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>kLi,l 
 
D. Appleton if Co. have 
 
 IN COURSE OP PUBLICATION IS PARTS, PRICE 25 CENTS EACH, 
 
 HISTORY OF FRANCE. 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 BY M. MICHELET, 
 
 Professeur-suppleant k la Fnculte Des Lettres, Professeur k L'Ecole Normale, 
 Chef de la Section Historique aux Archives du Royaume. 
 
 TRANSLATED BY G. H. SMITH, F. G. S., Slc. 
 
 The celebrity of this work on the Continent, and the want in English Literature 
 of a good history of Fiance, has induced the publishers to introduce it to the Amer* 
 ican public at a price within the means of all. 
 
 *^* It is designed to publish the work in monthly parts, (or oftener if possible.) 
 Two parts of the American edition containing a volume of the Paris, at one-third 
 the cost. The whole work will probably make sixteen Nos., and bind in foui 
 ortavo volumes. 
 
 OPINIONS OF HIGH CRITICAL AUTHORITIES. 
 From the Foreign Quarterly Review, Vol. 50. 
 
 •* M. Michelet, whose Historical labors both on Ancient and Modem topics have 
 long rendered him a great favorite with the French public, is placed in one of th« 
 most enviable situations that an historian can hold, as chief of the Historical Sec- 
 tion in the Archives du Royaume — all the riches of this immense ettablishment are 
 in his own keeping ; and this circumstance, added to his honorable position ol 
 Professor of History for France, puts him at once at the head of the historical portion 
 of his own countrymen. To the accumulated stores of a life of continual research 
 he adds the precious acquirements of a most accomplished modem linguist, and a 
 well read scholar in the tongues of classical antiquity ; he possesses unwearied 
 powers of application, and is one of the most concientiuus st a.rchers of original doc> 
 uments that is any where to be met with. . . .The highly poetical and religious 
 turn of mind of this author leads him to place every thing in new and original points 
 of view ; his descriptions are accurate, full of details, and eminently graphic. After 
 quoting passages trom the author's work, the reviewer says: These passages, which 
 we havt cited at considerable length in order to make the reader more fully ac- 
 quainted with M. Micbelet's style, are too beautiful, too dramatic, to need much 
 comment of our own. We need only say that the same strain of poesy prevades 
 almost every page of his book ; that as the reader turns over leaf after leaf he finds 
 new views opening to his sight, new methods of treating matters of previously well 
 known historical celebrity, and every where the most cheering and amiable display 
 of candor, moderation, and conscientious judgement. It is impossible to peruse these 
 volumes without feeling a regard for the author that increases the farther we ad- 
 vance in them." — For. Quarterly Beview, Vol. L. 
 
 " Micbelet's History has only to be translated to become one of the most popu* 
 lar books ever published. The author is a man of the highest genius ; his eradition 
 is wonderful, and he is at once philosophic and dramatic, uniting the severest judg- 
 ment to the most facile and delicate imagination. His history is thus not only a 
 succession of faithful pictures but a series of the profbundest deductions. The 
 modem French school of history, comprising as it does, among many illustrious 
 names, those of Thiers, Guizot, and Thierry, is deservedly acknowledged as the first 
 in Europe, and at the head of it we should certainly place Mons. Michelet."-^ 
 Monthly Magazine. 
 
COMPLETE WORK ON THE PRACTICAL ARTS. 
 
 D. APPLETON & OOMPANT 
 
 Hne reeently Publithtd, the fourth Jimtrieanjrom the third I^anda* tditUm, 
 
 A Dl OTIO N ARY 
 
 
 w 
 
 OF 
 
 ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES, 
 
 Containing a Clear Exposition of their Principles and Practice. lUus. 
 trated with 1241 Wood Engravings. 
 By ANDREW URE, M.D.,F.R.S., &c. ' 
 
 One stout volume 8vo., of 1340 pages, strongly bound in leather, 85. 
 
 lu every puiiit of view, x work like the present can but be regarded as a benefit done 
 to theoretical and practi'^al science, to commerce and industry, and an important addi- 
 tion to a ^cies ofliterature the exclusive production of the present century, and the 
 present state of peace and civilization.— ^tAencBum 
 
 ' Dr. Ure's Dictionary, of which the American edition is now completed, isastupen- 
 dous proof of [tersevering assiduity, combined with genius and taste. For all the bene* 
 fit of individual enterprise iu Ihe practical arts and manufactures, and for the enhance- 
 ment of general prosperity through the extension of accurate knowledge of political 
 economy, we have not any work worthy to be compared with this important volume. We 
 are convinced that manufacturerH, merchants, tradesmen, students of natural and ex- 
 perimental philosophy, inventive mechanics, men of opulence, members of legislatures, 
 and all who desire to comprehend something of the rapidly accelerating progress of 
 those discoveries which facilitate the supply of human wants, and the augmentation of 
 social comforts with the national weal, will find this invaluable Dictionary a perennial 
 source of salutary instruction and edifying enjoyment. — JVat. Intel. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO DR. URE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 LATELY PUBLISHED 
 
 RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTS, MANUFACTDRE8, AND MINES 
 
 Being a Supplement to his Dictionary. 
 By ANDREW URE. M.D:, F.R.S., &c., &c. 
 
 One volume, 8vo, of 300 pages and near 200 elaborate woodcuts, in paper cover, $1, or 
 in 8 jeep to match the Dictionary, $1 50. 
 
 Amongst many aitlcles entirely new, and others treated at greater length in this Sup- 
 plement than in the former editions of the Dictionary will be found — Alcohol ; Arrow 
 Root (as a manufariure ;) Artesian Wells (with a notice of the successfijl hilxiurs 
 of MM. Arago and Malot, at Grunullo, near Paris ;) Bavarian Bekr (" the Mystery 
 of Brewing is more philosophically studied, and iiicompurably belter understood in Mu- 
 nich than in London, and throughout Bavaria than in England ;") Biscuits (with a 
 coii.plete description, with figures, of the large automatic bakeries at Doptford and 
 Portsmouth;) Bread; Brick-makino ; fuller information of the recent applications of 
 Caoutchouc to the Arts, under Bookdindino,- Braidino-Machinb, and Elastic 
 Bands; Calotvpe; Calico-Printino ; (/AMDles ; Chocolate (a new article;) 
 Daguerreotype ; Electro-Mbtallurov ; Fermentation; Gas-Lioht; Guano; 
 Illumination ; Iron and Smelting (new contributions, with inscriptions and figures 
 of improved Smelting Apparatus;') Leather; Mines; Photouraphv: Potash; 
 SuoAR of Potatoes ; Steel ; Soda ; Seed-crushino (the manufacture of Oil ;) 
 Pepper; the Saccharometer Tabli: (now first inserted;) Smoke-Paevention ; 
 Spinning; Spirits (with a new tnlilo ;) Tobacco; Ventilation, &c., Ac, &o. : 
 with an Appendix entitled Chemistry Simplified, a Guide to Practitioners in testing 
 Alkalis, Aciils, and Bleaching Substances, in several departments of the chemical arts. 
 
 nzp The Dictionary and Supplciiiunt can be had bound together, if preferred, in 
 3 vols. Price $G 50. 
 
THE K^:. 
 
 
 ^ L 
 
 n M .!ii 
 
 ■^ :^ ^ 
 
 y — 
 
 ^^^ "V/ii) "T /^ -*>' ^x 
 
 I 
 
 N L W- Y ^" R K : 
 
 D . APPLE"" •.. : N A r r , M r- A \ Y . 
 
 .•, 'V" 
 
#- 
 
THE BOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 OP 
 
 NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THEIR MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND PRESENT STATE 
 
 EDITED BY JOHN FROST, L. L. D. 
 
 AOTHOE OF THE "BOOK OF THE NAVY," "BOOK OP THE APJiiY," &c.. kc. 
 
 /I 
 
 ■# 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO., 200 BROADWAY. 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 GEORGE S. APPI-ETON, 148 CIIESNUT ST. 
 MlJtCCXLV. 
 
I 
 
 p. 
 
 UOl) 
 
 Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO., 
 
 in the office of the clerk of tlic district court of the United States in and 
 for the soutliern district of New York. 
 
 
 *?«,il»:vi 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The intention of the following work is to furnish a correct 
 view of the present state of the Aborigines of this country ; 
 and especially of the wild Indians who are comparatively 
 ignorant of the white man and his arts of civilization. The 
 form chosen is that of familiar conversation between an in- 
 telligent old hunter and a circle of young friends. The au- 
 thorities, chiefly relied on, are Mr. Catlin, Prince Maximilian 
 of Wied and other recent travellers, with occasional anec- 
 dotes and illustrations from older writers. The embellish- 
 ments are taken chiefly from the fresh and graphic pictures 
 of Mr. Catlin and Prince Maximilian. Three of the draw- 
 ings viz. : The FrontispiecCf the Indian Buffalo Hunt and 
 Mr. Chardon's »ddventure were furnished by that accom- 
 plished artist Mr. F. 0. C. Darley, after Mr. Catlin's designs. 
 
 The information contained in the volume having been 
 wholly derived from authentic sources, it is believed that it 
 will prove useful and acceptable to the reading public. 
 
 L 
 
 (5) 
 
 
>p.t 
 
 »1 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The subject introduced 
 
 13 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 Some account of the fur trade — The lakes, rivers, and mountains 
 of North America — Indian hunters — Courreurs des Bois — 
 Voyageurs — North men — Comers and goers — A decharge — A 
 portage — Trappers — Beaver hunting — Adventure with a bear — 
 Peltries and furs — Deer hunting — A cache — Fur companies — 
 Bisons, bears, deer, wolves, badgers, beavers, minxes, martins, 
 foxes, racoons, lynxes, hares, rabbits, musk-rats, squirrels, and 
 stoats ----- 
 
 19 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Difficulty in ascertaining who were the Aborigines of America, 
 and from whence they came — Various opinions on the subject — 
 Catlin's publication on the " Manners, Customs, and Condition 
 of the North American Indians" — Census of the different tribes 
 — Locality of the Crows, Blackfeet, Sioux, and Creeks — The 
 names of some of the Indian chiefs and remarkable characters 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Wigwams — Crow Indians quitting an encampment — Villages — 
 Food — Pomme blanche — Pemican — Marrow fat — Fruit — Dress 
 — Full dress of Mah-to-toh-pa, "the four bears" — Bows and 
 arrows, quivers, tomahawks, spears, shields, and scalping knives 
 — Scalping — War clubs — Indian warfare — Warfare of white 
 men — Language— Names of the sun and moon, a buffalo, and 
 the Great Spirit, in different languages — Indian method of 
 signing treaties -----.... 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The history of Black Haw]; — Na-na-ma-kee's dream — Black 
 Hawk's birth place — Becomes a brave — Fights against the 
 
 vii 
 
 33 
 
 4S 
 
\ 
 
 M 
 
 
 VIU 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Oaagea — His father killed — Destroys forty lodges of the Osages 
 — Sac chiefs go to St. Louis — Strong drink given them, and 
 they sign away land of the Sac's nation — American whites de- 
 ceive the Sacn, and Black Hawk joins the British — His battles — 
 He returns home— Kee-o-kuk made chief— Black Hawk again 
 goes to war — He gives himself up to the Americans — A buffalo 
 hunt 
 
 P»6» 
 
 64 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Valleys and prairies — A flat prairie — Bluffs and square hills — 
 Floyd's grave — Blackbird's grave — Fruit grounds in prairie — 
 Prairie la Crosse — Prairie du Chien — Couteau des Prairies — 
 Missouri prairies — Swan Lake, River rice grounds — Lover's 
 leap — Salt meadows — Savannahs — Red Pipe-stone quarry 
 
 79 
 
 CHAPTER VH. 
 
 The Seminole Indians — King of the Red Hills — Oceola — A coun- 
 cil — Agreement to an exchange of land — Oceola refuses to sign 
 the contract — Made prisoner, and afterwards set at liberty — His 
 message to the whites — Made prisoner again — His death — Ad- 
 ventures of Nikkanochee, prince of Econchatti ... 
 
 93 
 
 CHAPTER Vin. 
 
 The religion of the Red Indians — Medicine, or Mystery — Rain 
 making — Marriage — Flattening the heads of children — Cradles 
 — Practice of shaving the head — Exposure of the aged — The 
 Leaping Rock — Catching white fish — Fasts, feasts, and sacri- 
 fices — Runners — Indian squaws — Pipe smoking — Dog feast — A 
 common life scene among the Indians — Smoking a shield — 
 Pipes — Pipe of peace — Indian burial — Resting-place for the 
 dead 104 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Anecdotes of the Red Indians — Indian observation and sagacity 
 — Indian conscientiousness — Indian honesty — Indian ignorance 
 — Indian shrewdness — Indian cunning and deceit — Indian hero- 
 ism — Adventures of an American trapper .... 119 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Buffaloes — Bisons — A grand surround of buffaloes — A buffalo wal- 
 low — Bears — Adventure with a grizzly bear — Anecdote of a 
 
 "*. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 i«' 
 
 ores *^ 
 
 ind 
 de- 
 
 am 
 'ah 
 
 64 
 
 r's 
 
 79 
 
 common bear— Wild horses— Catching horses with the laso— f*** 
 Creasing horses — Cougers— ^olves — White, black, and clouded 
 wolves — Deer — Moose deer — Elk — Common deer — The wapiti 
 deer — Black-tailed deer— Cariboo — Mountain sheep— Prairie 
 dogs — Musk rats — Taking musk rats — Fearful adventure of the 
 prairie on fire 134 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Games — Ball play among the Choctaws—Ball play by the women 
 of the Prairie du Chien — Horsemanship — Foot races — Canoe 
 races — Wrestling — The game of tchung-kee among the Man- 
 dans — Archery — The game of the arrow — Swimming — Mode 
 of swimming customary among the Indians — Prank of the Min- 
 ataree children on the Knife river — Buffalo dance — The poor 
 Indian woman ---. 150 
 
 n- 
 
 [is 
 1- 
 
 93 
 
 in 
 
 ;s 
 e 
 i- 
 \ 
 
 e 
 
 - 104 
 
 119 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Musical instruments — Whistles, lutes, rattles, and drums — War 
 whistle and deer-skin flute — The beggars' dance — The doctors' 
 dance — The pipe dance — The black drink — The green corn 
 dance — The dog dance — The discovery dance — The slave dance 
 — The scalp dance — The sham scalp dance — The eagle dance 
 — The snow shoe dance — The straw dance — The bear dance — 
 The war dance — Sham fight ------- 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The mystery lodge of the Mandans, to appease the good and evil 
 spirits — The Great Canoe — The unknown man from the prairie 
 — The old mystery man — 'The bull dance — Preparing young 
 warriors for hardships and dangers — ^I'he tortures inflicted — 
 The self-possession of the young men — The last run — Fainting 
 and recovery of the tortured Indians — The speech of Logan, an 
 Indian chief — Address of the Seneca Indians to Governor 
 Clinton — Address of the chiefs of the same tribe — Speech of a 
 warrior — Speech of Red Jacket - 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Poisoned arrc vs — Poison making — The deadly power of the 
 poison — Council of war — Enlisting — Preparation for battle — 
 Indian mode of fighting — A war party — A night march — A 
 surprise — A village attacked — The onset — The resistance — 
 The retreat — False alarms — Camanchee war party — Their 
 B 
 
 167 
 
 181 
 

 X CONTENTS. 
 
 chief in full dress—The wounded Crow warriors — ^The mystery "^ 
 man — His useless attempts to restox0 the wounded — Death of 
 Oceola, the Seminole chief— The death of a Christian - - 195 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 A treaty of peace — ^The tomahawk buried — Pipe of peace dance 
 — Assinneboin chief— Tribes who shave their heads — Turning 
 
 ' in the toes in walking — Names of women — Different modes of 
 building lodges — Buffalo hunting in wolves* skins— Begging 
 horses — Medicine rock — Hatching thunder — Captain Smith 
 saved by a chiefs daughter — ^Horned frogs — Mosquitoes— Salt 
 water brooks --------- 207 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Dreadful ravages of the small pox — Loss sustained by the 
 Minetereers, Blackfeet, Crows, and Crees — ^The Mandan people 
 all destroyed — Death of Mah-to-toh-pa, "the four bears" — 
 Attempts to introduce vaccination — Narrative of Mr Catlin — 
 John Eliot, the first Protestant missionary among the Red 
 Indians — His progress and death — Brainerd ; his Christian course 
 and death — Character given of him — Letter of the Oneida 
 chiefs — Speech of Little Turtle — Missionary trials — Slaughter 
 of the Christian Indians — ^Two Chippeways visit England • 220 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Trade of the Indians — ^Visit of Mr Catlin to the Pawnees — The 
 Council — Exchange of Prisoners ------ 347 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Buffalo Hunt — American Board of Missions — The United Brethren 
 — The Church Missionary Society — The Wesleyan Missionary 
 Society — The American Presbyterian Board of Missions — The 
 American Baptist Missions — The American Methodist Mission- 
 ary Society — Stations, schools, missionaries, communicants, 
 scholars, etc. — Missionary relations — Conclusion. - - - 25V 
 
 
 r, 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 il 
 
 I? 
 
1 
 
 ffe THE 
 
 INDIANS OF NOETH AMERICA. 
 
 • 220 
 
 247 
 
 257 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The subject introduced, 
 
 N a wild and gusty day, Austin 
 [^"i^ and Brian Edwards were return- 
 ^^ ing home from a visit to tiieir 
 '^^ uncle, who lived at a distance of 
 four or five miles from their father's dwell- 
 ing, when the wind which was before suffi- 
 ciently high, rose suddenly ; and the hea- 
 vens, which had for some liours been overclouded, grew 
 darker, with every appearance of an approaching storm. 
 Brian was for returning back ; but to this, Austin would 
 by no means consent. Austin was twelve years of age, and 
 Brian about two years younger ; their brother Basil, who 
 was not with them, had hardly completed his sixth year. 
 
 2 13 
 
f;. i 
 
 14 
 
 A LAND STORM. 
 
 
 The three brothers, though unlike in some things — for 
 Austin was daring, Brian fearful, and Basil affectionate — 
 very closely resembled each other in their love of books 
 and wonderful relations. What one read, the other would 
 read ; and what one had learned, the other wished to know. 
 
 Louder and louder blew the wind, and darker and darker 
 grew the sky, and already had a distant flash and growling 
 thunder announced the coming storm, when the two 
 brothers arrived at the rocky eminence where, though the 
 wood was above them, the river rolled nearly a hundred 
 fathom below. Some years before, a slip of ground had 
 taken place at no great distance from the spot, when a mass 
 of earth, amounting to well nigh half an acre, with the oak 
 trees that grew upon it, slid down all at once towards the 
 river. The rugged rent occasioned by the slip of earth, the 
 great height of the road above the river, the rude rocks 
 that here and there presented themselves, and the giant 
 oaks of the wood frowning on the dangerous path, gave it 
 a character at once highly picturesque and fearful. Austin, 
 notwithstanding the loud blustering of the wind, and the 
 remonstrance of his brother to hasten on, made a momen- 
 tary pause to enjoy the scene. 
 
 In a short time the two boys had approached the spot 
 where a low, jutting rock of red sand-stone, around which 
 the roots of a large tree were seen clinging, narrowed the 
 path ; so that there was only the space of a few feet be- 
 tween the base of the rock and an abrupt and fearful 
 precipice 
 
 Austin was looking down on the river, and Brian was 
 holding his cap to prevent it being blown from his head, 
 when, between the fitful blasts, a loud voice, or rather a 
 cry, was heard, " Stop, boys, stop ! Come not a foot farther 
 on peril of your lives!" Austin and Brian stood still, 
 neither knowing whence came the cry, nor what was the 
 danger that threatened them ; they were, however, soon 
 sensible of the latter, for the rushing winds swept through 
 the wood with a loiiflor roar, and all at once, part of tho 
 
 i 
 
 til! 
 
THE HUNTER'S COTTAGE 
 
 15 
 
 red sand-stone rock gave way with the giant oak whose 
 roots were wrapped round it, when the massy ruin, with a 
 fearful crash, fell headlong across the path, and right over 
 the precipice. Brian trembled with affright, and Austin 
 turned pale. In another minute, an active man, somewhat 
 in years, habited as a shepherd, with a crook in his hand, 
 was seen making his way with great agility over such parts 
 of the fallen rock as had not cleared the precipice. It was he 
 who had given the two brothers such timely notice of their 
 danger, and thereby saved their lives. Austin was about 
 to thank him, but hardly had he began to speak, when the 
 stranger stopped him. « Thank God, my young friends,'* 
 said he, with much emotion, " and not me ; for we are all 
 in his hands. It is his goodness that has preserved you." 
 In a little time the stranger had led Austin and Brian, talk- 
 ing kindly to them all the way, to his comfortable cottage, 
 which stood at no great distance from the bottom of the 
 wood. 
 
 Scarcely had they seated themselves in the cottage, when 
 the storm came on full of fury. As flash after flash seemed 
 to rend the dark clouds, and clap after clap shook the walls 
 of the cottage, the rain came down like a deluge, and the 
 two boys were thakful to find themselves in so comfortable 
 a shelter. Brian was too fearful to pay attention to any 
 thing except the storm ; but it did not escape the eye of 
 Austin, that the cottage walls were hung round with lances, 
 bows and arrows, quivers, tomahawks, and other weapons 
 of Indian warfare ; together with pouches girdles, and gar- 
 ments of great beauty, such as he had never before seen. 
 A sight so unexpected both astonished and pleased him, 
 and made a deep impression on his mind. It was some 
 time before the storm had spent its rage, so that the two 
 biouiers had some pleasant conversation with the stranger, 
 who talked to them cheerfully. He did not, however fail 
 to dwell much on the goodness of God in their preservation ; 
 nor did he omit to urge on them to read, on their return, 
 hoir.e, the first two verses of the forty-sixth Psalm, which 
 
r 
 
 ■s 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 16 
 
 THE HUNTER. 
 
 he said might dispose them to look upwards with thankful- 
 ness and confidence, Austin and Brian left the cottage, 
 truly grateful for the kindness which had been showed 
 them ; and the former felt determined it should not be his 
 fault, if he did not, before long, make another visit to the 
 place. 
 
 When the boys reached home, they related in glowing 
 colors, and with breathless haste, the adventure which had 
 befallen them. Brian dwelt on the black clouds, the vivid 
 lightning, and the rolling thunder ; while Austin described, 
 with startling effect, the sudden cry which had arrested 
 their steps near the narrow path, and the dreadful crash of 
 the red sand-stone rock, when it broke over the precipice, 
 with the big oak tree that grew above it. " Had we not 
 been stopped by the cry," said he, « we must, in another 
 minute, have been dashed into a thousand pieces." He 
 then, after recounting how kind the stranger had been to 
 them, entered on the subject of the Indian weapons. 
 
 Though the stranger who had rendered the boys so im- 
 portant a service was dressed like a shepherd, there was 
 that in his manner so superior to the station he occupied, 
 that Austin, being ardent and somewhat romantic in his 
 notions, and wrought upon by the Indian weapons and 
 dresses be had seen, thought he must be some important 
 person in disguise. This belief he intimated with conside- 
 rable confidence, and assigned several good reasons in sup- 
 port of his opinion. 
 
 Brian reminded Austin of the two verses they were to 
 read ; and when the Bible was produced, he read aloud, 
 « God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in 
 trouble. Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be 
 removed, and though the mountains be carried into the 
 midst of the sea," Psa. xlvi. 1, 2. 
 
 "Ay," said Austin, "we had indeed a narrow escape; 
 for if the mountains were not carried into the sea, the rock 
 fell almost into the river." 
 
 On the morrow Mr. Edwards was early on his way to 
 
 l: 
 
THE HUNTER. 
 
 it 
 
 the cottage, to offer his best thanks, with those of Mrs. 
 Edwards, to the stranger who had saved the lives of his 
 children. He met him at the door, with his crook in his 
 hand. In an interview of half an hour, Mr. Edwards 
 learned that the cottager was the son of an English fur 
 trader; and that, after the death of his father in North 
 America, he had spent several years among the Indian 
 tribes, resting in their wigwams, hunting with them, and 
 dealing in furs ; but that, having met with an injury in his 
 dangerous calling, he had, at last, returned to his native 
 country. Being fond of solitude, he had resolved, having 
 the means of following out his plans, to purchase a cottage, 
 a small estate, and a few sheep ; he should then be employed 
 in the open air, and doubted not that opportunities would 
 occur, wherein he could make himself useful in the neigh- 
 borhood. There was, also, another motive that much 
 influenced him in his^plans. His mind had for some time 
 been deeply impressed with Divine things, and he yearned 
 for that privacy and repose, which, while it would not pre- 
 vent him from attending God's house, would allow him 
 freely to meditate on God's holy word, which for some time 
 had been the delight of his heart. 
 
 He told Mr. Edwards, that he had lived in the cottage 
 for some months ; and that, on entering the wood the day 
 before, hard by the narrow path, he perceived by the 
 swaying of the oak tree and moving of the sand-stone rock, 
 that there was every probability of their falling : this had 
 induced him to give that timely warning which had been a 
 means, by the blessing of God, of preserving the young 
 gentlemen from their danger. 
 
 Mr. Edwards perceived, by the conversation and man- 
 ners of the stranger, that he was evidently a respectable char- 
 acter ; and some letters put into his hand by him, both from 
 missionaries abroad and ministers of the gospel in England, 
 addressed to the stranger, spoke loudly in favour of his 
 piety. After offering him his best thanks, in a warm- 
 hearted manner, and expressing freelv the pleasure it would 
 C 2* 
 
18 
 
 INVITATION TO THE COTTAGE. 
 
 give him, if he could, in any way, act a neighbourly part 
 in adding to his comfort, Mr. Edwards inquired if his chil- 
 dren might be permitted to call at the cottage, to inspect 
 the many curiosities that were there. This being readily 
 assented to, he took his departure with a very favourable 
 impression of his new neighbour, with whom he had so 
 unexpectedly been made acquainted. 
 
 Austin and Brian were, with some impatience, awaiting 
 their father's return, and when they knew that the stranger 
 who had saved their lives had actually passed years 
 among the Indians, on the prairies and in the woods ; that 
 he had slept in their wigwams ; hunted with them, beavers, 
 bears, and buffaloes; shared in their games; heard their 
 wild war-whoop, and witnessed their battles, their delight 
 was unbounded. Austin took large credit for his penetra- 
 tion in discovering that the cottager was not a common 
 shepherd, and signified his intention of becoming thoroughly 
 informed of all the manners and customs of the North 
 American Indians. 
 
 Nothing could have been more agreeable to the young 
 people than this unlooked-for addition to their enjoyment. 
 They had heard of the Esquimaux, of Negroes, Malays, 
 New Zealanders, Chinese, Turks, and Tartars; but very 
 little of the North American Indians. It was generally 
 agreed, as leave had been given them to call at the cottage, 
 that the sooner they did it the better. Little Basil was to 
 be of the party; and it would be a difficult thing to decide 
 which of the three brothers looked forward to the proposed 
 interview with the greatest pleasure. 
 
 Austin, Brian, and Basil, had at different times, found 
 abundant amusement in reading of parrots, humming birds, 
 and cocoa nuts ; lions, tigers, leopards, elephants, and 
 horned rhinocerosses ; monkeys, racoons, opossums, and 
 sloths ; mosquitoes, lizards, snakes, and scaly crocodiles ; 
 but these were nothing, in their estimation, compared with 
 an account of Red Indians, bears and buffaloes, from the 
 mouth of one who actually lived among them. 
 
 m 
 
INDIAN SCENERT. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Some account of the fur trade — The lakes, rivers, and mountains of 
 North America — Indian hunters—Pourrettrs des Bois — Voyageurs— 
 North men — Comers and goers — ^4 decharge — A portage — Trappers 
 — Beaver hunting — Adventure with a bear — Peltries and furs — Deer 
 hunting — A cache — Fur companies — Bisons. '• , deer, wolves, 
 badgers, beavers, minxes, martins, foxes, . acoons, lynxes, hares, 
 rabbits, musk-rats, squirrels, and stoats. 
 
 USTIN EDWARDS was too ardent in 
 his pursuits not to make the intended 
 visit, to the cottage near the wood, the 
 continued theme of his conversation 
 with his brothers, through the remain- 
 der of the day ; and, when he retired to 
 rest, in his dreams he was either wan- 
 dering through the forest defenceless, 
 having lost his tomahawk, or flying over the prairie on the 
 back of a buffalo, amid the yelling of a thousand Red 
 Indians. 
 
 The sun was bright in the skies when the three brothers 
 set out on their anticipated excursion. Austm was loud in 
 praise of their kind preserver, but he could not at all under- 
 
 IP 
 
20 
 
 THE ROAD TO THE COTTAGE. 
 
 stand how any one, who had been a hunter of bears and 
 buffaloes, could quietly settle down to lead the life of a shep- 
 herd : for his part, he would have remained a hunter for 
 ever. Brian thought the hunter had acted a wise part in 
 coming away from so many dangers ; and little Basil, not 
 being quite able to decide which of his two brothers was 
 right, remained silent. 
 
 As the two elder brothers wished to show Basil the place 
 where they stood when the oak tree, and the red sand- 
 stone rock, fell over the precipice with a crash ; and as Ba- 
 sil was equally desirous to visit the spot, they went up to it. 
 Austin helped his little brother over the broken fragments 
 which still lay scattered over the narrow path. It was a 
 sight that would have impressed the mind of any one ; and 
 Brian looked up with awe to the remaining part of the 
 rifted rock, above which the fallen oak tree had stood. 
 Austin was very eloquent in his description of the sudden 
 voice of the stranger, of the roaring wind as it rushed through 
 the wood, and of the crashing tree and falling rock. Basil 
 showed great astonishment ; and they all descended from 
 the commanding height, full of the arresting adventure of 
 the preceding day. 
 
 When they were come within sight of the wood, Brian 
 cried out that he could see the shepherd's cottage ; but Aus- 
 tin told him that he ought not to call the cottager a shep- 
 herd but a hunter. It was true that he had a flock ( f sheep, 
 but he kept them more to employ his time than to get a 
 living by them. For many years he had lived among the 
 Indians, and hunted buffaloes with them ; he was, there- 
 fore, to all intents and purposes, a buffalo hunter, and ought 
 not to be called a shepherd. This important point being 
 settled, Brian and Basil having agreed to call him, in future, 
 a hunter, and not a shepherd, they walked on hastily to the 
 cottage. 
 
 In five minutes after, the hunter, for such by Austin Ed- 
 wards' express requirements he must, in future, be called, 
 was showing and explaining to his delighted young visitors 
 
3ars and 
 f a shep- 
 jnter for 
 ! part in 
 asil, not 
 lers was 
 
 INTERIOR OP THE HUNTER'S COTTAGE. 21 
 
 the Indian curiosities which hung around the walls of his 
 cottage, together with others which he kept with greater 
 care. These latter were principally calumets, or peace- 
 pipes ; mocassins, or Indian shoes ; war-eagle dresses, man- 
 tles, necklaces, shields, belts, pouches, and war clubs of 
 superior workmanship. There was also an Indian cradle, 
 and several rattles and musical instruments ; these altogether 
 afibrded the young people wondrous entertainment. Austin 
 wanted to know how the Indians used their war clubs; 
 Brian inquired how they smoked the peace-pipe ; and little 
 Basil was quite as anxious in his questions about a rattle, 
 which he had taken up and was shaking to and fro. To all 
 these inquiries the hunter gave satisfactory replies, with a 
 promise to enter afterwards on a more full explanation. 
 
 In addition to these curiosities, the young people were 
 shown a few specimens of different kinds of furs : as those 
 of the beaver, ermine, sable, martin, fiery fox, black fox, 
 silver fox, and squirrel. Austin wished to know all at once, 
 where, and in what way these fur animals were caught ; 
 and with this end in view, he contrived to get the hunter 
 into a conversation on the subject. " I suppose," said he, 
 « that you know all about beavers, and martins, and foxes, 
 and squirrels." 
 
 Hunter. I ought to know something about them, having 
 been in my time somewhat of a Voyageur^ a Courreur des 
 bois, a Trapper, and a Freeman ; but you will hardly 
 understand these terms without some little explanation. 
 
 t^ustin. What is a Courreur de bois ? 
 
 Brian. What is a Voyageur. 
 
 Basil. I want to know what a Trapper is. 
 
 Hunter. Perhaps it will be better if I give you a short 
 account of the way in which the furs of different animals 
 are obtained, and then I can explain the terms, Voyageur, 
 Courreur des bois. Trapper and Freeman, as well as a few 
 other things which you may like to know. 
 
 Brian. Yes, that will be the best way, 
 
 t^ustin. Please not to let it be a short account, but a long 
 
n WHERE PURS COME PROM. 
 
 one. Begin at the very bcgimiing, and go on to the very 
 end. 
 
 Hunter. Well, we shall see. It has pleased God, as we 
 read in the first chapter of the book of Genesis, to give man 
 " dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the 
 air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over 
 every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." The 
 meaning of which is, no doubt, not that he may cruelly abuse 
 them, but that he may use them for his wants and comforts, 
 or destroy them when they annoy and injure him. The 
 skins of animals have been used as clothing for thousands of 
 years ; and furs have become so general in dresses and orna- 
 ments, that, to obtain them, a regular trade has long been 
 carried on. In this trafiic, the uncivilized inhabitants of 
 cold countries exchange their furs for useful articles, and 
 comforts, and luxuries, which are only to be obtained from 
 warmer climes and civilized people. 
 jSustin. And where do furs come from ? 
 Hunter. Furs are usually obtained in cold countries. 
 The ermine and the sable are procured in the most northerly 
 parts of Europe and Asia ; but most of the furs in use come 
 from North America. 
 
 •Austin. Ay ! North America is very large, and some 
 parts of it are very cold. 
 
 Hunter. Yes. If you look at the map of North America, 
 you will find that between the Atlantic and the Pacific 
 Oceans the space is, in its greatest breadth, more than three 
 thousand miles; and from north to south, the country 
 stretches out, to say the least of it, a thousand miles 
 more than this. The principal rivers of North America, 
 are the Mackenzie, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, and St. 
 Laurence. The Mississippi is between three and four 
 thousand miles long. The Rocky or Stony mountains 
 stretch themselves the whole length of the land, from north 
 to south ; and another range of mountains, called the Apa- 
 lachian, extends through the United States. North America 
 abounds with lakes : Ontario and Win i peg are each near 
 
THE PUR TRADE. 
 
 two huuUred miles long; Lukes Huron and Erie an? 
 between two and three hundred; Michigan is four liundred, 
 and lake Superior nearly five hundred miles long. 
 
 Brian. What a length ! Nearly five hundred miles ! 
 Why, it is more like a sea than a lake. 
 
 Hunter. Well, over a great part of the space that I have 
 mentioned, furry animals abound ; and different fur compa- 
 nies send those in their employ, to boat up the river, to sail 
 through the lakes, to hunt wild animals, to trap beavers, 
 and to trade with the various Indian uibes which are 
 scattered throughout this extensive territory. 
 
 jlustin. Oh ! how I should like to hunt and to trade 
 with the Indians. 
 
 Hunter. Better think the matter over before yoi. et off 
 on such an expedition. Are you ready to sail by ship, 
 steam-boat, and canoe ; to ride on horseback, or to trudge 
 on foot, as the case may require ; to swim across brooks 
 and rivers ; to wade through bogs, and swamps, and quag- 
 mires ; to live for weeks on flesh, without bread or salt to 
 it ; to lie on the cold ground ; to cook your own food ; and 
 to mend your own jacket and mocassins ? Are you ready 
 to bear hunger and thirst, heat and cold, rain and solitude ? 
 Have you patience to bear the stings of tormenting mosqui- 
 toes ; and courage to defend your life against the grizzly 
 bear, the buffalo, and the tomahawk of the red man, should 
 he turn out to be an enemy ? 
 
 Brian. No, no, Austin. You must not think of running 
 into such dangers. 
 
 Hunter. I will now give you a short adlbunt of the fur 
 trade. About two hundred years ago, or more, the French 
 made a settlement in Canada, and they soon found such 
 advantage in obtaining the furry skins of the various 
 animals wandering the woods and plains around them, that, 
 after taking all they could themselves, they began to trade 
 ■^ith the Red Indians, the original inhabitants of the coun- 
 try, who brought from great distances skins of various 
 kinds. In a rude camp, formed of the bark of trees, these 
 
94 
 
 COURREURS DES BOIS. 
 
 red men assembled, seated themselves in half circles, 
 smoked their pipes, made speeches, gave and received 
 presents, and traded with the French people for their skins. 
 The articles given in exchange to the Indian hunters, were 
 knives, axes, arms, kettles, blankets, and cloth : the brighter 
 the colour of the cloth, the better the Indians were pleased. 
 
 •Austin. I think I can see them now. 
 
 Basil. Did they smoke pipes like those we have been 
 looking at ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes ; for almost all the pipes used by the red 
 men are made of red stone, dug out of the same quarry, 
 called pipe-stone quarry ; but about this I will tell you 
 some other time. One bad part of this trading system was, 
 that the French gave the Indians but a small part of the 
 value of their skins, besides which they charged their own 
 articles extravagantly high ; and a still worse feature in the 
 case was this, that they supplied the Indians with spirit- 
 uous liquors, thereby bringing about great irregularities, 
 which t'lv. French did not fail to turn to their own account. 
 
 Basil. That was too bad on the part of the French. 
 
 Hunter. This system of obtaining furs was carried on 
 for many years, when another practice sprang jp, which 
 was for such white men as had accompanied the Indians 
 in hunting, and made themselves 'acquainted with the 
 country, to paddle up the rivers in canoes, with a few arms 
 and provisions, and hunt for themselves. They were absent 
 sometimes for as much as a year, or a year and a half, and 
 then returned with their canoes laden with rich furs. These 
 white men well what I called Cnurreurs des bois, or wood- 
 rangers. 
 
 •Austin. Ah ! I should like to be a Courreur des bois. 
 
 Hunter. Some of these Courreurs des bois became very 
 lawless and depraved in their habits, so that the French 
 government enacted a law whereby no one, on pain of 
 death, could trade in the interior of the country with the 
 Indians without a licence. Military posts were also estab- 
 lished, to protect the trade, and to restrain the lawless 
 
VOYAGEURS — NORTH-MEN. 
 
 25 
 
 If circles, 
 received 
 leir skins, 
 ters, were 
 B brighter 
 3 pleased. 
 
 y the red 
 3 quarry, 
 
 tell you 
 tem was, 
 irt of the 
 heir own 
 ire in the 
 th spirit- 
 [ularities, 
 account, 
 ich. 
 
 rried on 
 5, which 
 
 Indians 
 irith the 
 
 w arms 
 absent 
 
 alf, and 
 These 
 
 r wood- 
 
 >ois. 
 le very 
 French 
 ain of 
 ith the 
 estab- 
 awless 
 
 rangers of the woods. In process of time, too, fur compa- 
 nies were established ; and men, called Voyageursj or 
 canoe men, were employed, expressly to attend to the 
 canoes carrying supplies up the rivers, or bringing back 
 cargoes of furs. 
 
 BolH. Now we know what a Voyageur is. 
 
 Hunter. You would hardly know me again, were you to 
 see me dressed as a voyageur. Let me see, I should have 
 on a striped cotton shirt, cloth trousers, a loose coat made 
 of a blanket, with perhaps leathern leggings and deer-skin 
 mocassins ; and then I must not forget my coloured worsted 
 belt, my knife, and tobacco pouch. 
 
 ^^ustin. What a figure you would cut ! and yet, I dare 
 say, such a dress is best for a voyageur. 
 
 Hunter. Most of the Canadian voyageurs were good- 
 humoured, light-hearted men, who always sang a lively 
 strain as they dipped their oars into the waters of the lake or 
 rolling river ; but steam-boats are now introduced, so that 
 the voyageurs are but few. 
 
 Basil. What a pity ! I like those voyageurs. 
 
 Hunter. The voyageurs, who were out for a long period, 
 the interior of the country, were called 
 
 and 
 
 navigated 
 
 North-men, or Winterers; while the others had the name of 
 Goers and Comers. Any part of a river where they could 
 not row a laden canoe, on account of the rapid stream, they 
 called a Decharge ; and there the goods were taken from 
 the boats, and carried on their shoulders, while others 
 towed the canoes up the stream : but a fall of^water, where 
 they were obliged not only to carry the goods, but also to 
 drag the canoes on land up to the higher level, they called 
 a Portage. 
 
 Jlustin. We shall not forget the North-men, and Comers 
 and Goers, nor the Decharges and Portagers. 
 
 Basil. You have not told us what a Trapper is. 
 
 Hunter. A Trapper is a beaver hunter. Those who 
 hunt beavers and other animals, for any of the fur compa- 
 D 3 
 
i 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 26 
 
 THE BEAVER. 
 
 nies, are called Trappers ; but such as hunt for themselves, 
 take the name of Freemen. 
 
 Jlustin. Yes, I sha I remember. Please to tell us how 
 they hunt the beavers. 
 
 Hunter. Beavers build themselves houses, on the banks 
 of creeks or small ri\ ers, with mud, sticks, and stones, and 
 afterwards cover them over with a coat of mud, which be- 
 comes very hard. These houses are five or six feet thick 
 at the top ; and in one house, four old beavers, and six or 
 eight young ones, often live together. But, besides their 
 houses, the beavers take care to have a number of holes in 
 the banks, under water called washes, into which they can 
 run for shelter, should their houses be attacked. It is the 
 business of the trappers to find out all these washes, or holes ; 
 and this they do in winter, by knocking against the ice, 
 and judging by the sound. Over every hole, they cut out 
 a piece of ice, big enough to get at the beaver. No sooner 
 is the beaver-house attacked, than the animals run into 
 
 THE BEAVEU. 
 
 their holes, the entrances of which are directly blocked up 
 with stakes. The trappers then either take them through 
 the holes in the ice with their hands, or haul them out with 
 hooks fastened to the end of a pole or stick. 
 
 ^^nslin. But why is a beaver hunter called a trapper? I 
 cannot understand that. 
 
 Hunter. Because beavers arc caught in great numbers in 
 sfenl trnps. which are set and baited on ;ourpose for them. 
 
ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR. 
 
 27 
 
 tell us how 
 
 Brian. Why do they not catch them in tlie summer ? 
 
 Hunter. The fur of the beaver is in its prime in the win- 
 ter; in the summer it is of inferior quality. 
 
 Austin. Do the trappers catch many beavers ? I should 
 think there could not be very many of them. 
 
 Hunter. In one year, the Hudson's Bay Company 
 alone, sold as many as sixty thousand beaver skins. 
 
 Austin. Sixty thousand ! 1 did not think there were so 
 many beavers in the world. 
 
 Hunter. I will tell you an anecdote, by which you will 
 see that hunters and trappers had need be men of courage 
 and activity. It is said, that a trapper, of the name of 
 Cannon, had just had the good fortune to kill a buffalo ; and 
 
 BUIFALO OR niSON. 
 
 PS 1 e wrs at a coiisidcrable distance from liis camp, he cut 
 out the ton<7uc and some of the choice bits, made them into a 
 parcel and slinging them on his ^houlders by a strap passed 
 round his forehead, as the voyn^-ours carry packages of 
 
p 
 
 28 
 
 ADVENTURE WITH A BEAR. 
 
 goods, set out on his way to the camp. In passing through 
 a narrow ravine, he heard a noise behind him, and looking 
 round, beheld, to his dismay, a grizzly bear in full pursuit, ap- 
 parently attracted by the scent of the meat. Cannon had heard 
 so much of the strength and ferocity of this tremendous ani- 
 mal, that he never attempted to tire, but slipping the strap from 
 his forehead, let go the buffalo meat, and ran for his life. 
 The bear did not stop to regale himself with the game, but 
 kept on after the hunter. He had nearly overtaken him, 
 when Cannon reached a tree, and throwing down liis rifle, 
 scrambled up into it. The next instant Bruin was at the 
 foot of the tree, but as this species of bear does not climb, 
 he contented himself with turning the chase into a blockade. 
 Night came on. In the darkness. Cannon could not per- 
 ceive whether or not the enemy maintained his station ; 
 but his fears pictured him rigorously mounting guard. He 
 passed the night, therefore, in the tree, a prey to dismal fan- 
 cies. In the morning the bear was gone. Cannon warily 
 descended the tree, picked up his gun, and made the best 
 of his way back to the camp, without venturing to look 
 after his buffalo meat. 
 
 •^ 
 
 GAIZZLY BEAR. 
 
 'i ^ 
 
 'I '-. 
 
 Auatin. Then the grizzly bear did not hurt him after all. 
 
 Brian. I would not go among those grizzly bears for all 
 in the world. We have no bears in England, and nothing 
 larger than a hare or a fox in the woods, so we are safe 
 here. 
 
 Hunter. In some places, perhaps, a few deer might be 
 found, and thev are Inrcrer ihan half a dozen foxes. 
 
DEER-TRAPPING. 
 
 29 
 
 ig through 
 id looking 
 'ursuit,ap- 
 had heard 
 idous aiii- 
 strapfrom 
 r his Hfe. 
 game, but 
 iken him, 
 11 his rifle, 
 /as at the 
 not climb, 
 blockade, 
 not per- 
 3 station ; 
 lard. He 
 ismal fan- 
 on warily 
 5 the best 
 to look 
 
 after all. 
 
 rs for all 
 
 nothing 
 
 are safe 
 
 liffht be 
 
 *^ustin. Do they take deer in North America, as well as 
 other animals ? 
 
 Hunter. Deer, though their skins are not so valuable as 
 many furs, are very useful to hunters and trappers; for 
 they not only add to their stock of peltries, but also supply 
 them with food. When ^skins have been tanned on the 
 inside, they are called furs ; but, before they are tamied, 
 they are called peltries. Deer are trapped much in the 
 same way as buffaloes are. A large circle is inclosed 
 with twisted trees and brushwood, with a very narrow 
 opening, in the neighbourhood of a well-frequented deer 
 path. The inside of the circle is crowded with small hedges, 
 in the openings of which are set snares of twisted thongs, 
 made fast at one end to a neighbouring tree. Two lines of 
 small trees are set up, branching off outwardly from the 
 narrow entrance of the circle ; so that the further the lines 
 of trees extend from the circle, the wider is the space 
 between them. As soon as the deer are seen moving in 
 the direction of the circle, the hunters get behind them, and 
 urge them on by loud shouts. The deer mistaking the 
 lines of trees set up for enemies, fly straight forward, till 
 they enter the snare prepared for them. The circle is then 
 surrounded, to prevent their quitting it, while some of the 
 hunters go into it blocking up the entrance, and kill the 
 deer with their bows and arrows, and their spears. 
 
 Basil. I am sorry for the poor deer. 
 
 Brian. And so am I, Basil. 
 
 Hunter. Hunters are often obliged to leave food in par- 
 ticular places, in case they should be destitute on their 
 return that way. They sometimes, too, leave property 
 behind them, and for this purpose they form a cache. 
 
 *^ustin. Oh ! what is a cache ? 
 
 Hunter. A cache is a hole, or place of concealment ; and 
 when any thing is put in it, great care is required to conceal 
 it from enemies, and indeed from wild animals, such as 
 wolves and bears. 
 
 *jlustin, Well ! but if they dig a deep hole, and put the 
 
 
i I 
 
 . J\ 
 
 30 
 
 PUR COMPANIES, 
 
 things in it, how could any body find it ? A wolf and 
 a bear would never find it out, for they could not see 
 through the ground. 
 
 Hunter. Perhaps not ; but if they could not see the flesh 
 hidden in the cache, they might smell it. 
 
 Jlustin. Ay ! I forgot that. I must understand a little 
 more of my business before I set up for a hunter, or a trap- 
 per ; but please to tell us all about a cache. 
 
 Hunter. A cache is usually dug near a stream, that 
 the earth taken out of the hole may be thrown into the 
 running water, otherwise it would tell tales. Then the 
 hunters spread blankets, or what clothes they have, over 
 the surrounding ground, to prevent the marks of their feet 
 being seen. When they have dug the hole, they line it with 
 dry grass and sticks, and bark, and sometimes with a dry 
 skin. After the things to be hidden are put in, they are 
 covered v/ith another dry skin, and the hole is filled up with 
 grass, stones, and sticks, and trodden down hard, to prevent 
 the top from sinking afterwards ; the place is sprinkled with 
 water to take away the scent ; and the turf, which was first 
 cut away, before the hole was dug, is laid down with care, 
 just as it was before it was touched. They then take up 
 their blankets and cloths, and leave the cache, putting a 
 mark at some distance, that when they come again they 
 may know where to find it. 
 
 Austin. Capital ! capital ! I could make a cache now, 
 that neither a bear, nor a wolf, nor a Red Indian could 
 find out. 
 
 Brian. But if ihe bear did not find the cache, he might 
 find you ; and then what would become of you ? 
 
 Austin. Oh ! climb a tree, as Cannon did. I warrant 
 you that I should manage him, one way or another. 
 
 Hunter. The fur companies that have been established 
 at different times, are as far as I can remember, the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, the North-west Company, the Russian 
 American Fur Company, the Mackinaw Fur Company, 
 the American Fur Company, the South-west Company, 
 
 fi' \ 
 
SSli 
 
 HUNTER'S INVITATION 
 
 81 
 
 . wolf and 
 Id not see 
 
 e the flesh 
 
 md a little 
 or a trap- 
 earn, that 
 1 into the 
 Tlien the 
 lave, over 
 their feet 
 ne it with 
 nth a dry 
 , they are 
 d up with 
 
 prevent 
 ikled with 
 
 1 was first 
 vith care, 
 1 take up 
 putting a 
 jain they 
 
 he now, 
 in could 
 
 le might 
 
 warrant 
 ir. 
 
 ablished 
 le Hud- 
 Russian 
 )mpany, 
 )mpany, 
 
 
 r;4 
 
 •* 
 
 I 
 
 the Pacific Fur Company, Ashley's Fur Company, and 
 Bonneville's Fur Company. Of these, I think, the latter 
 two, with the Russian, the American, and the United Hud- 
 son's Bay and North-west Companies, are all that now 
 remain. Most of the furs that are taken find their way to 
 London ; but every year the animals which produce them 
 become fewer. Besides the skins of larger animals, North 
 America supplies the furs of a great number of smaller 
 creatures ; and these, varying in their habits, require to be 
 taken in a different manner. The bison is found on the 
 prairies, or plains ; the beaver, on creeks and rivers ; the 
 badger, the fox, and the rabbit, burrow on the ground ; and 
 the bear, the deer, the minx, the martin, the racoon, the 
 lynx, the hare, the musk-rat, the squirrel, and the stoat (the 
 North American ermine) are all to be found in the woods. 
 In paddling up the rivers in canoes, and in roaming the 
 woods and prairies, ir* search of these animals, I have 
 mingled much with Indians of different tribes ; and if you 
 can, now and thon, make a call at my cottage, you will, 
 perhaps, be entertained in hearing what I can tell you 
 about them. The Red Indians should be regarded by us 
 as brothers ; we ought to feel interested in their welfare 
 here, and in their happiness hereafter. We have the word 
 of God, and Christian sabbaths, and Christian ministers, 
 and religious ordinances in abundance, to direct and com- 
 fort us ; but they are but scantily supplied with these advan- 
 tages. Let us not forget to put them in our prayers, that 
 the Father of mercies may make known his mercy to them, 
 opening their eyes, and influencing their hearts, so that they 
 may become true servants of the " Lord of lords, and King 
 of kings." 
 
 The delight visible in the sparkling eyes of the young 
 people, as they took their leave, spoke their thanks much 
 better than the words that fell from their tongues. On their 
 way home, they talked of nothing else but fur companies, 
 lakes, rivers, prairies and rocky mountains; buffaloes, 
 wolves, bears, and beavers ; and it was quite as much as 
 
 ^ 
 
T 
 
 "ii 
 
 32 
 
 THE RETURN HOME. 
 
 Brian and Basil could do, to persuade their brother Austin 
 from making up his mind at once to be a voyageur, a cour- 
 reur des bois, and a trapper. The more they were against 
 it, so much the more his heart seemed set upon the enter- 
 prise ; and the wilder they made the buffaloes that would 
 attack him, and the bears and wolves that would tear him 
 to pieces, the bolder and more courageous he became. 
 However, though on this point they could not agree, they 
 were all unanimous in their determination to make another 
 visit to the cottage the first possible opportunity. 
 
 INDUN CI«AK. 
 
 
 f 
 
 it '; 
 
CHIEFS or DIFFERENT TRIBES. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Difficulty in ascertaining who were the Aborigines of America, and 
 from whence they came — Various opinions on the subject — Catlin's 
 publication on the " Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North 
 American Indians" — Census of the different tribes — Locality of the 
 Crows, Blackfeet, Sioux, and Creeks — The names of some of the 
 Indian chiefs and remarkable characters. 
 
 PON the next occasion when 
 the three brothers paid a visit 
 to the cottage, they did not go 
 to the red sand-stone rock, 
 the adventure which took 
 place there formed a part of their con- 
 versation. They found the hunter at 
 home, and, being now on very friendly 
 and familiar terms with him, they 
 entered at once on the subject that was nearest their hearts, 
 namely, that of the North American Indians. " Tell us, if 
 you please," said Austin, as soon as they were seated, 
 « about the very beginning of the red men." 
 
 though 
 
 E 
 
 )'J 
 
 •F 
 
^ 
 
 n \ 
 
 \ 'I 
 
 '. I: 
 
 \ i 
 
 34 
 
 RED MEN 
 
 "You are asking me to do that," replied the hunter, 
 « which is much more difficult than you suppose. To 
 account for the existence of the original inhabitants, and of 
 the various tribes of Red Indians which are now scattered 
 throughout the whole of North America, has puzzled the 
 heads of the wisest men for ages ; and, even at the present 
 day, though travellers have endeavoured to throw light on 
 this subject, it still remains a mystery." 
 
 tJliistin, But what is it that is so mysterious ? What is it 
 that wise men and travellers cannot make out ? 
 
 Hunter. They cannot make out how it is, that the whole 
 of America, taking in, as it does, some parts which are 
 almost always covered with snow ; and other parts that 
 are as hot as the sun can make them ; should be peopled 
 ■with a class of human beings distinct from all others in the 
 world — red men, who have black hair, and no beards. If 
 you remember, it is said, in the first chapter of Genesis, " So 
 God created man in his own image, in the image of God 
 created he him ; male and female created he them." And, 
 in the second cliapter , "And the Lord God planted a gar- 
 den eastward in Eden ; and there he put the man whom he 
 had formed." Now, it is known, by the names of the 
 rivers which are mentioned in the chapter, that the garden 
 of Eden was in Asia ; so that you see our first parents, 
 whence the whole of mankind have sprung, dwelt in Asia. 
 
 Jiiistin. Yes, that is quite plain. 
 
 Hunter. Well then, you recollect, I dare say, that 
 when the world was drowned, all mankind were destroyed, 
 except Noah and his family in the ark. 
 
 Brian. Yes ; we recollect that very well. 
 
 Hunter. And when the ark rested, it rested on Mount 
 Ararat, which is in Asia also. If you look on the map of 
 the world, you will see that the three continents, Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa are united together ; but America stands 
 by itself, with an ocean rolling on each side of it, thousands 
 of miles broad. It is easy to suppose that mankind would 
 spread over the continents that are close together, but difficult 
 
 m 
 
RED INDIANS OP FORMER TIMES. 
 
 35 
 
 to account for their passing over the ocean, at a time when 
 the arts of shipbuilding and navigation were so little under- 
 stood. 
 
 *8.ustin. They must have gone in a ship, that is certain. 
 
 Hunter, But suppose they did, how come it about that 
 they should be so very different from all other men? 
 America was only discovered about four hundred years 
 ago, or little more, and then it was well peopled with red 
 men, and had great cities. Besides, there have been dis- 
 covered throughout America, monuments, ruins, and sites 
 of ancient towns, with thousands of inclosures and fortifi- 
 cations. Articles, too, of pottery, sculpture, glass, and 
 copper, have been found at times, sixty or eighty feet under 
 the ground, and in some instances, with forests growing 
 over them, so that they must have been very ancient. The 
 people who built these fortifications and towers, and pos- 
 sessed these articles in pottery, sculpture, glass, and copper, 
 lived at a remote period, and must have been, to a conside- 
 rable degree cultivated. Who these people were, and how 
 they came to America, no one knows, though many have 
 expressed their opinions. But, even if we did know who 
 they were, how could we account for the present race of 
 Red Indians in North America being barbarous, when their 
 ancestors were so highly civilized .? These are difficulties 
 which as I said, have puzzled the wisest heads for ages. 
 
 Jlustin. What do wise men and travellers say a|30ut 
 these things ? 
 
 Hunter, They think, that as the frozen regions of Asia, in 
 ' one part, are so near the frozen regions of North America — 
 it being only about forty miles across Behrings' Straits — 
 some persons from Asia might have crossed over there, and 
 peopled the country ; or that North America might have 
 once been joined to Asia, though it is not so now ; or that, 
 in ancient times, some persons might have drifted, or been 
 blown there by accident, in boats or ships, across the wide 
 ocean. Some think these people might have been the 
 Phenicians, Carthagenians, Hebrews, or Egyptians ; while 
 
y 
 
 i I 
 
 36 RED INDIANS OF PRESENT TIMES. 
 
 another class of reasoners suppose them to have been Hin- 
 doos, Chinese, Tartars, Malays, or others. It seems, how- 
 ever, to be God's will often to humble the pride of his crea- 
 tures, by baffling their conjectures, and hedging up theii 
 opinions with difficulties. His way is in the sea, and his 
 path in the great waters^ and his footsteps are not known, 
 Psa. Ixxvii. 1 9. He " maketh the earth empty, and maketh 
 it waste, and turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad 
 the inhabitants thereof," Isa. xxiv. 1. 
 
 Jiustin. Well, if you cannot tell us of the Red Indians in 
 former times, you can tell us of the Red Indians that are 
 in North America now, and that will be a great deal better. 
 
 Brian. Yes, that it will. 
 
 Hunter. You must bear in mind, that some years have 
 passed since I was hunting and trafping in the woods and 
 prairies, and that many changes ha ;re taken place since then 
 among the Red Indians. Some have been tomahawked by 
 the hands of the stronger tribes; some have sold their 
 lands to the whites, and retired to the west of the Missis- 
 sippi ; and thousands have been carried off by the small 
 pox, which has made sad havoc among them. I must 
 therefore, speak of them as they were, except in such 
 instances wherein I may happen to know what changes 
 have taken place. Some of the tribes, since I left them, 
 have been utterly destroyed ; not one living creature among 
 them being left to speak of those who have gone before 
 them. 
 
 •Jiustin. What a pity ! They want some good doctors 
 among them, and then the small pox would not carry them ' 
 off in that way. 
 
 Hunter. I will not pretend tc give you an exact account 
 of the number of the different tribes, or the particular places 
 they now occupy ; for thougYi my information may be gener- 
 ally right, yet the changes which have taken place are many. 
 
 jlustin. Please to tell us what you remember, and what 
 you know ; and that will quite satisfy us. 
 
 Hunter. An American, of the name of Catlin, has pub- 
 
INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 37 
 
 such 
 
 pub- 
 
 lished a book called, " Letters and Notes on the Manners, 
 Customs, and Condition of the Nortli American Indians ;" 
 and a most interesting and entertaining account it is. If 
 ever you can lay hold of it, it will afford you great amuse- 
 ment. Perhaps no man who has written on the Indians 
 has seen so much of them as he has. 
 
 Brian. Did you ever meet Catlin ? 
 
 Hunter. Oh yes, many times ; and a most agreeable 
 companion I found him. The last time I took him by the 
 hand was at the Egyptian Hall, in London, where he had 
 the best collection of Indian curiosities that ever was 
 amassed together. If you can get a sight of his book, you 
 will soon see that he is a man of much knowledge, and pos- 
 sessing great courage, energy and perseverance. I will 
 now, then, begin my narrative : and if you can find pleasure 
 in hearing a description of the Red Indians, with their 
 villages, wigwams, war-whoops, and warriors ; their man- 
 ners, customs, and superstitions ; their dress, ornaments, and 
 arms; their mysteries, games, huntings, dances, war- 
 councils, speeches, battles, and burials ; with a fair sprink- 
 ling of prairie dogs, and wild horses; wolves, beavers, 
 grizzly bears, and mad buffaloes ; I will do my best to give 
 you gratification. 
 
 Austin. These are the very things that we want to 
 know. 
 
 Hunter, I shall not forget to tell you what the missiona- 
 ries have done among the Indians; but that must be 
 towards the latter end of my account. In the year 1836, 
 there was published at New York as correct a statement as 
 could then be drawn up of the numbers of the different 
 tribes. As I have it here, I will just read it over, that you 
 may see which are the most numerous of the tribes. 
 
 The names of the Indian tribes, with their numbers, 
 which have emigrated to the west of the Mississippi, are, 
 
 Chocktaws 15,000 
 
 Appalachicoles ........ 265 
 
 Cherokees 5,000 
 
 4 
 
f 
 
 M, 
 
 ' 
 
 88 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 Creeks 2,459 
 
 Senecas and Shawanees 211 
 
 Scnecas from Sandusky 231 
 
 Potowatemies •. 141 
 
 Peorias and Kaskaskies ...... 133 
 
 Pienkeshavvs ...... 163 
 
 Wees 222 
 
 Ottowas 200 
 
 Kickapoos ........ 470 
 
 Shawanees ........ 1,250 
 
 Dclawares ........ 825 
 
 The names and numbers of the Indian tribes resident 
 
 west of the Mississippi, are, 
 
 \ 
 
 loways 1,200 
 
 Sacs, of the Missouri ...... 500 
 
 Omahas 1,400 
 
 Ottos and Missourias ...... 1,600 
 
 Pawnees 10,000 
 
 Camanchees ........ 7,000 
 
 Mandans 15,000 
 
 Minetereers ........ 15,000 
 
 Assinaboins ........ 800 
 
 Crees 3,000 
 
 Grosventres 3,000 
 
 Crows .- 45,000 
 
 Sioux 27,000 
 
 Quapaws ...>...-. 460 
 
 Caddoes 800 
 
 Poncas 800 
 
 Osages 5,120 
 
 Kansas ......... 1,471 
 
 Sacs 4,800 
 
 Arickaras 3,000 
 
 Charanes 2,000 
 
 Blackfeet 30,000 
 
 Foxes 1,600 
 
 Arepehris and Keawas ....... 1,400 
 
 And there are yet remaining, east of the river in the 
 southren states, a considerable number j the five principal 
 tribes, are the 
 
 Senr.-noles, yet remaining east . . . . • 3.420 
 
 Choctaws, ditto 3,500 
 
MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a9 
 
 Cliickasaws, 
 
 Clierokces, 
 
 Creeks 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 5,429 
 10,000 
 22,6C8 
 
 Those stated as western tribes extend along the whole 
 western frontier. The average number of an Indian 
 family is four. 
 
 ^^ustin. The Crows and the Elackfeet are tlife most 
 numerous, and then come the Sioux and the Creeks. 
 
 Hunter. Though this account might be correct in 1836, 
 it is not correct at the present time ; for, in 1838, the Black- 
 feet lost twelve thousand by small pox. Should you meet 
 with an account of North American Indians that differs 
 from this, you must remember that some people include 
 many of the smaller tribes under the general names of the 
 larger; this would make an apparent difference. Well, 
 now, I will lay before you a map of North America. See 
 how it stretches out north and south from Baffin's Bay to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and east and west from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific Ocean. What a wonderful work of the Almighty, 
 is the rolling deep ! " The sea is his, and he made it : and 
 his hands formed the dry land." Here are the great Lakes 
 Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. 
 
 Basil. There is one up higher ; and yonder is another to 
 the left hand, bigger still, I think. 
 
 Hunter. That to the left is Slave Lake, and the other is 
 Lake Winipeg ; and here run the mighty rivers, the Mis- 
 sissippi, the Mackenzie, the Missouri, the Ohio, and the St. 
 Lawrence ; the Mississippi itself is between three and four 
 thousand miles long. 
 
 Basil. What a river ! Please to tell us what are all those 
 little hills running along there, one above another, from top 
 to bottom. 
 
 Hunter. They are the Rocky Mountains. Some regard 
 them as a continuation of the Andes of South America ; so 
 that, if both are put together, they will make a chain of 
 mountains little short of nine thousand miles long. North 
 America, with its mighty lakes, rivers, and mountains, its 
 
40 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE INDIANS, 
 
 I: 
 
 i^ 
 
 extended valleys and prairies, its bluffs, caverns, and cata- 
 racts, and, more than all, its Red Indian inhabitants, beavers, 
 buffaloes, and bisons, will aflford us something to talk of 
 for some time to come ; but the moment you are tired of my 
 account, we will bring the matter to a close. 
 
 jlustin. We shall never be tired ; no, not if you go on 
 telling us something every time we come, for a whole 
 year. 
 
 Hunter. You remember the Crow Indians are the most 
 numerous of all the tribes. You will find them at the head 
 waters of the Yellow Stone River. When a Crow meets 
 a Blackfoot there is a struggle, for they mortally hate each 
 other. 
 
 Brian. Where are the Blackfeet? Are they near the 
 Crows? 
 
 Hunter. They are at the head of the Missouri river. 
 These are not such fine looking men as the Crows, for fh r; 
 are low in stature ; however, they are strong, broad-chesi. / 
 men, and have usually plenty of arms. The Sioux, or 
 Dahc6ta; occupy a large tract of country in the upper part 
 of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, stretching out to the 
 rocky mountains on the west ; while the Creeks are 
 divided, part being on the east of the Mississippi, and part 
 on the west. 
 
 *^ustin. How did these tribes behave to you, when you 
 were among them ? 
 
 Hunter. I have not a word of complaint to make. The 
 Red Indians have been represented as treacherous, dis- 
 honest, reserved, and sour in their disposition ; but, instead 
 of this, I have found them generally, though not in all 
 cases, frank, upright, hospitable, light-hearted, and friendly. 
 Those who have seen Indians smarting under wrongs, and 
 deprived, by deceit and force, oftheir lands, hunting grounds, 
 and the graves of their fathers, may have found them other- 
 wise : and no wonder ; the worm that is trodden on, will 
 writhe ; and man, unrestrained by divine grace, when 
 treated with injustice and cruelty, will turn on his oppressor. 
 
nd cata- 
 beavers, 
 ► talk of 
 ed of my 
 
 •II go oi\ 
 I whole 
 
 he most 
 he head 
 V meets 
 ite each 
 
 lear the 
 
 •i river, 
 for fh .'V 
 •chesiLj 
 3UX, or 
 er part 
 t to the 
 ks are 
 id part 
 
 m you 
 
 The 
 s, dis- 
 nstead 
 in all 
 endly. 
 s, and 
 )uiids, 
 olher- 
 I, will 
 when 
 essor, 
 
 STU-MICH-O-SUCKB, CHIEF OF THE BLACKFEET INDIANS. 
 
 41 
 
li I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ! 
 
INDIAN CHIEFS. 
 
 43 
 
 Austin. Say what you will, I li'.ce the Red Indians. 
 
 Hunter. That there is much of evil among Indians, is 
 certain : much of ignorance, unrestrained passions, cruelty, 
 and revenge : but they have been misrepresented in many 
 things. I had better tell you the names of some of the 
 chiefs of the tribes, or of some of the most remarkable men 
 among uiem. 
 
 t^ustin. Yes ; you cannot do better. Tell us the names of 
 all the chiefs, and the warriors, and the conjurors, and all 
 about them. 
 
 Hunter. The Blackfeet Indians are a very warlike peo- 
 ple ; they inhabit, or did inhabit, a tract of land at the head 
 waters of the river Missouri, stretching off to the west as 
 far as the Rocky Mountains. Stu-mich-o-sicks ! was the 
 name of their chief. 
 
 *dustin. Stu-mich-o-sucks I What a name ! Is there any 
 meaning in it ? 
 
 Hunter. Oh yes. It means, " the back fat of the buffalo ;" 
 and if you had seen him and Peh-to-pe-kiss, " the ribs of 
 the eagle," chief of the Blood Band, dressed up in their 
 splendid mantles, buffaloes' horns, ermine tails, and scalp 
 locks, you would not soon have removed your eyes from 
 them. 
 
 Brian. Who would ever be called by such a name as 
 that ? The back fat of the buffalo ! 
 
 Hunter. The Camanchees are famous on horseback. 
 There is no tribe among the Indians that can come up to 
 them, to my mind, in the management of a horse, and the 
 use of the lance : they are capital hunters. If you pay 
 them a visit, you will find them, part in the provinces of 
 Mexico, and part farther north, near the Rocky Mountains. 
 The name of their chief is Ee-shah-ko-nee, or " the bow 
 and quiver." I hardly ever saw a larger man among the 
 Red Indians than Ta-wdh-que-nah, the second chief in 
 power. Ta-wah-que-nah, means " the mountains of rocks ;" 
 a very fit name for a huge Indian living near the Rocky 
 Mountains. When I saw Kots-o-k6-ro-k6, or « the hair of 
 
u 
 
 INDIAN CHIEFS. 
 
 the bull's neck;" who is, if I remember right, the third chief ; 
 he had a gun in his right hand, and his warlike shield on 
 his left arm. 
 
 *jlustin. If I go among the Indians, I shall stay a long 
 time with the Camanchees; and then I shall, perhaps, become 
 one of the most skilful horsemen, and one of the best hun- 
 ters in the world. 
 
 Brian. And suppose you get thrown off your horse, or 
 killed in hunting buffaloes, what shall you say to it then ? 
 
 Austin. Oh, very little, if I get killed ; but no fear of that. 
 I shall mind what I am about. Tell us who is the head of 
 the Sioux? 
 
 Hunter. When I was at the upper waters of the Missis- 
 sippi and Missouri rivers, where the Sioux, or Dah-c6-ta, 
 reside, Ha-wdn-je-tah^ or "the one horn," was chief; but 
 since then, being out among the buffaloes, a buffalo bull set 
 on him, and killed him. 
 
 Basil. There, Austin ! If an Indian chief was killed 
 by a buffalo, what should you do among them ? Why they 
 would toss you over their heads like a shuttlecock. 
 
 Hunter. fVee-td-ra-sha-ro, the head chief of the Paw- 
 nee Picts, is dead now, I dare say ; for he was a very old, 
 as well as a very venerable looking man. Many a buffalo 
 hunt with the Camanchees had he in his day, and many a 
 time did he go forth with them in their war parties. He 
 had a celebrated brave of the name of Ah'-sho-cole, or 
 " rotten foot," and another called %dh'-re-kah-na-c6-chee, 
 "the mad elk." Indians give the name of brave, to 
 a warrior distinguished for courage. 
 
 Brian. I wonder that they should choose such long 
 names. It must be a hard matter to remember them. 
 
 Hunter. There were many famous men among the 
 Sacs. Kee-o-kuk was the chief. Kee-o-kuk means " the 
 running fox." One of his boldest braves was Md-ka-tai- 
 me-she-ki&-kidk, " the black hawk." The history of this 
 renowned warrior is very curious. It was taken down 
 from his own lips, and has been published. If you should 
 
I N I) IAN N A M E S . 
 
 4ft 
 
 like to listen to the adventures of Black Hawk, I will 
 relate them to you some day, when you have time to hear 
 them, as well as those of young Nik-ka-no-cheej a 
 Seminole. 
 
 Austin. We will not forget to remind you of your pro- 
 mise. It will be capital to listen to these histories. 
 
 Hunter. When I saw JVa-sdw-me-saw, or, « the roaring 
 thunder," the youngest son of Black Hawk, he was in cap- 
 tivity. Ndh-se-Hs-kuk, " the whirling thunder," his eldest 
 son, was a fine looking man, beautifully formed, with 
 a spirit like that of a lion. There was a war called The 
 Black Hawk war, and Black Hawk was the leader and 
 conductor of it ; and one of his most famous warriors was 
 IVah-pe-kee-suck, or " white cloud ;" he was, however, as 
 often called The Prophet as the White Cloud. Pam-a-ho^ 
 "the swimmer;" Wah-pa-ko-l&s-kuk, "the track of the 
 bear;" and Pash-ce-pa-ho, "the little stabbing chief;" 
 were, I think, all three of them warriors of Black Hawk. 
 
 Basil. The Little Stabbing Chief! He must be a very 
 dangerous fellow to go near, if we judge by his name • 
 keep away from him, Austin, if you go to the Sacs. 
 
 Jiustin. Oh ! he would never think of stabbing me. I 
 should behave well to all the tribes, and then I dare say 
 they would all of them behave well to me. You have not 
 said any thing of the Crow Indians. 
 
 Hunter. I forget who was at the head of the Crows, 
 though I well remember several of the Warriors among 
 them. They were tall, well-proportioned, and dressed 
 with a great deal of taste and care. Pa-ris-ka-ro6-pa, 
 called "the two crows," had a head of hair that swept the 
 ground after him as he walked along. 
 
 tjiustin. What do you think of that, Basil ? No doubt 
 the Crows are fine fellows. Please to mention two or 
 three more. 
 
 Hunter. T^et me see ; 
 or, "he who binds his 
 
 there was E^-hee-a-duck-chie-ay 
 hair befor. ;" and H6-ra-t6-ah, 
 
 "a warrior;" and Chah-ee-chopes, " the four wolves ;" the 
 
46 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 hair of these was as long as that of Pa-ris-ka-ro6-pa. 
 Though they were very tall, Ee-hee-a-duck-chde-a being at 
 least six feet high, the hair of each of them reac'icd and 
 rested on the ground. 
 
 Jiustin. When I go to North America, the Crow- 
 Indians shall not be forgotten by me. I shall have plenty 
 to tell you of, Brian, when I come back. 
 
 Brian. Yes, if you ever do come back ; but what with 
 the sea, and the rivers, and the swamps, and the bears, and 
 the buffaloes, you are sure to get killed. You will never 
 tell us about the Crows, or about any thing else. 
 
 Hunter. There was one of the Crows called The Red 
 Bear, or Duhk-pits-o-h6-shee. 
 
 Brian. Duhk-pitch a — Duck-pits — I cannot pronounce 
 the word — why that is worse to speak than any. 
 
 Austin. Hear me pronounce it then, DuhJe-pits-o-hoot- 
 she. No ; that is not quite right, but very near it. 
 
 Basil. You must not go among the Crows yet, Austin ; 
 you cannot talk well enough. 
 
 Hunter. Oh, there are much harder names among some 
 of the tribes than those I have mentioned; for instance, 
 there is Jifi-nah-kwet-to-hau-pdy-o, " the one sitting in the 
 clouds ;" and Eh-tohk-pay-she-pee-shah, -' the black mocas- 
 sin ;'* and Lay-loo-ah-pee-di-shee-kaio, or " grass, bush, and 
 blossom ;" and Kay-^e-qua-da-kuni-ee-gish-kiim, " he who 
 tries the ground with his foot ;" and Shon-ga-ton-ga-chefih- 
 en-day, " the horse dung ;" and Mah-to-rah-rish-nee-Ceh- 
 ie-rah^ " the grizzly bear that runs without regard." 
 
 Brian. \W\\y,\\\ese names are as long as from here to 
 yonder. Set to work, Austin ! set to work ! For, if there 
 are many such names as these among the Indians, you will 
 have enough to do, without going buffalo hunting. 
 
 Jiustin. I never dreamed that there were such names as 
 those in the world. 
 
 Basil. Ay, you will have enough of them, Austin, 
 if you go abroad. You will never be able to learn them, 
 do what you will. Give it up, Austin ; give it up at onco. 
 
INt^IAN NAMES. 
 
 47 
 
 Though Brian and Basil were very hard on Austin, on 
 their way home, about the long names of the Indians, and 
 the impossibiUty of his ever being able to learn them by 
 heart, Austin defended himself stoutly. "Very likely," 
 said he," after all, they call these long names in short, 
 just as we do ; Nat for Nathaniel, Kit for Christopher, and 
 Elic for Alexande* ." 
 
 
mr 
 
 1 
 
 
 WIGWAMS. ■ 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Wigwams — Crow Indians quitting an encampment — Villages — Food 
 — Pomme blanche— Pemican — Marrow fat— Fruit— Dress— Full 
 dress of Mah-to-toh-pa, " the four hears"— Bows and arrows, quiv- 
 ers, tomahawks, spears, shields, and scalping knives — Scalping — 
 War clubs — Indian warfare — Warfare of white men— Language — 
 Names of the sun and moon, a buffalo, and the Great Spirit, in dif- 
 ferent languages — Indian method of signing treaties, 
 
 HORTLY after the interview which 
 we have just described Austin, Brian, 
 and Basil were again listening to the 
 interesting accounts given by :heir 
 ^ friend, the hunter; and it would 
 have been a difficult point to decide 
 if the listeners derived most pleasure 
 from their occupation, or the narrator. Austin began with- 
 out delay to speak of the Red Indians, the Aborigines of 
 North America. " We want to know," said he, " a little 
 more about what these people were, when they were first 
 found out." 
 48 
 
WIGWAMS, 
 
 40 
 
 gea — Food 
 ress — Full 
 rows, qxciv- 
 calping — 
 nguage — 
 rtt, in dif- 
 
 w which 
 
 I, Brian, 
 
 ig to the 
 
 )y :heir 
 
 would 
 
 lo decide 
 
 jpleasnre 
 
 m with- 
 
 Igines of 
 
 l« a little 
 
 rere first 
 
 Himter. When America was first discovered, the inhab- 
 itants, though for the most part partaking of one general 
 character, were not without variety. The greater part, as 
 I told you, were, both in hot and cold latitudes, red men, 
 with black hair, and without beards. They, perhaps, 
 might have been divided into four parts : the Mexicans and 
 Peruvians, who were, to a considerable extent, civilized ; 
 the Caribs, who inhabited the fertile soil and luxuriant 
 clime of the West Indies ; the Esquimaux, who were then 
 just the same people as they are now, living in the same 
 manner by fishing ; and the Red Men, or North American 
 Indians. 
 
 Austin. Then the Esquimaux are not Red Indians. 
 
 Hunter. No ; they are more like the people who live in 
 Lapland, and in the north of Asia ; and for this reason, and 
 because the distance across Behring's Straits is so short, it is 
 thought they came from Asia, and are a part of the same 
 people. The red men are, however, different ; and as we 
 agreed that I should tell you about the present race of them, 
 perhaps I may as well proceed. 
 
 Austin. Yes. Please to tell us first of their wigwams, 
 and their villages, and how they live. 
 
 Brian. And what they eat, and what clothes they wear. 
 
 Basil. And how they talk to one another. 
 
 Austin. Yes ; and all about their spears and toma- 
 hawks. 
 
 Hunter. The wigwams of the Red Indians are of differ- 
 ent kinds: some are extremely simple, being formed of 
 high sticks or poles, covered with turf or the bark of trees ; 
 while others are very handsome. The Sioux, the Assinne- 
 boins, the Blackfeet, and the Crows, form their wigwams 
 nearly in the same manner ; that is, by sewing together the 
 skins of buffaloes, after properly dressing them, and making 
 them into the form of a tent. This covering is then sup- 
 ported by poles. The tent has a hole at the top, to let out 
 the smoke, and to let in the light. 
 
 (> 
 
m r 
 
 mm 
 
 AO 
 
 INDIAN ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 I \i 
 
 h 
 
 vJunlin. Ay, that is a better way of making a wigwam 
 than covering over sticks with turf. 
 
 Hunter. The wigwams, or lodges, of tiie Mandans are 
 round. A circular foundation is dug about two feet deep ; 
 timbers six feet liigh are set up all round it, and on these 
 are placed other long timbers, slanting inwards, and 
 fastened together in the middle, tent fashion, leaving 
 space for light, and for the smoke to pass. This tent-like 
 roof is supported by beams and upright posts, and it is 
 covered over outwardly by willow boughs and a thick 
 coating of earth ; then comes the last covering of hard 
 tough clay. The sun bakes this, and long use makes it 
 solid. The outside of a Mandan lodge is almost as useful 
 as the inside ; for there the people sit, stand, walk and 
 take the air. These lodges are forty, fifty, or sixty feet 
 wide. 
 
 Brian. The Mandan wigwam is the best of all. 
 Hunter Wigwams, like those of the Mandans, which 
 are always in the same place, and are not intended to be 
 removed, are more substantial than such as may be erected 
 and taken down at pleasure. Some of the wigwams of tl 
 Crow Indians, covered as they are with skins dressc 
 almost white, and ornamented with paint, porcupine quills, 
 and scalp-locks, are very beautiful. 
 
 */lusti7i. Yes ; they must look even better than the Man- 
 dan lodges, and they can be taken down and carried away. 
 Hunter. It would surprise you to witness an encamp- 
 ment of Crows or Sioux strike their tents or wigwams. 
 Before now, I have seen an encampment of several hun- 
 dred lodges all standing ; which, in two or three minutes 
 after, were flat upon the prairie. 
 
 Austin. Why, it must be like magic. 
 Hunter. The time has been fixed, preparations made, 
 the signal given, and all at once the poles and skin coverings 
 have been taken down. 
 
 Brian. How do they carry the wigwams away with 
 them? 
 
INDIAN VILLAGES 
 
 51 
 
 Hunter. The poles arc dragged along by horses and by 
 dogs ; the smaller ends being fastened over their shoulders, 
 while on the larger ends, dragging along on the ground, aro 
 placed the lodge-coverings, rolled up together. The dogs 
 pull along two poles, each with a load, while the horses aro 
 taxed according to their strength. Hundreds of horses and 
 dogs, thus dragging their burdens, may be seen slowly 
 moving over the prairie, with attendant Indians on horse- 
 back, and women and girls on foot heavily laden, 
 
 Brian. What a sight! and what a length they must 
 stretch out ; such a number of them ! 
 
 Hunter. Some of their villages are large, and fortified 
 with two rows of high poles round them. A Pawnee 
 Pict village on the Red River, with its five or six hundred 
 beehive-like wigwams of poles, thatched with prairie grass, 
 much pleased me. Round the village there were fields of 
 maize, melons, and pumpkins growing. The villages of 
 the Camanchees, the Kiawas, and the Wicos, were inter- 
 esting objects ; and the dome-like wigwams of the Mandan 
 villages, and the tent-like lodges of the Crows, had a most 
 picturesque effect. The Red Indians hunt, fish, and some of 
 them grow corn for food; but the flesh of the buffalo is 
 what they most depend upon, unless it be the tribes which 
 are nearest the white men; these, such as the Creeks, 
 Osages, Otaways, Otawas, Winnebagoes, and especially the 
 Cherokees, are losing the character of Indians every day 
 more and more, and adopting the manners and customs of 
 the whites. 
 
 *^ustin. How do the Indians cook their food ? 
 
 Hunter. They broil or roast meat and fish, by laying 
 them on the fire, or on sticks raised above the fire. They 
 boil meat, also, making of it a sort of soup. I have often 
 seated myself, squatting down on a robe spread for me, to a 
 fine joint of buffalo ribs, admirably roasted ; with, perhaps, 
 a pudding-like paste of -the "pomme blanche," or prairie 
 turnip, flavoured with buffalo berries. 
 
52 
 
 DRESS OF A WARRIOR. 
 
 U ^ 
 
 jlustin. That is a great deal like an English dinner — 
 roast beef and a pudding. 
 
 Hunter. The Indians eat a great deal of green corn, 
 pemican, and marrow fat. The pemican is buffalo meat, 
 dried hard, and pounded in a wooden mortar. Marrow fat 
 is what is boiled out of buffalo bones ; it is usually kept in 
 bladders. They eat, also, the flesh of the deer and other 
 animals : that of the dog is reserved for feasts and especial 
 occasions. They have, also, beans and peas, peaches, 
 melons and strawberries, pears, pumpkins, chincapins, wal- 
 nuts and chestnuts. These things they can get v/hen set- 
 tled in their villages ; but when wandering, or on their 
 war parties, they take up what they can get. They never 
 eat salt with their food. 
 
 Basil. And what kind of clothes do they wear ? 
 
 Hunter. Principally skins, unless they trade with the 
 whites, in which case they buy cloths of difiierent kinds. 
 Some wear long hair, ? jme cut their hair oiT and shave the 
 head. Some dress theiaselves with very few ornaments, 
 but others havR very many. Shall I describe to you the full 
 dress of M&h-to-toh-pa, " the four bears." 
 
 *^ustin. Ch, yes ; every thii?g belonging to him. 
 
 Hunter. You must imagine, then, that he is standing up 
 before you, while I describe him, not a little proud of his 
 costly attire. 
 
 Jiustin. I fancy that I can see him now. 
 
 Hunter. His robe was the soft skin of a young buffalo 
 bull. On one side was the fur ; on the other, the victories 
 he had won were set forth. His shirt, or tunic, was made 
 of the skins of mountain sheep, ornamented with porcupine 
 quills and paiatmgs of his battles. From the edge of his 
 shoulder-band hung the long black locks that he had taken 
 with his own hand from his enemies. His head-dress was 
 of war-eagle quills, falling down his back to his very feet ; 
 on the top of it stood a pair of buftalo horns, siiaven thin, 
 and polished beautifully. 
 
 Brian, What a figure he must have been ! 
 
M\H-TO-TCH-FA, SECOND CHIEF OF THE MANDAN9. 
 
 5* 
 
 53 
 
I 
 
 y\ 
 
 i ! 
 
 '# 
 
DRESS OF A WARRIOR. 
 
 55 
 
 Hunter. His leggings were tight, decorated witli porcu- 
 pine quills and scalp locks : they were made of the finest 
 deer skins, and fastened to a belt round the waist. His mo- 
 cassins, or shoes, were buckskin, embroidered in the richest 
 manner ; and his necklace, the skin of an otter, \ id on it fifty- 
 huge claws, or rather talons, of the grizzly bear. 
 
 Jiustin. What a desper£^te fellow ! bold as a lion, I will 
 be bound for it. Had he no arms about him ? 
 
 Hunter. Oh, yes ! He held in his left hand a two-edged 
 spear of polished steel, with a shaft of tough ash, and orna- 
 mented with tufts of war-eagle quills. His bow, beautifully 
 white, was formed of bone, strengthened with the sinews of 
 deer, drawn tight over the back of it ; the bow-string was 
 a three-fold twist of sinews. Seldom had its twang been 
 heard, without an enemy or a buffalo falling to the earth ; 
 and rarely had that lance been urged home, without finding 
 its way to some victim's heart. 
 
 Austin. I thought he was a bold fellow. 
 
 Hunter. He had a costly shield of the hide of a buffalo, 
 stiffened with glue and fringed round with eagle quills and 
 antelope hoofs j and a quiver of panther skin, well filled 
 with deadly shafts. Some of their points were flint, and 
 some were steel, and most of them were stained with blood. 
 He carried a pipe, a tobacco sack, a belt, and a medicine 
 bag ; and in his right hand he held a wn^* rlub like a sling, 
 being made of a round stone wrapped Uj^> in raw hide and 
 fastened to a tough stick handle. 
 
 *j3ustin. What sort of a pipe was it ? 
 ' Basil. What was in his tobacco sack ? 
 
 Brian. You did not say what his belt was made of. 
 
 Hunter. His pipe was made of a red pipe-stone, and it 
 had a stem of young ash, full three feet long, braided with 
 porcupine quills in the shape of animals and men. It was 
 also ornamented with the beaks of woodpeckers, and hairs 
 from the tail of the white buffalo. One thing I ought not 
 to omit; on the lower half of the pipe which was painted 
 red, were notched the snows, or years of his life. By this 
 
ijjfaraaeryg 
 
 ^m 
 
 I < 
 
 60 
 
 SCALPING. 
 
 simple record of their lives, the red men of the forest and 
 the prairie may be led to something like reflection. " We 
 are but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our days 
 upon earth are a shadow," Job viii. 9. 
 
 Basil. What was in his tobacco sack ? 
 
 Hunter. His flint and steel, for striking a light ; as well 
 as his tobacco, which was nothing more than bark of the 
 red willow. His medicine bag was beaver skin, adorned 
 with ermine and hawks' bills ; and his belt, in which he 
 carried hif tomahawk and scalping knife, was formed 
 of tough buckskin, firmly fastened round his loins. 
 
 %dusHn. Please to tell us about the scalping knife. It 
 must be a fearful instrument. 
 
 Hunter. All instruments of cruelty, vengeance, and de- 
 struction are fearful, whether in savage or civilized life. 
 What are we, that wrath, and revenge, and covetousness 
 should be fostered in our hearts ! What is man, that he 
 should shed the blood of his brother ! Before the Indians had 
 dealing with the whites, they made their own weapons : 
 their bows were strung with the sinews of deer; their 
 arrows were headed with flint; their knives were of 
 sharpened bone ; their war-clubs were formed of wood, cut 
 into different shapes, and armed with sharp stones; and 
 their tomahawks, or hatchets, were of the same materials : 
 but now, many of their weapons, such as hatchets, spear- 
 heads, and knives, are made of iron, being procured from 
 the whites, in exchange for the skins they obtain m 
 the chase. A scalping knife is oftentimes no other than a 
 rudely formed butcher's knife, with one edge, made in 
 England and sold to the Indians ; others are made in 
 America; and the Indians wear them in beautiful scab- 
 bards under their belts. 
 
 Austin. How does a Red Indian scalp his enemy ? 
 
 Hunter. The hair on the crown of the head is seized 
 with the left hand; the knife makes a circle round it 
 through the skin, and then the hair and skin together, some- 
 times with the hand, and sometimes with the teeth, 
 
 '^' 
 
CLUBS AND TOMAHAWKS 
 
 fi7 
 
 are forcibly torn off. The scalp may be, perhaps, as broad 
 as my hand. 
 
 Brian. Terrible ! Scalping would be sure to kill a man, 
 I suppose. 
 
 Hunter. Scalps are war trophies, and are generally 
 regarded as proofs of the death of those who wore th m; 
 but an Indian, inflamed with hatred and rage, and excited 
 by victory, will not always wait till his foe has expired be- 
 fore he scalps him. The hair, as well as the scalp, of 
 a fallen foe is carried ofl^ by the victorious Indian, and with 
 it his clothes are afterwards ornamented. It is said, that, 
 during the old French war, an Indian slew a Frenchman 
 who wore a wig. The warrior stooped down, and seized 
 the hair for the purpose of securing the scalp. To his 
 great astonishment, the wig came off", leaving the head 
 bare. The Indian held it up, and examining it with great 
 wonder, exclaimed, in broken English, "Dat one big lie." 
 
 Brian. How the Indian would stare ! 
 
 Basil. He had never seen a wig before, I dare say. 
 
 a, Scalping knife. 6, Ditto, in sheath. 
 c, d, War clubs, e, e, Tomahawks, g-. Whip. 
 
 Hunter. The arms of Indians, oflfensive and defensive, 
 
 are, for the most part, those which I have mentioned — the 
 
 club, the tomahawk, the bow and arrow, the spear, the 
 
 shield, and the scalping knife ; but the use of fire-arms is 
 
 II 
 
— 
 
 68 TOMAHAWKS, ARROWS, AND SHIELDS. 
 
 gradually extending among some of their tribes. Some of 
 their clubs are merely massy pieces of hard, heavy wood, 
 nicely fitted to the hand, with, perhaps, a piece of hard 
 bone stuck in the head part ; others are curiously carved 
 into fanciful and uncouth shapes ; while, occasionally, may 
 he seen a frightful war club, knobbed all over with brass 
 nails, with a steel blade at the end of it a span long. 
 
 Jlustin. What a terrible weapon, when wielded by 
 a savage ! 
 
 Brian. I would not go among the Indians, with their 
 clubs and tomahawks, for a thousand pounds. 
 
 Basil. Nor I either : they would be sure to kill me. 
 
 Hunter. The tomahawk is often carved in a strange 
 manner ; and some of the bows and arfows are admirable. 
 The bow formed of bone and strong sinews if ;. deadly 
 weapon ; and some Indians have boasted of hai i.ig sent 
 an arrow from its strings right through the body of 
 a buffalo. 
 
 t^ustin. What a strong arm that Indian must have had ! 
 Through a buffalo's body ? 
 
 Hunter. The quiver is made of the skin of the panther, 
 or the otter ; and some of the arrows it contains are usually 
 poisoned. 
 
 Brian. Why, then, an arrow is sure to kill a person, if 
 it hits him. 
 
 Hunter. It is not likely that an enemy, badly wounded 
 with a poisoned arrow, will survive ; for the head is set on 
 loosely, in order that, when the arrow is with'drawn, the 
 poisoned barb may remain in the wound. How opposed 
 are these cruel stratagems of war to the precepts of 
 the gospel of peace, which says, " Love your enemies, 
 bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, 
 and pray for them which despitefully use you, and perse- 
 cute you !" Matt. v. 44. 
 
 Basil. What will you do, Austhi, if you go among the 
 Indians, and they shoot you with a poisoned arrow ? 
 
MODE OF WARFARE. 
 
 69 
 
 Austin. Oh, I shall carry a shield. You heard that the 
 Indians carry shields. 
 
 Hunter. The shields of the Crows and Blackfeet are 
 made of the thick skin df the buffalo's neck: they are 
 made as hard as possible, by smoking them, and by putting 
 glue upon them obtained from the hoofs of animals; so 
 that they will not only turn aside an arrow, but a musket 
 ball, if they are held a little obliquely. 
 
 Austin. There, Basil ! You see that I shall be safe, after 
 all ; for I shall carry a large shield, and the very hardest I 
 can get anywhere. 
 
 Hunter. Their spears have long, slender handles, with 
 steel heads : the handles are as much as a dozen feet long, 
 or more, and very skilful are they in the use of them ; and 
 yet, such is the dread of ^he Indian when opposed to a 
 white man, that, in spite of his war horse and his eagle 
 plumes, his bow and well-filled quiver, his long lance, toma- 
 hawk, and scalping knile, liis self-possession forsakes him. 
 He has heard, if not soen, what the white man has done ; 
 and he thinks there is no standing against him. If he can 
 surprise him, he will ; but, generally, the red man fears to 
 grapple with a pale face in the strife of war, for he con- 
 siders him clothed with an unknown power. 
 
 Austin. I should have thought that a Red Indian would 
 be more than a match for a white man. 
 
 Hunter. So long as he can crawl in the grass or brush- 
 wood, and steal silently upon him by surprise, or send a 
 shaft from his bow from behind a tree, or a bullet from his 
 rifle from the brow of a bluff", he has an advantage ; but, 
 when he comes face to face with the white man, he is super- 
 stitiously afraid of him. The power of the white man, in 
 war, is that of bravery and skill ; the power of the red man 
 consists much in stratagem and surprise. Fifty white men, 
 armed on an open plain, would beat off a hundred red 
 men. 
 
 Brian. Why is it that the red men are always fighting 
 
eo 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 : 
 
 one against another ? They are all brothers, and what is the 
 use of their killing one another ? 
 
 Hunter. Most of the battles among the Red Indians, are 
 brought about by the belief that they are bound to revenge 
 an injury to their tribe. There can be no peace till 
 revenge is satisfied ; they are almost always retaliating one 
 on another. Then, again, the red men have too often been 
 tempted, bribed, and, in some cases, forced to fight for the 
 white man. 
 
 Brian. That is very sad, though. 
 
 Hunter. It is sad; but when you say red men are 
 brothers, are not white men brothers too ? And yet, though 
 they have been instructed in the truths of Christianity, and 
 the gospel of peace, which red men have not, how ready 
 they are to draw the sword ! War springs from sin ; and 
 until sin is subdued in the human heart, war will ever be 
 dear to it. 
 
 Austin. What do the Indians call the sun ? 
 
 Hunter. The different tribes speak different languages, 
 and therefore you must tell me which of them you mean. 
 
 Austin. Oh ! I forgot that. Tell me what two or three 
 of the tribes call it. 
 
 Hunter. A Sioux calls it wee ; a Mandan, menahka ; a 
 Tuskarora, hiday ; and a Blackfoot, cristeque aldose. 
 
 Austin. The Blackfoot is the hardest to remember. 1, 
 should not like to learn that language. 
 
 Brian. But you must learn it, if you go among them ; 
 or else you will not understand a word they say. 
 
 Austin. Well I shall manage it somehow or other. 
 Perhaps some of them may know English; or we may 
 make motions one to another. What do they call the 
 moon ? 
 
 Hunter. A Blackfoot calls it coque ahtose ; a Sioux, on 
 wee ; a Riccaree, wetah ; a Mandan, esto menahka ; and 
 a Tuskarora, autsunyehaw. 
 
 Brian, I wish you joy of the languages you have to 
 learn, Austin, if you become a wood-ranger, or a trapper. 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 n^ 
 
 Remember, you must learn them all ; and you will have 
 quite enough to do, I warrant you. 
 
 %dustin. Oh ! I shall learn a little at a time. We cannot 
 do every thing at once. What do the red men call a 
 buffalo ? 
 
 Hunter. In Riccaree, it is watash ; in Mandan, ptem- 
 day ; in Tuskarora, hohats ; in Bla< kfoot, eneuh. 
 
 Basil. What different names they give them ! 
 
 Hunter. Yes. In some instances they are alike, but 
 generally they differ. If you were to say " How do you 
 do ?" as is the custom in England ; you must say among the 
 Indians, How ke che wa ? Chee na e num ? Dati yoothay 
 its ? or Tush hah thah mah kah hush ? according to the 
 language in which you spoke. I hardly think these lan- 
 guages would suit you so well as your own. 
 
 Brian. They would never suit me; but Austin must 
 learn every bit of them. I never heard such outlandish 
 talk before. 
 
 Austin. I want to know the names that the Indians give 
 to the Great Spirit. 
 
 Hunter. The names given by the Sioux, the Tuskarora ^ 
 the Mandans, and the Riccarees, are Wokon shecha j Yt 
 wunni yoh ; Mah ho peneta ; and Ka ke wa rooh teh. 
 
 *dustin. Please to tell us a few more words of different 
 kinds ; such as bear and beaver, bow and lance, pipe and 
 tobacco, and a brave. 
 
 Hunter. In Tuskarora, a bear is jotakry yukuh ; a 
 \iQW aiurow ', and a quiver, yonats ronar hoost pah. In 
 Sioux, a beaver is chapa ; a pipe, tehon cle oopa ; and 
 tobacco, tchondr" In Mandan, a wigwam is ote ; a brave, 
 numohkhari aid a lance, monna etorook shoka. In 
 Riccaree, a wmte buffalo is tohn hah tah ka ; a wolf, 
 steerich ; and a war eagle, nix war roo. And now, I think 
 that I have told you quite as much of the Indian languages 
 as you will remember. 
 
 Brian. We shall never remember one half of it ; no, nor 
 a quarter ! 
 
 6 
 
6d 
 
 INDIAN WRITING. 
 
 BasH. I can only remember that chapa is a beaver. 
 
 Jlustin. Well done, Basil ; I had forgotten that. But 
 please to tell us how to count Ten. and then we will ask 
 you no more about languages. Let it be in the language of 
 the Riccarees. 
 
 Hunter. Yery well. *^sco, pitco, tow wit, tehee tish, 
 tehee hoo, teha pis, to teha pis, to teha pis won, nah e ne 
 toon, nah en. I will just add, that weetuh, is twenty ; 
 nahen tehee hoo, is fifty ; nah en te teha pis tvon, is eighty ; 
 shok tan, is a hundred ; and sho tan tera hoo, is a thou- 
 sand. 
 
 *^usfin. Can the Red Indians write ? 
 
 Hunter. Oh, no ; they have no use for pen and ink, ex- 
 cepting some of the tribes near the whites. In many 
 of the different treaties which have been made between the 
 white and the red man, the latter has put, instead of his 
 name, a rough drawing of the animal or thing after which 
 he had been called. If the Indian chief was named " War 
 hatchet," he made a rough outline of a tomahawk. If his 
 name was " The great buffalo," then the outline of a 
 buffalo was his signature. 
 
 Basil, Well, how curious ! 
 
 Hunter. The Big turtle, the Fish, the Scalp, the 
 Arrow, and the Big eanoe, all drew the form represented 
 by their names in the same manner. If you were to see 
 these signatures, you would not run into the error of 
 thinking that these Indian chiefs had ever taken lessons in 
 the art of drawing. 
 
 Brian. I dare say their fish, and arrows, and hatchets, 
 and turtles, and buffaloes, are comical things. 
 
 Hunter. Yes: but the hands that make these feeble 
 scrawls are strong, when they wield the bow or the toma- 
 hawk. A white man in the Indian country, according to a 
 story that is told, met a Shawanos riding a horse, which he 
 recognised as his own, and claimed it from him as his pro- 
 perty. The Indian calmly answered : "Friend, after a little 
 while I will call on you at your house, when we will talk 
 
INDIAN AND HIS HOUSE 
 
 63 
 
 this matter over." A few days afterwards, the Indian 
 came to the white man's house, who insisted on having his 
 horse restored to him. The other then told him : " Friend, 
 the horse which you claim belonged to my uncle, who 
 lately died ; according to the Indian custom, I have become 
 heir to all his pVoperty." The white man not being satis- 
 fied, and renewing his demand, the Indian immediately 
 took a coal from the fire-place, and made two striking 
 figures on the door of tlie house ; the one representing tlio 
 white man taking the horse, and the other himself in the 
 act of scalping him: then he coolly asked the trembling 
 claimant whether he could read this Indian writing. The 
 matter was thus settled at once, and the Indian rode oft'. 
 
 jiustin. Ay ; the white man knew that he had better 
 give up the horse than be scalped. 
 
 After the hunter had told Austin and his brothers that he 
 should be sure to have something to tell them on their next 
 visit, they took their departure, having quite enough to 
 occupy their minds till they reached home. 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
'i 
 
 BLACK HAWK. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The history of Black Hawk — Na-nd-tna-kee^s dream — Black Hawk'g 
 birth place — Becomes a brave — Fights against the Usages — His 
 father killed — Destroys forty lodges of the Osage s — Sac chiefs go 
 to St. Louis — Strong drink given them, and they sign away land 
 of the Sacs'* nation — American whites deceive the Sacs, and Black 
 Hawk joins the British — His battles — He returns home — Kee-o-kuk 
 made chief— Black Hawk again goes to war — He gives himself up to 
 the Americans — A buffalo hunt. 
 
 OUDLY did Austin Ed- 
 wards exclaim <* Black 
 Hawk ! Black Hawk !" as 
 he came in sight of the hunter, 
 who was just returning to his cottage 
 as Austin and his brothers reached 
 it. " You promised to tell us all 
 about Black Hawk, and we are come 
 to hear it now." 
 64 
 
IIISTORV OF BLACK HAWK. 
 
 05 
 
 The hunter told the boys that it had been his intention to 
 talk with them about the prairies and bluflfs, and to have 
 described the wondrous works of God in the wilderness, of 
 which it might literally be said, strown as they were with 
 fruits and flowers, « The wilderness and the solitary place 
 shall be glad for them ; and the desert shall rejoice, and 
 blossom as the rose," Isa. xxxv. 1. It appeared, however, 
 that Austin's heart was too much set on hearing the history 
 of Black Hawk, to listen patiently to any thing else ; and 
 the hunter, perceiving this, willingly agreed to gratify him. 
 He told them, that, in reading or hearing the history 
 of Indian chiefs, they must not be carried away by faise 
 notions of their valour, for that it was always mingled with 
 much cruelty. The word of God said truly, that " the dark 
 places of the earth are full of the habitations of cruelty," 
 Psa. Ixxiv. 20. " With untaught Indians," continued he, 
 " revenge is virtue ; and to tomahawk an enemy, and tear 
 away his scalp, the noblest act he can perform in his own 
 estimation ; whereas Christians are taught, as 1 said before, 
 to forgive and love their enemies. But I will now begin 
 the history of Black Hawk." 
 
 Austin. Suppose you tell us his history just as he would 
 tell it himself. Speak to us as if you were Black Hawk, 
 and we will not utter a single word. 
 
 Hunter. Very well. Then for a while, I will be Black 
 Hawk, and what I tell you will be true, only the words 
 will be my own, instead of those of the Indian chief. Now, 
 then, I will be Black Hawk, and speak as if I spoke to 
 American white men. — « I am an old man, the changes of 
 many moons and the toils of war have made me old. I 
 have been a conqueror, and I have been conquered : many 
 moons longer I cannot hope to live. 
 
 « I have hated the whites, but have been treated well by 
 them when a prisoner. I wish, before I go my long jour- 
 ney, at the command of the Great Spirit, to the hunting 
 grounds of my fathers in another world, to tell my history ; 
 it will then be seen why I hated the whites. Bold and 
 I 6* 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 69 HIS PARENTAGE. 
 
 proud was I once, in my native forests, but the pale faces 
 deceived me ; it was for this that I hated them. 
 
 "Would you know where I was born? I will tell you. 
 It was at the Sac village on Rock River. This was accor- 
 ding; to white man's reckoning, in the year 1767, so that I 
 am fifty years old, and ten and seven. 
 
 " My father's name was Py-e-sa ; the father of his father 
 was Na-na-ma-kee, or thunder. I was a brave, and after- 
 wards a chief, a leading war-chief, carrying the medicine 
 bag. T fought against the Osages. Did I fear them? No. 
 Did I often win the victory ? I did. 
 
 " The white men of America said to the Sacs and Foxes, 
 to the Sioux, the Chippewas, and Winnebagoes, < Go you 
 to the other side of the Mississippi ;* and they said, * Yes.' 
 But I said, ' No : why should I leave the place where our 
 wigwams stand, where we have hunted for so many moons, 
 and where the bones of our fathers have re-: led ? Ma-ka- 
 tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk, will not go.' 
 
 " My heart told me that my great white father, the chief 
 of America, would not do wrong ; would not make me go 
 to the other side of the river. My prophet also told me the 
 same. I felt my arm strong, and I fought. Never did the 
 hand of Black Hawk kill woman or child. They were 
 warriors that Black Hawk fought with. 
 
 " Many moons before I or my father hunted in the forest, 
 or on the prairie, Na-na-ma-kee. my great grandfather, had 
 a dream many timej, that lie siiould some day meet with a 
 whitQ father. He believed the dream, and went with his 
 brothers Pau-ka-hum-ma-wa, or Sun-fish, and Na-mah, or 
 Sturgeon, to meet with his white father. 
 
 « They wp :^. on for five days to the left of sunrise, and 
 then Na-na-ma-kee told them to go on and listen, and if 
 they heard any thing to set up a pole with grass on it. They 
 went on, heard a noise, set up the pole, and came back for 
 Na-na-ma-kee, who went with them. He then went on 
 alone, and met his great white father. 
 
 « He was much astonished, for his white father told him 
 
BLACK HAWK BECOMES A BRAVE. 
 
 67 
 
 that he was son of the king of France, and gave him pre- 
 sents ; and said that on their return to their tribe, he must 
 be their chief, and his brothers under chiefs. He gave Na- 
 na-ma-kee guns, and powder and lead, and spears ; and told 
 him how the guns were to be used against enemies and in 
 hunting ; and he gave his brothers cooking vessels and other 
 things, < It is the will of the Great Spirit,' said his great 
 white father, < that Na-na-ma-kee shall be chief of his peo- 
 ple, and a great general.' 
 
 " When Na-na-ma-kee went back with his brothers, his 
 tribe made him their chief, and gave him the medicine bag ; 
 and for many moons they had dealings with their great 
 white French father, giving him their peltries and furs, and 
 taking for them arms, and vessels, and other things. 
 
 "At last the British white men beat away the French, 
 and our people had a British white father, who gave them 
 goods. But the other tribes went to war with our people, 
 and the tomahawk, and the spear, and the gun had plenty 
 to do. Our people joined with the Foxes, and at last, after 
 being beaten to the river Wisconsin, they went down the 
 Rock River, drove away the Kas^kas-kias, and built a vil- 
 lage ; in that village Black Hawk was born. 
 
 "Though I came down from the chief Na-na-ma-kee, 
 yet my people would not let me dress like a chief. I did 
 not paint myself ; I did not wear feathers ; but I was bold - 
 and not afraid to fight, so I became a brave. 
 
 « The Osages were our enemies, and I went with my 
 father and many more to fight. I saw my father kill an 
 enemy, and tear away the scalp from his head. I felt deter- 
 mined to do the same. I pleased my father ; for, with my 
 tomahawk and spear, I rushed on an enemy. I brought 
 back his scalp in my hand. 
 
 " I iiext led on seven of our people against a hundred 
 Osages, and killed one. After that, I led on two hundred, 
 when we killed a hundred, and took many scalps. In a 
 battle with the Cberokees my father was killed. I painted 
 ray face black, and prayed to the Great Spirit, and did not 
 
 1 
 
I 
 
 i- 
 
 6i BLACK HAWK AND THE AMERICANS. 
 
 fight any more for five years ; all that I did was to hunt 
 and to fish. 
 
 " The Osages had done us great wrong, so we were de- 
 termined to destroy them. I set off, in the third moon, at the 
 head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and one hundred 
 loways. We fell upon forty lodges. I made two of their 
 squaws prisoners, but all the rest of the people in the lodges 
 we killed. Black Hawk killed seven men himself. In a 
 battle with the Cherokees, I killed thirteen of their bravest 
 with my own hand. 
 
 " One of our people killed a pale-face American, and he 
 was put in prison ; so we sent Quash-qua-me, Pa-she-pa-ho, 
 06-che-qua-ka, and Ha-she-quar-hi-qua to St. Louis, to pay 
 for the killed man, and to cover the blood. Did the pale 
 faces do well ? No, they did not ; they set our man fi-ee, 
 but when he began to run they shot him down ; and they 
 gave strong drink to our four people, and told them to give 
 up the best part of our hunting ground for a thousand dol- 
 lars every twelve moons. What right had they to give our 
 men strong drink, and then cheat them ? None. 
 
 "American white faces came with great, big gun, to 
 build a fort, and said it was to trade with us. They treated 
 
 the Indians ill : we went against the fort. 
 
 I dug . a hole in 
 
 the ground with my knife, so that I could hide myself with 
 some grass. I shot with my rifle and cut the cord of their 
 flag, so that they could not pull it up to fly in the air ; and 
 we fired the fort, but they put out the fire. 
 
 "The American pale faces and the British pale faces 
 went to war. I knew not what to do when the British 
 held talks with us. We did not like the Americans ; they 
 never did the same as they said ; but the British did better. 
 
 " One of our people killed a white, and was takerf. He 
 was to die, but asked leave to go and see his squaw and 
 children. They let him go, but he ran back through the 
 prairies next day, in time to be shot down. He did not say 
 he would come back and then stay ; he was an Indian, and 
 
BLACK HAWK AND THE BRITISH. 
 
 69 
 
 not an American. I hunted and fished for his squaw and 
 children when he was dead. 
 
 « Why was it that the Great Spirit did not keep the white 
 men where he put them ? Why did he let them come among 
 my people with their fire-drink, sickness, and guns ? It had 
 been better for red men to be by themselves. 
 
 « Now hearken to Black Hawk, for he speaks the truth. 
 Our great American father told some of our people, who 
 went to him in Washington, that he wished us neither to 
 fight for him, nor for the British. They told him that the 
 British let them have goods at the fall, that we might be able 
 to hunt and pay for them after. < You shall have goods,' 
 said he, ' at Fort Madison, in the way the British let you 
 have them.' But, when we went to the fort, they would 
 not let us have any. What could we do ? Was not this de- 
 ceiving us ? Was not this making us go over to the British ? 
 It was. 
 
 " A British trader landed at Rock Island, and sent us 
 word that he had presents and good news for us, and he 
 sent us pipes and tobacco. Often has Black Hawk seen the 
 prairie on fire : this news was just like it ; it ran fast. We 
 went to the trader, he was not like the Americans ; he did 
 what he said ; he gave us a keg of rum, and let us have all 
 his goods, to be paid for with furs and peltries when the 
 spring came. Guns were fired, the British flag was then 
 run up high, flying in the wind. 
 
 *' We went ^o a great English brave. Colonel Dixon, at 
 Green Bay : there were many Poiowatemies, Kickapoos, 
 Ottowas, &nd Winnebagoes there. The great brave gave 
 us pipes, tobacco, new guns, powder and clothes. I held a 
 talk with him in his tent; he took my hand. * General 
 Black Hawk,' said he, and he put a medal round my neck, 
 < you must now hold us fast by the hand ; you will have 
 the command of all the braves to join our own braves at 
 Detroit.' I was sorry, because I wanted to go to Missis- 
 sippi. But he said, < No ; you are too brave to kill women 
 and children : you must kill braves.' 
 
 '^ h 
 
 ":-i 
 
70 
 
 WAR EXCURSIONS. 
 
 |i ! 
 
 « We had a feast, and I led away five hundred braves to 
 join the British. Sometimes we won, and sometimes we 
 lost. The Indians were killing the prisoners, but Black 
 Hawk stopped them. He is a coward who kills a brave 
 that has no arms and cannot fight. I did not like so often 
 to be beaten in battle, and to get no plunder. I left the 
 British, with twenty of my braves, to go home, and see 
 after my wife and children. 
 
 " I found an old friend of mine sitting on a mat in 
 sorrow ; he had come to be alone, and to make himself 
 little before the Great Spirit : he had fasted long, he was 
 hardly alive ; his son had been taken prisoner, and shot and 
 stabbed to death. I put my pipe to my friend's mouth : he 
 smoked a little. I took his hand, and said, ' Black Hawk 
 would revenge his son's death.' A storm came on ; I 
 wrapped my old friend in my blanket. The storm gave 
 over ; I made a fire. It was too late ; my friend was dead. 
 I stopped with him the balance of the night ; and then my 
 people came, and we buried him on the peak of the bluff. 
 
 " I explained to my people the way the white men fight. 
 Instead of stealing on each other, quietly and by surprise, 
 to kill their enemies, and save their own people ; they all 
 fight in the sun-light, like braves ; not caring how many of 
 their people fall. They then feast and drink as if nothing 
 had happened, and write on paper that they have won, 
 whether they have won or been beaten. And they do not 
 write truth, for they only put down a part of the people 
 they have lost. They would do to paddle a canoe, but not 
 to steex it. They fight like braves, but they are not fit to 
 be chiefs, and to lead war parties. 
 
 « I found my wife well, and my children, and would 
 have been quiet in my lodge ; for, while I was away, Kee- 
 o-kuk had been made a chief: but I had to revenge the 
 death of the son of my old friend. I told my friend 
 so when he was dying. Why should Black Hawk speak a 
 lie? I took with me thirty braves, and went to Fort 
 Madison; but the American pale faces had gone. I was 
 
i-EACE MADE WITH THE AMERICANS. 71 
 
 on; I 
 
 friend 
 
 peak a 
 
 Fort 
 
 I was 
 
 glad, but still followed them down the Mississippi. I went 
 on their trail. I shot the chief of the party with whom we 
 fought. We returned home, bringing two scalps. Black 
 Hawk had done what he said. 
 
 « Many things happened. Old Wash-e-own, one of the 
 Potowatemies, was shot dead by a war chief. I gave 
 Wash-e-own's relations two horses and my rifles, to keep 
 the peace. A party of soldiers built a fort at Prairie 
 du Chien. They were friendly to us, but the British came 
 and took the fort. We joined them; we followed the 
 boats and shot fire-arrows, and the sails of one boat was 
 burned, and we took it. 
 
 « We found in the boats we had taken, barrels of whis- 
 key : this was bad medicine. We knocked in the heads of 
 the barrels, and emptied them of the bad medichie. We 
 found bottles and packages, which we flung into the river, 
 as bad medicine too. We found guns and clothes, which I 
 divided with my braves. The Americans built a fort; 
 I went towards it with my braves. I had a dream, 
 in which the Great Spirit told me to go down the bluff" to a 
 creek, and to look in a hollow tree cut down, and there I 
 should see a snake ; close by would be the enemy un- 
 armed. I went to the creek, peeped into the tree, saw the 
 snake, and found the enemy. One man of them was 
 killed, after that we returned home : peace was made 
 between the British and Americans, and we were to bury 
 the tomahawk too. 
 
 *' We went to the great American chief at St. Louis, and 
 smoked the pipe of peace. The chief said our great 
 American father was angry with us, and accused us 
 of crimes. We said this was a lie ; for our great father 
 had deceived us, and forced us into a war. They were 
 angry at what we said ; but we smoked the pipe of peace 
 again, and I first touched the goose quill ; but I did not 
 know that, in doing so, I gave away my village. Had I 
 known it, I would never have touched the goose quill. 
 
 " The American whites built a fort on Rock Island ; this 
 
 > I 
 
 ■n. 
 
 I 
 
 H \ 
 
72 WHITES SEIZE THE HUNTING GROUNDS. 
 
 "Ill 
 
 M \ 
 
 made us sorry, for it was our garden, like what the white 
 people have near their big villages. It supplied us with 
 plums, apples, and nuts ; with strawberries and blackber- 
 ries. Many happy days had I spent on Rock Island. 
 A good spirit had the care of it ; he lived under the rock, 
 in a cave. He was white, and his wings were ten times 
 bigger than swan's wings: when the white men came 
 there, he went away. 
 
 " We had corn, and beans, and pumpkins, and squashes. 
 We were the possessors of the valley of the Mississippi, 
 full seven hundred miles from the Ouisconsin to the Portage 
 des Sioux, near the mouth of the Missouri. If another 
 prophet had come to us in those days, and said, * The white 
 man will drive you from these hunting grounds, and from 
 this village, and Rock Island, and not let you visit the 
 graves of your fathers;' we should have said, «Why 
 should you tell us a lie ?* 
 
 « It was good to go to the graves of our fathers. The 
 mother went there to weep over her child : the brave went 
 there to paint the post where lay his father. There was no 
 place in sorrow like that where the bones of our forefathers 
 lay. There the Great Spirit took pity on us. In our 
 village, we were as happy as a buffalo on the plains ; but 
 now we are more like the hungry and howling wolf in the 
 prairie. 
 
 "As the whites came nearer to us, we became more 
 unhappy. They gave our people strong liquor, and 1 
 could not keep them from drinking it. My eldest son, and 
 my youngest daughter died. I gave away all I had; 
 blackened my face for two years, lived alone with my 
 family to humble myself before the Great Spirit. I had 
 only a piece of buffalo robe to cover me. 
 
 "White men came and took part of our lodges; and 
 Kee-o-kuk told me I had better go west, as he had done. 
 I said I could not forsake my village ; the prophet told me 
 I was right. I thought then that Kee-o-kuk was no brave. 
 
 fi 
 
FRAUDS BY THE WHITE MEN 
 
 73 
 
 ne more 
 
 but a coward, to give up what the Great Spirit had 
 given us. 
 
 « The white men grew more and more ; brought whiskey 
 among us ; cheated us out of our guns, our horses, and our 
 traps, and ploughed up our grounds. Tliey treated us 
 cruelly ; and while they robbed us, said that we robbed 
 them. They made right look like wrong, and wrong like 
 right. I tried hard to get right, but could not. The white 
 man wanted my village, and back I must go. Sixteen thou- 
 sand dollars every twelve moons are to be given to the 
 Potowatemies for a little strip of land, while one thousand 
 dollars only was set down for our land signed away, worth 
 twenty times as much. White man is too great a cheat for 
 red man. 
 
 "A great chief, with many soldiers, came to drive us 
 away. I went to the prophet, who told me not to be afraid. 
 They only wanted to frighten us, and get our land without 
 paying for it. I had a talk with the great chief. He said 
 if I would go ; well. If I would not ; he would drive me. 
 *Who is Black Hawk?' said he. <I am a Sac,' said I; 
 * my forefather was a Sac ; and all the nation call me a Sac' 
 But he said 1 must go. 
 
 " I crossed the Mississippi with my people, during the 
 night, and we held a council. I touched the goose quill 
 again, and they gave us some corn, but it was soon gone. 
 Then our women and children cried out for the roasting 
 ears, the beans, and squashes they had been used to. And 
 some of our braves went back in the night, to steal some 
 corn from our own fields : the whites saw them, and fired 
 upon them. 
 
 " I wished our great American father to do us justice. I 
 wished to go to him with others, but difficulties were 
 thrown in the way. I consulted the prophet, and recruited 
 my bands to take my village again ; for I knew that it had 
 been sold by a few, without the consent of the many. It 
 was a cheat. I said, < I will not leave the place of my 
 fathers.' 
 
 K 7 
 
 I 
 
74 
 
 WAR RENEWED — DOG FEAST. 
 
 " With my braves and warriors, on horseback, I moved 
 up the river, and took with us our women and children in 
 canoes. Our prophet was among us. The great war 
 chief White Beaver, General Atkinson, sent twice to tell 
 us to go back ; and that, if we did not, he would come and 
 drive us. Black Hawk's message was this, <If you wish 
 to fight us, come on.' 
 
 « We were soon at war ; but I did not wish it : I tried to 
 be at peace ; but when I sent parties with a white flag, 
 some of my parties were shot down. The whites behaved 
 ill to me, they forced me into war, with five hundred war- 
 riors, when they had against us three or four thousand. I 
 often beat them, driving back hundreds, with a few 
 braves, not half their number. We moved on to the Four 
 Lakes. 
 
 " I made a dog feast before I left my camp. Before my 
 braves feasted, I took my great medicine bag, and made a 
 speech to my people ; this was my speech : — 
 
 « ' Braves and warriors ! these are the medicine bags of 
 our forefather, Muk-a-ta-quet, who was the father of the 
 S;io nation. They were handed down to the great war 
 chief of our nation, Na-na-ma-kee, who has been at war 
 with all the nations of the lakes, and all the nations of the 
 plains, and they have never yet been disgraced. I expect 
 you all to protect them.' 
 
 " We went to Mos-co-ho-co-y-nak, Apple River, where 
 the whites had built a fort. We had several battles ; but 
 the whites so much outnumbered us, it was in vain. We 
 had not enough to eat. We dug roots, and pulled the bark 
 from trees, to keep us alive ; some of our old people died of 
 hunger. I determined to remove our women across the 
 Mississippi, that they might return again to the Sac nation. 
 
 " We arrived at the Ouisconsin, and had begun crossing 
 over, when the enemy came in great force. We had either 
 to fight, or to sacrifice our women and children. I was 
 mounted on a fine horse, and addressed my warriors, encour- 
 aging them to be brave. With fifty of them I fought long 
 
BLACK HAWK AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 75 
 
 enough to let our women cross the river, losing only six 
 men : this was conduct worthy a brave. 
 
 " It was sad for us that a party of soldiers from Prairie 
 du Chien were stationed on the Ouisconsin, and these fired 
 on our distressed women : was this brave ? No. Some 
 were killed, some taken prisoners, and the balance escaped 
 into the woods. After many battles, I found the white men 
 too strong for us ; and thinking there would be no peace 
 while Black Hawk was at the head of his braves, I gave 
 myself up, and my great medicine bag. * Take it,' said I. 
 < It is the soul of the Sac nation : It has never been dishon- 
 oured in any battle. Take it ; it is my life, dearer than life ; 
 let it be given to the great American chief. 
 
 " I understood afterwards, a large party of Sioux set 
 upon our women, children, and people, who had crossed 
 the Mississippi, and killed sixty of them : this was hard, 
 and ought not to have been allowed by the whites. 
 
 " I was sent to Jefferson Barracks, and afterwards to my 
 great American father at Washington. He wanted to know 
 why I went to war with his people. I said but little, 
 for I thought he ought to have known why before, and 
 perhaps he did ; perhaps he knew that I was deceived and 
 forced into war. His wigwam is built very strong. I think 
 him to be a good little man, and a great brave. 
 
 « I was treated well at all the places I passed through j 
 Louisville, Cincinnati, and Wheeling ; and afterwards at 
 Fortress Monroe, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and the big vil- 
 lage New York ; and I was allowed to return home again 
 to my people, of whom Kee-o-kuk, the Running Fox, is 
 now the chief I sent for my great medicine bag, for I 
 wished to hand it down unsullied to my nation. 
 
 " It has been said that Black Hawk murdered women 
 and children among the whites ; but it is not true. When 
 the white man takes my hand, he takes a hand that has 
 only been raised against warriors and braves. It has 
 always been our custom to receive the stranger, and to use 
 him well. The white man shall ever he welcome among 
 
 n 
 
I 
 if i 
 
 I ! 
 Rj 
 
 I 
 
 ro 
 
 A NKW CHIEF. 
 
 us as a brotlior. What is done is past; we have buried 
 the tonuiiiawk, niid the Sacs, and Foxes, and Americans 
 will now be Crionds. 
 
 " As I said, I am an old man, and younger men must 
 take my place. A few more snows, a few more sun-downs, 
 and I shall go after my fathers to where they are. It is the 
 wish of the lieart of Black Hawk, that the Great Spirit 
 may keep the red men and pale faces in peace, and that the 
 tomahawk may be buried for ever." 
 
 Jiusitin. Poor Black Hawk! He went through a great 
 deal. And Kee-o-kuk, the Running Fox, was made chief 
 instead of him. 
 
 Hunter. Kee-o-kuk was a man more inclined to peace 
 tlian war ; for, while Black Hawk was fighting, he kept 
 two thirds of the tribe in peace. The time may come, 
 when Indians may love peace as much as they now love 
 war ; and the " peace of God which passeth all understand- 
 ing," may " keep their hearts and minds in the knowledge 
 and love of God, and of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord." 
 
 */iustin. Now, just before we go, will you please to tell 
 us a little about a buffalo hunt iist a little, and then we 
 shall talk about it, and about Black Hawk, all the way 
 home. 
 
 Hunter. Well, it must be a short account now ; perhaps 
 I may describe another hunt, more at length, another time. 
 In hunting the buffalo, the rifle, the lance, and the bow and 
 arrow are used, as the case may be. 1 have hunted with 
 the Camanchees in the Mexican provinces, who are famous 
 horsemen; with the Sioux on the Mississippi; the Crows 
 on the Yellow-stone River ; and the Pawnees at the Rocky 
 
 Mountains. One morning, when 
 
 among 
 
 the Crows, a 
 
 nuister took place for a buffalo hunt : you may be sure that 
 I joined them, for at that time I was almost an Indian 
 myself. 
 
 Jiustin. How did you prepare for the hunt? 
 
 Hunter. As soon as we had notice, from the top of a 
 bluff in the distance, that a herd of buffaloes were seen on 
 
PREPARINC; FOH A BUFFALO HUNT. TJ 
 
 BUFFALOES OR BISONS. 
 
 the prairie, we prepared our horses ; while some Indians 
 were directed to follow our trail, with one-horse carts, to 
 bring home the meat. 
 
 Brian. You made sure, then, that you should kill some 
 buffaloes. 
 
 Hunter, Yes ; we had but little doubt on that head. I 
 threw off my cap ; stripped off my coat ; tying a handker- 
 chief round my head, and another round my waist ; rolled 
 up my sleeves ; hastily put a few bullets in my mouth, and 
 mounted a fleet horse, armed with a rifle, and a thin long 
 spear : but most of the Crows had also bows and arrows. 
 
 Basil. Your thin spear would soon be broken. 
 
 Hunter. No ; these thin long spears are sometimes used, 
 in buffalo hunting, for years without breaking. When an 
 Indian chases a buffalo, if he does not use his rifle or bow 
 and arrow, he rides on fast till he comes up with his game, 
 and makes his horse gallop just the same pace as the buffalo. 
 
 7* 
 
 1 
 
78 
 
 BUFFALO HUNTING 
 
 Every bound his horse gives, the Indian keeps moving his 
 spear backwards and forwards across the pommel of his 
 saddle, with the point sideways towards the bullalo. lie 
 gallops on in this way, saying, " Whisii ! whish !" every 
 time he makes a feint, until he finds himself in just the 
 situation to inflict a deadly wound ; then, in a moment with 
 all his strength, he plunges in his lance, quick as lightning, 
 near the shoulders of the buffalo, and withdraws it at the 
 same instant : the lance, therefore, is not broken, though 
 the buffalo may be mortally wounded. 
 
 Brian. The poor buffalo has no chance at all. 
 
 Jiustin. Well ! you mounted your horse, and rode off at 
 full gallop — 
 
 Hunter. No ; we walked our steeds all abreast, until we 
 were seen by the herd of buffaloes. On catching sight of 
 us, in an instant they set off, and we after them as hard as 
 we could drive, a cloud of dust rising from the prairie, 
 occasioned by the trampling hoofs of the buffaloes. 
 
 Basil. What a scamper there would be ! 
 
 Hunter. Rifles were flashing, bowstrings were twang- 
 ing, spears were dashed into the fattest of the herd, and 
 buffaloes were falling in all directions. Here was seen an 
 Indian rolling on the ground, and there a horse gored to 
 death by a buffalo bull. I brought down one of the big- 
 gest of the herd with my rifle, at the beginning of the 
 hunt ; and, before it was ended, we had as many buffa- 
 loes as we knew what to do with. Some of the party had 
 loaded their rifles four or five times, while at full gallop, 
 bringing down a buffalo at every fire. 
 
 Very willingly would Austin have lingered long enough 
 to hear of half a dozen buftalo hunts; but, bearing in 
 mind what had been said about a longer account at another 
 time, he cordially thanked the hunter for all he had told 
 them, and set off home, with a light heart, in earnest con- 
 versation with his brothers. 
 
BUFFALO HUNT. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Valleys and prairies — A flat prairie — Bluffs and square hills — 
 Floyd's grave — Blackbird's grave — Fruit grounds in prairie — 
 Prairie la Crosse — Prairie du Chien — Couteau des Prairies — 
 Missouri prairies — Swan Lake, River rice grounds — Lover's leap — 
 Salt meadows — Savannahs — Red Pipe-stone quarry. 
 
 ASTING was the impression 
 made on the minds of the 
 young people by the hun- 
 ter's description of the buf- 
 falo hunt ; and the manner 
 of using the long, thin lance called 
 forth their wonder, and excited their 
 emulation. Austin became a Caman- 
 chee, from the Mexican provinces, the 
 Camanchees being among the most 
 expert lancers and horsemen ; Brian called himself a 
 Sioux, from the Mississippi ; and Basil styled himself a 
 Pawnee, from the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Many were the plans and expedients to get up a buffalo 
 
 79 
 
80 
 
 BUFFALO HUNTING. 
 
 hunt upon a large scale, but the difficulty of procuring buf- 
 luloos was insurmountable. Austin, it is true, did suggest 
 an inroad among the flock of sheep of a neighbouring far- 
 mer, maintaining that the scampering of the sheep would 
 very much resemble the flight of a herd of buffaloes ; but 
 this suggestion was given up, on the ground that the 
 farmer might not think it so entertaining an amusement as 
 they did. 
 
 It was doubtful at one time, whether, in their extremity, 
 they should not be compelled to convert the chairs and 
 tab) '^.s into buffaloes; but Austin, whose heart was in the 
 thing, had a bright thought, which received universal ap- 
 probation. This was to make buffaloes of their playfellow 
 Jowler, the Newfoundland dog, and the black tom ca',. 
 Jowler, with his shining shaggy skin, was sure to make a 
 capital buffalo ; and Black Tom would do very well, as buf- 
 faloes were not all of one size. To work they went imme- 
 diately, to prepare themselves for their adventurous underta- 
 king, dressing themselves up for the approaching enterprise ; 
 and, if they did not succeed in making themselves look like 
 Red Indians, they certamly did present a most grotesque 
 appearance. 
 
 In the best projects, however, there is oftentimes an over- 
 sight, which bids fair to ruin the whole undertaking; 
 and so it was on this occasion ; for it never occurred to 
 them, until they were habited as hunters, to secure the 
 attendance of Jowler and Black Tom. Encumbered with 
 their lances, bows, arrows, and han^.ing dresses, they had 
 to search the whole house, from top to bottom, in quest of 
 Black Tom, and when he was found, it was equally neces- 
 sary to sally fcrth in search of Jov/ler ; but as young peo- 
 ple very seldom lack perseverance in their sports, and as 
 perseverance usually attains its end, both Jowler and Black 
 Tom were at length found, and they were led forth to the 
 lawn, which was considered to be an excellent prairie. 
 
 No sooner was the signal given for the hunt to com- 
 mence, than Black Tom, being set at liberty, instead of ac- 
 
wem 
 
 BUFFALO HUNTING. 
 
 81 
 
 1^ 
 
 ting his part like a buffalo, as he ought to have done, 
 scampered across the lawn to the shrubbery, and ran up an 
 acacia tree ; while Jowler made a rush after him ; so that 
 the hunt appeared to have ended almost as soon as it was 
 begun. Jowler was brought back again to the middle 
 of the lawn, but no device could prevail on Black Tom to 
 descend from the eminence he had attained. 
 
 Once more Jowler, the buffalo, was set at liberty ; 
 and Austin, Brian, and Basil, the Camanchee, Sioux, and 
 Pawnee chieftains, brandished their long lances, prepa "ing 
 for the chase : but it seemed as though they were to be dis- 
 appointed, for Jowler, instead of running away, as he was 
 bound to do, according to the plan of the huraers, pro- 
 vokingly kept leaping up, first at one, and then at another 
 of them; until, having overturned the Pawnee on the 
 lawn, and put the Sioux and Camanchee out of all pa- 
 tience, he lay down parting, with his long red tongue out 
 of his mouth, looking at them just as though he had acted 
 his part of the affair capitally. 
 
 At last, not being able to reduce the refractory Jowler to 
 obedience, iio other expedient remained than that of one of 
 them taking the part of a buffalo on himself Austin was 
 very desirous that this should be done by Brian or Basil ; 
 but they insisted that he, being the biggest, was most like a 
 buffalo. The affair was at length compromised, by each 
 agreeing to play the buffalo in turn. A desperate hunt 
 then took place, in the course of which their long lances 
 were most skilfully and effectually used; three buffaloes 
 were slain, and the Camanchee, Sioux, and Pawnee return- 
 ed in triumph from the chase, carrying a buffalo-hide (a rug 
 mat from the hall) on the tops of their spears. 
 
 Oil their next visit to the hunter, they reminded him that, 
 the last lime he saw them, he had intended to speak about 
 t!ie prairies ; but that the history of Black Hawk, and the 
 account of the buffalo hunt, had taken up all the time. 
 They told him that they had come early, on purpose 
 
 ,n>1 
 
 ( -1 I ■ 
 
w 
 
 82 
 
 VALLEYS AND PRAIRIES. 
 
 to hear a long account ; and, perhaps, he would be able to 
 tell them all about Nikkanochee into the bargain. 
 
 The hunter replied, if that was the case, the sooner he 
 began his narrative the better ; so, without loss of time, he 
 thus commenced his account. 
 
 Hunter. Though in North America there are dull mono- 
 tonous rivers, with thick slimy waters, stagnant swamps, 
 and pine forests almost immeasurable in extent ; yet, still, 
 some of the most beautiful and delightful scenes in the 
 whole world are there * 
 
 Jiustin. How big are the prairies ? I want to know more 
 about them. 
 
 Hunter. They extend for thousands of miles, though not 
 without being divided and diversified with other scenery. 
 Mountains, and valleys, and forests, and rivers, vary the 
 appearance of the country. The valley of Connecticut is 
 very fertile and beautiful ; though oftentimes, in March or 
 April, there is a freshet there, occasioned by the melting 
 of the snow. The waters thus formed, swell suddenly, 
 break loose from the valley, and sweep away every thing 
 before them. 
 
 Basil. I shall remember the valley of Connecticut. 
 
 Hunter. The valleys of Missouri, Red River, Housa- 
 tonic, Mohawk, Hudson, Susquehannah, and others are full 
 of intereresting scenes; but the valley of Mississippi, with 
 the exception of that of the Amazon, in South America, is 
 the largest in the world, It reaches from cold Canada to 
 the sunny tropics, and from Ohio eastward to Missouri 
 westward. You must remember that a prairie is a plain. 
 What are called, in the southern states, savannahs ; in 
 South America, pampas ; in Europe, heaths ; in Asia, 
 steppes ; and in Africa, deserts ; in North America are 
 called prairies. 
 
 jiustin. Ay ; we cannot forget that now. Remember, 
 Brian and Basil, that in future we shall call Furse Common, 
 Furse Prairie. 
 
 Hunter. The name prairie was uivcn to the plains of 
 
 I 
 
^ BLUFFS AND CRAGS. 
 
 rrrti'^B 
 
 >w more 
 
 North America by the French settlers. Prah'ie is the French 
 word for meadow. I will describe some prairie Scenes 
 which have particularly struck me. These vast plains are 
 sometimes flat ; sometimes undulated, like the large waves 
 of the sea; sometimes barren; sometimes covered with 
 flowers and fruit ; and sometimes there is grass growing on 
 them eight or ten feet high. 
 
 Brian. I never heard of such grass as that. 
 
 Hunter. A prairie on fire is one of the most imposing 
 spectacles you can imagine. The flame is urged on by the 
 winds, running and spreading out with swiftness and fury, 
 roaring like a tempest, and driving before it deer, wolves, 
 horses, and buffaloes, in wild confusion. 
 
 Jiustin. How I should like to see a prairie on fire ! 
 
 Hunter. In Missouri, Arkansas, Indiana, and Lousiana, 
 prairies abound ; and the whole state of Illinois is little else 
 than a prairie altogether. From the Falls of the Missouri 
 to St. Louis, a distance of between two and three thousand 
 miles, a constant succession of prairie and river scenes, of 
 the most arresting kind, meet the eye. Here the rich green 
 velvet turf spreads out immeasurably wide ; breaking 
 towards the river into innumerable hills and dales, blufis 
 and ravines, where mountain goats, and wolves, and ante- 
 lopes, and elks, and buffaloes, and grizzly bears roam in 
 unrestrained liberty. At one time, the green bluff slopes 
 easily down to the water's edge ; while, in other places, the 
 ground at the edge of the river presents to the eye an end- 
 less variety of hill and bluff, and crag, taking the shapes of 
 ramparts and ruins, of columns, porticoes, terraces, domes, 
 towers, citadels, and castles ; while here and there rises a 
 solitary spire, which might well pass for the work of human 
 hands. But the whole scene varying in colour, and lit up 
 and gilded by the mid-day sun, speaks to the heart of the 
 spectator, convincing him that none but an Almighty hand 
 could thus clothe the wilderness with beauty. 
 
 Austin. There, Brian ! Do you not wish now to see the 
 prairies of North America ? 
 
 'I 
 
 W 
 
 
 ' ^ I'«K-q 
 
 •r 
 
64 
 
 JOURiNf^Y OVER A PRAIRIE. 
 
 ti 
 
 I 
 
 I i 
 
 Brian. Yes ; if I could see them without going among 
 the tomahawks and scalping knives. 
 
 Hunter. I remember one part, where the ragged cliffs 
 and cone-like bluffs, partly washed away by the rains, and 
 partly crumbled down by the frosts, seemed to be composed 
 of earths of a mineral kind, of clay of different colours, 
 and of red pumice stone. The clay was white, brown, yel- 
 low, and deep blue ; while the pumice stone, lit up by the 
 sunbeam, was red as vermilion. The loneliness, the wild- 
 ness, and romantic beauty of the scene I am not likely to 
 forget. 
 
 Basil. I should like to see those red rocks very much. 
 
 Hunter. For six days I once continued my course, with 
 a party of Indians, across the prairie, without setting my 
 eyes on a single tree, or a single hill affording variety to the 
 scene. Grass, wild flowers, and strawberries, abounded 
 more or less through the whole extent. The spot where 
 we found ourselves at sun-down, appeared to be exactly 
 that from which we started at sunrise. There was little 
 variety, even in the sky itself ; and it would have been a 
 relief, so soon are we weary even of beauty itself, to have 
 walked a mile over rugged rocks, or to have forced our way 
 through a gloomy pine wood, or to have climbed the sides 
 of a steep mountain. 
 
 Brian. I hardly think that I should ever be tired of 
 green grass, and flowers, and strawberries. 
 
 Hunter. Oh yes, you would. Variety in the works of 
 creation is a gift of our bountiful Creator, for which we are 
 not sufficiently thankful. Look at the changing seasons ; 
 how beautifully they vary the same prospect ! and regard 
 the changing clouds of heaven ; what an infinite and plea- 
 surable variety they aflbrd to us ! If the world were all 
 sunshine, we should long for the shade ; and wer(» wn to 
 feed on nothing but honey, we should soon dislike it as 
 much as the bitterest gall. 
 
 Jiustin. What is it that you mean by blullH ? 
 
 Hunter. Uouiid hills, or .huge cluyuy \uuunds, often 
 
 I 
 
P..W.— ..-:,>w.«!p.?«ai 
 
 FLOYD'S GRAVE. 
 
 olleu 
 
 covered with grass and flowers to the very top. Some- 
 times they have a verdant turf on their tops, while their 
 sides display a rich variety of many coloured earths, and 
 thousands of gypsum crystals imbedded in the clay. The 
 romantic mixture of bluffs, and square hills, with summits 
 of green grass as level as the top of a table, with huge 
 fragments of pumice stone and cinders, the remains of 
 burning mountains, and granite sand, and layers of different 
 coloured clay, and corrieUan, and agate, and juspar-like 
 pebbles; these, with the various animals that graze or 
 prowl among them, and the roUing river, and bright blue 
 sky, altogether are almost enough to make a spectator of 
 quick feeling scream with joy. Few sights have afforded 
 me more bewildering delight. 
 
 Austin. I should scream out I am sure. 
 
 Basil. And then perhaps you would have a grizzly bear 
 after you. 
 
 Hunter. Some of the hunters and trappers believe that 
 the great v:xiiey of the Missouri was once level with the 
 tops of the table hills, and that the earth has been washed 
 away by the river, and other causes ; but the subject is 
 involved in much doubt. It has pleased God to put a boun- 
 dary to the knowledge of man in many things. « We are 
 but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our days upon 
 earth are a shadow," Job viii. 9. I think I ought to tell 
 you of Floyd's grave. 
 
 Austin. Oh, yes ! Who was Floyd ? 
 
 Hiuiter. You shall hear. In the celebrated expedition 
 of Clark and Lewis to the Rocky mountains, they were 
 accompanied by Serjeant Floyd, who died on the way. His 
 body was carried to the top of a high, green-carpeted bluff, 
 on the MJH«ouri river, and there buried, and a cedar post 
 was erected to his memory. As I sat on his grave, and 
 looked around me, the stillness and the extreme beauty of 
 the scene much affected me. I nad endured much toil, both 
 in unting and rowing; som^^times being in danger from 
 the grizzly bears, and, and at others, with dilTicuity escaping 
 
 8 
 
 ?( : ' 
 
IT 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 lU.ACKBIllD'S GRAVE. 
 
 ■I 
 
 11 
 
 
 the war piirlics of the Indians. My rifle had been busy, 
 and the swan and the pelican, the antelope and the elk, had 
 supplied me with food ; and as I sat on the grassy and wild 
 flower-grave, in that beautiful bluff in the wilderness — the 
 enamelled prairie, the thousand grassy iiills that were visible, 
 with their golden heads, and long deep shadows — for the 
 sun was setting, the JNIissouri winding its serpentine course, 
 and the whole scene together was of the most beautiful and 
 tranquil kind. The soft whispering of the evening breeze, 
 and the distant, subdued and melancholy howl of the 
 wolf, were the only sounds that reached my ears. It was a 
 very solitary, and yet a very delightful scene. 
 
 Basil. I should not like to be by myself in sucli a place 
 as that. 
 
 Hunter. There is another high bluff" not many miles 
 from the cedar post of poor Floyd, that is well known as 
 the burial-place of Blackbird, a famous chief of the 0-ma- 
 haw tribe ; the manner of his burial was extremely strange. 
 
 Brian. Now for the burial of Blackbird, the chief of the 
 0-ma-haws. 
 
 Hunter. As I was pulling up the river, a voyageur told 
 me the story ; and, when I had heard it, we pushed our 
 canoe into a small creek, that I might visit the spot ; climb- 
 ing up the velvet sides of the bluff", I sat me down by the 
 cedar post on the grave of Blackbird. 
 
 Jlastin. But what Avas the story ? what was there strange 
 in the burial of the chief? 
 
 Hunter. Blackbird, on his way home from the city of 
 Washington, where he had been, died with the small-pox. 
 Before his death, he desired his warriors to bury him on 
 the bluff, sitting on the back of his favourite war-horse, that 
 he might see, as he said, the Frenchmen boating up and 
 down the river. His beautiful white steed was led up to 
 the top of the bluff", and there the body of Blackbird was 
 placed astride upon him. 
 
 Brian. What a strange thing ! 
 
 Hunter. Blackbird had his bow in his hand, his beautiful 
 
oBiKsuKaaNUi 
 
 IIKD RIVER PRAIRIES. 
 
 8T 
 
 head diifss of war-eaglo plumes on his head, his shield and 
 quiver at his side, and his pipe and medicine h g. His 
 tobacco pouch was filled, to supply him on his journey to 
 the hunting grounds of his fathers ; and lie had Hint and 
 steel wherewith to light his pipe by the way. Every war- 
 rior painted his hand with vermillion, and then pressed it 
 against the white horse, leaving a mark behind him. After 
 the necessary ceremonies had been performed, Blackbird 
 and his white-horse were covered over with turf, till they 
 were no more seen. 
 
 Jlustin. But was the white horse buried alive ? 
 
 Hunter. He was. The turfs were put about his feet, 
 then piled up his legs, then placed against his sides, then 
 over his back, and lastly over Blackbird himself and his 
 war-eagle plumes. 
 
 Brian. That was a very cruel deed ! They had no busi- 
 ness to smother that beautiful white horse in that way. 
 
 Basil. And so I say. It was a great shame, and I do 
 not like that Blackbird. 
 
 Hunter. Red Indians have strange customs. Now I am 
 on the subject of prairie scenes, I ought to speak a word of 
 the prairies of the Red River. 1 had been for some time 
 among the Creeks and Choctaws, crossing, here and there, 
 ridges of wooded lands, and tracts of rich herbage, with 
 blue mountains in the distance, when I came to a prairie 
 scene of a new character. For miles together the ground 
 was covered with vines, bearing endless clusters of large 
 delicious grapes ; and then, after crossing a few broad 
 valleys of green turf, our progress was stopped by hun- 
 dreds of acres of plum trees, bending to the very ground 
 with their fruit. Among these were interspersed patches 
 of rose trees, wild currants, and gooseberries, with prickly 
 pears, and the most beautiful and sweet-scented wild 
 liowers. 
 
 Austin. I never heard of so delightful a place. What 
 do you think of the prairies now, Basil? Should you not 
 like to iralher some of those fruits and (lowers, Brian ? 
 
 i< 
 
88 
 
 BEAUTIFUL PRAIRIES. 
 
 Hunter. And tlien, just as I was stretching out my hand 
 to gather some ot' the delicious produce of that paradise of 
 fruit and flowers, I heard the shake of a rattlesnake, that 
 was preparing to make a spring, and I saw the ghstening 
 eyes of a copper-head, which 1 had disturbed beneath the 
 tendrils and leaves. 
 
 Basil. What do you think of the prairie now, Austin ? 
 
 Brian. And should you not like to gather some of thoso 
 fruits and flowers ? 
 
 Austin. I never expected that there would be snakes 
 among them. 
 
 Hunter. The wild creatures of these dehghtful spots 
 may be said to live in a garden ; here they pass their lives, 
 rarely disturbed by the approach of man. The hunter and 
 the trapper, however thoughtlessly they pursue their 
 calling, are at times struck with the amazing beauty of the 
 scenes that burst upon them. God is felt to be in the 
 prairie. The very solitude disposes the mind to acknow- 
 ledge him ; earth and skies proclaim his presence ; the 
 fruits of the ground declare his bounty ; and, in the 
 flowers, ten thousand forget-me-nots bring his goodness to 
 remembrance. " Great is the Lord, and greatly to be 
 praised ; and his greatness is unsearchable," Psa. cxlv. 3. 
 
 Austin. I could not have believed that there had been 
 such beautiful places in the prairies. 
 
 Hunter. Some parts are varied, and others monotonous. 
 Some are beautiful, and others far from being agreeable. 
 The Prairie la Crosse, the Prairie du Chien, and the Cou- 
 teau des Prairies on the Mississippi, with the prairies on the 
 Missouri, all have some points of attraction. I did intend 
 to say a little about Swan Lake, the wild rice grounds, 
 Lover's Leap, the salt meadows on the Missouri, the 
 Savannah in the Florida pine woods, and Red Pipe-stone 
 quarry ; but as I intend to give you the history of Nik- 
 kanochee, perhaps I had better begin with it at once. 
 
 Austin. We shall like to hear of Nikkanocliee, but it is 
 
LOVER'a LEAP. 
 
 89 
 
 SO pleasant to hear about the prairies, that you must, if you 
 please, tell us a little more about them first. 
 
 Basil. I want to hear about those prairie dogs. 
 
 Brian. And I want to hear of Lover's Leap. 
 
 t^ustin. What I wish to hear the most is about the Red 
 Pipe-stone quarry. Please just to tell us a little about 
 them all. 
 
 Hunter. Well ! So that you will be satisfied with a 
 little, I will go on. Swan Lake is one of the most beauti- 
 ful objects in the prairies of North America : it extends for 
 many miles; and the islands with which it abounds are 
 richly covered with forest trees. Fancy to yourselves 
 unnumbered islands with fine trees, beautifully grouped to- 
 gether, and clusters of swans on the water in every direc- 
 tion. If you want to play at Robinson Crusoe, one of the 
 islands on Swan Lake will be just the place for you. 
 
 Basil. Well it may be called Swan Lake. 
 
 Hunter. The first time that I saw wild rice gathered, it 
 much surprised and amused me. A party of Sioux Indian 
 women were paddling about, near the shores of a large 
 lake, in canoes made of bark ; while one woman paddled 
 the canoe, the other gathered the wild rice, which flourished 
 there in great abundance, by bending it over the canoe 
 with one stick, and then striking it with another ; the grains 
 of rice fell in profusion into the canoe. In this way they 
 proceeded, till they obtained full cargoes of wild rice 
 to consume as food. 
 
 Brian. I wish we had wild rice growing in our pond. 
 
 Hunter. What I have to say of Lover's Leap, is a little 
 melancholy. On the east side of Lake Pepin, on the Missis- 
 sippi, stands a bold rock, lifting up its aspiring head some six 
 or seven hundred feet above the surface of the lake. Some 
 years since, as the story goes, an Indian chief wished 
 his daughter to marry a husband that she did not like. 
 The daughter declined, but the father insisted ; and the 
 poor, distracted girl, to get rid of her difficulty, threw her- 
 
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 W 
 
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 M 
 
SAi.T SPRINGS AND PRAlIllES. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i : 
 
 
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 self, ill fhc prcscMcn of lier tribe, Irom the top of the rock, 
 and was dash'3d to pieces. 
 
 Basil. Poor girl ! Her father was a very cruel man. 
 
 Hunter. The chief was cruel, und his daughter rash ; 
 but we must not be severe in judging those who have no 
 better standard of right and wrong than the customs 
 of their uncivilized tribe. Had that Indian chief and his 
 daughter known the gospel of peace, and been influenced 
 by the principles of Christianity, he would have been kind- 
 hearted and merciful ; " Blessed are the merciful : for they 
 shall obtain mercy," Matt. v. 7 : and she would have been 
 patient and obedient. " If, when ye do well, and suffer for 
 it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God," 1 Pet. 
 ii. 20. The best use to which we can put this account, is 
 to look up for strength and grace, to enable us to avoid 
 their errors. It was on the Upper Missouri river, towards 
 the mouth of the Teton river, that I came all at once on a 
 salt meadow. You would have thought that it had been 
 snowing for an hour or two, for the salt lay an inch or two 
 thick on the ground. 
 
 Austin. What could have brought it there ? 
 
 Hunter. The same Almighty hand that spreads out the 
 wild prairie, spreads the salt upon its surface. There are 
 salt springs in many places, where the salt water floods over 
 the prairie. The hot sun evaporates the water, and the salt 
 is left behind. 
 
 Brian. Well, that is very curious. 
 
 Hunter. The buffaloes and other animals come by thou- 
 sands to lick the salt, so that what with the green prairie r* md, 
 the white salt, and the black buffaloes, the contrast in colour 
 is very striking. Though Florida is, to a great extent, a 
 sterile wilderness; yet for that very reason, some of its 
 beautiful spots appear the more beautiful. There are swamps 
 enough, and alligators enough, to make the traverser of 
 those weary wilds cheerless and disconsolate ; but when, 
 after plodding, day after day, through dreary morasses and 
 interminable pine woods, listening to nothing but the cry 
 
RED P 1 1» K - S T O N E U U A R R Y , 
 
 91 
 
 of cranes and the howling of wolves, lie coni''s suddenly 
 into an open savannah of grouped palmettos, and a carpet 
 of grass and myriads of wild flowers, his eye brightens, and 
 li(! recovers his cheerfulness and strength. He again feels 
 that God is in the prairie. 
 
 Basil. Remember the alligators, Austin ! 
 
 Brian. And the howling wolves ! What do you think 
 of them ? 
 
 Jinstin. And what do you think of the savannah of 
 grass, and flowers, and tall palmettos ? 
 
 Hunter. The Red Pipe-stone Quarry is in the Couteau 
 du Prairie ; it may be a hundred miles or more from the St. 
 Peter's river, between the Upper Mississippi and the Upper 
 Missouri. It is the place where the Red Indians of North 
 America procure the red stone with which they make all 
 their pipes. The place is considered by them to be sacred. 
 They say that the Great Spirit used to stand on the rock, 
 and that the blood of the buffaloes which he ate there ran 
 into the rocks below, and turned them red. 
 
 jiustin. That is the place I want to see. 
 
 Hunter. If you go there, you must take great care of 
 yourself; for the Sioux will be at your heels. As 1 said, they 
 hold the place sacred, and consider the approach of a white 
 man a kind of profanation. The place is visited by all the 
 neighu>«iring tribes for stone with which to make their 
 pipes, whether they are at war or peace ; for the Great 
 Spirit, say they, always watches over it, and the war-club 
 and scalping knife are there harmless. There are hun- 
 dreds of old inscriptions i the fac of the rocks; and the 
 wildest traditions are handed down, from father to son, 
 respecting the place. Some of the Sioux say, that the 
 Great Spirit once sent his runners abroad, to call together 
 all the tribes that were at war, to the Red Pipe-stone Quarry. 
 As he stood on the top ot"' the rocks, he took out a piece of 
 red stone, and made a large pipe ; he smoked it over tlu;m, 
 and told them, that, though at war, they must always be at 
 peace at that place, for that it belonged to one as much as 
 
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92 
 
 RED PIPE-STONE QUARRV. 
 
 to another, and that they must all make their pipes of the 
 stone. Having thus spoken, a great cloud of smoke from 
 his great red pipe rolled over them, and in it he vanished 
 away. Just at the moment tliat he took the last whiff of his 
 great, long, red pipe, the rocks were wrapped in a blaze of 
 fire, so that the surface of them was melted. Two squaws, 
 then, in a flash of fire, sunk under the two medicine rocks, 
 and no one can take away red stone from the place without 
 their leave. Where the gospel is unknown, there is nothing 
 too improbable to be received. The day will, no doubt, 
 arrive when the wild traditions of Red Pipe-stone Quarry 
 will be done away by the spread of the gospel of the 
 Redeemer. 
 
 Here the hunter, having to attend his sheep, left the 
 three brothers, to amuse themselves for half an hour with 
 the curiosities in his cottage ; after which, he returned to 
 redeem his pledge, by relating the history he had promisee' 
 them. 
 
 Ti 
 
 INDIAN FlPCfl. 
 
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.■■-fffmstam 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The Seminole Indians — King of the Red Hills — Oceola — A council 
 — Agreement to an exchange of land — Oceola refuses to sign the 
 ^.ontract, and dashes his dagger through it — Oceola made prisoner, 
 and afterwards set at liberty — His message to the whites — Oceola 
 treacherously made prisoner again — His death — Adventures of 
 Nikkanochee, prince of Econchatti. 
 
 UICKLY after they were 
 seated the hunter began « and 
 now," said he, "for my ac- 
 count of Nikkanochee, prince 
 of Econchatti. I met with him in 
 \ Florida, his own country, when he 
 was quite a child; indeed he is even 
 now but a boy, not being more 
 than twelve or thirteen years of age. 
 I saw him latterly in London. His 
 history will, I think, interest and amuse you. The Semi- 
 nole Indians, a mixed tribe, from whom prince Nikkanochee 
 
 is descended, were a warlike people, settled on the baiiks 
 
 93 
 
94 
 
 THE CHIEF O CEO LA. 
 
 of the Chattahoochee and Coaeta, in Florida. In a battle 
 which took place between the Indians and a party of 
 whites, under Major Dade, out of a hundred and fourteen 
 white men, only two escaped the tomahawks of their oppo- 
 nents. A Seminole was about to despatch one of these two, 
 when he suddenly called to mind that the soldier had once 
 helped him in fitting a handle to his axe : this arrested his 
 uplifted weapon, and the life of the soldier was spared." 
 
 Jiustin. Noble ! noble ! If all the Seminoles were like 
 him, they were a noble people. 
 
 Hunter. The tribe had good and bad qualities ; but I tell 
 you this anecdote, because it affords another proof that the 
 hardy Indian warrior, in the midst of all his relentless ani- 
 mosity against his enemy, is still alive to a deed of kind- 
 ness. On another occasion, when the Seminoles, to avenge 
 injuries which their tribe had received, wasted the neigh- 
 borhood with fire and tomahawk, they respected the dwell- 
 ing of one who had shown kindness to some of their tribe. 
 Even though they visited his house, and cooked their food 
 at his hearth, they did no injury to his person or his property. 
 Other dwellings around it were burned to the ground, but 
 for years his habitation remained secure from any attack on 
 the part of the grateful Seminoles. 
 
 Basil. When I go abroad, I will always behave kindly 
 to the poor Indians. 
 
 Hunter. That is right ; " do unto others as you would 
 they should do unto you." But I will go on with my 
 relation. The father of Nikkanochee was king of the Red 
 Hills, in the country of the Seminoles ; but not being very 
 much distinguished as a warrior, he gave up the command 
 of his fighting men to his brother Oceola, a chief famous for 
 bodily strength and courage. Before the war broke out 
 between the Seminoles, Oceola was kind and generous ; but 
 when once the war-cry had rung through the woods, and 
 the tomahawk had been raised, he became stern and im- 
 placable. He was the champion of his nation, and the ter- 
 ror of the pale faces opposed to him. 
 
 the 
 
 ,llili m f llhi'^ajUX.'i*^ 
 
'W^ *w- W.Tit.JilL'W'-i. 
 
 mmfur 
 
 THE CHIEF OCEOLA. 
 
 95 
 
 Brian. He must have made terrible work with his toma- 
 hawk ! 
 
 Hunter. No doubt he did, for he was bold, and had 
 never been taught to control his passions ; the command of 
 the Saviour had never reached his ears, " Love your enemies, 
 bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and 
 pray for them which despitefuUy use you, and persecute you,** 
 Matt. V. 44. The red man of the forest and the prairie has 
 had much to embitter his spirit against his enemies; but I 
 will proceed. It was in the year 1835, that between two and 
 three hundred red warriors assembled at Camp King, to 
 hold a " talk," or council. They were met by a battalion 
 of white soldiers, who had two generals with them. At this 
 council, it was proposed by the whites that a contract 
 should be made between the two parties, wherein the Semi- 
 noles should give up their lands in Florida in exchange for 
 other lands at a great distance from the place. Some of 
 the red warriors were induced to make a cross on the con- 
 tract as their signature, showing that they agreed therewith ; 
 but Oceola saw that such a course was bartering away his 
 country, and sealing the ruin of his nation. 
 
 Jiustin. I hope he did not put his cross to it. 
 
 Brian. And so do I. I hope he persuaded all the rest of 
 the red warriors not to sign it. 
 
 Hunter. When they asked him in his turn to sign the 
 contract, his lip began to curl with contempt, and his eye to 
 flash with fiery indignation. " Yes !" said he, drawing a 
 poinard from his bosom, with a haughty frown on his brow, 
 " Yes !" said he, advancing and dashing his dagger while he 
 spoke, not only through the contract, but also through the 
 table on which it lay ; " There is my mark !" 
 
 t^ustin. Well done, brave Oceola ! 
 
 Brian. That is just the way that he ought to have 
 acted. 
 
 Basil. He was a very bold fellow. But what did the 
 generals say to him ? 
 
 Hunter. His enemies the whites, for they were enemies. 
 
m 
 
 1^ 
 
 OCEOLA'S REVENGE. 
 
 *\ 
 
 directly seized him, and bound him to a tree. This was 
 done in a cruel manner, for the cords cut deep into his 
 flesh. After this he was manacled and kept as prisoner in 
 solitary confinement. When it was thought that his spirit 
 was sufficiently tamed, and that what he had suffered 
 would operate as a warning to his people, he was set at 
 liberty. 
 
 */iustin. The whites acted a cruel part, and they ought 
 to have been ashamed of themselves. 
 
 Brian. Yes, indeed. But what did Oceola do when he 
 was free ? 
 
 Hunter. Revenge is dear to every one whose heart God 
 has not changed; no wonder that it should burn in the 
 bosom of an uneducated Indian. He had never heard the 
 words of Holy Scripture, " Vengeance is mine ; I will 
 repay, saith the Lord," Rom. xii. 19; but rather looked on 
 revenge as a virtue. Hasting to his companions, he made 
 the forest echo with the wild war-whoop that he raised in 
 defiance of his enemies. 
 
 Brian. I thought he would! That is the very thing 
 that I expected he would do. 
 
 Hunter. Many of the principal whites fell by the rifles 
 of the Indians ; and Oceola sent a proud message to Gene- 
 ral Clinch, telling him that the Seminoles had a hundred 
 and fifty barrels of gunpowder, every grain of which 
 should be consumed before they would submit to the whites. 
 He told him, too, that the pale faces should be led a 
 dance for five years for the indignities they had put upon 
 him. Oceola and the Seminoles maintained the war until 
 the whites had lost many hundred men, and expended 
 vast sums of money. At last, the brave chieftain was 
 made prisoner by treachery. 
 
 *dustin. How was it ? How did they take him prisoner. 
 
 Hunter. The whites, under General Hernandez, in- 
 vited Oceola to meet them, that a treaty might be made, 
 and the war brought to an end. Oceola went with 
 his warriors; but no sooner had he and eight of his 
 
 
OCEOLA MADE PRISONER. 
 
 01 
 
 warriors placed their rifles against a tree, protected as they 
 thought by the flag of truce, than they were surrounded by 
 a large body of soldiers, and made prisoners. 
 
 Brian. That General Hernandez was an unjust and 
 treacherous man : he had no business to have touched one 
 of them while the flag of truce was there. Oceola ought 
 to have kept away from them. 
 
 Basil. And what did they do to Oceola? Did they 
 kill him? 
 
 Hunter. They at first confined him in the fort at St. 
 Augustine, and afterwards in a dungeon at Sullivan's 
 Island, near Charleston. It was in the latter place that he 
 died, his head pillowed on the faithful bosom of his 
 wife, who never forsook him, and never ceased to regard 
 him with homage and afl^ection. He was buried at Fort 
 Moultrie, where he has a monument, inscribed « Oceola." 
 His companions, had they been present at his grave, would 
 not have wept. They would have been glad that he had 
 escaped from his enemies. 
 
 ki 
 
 " We do not weep — 
 The red man hath no tear to shed for thee — 
 Smiling, we gaze upon the dreamless sleep, 
 The fortress broken, and the captive free." 
 
 Jiustin. Poor Oceola ! 
 
 Hunter. This is only one instance among thousands, in 
 which the red man has fallen a victim to the treachery and 
 injustice of the whites. It is a solemn thought, that when 
 the grave shall give up its dead, and the trumpet shall call 
 together, face to face, the inhabitants of all nations to judg- 
 ment ; solemn is the thought, that the deceitful, the unjust, 
 and the cruel will have to meet those whom their de- 
 ceit, their injustice, and cruelty have destroyed. Well may 
 the oppressor tremble. " The Lord of hosts hath purposed, 
 and who shall disannul it ? and his hand is stretched out, 
 and who shall turn it back ?" Isa. xiv. 21. 
 
 N 
 
08 
 
 FLIGHT OF NIKKANOCHEE. 
 
 Basil. But you have not yet told us of Nikkanochee 
 Please to let us hear all about him. 
 
 Brian. Ay ; we have forgotten Nikkanochee. 
 
 Hunter. I will nov/ tell you all that I know of him ; 
 but I thought you would like to hear of his uncle, he being 
 so famous a warrior. Nikkanochee is called Oceola Nik- 
 kanochee, prince of Econchatti ; in order that he may bear 
 in mind Oceola, his warlike uncle, and Econchatti-mico, 
 king of the Red Hills, in Florida, his father. It is thought 
 that Nikkanochee was born on the banks of the river 
 Chattahoochee. He can just remember the death of his 
 mother, when he was left alone with her in a wigwam ; 
 but whether his father died in battle or captivity he cannot 
 tell. What I have to tell you about Nikkanochee took 
 place during the lifetime of his father, and his uncle Oceola. 
 The white men, the Americans, being at war with the Sem- 
 inoles, the war-men of the latter were obliged to band 
 themselves together to fight, leaving their squaws (wives) 
 and children to travel as well as they could to a place 
 of safety. Nikkanochee, child as he was, travelled with 
 the women through the pine forests night and day ; 
 but a party of horse soldiers overtook them, and drove 
 them as captives towards the settlements of the whites. 
 
 Brian. Ay ! now Nikkanochee is a prisoner ! What is 
 to become of him now ? 
 
 Hunter. The mothers were almost frantic. The wig- 
 wams they saw on the road had been destroyed by fire, 
 and the whole country had been devastated. At nightfall 
 they came to a village ; and here, when it grew dark, Nik- 
 kanochee, a little girl, and two Indian women, make their 
 escape. For some days they fled, living on water melons 
 and Indian corn, till they fell in with a party of their 
 own war-men. 
 
 Jltistin. I hope they were safe then. 
 
 Hunter. Not being numerous, they were obliged to 
 retreat. Pursued by their enemies, they fied, sometimes on 
 horseback, and sometimes on foot. A part of the way. 
 
 fii 
 
 „>< 
 
 '! . 
 
WANDERINGS OP NIKKANOCHEE. 
 
 00 
 
 inochee 
 
 >f him; 
 e being 
 la Nik- 
 ay bear 
 ti-mico, 
 thought 
 river 
 of his 
 gwam ; 
 cannot 
 se took 
 Oceola. 
 le Sem- 
 band 
 (wives) 
 a place 
 ?d with 
 I day ; 
 1 drove 
 tes. 
 Vhat is 
 
 e wig- 
 by fire, 
 ightfall 
 k, Nik- 
 e their 
 melons 
 f their 
 
 red to 
 nes on 
 
 ! way, 
 
 through the swamps, thickets, and pine forests, Nik- 
 kanochec rode on the back of his father. At night, while 
 the party were sitting round a fire, in the act of preparing 
 for refreshment some dried meat, and a wild root of 
 the woods reduced into flour, an alarm was given. In a 
 moment they were obliged once more to fly, for their 
 enemies were upon their track, accompanied with blood- 
 hounds. 
 
 Basil. Bloodhounds ! 
 
 Hunter. Yes, bloodhounds ! fierce and strong dogs, bred 
 up on purpose to hunt the Red Indians. 
 
 Brian. Dreadful ! dreadful ! 
 
 Hunter. The fire was put out by the Indians, their 
 blankets hastily rolled up, and the squaws and children sent 
 to hide themselves in the tangled reeds and brushwood of a 
 swamp, while the war-men turned against the dogs and sol- 
 diers. The Indians beat off" their enemies, but Econchatti- 
 mico was wounded in the wrist, a musket ball having passed 
 through it. Nikkanochee found his father, faint from loss 
 of blood, lying on the ground. 
 
 Basil. What sad work it is to have so much fighting 
 between white men and red men ! Why cannot they live 
 at peace, and not act so cruelly ? 
 
 Brian. You must not interrupt the story, Basil. 1 want 
 to know how it all ended. Did Econchatti die of his wound ? 
 
 Hunter. No ; but he and the war-men, expecting that 
 their enemies would return in greater numbers, were again 
 forced to fly : the dreary pine fore^st, the weedy marsh, and 
 the muddy swamp were once more passed through. Brooks 
 and rapid rivers were crossed by Econchatti, wounded as 
 he was, with his son on his back. He swam with one hand, 
 for the other was of little use to him. 
 
 %S.ustin. Econchatti seems to be as brave a man as 
 Oceola. Did they escape from their enemies ? 
 
 Hunter. While they were sitting down to partake of 
 some wild turkey and deer, with which their bows and 
 arrows had furnished them during their flight, their enemies 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 JOO 
 
 NIKKANOCIIEE CAPTURED. 
 
 again burst upon them. The Seminoles had, perhaps, alto- 
 gether two thousand warriors, with Oceola at their head ; 
 but then the whites had at least ten thousand, to say nothing 
 of their being much better armed. Besides, there were 
 also their ferocious bloodhounds. No wonder that the 
 Seminoles were compelled to fly, and only to fight when 
 they found a favourable opportunity. But I must not dwell 
 longer than necessary on my account; suffice it to say, that, 
 after all the bravery of the warriors, and all the exertions of 
 Econchatti, Nikkanochee once more fell into the hand of 
 the enemy. 
 
 Basil. Oh, that was terrible! I hoped he would get 
 away safe. 
 
 Brian. So did I. I thought the white men would be 
 tired of following them into those dreary forests and muddy 
 swamps. 
 
 Hunter. The human heart is bitter and implacable, until 
 it is changed by Divine grace. Then, and not before, the 
 lion becomes the lamb, and cruelty gives way to kindness. 
 If all men truly feared God, and humbly obeyed the injunc- 
 tions of the Redeemer, there would be no more heart burn- 
 ings, and strife, and bloodshed ; but human beings would, 
 in thought, word, and deed, « love one another." 
 
 Jiustin. How was it that Nikkanochee was taken ? 
 
 Hunter. He was captured on the 25th of August, 1836, 
 by some soldiers who were scouring the country, and 
 brought by them the next day to Colonel Warren, at New- 
 nansville. Poor little fellow, he was so worn, emaciated, 
 and cast down, that he could not be looked upon without 
 pity. For several weeks he hardly spoke a word. No 
 tear, no sob, nor sigh escaped him ; but he appeared to be 
 continually on the watch to make his escape. The soldiers 
 who had taken him prisoner, declared that they had fol- 
 lowed his track full forty miles before they came up to him. 
 From the rising to the setting of the sun they hurried on, 
 and still he was before them. Nikkanochee must then have 
 been only about five or six years old. 
 
 
ACCOUNT OP HIS PLIGHT. 
 
 101 
 
 get 
 
 Basil. Why, I could not walk so far as forty miles to save 
 my life. How did he manage it ? 
 
 Hunter. You have not been brought up like an Indian. 
 Fatigue, and hardship, and danger are endured by red men 
 from their earliest youth. The back to the burden, Basil. 
 You have heard the saying, " God tempers the wind to the 
 shorn lamb." When the soldiers came up to Nikkanochee, 
 he darted into the bushes anjd long grass, where they found 
 him. At first, he uttered a scream ; but, soon after, he 
 oiTerod the soldiers a peach which he had in his hand, that 
 they might let him go. Placed on horseback behind one of 
 the troopers, he was brought to the military station at New- 
 nansville 
 
 Brian. They have him now, then, fast enough. I won- 
 der what became of Econchatti-mico, his father. 
 
 Hunter. That is not known. I should have told you 
 that, in the Seminole language, "Econ," means hill or hills; 
 " Chatti," is red ; and the signification of " mico," is king : 
 so that Econchatti-mico is, all together. King of the Red 
 Hills. The soldiers who captured Nikkanochee disputed 
 among themselves whether he ought not to be killed. Most 
 of them were for destroying every Indian man, woman, or 
 child they met ; but one of th«^m, named James Shields, was 
 determined to save the boy's life, and it was owing to his 
 humanity that Nikkanochee was not put to death. 
 
 Brian. That man deserves to be rewarded. I shall not 
 forget James Shields. 
 
 Hunter. When Nikkanochee had afterwards become a 
 little more reconciled to his situation, he gave some account 
 of the way in which he was taken. He said, that as he 
 was travelling with his father and the Indians, the white 
 men came upon them. According to Indian custom, when 
 a party Is surprised, the women and children immediately 
 liy in different directions, to hide in the bushes and long 
 grass, till the war-men return to them after the fight or 
 alarm is over. Poor little Nikkanochee, in trying to cross 
 a rivulet, fell back again into it, Besides this misfortune, 
 
 9* 
 
 i-*,. 
 
102 
 
 ACCOUNT OF HIS PLIGHT. 
 
 he met with others, so that he could not keep up with the 
 party. He still kept on, for lie saw an old coffee pot 
 placed on a log; and Indians, in their llight, drop or place 
 things in their track, as well as break off twigs from the 
 bushes, that others of their tribe may know how to follow 
 them. Nikkanochee came to a settlement of whites, but 
 he struck out of the road to avoid it. He afterwards 
 entered a peach orchard, belonging to a deserted house, and 
 here he satisfied his hunger. It was then getting dark, but 
 the soldiers saw him, and set off after him at full gallop. 
 In vain he liid himself in the grass, and lay as still as a 
 partridge, for they discovered him and took him away. 
 
 Jiustin. I wonder that Econchatti-mico, his father, or the 
 brave Oceola, his uncle, did not rescue him. 
 
 Hunter It is thought that they did return upon the back 
 trail, for Newnansville was shortly after surrounded by In- 
 dians with Oceola at their head ; but just then a reinforcement 
 of soldiers arrived, and the Indians -.vere obliged to retire. 
 Had not the soldiers come up just in time, the whole 
 garrison might have fallen by the rifles and scalping knives 
 of enraged Seminoles. Nikkanochee passed a year with 
 the family of Colonel Warren, and was beloved by them 
 all. There was, no doubt, much sympathy felt for him, 
 as the Nephew of a well-known warrior, and the son 
 of the king of a warlike people. Nikkanochee was after- 
 wards taken under the protection of a gentleman, who 
 became much attached to him. He was educated with 
 other children and taught to bend his knee in prayer, and to 
 offer praise to the King of kings and Lord of lords. Thus 
 in the providence of God, was Nikkanochee brought from 
 being a heathen to be a worshipper of the true God and 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 Brian. How much longer did he remain in America ? 
 
 Hunter. A very few years, during which he became ex- 
 pert in climbing, swimming, loading the rifle, and using the 
 spear. He was bold enough to attack the racoon and otter, 
 and was not afraid even of the alligator ; few of liis years 
 
 c 
 
 , 
 
*tir .11.,,^ ^i»i"«ii 
 
 NIKKANOCIIEE. 
 
 103 
 
 but 
 
 \ 
 
 were more hardy, or could bear au equal degree of fatigue 
 His kiud protector, who adopted him as his own child; 
 brought him over to England in the year 1810, since which 
 time lie lias written an Interesting history of his young 
 charge. In the first page is an animated figure of Nikkan- 
 ochee, dressed up as a Seminole warrior, with his cap, 
 feathers, shield, bow, arrows, quiver, pendent ornaments, 
 and mocassins. You cannpt look at it, without feeling an 
 interest in the welfare of the young Seminole. But I have 
 given you a long account. May Nikkanochee grow up to 
 know Him whom to know is life eternal, and become as 
 celebrated for virtue and piety as his ancestors and relations 
 were for valour and war. 
 
RESTINO-PIACE FOR THE DEAD. 
 
 CHAPTER Vlil. 
 
 The religion of the Red Indians — Medicine, or Mystery — Rain 
 making — Marriage — Flattening the heads cf children — Cradles — 
 Practice of shaving the head — Exposure of the aged — The Leaping 
 Rock — Catching white fish — Fasts,feasts, and sacrifices — Runners 
 — Indian squaws, with their customary employments — Pipe smoking 
 — XJog- feast — A common life scene among the Indians — Smoking 
 a shield — Pipes — Pipe of peace — Indian burial — Resting-place for 
 the dead. 
 
 
 PON the next visit of the three 
 brothers to the hunter, he pointed 
 out to them the great influence that 
 religion had on the character of a 
 people and a country. A false re- 
 ligion brought with it a train of un- 
 numbered evils ; while a knowledge 
 of the true God, and a living faith in the Saviour who died 
 for sinners, continually promoted among mankind princi- 
 ples of justice and kindness, and communicated to their 
 hearts the blessings of peace and joy. « True it is," said 
 he, « that among professedly Christian people there is much 
 104 
 
vemuj^m^XnJSMiii^-' ■ I 
 
 RELIGION OF THE RED INDIANS 
 
 105 
 
 -Rain 
 
 dies — 
 aping 
 nners 
 oking 
 oking 
 cefor 
 
 hree 
 nted 
 that 
 of a 
 re- 
 im- 
 Jdge 
 [lied 
 nci- 
 heir 
 said 
 uch 
 
 of evil ; much of envy, hatred, malice, and uncharitabie- 
 ness ; of injustice, covetousness, and cruelty : but this pro- 
 ceeds not from Christianity, but from the fallen state of 
 human nature, which nothing but the grace of God can 
 renew, and from the great number of those who profess to 
 be Christians, while they are uninfluenced by the gospel of 
 the Redeemer. Christianity will neither allow us to dishonour 
 God by bowing down to idols, nor to injure man by injustice 
 and oppression. The Red Indians of North America are not 
 found bowing down to numberless idols, as the inhabitants 
 of many countries are : they worsiiip what they call * the 
 Great Spirit,' with a deep reverence, humbling themsch es 
 before him, and undergoing self-imposed torments, to gain 
 his good will, which the generality of Christians, in tlio 
 manifestation of their faith, would find it hard to endure. 
 They believe also in an Evil Spirit, as well as in a future 
 state; and that they shall be happy or unhappy, just as they 
 have done good or evil, according to their estimate of those 
 qualities ; but this belief is mixed up with mysteries and 
 superstitions without number. I speak of Red Indians in 
 the forest and the prairie, who know nothing of God's word, 
 and who have never heard the voice of a missionary." 
 
 %/liistin. You told us what the Sioux, the Riccarees, the 
 Tuskaroras, and the Mandans called the Great Spirit. 
 Please to tell us again. 
 
 Hunter, The Mandans call him Mah-ho-peneta ; the 
 Riccarees, Ka-ke-tva-rooh-teh ; the Sioux, Wo-kon-she-cha ; 
 and the Tuskaroras, Ye-wun-ni-yuh. The different tribes 
 believe, that if they are expert in the chase, bold in battle, 
 and slay many of tlieir enemies, they shall live forever, after 
 death, in beautiful hunting grounds, enjoying the pleasures 
 of the chase continually. You know *hat we, as Christians, 
 are enjoined to forgive our enemies ; but untutored Indians 
 delight in revenge : they love to boast, and to shed blood ; 
 but we are taught, by God's holy word, to be humble and 
 merciful. There is one thing that mingles much with the 
 O 
 
 ■ \'i 
 
 1' 
 
 I 
 
T >■ I 
 
 
 106 
 
 THE MEDICINE BAG. 
 
 Indian character; and that is, medicine, or mystery I must 
 try if I can make you understand it. 
 
 Jiustin. Yes ; I should Hke to know all about that very 
 well. 
 
 Hunter. Go where you may, among the Ojibbeways and 
 Assinneboins of the north, the Choctaws and the Seminoles 
 of the south, or the Crows, the Blackfeet, and the Shiennes 
 of the west, every Indian has his medicine or mystery bag, 
 which he regards with reverence, and will not part with for 
 any price. He looks upon it as a kind of charm, or guar- 
 dian spirit, that is to keep him from evil. He takes it with 
 liim to battle, and when he dies it is his companion. 
 
 jiustin. But what is it ? Is there any thing in the bag ? 
 What is it that makes medicine ? 
 
 Hunter. Every thing that is mysterious or wonderful to 
 an Indian, he regards as medicine. I do not mean such 
 medicine as you get from a doctor ; but he regards it as 
 something awful, and connected with spirits. This is a 
 strong superstition, which has laid hold of the red man 
 throughout the whole of North America. 
 
 Brian, But is there any thing in the medicine bag ? 
 
 Hunter. The medicine bag is usually the skin of some 
 animal, such as the beaver, otter, polecat, and weazel ; or 
 of some bird, as the eagle, the magpie, and hawk ; or of 
 some reptile, as the snake and the toad. This skin is stuffed 
 with any thing the owner chooses to put into it, such as dry 
 grass, or leaves ; and it is carefully sewn up into some curi- 
 ous form, and ornamented in a curious manner. Some 
 medicine bags are very large, and form a conspicuous part 
 of an Indian's appendages ; while others are very small, 
 and altogether hidden. 
 
 Basil. Why, it is very foolish for the red men to carry 
 such things about with them. 
 
 Hunter. It certainly is so ; but their fathers and their 
 tribes have done so for many generations, and it would be 
 a disgrace to them, in their own estimation, if they neglected 
 to do the same. A young Indian, before he has his medi- 
 
 ' 
 
MEDICINE MAN 
 
 107 
 
 cine bag, goes, perhaps, alone on the prairie, or wanders in 
 the forest, or beside some solitary lake. Day after day, and 
 night after night, he fasts, and calls on the Great Spirit to 
 help him to medicine. When he sleeps, the first animal, or 
 bird, or reptile that he dreams of, is his medicine. If it be 
 a weazel, he catches a weazel, and it becomes his medicine 
 forever. If it be a toad or snake, he kills whichever it may 
 be ; and if it be a bird, he shoots it, and stuffs its skin. 
 
 tdustin. This is one of the most wonderful things you 
 have told us yet. 
 
 Hunter. What is called a medicine man, or a mystery 
 man, is one who ranks high in his tribe for some supposed 
 knowledge : he can either make buffaloes come, or cure dis- 
 eases, or bring rain, or do some other wonderful things, or 
 persuade his tribe that he can do them. Indeed, among 
 Red Indians, hardly any thing is done without the medicine 
 man. A chief in full dress, would as soon think of making 
 his appearance without his head as without his medicine 
 bag. There is a saying among the Indians, that " a man 
 lying down, is medicine to the grizzly bear;'* meaning, that 
 in such a position, a bear will not hurt him. 
 
 Basil. Is it true ? Will not the grizzly bear hurt a man 
 when he is lying down ? 
 
 Hunter. So many people say; but I should be very sorry 
 to trust the grizzly bear. I am afraid that he would be 
 paying his respects to me in a very rough way. 
 
 Jlustin. What was it that you said about the medicine 
 man bringing rain ? 
 
 Hunter. Some of the mystery men are famous for bring- 
 ing rain in a dry season. 
 
 *^ustin. But they cannot really bring rain. 
 
 Hunter. The matter is managed in this way. — When 
 once they undertake to bring rain, they keep up their super- 
 stitions ceremonies, day after day, till the rain comes. 
 Oftentimes it is very long before they succeed. It was in a 
 time of great drought, that I once arrived at the Mandan 
 village on the Uppor Missouri. At the different Indian vil- 
 
 i 
 
108 
 
 MEDICINE MAN. 
 
 I 
 
 lages, peas and beans, wild rice, corn, melons, squashes, 
 pumpkins, peaches, and strawberries were often found in 
 abundance ; but, on this occasion, the Mandans had a very 
 poor prospect of gathering any thing that required rain to 
 bring it to perfection. The young and the old were crying 
 out that they should have no green corn. 
 
 Austin. Why did they not tell the medicine men to make 
 the rain come ? 
 
 Hunter. They did so : but it was not quite convenient to 
 the medicine men ; for they saw clearly enough that there 
 was not the slightest appearance of rain. After putting it 
 off, day after day, the sky grew a little cloudy to the west, 
 when the medicine men assembled together in great haste 
 to make it rain. 
 
 Brian. Ay ! they were very, very cunning. 
 
 Hunter. No sooner was it known that the medicine men 
 were met together in the mystery lodge, than the vil- 
 lage was all in commotion. They wanted rain, and they 
 were very sure that their medicine men could bring it when 
 they pleased. The tops of the wigwams were soon 
 crowded. In the mystery lodge a fire was kindled, round 
 which sat the rain makers, burning sweet-smelling herbs, 
 smoking the medicine pipe, and calling on the Great Spirit 
 to open the door of the skies, and to let out the rain. 
 
 Basil. That is the way they make it rain, is it ? 
 
 Hunter. At last, one of the rain makers came out of the 
 mystery lodge, and stood on the top of it with a spear in his 
 hand, which he brandished about in a commanding and 
 threatening manner, lifting it up as though he were about 
 to hurl it up at the heavens. He talked aloud of the power 
 of his medicine, holding up his medicine bag in one hand, 
 and his spear in the other ; but it was of no use, neither his 
 medicine nor his spear could make it rain ; and, at the set- 
 ting of the sun, he came down from his elevated position in 
 
 disgrace: 
 
 *^ustin. Poor fellow ! 
 ing for one day. 
 
 He had had enough of rain mak- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
■■—'■-•''-— T iy| 1 
 
 THE RAIN MAKER. 
 
 109 
 
 '■ 
 
 i 
 
 I' 
 
 Hunter, For several days the same ceremony was carried 
 on, until a rain maker, with a head-dress of the skins of 
 birds, ascended the top of the mystery lodge, with a bow in 
 his hand, and a quiver at his back. He made a long 
 speech, which had in it much about thunder and lightning, 
 and black clouds, and drenching rain ; for the sky was 
 growiiig dark, and it required no great knowledge of the 
 weathor to foretell rain. IJe shot arrows to the sun-rise and 
 the sun-down points of the heavens, and others to the north and 
 the south, in honour of the Great Spirit who could send the rain 
 from all parts of the skies. A fifth arrow he retained, until 
 it was almost certain that rain was at hand. Then, sending 
 up the shaft from his bow, with all his might, to make a 
 hole, as he said, in the dark cloud over his head, he cried 
 aloud for the waters to pour down at his bidding, and to 
 drench him to the skin. He was brandishing his bow in 
 one hand, and his medicine in the other, when the rain came 
 down in a torrent. The whole village was clamorous with 
 applause, he was regarded as a great mystery man, whose 
 medicine was very powerful, and he rose to great distinc- 
 tion among his tribe. You see, then, the power of a mys- 
 tery man in bringing rain. Does it not astonish you ? 
 
 idusiin. No, not a bit. I see that it was all a cheat. 
 
 Brian. I could make it rain myself as well as he did, for 
 he never shot his arrow to pierce the cloud till it was over 
 his head. 
 
 Hunter. To be a mystery man is regarded as a great 
 honour ; and some Indians are said to have suspended them- 
 selves from a pole, with splints through their flesh, and 
 their medicine bags in their hands, looking towards the sun, 
 for a whole day, to obtain it. I have here a copy of one 
 of Mr. Catlin's portraits, the " looks and very resemblance" 
 of an ago-^ chief, who combines with his high oflice, the 
 envied title of mystery or medicine man, i. e. doctor — magi- 
 cian — prophet — soothsayer— jongleur — and high priest, all 
 combined in one person, who necessarily is looked upon as 
 "Sir Oracle" of the nation. The name of rl is distinguished 
 
 10 
 
 
110 
 
 A STRANGE CUSTOM 
 
 functionary is Wun-nes-ton, the white buffalo ; and on his 
 left arm he presents his mystery-drum or tambour, in which 
 are concealed the hidden and sacred mysteries of his healing 
 art. He belongs to the Blackfoot tribe. 
 
 Jlustin. When I go among the Red Indians, I will not 
 be a mystery man. 
 
 Hunter. There is very little ceremony in an Indian mar- 
 riage. The father may be seen sitting among his friends, 
 when the young Indian comes in with presents, to induce 
 him to give him his daughter for a wife. If the presents 
 are not liked, they are not accepted ; if they are approved, 
 the father takes the hand of his daughter, and the hand of 
 the young Indian, and slaps them together; after which a 
 little feasting takes place. 
 
 Austin. Why. that is like buying a wife. 
 
 Hunter. It is ; bui the young Indian has already gained 
 the good will of his intended wife : not by his fine clothes 
 and his wealth, for he has neither the one nor the other, 
 but by showing her the skins of the bears he has killed, and 
 the scalps and scalp-locks of the foes he has slaughtered ; 
 and by telling her that he will hunt for her, that she may 
 be kept from want, and fight for her, that she may be pro- 
 tected from the enemies of her tribe. Indians have strange 
 customs: the Chinock Indians flatten the heads of their 
 young children, by laying them in a cradle, with a pillow 
 for the back of the head, and then pressing the forehead, 
 day after day, with a board, that lets down upon it, till the 
 nose and forehead form a straight Une. 
 
 Brian. I should not like my head to be flattened in that 
 manner. 
 
 Hunter. Children are carried about in these cradles on 
 the backs of their mothers, wherever they go ; and when 
 children die, they are often left, in their cradles, floating on 
 the water of a brook or pool, which their superstition teaches 
 them to regard as sacred. A cluster of these little arks or 
 cradles, or coffins as they may be called, of different forms, 
 in a lone pool, is a very picturesque and affecting sight. 
 
m 
 
 WUN-NES-TON BLACKFOOT CHIEF AND CONJURER. 
 
 u 
 
EXPOSURE OF THE AGED. 
 
 iia 
 
 Basil. I shall often think of the pool, and the little cra- 
 dles swimming on it. Why, it is just like the picture of 
 Moses in the bulrushes. 
 
 Hunter. The Kowyas, the Pawnees, the Sacs and 
 Foxes, the Osages, and the loways, all shave their heads, 
 leaving a tuft on the crown two or three inches in length, 
 and a small lock in the middle of it, as long as they can 
 get it to grow. By means of this small lock of hair braided, 
 they ornament the tuft with a crest of the deer*s tail dyed 
 scarlet, and sometimes add to it a war-eagle's feather. 
 
 Jlustin. How different to the Crow Indians ! They do 
 not shave off their hair ; but let it grow till it hangs down 
 to the very ground. 
 
 Hunter. You have not forgotten that, I see. There is a 
 cruel custom among the Red Indians, of exposing their 
 aged people, that is, leaving them alone to die. If a party 
 are obliged to remove from one place to another in search 
 of food, and there is among them an aged man, who can no 
 longer fight, nor hunt, nor fish, nor do any thing to support 
 himself, he is liable, although in his time he may have been 
 a war chief, to be left alone to die. I have seen such a- one 
 sitting by a little fire leff him by his tribe, with perhaps a 
 buffalo skin stretched on poles over his head, and a- little 
 water and a few bones within his reach. I have put my 
 pipe to his mouth, given him a pemican, and gathered sticks, 
 that he might be able to recruit his fire ; and when, months 
 after, I have returned to the spot, there has been nothing 
 left of him but his skeleton, picked clean by the wolves, 
 bleaching in the winds that blew around. 
 
 Austin. This is one of the worst things we have heard 
 of the Red Indians. 
 
 Basil. Oh, it is very sad indeed ! 
 
 Hunter. You would not forsake your father, in old age, 
 in that manner, would you ? 
 
 Austin. No ! As long as we could get a bit or a drop he 
 should have part of it, and we would die with him rather 
 than desert him. 
 
 P 10* 
 
 ^'i 
 
 M 
 
114 
 
 SACRIFICES. 
 
 Brian and Basil. Yes; that we would! 
 
 Hunter. I hope so. This is, I say, a cruel custom ; but 
 it forms a part of Indian manners, so tiiat the old men 
 expect it, and, indeed, would not alter it. Indians have not 
 been taught, as we have, to honour their parents, at least 
 not in the same way ; but I can say nothing in favour of 
 so cruel and unnatural a custom. Among the Sioux of 
 the Mississippi, it is considered great medicine to jump on 
 the Leaping Rock, and back again. This rock is a huge 
 column or block, between thirty and forty feet high, divided 
 from the side of the Red Pipc-stoue Quarry. It is about 
 seven feet broad, and at a distance from the main rock 
 of about six or eight feet. Many are bold enough to take 
 the leap, and to leave their arrows sticking in one of its 
 crevices ; while others, equally courageous, have fallen from 
 the top in making the attempt, and been dashed to pieces at 
 its base. 
 
 Brian, When you go to Pipe-stone Quarry, Austin, have 
 nothing to do with the Leaping Rock. You must get your 
 niedicine in some other way. 
 
 tdustin. I shall leave the Leaping Rock to the leaping 
 Indians, for it will never suit me. 
 
 Hunter. There is a very small fish caught in the river 
 Thames, called white bait, which is considered a very great 
 luxury ; but, to my taste, the white fish of which the Chip- 
 pew lys take great abundance in the rapids near the Sault 
 de St. Mary's, are preferable. The Chippeways catch them 
 in the rapids with scoop-nets, in the use of which they are 
 very expert. The white fish resemble salmon, but are 
 much less in size. 
 
 %dustin. The white fish of the Chippeways will suit me 
 better than the Leaping Rock of the Sioux. 
 
 Hunter. Among the Red Indians, feasting, fasting, and 
 sacrifices of a peculiar kind, form a part of their religious or 
 superstitious observances. Some of the Paw^nees, in former 
 times, offered human sacrifices; but this cruel custom is 
 now no more. The Mandans frequently offered a finger to 
 
SMOKING THE PIPE. 
 
 115 
 
 the God, or Evil Spirit : and most of the tribes offer a horse, 
 a dog, a spear, or an arrow, as the case may be. Over tlie 
 Mandan mystery lodge used to hang the skin of a white 
 buffalo, with blue and black cloth of great value. These 
 were intended as a sacrifice or an offering to the Good and 
 Evil Spirits, to avert their anger and to gain their favour. 
 
 Brian. How many things you do remember ! 
 
 Hunter. All the chiefs of the tribes keep runners : men 
 swift of foot, who carry messages and commands, and 
 spread among the people news necessary to be communi- 
 cated. These runners sometimes go great distances in a 
 very short space of time. 
 
 Brian. You must have your runners, Austin. 
 
 t^ustin. Oh, yes, I will have my runners : for I shall 
 want pipe-stone from Red Pipe-stone Quarry, and white 
 fish from the Chippeways ; and then I shall send messages 
 to the Cherokees and Choctaws, the Camachees, the Black- 
 feet, and the Crows. 
 
 Hunter. The squaws, or wives of the Indians, labour 
 very contentedly, seeming to look on servitude as their 
 proper calling. They get in wood and water; they prepare 
 the ground for grain, cook victuals, make the dresses of their 
 husbands, manufacture pottery, dress skins, attend to the 
 children, and make themselves useful in a hundred other 
 ways. 
 
 Brian. I think the squaws behave themselves very well. 
 
 Hunter. The smoking of the pipe takes place on all 
 great occasions, just as though the Indians thought it was 
 particularly grateful to Good and Evil Spirits. In going to 
 war, or in celebrating peace, as well as on all solemn occa- 
 &■ ins, the pipe is smoked. Oftentimes, before it is passed 
 round, the stem is pointed upwards, and then offered to the 
 four points — east, west, north, and south. In the hands of 
 a mystery man, it is great and powerful medicine. If 
 ever you go among the red men, you must learn to smoke ; 
 for to refuse to draw a whiff through the friendly pipe 
 offered to you, would be regarded as a sad affront. 
 
 t'" 
 
 i 
 
 r1 M 
 
 I 
 
 3t: 
 
 
 « 
 
116 
 
 A DOG FEAST. 
 
 Basil. What will you do now, Austin ? You never 
 smoked a pipe in your life. 
 
 t^ustin. Oh, I should soon learn; beside, I need only 
 take a very little whiff. 
 
 Hunter. You must learn to eat dog's flesh, too ; for when 
 the Indians mean to confer a great honour on a chief or a 
 stranger, they give him a dog feast, in which they set before 
 him their most favourite dogs, killed and cooked. The 
 more useful the dogs were, and the more highly valued, the 
 greater is the compliment to him in whose honour the feast 
 is given ; and if he were to refuse to eat of the dog's flesh, 
 thus prepared out of particular respect to him, no greater 
 offence could be offered to his hospitable entertainers. 
 
 Brian. You have something to do now, however, Austin, 
 to learn to eat dog's flesh. 
 
 Jlustin. You may depend upon it, that I shall keep out 
 of the way of a dog feast. I might take a little whiff at 
 their big pipe ; but I could not touch their dainty dogs. 
 
 Hunter. In some of the large lodges, I have seen very 
 impressive common life scenes. Fancy to yourselves a 
 large round lodge, holding ten or a dozen beds of buffalo 
 skins, with a high post between every bed. On these posts 
 hang the shields, the war clubs, the spears, the bows and 
 quivers, the eagle-plumed head dresses, and the medicine 
 bags, of the different Indians who sleep there ; and on the 
 top of each post the buffalo mask, with its horns and tail, 
 used in the buffalo dance. Fancy to yourselves a group of 
 Indians in the middle of the lodge, with their wives and 
 their little ones around them, smoking their pipes, and relat- 
 ing their adventures, as happy as ease and the supply of 
 all their wants can make them. While you gaze on the 
 scene, so strange, so wild, so picturesque, and so happy, a 
 rush of friendly feeling for the red man thrills through your 
 bosom, a tear of pleasure starts into your eye ; and, before 
 you are aware, an ejaculation of thankfulness has escaped 
 your lips, to the Father of mercies, that, in his goodness 
 
MODES OF BURIAL. 
 
 m 
 
 and bounty to mankind, he has not forgotten the inhabitants 
 of the forest and the prairie. 
 
 */lustin. It is worth going to North America to see such 
 a scene ! 
 
 Hunter. The Indians have a method of hardening their 
 shields, by smoking them over a fire, in a hole in the ground ; 
 and, usually, when a warrior thus smokes his shield, he 
 gives a feast to his friends. Some of the pipes of the Red 
 Indians are beautiful. The bowls are all of the led stone, 
 from Pipe-stone Quarry, cut into all manner of fantastic 
 forms ; while the stems, three or four feet long, are orna- 
 mented with braids of porcupine's quills, beaks of birds 
 feathers, and red hair. The calumet, or, as it is called 
 « the peace pipe," is indeed, as I have before said, great 
 medicine. It is highly adorned with quills of the war-eagle, 
 and 1 ever used on any other occasion than that of making 
 and solemnizing peace, when it is passed round to the 
 chiefs. It is regarded as altogether a sacred utensil. An 
 Indian's pipe is his friend through the pains and pleasures 
 of life ; and when his tomahawk and his medicine bag are 
 placed beside his poor, pallid remains, his pipe is not for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Austin. When a Red Indian dies, how do they bury him ? 
 
 Hunter. According to the custom of his tribe. Some 
 Indians are buried under the sod ; some are left in cots, or 
 cradles, on the water ; and others are placed on frames 
 raised to support them. You remember that I told you of 
 Blackbird's grave. 
 
 */liistin. Ay ! he was buried on horseback, on the top of 
 a high blutf, sitting on his horse. He was covered all over 
 with sods. 
 
 Hunter. And I told you of the Chinock children floating 
 on the solitary pool. 
 
 Basil. Yes, I remember them very well. 
 
 Hunter. Grown up Chinocks are left floating in cradles, 
 just in the same manner ; though oftener they are tied up 
 in skins, and laid in canoes, with paddles, pipes, and pro- 
 
 Ir' 
 
118 
 
 INDIAN BURYING-PLACE. 
 
 visions, and then hoisted up into a tree, and left there to 
 decay. In the Mandan burial place, the dead were ranged 
 in rows, on high slender frames, out of the way of the 
 wolf, dressed in their best robes, and wrapped in a fresh 
 buffalo skin, with all their arms, pipes, and every necessary 
 provision and comfort to supply their wants in their journey 
 to the hunting grounds of their fathers. In English burial 
 grounds, there are always some monuments grander than 
 the rest, to set forth the wealth, the station, or the talents 
 of those Avho slumber below ; and, as human nature is the 
 same every where, so in the resting place of the Red In- 
 dians, here and there are spread out a few yards of red or 
 blue cloth, to signify that beneath it a chief, or a superior 
 brave, is sleeping. The Mandan dead occupied a spot on 
 the prairie. Here they mouldered, warrior lying by the 
 side of warrior, till they fell to the ground from their 
 frames, when the bones were buried, and the skulls 
 ranged with great cire, in round rings, on the prairie, with 
 two buffalo skulls and a medicine pole in the centre. 
 
 Austin. Ay ! it would be of no use for the wolf to come 
 then, for there would be nothing for him. I should very 
 much like to see an Indian burying place. 
 
 Hunter Were you to visit one, you would see that heart 
 and affections are at work under a red skin, as well as 
 under a white one ; for parents and children, husbands 
 and wives, go there to lament for those who are dear to 
 them, and to humble themselves before the Great Spirit, 
 under whose care they believe their departed relatives to 
 be." The skulls, too, arc visited, and every one is placed 
 carefully, from time to time, on a tuft of sweet-smelling 
 herb or plant. Life is but a short season with both the 
 white and the red man, and ought to be well spent. It is 
 as a flower that flourishes : " For the wind passeth over it, 
 and it is gone ; and the place thereof shall know it no 
 more," Psa. ciii. 16. But I have now told you enough for 
 the present. Come again, as soon ns you will; I shall have 
 some anecdotes of Red Indians ready for you. 
 
 --^"MPWMB 
 
 wssamemm 
 
INDIAN WARRIOR. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 tl: 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 hing 
 the 
 
 [t is 
 
 [r it, 
 no 
 for 
 
 lave 
 
 Anecdotes of the Red Indians — Indian observance and sagacity — In- 
 dian conscientiousness — Indian honesty — Indian ignorance — Indian 
 shrewdness — Indian cunning and deceit — Indian heroism — Adven- 
 ture of an American trapper. 
 
 OUNG Austin and his two brothers 
 with willing feet, sparkling eyes, 
 and beating hearts, again set off for 
 the cottage near the wood On an 
 ordinary occasion, they might have 
 found time for a little pleasant loiter- 
 ing but the Indian anecdotes they 
 expected to hear, excited their curiosity too much to allow 
 a single minute to be lost. A pin might have been heard 
 falling on the ground, when, seated in the cottage, they 
 listened to the following anecdotes of the hunter. 
 
 Hunter. It has pleased God to endue Indians with quick 
 perceptions. They are amazingly quick in tracino; an 
 enemy, both in the woods and the prairie • a broken twig or 
 
120 
 
 OBSERVATION AND SAGACITY. 
 
 leaf, or the faintest impression on the grass, is sufficient to 
 attract their attention. The anecdotes I am about to relate 
 are believed to be true, but I cannot myself vouch for their 
 correctness, having only read them, or heard them related 
 by others. 
 
 An Indian, upon his return home to his hut, one day, dis- 
 covered that his venison, which had been hung up to dry, 
 had been stolen. After going some distance, he met some 
 persons, of whom he inquired if they had seen a little^ oldy 
 white niarii with a short gun, and accompanied by a small 
 dog with a bob tail. They replied in the affirmative ; and, 
 upon the Indian's assuring them that the man thus described 
 had stolen his venison, they desired to be informed how he 
 was able to give such a minute description of a person 
 whom he had not seen. Th« Indian answered thus : 
 
 " The thief I know is a little man, by his having made 
 a pile of stones in order to reach the venison, from the 
 height I hung it standing on the ground ; that he is an old 
 man, I know by his short steps, which I have traced over 
 the dead leaves in the woods ; that he is a lohite man, I 
 know by his turning out his toes when he walks, which an 
 Indian never does ; his gun I know to be short, by the mark 
 which the muzzle made by rubbing the bark of the tree on 
 which it leaned; that the dog is small, I know by his tracks ; 
 and that he has a bob tail, I discovered by the mark of it 
 in the dust where he was sitting at the time his master was 
 taking down the meat." 
 
 • Brian. Well done, Indian ! Why, nothing could escape 
 a man like that. 
 
 Jlustin. A European would never have been able io 
 describe the thief without seeing him. 
 
 Hunter. You shall have another instance of the quick 
 perceptions of the red men. A most atrocious and shock- 
 ing murder was once committed, by a party of Indians, on 
 fourteen white settlers, within five miles of Shamokin. The 
 surviving whites, in their rage, determined to take their re- 
 venge by murdering a Delawarn Indian, who happened to 
 
OBSERVATION AND SAGACITY. 
 
 121 
 
 II 
 
 be in those parts, and who was far from thinking himself 
 in any danger. He was a great friend to the whites, was 
 loved and esteemed by them, and, in testimony of their 
 regard, had received from them the name of Duke Holland, 
 by which he was generally known. 
 
 This Indian, satisfied that his nation were incapable of 
 committing such a foul murder in a time of profound peace, 
 told the enraged settlers that he was sure the Delawares 
 were not in any manner concerned in it, and that it was the 
 act of some wicked Mingoes or Iroquois, whose custom it 
 was to involve other nations in wars with each other, by 
 secretly committing murders, so that they might appear to 
 be the work of others. But all his representations were 
 vain ; he could not convince exasperated men, whose minds 
 were fully bent on revenge. 
 
 At last, he offered that, if they would give him a party 
 to accompany him, he would go with them in quest of the 
 murderers, and was sure that he could discover them by 
 the prints of their feet, and other marks well known to him, 
 by which he would convince them that the real perpetrators 
 of the crime belonged to the Six Nations. 
 
 His proposal was accepted. He marched at the head of 
 a party of whites, and led them into the tracks. They soon, 
 found themselves in the most rocky part of a mountain, 
 where not one of thc-e who accompanied him could dis- 
 cover a single track, nor would they believe that men had 
 ever trodden on this ground, as they had to jump from rock 
 to rock, or to crawl over them. They began to believe that 
 the Indian had led them across these rugged mountains in 
 order to give the enemy time to escape. They threatened 
 him with instant death the moment they should be con- 
 vinced of the fraud. 
 
 The Indian, true to his promise, took pains to make them 
 perceive that an enemy had passed along the places through 
 which he was leading them. Here, he showed them that 
 ■he moss on the road had been trodden down by the weight 
 of a human foot ; there, that it had been torn and dragged 
 Q 11 
 
 ■■'1 
 
I 
 
 h i 
 
 19t 
 
 CONSCIFNTIOUSNESS. 
 
 forward from its place. Again, he would point out to theili, 
 that pebbles, or small stones on the rocks, had been removed 
 from their beds by the foot hitting against them ; that dry- 
 sticks, by being trodden upon, were broken ; and, in one 
 particular place, that an Indian's blanket had been dragged 
 over the rocks, and had removed or loosened the leaves lying 
 there, so that they did not lie flat, as in other places. All 
 these marks the Indian could perceive as he walked along, 
 without even stopping. 
 
 At last, arriving at the foot of the mountain, on soft 
 ground, where the tracks were deep, he found that the 
 enemy were eight in number ; and, from the freshness of 
 the foot prints, he concluded that they must be encamped 
 at no great distance. 
 
 This proved to be the exact truth ; for, after gaining the 
 eminence on the other side of the valley, the Indians were 
 seen encamped : some having already lain down to sleep, 
 while others were drawing off their leggings, or Indian 
 stockings, for the same purpose, and the scalps they had 
 taken were hanging up to dry. 
 
 " See," said Duke Holland to his astonished companions, 
 « there is the enemy ; not of my nation, but Mingoes, as I 
 truly told you. They are in our power. In less than half 
 an hour they will be all fast asleep. We need not fire a 
 gun, but go up and tomahawk them. We are nearly two 
 to one, and need apprehend no danger. Come on, and you 
 will now have your full revenge." 
 
 But the whites, overcome with fear, did not choose to 
 follow the Indian's advice, but desired him to take them 
 back by the nearest and best way. This he did ; and 
 when they arrived at home, they reported the enemy to 
 have been so great that they durst not venture to attack 
 them. 
 
 •/Austin. This instance is quite as wonderful as the other. 
 
 Brian. I would not have an Indian after me for the 
 world ; he would be sure to find me out. 
 
 fiunter. Red men often act very conscientiously. One 
 
 i^ 
 
 1^ ' 
 
m. 
 
 HONESTY, 
 
 123 
 
 day, an Indian solicited a Utile tobacco of a white man, to 
 fill his pipe. Having some loose in his pocket, the white 
 man gave him a handful. The next day, the Indian 
 returned in search of the man who had given him the 
 tobacco. 
 
 "Me wish to see him," said the Indian. 
 
 « Why so ?" inquired some one. 
 
 "Why, me find money with the tobacco." 
 
 « Well ! what of that ? Keep it ; it was given to you." 
 
 "Ah ?" said the Indian, shaking his head, "me got good 
 man and bad man here," pointing to his breast. " Good 
 man say, < Money not yours ; you must return it :' bad man 
 say, * ' Tis yours ; it was given to you.' Good man say^ 
 < That not right ; tobacco yours, money not yours.' Bad 
 man say, < Never mind, nobody know it; go buy rum.' 
 Good man say, < Oh no ; no such thing.' So poor Indian 
 know not what to do. Me lie down to sleep, but no sleep ; 
 good man and bad man talk all night, and trouble me. So 
 now, me bring money back : now, me feel good." 
 
 Basil. I like that Indian very much. 
 
 Brian. No one could have acted more honestly. 
 
 Hunter. Whatever the Red Indians may be, when 
 oppressed, wronged, and deceived by the whites j and 
 however they may act towards their enemies; they are 
 usually honest towards their own tribe. While I was resi- 
 ding on the Big Beaver, says one who lived much among 
 them, I passed by the door of an Indian, who was a trader, 
 and had, consequently, a quantity of goods in his house. 
 He was going with his wife to Pittsburg, and ihey were 
 shutting up the house ; as no person remained in it during 
 their absence. This shutting up was nothing else than 
 putting a large hominy pounding-block, with a few sticks 
 of wood, outside against the door, so as to keep it closed. 
 As I was looking at this man with attention, while he was 
 so employed, he addressed me in these words : — 
 
 "See, my friend, this is an Indian lock that I am putting 
 to my door." 
 
 
 
■IIBMHVHaPIIPII 
 
 MH 
 
 
 ii . 
 
 134 IGNOLANCE AND SUPERSTITION. 
 
 I answered, " Well enough ; but I see you leave much 
 property in ttie house : are you not afraid that those articles 
 will be stolen while you are gone ?" 
 
 "Stolen! by whom?" 
 
 « Why, by Indians, to be sure." 
 
 « No, no," replied he, " no Indian would do such a thing. 
 Unless a white man, or white people, should happen to 
 come this way, I shall find all safe on my return." 
 
 Basil. If we were to leave our doors in that way, our 
 houses would be sure to be robbed. 
 
 Hunter. No doubt they would ; but Indians have good 
 and bad qualities. The Holy Scriptures say, that « the 
 heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked," 
 Jer. xvii. 9 ; and, therefore, we must not expect too much 
 from the poor red men, especially as they have been brought 
 up in ignorance of God's word and will ; but such instances 
 as those I have related are by no means uncommon. The 
 notion entertained by the Iroquois Indians, respecting the 
 creation of mankind, will show how ignorant they are with 
 respect to the Creator of all things; but, indeed, if the 
 blessed book of truth were not in our hands, we should be 
 equally ignorant ourselves. Before man existed, say they, 
 there were three great and good spirits ; of whom one was 
 superior to the other two, and is emphatically called the 
 Great Spirit, and the Good Spirit. At a certain time, this 
 exalted being said to one of the others, " Make a man." 
 He obeyed ; and, taking chalk, formed a paste of it, and 
 moulding it into the human form, infused into it the animat- 
 ing principle, and brought it to the Great Spirit. He, after 
 surveying it, said, " This is too white." 
 
 He then directed the other to make a trial of his skill. 
 Accordingly, taking charcoal, he pursued the same process, 
 and brought the result to the Great Spirit ; who, after sur- 
 veying it, said, « It is too black." 
 
 Then said the Great Spirit, " I will now try myself;" 
 and taking red earth, he formed an Indian. On surveying 
 it, he said, « This is a proper, or perfect man." 
 
 J 
 
 V 
 
SHREWDNESS. 
 
 125 
 
 S\ 
 
 After relating the strange opinion of the Iroquois Indians, 
 the hunter advised the young people, on their return home, 
 to look over the account of the creation of the world and 
 mankind, in the first chapter of Genesis ; telling them that 
 they could not be too thankful for the opportunity of read- 
 ing God's word, which was not only sufficient to keep them 
 from error in such things, but was able also to make them 
 « wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus," 
 2 Tim. iii. 15. He told them, that though the Red Indians 
 were ignorant in holy things, they did not want shrewdness 
 and sagacity. « When General Lincoln," said he, « went 
 to make peace with the Creek Indians, one of the chiefs 
 asked him to sit down on a log ; he was then desired to 
 move, and, in a few minutes, to move still farther. The 
 request was repeated, until the general got to the end of the 
 log. The Indian still said, < Move farther ;' to which the 
 general replied, ' I can move no farther.' « Just so it is 
 with us,' said the chief. < You have moved us back to the 
 water, and then ask us to move farther.' " 
 
 Austin and his brothers were so pleased with the Indian's 
 shrewdness, that the hunter went on thus : — 
 
 Hunter. " Why do you not go to work, and get some- 
 thing to purchase some clothes with ?" said Colonel Dudley, 
 one day, to an idle, ragged Indian, who, like himself, was 
 standing observing some men employed upon a house 
 which he was erecting. 
 
 « And why you do no work, if you please, Mr. Gover- 
 nor ?" asked the Indian, by way of reply. 
 
 " I no work ! I do work," answered the governor. 
 
 « I'm sure you no work," said the Indian. « You see 
 others work." 
 
 " But I work with my head," said the governor ; at the 
 same time laying his finger upon his forehead. 
 
 " Well," said the Indian, « me work too, if any one em- 
 ploy me." 
 
 " Go, then," said the governor, « and kill me a calf, and 
 you shall have a shilling." 
 
 11* 
 
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 h'i: 
 
 
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IP 
 
 f I 
 
 V { 
 
 
 r 
 
 i: 
 
 It ; 
 
 h 
 
 CUNNING AND DECEIT. 
 
 The Indian seemed well pleased, and having killed the 
 animal, came and wanted his pay. 
 
 " But you have not skinned and dressed it." 
 
 " Calf killed, governor," said the Indian. « Me kill calf 
 for a shilling ; give another shilling, and me skin and dress 
 it." 
 
 The governor did so ; and after skinning and dressing 
 the animal, the Indian repaired to a neighbouring tavern, 
 and laid out a part of his money in rum. He then came 
 back, and told the governor that one of the shillings which 
 he had given him was bad, and the man no take it. 
 
 The governor, though satisfied of the cheat, gave the 
 Indian another shilling, and he departed. 
 
 In a few days, the Indian came again to see the workmen. 
 The governor, in the mean time, had written a letter to the 
 keeper of the Bridewell in Boston, requesting him to give 
 the bearer of it a sound whipping. 
 
 While the Indian was idly looking at the workmen, as 
 in the former instance, the governor drew the letter from 
 his pocket, and offered the Indian half a crown to carry and 
 dehver it. 
 
 " Will you carry it ?" inquired the governor. 
 
 " Me will," said the Indian, quite pleased ; and, at the 
 same time, holding out his hand for the letter and the 
 money. 
 
 Pretty soon after starting, he met another Indian, who 
 lived with the governor as a servant. 
 
 " Here," said he to the servant, « here a letter." 
 
 " Well, what of that ?" asked the servant. 
 
 « Why," said the Indian, " governor say me meet you — 
 give you the letter — you carry it to Boston." 
 
 Taking the letter as directed, the servant turned back, 
 and, on delivering it, took the flogging himself, much to his 
 surprise and indignation. 
 
 On his return, he complained most bitterly. The gover- 
 nor bit his lips, told him how the matter was, and deter- 
 mined some day to have the lazy follow punished. 
 
A PAWNEE WARRIOR. 
 
 127 
 
 But the Indian took good care to keep oui of the way. 
 At length, however, happening to see him, the governor 
 inquired why he served him such a trick. 
 
 « Oh V* said the Indian, looking him full in the face, 
 « governor say me no work, but he work — he work with 
 the head ; me think me work with the head too." 
 
 « Famous ! famous !" cried out Austin. 
 
 <' Famous ! famous !" echoed Brian and Basil. But the 
 hunter told them that the conduct of the Indian did not ap- 
 pear to him at all commendable. « We should always dis- 
 tinguish," said he, « between the sagacity of an upright in- 
 tention, and the low cunning of deceit and dishonesty. 
 < Bread of deceit is sweet to a man ; but afterwards his 
 mouth shall be filled with gravel.' " Prov. xx. 17. The 
 following instance of heroism in a Pawnee brave, related 
 by the hunter, highly delighted Austin. 
 
 Hunter. In the account of his expedition to the foot of 
 the Rocky Mountains, in 1821, Major Long relates the fol- 
 lowing anecdote of a Pawnee brave, son of Red Knife, 
 who, the succeeding winter, T^isited the city of Washington, 
 during the session of Congress. 
 
 This brave, of fine size, figure, and countenance, is now 
 about twenty-five years old. At the age of twenty-one, 
 his heroic deeds had acquired for him in his nation the rank 
 of the bravest of the braves. The savage practice of tor- 
 turing and burning to death their prisoners, existed in this 
 nation. An unforlunate female, of the Paduca nation, 
 taken in war, was destined to this horrid death. 
 
 The fatal hour had arrived. The trembling victim, far 
 from her home and her friends, was fastened to the stake. 
 The whole tribe was assembled on the surrounding plains 
 to witness the awful scene. 
 
 Just when the funeral pile was to be kindled, and the 
 whole multitude of spectators were on the tiptoe of expec- 
 tation, this young warrior, having, unnoticed, prepared two 
 fleet horses, with the necessary provisions, sprang from his 
 seat, rushed through the crowd, liberated the victim, seized 
 
 VA 
 
 M 
 
! I 
 
 i ., 
 
 HEROIC CONDUCT. 
 
 her in his arms, placed her on one of the horses, mounted 
 the other himself, and made the utmost speed towards the 
 nation and friends of the captive. 
 
 The multitude, dumb and nerveless with amazement at 
 the daring deed, made no effort to rescue their victim from 
 her deliverer. They viewed it as the immediate act of the 
 Great Spirit, submitted to it without a murmur, and quietly- 
 retired to their village. 
 
 The released captive was accompanied three days through 
 the wilderness, towards her home. Her deliverer then gave 
 her the horse on which she rode, and the necessary provi- 
 sions for the remainder of the journey, and they parted. 
 
 On his return to the village, such was his popularity, that 
 no inquiry was made into his conduct, and no censure was 
 passed upon it. Since this transaction, no human sacrifice 
 has been offered in this or any other of the Pawnee tribes j 
 the practice is abandoned. How influential is one bold act 
 in a good cause ! 
 
 The publication of this anecdote at Washington, led 
 some young ladies, in a manner highly creditable to their 
 good sense and good feeling, to present this brave and 
 humane Indian with a handsome silver medal, with appro- 
 priate inscriptions, as a token of their sincere commenda- 
 iion of the noble act of rescuing one of their sex, an inno- 
 cent victim, from a cruel death. Their address, delivered on 
 this occasion, is sensible and appropriate, closing as follows: 
 
 "Brother — Accept this token of our esteem; always 
 wear it for our sakes ; and when again you have the power 
 to save a poor woman from death and torture, think of this, 
 and of us, and fly to her relief and rescue." 
 
 To this the Pawnee made the following reply : — 
 
 "Brothers and sisters — This, the medal, will give me 
 ease more than I ever had ; and I will listen more than I 
 ever did to white men. 
 
 " I am glad that my brothers and sisters have heard of 
 the good deed that I have done. My brothers and sisters 
 
 I 
 
ADVENTURE OP TWO TRAPPERS. 129 
 
 think that I have done it in ignorance, but I know what I 
 have done. 
 
 « I did it in ignorance, and I did not know that I did good ; 
 but try giving me this medal I know it." 
 
 The cruelty of torturing and burning a captive, the great 
 danger of the female Indian, and the noble daring of the 
 Pawnee brave, formed the subject of conversation for some 
 time among the young people ; and Austin was unbounded 
 in his approbation of the Pawnee. Willingly would he 
 have contributed towards another silver medal for him, and 
 Brian and Basil would not have been backward in doing 
 their part ; but the affair appeared hardly practicable, inas- 
 much as a reasonable doubt existed whether the Pawnee 
 brave was still alive ; and, even if he were, there seemed 
 to be no direct way of communicating with him. The 
 hunter proposed to conclude his anecdotes for the present, 
 by relating some adventures of an American trapper. This 
 proposal being warmly seconded by the young people, the 
 hunter thus proceeeded: — 
 
 Hunter. On the arrival of the exploring party of Lewis 
 and Clarke at the head waters of the Missouri, one of their 
 number, of the name of Colter, was desirous of joining a 
 trapper, of the name of Potts, who was in that neighbour- 
 hood for the purpose of hunting beaver, an abundance of 
 which were to be found in that part of the country. The 
 offer was a very advantageous one; and, as Colter had 
 always performed his duty, it was agreed that he might go. 
 Accordingly, he was supplied with ammunition, and took 
 leave of the party for the solitude of the woods. 
 
 Aware of the hostility of the Blackfoot Indians, Colter 
 and his companion set their traps at night, and took them 
 up early in the morning, remaining concealed during the 
 day. They were examining their traps early in the morn- 
 ing, in a creek about six miles from that branch of the Mis- 
 souri called Jefferson's Fork, and were ascending in a canoe, 
 when they suddenly heard a great noise, resembling the 
 trampling of animals; but they could not ascertain the fact, 
 R 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 
If ' ;i 
 
 ^■ 
 
 130 ADVENTURE OF TWO TRAPPERS. 
 
 as the high perpendicular hanks on each side of the river 
 impeded their view. 
 
 Colter immediately pronounced it to be occasioned by- 
 Indians, and advised an instant retreat, but was accused of 
 cowardice by Potts, who insisted that the noise was occa- 
 sioned by buffaloes, and they proceeded on. In a few 
 minutes afterwards their doubts were removed, by a party 
 of Indians making their appearance on both sides of the 
 creek, to the amount of five or six hundred, who beckoned 
 them to come on shore. 
 
 As retreat was now impossible, Colter turned the head of 
 the canoe to the shore, and, at the moment of its touching 
 an Indian seized the rifle belonging to Potts ; but Colter, 
 who was a remarkably strong man, immediately retook it, 
 and handed it to Potts, who remained in the canoe, and, on 
 recovering it, pushed off into the river. He had scarcely 
 quitted the shore, when an arrow was shot at him, and he 
 cried out, " Colter, I am wounded." 
 
 Colter remonstrated with him on the folly of attempting 
 to escape, and urged him to come on shore. 
 
 Instead of complying, he instantly levelled his rifle at an 
 Indian, and shot him dead on the spot. This conduct, sit- 
 uated as he was, may appear to have been an act of mad- 
 ness ; but it was doubtless the effect of sudden but correct 
 reasoning ; for, if taken alive, he must have expected to 
 have been tortured to death, according to the Indian custom. 
 
 They now seized Colter, stripped him entirely, and began 
 to consult on the manner in which he should be put to death. 
 They were first inclined to set him up as a mark to shoot 
 at; but the chief interfered, and, seizing him by the shoulder, 
 asked him if he could run fast. Colter, who had been some 
 time among the Kee Catsa, or Crow Indians, had, in a con- 
 siderable degree, acquired the Blackibot language, and was 
 also acquainted with Indian customs ; he knew that he had 
 now to run for his life, with the dreadful odds of five or six 
 hundred against him, and these armed Indians. He cun- 
 
A NARROW ESCAPE. 
 
 in 
 
 ningly replied, that he was a very bad runner, aUhough ho 
 was considered by the liunters as remarkably swift. 
 
 The chief now commanded the party to remain sta- 
 tionary, led Colter out on the prairie three or four hundred 
 yards, and released him, bidding him save himself if ho 
 could. At that instant the war whoop sounded in the ears 
 of poor Colter, who, urged with the hope of preserving 
 life, ran with a speed at which he was himself surprised. 
 
 lie proceeded towards Jefferson's Fork, having to travel 
 a plain six miles in breadth, abounding with the prickly 
 pear, on which he was every instant treading with his naked 
 ieet. He ran nearly half way across the plain before ho 
 ventured to look over liis shoulder, when he perceived that 
 the Indians were very much scattered, and that ho had 
 gained ground to a considerable distance from the main 
 body; but one Indian, who carried a spear, was much 
 before all the rest, and not more than a hundred yards from 
 him. 
 
 A fault gleam of hope now cheered the heart of Colter ; 
 he derived confidence from the belief that escape was within 
 the bounds of possibility ; but that confidence was nearly 
 fatal to him, for he exerted himself to such a degree, that 
 the blood gushed from his nostrils> and soon almost covered 
 the fore part of his body. He had now arrived within a 
 mile of the river, when he distinctly heard the appalling 
 sound of footsteps behind him, and every instant expected 
 to feel the spear of his pursuer. 
 
 Again he turned his head, and saw the savage not twenty 
 yards from him. Determined, if possible, to avoid the 
 expected blow, he suddenly stopped, turned round, and 
 spread out his arms. The Indian, surprised by the sudden- 
 ness of the action, and, perhaps, by the bloody appearance 
 of Colter, also attempted to stop ; but, exhausted with run- 
 ning, he fell while endeavouring to throw his spear, which 
 stuck in the ground, and broke in his hand. Colter instantly 
 snatched up the pointed part, with which he pinned him to 
 the earth, and then continued his flight. 
 
 I. 
 it, 
 
 I" 
 
Ida 
 
 A NARROW ESCAPE. 
 
 V' 1 ; 
 
 ii 
 
 I I 
 
 i'. 
 
 i 
 
 The foremost of the Indians, on arriving at the place, 
 stopped till others came up to join him, when they set up a 
 hideous yell. Every moment of this time was improved 
 by Colter, who, although fainting and exhausted, sucrceded 
 in gaining the skirting of the cotton-wood trees on the bor- 
 der of the Fork, to which he ran, and plunged into the 
 river. Fortunately for him, a little below this place there 
 was an island, against the upper part of which a raft of 
 draft timber had lodged. He dived under the raft, and 
 after several efforts got hi? head above water, amongst the 
 trunks of trees, covered over with smaller wood to the depth 
 of several feet. 
 
 Scarcely had he secured himself, when the Indians arrived 
 on the river, screeching and yelling in a most frightful manner. 
 They were frequently on the raft during the day, and were 
 seen through the chinks by Colter, who was congratulating 
 himself on his escape, till the idea arose that they might set 
 the raft on fire. In horrible suspense, he remained until 
 night; when, hearing no more of the Indians, he dived 
 from under the raft, and swam dov/n the river to a consid- 
 erable distance, when he landed, and tra^ elled all night. 
 
 Although hapj-y in having escaped from the Indians, his 
 situation was still dreadful. He was completely naked, 
 under a burning sun ; the soles of his feet were filled with 
 the thorns of the prickly pear ; he was hungry, and had no 
 means of killing game, although he saw abundance around 
 him ; and he was at a great distance from the nearest set- 
 tlement. 
 
 Almost any man but an American hunter would have 
 despaired under such circumstances. The forlifude of 
 Colter, however, remained unshaken. After seven days* 
 sore travel, duving which he had nothing but roots for his 
 sustenance, he at length arrived in safety at Lisa's Fort, on 
 the Bigthorn branch of the Roche Jaune river. 
 
 During the walk home of the young people, an animated 
 discussion arose among them respecting the Indians. Brian 
 and Basil urged many things against them, especially their 
 
 .j>u 
 
A NARROW ESCAPE. 
 
 133 
 
 cruelty ; but Austin, who seemed to see every thing with 
 an Indian eye, upheld them through thick and thin. They 
 had, to be sure, he said, some bad qualities, which he 
 doubted not might soon be corrected ; but as for honesty, 
 quickness of perception, and bravery, he would match them 
 against all the world. 
 
 ifll 
 
 i. 
 
 ; : 
 
 ■ ".' 
 
 ,t 
 
 5=^ 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
 1 
 
 . '' 
 
 Hi 
 
 ,1' I 
 
 V 
 
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 i 
 
 12 
 
 :^^ 
 
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 I' ( 
 
 
 INDIAN HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Buffaloes— Bisons— A grand surround of buffaloes— A buffalo wal- 
 low—Bears—Adventure with a grizzly bear— Anecdote of a com- 
 mon bear— Wild horses— Catching horses with the laso— Creasing 
 horses— Congers— Wolves— White, black, and clouded, wolves— 
 Deer— Moose deer— Elk— Common deer— The wapiti deer— Black- 
 tailed deer — Cariboo — Mountain sheep — Prairie dogs — Musk rats — 
 Taking musk rats — Fearful adventure of the prairie on fire. 
 
 EMEMBER, said Austin, as he 
 
 urged his brothers to quicken their 
 
 pace on their way to the cottage, 
 
 " we have hardly heard any thing 
 
 yet about buffaloes and grizzly bears, 
 
 and other animals which are found 
 
 in the woods and the prairie. Let us 
 
 make haste, that we may hear all about them." 
 
 Brian and Basil, being almost as anxious as their 
 
 brother to hear all about bears and buffaloes, quickened 
 
 their pace as he desired them, so that no long period had 
 
 passed, before the hunter, at the request of his youthful 
 
 visitors, was engaged in giving them the desired account. 
 
 " The different animals and birds," said he, " that inhabit 
 134 
 
 
 
THE BUFFALO AND BISON. 
 
 135 
 
 different countries, for the most part roam backwards and 
 forwards, according to the season. Creatures that Jove the 
 cold move northerly in summer, and such as delight in a 
 warmer clime move southerly m winter. It is, however, 
 principally to obtain food that they remove from one place 
 to another. I must here explain to you, that though I 
 have, in common with most others who talk of North 
 Ar.ierica, spoken of buffaloes, the animal which abounds in 
 the prairie is not the buffalo, but the bison. 
 
 .^^ustin. But if they are bisons, why are they called 
 buffaloes ? 
 
 Hunter. That is a question that I hardly know how to 
 answer. From whatever cause it may have arisen, certain 
 it is, that the name of buffalo has become common ; and, 
 that being the case, it is used in conversation, and often- 
 times in books, as being more easily understood. 
 
 Brian. What is the difference between a buffalo and a 
 bison ? 
 
 'lunter. A buffalo is an animal that abounds in Africa, 
 resembling an ugly cow, with a body long, but rather low ; 
 it has very long horns. There is also a European buffalo, 
 or bison, here is a picture of one attacked by wolves. 
 The bison stands very high in front, has a hump on 
 the back part of the neck covered with long hair, short 
 horns, and a profusion of long shaggy hair hanging from 
 its head, neck, and fore legs. 
 
 tdustin. A bison must look much fiercer than a buffalo. 
 
 Hunter. He does, and from the circumstance of his fore 
 parts standing high, while he carries his head low, he al- 
 ways r^(Vi,,-:a''s as if he were about to run at you. Bisons 
 abouii i ;..>r jughout the whole of North America, west of 
 the IvUssi.-siv-ji ; but the reckless way in which they are 
 slaughtered, r id the spread of civilization, are likely, in a 
 few years, greatly to diminish their numbers. Indians 
 suffer much from hunger, but they are very reckless when 
 buffaloes are plentiful. On one occasion, when among the 
 Minatarees, I witnessed a grand surround of buffaloes. 
 
 iCi 'i 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
Hi 
 
 136 
 
 UUPPALO HUNT. 
 
 I ! ! 
 
 F 1 
 I- ! 
 
 I n 
 
 r 
 
 i:^; 
 
 
 EUROPEAN BUFFALO ATTACKED BY WOLVES. 
 
 This was effected by different parties taking different di- 
 rections, and then gradually approaching each other ; the 
 buffalo herd was thus hemmed in on all sides, and the 
 slaughter was terrible. The unerring rifle, the sharp spear, 
 and the winged arrow, had full employ ; and so many 
 buffaloes were slain, that, after taking their tongues and 
 other choice parts of them for food, hundreds of carcases 
 were left for the prairie wolves to devour. Thus it is that 
 man, whether savage or civilized, too often becomes prod- 
 igal of the abundance he enjoys, and knows not the value 
 of what he possesses, till taught it by that want into which 
 his thoughtless waste has plunged him. 
 
 Austin. Ay, they will soon kill all the buffaloes, if they 
 go on in that manner. 
 
 Hunter. At present, they •«,re to be seen on the prairie 
 in droves of many thousands ; the woods, also, abound 
 
THE GRIZZLY BEAR. 
 
 137 
 
 
 \f\ 
 
 THE AMERICAN BISON. 
 
 the 
 
 with them; and often, in the heat of summer, an incal- 
 culable number of heads and horns are visible in the rivers, 
 the bodies of the bisons being under the water. 
 
 Brian. What, because they are so hot ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes : the bison suffers very much from heat. 
 It is no uncommon thing to see a bison bull lay himself 
 down in a puddle of water, and turn himself round and 
 round in it, till he has half covered " his body with mud. 
 The puddle hole which he thus makes is called a bison 
 wallow, or more commonly a buffalo wallow. The puddle 
 cools him while he is in it, and when he quits it, the mud 
 plastered on his sides defends him from the burning heat 
 of the sun. 
 
 Basil. What a figure a bison bull must cut, with his 
 shaggy hair, and his sides plastered all over with mud ! 
 
 Hunter. Bears are often most formidable foes to the 
 hunter; but there is this striking differjnce between the 
 common bear and the grizzly bear, that while the former 
 eats mostly vegetables, and will do his best to get out of 
 your way, the latter eats nothing but flesh, and is almost 
 sure to attack you. Hunters and Indians make a rule never 
 to fire at a grizzly bear, unless in self-defence : except in 
 cases when they have a sUong party, or can fire from a 
 tre? ; for, when he is wounded, his fury knows no bounds. 
 
 Jiustin. How can you escape from a grizzly bear, if he 
 is so very terrible ? 
 
 S 18* 
 
 : ( 
 
 - ^' 
 
 ■Hi 
 
 'm 
 
 . ii. 
 
 ^t 
 
f 
 
 H 
 
 r 
 
 138 ADVENTURE WITH A GRIZZLY BEAR. 
 
 THE COMMON BLACK BEAR. 
 
 Hunter. The common bear, such as is represented in this 
 picture, can climb a tree, as I have already told you ; but 
 the grizzly bear is no climber. If you have time to get up 
 into a tree, you are safe : if not, you nmst reserve your shot 
 till the animal is near you, that you may take a steady aim. 
 You must then fight it out in the best way you can. Grizzly 
 bears are sometimes of a very large size, measuring from 
 nine to ten feet in length. It was on the Upper Missouri 
 that I was once chased by one of these terrible fellows, and 
 a narrow escape I had. 
 
 Austin. How was it? Tell us all about it. 
 
 Hunter. I had just fired off my rifle at a bird which I 
 took for an eagle, little thinking how soon my wasted bullet, 
 for I did not strike the bird, would be wanted in defence of 
 my life. The crack of my piece reverberated among the 
 rocky fragments, and blocks of pumice stone, that lay scat- 
 tered on the broken ground, between the green-topped 
 bluffs that rose from the prairie ; and I suppose it was this 
 that brought Sir Bruin upon me. He came on with huge 
 strides, and I had nothing but a hunting knife to use in my 
 
 -"s,-v-,^ 
 
THE BEAR AND THE COW. 
 
 139 
 
 defence, my discharged rifle being of no use. There was 
 no tree near, so, throwing down my piece, I drew my knife 
 as a forlorn hope in my extremity. 
 
 Jlustin. A hunting knife against a grizzly bear ! 
 
 Hunter. When the huge monster was within a few yards 
 of me, to my amazement, I heard the report of two rifles, 
 and in the same instant my tremendous foe fell, with two 
 bullets in his head. This timely assistance was rendered 
 me by two of our party, who, having followed my track, 
 were near me when I thought myself alone. 
 
 jiustin. Never was any one in greater danger. 
 
 Hunter. I will tell you an anecdote that I have read of 
 a common bear. A boy, about eight years old, was sent 
 by his mother into the woods, to bring home the old cow. 
 At the distance of somewhat more than half a mile, he 
 found her, attended by some young cattle. He began to 
 drive them home ; but he had not proceeded far when a 
 bear came out of the bushes, and seemed disposed to make 
 his acquaintance. 
 
 The boy did not like his company ; so he jumped upon 
 the old cow's back, and held on by her horns. She set out 
 at full speed, and the bear after her. The young cattle, 
 lifting their tails in the air, brought up the rear. Thus they 
 proceeded, the young ones behind frequently coming up to 
 the bear, and giving him a thrust with their horns. 
 
 This compelled him to turn round, and thus the old cow, 
 with her brave rider, got somewhat in advance. The bear 
 then galloped on, and approaching the boy, attempted to 
 seize him ; but the old cow cantered along, and finally 
 brought the boy to his mother's house in safety. The bear, 
 thinking he should not be welcome there, after approaching 
 the house, turned about, and scampered back to the forest. 
 Sir Bruin knew when he was well off*; a whole skin is the 
 best covering a bear can have ; but, if he ventures among 
 mankind, he is likely to have it stripped over his ears. 
 
 t/3ustin. Famous ! famous ! That was a capital old cow, 
 for she saved the boy's life. 
 
 i; 
 
 i 
 
 i I !;!■ 
 
 m 
 
 -I, 
 
 !) 
 
 
 I- 
 
 Hl'.i' 
 
140 
 
 CATCHING WILD HORSES. 
 
 ii ' ''<{ 
 
 Basil. But the young cattle helped her, for they pushed 
 the bear with their horns. 
 
 Brian. Please to tell us about wild horses. 
 
 Hunter. The hordes or bands of wild horses that abound 
 in some of the prairies, are not considered to be natives of 
 America, but the offspring of Spanish horses brought to 
 Mexico by Europeans. They are extremely shy, keen in 
 their sight, and swift of foot, so that to come up with them, 
 except by surprise, is no easy thing. I have seen them in 
 great numbers from the brow of a bluff, or when peeping 
 at them cautiously from a ravine. 
 
 t/lustin. What kind of horses are they ; and of what 
 colour ? 
 
 Hunter. Some of them are fine animals, but in general 
 they are otherwise. Stunted and coarse in appearance, they 
 are of various colors — bay, chestnut, cream, grey, piebald, 
 white, and black, with long tails, fetlocks, top-knots, and 
 manes. 
 
 Brian. How do they catch them ? 
 
 Hunter. In different ways. Sometimes a well-mounted 
 Indian, armed with his rifle, follows a horde of horses, 
 until he can get a fair shot at the best among them. He 
 aims at the top of the neck, and if he succeeds in striking 
 the high gristle there, it stuns the animal for a moment, 
 when he falls to the ground without being injured. This 
 is called creasing a horse ; but a bad marksman would kill, 
 and not crease the noble animal he seeks to subdue. 
 
 *dustin. What other way is there of catching wild 
 horses ? for that seems a very bad one. 
 
 Basil. It is a very bad way. They ought not to shoot 
 them. 
 
 Hunter. They are much more commonly taken with the 
 laso ; which is a thong at least a dozen yards long, ending 
 in a noose. This the Indians throw, at full gallop, over the 
 head of the flying steed they wish to secure. Rarely do 
 they miss their aim. When a horse is thus caught, the 
 hunter leaps from his steed, and lets out the laso gradually, 
 
THE COUGER. 
 
 Mi 
 
 choking his captive till he is obl'^^d to stop : he then con- 
 trives to hopple or tie his fore legs ; to fasten the laso round 
 his lower jaw ; to breathe in his nostrils, and to lead him 
 home. 
 
 Jlustin. Breathe in his nostrils ! Why, what does he do 
 that for ? 
 
 Hunter. Because experience has taught him, that it does 
 much towards rendering his captive more manageable. It 
 is said, that if an Indian brea* nes freely into the nostrils of a 
 wild young buffalo on the prairie, the creature will follow 
 him with all the gentleness and docility of a lamb. 
 
 Brian. Well ! that does appear strange ! 
 
 Hunter. There is one animal, which the Indians, the 
 hunters, and trappers sometimes meet with, that I have not 
 mentioned. It is the couger, or panther, or painter, or 
 
 I.- fci I 
 
 1 
 
 ! r, I' 111 
 
 I ■' 
 
 THE COUGER. 
 
 American lion ; for it goes by all these names. Now and 
 then, it is to be seen in the thick forests of the west ; but, 
 being a sad coward, it is not so much dreaded as it other- 
 wise would be. 
 
 Brian. I should not much like to meet a couger. 
 
 Hunter. The common wolf of America is as big as a 
 Newfoundland dog, and a sulky, savage-looking animal he 
 is. So long as he can feed in solitary places he prefers to 
 do so, but, when hunger-pressed, he attacks the fold ; after 
 which Mr. Grizzly-skin loses no time in getting to a place 
 of shelter, for he knows that should he outrun the staunch 
 hounds that will soon be on his track, yet will a rifle ball 
 outrun him. 
 
 
142 
 
 PRAIRIE WOLF.— Iir:D DEER. 
 
 1 \ 
 
 THE COMMON WOLF. 
 
 Brian. Yes, yes ; Mr. Grizzly-back is very cunning. 
 
 Hunter. The prairie wolf is smaller than the common 
 wolf. Prairie wolves hunt after deer, which they generally 
 overtake ; or keep close to a buffalo herd, feeding on such 
 as die, or on those who are badly wounded in fighting with 
 one another. The white, black, and clouded wolves are in 
 the northern parts. 
 
 Austin. I cannot bear those wolves. 
 
 tur| 
 
 sor 
 
 clol 
 
 an( 
 
 th^ 
 
 wl 
 
 at 
 
 chil 
 
 thr 
 
 mc 
 
 THR RED OEF.R OF Kl'ROPR. 
 
 ii !f 
 
VARIOUS KINDS OP DKRR. 
 
 143 
 
 Hunter. Tlicre are many kinds of deer. Here is a j)ic- 
 ture of the common red deer of Europe. I told yon, that 
 sometimes a deer hunt took place on a large scale, by en- 
 closing a circle, and driving the deer into it. In sliooting 
 antelopes, the hunter has only to stick np liis ramrod in 
 their neighbourhood, and throw over it his handkerchief; 
 while he, with his rifle ready loaded, lies on the grass near 
 at hand. The antelopes will soon approach the handker- 
 chief to see what it is, wheil the hunter may send a bullet 
 through two or three of them. The largest deer is the 
 moose deer, which is often seen seven feet high. He is an 
 
 THE MOOSE DEER. 
 
 awkward, overgrown-lcoking creature, with broad horns; 
 but, awkward as he is, I question if any of you could out- 
 run him. Mountain and valley, lake and river, seem alike 
 to him, for he crosses them all. In the snow, to be sure, 
 the unwearied and persevering hound will overtake him ; 
 but let him beware of his horns, or he will be flying head 
 over heels in the air in a twinkling. The moose deer, 
 however, cannot successfully strive with the hunter, for a 
 bullet from his rifle overtakes him, and brings him to tho 
 ground. 
 
 Jiustin. Nothing can stand against man. 
 
 Hunter. And yet what is man opposed to his Maker ? 
 His strength is perfect weakness ! In a moment, in th<} 
 
 1:^' 
 
 :'l 
 
 Yi 
 
 
 
144 
 
 VARIOUS KINDS OF DEER. 
 
 I ■',< 
 
 ;: i 
 
 twinkling of an eye, he « changes his countenance, and 
 sends him away." Job xiv. 20. 
 
 Basil. What other kinds of deer do Indians catch ? 
 
 % 
 
 THE WAPITI DEER. 
 
 Hunter. The elk, with his large branching horns, who 
 would despise a palace as a dwelling place. Nothing less 
 than the broad sky above his head, and the ground of the 
 boundless forest beneath his feet, will satisfy him. After 
 the elk, come the Virginia, or common deer, the wapiti 
 deer, the black tailed deer, and the cariboo. All these are 
 the prey of the hunter. Their savoury flesh supplies him 
 with food, and their soft skins are articles of merchandise. 
 On the rugged edge of pumice stone rocks, and the wild 
 front of precipitous clayey cliffs, may often be seen moun- 
 tain sheep skipping from one ledge to another, giving life to 
 the solitary place, and an added interest to the picturesque 
 beauty of lonely spots. 
 
 •/iustin. You have mentioned all the animals now, I 
 think, that the hunter chases ; for you spoke before about 
 beavers, badgers, foxes, racoons, squirrels, and some others. 
 
 ■■JB 
 
PRAIRIE FIRES. 
 
 145 
 
 BasU. Vou have never told us, though, liow they catch 
 the muskrat. I sliould hkc to know that, 
 
 Hunter, Well, then, I will tell you how they take the 
 muskrat, and speak a word about the prairie dog. Prairie 
 dogs arc a sort of marmot, but their bark is somewhat 
 like that of a small dog. Rising from the level prairie, 
 you may sometimes see, for miles together, small hillocks 
 of a conelike form, thrown up by the prairie dogs, which 
 burrow some eight or ten feet in the ground. On a fine 
 day, myriads of these dogs, not much unlike so many rats, 
 run about, or sit barking on the tops of their hillocks. The 
 moment any one approaches them, they disappear, taking 
 shelter in their burrows. 
 
 Basil. Oh, the cumiing little rogues. 
 
 Hunter. The muskrat builds his burrow, which looks 
 like a haystack of wild rice stalks; so that, while he has a 
 dry lodging, a hole at the bottom enables him, when ho 
 pleases, to pass into the shallow water beneath his burrow 
 or lodge. In taking a muskrat, a person strikes the top of 
 the burrow, and out scampers the tenant within ; but no 
 sooner does he run through his hole into the shallow water, 
 than he is instantly caught with a spear. Myriads of these 
 .ittle animals are taken in this manner for their fur. 
 
 Brian. They must be a good deal like prairie dogs, 
 though one has his house on the land, and the other in the 
 water. 
 
 Hunter. These wide prairies, on which roam bisons, and 
 horses, and deer innumerable ; and these shallow waters, 
 where muskrats abound; will most likely, in succeeding 
 years, assume another character. White men will possess 
 them; civilized manners and customs will prevail, and 
 Christianity spread from the Mississippi to the Rocky 
 Mountains ; for the kingdoms of the world are to become 
 the kingdoms of the Lord and of his Christ. 
 
 *^ustin. You have told us a great deal indeed, to-day, 
 about the prairies. 
 
 Hunter. I have already spoken of the prairie fires ; I 
 T 13 
 
 il! 
 
 ii 
 
 t 
 
 ^ fi 
 
146 
 
 A PRAIRIE ON FIRE. 
 
 V I 
 
 ■ i 
 
 mean the burning grass, set on fire by accident, or purposely, 
 for the double advantage of obtaining a clearer path and 
 an abundant crop of fresh grass ; but I must relate an ad- 
 venture of my own, of a kind not likely to be forgotten. 
 
 Jiustin. Now for a flare up ! 
 
 Hunter. So long as a prairie fire is confined to the high 
 grounds, there is very little danger from it ; for, in such 
 situations, the grass being short, the fire never becomes 
 large, though the line of flame is a long one. Birds and 
 beasts retire before it in a very leisurely manner ; but in 
 places where the grass is long, it is very diflferent. 
 
 t/iustin. I should like to see one of those great, high 
 round bluffs on fire. There must be a fine bonfire t'len. 
 
 Hunter. There you are mistaken, for, as I have already 
 told you, the grass is short on the bluffs. To be sure, the 
 sight of a bluff" on fire, on a dark night, is very singular ; 
 for as you can only see the curved line of flame, the bluff 
 baing hidden by the darkness, so it seems a.; though the 
 curved lines of flame were ur in the air, or in tbe sky. 
 
 Basil. They must look vt^y beautiful. 
 
 Hunter. They do : but when a fire takes place in a low 
 bottom of long grass, sedge, and tangled dry plants, more 
 than six feet high ; and when a rushing wind urges on the 
 fiery ruin, flashing like the lightning and roaring like the 
 thunder ; the appearance is not beautiful, but terrible. I 
 have heard the shrill war-whoop, and the clash of contend- 
 ing tomahawks in the fight, when no quarter has been 
 given I have witnessed the wild burst where Niagara, a 
 river of waters, flings itself headlong down the Horseshoe 
 Fall ; and I have been exposed to the fury of the hurricane. 
 But none of these are half so terrible, as the flaming ocean 
 of a long-grass prairie fire. 
 
 »dustin. Oh ! it must b" terrible. 
 
 Hunter. The trapper is bold, or he is not fit for his call- 
 ing ; the hunter is brave, oi he could never wage war as he 
 does with danger; and the Indian from his chiIdl)G »d is 
 familiar with peril : yet the Indian, tlie hunter, and the 
 
A PRAIRIE ON FIRE. 
 
 147 
 
 trapper tremble, as well they may, at a prairie meadow fire* 
 But I must relate my adventure. 
 
 Basil, I am almost afraid to hear it. 
 
 Austin. Pooh ! nonsense ! It will never hurt you. 
 
 Hunter. A party of five of us, well mounted, and having 
 with us our rifles and lances, were making the best of our 
 way across one of the low prairie bottoms, where the thick 
 coarse grass and shrubs, even as we sat on our horses, were 
 often as high as our heads,; when we noticed, every now 
 and then, a flight of prairie hens, or grouse, rapidly winging 
 their way by us. Two of our party were of the Blackfoot 
 tribe ; their names were Ponokah (elk) and Moeese (wig- 
 wam). These Indians had struck into a buffalo trail, and 
 we had proceeded for a couple of hours as fast as the 
 matted grass and wild pea-vines would allow, when sud- 
 denly the wind that was blowing furiously from the east 
 became northerly, and in a moment, 7 Xoeese, snufling the 
 air, uttered the words, « Pah kapa," (bad ;) and Ponokah, 
 glancing his pyc3 northward, added, " Eehcooa pah kaps," 
 (very bad.) 
 
 Jiystin. I guess what was the matter. 
 
 Brian. And so do I. 
 
 Hunter. In another instant, a crash was heard, and Po- 
 nokah, who was a Uttle ahead, cried out, « Eneuh !" (buffalo !) 
 when three bisons came dashing furiously along another 
 trail towards us. No sooner did they set eyes on us, than 
 they abruptly turned southward. By this time, we all un- 
 derstood that, to the north, the prairie was on fire ; for the 
 air smeit strong. Deer, and bisons, and other animals, 
 sprang forward in different directions from the prairie, and 
 a smoke, not very distant, like a cloud, was visible. 
 
 Austin. I hope you set oft' at full gallop. 
 
 Hunter. We were quite disposed to urge our horses on- 
 ward; but the trail took a turn towards the burning prairie, 
 and we were obliged to force our way into another, in 
 doing which my horse got his feet entangled, and he fell, 
 pitching me over his head some yards before him. I was 
 
 .*•■ 
 
 I 
 
 
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 f 
 
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 148 
 
 A PRAIRIL ON FIRE. 
 
 not hurt by the fall, for the thick herbage protected me ; 
 but the worst of it was, that my rifi >, which had been care- 
 lessly slung, fell from my shoulder among the long grass, 
 and being somewhat confused by my fall, I could not 
 find it. 
 
 Brian. You ought not to have stopped a moment. 
 
 Hunter. Perhaps not ; but, to a hunter, a rifle is no tri- 
 fling loss, and I could not make up my mind to lose mine. 
 Time was precious, for the smoke rapidly increased ; and 
 both Ponokah and Moeese, who knew more about burning 
 prairies than I did, and were therefore more alive to our 
 danger, became very impatient. By the time my rifle was 
 found, and we were ready to proceed, the fire had gained 
 upon us in a crescent form, so that before and behind we 
 were hemmed in. The only point clear of the smoke was 
 to the south ; but no trail ran that way, and we feared that, 
 in forcing a road, another accident might occur like that 
 which had befallen us. 
 
 j3usiin. I cannot think what you could do in such a 
 situation. 
 
 Hunter. Our disaster had come upon us so unexpected- 
 ly, and the high wind had so hurried on the flaming ruin, 
 that there seemed to be no time for a moment's thought. 
 Driven by necessity, we plunged into the thick grass to the 
 south ; but our progress was not equal to that of the fire, 
 which was now fast approaching, blackening the air with 
 smoke, and roaring every moment louder and louder. Our 
 destruction seemed almost certain ; when Ponokah, judging, I 
 suppose, by the comparative thinness of the smoke eastward, 
 that we were not far from the boundary of the prairie bottom, 
 dashed boldly along a trail in that direction, in the face of the 
 fire, crying out to us to follow. With the daring of men in 
 extremity, we put our horses to their speed, broke through 
 the smoke, fire, grass, and flame, and found ourselves almost 
 instantly, on a patch of ground over which the fire had 
 passed ; but, as the grass had evidently been scanty, we 
 were free from danger. From a neighbouring bluff", which 
 
A PRAIRIE ON FIRE. 
 
 149 
 
 the smoke had before hidden from our view, we saw the 
 progress of the flame — a spectacle that filled me with 
 amazement. The danger we had escaped seemed increased 
 by the sight of the fearful conflagration, and 1 know not 
 whether terror, amazement, or thankfulness most occupied 
 my mind. 
 
 Austin. That was, indeed, a narrow escape. 
 
 Hunter. As we stood on the bluff", dismounted, to gaze on 
 the flying flames — which ap{)eared in the distance like a huge 
 fiery snake of some miles in length, writhing in torture — my 
 wonder increased. The spectacle was fearful and sublime, 
 and the conflagration nearest to us resembled the breakers of 
 the deep that dash on a rocky shore, only formed of fire, 
 roaring and destroying, preceded by thick clouds of smoke. 
 Before then, I had been accustomed to sights and scenes of 
 peril, and had witnessed the burning of short grass to some 
 extent ; but this was the first time I had been in such fearful 
 danger — ^the first time I felt the awfulness of such a situa- 
 tion — the first time that I had really seen the prairie on fire. 
 
 Brian. There is nothing in the world that is like a burn- 
 ing prairie, unless it be a burning mountain. 
 
 Hunter. A burning prairie, when we are near it, is a 
 vast and overwhelming spectacle; but every rising and 
 setting sun exhibits Almighty wisdom, power, and good- 
 ness, on a scale infinitely beyond that of a hundred burning 
 prairies. It is a good thing to accustom ourselves to re- 
 gard the works of creation around us with th tttention 
 and wonder they are calculated to inspire, and espt. lally to 
 ponder on the manifestation of God's grace set forth in his 
 holy word. When burning prairies and burning mountains 
 shall be all extinguished ; when rising and setting suns and 
 all earthly glory shall be unknown ; then shall the follow- 
 ers of the Redeemer gaze on the brighter glories of heaven, 
 and dwell forever with their Leader and their Lord. 
 
 I i 
 
 13* 
 
BVFrAUi DANCE. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Games — Ball play among the Choctaws — Ball play by the women of 
 the Prairie du Chien — Horsemanship — Foot races — Canoe races — 
 Wrestling — The game of tchung-kee among the Mandans — Arc/i- 
 ery — The game of the arrow — Swimming — Mode of swimming 
 customary among the Indians — Prank of the Minataree children 
 on the Knife river— Buffalo dance — The Poor Indian women. 
 
 c>-^v^7\<^ ^^-=-^^11^ PON their return home, 
 
 buffaloes, bears, wild 
 horses, wolves, deer, prai- 
 rie dogs, and muskrats, 
 were a fruitful source of conversation 
 to the young people in their leisure 
 hours, until such time as they 
 could again \4sit their interesting 
 friend at the cottage. Various plans 
 were formed to attack grizzly bears, to catch wild horses, 
 and to scare away half famished wolves ; in all of which, 
 Jowler, notwithstanding his bad behaviour at the buffalo 
 150 
 
 St 
 
 ^■W >IH!«Sia 
 
l£ 
 
 6EAR HUNT. 
 
 151 
 
 hunt, was expected to act a distinguished part. BlackTcm 
 was scarcely considered worth thinking about, he being too 
 wild by half for a wild horse, and too faint-hearted for a 
 grizzly bear. At one time, it was so far determined for 
 him to play the part of a prairie dog, that Austin set about 
 digging a hole for him : before it was finished, however, 
 the plan was abandoned ; Brian and Basil both feeling pos- 
 itive that, let Austin dig a hole as deep as he would, Black 
 Tom would never be persuaded to run into it. 
 
 After much deliberation, catching wild horses being given 
 up — on the score that Black Tom would run away too 
 fast, and Jowler would not run away at all — a bear hunt 
 was resolved on, having, as Brian observed, two especial 
 advantages : the first, that all of them could enjoy the sport 
 at once ; and the second, that Jowler would be sure to 
 attack them all, just like a grizzly bear. 
 
 No time was lost in preparing their long spears, and in 
 dressing themselves as much like renowned chiefs as their 
 knowledge and resources would allow. And, in order that 
 Jowler might the more closely resemble a grizzly bear, a 
 white pinafore was spread over his broad back, and tied 
 round his neck. The lawn was, as before, the scene of 
 their high exploits, the prairie on which the fearful monster 
 was to be overcome ; and, to the credit of their courage be 
 it spoken, neither Austin, Brian, nor Basil, manifested the 
 slightest token of fear. 
 
 Jowler was led by them among the bushes of the shrub- 
 bery, that he might burst out upon them all at once ; and 
 this part of the arrangement answered excellently well, only 
 that Jowler arrived on the prairie first instead of last ; add 
 to which, the bushes having so far despoiled him of his 
 grizzly hide, the white pianfore, as to have pulled it off his 
 back, he set to work mouthing and tearing at it, to get it 
 from his neck. At last, in spite of a few untoward and un- 
 bearlike actions on the part of Jowler, the attack took place. 
 With undaunted resolution, Austin sustained Jowler's most 
 furious charges; Brian scarcely manifested less bravery; 
 
 Ml 
 
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 <?' 
 
 !l; ' 
 
 I !M 
 
 \'i I 
 
 162 BALL PLAY OF THE CHOCTAWS. 
 
 and little Basil, though he had broken his lance, and twice 
 fallen to the earth, made a desperate and successful attack 
 on his fearful antagonist, and caught him fast by the tail. 
 It was on the whole a capital adventure ; for though they 
 could not with truth say that they had killed the bear, 
 neither could the bear say that he had killed them. 
 
 The bear hunt being at an end, they set off for the cot- 
 tage ; for the hunter had promised to describe to them some 
 of the games of the Indian tribes. He was soon engaged 
 in giving them an account of the ball play of the Choctaws. 
 " The Choctaws," said he, "are perhaps, about fifteen thou- 
 sand in number; they were removed from the northern 
 parts of Alabama, and from the Mississippi, and are now 
 south of the Arkansas. At the Choctaw ball play thou- 
 sands of spectators attend, and sometimes a thousand young 
 men are engaged in the game." 
 
 tdustin. A thousand men playing at ball ! What a sij^'V t ! 
 
 Hunter. The game is played in the open prairie, and t. it 
 players have no clothes on but their breech-clothes, a beau- 
 tiful belt formed of beads, a mane of dyed horse hair of 
 difierent colours, and a tail sticking out behind like the tail 
 of a horse ; this last is either formed of white horse hair or 
 of quills. 
 
 Brian. And how do they play ? 
 
 Hunter. Every man has two sticks, with a kind of hoop 
 at the end, webbed across, and with these they catch and 
 strike the ball. The goal on each side, consisting of two 
 upright posts and a pole across the top, is set up twenty-five 
 feet high ; these goals are from forty to fifty rods apart. 
 Every time either party can strike the ball through their 
 goal, one is reckoned, and a hundred is the game. 
 
 Basil. What a scuffle there must be among so many of 
 them! 
 
 Hunter. When every thing is ready for the game to 
 begin, a gun is fired ; and some old men, who are to be the 
 judges, fling up the ball in the middle, halfway between the 
 two goals. 
 
INDIAN HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 153 
 
 Brian. Now for the struggle. 
 
 Hunter. One party being painted white, every man 
 knows his opponent. No sooner is the ball in the air, than 
 a rush takes place. Every one with his webbed stick raised 
 above his head ; no one is allowed to strike or to touch the 
 ball with his hands. They cry out aloud at the very top 
 of their voices, rush on, leap up to strike the ball, and do all 
 they can to help their own side and hinder their opponents. 
 They leap over each other, dart between their rivals' legs, 
 trip them up, throw them down, grapple with two or three 
 at a time, and often fall to fisty cuffs in right earnest. There 
 they are, in the midst of clouds of dust, running, striking, 
 and struggling with all their might ; so that, what with the 
 rattle of the sticks, the cries, the wrestling, the bloody noses, 
 the bruised shins, the dust, uproar, and confusion, such a 
 scene of excitement is hardly to be equalled by any other 
 game in the world. 
 
 Brian. How long does the game last ? 
 
 Hunter. It begins about eight or nine o'clock in the 
 morning, and sometimes is scarcely finished by sunset. A 
 minute's rest is allowed every time the ball is urged beyond 
 the goal, and then the game goes on again till it is finished. 
 There is another ball play somewhat resembling this, which 
 is played by the women of the Prairie du Chien, while the 
 men watch the progress of the game, or lounge on the 
 ground, laughing at them. 
 
 Austin. Do they ever run races ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes, and very expert they are ; many of the 
 tribes are extravagantly fond of horses. When you see a 
 Red Indian, with his shield and quiver, his ornamented 
 shirt, leggins, and mocassins ; his long hair flowing behind 
 him, or his head-dress of the war-eagle falling gracefully 
 nearly to his heels ; his lance in his hand ; and his dress 
 ornamented with ermine, shells, porcupine quills, and a 
 profusion of scalp locks. When you see him thus standing 
 on the ground, you see him out of character. He should 
 sprinar on a horse wild as the winds j and llioii, as he 
 U 
 
 
 I 
 
V. I 
 
 .^ 
 
 154 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP A CHIEF. 
 
 brandishes his lance, with his pendant plumes, and hair and 
 scalp-locks waving in the breeze, you see him in his proper 
 element. Horse racing among the Indians is an exciting 
 scene. The cruel custom, of urging useful and noble ani- 
 mals beyond their strength, is much the same in savage as 
 in civilized life ; but the scene is oftentimes more wild, 
 strange, and picturesque than you can imagine. 
 
 tdustin. Ay, I remember that the Camanchees are capital 
 riders. I was a Camanchee in our buffalo hunt. Brian, 
 you have not forgotten that ? 
 
 Brian. But you had no horse to ride. 1 was a Sioux j 
 and the Sioux are capital riders too. 
 
 Basil. And so are the Pawnees. I was a Pawnee in 
 the buffalo hunt. 
 
 Hunter. It was told me that the Camanchees — and, in- 
 deed, some of the Pawnees also — were able, while riding a 
 horse at full gallop, to lie along on one side of him, with an 
 arm in a sling from the horse's neck, and one heel over the 
 horse's back ; and that, while the body was thus screened 
 from an enemy, they could use their lances with effect, and 
 throw their arrows with deadly aim. The Camanchees are 
 so much on their horses, that they never seem so much at 
 their ease as when they are flying across the prairie on 
 horseback. 
 
 t/3ustin. It would be worth going to the prairies, if it 
 were only to see the Camanchees ride. 
 
 Hunter. I will now read to you Mr. Catlin's own de- 
 scription which accompanies in his work this fine picture : 
 
 " No part of the human race can present a more*; pic- 
 turesque and thrilling appearance on horseback than a party 
 of Crows, rigged out in all their plumes and trappings — 
 galloping about and yelping, in what they call a war- 
 parade, ^. e. in a sort of tournament or sham fight, passing 
 rapidly through the evolutions of battle, and vaunting forth 
 the wonderful character of their military exploits. This is 
 an amusement, of which they are excessively fond; and 
 
d hair and 
 liis proper 
 1 exciting 
 noble ani- 
 savage as 
 ore wild, 
 
 re capital 
 . Brian, 
 
 a Sioux ; 
 
 iwnee in 
 
 -and, in- 
 riding a 
 . with an 
 over the 
 screened 
 'ect, and 
 hees are 
 nuch at 
 airie on 
 
 es, if it 
 
 •wn de- 
 cture ; 
 re- pic- 
 a party 
 )ings — 
 I war- 
 )assing 
 g forth 
 This is 
 I; and 
 
 •"mEP OF THE CROWS. 
 
 
 M 
 
 155 
 
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 I ( 
 
 tl- 
 
 lu 
 
DESCRIPTION OP A CHIEF. 
 
 167 
 
 great preparations are invariably made for these occasional 
 shows. 
 
 « No tribe of Indians on the Continent is better able to 
 produce a pleasing and thrilling effect in these scenes, nor 
 any more vain, and consequently, better prepared to draw- 
 pleasure and satisfaction from them, than the Crows. They 
 may be justly said to be the most beautifully clad of all the 
 Indians in these regions, and bringing from the base of the 
 Rocky Mountains a fine and spirited breed of wild horses, 
 have been able to create a great sensation among the Mina- 
 tarees, who have been paying them all attentions and all 
 honours for some days past. From among these showy 
 fellows who have been entertaining us and pleasing them- 
 selves with their extraordinary feats of horsemanship, I 
 have selected one of the most conspicuous, and transferred 
 him and his horse, with arms and trappings as faithfully as 
 I could to the canvass, for the information of the world, 
 who will learn vastly more from the picture than they could 
 from oral or written delineations. 
 
 « I have painted him as he sat for me, balanced on his 
 leaping wild horse, with his shield and quiver slung on his 
 back, and his long lance decorated with the eagle's quills, 
 trailed in his right hand. His shirt, and his leggings, and 
 moccasins, were of the mountain goats skins, beautifully 
 dressed ; and their seams every where fringed with a pro- 
 fusion of scalp-locks, taken from the heads of his enemies, 
 slain in battle. His long hair, which reached almost to the 
 ground while he was standing on his feet, was now lifted 
 in the air, and floating in black waves over the hips of his 
 leaping charger. On his head, and over his shining black 
 locks, he wore a magnificent crest or head-dress, made of 
 the quills of the war-eagle and ermine skins ; and on his 
 horse's head also, was another of equal beauty, and pre- 
 cisely the same pattern and material. Added to these or- 
 naments, there were yet many others which contributed to 
 his picturesque appearance, and among them a beautiful 
 netting of various colours, that completely covered and 
 
 14 
 
158 
 
 INDIAN GAMES. 
 
 ' .( 
 
 • 1 ' 
 
 :' ■ 
 
 If * 
 
 Hi i 
 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 1^ 
 
 almost obscured tlic horse's head and neck, and extended 
 over its back and its hips, terminating in a most extrava- 
 gant and magnificent crupper, embossed with rows of beau- 
 tiful shells and porcupine (piills of various colours. 
 
 "With all these picturesque ornaments and trappings 
 upon and about him ; with a noble figure, and the bold 
 stamp of a wild gentleman on his face, added to the rage 
 and spirit of his wild horse, in time with whose leaps he 
 issued his startling (though smothered) yelps, as he grace- 
 fully leaned to and fro, leaving his plumes and his plumage, 
 his long locks and his fringes, to lloat in the wind, he gal- 
 loped about, and felt exceeding pleasure in displaying the 
 extraordinary skill which a lifetime of practice and experi- 
 ment had furnished him in the beautiful art of riding and 
 managing his horse, as well as in displaying to advantage 
 his weapons and ornaments of dress, by giving them the 
 grace of motion, as they were brandished in the air and 
 floating in the wind." Besides horse races, the Indians 
 have foot races, and canoe races, and wrestling. Among 
 the Mandans, the game of tchung-kee was very popular, 
 quite as much so as cricket is on fiine summer days in 
 England. 
 
 Austin, Tchung-kee ! What a name that is for a pastime ! 
 I wish they would have more common names. 
 
 Brian. Oh, the name of tchung-kee is nothing to what 
 you will have to learn, Austin. Do you remember Duhk- 
 pits-o-ho-shee, " the red bear ;" and Mah-to-rah-rish-nee- 
 eeh'te-rah, or something like it, " the grizzly bear that runs 
 without regard?" 
 
 Jlustin. Yes ; those names are much harder. How do 
 the Indians play at tchon-tee, or thung-kee, or whatever 
 it is ? 
 
 Hunter. The game is played by one rolling a stone ring 
 along, and then running after it, and sliding his tchung-kee 
 for it to fall upon. 
 
 Basil. But what is a tchung-kee, for I cannot think ? 
 
 Hunter. A tchung-kee is a stick ; it may be, perhaps, six 
 
ARCHERY. 
 
 150 
 
 or seven feet long, on which arc fastened bits of leather ; 
 and he who slides his tchung-kee along the ground, tries so 
 to place it, that the ring, when it stops, may fall with one 
 of the bits of leather through it. Perhaps, you might not 
 find much amusement in tlie game, but the Mandans used 
 to practise it continually. 
 
 Brian. I think we might soon make some tchung-kees, 
 and bowl the ring across the lawn, Austin. 
 
 Hunter. That would never do ; the game is played on a 
 hard clayey ground ; for neither the ring nor the tchung-kee 
 would run far enough along the grass. 
 
 Brian. Then it must be on the broad gravel walk ; that 
 will do capitally. 
 
 Hunter. The Indians are very fond of archery, in which, 
 using their bows and arrows so much as they .do, it is no 
 wonder they are very clever. The game of the arrow is a 
 very favourite amusement with them. 
 
 Basil. That game has a much easier name than the 
 tchung-kee. How is it played ? 
 
 Hunter. It is played on the open prairie, where the best 
 bowmen assemble, to strive one with another. There is no 
 target set up to shoot at, as there is in English archery ; but 
 every archer sends his first arrow as high as he can into 
 the air. 
 
 Jiuiitin. Ay, I see ! He who shoots the highest in the air 
 is the winner. 
 
 Hunter. Not exactly so. It is not he who shoots highest, 
 that is the victor ; but he who can get the greatest number 
 of arrows into the air at the same time. Picture to your- 
 selves a himdred well made, active young men, on the open 
 prairie, each carrying a bow, with eight or ten arrows, in 
 his left hand. He sends an arrow into the air with all his 
 strength, and then, instantly, with a rapidity that is truly 
 surprising, shoots arrow after arrow upwards, so that, before 
 the first arrow has reached the ground, half a dozen others 
 have mounted into the air. Often have I seen seven or 
 eight shafts from the same bow in the air at once. 
 
 1 1 .1 
 
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 - ia 
 
 iiiki- 
 
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 160 
 
 EXPERTNESS IN SWIMMING. 
 
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 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Jlustin. Brian, we will try what we can do to-morrow , 
 but we shall never have so many as seven or eight up at 
 once. 
 
 Hunter. The Indians are famous swimmers, and, indeed, 
 if they were not, it would often go hard with them. They 
 are taught when very young to make their way through 
 the water, and though they do it usually in a manner differ- 
 ent from that adopted by white men, I hardly think ijany 
 white men would equal them, either as to their speed, or 
 the length of time they will continue in the water. 
 
 Jiustin. But how do they swim, if their way is diiferent 
 to ours ? I can swim a little, and I should like to learn 
 their way, if it is the best. 
 
 Hunter. I am not quite prepared to say that ; for, though 
 red men are more expert swimmers than white men, that 
 may be owing to their being more frequently in the water. 
 They fish a great deal in the lakes ; and they have often to 
 cross brooks and rivers in too much haste to allow them to 
 get into a canoe. A squaw thinks but very little of plung- 
 ing into a rolling river with a child on her back ; for the 
 women swim nearly, or altogether, as well as the men. 
 
 Austin. But you did not tell us wherein their way of 
 swimming is different from ours. 
 
 Hunter. Whites swim by strik! ig out their legs and both 
 arms at the same time, keeping their breasts straight against 
 the water ; but the Indian strikes out with one arm only, 
 turning himself on his side every stroke, first on one side 
 and then on the other, so that, inster, i of his broad chest 
 breasting the water in front, he cuts tlirough it sideways, 
 finding less resistance in that way than the other. Much 
 may be said in favour of both these modes. I always 
 considered myself to be a good swimmer, but I was no 
 match lor the Red Indians. I shall not soon forget a prank 
 that was once played me on the Knife River, by some of the 
 Minatarees; it convinced me of their adroitness in the 
 water. 
 
KNDIAN DANCES. 
 
 161 
 
 Did they dip your head under the 
 
 was crossing the 
 
 Basil. What was it ? 
 water ? 
 
 Hunter. No ; but you shall hear. I 
 river in a bull boat, which is nothing more than a tub, made 
 of buffalos* skin, stretched on a framework of willow 
 boughs. The tub was just big enough to hold me, and the 
 few things which I had with me ; when suddenly a group 
 of young swimmers, most cf them mere children, surrounded 
 me, and began playfully tQ turn my tub round and round 
 in the stream. Not being prepared to swim, on account of 
 my dress, I began to manifest some fear lest my poor tub 
 should be overturned; but the more fearful I was, the 
 better pleased were my mirthful tormentors. 
 
 Austin. Ah ! ah ! ah ! 1 can see it spinning round like a 
 peg top, in the middle of the river. 
 
 Brian. And did they upset the tub ? 
 
 Hunter. No. After amusing themselves for some time 
 at my expense, now and then diving under the tub, and 
 then pulling down the edge of it level with the water, on 
 receiving a few beads, or other trifles which I happened to 
 have with me, they drew me and my bull boat to the shore 
 in safety. They were beautiful swimmers, and, as I told 
 you, not soon shall I forget them. The dances among the 
 Indians are very numerous ; some of them are lively 
 enough, while others are very grave ; and, then, most of 
 the tribes are fond of relating adventures. 
 
 Basil. Please to tell us the names of all the dances. 
 
 Hunter. That would not be a very easy undertaking. 
 Let me see ; there are the buffalo dance, the bear dance, 
 the dog dance, and the eagle dance. And then there are 
 the ball play dance, the green corn dance, the beggars' dance, 
 the slave dance, the snow-shoe dance, and the straw dance ; 
 and, besides these, there are the discovery dance, the brave 
 dance, the war dance, the scalp dance, the pipe of peace 
 dance, and many others that I do not at this moment 
 remember. 
 
 Brian. You must please to tell us about them all. 
 V 14* 
 
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162 
 
 THE BUFFALO DANCfi, 
 
 > !:J 
 
 M I 
 
 Austin, But not all at once, or else we shall have too 
 short an account. Suppose you tell us of two or three of 
 them now. 
 
 Hunter. To describe every dance at length would be 
 tiresome, as many of them have the same character. It 
 will be better to confine ourselves to a few of the principal 
 dances. I have known a buffalo dance continue for a fort- 
 night or longer, day and night, without intermission. When 
 I was among the Mandans, every Indian had a buffalo 
 mask ready to put on whenever he required it. It was 
 composed of the skin of a buffalo's head, with the horns 
 to it ; a long thin strip of the buffalo's hide, with the tail at 
 the end of it, hung down from the back of the mask. 
 
 jliisHn. What figures they would look with their masks 
 on ! Did you say that they kept up the dance day and 
 night ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes. The Mandans were strong in their vil- 
 lage, but comparatively weak whenever they left it, for 
 then they were soon in the neighbourhood of their powerful 
 enemies. This being the case, when the buffaloes of the 
 prairie wandered far away from them, they were at times 
 half starved. The buffalo dance was to make buffaloes 
 come back again to the prairies near them. 
 
 Brian. But how could that bring them back again ? 
 
 Hunter. The buftalo dance was a kind of homage paid 
 to the Great Spirit, that he might take pity on them, and 
 send them supplies. The dancers assembled in the middle 
 of the village, each wearing his mask, with its horns and long 
 tail, and carrying in his hand a lance, or a bow and arrows. 
 The dance began, by about a dozen of them, thus attired, 
 starting, hopping, jumping, and creeping in all manner of 
 strange uncouth forms ; singing, yelping, and making odd 
 sounds of every description, while others were shaking rat- 
 tles and beating drums with all their might ; the drums, 
 the rattles, the yelling, the frightful din, with the uncouth 
 antics of the dancers, altogether presented such a scene, 
 
STORY OP AN INDIAN WOMAN. 163 
 
 that, were you once to be present at a buffalo dance, you 
 would talk of it after, all the days of your lives. 
 
 Basil, And do they keep that up for a fortnight ? 
 
 Hunter. Sometimes much longer, for they never give 
 over dancing till the buffaloes come. Every dancer, when 
 he is tired, and this he makes known by crouching down 
 quite low, is shot with blunt arrows, and dragged away, 
 when his place is supplied by another. While the dance is 
 going on, scouts are sent out to look for buffaloes, and as 
 soon as they are found, a shout of thanksgiving is raised to 
 the Great Spirit, to the medicine man, and to the dancers, 
 and preparation is made for a buffalo hunt. After this, a 
 great feast takes place ; all their sufferings from scarcity are 
 forgotten, and they are as prodigal, and indeed wasteful, 
 of their buffalo meat, as if they had never known the want 
 of it. 
 
 Austin. Well, I should like to see the buffalo dance. 
 Could not we manage one on the lawn, Brian ? 
 
 Brian. But where are we to get the buffalo masks from ? 
 The Buffalo hunt did very well, but I hardly think we 
 could manage the dance. Please to tell us of the bear 
 dance. 
 
 Hunter. I think it will be better to tell you about that, 
 and other dances, the next time that you visit me ; for I 
 want to read you a short account, which I have here, of a 
 poor Indian woman of the Dog-ribbed tribe. I have not 
 said much of Indian women, and I want you to feel kindly 
 towards them. It wts Hearne, who went with a party 
 from Hudson's Bay to ttie Northern Ocean, many years 
 ago, who fell in with the poor woman. 
 
 Basil. Oh, yes ; let us hear all about her ; and you can 
 tell us of the dances when we come again. 
 
 Hunter. Now, then, I will begin. One day in January, 
 when they were hunting, they saw the track of a strange 
 snow shoe, which they followed, and at a considerable dis- 
 tance came to a little hut, where they discovered a young 
 woman sitting alone. On examination, she proved to be 
 
 i':;! 
 
164 
 
 STORY OP AN INDIAN WOMAN. 
 
 IV ! 
 
 one of the Dog-ribbed Indians, who had been taken priso- 
 ner by the Athapus-cow Indians, in the summer of 1770', 
 and, in the following summer, when the Indians that took 
 her prisoner were near this place, she had escaped from 
 them, intending to return to her own country. But the dis- 
 tance being so great, and having, after she was taken 
 prisoner, been carried in a canoe the whole way, the 
 turnings and windings of the livers and lakes were so 
 numerous that she forgot the track ; so she built the hut in 
 which she was found, to protect her from the weather 
 during the winter, and here she had resided from the first 
 setting in of the fall. 
 
 Brian. What, all by herself ! How lonely she must have 
 been ! 
 
 Hunter. From her account of the moons passed since 
 her escape, it appeared that she had been nearly seven 
 months without seeing a human face ; during all which 
 time she had supplied herself very well, by snaring par- 
 tridges, rabbits, and squirrels : she had also killed two or 
 three beavers, and some porcupines. She did not seem to 
 have been in want, and had a small stock of provisions by 
 her when she was discovered. She was in good health and 
 condition, and one of the finest Indian women in North 
 America. 
 
 */iitstin. I should have been afraid that other Indians 
 would have come and killed her. 
 
 Hunter. The methods practised by this poor creature to 
 procure a livelihood were truly admirable, and furnish proof 
 that necessity is, indeed, the mother of invention. When 
 the few deer sinews that she had an opportunity of taking 
 with her were expended, in making snares and sewing her 
 clothing, she had nothing to supply their place but the 
 sinews of the rabbits' legs and feet. These she twisted 
 together for that purpose with great dexterity and success. 
 The animals which she caught in those snares, not only fur- 
 nished her with a comfortable subsistence, but of the skins 
 she made a suit of neat and warm clothing for the winter 
 
STORY OF AN INDIAN WOMAN. 
 
 165 
 
 It is scarcely possible to conceive that a person in her forlorn 
 situation could be so composed as to be capable of contriv- 
 ing and executing any thing that was not absolutely neces- 
 sary to her existence ; but there was sufficient proof that 
 she had extended her care much farther, as all her clothing, 
 besides being calculated for real service, showed great taste, 
 and exhibited no little variety of ornament. The materials, 
 though rude, were very curiously wrought, and so judi- 
 ciously placed, as to make the whole of her garb liave a 
 very pleasant, though rather romantic appearance. 
 
 Brian. Poor woman ! I should have liked to have seen 
 her in the hut of her own building, and the clothes of her 
 own making. 
 
 Hunter. Her leisure hours from hunting had been em- 
 ployed in twisting the inner rind, or bark, of willows into 
 small lines, like net-twine, of which she had some hundred 
 fathoms by her. With these she intended to make a fishing 
 net, as soon as the spring advanced. It is of the inner bark 
 of the willows, twisted in this manner, that the Dog-ribbed 
 Indians make their fishing nets ; and they are much pre- 
 ferable to those made by the Northern Indians. 
 
 Basil. I like that poor woman very mtich, indeed. 
 
 Hunter. Five or six inches of an iron hoop, made into a 
 knife, and the shank of an arrow head of iron, which served 
 her as an awl, were all the metals this poor woman had 
 with her when she eloped ; and with these implements she 
 had made herself complete snow shoes, and several other 
 useful articles. 
 
 Jiustin. Capital ! capital ! Why, she seems able to do 
 every thing. 
 
 Hunter. Her method of making a fire was equally sin- 
 gular and curious, having no other materials for that pur- 
 pose than two hard sulphureous stones. . These, by long 
 friction and hard knocking, produced a few sparks, which 
 at length communicated to some touch-wood. But as 
 this method was attended with great trouble, and not al- 
 
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166 
 
 INDIAN CANOES. 
 
 
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 ways successful, she did not suffer her fire to go out all the 
 winter. 
 
 Brian. That must have been a trouble to her. I hardly 
 know how she could have managed that. 
 
 Hunter. Wlien the Athapus-cow Indians took this woman 
 prisoner, they, according to the universal custom of those 
 savages, surprised her and her party in the night, and killed 
 every person in the tent, except herself and three other 
 young women. Among those whom they killed were her 
 father, mother, and husband. Her young child, four or 
 five months old, she concealed in a bundle of clothing, and 
 took it with her undiscovered in the night. But when she 
 arrived at the place where her captors had left their wives, 
 which was not far distant, they began to examine the bun- 
 dle, and finding the child, one of the women took it from 
 her, and killed it on the spot. 
 
 Basil. That was very terrible indeed. 
 
 Hunter. This last piece of barbarity gave her such a 
 disgust to those Indians, that, notwithstanding the man who 
 took care of her treated her in every respect as his wife, and 
 was, she said, remarkably kind to her, and very fond of her, 
 she was so far from being able to reconcile herself to any 
 of the tribe, that she rather chose to expose herself to want 
 and misery, than to live in ease and affluence among 
 persons who had so cruelly murdered her infant. 
 
 INDIAN CANOES. 
 
C, DRUM. d, d, RATTLES. C, DRUM. /, MYSTERY WHISTLE. 
 
 g, UEEll SKIN FLUTE. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Musical instruments — Whistles, lutes, rattles, and drums — War 
 whistle and deer-skin Jlute—The beggars' dance — The doctors' 
 dance — The pipe dance — The black drink — The green corn dance — 
 The dog dance— The discovery dance — The slave dance — The scalp 
 dance—The sham scalp dance — The eagle dance — The snow shoe 
 dance — The straw dance— The bear dance — The war dance— Sham 
 fight of the Mandan boys. 
 
 EVER, sure, did young people cut a 
 ^'^ more grotesque appearance, than did 
 •^ Austin, Brian, and Basil Edwards, in 
 their attempt to get up a buffalo 
 dance. Each had a mat over his shoul- 
 ders, and a brown paper mask over his 
 face ; two wooden pegs on a string made a 
 very respectable pair of horns ; bows and 
 arrows were in abundance ; a child's rattle and drum, with 
 the addition of an iron spoon and a wooden trencher, sup- 
 plied them with music; and neither Mandan, Pawnee, 
 Crow, Sioux, Blackfoot, nor Camanchee, could have 
 reasonably complained of the want of either noise or 
 
 confusion. 
 
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 fi' 
 
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 I, 
 
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 168 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 I 1 
 
 >>'. 
 
 Then, again, they were very successful in bringing buffa- 
 Ides, without which the dance, excellent as it was, would 
 have been but an unsatisfactory affair. Black Tom had 
 been prudently shut up in the tool house, and Jowler tied 
 up to a tree hard by, so that, when it became expedient for 
 buffaloes to appear, the prison house of Black Tom was 
 opened, and Jowler was set at liberty. All things con- 
 sidered, the affair went off remarkably well. 
 
 " We are come to hear of the bear dance, and the dog 
 dance, and the beggars' dance, and the green corn dance," 
 said Austin to the hunter, on the following day, when a 
 visit was paid to the cottage. The hunter, with his accus- 
 tomed kindness to the young people, lost no time in en- 
 tering on his narrative. " You must not forget," said he, 
 " that many of the dances of the Indians partake of a reli- 
 gious character, for in them reverence and adoration are 
 freely offered. The Indian's worship of the Great Spirit, 
 as I have already told you, is mingled with much of 
 ignorance and superstition, whether in dances or in other 
 observances; yet do they, at times, so heartily humble 
 themselves before him, as to leave a deep impression of 
 their sincerity. I have not as yet described their music, 
 and therefore will do it now." 
 
 Austin. Yes. Now for the music of the Red Indians. 
 Hunter. If you ever go among them, and mingle in 
 their dances, you must not expect to have a band of music 
 such as you have in England. Whistle s, flutes, rattles, and 
 drums are almost all their musical instruments. You would 
 be surprised at the music that some of the young Indians 
 produce with the mystery whistle. 
 
 Jiustin. Why is it called the mystery whistle ? 
 Hunter. I have already told you that the red man calls 
 every thmg mystery, or medicine, that is surprising ; and as 
 tlie notes of this whistle are particularly sweet, it may be 
 called mystery whistle on this account. There is another 
 whistle that is very much in request among the Indians, and 
 that is the war whistle. The onset and the retreat in 
 
MODES OP DANCING. 
 
 169 
 
 battle are sounded on this instrument by the leading chi f, 
 who never goes on an expedition without it. It is made 
 of bone, and sometimes it is formed of the leg bone of a 
 large bird. The shrill scream-like note which is the signal 
 for rushing on an enemy, would make you start. 
 
 Brian. What sort of a drum do they use ? Is it a kettle 
 drum? 
 
 Hunter. No. It is merely a piece of raw hide, stretched 
 as tight as it can be pulled over a hoop. Some of their 
 drums have but one end, or surface to beat upon, while 
 others have two. What they would do in their dances 
 without their drums 1 do not know, for in them you hear 
 the rub, dub, dub, dub continually. Their rattles are of 
 different kinds, some much larger than others ; but the 
 principle on which they are formed is the same, that is, of 
 inclosing stones of different sizes in hard, dry, raw hide. 
 
 Austin. Have they no trumpets, and cymbals, and clar- 
 ionets, and violins ? 
 
 Hunter. No, nothing of the kind. They have a deer- 
 skin flute, on which very tolerable music is made ; but after 
 all, it must be admitted that Red Indians arc much better 
 buffalo hunters than they are musicians. 
 
 */lustin. Ay ; they are quite at home in hunting buffaloes. 
 
 Hunter. Yes; and they are at home, too, in danc- 
 ing, being extremely agile. Some of their dances are so 
 hideous that you would be disgusted with them, while others 
 would keep you laughing till you knew not what to do 
 with yourselves. 
 
 Brian. You must please to i?ll us about these dances. 
 
 Hunter. Dancing is a very favourite amusement of the 
 Indians ; though it is, for the most part, of a character so 
 different from that of dancing in civilized life, that few 
 people, ignorant of its meaning and allusions, would like it. 
 The body is so continually in a stooping attitude, and the 
 gestures and grimaces appear to be so unmeaning, that at 
 first it leaves an impression that they are making game of 
 dancing, rather than entering into it in right earnest. There 
 W 15 
 
 :l- 
 
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 170 
 
 BEGGARS' UANCE. 
 
 '(, !■ 
 
 is such creeping, and jumping, and starting, that a spectator 
 can make but httlc of it. 
 
 */3itstin. I can fancy that I see a party joining in the 
 buffalo dance now, with their masks over their faces. Please 
 to tell us of the bear dance. 
 
 Hunter. By and by. I will describe a few other dances 
 first. The beggars' dance is undertaken to prevail on such 
 of the spectators as abound in comforts to offer gifts to those 
 who are more scantily provided with them. It is danced 
 by the young men who stand high in the tribe. These 
 shake their rattles, hold up their pipes, and brandish their 
 lances, while they dance ; chanting an odd strain, at the top 
 of their voices, in praise of the Great Spirit, and imploring 
 him to dispose the lookers-on to give freely. The dancers 
 are all naked, with the exception of a sort of kilt formed 
 of quills and feathers; and a medicine man keeps on all 
 the time beating furiously on a drum with a rattle, and hal- 
 looing out as loud as he can raise his voice. 
 
 Jlustin. That ought to be called the begghig dance, and 
 not the beggars' dance; for the dancers do not beg for them- 
 selves, but for others. 
 
 Hunter. You see that the object of ; dance is a good 
 one ; for many a skin, or pouch, or pipe, or other necessary 
 article is given by the spectators to those of tlieir tribe who 
 need them. It is not common among the Indians for 
 their aged men and mystery men to mingle in the dance, 
 and yet I have seen, on especial occasions, a score of them 
 jumping and capering in a way very creditable to their 
 agility. The Sioux have a dance *lthat ought to be called 
 the doctors' dnnce, or the dance of the chiefs. 
 
 Brian. What, do the doctors dance in it ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes ; while a medicine man beats his drum, and 
 a party of young women sing, the chiefs of the tribe and 
 the doctors make their appearance, splendidly attired in 
 their costliest head dresses, carrying a spear in one hand 
 and a rattle in the other. Every movement is strictly regu- 
 lated by the beat of the drum, and the dance by degrees 
 
 •'■ 111 
 
TIIK PIPE DANCE. 
 
 171 
 
 becomes more and more spirited, until you would suppose 
 the party must be exhausted ; but nu'n so mueh in the open 
 air, and whose Hmhs are so httle restrained by bandui^es 
 and tight clotiiing, can bear a great deal of fatigue. The 
 pipe dance of the Assinneboins is one of their most animated 
 amusements. 
 
 Basil. Oil ! do tell us about the pipe dance. 
 
 Hunter. In the ground in the centre of the village, a fire 
 is lighted, and a party assemble round it ; every one smok- 
 ing his pipe, as he sits on his f'uflalo skin, as though nothing 
 was farther from his thoughts than dancing. While these 
 are whifRng away at a distance from the fire, a mystery 
 man, who sits nearer to the flame, smokes a longer pipe, 
 grunting at the same time a kind of tune. Suddenly is 
 heard the rub-a-dub of a drum, or the beat of some other 
 instrument of the same kind ; when instantly starts to his 
 feet one of the smokers, hopping like a parched pea, spin- 
 ning round like a top, and starting and jumping, at every 
 beat of the drum, in a very violent manner. In this way 
 he goes round the smokers, seemingly threatening them all, 
 and at last pounces upon one of them, whom he compels to 
 dance in the tame manner as himself. The new dancer 
 acts his part like the former one, capering and jumping 
 round the smokers, and compelling another to join them. 
 Thus the dance continues till all of them are occupied, 
 when the hopping, the jumping, the frightful postures 
 into which they throw themselves, together with the grunt- 
 ing, growling, singing, hooting, and hallooing, are beyond 
 all belief. There are few dances of the Red Indians more 
 full of wild gestures and unrestrained turbulence than the 
 pipe dance. 
 
 Basil. I hope you have a good many more dances to tell 
 us of. 
 
 Hunter. The green corn dance of the Minatarees must 
 be described to you. Among Indian tribes, green corn is 
 a great luxury, and the time when it arrives is a time of 
 rejoicing. Dances, and songs of thanksgiving, are abun- 
 
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172 
 
 THE GREEN CORN DANCE. 
 
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 dant ; and the people give way not only to feasting, but 
 also to gluttony ; so that often, by abusing the abundance 
 in tiieir possession, they bring upon themselves tlie mise- 
 ries of want. The Red Indians liave very little forethought ; 
 to enjoy the present, and to trust the future to the Great 
 Spirit, is their constant practice. 
 
 t/Iustin. How long does the green corn dance last ? 
 
 Hunter. For eight or ten days, during which time there 
 is the most unbounded prodigality. Among many of the 
 tribes, the black drink, a very powerful medicine, is taken 
 two or three days before the feast, that the green corn may 
 be eaten with a sharp appetite and an empty stomach. 
 
 Brian. In wliat way does the green corn dance begin ? 
 
 Hunter. As soon as the corn is in a proper state — and 
 this is decided by the mystery men — runners are despatched 
 through the village, that all may assemble on the following 
 day to dance and feast. SulRcient corn for the required 
 purpose is gathered by the women, who have the fields 
 under their care, and a fire is made, over which a kettle, 
 with green corn in it, is kept boiling ; while medicine men, 
 whose bodies are strangely painted, or bedaubed with clay 
 of a white colour, dance round it in very uncouth attitudes, 
 with corn-stalks in their hands. o\\\ o 
 
 Austin. I dare say, while the pot is boiling, they are all 
 longing to begin the feast. 
 
 Hunter. The first kettle full is not for themselves, it is 
 an offering to the Great Spirit. There are many customs 
 among the Red Indians which cannot but bring the Jews to 
 our remembrance ; and this offering of the first kettle-full 
 of green corn does so very forcibly. The medicine men 
 round the fire shake their rattles, hold up their corn-stalks, 
 and sing loudly a song of thanksgiving, till the corn is suffi- 
 ciently boiled ; it is then put over the fire, and consumed to 
 a cinder. Before this offering is made, none of the Indians 
 would dare to taste of the luxurious fare ; but, afterwards, 
 their appetite is unrestrained. 
 
 Jiustin. Then they begin to boil more corn, I suppose. 
 
I I 
 
 THE DISCOVERY UANCE, 
 
 ITH 
 
 Hunter. A fresh fire is made, a fresh kettle of corn is 
 prepared, and the dance goes on ; the medicine men keep- 
 ing close ronnd the fire, and the others capering and shout- 
 ing in a hirger circle, their energy increasing as the feast 
 approaches nearer and nearer. The chiefs and medicine 
 men then sit down to the feast, followed by the whole of 
 the tribe, keeping up their festivity day after day, till the 
 corn-field has little more grain remaining in it than what is 
 necessary for seed. You have heard the saying, " Wilful 
 waste brings woful want." The truth of this saying is 
 set fortli, not only in civilized life, but also among the Red 
 Indians of North America. 
 
 Basil. I wonder what dance will come next. 
 
 Hunter. I need not describe many others. If I run rap- 
 idly through half a dozen more, and dwell a little on the 
 bear dance and the war dance, you will then have heard 
 quite enough about dances. One of the most favourite 
 dances of the Sioux is the dog dance, though I shall say 
 but a few words on the subject, for it is a disgusting scene. 
 The hearts and livers of dogs, cut into shreds, are hung up, 
 bleeding, about as high as a man's mouth ; and the dancers, 
 after boasting loudly of their courage, and valorous exploits, 
 approach the livers and hearts, biting off a piece and eating 
 it, every action agreeing to the time beat by the music. 
 None but such as have taken scalps from their enemy, are 
 allowed to join in this dance. They boast that they have 
 eaten of the hearts of their foes, as they then do of the heart 
 and liver of the dogs. 
 
 Brian. I do not like that dance at all. It is all cruel, 
 from one end of it to the other. 
 
 Basil. They have no business to kill their poor dogs in 
 that way. 
 
 Hunter. The discovery dance of the Sacs and Foxes is 
 of a different kind, for that is agreeable. While the dance 
 is going on, the dancers pretend to discover an enemy, or 
 some kind of game, such as a buffalo, a bear, or a deer ; 
 
 and their attitudes, in such cases, are very striking and 
 
 15* 
 
174 
 
 THE SCALP DANCE. 
 
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 V '(i\ 
 
 appropriate. It is also among the Sacs and Foxes that the 
 slave dance prevails. 
 
 Jiustin. What ! have the Red Indians slaves among 
 them? 
 
 Hunter. Not exactly in the way in which you imagine ; 
 but there are slavish duties to be performed for the tribe, 
 and such young men as wish to be free from the perform- 
 ance of them, agree to become slaves for the space of two 
 years, after which time they are exempt from such servi- 
 tude, and are allowed to join in war parties. The slave 
 dance is performed by young men of this description. The 
 scalp dance is in use among the Sioux or Dahcotas. 
 
 Brian. I am afraid the scalp dance is a very terrible one. 
 
 Hunter. It is rather a fearful exhibition ; for women, in 
 the centre of a circle, hold up :tnd wave about the scalps 
 vvhich have been torn from the slaughtered foes of the tribe, 
 while the warriors draw avound them in the most furious 
 attitudes, brandishing their war clubs, lUtering the most 
 hideous howls and screams. The Red Indians have many 
 good qualities, but cruelty seems to mingle with their very 
 nature ; every thing is done among them that can be done, 
 vo keep alive the desire to shed blood. The highest act a 
 red man can perform, and that which he thinks the most 
 useful to his tribe, and the most acceptable to the Great 
 Spirit, is to destroy an enemy, and to tear away his scalp 
 as a trophy of his valour. If it were only for this one trait 
 in the Indian character, even this would be sufficient to con- 
 vince every humane person, and 'ispecially evt ry Christian, 
 of the duty and great advantage of spreading among them 
 the mercy-loving principles of Christianity. A holy influ- 
 ence is necessary to teaoh the untutored red man to forgive 
 his enemies, to subdu'j his anger, to abate his pride, and to 
 stay his hand in shedding human blood. The new com- 
 mandment must be put in his heart- «A new command- 
 ment I give unto you. That ye lovo one finother." John 
 xiii. 34. The Mandan boys used to join in a sham scalp 
 dance, in which they conducted themselves just Uke war- 
 
THE STRAW DANCE. 
 
 175 
 
 riors returning from a victorious enterprise against their 
 enemies. 
 
 Basil. They arc all sadly fond of fighting. 
 
 Hunter. In the brave dance of the Ojibbeways, there is 
 plenty of swaggering : the dancers seem as if they knew 
 not how to be proud enough of their warlike exploits. Tlie 
 eagle dance, among the Choctaws, is an elegant amusement ; 
 and the snow shoe dance, of the Ojibbeways, is a very 
 amusing one. 
 
 Brian. Please tell us about them both. 
 
 Hunter. J must not stay to describe them particularly : it 
 will be enough to say, that, in the one, the dancers are 
 painted white, and that they move about waving in theii- 
 hands the tail of the eagle ; in the other — which is per- 
 formed on the first fall of snow, in honoi'r of the Great 
 Spirit — the dancers wear snow shoes, which, projecting far 
 before and behind their feet, givo them in the dance a most 
 strange and laughable appearaiice. 
 
 Brian. I should very much like to see that dance ; there 
 is nothing cruel in it at all. 
 
 Basil. And I sho ild like to see the eagle dance, for there 
 is no cruelty in that either. 
 
 Hunter. The straw dance, is a Sioux dance of a very 
 curious description. Loose straws are tied to the bodies of 
 naked children ; these straws are then set on fire, and the 
 children are required to dance, without uttering any expres- 
 sion of pain. This practice is intended to make them hardy^ 
 that They may become the better warriors. 
 
 Basil. That is one of the strangest dances of all. Why, 
 the poor children must be sadly burned ! 
 
 Hunter. I will now say a little about the bear dance, and 
 the war dance. The bear dance is performed by the Sioux 
 before they set off on a bear hunt. If the bear dance were 
 left unperformed they would hardly hope for success. The 
 Bear spirit, if this honour were not paid to him, would be 
 offended, and prevent their success in llie chase. 
 
 Jiustin. What! do the Sioux think tliere is a Bear spirit? 
 
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 176 
 
 THE WAR DANCE. 
 
 BEAR DANCE. 
 
 Hunter. Yes. The number of spirits of one kind or 
 other, believed in by the Indians, is very great. In the 
 bear dance, the principal performer has a bear skin over 
 him, the head of it hanging over his head, and the paws 
 over his hands. Others have masks of bears' faces ; and 
 all of them, throughout the dance, imitate the actions of a 
 bear. They stoop down, they dangle their hands, and 
 make frightful noises, besides singing to the Bear spirit. If 
 you can imagine twenty bears dancing to the music of the 
 rattle, whistle, and drum, making odd gambols, and yelling 
 out the most frightful noises, you will have some notion of 
 the bear dance among the Dahcotas. 
 
 Brian. Now for the war dance : that is come at last. 
 
 Hunter. It is hardly possible to conceive a more arrest- 
 ing spectacle than that of the war dance among the Sioux : 
 it exhibits Indian manners on the approach of war. As, 
 among civilized people, soldiers are raised either by recruit- 
 ing or other means ; so, among the Red Indians, something 
 like recruiting prevails. The red pipe is sent through the 
 tribe, and every one who draws a whiff up the stem, thereby 
 declares he is willing to join the war party. The warriors 
 then assemble together, painted vermilion and other colours, 
 
DIFFICULT LESSON, 
 
 177 
 
 and dressed in their war clothes, with their weapons and 
 their war-eagle head dresses. 
 
 Jiustin. What a sight that must be ! 
 
 Hunter. When the mystery man has stuck up a red post 
 in the ground, and begun to beat his drum, tlie warriors 
 advance, one after another, brandishing their war clubs, and 
 striking the red post a violent blow, while the mystery man 
 sings their death song. When the warriors have struck the 
 post, they blacken their faces, and all set to dancing around 
 it. The shrill warwhoop ia screamed aloud, and frantic 
 gestures and frightful yells show, but too plainly, that there 
 will be very little mercy extended to the enemy that falls 
 into their hands. 
 
 Brian. That war dance would make me tremble. 
 
 Hunter. The Mandan boys used to assemble at the back 
 of their village, every morning, as soon as the sun was in 
 the skies, to practise sham fighting. Under the guidance 
 and directions of their ablest and most courageous braves 
 and warriors, they were instructed in all the mysteries of 
 war. The preparation, the ambush, the surprise, the 
 combat and the retreat, were made familiar to them : thus 
 were they bred unejir7»m their youth to delight in warfare, 
 and to long for o^iortunities of using their tomahawks and 
 scalping knives against their foes. 
 
 When you next come to the cottage, I will give you an 
 account of the cruel customs of the mystery lodge of the 
 Mandans ; with the hope that it will increase your abhor- 
 rence of cruelty and bloodshed, render you more than ever 
 thankful for the blessings of peace, and more anxious for 
 that peace^f God that passeth all understanding. The 
 hardest of all lessons, now, to a red man, is, as 1 have 
 before intimated, to forgive his enemies ; but when, through 
 Divine mercy, his knowledge is extended, and his heart 
 opened to receive the truths of the gospel, he will be enabled 
 to understand, to love, and to practise the injunction of the 
 Saviour, " Love your enemies, bless them that curse you. 
 
 M 
 
 ■Ml !> :Ji 
 
178 DESCRIPTION OF PE-TO H-PEE-KIS S. 
 
 do good to them tliat hate you, and pray for tliem whicli 
 despitefuUy use you, and persecute you," Matt. v. I. Be 
 fore you leave me, pray look at this sketch which Mr 
 Catlin gave me, Pe-toh-pee-kiss, the eagle ribs, a brave ol 
 the Blackfeet tribe. He boasted of eight scalps which he 
 said he had taken from the heads of trappers and traders 
 with his own hands. His dress was covered with scalp 
 locks of white men and Indians. His head dress is of ermine 
 skins with ornaments of buffalo herns. The buffalo horns 
 are shaved thin so as to be light. They are a badge of 
 courage and distinction. Is he not a fierce looking fellow ? 
 
 I .:lid: ^ 
 
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 v:..r-s, 
 
INTKRIOR OF A MYSTERY LODQE. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The mystery lodge of the Mandans, to appease the good and evil spirits 
 — The Great Canoe — The unknown man from the prairie — The old 
 mystery man — The bull dance — Preparing young warriors for 
 hardships and dangers — The tortures inflicted — The self-possession 
 of the young men — The last run — Fainting and recovery of the 
 tortured Indians — The speech of Logan, an Indian chief— Address 
 of the Seneca Indians to Governor Clinton — Address of the chiefs 
 of the same tribe — Speech of a warrior — Speech of Red Jacket, in 
 reply to a miss 'onary. 
 
 NDOUBTEDLY it was well 
 for Austin Edwards and his 
 brothers, that their acquaint- 
 ance with their friend, tlie 
 hunter, commenced during one 
 of their holidays, so that they were 
 enabled to pay him a visit more fre- 
 quently than they otherwise could 
 have done. The life led by the 
 hunter would have been far too soli- 
 for most people; but his long wanderings in the 
 
 16 161 
 
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 1S2 
 
 INDIFFERENCE TO PAIN. 
 
 extended praires, and his long sojournings in places remote 
 from society, had rendered the quiet tranquillity of country 
 scenes pleasant to him : yet. still, as variety has its charms, 
 it afforded him a pleasant change, whenever the three 
 brothers visited the cottage. 
 
 In his younger days, he had entered on the life of a 
 hunter and trapper with much ardour. To pursue the 
 buffalo, or more properly speaking the bison, of the prairie, 
 the deer, and other animals, and to mingle with the differ- 
 ent tribes of Red Indians, was his delight. With wild ani- 
 mals and wild men he became familiar, and even the very 
 dangers that beset his path gave an added interest to his 
 pursuits ; but his youth was gone, his manhood was declin- 
 ing into years, and the world that he once looked upon as 
 an abiding dwelling place, he now regarded as the pathway 
 to a better home. 
 
 Time was, when to urge the arrow or the spear into the 
 heart of the flying prey for mere diversion, and to join in 
 the wild war-whoop of contending tribes, was congenial to 
 his spirit ; but his mind had been sobered, so that now to 
 practise forbearance and kindness was far more pleasant, 
 than to indulge in cruelty and revenge. He looked on 
 mankind as one great family, which ought to dwell in 
 
 brotherly love ; and he 
 
 regarded the 
 
 animal creation as 
 
 given by a Heavenly Hand, for the use, and not the abuse, 
 of man. 
 
 In relating the scenes in which he had mingled in earlier 
 years, he was aware that he could not avoid calling up, in 
 some measure, in the youthful hearts of his auditors, the 
 natural desire to see what was new, and strange, and won- 
 derful, without reflecting a moment on the good or the evil 
 of the thing set before them : but he endeavoured to blend 
 with his descriptions, such remarks as would lead them to 
 love what was right, and to hate what was wrong. Re- 
 garding the Indian tribes as an injured people, he sought to 
 set before his young friends the wrongs and oppressions 
 
THE GREAT CANOE. 
 
 183 
 
 )rGssions 
 
 practised on the red man ; that they might sympathise with 
 his trials, and feel interested for his welfare. 
 
 The few words that had dropped from his lips, about the 
 ordeal through which the Red Indians pass before they are 
 allowed to join war parties, had awakened Austin's curi- 
 osity. Nor was it long before, seated with his brothers in 
 the cottage, he was listening to the whole account. "Please 
 to begin at the very beginning," said he, "and I shall not 
 lose a single word." 
 
 Hunter. The Sioux, the Crows, the Sacs, the Ojibbe- 
 ways, the Camanchees, and the Chippeways, all exhibit 
 astonishing proofs of patience and endurance under pain ; 
 but in none of the tribes has ever such torture been inflicted, 
 or such courage witnessed, in enduring torment, as among 
 the JNIandans. 
 
 Brian. Now we shall hear. 
 
 Hunter. The Mandans, who, as I have already told you, 
 lived, when I was a hunter, on the Upper Missouri, held a 
 mystery lodge every year; and this was, indeed, a very 
 solemn gathering of the tribe. I was never present in the 
 lodge on this occasion, but will give you the description of 
 an eye-witness. 
 
 Basil. Why did they get together ? What did they do ? 
 
 Hunter. You shall hear. The mystery lodge, or it may 
 be called the religious meeting, was held, first, to appease 
 the wrath, and secure the protection, of the good and the 
 evil spirits ; secondly, to celebrate the great flood, which 
 they believed took place a long time ago ; thirdly, to per- 
 form the bull dance, to bring buff'aloes ; and, fourthly, to 
 try the strength, courage, and endurance of their young 
 men, that they might know who were the most worthy 
 among them, and the most to be relied on in war parties. 
 
 *dustin. How come the Mandans to know any thing 
 about the flood, if they have no Bibles ? 
 
 Hunter. That I cannot tell. Certain it is, that they had 
 a large high tub, called the Great Canoe, in the centre of 
 their village, set up in commemoration of the flood ; and 
 
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 THE MANDAN MV8TERY LODGE. 
 
 that they iicld the mystery lodge when tlie willow leaves 
 were in their prime under the river bank, because, they 
 said, a bird had brought a willow bough in full leaf to the 
 Great Canoe in the flood. 
 
 *dustin. Why, it is just as if they had read the Bible. 
 
 Hunter. The fact of the deluge, however they came by 
 it, had undoubtedly been handed down among them by 
 tradition for many generations : but I must go on with my 
 account of the Mandan gathering. The mystery lodge was 
 opened by a strange looking man, whom no one seemed to 
 know, and who came from the prairie. This odd man 
 called for some edge tool at every wigwam in the village ; 
 and all these tools, at the end of the ceremonies, were cast 
 into the river from a high bank ; as an offering, I suppose, 
 to the Water spirit. After opening the mystery lodge, and 
 appointing a medicine man to preside, he once more disap- 
 peared on the prairie. 
 
 Brian. What an odd thing ! 
 
 Hunter. There were two or three score young men in 
 the lodge, candidates for reputation among the tribe, having 
 presented themselves to undergo the prescribed tortures. 
 As they reclined in the lodge, every one had hung up over 
 his head, his shield, his bow and quiver, and his medicine 
 bag. The young men were painted different colours. The 
 old mystery man appointed to superintend the ceremonies, 
 sat by a fire in the middle of the lodge, smoking leisurely 
 with his medicine pipe, in honour of the Great Spirit ; and 
 there he sat for four days, and as many nights, during which 
 the young men neither tasted bit nor drop, nor were they 
 allowed to close their eyes. 
 
 Basil. It was enough to kill them all. 
 
 Hunter. On the floor of the lodge were buffalo and 
 human skulls, and sacks filled with water, shaped like tur- 
 tles, or rather tortoises, with sticks by them. During each 
 of the four days, the bull dance was performed over and 
 over again, by Indians painted, and wearing over them 
 whole buffalo skins, with tails, and hoofs, and horns, while 
 
DREADFUL TORTURES 
 
 185 
 
 in their hands they carried rattles and long thin whitf? 
 wands, and bore on their backs bundles of green boughs 
 of the willow. Some of the dancers were painted red, to 
 represent the day ; and others black, with stars, to resemble 
 the night. During these bull dances, which took place 
 round the Great Canoe, the tops of the wigwams were 
 crowded with people. 
 
 Jiuatin. I want to hear about the young Indians in the 
 lodge, and that old fellow the mystery man. 
 
 Hunter. The superstitious and cruel practices of tlie 
 mystery lodge, are too fearful to dwell upon. I shall only 
 just glance at them, that you may know, in some degree, 
 the kind of trials the young Indians have to endure. 
 While the bull dances were going on, mystery men, inside 
 the lodge, were beating on the water sacks with sticks, and 
 animating the young men to act courageously, telling them 
 that the Great Spirit was sure to support them. Splints, 
 or wooden skewers, were then run through the flesh on the 
 back and breasts of the young warriors, and they were 
 hoisted up, with cords fastened to the splints, towards the 
 top of the lodge. Not a muscle of their features expressed 
 fear or pam. 
 
 Basil. Shocking! shocking! 
 
 Brian. That must be very bad, indeed. 
 
 Hunter. After this, other splints were run through their 
 arms, thighs, and legs ; and on these were hung their shields, 
 
 arms, and medicine 
 
 bags. 
 
 In this situation they were 
 
 taunted, and turned round with pol* s till they fainted ; and 
 when, on being let down again, tii v recovered, each of 
 them had the little finger of his left hand chopped off on the 
 skull of a buffalo. After this, they were hurried along 
 between strong and fleet runners : !his was called " the last 
 race," round and round the Great ( anoe, till the weight of 
 their arms having pulled the splints from their bodies, they 
 once more fainted, and in this state, apparently dead, they 
 were left to themselves, to live or die, as the Great Spirit 
 might determine. 
 
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186 
 
 INDIAN SPEECHES. 
 
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 Austin. I should think that hardly any of them would 
 ever come to life again. 
 
 Hunter. Nor would they, under common circumstances ; 
 but, when we consider that these young men had fasted for 
 four days, and lost much blood in their tortures, there was 
 not much danger of inflammation from their wounds, and 
 their naturally strong constitutions enabled them to recover. 
 All these tortuies were willingly undertaken ; nor would any 
 one of those who endured them, on any account whatever, 
 have evaded them. To propitiate the Great Spirit, and to 
 stand well in the estimation of his own tribe, are the two 
 highest objects in the mind of a Red Indian. 
 
 Brian. I do not think that white men could endure so 
 much. 
 
 Hunter. We may at least learn, from these superstitious 
 cruelties, to feel shame when we manifest loss of temper 
 and want of patience, under our lighter trials. ^' irely, we 
 should blush, with all our advantages, to be outdone by an 
 unlettered Indian. The pale faces ought not to be severe 
 in condemnation of red men, in the midst of all their super- 
 stition ; for they have been brought up in ignorance of 
 better things. With them, revenge is virtue ; and the white 
 man, instead of teaching them better, has taken advantage 
 of their failings, setting them one against another, and rob- 
 bing them and oppressing them without mercy. 
 
 t/lustin. I should like to be a friend to the red men. 
 
 Hunter. We may all be friends to them, by encouraging 
 in our hearts a desire to serve them, and by putting that 
 desire into practice whenever we have the opportunity. I 
 believe, that you had rather pray for a red man than cheat 
 him of his lands, and would send him a Bible rather than a 
 tomahawk. The time may come, when he will be better 
 instructed, forsaking his wild superstitions, and embracing 
 the truths of Christianity. Should you like to hear two or 
 three speeches of the Red Indians ? Many of them, in their 
 wild way, are very eloquent. 
 
 •dust in. The very thing. That will just please me. ^ 
 
SPECIMEN OP INDIAN ELOQUENCE. 187 
 
 Brian. Yes ; I shall like tiiat very well. 
 
 Basil. And I too. I shall fancy them dressed up in all 
 their finery. 
 
 Hunter. I will, then, first read to you a specimen of 
 Indian eloquence. Logan, the celebrated Indian chief, who 
 had long been a zealous partisan of the English, and had 
 often distinguished himself in their service, was taken pris- 
 oner, and brought before the General Assembly of Virginia, 
 who hesitated whether he shbuld be tried before a court 
 martial, or at the criminal bar for high treason. Logan 
 interrupted their deliberations, and stated to the assembly 
 that they had no jurisdiction to try him ; that he owed no 
 allegiance to the king of England, being an Indian chief, 
 independent of every nation. In answer to their inquiries, 
 as to his motives for taking up arms against the English, he 
 is said thus to have addressed the assembly : — 
 
 "I appeal to any white man, to say if ever he entered 
 Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat ; if ever 
 he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During 
 thr, course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained 
 idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love 
 for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, 
 and said, ' Logan is the friend of white men.' I had even 
 thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one 
 man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and 
 unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even 
 sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop 
 of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This 
 called on me for revenge. I have sought it : I have killed 
 many : I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my coun- 
 try, I rejoice at the beams of peace : but do not harbour a 
 thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear : 
 he will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there 
 to mourn for Logan ? Not one." 
 
 This pathetic and affecting speech touched the sensibility 
 of all who heard him. The General Assembly applauded 
 his noble sentiments, and immediately set him at liberty. 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
188 ADDRESS OF THE SENECA INDIANS. 
 
 Every family in Virginia vied with each other which should 
 entertain him the best, or show him the most respect ; and 
 he returned to his native country, loaded with presents and 
 honours. 
 
 Jiustin. That is a famous speech, however. 
 
 Brian. Poor Logan ! I am glad he was set at liberty. 
 
 Basil, And so am I. 
 
 Hunter. Here is an address of the Seneca Indians, to 
 Governor Clinton, that I have in print. I will read it to you. 
 
 " Father — We feel that the hand of our God has long 
 been heavy on his red children. For our sins, he has 
 brought us low, and caused us to melt away before our 
 white brothers, as snow before the fire. His ways are per- 
 fect ; he regardeth not the complexion of men. God is ter- 
 rible in judgment. All men ought to fear before him. He 
 putteth down and buildeth up, and none can resist him. 
 
 " Father — The Lord of the whole earth is strong ; this is 
 our confidence. He hath power to build up, as well as to 
 put down. Will he keep his anger forever ? Will he pursue 
 to destruction the workmanship of his own hands, and strike 
 off a race of men from the earth, whom his care had so long 
 preserved from so many perils ? 
 
 « Father — We thank you, that you feel anxious to do all 
 you can for the perishing ruins of your red children. We 
 hope, father, you will make a fence, strong and high, 
 around us, that the wicked white men may not devour us 
 at once, but let us live as long as we can. We are persuaded 
 you will do this for us, because our field is laid waste and 
 trodden down by every beast ; we are feeble, and cannot 
 resist them. 
 
 "Father — We are persuaded you will do this, for the 
 sake of our white brothers, lest God, who has appeared so 
 strong in building up white men and putting down Indians, 
 should turn his hand and visit our white brothers for their 
 sins, and call them to an account for all the wrongs they 
 have done them, and all the wrongs they have not prevented, 
 
 
ADDRESS OP THE SENECA INDIANS. 180 
 
 that it was in their power to prevent, to their poor red 
 brothers, who have no helper." 
 
 Brian. I Hke those speeches very much indeed. 
 
 Hunter. The following is an address of the chiefs of the 
 same people, the Seneca tribe. I have it, you see, in the 
 same printed book. 
 
 « The sachems, chiefs, and warriors of the Seneca nation, 
 to the sachems and chiefs assembled about the great council 
 fire of the state of New York. 
 
 « Brothers — As you are once more assembled in council, 
 for the purpose of doing honour to yourselves and justice 
 to your country, we, your brothers, the sachems, chiefs, and 
 warriors of the Seneca nation, request you to open your 
 ears, and give attention to our voice and wishes. 
 
 " Brothers — You will recollect the late contest between 
 you and your father, the great king of England. This con- 
 test threw the inhabitants of this whole island into a great 
 tumult and commotion, like a raging whirlwind, which 
 tears up the trees, and tosses to and fro the leaves, so that 
 no one knows from whence they come, or where they will 
 fall. 
 
 " Brothers — This whirlwind was so directed, by the Great 
 Spirit above, as to throw into our arms, two of your infant 
 children, Jasper Parrish and Horatio Jones. We adopted 
 them into out families, and made them our children. We 
 loved them, and nourished them. They lived with us many 
 years. At length, the Great Spirit spoke to the whirlwind ; 
 and it was still. A clear and uninterrupted sky appeared. 
 The path of peace was opened, and the chain of friendship 
 was once more made bright. Then those, our adopted 
 children, left us to seek their relations. We wished them 
 to remain among us, and promised, if they would return 
 and live in our country, to give each of them a seat of land, 
 for them and their children to sit down upon. 
 
 "Brothers — They have returned, and have for several 
 years past been serviceable to us as interpreters. We 
 still feel our hearts beat with affection for them, and now 
 
 ! ; 
 
180 
 
 SPEECH OF A WARRIOR. 
 
 ■u 
 
 wish to fulfil the promise we made them, and to reward 
 them for their services. We have, therefore, made up our 
 minds to give them a seat of two square miles of land, lying 
 on the outlet of Lake Eric, about three miles below Black 
 Rock. 
 
 "Brothers — We have now made known to you our minds. 
 We expect, and earnestly request, that you will permit our 
 friends to receive this our gift, and will make the same good 
 to them, according to the laws and customs of your nation. 
 
 " Brothers — Why should you hesitate to make our mnids 
 easy, with regard to this our request ? To you it is but a 
 little thing; and have you not complied with the request, 
 and confirmed the gift of our brothers the Oneidas, the 
 Onondagas, and the Cayugas, to their interpreters? and 
 shall we ask, and not be heard ? 
 
 « Brothers — We send you this our speech, to which we 
 expect your answer before the breaking up of your great 
 council fire." 
 
 Jiustin. They seem to me to speak as well as white men 
 do. How I should like to hear one of those speeches from 
 a noble looking chief, with his robes and war-eagle plumes, 
 holding in his hand his spear or his bow and arrow ! 
 
 Hunter. I will now read you the speech of a warrior to 
 a party of his tribe, who were with him among the whites 
 when his chief died. It has long been known to the public. 
 
 " Do not grieve. Misfortunes will happen to the wisest 
 and best of men. Death will come, and always comes out 
 of season. It is the command of the Great Spirit, and all 
 nations and people must obey. What has passed, and can- 
 not be prevented, should not be grieved for. Be not dis- 
 couraged or displeased, then, that, in visiting your father 
 here, you have lost your chief. A misfortune of this kind 
 may never again befall you ; but this would have attended 
 you, perhaps, at your own village. Five times ^lave I 
 visited this land, and never returned with sorrow or pain. 
 Misfortunes do not flourish particularly in our path. They 
 grow every where. What a misfortune for me, that I could 
 
 
SPEECH OP RED JACKET. 
 
 191 
 
 not have died this day, instead of the chief that Hes before 
 us ! The trifling loss rr ,' nation would have sustained in 
 my death, would have been doubly paid for by the honours 
 of my burial. They would have wiped off every thing 
 like regret. Instead of being covered with a cloud of sor- 
 row, my warriors would have felt the sunshine of joy in 
 their hearts. To me it would have been a most glorious 
 occurrence. Hereafter, when I die at home — instead of a 
 noble grave and a grand procession, the rolling nuisic and 
 the thundering cannon, with a flag waving at my head — I 
 shall be wrapped in a robe, an old robe, perhaps, and hoisted 
 on a slender scaffold to the whistling winds, soon to be blown 
 to the earth, my flesh to be devoured by the wolves, and 
 my bones rattled on the plain by the wild beasts. 
 
 « Chief of the soldiers — Your labours have not been in 
 vain. Your attention shall not be forgotten. My nation 
 shall know the respect that is paid over the dead. When I 
 return, I will echo the sound of your guns." 
 
 Jlustin. Capital ! capital ! 
 
 Hunter. The speech about to be given you must be the 
 last. It is said to have been spoken by the chief called 
 Red Jacket, in reply to a missionary, and has been printed 
 in many books. 
 
 "Friend and brother — It was the will of the Great 
 Spirit that we should meet together this day. He orders 
 all things, and has given us a fine day for our council. He 
 has taken his garment from before the sun, and caused it to 
 shine with brightness upon us. Our eyes are opened, that 
 we see clearly; our ears are unstopped, that we have 
 been able to hear distinctly the words you have spoken. 
 For all these favours we thank the Great Spirit, and him 
 only. 
 
 " Brother — Listen to what we say. There was a time 
 when our forefathers owned this great island. Their seats 
 extended from the rising to the setting sun. The Great 
 Spirit had made it for the use of Indians. He had created 
 the buffalo, deer, and other animals, for food. He had 
 
 ■J 
 
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 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■ '-1 
 
tn 
 
 SPEECH OF RED JACKET. 
 
 H 
 
 made the bear and the beaver. Their skins served us for 
 clothing. He had scattered them on the earth, and taught 
 us how to tako them. He had caused the earth to produce 
 corn for bread. All this he had done for his red children, 
 because he loved them. But an evil day came upon us. 
 Your forefathers crossed the great water, and landed on this 
 island. Their numbers were small. They found friends, 
 and not enemies. They told us they fled from their own 
 country for fear of wicked men, and had come here to enjoy 
 their religion. They asked for a small seat. We took pity 
 on them, and granted their request; and they sat down 
 among us. We gave them corn and meat ; they gave us 
 poison in return. 
 
 « The white people had now found our country. Tidings 
 were carried back, and more came among us. Yet we did 
 not fear them. We took them to be friends. They called 
 us brothers. We believed them, and gave them a larger seat. 
 At length, their numbers had greatly increased. They 
 wanted more land. They wanted our country. Our eyes 
 were opened, and our minds became uneasy. Wars took place. 
 Indians were hired to iight against Indians, and many of our 
 people were destroyed. They also brought strong liquor 
 among us. It was strong and powerful, and has slain thou- 
 sands. 
 
 " Brother — Our seats were once large, and yours were 
 small. You have now become a great people and we 
 have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets. You 
 have got our country, but are not satisfied ; you want to 
 force your religion among us. 
 
 "Brother — Continue to listen. You say, that you are 
 sent to instruct us how to worship the Great Spirit agreea- 
 bly to his mind ; and, if we do not take hold of the religion 
 which you white people teach, we shall be unhappy here- 
 after. You say that you are right, and we are lost. How 
 do you know this to be true ? We understand that your 
 religion is written in a book. If it was intended for us as 
 well as you why has not the Great Spirit given to us, and 
 
SPEECH OF RED JACKET. 
 
 108 
 
 'ed us for 
 
 id taught 
 
 produce 
 
 children, 
 
 upon us. 
 
 sd on this 
 
 friends, 
 
 their own 
 
 to enjoy 
 
 took pity 
 
 sat down 
 
 y gave us 
 
 Tidings 
 et we did 
 ley called 
 irger seat. 
 id. They 
 Our eyes 
 ook place, 
 any of our 
 ng liquor 
 ilain thou- 
 
 •urs were 
 
 and we 
 
 3ts. You 
 
 I want to 
 
 you are 
 it agreea- 
 e religion 
 )py here- 
 t. How 
 hat your 
 for us as 
 > us, and 
 
 not only to us, but why did he not give to our forefathers, 
 the knowledge of that book, with the means of understand- 
 ing it rightly ? We only know what you tell us about it. 
 How shall we know when to believe, being so often 
 deceived by the white people ? 
 
 "Brother — You say, there is but one way to worship and 
 serve the Great Spirit. If there is but one religion, why 
 do you white people diifer so much about it ? Why not all 
 agreed, as you can all read the book ? 
 
 « Brother — We do not understand these things. We are 
 told that your religion was given to your forefathers, and 
 has been handed down fi'oni father to son. We also have 
 a religion, which was given to our forefathers, and was 
 handed down to their children. We worship in that way. 
 It teaches us to be thankful for all the favours we receive, 
 to love each other, and to be united. We never quarrel 
 about religion. 
 
 « Brother — The Great Spirit made us all ; but he has 
 made a great difference between his white and red 
 children. He has given us different complexions and dif- 
 ferent customs. To you he has given the arts. To these 
 he has not opened our eyes. We know these things to be 
 true. Since he has made so great a difference between us 
 in other things, why may we not conclude that he has given 
 us a different religion, according to our understanding? The 
 Great Spirit does right : he knows what is best for his chil- 
 dren. We are satisfied. 
 
 « Brother — ^We do not wish to destroy your religion, or 
 take it from you. We only wish to enjoy our own. 
 
 " Brother — We are told that you have been preaching to 
 the white people in this place. These people are our neigh- 
 bours. We are acquainted with them. We will wait a 
 little while, and see what effect your preaching has upon 
 them. If we find it does them good, makes them honest, 
 and less disposed to cheat Indians ; we will then consider 
 again of what you have said. 
 
 "Brother — You have now heard our answer to your 
 Z 17 
 
 r 
 
 i1 
 
194 
 
 PROPER MOTIVES. 
 
 ii ' 
 
 vi! 
 
 talk. This is all we have to say at present. As we are 
 going to part, we will come and take you by the hand, and 
 hope the Great Spirit will protect you in your journey, and 
 return you safe to your friends." 
 
 •Austin. I could not have believed that a Red Indian 
 could have made such a speech. 
 
 Hunter. You see by this speech, how deep an impression 
 the bad conduct of the whites had made on the minds of 
 the Indians ; and yet, with all this, there is a spirit of for- 
 bearance and uprightness in the remarks of Red Jacket 
 that we cannot but respect. The next time you visit me, I 
 shall have a great deal to tell you about braves, and war 
 parties, and encampments, and other things. In the mean- 
 time, think kindly of red men, and learn what you can 
 from them, showing as much patience, courage, and 
 untiring perseverance in the discharge of your duties, as thoy 
 do in the observance of their superstitions. Christians ought 
 not to come behind heathens in any good quality, but to go 
 before them, setting them an example ; for, where much is 
 given, much will be required. The higher the motive, the 
 better should be the act. Let our motive be the good of our 
 kind, and the glory of the Redeemer. Had this been the 
 end and object of all who have visited North America, the 
 red man would not have had the reasons he now has to look 
 on white men with suspicion and hatred, and to regard 
 them with desire of revenge. 
 
A WAR PARTY. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Poisoned arrows — Poison making — The deadly power of the poison — 
 Council of war — Enlisting — Preparation for battle — Indian mode 
 of fighting — A war party — A night march — A surprise — A village 
 attacked — The onset — The resistance — The retreat — False alarms — 
 Camanchee war party — Their chief in full dress, on his war horse — 
 The wounded Crow warriors — The mystery man — His useless at- 
 tempts to restore the wounded — Particulars of the death of Oceola, 
 the Seminole chief— The death of a Christian. 
 
 'I'*<i 
 
 li 
 
 HE day after that on 
 which Austin and his 
 brothers heard from the 
 the account of the mys- 
 tery lodge, and the sufferings of 
 the young Mandans before they 
 were thought equal to engage in a 
 war party, two or three httle acci- 
 dents occurred. In the first place, 
 Austin, in making a new bow, cut a deep gash in his fin- 
 ger: and, in the next, Brian and Basil, in scrambling 
 among the hedges in quest of straight twigs for arrows, met 
 
ffi ! 
 
 196 
 
 POISONED ARROWS. 
 
 |i i: 
 
 with their mishaps ; for Brian got a thorn in his thumb, 
 while Basil had a roll down the bank into a dry ditch. 
 
 It is always a good sign in young people, when they put 
 into practice any real or supposed good quality of which 
 they hear or read. The patience and endurance of the 
 young Mandans had called forth high commendations from 
 Austin, and it was evident, in the affair of the cut finger, 
 that he made a struggle, and a successful one too, in con- 
 trolling his feelings. With an air of resolution, he wrapped 
 the end of his pocket handkerchief tightly round the wound, 
 and passed off the occurrence as a matter of no moment. 
 Not a word escaped little Basil when he rolled into the 
 ditch ; nor Did Brian utter a single " oh !" when the thorn 
 was extracted from his thumb. 
 
 Then again, besides these acts of heroism, some very 
 creditable speeches were made by (he three brothers, espe- 
 cially by Austin, who, in tho character of a Red Indian, 
 feelingly lamented his wrongf. in being driven from the 
 hunting grounds of his fathers, and very freely and indig- 
 nantly condemned the white man's oppression and cruelty. 
 
 " You may depend upon it," said Austin, after some 
 conversation with Brian and Basil, on the subject of the 
 young Mandans, « that the next time we see the hunter, we 
 shall hear something about the way in which red men go 
 to war. The sham fight, and the preparation of the young 
 warriors, will be followed by some account of their battles." 
 In this shrewd supposition he was quite correct ; for, when 
 they next visited the cottage, the hunter proposed to speak 
 a little about councils, and encampments, and alarms, and 
 surprises, and attacks. The conversation was carried on in 
 the following manner. 
 
 Austin. How do the Indians poison their arrows ? 
 
 Hunter. By dipping the point of the arrow head into the 
 poison prepared. The head of the arrow, as I told you, is 
 put on very slightly, so that it remains in the wound when 
 the arrow is withdrawn. 
 
 W^ 
 
INDIAN MODE OF WARFARE. 
 
 107 
 
 Brian. Wlicro do tlicy get their poison? What is it 
 made of? 
 
 Hunter. No doubt there is some difference in the man- 
 ner 01 preparing poison among the different tribes. But, 
 usually, it is, I believe, composed of deadly vegetable sub- 
 stances, slowly boiled together, sometimes mingled with the 
 mortal poison of snakes and ants. This is prepared with 
 great care. Its strength is usually tried on a lizard, or 
 some other cold-blooded, slow-dying animal. It is rapid in 
 its effects; for, if a fowl'be wounded with a poisoned wea- 
 pon, it dies in a few minutes ; a cat dies in five minutes ; 
 a bison, in five or six ; and a horse, in ten. Jaguars and 
 deer live but a short time after they are thus wounded. If, 
 then, horses and bisons are so soon destroyed by the poison, 
 no wonder that men should be unable to endure its fatal 
 effects. Before war is determined on among the Indians, 
 a council is held with great solemnity. The chiefs, and 
 braves, and medicine men are assembled. Then the enlist- 
 ing takes place, which I have already described ; the war 
 dance is engaged in ; and the weapons are examined and 
 repaired. The chief, arrayed in full dress, leads on his 
 band. They march with silence and rapidity, and encamp 
 with great caution, appointing sentinels in every necessary 
 direction. Thus, lurking, skulking, and marching, they 
 reach the place of their destination. Another war council 
 is held, to decide on the mode of attack ; and then, with 
 rifles, war clubs, scalping knives, and bows and poisoned 
 arrows, they fall upon their unsuspecting foes. 
 
 Brian. It is very sad to fight with such weapons as 
 poisoned arrows. 
 
 Hunter. It is sad to fight with any kind of weapons ; 
 but, when once anger enters the heart, and the desire to 
 shed blood is called forth, no mode is thought too cruel that 
 will assist in obtaining a victory. The continual warfare 
 that is being carried on between Indian tribes, must be 
 afflictive to every humane and Christian spirit. None but 
 the God of peace can destroy the love of war in the hearts 
 
 17* 
 
 it 
 
 ]l': 
 
 I 
 
 
 > 
 
198 
 
 A WAR PARTY. 
 
 I: 
 
 of either red or white men. Indians fight in a way very 
 different to civiUzed people ; for they depend more on cun- 
 ning, stratagem, and surprise, than on skill and courage. 
 Almost all their attacks are made under cover of night, or 
 when least expected. A war party will frequently go great 
 distances, to fall upon a village or encampment on a quarter 
 most accessible. To effect their object, they will hide for 
 any length of time in the forest, sleep in the long grass, 
 lurk in the ravine, and skulk at nightfall around the place 
 to be attacked. 
 
 jlustin. Did you ever go out with the Indians to fight ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes. For some time I was treated very hospi- 
 tably among the Crows, near the Rocky Mountains ; and 
 as they had determined to go on one of their war parties, 
 "vhich I could not prevent, I resolved to go along with them, 
 to watch their way of proceeding. 
 
 *Au,stin. Do tell us all about it. 
 
 Hunter. It was a thoughtless and foolish affair, when I 
 was young and rash ; but I wished to be a spectator of all 
 their customs. It was, as I said, one of those foolish under- 
 takings into which the ardour of my disposition led me, 
 and for which I was very near paying the price of my life. 
 A council was held, wherein it was decided to send a strong 
 war party on foot to surprise a Blackfoot village. Every 
 stratagem had been used to lull the enemy into security. 
 
 Brian. Ay ; that is just like the Indians. 
 
 Hunter. The red pipe was sent through the tribe, for the 
 warriors to smoke with it, much after the manner of the 
 Sioux ; the red post was struck, and the braves and atten- 
 dants painted their faces. When the plan of attack was 
 agreed on, every warrior saw to his weapons ; neither bow 
 nor arrow, war club nor scalping knife, was left unexam- 
 ined. There was an earnestness in their preparation, as 
 though they were all animated with one spirit ; a high- 
 wrought energy was visible through the whole tribe. 
 
 jiustin. Ay ; I will be bound for it they would fight like 
 lions. 
 
DESPERATE RESISTANCE, 
 
 199 
 
 Hunter. It was some time after sundown, that we left 
 the village at a quick pace. Runners were sent out in all 
 directions, to give notice of an nemy. We hastened along 
 a deep valley, rounded the base of a bluff, and entered the 
 skirt of a forest, following each other in files beneath the 
 shadowy branches. We then passed through some deep 
 grass, and stole silently along several defiles and ravines. 
 The nearer we drew to the Blackfoot village, the more 
 silently and stealthily we proceeded. Like the panther, 
 creeping with noiseless feet on his prey, we stole along the 
 intricate pathways of the prairie bottoms, the forest, the 
 skirt of the river, and the hills and bluffs. At last we made 
 a halt, just as the moon emerged from behind a cloud. 
 
 iAustin, Then there was terrible work, I dare say. 
 
 Hunter. It was past midnight, and the Blackfoot village 
 was wrapped in slumber. The Crow warriors dispersed 
 themselves, to attack the village at the same instant from 
 different quarters. The leader had on his full dress, his 
 medicine bag, and his head-dress of war-eagle plumes. All 
 was hushed in silence, nearly equal to that of the grave ; 
 when suddenly the shrill war-whistle of the Crow chief 
 rung through the Blackfoot lodges, and the wild war-whoop 
 burst at once from a hundred throats. The chief was in 
 the thickest of the fight. There was no pity for youth or 
 age; the war club spared not, and the tomahawk was 
 merciless. Yelling like fiends, the Crow warriors fled from 
 hut to hut, from victim to victim. Neither women nor 
 children were spared. 
 
 Brian. Dreadful ! dreadful ! 
 
 Hunter. Though taken thus by surprise, the Blackfoot 
 braves,in a little time,begantocollecttogether,clutching their 
 weapons firmly, and rushing on their enemies, determined 
 to avenge their slaughtered friends. The panic into which 
 they had been thrown subsided, and like men accustomed 
 to danger, they stood not only in self-defence, but attacked 
 their foes with fury. 
 
 '1 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^:; 
 
 
 11! I 
 •I ii i 
 
 
ji 
 
 I 
 
 
 «S1 
 
 
 ill! 
 
 >A 
 
 il 
 
 ^-*^: 
 
 200 THE CROW AND BLACKPOOt INDIANS. 
 
 Jlusiin. 1 wonder that every one in the Blackfoot vil- 
 lage was not killed. 
 
 Hunter. In civilized life, 'this would very likely have 
 been the case ; but in a savage state, men from their child- 
 hood are trained up to peril. They may lie down to 
 slumber on their couches of skins, but their weapons are 
 near at hand ; and though it be the midnight hour when an 
 attack is made on them, and though, awoke by the con- 
 fusion, they hear nothing but the war-cry of their enemy, 
 they spring to their feet, snatch up their arms, and rush on 
 to meet their foes. It was thus with the Blackfoot braves. 
 Hand to hand, and foot to foot, they met their assailants ; 
 brave was opposed to brave ; and the horrid clash of the 
 war club and the murderous death-grapple succeeded each 
 other. Even if I could describe the horrors of such a 
 scene, it would not be right to do so. As I was gazing on 
 the conflict, I suddenly received a blow that struck me 
 bleeding to the ground. You may see the scar on my 
 temple still. The confusion was at its height, or my scalp 
 would have been taken. 
 
 Brian. How did you get away ? 
 
 Hunter. Stunned as I was, I recovered my senses before 
 a retreat took place, and was just able to effect my escape. 
 The Crows slaughtered many of their enemies ; but the 
 Blackfoot warriors and braves were at last too strong for 
 them. Then was heard the shrill whistle that sounded a 
 retreat. With a dozen scalps in their possession, the Crows 
 sought the shelter of the forest, and afterwards regained 
 their own village. 
 
 •/2ustin. Are the Crow tribe, or the Blackfoot tribe the 
 strongest ? 
 
 Hunter. The Crow Indians, as I told you, are taller and 
 more elegant men than the Blackfeet ; but the latter have 
 broader chests and shoulders. The Blackfeet, some think, 
 take their name from the circumstance of their wearing 
 black, or very dark brown leggings and mocassins. Whether, 
 as a people, the Crows or the Blackfeet are the strongest, 
 
A CAMANCHEE CHIEF. 
 
 201 
 
 there is a diversity of opinion. The Blackfeet consist of 
 four kinds, or families, of Indians — the Blood, the Blackfoot, 
 the Peagan, and the Small Robes. They are almost always 
 at war with the Crows. 
 
 jiustin. What battling there must be among them ! 
 
 Hunter. Their war parties are very numerous, and their 
 encampments are very large : and, whether seen in the day, 
 in the midst of their lodges ; or at night, wrapped in their 
 robes, with their arms in their hands, ready to leap up if 
 attacked by an enemy ; they form a striking spectacle. 
 Sometimes, in a night encampment, a false alarm takes 
 place. A prowling bear, or a strayed horse, is taken for a 
 foe ; and sometimes a real alarm, occasioned by spies 
 crawling on their hands and knees up to their very encamp- 
 ment, to ascertain their strength. On these occasions, the 
 shrill whistle is heard, every man springs up armed, and 
 rushes forth, ready to resist his assailing enemy. I have 
 seen war parties among the Crows and Blackfeet, the Man- 
 dans and Sioux, the Shawanees, Poncas, Pawnees, and Sem- 
 inoles. But a Camanchee war party, mounted on wild 
 horses, with their shields, bows, and lances, which I once 
 witnessed, was the most imposing spectacle of the kind 1 
 ever saw. The chiei was mounted on a beautiful v/ar horse, 
 wild as the winds, and yet he appeared to manage him 
 with ease. He was in full dress, and seemed to have as 
 much fire in his disposition as the chafed animal on which 
 lie rode. In his bridle hand, he clutched his bow and seve- 
 ral arrows ; with his other hand, he wielded his long lance ; 
 while his quiver and shield were slung at his back, and his 
 rifle across his thigh. 
 
 Austin. I can see him now. But what colour was his 
 war horse ? 
 
 Hunter. Black as a raven ; but the white foam lay in 
 thick flakes on his neck and breast, for his rider at every 
 few paces stuck the sharp rowels of his Spanish spurs into 
 his sides. He had a long flowing mane and tail, and his full 
 and fiery eyes seemed ready to start out of his head. The 
 2 A 
 
 
 f 
 
m. 
 
 THE MYSTERY MAN. 
 
 1 1] 
 
 whole Camanchee band seemed ready to rush into any 
 danger. At one time, they were flying over tlie prairie in 
 single file ; and at another, drawn up all abreast of each 
 other. The Camanchees and the Osages used to have cruel 
 battles one with another. The Mandans and the Riccarees, 
 too, were relentless enemies. 
 
 Brian. And the Sacs and Foxes were great fighters, for 
 Black Hawk was a famous fellow. 
 
 Hunter. Yes, he was. I have never told you, I believe, 
 how the medicine man, or mystery man, conducts himself 
 when called in to a wounded warrior. 
 
 j3ustin. Not a word of it. Please to tell us every 
 particular. 
 
 Hunter. In some cases cures are certainly performed ; in 
 others, the wounded get well of themselves : but, in most 
 instances, the mystery man is a mere juggler. 
 
 Basil. Now we shall hear of the mystery man. 
 
 Hunter. The Crow war party that I joined, brought 
 away two of their wounded warriors when they retreated 
 from the Blackfoot village, but there seemed to me to be 
 no hope of saving their lives. However, a mystery man 
 was called on to use his skill. 
 
 Jiustin. Ay; I want to know how the mystery man 
 cures his patients. 
 
 Hunter. If ever you should require a doctor, I hope you 
 will have one more skilful than the mystery man that I am 
 going to describe. The wounded warriors were in ex- 
 tremity, and I thought that one of them was dying before 
 the mystery man made his appearance ; but you shall hear. 
 The wounded men lay groaning on the ground, with 
 Indians round them, who kept moaning even louder than 
 they did ; when all at once, a scutHe of feet, and a noise 
 like that of a low rattle, were heard. 
 
 *flustin. The mystery man was coming, I suppose. 
 
 Hunter. He was ; and a death-like silence was instantly 
 preserved by all the attendant Indians. On came the mys- 
 tery man, covered over with the shaggy hide of a yellow 
 
 .A^. 
 
man 
 
 THE CHIEF OCEOLA. gjp 
 
 bear, so that, had it not been that his mocassins, leggings, 
 and hands were visible, you might have supposed a real 
 bear was walking upright, with a spear in one paw, and a 
 rattle formed like a tambourine in the other. 
 
 Basil, He could never cure the dying man with his 
 tambourine. 
 
 Hunter. From the yellow bear-skin hung a profusion of 
 smaller skins, such as those; of different kinds of snakes, 
 toads, frogs, and bats ; with hoofs of animals, beaks and 
 tails of birds, and scraps and fragments of other things ; a 
 complete bundle of odds and ends. The medicine man 
 came into the circle, bending his knees, crouching, sliding 
 one foot after the other along the ground, and now and 
 then leaping and grunting. You could not see his face, for 
 the yellow bear-head skin covered it, and the paws dangled 
 before him. He shuffled round and round the wounded 
 men, shaking his rattle, and making all kinds of odd noises ; 
 he then stopped to turn them over. 
 
 jiustin. He had need of all his medicine. 
 
 Hunter. Hardly had he been present more than a minute, 
 before one of the men died ; and, in ten minutes more his 
 companion breathed his last. The medicine man turned 
 them over, shook his rattle over them, howled, groaned, 
 and grunted ; but it would not do, the men were dead, and 
 all his mummery would not bring them back to life again ; 
 so, after a few antics of various kinds, he shuffled off with 
 himself, shaking his rattle, and howling and groaning louder 
 than ever. You may remember, that I told you of the 
 death of Oceola, the Seminole chief: he who struck his 
 dagger through the treaty that was to sign away the 
 hunting grounds of his tribe, in exchange for distant lands. 
 
 tdustin. Yes. You said that he dashed his dagger not 
 on'^ through the contract, but also through the table on 
 which it lay. 
 
 Brian. And you told us that he was taken prisoner by 
 treachery, and died in captivity. 
 
 Hunter. Now I will tell you »he particulars of his 
 
 ■• f. 
 
 ^ 
 
|i 
 
 .' 
 
 if 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 DEATH OF OCEOLA. 
 
 death ; for I only said before, that he died pillowed on the 
 faithful bosom of his wife. He had his two wives with 
 him when he died, but one was his favourite. 
 
 j3ustin. Please to let us know every thing about him. 
 
 Hunter. Finding himself at the point of death, he made 
 signs that the chiefs and officers might be asssembled, and 
 his wishes were immediately complied with. The, next 
 tiling he desired was, that his war dress, that dress in which 
 he had so often led his tribe to victory, might be brought to 
 him. His wife waited obediently upon him, and his war 
 dress was placed before him. 
 
 Basil. What could he want with his war dress when he 
 was going to die ? 
 
 JIustin. Wait a little, Basil, and you will hear all about 
 it, 1 dare say. 
 
 Hunter. It was an affecting sight, to see him get up from 
 his bed on the floor, once more to dress himself as a chief 
 of his tribe, just as if he was about to head an expedition 
 against the whites. Well, he put on his rich mocassins, 
 his leggings adorned with scalp-locks, his shirt, and his 
 ornamental belt of war. Nor did he forget the pouch that 
 carried his bullets, the horn that held his powder, nor the 
 knife with which he had taken so many scalps. 
 
 Brian. How very strange, for a dying man to dress 
 himself in that way. 
 
 Hunter. In all this he was as calm and as steady as though 
 about to hunt in the woods with his tribe. He then made 
 signs, while sitting up in his bed, that his red paint should 
 be given him, and his looking glass held up, that he might 
 paint his face. 
 
 t/iustin. And did he paint his face himself? 
 
 Hunter. Only one half of it; after which his throat, 
 neck, wrists, and the backs of his hands were made as 
 red as vermilion would make them. The very handle of 
 his knife was coloured over in the same way. 
 
 Basil. What did lie paint his hands and his knife 
 handle for? 
 
 ^^'^LT 
 
DEATH OP A CHRISTIAN. 
 
 m 
 
 Hunter. Because it v/as the custom of his tribe, and of 
 his fathers before him, to paint themselves and their weap- 
 ons red, whenever they took an oath of destruction to their 
 enemies. Oceola did it, no doubt, that he might die 
 like a chief of his tribe ; that he might show those around 
 him, that even in death, he did not forget that he was a 
 Seminole warrior. In that awful hour he put on his splen- 
 did turban with its three oStrich feathers, and then, being 
 wearied with the effort he had made, he laid down for a 
 little space to recover his breath and Iris strength. 
 
 tdusliii. How weak he must have been ! 
 
 Hunter. In a short time he rose up again, sitting in his 
 full dress like the leader of a warlike tribe, and calmly and 
 smilingly extended his hand to the chiefs and officers, to his 
 wives and his children. But this, his last effort, exhausted 
 his remaining strength. He beckoned his wives to lower 
 him down on the bed, calmly drew his scalping knife from 
 its sheath under his war-belt, where it had been placed, and 
 grasped it with firmness and dignity. With liis hands 
 crossed on his manly breast, and with a smile on his face, 
 he breathed his last. Thus passed away the spirit of 
 Oceola. 
 
 Jiustin. Poor Oceola ! He died like a chief, at last. 
 
 Hunter. He did : and, very likely, when he grasped his 
 scalping knife, before his last breath forsook him, some glow- 
 ing vision of successful combat was before him. In the pride 
 of his heart, perhaps, he was leading on his braves to 
 mingle in the clash of battle, and the death-grapple with his 
 enemies. But is this a fit state of mind for a man to die 
 in ? Much as we may admire the steady firmness and un- 
 
 subdued courage of an 
 
 Indian warrior in death, emotions 
 
 of pride and highmindedness, and thoughts of bloodshed 
 and victory, are most unsuitable to a dying hour. Humility, 
 forgiveness, repentance, hope, faith, peace, and joy, are 
 right in such a season ; and the time will no doubt come, 
 when Indians, taught better by the gospel, will think so as 
 well as ourselves. With Christian hopes before us, let us 
 
 18 
 
 \i\ 
 
2{» 
 
 DEATH OF A CHRISTIAN. 
 
 prepare to die like Christians. " Let me die the death ot 
 the righteous, and let my last end be like his !" Numb, 
 xxiii. 10. «Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: 
 for the end of that man is peace," Psa. xxxvii. 37. " Yea, 
 though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, 
 I will fear no evil : for thou art with me ; thy rod and thy 
 staff they comfort me," Psa. xxiii. 4. " Our Saviour Jesus 
 Christ hath abolished death and brought life and immor- 
 tality to light through the gospel,** 2 Tim. i. 10. « Blessed 
 are the dead which die in the Lord," Rev. xiv. 13. 
 
 ■ ^**it- 
 
w 
 
 MOUNTED CHIEF. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 A treaty of peace — The tomahawk buried — Pipe of peace dance—' 
 Assinneboin chief— Tribes who shave their heads — Turning in the 
 toes in walking — Names of women — Different modes of building 
 lodges — Buffalo hunting in wolves' skins — Begging horses — Medi- 
 cine rock — Hatching thunder — Captain Smith saved by a chiefs 
 daughter — Horned frogs — Mosquitoes — Salt water brooks. 
 
 T was now the time when the holi- 
 days of the three brothers were draw- 
 ing to a close ; and this circumstance 
 rendered them the more anxious to 
 secure one or two more visits to the 
 cottage, before they settled down in 
 riglit earnest to their books. Brian 
 and Basil talked much about poisoned arrows, and the 
 
 mystery man ; but Austin's mind was too much occupied 
 
 ii07 
 
I 
 
 203 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 l>. II 
 
 with the Camanchec chief on his black war-horse, and the 
 death of the Seminole chief Oceola, to think much of any 
 thing else. He thought there was something very noble i'l 
 the valour of the chief leading on his tribe to conquest ; and 
 something almost sublime in a warrior dressing himself up in 
 his war-dress to die. Like many other young people of a rdent 
 dispositions, he seemed to forget, that when a victory is en- 
 joyed, a defeat must be endured ; and that before any one can 
 rejoice in taking a scalp, some one must be rendered misera- 
 ble by losing it. The remarks of the hunter respecting the 
 death of a true Christian, had not been made altogether in 
 vain ; yet still he dwelt on the image of Oceola grasping 
 his scalping knife, crossing his hands over his breast, and 
 dying with a smile on his countenance. 
 
 On their next walk to the cottage, the way was beguiled 
 by Austin endeavouring to call to mind all that had been 
 told them on their last visit ; and, to do him justice, he ac- 
 quitted himself uncommonly well. It is true, that now and 
 then his brothers refreshed his memory on some pomts which 
 had escaped him ; but, on the whole, his account was full, 
 connected, and clear. 
 
 "And what must I tell you now?" said the hunter, 
 as soon as he and the young people had exchanged saluta- 
 tions. "Do you not know enough about the Red Indians ?" 
 
 To this inquiry, Brian replied that what they had heard 
 had only increased their curiosity to hear more. 
 
 " Well ; let me consider," said the hunter. « I have told 
 you about the different tribes of the Red Indians, and 
 where many of them reside. You have heard about their 
 religion, languages, manners, and customs ; their villages, 
 wigwams, food, dress, arms, and musical instruments. 
 I have described to you the fur trade ; and dwelt on the 
 scenery of North America, the mountains, rivers, lakes, 
 prairies, and many remarkable places. I have related the 
 adventures of Black Hawk and Nikkanochee, and read to 
 you the speeches of several chiefs. And, besides these 
 things, you have had a tolerably full account of buffaloes. 
 
 In 
 
 en 
 
 us 
 
PIPE OP PEACE DANCE. 
 
 200 
 
 e, and the 
 ch of any 
 y noble !'• 
 uest; and 
 iself up in 
 
 3 of ardent 
 ory is en- 
 ly one can 
 id misera- 
 Bcting the 
 )gether in 
 grasping 
 •east, and 
 
 beguiled 
 lad been 
 ce, he ac- 
 now and 
 Its which 
 was full, 
 
 hunter, 
 1 saluta- 
 idians?" 
 id heard 
 
 ave told 
 ns, and 
 lu their 
 villages, 
 uments. 
 on the 
 >, lakes, 
 Lted the 
 read to 
 s these 
 iflaloes. 
 
 bears, wild horses, wolves, deer, and other animals, with 
 the manner of hunting them ; as well as a relation of 
 Indian amusements, dances, sham fights, war parties, 
 encampments, alarms, attacks, scalping, and retreats. Let 
 me now, then, dwell a little on the Red Indian way of con- 
 cluding a treaty of peace, and on a few other matters ; 
 after which, 1 will conchide with the best account I can 
 give you, of what the missiotiaries have done among the 
 diiFerent tribes." 
 
 t/Sustin. I shall be very sorry when you have told 
 us all. 
 
 Brian. And so shall I : for it is so pleasant to come here, 
 and listen to what you tell us. 
 
 Hunter. Oh, we shall always find something to talk of 
 when you come, no doubt. After a battle has been fought, 
 the scalp dance, which has already been described, is 
 usually performed, the women holding up the scalps which 
 have been taken. 
 
 Basil. I do not like that scalp dance at all. 
 
 Hunter. When it is agreed between hostile tribes that a 
 treaty of peace shall be made, the chiefs and medicine men 
 of the adverse tribes meet together, and the calumet, or 
 peace pipe, ornamented with eagle quills, being produced, 
 every one smokes a few whiffs through it. It is then under- 
 stood by them that the tomahawk is to be buried ; which 
 means the same thing as when we say, the sword of war 
 shall be put in its scabbard. The pipe of peace dance is 
 then performed by the warriors, to the beat of the 
 Indian drum and rattle, every warrior holding his pipe in 
 his hand. 
 
 Brian. That pipe of peace dance is a capital dance, for 
 then bloodshed is at an end. 
 
 Hunter. Unfortunately, war is apt soon to break out 
 again, and then the buried tomahawk becomes as busy as 
 ever. 
 
 Austin. Well, I do like the Red Indians, in spite of all 
 their faults ; they have been used cruelly by the wliites. 
 2B 18* 
 
 'I ., 
 
 W, 
 
210 
 
 SPLENDOUR OP THE CHIEFS. 
 
 Hunter. As a general remark, those Indians who have 
 had least to do with civilized life are the most worthy of 
 regard. Such as live near white men, or such as are 
 frequently visited by them, seem to learn quickly the vices 
 of others, without giving up their own. To observe the 
 real character of red men, it is necessary to trace the turn- 
 ings and windings of the Yellow Stone River, or the yet 
 more remote sinuosities of the Upper Missouri. The nearer 
 the United States, the more servile is the Indian character ; 
 and the nearer the Rocky Mountains, the more independent 
 and open-hearted. 
 
 *dustin. If I ever go among the red men, the Yellow 
 Stone River, or the Upper Missouri, will be the place 
 for me. 
 
 Hunter. Many of the chiefs of the tribes near the Rocky 
 Mountains may be said to live in a state of splendour. 
 They have the pure air of heaven around them, and rivers 
 abounding in fish. The prairie yields them buffaloes iu 
 plenty ; and, as for their lodges and dress, some of them 
 may be called sumptuous. Sometimes, twenty or thirty 
 buffalo skins, beautifully dressed, are joined together to 
 form a covering for a lodge ; and their robes and different 
 articles of apparel are so rich with ermine, the nails and 
 claws of birds and animals, war-eagle plumes, and embroi- 
 dery of highly coloured porcupine quills, that a monarch 
 in his coronation robes is scarcely a spectacle more im- 
 posing. 
 
 ndustin. Ay, I remember the dress lY Mah-to-toh-pa, 
 " the four bears," his buffalo robe, his porcupine quilled 
 leggings, his embroidered buck-skin moccassins, his otter 
 necklace, his buffalo horns, and his splendid head caress of 
 war-eagle plumes. 
 
 Hunter. In a state of war, it is the delight of a chief to 
 leap on the back of his fiery steed, decorated as the leader 
 of his tribe, and armed with his glittering lance and 
 unerring bow, to lead on his band to victory. In the chase, 
 he is as ardent as iii the battle; smiling at danger, he 
 
v^ho have 
 orthy of 
 as are 
 the vices 
 ierve the 
 the turn- 
 the yet 
 le nearer 
 laracter j 
 jpendent 
 
 Yellow 
 le place 
 
 e Rocky 
 lendour. 
 id rivers 
 aloes iu 
 of them 
 r thirty 
 Jther to 
 iitferent 
 tils and 
 embroi- 
 lonarch 
 ore irn- 
 
 •toh-pa, 
 quilled 
 is otter 
 [ress of 
 
 hief to 
 leader 
 ■ti and 
 chase, 
 er, he 
 
 AN ASSINNEBOIN CHIEF. W^ 
 
 plunges, on his ilying steed, among a thousand buffaloesi 
 launching his fatal shafts with deadly elfect. Thus has the 
 Indian of the far west lived, and thus is he living still. But 
 the trader, and the gin bottle, and the carbine, and the 
 white man are on his track ; and, like his red brethren who 
 once dwelt east of the Mississippi, he must fall back yet 
 farther, and gradually decline before the approach of 
 civilization. 
 
 jlustin. It is a very strange thing that wliite men will 
 not let red men alone. What right have they to cheat them 
 of their hunting grounds ? 
 
 Hunter. I will relate to you an account, that appeared 
 some time ago in most of the newspapers, of an As me- 
 boin chief, who, though he was respected by his tribe 
 before he went among the whites, had very little respect 
 paid to him afterwards. 
 
 Brian. I hope it is a long account. 
 
 Hunter. Not very long : but you shall hear. « In order 
 to assist the officers of the Indian department, in their 
 arduous duty of persuading remote tribes to quit their 
 lands, it has been found advisable to incur the expense of 
 inviting one or two of their chiefs three thousand or four 
 thousand miles to Washington, in order that they should 
 see with their own eyes, and report to their tribes, the irre- 
 sistible power of the nation with which they are arguing. 
 This speculation has, it is said in all instances, more or less 
 effected its object. For the reasons and for the objects we 
 have stated, it was deemed advisable that a certain chief 
 should be invited from his remote country to Washington ; 
 and accordingly, in due time, he appeared there." 
 
 j2ustin. Three or four thousand miles ! What a distance 
 for him to go ! 
 
 Hunter. " After the troops had been made to manoeuvre 
 before him; after thundering volleys of artillery had 
 almost deafened him ; and after every departinent had dis- 
 played to him all that was likely to add to the terror and 
 astonishment he had already experienced, the president, in 
 
 ft 
 
 If, 
 
 mi 
 
 I 
 
 lij 
 
 M 
 
 ,L 
 
 >l 
 
mmmmma 
 
 AN ASSINNEBOIN CHIEF. 
 
 il'M 
 
 lieu of the Indian's clothes, presented him with a colonel's 
 uniform ; in which, and with many other presents, the 
 bewildered chief took his departure." 
 
 Brian. He would hardly know how to walk in a 
 colonel's uniform. 
 
 Hunter. " In a pair of white kid gloves ; tight blue coat, 
 with gilt buttons, gold epaulettes, and red sash ; cloth 
 trowsers with straps ; high-heeled boots ; cocked hat, and 
 scarlet feather ; with a cigar in his mouth, a green umbrella 
 in one hand, and a yellow fan in the other ; and with the 
 neck of a whiskey bottle protruding out of each of the two 
 tail-pockets of his regimental coat ; this < monkey that had 
 seen the world' suddenly appeared before the chiefs and 
 warriors of his tribe ; and as he stood before them straight as 
 a ramrod, in a high state of perspiration, caused by the tight- 
 ness of his finery, while tht cool fresh air of heaven blew 
 over the naked, unrestrained limbs of the spectators, it might, 
 perhaps not unjustly, be said of the costumes, * Which is 
 the savage ?' In return for the presents he had received, 
 and with a desire to impart as much real information as 
 possible to his tribe, the poor jaded traveller undertook to de- 
 liver to them a course of lectures, in which he graphically 
 described all that he had witnessed." 
 
 Jlustin. An Indian in white kid gloves, blue coat high- 
 heeled boots, and cocked hat and feather ! Why his tribe 
 would all laugh at him in spite of his lectures. 
 
 Hunter. " For a while he was listened to with attention ; 
 but as soon as thfi minds of his audience had received 
 as much as they could hold, they began to disbelieve him. 
 Nothing daunted, however, the traveller still proceeded." 
 
 Austin. I thought they would laugh at him. 
 
 Hunter. " He told them about wigwams, in which a 
 thousand people could at one time pray to the Great Spirit ; 
 of other wigwams, five stories high, built in lines, facing 
 each other, and extending over an enormous space : he told 
 them of war canoes that would hold twelve hundred 
 
 warriors. 
 
 >> 
 
a colonel's 
 sents, the 
 
 ^alk in a 
 
 blue coat, 
 
 sh ; cloth 
 
 I hat, and 
 
 umbrella 
 
 with the 
 
 )f the two 
 
 that had 
 
 hiefs and 
 
 traight as 
 
 the tight- 
 
 ven blew 
 
 , it might, 
 
 Which is 
 
 received, 
 
 nation as 
 
 3ok to de- 
 
 aphically 
 
 oat high- 
 his tribe 
 
 Lttention ; 
 received 
 ieve him. 
 eded." 
 
 which a 
 It Spirit ; 
 s, facing 
 : he told 
 hundred 
 
 HEAD-DRESS OP THE CHIEFS 
 
 213 
 
 Austin. They would be sure never to believe him. 
 
 Hunter. " Such tales, to the Indian mind, seemed an 
 insult to common sense. For some time he was treated 
 merely with ridicule and contempt ; but, when, resolutely 
 cciitinuing to recount his adventures, he told them that he 
 had see 1 white people, who, by attaching a great ball to a 
 canoe, could rise in it into the clouds, and travel through 
 the heavens, the medicine, mystery, or learned men of his 
 tribe pronounced him to be an imposter ; and the multitude 
 vociferously declaring that he was too great a liar to live, a 
 young warrior, in a paroxysm of anger, levelled a rifle at 
 his head, and blew his brains out." 
 
 Jiustin. Well, I am very sorry ! It was very silly to be 
 dressed up in that way ; but they ought not to have killed 
 him, for he told them the truth, after all. 
 
 Brian. I could never have thought that an Indian chief 
 would have dressed himself in a blue coat and gilt buttons. 
 
 Basil. And, then, the fan and green umbrella ! 
 
 Jiustin. A-Yy and the whiskey bottles sticking out of his 
 tail-pockets. He would look a little diflferent to Mah- 
 to-toh-pa. 
 
 Hunter. I have frequently spoken of the splendid head- 
 dress of the chiefs of some tribes. Among the Mandans, 
 and you know Mah-to-toh-pa was a Mandan, they would 
 not part with one of their head-dresses of war-eagle 
 plumes at a less price than two horses. The Konzas, 
 Osages, Pawnees, Sacs, Foxes, and loways shave their 
 heads ; but all the rest, or at least as far as I know of the 
 Indian tribes, wear long hair. 
 
 Brian. Yes ; we remember the Crows, with their hair 
 sweeping the ground. 
 
 Hunter. Did I tell you, that some of the tribes glue 
 other hair to their own to make it long, as ii is considered 
 so ornamental ? 
 
 Basil. I do not remember that you told us that. 
 
 Hunter. There are a few other things respecting the 
 Indians that I wish to mention, before I tell you what the 
 
 iM 
 
 1 ;;i 
 
 ^*'ii^ 
 
 
 i i 
 
 H 
 
 if' 
 
 n ■ 
 if 
 
 '1. J 
 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
214 
 
 MANNER OF WALKING^. 
 
 ; f 
 
 ,M- 
 
 missionaries have done among them. In civilized countries, 
 people turn out their toes in walking ; but this is not the 
 case among the Red Indians. When the toes are turned 
 out, either in walking or running, the whole weight of the 
 body falls sadly too much on the great toe of the foot that 
 is behind, and it is mainly owing to this circumstance, that 
 so many have a deformity at the joint of the great toe : 
 when the foot is turned in, the weight of the body is 
 thrown equally on all the toes, and the deformity of the 
 great toe joint is avoided. 
 
 *^usHn, What, do the Red Indians know better how to 
 walk than we do ! If theirs is the best way to walk, why 
 do not we all walk so ? 
 
 Hunter. I suppose, because it is not so elegant in appear- 
 ance to walk so. But many things are done by civilized 
 people on account of fashion. Hundreds and hundreds of 
 females shorten their lives by tight lacing ; but the Red 
 Indians do not commit such folly. 
 
 Brian, There is something to be learned from Red 
 Indians, after all. 
 
 Hunter. I told you the Crow Indians were some of the 
 finest men of all the Indians ; but I rather think that the 
 Osages are the tallest. Most of them are six feet high, and 
 some of them nearly seven* 
 
 •Austin. They must be fine men, indeed ! Do they live 
 near the Crows ? 
 
 Hunter. Oh no; at least a thousand miles from them. 
 They are much nearer the Konzas and the Pawnee Picts. 
 They inhabit a part that is six or seven hundred miles 
 nearer the Rocky mountains than the river Mississippi. I 
 forget, when I gave you the names of several remarkable 
 men among the tribes, whether I gave the names of any of 
 the women. The wife of the chief of the Ponca tribe was 
 called Hee-lah-dee, " the pure fountain ;" and one of the 
 wives of his son went by the name Mong-shong-sha, « the 
 bending willow." 
 
 
I'S 
 
 BORROWING HORSES. 
 
 d countries, 
 is not the 
 are turned 
 sight of the 
 e foot that 
 stance, that 
 great toe: 
 le body is 
 nity of the 
 
 ter how to 
 walkj why 
 
 in appear- 
 r civilized 
 mdreds of 
 t the Red 
 
 from Red 
 
 me of the 
 k that the 
 high, and 
 
 they live 
 
 3m them, 
 lee Picts. 
 red miles 
 ssippi. I 
 markable 
 3f any of 
 tribe was 
 le of the 
 iha, « the 
 
 215 
 The Pure 
 
 Basil. Those are very good names indeed. 
 Fountain, and the Bending Willow. 
 
 Hunter. There was a modest-looking girl among the 
 Crows, named Seet-s^-be-a, "the mid-day sun;" and 
 another among the Shawnees, called Ka-te-quaw, « the 
 female eagle." You must remember that the Red Indians 
 build their lodges in different ways : the Mandan and Ric- 
 caree mode is to cover their lodges with earth ; the Chippe- 
 ways roof theirs with birch bark ; the Pawnees thatch theirs 
 with prairie grass ; and the Camanchees, Crows, and Black- 
 feet cover their lodges with buffalo skins. 
 
 Austin. Yes ; we will remember that. 
 
 Hunter. Did I tell you, that sometimes the Indians 
 dressed themselves in wolves' skins, and crept along 
 on their hands and knees, with their rifles, till they could 
 get sufficiently near the buffaloes to fire at them ? 
 
 Brian. I do not remember that. How cunning ! 
 
 Hunter. There is a custom among the Sacs and Foxes 
 that I do not think I spoke of. The Sacs are better 
 provided with horses than the Foxes; and so, when the 
 latter go to war and want horses, they go to the Sacs and 
 beg them. After a time, they sit round in a circle, and 
 take up their pipes to smoke, seemingly quite at their ease ; 
 and, while they a.e whiffing away, the young men of the 
 Sacs ride round and round the circle, every now and then 
 cutting at the shoulders of the Foxes with their whips, 
 making the blood start forth. After keeping up this strange 
 custom for some time, the young Sacs dismount, and 
 present their horses to those they have been flogging. 
 
 *jiustin. What a curious custom ! I should not much 
 like to be flogged in that manner. 
 
 Brian. Nor I either. What backs they must have, 
 after being flogged in that way ! 
 
 Hunter. There is a certain rock which the Camanchees 
 always visit when they go to war. Putting their horses at 
 full speed, they shoot their bast arrows at this rock, which 
 they consider great medicine. If they did not go through 
 
 rill 
 
 li 
 
 ( '11 > i , 
 
 i. 
 it I 
 
 r,;-f' 
 
 E it 
 
 
 tl 
 
 ■ 
 
 M 
 
216 
 
 ANECDOTE OP CAPTAIN SMITH. 
 
 this long established custom, there would be no confidence 
 among them; but, when they have thus sacrificed their 
 best arrows to the rock, their hope and confidence are 
 strong. 
 
 */iits/in. I should have thought they would have wanted 
 their best arrows to fight with. 
 
 Hunter. The Sioux have a strange notion about 
 thunder ; they say that the thunder is hatched by a small 
 bird, not much bigger than the humming bird. There is, 
 in the Couteau des Prairies, a place called " the nest of the 
 thunder;" and, in the small bushes there, they will have it 
 that this little bird sits upon its eggs till the long claps of 
 thunder come forth. Strange as this tradition is, there 
 would be no use in denying it ; for the superstition of the 
 Red Indian is too strong to be easily done away with. 
 The same people, before they go on a buffalo hunt, usually 
 pay a visit to a spot where the form of a buffalo is ciit out 
 on the prairie. This figure is great medicine; and the 
 hunt is sure to be more prosperous, :n their opinion, aftet it 
 has been visited > 
 
 Austin. I do hope that we shall forget none of these 
 curious things. 
 
 Hunter. Did I tell you, how Captain Smith, an Englisli 
 officer, was saved from a cruel death by a chief's daughter ? 
 
 Austin. Not a word about it. 
 
 Basil. I have never heard you say anything about it. 
 
 Brian. Nor I. Please to let us hear the account. 
 
 Hunter. Captain Smith, as the narrative is told, was 
 taken prisoner by an Indian chief, named Opechancanough, 
 who having tied him to a tree was about to despatch him, 
 when Captain Smith by producing a pocket compass and 
 explaining to him its wonderful properties was able to avert 
 the stroke which threatened his life. He was afterwards con- 
 ducted to the king Pow-ha-tan ; and a council was held, in 
 which, after many speeches being made by the chiefs, it 
 was finally determined that he should be put to death. 
 
 Basil. How did they mean to kill him ? 
 
 r 
 
 N^gJWfc.,. 
 
TH. 
 
 confidence 
 ificed their 
 idence are 
 
 Lve wanted 
 
 ion about 
 by a small 
 
 There is, 
 nest of the 
 ill have it 
 g claps of 
 
 is, there 
 tion of the 
 way with. 
 It, usually 
 is cut out 
 ; aiid the 
 in, after it 
 
 3 of these 
 
 a English 
 daughter ? 
 
 )out it. 
 nt. 
 
 told, was 
 icanough, 
 atch him, 
 ipass and 
 e to avert 
 'ards con- 
 s held, in 
 chiefs, it 
 3ath. 
 
 ANECDOTE OP CAPTAIN SMITH 
 
 217 
 
 CAPTAIN SMITH. 
 
 Hunter. By striking his head with their war clubs, 
 after they had made him lay it down on a big stone. 
 There seemed to be no hope of escape for him. He was 
 brought to the place of execution, and commanded to lay 
 his head on the stone ; then two executioners, with their 
 huge, heavy painted war clubs, stood over him, waiting for 
 the signal to be given by Pow-ha-tan to strike the fatal 
 blow. Already had their brawny arms lifted up their 
 massy clubs, and in a few moments Captain Smith would 
 have been no more ; when Pocahontas, the favourite 
 daughter of the chief, a girl of about twelve or thirteen 
 years of age, rushed forward and threw her arms round the 
 captain's head, to protect him from the coming blow. This 
 so effected the chief, Pow-ha-tan, that he directly com- 
 manded the executioners to retire, and granted to his daugh- 
 ter tl\e captain's life. 
 
 Basil. Capital ! capital ! I like that chief's daughter 
 very much. 
 
 Jlustin. What a narrow escape it was ! Only to think of 
 war clubs being lifted up to kill him ! 
 
 Hunter. When I was in Texas, at no great distance 
 from the Camanchees, the ground was so parched, and 
 2 C 19 
 
 
 I- :• ^ 
 
 '\)S 
 
 '] 
 
 iM 
 
 i 
 
 ■.A: 
 
 
 i tn 
 
218 
 
 SCARCITY OF WATER. 
 
 water so scarce, that often and often I drank of the thick 
 puddle of a buffalo wallow. We do not value as we 
 ought to do the common blessings of which we partake. 
 Water is one of them ; and if ever you are so tried by thirst 
 as to be obliged to drink the puddle, half water and half 
 mud and filth, in which buffaloes have been turning round, 
 and perhaps lying, day after day, you will ever after set a 
 higher value on clear fresh water, and be more thankful to 
 the Giver of all^bd for a benefit of which you have hith- 
 erto thought so little. 
 
 Basil. I could never drink such puddle as the buffalo's 
 wallow. 
 
 Jiustin. We know not what we should be glad to drink, 
 Basil, if we were in a burning hot country, and had nothing 
 else to wet our lips with. 
 
 Hunter. On several occasions, in the hot regions of which 
 I spoke, I have seen horned frogs hopping about. Their 
 horns are about half an inch long, and some of them nearer 
 an inch, and quite sharp at the points. I dare say that you 
 would consider a horned frog quite a curiosity. 
 
 Austin. Indeed we should. When I go among the Ca- 
 manchees I shall look out for them. 
 
 Basil. And remember that you drink heartily at one of 
 the buffalo puddle wallows. 
 
 Hunter. Now and then a cool clear stream is seen, 
 gliding or rippling along the bottom of a deep ravine ; but, 
 when you run with delight to quench your burning thirst 
 with its delicious water, you find it so salt that you are 
 obliged to spurt it out of your mouth again. At times, you 
 would find the mosquitoes try you as much as the heat and 
 the want of water. In the north, beware of the grizzly 
 bear; and, in the south, prepare for heat, drought, and 
 mosquitoes. You cannot see the Red Indians, in their 
 native haunts, without painful endurance as well as keen 
 enjoyment. The prairie teeming with fruits and flowers, 
 the deep forests, the green bluffs, the noble rivers, the hospi- 
 tality of the different tribes of Indians, the novelty of their 
 
 r :i 
 
the thick 
 lue as We 
 e partake. 
 d by thirst 
 
 and half 
 ing round, 
 after set a 
 lankful to 
 have hith- 
 
 B buffalo's 
 
 I to drink, 
 d nothing 
 
 3 of which 
 It. Their 
 3m nearer 
 '■ that you 
 
 g the Ca- 
 
 at one of 
 
 is seen, 
 ine; but, 
 ing thirst 
 you are 
 mes, you 
 heat and 
 i grizzly 
 ght, and 
 in their 
 as keen 
 flowers, 
 le hospi- 
 of their 
 
 PREPARATION FOR DEATH. 
 
 appearance, manners, and customs, together with the 
 delightful views that frequently burst on the sight, are 
 sources of indescribable pleasure ; but, to partake of them, 
 heat and cold, hunger and thirst, toil and danger, must be 
 endured : of both the one and the other I have had my 
 share. And now, though I still love to recall to mind the 
 adventures of my earlier years, and the goodness of God in 
 preserving me amid so many perils, I wish to spend the 
 remainder of my days in retirement and peace ; doing what 
 I can for my follow beings around me, reading and medi- 
 tating on God's holy word, preparing for my latter end, and 
 hopefully looking forward to a glorious resurrection to 
 eternal life, through Him who died for sinners on the cross ; 
 believing, as I do, that « He is able to save them to the 
 uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth 
 to make intercession for them," Heb. vii. 25. 
 
 n 
 
 
 *'sr 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
\ < 
 
 m 
 
 It < 
 ]' I 
 
 1^4 
 
 I 
 
 KLIOT PREACHINQ to the INDIANS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Dreadfut ravages of the small pox — Loss sustained by the Mine- 
 tereers, Blackfeet, Crows, and Crees — The Mandan people all de- 
 stroyed — Death of Mah-to-toh-pa, " the four bears" — Attempts to 
 introduce vaccination — Narrative of Mr. Catlin — John Eliot, the 
 first Protestant missionary among the Red Indians — His progress 
 and death — Brainerd ; his Christian course and death — Character 
 given of him — Letter of the Oneida chiefs — Speech of the chief Little 
 Turtle — Missionary trials — Slaughter of the Christian Indians 
 — Kahkewaquonaby and Shaw Wundais, two Chippeways, visit 
 
 England. 
 
 NCE more Austin and his brothers 
 set off, with a long afternoon before 
 them, to Usten to the hunter's 
 account of the proceedings of the 
 missionaries among the Red Indians. 
 On this occasion they paid another 
 ^,Jg^g5 r^d^^^i^ :^^^ visit to the Red Sand-stone Rock 
 by the river, the place where they first met with their friend 
 the hunter. Here they recalled to mind all the circum- 
 stances which had taken place at the spot, and agreed that 
 220 
 
DESTRUCTION OF THE MANDANS. 221 
 
 the hunter, in saving their lives by his timely warning, and 
 afterwards adding so much as he had done to their informa- 
 tion and pleasure, had been to them one of the best 
 friends they had ever known. With very friendly and 
 grateful feelings towards him, they hastened to the cottage, 
 when the Red Indians, as usual, became the subject of their 
 conversation. "And now,* said Austin, «we are quite 
 ready to hear about the missionaries." 
 
 Hunter. Let me speak a word or two about the Indians, 
 before I begin my account. You remember that I told you 
 of the Mandans. 
 
 •/Justin. Yes. Mah-to-toh-pah was a Mandan, with his 
 fine robes, and war-eagle head-dress; the rain-makers 
 were Mandans; also the young warriors, who went 
 through so many tortures in the mystery lodge. 
 
 Hunter. Well, I must now tell you the truth. After I 
 left the Mandans, great changes came upon them ; and, at 
 the present time, hardly a single Mandan is alive. 
 
 Austin. Dreadful ! But how was it ? What brought it 
 all about ? 
 
 Brian. You should have told us this before. 
 
 Hunter. No. I preferred to tell you first of the people 
 as they were when I was with them. You may remember 
 my observation, in one of your early visits, that great 
 changes had taken place among them ; that the tomahawks 
 of the stronger tribes had thinned the others ; that many 
 had sold their lands to the whites, and retired to the west 
 of the Mississippi ; and that thousands had fallen a prey to 
 the small pox. It was in the year 1838 that this dreadful 
 disease was introduced among the Mandans, and other 
 tribes of the fur traders. Of the Minetereers, Blackfeet, 
 Chayenees, Crows, and Knisteneaux or Crees, twenty-five 
 thousand perished ; but of the poor Mandans, the whole 
 tribe was destroyed. 
 
 Brian. Why did they not get a doctor; or go out 
 
 of their village on to the wide prairie, that one might not 
 
 catch the disease from another ? 
 
 19* 
 
 :! 
 
 n 
 
 ■! 
 
 
 
ii: 
 I' 
 
 
 i ill 
 
 inr^l 
 
 i\\ 
 
 im 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 t! 
 
 222 
 
 POSITION OF TRIBES. 
 
 Hunter. Doctors were too far off; for the ravage of the 
 disease was so swift, that it swept them all away in a few 
 months. Their mystery men could not help them; and 
 their enemies, the Sioux, had war parties round their 
 village, so that they could not go out to the wide prairie. 
 There they were, dying fast in their village ; and little else 
 was heard, during day or night, but wailing, howling, and 
 crying to the Great Spirit to relieve them. 
 
 Austin, And did Mah-to-toh-pah, "the four bears," 
 die too ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes. For, though he recovered from the 
 disease, he could not bear up against the loss of his wives 
 and his children. They all died before his eyes, and 
 he piled them together in his lodge, and covered them with 
 robes. His braves and his warriors died, and life had no 
 charms for him ; for who was to share with him his joy or 
 his grief? He retired from his wigwam, and fasted and 
 prayed six days, lamenting the destruction of his tribe. He 
 then crawled back to his own lodge, laid himself by his 
 dead family, covered himself with a robe, and died like an 
 Indian chief. This is a melancholy picture ; and when I 
 first heard of the terrible event, I could have wept. 
 
 •Austin. It was indeed a terrible affair. Have they no 
 good doctors among the Red Indians now ? Why do they 
 not send for doctors who know how to cure the small pox, 
 insteac' of those juggling mystery men ? 
 
 Hunter. Many attempts have been made to introduce 
 vaccination among the tribes ; but their jealousy and want of 
 confidence in white men, who have so much wronged them, 
 and their attachment to their own customs and superstitions, 
 have prevented those attempts from being very successful. 
 There are now not many Indians east of the Mississippi ; 
 most of them have moved to the west of that river. As 
 you move up the Mississippi, the Chickasaws, the Seminoles, 
 the Choctaws, the Creeks, and others, are westerly, on' the 
 Red River and the Arkansas River. Then come the Chero- 
 kees, Sha wnees, Senecas, Quapa ws, Oneidas, and Tuskaroras, 
 
CATLIN'S NAKUATIVE. 
 
 223 
 
 [e of the 
 in a {exv 
 'm; and 
 nd their 
 prairie, 
 ittle else 
 ing, and 
 
 bears," 
 
 ►m the 
 ;s wives 
 es, and 
 Jm with 
 had no 
 8 joy or 
 ed and 
 )e. He 
 by his 
 Hke an 
 vhen I 
 
 hey no 
 [o they 
 11 pox, 
 
 reduce 
 
 ^ant of 
 
 them, 
 
 itions, 
 
 3ssfiil. 
 
 sippi; 
 
 . As 
 
 noles, 
 
 ti' the 
 
 hero- 
 
 'oras. 
 
 the Camanchees, Pawnee Picts, Kiawees, Wicos, and Sho- 
 shonees being far west, nearer the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 •/Justin. Where are the Sacs and Foxes ? 
 
 Hunter. Their hunting grounds Ue between the rivers 
 Mississippi and Missouri ; while eastward are those of the 
 Winnebagoes ; and northward and northwest, the Chippo- 
 ways and Sioux. On the Missouri, and other rivers, are 
 the Osages, Kanzas, Delawares, Kickapoos, Ottos, Poncas, 
 Pawneeloups, Grand Pawnees, and Pawnee repubUcs. On 
 the Upper Missouri, northward, are the Riccarees,whonow 
 have, also, the Mandan grounds. Nearer the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, on the same river, are the Crows ; next to them, the 
 Shiennees ; while further to the north may be found the 
 Blackfeet, Blood Indians, Crees, Ojibbeways, and Assinne- 
 boins. The missionaries are mostly among the tribes on 
 the Red River and the lower part of the Mississippi, such 
 as the Chickasaws, Seminoles, Choctaws, Cherokees, Sene- 
 cas, and others; though there are missionaries to more 
 northerly and westerly tribes. Before telling you about 
 the missionaries let me read you a short passage from 
 Mr. Catlin's "Letters" respecting the destruction of the 
 buffaloes. 
 
 jlustin. Do so by all means. I like to hear about the 
 buffaloes. 
 
 Hunter. Mr. Catlin says : " I have always counted my- 
 self a prudent man, yet I have often waked (sls it were) out 
 of the delirium of the chase (into which I had fallen, as 
 into an agitated sleep, and through which I had passed as 
 through a delightful dream), where to have died would have 
 been but to have remained, riding on, without a struggle or 
 a pang. 
 
 " In some of these, too, I have arisen from the prairie, 
 covered with dirt and blood having severed company with 
 gun and horse, the one lying some twenty or thirty feet 
 from me with a broken stock, and the other coolly brousing 
 on the grass at half a mile distance, without man, and with- 
 out other beast remaining in sight. 
 
 It 
 
 i ' 
 
 '. i! i 
 
 ilr 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 :,■ 
 
224 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 « For the novice in these scenes there is much danger of 
 his limbs and liis Hfe, and he finds it a hard and a desperate 
 struggle that brings him in at the death of these huge mon- 
 sters, except where it has been produced by hands that 
 have acquired more sleight and tact than his own. 
 
 " With the Indian, who has made this the every day 
 sport and anmsement of his life, there is less difficulty and 
 less danger ; he rides without " losing his breath," and his 
 unagitated hand deals certainty in its deadly blows. 
 
 « The laso is a long thong of rawhide, of ten or fifteen 
 yards in length, made of several braids or twists, and used 
 chiefly to catch the wild horse, which is done by throw- 
 ing over their necks a noose which is made at the end of 
 the laso, with which they are "choked down." In 
 running the buffaloes, or in time of war, the laso, drags 
 on the ground at the horse's feet, and sometimes several 
 rods behind, so that if a man is dismounted, which is often 
 the case, by the tripping or stumbUng of the horse, he has 
 the power of grasping to the laso, and by stubbornly hold- 
 ing on to it, of stopping and securing his horse, on whose 
 back he is instantly replaced, and continuing on in the chase. 
 
 « In the dead of the winters, which are very long and 
 severely cold in this country, where horses cannot be brought 
 into the chase with any avail, the Indian runs upon the 
 surface of the snow by the aid of his snow shoes, which 
 buoy him up, while the great weight of the buffaloes, sinks 
 them down to the middle of their sides, and completely 
 stopping their progress, ensures them certain and easy vic- 
 tims to the bow or lance of their pursuers. The snow in 
 these regions often lies during the winter, to the depth of 
 three and four feet, being blown away from the tops and 
 sides of the hills in many places, which are left bare for the 
 buffaloes to graze upon, whilst it is drifted in the hollows and 
 ravines to a very great depth, and rendered almost entirely 
 impassable to all these huge animals, which, when closely 
 pursued by their enemies, endeavour to plunge through it, but 
 are soon wedged in and almost unable to move, where they 
 
m 
 
 ianger of 
 desperate 
 uge mon- 
 ands that 
 
 v^ery day 
 culty and 
 " and his 
 
 'S. 
 
 or fifteen 
 and used 
 y throw- 
 e end of 
 n." In 
 so, drags 
 » several 
 is often 
 , he has 
 ily hold- 
 1 whose 
 e chase. 
 mg and 
 brought 
 )on the 
 » which 
 s, sinks 
 ipletely 
 isy vie- 
 now in 
 jpth of 
 ps and 
 for the 
 wsand 
 ntirely 
 closely 
 I it, but 
 e they 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 225 
 
 fall an easy prey to the Indian, who runs up lightly upon 
 his snow shoes and drives his lance to their hearts. The 
 skins are then stripped off, to be sold to the Fur Traders, 
 and the carcasses left to be devoured by the wolves. Tliis 
 is the season in which the greatest number of these animals 
 are destroyed for their robes — they are most easily killed at 
 this time, and their hair or fur being longer and more 
 abundant, gives greater value to the robe. 
 
 "The Indians generally kill and dry meat enough in the 
 full, when it is fat and juicy, to last them through the 
 winter ; so that they have little other object for this unlimited 
 slaughter, amid the drifts of snow, than that of procuring 
 their robes for traffic with their traders. The snow shoes 
 are made in a great many forms, of two and three feet in 
 length, and one foot or more in width, of a hoop or hoops 
 bent around for the frame, with a netting or web woven 
 across with strings of raw hide, on which the feet rest, and 
 to which they are fastened with straps somewhat like a 
 skate. With these the Indian will glide over the snow with 
 astonishing quickness, without sinking down, or scarcely 
 leaving his track where he has gone. 
 
 " The poor buffaloes have their enemy man, besetting 
 and beseiging them at all times of the year, and in all the 
 modes that man in his superior wisdo-n has been able to 
 devise for their destruction. They struggle in vain to evade 
 his deadly shafts, when he dashes amongst them over the 
 plains on his wild horse — they pluuge into the snow-drifts 
 where they yield themselves an easy prey to their de- 
 stroyers, and they also stand unwittingly and behold him, 
 unsuspected under the skin of a white wolf, insinuating 
 himself and his fatal weapons into close company, when 
 they are peaceably grazing on the level prairies, and shot 
 down before they are aware of their danger. 
 
 " There are several varieties of the wolf species in this 
 
 country, the most formidable and most numerous of which 
 
 are white, often sneaking about in gangs or families of fifty 
 
 or sixty in numbers, appearing in distance, on the green 
 
 3D 
 
 ■r. i 
 
 "11^ 
 
 
 (,N- 
 
220 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 i 
 
 .IT 
 
 I .' 
 
 praii'les like nothing but a flock of sheep. Many of these 
 animals grow to a very great size, being I should tl.ink, 
 quite a match for the largest Newfoundland dog. At present, 
 whilst the buffaloes are so abundant, and these ferocious 
 animals are glutted with the buffalo's flesh, they are harm- 
 less, and every where sneak away from man's presence ; 
 wliich I scarcely think will be the case after the buffaloes 
 are all gone, and they are left, as they must be, with scarcely 
 anything to eat. They always are seen following about in 
 the vicinity of herds of buffaloes and stand ready to pick 
 the bones of those that the hunters leave on the ground, or 
 to overtake and devour those that are wounded, which fall 
 an easy prey to them. While the herd of buffaloes are 
 together, they seem to have little dread of the wolf, and 
 allow them to come in close company with them. The In- 
 dian then has taken advantage of this fact, and often places 
 himself under the skin of this animal, and crawls for half a 
 mile or more on his hands and knees, until he approaches 
 within a fev/ rods of the unsus^^^ecting group, and easily 
 shoots down the fattest of the throng. 
 
 "The buffalo is a very timid animal, and shuns the 
 vicinity of man with the keenest sagacity ; yet, when over- 
 taken, and harrassed or wounded, turns upon its assailants 
 with the utmost fury, who have only to seek safety in 
 flight. In their desperate resistance the finest horses are 
 often destroyed ; but the Indian, with his superior sagacity 
 and dexterity generally finds some effective mode of escape. 
 (See Engraving.) 
 
 *' During the season of the year whilst the calves are 
 ycung, the inaie seems to stroll about by the side of the 
 daiH; as if for the p'.irpose of protecting the young, at which 
 time it is exceedingly hazardous to attack them, as they are 
 sure to turn upon their pursuers, who have often to fly to 
 each others assistance. The buffalo calf, during the first 
 six months is red, and has so much the appearance of a rod 
 calf in cultivated fields, that it could easily be mingled and 
 mistaken amongst them. In the fall, when it changes its 
 
y of these 
 uld tl.Ink, 
 Lt present, 
 
 ferocious 
 are harm- 
 presence ; 
 
 buffaloes 
 h scarcely 
 ■ about iu 
 ly to pick 
 round, or 
 vhich fall 
 aloes are 
 wolf, and 
 
 The In- 
 en places 
 for half a 
 ►proaches 
 id easily 
 
 luns the 
 len over- 
 Lssailants 
 lafety in 
 )rses are 
 sagacity 
 f escape. 
 
 Ives are 
 e of the 
 it which 
 hey are 
 to fly to 
 the first 
 of a red 
 led and 
 
 i! 
 
 .1: ! 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 iiges Its 
 
 o o 7 
 
CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 220 
 
 
 hair it takes a brown coat for the winter, which it always 
 retains. In pursuing a large herd of buffaloes at the season 
 when their calves are but a few weeks old, I have often 
 been exceedingly amused with the curious manoeuvres of 
 these shy little things. Ami^pt the thundering confusion of a 
 throng of several hundreds or several thousands of these ani- 
 mals there v/ill be many of the calves that lose sight of their 
 dams ; and being left behind by the throng, and the swift 
 passing hunters, they endeavour to secrete themselves, when 
 they are exceedingly put to it on a level prairie, where 
 nought can be seen but the short grass of six or eight 
 inches in height, save an occasional bunch of wild sage, a 
 few inches higher, to which the poor affrighted things will 
 run, and dropping on their knees, will push their noses 
 under it, and into the grass, where they will stand for 
 hours, with their eyes shut, imagining themselves securely 
 hid, whilst they are standing up quite straight upon their 
 hind feet and can easily be seen at several miles distance. 
 It is a familiar amusement for us accustomed to these scenes, 
 to retreat back over the ground where we have just escorted 
 the herd, and approach these little trembling things, which 
 stubbornly maintain their positions, with their noses pushed 
 under the grass, and their eyes strained upon us, as we 
 dismount from our horses and are passing around them. 
 From this fixed position they are sure not to move, until 
 hands are laid upon them, and then for the shins of a 
 novice, we can extend our sympathy ; or if he can preserve 
 i]\e skin on his bones from the furious buttings of his head, 
 v.'« iD.cw how to congratulate him on his signal success and 
 ^Mt • i ) ck. In these desperate struggles, for a moment, the 
 littii Jvng is conquered, and makes no further resistance. 
 And I have often, in concurrence with a kno\v'n custom of 
 the country, held my hands over the eyes of the calf, and 
 breathed a few strong breaths into its nostrils ; after which 
 I have, with my hunting companions, rode several miles 
 into our encampment, with the little prisoner busily follow- 
 ing the heels of my horse the whole way, as closely and as 
 
 20 
 
 
 I 
 
 til 
 
 \ 
 
ii 
 
 15 i* 
 
 I 
 
 :t 
 
 
 230 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 affectionately as its instinct would attach it to the company 
 of its dam ! 
 
 « This is one of the most extraordinary things that I 
 have met with in the habits of this wild country, and 
 although I had often heard of it, and felt unable exactly to 
 believe it, I am now willing to bear testimony to the fact, 
 from the numerous instances which I have witnessed since 
 I came into the country. During the time that I resided at 
 this post, in the spring of the year, on my way up the 
 river, I assisted (in numerous hunts of the buffalo, with the 
 Fur Company's men,) in bringing in, in the above manner, 
 several of these little prisoners, which sometimes followed 
 for live or six miles close to our horses' heels, and even into 
 the Fur Company's Fort, and into the stable where our 
 horses were le ^"^ this way, before I left for the head 
 waters of the Mi. ri, I think we had collected about a 
 dozen, which Mr. Laidlaw was successfully raising with 
 the aid of a good milch cow, and which were to be com- 
 mitted to the care of Mr. Chouteau to be transported by the 
 return of the steamer, to his extensive plantation in the 
 vicinity of St. Louis.* 
 
 " It is truly a melancholy contemplation for the traveller 
 in this country, to anticipate the period which is not far 
 distant, when the last of these noble animals, at the hands 
 of white and red men, will fall victims to their cruel and 
 improvident rapacity ; leaving these beautiful green fields, 
 a vast and idle waste, unstocked and unpeopled for ages to 
 come, until the bones of the one and the traditions of the 
 other will have vanished, and left scarce an intelligible 
 trace behind. - . 
 
 " That the reader should not think me visionary in these 
 contemplations, or romancing in making such rssertions, I 
 
 *Thc fute of these poor little prisoners was a very disastrous one. 
 The steamer having a distance of 1600 miles to perform, and lying a 
 week or two on sand bars, in a country where milk could not be pro- 
 cured, they all perished but one, which is now flourishing in the cxten- 
 eive ficldn of tliat gentleman. 
 
 ii 
 
^:fM 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 231 
 
 will hand liim the following item cf the extravagancies 
 which are practised in these regions, and rapidly leading to 
 the results which I have just named. 
 
 « When I first arrived in this place on my way up the 
 river, which was in the month of May, in 1832, and had 
 taken up v\y lodgings in the Fur Company's Fort, Mr. 
 Laidlaw, ol whom 1 have before spoken, and also his chief 
 clerk, Mr. Halsey, and many of their men, as well as the 
 chiefs of the Sioux, told me, that only a few days before 1 
 arrived, (when an immense herd of buffaloes had showed 
 themselves on the opposite side of the river almost black- 
 ening the plains for a great distance,) a party of five or six 
 hundred Sioux Indians on horseback, forded the river 
 about mid-day, and spending a few hours amongst them, 
 recrossed the river at sun-down and came into the Fort with 
 fourteen hundred fresh buffalo tongues, which were 
 thrown down in a mass, and for which they required but a 
 few gallons of whiskey, which was soon demolished, 
 indulging them in a little, but not harmless carouse. 
 
 " Tills profligate waste of the lives of these noble and 
 useful animals, when, from all that I could learn, not a skin 
 or a pound of the meat (except the tongues,) was brought in, 
 fully supports me in the seemingly extravagant predictions 
 that I have made as to their extinction, which I am certain 
 is near at hand. In the above extravagant instance, at a 
 season when their skins were witi?out fur and not worth 
 taking off, and their camp was so well stocked with fresh 
 and dried meat, that they had no occasion for using the 
 flesh there is a fair exhibition of the improvident char- 
 acter of thS savage, and also of his recklessness in catering 
 for his appetite, so long as the present inducements are held 
 out to him in his counDy, for its gratification. 
 
 " In this singular country, where the poor Indians have 
 no laws or regulations of society, making it a vice or an im- 
 propriety to drink to excess, they think it no harm to 
 indulge in the delicious beverage, as long as they arc able 
 to buy whiskey to drink. They look to white men us wiser 
 
 I' 
 
 '^ I 
 
 ; 
 
 w 
 
 ■!;, it 
 i' '■ 
 
232 
 
 CAi'LlN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 um 
 
 than themselves, and able to set them examples — they see 
 none of these in their country but sellers of whiskey, who 
 are constantly tendering it to them, and most of them setting 
 the example by using it themselves ; and they easily 
 acquire a taste, that to be catered for, where whiskey is 
 sold at sixteen dollars per gallon, soon impoverishes them, 
 and must soon strip the skin from the last buffalo's back 
 that lives in their country, to " be dressed by their squaws" 
 and vended to the Traders for a pint of diluted alcohol. 
 
 « From the above remarks it will be seen, that not only 
 the red men, but red men and white, have aimed destruc- 
 tion at the race of these animals ; and with them, beasts 
 have turned hunters of buffaloes in this country, slaying 
 them, however, in less numbers, and for far more laudable 
 purpose than that of selling their skins. The white wolves, 
 of which I have spoken in a former epistle, follow the herds 
 of buffaloes, as I have said, from one season to another, 
 glutting themselves on the carcasses of those that fall by 
 the deadly shafts of their enemies, or linger with disease or 
 old age to be despatched by these sneaking cormorants, who 
 are ready at all times kindly to relieve them from the pangs 
 of a lingering death. 
 
 <' Whilst the herd is together, the wolves never attack 
 them, as they instantly gather for combined resistance, 
 which they effectually make. But when the herds are 
 travelling, it often happens that an aged or wounded one, 
 lingers at a distance behind, and when fairly out of sight 
 of the herd, is set upon by these voracious hunters, which 
 often gather to the number of fifty or more, and are sure 
 at last to torture him to death, and use him up*at a meal. 
 The buffalo however, is a huge and furious animal, and 
 when his retreat is cut off, makes desperate and deadly 
 resistance, contending to the last moment for the right of 
 life — and oftentimes deals death by wholesale, to his canine 
 assailants, which he is tossing into the air or stamping to 
 death under his feet. 
 
 « During my travels in these regions, I have several times 
 
CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 233 
 
 -they see 
 ikey, who 
 m settiiiff 
 By easily 
 '"hiskey is 
 les them, 
 lo's back 
 squaws'* 
 ohol. 
 not only 
 
 destruc- 
 n, beasts 
 f slaying 
 laudable 
 
 wolves, 
 le herds 
 another, 
 
 fall by 
 sease or 
 its, who 
 
 pangs 
 
 attack 
 stance, 
 ds are 
 one, 
 f sight 
 which 
 e sure 
 
 meal, 
 il, and 
 Jeadly 
 ?ht of 
 anine 
 ng to 
 
 times 
 
 come across such a gang of these animals surrounding an 
 old or a wounded bull, where it would seem, from appear- 
 ances, that they had been for several days in attendance, 
 and at intervals desperately engaged in the effort to take 
 his life. But a short time since, as one of my hunting 
 companions and myself were returning to our encampment 
 with our horses loaded with meat, we discovered at a dis- 
 tance, a huge bull, encircled with a gang of white wolves ; 
 we rode up as near as we could without driving them 
 away, and being within pistol shot, we had a remarkably 
 good view, where I sat for a fev, moments and made a 
 sketch in my note book ; after which, we rode up and gave 
 the signal for them to disperse, which they instantly did, 
 withdrawing themselves to the distance of fifty or sixty 
 rods, when we found, to our great surprise, that the animal 
 had made desperate resistance, until his eyes were entirely 
 eaten out of his head — the grizzle of his nose was mostly 
 gone — his ton^^ue was half eaten off, and the skin and 
 the flesh of his legs torn almost literally into strings. In 
 this tattered and torn condition, the poor old veteran stood 
 bracing up in the midst of his devourers, who had ceased 
 hostilities for a few minutes, to enjoy a sort of parley, 
 recovering strength and preparing to resume the attack in 
 a few moments again. In this group, some were reclining, 
 to gain breath, whilst others were sneaking about and 
 licking their chaps in anxiety for a renewal of the attack ; 
 and others, less lucky, had been crushed to death by the feet 
 or the horns of the bull. I rode nearer to the pitiable 
 object as he stood bleeding and trembling before me, and 
 said to him, « Now is your time, old fellow, and you had 
 better be off." Though blind and nearly destroyed, there 
 seemed evidently to be a recognition of a friend in me, as he 
 straightened up, and, trembling with excitement, dashed 
 off at full speed upon the prairie, in a staight line. We 
 turned our horses and resumed our march, and when we had 
 advanced a mile or more, we looked back, and on our left, 
 
 where we saw again the ill-fated animal surrounded by 
 ^E 20* 
 
 3,1 1 
 
 11 
 
 ';;' 
 
 ii ■ 
 
■n 
 
 I 
 
 F 
 
 234 
 
 JOHN ELIOT. 
 
 his tormentors, to whose insatiable voracity he unquestion- 
 ably soon fell a victim." 
 
 Brian. This is very interesting. Now tell us about 
 the missionaries to the Indians. 
 
 ^usti?i. Who was the first missionary who went among 
 them? 
 
 Hunter. I believe the first was John Eliot. More than two 
 hundred years ago, a body of pious Englishmen left their 
 native land, because they were not allowed in England 
 peaceably to serve God according to their consciences. 
 They landed in America, having obtained a grant of land 
 there. They were called "Puritans," and "Pilgrim 
 Fathers." It is certain, that, whatever were their peculiar- 
 ities, and by whatever names they were known, the fear of 
 God and the love of mankind animated their hearts. 
 
 Brian. And it was the same with John Eliot ? 
 
 Hunter. It was. These Pilgrim Fathers, seeing that the 
 Indians were living in idleness, cruelty, and superstition, 
 were desirous to instruct them in useful arts, and still more 
 in the fear of the Lord ; and John Eliot, who had left Eng- 
 land to join his religious friends in America, was the first 
 Protestant missionary among the Indians. 
 
 •Austin. I wonder he was not afraid of going among 
 them. 
 
 Hunter. He that truly fears God, has no need to fear 
 danger in the path of duty. John Eliot had three good 
 motives, that girded his loins and strengthened his heart : 
 the first, was the glory of God, in the conversion of the 
 poor Indians ; the second, was his love of mankind, and 
 pity for such as were ignorant of true religion ; and 
 the third, was his desire that the promise of his friends to 
 spread the gospel among the Red Indians should be fulfilled. 
 It was no light task that he had undertaken, as I will prove 
 to you. I dare say, that you have not quite forgotten all 
 the long names that I gave you. Shon-ga-ton-ga-chesh- 
 en-day, " the horse dung,'* was one ; and Mah-to-rah-rish- 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 su 
 
ELIOT'S LABOURS. 
 
 2.15 
 
 question- 
 is about 
 it among 
 
 than two 
 eft their 
 England 
 sciences, 
 of land 
 Pilgrim 
 )eculiar- 
 I fear of 
 
 that the 
 irstitio'n, 
 11 more 
 jft Eng- 
 he first 
 
 among 
 
 to fear 
 e good 
 heart : 
 of the 
 d, and 
 i; and 
 nds to 
 ilfiUed. 
 prove 
 en all 
 chesh- 
 \-rish' 
 
 f> 
 
 
 lee-ieh-ee-rahf « the grizzly bear that runs wiinout regard, 
 -,vas another. 
 
 Austin. I remember your telling us of them; and I 
 suppose they are the longest words in the world. 
 
 Hunter. I will now give you two words in one of the 
 languages that John Eliot had to learn, and then, perhaps, 
 you will alter your opinon. , The first of them is noorro- 
 mantammoonkanunor' nashy which means, "our loves;" 
 and the second, or " our questions," is kummogokdonatto- 
 ottammoctiteaongannuniionash. * 
 
 •/Austin. Why that last word would reach all across one 
 of our copy books. 
 
 Basik You had better learn those two words, Austin, to 
 begin with. 
 
 Brian. Ay, do, Austin : if you have many such when 
 you go among the red men, you must sit up at night to 
 learn what you have to speak in the day. 
 
 Austin. No, no ; I have settled all that. I mean to 
 have an interpreter with me ; one who knows every thing. 
 Please to tell us a little more about Eliot. 
 
 Hunter. I will. An author says, speaking of missiona- 
 ries, " As I hold the highest title on earth to be that of a 
 servant of God, and the most important employment that 
 of making known to sinners the salvation that God has 
 wrought for them, through his Son Jesus Christ; so I 
 cannot but estimate very highly the character of an humble, 
 zealous, conscientious missionary. Men undertake, endure, 
 and achieve much when riches, and honours, and reputa- 
 tion are to be attained ; but where is the worldly reputa- 
 tion of him who goes, with his life in his hand, to make 
 known to barbarous lands the glad tidings of salvation? 
 Where are the honours :^nd the money bags of the 
 missionary ? In many cases, toil and anxiety, hunger an^l 
 thirst, reviling and violence, danger and death await him ; 
 but where is his earthly reward ?" Eliot*8 labours were 
 incessant; translating not only the commandments, the 
 Lord's prayer, and many parts of Scripture into the 
 
 ^ 
 
 It 
 
 ;i(j 
 
 I 
 
I i 
 
 236 
 
 ELIOT'S LABOURS. 
 
 fV- 
 
 
 m 
 
 '■.'.' 
 
 fi 
 
 
 .ndian languages, but also the whole Bible. This was the 
 Iirst Bible ever printed in America. 
 
 Basil. Remember that, Brian ! 
 
 Hunter. For days together he travelled from place 
 to place, wet to the skin, wringing the wet from his 
 stockings at night. Sometimes he was treated cruelly 
 by the sachems, (principal chiefs,) sagamores, (lesser chiefs,) 
 and powows, (conjurers, or mystery men ;) but though 
 they thrust him out, and threatened his life, he held on his 
 course, telling them that he was in the service of the Great 
 God, and feared them not. So highly did they think of his 
 services in England, that a book was printed, called " The 
 Day-breaking, if not the Sun-rising of the Gospel with the 
 Indians in New England;" ana another, entitled "The 
 Clear Sunshine of the Gospel breaiiing forth upon i\u 
 Indians ;" and dedicated to the parliament ; in order that 
 assistance and encouragement might be given him. At the 
 close of a grammer, published by him, he wrote the words, 
 " Prayers and pains, through faith in Christ Jesus, will do 
 any thing." 
 
 Brian, I should think that he was one of the best men 
 that ever lived. 
 
 Hunter. He instituted schools, and devoted himself to 
 the Christian course he had undertaken with an humble and 
 ardent spirit, until old age and increasing infirmities render- 
 ed him too feeble to do as he had done before. Even then, 
 he catechised the negro slaves in the neighbourhood around 
 him; and took a poor blind boy home to his own house, 
 that he might teach him to commit to memory some of t! e 
 chapters in the Bible. Among the last expressions that 
 dropped from his lips were the words, " Welcome joy ! 
 Pray ! pray ! pray !" This was in the eighty-sixth year 
 of his age. No wonder he should even now be re- 
 membered by us, as " the apostle of the Indians." 
 
 Basil. I am very glad that you told us about him. 
 What a good old man he was when he died ! 
 
 Hunter. There were many good men, after his death, 
 
.1 i^p.iiinH,. m. ■I... ■ iin^^^^m^ 
 
 DAVID BRAINERD. 
 
 2S1 
 
 s was the 
 
 >ni place 
 from his 
 d cruelly 
 er chiefs,) 
 t though 
 M on his 
 the Great 
 nk of his 
 ed « The 
 with the 
 ed « The 
 ipon tli. 
 rder that 
 At the 
 e words, 
 , will do 
 
 est men 
 
 mseif to 
 nble and 
 i render- 
 en then, 
 around 
 I house, 
 e of tie 
 >ns that 
 ne joy ! 
 ih year 
 be re- 
 
 it him. 
 
 death, 
 
 who trod as closely as they could in his steps: but I must 
 not stop to dwell upon them. David Brainerd, however, 
 must not be passed by : he was a truly humble and zealous 
 servant of the Most High. You may, indeed, judge of his 
 humility by the following extract from his writings. « My 
 soul has, for a long time past, been in a truly pitiable con- 
 dition. Sometimes, I have been so overwhelmed with a 
 sense of my insignificance and imworthiness, that I have 
 been ^shamed that any, not excepting the meanest of my 
 fellow creatures, should so much as spend a thought about 
 me. Sometimes, when travelling among the thick brakes, 
 I have wished that, like them, I might drop hito everlasting 
 oblivion. Sometimes, I have almost resolved never again 
 to see any of my acquaintance, thinking I could not hold 
 up my face before them ; and have longed for the remotest 
 corner on earth, as a retreat from all my Iriends, that 
 I might never be seen or heard of more. Sometimes, the 
 consideration of my ignorance has occasioned me great 
 anxiety and distress: but my soul has, in a particular 
 manner, been full of anguish from fear, and guilt, and 
 shame ; because I had ever preached the gospel, or had any 
 thought of that important work. Sometimes, I have been 
 in deep distress, on feeling some particular corrupiiun rise 
 in my breast, and swell like a mighty torrent ; while, at the 
 same time, ten thousand sins and follies presented them- 
 selves to my view, in all their native blackness and 
 deformity. Such things as these have weighed down my 
 soul, combined as they are with those unfavourable exter- 
 nal circumstances in which I am at present placed ; desti- 
 tute of most of the conveniences of life, at least of all its 
 pleasures ; without a friend to whom I may unbosom my 
 sorrows, and sometimes without a place of retirement 
 where I may unburden my soul before God." 
 
 Basil. Poor Brainerd ! 
 
 Brian. Why, he was just such another as Eliot. 
 
 Hunter. I must tell you of a strange Indian that 
 
238 AN EXTKAORDINARY CHARACTER. 
 
 Urainerd met with ; the following is the account, and 
 I think it will much interest you. 
 
 " In this part of the country, Brainerd met with a 
 zealous reformer of the Indian religion, or rather a restorer 
 of what he considered their ancient mode of worship. 
 But of all the spectacles he ever saw, none appeared 
 so horrible, none excited such images of terror in his mind, 
 none corresponded so nearly with the common idea of the 
 internal powers. He presented himself to him in his 
 priestly garb, consisting of a coat of bear-skins hanging 
 down to his toes, a bear-skin cap on his head, and a pair 
 of bear-skin stockings on his feet ; a large wooden face, 
 the one half painted black, the other of a tawny colour, 
 like the Indians', with an extravagant mouth, cut ex- 
 tremely awry. In his hand was the instrument he em- 
 ployed for music in his idolatrous worship : it was a 
 tortoise-shell with some corn in it, fixed on a piece of wood 
 for a handle. As he came forward, he beat time with his 
 rattle, and danced with all his might ; but allowed no part 
 of his body, not even his fingers, to be seen. His appear- 
 ance and gestures were so unlike all that was human, that 
 when he came near, Brainerd could not help shrinking back 
 with horror, though it was then noon-day, and he knew 
 perfectly well who it was. It appears he had a house, in 
 which were several images, and the ground was beaten 
 almost as hard as a rock by his frequent and violent 
 dancing. Brainerd conversed with him about the princi- 
 ples of Christianity : some of them he liked ; others he 
 disliked. God, he said, had taught him his religion ; and 
 he never would relinquish it : he was anxious, however, to 
 find some who would cordially join with him in it, for the 
 Indians had grown very careless and degenerate : he had 
 thoughts, therefore, of leaving all his friends, travelling 
 abroad, and searching for some who would unite with him ; 
 for he believed God had some good people in the world, 
 who viewed things in the same light as himself. He had 
 not always felt as he now did : formerly he was like the 
 
 # 
 
PER. 
 
 count, and 
 
 let with a 
 ' a restorer 
 f worsliip. 
 appeared 
 1 his mind, 
 idea of the 
 im in his 
 IS hanging 
 md a pair 
 oden face, 
 ny colour, 
 1, cut ex- 
 It he em- 
 it was a 
 B of wood 
 J with his 
 d no part 
 is appear- 
 iman, that 
 king back 
 he knew 
 house, in 
 as beaten 
 d violent 
 le princi- 
 others he 
 :ion; and 
 wever, to 
 t, for the 
 : he had 
 ravelling 
 ^ith him ; 
 le world. 
 He had 
 like the 
 
 ELIOT AND BRAINERD. 
 
 230 
 
 other Indians ; but, about four or five years ago, he became 
 greatly distressed in his mind ; he could no longer dwell 
 among his countrymen, but retired into the woods, and 
 lived there alono ibr several months. At length, Uod 
 comforted his heart, and showed him what he should do. 
 Since that period, he had known God, and endeavoured to 
 serve him ; he also loved all men, whoever they were, in a 
 manner he never did before. It further appeared, from the 
 accounts of the Indians themselves, that he was a great 
 enemy to their drinking spirituous liquors, and when 
 he could not dissuade them from that ruinous practice, he 
 used to leave them, and go crying into the woods. Some 
 of his sentiments, indeed, were rational and just; and 
 
 Brainerd even informs us, there was 
 
 something 
 
 in his 
 
 
 temper and disposition more like true religion than anything 
 he ever beheld in a pagan. He appeared to be sincere, 
 honest, and conscientious, in his own way ; and, on this 
 account, was derided by his countrymen as a precise 
 zealot, who made a needless noise about religion." 
 
 *dustin. I never heard of a stranger man •. and yet he 
 does not seem to have been a bad man, after all. 
 
 Basil, No. He seems to havQ been much better than 
 his countrymen. 
 
 Hunter. Both Eliot and Brainerd did a great deal 
 of good among the Red Indians ; the language of Brainerd 
 was, " Here am I, Lord, send me ; send me to the ends of 
 the earth ; send me to the rough, the savage pagans of the 
 wilderness ; send me from all that is called comfort on 
 earth; send me even to death itself, if it be but in thy 
 service, and to extend thy kingdom." 
 
 Brian, 1 hardly know whether Eliot was the best man, 
 or Brainerd. 
 
 Hunter. They were very unlike in one thing ; for Eliot 
 lived till he was eighty-six years old; whereas Brainerd 
 died in the thirtieth year of his age. But though so young, 
 it IS said of him, by a learned and good man, « The Life 
 and Diary of David Brainerd exhibits a perfect pattern of 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
mmmmmmm 
 
 040 
 
 SPEECH OF LITTLE TURTLE. 
 
 i/.'i 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 the qualities which should distinguish the instructor of 
 rude and barbarous tribes; the most invincible patience 
 and self-denial, the profoundest humility, exquisite pru- 
 dence, indefatigable industry, and such a devotedness 
 to God, or rather such an absorption of the whole soul in 
 zeal for the Divine glory and the salvation of men, as 
 is scarcely to be paralleled since the age of the apostles." 
 
 Brian. Then, he was as good a man as Eliot. 
 
 Hunter. I will read you an extract from a letter written 
 by some Oneida chiefs, by which you will see that the 
 labours of these good men were not in vain. 
 
 " The holy word of Jesus has got place amongst us, and 
 advances. Many have lately forsaken their sins to appear- 
 ance, and turned to God. There are some among us who 
 are very stubborn and strong ; but Jesus is almighty, and 
 has all strength, and his holy word is very strong too : 
 therefore we hope it will conquer and succeed more and 
 more. We say no mo^c ; only we ask our fathers to pray 
 for us, though they are at a great distance. Perhaps, by- 
 and-by, through the strength and mercy of Jesus, we shall 
 meet in his kingdom above. Farewell. 
 
 Tagawarow, chief of the Bear tribe. 
 SuGHNAGEAROT. cMef of the Wolf tribe. 
 Ojekheta, chief of the Turtle tribe.*^ 
 
 *^ustin. Why, they were all three of them chiefs ! 
 
 Hunter. The speech made by the chief. Little Turtle, at 
 Baltimore, on his way to see the president of the United 
 States, will interest you. Some Quakers, who saw him, 
 told him that the habit among his tribe of drinking rum, 
 prevented them from doing them good. 
 
 " Brothers aiiJ friends — When your forefathers first met 
 on this island, 3'^our :ed brethren were very numerous ; but, 
 since the introduction amongst us of what you call 
 spirituous liquors, and what we think may justly be. called 
 poison, our numbers are greatly diminished. It has *^e- 
 stroyed a great part of your red brethren. 
 
 " My friends and brothers — We plainly perceive that you 
 
 i 
 
.E. 
 
 SPEECH OF LITTLE TURTLE. 
 
 241 
 
 structor of 
 )le patience 
 luisite pru- 
 
 Jevotedness 
 ole soul in 
 of men, as 
 ipostles." 
 
 tter written 
 !e tiiat the 
 
 gst us, and 
 ! to appear- 
 ng us who 
 nighty, and 
 trong too ; 
 more and 
 !rs to pray 
 3rhaps, by- 
 s, we shall 
 
 ribe. 
 y tribe, 
 iber 
 iefs ! 
 
 ! Turtle, at 
 
 he United 
 
 saw him, 
 
 king rum, 
 
 5 first met 
 
 •ous; but, 
 
 you call 
 
 be called 
 
 t has ue- 
 
 1 that you 
 
 see the very evil which destroys your red brethren. It is 
 not an evil of our own making. We have not placed 
 it amongst ourselves ; it is an evil placed amongst us by 
 the white people : we look to them to remove it out of the 
 country. We tell them, < Brethren, fetch us useful things : 
 bring us goods that will clothe us, our women, and our 
 children ; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our health, 
 that destroys our reason, that destroys our lives.* But all 
 that we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives 
 relief to your red brethren. 
 
 "My friends and brothers — I rejoice to find that you 
 agree in opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if 
 possible, of service to us, in removing this great evil out of 
 our country ; an evil which has had so much room in 
 it, and ha^ destroyed so many of our lives, that it causes 
 our young men to say, < We h^.d better be at war with the 
 white people. This liquor which they introduce into our 
 countr]', is more to be feared than the gun or tomahawk.' 
 There are more of us dead since the treaty of Greenville, 
 than we lost by the six years' war before. It is all owing 
 to the introduction of this liquor among us. 
 
 " Brothers — When our young men have been out hunt- 
 ing, and are returning home loaded with skins and furs, on 
 their way, if it happens that they come where this whiskey 
 is deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take 
 a little drink. Some of them will say, <■ No ; I do not want 
 it.' They go on till they come to another house, where 
 they find more of the same kind of drink. It is there 
 offered again ; they refuse ; and again the third time : but, 
 finally, the fourth or fifth time, one accepts oi it, and takes 
 a drink, and getting one he wants another, and then 
 a third, and fourth, till his senses have left him. After his 
 njason comes back to him, when he gets up and finds 
 where he is, he asks for his peltry. The n.nswer is, < You 
 have drunk them.' 'Where is my gun ?' « It is gone.' 
 'Where is my blanket?' *It is gone.' 'Where is my 
 shirt?' ' You have sold it for whiskey !' Now, brothers, 
 a F n 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 K ' ■ 
 
 ■■■ I I 
 
 :'ti 
 
 I 
 
MPt- 
 
 I I' 
 
 242 PERSECUTION OF MISSIONARIES. 
 
 figure to yourselves wliat coiidllion this man must be in. 
 He has a family at home ; a wife and children who stand 
 in need of the profits of his hunting. What must be their 
 wants, when even he himself is without a shirt ?" 
 
 jiustin. There is a great deal of good sense in v.'hat 
 Little Turtle said. 
 
 Hunter. The war between England and America made 
 sad confusion among the Red Indians, and the missionaries 
 too ; for it was reported that the missionaries were joining 
 the French against the English, so that they and the Indian 
 converts were dreadfully persecuted. A great number of 
 the latter were sheltered in a workhouse at Lancaster, but 
 a furious mob broke open the workhouse, and murdered 
 them all. 
 
 Brian. Dreadful ! dreadful ! 
 
 Hunter. Colonel de Peyster, who was then the English 
 governor at Fort Detroit, suspected the Christian Indians of 
 being partisans of the Americans, and the missionaries of 
 being spies; and he wished the Indians favourable to him 
 to carry them all off. Captain Pipe, a Delaware chief, per- 
 suaded the half king of the Hurons to force them away. 
 Persecution went on, till the missionaries, seeing that no 
 other course remained, they being plundered without mercy, 
 and their lives threatened, consented to emigrate. They 
 were thus compelled to quit their pleasant settlement, es- 
 corted by a troop of savagey headed by an English officer. 
 The half king of the Hurons went with them. But I will 
 read you an account of what took place after they reached 
 Sandusky Creek. " Having arrived at Sandusky Creek, 
 after a journey of upwards of four weeks, the half king of 
 the Hurons and his w^arriors left them, and marched into 
 their own country, without giving them any particular 
 orders how to proceed. Tlius they were abandoned in a 
 wilderness where there was neither game nor provisions of 
 any kind; sUch was the place to which the barbarians had 
 led them, not withstanding they had represented it as a 
 perfect paradise. After wandorin": to and fro for sonn? 
 
lES. 
 
 mist be in. 
 ^vho stand 
 'St be their 
 
 'G in what 
 
 rica made 
 issionaries 
 re joiuing 
 he Indian 
 umber of 
 master, but 
 murdered 
 
 English 
 ndiaus of 
 naries of 
 e to him 
 hief, per- 
 m away. 
 
 that ijo 
 It mercy, 
 . Tliey 
 nent, es- 
 1 offiner. 
 lit I will 
 readied 
 
 Creek, 
 I^ing of 
 if'd into 
 rticiilar 
 'd iji a 
 ions of 
 lis iiad 
 it as a 
 ' soinq 
 
 PERSECUTION OP MISSIONARIES. 243 
 
 time, they resolved to spend the winter in Upper Sandusky; 
 and, having pitched on the most coiivenient spot they could 
 find in this dreary region, they erected small huts of logs 
 and bark, to shelter themselves from the rain and cold. 
 They were now, however, so poor, that they had neither 
 beds nor blankets; for, on the journey, the sa-- ages had 
 stolen every thing from them, except only their utensils for 
 manufacturing maple sugar. But nothing distressed them 
 so much as the want of provisions. Some had long spent 
 their all, and now depended on the charity of their neigh- 
 bours for a morsel to eat. Even the missionaries, who 
 hitherto had uniformly gained a livelihood by the labour of 
 their hands, were now reduced to the necessity of receiving 
 support from the congregation. As their wants were so 
 urgent, Shebosh the missionary, and several of the Christian 
 Indians, returned, as soon as possible, to their settlements 
 on the Muskingum, to fetch the Indian corn which they 
 had left growing in the fields. 
 
 « Scarcely had the congregation begun to settle in San- 
 dusky, when the missionaries were ordered to go and ap- 
 pear before the governor of Fort Detroit. Four of them, 
 accompanied by several of the Indian assistants, accordingly 
 set off without delay, while the other two remained with 
 their little flock. On taking their departure, they experi- 
 enced the most agonizing sensations: partly, as they knew 
 not what might be the issue of the journ ; and partly, as 
 they were obliged to leave their families i" want of the 
 common necessaries of life. As they travelled rhi<^fly by 
 land, along the banks of Lake Erie, they had to pass 
 through numerous swamps, over large inundated plains, 
 and through thick forests. But the most painful circum- 
 stance was, their hearing that some of the Indians, who had 
 gone to Muskingum to fetch corn, had been murdered by 
 the white people ; and that a large body of these miscreants 
 was marching to Sandusky, to surprise the new settlement. 
 This report, indeed, was not correct. Shebosh the mission- 
 ary, and five of the Christian Indians, were, it is true, 
 
 I 
 
 J: 
 
 
 t; 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 h'A 
 
244 PERSECUTIOiN OF MISSIONARIES. 
 
 u: 
 
 m 
 
 \.'} j 
 
 taken prisoners at Shoenbrimn, and carried to Pittsburg. 
 The others returned safe to Sandusky, with about four 
 hundred bushels of Indian corn, which they had gathered 
 in the fields. But as the travellers did not hear a correct 
 statement of these circumstances until afterwards, they 
 suffered meanwhile the greatest anxiety and distress. 
 
 "Having arrived at Detroit, they appeared before the 
 governor, in order to answer the accusations brought against 
 them, of holding a correspondence with the Americans, to 
 the prejudice of the English interest. The investigation, 
 however, was deferred till Captain Pipe, their principal 
 accuser, should arrive. A circumstance which could not 
 but give them much uneasiness, as he had hitherto shown 
 himself their bitter and determined enemy. They had no 
 friend on earth to interpose in their behalf; but they had a 
 Friend in heaven, in whom they put their trust : nor was 
 their confidence in Him in vain. On the day of trial. 
 Captain Pipe, after some ceremonies had passed between 
 him and Colonel de Peyster, respecting the scalps and 
 prisoners which he had brought from the United States, rose 
 and addressed the governor as follows: — 'Father — You 
 commanded us to bring the believing Indians and their 
 teachers from the Muskingum. This has been done. 
 When we had brought them to Sandusky, you ordered us 
 to bring their teachers and some of their chiefs unto you. 
 Here you see them before you. Now you may speak 
 with them yourself, as you have desired. But I hope you 
 will speak good words unto them : yea, I tell you, speak 
 good words unto them; for they are my friends, and I 
 should be sorry to see them ill used.' These last words he 
 repeated two or three times. In reply to this speech, the 
 governor enumerated the variou^ complaints he had made 
 against the brethren, and called U[)on him to prove that they 
 had actually corresponded with the Americans, to the pre- 
 judice of the English. To this the chief replied, that such 
 a thing might have happened ; but they would do it no 
 more, for thoy were now at Detroit. The governor, justly 
 
 al 
 hi 
 al 
 
 :■' '■' 
 
lES. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 ibout four 
 gathered 
 r a correct 
 
 rds, they 
 ess. 
 
 •efore the 
 ht ^igainst 
 
 ricans, to 
 'stigation, 
 
 principal 
 ;ouId not 
 to shown 
 7 had no 
 ■Y had a 
 
 nor was 
 
 of trial, 
 between 
 »lps and 
 ites, rose 
 3r— You 
 id their 
 n done. 
 Jered us 
 ito you. 
 ' speak 
 •pe you 
 '; speak 
 
 and I 
 3rds he 
 ch, the 
 I made 
 It they 
 le pre- 
 t such 
 
 it no 
 justly 
 
 PERSECUTION OP MISSIONARIES. 245 
 
 dissatisfied with this answer, peremptorily demanded that 
 he should give a direct reply to his question. Pipe was 
 now greatly embarrassed ; and, bending to his counsellors, 
 asked them what he should say. But they all hung their 
 heads in silence. On a sudden, however, he rose, and thus 
 addressed the governor : — ' I said before that such a thing 
 might have happened ; now I will tell you the truth. 1 iie 
 missionaries are innocent. I'hey have done nothing of 
 themselves; what they did, they were compelled to do.' 
 Then, smiting his breast, he added : ' I am to blame, and 
 the chiefs who were with me. We forced them to do it 
 when they refused;' alluding to the correspondence between 
 the Delaware chiefs and the Americans, of which the 
 missionaries were the innocent medium. Thus the brethren 
 found an advocate and a friend in their accuser and enemy. 
 ^" After making some further inquiries, the governor 
 declared, before the whole camp, that the brethren were 
 irmocent of all the charges alleged against them ; that he 
 felt great satisfaction in their endeavours to civilize ard 
 Christianize the Indians; and that he would permit them to 
 return to their congregation without delay. He even 
 offered them the use of his own house, in the most friendly 
 manner; and as they had been plundered, contrary to his 
 express command, he ordered them to be supplied with 
 clothes, and various other articles of which they stood in 
 need. He even bought the four watches which the savages 
 had taken from them, and sold to a trader. After experi- 
 encing various other acts of kindness from him, they re- 
 turned to Sandusky, and were received with inexpressible 
 joy by their families and the whole congregation." 
 
 */9ustin. Come, I am glad it has all ended so well. 
 Captain Pipe and Colonel de Peyster acted an unworthy 
 part, to suspect the missionaries. 
 
 Brian. They did; but the colonel declared before the 
 whole camp that they were innocent. That was making 
 some amends for his suspicions. 
 
 21 
 
 i 
 III 
 
 fi 
 
 
 ^i!^ 
 
2i6 
 
 INDIANS OF THE FAit WEST. 
 
 
 Basil. Captain Pipe ought to liave been ashamed of 
 himself. 
 
 Hunter. The missionaries went through varied trials, 
 and nearly a hundred Christian Indians — men, women, and 
 children — were cruelly slaughtered; but afterwards missions 
 began to wear a more prosperous appearance. Some time 
 ago, Kahkewaquonaby, a Chippeway, visited England, and 
 spoke very eloquently at many public Christian assemblies. 
 Shaw Wundais, otherwise John Sunday, a Chippeway 
 chief, came also, and seemed to be a humble minded and 
 zealous Christian. But I have now kept you longer than 
 usual; the next time you come here, I will finish my 
 missionary account. Though among the tribes near the 
 whites great changes have taken place; yet, among the 
 Indians of the far west, their customs are but little a)'v.red. 
 They join in the buffalo hunt, assemble in the war p. .^ty, 
 engage in their accustomed games, and smoke the pipe of 
 peace, the same as ever. 
 
WAK-MSNITU. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 
 ( ' 
 
 I? If, 
 
 I'rU 
 
 ■c (I 
 
 I': 
 
 
 TVade of the Indians — Visit of Mr. Catlin to the Pawnees — Council 
 — Exchange of Prisoners. 
 
 Imi 
 
 PON the first pleasant day after 
 their last interview, the boys 
 made another visit to the hun- 
 ter, being still desirous to hear 
 more of his interesting accounts of the 
 Indians. They were anxious to learn 
 further particulars respecting the trade of 
 the Indians with the whites. ^ 
 
 •Austin. What is the principal object of the trade be- 
 tween the Indians and the whites? 
 
 Hunter. The most valuable article which the Indians 
 have to offer is, of course, the furs which are the products 
 
 of their hunting. 
 
 247 
 
 im' 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 Si! 
 
 *'i 
 
 248 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 Brian. What do they obtain in exchange for these ? 
 
 Hunter. Arms, hatchets, knives, ammunition, blankets 
 and articles of finery. Some of them discover great shrewd- 
 ness in bargaining, and are excellent judges of the quality 
 of the articles offered to them. Others are easily deceived, 
 and make what to us would seem very foolish bargains. 
 Mr. Catlin relates that a Camanchee offered him a splendid 
 horse in exchange for an old cotton umbrella. 
 
 Brian. Th'lit seems a foolish bargain indeed. Can you 
 not tell us something more of Mr. Catlin. 
 
 Hunter. I will read to you one of his letters describing 
 a visit to the Pawnees and the recovery of Judge Martin's 
 son from captivity. Mr. Catlin was in company with a 
 regiment of American dragoons under Colonel Dodge. 
 
 « We were four days travelling over a beautiful country, 
 most of the way prairie, and generally along near the base 
 of a stupendous range of mountains of reddish granite, in 
 many places piled up to an immense height without tree or 
 shrubbery on them; looking as if they had actually 
 dropped from the clouds in such a confused mass, and all 
 lay where they had fallen. Such we found the mountains 
 enclosing the Pawnee village, on the bank of Red River, 
 about ninety miles from the Camanchee town. The 
 dragoon regiment was drawn up within half a mile or so 
 of this village, and encamped in a square, where we 
 remained three days. We found here a very numerous 
 village, containing some five or six hundred wigwams, all 
 made of long prairie grass, thatched over poles which are 
 fastened in the ground and bent in at the top ; giving 
 to them, in distance, the appearance of straw beehives. 
 
 " To our very great surprise, we found these people cul- 
 tivating quite extensive fields of corn (maize), pumpkins, 
 melons, beans and squashes ; so, with these aids, and an 
 abundant supply of buffalo meat, they may be said to be 
 living very well. 
 
 "The next day after our arrival here. Colonel Dodge 
 opened a council with the chiefs, in the chief's lodge, 
 
lese? 
 
 blankets 
 t shrewd- 
 ie quality 
 deceived, 
 bargains. 
 
 splendid 
 
 Can you 
 
 escribing 
 Martin's 
 with a 
 3ge. 
 
 country, 
 the base 
 •anite, in 
 It tree or 
 actually 
 , and all 
 Duntains 
 i River, 
 n. The 
 le or so 
 lere we 
 imerous 
 ams, all 
 lich are 
 ; giving 
 ires. 
 
 pie cul- 
 mpkins, 
 and an 
 i to be 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 . /■////' 
 
 .-'^^^^^^^^''^'^'' 
 
 INDIAN FUR TRADE. 
 
 !l 
 
 
 It 
 
 I. i 
 
 rf^ 
 
 
 rl 
 
 
 Dodge 
 lodge, 
 
 ••'1 
 
 2 lit 
 
CAT LIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 251 
 
 where he had the most of iiis officers around him. He first 
 explained to them the friendly views with wliich he camo 
 to see them; and of the wish of our Government to 
 establish a lasting peace with them, which they seemed at 
 once to appreciate and higiily to estimate. 
 
 « The head chief of the tribe is a very old man, and he 
 several times replied to Colonel Dodge in a very eloquent 
 manner ; assuring him of tl^eVriendly feelings of his chiefs 
 and warriors towards the pale faces, in the direction from 
 whence we came. 
 
 " After Colonel Dodge had explained in general terms, 
 the objects of our visit, he told them that he should expect 
 from them some account of the foul murder of Judge 
 Martin and his family on the False Washita, which had 
 been perpetrated but a few weeks before, and which the 
 Camanchees had told us was done by the Pawnee Picts. 
 The Colonel told them, also, that he learned from the 
 Camanchees, that they had the little boy, the son of the 
 murdered gentleman, in their possession ; and that he 
 should expect them to deliver him up, as an indispensable 
 condition of the friendly arrangement that was now 
 making. They positively denied the fact, and all know- 
 ledge of it ; firmly assuring us that they knew nothing of 
 the murder, or of the boy. The demand was repeatedly 
 made, and as often denied ; until at length a negro-man 
 was discovered, who was living with the Pawnees, who 
 spoke good English ; and coming into the council-house, 
 gave information that such a boy had recently been brought 
 into their village, and was now a prisoner amongst them. 
 This excited great surprise and indignation in the council, 
 and Colonel Dodge then informed the chiefs that the 
 council would rest here ; and certainly nothing further of a 
 peaceable nature would transpire until the boy was brought 
 in.- In this alarming dilemma, all remained in gloomy 
 silence for awhile ; when Colonel Dodge further informed 
 the chiefs, that as an evidence of his friendly intentions 
 towards them, he had, on starting, purchased at a very 
 
 I 
 
 f> 
 
 Ji 
 
 ^. 
 
252 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 1 
 
 11 1 
 
 I 
 
 I; 
 
 ! I 
 
 great price, from their enemies the Osages, two Pawnee 
 (and one Kiowa) girls ; which had been held by them for 
 some years as prisoners, and which he liad brought the 
 whole way home, and had here ready to be delivered 
 to their friends and relations; but whom he certainly 
 ■would never show, until the little boy was produced. He 
 also made another demand, which was for the restoration 
 of an United States ranger, by the name of Abbu, who had 
 been captured by them during the summer before. They 
 acknowledged the seizure of this man, and all solemnly de- 
 clared that he had been taken by a party of the Caman- 
 chees, over whom they had no control, and carried beyond 
 the Red River into the Mexican provinces, where he was 
 put to death. They held a long consultation about the boy, 
 and seeing their plans defeated by the evidence of the 
 negro ; and also being convinced of the friendly disposition 
 of the Colonel, by bringing home their prisoners from the 
 Osages, they sent out and had the boy brought in, from the 
 middle of a corn-field, where he had been secreted. He is 
 a smart and very intelligent boy of nine years of age, and 
 when he came in, he was entirely naked, as they keep their 
 own boys of that age. There was a great excitement in 
 the council when the little fellow was brought in ; and as he 
 passed amongst them, he looked around and exclaimed with 
 some surprise, ' What ! are there white men here ?' to 
 which Colonel Dodge replied, and asked his name ; and he 
 promptly answered, 'my name is Matthew Wright Martin.* 
 He was then received into Colonel Dodge's arms ; and an 
 order was immediately given for the Pawnee and Kiowa 
 girls to be brought forward; they were in a few minutes 
 brought into the council-house, when they were at once re- 
 cognised by their friends and relatives, who embraced them 
 with the most extravagant expressions of joy and satisfac- 
 tion. The heart of the venerable old chief was melted at 
 this evidence of white man's friendship, and he rose upon 
 his feet, and taking Colonel Dodge in his arms, and placing 
 liis left cheek against the left cheek of tlie Colonel, held him 
 
CAT LIN'S NAllRATIVK. 
 
 253 
 
 Pawnee 
 tlicm for 
 "ght the 
 Jelivcrccl 
 certainly 
 ed. He 
 storation 
 IV ho had 
 . They 
 nnly de- 
 Caman- 
 
 beyond 
 
 he was 
 the boy, 
 
 of the 
 position 
 om the 
 rom the 
 He is 
 ge, and 
 ip their 
 nent in. 
 id as he 
 ?d with 
 B?' to 
 and he 
 lartin.* 
 uid an 
 Kiowa 
 liniites 
 tice re- 
 l them 
 Ltisfac- 
 Ited at 
 ! upon 
 lacing 
 d him 
 
 for some minutes without saying a word, whilst tears were 
 flowing from liis eyes. lie then embraced each olficer in 
 turn, in the same silent and atfectionate maimer; wiiich 
 form took an half hour or more, before it was compUtted.* 
 
 " From this moment the council, which before liad been a 
 very grave and uncertain one, took a pleasing and friendly 
 turn. And this excellent old niiMi ordered the women to 
 supply the dragoons with s^omething to eat, as they were 
 hungry. 
 
 "The little encampment, which heretofore was in a woful 
 condition, having eaten up their last rations twelve hours 
 before, were now gladdened by the approach of a number 
 of women, who brought their "back loads" of dried buffalo 
 meat and green corn, and tiirew it down amongst them. 
 This seemed almost like a providential deliverance, for the 
 country between here and the Camanchees, was entirely 
 destitute of game, and our last provisions were consinned. 
 
 " The council thus proceeded successfully and pleasantly 
 for several days, whilst the warriors of the Kiowas and 
 Wicos, two adjoining and friendly tribes living further to 
 the West, were arriving ; and also a great many from other 
 bands of the Camanchees, who had heard of our arrival ; 
 until two thousand or more of these wild and fearless 
 looking fellows were assembled, and all, from their horses' 
 backs, with weapons in hand, were looking into our pitiful 
 little encampment, of two hundred men, all in a state of 
 dependence and almost literal starvation ; and at the same 
 time nearly one half the number too sick to have made a 
 successful resistance if we were to have been attacked." 
 
 " The command returned to this village after an absence 
 of fifteen days, in a fatigued and destitute condition, with 
 scarcely any thing to eat, or chance of getting any thing 
 
 * The little boy of whom I have spoken, was brought in the whole 
 distance to Fort Gibson, in the arms of the dragoons, who took turns in 
 carrying him ; and after the command arrived there, he was transmitted 
 to the Red River, by an officer, who had the enviable satisfaction of de- 
 livering him into tlic arms of his disconsolate and half distracted mother. 
 
 0(> 
 
 i 
 
 t II 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
254 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 • : 1 
 
 here; in consequence of which, Colonel Dodge almost 
 instantly ordered preparations to be made for a move to the 
 head of the Canadian river, a distance of an hundred or 
 more miles, where the Indians represented to us there would 
 be found immense herds of buffaloes; a place where we 
 could get enough to eat, and by lying by awhile, could re- 
 store ihe sick, who are now occupying a great number of 
 litters. Some days have elapsed, however, and we are not 
 quite ready for the start yet. And during that time •con- 
 tinual parties of the Pawnee Picts and Kioways have come 
 up I and also Camanchees, from other villages, to get a look 
 at us, and many of them are volunteering to go in with us 
 to the frontier. 
 
 « The world who know me, will see that I can scarcely be 
 idle under such circumstances as these, where so many 
 subjects for my brush and my pen are gathering about me." 
 
 « The Pawnee Picts, Kioways, and Wicos are the subjects 
 that I am most closely scanning at this moment, and I have 
 materials enough around me. 
 
 "The Pawnee Picts are undoubtedly a numerous and 
 powerful tribe, occupying, with the Kioways and Wicos, the 
 whole country on the head waters of the Red River, and 
 quite into and through the southern part of the Rocky 
 Mountains. The old chief told me by signs, enumerating 
 with his hands and fingers, that they had altogether three 
 thousand warriors; which if true, estimating according to 
 the usual rule, one warrior to fou , would make the whole 
 number about twelve thousand; and, allowing a fair per- 
 centage for boasting or bragging, of which they are 
 generally a little guilty in such cases, there would be at a 
 fair calculation from eight to ten thousand. These then, 
 in an established alliance with the great tribe of Caman- 
 chees, hunting and feasting together, and ready to join in 
 common defence of their country become a very formidable 
 enemy when attacked on their own ground. 
 
 « The name of the Pawnee Picts, we find to be in their 
 
CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 255 
 
 own language, Tow-ee-ahge, the meaning of which I have 
 not yet learned. I have ascertained also, that these people 
 are in no way related to the Pawnees of the Platte, who 
 reside a thousand miles or more north of them, and know 
 them oniy as enemies. There is no family or tribal re- 
 semblance ; nor any in their language or customs. The 
 Pawnees of the Plaiie shave the head, and the Pawnee 
 Picts abominate the custom '; allowing their hair to grow 
 like the Camanchees and other tribes. 
 
 " The old chief of the Pawnee Picts, of whom I have be- 
 fore spoken, and whose name is We-ta-ra-sha-ro, is un- 
 doubtedly a very excellent and kind hearted old man, of 
 ninety or more years of age, and has consented to ac- 
 company us, with a large party of his people, to Fort 
 Gibson; where Colonel Dodge has promised to return him 
 liberal presents from the Government, for the friendship he 
 has evinced on the present occasion. 
 
 "The second chief of this tribe, Sky-se-ro-ka, we found to 
 be a remarkably clever man, and much approved and 
 valued in his tribe. 
 
 "The Pawnee Picts, as well as the Camanchees, are 
 generally a very clumsy and ordinary looking set of men, 
 when on their feet ; but being fine horsemen, are equally 
 improved in appearance as soon as they mount upon their 
 horses' backs. 
 
 " Amongst the women of this tribe, there were many that 
 were exceedingly pretty in feature and in form ; and also in 
 expression, though their skins are very dark. The dress of 
 the men in this tribe, as amongst the Camanchees, consists 
 generally in leggings of dressed akins, and mocassins ; with 
 a flap or breech clout, made also of dressed skins or furs, 
 and often very beautifully ornamented with shells, &c. 
 Above the waist they seldom wear any drapery, owing to 
 the warmth of the climate, which will rarely justify it ; and 
 their heads are generally uncovered with a head-dress, like 
 the Northern tribes who live in a colder climate, and actually 
 require them for comfort. 
 
 "The wunien of (he Canianrhccs and IViwncc Picts, arc 
 
 I 
 
 '■'i 
 
 i ; I 
 
 I il 
 
 t 
 
 <& 
 
 i^ 
 
256 
 
 CATLIN'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 always decently and comfortably clad, being covered 
 generally with a gown or slip, that reaches from the chin 
 quite down to the ancles, made of deer or elk skins ; often 
 garnished very prettily, and ornamented with long fringes 
 of elk's teeth, which are fastened on them in rows, and 
 more liighly valued than any other ornament they can put 
 upon them." 
 
 Brian. That is a very interesting account. Is Mr. Catlin 
 a painter ? 
 
 Hunter. Yes. lie passed several years in travelling 
 among the different tribes of Western Indians, and brought 
 away many pictures which he painted from the life, repre- 
 senting their chiefs and warriors and their modes of life, as 
 well as a most valuable collection of arms, dresses, views 
 of scenery &c., which he is now exhibiting in London. His 
 estimate of the Indian character is more favourable than 
 that of any other traveller who has visited them, and his 
 opportunities of observation were excellent. 
 
 Note. At the head of this chapter Is placed an Indian portrait, ft 
 represents Wah-Menitu, a Teton, who was a visitor to the encampment 
 of travellers near Fort Pierre on the Teton River, where he was met 
 by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, who thus describes him in his splendid, 
 " Travels in the Interior of North America." 
 
 " We received a visit from six or seven newly arrived Tetons, whom 
 the interpreter, Dorion, introduced to us. They were particularly in- 
 terested by the steam-boat, and, atler they had very minutely examined 
 it, they were served with dinner and pipes. The dinner chiefly con- 
 sisted of bacon, which the Indians do not like ; they, however, swallowed 
 it, in order that they might not appear uncourteous. Among them wtis 
 a Teton, named Wah-Menitu (the spirit, or god, in the water,) who had 
 such a voracious appetite, that he devoured every thing which the others 
 had lefl; his face was painted red; he had a remarkably projecting 
 upper lip, and an aquiline nose much bent. In his hair, which hung in 
 disorder about his head, with a plait coming over one of his eyes or 
 nose, the feather of a bird of prey was placed horizontally ; but he ob- 
 served that he had a right to wear three. Mr. Bodmer who desired to 
 draw this man's portrait, gave him some vermilion, on which he spat, 
 and rubbed his face with it, drawing parallel lines in the red color, with 
 u wooden stick. Wah-Menitu stayed on board for the night; sung, 
 talked, laughed, and joked without ceasing; and bcuh-td quite to enjoy 
 himself." 
 
covered 
 the chin 
 ns; often 
 ig fringes 
 ows, and 
 Y can put 
 
 Ir. Catlin 
 
 ravelling 
 broiiglit 
 fe, repre- 
 »f life, as 
 ?s, views 
 311. His 
 ble than 
 and his 
 
 irtrait. ft 
 campment 
 5 was met 
 3 splendid, 
 
 )ns, whom 
 lularly in- 
 examined 
 iefly con- 
 wallowed 
 them \V!is 
 who had 
 he others 
 Tojecting' 
 Jumg in 
 i eyes or 
 it he ob- 
 esired to 
 he spat, 
 >lor, with 
 t; suny, 
 to enjoy 
 
 ii 
 
 MISSIONARY AND INDIANS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVHI. 
 
 Buffalo hunt — American Board of Missions— The United Brethren — 
 The Church Missionary Society— The Wesleyan Missionary Socie- 
 ty—The American Presbyterian Board of Missions — The American 
 Baptist Missions — The American Methodist Missionary Society — 
 Stations, schools, missionaries, communicants, scholars, and hearers 
 — Missionary relations — Conclusion. 
 
 PON the next visit of the boys to 
 the Hunter, Brian besought him 
 to give them one more extract 
 from Mr. Catlin's letters. He complied 
 ?adily, by reading the following lively 
 description of a buffalo hunt, taken 
 from a letter dated at the mouth of the 
 Yellow Stone River. 
 
 "The several tribes of Indians inhabiting the regions 
 of the Upper Missouri, and of whom I spoke in my last 
 letter, are undoubtedly the finest looking, best equipped, 
 and most beautifully costumed of any on the Continent. 
 They live in a country well-stocked with buffaloes and 
 2 H 22 ' 257 
 
 
258 
 
 BUFFALO HUNT 
 
 'I 
 
 ;i 
 
 wild-horses, whidi fiirnisli them .'',11 excellent and easy 
 Hving; their atmosphere is pure, which produces good 
 health and long life ; and they are the most independent 
 and the happiest races of Indians I have met with : they 
 are all entirely in a state of primitive wildness, and conse- 
 quently are picturesque and handsome, almost beyond de- 
 scription. Nothing in the world, of its kind, can possibly 
 surpass in beauty and grace, some of their games and 
 amusements — their gambols and parades, of which I shall 
 speak and paint hereafter. 
 
 "As far as my travels have yet led me into the Indian 
 country, I have more than realized my former predictions 
 that those Indians who could be found most entirely in a 
 state of nature, with the least knowledge of civilized 
 society, would be found to be the most cleanly in their per- 
 sons, elegant in their dress and manners, and enjoying life 
 to the greatest perfection. Of such tribes, perhaps the 
 Crows and Blackfeet stand first ; and no one would be able 
 to appreciate the richness and elegance (and even taste too,) 
 with which some of these people dress, without seeing them 
 in their own country. I will do all I can, however, to make 
 their looks as well as customs known to the world ; I will 
 paint with my brush and scribble with my pen, and bring 
 their plumes and plumage, dresses, weapons, &c., and every 
 thing but the Indian himself, to prove to the world the 
 assertions which I have made above. 
 
 " Every one of these red sons of the forest (or rather of 
 the prairie) is a knight and lord — his squaws are his slaves ; 
 the only things which he deems worthy of his exertions are 
 to mount his snorting steed, with his bow and quiver slung, 
 his arrow shield upon his arm, and his long lance glistening 
 in the war parade ; or, divested of all his plumes and trap- 
 pings, armed with a simple bow and quiver, to plunge his 
 steed amongst the flying herds of buffaloes, and with his 
 sinewy bow, which he seldom bends in vain, to drive deep 
 to life's fountain the whizzing arrow. 
 
 "The buffalo lierds, which graze in almost countless 
 
BUFFALO HUNT, 
 
 259 
 
 numbers on these beautiful prairies, afford them an abun- 
 dance of meat ; and so much is it preferred to all other, that 
 the deer, the elk, and the antelope sport upon the prairies 
 in the greatest security ; as the Indians seldom kill them, 
 unless they want their skin for a dress. The buffalo (or 
 more correctly speaking bison) is a noble animal, that 
 roams over the vast prairies, from the borders of Mexico 
 on the south, to Hudson's Bay on the north. Their size is 
 somewhat above that of our common bullock, and their 
 flesh of a delicious flavour, resembling and equalling that 
 of fat beef. Their flesh which is easily procured, furnishes 
 the savage of these vast regions the means of a wholesome 
 and good subsistence, and thay live almost exclusively upon 
 it — converting the skins, horns, hoofs and bones, to the 
 construction of dresses, shields, bows, &c. The buffalo 
 bull is one of the most formidable and frightful looking 
 animals in the world when excited to resistance ; his long 
 shaggy mane hangs in great profusion over his neck and 
 shoulders and often extends quite down to the ground. The 
 cow is less in stature, and less ferocious ; though not much 
 less wild and frightful in her appearance. 
 
 « The mode in which these Indians kill this noble animal 
 is spirited and thrilling in the extreme ; and I must in a 
 future epistle give you a minute account of it. I have 
 almost daily accompanied parties of Indians to see the fun, 
 and have often shared in it myself; but much oftener ran 
 my horse by their sides to see how the thing was done — 
 to study the modes and expressions of these splendid 
 scenes, which I am industriously putting upon the canvass. 
 
 « They are all (or nearly so) killed with arrows and the 
 lance, while at full speed; and the reader may easily 
 imagine, that these scenes afford the most spirited and pic- 
 turesque views of the sporting kind that can possibly be 
 seen. 
 
 " At present, I will give a little sketch of a bit of fun I 
 joined in yesteiday, with Mr. M'Kenzie and a number 
 of his men, without the company or aid of Indians. 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
260 
 
 BUFFALO HUNT 
 
 
 i 
 
 <*I mentioned the other day that M'Kenzie's table from 
 day to day groans under the weight of buffalo tongues and 
 beavers' tails, and other luxuries of this western land. He 
 has within his Fort a spacious ice-house, in which he pre- 
 serves his meat fresh for any length of time required ; and 
 sometimes, when his larder runs low, he starts out, rallying 
 some five or six of his best hunters (not to hunt, but to 'go 
 for meat.') He leads the party, mounted on his favourite 
 buffalo horse {i. e. the horse amongst his whole group 
 which is best trained to run the buffalo,) trailing a light 
 and short gun in his hand, such a one as he can most 
 easily reload whilst his horse is at full speed. 
 
 " Such was the condition of the ice-house yesterday 
 morning, which caused these self-catering gentlemen to cast 
 their eyes with a wishful look over the prairies ; and such 
 was the plight in which our host took the lead, and I, and 
 then Mons. Chardon, and Ba'tiste Defonde and Tullock 
 (who is a trader amongst the Crows, and is here at this 
 time, with a large party of that tribe,) and there were several 
 others whose names I do not know. 
 
 "As we were mounted and ready to start, M'Kenzie 
 called up some four or five of his men, and then told them 
 to follow immediately on our trail, with as many one-horse 
 carts, which they were to harness up, to bring home the 
 meat ; < ferry them across the river in the scow,' said he, 
 <and following our trail through the bottom, you will find 
 us on the plain yonder, between the Yellow Stone and 
 Missouri rivers, with meat enough to load you home. My 
 watch on yonder bluff has just told us by his signals, that 
 there are cattle plenty on that spot, and we are going 
 there as fast as possible.' We all crossed the river, and 
 galloped away a couple of miles or so, when we mounted 
 the bluff; and to be sure, as was said, there was in full 
 view of us a fine herd of some four or five hundred buffa- 
 loes, perfectly at rest, and in their own estimation (probably) 
 perfectly secure. Some were grazing, and others were 
 
 i advanced within a mile or so 
 
 lying 
 
 sleep 
 
 'o » 
 
BUFFALO HUNT. 
 
 ! 
 
 261 
 
 of them in fall view, and came to a halt. Mens. Chardon 
 < tossed the feather' (a custom always observed, to try the 
 course of the wind,) and we commenced < stripping' as it 
 is termed [i. e. every man strips himself and his horse of 
 extraneous and unnecessary appendage of dress, &c., that 
 might be an incumbrance in running :) hats are laid off', 
 and coats — and bullet pouches; sleeves are rolled up, a 
 hankerchief tied tightly around the head, and another 
 around the waist — cartridges are prepared and placed in 
 the waistcoat pocket, or a half dozen bullets <throwed 
 into the mouth,' &c., &c., all of which takes some ten or 
 fifteen minutes, and is not, in appearance or effect, unlike a 
 council of wa;.. Our leader lays the whole plan of the 
 chase, and preliminaries all fixed, guns charged and ram- 
 rods in our hands, we mount and start for the onset. The 
 horses are all trained for this business, and seem to enter 
 into it with as much enthusiasm, and with as restless a 
 spirit as the riders themselves. While < stripping' and 
 mounting, they exhibit the most restless impatience ; and 
 when < approaching' — (which is, all of us abreast, upon a 
 slow walk, and in a straight line towards the herd, until 
 they discover us and run,) they all seem to have caught 
 entirely the spirit of the chase, for the laziest nag amongst 
 them prances with an elasticity in his step — champing his 
 bit — his "iars erect — his eyes strained out of his head, and 
 fixed upoii the game before him, whilst he trembles under 
 the sadd'e of his rider. In this way we carefully and 
 sildnily marched, until within some forty or fifty rods ; when 
 the herd discovering us, wheeled and laid their course in a 
 mass. At this instant we started ! (and all must start, for 
 no one could check the fury of those steeds at that moment 
 of excitement,) and away all sailed, and over the prairie 
 flew, in a cloud of dust which was raised by their trampling 
 hoofs. M'Kenzie was foremost in the throng, and soon 
 dashed off amidst the dust and was out of sight — he was 
 after the fattest and the fastest. I had discovered a huge 
 bull whose shoulders towered above the whole band, and 1 
 
 ii 
 
262 
 
 BUFFALO HUNT. 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 picked my way tlirough tin whole crowd to get alongside 
 of him. I went not for 'meat,' but for a trophy ; I 
 wanted his head and horns. I dashed along through the 
 thundering mass, as they swept away over the plain, 
 scarcely able to tell whetlier I was on a buffalo's back or 
 my horse — hit, and hooked, and jostled about, till at length 
 I found myself alongside of my game, when I gave him a 
 shot, as I passed him. I saw guns flash in several direc- 
 tions about me, but I heard them not. Amidst the tramp- 
 ling throng, Mons. Chardon had woundi'd a stately bull, 
 and at this moment was passing him again with his piece 
 levelled for another shot ; they were both at full speed 
 and I also, within the reach of the muzzle of my gun, 
 when the bull instantly turned and receiving the horse upon 
 his horns, and the ground received poor Chardon, who made 
 a frog's leap of some twenty feet or more over the bull's 
 back, and almost under my horse's heels. I wheeled my 
 horse as soon as possible and rode back, where lay poor 
 Chardon, gas|nng to start his breath again ; and within a 
 few paces of him his huge victim, with his heels high in 
 the air, and the horse lyhig across him. I dismounted 
 instantly, but Chardon was raising himself on his hands, 
 with his eyes full of dirt, and feeling for his gun, which 
 lay about thirty feet in advance of him. * Heaven spare 
 
 you! are you hurt, Chardon?' ^hi — hic-7 hie 
 
 hie hie hie 
 
 -no,- 
 
 hic 
 
 no no, I believe not. Oh ! this is not much, 
 
 Mons. Cataline — this is nothing new — but this is a hard 
 piece of ground here — hie — oh ! hie !' At this the poor 
 fellow fainted, but in a few moments arose, picked up his 
 gun, took his horse by the bit ; which then opened its eyes, 
 and with a hie and a ugh — ughk ! sprang upon its feet — 
 shook off the dirt — and here we were, all upon our legs 
 again, save the bull, whose fate had been more sad than 
 that of either. 
 
 " I turned my eyes in the direction where the herd had 
 gone, and our companions in pursuit, and nothing could be 
 
 \ 
 
alongside 
 ophy; I 
 ough the 
 lie plain, 
 
 back or 
 at length 
 ve him a 
 cal direc- 
 le trarnp- 
 ely bull, 
 Ills piece 
 ill speed 
 my gun, 
 I'se upon 
 ho made 
 le bull's 
 eled my 
 lay poor 
 within a 
 high in 
 nounted 
 
 hands, 
 I, which 
 n spare 
 
 — hie 
 ; much, 
 a hard 
 e poor 
 
 up his 
 ts eyes, 
 5 feet — 
 nr legs 
 d than 
 
 rd had 
 )uld be 
 
 il''i;i!^!'lPiV'ii '• 
 
 '^- 1 
 
 1 1! 
 
 >!ii 
 
 o/; > 
 
BUFFALO HUNT 
 
 385 
 
 seen of tlicm, nor indication, except the cloud of dust 
 which they left behind them. At a little distance on tho 
 right, however, I beheld my huge victim endeavouring to 
 make as much head-way as he possibly could, from this 
 dangerous ground, upon three legs. I gallopped olF to him, 
 and at my approach he wheeled around — and bristled up 
 for battle ; he seemed to know perfectly well that he could 
 not escape from me, and resolved to meet his enemy and 
 death as bravely as possible. 
 
 " I found that my shot had entered him a little too far 
 forward, breaking one of his shoulders, and lodging in his 
 breast, and from his very great weight it was impossible 
 for him to make much advance upon mc. As I rode up 
 within a few paces of him he would bristle up witli fury 
 enough in his looJes alone, almost to annihilate me ; and 
 making one lunge at mc, would fall upon his neck and 
 nose, so that I found the sagacity of my horse alone enough 
 to keep me out of reach of danger : and I drew from my 
 pocket my sketch-book, laid my gun across my lap, and 
 commenced taking his likeness. He stood stiffened up, 
 and swelling with awful vengeance, which was sublime 
 for a picture, but which he could not vent upon me. I rode 
 around him and sketched him in numerous attitudes, some- 
 times he would lie down, and I would then sketcli him 
 then throw my cap at him, and rousing him on his legs, 
 rally a new expression, and sketch him again. 
 
 " In this way I added to my sketch-book some invaluable 
 sketches of this grim-visaged monster, who knew not that 
 he was standing for his likeness. 
 
 " No man on earth can imagine what is the look and ex- 
 pression of such a subject before him as this was. I defy the 
 world to produce another animal that can look so frightful as 
 a huge buffalo bull, when wounded as he was, turned around 
 for battle, and swelling with rage ; — his eyes bloodshot, and 
 his long shaggy mane hanging to the ground, — his mouth 
 open, and his horrid rage hissing hi streams of smoke and 
 
 f fii 
 
 2l 
 
 93 
 
 ! '.r 
 
966 
 
 BUFFALO HUNT 
 
 blood iron Ins nioiuli iuid tliiougli his nostrils, as he is 
 bending forward to spring upon his assiiilant. 
 
 " After I bad had the requisite time and opportunity for 
 using my pencil, M'Kcnzie and his companions came walking 
 their exhausted horses back from the chase, and in our rear 
 came four or five carts to carry home the meat. The party 
 met from all quarters around me and my buftalo bull, whom 
 I then shot in the head and finished. And being seated 
 together for a few ninutes, each one took a smoke of the 
 pipe, and recited his exploits, and his ' coups' or deaths ; 
 when all parties had a hearty laugh at me, as a novice, for 
 having aimed at an old bull, whose flesh was not suitable 
 for food, and the carts were escorted on the trail to bring 
 away the meat. I rode back with Mr. M'Kenzie, who 
 pointed out five cows which he had killed, and all of them 
 selected as the fattest and sleekest of the herd. This aston- 
 ishing feat was all performed within the distance of one 
 mile — all were killed at full speed, and every one shot 
 through the heart. In the short space of time required for 
 a horse under < full whip,' to run the distance of one mile 
 he had discharged his gun five, and loaded it four times — 
 selected his animals, and killed at every shot ! There were 
 six or eight others killed at the sdme time, which altogether 
 furnished, as will be seen, abundance of freight for the 
 carts; which returned, as well as several packhorses, 
 loaded with the choicest parts which were cut from the 
 animals, and the remainder of the carcasses left a prey for 
 the wolves. 
 
 " Such is the mode by which white men live in this 
 country — such is the way in which they get their food, and 
 such is one of their delightful amusements — at the hazard 
 of every bone in one's body, to feel the fine and thrilling 
 exhilaration of the chase for a moment, and then as often 
 to upbraid and blame himself for his folly and imprudence. 
 
 « From this scene we commenced leisurely wending our 
 way back; and dismounting at the place were we had 
 stripped, each man dressed himself again, or slung his 
 
nffPFAij) mjNT 
 
 m 
 
 I as lie is 
 
 tunity for 
 e walkiiiQ: 
 I our rear 
 rhe party 
 jlI,whom 
 ig seated 
 ko of tlie 
 ■ deaths ; 
 ovice, for 
 
 suitable 
 
 to bring 
 zie, who 
 
 of them 
 lis aston- 
 e of one 
 one shot 
 uired for 
 one mile 
 
 times — . 
 ere were 
 Itogetiier 
 
 for the 
 ;k horses, 
 rom the 
 prey for 
 
 in this 
 ood, and 
 J hazard 
 thrilling 
 as often 
 'udence. 
 ling our 
 we had 
 ling his 
 
 extra articles of dross, &c., across his saddle, astride of winch 
 he sat; and wo rode back to the Fort, reciting as we rode, 
 and for twenty-four hours afterwards, doetls of chivalry 
 and chase, and hair's-breadth escapes wliich each and 
 either had fought and run on former occasions. M'Konzio, 
 with all the true character and dignity of a leader, was silent 
 on these subjects ; but smiled, wliile those in liis train were 
 reciting for him the astonishing and almost incredible deeds 
 of his sinewy arms, which they liad witnessed in similar 
 scenes; from which I learned (as well as from my own 
 observations,) that he was reputed (and actually tvas) the 
 most distinguished of all the white men who have flourished 
 in these regions, in the pursuit of the buffalo. 
 
 On our return to the Fort, an entertainment was set forth 
 upon the table, and around it a half dozen parched throats 
 were soon moistened, and good cheer ensued. Ba'tiste 
 Defonde, Chardon, &c., retired to their quarters, enlarging 
 smoothly upon the events of our morning's work ; which 
 they were reciting to their wives and sweethearts ; when 
 about this time the gate of the Fort was thrown open, and 
 the procession of carts and packhorses laden with buffalo 
 meat made its entree ; gladdening the hearts of a hundred 
 women and children, and tickling the noses of as many 
 hungry dogs and puppies, who were stealing in and 
 smelling at the tail of the procession. The door of the ice- 
 house was thrown open, the meat was discharged into it, 
 and 1 being fatigued, went to sleep." 
 
 In their early interviews with the hunter Austin Ed- 
 wards and his brothers thought of little else than of bluffs 
 and prairies, buffaloes, bears, and beavers, warlike Red 
 Indian chiefs, and the spirit-stirring adventures of savage 
 life ; but the last visit paid to the cottage had considerably 
 sobered their views. The hunter had gradually won his 
 way into their affections, by contributing largely to their 
 amusement ; and he had, also, secured their respect and 
 high opinion, by his serious remarks. They had no doubt 
 of his being a true friend to Red Indians, and they had, 
 
! 
 
 I ■■ 
 
 S68 
 
 STATISTICS OF MISSIONS, 
 
 ■f 
 
 on thnt account, listened the more attentively to what he 
 had advanced on the subject of missionaries. The know 
 ledge that they were about to hear the end of the hunter's 
 relation, though it hung a little heavy on their spirits, dis- 
 posed them to seriousness and attention. 
 
 " And now," said the hunter, as soon as Austin, Brian, 
 and Basil had expressed the pleasure afforded them by the 
 extract read from Mr. Catlin's letter, " I will give you 
 the best statement I can, in a few words, of the number of 
 people who are employed among the Red Indians in the 
 missionary cause." 
 
 *^ustin. Yes ; we shall like to hefir that very well. 
 
 Hunter. The American Board of Missions, (as stated 
 in tho Missionary Registei, May, 1842,) has among the 
 Indians twenty-live stations, twenty-three missionaries, two 
 medical ndssionaries. three native preachers, two physicians, 
 and fifteen male assistants. The United Brethren have a 
 congregation at New Fairfield, Upper Canada ; another at 
 Westfield, on the Missouri ; and a third in Arkansas, among 
 the Cherokees. The Church Missionai^y Society has four 
 stations connected with the Red River settlement, three 
 missionaries, a catechist, and seven schoolmasters. The 
 JVesleyan Missionary Society has ninety-two missiona- 
 ries, forty-eight catechists and readers, ten salaried and 
 seven hundred gratuitous teachers ; but these are chiefly 
 employed among the Europeans, tiiough at least a thousand 
 Indians are connected with the mission in Upper Canada. 
 Missions are also established in the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany's territories. The American PreshyI.erian Board of 
 Missions has one missionary and one teacher among the 
 Chippeway and Ottowa Indians ; and a missionary and 
 two catechists among the Iowa and Sac Indians. The Amer- 
 ican Baptist Missions have thirteen stations, and some out- 
 stations; twelve missionaries and teachers, two teachers, one 
 female teacher, and twenty-three assistants, of whom eleven 
 are native Indians. The American Melliodist Missionary 
 Society has sixty -eight missionaries and assistants connected 
 
:f 
 
 wliat he 
 le know 
 hunter's 
 irits, dis- 
 
 n, Brian, 
 n by the 
 :ive you 
 mber of 
 IS in the 
 
 ill. 
 
 IS stated 
 long the 
 ries, two 
 ysicians, 
 I have a 
 iother at 
 3, among 
 has four 
 lit, three 
 s. The 
 lissiona- 
 ied and 
 
 chiefly 
 lousand 
 
 anada. 
 y Coni- 
 oard of 
 Dng the 
 iry and 
 ' t/lmer- 
 mc out- 
 ers, one 
 
 eleven 
 nonary 
 
 HI Of ted 
 
 ANECDOTE OF INDIAN CONVERT. ^69 
 
 with the mission to the Oregon Indians, twenty-five of 
 whom are aboriginal missionaries: at least a thousand natives 
 here have renounced heaihenism. The missionaries of the 
 American Board of Missions, of whom I first spoke, are 
 engaged among the Cherokees, Choctaws, Pawnees, Ore- 
 gons, Sioux, Ojibbeways, Stockbridge Indians, New York 
 Indians, and Abenaquis. Perhaps, in all the North Amer- 
 ican Missions, there may be more than a hundred stations ; 
 more than a hundred missionaries ; more than seven hua- 
 dred schools ; more than a thousand teachers : more than 
 five thousand communicants ; more than forty thr>usand 
 scholars; and more than seventy thousand attendants on 
 public worship. Having given you this general summary, 
 suppose I offer you a few particulars from the statements 
 of some of the missionaries. 
 
 Austin. Yes; that wih do very well. 
 
 Hunter. We cannot tell in what way it may please God 
 to convert the heathen to Christianity ; but the most likely 
 way appears to be by means o^ schools, for in them the 
 word of God is made known to the young. 
 
 Brian. Ay; there are seven hundred schools among 
 them. 
 
 Hunter. The following is an affecting instance of sin- 
 cerity and earnestness in religion, on the part of a Red 
 Indian. One of the missionaries of the Church Missionary 
 Society, writes thus from the Red River : — " Returned home 
 in company with a native, whose son had gone a long 
 journey, near to the Rocky Mountains. I was delighted to 
 find that he had sent his son off, with the most pressing in- 
 junction that he would pray to God at least twice every 
 day, and read the Bible as often as he had an opportunity. 
 He said, 'My son, as long as you have been in my house 
 you have seen me pray : let this put you in mind that there 
 is a Being whom we cannot see, who gives us all things. 
 You go to church : there you hear that this great Being, 
 whom wicked men hate and arc afraid of, is love. When 
 you go through the plains, you will not see me praying; 
 
 23 * 
 
 I 
 
 ,!;• i 
 
 S 
 
 a I I 
 
 IJ 
 
 U! 
 
 t\\ 
 
 >M 
 
¥,>f' 
 
 270 CONDUCT OF CHRISTIAN INDIANS. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 1 -I 
 
 I ! 
 
 you will not hear that God is love. There you will meet 
 with men whose hearts are cruel ; who will stand up against 
 you ; who have no pity: they would drive an arrow through 
 your heart; they would take your scalp from your head, 
 and drink your blood. My son, wfien night comes on, be- 
 fore you close your eyes, ask Him who draws the darkness 
 round you to look and pity you, and spread his hand over 
 you ; for you are alone, far from home, and have no other 
 friend but Him. When morning comes, and your eyes 
 first see the light, thank the Best of all beings for his pro- 
 tection ; and ask Him to go with you on your journey, to 
 turn men who have bad hearts on one side, that they may 
 not meet you. Should you be in danger, never forget that 
 the blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth from all sin. Trust 
 in it ; God has accepted of it as the sacrifice for your soul ; 
 and, through this, you and I may meet in heaven.' The 
 father said to me : < My heart was light and happy, when I 
 saw my son take his Bible and some tracts; and when he 
 squeezed my hand, with the tears in his eyes, and said, I 
 will remember Him who is over us all, till I meet you 
 again.'" 
 
 Austin. That is a very striking anecdote. I like the 
 native Indian, and his son too. 
 
 Hunter. "When the Christian Indians are out on a 
 hunting excursion, they usually spend the Lord's day to- 
 gether, and abstain entirely from the chase. One reads the 
 church service to the others who assemble ; and, after 
 singing, they all talk over what they remember of the word 
 of God, taught them either in church or in school. The 
 hunters are never absent on a Lord's day, when it can be 
 avoided : they, for the most part, contrive to come in on the 
 Saturday evening, and go away on the Monday morning." 
 
 Austin. They act just as if they remembered the words, 
 "Remember the sabbath day to keep it holy." 
 
 Hunter. The missionary goes on to say : — " I have to-day 
 attended a general assembly of the Saulteaux Indians, con- 
 vened by their chief, Pigwys, for the purpose of urging 
 
 hi' 
 
INTERVIEW WITH THE SAULTEAUX. 271 
 
 upon them the importance of becoming Christians. After I 
 had comphed with their custom, by presenting eacli of the 
 men with a small piece of tobacco, they seated themselves 
 in a circle, and I, with the chief and my interpreter, took 
 our station in the centre. I addressed them at some length, 
 setting before them, in as plain terms as I was able, the 
 leading doctrines of the gospel, commencing with the fall, 
 and the consequent corruption of human nature. I then 
 proceeded to tell them of the plan of redemption devised by 
 Infinite Mercy for the recovery of fallen man, through the 
 merits and death of the Saviour ; and urged upon them the 
 
 importance of 
 
 forsaking 
 
 their heathen practices, and re- 
 
 ceiving the gospel of Christ ; assuring them that there was 
 " none other name under heaven given among men, where- 
 by we must be saved," Acts iv. 13. I was followed by 
 the chief, Pigvvys, in a speech which occupied nearly an 
 hour, delivered with great energy, emphasis, and eloquence. 
 He begged them to attend to the advice I had been giving, 
 to give up their children to the school, and to come to 
 church themselves. He also told them, that, in addition to 
 the prospect of happiness in the next life, he lived far more 
 comfortably now than he did when a heathen : his mind 
 was at peace, and his worldly circumstances were much 
 better. Such, alas ! is the indifference, I may say prejudice, 
 of the Saulteaux Indians towards Christianity, that though 
 the assembly consisted of nearly the whole tribe, not one 
 expressed a desire for instruction, nor did we get the promise 
 of more than three children for the school, and I doubt if 
 these will be sent. As, however, God has disposed the 
 hearts of the Muscaigoes to receive the gospel, we trust he 
 will, in due time, work for his own glory among the Saul- 
 teaux. Till then, let us labour with patience and perseve- 
 rance, in humble dependence upon Him." 
 
 Basil. I think the missionaries are good men, and do all 
 the good they can among the Red Indians. 
 
 Hunter. No doubt they do ; but there are many of the 
 tribes on v\rhich very little impression has been made. 
 
 
 m 
 
212 
 
 VISIT TO A SICK INDIAN. 
 
 i 
 
 Indians, who have seen every thing evil among white men 
 traders, are apt to look on all white men wi 'i suspicion; 
 and then, the superstitions in which they have been brought 
 up have a strong hold on them. 
 
 Basil. Please to tell us more about the missionaries. 
 
 Hunter. Listen, then, to an account of a missionary vis- 
 iting the sick. « I went to see a sick Indian, whom I bap- 
 tized last January. I reminded him of the promises which 
 he made when he was baptized, and asked if he were 
 still determined to put his full trust in God through our 
 Lord Jesus Christ, depending upon his merits alone. He 
 answered, with some emphasis, ' Yes.' I then exhorted him 
 to keep his feet firm upon that Rock of all our hopes ; 
 assuring him, that if he were depending upon Christ, though 
 he might have but little knowledge of the word of God, he 
 would find himself safe." 
 
 Brian. Poor sick Indian ! 
 
 Hunter. " Having said as much to him as I deemed ad- 
 visable in his present exhausted state — for I more than once 
 thought him expiring while I ''Vas talking — I asked if he 
 particularly wished to say any thing to me. His voice was 
 now scarcely audible ; but his wife, putting her ear to his 
 mouth, said, « He asks you to baptize his child, and let him 
 be taught the word of God, that he may come to him in 
 the next Avorld.' " 
 
 Basil. Then he really did hope to go to heaven. 
 
 Hunter. " I said, < If the child be given up to us, of 
 course we shall instruct him in the school, and, in due course, 
 he will be baptized. Ask him if that is satisfactory.' Hq 
 said, 'Yes; but it is now too young to leave its mother: 
 may it stay with her till it is old enough to go to school ?' ' 
 
 Basil. That was very thoughtful of him. 
 
 Hunter. " Feeling deeply affected at the considerate ten- 
 derness of this request, I could scarcely repress the tear, as 
 I said, ' Yes ; it may.' I then exhorted \\\\\\ to cast him- 
 self upen the movoy of God through our Tuud Jesus Christ ; 
 and told him 1 would cull upon God in prayer, that lie 
 
DEATH OF A CHRISTIAN INDIAN, 
 
 i}73 
 
 lite men 
 ispicion ; 
 brought 
 
 ries. 
 
 lary vis- 
 1 I bap- 
 3S which 
 lie were 
 ugh our 
 lie. He 
 rted him 
 hopes ; 
 , though 
 God, he 
 
 med ad- 
 lan once 
 3d if he 
 )ice was 
 r to his 
 let him 
 him in 
 
 > us, of 
 
 course, 
 ^' Ho 
 no the I- : 
 lool?' ' 
 
 xte ton- 
 tear, as 
 St hiin- 
 Christ ; 
 hat he 
 
 might be supported in the last trying scene, and be con- 
 ducted in safety to that heavenly inlieritance wliich I trusted 
 was reserved for him in the world above. While I was 
 kneeling by the dying man, commending his soul to God in 
 prayer, the pealing thunder, together with the rain falling 
 upon the bark which covered the tent, rendered my voice 
 inaudible. It was, indeed, a solemn scene." 
 
 Austin. That must have been solemn indeed ! 
 
 Hunte7\ " I again visited the sick Indian, and found him 
 sinking rapidly. I asked him if he still felt comfort in rest- 
 ing upon the merits of Christ. He feebly articulated, ' Yes;' 
 and appeared desirous of saying more ; but his voice failed, 
 and he fell back, evidently in the agonies of death." 
 
 Basil. Ay ; I dare say he died then. 
 
 Hunter. " I was deeply grieved to hear his father giving 
 utterance to expressions which must have both distressed 
 and disturbed the dying man. Among other things, he said 
 to me, ' You talk about your God being so good and power- 
 ful ; yet there is my son lying, and you are not able to 
 obtain any help for him from your God.' I told him that I 
 trusted our God, to whom his son had given himself, was 
 about to take him to a place of happiness, where he would 
 dwell for ever, be no more sick, nor suffer hunger, thirst, 
 or pain ; and that the atllictions which had been laid upon 
 him were intended to make him repent of his pasi sins, and 
 trust in the Saviour, in order that he might be made fit for 
 heaven. I then endeavoured to show the old man how 
 awful it was for him to be so completely given up to the 
 <levil, and so bent upon doing his drudgery, as even to disturb 
 the dying rnonienlsof hissoii. I told him that unless he under- 
 went great chasige, he would very soon be separated from 
 his son for ever; and I could only pray that his eyes might 
 be opened, before he found himself in hell. Having conir 
 mc ;;'d the dying man to God, I left the tent ; and had not 
 been long at home, when a person caine to tell me that he 
 ]:ad expired." 
 
 SK 
 
 '1 
 
f 
 
 1 
 
 'l< I 
 
 y^ 
 
 274 
 
 MISSIONARIES 
 
 I tliought he would die. 
 
 I wish his father had 
 
 known better. 
 
 Hunter. " I sent Mr. Cook to make arrangements for 
 burying the body ; but he returned, saying, that they 
 wished it to bo taken away at once. I was, therefore, com- 
 pelled to send my servant to carry the corpse to the church 
 till a coifin conld be made. The Indian custom is to bury 
 the dead as quickly as possible ; and so strong is their aver- 
 sion to see the change which the last enemy produces on 
 the countenance, that it is the practice, as soon as the person 
 has expired, for the relatives to paint his face red, that the 
 change may not be seen, even during the few hours occu- 
 pied in making the grave. They then put upon the 
 deceased all his ornaments, and wrap the body in a blanket, 
 together with his hunting and fishing implements. Having 
 placed it in the grave, in a sitting posture, and covered it 
 with earth, they sit in a circle round the grave for about an 
 hour, smoking their pipes ; after which some one makes a 
 speech, and then they retire. All the Christian Indians are, 
 of course, buried in the churchyard, after the European 
 custom ; and when any die who have not Christian relatives 
 to bury them, the task falls upon us, as in this case. I do 
 not know how I am to get this poor man buried ; for all the 
 men able to give any assistance are now away, and I have 
 only one Indian boy with me in the house ; as my principal 
 servant, who alone could have been of any service to me, 
 is sick at Grand Rapids." 
 
 Brian. How could the missionary bury him ? - 
 
 Hunter, "I was compelled to set to work this morning, 
 with two Indian boys, to make a coffin for the man who 
 died yesterday. We finished it by noon, and the boys 
 having put the body into it, they placed it in the grave. 
 After I had read the service, they filled in the earth ; and 
 thus we finished our disagreeable duty without any 
 assistance." 
 
 *^histin. What an odd thing, for the missionary to be 
 obliired to make a coffin ! 
 
MUSCAIGO SCHOOL-BOYS. 
 
 275 
 
 tlier had 
 
 lents for 
 lat they 
 )re, coni- 
 e church 
 ; to bury 
 eir aver- 
 luces on 
 le person 
 that the 
 irs occii- 
 pon the 
 blanket, 
 Having 
 vered it 
 ibout an 
 makes a 
 ians are, 
 uropean 
 relatives 
 3. I do 
 r all the 
 . I have 
 >rincipal 
 : to me, 
 
 lornujg, 
 an who 
 le boys 
 grave, 
 h ; and 
 It any 
 
 T to be 
 
 Hunter. There are few things that conscientious mission- 
 aries are not ready to do, for the souls and bodies of those 
 under their care. It is natural enough that young people 
 should like better to hear an exciting account of Indian 
 manners and customs, of famous warriors, of wild horses, 
 of bear and buffalo hunts, and of Indian games and dances, 
 than to listen to a quiet recital of missionary efforts ; but 
 remember, that Red Indian robes, war clubs, and toma- 
 hawks, bravery in war, and skill in the chase, will not pre- 
 pare an Indian for death, and still less for eternity. We are 
 to live after this life has passed away ; and red men and 
 white men require a hope on which they can rely. Both 
 have sinned, and both stand in need of a Saviour. To make 
 that Saviour known, is the first, the chief object of the 
 missionary. 
 
 t^ustin. Every one ought to love the missionary. 
 
 Hunter. The Red Indians, just in proportion as they love 
 hunting and fighting, dislike agricultural labour ; yet you 
 will see, by a few extracts from Mr. Smithurst's register, 
 that, by degrees, young Indians brought up in schools may 
 be taught to work as wcl' as the whites. Mr. Smithnrst, 
 who is among the Indians on the Red River, under the 
 direction of the Church Missionary Society, says, "I to-day 
 visited the Saulteaux settlement. When I was down a 
 fortnight ago, I told the school children, with a view of 
 encouraging them, that I wanted forty loads of hay ; and, 
 if they would make it for me, I would pay them as Mr. 
 Cockran had paid the JNIuscaigoes. From the prejudice of 
 this tribe to every thing like farming, I never expected that 
 they would get the whole ; but they have been assisted by 
 their heathen relatives, and to-day I found them making the 
 last stack : they have got at least sixty loads. This is very 
 gratifying, as it shows that a great change is taking place. 
 The experience of this settlement has hitherto proved that 
 Indian prejudice first gives way with respect to our mode 
 of living, and then with respect to our religion. A willing- 
 ness to settle in a house, and cultivate the ground, opena 
 
 i 
 
 4- 
 
i 
 
 1^ 
 
 276 
 
 INDIANS TAUGHT AGRICULTURE. 
 
 the way for religious instruction, as it keeps the Indian 
 where this is to be obtained." 
 
 •Austin. Red Indians making hay ! Who would ever 
 have thought to see Red Indian hay-makers ! 
 
 Hunter. Mr. Smithurst goes on thus : — " On my return 
 home, 1 got a number of Muscaigo school-boys, and set 
 them to reap barley. Having never seen them reap, I was 
 a little curious to see how they would get along when to 
 my surprise, I found them to proceed with all the regularity of 
 Europeans. Indeed, I am quite sure that I could not have 
 taken an equal number of children of the same age out of 
 a school, even in the most agricultural district of England, 
 who would have done so well. None of them are more 
 than twelve, and two are only nine years old." 
 
 Brian. Those Muscaigo boys were fine lads. 
 
 Hunter. " I have now," says Mr. Smithurst, " a number 
 of the Indians clearing ground. It is necessary for us thus 
 to employ them, that they may be able to get clothing for 
 the winter. There is nothing, so far as temporal things are 
 concerned, which they need to learn so much as industry. 
 My rule is, never to give the Christian Indians any thing, 
 imlcss they work for it; except in cases of old age or sick- 
 ness. They are now very willing to work ; but it is neces- 
 sary that I should be almost always with them, which is 
 rather a heavy task upon me. 
 
 " I, this morning, set an Indian to plough ; but, when I 
 went to see how he got on, I found that he had missed just 
 as much as he had ploughed. I was, therefore obliged to 
 do it myself. There are now a number of Indians who 
 can plough well; but they are engaged on their own farms, 
 and I do not wish to ask them to come to me. I must always 
 have a succession of learners, and bear with the inconvenience. 
 
 " 1 have been to the Saultcaux settlement to-day, superin- 
 tending the sowing of the little patches belonging to the 
 Indians of that tribe. I was pleased to see them taking a 
 much greater interest in the matter this year than last. I 
 should be doubly gratified, if I could but see them a little 
 
iE. 
 
 B Indian 
 
 uld ever 
 
 ty return 
 and set 
 ip, I was 
 when to 
 ularityoi 
 not have 
 fe out of 
 England, 
 re more 
 
 number 
 r us thus 
 thing for 
 lings are 
 ndustry. 
 ly thing, 
 
 or sick- 
 is neces- 
 vhich is 
 
 when I 
 !sed just 
 )liged to 
 ns who 
 11 farms, 
 always 
 pnience. 
 iiiperin- 
 
 to the 
 aking a 
 last. I 
 
 a little 
 
 ANECDOTE OF AN INDIAN BOY. 211 
 
 more anxious after religious instruction. We must, however, 
 wait God's time." 
 
 *diislin. I can hardly fancy Indian boys ploughing and 
 sowing like farmers. 
 
 Hunter. Mr. West, from the same station on the Red 
 River, writes thus : — « Well do I remember Withaweecopo 
 bringing his son to me in his arms, as I sat in the boat wait- 
 ing for him, to start many hundred miles from York Facto- 
 ry to the Red River; and, as he parted with his boy, with 
 tears of affection, saying, < There, I give you my son, to 
 teach as you say, because I think you will take care of him, 
 and will treat him as a father. But I shall come and see 
 my boy.' Fourteen years after, it seems, he undertook the 
 journey, many hundred miles, to visit his boy. This 
 brought him under Christian instruction ; and, God be 
 praised ! there is go6d hope to believe that he was led to 
 embrace Christ Jesus as his Lord, and to live in obedience 
 to his gospel, so that he died a true Christian. IIow cheer- 
 ing is this statement ! His widow is one of my Indian 
 congregation, and a communicant ; and all their children, 
 seven in number, are Christians ! 
 
 "What encouragement is there, amidst all discourage- 
 ments, to prosecute Christian missions ! Let us therefore 
 persevere, and faint not ; for in due season a rich harvest 
 shall be reaped, to the great glory of the Lord." 
 
 Brian. Withaweecapo did not forget his boy, though he 
 was away so long. 
 
 Hunter. Mr. West continues in this manner: — "This 
 morning, one of the Musciago school-boys, about twelve 
 years old, brought two birds, and desired my servant to ask 
 if I would have them. I found they had been stuffed, 
 though certainly not in a first-rate style. I asked what he 
 wished to have for them, and the answer was, 'Any thing 
 you please to give.' I was sufficiently acquainted with the 
 Indian character to know that he had not brought the birds 
 without having some distinct. object in view; and I there- 
 fore said, 'Toll him I don't know what to give him: he 
 
 24 
 
 if! 
 
 fer 
 
li ! 
 
 fvm 
 
 SPEECH OF AN OLD INDIAN, 
 
 must say himself what he would hke to have.' lie could 
 not, he said, expect to liave what he wanted in return for 
 the birds, as he wanted a Common Prayer Rook ; but if I 
 would let him have the book, when I wanted any one to 
 work he would come. The Knglish of the whole was 
 simply this : — His mind was so set upon obtaining the 
 Prayer Book, that he brought the birds to get into favour 
 with me, thinking that I should not refuse him the book on 
 credit, till he could work for it." 
 
 Austin. That boy really wanted the Prayer Book. 
 
 Hunter. The last extract that 1 shall give you from Mr. 
 West, is as follows: — "I was much pleased this evening, in 
 a conversation with one of the INIuscaigo school-boys. He 
 had been working on the mission farm a month, during the 
 seed-time, for which I paid him twelve shillings. Wishing 
 to know how he had spent it, I said, < What did you do with 
 the money I gave you?* 'I took it to the store.' <WeU, 
 what did you buy?' <The shirt I have on.' 'Well, that 
 cost four shillings ; what more did you purchase ?' 'White 
 cotton.' 'What are you going to do with that?' 'Have a 
 Sunday shirt.' ' Well, that is very good ; but what else did 
 you buy?' 'A pair of shoes.' 'Yes, those three things 
 cost nine shillings ; what did you do with the rest ?' 'Gave 
 it to my father.' 'Well, that is just what you ought to do. 
 You know the word of God says. Honour thy father and 
 thy mother. I trust that you will always remember, that 
 it is your duty to help them. I hope the other boys will d'^ 
 the same, and then God will bless them.' This little inci- 
 dent affords one of the many proofs that we do not labour 
 in vain. It was the first money the boy ever had, and not 
 a fraction of it was misapplied." 
 
 Brian. An English boy could not do better. 
 
 Hunter. These anecdotes of Indian life, by describing 
 the very acts and words of those among whom the mission- 
 aries are, seem to bring the people before you. In one of 
 Mr. Cockran's journals, he says the language of an old 
 Indian was, "I must go and take the opinion of the Black 
 
le could 
 'eturn for 
 but if 1 
 ly one to 
 lole was 
 iiing the 
 to favour 
 
 book on 
 
 ok. 
 
 rom Mr. 
 ening, in 
 )ys. He 
 iring the 
 Wishing 
 1 do with 
 
 <WelI, 
 ^e\\, that 
 * White 
 'Have a 
 ; else did 
 e things 
 
 'Gave 
 ht to do. 
 her and 
 ber, that 
 ! will clr* 
 ttle inci- 
 t labour 
 and not 
 
 scribing 
 
 iiission- 
 
 one of 
 
 an old 
 
 ? Black 
 
 
 JOURNEY TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 27U 
 
 Coat, about our Indian ways and worship ; ho says that the 
 Masti r of life is displeased with us, because wo will not 
 listen to ihe message of his Son, who came from heaven 
 and died to Live us. I should not like to meet the Master 
 of life angry. His winter storms and his sunmior storms 
 terrify mo. If he ^vow properly angry, I cannot stand be- 
 fore him." 
 
 Austin. Poor old Indian ! Properly angry — tliat is 
 a very expressive term. 
 
 Hunter. The Indians have many expressive terms, and 
 they are an interesting people. I will now give you a few 
 extracts from the journal of Mr. Rundell, a missionary 
 belonging to the Wesleyan Missions in the Hudson's Bay 
 territories, being some of the last intelligence received 
 respecting the Red Indians. Mr. Rundell travelled three 
 thousand five hundred miles from New York to get to his 
 statio 1. He is the first Protestant missionary stationed 
 in the far west, in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. He says, "About seven o'clock, I started, in a dog- 
 cariole, for the Fort Hunter's Camp, situated near Beaver 
 Lake. Tlie cariole was drawn by four dogs. It was 
 a brilliant starlight night, with some faint glimmerings of 
 the Aurora Borealis. The Beaver Hills extend for a long 
 distance, .md are in general covered with trees and shrubs, 
 interspersed with small lakes. The scenery, during the 
 sunnner months, must be very splendid : but I saw only 
 the rude ravages of winter in the woods; ice bound 
 the lakes, and snow manti 1 the gro'uid. In the forenoon, 
 we surprised a herd of bufiu.oes on a small lake, and one 
 of them slipped on the ice, and was soon stabbed to the 
 heart. The cold was so severe at this time, that the blood 
 froze about the instruni'.-nt employed in cutting up the 
 animal. I reached the camp in the afterno >n ; but the 
 night was so intensely cold, that I could get but little 
 sleep." 
 
 tdiisli'n. He would look droll in liis dog-car iole ! 
 
 llutiter. " T reached Rocky Mountain House, and was 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 

 
 
 <b^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
 // 
 
 rA 
 
 
 />>#. 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 I! 1^ 
 
 IlM 
 
 111= 
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 ii£ M 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER NV 14580 
 
 (7i ) *;72-4503 
 
m 
 
 A BLOOD INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
 very kindly received by J. H. Harriott, Esq., the gentleman 
 in charge. I found several Indians at the fort, and, shortly 
 after my arrival, another party arrived from the plains. 
 Great warmth of feeling w^as expressed by them on seeing 
 me. Their dresses were profusely adorned with beads and 
 gay embroidery, with porcupine quills and other orna- 
 ments. Whilst I was saluting them, some kissed me ; 
 others, after shaking me by the hand, passed both hands 
 over part of my dress, uttering at the same time a kind of 
 prayer; and otiiers gave me their left hand, because 
 nearest the heart." 
 
 Brian. That is a very odd custom, to kiss the mis- 
 sionary. I should not much like it. 
 
 Hunter. "A large party of Blackfeet and Peagans 
 arrived ; and their entrance into the fort presented a very 
 novel appearance. The first that came were the F agans ; 
 and the ceremony commenced with singing some rude and 
 barbarous sounds. They then marched in order to the 
 fort, the chief leading the van, bringing with him a horse, 
 the head of which was striped with red ochre, as an 
 intended present for Mr. Harriott; the chief entered the 
 fort, followed by his party. The Blackfeet approached 
 much in the same way, excepting that singing formed no 
 part of the ceremony. Some of the chiefs' dresses looked 
 Very fine ; and the needlework on them would reflect no 
 discredit on members of civilized communities. To-day a 
 rumour spread amongst the Indians, that I came down from 
 heaven in a piece of paper, and that the paper was opened 
 by a gentleman belonguig to the fort, and so I made 
 my first appearance upon earth.'' 
 
 Basil. I never heard a stranger thing ! Came down 
 from heaven in a piece of paper ! 
 
 Hunter: « The ' Big Wolf,' a Blood Indian chief, re- 
 quested last night that nothing might be said to him by me, 
 against taking revenge on their enemies; neither against 
 the practice of sacrificing to the sun the tops of their 
 fingers, previous to going to battle — a custom common 
 
INTERVIEW WITH ASSINNEBOINS. 281 
 
 amongst them. He was determined, he said, to have 
 revenge on the man that stabbed him some time before ; 
 and affirmed, that the sacrifices offered to the sim would 
 certainly insure success when warring with their enemies. 
 He, however, expressed a wish to hear me. This Indian 
 is one of the greatest warriors in all the tribes. He attend- 
 ed the service in the evening, and afterwards expressed his 
 satisfaction with what he had heard." 
 
 Austin. I am afraid the Indian's love of revenge will 
 never be conquered. 
 
 Hunter. What is hard with man is easy with God ; but 
 I will go on with my extracts. « I gave advice to ' Big 
 Wolf,' in order to effect a reconciliation between him and 
 the man towards whom he entertains such deadly hatred ; 
 and tried to persuade him to drink no more liquor, as that 
 was the cause of the affray. He listened attentively ; and 
 I learned afterwards that this advice was not given in 
 vain." 
 
 Basil. Liquor seems to be the ruin of the Indians. 
 
 Hunter. " The long-expected band of Rocky Mountain 
 Crees, those whom I came especially to see, arrived this 
 day, accompanied by a party of Assinneboins. Soon after 
 their arrival, I addressed them on the being of God, and on 
 the creation and fall of man. A remark made by one of 
 the Crees, after the service, is deserving of notice. He 
 said, they resembled hungry young birds in a nest, when 
 visited by the parent ; like the young birds, he said, they 
 stood hungry with their mouths open, to be fed." 
 
 Austin. Indians have the oddest way of speaking. 
 
 Hunter. « I met many Indians in a large tent, fitted up 
 for the occasion of my visit. I rode in the afternoon to an 
 Assinneboin camp, situated at the distance of a few miles, 
 and met with a very warm reception. Nearly all in 
 the camp, I believe — men, women, and children — met mo 
 on my approach, to welcome my arrival. They all walked 
 in procession, with their chief at their head ; and it was, 
 indeed, a very interesting sight. Many of the children, I 
 
 '!5 
 
 jli 
 
282 DISAPPOINTMENT OF MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Z' 
 
 i 1 
 
 P'^i 
 
 observed, were carried on the backs of their mothers. 
 The ceremony of shaking hands now took place, which I 
 performed on horseback, and afterwards proceeded to the 
 tent arranged for the service ; and, under the rays of 
 a bright and unclouded sun, discoursed to them on the 
 glories and beauties of the eternal Sun of righteousness." 
 
 Brian. That custom of shaking hands must take up a 
 long time among so many of them. 
 
 Hunter. " It was from this hill that I obtained my best 
 view of the Rocky Mountains. They presented the sub- 
 limest spectacle that I ever expect to behold, until I become 
 an inV ' itant of «the new heavens and the new earth.' 
 Their pomted and snowy summits rose high into the hea- 
 vens, resembling the lofty spires of some vast and magnifi- 
 cent marble temple, and the scene was truly grand and 
 imposing. In comparison with these Divine productions, all 
 the works of art dwindle into insignificance. From their 
 vast recesses, those great rivers flow which send forth their 
 streams to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans." 
 
 ^Austin. Oh, that must be glorious scenery ! 
 
 Hunter. " I reached Edmonton with no other injuries, 
 thanks to a kind Providence, than two or three slight frost- 
 bites, and some indications of snow blindness, from the 
 effects of which I recovered in about a weekj and thus 
 ended my winter campaigns." 
 
 Brian. I could listen an hour to such extracts as these. 
 
 Hunter. Well ; I have now told you pretty well about 
 Red Indians, and must come to the end of my narrative. 
 Great have been the difficulties of the missionaries, and 
 many have been their disappointments. The Cherokees, 
 Choctaws, Pawnees, Oregons, Sioux, and others, have none 
 of ihem altogether realized the hopes which at different 
 times, on their account have been entertained. The oppo- 
 sition of Papists, the wars that break out unexpectedly 
 among the tribes, the reverence entertained by them for 
 superstitious customs, their removals from one place to 
 another, the natural indolence of Indians, and their love of 
 
EVENTUAL SPREAD OF THE GOSPEL. 283 
 
 spiritous liquors, called forth by white men in order to de- 
 ceive them, these and other causes are always at work, 
 operating against the efforts of the missionary. I might it 
 is true, give you more instances than I have done of an 
 encouraging kind, respecting the Red Indians generally ; 
 but, perhaps, it will be better now to sum up the account by 
 saying, the missionary is at work among them with some 
 degree of success, and though from the remoteness of 
 many of the tribes, their strong attachment to the supersti- 
 tions of their forefathers, and other causes already alluded 
 to, the progress of Christianity is necessarily slow, there is 
 no doubt that it will ultimately prevail ; the promise has 
 gone forth, and will be fulfilled, the heathen will- be the in- 
 heritance of the Redeemer, and the uttermost parts of the 
 earth his possession. He who has clothed the arm of the 
 red man with strength, shod his feet with swiftness, and 
 filled his heart with courage, will, in due time, subdue his 
 cruelty and revenge, open his eyes to discern the wondrous 
 things of God's holy law, dispose his mind to acknowledge 
 the Lord of life and glory, and make him willing to 
 receive the gospel of the Redeemer. ^ 
 
 f^i 
 
 1 
 ' t1 
 
 
 THE END. 
 
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NATIONAL VVOllKS IW PFIOFESSOR KROST I.L f^ 
 I'ublistied by I). Appkton i^ Compai."/. 
 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE ARMY; 
 
 Comprising a iicneral Miliuiry History of the United Stalfs. fmiii the 
 period of the Ucvohition to the prepcnt time, with piirticiihir Atv 
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 Letters in the liigh School of Philadelphia. Embellii<hed with 
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 This work gives a complete history of military operations, and their 
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 authorities. By John Fkost, LL. U. With an Appendix, con- 
 taining Naval Songs', Anecdotes, &c. Embellished with numerous 
 original Entrravings, and Portraits of distinguished Naval Com- 
 manders. One vol., 12mo., $1. 
 
 This is the only popular and yet autlientic single view which we 
 have of the naval exploits of our country, arranged with good taste 
 and set forth in good language. — U. S. Gazette. 
 
 This volume is dedicated to the Secretary of the Navy, and is alto- 
 gether a very faithlul and attractive historical record. It deserves, 
 and will doubtless have, a very extended circulation. — Nat. Intel. 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE INDIANS 
 
 Of North America. Their Manners, Customs, and Present State. 
 Compiled irom the most recent authorities. By John Frost, 
 LL. D. One vol., 12mo., with numerous illustrations, $1. 
 
 The intention of this work is to furnish a correct view of the present 
 Btate of the aborigines of the country, and especially of the wild In- 
 diaiiF, who arc comparatively ignorant of the white man, and his arts 
 of civilization. The authorities chiefly relied on are Mr. Catlin, 
 Prince Maximilian, of VV^eed, and other recent travellers, with occa- 
 sional anecdotes from older writers. 
 
 A useful and acceptable volume, to all who desire authentic infor- 
 mation respecting Indian life, with numerous pictorial sketches. The 
 writer enters mimitely into the domestic and social iiabits of the In- 
 dian tribes, and gives a graphic description of the hunting grounds 
 and the wild animals of the chase. Altogether ho has compiled a 
 meritorious text hook of Indian history. — (.'nm. Adv. 
 
 I U' 
 
 t 'i 
 
COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF HISTORY. 
 
 D. APPLETON tc CO. HAVE JUST PUBLISHED, 
 
 A MANUAL 
 
 OP 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODEEN HISTOKY. 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 COMPRISING 
 I. 
 
 ^ntfent ^intovp ; 
 
 Containing the Political History, Gcogrnphicnl Position, and Social State of the Principal Na- 
 
 tinnn of Antiquity, carefully revised from the ancient writer*, and illustrated 
 
 by the tliscoveriea of Modern Scholars and Traveller!. 
 
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 Containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations, thoir Political History, and 
 
 the changes in their Social Condition, with a Historwof 
 
 the Colonies founded by Europeans. 
 
 BY Vr. OOOKE TAYLOn, LL. D., 
 
 or Trinity College, Dublin. 
 Revised, with an Additional Chapter on the United States, 
 
 BY C. S. HENRY, D. D., 
 
 Professor of History in the University of New- York 
 One handsome volume 8vo. of upwards of 700 pages. $2 25 
 
 *^* For the convenience of Students as a text book, the Ancient or Modern portions can Im 
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 The Ancient IIiSTonv division comprises Eighteen Chnptcrs, which include the general out- 
 lines of the History of Egypt — the Ethiopians — Uabylonln and Assyria — Western Asia — Palestine 
 — the Empire of the Medes and Persians — Phonician Colonics in Northern Africa— Foundation 
 and History of the Grecian States — Greece — tlio Macedonian Kingdom and Empire — the States 
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 man Empire — and India— with an Appendix of important iIlu>;trutive,articlo3. 
 
 This pnrlion is one of tlie best Cumpcnds of Ancient History that ever yet has appeared. It 
 contains a complete text fur the collegiate lecturer ; and is an essential hand-book for the student 
 who is desirous to become acquainted with all that is memorable in general secular archaio'ngy. 
 
 The Modern History portion is divided into Fourteen Chapters, on the following general 
 subjects: — Consequences of the Fall of the Western Emi>ire— Rise and Establishment of the 
 Saracenic Power — Restoration of the Western Empire— Growth of the Vapal Power — Revival ol 
 Literature — Progress of Civiliz.ition and Invention — Reformation, and Commcncpnient of the 
 States System in Europe — Augi.stan Ages of England and France — Mercantile and Colonial Sys- 
 tem — Age of Revolutions — French Empire — History of the Peace — Colonization — China — the 
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 new chapter on the History of the United States. 
 
 This Manual of Modern History, by Mr. Taylor, is v'le most valuable and instructive work 
 concerning the general sulijpcts which it comprehends, that can be found in (he wnole departnieni 
 of hisluiical lueratnro. 
 
\ I 
 
 ORY. 
 
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 1). Appleton ^ Co. have recently published 
 
 HISTORY OF GERMANY, 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 BT 
 
 FREDERICK KOHLRAUSCII, 
 
 Chief of the Board of Education for the Kii.gdom of Hanover, and 
 late Professor of History in the Polytechnic School. 
 
 Translated from the last German edition, 
 
 B V J AM ESD. HAAS. 
 
 One elegant 8vo. volume, of 500 pages, with complete Index, $1 50. 
 
 tkanslator's preface. 
 
 The high merits and distinguished character of the original Oerman Work, l)y Pro- 
 fessor Kohlranscii, of which this is a translation, have lonif been acknowledged. A 
 worlt which, during a period of tiiirty years, has enjoyed so much' popularity as to have 
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 production which has extended and estiililished its good repute, even in its original form 
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 The aim of the distinguished author, in this valualile history, is thus simply but dis- 
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 anxious to liavo presented to thetn the means of acquiring an accurate knowledge of 
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 That our industrious historian has attained his object, the intelligent reader will find 
 in the interest excited, the clear views imparted, and the dpep impression effected by 
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 ed to make it as perfect as possible, both in matter and style, and besides this has en- 
 riched It with many valuable notes not contained in the former editions : thus making it 
 hi reality a concise, yet, in every respect, a complete history <if Germany. 
 
 It is important to remark, that Professor Kohlrausch is a Protestant, and one distin 
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 his statements, and of the justice of his reflections and sentiments. 
 
 " After England.no country has stronger claims upon tho attention of Americans than 
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 art of printing — owe their origin to tho Germans. The literature of Germany is now 
 exciting a marked influence over our osvn, and we can never forget that Germany is tho 
 cradle of the Reformation. 
 
 " Notwithstanding all these claims upon our attention, it is not to be denied that the 
 history of Germany has been very little known among us. Few persons except the highly 
 educated have more than a very meagre knowlediio of the outlines of German history. 
 
 *' The publication of Kohlrausch's History, which is a standard wmk at home, comes in 
 very opportunely to supply the dearth of information on liiis interesting topic. It fur- 
 nishes a niist valuable compend ; and will tend to spread in our country a knowledgo 
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 torical works of our day are more worthy of the public patronage. — Evening Mirror. 
 
 H 
 
COMMON-SCHOOL LIBRARY. 
 
 JFirst Sirics, 25 volumes — Second^ 25 volumes. 
 
 D. APPLKTON ic CO. rcHpoctfully invite the attenion of Suporintondenti and Teach. 
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 road by every inonibor of a fuinily, always inculcatini; a good moral, yet unsectuiinn iu 
 clmruutor, aiming to give an intercHt and a taite fur reading. 
 
 RECOMMENDATION THuM ». t. KANUALL, DIFUTT t'JPERI NTENDKNT Or COHMOM ICHOOLI 
 
 FOR THE ITATE OP NEW-TORK. 
 
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 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OP 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. By the author of 
 
 " Undo Philip's Conversations." 
 THE ADVENTURES OF HERNAN 
 
 CORTES, the Conqueror of Mexico. By 
 
 the Bitnio. 
 THE LH'E OP CAPT. JOHN SMITH. 
 
 liy llm sanio. 
 THE DAWNINGS OF GENIUS ; or.Early 
 
 Lives of Eminent Men. By Anno Pratt. 
 THE MVTHULi GY t)P GREECE AND 
 
 ITALY, udiipted for cliildiun. By Tlio- 
 
 mni Kuiglitlv. 
 THE PnPl.AR "GROVE ; or, Little Harry 
 
 and his Undo Beiijuuiin. By Mrs. Cop- 
 
 EARiJy FRIENDSHIPS. By Mrs. Copley. 
 THE PEASANT AND THE I'RINCii; a 
 
 tale iiJiiittrMtive of tho French Revolu- 
 
 tiun. By llnrriot Martineau. 
 MASIERMAN RKADY ; or, the Wreck of 
 
 the Pacific. Written for Young People. 
 
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 THh ]>OOK1NG-GLASS FOR THE 
 
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 Sandhum. 
 
 FIRST IMPRESSIONS ; or, Hints to those 
 who would make Home happy. By Mrs. 
 Ellis. . t. 
 
 THE DANGERS OP DINING OUT ; or. 
 Hints to those who would make Home 
 happy. To which is added the Confes- 
 sions of a Maniac. By Mrs. tills. 
 
 SOMERVILLE HALL : or, Hints to these 
 who would make Home happy. To 
 which is added the Rising Tide. By Mrs. 
 Ellis. 
 
 LITTLE COIN, MUCH CARE: or, How 
 Poor People Live. By Mary flowitt. 
 
 WORK AND WAGES ; or. How Poor Peo- 
 ple Live. By Mary Howitt. 
 
 HOPE ON. HOPE EVER; or, the Boyhood 
 of Felix Law. By Mary Howilt. 
 
 STRIVE AND THRIVE, a tale. By Maty 
 Howitt. 
 
 SOWING AND REAPING: or, What will 
 Come of It .' By Mary Howitt. 
 
 ALICE FRANKLIN, a sequel to Sowing 
 nnd Reaping. By Mary Howitu 
 
 WHO SHALL BE GREATEST ? a tale. 
 By Mary Howitt. 
 
 WHICH IS THE WISER ? or, People 
 Abroad. By Mary Howitt. 
 
 TIRED OP HOUSEKEEPING. By S. T 
 Arthur. 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 ! ;)!l 
 
 ;' 
 
 if » 
 
 THE LIFE OF OLIVER CROMWELL. 
 
 By Koliert Southey LL. I). 
 HIS'lOKY OF THE FRENCH REVOLU- 
 
 1'10i\, its Cuu!«os and Conncquences. 
 
 By F. Miicleun Unwan. S vols. 
 THE ADVENTURES OF DANIEL 
 
 BOONE, the Kentucky Rifleman. By 
 
 tlin author of " Uncle Philip's Conveisu- 
 
 lioiiH." 
 THE YOUNG STUDENT; or, Ralph and 
 
 Victiir. By Madame Guizot. In 3 vols. 
 
 One of the best moral and instructive 
 
 works ever written 
 LOVE AND MONEY, an Evory-Day Tale. 
 
 lly Mary Ilowi'tt. 
 THE MINISTER'S FAMILY; or, Hints to 
 
 make llimic happy. By Mrs Ellis. 
 PHILIP RANDOLPH, a tale of Virginia. 
 
 By Mary Gertrude. 
 MY OWN STORY, the Autobiography of 
 
 a Child. By Mary Howitt. 
 THE TWO APPRENTICES; a Tale for 
 
 Youth. By Mary Howitt. 
 
 ; containing the 
 ; containing tho 
 
 WOMAN'S WORTH ; or, Hints to Raise 
 
 the Female Character. A very valuabk) 
 
 work, suitable for all classes. 
 THE SETTLERS IN CANADA, written 
 
 for Youth. By Capt. Marryatt. 2 vols. 
 MY UNCLE, THE CLOCKMAKER, a 
 
 tale. Ry Mary liowitu 
 THE GIRLS' MANUAL 
 
 Piinciiilns of Conduct. 
 THE BOYS' MANUAL 
 
 Principles of Conduct. 
 THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER, a Picture 
 
 of ilumiile Life. Bv Mrs. (yumcruii. 
 THE YOUNG MAN fROM HOME, in a 
 
 Series of Letters on Dangers and Duties. 
 
 By J. A. Junies. 
 FAMILIAR LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY, 
 
 and its application to Pliysiology. Com- 
 merce, and Ai;riculture. By Protl Liebig 
 THE GOLDMAKER'S VILLAGE; an ox- 
 
 collent narrative. Translated from the 
 
 German of H. Zchokkc. 
 
 ;(,*» The volumes arefurnishfd Hrnnfrly bound in leather. 
 
 lit. 30 cc:Ui eiiili bij the Series, 
 
nes. 
 
 ulenu and Teach> 
 Vorki for youih or 
 Work! ai may he 
 rot unnectui^in in 
 
 COHMON ICHOOLi 
 
 he Scliool Llbrnry 
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 ivorki ore iidinirii 
 1(1 the noutnesH o( 
 brd thoin, rondcra 
 iblo." 
 
 >r, Hints to those 
 hapjiy. By AIn. 
 
 NING OUT ; or. 
 
 auld make Hume 
 iddcd tlie Coiirca- 
 Mrs. Ellig. 
 r, Hints to those 
 Tie happy. 'J'o 
 igTide. By Mrs. 
 
 ;ARE: or, How 
 
 Mnry flowiit. 
 
 r, How Poor Peo- 
 
 witt. 
 
 I or, the Boyhood 
 
 y Ho wilt. 
 
 1 tale. By Maty 
 
 I; or, What will 
 Howitt. 
 
 uel to Sowing 
 
 flowitu 
 riEST ? a tale. 
 
 R ? or, People 
 
 tt. 
 
 ING. By 8. T 
 
 Hints to Rniite 
 
 A very valuabk) 
 
 nes. 
 
 MAD A, written 
 
 rryatl. 2 vols. 
 
 CKMAKEIl, a 
 
 containing the 
 
 containing tbo 
 
 PER, a Piciufo 
 
 Cuniiiroii. 
 I HUiMK, in a 
 org and Duiioi. 
 
 CHEMISTRY, 
 lyaiology. Com- 
 By Prof. Liobig 
 LiAGE ; aiiox- 
 Inted from the 
 
 the Series, 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF 
 
 BOOKS, 
 
 IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 D. APPLETON h Co., New-York, 
 
 AOT) 
 
 GEO. S. APPLETON, Philadelphia. 
 For sale by the several Booksellers throvghont the United Slates. 
 
 ■ ' ■- ■- ■■■ ■■■ ■ - ■ ., ' ■ - ■- -- ■ — , ,,,■■,■■,■ - ■ . .. , Jj 
 
 (Elasslfic^ 2\\iizx. 
 
 AGRIOULTURB. 
 Falkner on M.iniirca. 
 Smith's Prodiiutivu Fitrmini;. 
 Parmer's Trouauro, oy Fulkncr ond Smith. 
 
 ARTS, MANUFACXaRES, &o. 
 Ewbnnk'g Mcchitnics n-id Hydraulics. 
 Hodgo on the Stuain-Ensino. 
 Lafovct's Modern Arcliitooturfi. 
 
 " Stiiir-ciiHG CoMRtruction. 
 Urc'4 Dictionary of Arts, Manuf., and Mines. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Kamillon (Alex.), Life of. 
 Pbilip'kLifeof iMiJno. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 Frnsonius'ii Chemical Analysis. 
 Liehiu'ii Clmiiiinil Lottorn. 
 fftrnoll'i Appjlod.. imistry. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 Haxen'g Symlmllcal tSpi'llor. 
 Ksijihtloy's Mytli<>l<i!;y of (iroece and Italy. 
 Taylor's Homo Education 
 
 HISTORY. 
 Frost* History of United States Navy. 
 " " Army. 
 
 Guizot's Hi>itory of Civilization. 
 L'Arduclio's History of Namtlnon. 
 Taylor's Natural lliittory of Society. 
 
 JUVENILE. 
 
 Bonne, Danin), Adventures o(. 
 
 Boy's Miinuiil. 
 
 Canioron's Farmer's Daughter. 
 
 Child's Dcliirht. 
 
 Copley's Eiirly Frinndshipi 
 
 Coploy's Po|il,ir Glove. 
 
 Cortog, Atlvontiirnii of. 
 
 I)r Foe's Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 Evans's Joan of Arc. 
 
 " Evening's with the Chronic lera. 
 Guizot's Young Student. 
 Girl's Manual. 
 Holyday Tales. 
 Howkt's Lnvn and Money. 
 " Work and Wages. 
 
 I.iltio (.\)in, much Care. 
 
 Wliieb is the Winer? 
 
 Who MJiall be Greatest 
 
 Hopii on, Hope ever. 
 
 Strive and Thrive. 
 
 Sosvini; and Ren|)ing. 
 " No r<iMise like Common Sense. 
 " Alice Franklin. 
 Jerram's Child's Story-Book. 
 
 IC 
 
 It 
 (I 
 
 IC 
 IC 
 IC 
 
Applclon's Catalogue of Valuable PubliaUicnt. 
 
 I 
 
 (1 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 Lookiiif^-Oliiiiii fur tho Mitiil. 
 Lucy unit Artliiir 
 LuK ('jtliiii, or World Imroro You. 
 Murtiiioiiu'ii Croluiii lloyx. 
 
 *' IViisiiiit iiiicl Prince* 
 
 Marryiit'ii MantLriiiun lluudy. 
 Old tJiik Troo. 
 Prizo Hlory- Hook. 
 Priitl'H Duwiiiiih'o ornnniuR. 
 Bandliiiiii'M 'I'wiii Siiilrr». 
 Sinitli, (Jiipt.. Advuntiircii oC 
 Bliurwood'H Duty Ih Hiitbty. 
 
 •' Jiirk tlm Sailor. 
 
 " Think liururo you Act. 
 
 Tiiylor'H YoiiiiK iHhiiidoiR. 
 
 try l.ltlln'i'uli'R, 
 toulh'g Uookof Niiluro. 
 
 MEDICAL. 
 L'hnvtifiBo'g Advico to Motlion. 
 IIuII'h l'riii('i|)l'>B of l)ia;;iioHig. 
 Smith on Nurvouii Sydlutn. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Artlnir'g Tircil of lIouHckooping. 
 AiiHtin'i) Gorniitn Writers. 
 Ciirlylo'f) llcroos, Hero VVorKhlp. 
 Cotton'd I'.xilcH oCSilioriii. 
 D'ltiriioli'8 i'urioditirsof Literature. 
 Dolouzi! on Aiiiiiiiil Manni'tiam. 
 Klliii's MothcrH ot'MnijIaiid. 
 " Wives of England. 
 Dau:;hter!i of England. 
 Wuiiii'n of Knjjland, 
 FirHt IniprnsMions. 
 Danger of Dining Out. 
 Somorvillo ilall. 
 Einliury'H Natiiru'H Gems. 
 Fo8tcr'§ Miscellanies. 
 
 " Chrixtian Morals. 
 GoldHtnith'a Viuarof Wukofiold. 
 
 " EsHays. 
 
 Johnson's Rassolas. 
 Lovcr'i Ilnndy Andy. 
 
 " £. s. d. — 'J'roasure Trove. 
 Maxwell's Hector O'llullorun. 
 Moro'g DoninslicTaleg. 
 
 " Hurul Tuleg. 
 Pure Gold. 
 Sinclair'! Scotland and (Scotch. 
 
 " Shetland and Shotlunderi. 
 St. Pierre's Paul and Virginia. 
 'J'aylor's Physicarrhoory of Another Life. 
 IJgcful Letter-Writer. 
 Woniun'g Worth. 
 
 POETRY. 
 
 Burns's Poetical Workg, 
 Cowper'g '' 
 
 Gems from American Pofltl. 
 Ilemang'g Poetical Works. 
 
 " Songs of tho AITcctioiM. 
 Lewis's n"cordsof tho Heart, 
 Milton'g Poetical Works. 
 " Paradise Lost. 
 " «• Uegainod 
 
 Moore's Lnllah Rookh. 
 Pollok'st.'ourso of 'I'imc. 
 Seott'g Poetical Works. 
 « Lady of tho Luke. 
 " Mann ion. 
 
 >< La/ of tho Last Minstrel. 
 Bouthey's Poetical Works. 
 Thomson's S"UBong. 
 Tokanof AITection, hy various writere 
 •* Fricndghip. 
 
 Token of Love. 
 
 " the Heart. 
 " lieinumhrunee. 
 Young'g Ni{jht Thoughts. 
 
 RELiaions. 
 
 A Kempis's Imitation of Christ. 
 Antlion's ('atecliism on Homilies, 
 iteavcn's Help to Cutcchising. 
 liihhi Expositor. 
 Hook of Common Prayer, 
 liurnel'g Hist of Reformation. 
 
 " Exposition of XXXIX Artic.es. 
 Dradloy's Practical Hcrmons. 
 
 " t'ernions at t'lapham and Glosbur* 
 Churton'g Early English Church. 
 Christmas Hells. 
 Cruden's ( .'oncordanco, N. T. 
 ('larke's Scripture Pron)ises, 
 Evans's Rectory of Vulohoad 
 Paher on Election. 
 Grosloy on Preaching. 
 
 " English Churchman. 
 Hare's Sermons. 
 Hooker's Works. 
 James's True Christian. 
 
 " Widow Directed. 
 
 " Young Man from Home. 
 
 " Christian Professor. 
 
 " Anxious Inquirer atlor Salvation. 
 
 *' Happiness, its Nature and Source*' 
 Kip's Douldo Witness.^ 
 Kingsloy's Sacred Choir. 
 Lyra Aposlolicu. 
 Magoeon Atonement. 
 Manning on Unity of tho Church. 
 MarshalPs Notes on Episcopacy. 
 Moro'g Private Devotion. 
 
 «' Practical Piety. 
 Maurice's Kingdom of Christ. 
 Newman's Parochial Sciinons. 
 
 '' Sermons on Subjects of tht Dq^ 
 Ogilliy on Lay-Baptism, 
 
 " L(!ctures on the Church. 
 Palmer on tliu Church. 
 Paget'g Tales of the Village. 
 Pearson on tho Creed. 
 Philip's Devotional Guides. 
 
 " Tho Hannahs. 
 
 " Tho Marys. 
 
 '< Tho Marthas. 
 
 " Tim Lydias. 
 
 " Lovo of tho Spirit. 
 Sherlock's Practical Christian. 
 Smith on Scripture and Geology. 
 Spencer's Christian Instructed. 
 Spincko's Manual of Devotion. 
 Spraguo's Lectures to Young People 
 
 " True anil False Religion. 
 Sutton's Learn to Live. 
 ' Learn to Die. 
 •• On Sauiamcnt. 
 Stuart's Letters to Godchild 
 Toylor on Episcopacy. 
 
 " Golden Grovo. 
 
 «' Spiritual Christianity 
 Wayland's Human Responsibility 
 Wilson's Sacra Privata. 
 Wilberfurco's Conimuiiicant'i ManutL 
 
 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 
 
 Cooley's American in Egypt. 
 Olmsted's Whaling Voyage. 
 Silliman's Amoiicun Scenery 
 Southgate's Turkey aud Persia. 
 
•f. 
 
 int. 
 ilio*. 
 
 IX Articiei. 
 
 Ti and Glaabur* 
 irch. 
 
 >nie. 
 
 tor Salvation, 
 re and Sourco*' 
 
 irch. 
 icy. 
 
 ctiofthc Daf 
 
 en. 
 
 W: 
 
 n. 
 People 
 
 ig'on. 
 
 ility 
 ManuaL 
 
 tAVEZA 
 
 Apptcton's Catalofruc of Valuable Publications. 
 
 A KEMPI8.-0F THE IMITATION OF CHRIST: 
 
 Four books by Tlionius u Ketiipiii. Oiiu elugiuit volume, lliiiio. ^1 00. 
 
 " Tlin nutiinr nf tlii^t invaliiiibln wurk wn^ born about tlio ypar 13S<), anil hn4 nlwnyH lin«n 
 lionouroil by tlui Churcb for bin uininunt sanctity. Of tbo iniiiiy pious works r-oii'^tmoil by biin, 
 nis ' IniiliitioM ofCbrist' (buin){ vulhictlons of bis dovotionni tboufflits and nioilitittioiis on impor- 
 tant priicticnl Rult.joctH, tu);ctiiur 'vitb a supariito trRiiti.'to on tbnlloly Communion) is Ihi' inoit 
 celut)riit(>(l, and bus ovur Imon ndnnod nnn viiiuod ny dovout Cbristiuns of ovoty niinio. It bin 
 pnssud lliroUKli numorous editions and trnnsliitions, tbo first of wliicb into Bni(lisli is sniil in biivo 
 been niium by tbo Illustrious Lady Marpfarot, motborofKing ilonry VII. MoHsrs, Appli'iuu's 
 Ter^ btii.utlful edition is n roprint frnm tbo lust Knglish, tbe translation of wbicli wiis i.'bioily 
 copied from Olio ^irintod nt London in IG77 It dcsorvos to be a companion of tlio good llisbop 
 VViUon'i- Wttcra Privata. — Banner of the Crotis. 
 
 AMERICAN POET8.-QEM8 FROM AMERICAN POETS. 
 
 One volume, 32mo., frontispiece, gilt leaves, 37 1-2 cents. 
 Forming one of the series of " Miniature Classical Library." 
 Contains selections from nearly one hundred writers, among which are — 
 Bryant, Ilalleck, Longfellow, Percival, Whittier, Sprague, Uraiiienl, 
 Dana, Willis, Pinkney, Allston, Hillhouse, Mrs. Sigourney, L. M. David- 
 son, Lucy Hooper, Mrs. Embury, Mrs. Hale, etc. etc 
 
 ANTHON.-CATECHI8M8 ON THE HOMILIES OF THE 
 
 CHURCH, 
 
 18mo. paper cover, 6 1-4 cents, $4 per hundred 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Of the Misery of Mankind. I HL Of the Passion of Christ. 
 II. Of the Nativity of Christ. | IV. Of the Resurrection of Chriit. 
 
 By HENHY ANTHON, D. D., Rector of St. Mark's Church, New York. 
 
 This little volumo forma No. 3, of a sorios of "Tracts on Christian Doctr-ne and Practieo," 
 ■ow in course of publiuation under tho suporviiion of Rev. Dr. Anthon. 
 
 AU8TIN.-FRAGMENT8 FROM GERMAN PROSE 
 
 WRITERS. 
 
 Translated by Sarah Austin, with Biographical Sketches of the AuthoM. 
 One handsomely printed volume, 12mo. $1 25. 
 
 ARTHUR.— TIRED OF HOUSE-KEEPING 
 
 By T. S. Arthur, author of «' Insubordination," etc. etc. One volume, ISmo, 
 frontispiece, 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the series of "Tales for the People and their Children." 
 
 Contents. — I. Going to House-keeping. — II. First Experiments. — HI. 
 
 Morning Calls. — IV. First Demonstrations. — V. Trouble with Servants. — VL 
 
 A New One.— VII. More Trouble.— VIII. A True Friend.— IX. Anotlier 
 
 Powerful Demonstration. — X. Breaking up. — XI. Experiments in Boarding 
 
 and Takini» Boarder XII. More Sacrifices. — XIII. Extracting Good i'roin 
 
 Evil.— XIV. Failure of the First Experiments.— XV. The New Boarding- 
 
 house.— XVI. Trouble in Earnest XVII. Sickness.- XVIII. AnoiikM 
 
 Change XIX. Conclusion, 
 
 BEAVEN.-A HELP TO CATECHISING. 
 
 for the use of Clergymen, Schools, and Private Families. By James Bea 
 ven, D. D., Professor of Theology at King's College, Tor< nto. Kevised 
 and adapted to the use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
 States. By Henry Anthon, D. D., Rector of St. Mark's Church, N. Y. 
 18mo., paper cover, 6 1-4 cents, $4 per hundred. 
 
 Forming No. I of a geries of" Tracta on Christian Doctrine and Practice," now In oouna 90 
 publication under the superintendence of Rer. Dr Anthon. 
 
 i 
 
 !il i 
 
 ^dS' 
 
Ajjpli ton's (Aiialoiruc of Valuahh Publicationf. 
 
 BIBLE EXPOSITOR. 
 
 Confiriniilioti t)f the Truth (if the Holy Scriptures, from tlin Observiitiona ol 
 rereiit TravelltMs, illustrating tiie Milliners, Customs, and Places referred to 
 in the Bihie. ruhlished under tiie direction of the Society for the Promo 
 tion of Christian Knowledge, London. Illustrated with 90 cuts. On« 
 volume, liimo., 7.") cents. 
 
 KXTHACT FnOM PKEFACE. 
 
 " Th(! Hilly Sori]' iircs nontiiiri iimny iiiissHgPS full ofiinportanco nnil beauty, but not gennraily 
 nnilerstood, bi'C.iiiso 5 •.cy nontiiiii a 11 ih ions to fnaniiers and custoiiiK, thin ill ar indeott to thoso to whom 
 iboy wiTC! ori^'inally aililicssoil, but iiiiporfectly known to us. In order to obviate tbis ditlieulty 
 tins volmnn is now |iri!suiilod to tlu) puldio, roiisistin^ of extracts from tbo narratives of tr.ive. 
 Iiirs wbo liavp recordud tlie customs of tbo oriental nations, from wlioin wo learn tbatsome usagct 
 were retained among tbcni to tbis day, fucb as existed at tbo times wben tlie Scriptures weri 
 written, nnil tbat tbeir manners are in many instances littlo cban^'cd sinee the patriurcbal times. 
 TliH comiiiler of tbis volume tru.-'ts tbat it may be tbo means, under God's providence, of leading 
 unlearned renders to a more ^onoral acquaintance with Kastern customs, and assist tliem to a 
 clearer perception of tlic j>ropriety and beauty of the illustrations so ol\en drawn from thum in the 
 Uible." 
 
 BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; 
 
 And Administration of the Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies ot 
 the Church, according to the use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 United States of America, together with the Psalter or Psalms of David. 
 Illustrated with six steel engravings, rubricated, ISmo. size, in varioua 
 
 bindings. 
 
 With clasp, do., $3 00. 
 
 Imitation of Morocco, gilt 
 Without rubrics, in Morocco, extra, $2 00. Imitation do., 
 
 Morocco, extra gilt leaves, $-2 S.5. 
 leaves, $1 50. Plain <lo., $1 00. W 
 
 91 2.5. Sheep, plain, 37 1-2 cents. It may also be had in rich silk velvet binding, mounted wit^ 
 gold, gilt borders, clasp, &c., price $8 00. 
 
 A very superior edition, printed in largo typo, from the new nuthori/.cd edition, is nearly 
 ready. It will bo embellished with choice Hteel engravings from designs by Ovcrbcck. 
 
 BOONE.-ADVENTURES OF DANIEL BOONE, 
 
 The Kentucky Rifleman. By the author of " Uncle Philip's Conversations." 
 One volume, 18mo. 37 1-2 cents. 
 Forming one of tlie series of "A Library for my Young Countrymen." 
 
 " It is an excellent narrative, written in a plain, familiar style, and sets forth the character and 
 wild adventures of tbo hero of tbo Kentucky wilderness in a very attractive light. The boys will 
 all bo in an agony to road it." — Com. Ado. 
 
 BOYS' MANUAL. 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments, and Princi' 
 pies of Conduct, best suited for promoting Respectability and Success in 
 Life. 1 vol. Irfmo. 50 cents. 
 
 I '' 
 
 BRADLEY.-FAMILY AND PARISH SERMONS. 
 
 Preached at Clapham and Glasbury. By the Rev. Charles Bradley. Froni 
 the seventh London edition, two volumes in one,8vo. $1 25. 
 
 PRACTICAL SERMONS 
 
 For every Sunday throughout the year and principal holydays. Two volumes 
 
 of English edition in one 8vo $1 50. 
 
 Jt^ Tbo above two volumes may l)o bound together in one. Price $2 50. 
 
 Tlio Sermons of tbis Divine are much admired for tbeir plain, yet chaste and elegant stylej 
 tboy will bo found admiral>ly adapted for family reading and preaching, where no pastor is located. 
 Koconimcndations mi<;ht bo given, if space would admit, from several of our Dishopsand Clergy- 
 ulsofrnm Ministers of various denominations. 
 
 Tbo following are a few of the Er.Tlisb and American critical opinions of their merit: — 
 
 " Kradley'a *tylo is sententious, pithy, and colloquial. lie is simple without being qualnti 
 wd ho almost holds conversation with his hearers, without descending from the dignity of tha 
 Mterod chair."— Kc/fctic Rf.iiicw. 
 
 " Wo earnestly desire that every pulpit may ever be the vehicle of discoursea as judicious ana 
 practical, as scriptural and devout, as these." — Christian Obnerver. 
 
 " The stylo is so simple that the most unlearned can understand them ; the matter so instrne 
 •ive that the best informed can learn something ; the spirit so fervent that the moat engaged 
 Christian can be animated and warmed by tboir perutal "-^CUtrutian ffiin»t$. 
 
nf. 
 
 Apphton « • ioguB of Valuable Publications 
 
 )l).serv!itif)ri8 ol 
 
 ices referred to 
 
 for the Promo 
 
 90 cuts. On« 
 
 ', but not gcnnrnily 
 eil tot huso towlioi* 
 into tliis (iitliculty 
 rriitivoa of tr.ive. 
 11 timtsomc iisngci 
 lie Scripturos wcri 
 ! pntriurchul tirricn. 
 vidence, of leading 
 d nssist tlietii to a 
 n from them ia the 
 
 Ceremonies ot 
 Cliiirch in the 
 
 ilms of David. 
 
 ze, in varioui 
 
 I of Morocco, eilt 
 )0. Imitation do., 
 iiig, mounted with 
 
 i edition, is nearly 
 vcrbeck. 
 
 onversations. 
 
 nnlrymen." 
 
 the clinractcr and 
 It. Tho boys will 
 
 its, and Princi. 
 and Success in 
 
 s. 
 
 radley. From 
 25. 
 
 Two volumes 
 
 nd elegnnt style; 
 I pastor is located. 
 hops and C'lergy- 
 
 eir merit: — 
 
 ut bninj; qunint, 
 
 he dignity of the 
 
 9 as judicioai ana 
 
 matter so instrae 
 lie moet engafed 
 
 8URNET.-THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION 
 
 Of llie Church of England, by Gilbert Burnet, 1). D., lute Lord Bishop ol 
 
 Salisbury — witli the Collection of Records and a co 
 
 Index, 
 
 ivise. 
 and corrected, with additional Notes and a Preface, by the Rev. E 
 Nares, D. D.,late Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, 
 Illustrated with a Frontispiece and twenty-three engraved Portraits, form 
 ing four elegant 8vo. volumes. $8 00. 
 A cheap edition is printed, containing the History in three vols, without th» 
 Records — which form the fourtii vol. of the above. Pri(!e, in boards, $2 50. 
 
 To tho student either of civil or religious liistory, no epoch can be of more Importance than 
 that of tho RcfurniHtion in Engl uul. 'I'lio lliKtury of Bishop Ournot in one of the mo8t celebrated 
 and bvfiir the most frequently i|uoted of iiny tliiit bus been written of thin great event. Upon the 
 original publication of the lirdt Tolunie. it was received in Great Britain with the loudest and 
 nost extravagant encomiums. The author received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, 
 and was rci|uested by them to continue the work. In continuing it, he had the assistance of the 
 most learned and eminent di'-ines of his time ; and he confesses his in<lel)tednes8 fur important 
 tid to Lloyd, Till()tson,an(l StillingHeet, three of the greatest of England's Bishops, 
 
 The present edition of this groat work has been edited with laborious care by Ur. Nares, who 
 professes to have corrected im|)urtant errors iritu which the author fell, and to have made such 
 improvements in the order of tho woik as will render 't far more useful to tho reader or historical 
 •tudent. Preliminary explanations, full and sufficient tu the clear understapding of the author, 
 aro given, and marginal references are made tlirougbout the book, so as greatly to facilitate and 
 lender accurate its consultation. It will of course find n place in every theologian's liliraiy — and 
 will, by no means, we trust, be confined tu that comparatively limited sphere. — JV. Y, Tribune. 
 
 BURNET.-AN EXPOSITION OF THE XXXIX ARTICLES 
 
 Of the Church of England. By Gilbert Burnet, D. D., late Bishop of Salisbury. 
 With an Appendix, containing the Augsburg Confession, Creed of Pope 
 Pius IV., »tc. Revised and corrected, with copious Notes and Additional 
 References, by the Rev. James R. Page, A. M. One handsome 8vo. vol- 
 ume. $2 00. 
 
 The editor has given to our clergy and our students in theology an edition ofthis work, which 
 must necessarily supersede every other, and we feel hn deserves well at the hands of the Church, 
 which he has so materially served. — Church of England Quarterly Review. 
 
 BURNS.-THE COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS 
 
 Of Robert Burns, with Explanatory and Glossarial Notes, and a Life of the 
 Author, by James Currie, M. D., illustrated with six steel engravings, one 
 volume, IGmo. J|l 25. 
 
 Forming one of the series of " Cabinet Edition of Standard British PoetB." 
 
 This is the most complete American edition of Burns. Itcontains the whole of tho poetry com- 
 prised in the edition lately edited by Cunningham, as well as some additional pieces ; and lach 
 notes have been added as are calculited to illustrate the manners and customs of Scotland, «o aa 
 to render the whole more intelligible to the English reader. 
 
 lie owes nothing to tho poetry of oiher lands — he is the offspring of the soil : he is as natural 
 to Scotland as the heath is to her hills— his variety is equal to his originality; his humour, hit 
 gayety, bis tenderness and his pathos, come all in a breath ; they come freely, for they come of 
 their own accord ; the contrast is never offensive ; tho comic slides easily into tho serious, tba 
 serious into tho tender, and the tender into the pathetic— .^Wan Cunningham, 
 
 CAMERON.-THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER: 
 
 A Tale of Humble Life, by Mrs. Cameron, author of" Emma and Her Nurse," 
 " the Two Mothers," etc., etc , one volume, l8mo., frontispiece. 37 1-2 eta. 
 
 We welcome, in this little volume, a valuable addition to the excellent series of "Tales for 
 the People and their Children." Tho story conveys high moral truths, in a most attractive form 
 — Ilunfs ■MerclianVn Jilag. 
 
 CARLYLE.-ON HEROES, HERO WORSHIP, 
 
 And the Heroic in History. Six Lectures, reported with Emendations and Ad- 
 ditions, by Thomas Carlyle, autliorof the " French Revolution," "Sartor 
 
 Resartus," &,c. E 
 
 Its l^ariy 
 ileffantr 
 
 y printed in one vol. 12ino. Second edition. $1. 
 
 CHILD'S DELIGHT; 
 
 A. Gift for the Young. Edited by a lady. One volume small 4to. EmbeU 
 lished witli six steel Engravings coloured in the most attractive style. 
 
 This is the gem of the season. In style of embellishment and originality of matter, it ttUkda 
 «iot..«. W« cordially locumrnend the volume to our juvenile friends. — U. 8. Oauttt, 
 
 & 
 
I 
 
 m 
 
 i\ 
 
 It 
 
 Appleton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications 
 
 CHURTON.— THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH; 
 
 Or, Christian History of Eiigliind in early British, Haxon, iind Norman Times 
 By the Rev. Edward Chtirton, M. A With a Preface by tlie Rigiu ?ev 
 Bishop Ives. Onevol.lGmo. $1 00. 
 
 The following delightful pages place before us some of tlie clioicest cxanii>If:9 — both elerical 
 and lay— of the true Christian gpirit in the EARLY liNGLISM CHURCH. In truth, those paget 
 Me crowded witli wciglity lessons. * * * Extract from EUitor'a PriJ'ace. 
 
 CLARKE.-SCRIPTURE PROMISES 
 
 ^Inder their proper heads, representing the Blessings Promised, the Duties to 
 which Promises are made. By Samuel Clariie, D. D. Miniature size, 
 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 In this edition every passage of Scripture has been compared and verified. The volume ii 
 like un arranged museum of gems, and precious stones, and pearls of inestimable value. Th« 
 divine promises comprehend a rich and endless vaiioty. — Dr Wardlaw. 
 
 COOLEY.-THE AMERICAN IN EGYPT. 
 
 With Rambles through Arabia-PetrsBa and tlie Holy Land, during the years 
 1839-40. By James Evving Cooley. Illustrated with numerous steel En 
 gravings, also Etchings and Designs by Johnston. One handsome volume, 
 octavo, of 610 pages. $2 00. 
 
 No other volume extant gives the reader so true a picture of what he would be lii(cly to see 
 »nd meet in Egypt. No otlier book is more praotit.il and plain in its picture of precisely what 
 the traveller himself will meet. Other writers have one account to give of their journey on paper, 
 and anotlier to relate in conversation. IMr. Cooley has but one story for the fireside circle and 
 thp (irinted page. — Brother Jonathan. 
 
 CHAVASSE.— ADVICE TO MOTHERS 
 
 On the Management of their Offspring, during the periods of Infancy, Child- 
 liood, and Youth, by Dr. Pye Henry Chavasse, Member of the Royal Col« 
 lege of Surgeons, London, from the third English edition, one volume, 
 Idmo. of 180 pages. Paper 25 cents, cloth 37 1-2. 
 
 All that I have attempted is, to have written uaoful advice, in a clear stylo, stripped of all 
 technicalities, which mothers of evorv station may understand. * * * I have adopted u con- 
 versational form, as being more fumiliur, and as an easier method of making myself understood. — 
 Extract from Author''s Preface. 
 
 COPLEY.— EARLY FRIENDSHIPS. 
 
 By Mrs. Copley. With a frontispiece. One volume, 18mo. 37-12 cents. 
 
 A continuation of the little library of popular works for " the People and their Children." Iti 
 design is, by -iving the boarding-school history of a young girl, whose early education had been 
 coniiuctod on Christian principles, to sliow the pre-eminent value of those principles in moulding 
 and adorning the cliaracter, and enabling tiioir possessor snccessfuliy to meet the tcmptationi 
 and trials of life. It is attractively written, and full of interest. — Com. Adv. 
 
 COPLEY.-THE POPLAR GROVE: 
 
 Or, little Harry and his Uncle Benjamin. By Mrs. Copley, author of" Early 
 Friendships," «Ssc., &c. One vol. 18mo. frontispiece, 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 An excellent little story this, showing how sound sense, honest principles, and intelligent 
 industry, not only advanrts their possessor, but, as in the case of Uncle Uenjamin the gardener, 
 enable him to become the benefactor, }:uide, and friend of relations cast down from a loftier spliera 
 in life, and, but for him, without lesourcc. It is a tale for youth of all classes, that cannot ba 
 read without profit. — JV*. Y. Anitrican, 
 
 CORTES.— THE ADVENTURES OF 
 
 Ilernau Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, by the author of " Uncle Philip's 
 
 Conversations," with a Portrait. One volume, IHino. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 '^orniing one ofthe series of " A Library for my Young Counfymen.' 
 
 Tne story is full of interest, and is told in a captivating style. Such bouks add all the charm* 
 of romance to the value of history. — Prov. Journal. 
 
 COTTON.-ELIZABETH; OR, THE EXILES OF SIBERIA. 
 
 By Madame Cotton. Miniature size, 31 1-4 cents. 
 Forming one ofthe series of " Miniature Classical Library." 
 Tbaextaniive popularity ofthii little taleii well kno\rn. 
 
 6 
 
 Fo 
 
 (nite 
 poeti 
 was 
 limp 
 
ions 
 
 H; 
 
 Norman Timei 
 the Riglit I?ev 
 
 Tiplos— botJi clerical 
 n truth, those pu^w 
 
 d, the Duties to 
 Miniature size, 
 
 3d. The volume ii 
 inialilo value. Tht 
 
 uring the years 
 erous steel En 
 idsoine volume, 
 
 lid be likely to see 
 e of precisely what 
 r journey on paper, 
 1 fireside circle and 
 
 [nfancy, Child- 
 the Royal Col- 
 1, one volume, 
 
 yle, stripped of all 
 ive iidu|ited a con- 
 self understood. — 
 
 7-12 cents. 
 
 ir Children." Iti 
 lucation had been 
 ipleg in moulding 
 I the tcmptationi 
 
 hor of "Early 
 ents. 
 
 9, and intelligent 
 nin the gardener, 
 m a loflicr Rpiiera 
 that cannot bt 
 
 Jncle Philip'. 
 
 f'enta. 
 
 men.* 
 
 Id all the charmt 
 
 SIBERrA. 
 
 Appteton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 COWPER.-THE COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS 
 
 Of William Cowper, Esq., including the Hymns and Translations from Mad 
 Guion, Milton, tfcc, and Adam, a Sacred Drama, from the Italian of Bat* 
 tista Andreini, with a Memoir of the Author, by the Rev. Henry Stubbing, 
 A. M. One volume, IGmo., 800 pages, $1 50, or in 2 vols. $»! 75. 
 
 Forming one of the Series of " Cabinet Edition of Standard British Poets." 
 
 Morality never found in :»oniusamorc devoted advocate than Cowper, nor has moral wisidoni. 
 In its plain and severe pn^cupl-i, been ever more successl'ully combined with the delicate sprrit of 
 poetry than in liis worka. lie was endowed with all the powers which a poet could want who 
 was to bo the moralist of the world -the rei)rover, but liot the satirist, of men — the teacher o/ 
 limple truths, which were to be rendered gracious without endangering their simplicity. 
 
 CRUDEN.-CONCORDANCE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 By Alexander Cruden, M. A., with a Memoir of the Author hy W. Youngman, 
 Abridged from the last London Edition, by Wm. Patton, D. D. Portrait. 
 One volume, 32mo., sheep, 50 cents. 
 %* Contains all the words to be found in the large work relating to the New Testament. 
 
 DE FOE-PICTORIAL ROBINSON CRUSOE. 
 
 The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, By Daniel De Foe. With a 
 Memoir of the Author, and an Essay on his Writings, with upwards of 300 
 spirited Engravings, by tiie celebrated French artist, Grandville Ona 
 elegant volume, octavo, of 500 pages. $1 75. 
 
 Crusoe has obtained a ready passjiort to the mansions of the rich, and the cottn;,'es of the poor, 
 and communicated ei|ual delight to all riuiks and cbissos of the community. l''ew works have 
 been more generally rend, or more Justly admired ; few that have yielik'd sutli incessant amuse- 
 ment, and, at the same time, have (luvcluped so many lessons of practical instruction. — Sir Walter 
 Seott. 
 
 _ The Messrs. Appleton & Co., of Xew York, have just published a bcnutifnl edition of "The 
 Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," Not Ibo miserable abridfrnient gpnerally circulated, 
 but De Foe's genuine work. Robinson Crusoe in full and at length, a story which never palls upon 
 the reader, and never can lose its poiiularity while the English language endures. — rcnnnHlvaiiian. 
 
 D'ISRAELI.-CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE, 
 
 And the Literary Character illustrated, by L D'Israeli, Esq., D. C. L., F. S. A. 
 First and Second Series. The Literary Character, illustrated by the Histo- 
 ry of Men of Genius, drawn from their own feelings and confessions, by I. 
 D'Israeli, Esq. Curiosities of American Literature, compiled, edited, and 
 arranged by Rev. Rul'tis W. Griswold, The three works in one volume, 
 large 8vo. Price $3 50, 
 
 This is the double title of a large and beautifully printed octavo volume, which has just made 
 its appearance in the World of l.i'iters. With the first part every body is already familiar. The 
 deep research, the evident enthusiasm in his subject, and the light and pungent humor displayed 
 by U'Israeli in it, are the delight of all classes of readers, and ■\'ill undoubtedly send him down n 
 theerful journey to posterity, if only on acct.unt of the pleasant company in which he has managed 
 •o agreeably to introiluco himself. 1'lin other portion of this work — that roluting to the Curiosi- 
 ties of Jimericaii Literature — is entirely new to tlio public ; yet we sliall be disappointed if it is 
 not airectly us popular as the other, Air. Griswold has performed his task in a manner highly 
 credital)lo to bis taste, while displaying most favorably his industry, tact, and perseverance. — J^tiP 
 York 'rribtiiie. 
 
 DE LEUZE.-PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION IN ANIMAI, 
 
 Magnetism, by J. P, F, De Leuze, translated by Thomas C. Hartshorn. Re- 
 vised edition, with an Appendi.x of Notes by the Translator, and Letters 
 from v^miiient Physicians and others, descriptive of cases in the U. States. 
 One volume, 12aio. ifjl 00. 
 
 Tho transldtor of this work has certainly presented tho piofossion with an uncommonly wel' 
 digested treatise, enhanced in value by his own notci and tho corroborative testimony of eminaot 
 •kyticiana. — Boston Med 4' Surg. Journal. 
 
i 41 
 
 •' 
 
 Appletoji's Catalogue of Valuable .Publications. 
 
 ELLIS.-THE DAUGHTERS OF ENGLAND; 
 
 Their position in Society, Cliaracter, and Responsibilities. By Mrs. Ellis. 
 In one liundsoine volume, J^nio., cloth gilt. 50 cents. 
 
 One handsome 
 
 ELLIS.-THE WOMEN OF ENGLAND; 
 
 Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits. By Mrs. Ellis, 
 volume, 12mo., cloth gilt. 50 cents. 
 
 ELLIS.-THE WIVES OF ENGLAND; 
 
 Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influences, and Social Obligations. By Mrs, 
 Ellis. One liandsome volume, 12mo., cloth gilt. 50 cents. 
 
 ELLIS.-THE MOTHERS OF ENGLAND; 
 
 Their Influence and Responsibility. By Mrs. Ellis. One handsome volume, 
 
 J^mo., cloth gilt. 50 cents. 
 
 This is nil nppropriiitn nnd very valuable conclusion to the HericB of works on the subject o( 
 feiimle duties, by wliich Mrs. Ellis hns plouscd, and we duubt not profited, thouiunda of readers. 
 Her counsels demand attention, not only by tlieir practical, sagacious usefulness, but also by the 
 ;iieck and modest spirit in which they are communiuutcd. — Watchman. 
 
 By Mrs. Ellis. One vol- 
 
 By Uts. Ellis. One vol 
 
 ELLIS.-THE MINISTER'S FAMILY; 
 
 Or Hints to those who would make Home happy, 
 umc, 18mo. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 ELLIS.-FIRST IMPRESSIONS; 
 
 Or Hints to those who would make Home happy, 
 ume, 18mo. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 ELLIS.-DANGERS OF DINING OUT; 
 
 Or Hints to those who would make Home happy. By Mrs. Ellis. One vol 
 ume, J8mo. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 ELLIS.-SOMERVILLE HALL; 
 
 Or Hints to tliose who would make Home happy. By Mrs. Ellis. One vol- 
 
 imie, ISmo. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 The above four volumes form a portion of series of " Tales for the People and their Children." 
 
 " To wish prosperity tosuch books as these, is to desire the moral and physical welfare of the 
 humuQ spccing." — Balk Chronicle. 
 
 EVANS.-EVENINGS WITH THE CHRONICLERS; 
 
 Or Uncle Rupert's Tales of Chivalry. By R. M. Evans. With seventeen 
 illustrations. One volume, 16mo., elegantly bound, 75 cents. 
 
 This would have been a volume after our own hearts, while we wore younijer. and it ii 
 •cnrcoly less so now when we iirc soincwbat older. It discourses of those things wliiLli tharmed 
 all of us in early youth — the daring deeds of tlic Kniglits and S^quires of feudal warfare— the true 
 version of the " Chevy Chase," — tlie exploits of the stout and stalwart Warriors of England, 
 Scotland, and Germany. In a word, it is an attractive liook,and renditred more so to young read- 
 ers by a series of wood engravings, bcautilully executed. — Courier ^ Enquirer. 
 
 EVANS -THE HISTORY OF JOAN OF ARC. 
 
 By R. M, Evans, author of "Evenings with the Chroniclers, ' with twenty- 
 four elegant illustrations. One volume, 16mo. Extra gilt. 75 cents. 
 
 In the work before us, we have not only a most interesting biography of this female prodigy, 
 including wiiat site was and wiiut slin accov. ilish^d, hut also a faithful account of the relatione 
 that exir'cd between Englanrl and France, ai.d of the singular state of things that imirked the 
 ueriod when this wonderi'u! personage appeared upon the stage. The leading incidents uf her 
 Nfe are related with exquisite simplicity and touching pathos ; and you eunnot repress your admi- 
 ration for her heroic qualities, or scarcely repress your tears in view of her ignominioui end. To 
 the youthful reader we heartily recommend this volume, — Albany Adttrtiicn 
 
ons. 
 
 By Mrs. Ellis. 
 One handsome 
 tions. By Mrs, 
 
 dsome volume, 
 
 s on the subject of 
 uiandg of rendoM. 
 88, but also by the 
 
 His. One vol- 
 His. One vol 
 lis. One vol 
 
 lis. One vol- 
 
 their Chililrnn." 
 !al weUare of th« 
 
 RS; 
 
 itii seventeen 
 
 Junijer, and it it 
 9 which iharincd 
 fiirfiiro — the trua 
 iors of Englund, 
 io to young read- 
 
 with twenty. 
 75 cents. 
 
 fcmnle prodigy, 
 of the relutioQi 
 hut niiirkcd the 
 iiioidents of her 
 ire«« your ad.-ni> 
 inioui end. To 
 
 Appleton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 EVANS -THE RECTORY OF VALEHEAD; 
 
 Or, the Records of a Holy Home. By the Rev. R. W. Evans. From the 
 twelHh En^ilish edition. One volume, IGrno. 75 cents. 
 
 Universiilly and cordially do wo recommend this delightful volume We believe no perion 
 Bould reud thia W()rk,und not buthe hotter for it^ piou!) and touching h^^iHons. It is a page taken 
 ,>om the book of life, and eloipinnt with all the instruction of nn excellent pattern ; it is a com- 
 mentary on the affectionate warning, " Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth." We 
 have not for some time seen a work we could so deservedly praise, or so consciontiuusly recom' 
 xu^iti — Literary Oaictte. 
 
 EMBURY-NATURE'S GEMS; OR, AMERICAN FLOWERS 
 
 in th oir Native Haunts. By Emma C. Embury. With twenty plates of Plants 
 c ireful ly colored after Nature, and landscape views of their localities, 
 from dravving.Jiitaken on the spot, by E. W. Whitefield. One imperial oc- 
 tavo volume, printed on the finest paper, and elegantiy bound. 
 
 This beautiful work will undoubtedly form n "Gift-Book" for all seasons of the year. It is 
 lllui*,rated with twenty colored engravings of indigenous flowers, taken from drawings made on 
 the spot where they were found ; while each flower is accompanied by a view of sonic striking 
 feature of American scenery. The literary plan of the book dilfers entirely from thatof any other 
 work on a similar subject which has yet appeared. Each plate has it:; botanical and local de- 
 scription, though the chief part of the volume is composed of original tales and poetry, illustrative 
 of the sentiments of the flowers, or associated with iho landscape. No pains or expense has been 
 spared in tho niiclianical execution of the volume, and the fict that it is purely American both 
 in its graphic and literary departments, should recommend it to general notice. 
 
 EWBANK.-HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS. 
 
 A Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and other Machines for 
 
 raising Water, including the Steam and Fire Engines, ancient and modern; 
 
 with Observations on various sidijects connected with the Mechanic Arts ; 
 
 including the Progressive Development of the Steam Engine. In five 
 
 books. Illustrated by nearly three hundred Engravings. By Thomas 
 
 Ewbank. One handsome volume of six hundred p;iges. ^3 50. 
 
 This is a highly valual)lo production, replete with novelty anil inti-rest, and adapted to gratify 
 equally the hisiorian, the pbiUisophcr, and the mechanician, l)eing tho result of a protracted and 
 extensive research among the arcana of historical and scieniific literature. — JVat. Intelligencer, 
 
 FABER.-THE PRIMITIVE DOCTRINE OF ELECTION; 
 
 Or, an Historical Inquiry into the Ideality and Causation of Scriptural Elec- 
 
 tion, as received and maintained in the primitive Church of Christ. By 
 
 George Stanley Fiiber, B. D., author of "Difiicultiea of Romanism,' 
 
 "Dilficulties of Infidelity," &c. Complete in one volume, octavo. $1 75. 
 
 Mr. Faber verifies his opinion by demonstration. We cannot pay a higher respect to his work 
 Ihun by recommending it to all. — Church of England QuaHerly Review. 
 
 FALKNER.-THE FARMER'S MANUAL. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Nature and Value of Manures, founded from 
 
 Experiments on various Crops, witli a brief Accoimt of the most Recent 
 
 Discoveries in Agricultural Ciiemistry. By F. F'alkner and the Author of 
 
 " Britisii Husbandry." 12mo., paper cover 31 cents, cloth 50 cents. 
 
 It is the object of the present treatise to explain the nature and constitution of manures gene- 
 rally — to point out the intMins of augmenting the quantity and preserving the fertilizing power of 
 farnc yard manure, tho various sources of mineral and other artificial manures, and the cause of 
 thjir frpquent failuies. — Auth(tr''s Preface. 
 
 FARMER'S TREASURE, THE ; 
 
 Contain. iijj •' Falkner's Farmer's Manual," and " Smith's Productive Farm- 
 ing," bound together. liJmo., 75 cents. 
 
 FOSTER— ESSAYS ON CHRISTIAN MORALS, 
 
 Experimentiil and Practical. Originally delivered as Lectures at Broadmead 
 Cliapel, Bristol. By Joh^ Foster, author of " Essays on Decision of Char- 
 acter, etc. One volume, Idmo., 50 cents. 
 
 This volume contains twenty-six Essays, some of which are of the highest order of lublimitf 
 and ezAitlcnee. 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 'il! 
 
 i 
 
Applcton's Cataio(>ne of Valuable Publiratii^M. 
 
 r-OSTER.-BIOG., LIT., AND PHIL. ESSAYS, 
 
 Contributed to tlie Ecleotic Review, by Joiin roster, author of " EssuysoD De> 
 cision of Iluiiiiin Churucter," etc. One volume, lljino., $1 25. 
 
 TlicHc contributions well dcsnrvo to clusii with tlio!<c of Macault-y, Jclfrey, and Sidney Smith, 
 iri tlio EtliiiliUTgli Roviow. They contain the proiluctiuna of u more original and profound thinker 
 than uitlicr, wlioso master-mind has exerted a 8tro[ij;cr influence upon his readers, and has left ■ 
 deeper imprcgxion upon our literature; and whoso peculiar merit it was to present the doctrines 
 and moralities of the Christian faith, under a form and aspect which redeemed the familiar frnm 
 triteness, and threw a. charm and freshness ahout the severest truths. — London Patriot. 
 
 FR08T.-THE BOOK OF THE NAVY: 
 
 Comprising a General History of the American Marine, and particular account! 
 of all the most celebrated Nava. Battles, from the Declaration of Indepcnd 
 cnce to the present time, compiled from the best authorities. By John 
 Frost, LL. D. With an Appendix, containing Naval Songs, Anecdotes, 
 &c. Embellished with numerous original Engravings, and Portraits of 
 distinguished Naval Commanders. One volume, 12mo., $1 00. 
 
 This is the only popular and yet authentic single view which wo have of the naval exploits o5 
 our country, arranged with good taste and sot fortli in good language. — U. S, Oaiette. 
 
 This volume is dedicated to the Secretary of the Navy, and is altogether a very faithful and 
 attractive historical record. It deserves, and will doulHless have, a very extended eircuUtion 
 — JVat. Intelligencer. 
 
 FROST.— THE BOOK OF THE ARMY: 
 
 Comprising a General Military History of the United States, from the period 
 of the Revolution to the present time, with particular accounts of all the 
 most celebrated Battles, compiled from the best authorities. By Johr 
 Frost, LL. D. Illustrated with numerous Engravings, and portraits of 
 distinguished Commanders. One volume, ISinio., Jjj,! 25. 
 
 This work gives a complete history of military operations, and tlieir ciuses and effects, fron 
 the opening of the Revolution to the viorio of the last war, with graphic descriptions of the rela 
 hrated battles and characters of tlie loading generals. It is illustrated with numerous portraits oi 
 steel and views of battles, from original drawings by Darley and others. 'J"he im|)ortance of pop 
 ular works of the class to which this and tlio >' Rook of tlie Navy " belong, must bo obvious to af 
 who recognize the value of national recollections in preserving a true national spirit. 
 
 FRESENIUS.-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 
 
 Elementary Instruction in Chemical Analysis. By Dr. C. Rhemigius Frese- 
 nius. With a Preface by Prof. Liebig. Edited by I. Lloyd Bullock. One 
 neat volume, 12mo. Paper, 75 cents ; cloth, $1 00. 
 
 This Introdu'tion to Practical Chemistry is admitted to be the most valuable Elementary In- 
 structor in ('hemical Analysis fo scicntitic operatives, and for pliiirmuccutical chemists, which has 
 ever lieeii presented to the public. 
 
 GUIZOT.— THE YOUNG STUDENT; 
 
 \)r, Ralph and Victor. By Madame Guizot. From the French, by Samuel 
 Jackson. One volume of 500 pages, with illustrations. Price 75 cents, or 
 in threa volumes, $1 12. 
 
 This volume of biographical incidents is a striking picture of juvenile life To all that num- 
 berless (;l;i3s of youtli who are |)assing through their literary ccincation, whether in boarding- 
 si?hi)ols or acn(|{'iiiiiii, in the collegiate co--rse, or the jireparatory studios connected with them, wo 
 know nothing more piecisoly fitted to mcliorite their character, and direct their course, subordi- 
 nate to the higher authority of Christian ctliics, than this excellent delineation of " The Young 
 Student," by Madame Guizot. * * ♦ The Frotich Academy wore correct in their judgment, 
 when they i)ronounced Madame Guizot 's Student the best book of the ycxix.— Courier t( Enquirer m 
 
 GUIZOT.-GENERAL HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION 
 
 In Europe, from the fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution. 
 Translated from the French of M. Guizot, Professor of History to la Facul- 
 to des Lettres of Paris, and Minister of Public Instruction. Third Ameri- 
 can edition, with Notes, by C. S. Henry, D. D. One handsome volume, 
 la-no., $1 00. 
 
 M. Guizot in his instructive Lectures has^iven us an cpitomeof modern history, distinguished 
 by all the merit which, in another department, renders Rlackstone a subject of such peculiar and 
 Dnbounded praise — a work closely condense \, including nothing useless, omitting nothing sssen 
 tial 1 written with grace, and conceirad and arranged with consummate ability. — Boat TravMtr 
 
15. 
 
 Essuys OD De> 
 
 15. 
 
 ad Sidney Smith, 
 profouiKl thinker 
 'xa, anil hna left ■ 
 nrit the doctrinei 
 the fiimiiiar frnm 
 atiiot. 
 
 ;ular accounta 
 of Independ 
 Js. By Jolin 
 s, Anecdotes, 
 J Portraits of 
 10. 
 
 nnval exploit! o! 
 
 ette. 
 
 fety faithful and 
 
 idcd eirculution 
 
 in the period 
 
 Ills of all the 
 
 By Jolir 
 
 portraits of 
 
 ml oifects, fron 
 ons of the cela 
 •ous portraits oi 
 
 JHJftilllCO of pop 
 
 10 obvious to a{ 
 rit. 
 
 ligiijs FresO' 
 liilock. One 
 
 Elementary In- 
 lists, which has 
 
 , by Samuel 
 75 cents, or 
 
 3 all that num- 
 r in lioardinj- 
 with thcii), wo 
 curse, Buhordi- 
 r "The Youni 
 heir judgment, 
 ier ^ Enquirer. 
 
 ON 
 
 Kevolutlon. 
 to hi Facul- 
 lird Ameri- 
 ne volume, 
 
 I distinjfuished 
 >i peculiar and 
 lothin^ SBsen 
 osU TravtUnt 
 
 Appleton*s Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 ifi 
 
 GRISW0LD.-CURI0SITIE8 OF AMER. LITERATURE; 
 
 Compiled, edited, and arranged by Rev. Rufus W. Griswold. See D'Israeli 
 
 GIRL'S MANUAL: 
 
 Comprising a summary View of Female Studies, Accomplishments, and Prin 
 ciples of Conduct. Frontispiece. One volume, 18mo , 50 cents. 
 
 GOLDSMITH.-PICTORIAL VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 
 
 The Vicar of Wakefield. By Oliver Goldsmith. Illustrated with upwards of 
 100 engravings on wood, making a beautiful volume, octavo, of 300 pngea. 
 $1 25. The samo, miniature size, 37 1-3 cents. 
 
 We love to turn back over those rich old clasaicii of our own lanj^uage, and re-juvenate our- 
 •elvcB by the ne vcr-fuilitig associations which a re-perusal al waya calls up. Let any one.who has 
 not read this immortal tulo for fifteen or twenty years, try the experiment, and wo will warrant 
 that ho rises up from the task — the pleasure, we should have said — a happier and a better man. 
 In the good old Vicar of Wakefield, all is pure gold, without dross or alloy of any kind. 'I'jiis 
 much wo have said toour last ijoncration readers. This edition of the work, however, wo take it, 
 was got up for the benefit of the rising generation, and we really envy our young friends tho ploa- 
 •ure which is before such of them as will read it for the first time. — Savannah Republican. 
 
 GOLDSMITH.-ESSAYS ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS, 
 
 By Oliver Goldsmith. Miniature size, 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the seiies of" Miniature Classical Library." 
 
 GRESLEY.-PORTRAIT OF A CHURCHMAN, 
 
 By the Rev. W. Gresley, A. 31. From the Seventh English edition. One 
 elegant volume, I61110., 75 cents. 
 
 " The miiin part of tliis admirable volume is occupied upon the illustration of the practical 
 workiiiir of Church prinriplcs when sincerely received, setting forth their value in the commerce ol 
 daily life, iiiul liuw surely they cuiuluct those who embrace them in the safe and quiet pbth of holy 
 life."" 
 
 GRESLEY.-A TREATISE ON PREACHING, 
 
 In a Series of Letters by the Rev. W. Gresley, M. A. Revised, with Supple> 
 mentury Notes, by the Rev. Benjamin I. Haight, M. A., Rector of All 
 Saints' Ciiurch, New York. One volume, 12mo. $1 25. 
 
 AdvcrtUement. — In preparing tho American edition of Mr. Gresley's valuable Treatise, a few 
 foot-nolus have been added by the Editor, which are distinguished by brackets. The more extend* 
 cd nutos at tho end h:ive been selected from the best worb:s on the subject — and which, with oim 
 or two exceptions, are not easily accessible to the American student. 
 
 HAMILTON.-THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON, 
 
 Edited by his son, John C. Hamilton. Two volumes, 8vo., s^5 00. 
 
 We cordi:ii!y recoinmond the perusal and diligent study of these volumes, exhibiting, as thej 
 do, much vi'.Iuablu niatlur lulative to tbe Revolution, the establishment of the Federal Constitu. 
 tion, and otiior iinportiint events in the annals of our country. — JV. Y, Review. 
 
 HEMANS.-THE COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS 
 
 Of Felicia Ilenians, ])rinted from the last English edition, edited by her Sister, 
 Iliuritiatod with (J steel Engravings. One beautifully printed and portable 
 volui.ie, IGnio., ij! , or in two volumes, $ 
 
 Of this highly accomplished poetess it has been truly said, that of allher sex " few have writ- 
 ten so much and so well." Although her writings possess an energy equal to their high-toned 
 beauty, yet are they so pure and bo refined, that not a lino of them couhl feeling spare or delicacy 
 blot fiom her pages. Iler imagination v/as rich, chaste, and glowing. Her chosen thamosore tha 
 tk'odle, tho hearth-stone, and the death-bod. In her poems uf Co'ur de Lion, Ferdinand of Atu- 
 |on, and Bernard del Carpio, wo see lienenth the glowing colors with which she clothes her ideas, 
 the feelings of a teomon*s heart. Her earlier pooms, Records of Woman and Forest Sanctuary, 
 Hand unrivalled. In short, her works will ever be read by a pious and enlightened community. 
 
 HEMANS.-SONGS OF THE AFFECTIONS, 
 
 By Felicia Hemans. One volume, 32mo., gilt 31 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the series of" Miniature Classical Librnry." 
 
 HARE-SERMONS TO A COUNTRY CONGREGATION, 
 
 \^y Augustus William Hare, A. M., late Fellow of New College, and Rector of 
 Alton Barnes. One volume, royal 8vo., $2 25. 
 
Appleton*s Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 HALL.— THE PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, 
 
 By Marshall Hall, M. D., F. R. S., &c. Second edition, with many improve* 
 
 ments. By Dr. John A. Sweet. One volimie, 8vo., $2 00. 
 
 Tlii« work wnd publinlied in iiccordanco with tlio (lo«iro of some of tho most colobrateil ph>tU 
 •iaiM of this country, wlio were anxious that it should bo brought witliin the roach of all claiMt 
 0^ medical mon, to whoso attention it utfurs strong claims as the best work on the subject. 
 
 HAZEN.— SYMBOLICAL SPELLING-BOOK. 
 
 TJ.« Symbolical Spelling-Book, in two parts. By Edward Hazen. Contain* 
 
 mg 288 engravings. 18 3-4 cents. 
 
 This work is usnd in upwards of one thousand different schools, and ptonouncsd to be an* wl 
 the best works published. 
 
 HODGE.— THE STEAM-ENGINE: 
 
 Itf Origin and gradual Improvement, from the time of Hero to the present day, 
 u adapted to Manufiictiires, Locomotion, and Navigation. Illustrated with 
 48 Plates in full detail, numerous wood cuts, &c. By Paul R. Hodge, 
 C. E. One volume folio of plates, and letter-press in 8vo. $10 00. 
 
 This work should be placed in tho '' Cnpt.iin's Office " of every stcnmer in our country, and 
 also with every engineer to whom ix confided the control of the engine. From it they would de- 
 live all the int'ormution wliich would cnabin them to comprehend the caus<) nnd ctt'ocls of every 
 •rdinary accident, and also the method promptly and successfully to repair any injury, and to rem- 
 «dy any defect. 
 
 HOLYDAY TALES: 
 
 Consisting of pleasing 3toral Stories for the Young. One volume, square 
 l6ino., with numerous illustrations. 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 This is a most capital little book. The stories are evidently written by an able hand, and that 
 too in an exceedingly i.ttractivc style. — Spectator, 
 
 HOOKER.-THE COMPLETE WORKS 
 
 Of that learned and judicious divine, Mr. Richard Hooker, with an account of 
 his Life and Death. By Isaac Walton. Arranged by the Rev. John Keble, 
 M. A. First American from the last Oxford edition. With a complete 
 general Index, and Index of the texts of Scripture, prepared expressly for 
 this edition. Two elegant volumes, 8vo., $4 00. 
 
 Contents. — Tho Rditor's Preface comprises ageneralsurvoy of the former edition of Hooker'* 
 Works, with Historical Illustrations of the period. Af\er which follows the Life of Hooker, bj 
 Isaac Walton. His chief work succeeds, on tho " Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity." 
 
 It commencL's with a lengthened Preface designed as an address " to tlieni who seek the refor- 
 mation of the Laws and Orders Ecclesiastical of the Church of England." Tho discussion is divi- 
 ded intocight liooks, which include an investigation of the topics. After tho^c eight hooks of tho 
 "Laws of EcclcsiMstioal Polity," follow two Sermons. "The certainty anil perpetuity of Faith in 
 tho elect ; espocinll^of the Prophet Hahakkuk's faith ;" and "Justification, VVorks, anil how tho 
 foundation of faith is overthrown." Next uro introduced " A supplication ninilo to the Council 
 by Master Walter Travers," nnd "Mr. Hooker's answer to the supplication that Mr Tra\eri 
 ninilo to the Council." Then follow two Sermons — ■' On the nature of Pride," and a. " Remedy 
 against Sorrow nnd Fear." Two Sermons on part of the epistle of the Apostle Judo are next in- 
 serted, with a prefatory do, lication by Henry Jackson. The last article in the worksof Mr. Hooker 
 IB a Sermon on Prayer, 
 
 Tho English edition in three volumes sells at $10 00. Tho American is an ezuct reprint, at 
 less than half tho price. 
 
 HUDSON.— THE ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON, 
 
 By the author of " Uncle Philip s Conversations." Frontispiece. 18mo , 
 cloth. 37 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the series of " A Library for my Young Countrymen." 
 This little volume furnisher us, from authentic sources, the most important facts in this ct*«- 
 iiiuied adventurer's lifo, nnd in a style that possesses more than ordinary interest. — Evening PimL 
 
 HOWITT.— THE CHILD'S PICTURE AND VERSE-BOOK; 
 
 Commonly called " Otto Speckter's Fable-Book." Translated from the Ger- 
 man by Mary Ilowitt. Illustrated with 100 engravings on wood. Square 
 12mo., in ornamental binding, $ 
 
 A celebrated German review says, '-Of this production, which makes itself on epoch In the 
 world of children, it is superfluous to speak. The Fable-Book is throughout all Germany in the 
 •aitdi of parents and children, and will always be new, because every year fresh children nr* hnm * 
 
 12 
 
 Or, 
 
 Or, 
 
 AS«| 
 1 
 
 Or, 
 
ns. 
 
 Applcton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 fiany improve* 
 
 colobrated phyii. 
 nch of all claigag 
 I (ubjoct. 
 
 en. ContaiB* 
 
 acfld to be on* tl 
 
 e present day, 
 lustrated with 
 ul R. Hodge, 
 
 |10 00. 
 
 our country, and 
 It they would de- 
 I ellecis of every 
 jary, and to rem- 
 
 lume, gquars 
 
 lo liand, and that 
 
 in account of 
 Jolin Keble, 
 1 a complete 
 expressly for 
 
 tionofllookcr'f 
 J of Hooker, bj 
 
 > «ook the refor- 
 spussion i.i divi- 
 ,'ht hooks of tho 
 uity ofFiiith in 
 ks, nnd how tho 
 ! to tho Council 
 lit Mr Traverg 
 nd u " Remedy 
 do are next in- 
 BofiMr. Hooker 
 
 juct reprint, at 
 
 )SON, 
 
 ce. ]8mo , 
 
 1R in tliig ec '•• 
 -Evening Pimt, 
 
 >BOOK; 
 
 )ni tlie Ger- 
 )d. Square 
 
 II epoch In the 
 crmany in the 
 Iren nr» born * 
 
 HOWITT.-LOVE AND MONEY; 
 
 An Every-Day Tale, l»y Mary llovvitt. 18ino., two Plates, cloth gilt, 38 cents 
 
 LITTLE COIN, MUCH CARE j 
 
 Or, How Poor People Live. By 31ary Howitt. Idino., two Plates, 38 centi 
 
 SOWING AND REAPING; 
 
 Or, What will Come of It. By Mary Howitt. Idmo., two Plates, 38 cents. 
 
 ALICE FRANKLIN; 
 
 A Sequel to Sowing and Heaping — a Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18mo. two 
 Plates, cloth gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 WORK AND WAGES; 
 
 Or, Life in Service — a Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18mo., two Plates, clotb 
 
 gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 STRIVE AND THRIVE; 
 
 A Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18mo., two Plates, clotli gilt, 38 cenla. 
 WHO SHALL BE GREATEST; 
 
 A Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18nio., two Plates, cloth gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 WHICH IS THE WISER; 
 
 Or, People Abroad — a Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18nio., two Plates, 38 cents. 
 
 HOPE ON, HOPE EVER; 
 
 Or, The Boyhood of Feli.\ Law — a Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18mo., two 
 Plates, cloth gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 NO SENSE LIKE COMMON SENSE; 
 
 A Tale. By Mary Howitt. 18mo., two Plates, clotii gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 %* The above ten volumes form a portion of tho scries piililishcd under tho general title of 
 '•'I'lilos for tho I'coplo and tlieir 'Jhiidrun." 
 
 Of late years many writers have exerte<l their tnlonto in juvenile literature, with jjroat success. 
 Miss Martinoau hns maile poli-'.cal economy as familiar to boy-* ns it formerly was to states'non. 
 Our own Miss ii^cdgwick has produced some of the most beautiliil nmral stories, for the edification 
 and delight of cliildren. which linve ever been written. Tlie lion. Horace iMann, in addresses to 
 adults, lias presented the claims of children fur good education, with a power and eIoi|iii'nce of 
 style, and an elevation of tliouglit, which shows his heart is in his work. 'Die stories of Mary 
 Howitt Hairiet .Martinenu, r,'"-s. Copley, and Mrs. Ellis, which form a part of" Tales for the Peo- 
 ple and their Children," will K. /bund vaiiialile additions to Juvenile literature ; at the same time 
 tliey may bo read with profit by parents for the good lessons they inculcate, and by all other read- 
 ers for the literary excellence they display 
 
 We wish they could be placed in tho hands and engraven on tho minds of all the yoii'n in the 
 country. They manifest a nice and accurate observation of human nature, anri especially the na- 
 tu of children, n fine sympathy with every thing good and pure, and a capability of infusinc it in 
 the minds of others — great beauty nnd simplicity of style, nnd a keen eye to practical life, with all 
 its faults, united with a deep love for iileni excellence. 
 
 Messrs Appleton & Co deserve the highest praise for tho excellent manner in which they 
 have "got up" their juvenile library, nnd we sincerely hope that its success will bo so great as to 
 induce them to make continual contributions to its treasures. The collection is one which should 
 be owned by every parent who wishes that the moral and intellectual improvement of liischildrot 
 should keep pace with their growth in years, and tho development of their physical powecfi^— 
 Amrriean Traveller 
 
 JERRAM.-THE CHILD'S OWN STORY-BOOK; 
 
 Or, Tales and Dialogues for the Nursery. By Mrs. Jerram (late Jane Eliza- 
 beth Holmes). Illustrated with numerous Engravings. 50 cents. 
 
 There are seventy stories in this volume. They are admirably adapted for the couutlosi 
 youth for whose edification they are narrated — Boston Oatette. 
 
 JOHNSON.— THE HISTORY OF RASSELAS, 
 
 Prince of Abyssinia — a Tale. By Samuel Johnsen, LL. D. 32mo., giH 
 leaves, 38 cents. 
 
 *m* Funvins one of the series of" Miniature Claisieal Library.** 
 
 13 
 
Applcton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 I I 
 
 JAMES.-THE TRUE CHRISTIAN, 
 
 Exeniplitied in a Series of Addresses, by liev. John Angell James. One vol 
 
 Iriiiio, Hd cents. 
 
 'I'ticso adilrosacs aro amongst the choiccit offusions of tlio admirable author. — Chr, IntiU, 
 
 THE ANXIOUS INQUIRER 
 
 i>tV" Salvation Directed and Encouraged. By Rev. John Angell Jameg, 
 
 One voiiinio, 18mo., 38 cents. 
 
 U|)hvnr(l:4 oftwRiity thuiiiinnil copies ortliisoxRcllnnt littlo volumo have boon lold, which fully 
 pttRstH till] lii<;h cdtiiiuitioii the work has iittiiincd with tlio religious community. 
 
 HAPPINESS, ITS NATURE AND SOURCES. 
 
 By Rev. Jolin Angell Jumcs. One volume, 32mo., 25 cents. 
 
 'I'hls is written in tho excellent author's host vein. A better book wo have not in a long tim* 
 •bcii. — t'Ataiigetiiit, 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN PROFESSOR: 
 
 Addressed in a Series of Counsels and Cautions to the Members of Christian 
 Churches. By Rev. John Angell James. Second edition. One volume, 
 18ino., GIJ cents. 
 A most excellent work from tho ablo and prolific pen of Mr. James.— CAr. Intelligencer 
 
 THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME. 
 
 In a Series of Letters, especially directed for the Moral Advancement of 
 Youth. By Rev. John Angell James. Fifth edition. One volume, 
 Idiiio., 38 cents. 
 The work is a ricli treasury of Christian counsel and instruction. — Albany AdoerUter 
 
 THE WIDOW DIRECTED 
 
 To tiie Widow's God. By Rev. John Angell James. One volume, 18mo., 
 
 38 cents. 
 
 Tho liuok is worthy to bo read by others besides tho class fur which it is especially dcsi<;ned ; 
 md we (l(iiil)t not that it is destined to come ns a friendly visitor to many a house of muuriiinfr, 
 told as a hua]in<,' halm to many a wounded heart. — JV. K. Observer 
 
 KEIGHTLEY.-THE MYTHOLOGY OF GREECE 
 
 And Italy, designed for the use of Schools. By Thomas Keightley. Nume- 
 rous wood-cut illustrations. One volume, 18mo., half bound, 41 cents. 
 
 Tills is a neat little volume, and woll adapted to the purpose for which it wns prepared. It 
 presents, in a very compendious and convenient form, every thing relating to the subject, of impor 
 tance totheyoun^' i^tudcnt. — L. I. Star, 
 
 KINGSLEY.-THE SACRED CHOIR; 
 
 A Collection of Church Music, consisting of Selections from the most distin- 
 guished Authors, among whom are the names of Haydn, Mozart, Beetho- 
 ven, Pergolessi, &.c. «!tc., with several pieces of Music by the Author , also 
 a Progressive Elementary System of Instruction for Pupils. By George 
 Kirigsley, author of the Social Choir, &c. &c. Fourth edition. 75 centn. 
 
 Mr. Grorgo Kin;sl(>y : Sir, — We have exnmincdtho " Sacred Choir " enough to lead us to a^- 
 l^reciato the work as tho l)ORt publication of Sacrnd Music extant. Ft is beautifully printed snrf 
 »ali3taiitially liound conferring credit on tho publishers. VVo bespeak for the "Sacred Cnoir" 
 extensive circulation O. S. ISowdoin, 
 
 Sincoiely ycurs, E O, Gooowin 
 
 D. I.NRRAHAM. 
 
 KIP -THE DOUBLE WITNESS OF THE CHURCH, 
 
 By Itov. Wm. Iiigraham Kip, author of" Lenten Fast." One volume, Hmo 
 
 Second edition. Boards 75 cents, cloth !^l 00. 
 
 Tills Is a Round, clear, and able prmlurtlon— a Ixnikiiiui-li wanted for tbeso times, and one thdl 
 wo fuel iinrsuadeil will prove eiiiinciitly useful, ll Is a happy dnlinoation of that douul£ witnem 
 which tlio Church hears against Roiiianisin and ultra-Protostantism, and points out her middM 
 path ns the only •ip'> of truth and safety. — Banner oftlie Cross. 
 
 14 
 
 LAI 
 
 Consil 
 
 ail 
 
 cc 
 
 Ol 
 
 Conslj 
 
 vt 
 
 Mr.| 
 itructij 
 till II nJ 
 of \w\\i 
 undcrsi 
 r('paire| 
 
 LE^ 
 
 By S| 
 w. 
 
 dinary 
 able ac 
 
tons. 
 
 ames. One vol 
 or — Ckr. Intelt. 
 
 Angell Jamei. 
 
 9n lold, which ftilb 
 y. ^ 
 
 URGES. 
 
 s not in a long tinu 
 
 Ts of Christian 
 One volume, 
 
 ntelligeneer 
 
 dvancement of 
 One volume, 
 
 Ivertuer 
 
 olume, 18mo., 
 
 ccially designed ; 
 use or mourning, 
 
 E 
 
 tiey. Nuine- 
 I, 4-1 cents. 
 
 vas prepared. It 
 iul)jeot,of iinpor 
 
 i most distin- 
 zart, Beetho- 
 Author, also 
 By George 
 n 75 cents. 
 
 to lead us to n^- 
 ully printed and 
 cred Cnoir" 
 
 )0IJ«, 
 *W«N 
 lAI. 
 
 5H, 
 
 lume, 1 ]mo 
 
 9. and one thdi 
 
 UBLE WIT.-VESl 
 
 )ut her middlo 
 
 Appleton's Catalogue of Valuoble Piiblicadons. 
 
 LAFEVER.-BEAUTIES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE! 
 
 Consisting of forty-eight Phites «)f Original Designs, with Plans, Elevations, 
 and SSectionH, also a Dictionary of Technical Terms ; the whole forming a 
 complete Manual for the Practical Builder. By M. Lafever, Architect. 
 One volume, large 8vo., half bound, ifsG 00. 
 
 STAIR-CASE AND HAND-RAIL 
 
 Construction. The Modern Practice of Stair-case and Hand-rail Construction, 
 practically explained, in a Series of Designs. By M. Lafever, Architect 
 vVith Plans and Elevations for Ornamental Villas. Fifteen Plates. One 
 volume, large 8vo., $3 00. 
 
 Mr. L;if('vt'rN " ISoautioH of" ArcliitoctiirB," and his '• Practice of ftnir-cn«e and Fland-rail coa- 
 itriictioii," constitute two volumcx rich in instruction in those dcpartiiientH of huiiinc!i!<. I'hey 
 •i<) II n(M;esHary iic(|iiiHition not only to tlio opcrntivo workman, hut to nil lamllords and proprietor* 
 of houses, who would coinliino liulii thoorniinioiital and UHct'ul in their fiiintly (' >v .llin<,'.i, nnd alio 
 uiiiliTritiind the mo9t ecoiiuniicul andprolitable modes by which their edifices can be erected and 
 rcpiiirod. 
 
 LEWIS— RECORDS OF THE HEART, 
 
 By Sarah Anna Lewis. One volume, 12mo., $1 00. 
 
 W(! hiivn roiid some of the pincos with much pleasure. They indicate poetic ■;cnius of no or- 
 dinary kind, and iire iinl>u>td witli muchfuidiu;; and p.itluM. Wo wolcoino the volume u.» a credit 
 able accession to the poetic literature of the country. — Boston Traveller. 
 
 LIEBIG.— FAMILIAR LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY, 
 
 And its relatioi! to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture. By Justus L.e- 
 big, M. D. Edited by John Gardner, M. D. One volume. 13 cents 
 in j)aper, ^5 cents bound. 
 
 The Letters contained in this little volume embrace some of the most important points ol' the 
 S^cience of Clicniistry, in their application to Natural Philosophy, Physiology, Agriculture, and 
 ConiMicrre. 
 
 LETTER-WRITER, 
 
 The Useful Letter- Writer, comprising a succinct Treatise on the Epistolary 
 Art, and Forms of Letters for all ordinary Occasions of Life. Compiled 
 from the best authorities. Frontispiece. 32mo., gilt leaves, 38 cents. 
 Forming one of the Berics of " Miniature Classical Library." 
 
 LOOKING-GLASS FOR THE MIND; 
 
 Or, Intellectual Mirror. Being an elegant Collection of the most delightful 
 little Stories and interesting Tales ; chiefly translated from that much ad- 
 mired work, L'ami des Enfans. Illustrated with numerous wood-cuts 
 From the twentieth London edition. One volume, 18mo ,50 cents. 
 Forming one of the series of" Tales for the People and their Children." 
 
 LOG CABIN: 
 
 Or, The World before You. By the autl'or of "Three Experiments of Liv 
 ing," " The Huguenots in France and America," etc. One volume, 18mo., 
 50 cents. 
 Every person who takes up this volume will read it with interest. It is truly what the write! 
 
 intended it should be — " .-V Gnido to Usefulness and Happiness," 
 
 LOVER-HANDY ANDY: 
 
 K Tale of Irish Life, by Samuel Lover. Illustrated with twenty-three char- 
 acteristic steel Engravings. One volume, 8vo., cloth $1 25, boards $1 GO 
 Cheap edition, two Plates, paper, 50 cents. 
 
 This boy [iandy will be the death of us. What is the police force ab«nt to allow the uttering 
 nf a publication that has already brought us to the brink of apopleKv fifty timeti ? — Sport, Review. 
 
 L. S. D.— TREASURE TROVE : 
 
 A Tale, by Samuel Lover. One volume, 8vo., with two steel Engravings 
 Paper cover, 25 cents. 
 
 Inis is a capital thing. The gay and the grave, the "lively and severe." are uniwl with a 
 irkitfL. hand, and there is a latent tone of sound morality running through "L. B. D." which wiN 
 fire a lasting value to its pages. — CtmmercM Mvertiaer. 
 
 15 
 
Ajtpleton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 LUCY AND ARTHUR; 
 
 A [took lor ChilrlriMi. IlliiHtrated with numcroui engravings, elegontly bouiw 
 
 in cloth. r)0 n-nts. 
 
 liiioy mill Artliiir in i\ rlmriiiins "tnry of the nuraork, prepared oy an nip«rieneed author. 80 
 riiro it i'lir ilii' lUinily. — Jliiienean TraviUtr, 
 
 LYRA AP08T0LICA. 
 
 Frum tile FiAli Engiisli edition. One elegantly printed volume, 75 cents. 
 
 In tlii^ I'li'Cuiit viilunio tlinro nro furty-fivo ooctionii, nnd une hundred and levonty-nino >rfe 
 pocniM, all short, uiiil many uf thcin Bwvot. — JVew York Jimtrican. 
 
 MAGEE.-ON ATONEMENT AND SACRIFICE: 
 
 iJisroursfiH >•»»•• ''.^iiideilr.tionH un tlio Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement n'ld 
 
 Bucritioe, nil i >•• tiie Principal Argiiinentd advanced, and the Mode ol 
 
 Koasoning employed, by the Opponents of those Doctrines, as held hy the 
 
 Estahlislied cfmrcli. By the late Most Rev. William M'Gee, D. D., Arcli. 
 
 bishop of Dublin. Two volumes, 8vo., J|5 00, 
 
 ThiR is <mo of the iihloKt criticuliind puloinicnl worksi of modern timofi. The profound hililicn) 
 informiition on a variety of topics wliicii tho Archbishop brings forward, must endeur liii numo to 
 nil lovi^rs of Christianity. — Urmr, 
 
 MANNING.-THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH, 
 
 By tlie Rev. Henry Edward Manning, M. A., Archdeacon of Chichester. On« 
 
 volume, IGmo., i|l 00. 
 
 I'art I. The History and Exposition of tho Doctrino of Catholic Unity. P.trt II. The Mora! 
 Design of Catholic Untty. Part III. Thu Doctrine of Catliolic Unity apphcd to the Actual Stuta 
 of (^.'hristeniloni. 
 
 Wo coinnu-nd it earnestly to tho devout nnd serious perusal of all Churchmen, nnd particularly 
 of all clergymen, as the ahlo-ii discussion wo ever met with uf a deeply and vitally important lub- 
 joct. — Cliurckinan, 
 
 MARRYAT.-MASTERMAN READY; 
 
 Or, The Wreck of the Pacific. Written for Young Persons, by Capt. Marry* 
 at. Complete in 3 vols., ISmo., with Frontispiece, cloth gilt, $1 25. 
 Forming a portion of the scries of" Talus fur tho People and their Children." 
 
 Wo have never seen any thin:; from the same pen wo like ns well as this. Tt is the moden 
 Crusoe, and is entitled to take rank with that charming romance — Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 MARSHALL— NOTES ON THE EPISCOPAL POLITY 
 
 Of the Holy Catholic Church, with some account of the Developments of Mo 
 dern Religious Systems, by Thomas William Marshall, B. A., of the Dio 
 cese of Salisbury. Edited by Jonathan M. Wainwright, D. D. With a 
 new and complete Index of the Subjects and of the Texts of Scripture 
 One volume, I'imo., J|l )i.'). 
 
 I. Introduction. II. Scripture Evidence. III. Evidence of Antiquity. IV. Admission ot 
 Adversaries. V. Development of Modern Religious Systems. 
 
 A moro important work than this has not horn issued for a long time. We earnestly recOad 
 mend it to the attention of every Churchman. — Banner uf the Cross. 
 
 MARTINEAU.-THE CROFTON BOYS; 
 
 A Tale for Youth, by Harriet Martineau. One volume, ISmo., Frontispiec* 
 
 Cloth gilt, 3d cents. 
 
 Forming one of tho series of "Tales for the People and their Children." 
 
 ft abounds in interest, and is told with the characteristic ability and spirit of the distingulih«4 
 Mthor. — Evening Post. 
 
 THE PEASANT AND THE PRINCE; 
 
 A Tale of the French Revolution, by Harriet Martineau. One volume, .18mo 
 
 Frontispiece. Cloth gilt, 38 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the series of " Tales for the Poople and their Children.' 
 
 This is a most inviting little history of Louis the Sixteenth and hii family. Fere, in a ityl* 
 •vcn more familiar than Scott's Tabs of a Grandfather, wo have a graphic epitomv of rotuy fMtfl 
 Mnnected ^^ith the days of tba " Revolution." — CourUr it Enmurtr. 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 Fur mi 
 
0115. 
 
 Applrton's Cataloffue oj Vatuutnt i" uuitLuin/n^. 
 
 elegantly bouiit 
 ieneed tuthor, B«. 
 
 e, 75 centa. 
 levonty-nino »r|| 
 
 Vtonemcnt n-id 
 
 1 tlie Modo ol 
 
 ns held hv tlie 
 
 !e, D. D., Arcli- 
 
 profound bil)lic(i| 
 enJour Iiii name to 
 
 licliester. On« 
 
 •art II. The Moral 
 o the Actual Stuta 
 
 in,nnd particularly 
 tlly iniportunt tub- 
 
 f Cnpt. Marry. 
 t, $1 25. 
 lildrcn." 
 
 It ifl the moderi 
 idvertUer. 
 
 3LITY 
 
 )ments of Mo 
 
 .., of the Dio 
 
 ). D. With a 
 
 of Scripture 
 
 [V. Admisflion ol 
 sarneatly recowi 
 
 Frontispiec* 
 
 he diitinguiih«4 
 
 4CE; 
 
 9lume, .XSmo 
 
 F/erc, in a ityl* 
 leofm&uy fttto 
 
 MAURICE.-THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST; 
 
 Or, IliiitH rfS|H'ctiiii; the l'riiiri|ilfs, (/Otistitiitiiiii, and ()rtliniinr'^r4 of the Cath- 
 oli(; (Jliiir(!i. Itv Rev. Fn-dtn-ick DeiiiHoii Maurice, M. A. London. Una 
 
 viMuuie, ijvo., ()ll() piigcH, i^i'J iA), 
 
 On tliu tl ry of ilio (Jhuruli of ClirlHt, nil iihoulJ conmilt llio work of Mr. Maurico, the moal 
 
 |)hiloHopliii:u| writur of tint tliiy. — Prof, GarbcWi Bamplun Leclures, Iti-l'J 
 
 MILTON.-THE COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS 
 
 01 John Milton, with ICxplunatory Notes and a l^ife of the Author, hy theKeT 
 Henry Htehhing, A. M. liluHtrated with six steel Engravings. One vol- 
 ume, IGino., ^\ 25. 
 
 Forming one of tlio scriui of "Culilnot Kdition of Sltamlurd Pontx." *^,* The Latin and Italian 
 
 i'oL'iiiH uru included in thi< udition. 
 Mr. Stol)!)lng'8 Xoiqb will ho fuuml very ui^oful in elucidating the learned alluiioni with which 
 the text uIhiumiIm. and tlioy are also valunlilu for the correct opprociution with wliich the writur Ui- 
 recti attention tothu bcauticHof tlio author. 
 
 PARADISE LOST, 
 
 By John Milton. With Notes, by Rev. H. Stebbing. One volume, liiirao., 
 cloth 3d cents, gilt leaves 5(i cents. 
 
 PARADISE REGAINED, 
 
 By John Milton. With Notes, by Rev. H. St«^bbing. One voluniv i.8mo., 
 
 cloth 2'y cents, gilt leaves 38 cents. 
 MAXWELL-FORTUNES OF HECTOR O'HALLORAN 
 
 And his man Mark Antony O'Toole, by W.H. l^Iuxwell. One volume, 8vo., 
 two plates, paper, 50 cents, twenty-four plates, boards, ||il 00, cloth, $1 S.'i 
 ItiHoneof the bent of all the Irish storioi, full of a.ilrit, fun, drollury, und wit.— Cour. 4* Eaq 
 
 MOORE.-LALLAH ROOKH; 
 
 An Oriental Romance, by Thomas Moore. One volume, 39mo., frontispiece, 
 cloth gilt, 3d cents. 
 
 Forming a portion of the sorles of" Miniature Classical Library." 
 This exquisito Poem has lung been the udmirutiou of readers of all classes. 
 
 MORE-PRACTICAL PIETY, 
 
 By Hannah More. One volume, 32mo., frontispiece, 38 rents. 
 
 t'orminj.' one of the series of* Miniature Cloiiical Libiory." 
 
 "Practical Piety " has always bee deemed the most attractive and eloquent of all Hawwii 
 Aloro'a works. 
 
 PRIVATE DEVOTION: 
 
 A Series of Prayers and 3IedJtations, with an Introductory Essay on Prayer, 
 chiefly from the writings of Hannah More. From the twenty-fiflh London 
 edition. One volume, 32mo., Frontispiece, cloth j^ilt, 31 cents. 
 
 Forming one of the surios of" Miniature Classical Library." 
 Upwards of fifly thousand copies of this admir.bto manual have been Hold in the U. Statei. 
 
 DOMESTIC TALES 
 
 And Allegories, illustrating Human Life. By Hannah More. One volume, 
 
 Idmo., 38 cents. 
 
 CoirrENTS. — I. Shepherd of Salii^burv Plain. II. Mr. Fantom the Philosopher. III. Tf*« 
 Shoemakers. IV' Giles the Poacher. V. Servant turned Soldier VI. General Jail Delivery 
 
 RURAL TALES, 
 
 By Hannah More. One volume, IStno., 38 cents. 
 
 Contents.— I. Parley the Porter. II. All for the Best. III. Two Wealth? Faraiera. IV 
 Tom While. V. Pilgrims. VL Valley of Teais 
 
 Forming a portion of the series of" Tales for the People and their Children " 
 These two volumes comprise that portion of Ilannuh More'* Repoaitory Talu whieh Br< 
 adapted to general usofuinesi in this country. 
 
 17 
 
Appleton's Catalogue of Valuable Publications. 
 
 NAPOLEON-PICTORIAL HISTORY 
 
 Of Napoleon Bonaparte, translated from tlie French of M. Laurent de I/Ar- 
 decile, with Five Hundred spirited llhistrations, after desij^ns by Horace 
 Vei-n'jt, ".'.'.l twenty Original Portraits engraved in the best style. Com- 
 plete in two handsome volumes, tivo., about 500 pages each, $3 50 ; cheap 
 edition, paper cover, four parts, )^2 00. 
 
 The work is superior to tiio lotifr, verbose produrtions of Scott and Bouricnno — not in Btyl« 
 alone, liut in truth — ))oiiis written to please nuitlier Cliiirles X. nor tlie English aristocracy, hut for 
 \he cause of freedom. It has udvaniaj>i'a over every other memoir extant. — American Traveller. 
 
 NEWMAN— PAROCHIAL SERMONS, 
 
 Dy John Henry Newman, B. D. Six volumes of the English edition in two 
 
 volumes, 8vo., ,«!") 00. 
 
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 OGILBY.-ON LAY-BAPTISM: 
 
 An Outline of the Argument against the Validity of Lay-Baptism. By John 
 
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 From a cursory ins[)ootion of it, we take it to he a thorough, fearless, and able discussion of the 
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 CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ENGLAND 
 
 And America. Three Lectures — L The Church in England and America 
 Apostolic and Catholic. H. The Causes of the English Reformation. HI 
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 " I believe in one Catholic and Apostolic Church," JVicene Creed 
 Prof. Ogiiby has furnislied tl)o Church, in this little volume, with a most valuable aid. We 
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 OLD OAK TREE: 
 
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 OLMSTED— INCIDENTS OF A WHALING VOYAGE: 
 
 To which is added, Ol)servationa on the Scenery, Manners, and Custome, and 
 
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 By the Rev. Francis E. Paget, M. A. Three elegant volumes, 18mo., ^l 7: 
 
 The first series, or volume, presents a popular view of the contrast in opinions and modeg of 
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 PALMER— A TREATISE ON THE CHURCH 
 
 l)f Christ. Designed ciiiefly for the use of Students in Theology. By the 
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 13 
 
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 YOUNG MAN'S CLOSET LIBRARY, 
 
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 LADY'S CLOSET LIBRARY: 
 
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 • ■" I'll . . '■ ■ ' ' ' II - -■ — — _, .1 .1 . I ■ . ■ _. i»i ■ ■ I ^ ™ ™ ^-^ 
 
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