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E. i?.aJ l«/b-r «J« O""-*'"" •f"*"'"''''' ^*"'"'^ ^^''''' ^®^"' Provu.ustotl,etwo great Industrial Exhibitions »* Lo-^'lo". j" 185 a .a Paris in 183-1, the world at large may be sa.d *<> 'mve been i,, tn -,1 Inoranee of Canada's resonrcos. Many people indeed ap- pear to WW scareely cognisant of her geograpbieal po^t.on on h::r ^ti trf t p^r,,;ra::Txi rrtr^ ^: the eharaTer 0° productiveness of tho,e distriets remote fron. b. own immediate neighborhood. Within these five years, however, through the medinm of the above entioned sonrees, it has been shewn that ,Me m vanous Wnes of meehanism and manufactures, the meehames and manu- f Zers of Canada are in some respects in advance and m the gen- W eases enual to those of other nations-and while Canadian :S ultla'o L are admitted to be of the highest a-Uty- Ca 1 can produce an amount and variety of raw materia .equal, a propf'ion to the extent of area, to any other country m the world. For .he superb collections of minerals, which appear to have been the theme of universal admiration on I oth occasions, the country is Winly indebted to the Geological Survey of the I'rovmee and the unvaried e.xertions of its Director, on whom Her Majesty has re- Zll conferred the merited honor of knighthood. The fruits of b« Lors are only now beginning to be developed, and his untmng ^ed energy and disinterestedness, cannot be ovoi-estimaieu i and ...tn 2 these v?onvictIon9 it is incumbonf^ on the people of this Pro- rince to show that they fully appreciate the great benefits rendered to their country, by a unaniinoucj expression of their approbation of Sir AV. E. Logan's services as Director of the Geological kSurvey, and as one of their principal representatives in London and Paris, It is scarcely possible, in a brief coinmuuieation like the present, to convey an accurate idea of the labor and diligence with which Sir W. E. Logan has conducted the Geological Survey of Canada; but to impress the fact upon those who are little aware of the magnitude of his nndertaliiug, it may be well to record as concisely as ])ossible the results of the investigations carried on under his direction, and in doing so I may be permitted to add a few remarlcs on the position accorded to him by men of science in both Europe and America. Previous to his engagement with the Canadian Government, the reputation of Mr. Logan (as we shall still call Sir William in refer- iug to his past career) stood deservedly high, altbough his merits were then only known and ap])reciated by the comparatively few scientific men with Avhom he had direct communication. At an early period he made a very valuable collection of the birds and insects common to Canada, included in wh' h were many species previously unknown, which he snbsequenfcly ^-resented to the Institution at Swansea, of wliich he was one of the founders, and a zealous promoter of its interests during his residence in that locality. But it was in the field of geology that Mr. Logan was destined to bear a conspicuous part, and it was during his residence in South Wales,* that he performed a work which has been declared by the first scientific men in Europe to be " unrivalled in its time, and ne- ver surpassed since." This great work was his Geological Map and Sections of the Glamorganshire Coal-field, the minuteness and accu- racy of which were such that when the Government Survev, under Sli Henry do la Beche, came to South AValcs, not one siugle line drawn by Mr. Logan was found to be incorrect, and the whole was approved and published without alteration. Nor was this all :— the system Mr. Logan had pursued in following out the details of the coal-field was so vastly superior to any hitherto adopted, that the principle has been fully adopted by the British Survey. Mr. Logan's map may be said to be the model one of the whole collection. It ought to be borne in mind also, that at this time he was not employ- ed as one of the geological stafl^, but simply as an amateur, and that —in the same spirit as so many of his Canadian observations have been carried out,— lie generously presented the fruits of his labors, "without fee or remimeration, to the British Government. wmmm Wlule engaged in rte pxamiuatioii of the coal-formation, Mr. Logan coutributetrnmny intere.tiug and valuable papers to the Geological Society of Londcm, among which may be specially noticed one on the "Sli-nnaria beds" or ''under clays" '.vhich accompany every coal- Meanr; as from the observations recorded then, the long dispnted theory as to the origin of coal was finally .ot at rest, and the inferciices it led to universally ackuo-.vledgf^d, Another paper, contributed prior to his connexion with Canadian Geology, also deserves uotii;e here, p.s it refers to a matter in which a portion of Canada is deeply interested. Tt is entitled : " On the etVect of i\xG paclcing of the Ice in the River 8t. Lawrence opposite the City of ^Uontreal." The prineiples laid down in this latter paper appeared so indisputable to Islv. Stephenson, the emiueut engineer, that he has been materially guided by it in reference to the constructiou and site of the great Victoria Bridge. In lSt2 the Canadian Legislature came to the determina- tion of having the Province geologically explored, and it was in the same year that ;Mr. Logan-having been recommended most strongly by the leading geok-gists of Great Britain, from each of whom he received the most ftatttring testimonials— was applied to by Lord Stanley, then Secretary for the Colonies, to undertake the m- vestigation. * In the same year he proceeded to Canada, completed a preliminary examiuatiou, made arrangements wdth the Colonial Go- vernment and returned to Britain, -the whole expense of Avhich visit he paid out of his o\\'n pocket,— and early in the following year (18-13) lie finally returned to Canada, accompanied by an assistant, to com- mence the investigation in earnest. It was iu 1812, also, that ]\Ir. Logan examined and accomplished the measurement of the remarkable section of the coal measures at the South Joggins, in Nova Scotia ; a work acknowh hged to be one of the most important in American geology, as the key to the structure of the whole eastern coal basin;— and which was published as an appendix to his Eeport of Progress in 1813. The first grant of money made by Ihe Canadian Legislature to carry out the proposed survey for two years, was only £1500 cur- rencV, so that it will be obvious it was only by the strictest economy that'the salaries could be paid, and travelling and oilier expenses met ; indeed, notwithstanding all the care possible, the necessary work, could not be effected with this small grant, and accordingly at the expiration of that time Mr. Logan found himself out of pocket upwards of £800. During the summer and autumn of 1813 Mr. Logan was employed in an examination of the coast of the Gasne Peninsula, while mmm 4 he sent his assistant to maliortlp consider the means the Director has had at his disposal to accomplish what already has been done. In 1843 Mr. Logan, accompanied by a single Indian with a Bark canoe, made a thorough examination of the whole of the Gasp6 Cop t couutinj.^ every step he took from Cape Hosier to iort Daniel, besides making many pedestrian excurtions into the interior-- and collecting a large quantity of most valuable fossils and of-^ier specimens. And while he was thus employed his assistant, Mr. Alexander :Murray-frequently entirely alone, and often in parts remote from all settlements- collected sufficient information to give a tollerably correct iden of the structure of the whob Western len- insula In 1844 and 1845, a triangulation was eflectecl across the Gasp6 Peninsula from Cape Chatte to Bay Chulcur, a large portion of the ran-e of the Notre Dame or Shick-Shock .Mountains surveyed most of the principal Elvers measured, the Geological character of the rocks ascertained, and specimens collected. This service was nerformed with a party consisting of only tour Indians with two canoes In making the survey of the Ottawa more assistance was found to be absolutely necessary, bat except in few instances, neither Mr Lo-an nor Mr. Murray's party have exceeded the complement of six altogether-inclusive of four Indians and an assistant. Since 1845 when the additional appropriation was granted, an explorer has been added to the staff whose labors have been incessant and of -reat value ; but while fully admitting the greatly improved circumstances under which the survey was then placed and the more extensive scale under which the operations were enabled to be earned on, ii must be clear to any one at all acquainted with the nature of the service, and of the diflBiculties to be encountered m a perfectly UJUNUWUWWPUMMUUUUMIJlUWIlMMaURWVUIUJIMU 6 now country, that tlie amount of work pei-formod and ropoi I^mI upon never could have boon accoinpliitdied but by the nioiit iudil'.ili;,';ible persovorance and coutinued ai)i)Heutlon. Accuracjy with iSlv. l-ogau is everytliing- -uothhig is allowed v, ith hhu 1o be of the sllghteafc value that ia not essentially coiTcct. AV'ith regard lo the oifiee ■work, wo have Birnj)iy to refer to IMr. Logau'a own answer before the Seleet Counnlttee of the House of Astseinbly to tjuestion 73, on page 2G of tlie published report, to sihcw how his liiiu> is there employed: Quoslioii 73 pape 26 (referred to.) —"Each one on the Sarvcy hns so muoh to do coimeoted with his own liidivi(hial department, that all ilio general oflice woric falls upon uie. I koop all the account:*, and for that i)ur[io,se a set of hooks by double entry, in whicli I enter no grosH sums, wicli ,\ lof'iM'onco to accouiUM, but everything in detail for easy and immediate reference if required, and I render an account to the Government with the same detail on the face of it ; so tl\at any one, who>e choosef=!, either publicly or privately, to look at the accouur, can see at once how every penny has been spent. I used at flr.it to make, with my own hands, four manuscript copies of tlie annual Roi)ort of Progres'4, often reaching; more than one hundred printed pages — one copy for the Government, one foi' the House of Assembly, one for the LcLlijlative Council, and on for the Printer ; but of late I have been forced to emfdoy an anannuonsis lor put. The futings of the Museum are scarcely yet completed ; when they are I must i.'mploy additional aid, if it should cost me niy whole salary. The accumulated material of eleven years aro to be classified .and arranged." Emidating the example of their Chief, the assistants have also laboured with diligence and credit to themseives, and have undergone similar fatigue and hardship. ]n the Chemical J)epartment Mr. Hunt has, since his connexion with the Survey, established a high reputation nmong the foremost ranks of the men of Science both in Europe and America ; whilst the others have acquired a fair ])roportion of merit by their contributions to the (xeology and Geography of the Province. " It has frequently been urged by some that the proceedings of the Survey were too Scientific and not mljicienihj i^ractical — that great attention has been paid to Fossils, and to remote and comparatively Northern districts of country — w bile a partial attention only has been given to certain known Mineral districts, and the more densely settled and more available lands. In answer to this let ns take the coneludinij portion of Mr. Logan's reply to Question 93, page 30, of the Eeports of the Select Committee. Question 93, page 39. — "Thus, Economics lead to Science, and Science to Econ- omics. The physical structure of the area examined is, of course, especially attended to, a3 it Is by means of it that the range or distribution of useful materials, both rmmmi diHOOvered iinil to bo iliscovcred, ciiii bo miuln intelligiblo. A strict attention to Fo«'rtils i9 cssoiitiiil ill iiaccitiiininp; the physical structure. I have boon told that some persona, observing hdw (raretully attentive I endeavour to be to this evidenoo of sequence, have ignoraiitly supposed tlie means to bo tlie end, and wliilc erro- neously j^iviiig 1110 credit iis an aulhurity upon Ku.'^.'iils, have fancied Economics to bo Siicrificed to tiieiii. In their Fos.sil daikness, tliey have mistaken my rush-light for a Sun. I aui not a Naturulis^t. I do not describe Fossils, but use them. They nro Geological friends who direct me in the way to whit is valuable. If you wish iiif nnatioii from a friend, it is not necessary that you go to him iniprossed with the idea that he is a collection of bones peculiarly arranged, of muscles, arteries, nerves and skin, but you merely recognise liis face, remember his mimo, and interrogate liim to the necessary end. So it is with Fossils. To get the necessary information from them you must be able to recognise their aspect, and in order to state your authority you must give their names. Some tell of Uoal ; tlit^v are Cosmopolites; wlsiie some give Local intelligence of Gypsum, or Salt, or Building Stone, and so on. One of thorn whose family name is Ci/fhtre, but who is not yet spoeilically baptized, helped us last year to truce out upwards of fifty miles of Hydraulic Limestone." In concluding these observations on the character of Mr. Logan's labours in conducting the Gcokjgicjd Survey, carried on as it has been with unusual earnestness and zmd, I cannot do better than refer to a quotation from the LotiJon Q"ctrferli/ licview, October, 1854, which occurs in the lleport of the Committee tibove na.ned — and in doing so, express a hope tliat in tliis instance the old adage will not hold good, that "a Prophet has no honour in his own countrv" for in fact and in spirit, Canada is Mr. Logan's country. He was at one time applied to by tlie East India Company to undertake an exanii- nition of their territory for Coal ; a work for which, by his past investigations, he was pecidiarly fitted. The field of research was new, and India was then attractiiig much more attention than Canada. The emoluments would have greatly exceeded those of his present ofllce ; his staff was to be ample, and of his own selectioii ; unlimited aid was to be afforded by the Indian Government ; and although he felL qiute convinced that the investigation would lead to a very extended reputation, yet being influenced by a rooted attach- ment to this country, and feeling that he was in some degree pledged to it because he is a native Canadian, the munificeut offer of the East India Company was not acco[)ted. The quotation above referred to read as folloAvs : — " In Canada, there has been proceeding for some years one of the most extensive and important Greological Surveys now going on in the Avorld. The enthusiasm and disinterestedness of a thoroughly qualified and judiciouri observer, Mr. Logan, whose name will ever stand high in the roll of votaries of his favourite Science, have conferred upon this great work a wide-spread fame." n wwjwMuuwiw^im 3 I . ^ ^ / [ / (^^y^^-^^^ 8 !^' As i liave already said, tlie sorviees of Sir W. E. Logan in London and Paris alone entitle him to the unaninioua acknowledgments of his country ; may we hop<> tluit the Legislature w ill give substantial expression of its approbation, as well as of its appreciation, of tlio justly merited (llstiuction which Ker Majesty has conferred on the representative of Canadian Science, and there is no maimer, [ feel assured, in which this could be done more acceptably to Sir W. E. Logan himself, and more creditably and lastingly beneticial to the Province, than in extending to the Survey increased support, and in placing at his disposal ample means to enable him to carry on this most important service to a successful termination.