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 -i .^:f* 
 
 'th'NTfiiJ Bti 
 
CANADIAN FISHERIES EXPEDITION, 19U-I915 
 
 BIOLOGY OF ATLANTIC WATERS OF CANADA 
 
 GROWTH OF THE YOUNG HERRING rSOOALLED 
 SARDINES) OF THE BAY OF FUNDY 
 
 A PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 BY 
 
 A. 0. HXnnfiMAH, B.A., M3., of the XTnivenity of Toronto. 
 Curator, Dominion Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick. 
 
 In the spring of 1918 Dr. Hjort proposed in connection with the extended 
 investigations in 1914-15 that I study the young of the herring (Clupea harengus) or 
 'sardines" of the Bay of Fundy to determine if possible how large they were during 
 the first winter, and the amount of growth during the year. The numerous Canadian 
 weirs that are fished throughout the greater part of the year to supply the sardine 
 factories chiefly in Maine were practically certain to furnish an abundance of material. 
 
 Owing to the work that was being prosecuted in the gulf of St. Lawrence it was 
 not possible for me 1,0 examine the material in the fre.«h state except at the beginning 
 and end of the season. It was necessary to rely upon salted material. 
 
 The material has been collected in large part by the engineer of the Biological 
 Station at St. Andrews, Mr. A. E. Calder. When circumstances permitted, he collected 
 samples weekly. The material has proved to be far from complete enough to settle the 
 points in question. This is particularly the case with regard to the smaller fish, 
 popularly known as " brit," which are for the most part too small to be satisfactorily 
 taken by the nets used in seining the weirs. Not only will they pass through the nets 
 in seining, but when prese.it in quantity they will not be taken out, being too small for 
 canning. Although there are many gaps in the material, the results are not without 
 interest. 
 
 It appeared desirable to use the scale method of determining the age and the 
 yearly amount of growth; but the material presented such great difficulties owing to 
 the indistinctness of the winter rings that this was abandoned and the method of 
 measurement, instituted by Petersen, alone was used. 
 
 The samples were measured on one of the usual boards, divided into centimetres, 
 with the divisions at the half centimetres so that in each case the measurement was to 
 the nearest centimetre. This gave centimetre groups for statistical treatment. To 
 facilitate accurate determination of the len^lh, the measuring board was mariied on 
 
 6553— Ic 
 
^ 
 
 'W 
 
 
 m 
 
 DtPAttTMJrt'. OP THM NATAL SSKTKg 
 
 T 
 
 either aide of the mid-line with « r<>riee of paraUel diagonal linea. making an angle of 
 4<niegreea with the mid-line. By aligning the margins of the tail with these it was 
 possible to spread di'* tail to an arbitrary, constant angle of 80 degrees. 
 
 Owing to the miztnre of herring of different age groups in the samples, it was not 
 feasills to take the arerage sise,in treating the material. The smallness of the nuraberi 
 representing certain age groups in many of the samples rendered the results unsuitable 
 for extensire statistical treatment The only feasible method was a compromise and 
 therefore somewhat open to objection. 
 
 The relatire frequency of the various length groups in a sample indicated whether 
 the sample consisted of more than one affe group and also showed the mean size in each 
 group. The various groups could in that way be traced through suceessive samples and 
 their rates of growth determined. 
 
 The following table gives the results of the measurements: — 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Length in Centiiixtri-*. 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2!! 
 
 4 
 
 S2 
 
 
 
 at 
 
 t03 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 92 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 183 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 "i 
 "i 
 
 ... 
 
 38 
 17 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 !> 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 as 
 
 29 
 
 LW 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 3 
 fi 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 83 
 96 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 Ifi 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 68 
 
 « 
 
 47 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 1>1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 _" 
 
 140 
 43 
 <9 
 10 
 
 Jii: 
 .1 
 
 17 
 20 
 
 77 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 89 
 
 7!l 
 H3 
 
 ;> 
 10 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 17 
 14 
 30 
 11 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 .5)1 
 
 *\ 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 17 
 2.5 
 6 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 28 
 
 .58 
 
 47 
 
 3i 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 .18 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 1<| 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 2B 
 
 :i8 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 I 
 S 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 .« 
 
 38 
 .« 
 24 
 12 
 6:2 
 51 
 69 
 Vi 
 16 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 u 
 
 .S8 
 44 
 45 
 23 
 
 9g 
 2fi 
 18 
 49 
 17 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 22 
 29 
 37 
 40 
 49 
 52 
 98 
 58 
 3« 
 51 
 16 
 60 
 69 
 56 
 47 
 «4 
 36 
 .51 
 
 4« 
 43 
 13 
 30 
 8 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 13 
 26 
 32 
 .53 
 46 
 17 
 26 
 24 
 60 
 •.3 
 U8 
 76 
 83 
 6.1 
 68 
 46 
 tiO 
 
 24 
 61 
 SI 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 J 
 2 
 
 ■' 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 16 
 30 
 •2 
 20 
 8 
 2 
 49 
 37 
 50 
 45 
 37 
 41 
 67 
 :« 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 '4 
 
 21 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 :i 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 2 
 
 8 
 2 
 21 
 10 
 IS 
 10 
 7 
 17 
 47 
 20 
 12 
 
 i3 
 10 
 6 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 ii 
 
 2U 
 
 i7 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 3 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 2 
 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 2 
 
 '3 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 ■ - 
 
 i 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 28 
 
 Buck B«y 
 
 I, 
 IV. 
 
 I: 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII, 
 
 VIII. 
 
 VIII, 
 
 IX, 
 
 IX, 
 
 IX, 
 
 IX, 
 
 IX. 
 
 IX. 
 
 IX. 
 
 I.X. 
 
 IX. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 
 X, 
 
 XI, 
 
 XI, 
 
 XI, 
 
 XI, 
 
 XII 
 
 XII, 
 
 XII, 
 
 XII, 
 
 14.. 
 
 1«.. 
 
 IS.. 
 24.. 
 
 2.. 
 16.. 
 28.. 
 20. 
 27.. 
 13.. 
 19.. 
 30.. 
 
 7.. 
 13. 
 14.. 
 14.. 
 14.. 
 IR . 
 1.6.. 
 16.. 
 Ifi. 
 28.. 
 
 *.. 
 14.. 
 14.. 
 25.. 
 29. 
 
 5.. 
 10. 
 23. 
 28.. 
 
 6.. 
 21.. 
 24. 
 29.. 
 
 
 St. .Vndrews 
 
 St Andrews. 
 
 
 
 
 St. \iMlrewi. 
 
 
 
 
 St. Andrew*. 
 
 St. Andrawa. 
 
 
 St. Andrews. 
 
 St. Andrew* 
 
 St. Andrews. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 i.t 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 
 "i 
 is 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 
 St. Andrew* 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 Jnnniport 
 
 L'Rtang. 
 
 Leprrau 
 
 Pooolofnn 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 7 
 
 i 
 ii 
 
 10 
 10 
 23 
 29 
 25 
 124 
 16 
 9 
 
 is 
 
 9 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 111 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 F 
 
 7 
 6 
 2.5 
 18 
 32 
 6» 
 49 
 32 
 12 
 67 
 12 
 37 
 72 
 63 
 
 2 
 12 
 8 
 2 
 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 2 
 
 2^ 
 
 17 
 V> 
 ^ 
 76 
 49 
 13 
 36 
 32 
 24 
 16 
 21 
 
 
 Gmnd Harbour 
 
 
 BoMibecI 
 
 BocabecII 
 
 Boe»hecIII 
 
 Oak Bay 
 
 
 Rnnahec 
 
 St. Andrews I 
 
 St. Audrews II 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 '2 
 
 St. Andrews- 
 
 
 St. Andrews . 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 Back Bay 
 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 Bliss Harbour 
 
 
 MaKoarene 
 
 DliasHarboiir 
 
 
 
 
 Two of the samples may be said to be homogeneous, consisting of only one age 
 group. They are those of June 28 and October 29. In both the actual range in size is 
 6 cm. (0-14 and 11-16) and the practical range is only 4 cm. (9-12 and 11-14) or perhaps 
 8 cm. (9-11 and 11-13). There can be no doubt that in these cases we have to do with 
 only one age group. The curve for the sample of June 28, obtained by plotting the 
 lengths against the numbers of individuals is given by the continuous line in fig. 1. 
 Evidently too few length gproups have been taken to give the most satisfactory curve, 
 but we will not be far astray in taking 10 cm. as representing the mean length of the 
 barting in the sample of June 26 and 12 nm. for those of October 20. 
 
CA\ADIAK riUHEttlBS KXPEMTlOy, I9H-IS 
 
 If we take the sample of October 4 and plot a curve to aliow the frequencies of the 
 Tarious length groui>:§ (interrupted line in fig. 1) we tee very definitely a bimwdal 
 condition with two age groupa repreaented, for one of which the length of 12 cm. may 
 be taken a* representative and for the other 19 cm. There is, however, a decided 
 difference in the ranges of the two groups. The snintler one may be considered to have 
 a range of 4 cm. ni-14) and the larger of 8 cm. vl6-23). This might be due to the 
 phenomenon of dispersion, the older group showing a broad low cnrve, and tb* 
 younger group a narrow high one. I do not believe that thi» is the fuil explanation. 
 The range ia too g :at in the older group. It probably indicates that the older group 
 is only apparently ^omcgeneous, that it really consists ot two age groups so similar in 
 aice as to fuse and give a good unimodal curve. Other considerations to be mentioned 
 later support this view. 
 
 The sample of September 28 shows a similar condition. The practical ranges of 
 the two groups would be 3 and 5 cm., respectively. The significance of this would seem 
 to be that by the third year the spring and fall spawned schools have fused into a single 
 group. 
 
 The third sample (III) of September 16, from Bocabec shows imperfectly a tri- 
 modal curve (fig. 1, dotted line). The sizes representative of the three groups may be 
 taken as 12, 15 and 19 cm. The ranges are 3 cm. (11-13), 8 cm. (14-16) and 5 cm., 
 respectively. The first and third of these groiu>s are evidently identical with the two 
 groups of the sample of October 4. The second group (15 cm.) was doubtless present 
 in the latter sample but not in su£Bcient numbers to appear distinctly. 
 
 Let us designate these three groups A (19 cm.), B (15 cm.) and C (12 cm.). 
 B and C give a bimodal curve with a total range of 6 cm. The growth of the smaller 
 group (C) appears to continue farther into the fall than that of the larger group (B). 
 This would bring them close together and make them fuse into one group with a 
 range of 6 cm. and a mean sice of 14 cm. as seems to be the case in the samples of 
 November 8 and November 10. (for the latter see the curve in fig. 1 with alternate 
 dot and dash). In this latter sample the larger group with a mean size of 19 cm. is 
 evidently A and the smaller group with a mean size of 14 cm. represents (if our inter- 
 pretation be correct) B and C fused. In the spring of the year group A seems to have 
 been m the same condition as shown in the sample of April 16, with a range of 5 cm. 
 ai.i aeau size of 14 cm. 
 
 je degree of fusion of B and G and the relative abundance of the two groups in 
 ihe various samples give a varying picture as shown in the samples of October, 
 November, and December from St Andrews. 
 
 In the middle of September samples from widely separated localities along the 
 coast were examined and also a number of samples from the same lociity in order to 
 determine whether the mean size of an age group varied greatly in the different locali- 
 ties and in different samples from the same locality. These samples were in great 
 part obtained through the courtesy of Captain Calder of the Seacoast Canning Co., 
 Eastport. The localities were Jonesport (Maine), Grand Harbour (Grand Manan), 
 Lepreau, Pocologan, L'Etang, and E-Miabec. The samples showed uniformly a great 
 preponderance of the A group. The mean size varied, being 17 cm. (Jonesport, 
 Lepreau, and ^ocologan), 18 cm. (L'Etang), and 19 cm. (Grand Harbour and Boca- 
 bec). Evide>. ly there is an appreciable difference in the size of the same age grroup 
 from different localities. 
 
 Samples were ta' m from several boats bringing herring from Bocabec on 
 S^tember 16. These showed uniformly a preponderance of the A group with in each 
 ease a mean size of 19 cm. The same is shown in a samplo of September 28 from Oak 
 Bay. This shows that herring from the inner side of Passamaquoddy bay may be 
 considered uniform and treated together. Thos3 from points as far away as L'Etang 
 must be treated separately. The differences shown in the samples of September 16 
 from Bocabec indicate the amount of uncertainty to be associated with deductions 
 
'^^m 
 
 DMFAMTMMUr Ot TBB VAVAL HMMftCt 
 
 horn HMMurementa of ■neh tnudl lots of indiTiduals. All thne show in their 
 eoTTM tmnmiU at 19 cm. Two show tumrniU at 16 cm., and the third a d^nite atcp 
 in the ourre at 15 em. Only one ahowa a summit at IS em., the other two samples 
 baTing no individnals of that or neighbouring siae«. Summits (or steps) are therefore 
 quite eonstant for the same age group in the samt> <ocality at any one time. 
 
 These etamples will ae re to ahow the manner in which the results of the measure- 
 ments bare been interpreted. 
 
 To determine the rate and period of growth of each of the different age groups, 
 the represenUtiTe length of each group, in each of the samides froTn PaSMmaquoddy 
 bay in which it waa represented in sufficient numbers, was determined in the manner 
 deaoribed abore. These Imgths have been plotted against the dates on which the sam- 
 ples were obtained, in fig. 2. For each group a curve has >><!en drawn conn'wting the 
 drdes that indicate the length of the group at different times. Where there are con- 
 siderable gapa the ourvea have been continued with interrupted lines. There are occa- 
 sional points that do not fit into the general scheme. Thoso of November and 
 December, intermediate between B and C we have already interpreted as due to more 
 or less complete fusion of B and C. 
 
 The fresh fish measure somewhat larger than the salted. For this reason the 
 lengths in the samples of May 24 and September 16, seem high compared with the 
 others. The samples of June 16 and November 3, show groups with mean sizes of 
 12.6 cm. and S cm. respectivelr. In these cases we may have group C of the prer^- 
 ing year whicu las failed to fuse with B of the same year, whoeaa in A these two 
 groups are constantly fused. 
 
 In fig. 2 we have a graphic representation of the growth of the three groups A, B 
 and C during the year. The period of growth for A and B is from Msy to the end 
 of September. For C the beginning of the period is not shown, as at that time the 
 fish were too small to be taken by the nets. It appears to continue later for this group, 
 at least well on into October. The rate of growth for B and C is somewhat less than 
 2 cm. a month in the midd^« of the summer when the growth is most rapid. The rate 
 for A is less, about 1-6 cm. a month as the maximum. 
 
 In many of the samples larger fish were present, but their numbers are so small 
 as to be unsatisfactory for a determination of their mean sizes and growth. The little 
 evidence there is, shows a group beginning at 19 cm (April 16 and May 13) and grow- 
 ing to 23 cm. (October 14, October 25, November 10, and December 6). Also a group 
 reaching 26 cm. by September 7. 
 
 The determination of the ages of these groups presents difficulties. Groups B and 
 G are quite evidently less than one year apart in age. The lack of material less than 
 7 cm. in length must leave the question in dnubt but it is most reasonable to suppose 
 from the rate of growth shown in 1915 that group B, beginning at a length of 8-5 cm., 
 must have already passed through a full season's growth. The well-established fact of 
 decrease in growth rate with increasing age would necessitate this interpretation, 
 unless there were still greater growth >' ''ng the first year. We would then reach the 
 conclusion that group B was sp'wi.. .. the spring of 1914, reached a length of 8-5 
 cm. by winter and in 1916 grew 6-5 cm. to a length of 15 cm. Group C would have 
 been spawned in the fall of 1914, have reached a doubtful length by winter, perhaps 
 6'6 cm., and in 1915 grown perhaps 7 cm., reaching a total length of 12-5 cm. 
 
 Group A is evidently in its third summer and consists of a mixture of both 
 spring and fall spawned fish. In the third year, therefore, the herring grow from a 
 length of 14 cm. to a length of 19 cm. The group growing from 19 cm. to 23 cm. 
 would consist of hrrring in their fourth year and those reaching 26 cm. of perhaje five 
 year old fish. 
 
OAVADtAN riBBBRIta KXPKttlTtOH, t»tk-t5 
 
 I 
 
 This interpreUtion 
 
 may 
 
 be exprcMcd 
 
 in the following table:— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fir-- Ve«r. 
 
 SNand Ynr 
 
 Thirt Ymw. 
 
 I'ourth Ymw 
 
 Fifth Ydw. 
 
 
 8iir. 
 
 InorcMF 
 
 Hiw 
 135 
 
 Incnaar 
 5 
 
 HilK 
 
 19 
 
 InerpMe 
 4 
 
 fliir 
 23 
 
 Incrr^ap 
 
 3(?) 
 
 8iia 
 
 SnriMt iMwiiad 
 
 8 Son. 
 
 5 5oin.(?) 
 
 65 
 T(?) 
 
 •*') 
 
 ^iJl^ „ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I have a unall quantity of very young herring collected in the tide rippling* in 
 Passamaquoddy bay in June, 1911. Two small lots were picked up in dip nets at an 
 interval of one week. Eleven individuals taken on June 19, mnge from 3-7 to 4-8 ^m. 
 iu length, with an average length of 4-4 cm. Twenty-six individuals tnken on June 
 20 range from 4>3 to 5-6 cm., with an average length of ^-9 cm. This c' s a growth 
 of 0-6 cm. for one week. This is higher than the June rate for groi > ^Mt nearly 
 equivalent to the August rate, as shown in fig. 2. A continuanc >' lis rate to 
 September would give fish averaging about 9 cm. These fish must ha- . ^«u spawned 
 in the spring of 1911. The fall spawners which spawn at Grand Manan and on the 
 Nova Scutia r- 1 e do not begin until the later part of July. This confirms our inter- 
 pretation of grrjp B as fish spawned in the spring of 1914. 
 
 A comparison of these results with what has been found in Europe with entirely 
 different methods shows a fairly close agreement. By studying the increase in the 
 zone on the scale of the herring outside the la t winter ring in a series of samples 
 taken during the years 1910 and 1911 Lea has shown (Publ. de Circonst., No. 61, 1911) 
 that in the herring off Norway, growth takes place during the summer from April to 
 September. This growth period is of the same duration but a month earlier than for 
 our coast. 
 
 As concerns the amount of growth. Lea found it to be 7 cm. in the third summer, 
 which is much higher than what we ha>-e found. By calculations based upon the dis- 
 tances between the winter rings, Hjort .Publ. de Circonst., No. 53, 1910, p. 2.S) found 
 that for 24fi spring-spawned fish the average grrwth in successive years was 8.3, 7.1, 
 6.9, 3.6, 2.4, and 1.7 cm. Our corresponding fip ' i a.e 8.6, 6.6, 6, 4, and 3 cm. For 
 80 autumn spawned fish he found the followin ' nountn 12.6, .5.1, 3.6, 2.6, 1.6, and 
 1.1 cm., believing that the first figure if-ally r. . .sented two seasons' growth. Our 
 corresponding figures are, 12.5, 5. 4. and :< <-i:i. The agreement is as close as could be 
 expected, considering the imperfection .^ our material. We have also not been able 
 to sepa*ate the spring spa*'-^ from tl, fill spawned after the second summer. 
 
 It would have been vti-v \ iJuable to iMve correlated the positions and number of 
 the winter rings with this otj.ty of the growth from measurements. In the material 
 examined it has been possible to make out the rings clearly only in a small number of 
 cases. What has been seen on the whole corroborates the above mentioned interpreta- 
 tions as to the ages of the various groups. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The data, though incomplete, indicate that: H) there are both spring and fall- 
 spawned young herring (sardines) in the Bay of Fundy; (2) the spring spawned 
 schools reach a length of about 9 cm. (3.5 in.) by the first winter and of about 16 cm. 
 (6 in.) by the second winter; (3) the fall-spawned schools reach a length of about 
 12-6 cm. (4 in.) by the second winter- ,4) the growth during the third season is about 
 6 cin. (2 in.) ; (5) the growth during the fourth season is about 4 cm. (1-5 in.) ; and 
 (6) the period of growth is from May to September. 
 
 It is most desirable that this study be continued in order to either confirm or 
 refute these tentative conclusions and to extend the observations. 
 
170 
 
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 Fig. 2 
 
 C\irve» showinu grrowth of Hening in 1916 The nunibsrs 
 indicate the length in centimetre*. 
 
 NoU (December 6, 1916).— A continuation of the investigations during tl»f jWiM 
 has given results which agree well with those of last year. This last season differed 
 from that of 1916 in that the " sardines" as a whole were small. This was due to 
 the practical disappearance of the A group by the end of July, the B and C groups 
 then in turn predominating. The A group was not as homogeneous as in 1916. con- 
 sisting of varying proportions of its elements (B and C of the preceding year). It 
 could therefore not be traced with any certainty. 
 
 The B group appeared at the end of May with an average length of about 10 cm. 
 It was, however, mi.^ed with larger fish until July and could be followed with difficulty. 
 After August few were obtained. By October it had reached a length of 15 cm. 
 
 The C group was first obtained on July 8, with a length of 7 cm. By beptember 
 it had become the dominant group and has remained so. During September, October 
 and November it has continued to grow in length, increasing from 10-6 cm. (Septem- 
 ber 6) to 13 cm. (November 24). The growth was not, however, as rapid as during 
 July and August.