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206 
 
 Stewart's quabtbrlt. 
 
 In Lucbcck Buxtehude was organist. His fame had gone forth over 
 all Germany, and Bach, full of the desire to form and dovelope his 
 spirit, felt that such extraordinary men were artistic revelations, which 
 attracted him irresistibly ; by contact with them he thought to gain 
 freedom and light, and to Luebeck he felt himself drawn. In the year 
 1705 he asked lor a lour weeks' furlough, " for the purpose of perfect- 
 ing himself in his art." He estimated as nothing the inclement season, 
 as nothing the 250 miles distance, although he had to walk every inch 
 of the way. Was it not his object " to perfect himself in his art?" 
 
 In Ijuebeck, four weeks passed (juickly, and engrossed by all that 
 appeared new and lovely in Buxtehndc's playing, he never thought of 
 the termination of his furlough, a-.id remained for three months an un- 
 perceived listener of the idmired artist. Thence he carried his " queer 
 variations" to Arnstadt. This unauthorized prolongation of the fur- 
 lough called forth the ire of his superiors, and was the cause of niiauy 
 a scolding. What did those pcnllemcu know of his irresistible power 
 of the divine spark of genius, which sought form and light? In their 
 official books they truly formed rules for town pipers, organists, «fec., 
 &c., but of genius there was nothing in them. Bach, on the other 
 hand, only felt the pressing wants of hi.s soul, and undisturbed attend- 
 ed to his studies with renewed zeal and strength. 
 
 THE MARITIME ENTERPRISE OF BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 .1. (>. nOI.'RINOT. 
 
 INTRODUCTOUV. 
 
 The history of maritime enterprise is replete with the deepest 
 interest to every one who wishes to trace, step by step, the progress of 
 commerce and civilization — an'd these, it is hardly necessary to add, 
 are synonymous, — or takes pleasure in the record of man's heroism 
 and energy. A subject of so comprcliensive a nature could take up 
 many pages of this periodical, but all I shall attempt to do in the 
 present article will be to give what may bo considered a single chapter 
 in the history of maritime enterprise. The subject ought to bo in- 
 teresting to all of us, whether wo live by the shores of the ever rest- 
 less A'lantic, or by the side of the great freshwater lakes and rivers 
 of the Dominion. Perhaps many of the readers of the QoARterlt 
 have no very definite idea of the progress that has been made in the 
 branches of industry which form the subject-matter of this paper. 
 The results that I shall present in the course of the following pages 
 must give all of my readers reason for congratulation, for they prove 
 that the people of the Dominion possess all that indomitable ontor- 
 prise, that irrepressible energy, and that lovo of adventure which are 
 eminently the characteristics of the great races to which they owe their 
 origin. 
 
^mm 
 
 THR MARITIME ENTEKPRISE OK BBITI3U AMERICA. 
 
 207 
 
 over 
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 end- 
 
 Before taking up the practical part of this subject and showing tlie 
 position of British America as a Maritime Power, I must first refer 
 briefly to those maritime adventurers who have particularly associated 
 their names with the provinces and laid the foundation of England's 
 colonial empire on this continent. In dealing with this part of the 
 subject, I shall not be able to relate anything that is new, — the names 
 of these maritime adventurers must be familiar to all, and their 
 achievements may be even as a twice-told tale ; yet there is such a 
 charm and such a romance about their lives and the world owes them 
 so 'much, that the essayist, like the lecturer or the historian, is im- 
 pelled to linger for a while and recall their history. In the days of 
 youth, when the world is yet before us, and our sympathies are easily 
 aroused, the story of adventure must ever possess the deepest charm ; 
 but iutlt-ednoue of us ever become so old that our hearts fail to beat 
 responsive to the record of some heroic deed or we cannot follow, with 
 the most absorbing interest, the explorer who ventures into unknown 
 countries — whether it be Livingstone or Baker struggling through 
 African jungles, in constant peril from savage blacks, or even more 
 dangerous Miasma of tropical swamps ; or whether it be Kane, Hayes, 
 or other intrepid pioneers steadily advancing towards that " Open 
 Polar Sea," whose secrets have so long been concealed by almost im- 
 penetraMe barriers of icebergs and glaciers. 
 
 EARLY MARITIME A1>VENTURE. 
 
 The student of American history will remember that it has been 
 contended that the continent of America was actually visited by 
 enterprising mariners previous to the voyages of Columbus and the 
 Cabots. Tlie French atlirm, and adduce certain evidence to show, 
 that the Basques, " that primeval people, older than history," had, on 
 their search after^cod, ventured as far as Newfoundland, which they 
 called " Baccarofls," or the Basque term for tliat fish ; and it is 
 certainly a noteworthy fact that " Baccal</iis " still clings to an island 
 on the coast. It is also contended that eight or nine hundred years 
 ago the Norweigian navigators extended their voyages to those waters. 
 About a hundred years before the Norman conquest of England, say 
 the Danish writers, one Biorne or Bcainc, sailed from Iceland for 
 Greenland, in search of his father, who had sailed thither but never 
 returned. Whilst engaged in this filial duty, he got lost iu the fog, 
 and discovered an unknown country. Others followed in Biorne's 
 route and came to a land which they called Marklaud, and Vinland, 
 and is believed to have bei-a a portion of the Northern continent. But 
 it is not necessary to dwell on what arc after all vague tradi- 
 tions of the shadowy past, furbished up by enthusiastic antiquaries 
 anxious to give their countries the glory of having first discovered the 
 new world. Authentic history alone commences with the voyages of 
 Columbus and the Cabots, who stand out prominently as the pioneers 
 of all modern maritime enterprise. In the year 1492 Columbus gave 
 to the world the heritage of the West, and opened up a new and un- 
 limited field of action to the enterprise of the nations of F.urope. 
 
 a O 
 
208 
 
 Stewart's quarterly. 
 
 Six years later, in 1498- -a most memorable year in the history of 
 maritime enterprise, — Coliimhiis discovered the firm land of South 
 America and the River Orinoco. Vasco de (laina rounded the Cape 
 of Good Hope, and Sebastian Cabot rendered the existence of the 
 northern part of a new continent a matter beyond dispute. The 
 greatest of these adventurers, liowover, was treated with the blackest 
 ingratitude by his Sovereign and country, when ho returned worn out 
 and enfeebled, and nuiligned by his enenues. Sebastian Cabot was 
 even more unfortunate than the great Genoese. During his life he 
 won neither fame nor money from the discovery which ho had made. 
 " He gave England." says tiu> American historian, " a continent, and 
 no one knows his burial place." 
 
 BRITISH MAUITIME ADVENTURERS. 
 
 Spain entered into the work of American colonization uncjcr ap- 
 parently the most favourable auspices. The country she won by the 
 valour and the energy of her iidvenlurcrs, possess precious metals, the 
 most delicious fruits, and the richest soil, but the genius of her people 
 is not adapted to found stable and prosperous colonies. The most 
 prosperous countries ou the Western continent owe their settlemetit to 
 England aiul France. England's share in the work of colonization 
 was exceedingly liniilcd for some time after the voyages of thc^'abots. 
 To us who know her present position among the naval powers of the 
 world, or reflect upon Iier glorious past, it may appear somevvhai 
 surprising that she siiould not have immediately taken the most active 
 part in founding New England on tins continent. Her people are 
 naturally a maritime race, for in their veins flows the blood of those 
 Norsemen and Vikings who roved from sea to sea in (jucstjof achieve- 
 ments, which have been recorded iu the most extravagiiut terms by 
 the Sagas or Scalds, tlui poets of the North. England's love for the 
 sea must be attributed not merely to her insular position but to that 
 spirit of enterprise and daring w' "(lii she inherits from the Norse- 
 men. If she did not immediately enter upon the boundless field of 
 action which the discovery of America ofiered, it was owing to in- 
 ternal causes, as well as to the fact that these northern countries, to 
 whose discovery she would fairly m.ke claim, seemed hardly to aflfbrd 
 the same inducement for adventure and eiiterprisc as the rich, sunny 
 climes of the South, of whicii the Spanianl had the monopoly. But 
 the deeds of Frobisher, Hawkins, (irenville, Drake and Gilbert soon 
 testified to the natural genius of the people of England. To these and 
 other men of Devon — England's '* forgotten worthies," — she owes her 
 colonies, her commerce, her very existence. Many a stately galleon, 
 laden with the riches of Mexico and I'eru, b(;eame the spoil of the 
 English adventurers, many of whom, it must be acknowledged, dis- 
 played all Uie characteristics of the Vikings — the sea-rovers of the 
 North. 
 
 Whilst Hawkins and Drake wore chasing the Spaniard and making 
 the name of England a terror to despots and monopolists ou the high 
 seas, the adveuturous, erratic Frobisher was trying io solve that 
 
 prohlem of I 
 
 brave sailors 
 
 the nineteen 
 
 North-west 
 
 for gold in go 
 
 another bra' 
 
 enterprise tl 
 
 of the heroic 
 
 ing interest ; 
 
 of a peruuv 
 
 Hmnphrey ( 
 
 found no fcv 
 
 French, whi 
 
 Vista. The 
 
 affixed the 
 
 possession o 
 
 oldest colony 
 
 of Sir Hun 
 
 the cockle-s! 
 
 down iuto tl 
 
 A proaiin 
 
 men, its pot 
 
 in our hist( 
 
 tori an or ll 
 
 plishod Eng 
 
 that clever 
 
 remember ! 
 
 scientifi*; pu 
 
 had been ut 
 
 where so ui 
 
 whcu kings 
 
 of the peopl 
 
 thorough El 
 
 of his conni 
 
 carried awi 
 
 men of tho 
 
 type of ndv 
 
 had all the 
 
 of his age. 
 
 zation of j 
 
 the attentit 
 
 so named i 
 
 voted and ( 
 
 his country 
 
 a broke n-h 
 
THE KAJUnilB BmXBPBIBE OF BRirii<U AMKHI \. 
 
 20'J 
 
 problem of the Polar sous, >vhicli ho long absorbeil the nmbiliou of 
 brave .sailors, until its secrets were at last revealed by Englishincu in 
 the niueleeath century. At one time we iind him b arching for a 
 North-west passage to Asia ; at another, engaged in a wii l-goose eha**' 
 for gold ingots under the Arctic cirele. Contemporary with him we yt'v 
 another brave man, who strikingly illustrated the zeal for maritiun- 
 enterprise that arose in the days of the Virgin Queen. The voyagi- 
 of the heroie Sir Humphrey (lilbert to this continent is to ns of surpass- 
 ing interest ; for it was the first which was undertaken with the design 
 of a permanent occupation of Anuirican territory. Wlieti Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert entered the port of St, John's, Newfoundland, he 
 tjund no fewer than thirty-six vessels, of various nations, but chiefly 
 Freucii, which had come to llsh in the rich waters that surround Pritnu 
 Vista. The enterprising Enu;lishman erected a pillar to wiiich were 
 affixed the Queen's arms engraven in lead, and thus foruially took 
 possession of the island, which has accordingly the honour of being tln> 
 oldest colony of England. The story of the unfortunate return voyage 
 of Sir Humphrey is well known to all. A violent storm arose, and 
 the cockle-shell of a vessel in which the brave i-ailor was sailing wettl 
 «lown into the depths of the angry sea. 
 
 lie sat upon tlie deck, 
 
 The ]J()ok was in his hand ; ' . 
 
 " Do not fi'ur ! Hoavi-n is as near," ' 
 
 He faiil, " by -water as liv land." ■ ,. , 
 
 A prominent figure in that Elizabethan age — so famous for its statcf 
 uieu, its poets, and its heroes, stands Sir Walter Raleigh. No character 
 in our history affords a more attractive theme for tlie pen of the his- 
 torian or the biographer, than this cliivulrous, leal-luiarted, accom- 
 plished Englishman. Those who have read, •• Her Majesty's Tower," 
 that clever production of that able writer, llepworth Dixon, will 
 remember how tin; undauiilcd Englishman wiled away his time iu 
 scientifii! pursuits, and in writing a " Mislorie of the World," when h<' 
 had been unjustly ininuircd withiu the walls of the English Ba?^tilc.'" 
 where so nu\ny crimes have been committed in those old despotic time-, 
 when kings ride<l with unlimited sway, and the constitutional liberties 
 of the people, as they now exist, had not been won. llaleigh was a 
 thorough Englishman, always ready to vindicate the honour and dignity 
 of his country. He was also imbued with that spirit of adventure that 
 carried away into unknown seas and countries, so many of the brave 
 men of those hendc times ; but he represented the courtly, chivalrif 
 type of adventurer, and exhibited none of the roughness, though he 
 had all the courage of Hawkins and Drake, and other naval worthie-: 
 of his age. His luune must always be associated with the first coloni- 
 zation of America, for it was through his euergy and enterprize tha: 
 the attention of Englishmen was directed to Virgiuia, which he himseli 
 so named in honor of that Queen, of whom he was ever the most de- 
 voted and courtly servant. No man of his day deserved more from 
 his country and hia king ; yet all the reward he received, when he was 
 a broken-hearted, crippled old man, was the cruel and unjust sentence, 
 
910 
 
 Stewart's quartf.rlt. 
 
 /-TU^-U'^' 
 
 under which his aged head rolled from the headBmun'H block. But 
 the dream which ho had of a New Enr;land in the West han been 
 realized to an extent which oven he, in hi» most sanguine moments, 
 tjould hardly have imagined. Look now over the continent of 
 America, — the home of free, energetic communities, and we have the 
 eloquent answer to the poetic anticipation of the poet laureate more 
 than two centuries ago : — 
 
 Who in time knows whither we may vent, 
 The treasures of our ton((ue ? To what strange shores 
 This gain of our best glory shall be sent 
 T' enrich unknowing nations with our stores ? 
 What worlds, in tli' yet unformed Occident 
 May come refined with accents that are ours ? 
 
 THE PILGRIMS OF NEW ENGI,ANI>. 
 Some years after Raleigh's death, whilst the French were endeavour- 
 ing to establish themselves in Acadio and Canada, the ships of Captain 
 Newport conveyed to the bunks of .lames River, in that colony of 
 Virginia to which the adventurous Englishman had cast such longing 
 
 eyes, 
 
 of 
 
 PiUglish 
 
 colonization on this continent. 
 
 the first vital 
 Twelve years later than the foundation of Jamestown — now nearly 
 two centuries and u half ago — the Mayflower brought to the shores of 
 New England a little colony of men who had become exiles for con- 
 science sake. " With almost religious veneration a grateful posterity," 
 •says tlic American historian, " has always preserved the rock at New 
 I'lymouth where the Fathers of New England first landed." A grim 
 and firm-faced band of men were they, not very lovable certainly, not 
 always tolerant of those who differed from them in opinion. Yet they 
 possessed and exhibited all those qualities of indomitable energy and 
 fortitude amid difficulties, which were best fitted to enable them to 
 win a new home in that rugged wilderness. . Thiuk how strongly 
 rooted must have been their convictions, how remarkable their ad- 
 herence to principle, when they coidd so resolutely leave the old world 
 and face the perils of that wilderness continent. Imagine the solitude 
 that reigned around them — a few stragglers in Canada, a few English- 
 men at Jamestown, a few Spaniards in Florida. Unknown perils beset 
 them at every step. The fires of the Indian were alone to be seen along 
 the streams, or mnrkod his hunting paths amid the illimitable forests 
 that stretched over that virgin continent, now at last to be won to civi- 
 Hzatiun. Yet these men courageously accepted the t^ai^ that destiny 
 had marked out for them, and even welcomed the solitude of that un- 
 tamed wilderness, where they could openly avow and practise their 
 religious principles, in fear neither of men nor monarchs. 
 
 FRENCH MARITIME ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Let us now look to France, and sec what her love for maritime ad- 
 venture has achieved on this cor.*inent. It is to the enterprise of some 
 of her resolute seamen that those countries of British America owe 
 the first settlements on their shores. So far there has been two eras 
 in the history of these provinces. First, there was the era when the 
 French occupied or rather laid claim to so large a portion of the conti- 
 
THE MAUITIME ENTERPKISK OF BRITISII AMKItlCA. 
 
 211 
 
 ncnt. Within soveii years of the .lisoovcry of the continent, the 
 fisheries of Ncwfoundhind (as I shall show at a greater len<»th here- 
 after), were frequented by the hardy mariners of Bretagne and 
 Normandy. Vcruzzani, a Florentine, sought a western voyage to 
 Cathay, under the auspices of Francis I., but although he did not suc- 
 ceed any more than otiiers in achieving the object of his ambition, ho 
 visited many parts of North America. Then came Jacques Carlier, 
 of St. Malo, — that ancient town, thrust out like a buttress into the sea, 
 — the stronghold of privateers, the home of an indomitable and in- 
 dependent race. In the year 1.5.3.'>, did this adventurous sailor set out 
 from the rude old seaport, and finally succeded in discovering the noble 
 Bay and River, which he named in honour of the Saint. The most 
 admirable description of that ever memorable voyage will be found in 
 one of that series of volumes which Parkman has written concerning 
 tlie early history of this continent — volumes well worthy the careful 
 perusal of every one, on account of their graphic and spirited style of 
 narrative, so very different from the dreary, dry stylo in which British 
 American writers have hitlierto treated similar subjects. Parkman, 
 who is not merely remarkable lor his historical accuracy, but for his 
 truthful descriptions of scenery, tells us how Cartier sailed up the river 
 which carries to the ocean liie tribute of the great lakes and rivers of 
 the west.* Tliey passed the gorge ot the gloomy Saguenay, " with 
 its towering clilf's and sullen depth of waters." They anchored off that 
 mighty promontory " so rich in historic memories," and whence the 
 eye can range over one of the finest panoramic views on this conti- 
 nent. Then they passed up the river, whose banks were covered with 
 luxuriant vegetation, and reached the site of the ancient Hocheluga, 
 where a most picturesque spectacle was presented to their gaze. 
 " Where now," says the American historian, " are seen the quays and 
 storehouses of Montreal, a thousand Indians thronged the shore, wild 
 with delight, dancing, singing, crowding about the strangers, and 
 showering into the boats their gifts of fish and maize ; and as it grow 
 dark, fires lighted up the night, while, far and near, the French could 
 see the excited savages leaping and rejoicing by the blaze." Cartier 
 ascended the height which he called Mount lloyal in honour of the king 
 ot France, but how ditferent was the landscape from that which is 
 now the delight of travellers.* "Tower and dome and spire, cor- 
 rugated roots, white sail and gliding steamer, animate its vast expanse 
 with variedliTe. Carlier saw a different scene. f)ast, west and south, 
 the mantling forest was over all, and the broad blue ribbon of the 
 great river glistened amid a realm of verdure. Beyond, to the bounds 
 of Mexico, stretched a leafy desert, and the »-ast hive of industry, the 
 mighty battle ground oi late centuries lay sunk in savage torpor, 
 wrapped in illimitable woods." 
 
 The voyage of Cartier to Canada was the commencement of French ' 
 (•ommercial and maritime eiiteri)rise in North America ; but some 
 years elapsed before any permanent settlement was made in the 
 
 *rarkmnn— rioneera of Fraiicc In the New World. 
 
212 
 
 stewabt's quartebly. 
 
 couutrli'S i;laiiviu(I uiul tliHcovered by Frnncc. After the voyugCH ot 
 CarlifT the Kreiidi got up sovoral expeditions, avowedly in a com- 
 mcreial spirit. Oae ot" tlicso expeditioiiw maile a set lie men t at Port 
 Iloyal. now Annapolin, in the jjiovineo ol Nova Seolia, or Acadie. 
 Anion"; the ionnderrt ot' that settlement were Lesearbot and Champ- 
 lain, each of whom is intimately associated with the early history of 
 British North America. Lesearbot lel't behind him some pleasiuf; 
 sketches uf the doiii<rs of himself and (comrades in those days of exile 
 from la hMv, Frame — how they founded a new order, I'oidvv ih; Ihii 
 Teiiip^, whose Grand Master had to furnish its members with all the 
 materials i'ov feasts, — how tiiey made up liuntinj; and lishiii;; parties, 
 from which they derived both j)rotit and enjoyment. In the early part 
 of the se 'enteenth cctitury Champhiin I'oundcd the city oi' (.Quebec, on 
 the sight of the ancient .Slndacone. (yhamplaiu's life reads like a 
 romance — fidl of hair-breadlli escapes by land and sea. 
 
 In the old library of Dieppe, tlie traveller can still sec a moth-eaten 
 manuscript, written in a formal a;:d plain hand, and illustrated by 
 pictures ol a most fantastic character. We sec "forts, harbours, 
 islands and rivers, adorned with portraitures of birds, i'eats and fishes." 
 Here we see " Indian feasts anil dances ; Indians dogged by priests 
 for not attending mass ; Indians burned at the stake, six at a time, for 
 heresy." We are amused by illustrations of chameleons with two legs ; 
 and of agritfin, a monster with the wings of a but, the head of an 
 eagle, and the tail ot an alligator, which was said to haunt certain 
 parts uf Mexico. This extraordinary m.dley of truth and imagination 
 is tiic jourujil of Samuel Champlaiu, of Bronage, on the Bay of 
 Biscay — the father of New France. It would be a pleasing task, if it 
 were within the scope ot this pa))er, to follow him in his adventurous 
 career in the colony he founded successfully on the banks of the St. 
 Lawrence. VW see this intrepid soldier and sailor — for he was both — 
 anpcriiitending the erection of the buildings which were .so long to hold 
 the fortunes of the little colony; anon sitting by the camp-fire of the 
 Montagnais Indians ; anon aiding the Indian tribes in their conflicts 
 with the '* Homans of the New Word," the Iroquois; unon venturing 
 on till' unknown waters of the Oltuwa, the guest of the Algon(iuius, 
 and tracing that river to its very sources. Wherever he went his 
 manly qmdities won the admiration and fricndsiiip of the tribes that 
 then inhabited Canada. Without his courage and energy, C^uebec 
 would not have been founded at so early a date, and Franco might 
 never have gained a foothold in the new world. 
 
 The history of New France is especially full of dramatic interest. 
 Many men connected with the noble families of the old world took part 
 in the foundation of the colony, and established their seiguories amid 
 the forests. They tried to reproduce, so far as they could, in the 
 American wilderness, the old feudal system which had so long repress- 
 
 ♦Montreal in now one of the best built and most prosperoDH cltieH In America, with a popu- 
 lation of at leant 12.),000 «ouln. ItH poaitlon, at Uil- jiinctinii of tliu Montn.-al and Ottawa, 
 could not be belter, and must always make it one of ihe commerciai cntreporta of this conii- 
 Dcnt. 
 
TIIK SIAItlTIHK KNTRUPRiaE Or BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 218 
 
 oyugCM ot 
 a a com- 
 it at Port 
 Acadif. 
 1 Cliiiinj)- 
 lisKtry of 
 
 i of exile 
 •'• (f« lioil 
 til all Mio 
 piirticR, 
 ally part 
 Uihcc, oil 
 is like ii 
 
 c<l tlio «ii('rp;y nml ability of the masses throughout Europe. Influen- 
 ces by the spirit of median'nl cliivalry, the founders of New France, 
 those " gentleuKMi adventun-rx" performed many deeds of " bold 
 emprise." (,'aiiada and Arndiii were cradled amid war and tumult. 
 Their t-arly history was one of conflicts, between the French and Kng- 
 lish, or botweeii the French atnl Indians. It is not therefore wonder- 
 ful that tlierc should be so mn"h (if (!ic <1rnmatic or sensational element 
 in the early aiinals of British Ainrri(a. 
 
 1 have now briefly referred lo tiio,-ij adventurers who, by their daring 
 and energy, first led the way lo tin.' colonization of America. If it 
 were properly within the scope of this arti'jle, I would like to follow 
 them step by step in their perilous voyages across the ocean — to des- 
 cribe their heroic endurance in the face of tiio most formidable obstacles. 
 The very vessels in which they sailed were mere chnnsy hulks, with 
 their quaint, liigh storns — many of them not as large, and certainly not 
 as safe, as the small coasters of the jirovinces. The '• S(iuirrcr' in 
 which Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed was only fourteen tons burthen. 
 The vessel which carried Champlain, the founder of New France, was 
 only fifteen tons, and yet he cros>ied the treacherous Atlantic safely, 
 passed the tempestuous headlandi^ of Newfoundland, and glided deep 
 into the heart of the Canadian wilderness. But all that I can endea- 
 vour to do in this part of my paper, is to sketch the outlines of the pic- 
 ture — my readers must bo left to fill in the details themselves. True 
 it is, that no pages of history arc more attractive than those which 
 describe the voyages of these maritime adventurers — their faith and 
 their valour, their heroic lives and their often heroic deaths. 
 
 THE CAUSE or THE rUOSPEKITY Of THESE COLONIES. 
 
 With the history of the progress of British America from i)Overty 
 to wealth, since the commencement of the second era of its history, 
 which dates from the fall of Louisbourg and Quebec, and the cession 
 of Canada to Pingland, it is not necessary that I should deal, since it 
 has formed a fruitful theme in the press, on the platform, and in the 
 Legislature, since the principal provinces have been consolidated into 
 a Confederation. I must say, however, before proceeding to show the 
 maritime progress of British America, that the fact of the British 
 colonies on this continent having made such rapid strides in the ele- 
 ments of wealth and prosperity, must be attributed in a great measure 
 to their having been allowed such freedom in the direction of their 
 internal affairs, especially in tlioir comuierce. Up to the close of last 
 century, — indeed up to a very few years ago, — the colonial policy of 
 England was based on ojo dominant idea, that shipping should be en- 
 couraged at the expense of colonial interests. The possession of 
 colonies was supposed to entail a demand for ships ; therefore colonies 
 must be fostered so as to make that demand as large as possible. At 
 the commencement of the war of Independence, America would import 
 nothing except in English ships ; she could export nothing except to 
 Scotland and to Ireland, nor could she import any commodities except 
 from Great Britain. '^ The onljr use" — said au English statesman a 
 
214 
 
 STEWABT'S QUARTERI.T. 
 
 ccutury ago — " of American colonics or the West Indinn Islnnds is 
 the monopoly of their consuniptiuti nu<l tlic carriage of their produce." 
 TlicMC Niivijriition Iawvh liave been Hon»cwhere well described i\» in- 
 tended to ertcci, for tlie Kii,!.'li»h navy, what the protective corn laws 
 were expected to do for ajrriciiUiirc — to xupply vitality by artificial 
 means, and create prosperity i)y Icgishition. When Ktigland entered 
 on a new era of political liberty, on the passage of the lief )rm Act 
 over thirty years ago, she wisely adujit' .* diflercnt commercial prdicy 
 by repealing the long established regulations and monopolies which had 
 so long depressed and hampert;d colonial trade and shipping. England 
 has long since recognized the fallacy of the old ideas which prevailed 
 among her statesmen, during the past century, and led to the rupture 
 between herself and her old r-olonies. England's best customers are 
 her offspring in the American Republic and in her wide colonial 
 dominions. As the extension of their political privileges, a few years 
 ago, opened up a wider career of ambition and usefulness to the people 
 of these countries, so did the remo,al of all the old monopolies and 
 restrictive navigation laws, almost at the same time, give a remarkable 
 impulse to their trade und commerce. To-day the population of all 
 British America cannot be less than four millions of soids, and its 
 aggregate trade is estimated at about one hundred and fifty millions of 
 dollars, or more than the trade of the United States forty years ago. 
 But no statistics more clearly prove its commercial progress than those 
 which refer to its commercial marine. 
 
 TIIK FISHERIES. 
 
 One great branch of maritime enterprise is necessarily the Fisheries. 
 Indeed, the navies of three European Powers, — England, Fo-anco and 
 Holland, — owe their development to a large extent to this branch of 
 industry. These powers long contended for the whale fisheries of the 
 North, but it was on the coast of North America that the greatest 
 rivalry existed. It is well established that in 1517 fifty Castilian, 
 French and Portuguese vessels were engaged in the North American 
 fisheries. In 1578 there were a hundred and fifty French vessels off 
 Newfoundland, besides two hundred of other nations, — Spanish 
 Portuguese and English chiefly. The French, for a long while, were 
 the most actively engaged in this lucrative branch of national wealth ; 
 indeed, at a later date, they were wont to boast that the North Ameri- 
 can fisheries contributed more to the national power and the develop- 
 ment oi navigation than the gold mines of Mexico could have done. 
 DeWitt has also told us " that the English navy became formidable by 
 fJie discovery of the inexpressibly rich fishing banks of Newfoundland." 
 So important indeed are these fisheries considered by the French, that 
 they have always adhered to the rights which they obtained by the 
 treaty of 1763, and under which they have been allowed to retain the 
 islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, and certain fishery privileges over a 
 considerable portion of the coast of Newfoundland. At the prevent tim« 
 there are from 10,000 to 15,000 Frenchmen engaged in this branch of 
 industry within the French jurisdiction, but the catch is by no means 
 
/, 
 
 THE MARITIME EKTERTKISE OK UK1TI8II AMERICA. 
 
 216 
 
 as great, as it was fiftoeu or twenty years ago, and consequently the 
 amount uf capital invested not as large. It is difficult to obtain very 
 reliable statistics respecting the French fisheries, but I have been able 
 to ascertain from reliable sources that the bounties paid by France, 
 during the nine years from 1841 to 1850 inclusive, for the i.odti.>thery 
 alone, amounted to the annual average of 3,900,000 francs. The 
 present value of the annual catch varies from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 
 in round numbers. 
 
 The Americans have always eagerly participated in the Fistherles. 
 iiy the Convention of 1818, they were given the right of flailing ou 
 the coasts of N'^.wfoundlaud, Labrador, and the Magdalen Islands, 
 but they were • / "'^ssly precluded from taking or curing fish within 
 three miles of the coasts, bays and harbours of the other provinces. 
 When the Reciprocity Treaty came into force, the Convention of 1818 
 went into abeyance, but now that treaty has been repealed, and the 
 Americans are restricted within the limits first mentioned. We tried 
 the experiment of imposing a tonnage duty on American vessels using 
 our fishing grounds, but the tax was so systemtically evaded that the 
 Government of the Domiuion has very properly determined to pro- 
 tect our fisheries from the encroachments of all foreigners. The im- 
 portance of the fislieries to the Americans may be estimated from the 
 fact thai the value of the cod and mackerel caught in our waters, 
 during a good season, has been put down at upwards of $12,000,000, 
 but that is an American estimate and probably below the truth. It is 
 our mackerel fisheries, however, that they chiefly value, and in fact 
 cannot do without. It will therefore be seen what an important agent 
 the Dominion holds in its hands, for the purpose of bringing the 
 Americans to agree to some liberal treaty of commerce, in place oi 
 their present restrictive and absurd policy towards us. 
 
 It is not easy to arrive at the exact value of the fish caught in the 
 waters of British America, but the following figures, which we give 
 by that careful statisticiau, Mr. Arthur Harvey, in the '-Year Book" 
 for 1868, may be considered as approximating to the truth : 
 
 Nova Scotia, $3,478,000 
 
 New Brunswick, 807,000 
 
 Ontario, 1,017,000 
 
 Quebec, (inclusive of salmon fisheries), 901,000 
 
 Newfoundland, (seat fishery included), 4,440,000 
 
 P. E. IsUnd, 134,000 
 
 Total for British America, $10,837,000 
 
 The actual value of the fish caught at present may be considered as 
 exceeding the foregoing estimate ; and the total value of our fisheries 
 may be given as follows : — 
 
 British Provinces, $1 2,000,000 
 
 United States, 16,000,000 
 
 France, 4,000,000 
 
 $32,000,000 
 
7\ 
 
 216 
 
 JrK'.V.Vr.!' QUA«T/.'-*'. 
 
 " ■ ' THK COMMKRCIAT, MAUINK. " " 
 
 Now wc come to the next element of miiiitiinc onterprist- — llie coiii- 
 inorcM'al mnrint^ of liritisli America. Nearly ull of the proviiiecs 
 possess an ubuiKliincc of timber auitnblo for tbi; (Mnstniotion of ships, 
 and as a lar<5(! proportion of the people are eiijj:tige(l in maritime 
 ptirftuits, they have natnrally direetetl their ntlention to shipbnililing. 
 vSinoe the eomnu'iicement of the present eentiiry. there has been a 
 (tteady and in fact rapid increase in the tonnau;.' of the vessels owne d 
 and employed in British Amorie.i, In IHOO the provinces did not own 
 more than 71,01" tons of shipping* ; in I.S.'IO, the nnmber had arisuu 
 to 17»'s()40; in 1850, it was i)Mt down a? 4 lfi,!)?>'» tons ; in iHCfi, it 
 was e.^timated at donble the amoniit, viz: il.'jO.OOO tons, comprisinj; 
 rtbout G,50() vessels, valued at $31,()00.0()(>. Now, in order to ap- 
 preciate the vabie of the sliippiag interest of British America, it is 
 mifficient to know that she is entitled to rank, as a commercial or 
 maritime power, after England and the United States, — her tonnage 
 being very little, if any, below that of France. Indeed, the Ameri- 
 cans are forced to admit that we are, in this j)arfic ihir, gradnnlly out- 
 stripping them : for tiie commercial marine of the United States, it is 
 notorious to everyone, has remarkably retrograded of recent years. 
 Soon after the close of the American war, IMr. Secretary McCnllocli, 
 then the head of the Treasury department, was forced to make this 
 humiliating acknowledgnienf in the course of his annual message to 
 Congress : — " The prices of labour and materials are so high that 
 shipbuilding cannot be made }irofitable in the United States, and many 
 of our shipyards arc being practically transferred to the British pro- 
 vinces. It is an important fact that vessels can be built much cheaper 
 in the provinces than in Maine. Nay, further, that timber can be 
 taken from Virginia to the provinces, and from these provinces into 
 Kngland, and then made into sliips which can be sold at a profit ; 
 while the same kind of vessels can be oidy built in New England at a 
 loss, by the most skilful and economical builders. But the evil does 
 not stop here : if the oidy loss was that which the country sustains by 
 the discontinuance of shipbuilding, there would be less cause for 
 complaint. It is a well-established, general fact that the people who 
 build ships navigate them; and that a nation which ceases to build 
 ships ceases of conscjuence to be a commeroial and maritime nation. 
 Unless, therefore, this state of things is altered, the people of the 
 United States nutst be subject to humiliation and loss. If other 
 branches of industry are to prosper, if agriculture is to be profitable, 
 anu manufactures arc to be extended, the commerce of the country 
 must be sustained and increased." The present condition of the 
 commercial marine of the United States strikingly verifies the fears of 
 Mr. McCnllocli, and proves how remarkably a leading industry may 
 be crippled by the adoption of a wrong commercial policy, such as now 
 prevails in that country. 
 
 No State of the Union — no country in the world, can exhibit the 
 
 •The«c flgurea Include I'. K, InlBnd and Newfoundlnnd. 
 
TIIK MARITIMK ENTEIIPRISK OK KRITI.Sil AMERICA. 
 
 21^ 
 
 — tlie corn- 
 province !* 
 n of ships, 
 1 nmritim(> 
 lipbiiililing. 
 ms becH a 
 ispIs owiic d 
 id not own 
 
 liad arisou 
 
 in isr.f), it 
 conijiriyiiifj 
 )nU'r fo np- 
 iierica, it is 
 nmercial or 
 ler tonnage 
 the Ameri- 
 idiinlly out- 
 Statos, it is 
 cent years. 
 ^Ic'Cniloch, 
 
 make this 
 message to 
 
 high that 
 , and many 
 tritish pro- 
 ich cheaper 
 iber can be 
 ivinces into 
 t a profit ; 
 iglnnd at a 
 le evil does 
 sustains by 
 
 cause for 
 people who 
 8 to build 
 me nation. 
 )ple of the 
 If other 
 profitable, 
 le country 
 on of the 
 he fears of 
 lustry may 
 ich as now 
 
 ixhibit the 
 
 same amotmt of shipping, iii proportion to population, that the little 
 Provinco of Nova fSeotia own.t at the present time. Livinj;; in a country 
 abounditi<: in splendid liarbonrs, accessible at nil seasons, and at the 
 very thresliold of the liiicst fisheries of the world, llie hardy and indus- 
 trious people of Nova Sootia have necessarily directed themselves to 
 tlio pro.-ecittiou of maritime pnrsuits. She now owns nearly one-half 
 of all the shipping possessed by tlie Dominion as u whole — in other 
 words. !«he can give more than a ton to every mau, woman and child 
 within lier borders. To show my readers what is being done in that 
 section of the Dominion, let me refer you to Yarmouth, on the western 
 roast. The inhabitants of this County '.-.re as industrious and energetic 
 a class of peoph^ as can be found in any part of the United States. 
 Many of tliem are desceutlants of the old settlers of New England, and 
 exhibit all the thrift, industry, and enterprise of the men who have 
 luade I\Iassachusetls what .she is, commercially and politically. While 
 well known ports in the United States, formerly famous for the number 
 of their ships, have now scarcely one registered as their own, Yar- 
 mouth has gone steadily ahead, until from one vessel of 2;") tons owned 
 in 17(>1, and a tonnage of 10.710 in IHfjO, her .shipping has increased 
 in 1870 to the enormous proportions of 258 ve.s.'<els, with an aggregate 
 tonnage of 82,147. valued at 83,500,000. The writer, as a Nova 
 Scotiau, feels proud at laying such facts before his readers, illustrating 
 as they do, the enterprise and industry of Nova Scotia in a single 
 branch of trade. 
 
 The provinces have alwnys built a large number of vessels for sale, 
 in dilferent parts of the world. Of course the number fluctuates, but 
 taking the year 18G.3, when that business was especially lively, there 
 were 628 vessels built in British America, of which the aggregate ton- 
 nage was no less than 230,312 tons, or only 3,000 tons less than were 
 built in the United States during the year preceding the civil war. 
 Now in the j'ear of which I have spoken, ships representing uu aggre- 
 gate value of $9,000,000, were .sold by the people of these provinces. 
 If we add that amount to the value of the report of our Fisheries dur- 
 ing that year, we have about $17,000,000 as one year's foreign exports 
 of our ship-building and fishing interests. 
 
 Nor is the fine commercial fleet of British America, composed of 
 merely sailing vessels, for leaving out of the question the lake or coast- 
 ing steamers, it includes a line of superior ocean steamers. The Mon- 
 treal Ocean Steamship Company comprises, not only 16 fine steamers, 
 but 20 sailing ships of an aggregate of 20,000 tons. This Company 
 is only exceecled by the Cunard and the West India Royal Mail Com- 
 pany — the Inman line being about equal. At the commencement, this 
 Company was exceedingly unfortunate and lost a number of fine ves- 
 sels, but of late it has been more successful, and the average length of 
 the passage of its steamers comp.n res favourably with that of any other 
 line in existence. The Americans, I may here add, do not own a 
 single line of steamers which trade with England. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF OUR COHMERCIAT. MARINE. 
 
 When wo look into the future who can limit the growth of the com- 
 
 Vmrniij/inisfcuj-, 
 
■A 
 
 218 
 
 STEWAKT 8 QDARTERLY. 
 
 morciul marine of these countries? Tlie St. I^ftwrcnce and Great 
 Lakes afford a natural highway between the West and Europe. The 
 United States do not possess such an admirable avenue of com- 
 munication for the products of their western country, and arc obliged 
 40 avail themselves of an extensive system of railways and canals in 
 order to attract the western trade to their seaboard, but these artificial 
 means cannot compete with the St. Lawrence, when its navigation 
 has been improved as it must be ere long. Now away to tht" north- 
 west, stretches a vast extent of country — the fertile lands of the Sas- 
 katchewan, Assiniboine and Red Rivers, which must eventually be 
 the abode of millions and raise wheat and other grain in great abun- 
 dance. Then there are the great Western States, which discharge 
 their treasures through Chicago, Milwaukee, and other ports on the 
 Lakes, and produce corn in such quantities that, after tilling sheds 
 literally miles long, and raising beef and pork to ten times more than 
 they can consume, the farmers have been obliged to use the surplus as 
 fuel. With an enlarged system of Canals, with the opening of the 
 shorter route which a railway or canal between Montreal and GeorgiaD 
 Bay by the way of the Ottawa will afford, the St. Lawrence must suc- 
 cessfully compete for the carriage of the enormous trade of the West. 
 When the St. Lawrence enjoys the great bulk of^that trade — and it 
 cannot be long deferred, for commercial enterprise moves rapidly in 
 these days, and public opinion is already demanding the improvement 
 of the River — the British American marine will be able to reach dimen- 
 sions which wc cannot limit ; for I suppose, with reason, that British 
 Americans will be the carriers of tiio trade. Then add to this the ex- 
 tension of railways throughout the provinces, and the natural expansion 
 of trade, and whi.t a magniiiceut commercial vista opens before us ! 
 
 SOME C0NSIl)Ei?ATIONS KESPECTING OUR POSITION AND PROSPECTS. 
 
 The facts I have "iven in the foregoing pages show beyond question 
 that in one of the most important elements of material strength the 
 provinces of British North America have succeeded in attaining a 
 mos^ creditable position, to which its people can point the attention of 
 the world with natural pride. So far, the people of these countries 
 have proved that they have preserved the qualities which have always 
 distinguished the races from which they have sprung. The large pro- 
 portion of the inhabitants of the British American Colonies com- 
 posed of the Anglo-Saxon or Teutonic element — belongs to that race 
 which has given birth to Drake, Frobisher, Gilbert, and a thousand 
 other naval worthies who have carried England's flag wherever her 
 honour, or commerce, or science, or civilizatiou has called them. 
 Then we have the descendants of the first inhabitants of New France 
 — the countrymen of Cartier, of Champlain, of those Normans and 
 Britons, who, by their enter])rise and courage, first reclaimed Canada 
 irom the illimitable forest. Perhaps there may be a time when these 
 two elements will unite and be absorbed, one into another. "There 
 may be a point," says a British American writer, " when like the 
 rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence at Montreal, these imaginary streams 
 
THK MARITIME KNTERPKISE OP BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 21» 
 
 »hill meet and melt into one another, and whence, gathering 
 strength in their united progress, they shall flow evermore onward ia 
 harmony and peace." The coming of that time must be ardently de- 
 sired by all who hope for the unity and harmony of our Dominion. 
 In the meantime, we can confide in the patriotism and intelligence of 
 our French fellow-citizens to preserve the Union in all its integrity. 
 
 The people whiaL now own the valuable property which labour and 
 enterprise have accumulated in the course of fifty or sixty years, are 
 taught a valuable lesson by those who have subdued the wilderness and 
 laid the foundation of prosperous communities on this side of the At- 
 lantic, The history of American civilization is the history of heroic 
 endeavour and manly fortitude. The pioneer in the wilderness has a 
 story to tell of trials and adventures, often as stirring as those of 
 the sailor on the sea, and equally eloquent of endurance and courage. 
 With hopeful hearts, our forefathers have grappled with the forest and 
 sea — ever looking forward to the future,-^only recalling the past to 
 shew how obstacles have been overcome. The work that the pioneer 
 has done may not come within the ken of the historian, for it is done 
 in the silence of the wilderness, with no eye to watch his patient 
 courage and heroism, except the eye of Omnipotence. Though the 
 names of the pioneers may be unknown or forgotten, yet their labour 
 has not been in vain, and their best monument is the prosperity of the 
 communities that they foimded. The past of British America teaches 
 us what can be done in the future, if we are only true to ourselves and 
 are ready to imitate the example that our predecessors have set us. 
 The foundations of a new nationality in connection with the Parent 
 State to whom wc owe so much, have only been laid, and the work 
 has yet to be carried out to its completion. To the over-crowded com- 
 munities of the old world, where men and women are struggling for 
 the merest necessaries of life, goes an appeal from Canada to come 
 over and assist in increasing the wealth and promoting the prosperity 
 of a country, which can give them not merely wealth and happiness but 
 all that power and influence which mental superiority and intellectual 
 vigour deserve. Canada may not have the varied climate and re- 
 sources of the great Power on her borders, but nevertheless she 
 possesses all those elements which tend tu make a people happy and 
 prosperous. Even our climate, rigorous as it is, has its advantages, 
 for it stimulates to action, while history tells us that the peoples who 
 have attained the truest national greatness have come from the North, 
 and have been famous for their enterprise on the ocean. In the veins 
 ot our people courses the blood of those Danes and Norsemen who in- 
 termingled with the Saxon, and formed at last a nation whose ad- 
 venture and enterprise on the seas far surpass the achievements of the 
 Sea Kings of old. 
 
 o 
 
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