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I 
 
It 
 
 
 PROPOSED MBASUKE FOR ADMISSION 
 
 or 
 
 GRAIN, 
 
 FROM ALI^ COUNTRIES INTO 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 ADDRESSED TO 
 
 HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN, Esq., 
 
 HBR majesty's CONSUL AT NEW- YORK. 
 
 NEW.YORK : 
 
 THOMAS R. MERCEIN, JR., PRINTER. 
 1841, 
 
New-York, 1st August, 1841. 
 
 In the year eighteen hundred and twenty-two I was 
 induced to ^)ubli3h a pamphlet, developing a plan for throw- 
 ing open the ports of Great Britain for the importation of 
 grain from all countries. The circumstances of the present 
 day seem to me favorable for a reproduction of this project, 
 which is accordingly set forth in the following pages. 
 
 It is unquestionable that the prosperity of agriculture is 
 intimately connected with the stability of British greatness ; 
 yet the commercial relations of the kingdom are so immense 
 and important that they demand and must receive their 
 share of legislative attention, even when they come in 
 conflict with the agricultural ; and how to reconcile the 
 two, in the face of the extending demand for freedom of 
 trade, is one of the greatest problems for the solution of the 
 political economist. My conviction is that agriculture, 
 commerce and manufactures, may be made to support each 
 other ; and that a happy combination of their energies may 
 be devised, by which not only their own prosperity, but that 
 of the nation, may be raised to the highest point. The 
 question is how to accomplish that desirable object. An 
 attempt to answer it in part will be found in the succeeding 
 pages. 
 
 The plan set forth by me in eighteen hundred and twenty 
 two, was three-fold in its object. 
 
 First, to prevent foreign agricultural countries from im- 
 posing heavy duties on British manufactures. 
 
 i 
 
4 
 
 Second, to make Great Britain an emporium for the de- 
 posite of grain in seasons of plenty, in exchange for British 
 manufactures ;* and, 
 
 Third, by the admission of grain at all times, to do away 
 all motive for that exclusion of British products, which is 
 unquestionably generated by our corn laws ; and, at the 
 same time, by imposing the same duties on foreign grain 
 that are imposed by the producing countries on British 
 manufactures, at once to silence all charges of exclusiveness 
 against Great Britain, and hold out an inducement to that 
 liberality of trade which will afford the greatest advantage 
 to both parties. 
 
 The idea developed in the second of the objects above 
 specified, originated with the Lord Wallace, by whom 
 I had the honor of being consulted in eighteen hundred 
 and twenty, when he was Vice-President of the Board of 
 Trade, on various interesting and important subjects per- 
 taining to the commercial relations of the kingdom, particu- 
 larly with Her Majesty's North American possessions. 
 
 The third object enumerated, although general in its 
 scope, had particular reference to Canada, which might be 
 made the great farming district for the supply of food for 
 England, to the exceeding profit and advantage of both. 
 
 The plan I would suggest is developed in the following 
 propositions. 
 
 FIRST MEASURE. 
 
 That wheat, rye, oats and barley shall be admitted into 
 Great Britain and Ireland, from all countries, for home 
 
 ♦ See note at the end. 
 
 ,i 
 
consumption, on tlie payment of the same duties ad valorem 
 that arc levied by those countries upon the manufactures of 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 I would prohibit the importation of flour into Groat Bri- 
 tarn, fur home consumption, in order to retain the manufac- 
 ture of that article for our own mills. Grain, if properly 
 secured and kept, may be preserved for years ; there would 
 be no dUficulty, therefore, in making England a great 
 emporium for the deposite of bread stuffs, to which other 
 countries might resort in times of scarcitv, while for home 
 consumption the price would seldom vary. Fluctuation in 
 the price of food is seldom or never beneficial to the pro. 
 ducer, while to the consumer it is always an injury, causin- 
 mischievous fluctuations in the rate of wages. I know it 
 IS a received axiom that dear food causes high wages, and 
 vice versa, but my experience has taught me otherwise 
 I have always found that when food was dear, men were 
 obliged to work at whatever wages they could get ; when 
 It was cheap, the necessity of working was less urgent, and 
 workmen being more in demand, wages of course were 
 higher. 
 
 SECOND MEASURE. 
 
 That grain, to be ware-housed, shall be admitted from all 
 countries, free of duty. If ground in England, to be 
 exported duty free, subject only to the expense of ware- 
 housing. Such grain if consumed in Great Britain, to pay 
 a duty of one shilling and three pence sterling per bushel. 
 
G 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 i 
 
 By this arrangement, an ample and certain supply of 
 flour for Her Majesty's West-India colonies would be se- 
 cured ; while British vessels bound for ports in Brazil and 
 other countries of South America could be loaded wholly 
 or in part with flour, an article always in demand in those 
 countries, and now supplied alm.ost wholly from the United 
 States. The supply of flour to the West-Indies, from Eng- 
 land, would relieve those colonics from the constant drain 
 of bullion now setting in from them to the United States, 
 and at the same time give increased employment to 
 British shipping. It is well known that flour, suitable 
 for the West-India and South American markets, cannot 
 be made from British wheat ; the supply therefore must 
 come, directly or indirectly, from other countries, and 
 chiefly from the United States. So long as our restrictive 
 system excludes the grain of those countries from England, 
 the supply to our West-India islands and to South America 
 must be directly from the producing countries, to their 
 advantage solely ; while by making England a great depot 
 of grain from all countries, the profit of grinding and of 
 conveyance at least, would belong to her, besides collateral 
 benefits of enlarged commerce and increased demand for 
 her manufactures. 
 
 I 1,; 
 
 ■4 
 
 THIRD MEASURE. 
 
 That wheat, rye, oats, and barley, shall be admitted 
 from Her Majesty's North-American possessions free of 
 duty, and be exported also free of duty ; wheat taken for 
 consumption in England, to pay a duty of three pence per 
 
1 
 
 bushel, rye and harley three half pence per bushel. Oat» 
 taken for consumption to be duty fiee. Wheat, the pro- 
 ducc of the United Slates, imported into Canada, at any 
 point west of Kingston on Lake Ontario, and paying there 
 a duty of eight pence per bushel, to be admitted into 
 England ns Canada-wheat. Flour from Canada to be ad- 
 mitted into EnglauQ at a duty of two shillings per barrel 
 of 106 pounds, without regard to the origin of the wheat 
 from which it is made. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ^ The great advantages of this measure to Her Majesty's 
 Canadian possessions are too obvious to require comment. 
 These possessions are the only parts of Her Majesty's do- 
 minions capable, under full cultivation, of supplying the 
 wants of Great Britain ; and they afford, also, the most 
 abundant and attractive outlet for the redundant laboring 
 population of the United Kingdom. An extensive natural, 
 not forced, emigration from Britain to Canada would be of 
 infinite service to both, if attended by the proposed system. 
 In Canada there is a prolific soil, requiring only agricul- 
 tural laborers to make it one of the greatest grain producing 
 countries in the world. England can supply those labor- 
 ers, and a market for the produce of their toil ; while 
 they, in turn, will consume her manufactures to an immense 
 amount. Thus an intercourse, of the highest mutual profit, 
 might be established between them— carried on, too, wholly 
 in British vessels. 
 
 The commercial prosperity of Canada is to be established 
 only by completing the navigation of the St. Lawrence 
 
Hi 
 
 ond the Lakes. The proposed duty of eight pence per 
 bushel on United States wheat would assist in providing 
 the interest of the loan for the improvement of the naviga- 
 tion, and would sufficiently protect the Canadian farmer. 
 
 It would be better, I admit, that the trade with the United 
 States should be absolutely free through Canada ; and I 
 trust that a time will come when so it may be, but at present 
 such freedom is not attainable. 
 
 The proposed duty of two shillings per barrel on flour 
 from Canada, is designed for the security of the agricultural 
 interest in the United Kingdom. 
 
 Quebec might, with advantage, be erected into an aux- 
 iliary depot of grain ; for the preservation of which the 
 dryness of the climate is peculiarly favorable. 
 
 I 
 
 FOURTH MEASURE. 
 
 That in calculating the duties payable on grain imported 
 from foreign countries, the minimum price shall be taken at 
 one dollar, or four and sixpence sterling, per bushel, for 
 wheat ; for barley and rye, two shillings. 
 
 ifi 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The protection of the agricultural interests of Great 
 Britain and Canada requires the establishment of a mini- 
 mum price on which the duty shall be laid. The principle 
 I have derived from the practice adopted by the govern- 
 ment of the United States, in laying duties on the low- 
 priced cottons, and other manufactures of England ; and as 
 no people are more urgent for reciprocity, this part of the 
 
I 
 
 9 
 
 proposed measure is in accordance with their policy. 
 What the iiuniinuiu should be on oats and other yrain from 
 the IJaltic, 1 cannot pretend to say, as .ny ideas are found- 
 ed upon my knowledge of trade in the United States. 
 The necessity lor a niiniiuum is larlher shewn by the fact, 
 that in soiue countries grain can be furnished so cheaply, 
 that duty upon the value, at the place of export, would af- 
 lord no protection, while these countries are but small 
 consumers of British manutaclures. 
 
 FIFTH measuup:. 
 
 That the duties arising from the importation of grain and 
 Hour imported into Great Britain shall be applied to the re- 
 lief of the agricultural interests, and to the promotion of 
 emigration, especially of such persons as form a charge 
 upon the landholders and farmers. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 It is very evident, from the increased burden of the poor 
 laws, which by many is charged upon the high price of 
 food, as well as from the overflowing population, that emi- 
 gration is at once the most humane and the most effectual 
 method of relief to the country. And I would suggest that 
 the removal of females is of more importance than that of 
 males, from considerations that must be obvious, while in 
 Canada females are as much, if not more, wanted, as must 
 always be the case in new countries, the result of sponta- 
 neous emigration being a much larger proportion of in- 
 crease to the male than the female population. 
 
 ..■■■■• a , ^ 
 
i ,1 
 
 10 
 
 It is clearly both just and wise to employ the means 
 arising from the import of grain in relieving the agricul- 
 tural interest at home, by diminishing the number of 
 persons to be fed at its expense. 
 
 Note. — The increased, and increasing, population of the United Kingdom, 
 loudly calls for the providing graineries impervious to atmospheric air — as is the 
 case at Genoa, Odessa, and other places — to be supplied in years of plenty, and 
 to be so capacious as to retain three years' supply, to be erected not only in 
 England but at Cluebec, such to be under the direction of Her Majesty's 
 government ; proof is not required to show, that even in the way of profit, 
 such would prove beneficial. It is to be observed, that the wheat so imported 
 from the Baltic, &c., has been regarded as mcch inferior to the United States 
 wheat. 
 
 
 M 
 
▼ 
 
 GENERAL 0BSERV4T10NS. 
 
 It must be admitteJ that to counteract the present active 
 progress in the extension of manufactures in countries 
 heretofore supplied from Great Britain, which are greatly, 
 if not chiefly, improved by British workmen, who, for want 
 of employment at home, have removed to other countries, 
 some efficient and immediate measures must be adopted ; 
 yet it is not just that the burden should fall on the agricul- 
 tural interest alone, which, it was apprehended, would be 
 the effect of Lord John Russell's scheme ; and if it is con- 
 ceded that, to enable British workmen to compete with 
 other countries, daily becoming more formidable rivals, the 
 condition of the British workman must be meliorated, 
 justice demands that other classes than those connected 
 with lands should bear their share of the burden, and this 
 alone can be done, it is apprehended, by a property-tax, as 
 property has improved chiefly from the mercantile and 
 working classes ; thus, other property, as well as land, 
 should contribute ; in order to provide the working classes 
 with cheap bread, tea, and sugar, others besides the agri- 
 cultural and colonial proprietors should be called on for 
 their quota of the means. 
 
 In order to place the British mechanic upon a par with 
 those in other countries, who must immediately come in 
 competitioh with him, flour should be had at £1 10s, the bar- 
 rel of 190 lbs., sugar at 56?., and tea at 3s. Qd. per lb. The 
 revenue arising from these articles at the present rate of 
 
I 1 1' 
 
 I ' I 
 
 12 
 
 duty may be ascertained. The reduction of revenue to 
 meet the above prices can be accurately ascertained, and 
 such reduction should be replaced by a tax on property 
 graduated on an ascending scale, whether arising from 
 lands, houses, and public or private securities, save invest- 
 ments by foreigners. 
 
 The landed interest should bear in mind that their 
 monopoly of provisions, for home consumption, is not 
 touched — a monopoly not subject to the vicissitudes of cli- 
 mate as agriculture — while all who examine t'le subject 
 will be led to the conclusion, that to render the production 
 of grain in England equally profitable with that of cattle 
 and sheep, bread should be kept at a price far beyond what 
 it bears in any other country, and such price must increase 
 with the population. Limited as lands, profitable for the 
 cultivation of grain, are, the supply of beef, mutton, butter, 
 &c., must be diminished, as the United Kingdom does not 
 increase in acres as in population. This consideration 
 brings to view the vast importance of Canada, which is the 
 only portion of the empire that can furnish the required 
 quantity of grain ; when brought into cultivation, and by 
 prudent measures, such cultivation will keep pace so as to 
 afford an ample supply, were the population of the United 
 Kingdom double what it is. But even aside from such im- 
 portant advantages, surely there should not be any re- 
 strictive measures to exclude Her Majesty's subjects in 
 Canada from feeling that they are regarded as members of 
 the empire; the policy that shall c'lerish such feeling will 
 alone render them the unconquerable subjects of Her 
 Majesty. 
 
 As immediately connected with this subject, I cannot 
 omit even here adverting to a measure, which I have for 
 
 .. 
 
18 
 
 M 
 
 above twenty years, on all occasions, advocated, as of more 
 importance to the upholding of British interests on the 
 American continent, than all others which have been urged 
 upon the consideration of Her Majesty's ministcrs,namely — 
 ihat the St. Lawrence, anH the position of Canada, should 
 be rendered available to the upholding of the power of the 
 crown and interests of the empire on this continent ; and 
 I am cheered with the knowledge that your grace has 
 been led to view Her Majesty's North American posses- 
 sions, particularly Canada, as essential to the sustaining of 
 the British empire. To promote this all-important national 
 object, the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and the navi- 
 gable communications of the great inland seas, should be 
 regarded as a great national wori\, and be prosecuted with 
 vigor, not leaving a young colony chargeable with works 
 so essential for the empire. Heavy, indeed, will be the 
 burden, but cheerfully it will be borne by Canada, to make 
 their rail-ways and roads to come in communication with 
 the navigable waters leading to the ocean. Let this noble 
 river, and those inland seas, be regarded as the navigable 
 waters of the empire, and not as private rivers. They are 
 too gigantic for a colony, and I fear not to maintain that 
 they will prove more efficacious than the most powerful 
 works which can be erected by the ordnance department, 
 in preserving peace with the United States. Afford 
 the citizens of that republic all the advantages the pro- 
 posed measures assuredly yield them, and they must 
 become a changed people before they will sacrifice them. 
 The navigable coast, which may be opened by the 
 measures adverted to, exceeds five thousand miles, while 
 the vast territories of Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, 
 Indiana — yes, to the Rocky Mountains — may be drawn 
 above seven hundred miles nearer the Atlantic ; but I 
 
 xiiS^' 
 
i ' I 
 
 \\ ■ 
 
 14 
 
 deem it unnecessary to do more herein than to bring the 
 subject again to view, being prepared with facts to uphold 
 my statements. It may be out of place here, but as the 
 shipping interests are materially interested in the proposed 
 measures submitted for consideration, I am constrained to 
 advert to the state of the vessels principally engaged in the 
 timber trade to Canada. Those employed in carrying 
 merchandize are much better fitted out, but even some of 
 them are placed under masters, who, by their im- 
 perfect seamanship, but especially their want of moral 
 principles, are disgraceful to the British flag ; while in con- 
 nection with the interests of Canada, and the comfort of 
 emigrants proceeding thither, the subject is one of great 
 importance, and to which I have frequently called the at- 
 tention of the General Ship Owners* Society of London. 
 
 
 
ing the 
 uphold 
 as the 
 oposed 
 ined to 
 in the 
 Trying 
 3me of 
 r im- 
 moral 
 n con- 
 fort of 
 great 
 be at- 
 ion. 
 
 That wheat and other grain has been repeatedly import- 
 ed into the United States from Europe, is not generally 
 known in England : in the year 1837, the following quanti- 
 ties were imported : — 
 
 Russia, . , 40,922 
 
 Prussia, . . 279,347 
 
 Sweden and Norway, 10,291 
 
 Denmark, . . 43,377 
 
 Holland, . . 453,036 
 
 Belgium, . . 75,576 
 
 England, . . 984,334 
 
 Scotland, . . 7 
 
 Br. North America, 317,170 
 
 Cape of Good -Hope, 25 
 
 Hanse towns, and other 
 ports of Germany, 1,405,783 
 
 Mediteranean ports, 68,231 
 
 French Atlantic Ports, 6,149 
 
 Italy, . . 228,113 
 
 Sicily, . . 4,961 
 
 Triest, and other Adri- 
 atic ports, . . 212,457— In all, 3,021,295 bushels, 
 
 valued at $4,154,325