee ka interrogative; Dak
ka interrogative suffix and in compounds; Ger wer; Dak
■■■ ,K'
. ^Evvika all the whole- Dot • u
lionl- J""^ ^'' I^ak pi l.^rv,^^^ ^'^^-' incorporated ob-
tion of this base. ^' ^''"' '"^ ^ ^«^-^' seems to be a contrac-
-^nalofifous to A <;: ^
accusitiv?,„ie;,i,t^;Srhrk' hI'h"' '"''^ «« -<= have- Dak
I l>ave compared the Cf ^■-''■
cessible to n^efinclucHnl/i^:'''" "rf '■'k vvuh all others ac-
hundred d.alects. I ca^ ri„7le °s , ^an 1 7/ °', '""^"^ *a„ five
K,J|S; '" '"'^ "'''" --^^embl e an D .kof ' *™" American
, '" 'lie I E numerals nn ,i, 7 ' ''^ smi aritv of th^
"a-cha o^l'o';'::;/^^'^^-"^^ '^•^k ("■)-, ind. article wan.hi one
Al'tat^ofKrplt"^ '"-^ "(°)-^ Oa'' "(o)n.pa ci
; /^^s:;a:!zr'i^'a%Vkr"' f--- •- (->) -j
5. E kankan, kwankva , 'Mati k'lT' ^r.'°'"' ^ '"l-
6. J E kswakswa- Win .'.. , kikhun; Dak zantan?
«han.J:"^'-^'-'o^'o;DakYsh-akdo-,ha„;Sa„tsh-ahdo-
^5, I E k^'Sak ^''^"•'^■•''^-ikchem-na.
, 8, Either Gk h or DiV cK
VOCADULARV.
The table of sound ropresenlalion herctol'(jro j^iven st-rves to
compare the materials ol the main body of the Dak with Pick's
I E bases, ^i'he results are, iiowever, in many cases ambiguous.
J3esides the number of accidental resemblances of the Dakotan
to the I E languages seems, to be much greater than ihe whole
number of similarities between Dakotan and Algonkin lan<iu-
ages. Dak anapta is identical with I E anapta in sound, closely
similar in meaning. Dak a-na-pta is p.rep. a Ic(?l a on, na prelix
converting root to verb, and pta separate; c f 1 E pat fall, also
open (Lat pateo). I E an-apta is an negative prolix, and apta
participle of ap attain. My father compared Dak chepa fat
with Lat adeps. 1 have since found Min idip. fat almost identi-
cal with Lat stem adipi. I E and Lat d and p are nearly always
d and p in Min ; but it is extremely doubtful whether the words
are related. On the other hand there is little apparent simil-
arity between Eu karpya shoe, and Dak h.inpa shoe; but the
Dak word represents the Eu as accurately as possible; similar
forms are found in ever}' Dakotan language, and it seems
scarcely possible to me that the similarity can be accidental.
In giving a few additional examples of similar roots I select
those that are the most obvious, rather than the most certain.
I exclude those not in accordance with sound representation,
and the analogies of such allied Dakotan and I E forms as a»-e
known to me.
Where the Dakotan forms are not used as separate words it
is indicated by a h3'phen, before, if used alone as a verb stem,
after if it requires sufhxes. Where the root is found primarily
combined with only one suffix or prefix the derivative form is
given. In some cases the Dak root has one of the meanings
given in one combination, another in another. *
Eu i go; Dak i go.
Aryan u mangle; Min u wound; Dak o. .
Eu ak tell, relate ; Dak o(y)-aka.
Eu aka mother; Min ika mother.
Eu ap attain; Dak ape wait for, expect.
Euad; Icel eta eat; Dak ta eat.
Eu as be; Ital, Alb, Pers e is; Dak e is, -esh be it so.
Eu as mouth, asta lips; Dak i mouth, ishti the under lip.
Eu unk dwell; Dak un dwell, be; unkan be, unkan and, (act
part for unkant continuing.)
Eu ka bend, curl, kak (for kaka) laugh; Min ka laugh; Dak
kha bend, curl, i-khakha laugh.
Eu kak be injurious, Gk kakos bad; Mand khekosh bad;
Crow kawi bad; Dak shicha bad.?
magll
El
Eu
El
Eul
Icel
-takaf
Eu
gard,
Eul
Eu
Eu
Eu
Eu
<v
l'>u k;i aiul; Dak k;i and.
I E ka, kail, kar desire; Dak koti desire.
I E ka, kar, gar honor; Dak kan honor.
I E ka, <;a know; Miii eke know; Dak ka mean, signify.
Eu ka pierce, cut in; Dak ka diuj.
Eu kat cover; Dak o-kati, o in, kati cover.
Eu kap lake hold of; Dak yu-kapa catch as a ball, kapa sur-
pass.
Eu kam: Teut him bend, cur\e, arch; Dak S -hmi, Y-kmi
curve; S hmi-hma, ^' kmikma round.
Eu kas rub against, scratcli; Dak kashe rub against, kaza
pick lo piei.es.
Eu skar. kar shave oil*; Dak ka strip oil", as the feather part
of a quill.
Eu ki, gi possess by force; Dak ki take by force.
Eu ki, kit seek; Dak a-kitfi seek.
Teut ban waver, hang: Dak -ban hang, totter, waver.
Teut haf lift, heavr; Dak -ha lift, hea\e.
Teut hata hate; Dak -iiiti hate.
Teut hama die hull; Dak ha tin.' hull.
Teut hivvan related of the same famih'. Icel bjun household;
O. H. G. bun both husband and wife; Dak Imn- of the same
family, also bun mother.
Teut kan, kin beget, germinate; Goth kuni related; Dak ku
suiTix kin, root ku-, kin-, cliin- in many derivatives. Goth
kwino woman; Dak wino.
Eu .'.ha open out, whence gate, gape: Dak -gha, ghapa,
ghata open out.
Eu ghagh move convulsive!}-; Dak glieghe swing the arms
like a drunken man. •
Eu ghans: goose; Win wighanna, Mandan mihan. Dak
magha goose.
Eu ghans be rough; Min -glia. Dak kha be rough.
Eu tap press; IMin U\p\ press: Dak -tpa.
Eu tarp satisfy; Dak tpa satisfying, etc.
Eu tan thunder; Dak o-tin thunder. J
Icel taka take, touch, fasten; Dak yu-taka take, touch, na
-taka fasten.
Eu da know, dak show, suppose: Dak da, daka think, re-
gard, have an opinion.
Eu da give; Dak da ask.
Eu di go, h isten; Min di go, travel.
Eu du go forth; Dak du-za run.
Eu dup sink in, our di\e; Dak dopa mire; Min dipi bathe.
Eu nu now ; Dak i-nu suddenly, na-ka now, wan-na now.
Eu nar man; Om no, nu man.
Eu pak, Gk pakto- bind; Dak pakhla bind.
Eu pat press; Min pati press.
Eu pat till up, crowd; Dak in pta-ya together.
Eu pa swallow nourish; Dak- pa -nourish papa the nourish-
ment, Min pe swallow, take nourishment.
Eu pap swell up, puff out; Dak popa swell burst.
Eu par divide (our part) ; Dak a-pa a part.
Eu pi hate; Crow -pi hate.
Eu pik pierce; Min pi tatoo, -pi pierce. . •
Eu pu dry; Dak pu- dry.
Icel fok our fog; Dak po fog, mist, steam, etc.
Icel finn, Swed, Nor, M. II. G. fin, Dan, Sax finn, O. Du fijn
M Eng fine; Win pin, Dak -pi, Iowa pi good, perfected.*
Eu bub (of bu) make a noise; Dak -bu make a noise, bubu
noisv.
Teut and Ir bata boat; Min mati, bati, Cr bashe, Dak wata
boat.
Teut bias flame, our blaze; T Dak bleza clear, transparent.
Lat and Gr bison from Ttut; Crow bishe the bison; dak pte.
Lat and Gr mamma the mother breast; Dak mama the
mother breast.
Eu man remain; Dak man remain, stay.
Sclav Teut man go, step; Dak mani walk.
Eu magh grow; jr magb field; Dak magha field.
Teut marka limit, boundary, territory of a tribe; Dak maka
the ground, the earth, makoche country.
Eu y a go ; Dak y a go.
Eu rup break; Min dupi, rupi break.
A S throte the throat; T Dak lote, S dote throat.
Eu wak say, speak, wad speak, sing; Gk wepos word; Dak
wo-wa-pi that related by pictures and writing, root wa in vari-
ous compounds, relate, count, write, sing, etc. (Gk p is root,
Dak p suffix.)
Eu wagh carry, our way; Dak o-we way, trail.
Eu wad flow forth, our wet ; Dak wi-wi a marsh, a springy
place.
Eu wasu good; Dak wash-te good.
Teut wantra winter; Dak wani- winter.
Icel wakta watch, guard; Dak wakta watch, guard.
Teut widu wood; Min mida, bida wood.
Eu sa refrain from ; Crow suffix sa the same.
Teut swa, Old Fris sa like as; Dak se like as.
•A word of this kind used every day by the masses of all Teutonic people, and corresponding:
n the principal lang^uaj^es in such a variety of meaning's, could not possibly be derived from the
Latin Unitum. Our fine may be in part from finitum, but fin ^ I E pin is certainly a Teut word.
<^
\
Eu sak (livlcle, cut; Miii tsaki cli\'iik' cut.
Eu satiia summer; Miii tsamc hot, very warm.
Eu si bitul; Miri -shi bind; Dak -shi command.
Swed si! lo! behold! Dak shi! hark!
Eu su ^ood; Dak -su good.
Eu suk suck; Min tsuki. Dak zoka suck.
I E ska shine; Lat candidus wliite; Dak ska white shinin«jf.
I E ska separate; Dak ksa separate.
I E ska kill, Gk kten- kill; Dak kte kill.
I E ska tarry, Gk kta possess; Dak kta defer, tarry, us^'d also
as sign of future tense. The Mandan future inflection -kit -kt
-t appears to be an abridgement of this.
Eu skat spring, leap; Dak skata plav.
Eu ska, skad burn ; Dak shku roast.
Eu skap annihilate; Dak skepa evaporate, remove entirely,
cause to disappear.
Eu skap strike; Dak -skapa strike.
Eu skad, Gk keda spill, scatter; Dak kada spill, scatter, ap-
plied only to solids.
E'j skap scratch, sliave; Min kape scratch.
Eu kopa concave ; Dak skopa concave.
Eu skid press; Dak -ski- press.
Eu sku shave oftj flay; Dak -sku shave ofV, flav.
Eu skru rough hew ; Dak sku broken in gaps.
Eu snigh cold; Dak sni cold. '
Eu swan sonare; Dak sna ring, rattle.
Eu skud, Teut skut shoot; Dak kate shoot.
Teut sota soot; Dak shota smoke, shotkazi soot.
Eu sad sit; Dak si, siha the foot.
The Dakota words that most resemble I E forms are those
in daily use, those roots entering into the largest number of
compounds, those most widely distributed in languages more
nearly related.
Excluding words repeated in compounds and those contained
in phrases I have not satisfactorily analyzed, and including
words derivative rather than compound, I find in Ilayden,
Morgan and Schoolcraft 262 ditlerent Iowa words. Of these
thirty-five as words represent words discussed in this paper;
thirty-nine others appear to be derived from roots herein dis-
cussed, a number of them varying from the Dak wovd only by
using a difterent suffix also herein compared. Out oi 159 that
I have been able plainly to trace to Dakota words and roots 121
are to Dakotan roots and words which seem to be related to I
E forms. If I had sufficient Iowa material to enable me to find
Iowa roots independently, I doubt not the resemblance to the
Dakota would be much increased, and the resemblance to the
I E in a still greater degree.
The panibU' of the prodigal son .'is printed in Dr. Ring's
dictionary, l>a<^e 6i, contains as there printed 417 words, 199
difVerent* words. Of these 36 words, oceuring 186 times, are
in tiic exact fornj-j- giveii in this paper; 8 other words, occur-
ring II times, as given in my preceding p< per; 75 other words,
occurring 106 times, are composed wholly of the words, roots
and pronominal elements compared with I E forms in the two
papers. There remain 114 words, 80 diflerent words. If I
have correctly analyzed them they contain the following ele-
ments compared in this paper: words and verb roots, 9 times,
pronouns 19 times, prepositional and pronominal prelixes 35
times. Much of the remainder, in all about nine-tenths of the
whole, seems to me represent I E materials with which I have
compared it. I do not doubt that some of the similarities will
prove in the end fallacious. On the other hand I have no doubt
that many new similarities will be found. My father made a list
of 1,243 Dakota verb stems, radical words and words which he
could not satisfactorily to himself derive from simpler elements.
Of these about 500 seem to be similar to I E forms with which
I have compared them, and from them are derived more than
thrae-fourths of the 16,000 words in Dr. Rigg's dictionary.
The pronouns, prepositions and suffixts herein given seem
to indicate that the Dakotas did not separate from the Teutonic
family till long after the latter separated from the South Euro-
pean family. The fact that the Dak resembles the Icelandic
and Gothic in vocabulary and in structure much more than it
resembles the older Latin, points in the same direction. The
laws of consonantal change in many cases produce the same re-
sult as Grimm's law, but the laws themselves are entirely differ-
ent. It is certain^ therefore, that the Dakota has not been con-
nected with the Teutonic since the development of Grimm's law
made any considerable progress. I have studied the question
less, yet I think I have enough evidence in the system of con-
sonantal change to prove that the Dakota has not been con-
nected with the Slavonic or Lithuanian since the}' separated
from each other, or for some time previously. It is possible so
far as I can now say that the Dak may have borrowed material
from some language not I E, but I have found no evidence of it.
Undoubtedly the adoption of prisoners has introduced a consider-
able percentage of Algonkin blood. It is also certain that they
have adopted- some Chippewa religious observances, but even
in these the}'^ do not appear to have adopted any Chippewa
words.
* Worils varied liy inflection itre cliisscd !is difFerent words.
+ Except thiit in accordance with euphonic laws initial k becomes ch sixteen times, and final a
e seven tmies.
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>>.