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FKENCH RKLICS FROM VILLAGE SITES OF THE FIURONS. 
 
 Thb Geographical Disthibution of THBst: Relics in thb Counties of 
 
 SiMooE, foiiK, AND Ontario. 
 
 By A. F. Hunter, M.A. 
 
 [Reprinted from Mr. Boyle'd Third ArcIuBologlcnl Re|x)rt (188») of the Canadian Inntitute.] 
 
 Rend gth November, iS^g. 
 
 The French traders of the seventeenth century brought amongst 
 the Huron Indians of Ontario large quantities of articles of European 
 manufacture in exchange for the Indians' furs. The metal portions of 
 these articles are found in abundance at the present day in those parts 
 of the province inhabited by the Hurons at that time. 
 
 The most abundant relic of this kind is the iron tomahawk, thou- 
 sands of which have been found in various parts of the province, but 
 more especially in North Simcoe ; and at the west end of Lake Ontario, 
 where the Neuters dwelt. These tomahawks are of various sizes, but 
 almost all of the same well-known shape, each bearing three crosses in 
 relief on one side ; their appearance is, however, too well-known to re- 
 quire a description. 
 
 Copper and brass kettles are also numerous, and are almost in- 
 variably found in the o.ssuaries. In nine cases out of ten these kettles, 
 which were formed of sheet metal, were rendered useless by blows from 
 a tomahawk upon the base? of the vessels. This practice of rendering 
 u.seless every article deposited with the dead was, however, common to 
 many tribes, the apparent object being to remove any temptation to 
 desecrate the graves. 
 
 Besides tomahawks and kettles, there are iron knives, earthen and 
 glass beads, copper bracelets and ear ornaments, and many other articles. 
 The various kinds of French relics are well represented in the Museum 
 of the Canadian Institute, where they can be minutely examined at any 
 time, so that they do not require further notice here. We shall now 
 proceed to the special subject of this paper — the geographical distribu- 
 tion of these relics over the Hurontario isthmus. The analysis by 
 townships of the Huron village sites and ossuaries in the three counties 
 of Simcot% York and Ontario, which is given in the table accompanying 
 this paper, shows certain evident facts regarding the geographical dis- 
 tribution of French relics. The information supplied by this table has 
 been obtained from catalogues opened by the writer for each of the 
 counties mentioned, in which details of each village site, ossuary, etc., 
 have been collected and recorded. A majority of the sites were person- 
 ally visited. 
 
 The Huron custom of settling in village communities and remain- 
 ing for a considerable time, makes it an easy task to recognize the 
 remains of one of their villages, These Pre indicated by abundant ac- 
 cumulations of charred soil and ashes, broken relics, etc. ; complete 
 lelics are, unfortunately, becoming rare. In preparing these catalogues, 
 therefore, although many sites were visited, it was almost impo.ssible to 
 obtain any relics. In most cases, accordingly, all that the writer 
 
 "iK 
 
H6) 
 
 could do was to make notes of what relics had been found in past 
 years from as many reliable sources as possible. It occasionally hap- 
 pened that the very fact of the former existci-i^ of a village or ossuary 
 had almost passed from the recollection of the present inhabitants of 
 the district. 
 
 Up to the present time the writer has made a record of the follow- 
 ing Huron .sites : — 
 
 Villages Simcoe 2i8 York 33 Ontario 14 
 
 0.s.suaries . . . " 122 " 5 " ^ 
 
 [These figures do not include a considerable number of Algonquin 
 village sites and burial grounds, which have also been recorded ; they 
 apply altogether to the sites once occupied by Hurons ] 
 
 They do not indicate the absolute number of village sites and os- 
 .suaries in each county, nor are they any index of the relative numbers 
 of sites which may subsequently be found to exist. They merely 
 indicate the number recorded so far in each county according to our 
 opportunities for making enquiries. They are, however, sufficiently 
 representative to enable us to arrive at certain important conclusions 
 respecting the geographical distribution of P'rench relics. 
 
 Many persons have contributed valuable facts toward the prepara- 
 tion of the catalogues mentioned, for which the writer is under obligations 
 to them ; and it would be a long task to give the names of all those to 
 whom credit is due. It will be .sufficient for the present to .say that the 
 name of every person who became authority for a statement regarding 
 any site, has been recorded in its descriptive account in the catalot^ues. 
 
 Further investigation may modify to .some extent the statistics 
 furnished here ; but a degree of confidence may be placed upon the 
 general relations indicated by the table : — 
 
 Table Showing thk Gboobaphical Distribution of Frknoh Relics in the 
 Counties of Simcoe, Youk, and Ontario. 
 
 TowNsmr. 
 
 Vn.r.A(iE SiTKH. 
 
 In 
 
 Post- 
 
 Catalogues,! Fri'uch. 
 
 Slmooc' t'ounty : 
 Nottawasavik . . 
 
 Tinv 
 
 Tay 
 
 Medoiite 
 
 S. Oriilia 
 
 tiro 
 
 Vespra 
 
 Flos 
 
 TrnUm 
 
 W . (iwlllimbury 
 Tftouinseth 
 
 York County : 
 E, Gwillfinburv 
 
 KJIIK 
 
 Whitchurch.. 
 
 Vai.ghan 
 
 M.irkham 
 
 Vcrk 
 
 Seurboro' 
 
 Ontario County : 
 
 .Scott 
 
 Uxbrldge 
 
 Reach 
 
 Pickering 
 
 Whitiiy 
 
 Totals 
 
 3)! 
 HI 
 16 
 41 
 li 
 
 1» 
 
 IS 
 
 80 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 a 
 a 
 
 18 
 i! 
 
 8 
 1 
 « 
 8 
 1 
 
 1105 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 .<i8 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 6 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Percental". 
 
 SI 
 
 76 
 W 
 
 m 
 
 85 
 J!7 
 
 le 
 
 IT 
 W) 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 OSSIIAKIKS. 
 
 In 
 
 Catalogues. 
 
 41 
 
 1» 
 
 IS 
 
 li> 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13S 
 
 Post- 
 French. 
 
 11 
 8 
 9 
 
 14 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 27 
 i* 
 90 
 74 
 50 
 55 
 50 
 M 
 
 >^/y/ 
 
T 
 
 The first column of the table skives the townships. In the second 
 is given the number of viilaj^c sites so far recorded in each township. 
 The third contains the number of village sites at which French relics 
 have been found, and the relative percentage which these bear to the 
 whole number recorded is carried out into the f(jurth. This is done 
 for the purpose of comparing one township wiih another. The fifth, 
 sixth, and seventh contain similar statistics relating to the ossuaries. 
 
 The townships arc arranged in the table, beginning at Georgian 
 Bay and descending .southward. Hearing this fact in mind and glanc- 
 ing down the fourth column, it will be observed how rapidly the 
 percentage of villages whore French relics have been found falls off" 
 after leaving the first few townships in the remote north beside 
 Georgian liAy. This was the district occupied by the Hurons in the 
 time of the Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth century. If we draw 
 a line from east to west through Kempenfeldt Hay on Lake Simcoe, it 
 will be .seen that of all villages south of this line less than twenty per 
 cent, have yielded French reiics. The difference in the geographical 
 distribution of these relics on the two sides of this line is made apparent 
 by contrasting one representative township from each part, say Mcdonte 
 and Innisfil. In Medonte 41 village sites have been entered in the 
 catalogue, of which no less than 33 (or 80 per cent, of them) have 
 yielded French relics ; while of 30 village sites in Innisfil, only 5 (or 17 
 per cent.) have yielded French relics, and merely one or two i.solated 
 tomahawks in most of these five cases. There is a wide difference 
 here — viz., between 80 per cent, and 17 per cent., and this difference of 
 geographical distribution can only be accounted for by supposing that 
 the larger part of the villages ot Innisfil, as well as of the others south of 
 the line just drawn, were occupied by Hurons before the arrival of the 
 French traders. In York and Ontario counties theie is but one case 
 in each, so far as the wricer has ascertained, of European relics having 
 been found at Huron village sites, and in neither of these ca.ses is the 
 evidence very conclusive. Many European relics have been found at 
 Algonquin sites in these two counties, and the two cases in question 
 may be of relics lost by later Mississagas on the ground previously oc- 
 cupied by the Huron lodges. 
 
 Independent evidence of a similar character is furnished by the 
 ossuaries There is no proof of any Frencn relics having been found 
 in the ossuaries south of the line through Kempenfeldt Hay, that is in 
 South Simcoe, York, and Ontario. Hut in North Simcoe the percent- 
 age runs as high as 74. 
 
 The classification affords us a means of arriving approximately at 
 the date of Huron occupation of these parts cf Central Ontario under 
 consideration. The beginning of French intercourse with the Hurons 
 may be said to have taken place in 1615, when Champlain made his 
 celebrated journey to their country. From that year onward traffic 
 between the French and Hurons was established. So that speaking in 
 a general way, this date, 161 5, is the dividing line between post-French 
 and ante-French villages. Wherever French relics are found, in most 
 cases it may be concluded that the village dates after 161 5. The table 
 therefore shows that the sites in N. Simcoe, near Georgian Hay, were 
 mostly post-French, while the more southerly ones — those in S. Simcoe, 
 York and Ontario — were chiefly ante-French. 
 
 The former statement might readily have been inferred from our 
 historical data of the first half of the seventeenth century, without the 
 assistance of arch;Eology ; but little of an historical nature has been 
 
known with rc^'ard to the numerous Huron sites of S. Simcoc, York and 
 Ontario. It would appear from the tabic that they chiefly belong to 
 a period precedmg the sites of N. Sim<.oc 
 
 There are references in the early French writers to an increase of 
 population in the Huron tract (now Noith Simcoe) from which we may 
 infer that what mi^'ht he called a migration took place. Champlain 
 and Le Caron in 1615 reckoned 17 or 18 villages in the Huron penin- 
 sula, with 10,000 persons. Brebeuf. in 1635 — 20 years later — found 20 
 villages, and about 30,000 souls. [Rehitwns (Canadian edition) 1635, 
 P- 33 ; 1536, p. 138.] Here is evidence of a rapid influx from .some 
 (juarter into the sheltered peninsula of N. Simcoe, between the years 
 1615 and 1635. 
 
 The aborigines of any country arc always found at the corner op- 
 posite to the point of entry of their invaders. This was the ca^e with 
 the early Celts of Britain, the Lapps of North Europe, the Ra.sques of 
 Southern France, and indeed' with every race of conquered people 
 known to history. It mighl therefore be expected that the Hurons 
 would remove as far as possible from their enemies, the Iroquois ; and 
 it was in this po.sition— against the northerly limit of land adapted to 
 agricultural pursuits — that they were found by the early French. 
 
 These inferences from historical considerations have been fully 
 confirmed bv the table of .sites given, from which it is evident that a 
 removal from the sites of Ontario, York and S. Simcoe took place 
 about the time the French first came. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be .stated that there is another important 
 feature of the N. Simcoc sites, not indicated in the table, and which 
 though highly important, will be merely alluded to in this paper. The 
 largest Huron village sites in the country are found there, and they are 
 likewise post-French. It would appear from this that as danger 
 from the invading Iroquois grew greater, the population became 
 amas.sed into larger villages for saiety. 
 300— fr-a-'ya. 
 
i 
 
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