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II est film^ i partir da I'angla sup4r^au/ gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut en baa, an prenant le nombre d'Imegee nicessaire. Las diagrammes suivants iiluatrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '^e^-^^ ALe&^i/JTp A NEW METHOD or BREAKING OXEN, cows, &c., AND A SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF MAKING YOKES AND BOWES. BY PETER MUSSELMAN. VAUGHAN: COUNTY OF YOBK, X867. Entered, according to the Act of th^ Provincial Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and Bixty-seyen, by Peter Husselman, in the office of the Registrar of the Prcvince of Canada. ■^.TG^O PREFACE. Some person has said that " a good " book needs not a prefiace, and a bad " one never ought to be written," but the following pages are purposely writ- ten for a special class, viz., my Brother Farmers. I need not fear the criticisms of the " English Bards," and " Scotch Heviewers." It is not composed to in- struct in the Arts or Sciences, or for the Philosopher's Studio, or the Dominie's Desk, but a few simple hints, written in a homely style, and compressed into a small compass. For more than twenty years my PREFACE. neighbours have patronized me with breaking-in their " Steers." During that long space of liiiie aiiy one of my patrons could have done it as well as myself, if they had spent the same time, pLtl^MBy md troubli^, as it often took tm from four to fiv^ ^eeks j but y6t I #a^ coMdet^ a gb6d Ox Bireakelr. About two yiears ago, after long years 01 practice and deep study, I brought to l^i^feci^ my prfeseiA system, % which t #ill guarantee to bteak a pair of oxen Wr better in two ot three hours ithan I iiMinek^ could lii ao inaiay vreeks. M^^. ^mr TO BREAK OXEN. Two leather straps, four and a half feet long, and one inch and a \ half wide, with holes in each end^^ V^ one inch apart, then two strong^ l»ickle8,y.8ewn on fourteen inches ^ from the short end ; also a spring hook for the nose, with a rope about ten feet long^ for a halter. lOXlN fO BE BROKM. Now yoke the oxen to be broken, 6 NEW METHOD OF and take them to an even piece of ground. Put the halter on the nigh ox. The best way to do so is to throw the rope round the nose, and then quickly place l;he ring in the nose. If you have not this article, make a halter, and place one of the before mentioned leather straps on the nigh ox. (The use of the other strap will be explained hereafter.) Be careful to put the long end on the outside front leg, on the small part, just below the knee, and the short end on the other front leg. You will now perceive the use of the long end. Take a piece of strong twine, and twist it around the double leather, between the buckle and the BRBAKlNa OXEN. 7 leg of the ox. By tliis means you can make the strap long or shoit, and give tlie ox a long or short step. You are now ready to pix)ceed to break your oxen. Allow them to commence a shor' time, according to their own will, to get accustomed to the fettered legs. The principal object now to be obtained is to teach them to " Gee" and " Haw." If you want them to "Haw," strike the nigh ox on the nose, and the off one on the back. They will now cbiriiB round as long as you repeat the process. Should they be stub- bom, shorten the leather— (you will noF see the benefit of the twine) aiid rei)eat as before to " Haw," but e 8 NEW METHOD OF do not continue too long, every few minutes stopping. Now teach tliem to ''Gee// by striking the off ox on the nose, and the nigh one on tlie back. Continue this until you tfiink they are sufficiently obedient to com- mand. Get them familiar with what you mean by ** Gee,'' " Haw/' and *' Whoa." ■ Jow You can now put them to haul a light load ; but should they not be obedient enough, repeat the previous process ; and if in your opinion they are wild and stubborn, chain them to a post or tree, previously cut arouiid, about the height of the nan jw of the ox, to keep the chain from BREAKING OXEN. 9 rising or falling, and also cut the notch in the post so that the chain may easily slide around ; but be c?ireful that your chain is not too '>Hi im nkit -^iZ Kow commence tx) teach them to '* Gree" and " Haw/' by using the aforesaid syllables ; but in this, as well as in all other operations, be very gentle. Do not lose your tem- per ; if you do, the ox will lose his ''-■4, ';,*■'. * also. Allow them to stop every few minutes, to reflect on their new and peculiar position. Should they not turn veiy freely, take your chain from the ring, and place it around the yoke, between the centre and the miiinMBfffrijir'- 10 NEW METHOD OP bow hole, in order to give advantage to the nigh ox if to "Gee," but if to " Haw" reverse it After you are satisfied that they are sui)(3ue&. unchain them from the post, and put them through the same move- ments without the chain. If they are still awkward, chain .them to the post again, and give them another lesson, until you think they are quite obedient. In order to get them to the right rstep, again buckle on the leather to •the nigh ox, as before, and put them through another training. ^ sv-~j w%s\J \fB v«&v/ KJ%j\^\^iv\A/ jL^\j\Jyvivx^i' KJ T^n^' ' A dow must be unusually wicked if sh^ will not now entirely give up. But it sometimes happens that they will try to fight ; if so, now bring into requisition your rope. First tie it round the hind leg, and put it through the ring of the front strap, which ring should have been pre- viously placed between the two buckles of the front strap. You can now throw her as often as she tries to jump about. If she is St 1 stubborn, I would 18 NEW METHOD OF TAMING COWS. advise you to put the long buckle strap on the front legs, and turn her to her pasture or stable, and keep it on as long as you think proper ; but give her a lesson every day. . ..'? 1 ■ ,'■.» I f ■■'f 4 SV-V < v TO MAKE OX YOKES AND BOWS. First make your wood eight inches square, and four feet five inches long. Strike a centre line, top and bottom, Make your centre hole, and work the shoulder, ten inches, viz., five inches each side, (that is the bottom side. ) Then from the should- er to the first hole for the bow, six and a half inches, and from the centre of this hole to the other, eight inches. You can now commence to 20 TO MAKE OX YOKES bore your holes for the bows. First bore from the bottom tide, half way through, (with a bevel of half an inch to eafch hole.) Then finish it with a gimlet, to see if it is right with the centre. Then bore from the opposite side to meet the holes. • Now shape your yoke from the shoulder, for the neck of the ox, a curve of eighteen inches long, cut out four inches deep. Finish your bot- tom side, by rounding it down to the edg js, about one inch and a hriltl but retain a praper curve, with the centre the most. Kow take the tq). From tlie centre, between the bow holes, hollow each side to the AND BOWS. 21 centre of the yoke, about two and a half inches. We shall now have five and a half inches of wood left for the shoulder piece. Next round ybiir top, to remain at the thickness to the ends of three and a half inches. To dress your sides, commence with the centre, to four and a half inches •*f.'\/- MACHINE TO MAKE THE BOWS. 9fl^ Hf .•* ♦■fftf e ,i70od may be of pine- First, %gQQ^ piece of pine, four feet long a^di ei^lit and a half inches square. Measure eight inches from the bot- tom, and taper ten inches towards the top, nntil you have four inches p|w9Qdleft. Now taper the bottom, until a cord, from the eight inch mark around the end, measures twenty-one inches. The widest part of the wood for the bow will hft Moht 24 10 MAKE BOWSi and a half inches. Put a piece of leather on each side, quarter of an inch thick, and about two Inches wide, on the widest part, that the bow may not bind to the wood, oeo i-f For bending the bow, put two crooks of iron, the bottma one to be five inches from the bottcan, and the other about fifteen inches fioffl it, towards the top. The crooks should be two and a half inched wide, with a hook turned half an inch ; the to[) one should be eight inches long, with screws at the ends. Wnll irkxsr tmnrm 4rV%A 4-i\r\ 4"af/\ Cfc«%il k'*^ w^ rj «# »» >r lialf inclies wide, for a pulley, and to tie the bows at the top. Race your pulley in this hollow, thiity- one inches fix)m the bottom. The use of this mechanical power will readily suggest itself. You now commence to bend your bow, by placing the wood in the two crooks. Take your machine to a post, with the hooks downwards. In order to keep your machine from rising with the force of bending the bows, you must have a pin, or shoulder, to the post, either station- ary or moveable. If^ow tie a cord to the end of the bow, and pass it Mi-v/UixU. vilxj puLiiUj, O/XiU. UUillJXIcilUU lAJ 26 TPJilAKK BOWS, bend the bow. As you do so, djive a wedge in the bottom hook, to keep the bow close to the maxjhine., JP^i^ it down, and tie it together ^ top- ■': .U.UM. ^.t-t. Now take the bow off, and bend it to its proper shape and size — either wide or narrow, as you may want. Measure eight inches from the bottom, and put a brace of nine, or nine and a half inches, as may be required for large or small oxen. AUow your brace to remain until you find that the wood is suflSciently seasoned. TO MAKE BOWS. 27 ^" For steaming your wood for the bows, rock elm requires about twenty minutes, with a slow boil. Hickdry requires to be boiled slowly for about thirty minutes. ... .-«» ij'^.ii. s ■ '.'iff