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ONTIIK (iEOLCKJY OF TIIK BASIiN OP NOTTAWAY RIVER M'lTII A MAP OF TIIK IJKN^ printer TO THE KINGS MOST 13-K. KXCf ,KNT MAJESTY 1902 l»o. T88. It i:p() ht I ON Tilt GEOLOGY OF THE BASIN OF NOTTAWAY* RIVER WITH A MAP OF THE REGION leoo Thfl present rei.oit relates to the geology of thn extensive region lying R,.^i„„}, j. „f to the southeastward of Jiimns hay or between the upper Ottawa an.l •'•'""» '"'V''" the Rupert river, which was explored and partly surveyed by myself and assistants in 1895 and 1 89G. My summary r-ep.rts for those years, already publishe.!, contain general deseriptions of this region, incuding it^ topography, physical features, character of its rivers, soil, timber, climate, geology, A-c. Since the publication of these reports, a n'ap. Ma,.. on a scale of ten statute miles to an inch, has been prepared, showing the results of our surveys and explorations, and on this I have laid down the distribution of the various kinds of roc!;s observwl, with as much accuracy as our examinations permitted, together with notes on their characters, the dips, strikes, directions of glacial strin-, A-c t It is considered desirable to supplement the outlines of tl-,e ;L;eology contained in the atjove mentioned summary reports by a general description and it is the object of this report to supply this. Before doing so, however, I shall briefly recapitulate the mears by which our surveys and explonitions were accomplished. Those portions of the topography shown upon the map which have not been compiled from our own surveys and explorations are taken from the maps of the Crown Lands Department of the province of Quebec, and represent field-work done by Provincial Land Surveyors Henry n.^nl"^." *'' O'SulIivan, John Bignell, Lindsay Russell, and others. The resulting map, herewith presented, shows both the geography and the geology in sufficient detail to obviate the necessity of lengthy descriptions. Grand Lake Victoria, on the Upper Ottawa river, was made the starting point of our work both seasons. In 189.") I was accompanied by six voyageurs and by Mr. Alexander Barclay as a non-piofessional assistant. •This wortl i» pronounced Ncxldaway by the nilivps of the region, Imt the (rovern- nient geographic boanl has ilecicled to cftU it Nott.TiTvay. mcne govern tThis information will not be reix-atcd in the text of the present rcixirt. 4 K IIANIN Of NulTAWAV IIIVKIt III tbo ■iittthein p»rt of tho region uxplore the northwan!. C<>olir»ii«'« Ii* I'^ST this stream was followed for upwards of sixty miles down •urvcy o( 1«H7. ward fro:n its source and a tiack-surM-y of it made by my assistant of that year, the late Mr. A. 8. Cochrane. At that period and up to the time of my tracing the stream to the sea, it wa^ supposed to be identical with or to form part of a river which flows into Hannah bay at the head of James bay, and it had no recognized name of its own. O'Siillivan'ii In 1894 Mr. H. O'Hullivan, inspector of surveys of the province of •"""y" ■ Quebec, made a track-survey of the course of this river for lAtout thirty miles beyond the point which hod been reached by Mr. Cochrane in 1887. My own work of 1 '93 iucludod a new track- surrey and » geoloi;ical examination of the portion which had been gone viver by Mr. Cochrane, and beyond this the work was continued as a careful micrometer and compass survey of all the rest of the river. Survey of Survey of 18!)i;. In 1896 I employed five voyageurn, and had Mr. R. W. Brock and Mr. J. M. Uell as assistants. At the start, we follr -ed t^^e same route as I had taken in the previous year and used the . .iin river as a surveyed base. Mr. Brock ascended and mapped three of its branches and followed one of them, which comee from the east side and is called the Migiskan, and one of its tributaries, up to a local watershed which he crosbed and thence descended another stream to Lake Waswanipi. Meantime I devoted myself to making track, surveys and geological examinations of nine other branches of the main river. W«gw»nii>i t<« After these operations, Mr. Brock proceeded eastward from Lake MidtaHiiini. Waswanipi to Lake Mistassini by way of a large stream which we recognized at the time under the name of Waswanipi liver, while I made a track-survey and a geological reconnaissance of a chain of lakes and rivers northward to the Rupert river at Namiska lake. The general coarse of this c]iain runs due north from the south end of MU. INTHUllUCIIUM 5 K \V .«w«n,p, Idco U. U.e northern extremity of N.u.i,l« Inko «ud the «- nnle. long. d..ch.rg^ „orth-we.tw.rd by a .t«.„. eleven n.ile, i^ '•"- ength which i. .w,ft, but with uninterrupted nAvi«ation, into (iuU Uke The latter extend* north wit!. , length of th.rt, n,ilo. .nd i, divided by narmw, i„to thr.o farts, th,- aouth.-rn being the largwt 1 " '•«'« "«xt and the northern the .,n.lh>Ht. The .ni.ldl,, diviaio,,' recmve, t..e MailcaHk-ngi from the e«it and the northern division the fcheri sagi from the name direction. he Broadback an.i the Nottaw.y riven, and soon enten^ up.m ^'"•"• F-dy Beatnx lake. A short 'narrows' or strait connecU thi. wVth Opatawagalake. «,x miles below the latter we entered Ung lake twenty.four m.le, in length. Two large streams, the Ni puck a- ta J and Victoria rners, ent*r thi, lake from the east. From the northern part of Ix>ng lake, the Broadback river flows out at right angles and after a westerly cour«, of sixteen miles, broken by many rapids it falls .nto the east .ide of Lake E^an,. This is the largestTeet ^f water m the region, it. length being th.rty-two miles and its breadth .n the middle about twenty miles. Its largest affluent is Mill river which comes from the cast. From Lake Evans, four miles of river! with two portages, brought us to Sandy lake, thirteen miles in length. The Broadback nver flows out of the north end of this lake with a »„«... -k westward course and a rapid descent to Rupert hay. From a point ''- on this nver, three miles below Sandy lake, we made a portage three miles and .hroe quarters long to Wettigo lake, two and a half miles n length, and only half a mile from the south shore of Rupert river to which the last mentioned lake discharges. By an inspection of the map it will be seen that the abo- e chain of lakes and nvers intercepts all the streams from the east, ,ix of which fro„ r r'^T.-''"'.*"'^ '^'* •' receives none of any consequence from the west. This circumstance illus^rar-8 the fact that th7whoI ■ country slopes westward. The Notta. .y river in it. course from r....,.try Lake Mattagami, the Broadback river in that from Sandy lake and the "''-'"^•" '^^'"• Rupert from Namiska lake, all descend more rapidly than do the rivers above these lakes, showing that the great plateau above them IS more neariy horizontal than the tract between the lake, and the w-a. While making either instrumental or track surveys my nosition« f . were fr inpnfl.- »«-Jfi„j j • l ■ ^ ' ' positions Inntnimenta were fr pentlv verified during both seasons by observations for lati- ='"«='«•• tude,ai:d the compel, bearing, were checked by numerous observations A K ll*t«I!l or XOTTAWAV IIIVKR Thrii' l»rg«' NotWwiky rivor. .;i^^ BvII river. Inntnimpntal •urvey. for lh« magrwitlc variation. AM the daU HRreed very well, no that the retuitioK map may l»e n'gartled n» tolerably aixuralr. We are in the Honouralde Commiii»ioin con- siders it to lie the natural upward continuation of that river. Lake Waswanipi receives a stream from the south, which I named the O'Sullivan river, in honour of that genMeman, who was the first to map its course, and it also receives a larger one *rom the east, which, for convenience at tl e time of our visit to that region as above stated, we recognized under the name of Waswanipi river, although I am not aware that it had been generally known by this designation. The western branch, which we surveyed from the height of land near Grand Lake Victoria to Mattaganii lake had no name, and since my survey of it in 1896 it has become known as the Bell river. The entire length of the Nottaway river, from L*ke Mattn^'ami to iu mouth in Papert bay, as well as this bay itself, as far as Rupert House, Wi"^ . eyed by micrometer and compass by myself in 1895. The whole region under description has a genorjiUy level character with the surface covered by drift and soil, interrupted in some sections by i8olate«.»«.( •nel«vi»tion of 670 fiT abc.va iu .urf*c... lUlhoufio mountain, ^ "'""•"•'»" th.. Houth of (iull Uko, BpptMin. to tmva an altitude ..f nearly I 000 feet, while Mount Held and Mount Middieu.n, two i*,l»ted kuotx on the mjuth hide of I^ko Evan», may be e.,uallv l.iKh. Mount Kugh and two or three oth.r h IN on the ea«t nide of tbia kke appear to have Nimihir elevation^. . group of hill« called the llabbit mounUinn at the north end of I^.ng lake and Mount Scott and Don.e mountain, in Hie xauie neighl)ourho«Mj, are proUbly from 400 to fiOO f.«t high. Hill-, of leH» bei^ht occur near the Hhore. of Ukon Millie and «" :;U^ Rama and olso among and around the group of lakes .i»«mt t! • d of H..1I river. Isolated conical and dome shaped hilU of no gi , ,. ^ht were .seen here and there ot a greater or Umn diitanc* from . , river andalnoat inl.rvaU nlong the Nottaway river, but, with the aUve txc, 'onn, the region, iw far as we could judge fraui our explorations in ot .. generally level thuracler. ' CIROLOCit, The following account of the geology of the whole country explored in 1H95 and 1896, cover. Mr. Brock'e traverse from Uke .Shabogama to Uke MistaHsini in l«9o, although hin re«ulU were fully ded in the Summary Keport of that year. The fundamental rocks of the region consiHt of 'neiHse., crysUlline V.riuu. rock., schists, granites and greenstones, toy • »r *itb exceptional occur- rences of some other rocks, such as . ,nite, quart/iie. arkosc, .-on glomerate and agglomerate. Hh^ gne, ..s are of the ordinary types of the older or primitive I^ur.;uU*n system, and constitute a clau easdy distinguished from all f'^^ other rocks of the district The latter are here ;-.o,.ped toget. ,;r as ilurtinian. although some of the eruptives among ' : may be of somewhat later age. The crystalline schists are ap{«rently the oldest rocks of this group, and the granites and greenstones, which are associated with each other, may have been erupted among them, although constituting a large proportion of the whole. UUnoNIAN ARBA8. The Huronian rocks, as thus defined, occur principally as a Urge area near the centre of the region and this constitutes the leading feature m ito geology. The only other Huronian rocks known to occur 8 K BASIN or NOTTAWAT RIVKR :l» Iliimninn liounilarieR, im The Great B..lt. Two other arroH of Huron ian. in this part of the country eonWHtof two area« of much smaller extent, ^.ng north of the centre of the region, and the Lake Wakonichi band, south of Uke Mwtassini in the eastern part. JJj^l\'^7,''T'''''^*' ''"' ^"'"' ^^^ P*""' where our route crossed the he.Kht-oMand, two miles north of the extremity of Grand I^ko V.ctor.a, m a true north bearing for a distance of 150 miles, or to the northern arm of Mattagamilake,itwillpassoverHuronianrock8entirely, with the exception of the points of two spurs of Laurentian gneiss which extena into this great Huronian area from the westward. If we draw another Ime from the same starting point, north eastward to the southern extremity of Lake Mistassini, but with a n.oderate outward curve towards the north-west, it wdl have a length of 240 miles, an.l will mark approximately the south-eastern boundary of the large Huronian area. A straight line drawn east-by-north, astronomically, from the west end of Lake Mattagami to the southern extremity of Lake Mis- tassini measures 180 mile.« and lies not far from the northern boundary of this area. This large tract of Huronian rocks forms part of what I have elsewhere designated as the (Jreat Belt of the system, which extends contmuously from the eastern side of Lake Superior to Lake Mistassini, a distance, following its axis, of mor- than 700 miles The portion within the region explored and mapped has an area of about 7,000 square miles. To the northward of this main belt of Huronian rocks, as already indicated, there are two smaller areas of the same formation. One of them occurs along the section of the Broadback river which runs west from the junction of Victoria river to Lake Evans, and I have called it the T^ke Evans area. The length of this part of the river along which these rocks were actually examined is seventeen miles in a straight line, Judging from the probable structure or arrangement of the strata within this area, as deduced from the strikes and dips and what is known of its apparent limitations by the surrounding gneiss, these Huronian rocks are supposed to extend from the south bay of Lake Evans for alwut ferty miles in an east-north-easterly direction, with a breadth of about thirty miles at right angles to this bearing. The rocks of this area as .^en along the Broadback river consist of schists of various shades of gretr. and dark gray, sometimes much disturbed and passing into massive greenstones, also of gray feldsites and dove coloured arkoso, with one occurrence of bluish-gray dolomite. Granular iron pyrites, sometimes stained by " copper greens " was found in several places, at one or two of which it may be in sufficient quantities to be of economic value. ^] HIE (;HKAT IIKLT 9 K Adjom.ng this Uuro„ian area at ,U ..orthwc-st unglo is one of liKht gray hornLIendt-graMit,. which is oxposod on the shores at the narrow. ''■■'"""■ """•■*• betwen Crow bay and ,he ,„ain body of Lake Kvar.s. It app,.ars u> U- ..early circular in outlino, and to have a breadth of about six miles \\ ilhm It arc several isolated rounded and conical hills o; n.ountains' the southeTn and n.ost consj.icuous of which I have called Mount Hu'a after Dr. Hugh Holiert Mill. liuronian rocks o.-cur, as a band running nearly east-and-west. on Uk,.K..Kiu he course of the xNottaway river at the outlet of Uko Kelvin The """"''""• Ia,t Laurentian gneiss observed to the southward of the first appear ance of tins band was about the middle of the lake, and gneis« was not seen again for two mile, to the northwanl of the outlet, so that this belt nmy have a breadth of between three and six miles and it may be of considerable length. On the island at the outlet of the lake, the rock consists of dark gray micaceous schint with quartz inclusions and !► hold^ a^goo,! deal of .lis.sen.inated iron-pyrites. The strike is X. 8o' Since the Huronian rocks constitute the great metalliferous system U„.,rt.n.. . ., of Canada, east of the M.ssissippi-Mackenzie depression, the discovery "'~> of he alK.ve mentioned three areas l,elonging to the system in this part of ,he Dominion ami the work done in the way of subdividing ho roc s of the Great Belt are of considerable importance as one of the geological results of the two seasons devoted to the survey and exploration of the region. ^ THE ort y red granite. This rock was the only one found on Lake Waswanipi, excepting at one place, where schists ...,ur apparently as a continuation of thos<> crossing t' e upper part of Ka-nikwa-ni ka island. <' riilac't iif llin'i'iiian TIIR bAL'RKNTI.W HOCKS. On the Twenty-one mile bay of Grand Lake Victoria the gneisses ,;r„ |,, are much disturbed so that no general strike can be determined. At the head of Sleepy river the gneiss strikes N. 36' E. and at its contact with the schists to the south-east of Mutchi-nianito lake it runs N. 16' E. On the west side of Shabogama lake opposite the m uth of Migiskan river, it is from N. to N. 15° W., but around the lower or wide part of the lake it is north north-eastward. About the foot of Ka-ni-k wa-ni-ka Island and around Taibi lake, the general strike is sout h of west. Along the Nottaway river, all the way from Mattagami lake to its mouth and also along the route we followed from (Jull lake to Rupert river, the prevailing strike is between west and west north-west. The gne sses along these two trav. r.ses consist of both the mica and hornblende varieties and they are mostly gray in colour. The dips, strikes and all other bearings given in this report have ri.'fereiice to the true mrridian. A