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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent être filmés à des taux de réduction différents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour être reproduit en un seul cliché, il est filmé à partir de l'angle supérieur gauche, de gauche è droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nécessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la méthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I i V.' A PAMPHLET OOMPILBD AND ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPIUES OF THB BOARDS OF TRADE OF FICTOU AND CAPE BRETON •ON THÏ — COAL INDUSTRY OF THE DOMISIOS — ITS RBLATION TO THE — IRON SHIPPING — AND CARRYING TRADE OF CANADA. BY GEO. H. DOBSON, SECRETARY, CAPE BRETON BOARD OP TRADE. PRESENTED TO THE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, é OTTAWA: PRINTED Bf MACLEAN, ROQER & CO., WELLINGTON STREET. 1879. T CONTENTS. Importance of Coal The Coal Trade Dominion Collieries .... Nova Scotia Capo Breton , BritÎHh Columbia ., Showing of the Tablc.-s. Canada for Canadians... 6- 7 12 12 14 19 22 23 Countries that impose Duty on Coal 23, 24 24 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 37 37 38 American Coal Duty since 1824 Comparative qualities of American and Canadian Coals Capacity of Nova Scolia Collienes Nova Scotia Coal sales since 1785. do Exports, Home and Foreign, since 1860 do Exports to United States since 1850 Coal Imports into Canada, from the United States, since 1860 do do from all Countries Iron Production of the Globe, 1866-76 Coal do do 1866-76 American Production, Pig Iron, 1854-77 do Importation of Iron, 1855-77 Prices of American Bituminous Coal, 1863-78 Estimated area of Coal Deposits in different Countries Coat of Producing Coal in Great Briti in dOj United States do Nova Scotia Cost ol Producing Pig and Bar Iron 39 Coal Exports of Great Britain, 1877 do United States, 1877 j Price of Coal in Toronto, March, 1879 Budden's Letter on Canadian Coal Fields Inter-Provincial Coal. Trade 40 41 41 42 43 [Steam Power of Nova Scotia Coal (from Canal Commission Beport) 45 It mm Extracts from Evidence given beforo the Coal Committee of 1877— (S. H". Bobinson) ,,,, 4q (J. M. Vernon) Development ,of Coal and Iron Trade of Dominion 47 P. Clemow on American and Oanadiari Coal 49 G. H. Dobson on Inter-Provincial Coal Trade 49 Effect of the Coal Duty on Prices and Production, 1869-70-71 62 Table of Distances from Sydney to Cana^^ian and American Ports 62 Flour Shipments to the Lower Provinces by Intercolonial Kailway and St. Lawrence, 1878 , 63 IMPORTANCE OF COAL. "Coal !■< entitlol to bo considered aa the mainaprin^ of our civilization. By the power dovelopod in its combustion all the wheels of industry are kept in motion; commerce is carried with rapidity and certainty over all portions of the earth's sur- face ; the useful metals are brought from the deep caves in which they have hidden themselves, and are purified and wrought to serve the purposes of man. By coal, night is, in one sense, converted into day ; winter into summer ; and the life of man, measured by its fruits, greatly prolonged. Wealth, with all the comforts, the luxuries and the triumphs it brings, are its gifts. Though black, sooty, and often repulsive in its aspects, it is the embodiment of a power more potent than that attri- buted to the Genii in Oriental talcs. Its possession is, therefore, the highest material boon that can bo craved by a community or nation. — Proj. J. T. Newberry. *^ Maritime Provinces." •Says Charles Marshall, in his work, the " Canadian Dominion" : — " The Maritime Provinces in confederating with Canada, have augmented itfi power in a degree immsnsely exceeding the mere proportion of their population, or extent of their territory. " They have given her an ample seaboard, thickly studded with excellent harbours, coal-fields nearly as extensive as those of Great Britain, a merchant marine capable of commanding the North American carrying trade, and many thousands of hardy, skilful seafaring men, who, to use the language of Governor Andrews, in his report to Congress on the British North American Provinces, ' from their superior intelligence and bodily vigor, and their experience in the savigation of the cold and stormy coasts, are the best of seamen and well qualified to maintain the honour of their flag on every sea.' " " Coal-fields of immense extent occur on the very seaboard (Nova Scotia) to aid the natural advantages of position possessed by the Province for securing the direct trade between the old world and the new." • ' •^.,* *--i'i- -3 ■.» • * COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE DOMINION Tho valuo of coal, to countries poHBct-sing and utilizing it, in mado manifest by their prosperitj', and tho wealth and power of communities and nations whoso economy is influenced by its trade or dynamic powers. Of this England furnishes a most prominent illustration. To what can wo attribute the astonishing growth of her manufactories, i>hipp'''■ ...,» The securing of the carrying trade of the "West has been the ambition ot* Canada for many years. To accomplish it millions have been spent in the improve- ment of the St. Lawrence navigation, which route affords the shortest and most ready means of transit between the granaries of the West and the markets of Europe. Yet with all our natural advantages the American lines are not only holding their own trade but absorbing ours. The large amount of coal tonnage moving west furnishes their routes with return freight, which cheapens transportation and enables them to monopolize the western trade. To compete successfully with the American highways the St. Lawrence requires return freights which can only be afforded by Ontario drawing their supply of coal from our collieries through the St. Lawrence instead of through American channels. To acquire the Western carrying trade is to acquire wealth and power, and even should the means necessary for its developemont cause a temporary advance in our markets, the feeder that the inland commerce would be to maritime trade, and the markets and commerce that would result from its development throughout Canada would more than compensate for any temporary inconvenience the necessary tariff legislation might încur. ■ \i: v:< ■■■ ■.*! V''^''C * ' ;.> i ■'■> It l^ >■> DOMINION COLLIERIES. Description and capacity in tona cf the various collieriea in tlio Dominion of Canada, with statistics and evidence given before the Parliamentary Coal Committee, in 1877, on the coal and interprovincial trades. ' ,. . NOVA SCOTIA MINES ., ,. The following CDllieries are situated in Pictou ("Jounty, N.S., are all connected with the interior by the Intercolonial Railway, or can ship from their own wharves in Pictou Harbour or from the Intercolonial wharf at Halifax to any points attainable by water. , ALBION MINES. James Hudson, Manager, StoUarton, N.S. TVharf sitnate four miles from the town of Pictou, on East River, connecting with the mino3 by private railway. Depth of water at low tide 18 foot. Capacity 18),O0O tons per annum. Analysis : — Moisture 1-43 Volatile combustible matter 26'28 Fixed carbon 66*50 Ash ÎH 100-00 Cokes well and is largely use i for house and steam purposes. ACADIA MINES. Henst Poolb, Manager, Stellarton, N.S. Wharf on Pictou harbour connecting with mines by private railway, 13 miles in length, connecting with the Intercolonial Railway. Depth of water at low tide 22 foot. Capacity 160,000 tons per annum. 13 Anaîyais : — , /■ •<>/ • ' Moisturo 2- 10 Volatile combustible matter 32*27 Fixed carbon 6î «ot Ash 7-50 , Sulphur 0-50 100-00 Pnncijjally usetl fur domostie and steam purposes, considered specially adapted for the latter purpot^o. INTERCOLONIAL MINES. Robert Simpson, Manager, Westville, N. S. Wharf situate at Middle Rivei', connected to pit by railway bo von and a half miles long; distance from wharf to Town of Pictou, three miles ; depth of water at low tide, li) feet; cr.pacity, 150,030 tons per annumn. Analypis, ,, . , Total volatile matter 33-526 Fixed carbon 55-390 > Ash (grey) 10550 ^ Sulphur -594 '! •• / ;' o 100-000 Good for steam and house use. Tried at Pictou Gas Works with following result :— 8,500 cubic feet of gas per ton, with 3(] bushels of good coke. VALE COLLIERY. W. B. MooRE, New Glasgow, N. S. .,. mb^t»^ Wharf situate in Pictou harbour, connecting by private railway seven miles in length, with Intercolonial Railway at New Glasgow, thence eight and a half miles to wharf; depth of water at low tide, 26 feet ; capacity, 150,000 tons per annum. Analysis. Water 2 22 ' Volatile combustible matter 3023 Fixed carbon 5970 Ash (white) 7-85 100000 For a heavy steam coal this mine is unsurpassed, principally used for house and «team purpo.ses. The nut coal from this mine is specially adapted for base burning stoves, &c.> being very hard and free from sulphur. '14 BLACK DIAMOND COLLIERY. W. W. White, West\ i'ie. Wharf situate on Middle River, connecting with mine by private railway seven and a half miles long ; depth of water at low tide, 18 feet ; wharf three mile^ from Town of Pictou ; capacity, 80,003 tons per annum. This is the only colliery that docs not connect with the Intercolonial Railway. Coa' chiely used for iomostic and steam purposes. SPRINGHILL MINES. Wm. Hall, Manager, Springhill, N.S. Situate in Cumberland Co., N.S., onnecting by private railway five miles in length, with the Intercolonial Railway but have no facilities for water shipments except from railway docks at Ilalifux 100 miles away or own wharf at Parsboro on the Bay of Fundy 2S miles away, and Djrchestor 40 miles ; capacity, 150,000 tons per annum. Anaylsis: — Hygroscopic 1*02 Volatile, combustible matter 3-1-38 ■ •' Fixed carbon 60*82 Ash, white 378 10000 This coal is admirably fitted for the manufacture of gas, yields a compact coke containing but little ash and is well adapted for iron smelting ; it is also largely used for domestic and steam pui'poses. CAPE BRETON MINES. The following collieries are situate on the Island of Cape Breton, have at present no railway connection with the mainland bat from their location on the Gulf of St. Lawrence command a large supply of seeking ocean tonnage, and have every conveni- ence for cheap transportation to the St. Lawrence, American and West Indian ports. 15 SYDNEY MINES, C.B. R. II. J3rown, Manager, Sydney Mineb, C.B. WharvcB (2 in number) situate on North Sydney Harbour connected with mine» by railway 4J miloa in length. Depth of water at low tide 25 feet, capacity 200,000 tons per annum. Analysis: — Moisture 30-t Volatile combustible matter 31*14 Fixed carbon 61'60 Ash (reddish brown.) 4-32 10000 This coal is considered the best domestic coal in Nova Scotia; it is also used for etcam purposes. VICTORIA MINES. Wm. Routledge, Lessee. Situated at the entrance of Sydney Harbour. Connected with their wharf by a railway, three miles in length. Depth of water at low tide, 26 feet. Capacity 75,000 tons per annum. ' • * Analysis: — Volatile matter 38 70 Fixed Carbon , 58-40 Ash ..., 2-90 Considered an excellent domestic coal ; is also used for steam. '■ INTERNATIONAL MINES - " International Mine, Dodd and Gillies, Lessees, Sydney, C.B. Wharf situate on Sydney Harbour connected with mines by private railway,. 14 miles in length, depth of water at low tide 30 feet, capacity 150,000 tons per annum. Analysis : — Volatile matter 3409 Fixed carbon 62-92 Ash 2-99 100-00 Admirably adapted for the manufacture of gas, yielding 10,000 cubic feet and 1,470 lbs. of coke per ton ; also used for steam and house purposes. 10 GARDINER MINE. Wm. RouTLnDQK, Manager, Bridgoport, C.B. Situate 10 miles from Sydney Harbour, with which it is connected by the Inter- national Coal Co.'b railway, loading veaaels albo j.t the latter Co.'s wharf. Depth of wator at low tide, 30 feet; capacity, 80,000 tons per annum. Anaylsis: — GARDINER Volatile matter 31-37 Fixed carbon 6463 Ash 2-82 Sulphur 1.18 10000 Is a good house and steam coal spocialiy adapted for the latter purpose. RESERVE MINES. Situated 10 miles from Sydney Harbour and 16 miles from Louisburg ; connected with both those ports by railway. Depth of water at loading pier at Sydney at low tide, 25 feet. Depth of water &t Louisburg pier, 26 feet at low tide. Capacity 120,000 tons per annum. Regarded an excellent steam and domestic «oal. Analysis : — Volatile matter 3450 Fixed Carbon 59-50 Ash c 600 10000 Yield of gas per ton, 9,950 cubic foet; illuminating power, 13-17 candles. EMERY MINES. Situate near the last named mines; possessing the same railway connection and iioading piers at Sydney and Louisburg respectively. The coal of this mine is o»n- «Idcred a superior article lor steam and smelting purposes. Capacity 80,000 tons iper annom. n LING AN MINE. R. II. Dkown, Hunagor, S>(loey Mince, C.B. A^'barf in Lingan Bay connected with mines by railway Uiroo-foarthB mi length. Depth of water at low tide 15 feet, capacity 90,000 tons per annum. Analysis : — Volatile matter 33 84 Fixed carbon 63-60 Sulphur O'll Ash 1-79 100-00 yields Î>,Ï00 cubic feot^of gas per ton, is also used (orsteara and house purposes. LITTLE GLACE BAY MINES. Chari.ks Rigbt, Yanagor, Little Glace L'ay, C.B. Have excellent harbour for safety at Little Glace Bay. Ship direct from the pit. Depth of water at low tide 18 feet, capacity 120,000 tons per annam. Analysis: — Volatile matter 30-21 Fixed carbon 6*1-18 Ash (reddish brown) 4-32 Yields nearly 10,000 cubic feel of gas per ton, is also largely nscd for steam and house purposes. Chiefly used for gas. CALEDONIA MINES. David Mackebx, Manager, Little Glace Baj', C.B, Have a good harbour at Port Caledonia, depth of water, 18 feet, connected with the raines by Î mile of railway, capacity 120,000 tons por annum. Anayleis : — . Volatile matter 33-00 Fixed carbon 67-37 Ash 9-63 Is well adapter] for the manufacture of gas, yielding 9,700 cubic feet per ton ; also used for house and steam purposes. 18 ONTARIO MINE. John Sutukrland, Manager, Port Caledonia, C.B. Ships from the wharf of the Caledonia Mine. Depth of water at low tide 18 feet, capacity 40,000 tons per annum. Analysis: — Volatile matter 32-82 Fixed carbon 6433 Ash 2-85 10000 Principally used for steam and house purposes. BLOCK HOUSE MINING COMPANY. RoBEnT Belloni, Manager, Cow Bay, C.B. Situate immediately on the shore of Cow Bay, no railway, depth of water at low tide, 19 feet; capacity, 120,000 tons per annum. • Anaylsis : — Volatile 35-3'7 Fixed carbon 59-30 Ash, purplish red 533 • This coul is peculiarly well adapted for the manufacture of gas, yielding 10,500 cubic feet per toi is also a good steam and bouse coal, extensively used by the New York Gas Works. GOWEIE MINES. CnA8. Archibald, Manager, Cow Bay, C.B. VYharf Situate on Cow Bay, connecting with mines by railway 1 mile in length, depth of water at low tide, 1 9 feet ; capacity, 75,000 tons per annum. Anaylsis: — Volatile matter 30-64 Fixedcarbon 63-00 Ash 350 Sulphur 2-86 10000 This coal is highly recomraended for steam purposes, is a fair domestic ooal and produces a superior quality of coke. 1!» TORONTO COAL COMPANY— S. Napiir Robinson, Managbr. North Stdnit, C.B. Mine situated on littlo Bras d'Or Gut. Shipment made direct fVom pit to vessel. No railway. Depth of water at low tide 20 feet. Capacity 40,000 tons per annum. Moisture 1-63 Volatile combustible matter 3&'12 Fixed Carbon 57*19 Sulphur trace Ash 606 10000 Considered a good domestic and steam coal, used principally for the former purpose. Vessels loading at this mine for southern ports can proceed to sea through the Bras d'Or Lake, via St. Peter's Canal, saving by so doing some eighty miles distance. NEW CAMPBELLTON MINES.— Hon. C. J. Campbell. Baddkok, C.B. Wharf situated one-half mile from mouth of great Bras d'Or, connected with mine by one mile of railway. Depth of water at low tide 23 feet. Capacity, 30,000 tons per annum. Usad for house and steam purposes. Vessels loading hero for southern ports can proceed to sea through Bras d'Or Lake and St. Peter's Canal, saving by so doing- a consi le rable distance. THEj BRITISH COLUMBIA COAL MINES. It has long been known that rich coal deposits exist in British Columbia, and casual statements respecting them have been published from time to time. The latest and most authoritative information is contained in a report of the coal fields of Vancouver Island, embodied in the recent "Progress Report" and Geological Sur- vey of Canada. The production of coal in British Columbia was 154,052 tons in 1877, against 139,181 tons in 1876, an increase of nearly 15,000 tons. The mines are on Vancouver Island. The coal of this island is held in high esteem for gas, steam and household purposes. San Francisco is the principal market for its sale. The following extract is from the report on British Columbia, by Hon. H. L. Langovin, C. B. ; — "The coal-minoB of Columbia are very valuable and numerous. The mines of Nanaimo, which yield bituminouH coul, are thoso which, nt the present time, are the raoBt worked. They are very eony of acconH, and vosnels can be loailed from them without difflcully. This coul abound» on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, not only at Nanaimo, but also at Departure Bay, Bayno's Sound, Isquash, and at Mos- keeno, near the end of the Ibland. This coal is, in fact, the only good coal founi on the Pacific coast. Mr. Dilko had probably this in his mind when he remarked an follows, in his ' Great Britain ' : ' The position of the various stores of coal on the Pacific is of extreme importance «is un inuex to the future distribution of jjower in that part of the world ; but it is not enough to know where coal is to bo founi, with- out looking also to the quantit}', quality and cheapness of labor, and facility of transport. In China, and in Borneo, there are extensive coal fields, but thoy lie the wrong way for trade. On the other hand, the California coal at Monte Diable, San Diego, and Monterey, lies well, but is bad in quality. " The yield of coal in 1869 to 1871, from the Vancouver Coal Mining Company, in British Columbia, was 110,645 tons. The production was 154,052 tons in 1877, against 139,191 in 1876, an increase of nearly 15,000 tons. The coal is held in high esteem for gas, steam, and household purpose. San Francisco is the principal market for its sale. WELLINGTON MINK. • . DuNSMniR, DioQLB & Co., Departure Bay, B.C. Wharves situate on Departure Bay connecting with mines by railway, 3 miles in length ; depth of water at low tide, 18 and 25 foot ; capacity, 150,000 tons pec annum. Analysis: — Fixed carbon 55.60 Volatile matter 34.70 Ash 9-80 100.00 This coal is used principally for steam and domestic pi^'poses. il NANAIliO COLIJERY. Vanc()u\ BU CoAL Mining Co., Nunuirno, B.C. Situato at Nantiitno closo to the harbour. Depth of water at low tide 24 fuot. ^ td a^ao.: n ov s S S .2 «a g. S ,"5 * 3-< a ^ « o ocu 00 <« oOH o 4> S! a z o ooH B>0 C0« s; 09 o» S oo I 'o 52 î:g8§SS! O O) Oï 0> C> O CO o ô 00 o o © >o O) « 00 w )0 • « 00 S t- o I lA un 0> CO o flDQOiofO'^t-OS^ S t-t-t-0W0P'5^M'^0«« • f— t t^ CO ç» geb^-<îo B5 lO ■^ ■â o A o o m e« a> 05 :fS •4< to o 0) o ^- A lO o M 00 00 CO d CM •OiOiO (O O-'SlOCOtOCO s S-; ^ ® ** •g-o « as* lO o p o (0 M o iS ao^- t^* 00 A O) C4 CO CO CO CO ^ CO t> là C4 t-CO '<*< U9 G4 CO CO CO s o » o •*• ooo O O t- 00 C< ■^ CO CO o •*• •^ •-C 00 o CO CO CO CO ^ ^ 9 J3 ! >- O o o QQ OQ $ ..J a « ■2-3 S sis • ^4 Ok MM a o 26 The sales of the several Collieries in 1876, and Minimum and Maximum capacity, «re as follows : — Name of Colliery and County. Cumberland County. ■Cumberland Colliery tiouth Joggins. Folly Mountain. fiprinf jogRina Pietou County. Acadia ■ Albion Mine.... Intercolonial... Nora Scotia .... Vale , A Cape Breton. Block House Caledonia Joronto mery Oardiner ^lace Bay Gowrie Ingraham International Lingan Ontario Keserve Schooner Pond ;8outh Head Sydney Mines. Victoria Port Hood Ifew Gampbellton. Britith Columbia, Bayne's Sound Golliery~. Wellington Nanaimo Total! . Goal sold in 1876. Tons. 3,096 1,121 11,766 52,3^5 10 46,319 90,650 40,622 12,674 28,365 31,033 26,323 5,693 40 28,698 20,103 40 24,111 15,289 11,096 663 102,644 17,672 2,548 3,362 1,000 60,000 160,000 785,121 Men Employed in 1876. No. 41 13 64 214 192 615 214 86 170 129 88 83 14 5 127 166 109 103 76 10 20 11 516 90 27 48 3,770 Min. Capacity. Tons. 20,000 20,000 30,000 100,000 100,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 100,000 80,000 80,000 20,000 40,000 40,000 80,000 60,000 100,000 60,000 20,000 80,000 40,000 20,000 150,000 60,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 200,000 1,940,000 Max. Capacity. f Tons. 40,000 40,000 60,000 150,000 160,000 180,000 150,000 120,000 150,000 120,000 120,000 40,000 80,000 80,000 120,000 76,000 150,000 90,000 4«,000 120,000 60,000 30,000 200,000 7.\00O 30,000 30,000 30,000 150,000 220,000 2,900,000 Coal Sales in Nova Scotia from 1785 to 1875 (Inclusive). Year. 1785. 1786. 1787. 1788.. J789. 1790. 1791., 1792., 1793.. 1794.. 1795. 1796.. 1797.. 1798.. 1799., 1800., 1801.. 1802., 1803., 1804.. 1806.. 1806., 1807.. 1808. 1809.. 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. )813.. 1814.. 1815.. 1816.. 1817.. 1818.. 1819.. 1820.. 1821.. 1822.. 1823.. 1824.. 1826. 1826.. 1827.. 1828.. 1829» 1830.. Sales. 1,668 2,000 10,681 2,670 2.143 1,926 4,405 5,320 5,249 6,039 S,948 8,947 8,401 5,775 7,769 6,601 5,976 10,130 4,938 5,119 6,616 8,919 8,609 8,616 9,570 9,744 9^866 9,336 8,619 9,284 7,920 8,692 9,980 11,388 7,612 27,000 12,600 12,149 20,967 2I4935 27,269 Total. 14,349 51,048 70,462 91,527 140,820 Year. 1831. 1832 1833. 1834 1835., 1836. 1837 . 1838. 1839. 1840., 1841.. 1842.. 1843. 1844 1845.. 1846.. 1847 1848.. 1849.. 1850., 18Jl. 1852, 1853 1854. 1855. 1856 1857., 1858., 1859. I860. 1861 1863 , 1863.. 1864.. 1865., 1866. 1867., 1868.. 1869.. 1870., 1871 . 1872 . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.., 1876., 1877.. .. , lyfS •#*!• |*«iMt«» !•««*• Hl»,^*« Total. Sales. 37,170 50,396 64,743 50,813 56,434 107,593 118,942 106,730 146,962 101,198 148,298 129,708 105,161 108,482 150,674 147,506 201,6:0 187,643 174,592 180,084 153,499 189,076 217,426 234,312 238,215 253,492 294,198 226,726 270,293 322,593 326,429 395,637 429,.351 676,935 635,586 558,620 471,185 453,624 513,795 568,277 696,118 785,914 881,106 749,127 706,795 634,207 687,035 693,611 ToUl, 839,981 1,633,798 2,393,829 4,927,339 6,734,143 16,803,268 œ 55 1 ^ -ÏÎ- r-4 S * ^i : § « J 1 t- rf" «T en" 0> $ to" • Î CO oc v^ <0 ■* !>• »-H cJ n • • «•'■«A '1 -•«• 00 00 Cfl Oi $ -o Q . w 9» 1—* ■<*< to #-« t^ ».' t^ 00 n t- CM v • •c « >n ■^ <3> >o ^ 00 (W • ■"J- « a o ■«r -r »-H • oH « •«1 ■ i M c ra 00 00 •»« ^H ^_ to §! ^ ■* t- s to to o o r- i> ^^ CO o ^ t- : ^ o >o ■T M t- ^^ : ♦■ " .-* w • « • - * • » — 1 . » o i 00 i ^ to 5! i ; ! t- 0- « eo •^ ■* ! O ■ • • • a; t- 1— ( © « o M ta to •C ce s to »-H P s t~ 00 ta H • • : •a • *' M • , — - t 1— t : : • o ^ S i-H 93 § « © • • • t- 00 W t- fH t- w • * 1— « Co o « e^ W 1 s; , • ss rH ; ^^ e^ CO kJ i-4 ■ • Î c« • -< 1 I : t • no 1 . c» 95 00 o c lO A • « • *- i g © ■ i 4 • ' i 1 • f-4 ; oe • * of i ef O CI c -* CO 2 o ! • • » cc , , • • p- o o t- W-* : 9> C) ^ 00* • o i : 4 : 00 ; ■^ 4 • 1 : CO : S § t> s o i J oo • 2 • • "«I- : ef O "^ r~4 • • : • ^ • ' : t-I § 5 : > • 03 : • j X : • C 5 e^ 1 : • • • Z I 00 1— « ^ > • 1 Î 1 : : ; > • ^ 1 > : > • > 5 to : ; : • ■ • I 2 9 i ; ?! J • • • • • • • • ■* : • : : : î : : : : • • 1 : • • • 5 : oS : • • «-^ : ; • : • • : : • 1 J ■a s "3 : ^ : 4) 3 a ! s a 1 &4 ^ ■ m : o i 2 J a 3 1 .S s 05 OS ► S • 1 • • • s s '■3 a 4. 1 ■4-1 3 > 1 i S i » : e : K e i •G pa i c G ^ 1 .2 8 1 2 '3 1 •M 1 '«-1 a 1 a 1 OC 1 DQ QQ î C ) 29 Exports of Coal into tho United States from Nova Scotia. Year. 1860. 1861.. 1862. 1893.. 1864.. 1866.. 1866.. I8r7. 1868.. 1869.. I860.. 1861. 1862 1863. 1864. Tons. 98,173 116,274 87,642 120,764 139,125 103,222 126,152 123,335 186,743 122,720 149,289 204,467 192,612 282,774 347,694 Duty. 24 ad val. do do do Reciprocity. do do do do do do do do do Year. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868 1869. 1870. 1871., 1872 1873. 1874. 1876 1876. 1877.. 1878. Tons. 46,'), 194 404,252 338,492 228,132 267,485 168,180 165,431 161,092 264,760 138,335 89,746 71,634 118,216 83,495 Duty. Reciprocity. $1 25 1 25 1 26 1 25 1 25 1 26 76 75 76 75 75 75 75 Imports of Coal into Canada from tho United States (from Canadian Blue Books.) I ear. 1860 1861 1862 1863.. 1864 (six months). 1866 1866 1867 , 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 No. of Tons. 79,886 171,561 105.905 103,547 22,100 132,200 110,765 182,669 183,391 204,268 222,614 165,350 311,091 Year. 1873 ~ 1874 „ 1875 1876 1877 { No. of Tons. 463,868 671,023 612,836 625,203 416,869 363,795 769,664 Remarks. Anthracite. Bituminous. Anthracite. 404,389 342,127 Bituminous. 746,616 30 !'■> Il S 1 •f cq lA a> f to o la t~ >e> e^ 9<90»ocqq ^ « 00 enTj'.-.t-^ôn-t- ooMt-ASo g sf a j«ss"8Sfsss s":^af }?§" o t- t— a> > P <1 Q O O O O o 1 in ^ 00 -sonate t^ ne* ■V to ci at ■^ to t~ o t~ -^ ta m t- fi^ c>jo ?■> i5 00 o» «f lo" of oçoo'-^o'arrf i^ os •* « M "O w o» «} 00 F-i c* N M «e^wcSW lO 05»- •*!SO 05 — eo -H M» ■0,00 — < iC •* 00 t- 00 t- o «5 o» M •^ e^ooo'^©p»oco-i'eeoo lOOrHeOOTOseor-OcoQflO )rtfOt-c»(eeo.--i 4> D o ~> to^^otoco» 'f n 00 o tooo tf> 0» no 4» '^ 00 S 2 ) lO '^00 A O OQ 00 00 CO 05 oTio < " t-co< S! t-O» (_0 «o^oo. o»o m -H l- •A 0> rf- «■g Oi-< a o H W i-< lO l-00l»0>i-'00'* 00

a ^ at- to m fito a> -H o«rti-iooooof>5 r^ i-M I— I f-4 r-* N C* o -^ 00 eo lo c*s «5 05 lO CM M o eo o_oo^o_oq_e« »ô"-î"eo".4"e«"io CO -H ee i— '^ « >-i CO '^ (0 >0 (O 05 m «O05 * ■* ^ rH I- CO •* I Pcif-r-^f M CO o r- la '^ S§i "-•Q lOCO «00 -* "H < ^d ^ ^4 _. „ , CO eo 05 lO t- •* c» © tato e* OOCOt-05 Ot-rHCOCO C4 -J U3 CO S ri t- 00 ©-< r-i S ^g • t- h- ^- t- t-> flO 00 00 00 00 00 06 03 CD 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 -o 81 «s "«I 00 o S /-' 'itw'-'.vA l ^;:t i<*.;it';;>J ceoco 00 --*- ; » 1 : I 1 o» -Oi 00 ■* «t- eo •« * ■o itrt>?i-r ef : lo- «" 2 to • •» t- H'.:.:. ■*(' ce o 00 2 o»® M C* -< ;@; S S! « O» -S 2 g. s ^ § « ■■^fiQO 00*0 •© J ûi ^ g 5 S B « li oô". _ t- o o 00 V'O V ir ! i 33 Iron Production of the Globe, 1866 to 1877. OountrieB. Production. Tear. Tons. QmA "^ritftin QtnakJij France Belgium.. finasi» AoBtro-HnnRarj Sweden ^ Loxemburg Spain ^~. . Italy Other Countries of Europe.... United States ».. Other Countries of America.. 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 Africa AoBtralia. Canada.... Total, 4,696,279 1,000,492 1,260,348 482,404 314,850 284,638 230,670 46,460 39,254 22,200 1,226,031 14,324,619 Year. 1876 1876 1877 1876 1875 1876 1876 1876 1873 1875 1876 1877 1877 leeee» •••••• I Tons. 6,660,893 1,614,687 1,453,112 490,508 426,896 400,426 351,718 231,658 42,825 20,278 [ : 60,000 2,351,618 115,000 60,000 30,000 15,000 11,000 Per- centage- of Increase. 44 92- 61-3» IS-S» 1-68 35 6» 40 68 52-4» 398-62 8-92 91-96 14,335,619 taeea ••• Coal Production of the Globe, 1866 to 1877. Oouatriei. •Greftt Britain Germany ^.. France Belgium Austro-IIungary . Russia £pain Italy Production. Year. • 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 18G6 Tons, Sweden I 1866 Other Counlrjps of Europe United States Canada Otiier Countries of America X. Asia Africa Australia Oana^a (N.S. and B.O.) 1866 1866 Total , 1866 1873 103,069,804 28,162,805 12,234,165 12,774,662 4,893,933 271,633 432,664 70,000 36,467 Year. 21,866,844 558,519 774,000 1,160,467 186,286,153 1876 1877 1877 1876 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1876 1876 1876 1877 Tons. 136,611,788 48,296,367 16,889,201 14,329,578 13,362,586 1,709,269 706,814 102,140 92,352 80,000 48,273,447 709,646 400,000 4,120,000 100,000 1,380,000 927,426 287,090,604 Per- centage of Increase Pei^ oantag0 Decrease 31-67 71-48 38-04 12-17 17608 529-49 63-36 45-91 153-26 120'85 27-06 78-29 19-88 84 AMERICAN PKODUOTION OF PIG IRON FROM 1864 TO 1877. In the following table wo give the statisticH of the production of pig ii*on in the TJnited State» from 1864 to 1877, cluesitied according to tbo kind of fuel uuod. Years. 1S64. 18U. 1856.. W. 1868 1869.. I860.. 1861., 1862.. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872 1873., 1874. 1876. 1876. 1877. Anthracite. 339,436 381,866 443,113 390,386 361,430 471,746 619,211 40(>,229 470,316 677,638 684,018 479,668 749,367 798,638 893,000 971,160 980,000 966,608 1,369,812 1,312,764 1,202,144 908,046 794,678 934,797 Gharcoal. 842,298 339,922 370,470 330,321 286,313 284,041 278,331 196,278 186,660 212,006 241,863 262,342 332,680 344,341 370,000 392,160 366,000 385,000 600,687 677,620 676,657 410,990 308,649 317.843 Bituniinoufl Coal and Goke. Total. 64,485 736,21S 62,390 784,178 69,664 88.3,137 77,461 798, 16T 58,351 705,094 84,841 840,62T 122,228 919,770 127,037 731,644 130,697 787,661 157,961 947,604 210,126 1,135,996 189,682 931,582 268,396 1,360,343 318,647 1,461,62S 340,000 1,603,000 553,341 1,916,641 670,000 1,866,000^ 670,000 1,911,608 984,159 977,904 910,712 947,545 990,009 1,061,946 2,854,668 2,868,278 2,689,413 2,266,581 2,093,23» 2,314,585- 3ft AMKRIOAN IMPORTATION OF IRON. (jCAifTtTiBS and Vnliiu of Pig and Rollod Iron imported into Vho United StatoH from 1855- to 1877, compiled from StatiMtios nuppliod by the United Stat>)H Bureau of StutiHtioa. Fiieal Tears. 1865... 1866... 1867... 1868... 1869. I8A0... 1861.... 1863..., 1863... 1864... 1866... 1866.... 1867... 1868... 1869. 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873. .. 1874. .. 1876. .. 1876. Pi(( Iron. Gross Tons. • •••a *••••< lui I • «••••••■• Value. $ 98,fl26 1,979,463 69,013 1,171.186 61,794 1,001,742 41,986 739,949 72,517 1,049,200 71,498 1,006,866 74,026 979,916 22,247 286,323 31,007 436,194 102,223 1,288,424 60,652 806,652 102,392 1,083,186 112,042 1,831,465 112,133 1,778,977 136,976 2,138,030 163,283 2,509,280 178,138 3,106,490 247,51!8 6,122,318 213,496 7,203,769 92,041 3,288,022 63,748 1,458,668 79,466 1,918,547 67,922 1,566,41C Rail rond Iron, Including Steel Ralls. Gross Tons. Value. 127,616 166,496 179,305 76,746 69,966 122.176 74,4!)0 8,611 17,088 118,714 77,518 78,007 96,272 161,097 237,703 279,705 458,055 631,636 357,629 148,918 42,082 4,708 30 $ 4,993,900 6,179,280 7,465,696 2,987,676 2,274,032 .3,709,376 2,162,696 222,967 640,494 3,904,017 2,903,828 2,806,390 3,317,862 4,373,162 7,305,846 9,669,671 17,380.297 22,066,635 19,740,702 10,758,436 2,932,311 321,020 1,464 Bar, Rod, Hoop, Sheet and Plate Ir roo. Gross Tons. I 144,911 ! 137,778 133,970 91,646 120,686 172,632 125,464 33,170 I 86,834 133.830 66,292 79.926 101,764 92,3S9 102,791 89,370 112,735 130,200 95,744 40,163 28,929 30,898 26,306 Value. « 7,738,406 6,990,744 6,640,900 4,96.1,811 6,667,30» 6,407,738 6,685,498 1,581.270 4,102,327 6,981,16(> 3,746,8.56 3, 993, .366 6,326,66& 4,788,012 4,945,910 4,479,524 6,206,720 6,900,621 7,477,656 4,042,078 2,61.1,854 2,317,126 1,632,816 The production of anthracite pig iron fii'Ht overtook that of charcoal in 1855, and the production of bituminous coal and coko pig iron first overtook that of charcoaK in 1869 and that of anihrocito in 1875. 8 » » 3 II tS 86 ±»EICES OF AMERICAN BITUMINOUS COAL. AVKR-iQE Price in Dollars of Cumberland Coal, P. O. B. at Baltimore, from 1853 to 1878, with Average Freight to BoHton — Per ton of 2,2-tO Iba. ■ '•' v' Years. t' . 3 fift _ K RQ 1862 1 4 ÔÔ 4 25 4 11 5 50, 5 50 6 21! 6 50 G 75 G 00 5 75 4 88 4 92 4 33 4 25 2 42 6 58 1863 ... 5 60 5 75 8 56 6 35 6 00 6 00 5 66 5 75 5 83' 6 00 10 25 9 01 7 00 6 00 (i oa 5 50 5 50 S 2r. r. .^0 s BO 3 28 R RR 1864 1865 1866 7 41 ' 8 3G; 8 36 7 00 7 00 G 75; G 75 5 66' 5 C;; 5 GG 5 62 4 881 4 92; 4 88 4 88 4 67 4 70' 4 75 4 83 4 96 4 96 5 00 5 00 4 72' 4 72 4 72! 4 72 8 63 6 75 5 66 4 88 4 83 4 96 4 72 ■'4*75 3 39 3 79 3 53 2 68 3 21 2 83 2 64 10 23 11 36 9 47 1867 5 25 4 87 5 00 4 72 4 72 4 62 4 83 4 65 4 35 4 00 5 13 4 75 4 96 4 72 4 72 4 64 4 93 4 65 4 40 A 90 7 66 1868 1869... 1870 5 00 5 00 4 72 4 72 4 70 4 75 5 00 5 00 4 72 4 72 4 65 4 Ta 4 70 4 96 4 72 4 72 4 64 4 85 4 68 4 96 4 72 8 00 7 80 7 3fi 1871 1872 1873 4 72i 4 72 4 72, 4 72! 4 72 4 64 4 64 4 G4' 4 64| 4 75 4 8.5' 4 85 4 88l 4 881 2 73 7 45 3 06| 7 72 3 05 7 An 1874 1876 1876 4 65, 4 63 4 65' 4 70 4 25l 4 20 3 72; 3 80 3 17 ?< 17 4 65 4 55 4 30 4 30 3 85 3 85 3 20| 3 20 4 55 4 30 3 76 3 20 4 65 4 40 3 90 3 IG 4 65 4 40 3 85 4 65 4 65 4 40 4 40 3 901 3 80 2 28 2 11 1 83 1 70 1 50 6 91 6 63 5 76 1877 3 781 3 33 3 171 s 17 3 17 3 17Î 3 17! 3 34 6 04 1878 3 16 4 66 1 1 " > ►-. m -} *'-■ Estimated area of the coal deposits of the different countries of the world :— ., Square Miles. . United States '. 192 000 ; Canada.. 60,000 Russia 30000 '• Australia 24.000 * Great Britain 11900 Japan 5,000 v:, Spain 3 501 ^''•anee 2,086 , India 2,004 ^^ ' , Germany ; liy^O Belgium 510 ^ ' THE COST OF PUODUCINa COAL. .. r ■ ■■'.-. • ■ '■•' • ' ■ ■■ ■ .'.■'■■ ■■' '•'•■'■*.", ' ■' ■ ■ ' ■ ■ " ■■■',, -:.■•'-■ ^ A comparison of the expenses in the working of collieries will show howlavour- ably the cost of mining in Canada compares with that of other countries. ^1 ;i 'h':> .r Cost of Mining in England. , c ;»'•:; The following gives the actual cost in detail as it was early in 1878 :— ' Durham. Northumberland. Cts. Cts. Heaving 36 52 Other underground labor 30 30 Outside labor I71 jiy loyalty llj 12 Materials, horses, machinery 24 23 Taxes and oflSce charges 04 05 y $1 23 Oost of American Goal. $1 40 These figures show the out-put of the Blossburg Bituminous Coal Mines, Pa., in 1877, the pay-roll for the year, and its cost per ton :— Coal raised, 182, :07 tons ; pay- roll of the mines for the year, $186,000; cost of coal, «1.02. The average cost of production for the 26 Bituminous Collieries in the County of Allegheny, in 1877, by the pay-roll of the mines, was 99 cents per ton. 8 ^ 38 , ■ Cost of Nova bcotia Coal. Tho following is the out-put of the Glace Bay Mines, C.B., Nova Scotia, in 1877, and the cost of the production by the pay-roll : — Coal i-aised, 35,000 tons ; pay-roll for the year, $33,600 ; cost per ton, 95 cents. Cost of American Anthracite. The following figures gives the out-put for a series of years, and shows the effect of large production in the cost, tonnage, expenses, and average cost per ton for coal at collieries worked by the Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company : Years. , . . Tons. Expensea. Cost per Ton. 1873.... 1,348,838 «3,385,149 68 $2 51 1874 1,374,790 3,364,908 37 2 44-8 1875 1,510,572 2,821,609 51 186-7 1876 1,835,364 2,509,483 34 135-4 1877 3,794,528 3,942,591 71 . 1 09-9 - "^ ' f ' To show more fully how ' 'gely production governs the cost of mining. The out-put of the above mines in April, 1875, was 5,790 tons ; the cost per ton for that month, 612.53. In November of the same year the out-put was 228,895 tons, and cost per ton only $1.60. In February, 1877, the out-put was 133,114 torjs, and the cost per ton $1.72. In November of the same year the production came up to 279,247 tons, and the cost declined to 85 cents per ton. • * ■ ■ These estimates do not include interest on capital invested or the royalty (ex- cept of the English mines), nor the depreciation of the plant. Th« 80 1 187*7, roll for COST OP PRODUCTION OF IRON IN U. 8. AvBRAQE Cost per Ton of Pig Iron on Farnaco Bank, and of Merchant Bar in Mill, from 1875 to 1879, inclusive, compiled from original data by Mr. W. E. S. Baker, Secretary of the Eastern Ironmasterti' Association. » AVERAGE COST OP PIG IRON, 1875 TO 1879. e effect for coal g. The for that per ton ,72. and the Ity (ex- I 1875. 187G. 1877. Jauuary, 4 1879. Cost of Ore to the ton of Pig Iron do Goal do do Limestone do $ cts. 11 95 8 01 1 14 2 97 2 10 $ cts. 9 64 6 79 1 01 2 64 1 73 $ cts. 7 69 4 93 81 2 02 1 an f cts. 6 51 5 29 78 do Labour do do General oontinsrenciea 1 86 1 29 ■*• • • Coat at Furnace Bank 26 17 1 70 21 61 1 69 17 10 1 26 16 73 Add interest on capital on a product of 6,000 tons. 1 15 Total cost to the producer 27 87 23 20 18 36 16 88 1 AVERAGE COST OF BAR IRON, 1875 TO 1879. 1875. 1876. 1877. Januarr, 1879. Coat of Pijj Iron to the ton of Finished Bar Iron... do Goal do do do Labour do do General contingencies $ cts. 29 12 8 73 16 87 4 79 $ cts. 25 19 6 86 15 74 4 73 $ cts. 21 93 6 89 12 93 4 62 $ cts. 20 13 6 01 11 98 4 41 Cost in the Mill, finished Add interest en capital on a product of 6,000 tons. 59 61 1 86 52 51 1 70 45 37 1 36 42 53 1 30 Total cost to the Manufacturer 61 37 64 21 46 72 43 83 , ■.•:■■ ... . . Tons. Owt. Qrs. Lbs. Quantity of Ore used to make one ton of Pig Iron, average 10 years do Coal do do do do Limestone do do do 2 1 15 14 16 1 3 1 17 27 06 The ajtove group of ftimacrs used Juniata and Montour hematite ores, and a little Corn wall» The coal otme chiefiy from the Lehigh and Wyoming Valley a. 3J 40 AVERAGE COST OP BAR IRON, 1875 TO 1879— Cone/ uded. Tons. Owt. 04 12 Qrs. Lbs. Quantity of Pig Iron used to make one ton of Finished Bar Iron, AVAPACTP 10 veara 1 1 1 2 13 Quantity of Goal used to make one ton of Finished Bar Iron, average 10 years 03 The above rolling-mills used Gray Forge pig iron and Clearfield and Cumberland coal. COAL EXPORTS OF GREAT BRITaiN. "■ '' The following table will ahow the expoi't coal ti*ade of the United Kingdom, and the countries to which exported, omitting those taking less than 50,000 tons. Countries to which Exported. Tons. 1877 Northern ports of Eussia 943,584 Southern ports of Eussia 85,319 Sweden " 775,284 Norway 438,875 Denmark 765,608 Germany 2,042,911 Holland 411,555 Belgium .., 259,257 Channel Islands 66,552 France ; 3,010,143 Portugal, Azores and Madeira . 260,293 Spain and Canaries 826,471 Gibraltar 180,522 Italy 1,072,928 Austi'ian Territories 82,943 Malta 278,211 Greece 80,578 Turkey 217,991 Egypt 520,476 Countries to which Exported. Tons. 1877. Algeria 60,720 West Coast of Africa 88,636 British South Africa 55,916 Continental India 577,337 Straits Settlements 222,509 Ceylon 96,117 Java 111,533 China 119,254 British North America 179,076 United States — Atlantic Coast. . 63,136 do Pacific Coast.... 75,378 British West Indies 173,992 Foreign West Indies 286,580 Peru 84,093 Chili 160,460 Brazil 340,225 Uruguay 141,404 Argentine Eepublic 59,175 4ir COAL EXPORTS OF UNITED STATES. Lbs. 13 03 jdom, and 8. PonB. 1877. . 60,t20 . 88,636 . 55,916 . 577,33t .. 222,509 .. 96,in ' .. 111,533 . 119,254 .. 179,076 . . 63,136 .. 75,378 ... 173,992 ... 286,580 ... 84,093 ... 160,460 ... 340,225 ... 141,404 ... 59,176 The following shows the export trade of the United States with the West Indies and South America for 1877 : — ,, ( . I , , Countries. Brazil '' • Central American States /' Chili Danish West Indies ' French West Indies British West Indies • Dutch West Indies îiu^ ^^^«* Peru San Domingo ' Cuba 55,168 Porto Eico - ' XJ. S. of Columbia '"' Venezuela , PEIOE COAL AT TORONTO. March \st, 1879, jirepared by Rogers & Co., of Toronto, for this Pamphlet. ' Names and prices of the principal coals at present used in Toronto, coming from the United States : — ... ' , • , , ■ jr ''■' ' Brookfield 04 27 per ton of 2.000 lbs. - Tons Bitumiaous. Tons Anthracite. 115 466 . 59 61 V 1,940 1,021 7,779 3,424 17") 1,693 2,093 202 2,138 297 ' ■ 484 55,168 17,342 347 19,967 3,320 1,543 216 Churchill Best Briar Hill... Union Briar Hill. Massilon Straitsvillo , Monday Creek . . . Youghoigheny... . Key nolds ville... . 4 27 do 4 27 r do 3 97 - ■ do 3 47 '^'"^; do 3 47 do 3 17 do 4 00 do 3 90 '-'"' do te 12 Extract from letters of Mr. H. A. Budden, Ji ntreal, read before the Dominion Board of Trade, nth January, ÏS18. Montreal, 13th December, 1877. Among the various industries of the Dominion, that of coal mining is destined to take a prominent and exort an influence second to none. Canada will not attain its proper position until its extremities are bound together by a trans-continental rail- way, and traffic from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans carried over it, the motive- power, coal, lies in abundance. The Nova Scotia collieries have been worked since 1785, while those of Vancouver Island are only in their infancy. No other fields have yet been opened ; the total product of Vancouver Island in 1876 was about 150,000 tons, principal amount going to San Francisco. The quality of coal is very similar to that of Nova Sootia. The collieries are all situated near the sea, and capable of indefinite extension. The Nova Scotia coal fields, sti-etching out as they do into the Atlantic Ocean, invite the commerce of the world, and furnish coal at a nearer point to the sea boai-d than any coal fields of the United States. On the Island of Capo Breton the coal area is very extensive and the coal of excellent quality, much esteemed for gas making and other purposes. North Sydney is becoming an im])ortant port of call for vessels seeking cargo, not only from the St. Lawrence, but from all ports on the Atlantic sea board. The collieries delivering coal in Sydney Harbour can supply an unlimited amount The Pictou coal field is on the mainland of Nova Scotia, and within a few miles of Pictou Harbour, being also connected with Halifax by rail, one hundred miles distant. Five collieries are in operation fully equipped but languishing for want of demand ; the excellent quality of these coals renders their use available for every purpose — they are exceptionally free from sulphur, and make a coke equal to the best North Durham ; their hardness and exceptional fi'eedom from foreign substances make them safe for shipment to warm climates. The Maritime Provinces with their fishing, shipping and mineral wealth will afford a growing market to the agriculturalists of Onta o and the west. Quebec will naturally take a foremost position in manufactures, an^ draw sup- plies from all. Ontario, besides her agriculture, has her* petroleum wells and salt to develop. To enlarge the home market for coal and iron, a moderate tariff is required sufficient to give an impetus to their production and manufacture. This necessity arises from the peculiar position of Canada, her present home market is limited, and the miners and manufacturers of Great Britain and the United States are eager to control it. The peninsula of western Ontario can have no cause to complain of a moderate tariff' on coal and iron ; the products, breadstuffs, cattle, butter, cheese and petroleum will find an increasing demand from a growing population in the Maritime Provinces. 43 An incTCP^od production of coal will enable it to bo produced at a very much lower cost, and there is no reason why it should not compote with American coal on Lake Ontario, and neutralize the effect of the proposed duty. An important feature in the improvement of the coal trade would bo the establishment of sugar refineries at Halifax, St. John and Montreal and other places not only would the consumption of coal as fuel be considerable, but the export de- mand for coal as retui n cargo to the West Indies, and other sugar producing coun- iries, would soon reach a magnitude much to be desired. INTBR-PROVINCIAL COAL TEADE. Eeproduced from No. iO of the Maritime. The Coal Trade Review refers in a late number to tho agitation for a duty on coal entering the Dominion, and to the fact that the question affects twelve millions of dollars capital invested in the mines, and a population of 30,000 directly interested in this industry. * * * h« * * The carriage of 200,000 tons of ccal at SI per ton would yield a gross income of $200,000 each open season^ Ten iron steam colliers of 1000 tons each, dead weight capacity, would cost in England to-day about £10 per such ton— £100,000 or 1500,000 in all. It is clear, therefore, that at $ I per ton a large profit would accrue to a coal transportation company doing this trade. .. "We have before us the example of tho Philadelphia and Eeading Company's steam colliers constructed to enable the company to successfully compete with other shippers who had a geographical advantage, such as Now York, which is nearer points of heavy consumption ; » Six steamers were built in 1869 and in 18'70,the Eattlosnake,Centipodo, Achilles, Hercules, Panther and Leopard. The carrying capacity of those vessels ranged from 500 to 1,025 tons. ^ The first collier completed was the Eattlesnake, and she began operation in June, 1869. She was followed by the Centipede, September, 1869, Achilles, March, 1810, Hercules, May, 1870, Leopard, July, 1870, and Panther in August, 1870. Many people dojbted the wisdom of the collier business, but the officers of the P. & E. E. E. Co. had faith in the ultimate success of the enterpriso. After an oxporienco covering a period of nearly four years i' tund that the BIX steamers wore not only a succesH, but that they were totall' quate to carry on the largely-increased business. In 18T4 the tonnage -ad from 4,800 to 16,000 tons. It was, therefore, decided to increase the li .tod during the year 1874 the Heading, Harrisburg, Lancaster, Williamsport, Allentown and Pottsvillo, built by Messrs. Cramp, and the Perkiomon and Berks were added. The steamers are all built of iron, in the most substantial raannor,and with water- tank bottoms. The entire construction is with a view of having the steamers especially adapted to the carrying of coal, as they do not bring any retui'n cargo. The ships are of great strength, so as to enable them to lie aground with a full cargo on board, as they frequently do at the other end of the route. ' now THE COLLIERS OPERATED. We have to take Philadelphia as a starting point, and suppose a steamer had been made fast lo a pier. The captain tinds there a sufficient amount of coal to fill his vessel. The hatches have been opened previous to the vessel coming into the dock. In a very short time the loading commences, and is continued in the quickest way — by shutes in the hold of the vessel. No time is lost in the operations of one of those colliers. They generally leave for their destination at daylight on the day following their arrival here. As soon as the hatches are closed the vessel starts, and the work of cleansing up the decks is performed during tho trip down the river. At the place of destination the hour for the arrival of the steamer is known some time before, and whore the vessel is moored there is always a small army of men ready to go to work unloading the cargo. No preparations are nccessary,as all of the hatches have been opened and other arrangements made before by the crow of the steamer. The unloading is done by means of large buckets,which are filled in the hold and drawn up by machinery at the rate of two or three per minute, and then the coal is dumped into cars and bins, as required. Despatch is the great consideration and one thousand BIX hundred and fifty tons of coal have been discharged in 11^ working hours. This was at Salem, Mass. At other places the unloading is not done so rapidly. After the discharge of the cargo, water is taken in as ballast, and upon arriving at Port Richmond, Phila., the water is pumped out. The system of running the colliers is vei*y complete. When a steamer reaches its destination the captain telegraphs the hour of his arrival and the hour when he will sail, and by an arrangement of whistle signals, intelligence is obtained at Port Richmond that the vessel is coming up the river, and when she arrives there preparations have already been made for loading her, as has been previously mentioned. Some of these colliers have at times made trips to almost every port along the coast from Portland to Aspinwall, but the greater portion of the trade is with ports between New York and Portland, The average speed of the steamer is about ten miles per hour. 46 No time has been lost in the operations of the colliers, nnd the total number of voyages made in 1817 was 526; miles run, 483,236; coal carried, 602,496 tons. From June, 1860, when the first «teamer was run, until the close of 1877, the colliers made 2,107 voyages, ran 2,046,488 miles, and carried 2,099,036 tons of coal. The expenses of this line for the season, exclusivo of insurance, were $337,900 on the carriage of 602,496 tons of coal an average of 900 miles distance, eqnal to 56 cents per ton, which would be for the distance from Sydney to Toronto, 1,200 miles 75 cents per ton. The carriage of coal to Toronto from Cleveland, Ohio, is now 80 cents per net ton or 90 cents per ton of 2,240 lbs. The price of Briar Ilill is at Cleveland, f. o. b. $3.25, add freight, 80c., $4.05, equal to $4.56 per gross ton at Toronto ; the price of Sydney is $2.00 f. o. b., plus freight by Steam Collier, $1.00, would be at Toronto $3.00 per gross ton. With these facts before us can we refuse to accept as a certainty the inference that, fostered by a protective tariff, our mines would in a very short time be able to organize a system of transport delivery of coal in Ontario for prices far below what any foreign company has done or will do ? Extract from the JReport of Canal Commissioners Report, 1871. When Nova Scotia coal of the best description can be supplied abundantly and cheaply to Western Ports, a great impulse will necessarily be given to the transfer of the trade of the St. Lawrence and Lakes to screw steamers, a transfer already taking place, as we have previously shown. A wrong impression prevails in many quarters with respect to the value of Nova Scotia coal, for steam purposes ; many think it very inferior to the American article in this particular. The true state of the ease, however, is that whenever it has had a fair trial, it answers steam purposes most admirably. The last annual report of the Boston and Yarmouth (N. S.) Steam Navigation Company gives us some important factg bearing upon this subject. In 1868, they had to change the coal used in their boats, in consequence of the strike among the miners of Pennsylvania. Cow Bay, Cape Breton, coal was then burned during the latter part of the season. Fourteen trips were niade in which hard coal was used, and eighteen with soft or bituminous. A saving of $1,000 was the result of the eighteen trips. The same steamer has, on the average^ consumed forty tons of anthracite per round trip, which, at a cost of $5.50 per ton, made $220. The round trip requires forty-three tons of Cow Bay coal, which at $3.60 per ton is $154.80, showing a saving of $66.20 per trip, or upwards of $2,000 for the season. With a through trade between Toronto 'and Pictou, there is every reason to believe that coal suitable for propellors can be supplied at depots on the lake and river for 16 very little over $4 a ton. With the canals enlarged coal freights would Ix) reduced to the minimum point — a lake propellor would always bring back from the lower ports a cargo of coal, rather than cDme empty — just as the English timber ships have been accustomed to bring the same article instead of ballast. EXTEACÏS FROM THE EBPORT OP THE SELECT COMMITTEE OP THE HOUSE OP COMMONS IN 1877 ON COAL AND INTER-PEOVINCIAL TRADE. Wednesday, April 4th, 1877. Mr. Napier Robinson, manager of the Toronto Coal Mining 'Company, located at Sydney, C.B., examined. Q. How does the coal compare with the coal from the United States ? — It is a better coal in a good many respects than any Ohio coal I have ever seen. The only coal that I would at all compare with it is the Briar Hill, and in point of heating quality and durability our coal is superior to the Briar Hill. Q. What is your opinion regarding the imposition of a duty on coal imported ? — I think it would lead to a very largely extended market. Q, In what direction ? — Both west and in Montreal, Quebec and New Brunswick. Q. Do you consider the duty would raise or materially affect the price of coal in Ontario ? — On the higher grades I don't think think it would affect the price at all. 1 am sure it would not. Q. What do you mean by the higher grades ? — The higher qualities of bitumin- ous gas coal, and the best domestic coal such us the Briar Hill and Massilon. By Dr. Tupper : — Q. Do our coals compare favourably with those of Cleveland for domestic par- poses ? — Yes. Our coal for domestic purposes is superior to any other coal I have ever seen, and as a steam coal equal to any of them. By the Chairman:—- Q. Tou wore speaking about the down freights and return cargoes. Do yo» contemplate or expect that in case of a trade being established with Ontario it would be necessary to consume everything that came down, or is there a port of tranship" meot ? — Decidedly we should ti-anship. ^ 47 Q. Of what nature would your transhipment bo, and to where would they be sent? — There is in the first place a very largo port demand ; that is, ships calling in at the port of ydney and taking away an immense quantity of flour, provisions and other tirticles; and then think Sydney could be made a port of transhipment for oil and lumber, and to a certain extent, grain for European markets. Q. Is Sydney much frequented by vessels ? — Yes, it is one of the largest ports of call on the Continent. I have frequently seen 20 to 30 vessels arrive there in one day, and 200 and 300 in port at one time. Q. Why do they come to Sydney? — They come seeking freights. Q. On account of its situation ? — Yes ; principally on that account. Wednesday, Uth April* 187t. Committee met. J. M. Vernon, Merchant, called, and made the ioUowing statement : — If a regular trade be carried on between our Maritime Provinces and Ontario, the 50,000 tons of cereals, which now go via Now York and Boston, would be moved by rail or steamer, and coal could bo carried back as return freight, delivered in Toronto at 84,50 long ton. Coal fresh from the mine and delivered by rail is worth 50 cents per ton more than coal that undergoes the dumping process and exposed to the weather in the yards. The development of our coal fields are of the utmost importance to the country at large, and Ontario is as much interested in this matter tif- any other Province of the Dominion. But there is no reasonable hope to be indulged in until our iron interests are developed. The iron ores of Canada comprise hematite, limonite, mag- nitito, &c., &c., equal to any in the world for purity and richness. The magnetic oxide deposits on the Moisic have no superior in the world. It may be estimated that 4,000,000 of tons of coal would be consumed annually in the Dominion ; and under a fair development of home industry, about 300,000 tons of pig iron would be demanded annually. To make this would require the labour of 13,000 men, and the mining of the coal 20,000 men. Thus it is seen that by encouraging these two branches of industry, the labour of 33,000 men are required annually, and which would represent a population of 120,000. The transportation of this coal and iron alone would double the tonnage of our ports and treble the traffic on our railways, and place us in a position to command the trade of the West and our great North- West which seek other channels to tide- water. 4S Lot the Government extend its fostering care over our national induntricH, and there is no difficulty in the way of supplying Ontario with Nova Scotia coal for he^ manufactories and domestic consumption as cheaply, if not cheaper, than she nowr obtains it from the United States, and much cheaper than the New England States pay for their supply from Virginia and Pennsylvania. New England pays from $6 to $8 per short ton for the coal, and yet she submits gracefully to a 75c. per ton dut7 because hor other industries are amply protected against foreign competition. Let the Government place us on an equal tooting with the United States, by charging them 75 cents duty per short ton, and we will give Ontario as cheap coal as she now receives, and we will be enabled thereby to command our own market, and the $3,320,000 spent annually for coal from other countries will remain at home. The average cost for five years of the coal imported into Ontario was 81.50 the short ton, or $5 the long ton. Then an arrangement in progress by which Toronto will receive coal at $4.50 the long ton, or about 84 the short ton. "When this coal trade to the West is fully established it will enable railways to carry the products of our Western Provinces to market lower than was ever contem- plated by any railway man. As an illustration of the close relations of the coal trade to'the general industry of the country, especially the iron trade, the following calo'ilations may be interest- ing:— The Canadian Pacific Railway, from Thunder Bay to the terminus on the Pacific, may be eati mated at 2,000 miles. It will require 300,000 tons of pig-iron to make rails, fastenings and bridges, and about 80,000 tons for rolling stock, &c. • To produce this quantity of pig iron will require about 800,000 tons of ore, and 1,200,000 tons of coal. To move this ore and coal, &c., for the purpose of manu- facture, will take about 120,000 tons of coal. The total Cuiisumption of coal in making rails, fastenings, iron for bridges, and rolling-stock and for transportation of the same to points of use. &o., cannot fall short of 1,500,000 tons. This quantity conld absorb the output of two ordinary mines for ten years, and increase the coal trade of Nova Scotia 150,000 tons for ten years. It would take two rolling mills ten years to produce the rails and iron ; and the labor required for mining, manufacturing iron, rails, bridges and rolling-stock, and transportation to and fro of all the various articles specified, will be over 3,000 men, representing a population of 16,000 people who would be directly fed and clothed for ten years, by simply developing these sources of wealth as indicated. 4» Monday, 16th April, 1877. Committoo met. — Mr. MacKav in llio Chnir. > Mr. Francis Clemow, Coal MorchauL and Director of tho Ottawa Gas Company, callud arui oxaminod : By Mr. Dymond: — Has boon a Director of tho Gas Company for ton years. Trades in both bitu- minous and anthracite coal. Obtain supplies of bituminous coal from Nova Scotia and the United States. Formerly purchased in Groat Britain, but has diacontinuod since 1873, owing to tho advance in price. Buys chiefly from tho Caledonia Block House, Intercolonial and International Minos. Uses 3,000 tons of ji^as coal per annum. That is tho highest quality of coal, and cost last year $5.75 per ton of 2,240 pounds. Tho cost was mado up as follows : Initial cost, 82; freight to Montreal, $2; harbour dues, 10 cents por net ton ; insurance, 3 cents por ton; freight to Ottawa $1.60— total, 85.75. This year was oflfored coal at tho mines above named for 81.50; freight to Montreal, $2; harbour duos, àc, 13 cents; freight to Ottawa, 81.50 — total, 85.15 per gross ton. Has bought tho Willow Bank, United States, coal, last year, at 85 per net ton, and tho Youghoigheny at 85.90 ; in both cases the charges included delivery on tho wharf at Ottawa. At tho above rate American coal would come to 85.62J for Willow Bank and 86.64 for Youghoigheny. By Mr. Tupper : — Mr. G. H. DoBSON called and examined : Q. Where do you reside ? — In Sydney, Cape Breton. Q. Were you sent as a delegate to the Dominion Board of Trade ? — Yes. Q. By whom ?— By the Cape Breton Board of Trade. Q. Have you been spending some considerable time in endeavoring to ascertain how far trade can be promoted between the Upper Provinces and Nova Scotia ? — Yes ; for one year. Q. Yon have devoted your attention principally to that ? — Yes. Q. Are you engaged in that way now ? — Yes. Q. What is the annual consumption of coal in Canada ? — Last year it was 1,415,616 tons, of which 352,414 tons was hard coal, I think. There is a little differ- ence in our imports being made up to the 30th of June and the production by the mines return being made up to the 31st December. Q. Where is the natural mai'kot of the Nova Scotia coal ? — Wherever we can get a return cargo from, or get a vessel bound to a loading port. It has been stated 50 hero, by previous witnesses, that the natural market for Nova Scotia c« a! is the New England States ; but so far as I can see, we have no particular natural market. England sends coal all over the world, and wherever there is a doiriand, and we can get vessels for, is our natural market. I have been engaged in the trade for eight years, and I should say that Montreal and Quebec are as convenient markets for u» as the United States. Q. Would the securing of the Canadian markets benefit the coal owners "ud ti'ado generally ? — Yes. - , .•.,; Q. How ? — It would give our coal producers the supplying of the Canadian markets ; and would also give the Canadian producers the supplying of the Mari- time Provinces. I might state that, last year the Maritime Provinces, inclusive of Newfoundland, imported 463,586 barrels of flour and 9,254,2*73 pounds of meat from the United States. Q. In what year was the coal trade most prosperous ? — In 1873. ■ Q. How many tons was produced that year ? — l,051,46t tons. Q. How many men were employed ? — 5,000 men and boys, representing a popu- lation of 30,000. V , ..•:,,î; Q. How many days' work did they do in the aggregate ? — 955,722 days' work. Q. How many vessels were there euployed in carrying the coal, and what was their tonnage ? — 3,604 vessels, of which 428 were steamers, representing a gross tonnage of 820,144 tons. . , Q. How many seamen did they employ ? — About 22,000. .,,. Q. What amount of capital was there in circulation, directly and indirectly caused by the coal production? — The best estimate I can get places the amount at $4,913,381. Q. How do you propose to send coal to Ontario ? — By securing the markets of the Maritime Provinces for Ontario products, and the Ontario markets for our coal we now import largely from the United States ; last year our imports from the United States aggregated 67,622,712. Q. Those products, you say, could be largely obtained from Old Canada if an interchange could be made between them and Nova Scotia coal ? — Yes, very largely; I find that the coal imports into Canada are estimated at $3,220,300. Q. How are the Nova Scotia coal mines situated with regard to supplying th» Canadian market ? — Very conveniently. We are half-way between the grain-pro- ducing centre.s of the West, and the market of the Old World — halfway between Chicago and Liverpool. The lake vessels might terminate their voyage at Sydney, 51 . and thoir cargoes be there transhipped into the ocean vessels. I may say that At- lantic freights are less by 30 per cent, from Sydnej' than from New York, Baltimore and other American ports; and, besides, the poi-t charges at Sydney arc 8100, against from $800 to $1,000 at Montreal and the American ports. Q. Does England supply distant markets with coal, as near to them as the Ameri- can mines are to Ontario ? — Yes. For instance, she supplies Cuba, that has Ameri- can coal quite near, and San Francisco, with British Columbia coal near. Coals are shipped 15,000 miles to India, which are quite near to the China and Australian coal- fields. By Mr. Goudge : — * Q. On what do you base your statement that the ocean freights from Sydney are 30 per cent, lower than those from the more southerly ports ? — On the fact that we have been tendered vessels by shipowners in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at 30 per cent, less from Sydney than from the other ports. Q, Why do you get them for 30 per cent, less ? — ^The reason is that we are 800 miles nearer Europe than New York and other American ports, and the port charges are very much less. Q. Does Newfoundland take flour from the United States? — Yes. Q. In case a large coal trade existed between Ontario and Nova Scotia, could Ontario supply the Newfoundland market ? — Canada could supply the Newfoundland market with flour with return cargoes of coal west from Nova Scotia. Mr. Eobinson in his evidence alluded to the vessels going out from England and bringing coal as ballast. I think there are only five ports in England from which vessels take coal. It does not pay the vessels to change ports and bring out coal as ballast, nor Cîwi the English coal producer supply coal as ballast where they have to ship it to ports where vessels are lying. I hold that Montreal and Quebec would get more tonnage by taking coal *rom Sydney, than if they were dependent on English coal as ballast. Sydney is becoming the North American port of call, and vessels bound west seeking freights call there now almost entirely. On arrival they enquire for Montreal, St. John, New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia freight markets, and often Montreal quotes higher than any of the other ports ; and could we get coal freights at a low rate +o Montreal Montreal would command more ocean tonnage. Q. That is if you prevented vessels from bringing out coal as ballast ? — We could furnish coal as cheaply as the English coal and could give Montreal and Quebec more tonnage. 52 EFFECT OF THE COAL DUTY. In 1870 the Parliament of Canada impo.sod a duty of 50 cents per ton on all im- ported coal and removed it iu 1871, with tUo ioliovving result : — Imports in 1869, — 389,485, the year before the duty, do 1870,-272,595, the year of the duty, do 1871,— 484,826, the year after the duty. Cost to the consumer in Montreal, in 1869, $5 to $8 per ton. do 1870, $4.50 do do 1871, $5 to $10 do Productions in Nova Scotia, 1869, 511,795. do 1870, 568,277. do 1871, 596,418. We thus see that while the duty in no way incx-eased the price of coal to the consumer, it yet diminished our imports to the extent of 116,890, and enabled the Nova Scotia collieries to increase their shipments by 56,482. Table of distances from Sydney to the following ports: — Miles. Depth of Water. Sydney to Quebec 720 do Montreal 900 21 feet. do Toronto 1,200 13 do do Chicago 2,161 14 do do Miramichi ■ 300 21 do do St. John's, Newfoundland 400 do St. John, N.B 540 d« Halifax, N.S 240 do Portland, U.S 580 do Boston, U.S 600 do New York, U.S 750 .. ' f- V \. r ; m- tho the rater. 53 INTËRPROVINCIAL TRADE. Shipmente from Quebec and Ontario to the Lower Provinces via the Intorcolonial Railway for 1878: — Barrels of flour 637,778 Bushels of grain » 431,170 Head of live stock 4«,498 All other goods in tons 375,025 Shipments from Montreal to Lower Prov-inces. via the River St. Lawrence, for 1878:— Flour in barrels lfil,885 Meal do 6,345 Butter 9,812 Cheese in boxes 2,064 Ç^rk in barrels 5,765 Lard do 62 Wheat in bushels 4.751 Other grain do 13,000 >t. o o