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New Yofk 1*ti09 USA (716) 4S2 - OJOO - Phone (716) 288 - M8S - Fan Birch-Bark Roll OF THC WOODCRAFT INDIANS PRICE. 25 CENTS THE BIRCH-BARK ROLL ERNEST THOMPSON SETON Biography of a Grizzly Krag and Johnny Livea of the Hunted Monarch, the Big Bear of TaUac Two Little Savage* Wild Animal Play Wild Animals I have Known Trail of a Sand-Hill Stag Lobo, Rag and Vixen Studies in Art Anatomy of Animals The Birch-bark Roll of the WOODCRAFT INDIANS Containing their Constitution, Laws, Games, and Deeds By ERNEST THOMPSON SETON New York Doubleday, Page & Company 1906 ^ ^ .d / lit Edition in Ladiei' Home ]ourn;il Copynghl, igoa, by THE CURTIS PUBUSUINO COMl'ANY •d EdMea THE CURTIS PUBUSBINO COMPANY H I"(lilii>n Copyright, igo4, by ERNEST THOMFSON SBTON 4th EdtioB in ** AModMiM Bort" for JoM ERNEST THOMPSON SETON ;th Edition Copyright, 1906, »y ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 90024i The Birch-Bark Roll Of the Woodcraft Indiaiii THIS is a time when the t hole nation is turning toward the outdoor life, seeking in it the physical regent-ration s*) needful for continued national exist- ence — is waking to the fact long knovn to thoughtful men, that those live longest who h.i^ nearest to the ground, that is, who live the simple life of primitive times, divested, however, of the evils that ignorance in those times begot. Half our diseases arc in our minds and half in our houses. We can safely leave the rest to the physicians for treatment. Sport is the great incentive to outdoor lift; nature study is the intellectual side of sport. Camping is the simple life reduced to a ual practice, as well as the culmination of the outdoor life. Camping has no great popularity to-day, because men have the idea that it is possible only after an ex- pensive journey to the wildemcM, and women that it is inconvenient, dirty, and dangerous. These are errors. They have arisen bccaust mp- ing as an art is not understood. When intelligently I The Birch-Bark RoU followed camp life must take its place as a cheap and delightful way of living as well as a mental and physical ) saviour of those strained and broken by the grind of the over-busy world. Consumption, the white man's plague since he has become a house race, is vancjuished by the sun and air, | and many ills of the mind also are forgotten when the sufferer boldly takes to the life in tents. The wilderness affords the ideal camping, but many of the benefits can be got by living in a tent pitched on a town lot, piaz/a, or eve i house-top. I should like to lead this whole nation into the way of living out-df)ors for at least a month each year, reviving ^ and expanding a custom that as far back as Moses was dcemcU essential to the national well-being. These bands have been organized to spread the taste for camping, by showing how it can be done to > best advantage. They arc simply outdoor clubs: the Indian name and style were given chiefly because they add the charms of color and romance, and because they are so appropriate. When two or three young people camp out, they can live as a sort of family, especially if a grown-up be with them, but when a dozen or more go, it is necessary to ' organize. There are four possible forms of government: First, the patriarchal, as above; it answers fairly for two or three, but fails with a considerable party. Seco'^'l, ] 2 The Biteh-Batk Ron the school system, which, for several reasons, has not succeeded out of doors. Third, the Brigade, which many object to, chiefly because it fosters militarism; and last, the Tribal or Indian form. Fundamentally this is a republic or limited mon- archy, and has proved far the best. It makes its members self-governing. It offers appropriate things to do outdoors ; it is so plastic that it can be adopted in whole or in part, at once or gradually; its ^tu- resqueness takes immediate hold of the boys, and il lends itself so well to existing ideas that soon or late most camps are /orcoi into its essentials, call them what they will. No large band of boys ever yet camped^ out for a month without finding it necessary to recognize leaders, a senior form, or ruling set whose position rests on merit, some wise grovm person to guide them in diffi- culties, and a place to display the emblems of the camp; that is, they have adopted the system of Chiefs, Council, Medicine-man and Totem-pole. Moreover, the ideal Indian, whether he ever existed or not, stands for the highest type of the primitive life, and he was a master of Woodcraft, which is our principal study. By Woodcraft we mean nature-study, certain kinds of hunting, and the art of camping, but we add all good outdoor athletics to our pursuits. Photography is recognized as a branch of nature- study, and camper-craft is made to include the sim- 3 The Bifch-Bark Roll plcst methods of triangulalion, star-craft, finding one's way, telling direction, sign-language, as well as many branches of Indian-craft. Two other important ideas underlie the scheme. The first is personal decoration for personal achieve- ments; second, tio competitive honors* All our honors are bestowed according to world-wide stand- ards. In our colleges to-day every effort is made to dis- cover and develop a champion. The great body of the students are neglected. That is, the ones who are in need of physical development do not get it, and those who do not need it are over developed. The result is much unsoundness of many kinds. A great deal of this would be avoided if we strive to bring all the in- dividuals up to a certain standard. In our non-com- petitive tests the enemies are not "//ie other jellows" but time and space. We try not to down the others, but to raise ourselves. A thorough application of this prin- ciple would end many of the evils now demoralizing college athletics. About one hundred and fifty deeds or exploits are recognized in these various departments, and the braves are given decorations that show what they have achieved. The ])lan aims to give the young people "something to do, something to think about, and something to enjoy in the woods," with a view always * Prizes are not honors. 4 The Bifch-Bark Roll to character building, for maniiood not scholarship is the first aim of education. And \vc would make the outdoor the real life, the indoor the incident, reversing the present way. We do not, however, disband when the camping season is over. As will be seen, ample provision is made in the games and honors for continuing the organiza- tion the whole year round. Most of the Tribes find abundant amusement throughout the winter in prepar- ing their weapons, dress, teepees, ornaments, and songs for the summer camp. By leading the young j)eople along these lines we shall be helping the whole nation on the road to health. TO ORGANIZE A BAND First get the young people together, any number from ten up — fifteen to fifty are best for a "beginnuig — and with them at least one experienced grown-up person, who will act as Medicine-man in the Council, and as teacher when needed. Outfit for Small Tribe Birch-bark Roll, or Book of Laws. Blank book for tally. Teepees or tents enough to house the Tribe. 5 The Birch-Eark Roll A lotcm-polc. A sujjply of scalps, at least one for each. A sui)piy of about loo feathers or other honor tokens. A red horse-tail for feather tips and medicine scalp. A drum. A target, and range. Cooking outfit and food. Also the things for the games they wish to play (see later), the Deer-hunt for land, and the Sturgeon spear- ing for water, being especially recommended. Each Brave Needs I good 5-foot bow, complete with string. 6 standard arrows, 25 in. long; 3 feathers, steel points. I quiver of waterproof canvas. I plain arm-guard. I head band. I pair trunks. 1 waterproof sheet, 6 ft. x 5. 2 woollen blankets. • To these he may add as much Indian costume as he likes. But costumes, feathers, etc., are non-essentials. Many tribes wear only the ordinary clothes of out-door Ufe. 6 The Birch-Bark Roll TRIBAL CONSTITUTION Akticxe I Name This organization shall be known as the * Tribe 0} Woodcraji(or Seton Indians as many have pre- ferred to call themselves). Article II Objects The objects of this organization are the promotion of interests in Out-of-Door Life and Woodcraft, the pres- ervation of Wild Life and Landscape, and the promo- tion of Good Fellowship among its members. Article III Membership Section L Persons eligible for membership must be over years of age (18 is usual for a grown-up ^ tribe, 8 for a boy tribe, but some tribes take all ages). Section 11. The membership shall be limited to . Section III. Application for membership must be made in writing through one of the Council. The name of such applicant shall then be proposed and seconded by members in good standing, and shall be * It is usual to select an Indian name of local application. 7 The Birch-Bark Rolf publicly posted for not less than seven suns. A ballot of the Tribe shall thereupon be taken and two black- balls shall exclude. Article IV M ediitgs Section I. A monthly Council of the Tribe shall be held on the first Monday of each Moon. Section 11. The Annual Council for the election of oflicers shall be held on the first sun of the Awakeninc Moon (March).* * Section III. Special Councils may be called by the Chief, and must be called by him upon the written request of one fourth of the Council or one third of the Tribe. Section IV. A majority shall be a quorum of the Council or Tribe. * >^arch — First, Awakening, or Crow Moon (blue). April — Wild-goose or Green-grass Moon (green). May — Song Moon (purple). June — Rose Moon (rose). July — Thunder Moon (copper). August — Red or Green-corn Moon (red). September — Huntinp Moon (yellow). October— Leaf- falling Moon (fiery). NovemlxT— Mad Moon (smoky). December— Long-night Moo. (black). January — Snow Moon (white). February — Hunger Moon or Wan Moon (pale or ashy), 8 The Birch-Bark RoH bECTiON V. A member may vote at any Council of the Tribe by proxy in his own handwriiing. Article V The Officers and Their Dulles Head vV^ar Chief. He should be strong as well as popular, because his duties are to lead and to enforce the laws. He is head of the Council and of the Tribe and also Herald or Crier. He has charge of the standard of the Tribe. This is a staff about eight feet long, painted red and orna- mented with any of the designs shown in the illustra- tions, the drawing on the shield being always the totem of the Tribe. The small shield on top is white with blue horns. This standard is carried around when a proclamation is being made. If the Chief deputes another to be Herald, he also gives him the standard to carry as a badge of authority. When not thus in use it is stuck in thr» ground near the Chief's teepee or place in Council, or perhaps hung on the totem polo. Second War Chief. To take the Head Chief's place when he is absent; otherwise he is merely a Coundllor. Third War Chief. For^ leader when the other two are away. 9 The Bbch-Bark RoU Waijpum Chief. He has charge of the money and public property of the Tribe, except the records. He ought to have a lock box or small trunk to keep val- uables in. Chief of the Painted Robe, or Feather Tally. He keeps the tribal records, including the Book of Laws, the Roster or Roll, the Winter Count or Record of Camps and Seasons, and the Feather Tally or Record of Honors and Exploits. He enters nothing except on instructions from the Council. He should be an artist. Chief of the Council-Fire. It is his exclusive privilege to make fire. He must do it without matches. He must also see that the camp and woods are kept clean. Sometimes one Councillor or Chief holds more than one of these last three offices; especially it is well to have the Head Chief also Chief of the Council Fire. One or even two Medicine-men may be voted into the Council without regard to age, attainments, or position. Add to these not more than twelve elected Coun- cillors, and all the Sachems or Sagamores. (See p. 46.) These officers and Councillors form the gov- erning body. All disputes, etc., are settled by the Chief and the Council. The Council makes the laws and fixes the dues. The Chief enforces the laws. All officers are elected for one year or until their 10 The Birch-Bark Roll successors arc chosen. The election to take place on or as soon as possible after Spring Day, the first Sun of the Awakening Moon (ist March). {Wlienever in doubt we try to follow the National Constitution.) Vow OF THE Head Chief (To be signed with his name and totem in the Tally-book) I solemnly promise to maintain the Laws, to see fair play in all the doings of the Tribe, and to protect the weak. Vow OF Each Brave on Joining (To be signed vnth the name and totem of each in the Tally-book) I solemnly promise that I will obey the Chief and Council of my Tribe, and if I fail in niy 'luty I will appear before the Council when ordered and submit without murmuring to their decision. Article VI Amendments Section I. Amendments to this Constitution may be made at any meeting by a two-thirds vote of all the Tribe. Section II. Notice of proposed an^endments shall be made public for at least seven suns before the meeting. II The ftfch-Bwk RoU Akhcie VII Dues P'opcTly; and Ihiri, ,,h" 1™"'^'' 'ril« .h.s shall ^ tedul' Article V'III Ct^MwoV 0/ Tribe ^roalo^&T' ^'"^ ^--^ ^ be consid. Akhcle IX L trail; Horse, middle Buffalo, two inner bars of pathway up back; also short, dark crossbars, spot on middle of two door-hangers, and fringe of totem at top of pathway, and two' 'ack lines on doorway. yELI.OW — All parts marked so: I '.' I - I'pper half-circle under pipe stem, upper half of each feather on pipe ; horseman with bridle, saddle and one hindfnot of Horse; the laricesl Buffalo, the outside upright of the palhwav ; the ground colors of the totem ; the spotted crossbars of pathway ; the four MIchM Dcxt the ground, the two palcbeaovwdoor, and the rings of door-hanger. ORBEN — All parts marked so: Bowl of pipe, spot over it; feather li^-* of same; Elk, first Buffalo, middle line on each side path- way, and around tee|>ee top; two dashol crossbars on totem and dsMiMl crossbars on iMUhway ; bar on wbicb Hon* walks; lower ctlgt Md liM c( vou on upper part of door. 26 The Birch-Bark RoU The drawing (p. 26) shows a real Sioux teepee ai present in my collection. This was made of skins. The ground color was of soft gray; the design in pale flat tiiit.4 of delicate red, yellow, and green, as below. No other outlines were used. Putting up the Teepee. Drive a small stake in the ground where the centre of the teepee will come, and about this as centre mark a circle, the same diameter as the tent. For a twelve-foot teepee, a twelve-foot circle, etc. With one end of a twenty-foot rope tie together three of the poles at a point as high as the top of the canvas. Set them as a tripod, their ends touching the edge of the circle. Then set up the other poles (except three, including the two slender ones) for the frame of the teepee, their ends on the circumference c' ,he circle, their tops resting in the angles of the tripod. Now With I he loose end of the twenty-foot rope bind all the [)olcs where they cross by walking several times around the frame on the outside, and drawing the rope tight as you go. The loose end may be left hanging down inside for an anchor. Now fasten the top of the teepee cover to one of the poles left over, at a point twelve feet up. Raise this into its place, and the teepee cover with it, opposite whe*-" the door is to be. Carry the two wings of the tent around till they overlap and fasten together with 27 TEEPEES The Birch-Bark Rolf the lacing-pins. Put the end of a vent-pole in each of the vent-flap pockets, mitsidc of the teepee. Per down the edges of the canvas at each loop if a storm IS coming, olhcn\'isc a feu will do. Hang the door on a convenient lacing-pin. Drive u stout stake inside the tiepir, tie the anchor rope to this and the teepee is ready for weather. In the cci tre dig a hole eighteen inches wide and six inches deep for the lire. The fire IS the great advantage of the teepee, and the smoke one ot the (hsadvaniages, but experience will show how to manage this, Keep the smoke- vent swung down wind, or at least quartering down. Sometimes you must leave the door a little open or raise the boitom of the teepee cover a little on the windward side. If this makes too much draft on your back stretch a piece of canvas between two or three of the poles inside the teepee, m front of the opening made, a ul reaching to the ground. This is alining or dew-cloth. The draft will gp up behind this. ART All students of the Indian art are satisfied that in this we find the beginnings of something that n\'iy develop into a great and original school of decora- tion. Not having learned their traditions, conventions, and inner impulse, we believe that 28 The Birch-Bark RoU at present we shall do best by preserving and cloady copying the best of the truly native productions. Therefore, in decorating teepees, etc., we use only literal copies of the good Indian vrotk, MUSIC We cncourasje musical talent as much as possible. Around the nightly camp-fire songs and music are in great demand. The drum is essential also for the numerous song-dances and song-plays. ARCHERY The Tribe riiould own a Standard Target, that is, four feet across, circular, made of straw, with a thin oilcloth cover, marked with a nine and six-tenths inch centre of gold (called by some of our Tribes "the Buffalo's Eye"); outside of that a four and eight-tenths inch band of red, next a similar band of blue, next of black, next of white. In scoring, the gold is 9, the red 7, the blue 5, the black 3, the whhc i. The shortest match range for the target is forty yards. If it is a three-foot target the match range is reduced to tint* r yards. A target can be made of a burlap sack about five feet square. This should be stuffed full of hay or straw, thjn flattened by a few quilting stitches put right through with a long packing needle. On this the target is painted of exact right size and color 29 The Birch-Bark RoU Each brave should have a bow that pulls from ten pounds up; about one pound for each year of his age is a safe guide for bo) s up to sixteen. He should have at least six arrows and a quiver. The arrows twenty- five inches long, with three feathers, cone-points of steel or iron; brass points are useless. A guard or bracer for the left wrist is needed, and most boys re- (|uire a glove to protect the fingers of the right hand. The correct way to slioot with a bow is fully set forth in "Two Little Savages." THE GAMES Deer-Hunting The Deer Hunt has proved one of our most successful games. The Deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame, on which soft hay is wrapi>cd dll it is of proper size and shape, then all Is covered with open burlap. ^ A few touches of while and black make it very realistic. If time does not admit of a well-finished Deer, one can be made of a sack stuffed with hay, decorated at one end with a smaller sack for head and neck, and set on four thin sticks. The side of the Deer is marked with a large oval, and over the heart is a smaller one. Bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. A pocket full of corn, peas, or other large grain is now needed for scent. The boy who is the Deer foi 30 The Birch-Bark RoU the first hunt takes the dummy urn -.r his ami zn \ runs off, getting ten minutes start, o ".r,»ii he con es and shouts "ready!" He leaves a trail of corn, drop- ping two or three grains for every yard and nulling the trail as crooked as he likes, playing such tricks as a Deer would do to baffle his pursuers. Then he hides the Deer in any place he fancies, but not among rocks or on the top of a ridge, because in one case many arrows would be broken, and in the other, lost. The hunters now hunt for this Deer just as for a roal Deer, either following the trail or watching the woods ahead; the best hunters combine the two. If at any time the trail is quite lost the one in charge shouts "Lost Traill" After that the one who finds the trail scores two. Any one giving a false alarm by shouting "Deer" is fined five. Thus they go till some one finds the Deer. He shouts "Deer!" and scores ten for finding it. The others shout "Second," "Third," etc., in order of see- ing it, but they do not score. The fii.der must shoot at the Deer with his bow and arrow from the very spot whence he saw it. If he misses, the second hunter may step up five paces, and have his shot. If he misses, the third one goes five, and so on till some one hits the Deer, or until the ten-yard limit is reached. If the finder is within ten yards on sighting the Deer, and misses his shot, the other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit. Once the The Bireh-Bark RoU Deer is hit, aU the shooting must be from the exact spot whence the successful shot was fired. A shot in the big oval is a body wound; that scores pue. A shot outside that is a scratch; that scores two. A shot in the small oval or heart is a heart wound; it scores ten, and ends the hunt. Arrows which do not stick do not count, unless it can be proved that they passed right through, in which case they take the highest score that they pierced. • u v. ^ If all the arrows are used and none m the nean, the Deer escapes, and the boy who was Deer scores twenty-jive. . r »u * The one who found the dummy is Deer for the next hunt. A clever Deer can add greatly to the excite- ment of the game. , . r j Originally we used paper for scent, but found it bad It Uttered the woods, yesterdaN 's trail was con- fused with tnat of to-day, etc. Corn proved better, becaubo the birds and the squirrels kept it cleaned up from day to day, and thus the ground was always ready for a fresh start. But the best of all is the hoof mark for the shoe. These iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes, and leave a trail much like a real Deer. This has several advantages. It gives the hunter a chance to tell where the trail doubled, and which way the Deer was going. It is more realis- tic, and a boy who can follow this skilfully can follow a Uving Deer. In actual practice it is found well to 32 The Birch-Bark Roll use a Lttlc com with this on the hard • hccs, a plan quite consistent with realism, as every hunter will recall. THE BEAR HUNT THE HUNTING OR OF MISHI-MOKWA This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each has a club about the size and shape of a base ball club, but made of straw tied around two or three switches and tightly sewn up in burlap. One big fellow is selected for the Bear. He has a school-bag tightly strapped on his back, and in that a toy balloon fully blown up. This is his heart. On his neck is a bear-claw necklace of wooden beads and claws. (See cut.) 33 The Birch-Bark RoU He has three dens about one hundred yards apart in a triangle. While in his den the Bear is safe. If the den is a tree or rock, he is safe while touching it. He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter counts loo, and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt is settled. The object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart, that is, kill the Bear. He must drop dead when the heart bursts. The hunter who kills him claims the necklace. But the Bear also has a club for defence. Each hunter must wcu.r a hat, and once the Bear knocks a hunter's hat off, thai one is dead and out of this hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. Tackling of any kind is forbidden. The Bear wins b/ killing or putting to flight all the hunters. In this case he keeps the necklace. The savageness of these big Bears is indescribable. Many lives are lost in each hunt, and it has several times happened that the whole party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual ferocity. This game has also been developed into a play. SPEARING THE GREAT STURGEON This water game is exceedingly popular and is especially good for public exhibition, being spectacu- lar and full of amusement and excitement. 34 The Birch-Bark Roll The outfit needed is: — (1) A Sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood; it should be about seven feet long and nearly a foot thick at the head. It may be made realistic, or a small log pointed at both ends will serve. (2) Two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden handles (about four feet long). The points should be sharp, but not the barbs. Each head should have an eye to which is attached twenty feet of one-quarter inch rope. On each rope, six feet from the spear- head, is a fathom-mark made by tying on a rag or cord. (3) Two boats with crews. Each crew consists of a Spearman, who is captain, and one or two oars- men or paddlcrs, of which the after one is the pilot. All should be expert swimmerr or else wear life belts during the game. The Game. Each boat has a base or harbor; this is a given part of shore opposite that of the enemy. The Sturgeon is left by the Medicine-man's canoe at a point midway between the bases. At the word " Go!" each boat leaves its base and, making for the Sturgeon, tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. When both get their spears into it the contest becomes a tug of war until one of the spears pulls out. The Sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat that has it in tow touches its proper base, even though the spear of the enemy is then in the fish; or it is landed 35 ■^ ^/^/i// ///// //jHfM Wjkt fir 6aing out every night; a grand coup for 250 miles. 16. Traveller. A grand coup for having passed the Royal Geographical Society's examination of "expert traveller." 17. Arctic traveller. A coup for entering the Arctic circle by sea; a grand coup by land. 18. Tropic traveller, A coup for crossing the equator by sea or rail; a grand coup on foot. 19. Red Cross. A giand coup for having passed the Red Cross examination of first aid to the wounded. 20. Boat-builder. Build a boat that will carry two men and that can be paddled, rowed or sailed by them 6 miles an hour, coup; 7 miles an hour, grand coup. 21. To have made a birch canoe that has travelled, with at least one man aboard, 100 miles or more in safety, grand coup. 22. Expert canoeman. A coup is allowed to those who can paddle (single) a canoe on dead water, make their canoe coup (see No. 68), opill the canoe and get into her again, and bale her alone; a grand coup when they make their canoe coup, spill, right, and bale the canoe alone, three times in succession, and have run a rapid that falls six feet in 200 yards. 23. In sign-talking, to know and use correctly 50 signs, for coup; 100 signs, grand coup. 24. Knots. To make 20 different standard knots in a rope, for coup; 30 for grand coup. 49 The Birch.Bark Rob 25. Tread a sawlog 100 yards in any time, without going overboard, for coup; do it 100 yards and back u 30 minutes for grand coup. FISHING (Outdoors) By Dr. Henry Van Dyke, author oj LitUe Rivers, Fisherman's Luck, Etc. BOYS AKE THOSE UNDEl 14; LADS, 14 TO 18; MEN, OVEK 18. 26. Boys: Tomake a 6-foot leader of clean gut, with smooth knots, to stand a strain of 5 lbs., coup. To tie 6 diflFerent flies, of regular patterns, on number 8-12 hooks, and take trout with each of them, by daylight casting, m clear water, grand coup. Lads: Tomake a bait rod of 3 joints, straight and sound, 14 oz. or less m weight, 10 feet or less in length, to stand a stram of ij lbs. at the tip, 13 lbs. at the grip, coup. To make a jointed fiy-rod 8-10 feet long, 4-6 02s. in weight, capable of casting a fly 60 feet, grand coup. ^ 27. Boys and Lads: To take with the fly, unas- sisted, a 3-lb. trout or black bass, on a rod not more than 5 oz. in weight, coup. To take a 5-lb. trout or black bass or a 4-lb. landlocked salmon under the same conditions, grand coup. 28. Boys and Lads: To take on a rod, without 50 The Bifch-Batk Rott assistance in hooking, playing, or landing, a trout, black bass, pike, muscallonge, grayling, salmon, blue- fish, weakfish, striped bass, kingfish, sheepshead, or other game fish, whose weight in pounds equak or ex- ceeds that of the rod in ounces, coup. To take, under the same conditions, a game fish over 20 lbs., grand coup. Men: To hook and land with the fly, unassisted, without net or gaff, a trout or landlocked salmon over 4 lbs. or a salmon over 12 lbs., coup. To take, under the same conditions, a salmon over 25 lbs., grand coup. 29. Indoor Fly-Casting. Boys: To cast a fly with a rod of 5 oz. less, not over 10 feet bng, 40 feet, coup; 55 feet, grand coup. Lads: 65 feet, coup; 80 feet, grand coup. Men: 80 feet, coup; 95 feet, grand coup. BAIT-CASTING Revised by Mr. L. S. Darting, of New York. 30. With 1-oz. dummy frog, 5-foot rod, indoors, overhead casting, tournament style: — Boy class, 60 feet for coup ; 70 feet for grand coup Lad " 80 " " " 90 " " " " Man " 100 « " " 120 " " " " If out of doors, add xo per cmt to each of the disr- tances. RIDING, ETC., TO THE END OF ATHLETICS ARE RED HONORS 31. To ride a horse one mile in three minutes, clearing a 4-foot hurdle and an 8-foot water-jiunp, The Birch-Bark RoU counts coup; to do it in two minutes, clearing a 5-foot hurdle and a 12-foot water-jump, grand coup. 33. Trick-riding. To pick up oat*» hat nom the ground while at full gallop on a horse ol not less than 13 hands coimts coup. To do it three times without failure, from each side, with horse of at least 15 hands, counts grand coup. 33. To catch 10 horses or cattle in corral, with 10 throws of the lasso, counts coup; to catch 10 on the range in 10 throws counts a grand coup. 33a. To catch a horse or beef by each of his four feet in four successive throws, grand coup. 34. Diamond hitch. Pack a horse with not less than 100 pounds of stuff, with diamond hitch, to hold during eight hours of travel, coup. Ten days in succession, a grand coup. SHOOTING (Open to men only) 35. Revolver-Shot. Target 4 x 4 feet. Bull's-eye 8 inches (counts 4 points). Inner ring 2 feet (3 points). Outer, the rest of target (a pomts). Distance, 30 yards. 96 shots divided in any number up to six days, one hand, standing: — 250 pomts count coup; 300, grand coup. 3Sa. Half with left hand only; half with right only: — 230 points, coup; 260, grand coup. 5a The Bifch-Bark Rott 36. Rifleman * To be a marksman according to militia standaids, a coup; to be sharpshooter, a grand coup. ARCHERY Revised by Mr. WiU H. Thompson, of SeaUk, Wash. 37. Make a total score of 300 with 60 shots (in one or^wo meets), 4-foot target at 40 yards (or 3-foot target at 30 yards), for coup; make 400 for grand coup. 38. Shoot so fast and far as to have 6 anows m the air at once, for coup; 7, for grand coup. (Accordhig to Catlin the record is 8.) 39. For boys (10 to 14), to send an arrow 100 yards, coup; 135, g«nd ^° an arrow ^25 yards, coup; 150, grand coup. For men (over 18), to send an arrow 200 yards, coup; 250, grand coup. . . . _^ r * 40. To hit the Burlap Deer m the heart, first shot: — , J For boys at 45 yards, coup; 55 yards, grand coup " lads " 60 « " 70 " « men" 75 " " ^5 " " (The heart is 9 inches across.) * Everything that can be said in favor of fireams for use "» gen"?^ sport appUes to the rifle only (and its understudy the revolver). The Satter^ has no official existence for us. It is ruinaUpn toAe marksiS^s power and should be aboUshed. A nfle range »»d^ able adjunct of all grown-iq»cMiq». Honon •» awmided waxwdtt^ to the anny studarda. 53 The Birch-BMk Roll 41. MOUNTAIN-CLIMBING (AU afoot) (Not open to boys, ijt., those under 14) The exploits in this class arc repeaters. Fo« Lads (Under 18). COUP: — In Great Britain: Ben Macdhuic; Ben Nevis; Ben Lomond; Ben Cruachan; Snowdon; Hcl- vellyn. In Europe: Vesuvius. In North America: Mt. Wash- ington; Electric Peak, Wyo. GRAND COUP:— In Europe: Mt. Blanc; Breit- horn: Etna. In North America: Pike'aPtoak; Shasta; Adams. In Asia: Fujiyama; Tabor. This expltut is a repeater. For All Over 18. COUP: — In Europe: Mt Blanc; Monte Rosa; Breithom; Monte Viao; Etna. In North America: St. Helen's; Adams; ShaaU; Hood;Rai^. In Africa: Teneiiffr. GRAND COUP: — In Europe: Matterhom; Wet- terhom; Aig. Verte; M%. du Dru; Aig. du Geant; Point des Ecrins; Ortler-Spitze. In South America: Chimboiazo; Cotopaxi; Illimani; Aconcagua. In Asia: Everest*; KinAiw - jun^*; Ararat. In Africa: Kilimandjaro. This exploit is a repeater. Other mountains will be added later. EYESIGHT 42. To spot the Rabbit three times at 60 yards, or to distinguish and map out correctly six Pleiades and see clearly the "Pappoose (Alcor) on the Squaw's CMizar) back," counts a coup; to spot the Rabbit three times at 70 yards and see seven Pleiades and • Means "not yet climbed." The firet one to climb a standard peak gets double honors; one for climb, one for first dimb. 54 The Kfch-BMk Rott the Pappoosc counts a far-sight grand coup. (Those who habitually wear glasses may use them in this test.) Sec Far-sight among the games, p. 41. 43. To make a 75 score in ten tries in the game of Quicksight, with ten counters, counts coup; a 95 score counts a grand coup. (See Quicksight among the games, p. 40.) ATHLFHCS NMvVorkPMc roi TBMC OMon 14.* 44. Coup: Walk 3J measured miles in i hr. (heel and toe). Grand Coup: 4 miles 45. Coup: Walk i mile in 4 m. Gimnd Coup: | mile lOa THOSX OVEB I4 1*. Coup: 4} nfin in 1 hr. Grand Coop: sm Coup: I mik in 3 m. Grand Coup: mile in a} m. 46. Coup mile in 13 m. Grand Coup Walk mile m II m. Coup: 1 10 m. Grand Coup: mile in 9} m. KW TBOBX ovn 18. Coup: si miles. Gimnd Coup : 6} miles. (Rec. 7 inilet, 1318 yd8.)*» Coiq>: I mik, i m. 50 «. Gnad Coup: i m. 40 s. (Rec. X m. 93 s.) in Coup: i mile in 8) m. Grand Coup: i mile, 7 m. 45 s. (Rec. 6 m. agj s.) • B a itaiKlard is doired for thoae under ten. it may be madt by taking the roup at the i4-rear-oldi ai the unit tad mbtractiiig 7) and 15 per cent respectively for grand coup and coup when it b dijtaaca, or Mldiag to it 7« wd 15 per ont when it is time. **Reea(ds acoocdiag to Spridtag*! Almanac. 55 The Birch-Bark RoU ATHLETICS (ConHmm$i) KM raOSB VNDM 14.' 47- Coup: Run loo yds. in 14 t. Onnd Com: 100 yd in 13 ■. FO» Til 1 ■¥ .J\ Eti , 4W» UNDO iS. toe fdt in 4S> Not open. 49* Notopaa. So> Notofwa. SI. Coup: Standing iMgh jump without weights. 3 ft. GiWKi Coup: 3 II. 4 in. Coup. o Is iir Coup Gram! ' ^ ,,: Grami col»: 100 vdfc yd*«n ills. {in loif «. ^ (Rec. 9j ,.) Coup: Run laol Com: aao vdi. fai yds. in 88 1. Us. " Grind Coup: ab s. Grand Cup: in ■ Coup Run I mile „, IS". Gnnd Coup; in 4 m. 45 »• (Rec. 4 m. i5f 8.) Coup: Rwi 10 miles in 80 m. (.rand'^oyp in 70m. (Rec. sam. Co\xp: 4 ft. a in. Gnnd Coup: 4 ft. 6 Not open. Notopoi. Coup: 3 ft. 4 In. Grand Co^>: 3 ft 9 in. (Rec. 5 ft. 5 J in.) •Urn Oftht I, kiti 56 The Kt^h-Buk RQ«i ATHLETICS (C. R TB C> 4 £1. 6 in. S3. Coup: SundiagiCoup: 7 ft. Iwoad jump wltboiit|Onnd C: 19 ft j6. Not OfMB. p: 15' Old C 'A. • Coup. aft. GriindCwp: —ft "oup: H throw (la 1 it. handle. T-f* cirr. h. .60, f>1m. Cou ! f- n a. .tii Coup. 30 ft> S4 ft. 7| in.) :oup 23 ft. Grand Coup: jo II. Rec. 30 ft. 3 »«•) 6 ifa» ) '^5 ft. Coup (16 ^ou; Gimi Iba.) 75 (Kec. oe ft. s ui-> •If -(k hr 4-> u " thi- iiiii oup u a«M* IS time. a tb Oder tai. it may be nad subtnctiBa 7« rnnd i< ner »^ i^*^ r«d«.p «d coup .to. u I. di-JTS-CJ L'ZT^s^^' 58 The Bbch-Bttk Rofl ATHLETICS (Continrnd) worn THOSE DNDEB I4-* rOK TBOSE OVXB I4 AND UNDEB 18. 63. Coup: To climb the 18-ft. rope, hands only used, 13 s. Grend Coup: 11 1. 64. Coup: To diin the bar 4 times. Grand Coup: 6 toes. 6S- like. May try if they Coup: 9 s. Grand Coup: Coup: 6 times. Grand Coup: times. 10 Coup: TocMnthe bar with one hand once. Grand Coup: With each hand in suc- cession. 66. Coup: Skate 100 yds. in 15 s. Grand Coup: 13 s 67. Coup: Row (single sculls) i mile in II m. Grand Coup: 10 m 68. Coup: Paddle (single) I mile in 13 m Grand Coup: 12 m. Coup: 13 s. Grand Coi^>: 12 s. Coup: 9 m. Grand Coup: 8 m Coup: 19 m. Grand Coup: XI m roa Twwa ovu 18. Coup: 6 s. Grand Coup: $ •• (Rec. 3i s.) Coup: 10 tunes. Grand Coup: 15 times. (Rec. 39 times.) Coup: To chin the bt- with each hand. • iiTind Coup: With each hand twice. (Rec. 13 times.) Coup: iii 8. Grand Coup: lof s. (Rec. with wind, 9 s.) Coup: 7 m. 25 s. Grand Coup: 6 m. SOS. Coup: 10 m. Grand Coup: 9 m. • II a ttandard is desired lor those under ten, it may be made by taking the coup ol the 14-year-olds as the unit and subtracting 7* «nd «5 pw respectively lor gnud caap tad coup when it to dirtance, or adding to it u>d '5 bbdow. 59 The Bifch-Bark Rolf ATHLETICS (CMMMwi) ton THOSE UNDER 1 4.* 69. Coup: Swim loo yds. in any time at all. Grand C: aoo yds. in 4 m. 70. Notq|)eB. 71. Not open. FOR THOSE OVER 14 Ata> CMOM 18. 79. Notf^ea. Coup: Swim loo vds. in any time at kll. Grand Coup: 300 yds. in 3 m. 45 a. Coup: Swim i mile in 50 m. Gnmd Coop: in 45 m. Coup (Medley Race) : Go 400 yds.; running 100, rowing 100, walk- ing 100, and swim' nung 100 (in any order) in 6 m. Grud Coup: 5 m Coup: On Ucyck I mUe 3 m. 30 1. Gnad Coiq>: 3 m Coup: Swim 100 yds. in any time at all. Grand Coup: 300 yds. in 3 m. (Rec. 3 m. 30 s.) Coup: 45 m. Grand Coup: 35 m. (Rec. 94 m. 46f s.) n» THOSB ovn 18. Coup: 4} m. Grand Coup: 4 m. Coiq>: X mile 9 m. 50*. Giaad Coup: t m. 90S. • If aiuiidudUdcdmlte&gnttwl«lM,knay teaadibirtrtiagteMMp o( the M-ycu-olds u tlw aait aad Mbtncliaf ?! aad ts p« cM iwpidMr iar gnnd coup and coup mhm it it dirtaM*, or aMlM ts it tI «M «Imb 60 The Bitch-Bark RoU ATHLETICS {Conavded) The foUcwing honors are open to those only who are n years tti or over : 73. Coup: Walk xo miles in i hr. 45 m. Grand Cotq>: I hr. 30 m. (Rec z hr. 17 m. 4of s.) 74. Coup: Walk 100 miles in 30 his. (Srand Coup: in 3$ his. (Rec ai his. 4a s.) 75. Coup: Swim 5 mQes in 4 hmm. Grand Coup: in 3 J hours. (Rec. 3 hrs. 58 m. ^ s.) 76. Coup: Swim 10 miles in any time. 77. Grand Coup: Swim 15 miles in any time. 78. Coup: Bicycle, zoo miles in one day aoowding to L. A. W. rules. GtandCoiq>: aoo miles. [thSMMp The Bfach-Buk Roll Until further notice the National Council will allow honors on all properly recognized outdoor exploitT not herein hsted, on the foUowing general basia- Con testants over eighteen must make^^o per^'oH?; amateur record distance for coup, and 95 Ser cent for grand coup; or if it is a time exploit, not eTceeTg thejcord by 10 per cent, for coup; 5 per cent fo? pnd coup. Contestants under eighteen and over fourteen must make 85 and 90 per cent, or not exceed time by more than 15 and 10 per cent. Those under S.'i n^f """i, "S^^^ ^5 per cent of distance and not exceed time by more than 20 and 15 per cent. The records are as given in Spalding's Official Athletic Ahnanac (lo cents of aU bookseUere). CLASS III. BLUE HONORS NATURE STUDY-VERTEBRATES Revised by Mr Frank M. Chapman, of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural HiskJyTNew York City 79- Know and name correctly 25 native wild quadrupeds, for coup; know and name correcUy co. ai^ ten something about each, for grand coup. 80. Know and draw unmistakable pictures of 25 tracks of our four-foot animals, for coup: of co for grand coup. *^ 8x. Know and name correctly 100 of our native 69 The Birch-Bairk RoU birds as seen mounted in a museum, the female and young to count separately when they are wholly dif- ferent from the male. This counts coup; aoo birds for grand coup. 82. Know and name correctly 50 wild birds in the field; this counts coup; 100, grand coup. 83. Recognize 50 wild lards by note, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 84. Klnow and name 10 turtles for coup, 20 for grand coup, with something interesting about each. 85. Know and name 10 different snakes, telling which are poisonous, for coup; 20 snakes for grand coup. 86. Know and name correctly 10 Batrachians for coup; 20 for grand coup. 87. Know and name 25 fish, for coup; 50 6ah for grand coup. NATURE STUDY— LOWER FORMS OF LIFE Revised by Mr. John Burroughs. 88. Know and name 25 native land and fresh water shells, for coup; 50 for grand coup. 89. Know and name 25 moths, for coup; 50 fat grand coup. 90. Know and name 25 butterflies, for coup; 50 butterflies for grand coup. 91. Know and name 50 other insects, for coup; zoo for grand coup. 63 The Bifch-B«k RoO 92. Know and name correctly, i.e., with the ac- cepted English names, according to any standard authority, 35 trees, and tell something interesting about them, counts coup; 50 for grand coup. 93. Know and name correctly 50 of our wild flowers, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 94. Know and name correctly 25 of our wild ferns, for coup; 50 for gnind coup. 95. Know and name correctly 25 of our native mosses, for coup; 50 for grand coup. 96. Know and name 50 common toadstools or muduooms, for coup; 100 for grand coup. GEOLOGY, ETC. Revised by Prof. Charles D. WalcoU, Chief U. S. Geological Survey 97. Paleontology. Know and name, referring to their proper strata, 50 native fosdls, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 98. Mineralogy. Know and name 50 minerab, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 99. Geology. Know and name and describe the 14 great divisions of the earth's crust, according to Geikie, also d^nt watershed, ddta, drift, fault, gkider, terrace, stratum, dip, and identify 10 different kinds of rock, for coup. In addition to the first, define sedi- ment, metamorphic, anticlinal, syndinal, moraine, coal, 64 The Birch-Bark RoU metal, mineral, petroleum, and identify in all 90 kinds of rock, for grand coup. PHOTOGRAPHY Reinsed by Mr. A. Redely f}e Dugmore, of "ComUiy Lije," New York. 100. Make a good recognizable photograph of any wild bird larger than a robin, while on its nest, the bird itself to be at least one inch long on plate, for coup. 101. Make a good photograph of a Ruffed Grouse drumming, the bird to be at least one inch kmg on plate, for grand coup. 102. Make a good recognizable photograph of a wild animal in the air, for coup, or grand coup, according to merit, the image to be at least one inch on the plate. 103. Ditto for a fish. 104. Get a good photograph of any lai]ge wild animal in its native surroundings, and not looking at you, the animal to be at least one inch long flies. Volume VII, also by Dr. Holland, ukcs up the subject of mothi. There are i ,500 figures in the colored plates and 300 text cuts of the moths of North Amerii .1 Volume VIII, by D.'. L. O. Howard rents of bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, flies, and other Nortti American inaecti, admirably suited to the general reader. It has t6 color plates and 3a black-and-white, all photographed ban litt iaiectB themselves, besides nearly 300 text cuts. Volume IX, by Neltie Blanchan, enables any one to identify all the common wild llowen of the North .American continent, and introduces the reader to their marvellous life-histories and the pan which insects play in these. Illustrations: 33 color plates and 48 black-aad^iriiite, aU fnm phomg w pha of ^ actual flower. Volume X, by Nina L. Marshall, is an invaluable aid to all who are interested in fungi as food or as a limitless subject of study. 34 color plates and 40 bUdtHMad - w l i to ban piMlto' graphs by Mr. and Miss Anderson. Volume XI, by Julia E. Rogers, has many features th.. 1 no other work on treen approaches. It tells how to know the trees; the »iscs and value of trees; the care of trees; how to grow trees; the preservation of forests. The 350 beautiful pbotoeraj^iic ilhis- tnuoBtt Of A» Ra DagBMnt show budi Witmer Stone and William Everitt The 80 full 70 and the wood of *H the Imporunt tpedet, and then tn i« •^vSiiJic^xTl u a most *o*^**!7 S:£!S^!3r and contains a weahh <.f original obi«vadoB rfro|. and t.>ad. thatta a ^^trSj^^^S^^S^L^^Si plates in clor and IIMify JOO hhelW**«Wli pl»