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•34 Victuiiii. S. ^oiKtl PajK ir. (N(». .S.'i). 
 
 RliPORT 
 
 A. IN91 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION 
 
 IN 
 
 CAx\Al)A. CiRHAT P,RI TAIN, (HiRMAXV 
 AN'i^ TUli rXITIU) STATILS. 
 
 pni.vi'h/) nv iHtbKii of the lehislativi-: axsemhi.y. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 TRINTED BY WaRWICIC k SONS, OS AND 70 FRONT STUKEf \VK3T. 
 
 1891. 
 
 I 
 
54 Victoria. Sfissional Paprrs (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 TO TIIK 
 
 HoNouuAiii.E SiK ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, K.C.M.CJ. 
 
 LIKlTE.VANT-i:oVKIlN<iU <IK TIIK I'ltdVISCE OF ONTAKIO. 
 
 Maji it please i/oiu- Honour: 
 
 I herowith sul.init u Report on Compulsory 'Mucatlon in 
 the Province of Ontario, and the other Provinces of the 
 Dominion of Canada, toj,'ether with certain information 
 witli regard to legislation on the same suhject in Great 
 Britain, (Jermany and tlie United States. 
 
 I have the honour to he 
 
 Your Honour's 
 
 Obedient Servant, 
 
 GEO. W. ROSS. 
 
il 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ] 
 
iJl Viitiiria. 
 
 Si'ssioiiftl Papers (No. 'S'.\). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 rOMI^ULSOKV EDUCATION IN ONTARIO. 
 
 <i 
 
 Liyjlslat'tvn of 1S71. 
 
 ^. 
 
 In tlie year 1H71 theiv was passed hy the Li'<,'islative 
 A.ssi'iiiltly of the I'rovinci' of Ontario an Act entitkd, "An Act 
 to Iniprovf the ( 'oinnion and < iranniiar Schools of the Province 
 of Ontario," whicli contains tlic following enactments on tho 
 suhj'ct of compulsory education : — 
 
 Skc 3, — Kvery child from the aL,'e of seven to twelve years 
 inclusive, shall have the ri^dit to attend some school/or he 
 otherwise educated, for four months in each year ; and any 
 parent or guardian who does not jirovide that each child 
 between the ayes aforesaid under his care shall attenil some 
 school, or he otherwise educated, iis thus of right declared, 
 shall be snltject to the penalties liereinafter provided hy this 
 Act ; provided, nevertheless, that any pupil who shall he 
 niljudged so refractory hy the trustees (or a majority of them) 
 and the teaclier, that his presence in the school is deemed injur- 
 ious to tho other pupils, may he dismissed from such scliool, 
 and, where practicable, removed to an imhistrial school. 
 
 Skc. 4. — Jt .shall he competent for the police magistrate of 
 any city or town, and for any magistiate in any village or 
 town.ship or town where there is no police magistrate, to inves- 
 tigate and decide upon any complaint madt? hy the trustees, or 
 any pei.son authorized liy them, against any ]iarent or guar- 
 dian for the violation of this Act, an<i to iinpose a fine not 
 exceeding live dollars for the tirst wilful offence, and double 
 that penalty for each subserpient oHence ; which tine and pen- 
 alty shall be enforced as provided in the one liundred and 
 fortieth .secrtion of the Consolidated School Act ; provided, 
 nevertheless, that tlie police nuigistrate or justice shall not be 
 l)ound, bat may in his discretion forego to issue the war- 
 rant for the imprisonment of the otfeiidor, as in .said si^ction is 
 proviiled; provided always, that it shall lie the duty of such 
 magistrate to ascertain, as far as may be. the circum.stances of 
 any party complained of, and whether such alleged violation ha.s 
 been wilful or has been cau.sed by extreme poverty, or ill-health, 
 or too great a distance from any school ; and in either of tho 
 latter cases the magistrate shall not award punishment, but 
 shall report the circumstances to the trustees of the division 
 in which tlie otience has occurred. 
 
64 Victoria. Se.sM..iial I'apoiM (No. .'13). 
 
 L'lfiHliition of Is7'i. 
 
 A. ISOI 
 
 In \Hi\ tlio law of 1,^71 wus m-enactcl witli a-iditioiial 
 clauses, inaiiini,' it tliu .j.ity of tnistucs to ascoitaiu tho iiainos 
 ot ahirntiM, chil.livii Lotwooii tliu a;(o.s of si-ven mi.l twclvf 
 (mclusivr). to notify Die j.an'iits or Lriianlians of siir-h cliil- 
 •Iron aixl, 111 IMS., nf iifirlrct on til., part of the foriiu-r to 
 attcn-l to siifli iDtilication.to inip.tsu .m such pamits .)r ;,'uar- 
 liiaiis a iat.>l)iil .,f not iii-r.. tlian one .l.)llar p.-r month for 
 eaeli chii.i not atteiulitiir s, Ii.,.,l, or to niak.. complaint to tho 
 ina^Mstrate. It was then the .hity of i\w ma^'istl•ate to iiives- 
 ti^'at.' an.) .leci<le upon sueh complaint. 
 
 In l.S,si the law was .s.. ameii.l...l that all chil.lren hetweeti 
 the aires of seven an.l thirt.-en (inclusiv..) must atten.l .sciiool 
 tor a perioi of elev..n w.-eks in each of the two terms of the 
 puhlic school year ; 
 
 Also, that any person who receives sucli a chil.l utid.-r his 
 care or empl.>yiiient, heomes responsil.le f.)r the education of 
 Uie child as III the case of a parent. The .lutv of the parent 
 however, is not tlier.d)y atfecte.i. " 
 
 ^n the eas.! of a chil.l employe.l in any manufactory, attend- 
 ance .lunn^r one-half .)f each week of the usual time of 
 re<iuircd atten.lance at .school is .leemo*! siitHcient. 
 
 A child shall ii.)t be reipiired to atten.l a puhlic school if 
 un.ier other etlicient instruction, or if pr.. vented l.y sickness 
 or other unav.)idable cau.se, or if there is no puhlic school 
 within two miles in the case of a cliil.l under the a"e of nine 
 ami within three miles if over that ny^a. " 
 
 TrusU;es may appoint an ofKcer t.? report any vi.)lation of 
 tlie law. 
 
 No pr.jcoedin^rs shall l.o taken without fourteen .lays' notice 
 heiiijr ^rlVL•ll to |)arents or otlu.is violatin-,' the law. 
 
 \\ here a child is apparently of such an ago as to come under 
 tile provisions of the Act, it shall li.' with the .lefeiidaut to 
 prove that the child is not of such an a<'e. 
 
 Liyidutio)!, of /.s'.S'.*. 
 
 In ISS.') tho law was aifain amended and revised, takin-^ tho 
 form in which it stands to-day, as follows:— " 
 
 -()!). The parent or guardian of every child not less than 
 seven years nor moiv than thirteen years of age is iciuired to 
 cause such child to attend a public .school, or any other school 
 in which elementary instruction is given, for the period of one 
 hundred .lays in each public scho.)l year, unless there be some 
 reasonable excuse for iion-atten.lance. 
 
 21(1. A child shall not be re.iuire.l to attend a public .school 
 if such child is un.ier elHcient elementary instruction in some 
 other manner, or if such child has been i)ievented attending 
 .school by sickness or other unavoidable cau.se, or if there is 
 no public school which such child can attend within two miles 
 
 G 
 
 «l 
 
54 Victoiia. 
 
 S»'8sionaI Prtpcrs (No. Xi). 
 
 A. 18yi 
 
 il 
 
 im'iisui'ftil ftcCDnlliij,' to till' nearest roiid fium tlie rrsiileiiee of 
 .s\icli eliild, if iimler tlie a^'e of nine, ami within tlircu miles if 
 over that aL,'e. 
 
 211.— (I) Any person who receives into his lioiisc a child of 
 any other person, under thf ULje of thirteen years, and wliu is 
 resident with liiin or in his care or employment, shall he deemed 
 tliereliy to he svjliject to tht! same duty with respect to the 
 elomentary i-diication of such ehild ilurini,' siieh residence, and 
 shall lie liaiile to lie proceeded ai^ainst as in the case of a 
 parent, if he shouhl fail to perform his duty of eausini,' such 
 chihl to he eilucaled to the e.vtent reipiiredofa parent; but 
 the duty of the parent under this Act shall not therehy he 
 affected or diminished and shall continue in full force. 
 
 (2) In the case of each such chihl who is employed in any 
 manufaetory. one-half of the whole time retpiired \,y this A<!t 
 for instruction shall he deemed to bo sufficient instnietion in 
 iich ease, provideil such child is certitied by a pulilic schotd 
 inspector as havin;,' jias.sed the examination for promotion 
 from the Third Header to the Kourth Reader, according to the 
 curriculum of studies prescribed by the Kducation Pepart- 
 nient. 
 
 212. The trustees may appoint an officer, who .sliall be fur- 
 nished with the li,-,t, provided for liy secti<in 115 of this Act, con- 
 taininir the names of all children between tlie ai^es of seven and 
 thirteen, to luscertain, and report, for tlieii information, any 
 parent or other person who has failed and omitted, an<l is fail- 
 injjf and omittinj,', to perform the duty of piovidiiiij that each 
 child of his, or in his care or employment, between the a<,'es 
 aforesaid, is atteiidinjf some school or otherwist; beinj,' under 
 efficient elcineiitary instruction, and it shall be the duty of 
 such officer to notify, personally or by letter, or otherwise, such 
 parent or other person of his iie^dect or violation of duty ami 
 the conseijuenoes thereof". 
 
 'Illi. No proceeding a;,'ainst any parent or other person for 
 any ne-rfect or violation on his part of the reipii." s nts of this 
 Act shall be taken until afier the expiratitjii of i tiuteen days 
 from the time in which he has been so notified nor until such 
 parent or other person has had an opportunity of attending a 
 meeting of the trustees, to state his or her rea.soiis for not com- 
 plying with such notice ; but if such parent or other person 
 should, on being notified, either fail to appear or to satisfy the 
 tru.stees that his alleged negleet or violation of duty has 
 arisen from any of the grounds on which fie would be excused, 
 it shall be the duty of the trustees, through their said officer, 
 to make complaint of such neglect ov violation of duty to the 
 police magistrate or a justice of the peace having jurisdiction 
 under 'fhe Act reni>eeting titimnianj cunoicluiiis he fare J aa- 
 fices of the^ Peace and a/ypeals to General .b'esyio/t.s, and such 
 po'ice magistrate and justice .shall po.s.se.ss and exercise all tlie 
 powers conferred by section 217 of this Act. 
 
 214. With respect to proceedings for any offence or penalty 
 under the provisions of this Act, where a child is apparently 
 
rt4 VicJoiiii. S.sHioniil Phihtm (No. ;;;{). A ]h\)\ 
 
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 •JId. It sliall 1... (|,...l„i\ uril„.tnis(,.,w ..rrv.iv mral«..l | 
 
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 I'<-i- iimiill. Inira.-I. nl ihrircliiMivii imt athMi.lin' sdiuoT ,,r 
 tn maU<. coiiipliiut nf sii.-l. ii.'ir|,.,.| or vinlntioii t.. a jnstiro (,r 
 t It; |M-a(c !ia\iiii: .jmis.ii.tinii in sii.-li cases, as pi.".\ i-lnl \,y 
 this Act, iin.l to deliver l.i sai.l justice a slal. inent ..I" (|iV 
 iiaiM.N ami lesi.letices ..i' Hie paienls ,.i ■,'iinnliaiis of sncli cliil- 
 • ireii, unless t'nmi the circiinistanoes of |||,. c;,se Hie (nislees 
 me satislie.l that such iicu'lecf nr \ iolati.m has not heeu willul 
 
 •"■ '"'"^ ' n cause.! I.v exireiu.' |H.verty, ill-health, ..r ...VHt 
 
 M ilistance fnini nuy school. 
 
 217. (I)ltsliall l.ec,.ui|.e(ent I'or the |..>liceniH<,'islia»eof any 
 
 ••it\ or town,. )!• for an.\ just i I" th.. |«'a.v in anv \ ilia".-. t..wn- 
 
 Nhip >r t..wn w'h.'r.' lliere is no poluv iiiu^^istViil.'. to iuvcsti- 
 Kat.' ami .Icci.lc upon anv eoni|ilainl ina.le I.v tin- triislcs or 
 h.yan.y |.crs.)ii auth(.ri/..| I.v th.'Ui, ai,raiMst aiiv parent or ■■uar- 
 <lian lor tlie violation of the j.n. visions ,.f this Act, in re;,'ar.l 
 to coiiipulsorv f.lucation.aiiil t.. iinpos.. a tine n.it e.xce..riin.' 
 !f.' for the lirsl wilful otience, an.l .h.ul.lc that p.^nallv foV 
 t'vci^- stil.se.|U,.nt oth>m-e . which tin.> an.l p.-nalty shall he 
 cnloir.Ml as ju.ivi.lc.l in sccti..n "JO? of this Act, 
 
 r-\The police magistral.- or justice shall not he li.im.l to, hut 
 may, ui liis discretion, loren;.) the iH,sue of the warrant for tlic 
 
 '"'P'';*"" "f ofth.' oil, .n. I, M', as in sai.l s.rlioii is provi.le.i. 
 
 IJIS. It shall he lli.> tliity ..f the p.. lice nia^'isl rate, or any 
 justice ..f the peace where th.'i-e is no |.olice uiayistrate. to as- 
 <'i'rtain,as far as may h.'. the circiimstanc.s of aiPv person .•..ni- 
 J>!aiiic.l oi' for not s.'ii.lin^ his clnhlivn to s..iiie .scii..ol or other- 
 wise ducat iiur Iiiiii orth.'in.an.lwh.'tlwr llieall.'i,'..|'vi..|ation 
 has hcen wilful, or has l.e.'ii cause.l i.y .■xtreme p.'.vertv, or ill- 
 I'«>alth, or too ;,'rent a distance from 'any school; and" in anv 
 ot thy latter cases the ma^dstrate .shall jiot awanl puni.shment 
 I'lit shall report the circumstances to the trust. 'cs of the school 
 sfctuui in which the odcnce has occurre.l. 
 
 • 
 
 NOVA St'OTIA. 
 
 The law in Nova Scotia (passed in 1,S,S4 an.l revised in 
 
 hSS.S) is as follows : — 
 
 7'). It .shall he the .luty of the oluiirman of .-acn annual 
 scliool mceti?!.,' liel.l under the provish.iis of this chapter to 
 call upon the ipialitie.l voters present at such nit'otinir to vote 
 yea or nay on the resolution emhraced in schedule A 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 

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 .•hil.i «;l'«. Iiu^ ,ill..,„i...| s,.|h„.I l,„t lias ,i„l, n-acl,..,! U... ,„.,.in.| 
 of ••i,i,'lity lull .lays. ' 
 
 7!t. S,„.|i li,,..: sliall 1... ,.,,||,.,.t,.,| „. ,,„.,i..,.t,i,„i Willi 111,. 
 .s.Tt,.„,al s,.|,.„.l ,at.s ,.r Ui.. rul|..wi,|.^. v.a,-, a,..l as a part 
 
 •SO. TI... ,a»..p,.,y..,s |.n.s,.„| at tin a,„i„al .sell..,, I , ,ir,ir 
 
 an. ..„i,,„w..,-,.,| I.MiiaU.. ,„...visio„ t„ c,Mn|M.,isat.. tli.. tn,sl,...s 
 »..r h.. .|,s,.|,n,-ir,. „t tlio .l„li,.s i„ip„s...| l.y t|,is .liap,..,- 
 
 .'^I. Ill i,ii|M.s,„;. ii„,.s r,„- railu,.,. to alt..,i.| III.. ,•..,, ui,-..,| 
 "!'"""" I"''i«'.i ..r ..i.^lily r„|| .|;,vs, t,„.st,...s shall ..x,.,„pt 
 
 .su.li pa,v„|s ,„• ^„a,..lia„s as ra,, sh-.w tli.ii tl...i,- HiiMn.ri an- 
 iM'it.i,' I.rnp..,|\ .•,|i.,.at...l .,tl,..,.wis.. |l,a,i j,, t|,„ ,,„|,|j,. ,(.,.,.„|s 
 <ji; wlins,. rlMl.ln.,, an. l,y .vas,,,, „f .{..h.-at,. la'altli, .„• U'.hv'r 
 .lista.it ..y.T tvv.. i,m|..s In.in a .scli,.,.!, ..,• oti,..,- snlli,.!,.,,! .•a„s..s" 
 pivv..,,!...! hum atliiiclaiic... 
 
 S± |'a,.,.,it. ..,• j,n,anlia„s (i,,,.,) ,„„|„, n,,. p,..,vi>i„„s ..C this 
 ;;•' 'I' '•'• '•"'. npp.-al. witl,i,i |,.„ .lays IV..,,. the i„,posi,„r ol" sai.l 
 !""■..<•• imy p„|ic.. ,iia-ist,-at.. ..,• ,stip..,„lia,-v mn.'istnit.. r. si.l- 
 iMir ,„ tl,., s..ction, .„•. i„ th.. al.s..,i(... „f Mich ,.||i,.,., t„a„v 
 
 ;y; "'V'"^^!"'" "'. l'- l ■••. ^^•'i<' "lay ,v„,it .„• ,n.,.lifV tli.. li,,;, 
 
 altrr Ii..a|.|ii:,r ,.v,.|..|i(.,. m such ca.s.. 
 
 N.-!. It shall 1... th.. .luty ..f tl,.. May.,,- ..f tli.. ( 'itv ..f llalifav 
 t.> .s„l.„,i( a,„i„ally.m .„■ I,..r.,n. ,h.. (i,st -lav.!' < M,,!,.,- t., tli'.. 
 
 s^nnir ' l';,''*^^"''"!"" V"'"'"""' '" '^'•'"^•'"l'- A, with th.; 
 M . t,t„t .,„ „| the, w..,-.ls " :h. city of Halifax- fo,- tht- words 
 
 •Ills s..(.(io„, as to<ii„| ,„ sai.l .s(.|i...I.il... 
 
 N4. \Mi...„,.v..r tl,.. ,-oso|„ii„„ afon-sai.l shall hav.. ,..,-,.iv.-.l 
 t ti,r;' . 'i;;'"J"'-.ty .,f tl„. .„..,„l...,s of th.- -itv council 
 vutniK t.i..ioui,. the c..,„„„ss,<„„.,.,s of schools, o„ .vc-i'vin-r ,lue 
 
 1 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 notice of such action of the city council, shall and are hereby 
 required to perform, in resjject to the city of Halifax, all the 
 duties assigned by sections 7G, 77, 78, 79, SO and 81 of this 
 chapter to trustees of schools in regard to their respective 
 school sections, and to report to the city council as soon after 
 the first of November as possible all tines imposed by them 
 under provisions of section 78. 
 
 85. It shall be the duty of the warden or presiding officer 
 of each town in the province having .special municipal incor- 
 poration to submit annually, on or before the first dky of 
 October, to the town council, the resolution embraced in 
 schedule A, with the substitution of the word " town " for 
 " section," as found in said schedule. 
 
 86. Whenever the resolution aforesaid shall have received 
 the assent of a majority of the members of the town council 
 voting thereon, the town council shall and are hereby required 
 to perform, in respect to the municipality, the duties assigned 
 by sections 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 and 81 to trustees of schools in 
 regard to their respective sections. 
 
 87. Sections 78 and 81 of this chapter shall be taken as 
 applicable to the city of Halifax and incorporated towns as 
 well as to ordinary school sections. 
 
 SCHEDULE A. * 
 
 Resolved, that the provisions of sections 75 to 87 (inclusive), 
 of chapter 29 of the Revised Statutes, shall be made operative 
 in this section. 
 
 SCHEDULE B. 
 
 To any of the Constables of said County : 
 
 We command you to summon A.B., of County, to 
 
 appear before us at , on the day of , at 
 
 o'clock in noon, to answer to the charge of having 
 
 failed to cause B.C. to attend school as provided by chapter — 
 of the Revised Statutes, " Of Public Instruction." Hereof fail 
 not, and make due return hereof within ten days from (he 
 •date hereof. 
 
 V 
 
 Dated at 
 
 -, this 
 
 day of 
 
 , A.D. 18- 
 
 C. D. ) 
 
 F. F. V Trustees. 
 
 G.H.) 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 The law of Prince Edward Island, passed in 1877, is as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Every person having under his control a child between the 
 ages of eight and thirteen shall annually send such child to 
 some public school for at least twelve weeks, six weeks of 
 which time ahall be consecutive, and for every neglect of audi 
 
 10 
 
• 
 
 54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 duty the party offending shall forfeit to the use of the trustees 
 a sum not exceeding twenty dollars. But in cases of extreme 
 poverty or where the child has been otherwise furnished with 
 
 n?fKl"!i-n"'^^'°?'^'' ^^''■*'' '^'^ ^°^il>' «'■ «»e"fcal condition 
 ot the child IS such as to prevent his attendance at school, the 
 penalty shall not be incurred. 
 
 on'i'^J!^l''"^'*'^^ l''^" ''"'1''''"^ '""^^ a" cases of neglect of duty 
 and shall prosecute any person guilty of such neglect." 
 
 QUEBEC, NEW BRUNSWICK AND MANITOBA. 
 
 In Quebec and New Brunswick and Manitoba there are no 
 laws making education coinpulsorj'. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Compulsory Laws of 1872. 
 
 In 1872 an Act was passed to amend and extend the pro- 
 visions oi the law of Scotland o„ the subject of education 
 The following are in brief its provisions •— u^uoion. 
 
 tary education in reading, writing and arithmetic for his 
 children between five and thirteen y^ars of age, and if uLble 
 to pay there or to apply to the pamchial board of the paHsh 
 or burgh which would then be required to pay out of the poor 
 fund the ordinary and reasonable fees for the elemenC 
 education of every such child. t-iemencaiy 
 
 offl?' ^^^^'^'^^.b^^^l'e duty of everv school board to appoint an 
 officer who shall keep the board constantly informi!? of the 
 names and designations of all such parents Is have failed and 
 omitted to provide for their children .such elementary educa- 
 tion a. aforesaid, and the school board is authorized^ sum- 
 mon any such parent to appear before it. If he fafls to Ze 
 a satisfactory explanation of his neglect of duty and shall not 
 
 S^nf fn?' ^'■? «^^'J,gi^ea written certificate to this 
 
 effect to the procurator of the district who shall prosecute anv 
 
 such parent before the sheriff" of the county P'^'"^"*^ *^°y 
 
 71. On conviction the parent shall be liable to a penaltv nnf 
 
 Wttn°^'"%^''"'"^^ 2' ^^ iniprisonment norexcetHng 
 fourteen days. This procedure may be repeated against fhf 
 same parent, on a continuance of th^ same S g ect of Tuty at 
 intervals of not less than three months i"iiy, at 
 
 All fines shall be paid into the school fund 
 
 J2' T\^^'^''^ ^^'"^ employs a child under the age of thir- 
 teen who has not attended school regularly for at least thre^ 
 
 dnd'^rir *'' r.^ '' '^^ ^"^ '^-^«- and^s utbt : 
 
 read and write, and who continues such child in his employ- 
 
 s^In b 'd ""'^? i'^^i!^'' "^^°°^ ■^•^^'■*^' -• -»y off! erffiS. 
 shall be deemed thereby to undertake the dity of a parent 
 
5+ Victiiiin. 
 
 Sessional Papors (No. .'H). 
 
 A. ISIIl 
 
 Avitli I'cspcct to tlir olciiirntnry ('(lucation of siicli cliiM so loiii; 
 as lie ii'iiiains in his eniployniont. and sluill Ix' liaMc ti> ln' 
 ])r()(M.'e<li'<i against as ^n-ovidcil in the ciisc of a paivnt, if, \vitli- 
 out reasdnahle excuse, lie fails to peii'orni his dnty ; but the 
 duty of the ])arent shall not therehy he lessened. 
 
 7':$. A eertiticate of ahility to read and wi'ite and of a 
 kniiwledife (if elementary arithmetic, j;ranted in favour of any 
 child liy one of Her Majesty's inspectors, shall exempt the 
 parent and all employers of such child from all prosecution 
 under this Act. 
 
 Amendmenfs or 1ST8, 
 
 Tn 1H78 an Act was pussed to further amend the provisions 
 of the law of Scotland on the subject of education. In it are 
 the following;; provisions :— 
 
 5. A person shall not take into his employment (except as 
 liereinafter in this Act mentioned) any child — 
 
 (1) Who is under the age of ten years; or 
 
 (2) Who, beinjjf of the age of ten years and not more than 
 fourteen, has not obtained a certificate of ability to read and 
 write and of a knowleilge of elementary arithmetic, unless 
 such child being of the age of ten years or upwards is em- 
 ployed and is attending .school in accordance with the pro- 
 visions of any Act of Parliament regulating the education of 
 children employed in labour, or of any minute of the Scotch 
 education department fixing the standard *)f education to lie 
 required for the partial exemption of chihlren from the obliga- 
 tion to attend school. 
 
 6. No child under the age of ten years shall, save as herein- 
 after mentioned, be employed in any casual employnient, and 
 no child who is above the age of ten years, but under fourteen, 
 shall, save as aforesaid, unless he has olitained a certificate of 
 ability to read and write and of a knowledge of elementary 
 arithmetic, be employed in any casual employment after nine 
 o clock at night, from the first day of April to the first day of 
 October, and after seven o'clock at night from the first day of 
 October to the first day of Ajn-il. 
 
 Casual employment "shall mean employment for purposes of 
 gain in streets or other places in vending or ' xposing for sale 
 any article whatsoever and also employment of any other 
 kind outside the child's own liome, not being employment the 
 lawful period whereof is regulated by any Act of Parlianieut. 
 
 A seiiool board may, hy writing under the liand of the 
 clerk, exempt from prohibitions of this section any child for a 
 period or periods iian;ed in such writing, and not exceeding in 
 the whole six weeks, between the first day of January and the 
 thii'ty-tirst day of December in any year. 
 
 7. A ])erson shall not be deemed to have taken a child into 
 his cmidoyment conti'ary to the pi'ovisions of this Act, if it is 
 proved to the satisfaction of the sheriff either — 
 
 12 
 
 ^ 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Pnpors ( :• 
 
 :\n). 
 
 A. isni 
 
 (1) lliMt .liinn<r tlio (MMployiiinit tliero is !iot within three 
 mile.s, nicasurei arc^nliu- to th.. noarost roa.i, from tht- rosi- 
 • lo.ice ot .such chil.l ;my inspccto.! school op,.ii whicli the chil-l 
 can attend ; or 
 
 (2) That such t-niployinent is .hirinjr the .school hoh.lav.s or 
 <luMn,:. th.; honrs .lurin- which .school is not open, not iVin- 
 hours -lunn- which casual en.ployn.ont is heroinhefore pro' 
 niuitcd ; or ' 
 
 (.•5) That the employnient is exe.apte.l l.y notice of the 
 schoo hoaniierenmfter next M.ontione.l ; tlint is to sav the 
 .schoo board .nay, if it thinks tit, issue a notice exei.m'tin-v 
 troni the prohil.itions and restrictions of this Act the em .lov" 
 inentnt eluMren a hove the a-e of ei-ht years, for the neces- 
 sary operations .,t husbandry an<l the inoatherin.r of cn.ns or 
 o jrm. a.ssistance for the period to 1„. nanu'd in such notice- 
 Uovide. that the period .,r peri,,d.s so named shall not exceed 
 m the whde SIX week.s between the tirst day of January and 
 the thirty hr.st day ..f J kceml^er in anv year 
 _ The .school board shall cai,>e a copy of every such notice so 
 
 the'distri* ' '' ^" ''''*''' *'*" "'^ ^■^'""-■'"-■^^ »»•' '^t'l'oo's in 
 8 Every person who takes a child into his emplovnient in 
 contravention ot tins Aet shall l-e liable, on summary convic- 
 tion, to a penalty not exceedino f,,ity shillirers 
 
 9. A parent of a child who employe .sueh child in any labour 
 exercised by way of trade or for the purposes of .ain.'or who 
 peim.t.s such ch.M to be enna.,d in any .such labour on its 
 own behalf shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to 
 take such child into his emplovnient. 
 
 , -n" ^'^"i P'-ovisioRsof this Act respecting the employment of 
 children shall be enforce.] in the .listrict of every school boar.l 
 by that board, provide.l that it shall be the .futy of the in- 
 spectors an. I sub-inspectors acting un.h.r the Acts re-ulatin- 
 tactor.es, w.irk.sli.)ps an.l mines respectively, and .lot of the 
 school board t.. enforce the observance by" the en.plovers of 
 chd. re.i ..^ the provisions of this Act respecting the eniploy- 
 ine..t o children 1.1 sucli factories, workshops a.i.l mines but 
 It shall be the duty ot the sclmol board to assist the .sai.l 
 luspecto.^s an.l sub-nispectors in the perf.)rmance of their duty 
 by intormation and otherwise. 
 
 11. Where the age of any cliihl is re.piired to be a.scertaine.l 
 any per,son on presenting a written re.iuisition an.l .>n pay- 
 ment of the prescribed fee, shall be entitled to obtain, umJer 
 the han.i ot the registrar, a.i extract of the eiitrv in the reikis. 
 try tor births. " " 
 
 12. If it appears to any sheriff, on the complaint .)f an 
 othcer of a .school board acting nn.ler this Act, that there is 
 reasonable cause to believe that a ehihl is empl.,yed in cmtra- 
 vention ot this Act in any place, such slieriH may empower an 
 othcer of the school b,nir<l to enter such place and examine it 
 and any person found therein touching the employment of 
 *ny child therein. . J "^ 
 
 13 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Si'ssional TajuTs (No. 3.'}). 
 
 A. IS!) I 
 
 Any ]ifis(iii icfu.-^iiiL,' admission to iiii otliccr .-iiitliori/cd 
 tiiiilcr (Ills section of olistnictiiiL; liiiii in tlic <lisc'liiiiL;i' of liis 
 duty slinli for cacli otrcnco lie liiililr. im sninniiirv conviction 
 bd'orc I lie slicriir, to a ])cn)ilt_v not oxcccdiriLT twenty pounds. 
 
 1.'^. Wliere the oU'ence of tiilvinij: a eliild into eni])loynient in 
 Contravention of tliis Act, is in fact coiuniitted liy ;m jiLTfUt or 
 \vori<nian of the eiii|iloyer, .such ai;ent or worlonan .shall lu- 
 lifilile to a [lenalty as if he were the employer. 
 
 Where a I'hiiil is taken into employment in coiitraveTition of 
 this Act on the jiroiluction l>y nr wilii the privity of the 
 jiarcnt on a fnlse or fori^ed certiticiite, oi- on the false represen- 
 tation of his parent that the cliild is df ;u\ a.i,'e nt which such 
 emi)loyment is not in contravention ( this Act, that jmrent 
 .shall he liahlo to a penalty not exceeding,' forty shillings. 
 
 Where an employer chari,'ed with taking- a child into his 
 omploymeiit in contravention of this Act ]iroves that he has 
 used (iue dilij^ence to enforce the ohservance of this Act, and 
 that either soiU(> aj,fent or workman of his employed t,lu' child 
 without his knowledj^'o or con.sont, or that the child was em- 
 ployed cithei' on the production of a forif(>d or false certiticatc, 
 and under the helief in j;-ood faith in the ^reniiineness and truth 
 of such certificate, or on the representation hy his parent that 
 the cluld was of an au^e at which his emjiloyment would not 
 he in contravention of tliis Act, an("' under the helief in >,'ood 
 faith in such representation, the employer shall he exempt 
 from any penalty. 
 
 AmeiiifvieiitK of /SS-1. 
 
 (k 
 
 In 1S83 an Act was passed in Avhicli further amendments 
 were made to the laws relatine- to education in Scotland as 
 follows : — 
 
 Parents shall he required to ,u;ive elementary education to 
 their children between the ayes of tive and fourteen. 
 
 It shall not he lawful from and after the first day of 
 Septei\iber, 1S«;"), for any lun-scn to take into Ids employment 
 a child being of the ae;e" of ten years and not more than four- 
 teen years, unless such child (l)"has ]>as.sed the third standard 
 prescribed by the minutes of the Scotch education depart- 
 ment, and is attending; a public or inspected school in accord- 
 aT\ce with the provisions of the twenty-third section of the 
 Factory and Woi-kshop Act, 1.S7M, or of any minute of the 
 Scotch' education department fixing tlic number of the 
 attendances at school to be reipiired of such children ; or (2) 
 has obtained a certiticatc of ability to read and write, and of a 
 knowledge of elementary arithmetic under the immediately 
 succeediiiij; section. 
 
 A certiticate of ability to read and write and of a knowledge 
 of elementary arithmetic shall not be granted in favour of any 
 child unless such child has passed the tifth standard prescribed, 
 by the minutes of the Scotch education department. 
 
 14 
 
54 Victoria. Sossioiuil F';i|..ts (N... '.V.i). 
 
 A. 1S91 
 
 »k 
 
 , 
 
 It tlir i-aivnt .,f „ ..Iiii,!, \viMi.,ul ,vasu„aM,. rscis,. n...rl,.,.ts 
 
 to I.n.Vl.l.. |.|i,,.,rMt, ..|,.,M,.m;iiy ..,l,„.;,tinM MS af..iv.s;,ii| r.M- his 
 Hlll,l, ...■ tails tn s..,.,ur (I,., ivt^rulur .•itt.wi.jn.HV nf Ills rliil.j ,it 
 souH' piil.lu; or iMsprct..,! scl.ool, it shall l,„ lawful lor the 
 selion iMKud, alter .hic warnin- to thr ixuvi.t of such cliii-l („ 
 coinplain to a court of su.n.uary juris.lictioM, and Mirh court 
 
 nuiy it sati^lM.I of (hr truth ..f such plaint, onl.r that th(. 
 
 *■'"''.' •'".••''t''li<l soiuc p„Mic ,„• i.lspcctr.l sel I willin.r to 
 
 receive hnu ami uaiue,| i,, U,,, ,„,|,.,._ hn„^, ..jthcr such as'^thi. 
 p;ncn( nmv select, or, if he .jo not select anv. then such as the 
 <''^nri thmk e.xpe,heMt, an.l the chil-l shall atten.j that school 
 every time the .school is open, an-l .Jurin- the wholn time such 
 sclu.o isopcn tor the instruction of chii,|ren of similar a.rc 
 i.HNiulin.^r t|,„ ,|„_,. ,i .,i uy ,1,, i„sp..otor for his annual vi.s't' 
 .)r in Mich other r.-uh,r onler as is .sp,.cifi,.,| i„ the or.ler 
 
 An or.h.r under this sectinn is i,, this Act refcrre,! to as an 
 attcn.lance onl..,-. \\ ,,,,.,. ,„. attendance or.jcr is not compli,.! 
 with without reasonah!,. ...vcu.se, a court of sinnmarv iuris.lic- 
 tion, on complaint ma-le hy the school huar.l, mav, "if "it think 
 fit, nnpo.sc a penalty not e.xcci.lin- twenty shillin-rs, with ex- 
 penses, .u' of imprisonment not exc Ji^.^r tourtoen .lavs 
 
 A rea.sonahle excuse for non-atten.lance shall he sickness or 
 any o iier unayoi.lahle cause, or the fact that there is nopub- 
 ].c .school which the child ,an attcul within three nliles 
 moasi.ro.1 alon- tho nearest road, from the residence of such 
 
 Where the school hoar.l are informe.I l,y anv person of any 
 child in then- .hstrict \ylio is stated hy tliat person not to he 
 in course of receivinjr elementary education hy reirnhu- attend- 
 ancx'at somepuhhcor inspected .school or otherwise, it .shall 
 
 Act u'nl' %r '\' ir^ ''I'T* '•• ^"^" P-^'^'-ii'>^-"".l.- this 
 Act, unlcs.s the schoo hoanl. tor reasons to he set forth in their 
 nunutes, think that .t is inex,>edient to tak,- such procee<linss' 
 
 liEI'OKT OI- t'OMMITTKK OX EDUCATION' I\ SC0TI,A.\|). 
 
 The report of the co.mnittee on education in Scotlan.l for 
 aitndance •"' ^""""" "" '''' ^"'''"^^ "^ compulsory 
 
 On compulsory attendance, our opportunities for takin- 
 evidence were almost confined to the lai towns 
 
 In town and country the .luestion pre.sT-nts itself in different 
 a pects. In the North of Scotlan.l. we are tohl by Dr. h'ohert 
 
 liSHct't[^T..^^'T*^^'' ('hief Inspector of Scho,>ls for the 
 
 lis let that ,n towns the attendance is reasonably satisfac- 
 
 toy, the powers of scliool boar.ls are sufficient, and occasional 
 
 piusecutions serve as effective warnings to parents in .^eneml 
 
 rt^ui^rt:^.;""^^^"^^ "^ opinioiramoSg sherifi. remle!!; 
 
 chi^^nvVr't'" l"" f"?\ ''^^'■'' ^"'^ *'"^^ ^^^ <lefaulter.. are 
 ^n s^nf- *,' -Ih ''? < ay-'^''^"''''"^ "f "" particular trade, arti- 
 /ans ot sh.ttless habits or inferior efficacy, and especially 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Scssiotiiil ra])t'r.s (No. t]'.]). 
 
 A. 181)1 
 
 workin<.j women. Of tlie.se, e.scept in times of depression of 
 trade, tlie working' woman, wlio.^-e cliild is often lialiitiially a 
 truant, is the only parent deserving' of real sympathy." Tlie 
 tine anil costs together seldom now amoinit to moi-e than lOs. 
 When the tine of £1 and £\ of costs was the normal jienalty, 
 otiences were less frecpient. But on the whole " only a small 
 residuum of the working,' cla.s.ses come before the board as 
 defaulters." 
 
 In rural districts, on the contrary, compulsion is "almost a 
 failure." The (Jode permits ciiildreii who have pas.sed 
 the Third Standard to be withdrawn for half the year, 
 if " Ijeneticially and ni'cessarily employed at work." Un<ler 
 this clau.se, as now understood in Aberdt^eiishire, niany more 
 chilih-en of school age than in past years are employed in 
 herding and other rural occupations, an<l this seems to be 
 regarded as "a reasonaltle excuse" for withholding them 
 from examination. Similar reports have been made in recent 
 yeai's from other country parts nt' Scollaml. 
 
 The remedy suggested by J)r. Ogilvie was to entrust the 
 compulsoiy poweis to a board representing a larger area, a 
 county, oi'a parliamentary division, who would call upon the 
 smaller boards tor refuins of the absentees. This deserves 
 consideration when county local government comes to be re- 
 orj,'anized. In the meantime some good may be done by 
 increased vigilance of the ilepartment. In .some instances a 
 change for the better has been elfected by a circular ealling 
 for a return of all absentees In one case, on a surprise visit 
 in summer, a school was found with " each standard repre- 
 sented by one pupil, except the fourth, in which there were 
 two." 
 
 The number presented for examination is also much auccted 
 by farm .sei-vants .shitting at the term from one school dis- 
 trict to another. To meet this, it would be well if attendance 
 in the two schools could be allowed to count as if in one. 
 
 Tlie case of Gkmjoio. 
 
 In Glasgow great pains are taken to secure attendance by 
 methods described to us liy Mr. Mitchell, convener of the 
 school attendance committee. 15y constant work of the 
 school ofHcers on the streets (for two days of the week in 
 plain clothes), by doaliiig judiciously and kindly with parents 
 summoned, by good relations with jiarochial boards, and by 
 the help of charitable agencies, almost all the children 
 between seven and twelve years of age are brought to 
 school. Of children ove*' twelve and under fourteen also 
 we are told that nearly three-fourths are at school, but of 
 children between tive and seven less than one-half attentl. 
 " The department are always urging upon the board to get 
 more infants to school," The board are less zealous about 
 this, partly because the earlier the children come the sooner 
 they pass the Fifih Standard and leave. We think, however, 
 ^ 10 
 
54 Victiiria. 
 
 Sossional Papers (No. .*j:}). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 that tlio deparfciiii'iit is r'v^ht in attachin.nj ixroal importance to 
 the early iliHeipline of chiiractcr iiml traiuiiiL,' nt' attention to 
 l>e at'iiuirei in infant scliools. For the more promising,' chil- 
 dren much may he .lone to encoiira<,'u them to remain hy a 
 librral supply of small hursaries, to he held at ;rrant-ai(le<l 
 schools l)y tiiose who liave passed the fifth standard. In 
 (fla.s!,'o\v more tliasi 200 such hursaries ui-iv a Ivn-tised this 
 year for competition, and l,h<,' scheme for the Marshall Trust 
 will soon add lar^rely to their numher. On tiie whole tlie 
 school hoard seems to ilesire no ch:.i;i,'e in the compulsory 
 clauses, and und(>r a local Act of L'STn, (Uasj^ow has day in- 
 dustrial sch.ools, which ai-o workinLf well outside of, hut in 
 harmony with the School Hoard. 
 
 The C(i.ir of hWinhurfjh. 
 
 In lvlinhur<,di, on tin; contrary, it was represented to us hy 
 Miss Stevenson, for twelve years convener of the .school at- 
 tendance connnittee, that there is a certain class for whose 
 case the present compulsory powers are insufJicient. Of these 
 '■' neglected children" ahout oOO are destitute, or have vicious 
 parents. The rest are children of respectable parents, widows 
 and widowers, who are at work all day, and unable to control 
 them. It is desired to obtain legal [jinver, as given in the 
 English Act of iNGG, to connnit such children %y order of 
 court, at the instance of tlie school board, to certified dav 
 industrial .schools for short periods of detention. It is admit- 
 ted that there might be .some difficulty in providing for reli- 
 gious instruction of Roman Catholics, but they wouhl lie pro- 
 tected, as in England, by a conscience clause, if this difficulty 
 were got over, detention of the child would certainly be a 
 more hojieful remedy than punishment of the parent, which 
 also the court is often unwilling to inflict. The .sherifF in 
 Edinburgh, indeed, had .said publicly that the work of the 
 Connnittee was inefiectual from the fact that they had no 
 power to secure the proper attendance of truant and neglected 
 children. In Aberdeen also the school board has repeatedly 
 petitioned for day industrial schools. 
 
 Dundee. 
 
 In Dundee, the number not regularly attent'ing school is 
 la/ge. This was ascribed partly to chronic ill-health, from 
 living in wretched dwellings of 'one room, but chiefly to the 
 dissolute and drunken habits of the parents. The remedies 
 for both these crying evils rest v/ith other than educational 
 authorities. Under such .sad circumstances the same parents 
 are prosecuted again and again, and in default of payment of 
 fines it is not uncommon to send them to prison. These pro- 
 secutions have an important indirect efiect on other parents. 
 Voluntary agencies also, providing a clothing fund, and free 
 2 (c.E.) 17 
 
") 4 Victoria. 
 
 Sossioiial Papers (No, ;{:',). 
 
 A. 1S91 
 
 (liiiiiiTs, liavf ht'lpi'il iimcli to Krin;,' \iry juxjr cliildruii to 
 st;liool, and to j^ft lii'ttiT work from tlwiii. More is (loiu- l)y 
 • Iniwinj,' thiin l)y drivintj:. I't'imy scluxds have Imh'ii foiunl 
 vi-ry successful in inducing' tlic "poorest to atteml. It was 
 admitted that more accomiuodatioii of this i<iiid ou^^ht to lie 
 siipplifd, and that a more viLTorous ])oli('y could thou he pur- 
 sued in rei,'ar(l to the infei'ior adventure scliouls, which still 
 lintfer on in J)undee. One witness was stroM;L(ly of opinion 
 that in the jjoorest districts schools should be tni'tirclv free up 
 to the third standard. The Parochial j'.oard are "liberal in 
 payiu;.,r for ehihlren ri;c(jminended to them l.y the school 
 lioard. In the evenini^ schools the fees are low, and pains are 
 tiiken to make tlit teaching;' attractive. 
 
 In <,'eneral, .so far as the evidence iroes, we are of opinion 
 that the existinir Iciral powers should siiHice, if used with 
 vipmr, tact, and kindly feelinn', to deal with tjie ditlicult and 
 tljileate question of compulsion. Ihit for lari,'e towns we 
 recommend the extension to Scotland of the piiwer of estab- 
 lishinnr day industrial schools, as tfivon in the English Act of 
 l(S(i(), or in the Glas<^ow Act of 1S7S. 
 
 The recommendations made by th(,' committee on this sub- 
 ject are as follows: — 
 
 _ _ 1. That in <;-eneral tho cxistini,' le,ual powers of compulsion, 
 if used with viLjour ami discretion, should sufFice. 
 
 2. That in country districts vi<,'ilance should be exercised by 
 the Department to prevent laxity in accepting,' ordinary rural 
 occupations as "a reasonable excu.se " for withiioldiniLr children 
 from examination. 
 
 li. That, in order to meet tlie case of nei^dected chiMren in 
 large towns, the power of establislunrr day industrial schools, 
 as .i,'iven in the Kurdish Act of IStiG, or in the Glasgow Act of 
 187<S, should be extended to Scotland. 
 
 Evidence Given Bekohe the Committee. 
 
 The evidence given before the committee on tliis subject 
 is of interest and a portion is given. 
 
 Evidence of Mr. William Mitchell, convener of the school 
 attendance committee of Glasgow. 
 
 One of tlie questions referred to us is that of compulsory 
 attendance of children at schools, and I should like to begin it 
 from this ])oint of view; there are, I suppose, a very large 
 number in Gia.sgovv of children whom it is distinctly dithcult 
 to get to attend ?— I would .say that, with certain limits, the 
 limits of age from 7 to 12, we have succeeded pretty nearly in 
 getting the whole of the children of that age to school, witli 
 the exception of some of the very lowest class, but there is 
 still a very wide field under years, and between (i and 7, 
 and beyond 12— from 12 to 18. Of children from 5 to 7 we 
 have a population in Gla.sgow of 25,7()S, and of these only 
 11,")()0, or the one-half, are found on school rolls. Between 7 
 and 12, the population is estimated at 54,572, and we liave on 
 
 18 
 
')4 Victoria. Sessidiial Papers (No. tVA). 
 
 A. 181(1 
 
 
 the Ncliool rolls ')4,(jr)4, sliovvin-- tluit the wliol.' of tlic rliildnti 
 l.ctwfcn 7 and 12 an- on sclio.,1 n.lls. Tlirir att.n.iancc is of 
 eonrso, a <lifKMvnt niattt-r, and will 1„. spokin of sui,s,.,,,„.„ilv 
 Jk'twi'en 12 and 14 tin re is a population of M,-J41, with 7470 
 on school rolls, -o that our atti-nlion is chiollv diroetcd to' tin- 
 two fXtrcnif.->, under 7 and ahovo 12, except li certfun nunih.'i 
 of the lowest and poorest class of children from 7 to l->. 
 
 Ml'd'lin UfinI In sVOOV Attriuldiicc. 
 
 Hy what means have you Micceede.l in -ettin^r so ,„anv of 
 the children to .school .' We adoj.ted a system in the first 
 year of the .school hoard's existence, and that system ha.s heen 
 steadily and iv-nlarly continued ever since. l" hold it to he 
 of the lirst importance to -ot hold of a jr„od sy.stem and keen 
 to It, .so that the parents may he educated thonai-ddy into it 
 which IS a y-reat step in th.; ri;,dit direction to heoin with W,' 
 iiave two modes of ascertainin.LT the names and a.ldivss.'s of 
 (letaultm- children. Kvery week onr oJlicers call at all the 
 .schools of the city, inelu.liiii,^ Roman Catholic and Se.s.siunal' 
 aiKl all other .schools as wll as the hoard .schools (except what! 
 are called h,,uher cln,ss seho..ls), an.l ^'et Iron, the teachers a 
 tabulated h.st oi all children who have ah-ented tliem.selv. s 
 or who have attended .so invi-nlaily as to make it neci'.s.sarv 
 that the olhcers should call upon the parents and warn tliem ' 
 Do you supply the forms to the othei schools for makin- 
 these return.s^-Wc do. That is one mode. The other is 
 that tor two days in the week our otlicers an; on the streets in 
 plain clothes. They tak.. off their ordinary uniform, hecause 
 we know that if they ha<l on their uniform the children 
 would run away. They exchange their districts every now 
 and again as their faces get familiar to the childr.-n and 
 go up to all the children they find on the stv,ets during .school 
 hours. The children are ready to answer, when once t1.ey are 
 tairly in the toils. W e never lose sight of tlie fact that it is the 
 parents we have to deal witli, rather than the children Some 
 people think that there is nothing for the officers to do hut to 
 collar the children, and carry them off to school, hut we can- 
 not legally do that. The officers bring to the schooTboa 1 
 office the names ot the children's parents. They tlien cla.ssifv 
 the names and addresses into tlie various districts .so that 
 each ofhcor only calls on the parents within his own" district 
 iha hrst necessity ot the case with us is to cla.s.sifV the names 
 We cannot proceed .satisfactorily, unless each officer has the 
 names ot the defaulting children who belong to his own distr ct 
 The next step is that the officer calls upon"the parent , re. mm: 
 strates with them and warns them of the consequences of such 
 default. He usually gets the promise from the parents that 
 he child will be sent to school. The officer gets the name 
 the school to which the parent j.romises to send the child and 
 calls at the .school to ascertain if the child 1ms been sent Tf 
 so, good and well, but if not, then the officer leaves r, ,nnted 
 warning form, in which is entered the name of the d and 
 
 19 
 
"k^f 
 
 I 
 
 5+ N'ictttriti. 
 
 Si'ssiojiiil l*ii|icrs (No. ;{;{). 
 
 A. I, SO I 
 
 till' |iarciit ; ahu u copy of Mu- ivsiilt of pioscoiitioiiH of otlii-r 
 parties lilt aloiii,' witli il, for tin- purpose of Icttirii; tlio 
 parents see what tlit) conseipieiiiTs will lie if tiny <lo not 
 attend to tlie i.oar.j's reipiiremcnts. 'I'lint is tlie secotni step 
 after t lie lirst lias liei'ii f((innl iiieH'cctiial. It may lie a week 
 or a foittiii,'lit, or tlire(* weeks, aftei- the first call of tht! ollieer 
 when this notice is left, accortliii;,' lo eiicimistaiices, I may 
 say tliat hetwi-eii these two steps the I'lvjiirr iiiiiiilior of the 
 irrej^ular and ahsontee children are ^jot into school. 
 
 Klfrcis (if Ciniipitisitni. 
 
 Is that when yon have taken the tirst and second step? — 
 Yes, the lirst sti p swci'ps away jirolialily (iO |)rr cent. This 
 wamini,' form sweeps away another liO per cent., and wu 
 may have still 2(t per cent, left to <leal with. Then we take 
 the thinl step, whieli is a sunnnoiis liefore the lioard niee'tinj,'. 
 This stnninons I look npon as very important. The parents 
 know that it is a leyal ilocunieiit, wliich it really is, and when 
 it is left with them they are a j,'ood deal fri,<,'litcned, and the 
 conseipience is, to a very larf,'o extent, that the sniunions is 
 olteyed. It asks a parent to come to a hoard meetiiii.' at such 
 ami such a .school, ami at such and such an hour, and to hrin;.j 
 the children with them. We hold these meetings personally. 
 We tlnd that after the h.ilidays the children are most apt to 
 be ab.sent and irre<,Milar, antl wo hold those nioetini,'s weekly 
 for perhaps a month or six weeks immediately after the holi- 
 ilays, and at other times fortnij,'htly. We hold tho moetin^js 
 iiy rotation in all tho districts of the city. Jt has a very 
 marked effect in tho <listrict where tho nu>otin<,' is held. Tho 
 parents with their children aro soon tiockin;,' to it, and all tho 
 children in the school see that such a nieetin<::f is beincf held, 
 and they let it be known, and evidently outside it has a very 
 wholesome impression. \V\> summon about 100 parents and 
 children to each meetinjr. We have tivo ditloront rooms in 
 the school allotod to five ditfbront members of tho board. We 
 cannot expect every member of tho board to come to each 
 meeting ; l)ut there is an arrangement by which we have 
 usually at least five members present. Each of these has a 
 room and a table, and before this table the parents with their 
 children who are in default sit down and are questioned and 
 remonstrated witli. The variety of social life which is 
 brought under the notice of the board is something unparal- 
 leled. We see .society to its lowest depths ; not only the 
 degraded forms of societj-, but the distressing forms of society 
 — deserted wives and poor widows who have been left sud- 
 denly in widowhood. 
 
 I su[ , ^e you have many cases where it is difficult to ei- 
 force attendance i — Yes, it is difficult. I have been at this 
 work for fourteen years, and at the meeting on Wednesday 
 last there was brought to light as great a variety of new kinds 
 of cases as J have met with at any other meeting that I have 
 been at before — new features of society, it would be impos- 
 
 20 
 
I 
 
 .')4 Victnriii. Sessional I'lipfMs CNn, H:]). A. lS!»i 
 
 nililc for lilt' to tiiliiilatc tlic foriiiM of dislicsH iiiiil ilitJiciilty, 
 tliey art' so varied 
 
 I'lnt'iilaifi's ir'ilh V'l/iil Kit'UKr. 
 
 Wlwit pcict'iita;^n(|o you (iti<l liavc Hsullicitritly valiil cxriiHr ? 
 — Of tliow wlio art- siiiiiinoiK'il alioiit tij,'lity |m r cfrit. conn" h» 
 the iiitctiiifjH. 'I'licsr arc ilistiilmttd hy the |iii:.cipii| otliciTovt-r 
 tlin ilifrcn'iit iiiciiilicis of till' liuaiil, cacli of wlioiii may linvn 
 a (iozcii or twenty cast's ln'oiif^'lit licforc liitii at oiie iin'eHn;!,'. 
 There is a clerk (one of tlie ollicerN) takiri;; iioUs with each 
 inemher of the schod' lioanl. Kaeh ineiiihcr lias heJorc him 
 the rmiiie.s of tlit; parties who are Hiiimuoned, and the parti( n- 
 lars, so far as known to the officers huforehand, vvlietlier it is 
 one ciiild or two chiMren ; whether they have l.eeii formerly 
 summoned ; what Nchool tliey have lieeii attending,', and such 
 questions; and then the excuse that has h(;en made to the 
 officer for their non-attendance. It is usually the mothers 
 who come— not tlie fathers The fathers are summoned ; hut 
 we liave, from tlie lie^'inninj,', allowed tlie mothers to come, 
 knowing' that it would lose tlie lather a day's work, and that 
 ^'enerally the mother is of more importance than the father in 
 a matter of that kind. Prohahly aliout (jiie-fonrth are males 
 or fathers, and tfiree-fourths are mothers. They are dealt 
 with in a vary kindly way. In case of contumaciousness the 
 memhers of the hoard are in a position to warn the parents 
 that this is not the final stefi, hut f)ne preliminary to a final 
 dealintj, which is prosecution. Sir Michael Connafhas a very 
 kindly excellent way of dealing with them, and spends a 
 f,'reat deal of time over it, askini,' them the reason of their 
 present distresses and why their children are not at school, and 
 what steps they have taken to improve themselves, and 
 whether they liave not applied to one or other of the differ- 
 ent a<;encies which mi,i,dit have helped them. We have a 
 great many aj,'encies in this city to help such children. In a 
 larire numher of ca.ses 1 think this dealing' with them hius the 
 effect of putting a little heart into the parents, hy sliowing 
 them that their circumstances are not hopeless, and, po.ssilily, 
 pointing out .some of the agencies founded for their henefi^t, 
 and getting the promi.se that they will send their children to 
 school. I have given here a little analysis of the result of 
 one meeting. After every meeting, the principal officer draws 
 up an analysis of the meeting. 
 
 Analysis of Kesui,t ok Mektincj with ])efaii/hn(; 1'ahknts. 
 
 Parents sunnnoned 104 
 
 Gone to school after sununons was served ... 41 
 
 Promised to send 17 
 
 111, and doctor tu visit 2 
 
 Exempted for evening school 11 
 
 To be sent to industrial school 2 
 
 For further dealing or prosecution 13 
 
 Failed to appear 18 
 
 21 
 
 104 
 
5t Viutitiiu. St'.ssioiiiil l^'/AiM'/" (N<». :i.'l). 
 
 I'dn Mis Sinniiii>ii»il„ 
 
 \ ',n 
 
 I It'll- you till. I II IiiiikIk'i,^ dilnii rotir j;ftiv!»ts hiiiiiiiioiu I Tim 
 Very i'.'C(|)li(iii of tin- sninii, •n-» hiirri,.^ tlit'tn to smd i heir 
 cliiMnii to s,.l„,nl so tli;it, tiny jiiity I"- aUlc to say tlmt they 
 iiic lit si-hool i.cforc tlit'y ooiik;' to tlu- mz-Hirij,'. We liiul hero 
 tlifit tlii'i-c arc forty-oiii' out of tin- one hiMnlrcii anil four who 
 are ahif to say tlint thrir cliiMitii liiul i,'oni' to s.-lionl aii<i tliat 
 is taken a note of. Many sucli pac.iits linvc proliaMv often 
 ilccuivcd thf olIiceiH in tin- past, iiikI woiiM likely deceive 
 them in the future, and the duty of tla? olliceis is to find out 
 alter the meeting' \vlietln>r it is th.' fuel that they have ^'onc* 
 to seliool, and, if so, their ca^.' is ended. Here are seventeen 
 l)roiiiises to send the children to school, which promises are 
 always sulwe(|uenlly veiitie(l. Very olteii we liiid exciiscH 
 iiiaile ahout sickness, and there may he two or half ;i dozen 
 cases at cnch meeting' where the doctor is asked to visit. \\\' 
 have a niedionl man, who is paid according; to the nuinher td" 
 visits, and whenevisr we have a stiitement of this kind, we 
 n^! him to visit the children, and report; and his certilicitte 
 exempts thee fn>m -ittendance if ho reports that they are 
 really ill. ' 
 
 In ( e event of <fei,ine; an oxctise acoompani"(l hy a certi- 
 ficate froi., anothtn- <io. tor, do you accept it :'- -Yes, if it is a 
 doctor thai we know anythin;/ .oont. Thoro are, very often, 
 sad cases whyre we exempt them, even aIthon<,d> they are not in 
 the leyjil position of meritini,' exemption. Here is'a man who 
 tells 11 ; that his wife has just died, and that he has n little 
 pirl jierhaps twelve years of aj^e. who is in the fourth stan- 
 dard, and there is no one to kee|t the hahy hut the little <rirl. 
 Tiiere are many cases where it is the re\erHo of that — whore 
 the father has died and the mother has irono out to work, and 
 has loft younyor childi-'n under the chaiyo of an older girl or hoy. 
 
 Ccvta'ni E.fciiKi'f> v>t Accepted. 
 
 Do you accept an excuse of that kind ?— We do not accept 
 it, if there is an atisolute neglect of education. 
 
 But where the circtniistances point to the family doing their 
 host ? — NVo have a reading hook at every meeting, and we nay 
 to the child, " Let me hoar how you can read," and if the child 
 can read and write and count; a little, in those circtinistances 
 we overlook a great deal of what niny he called legal neces- 
 sity in respect of otlucation, and gis" f!iein some amount of 
 concession in the way of not attending 
 tion that they go to evening school, 
 plete system of evening schools, whicli 
 to grant such occasional exemptions. 
 
 In the estimate you gave us of thos. « ":,o npht to attenJ, 
 do you include in the lai'ger figure all upon the census list ? — 
 Wo compare this list with the numher on the rolls of the dif- 
 ferent schools. 
 
 V school, on condi- 
 \ e a V ry cora- 
 
 ■ it e,'i',:er for us 
 
 
'J 
 
 .'4 Vir-toria. Si-Hsiuiml I'aptrs t No. .'IMj). A. IHyi 
 
 I/iMts Iff iJhihiri n iiof nil Svliitiil l{,,ll.s 
 
 r.iit v'li Imvi' also lists of ull tli.- cliiMivn tliroii-lioiit voiir 
 tlistrit-t, wliftlicf on tin! school rolls or not :' Wr liivi- a ron- 
 si.li'iai.li' li-;t oF cliilihvii who oii^'ht to In- at si'Iim,,!, hikI \\r 
 art' woikiiiy thfiii iim. 
 
 /'I'lisfcnliini-', 
 
 Thrsc (litr.T.'nt st'p.s Of) iM,! l|^ to n'.liicc tlio ili'nIiiiL,' with 
 tlu' parents to ii iiiiiiiiimiii oi' pros.'ciiiiniis. Our ppisrcii- 
 tiotis, us i havt! .-LiilLJ in a papi-r I have siihniittucl, ar.? (.11.^ 
 or two out of (,'ach di-fiiult iii.'t'iiii',^ or of 100 casrs aliout two 
 pt(r fciifc. ..r tlioHc who have Imtii siiiiiriioiicil. I'rocciii iuii is 
 onlyrf.sorti'.l to after all previous ile.ilin^r has failc(|. f.ast 
 year's prns(>eiitioiis niinil.ere.l <i2. T\ir miml.er (if prosecu- 
 tion .since |.S7t was SUS. i,'ivinL,' an avera;,'e of alioiit (i.'. per an- 
 ntliM. ( »ut of the S.SS prnsei'iuions thert! were «().s coavictioiis. 
 Of the ,S()N convictions, '2-li) were a.lnionishe.l hy tins sheriti; 
 .'{4!) \,;\u[ linos varying,' from L'«. G'/. to 2()x.,anil costs of a simi- 
 lar amount, unil 2'M) were sent Lo prison. The cost of prosi-- 
 cntion in lXS(j amounte.l to j;i47, out of which Hncs recr»ver(!(l 
 were £2!). The cost per castj since 1.^74 has avcrai^'eil aliout 
 .'{2.S. With tc^anl to the >vsults we do not look upon prosecution 
 as favourahle to the interests of the children. They are the 
 very Ir»west class of parents who are prosecuted. thev are 
 nio.stly men. In a ^'ood many i'a.ses the women express them- 
 selves as not sorry that the men are sent to prison for a titne, they 
 think it will do them t,'ood It is ahsolutely neces.sary as a 
 final resort. 1 think all the rest of the dealing' hin<,'es upon 
 our havinjf this power, even if not exercised. 
 
 Hui'j to lir'iiti (.'lilhhni at School after pa^.-ixinj Fifth 
 
 Stiitulard. 
 
 Witli re,>,'ard to the children who leave ,«cliool alioiit twelve 
 years of a^e I wish to point out that wo would like to see a 
 •nucli larf(e.'numl>er(,l Lhechildren lietweon twelve and thirteen 
 •mainini,' ; .ehool. Far too many go away aftm- the fifth stan- 
 liard. That is one reason why we are not extremely anxiou.s 
 about these lo.OOO infant children who are utuler six or seven 
 year-s being pressed into .school. That is a point the department 
 are always urging upon us, to get more infants to .school, but 
 one reason why we do not look upon that as so absolutely 
 inii)erative is, that the younger the child is when it begins 
 education, the earlier it is brought to the point when it^can 
 pass the fifth stan.lard ; consenuently children got to school at 
 live may pass the fifth .standard at eleven years of age, and 
 unless the parents are willing to continue them at school be- 
 yond that age, what are 3'ou t<j do with them .'' I was ex- 
 amineil buibre the endowment commissioners, and Lord 
 Shand asked me a question whether small bursaries would 
 
 23 
 
ii 
 
 ii;- 
 ivy 
 
 54 Victoria. Sesgional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 assist materially in retaining such children at school. I was 
 very well pleased with the suggestion, and said that it would 
 to a certain extent. I believe that these small bursaries will have 
 that effect. I think that Dr. Robertson, and those who hold 
 his views, are pressing unduly the view of too much secon- 
 dary education in connection with the small bursaries. I 
 think that these small bursaries should assist materially in 
 continuing these lads and girls who have [)assed the fifth 
 standard, and who are eleven or twelve years of age, for an- 
 other two years at school, taking the usual ex. VI., and specific 
 subjects without looking too exclusively at what may be 
 called secondary education. I am anxious to have the bur- 
 saries held in a large number of our schools, and not limited 
 to six or seven. Whenever it is known that there are bursar- 
 ies which can only be held in a few selected schools you dis- 
 courage competitors in the other schools on account of the 
 possibility of their requiring to leave the school where they 
 have received their past education. My feeling is that these 
 small^ hursaries should be pretty well distributed over the 
 scho''., for the puipose of encouraging the parents to continue 
 their children longer at school. 
 
 Duties of Officers. 
 
 What do you know of the names of the children who are 
 not yet enrolled on the list of school children ?— Nothing, 
 except that the oflScers are constantly on the streets looking 
 out for children during school hours who are not at school. 
 
 And do they get the name of every such child they come 
 in contact with ?— Yes, as a rule. Occasionally they deceive 
 us -...id give us wrong names and addresses, but we follow up 
 such cases, and we know that the same children will be found 
 again. 
 
 But on the whole you have a very large proportion of the 
 names of the children who ought to be at school ?— Yes. 
 
 Evidence of Mr. Robert Ogilvie, chief inspector of schools. 
 
 Your attention has been directed, I suppose, to the question 
 of compulsory attendance in your district, both in town and 
 country ? — Yes. 
 
 In towns, how is the attendance ?— It is reasonably satis- 
 factory. 
 
 There is no large class failing to attend ?— Not in towns. 
 
 Are the compulsory powers used by the school boards ? — Yes. 
 
 And they know about all the children in the town, they 
 have thein all on a list, I suppose ? — Yes, as a rule. 
 
 Have they been obliged to have recourse to prosecution ? — 
 les, occasionally. 
 
 Has that much effect in warning the rest of the parents 
 and making them send their children ?— Yes, only sometimes 
 there is difference of opinion amongst the sheriffs, they come 
 to different findings. 
 
 Do you think the present compulsorv powers are .sufficient 
 for boards in towns ? — Yes. I th" ' 
 
 » i 
 
 so. 
 
 24 
 
64 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 In the country are the difficulties greater ?— It is almost a 
 failure in the country. 
 
 Is that from the different nature of the industry or the dis- 
 tance of the children from the schools? — It arises from the 
 fact that the school board is drawn from such a small area, 
 that prosecution is a very unpopular and thankless task. 
 
 The school boards do not take it up so energetically as in 
 the town ?— No, and they cannot do it so well because of the 
 small area from which they are drawn. 
 
 What would be the advantage of a bigger area ? — The re- 
 moval of local feelings. Take the clergymen of rival denomi- 
 nations, it is an unpoDular thing for one to go in for it while 
 another opposes it. 
 
 They are too much neighbours ; they know too much about 
 one another, I suppose ? — Yes. 
 
 And putting the law in motion is an invidious thing ?— Yes, 
 But that shows an extraordinary idea of the working of the 
 compulsory clauses ; because, properly speaking, they ought 
 to put themselves in motion. There is no selection out of a 
 certain number of children for prosecution, the whole batch 
 ought to be prosecuted, and that does away with all feeling. 
 The individual who does not attend is the only person to 
 blame ?— Yes, that is all very well in theory, but practically it 
 does not work. 
 
 Efect of Fishing Industries. 
 
 Does the fishing industry interfere with the attendance of 
 children ? — Yes, at a certain time of the year. For instance, 
 a,t Peterhead and Fraserburgh, there is "a large exodus for 
 Shetland and other localities of the parents with a contingent 
 of the children. 
 
 Then those children fall short of the requisite number of 
 attendances in the year ?— Not necessarily, but it materially 
 curtails the year's attendance. 
 
 Are the children much withdrawn for agricultural work ?— 
 That is a different question. Article 20 in the Code permits 
 children to leave for six months, it may be, if the managers 
 certify that they have been beneficially and nece.ssarily em- 
 ployed at work, and have passed the third standard. That is 
 carried out to a very great extent now in Aberdeenshire, 
 l^ornierly that clause was not well understood, there was a 
 blissful ignorance about it; but now herding and other rural 
 occupations are much more prevalent than in past years. 
 
 Then is a child considered to be nece.ssarily employed at 
 work if its parent declares that he wants the wages and the 
 child has gone to herd cattle ?— Not without the approval of 
 the board. The school board must certify. But as a matter 
 of fact the teacher draws up the list, and very often judi- 
 ciously excludes those who may not be supposed likely ta 
 
 pass. 
 
 25 
 
51 Victiiriii, Scssioiuil I'lvjicrs (No. X]). 
 
 A. 1S!»1 
 
 liow (Iocs he reconcile tli:i( with the wonls of llic ci rti- 
 liciitc " liciicliciiilly !mii iicccssjirily "? 'I'liiii is not liis nmltcr. 
 iif siin|ily |uv|.;ii'cs Mic list. It is loi- tlic scliool l)o;iid (o 
 <'crtil'y llmt. As ji rule the scliool honnl ci'itilics the list the 
 le.'ichcr |iresents. 'riiei-c have liceii e\ce|itioiis here ami there, 
 hut the\ are few aiiil fat' hctwecn. 
 
 WoiiM you coiisidci- the " uci'css,;rily " to mean that the 
 chilli is wauteil to earn wa^es ' That is so in towns. 
 
 'These ('hililren do not njive hall' time attemlance. they ai-e 
 present one halt' of the y.ar, ami ahsent the othci- hall' ^'-^'es, 
 and the consciiuence is they ha\ca louj;- time I'or I'oi-LictliiiL;-. 
 It would he a much hctter plan il' the Act was that thev 
 .slioidd attend e\cry altciiiale .layorat least everv altenial'e 
 
 WeeU. 
 
 How would that act in iv^ard to t hose who t;'(i to t he Storno- 
 way tishine- .' It w )uld lueclude the children I'roni i;oinM- 
 unless they ha. I passed the liflh standard, which Would he no 
 e;reat hai'dshi|). 
 
 Iliilf-rnni' A/liihliiii 
 
 I'l'. 
 
 Do you thiid< the hali'-ti,ue iitlcndance would woi'k well it' 
 it was I'l-om week t.i week .'—It would I'cmedy a ,ii(iod deal of 
 tlie short attendance; it would he a xcrx- salntar\- che(d<. 
 
 Ho you pi'et'ei' alternate days for attendance, or the half of 
 eiu'li day ! — 1 think the altcinat.' day is i'ctlei-. If it is the 
 halt of each day. the children come to school (juite fM!.,^i;ed. and 
 sometimes even fall asleep. 
 
 I sujipose it would l>e ditlieull to ^i^t waLjes for a chihl if it 
 came every iilteruate ilay or altei-nate week to school ^ ^The 
 child could not take s(>rvice unless thi>re were two of a family 
 that went alternate days or weeks. 
 
 Do you think the Codt* is too loosi> upon that point — allow- 
 in,ij children to he withdiawn upuu a cei'titicate of that kind >. 
 — Ves. I do. 
 
 U' it were more strictly construed it would tie them uj) 
 pretty tightly ' — Ves: ami the remedy 1 think for all tliese 
 thiiiijs is the lari^e area -t'or compulsory attendance. 
 
 A more resjiousihle school hoard -'--Not a moie respousilile 
 school hoard, hut a hoard drawn from a wider area, so that 
 local fecliue- will he entirely excluded. 
 
 The hoar<l are too easy with their immeiliate iieiehhours ? — 
 Yes ; and it is too much to expect of human nature that, it 
 can he otherwise; the I'emedy is a county hoard foi- compul- 
 sory attendance, or a jiarlimentaiy division, or aiiythin-,' lareer 
 than the parish. 
 
 You would suLTircst e-iviui,' the enforcement of coir.pulsory 
 attendance to a ditl'ereut hoard from that which works at 
 pres.'nt N-"\"es. to a !ar,L,'er l>onrd. The smaller hoard mij^dit 
 do a ,i;r(^at deal in the wav of visitation and persuasion, "O 
 
 ' '2C) 
 
 
i4 V'icloii) 
 
 S 
 
 .^c.-sKniiil l'a|irr.s ('No. ;{;{). 
 
 A. 1,S!»| 
 
 that it, wciiilil uiilv 1 
 
 to tl 
 
 II' nccrsHiu-y Mccnsioiiallv tn linv 
 
 I' ('((111 
 
 piilsi.iy |M)\vcrs i.t'dic \n<x<rrv lioanl. 
 
 (' rccoiirsi' 
 
 iiiiaiN 
 
 \n,l Mio iM-^.-rlMmnl 1,11^1,^ \v..il< partly thr-.u^l, tlicsmall 
 <'s. tliry w.Mil.l r,^\\ u|M,n t,|ir sniMlIrr l„,ar,| f, 
 
 rrtiini iif (, 
 
 tlr /Ilisciifci'S, 
 
 • T 
 
 iir (I 
 
 "• 1 1.1 id (ii 
 
 ynii ri(.t think it is very dr^inihlr thfit at 
 
 sill 
 
 >nii 
 
 ■i|iiirciiiciits 
 Ihit th 
 
 I'lciil iv(|uiiviiifiit,s ' \'rs ; hilt 
 nl iii;ikiii;; the ic|iirs(Mitati()ii withVrL'aid t.) tl 
 
 ti'iih'iiii shoiilil 
 you still iia,\r thf 
 
 II' local 
 
 I'Mtthat isamatti'i' I siippus.. in which voi, woiihl c.iisnll 
 
 vi-rv iimrh IIm' n'i|iiii'riii,.|,(,M ,,r M,,, j,,,, 11,^^,, i,,,,,^!;,^, /__y„^ 
 
 till' l.iir-iT hi.anls sh.ailij r„i,siilt thr pari.sh h.,ar.ls. ' 
 
 itiit that shiaiM 1„. l,v way of ivpri'si'iitatioi, JVoi,, tin- 
 siiiiilli'i- hoar,! to till- iarncr hoai'il ' \vh. 
 
 Ilavi. yuu .'vc|.rii,.|,,.,. in your .listri.'t of a .'lass similar to 
 us Ml thi' wi'st---,„.,,,,l,. uho systi'inatimlly taki' 1,0 troiihl,. in 
 svnihn- fhi'i- chiMivM to s.-h,.,.!, and wh'.'ii thi' (Vmiailsion 
 Acti. ,Mit in l„rci. tli.'y ^;o to prisMii, and fhrir fainilii's aiv 
 thrown upon (|„. rat.'s.and wlim th.'v .•on..' out..!' pris.ai fh.-v 
 ar.' no h.'tt.'r^ -N„ | d.. not think tJi.'r.' is mii.'h of that sort 
 ol thiiiir in th.' iDrtli ol Scillan.l. 
 
 What .lid y.ai say a it tli.' ci'rtificat.'s h.-iii- us.'.j t„ kc-p 
 
 .a,.-k .■h.ldn.n from .■Naininatio,, ' As a ml.', tli.' h..ar.| si.r.i 
 tli.< t.w]i..rs list, la.t, or cms,', as tl... pivsontation is p.'ri„rs- 
 sivv, not (•..... piilsory, it is nadual f.,r hin. t.. .'xcln.!.. thosr 
 who won d Im' pretty si,,.' t.. fail, an.l the .•onsi..pu.,u.e is that 
 son,.' childn'n slip t,hro,i-h th.' school with.,i,t pass i n i. any 
 staii.lar.l after th.,- tliir.l. " •' 
 
 An.l that -iv.'s an illiis.,ry app.'araiic, t.) the returns of th<> 
 •sclio.)!, It inak.'s tli.'in semi h.'tt.'r than th.'V really an- ^— To 
 some extent. j ■ ' 
 
 ('/lililrni iiiiili'v Tin. 
 
 Have yo„ any exp.'Hen.'e „f ehildren hoiii- with.lrawn 
 uii.h'r the aire „f t.'.i V-Yes, an.l a very capital rem.'.ly for 
 sueh cases is circular seventy-tw.. (Dee. 1885;, callinir for a 
 r.'turn of a I the ahsentees, say. who are present in April and 
 ah.s.'nt in July. Mr. l{..l,ei'ts.,ii in liis report A.r this year 
 iii.'nti.ais the case.s of ehildren wh.», after the issue of tlie cir- 
 cular were with.lrawn from .'inploynient an.l sent hack to 
 scliool Mr. An.lr.'w rep..rts in th.' c^a.se of (il.'nlivet, that he 
 inspectct the seli..ol in April when there were sixty-tivc 
 chil.lren present, and that he nia.l.' a visit witlu.ut n.itico in 
 tlie course o th.; siimni..r,aii<l f.>iin.l each stan.lar.l repr.js.'nted 
 t>y one pui)il. with the excopth.n of tho fourth in which there 
 were two. 
 
 The rest 
 
 were all away at work I — Y 
 
 27 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papt>rs (No. f\:]). 
 
 A. 18!)! 
 
 Your main rniu'dy would bu to liavo larger lioards ^ -Vi-m, 
 bfonusc in lar^'c towns tluTo is foiiiparativcly little dilliculty 
 in tho niattt'i. 
 
 AberJroi School/^. 
 
 Evidence of Rev. J. M. ])awson, cliairnian of the Alierdeeu 
 School hoard. 
 
 1. Oidy a small residuum of the work ini,' classes (/>o/((» //(/«;) 
 of Aberdeen C(ane iiofore the board as defaidters. 
 
 2. The drunken, the day labourers of no particular trade, 
 artizans of .shiftles.s habits or inferior etliciency and especially 
 workiii<,' women (either widows or the mothers of illejj:itimate 
 children) are the parents who make up the great majority of 
 d(>faulter8. 
 
 Of these, except in times of dejireasion of trade, tlie work- 
 ing woman whose child is often habitually a truant is the or.ly 
 parent deserving of real .sympathy. 
 
 3. Pro.secutions, except for the issue of an attendance order, 
 hav(> not been found excessively expensive. Lately, however, 
 the pt>naltics inflicted have been smaller *han in former days, 
 and consequently the board's share of costs has been greater. 
 
 4. Attendance orders are of doubtful advantage. The .school 
 board resorts to them as a nulder form of juilicial dealing 
 than the infliction of a penalty after formal pro.secution. liut 
 in a short time the defaulter cea.ses to heed them. If the 
 order is disobeved no punishment can follow until a second 
 complaint has been mado by the board, and when ]>unishment 
 is inflicted the order lap.ses, and thi' old round begins again. 
 A sunmiary prosecution costs :\()s. ; the order with its two 
 necessary coMiplaints before obedience is enforced costs £',]. 
 
 Morally, the eflect of the order is bad upon the habitual 
 defaidter, who (|uickly distinguishes between its hriifinH fiil- 
 inni and a sharp seiiuenceof a tine. The old oti'ender is .some- 
 times sent to the sheriff fur an attendance order after having 
 once or twice been fined, and rejoices in the new lease of law 
 breaking thus secured to him. The compulsory otlicer states 
 that offences were less freipient than now when the fine is of 
 £1 atul £1 of costs was the noriiud penalty, 'i'lie tine and 
 costs together st>ldom now amounts to more than ten shillings. 
 
 Then I have a comparative table, showing the nund)er of 
 persons summoned before the board as defaulters during the 
 years 18!S2 to I88(i; the complaints withdrawn and dismissed; 
 the fines imposed and recovered ; and the costs of the prose- 
 cutions. Last year we have lost £85 10s. M. by our 
 prosecutions. 
 
 I 
 
 28 
 
r)4 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. ;{.'{). 
 
 A. i.syi 
 
 AltKKDKK.V S(;U(M)I, HOARD. 
 
 KHMri,T>i ANI> UuSTs ,,!■■ I'RosKrUTIS.) I )KrAI I.IIN,; I'aUKNTS. 
 
 V'oiir. 
 
 ( 'nlU icicil 
 
 1HS2... 
 1883.. . 
 
 18li4... 
 IK.S.'i... 
 
 18H(;... 
 
 ; a 
 
 
 31 
 
 ■' 
 
 II H.l 
 
 i-rj 
 
 
 
 mill 
 
 «3 
 
 "i 
 
 XI i! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X.^ 
 
 O 
 
 5"H< 
 
 VT3 
 
 - V 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 iJ i' 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 Sh 
 
 ~ f 
 
 '<^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 ^ "^ 
 
 •/. 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 »< ir 
 
 « 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 ! 17il 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 lU 
 
 
 
 21!» 
 
 2;< 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 U2 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 ;t 
 
 2«!!» 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 ir. 
 
 14 
 
 101)l» 
 
 IKi 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 Fines and 
 
 Kl|M'IlNOH. 
 
 t 
 
 M 
 
 1 ^ = 
 •a « 
 
 1' T3 
 
 
 
 21 5 0, 15 5 OJ 
 21 12 l.'i 
 
 12 
 12 7 t! 
 12 2 ti 
 78 l.'i 
 
 !) 10 o! 
 11 17 (ii 
 
 8 7 () 
 57 15 
 
 HI 1,'t 
 
 WW '.» (i 
 
 :<:) (i 
 
 2i> 1 () 
 
 43 18 
 
 171 « 
 
 1(1 8 
 20 14 
 23 10 (I 
 17 4 
 35 10 
 113 13 
 
 • Number of HiuiimotiHes isHue.!, Maino defaulter in c^in case^ mnro than Once. 
 
 Lowerimj of the Fines. 
 
 Ha,s tli(; lowering of tJie fines l.een i]w act of the .slieriff ?— 
 Yes, I think the sherifl's hen; lake a very strong view against 
 the compulsory ckiuses. I think they find some (UHiculty in 
 interpreting tlie Act; indeed they practically do it diHerentlv 
 irom each other. 
 
 Has the l)oard much relation with private societies and 
 benevolent agencies for bringing in children ?— Oh, yes, our 
 most perplexing cases are those of truant children^ w'ho.so 
 parents, or generally whose mother, she being the sole guar- 
 dian, cannot leave their work to see the child enter a .sdiool. 
 *or these, as the board has repeatedly petitioned, the institu- 
 tion of day inilustrial schools is urgently needed. There are 
 several of the.se institutions in Aberder>n more or less benevo- 
 lent, not quite of the class of industrial schools under the 
 Home Secretary, and when it is a Vfiry urgent case we try to 
 prevail upon S(^me of the patrons to take an interest in the 
 cluld and get it in. 
 
 _ As a board you would strongly advocate establishin-' day 
 industrial .schools ?— Ye.s, and the Scottish Episcopal Board 
 has petitioned to the same effect. 
 
 The premature curtailment of school life is coming to be the 
 question of questiona. For more than half the children of 
 
 2» 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. li'S). 
 
 A. 181)1 
 
 Scotland the 5th standard constitutes tlie leavin<,' eortiticate 
 Knowledge rapidly acquired and early cut short, Hkeseed east 
 on a thin soil, lacks the (jualilies which secure periuanencc- and 
 growth. 
 
 "Oil, the little mfirc, and how much it is I 
 And the little less, and what wurlili away !" 
 
 Mr. liathyatc's Opinio a. 
 
 Then in Mr Bathgate's words he wiites : — 
 
 "I may be excused for refeiring to the remarks which 1 
 made la.st year on the bad effects of ext^mption from attendance 
 on passing the oth standard. I do so only because I b.lieve 
 that public opinion on this point is rapidly maturing. I observe 
 that during the year we examined ;i,(l!)l scholars in the 5th 
 standard, and only ],16[) in the Gth. The.se figures correspond 
 almost exactly with those of last year. 1 believe that the per- 
 mission thus given by the Legislature is used, not .so much to 
 relieve the really necessitous cases as to develop a selfish and 
 careless liabit among parents who do not reijuire such indul"'- 
 ence. I may .select as a typical instance a school in wliich at 
 the in.spcction in 1888 there were 77 .scholars presented in the 
 5th standard. In the following year there were ordy 25 
 scholars presented in the Oth. Out of the 77, 21 left school 
 only 11 years of age, having probably attended foi- little more 
 than five years. Now this is a .school frequented by the cUtc 
 of working-cla.ss children, the average of the fees paid bein" 
 £1 per annum, as compared with 128. per annum in a neighbor'^ 
 ing board school. 
 
 " A few sentences relating to a similai- state of things in 
 England uttered by well known public men mav be quoted as 
 relevant to the situation in Scotland. Sir Lyon Play fair says : 
 'This means that the educational expenditure of the country 
 ' is largely unproductive ; that a great proportion of it is wasted 
 ' because the little learning of those who leave school is lost in 
 ' a few months or years.' It means, as :\Ir Fisher expresses it 
 ' that we are guilty of the incredible follv of spending seven 
 'millions sterling every year in pouring "'knowledge into the 
 ' minds of our children, and then of refu.sing to secure to our- 
 ' selves by a little additional expenditure the full value of our 
 ' money.' 
 
 In Dr Stewart's general report for 1880 for the Northern 
 Division of Scotland, Mr. Welsh writes as follows :— 
 
 Our greatest difficulty as a board all along in working th<! 
 compulsory clauses has been in cases of notorious truancy" In 
 such cases parents are often powerless, and I do not s'ee liow 
 this difficulty is to be overcome unless the court have power on 
 the representation of .school boards, to send habitual and 
 hopeless truants to a certified industrial school. Under the 
 Industrial Schools Act.'; thf court at present has this power 
 with the consent of the parcvt, but in absolutely necessary 
 
 30 ^ ^ 
 
54 Victoria. Sesfsioniil Piipcr.s (No. :;:{). 
 
 A. 18.91 
 
 cases rlus ciisciit is •,nmrriiu,.s witlilirl,!, with tl.e rosiihs 
 tliittriKuiis tall int.. oriiiir, n,,i,| \,ruvj: no i,,ii.M.r .■li.rjl.l,. for 
 udmissiouL.) til,, industml school ur.. ^eiit as stauii.^j crimi- 
 nals to prison and tlif r.d'oi matorv." 
 
 GLASUOVV. 
 
 In tiieir:,anerHl summary (,f w-.rk l\.r the period from Marc-li 
 
 :,,' n" '^.''''■^''' l'^-^^ t'"' ■^i^l'uol attendanc- connuittr,. ^dvL's 
 ttlt; iDllowiU"' : — 
 
 Thr ]\'vH' of thr Srhuul Altnulo'iH'r CuuuiUtlo. 
 
 Iteffrrin- to tlic gvHL-rai summary of \v..ri<. .M;.rch i,S7:;~. 
 January I.S.S2,an<l .March ISN.-,, the school attendance com- 
 initlee have now to coiuimie the record oftiieir hil,ours from 
 J'^>«_ to date: — 
 
 The immlier of committee meetins,^s held since ;Hst 
 .Uarcli, 1S,S,,,1kis heeii ;]U,in a.hlition tomeetimr.s witli default- 
 ers subsequently noticed. 
 
 KoLLAXD ATTi:XDAXCb--lt will he seen fro.n the following 
 table that the number of children on .sch.jol rolls and in attend" 
 ance has been steadily increasing from vear to year This 
 increase is all the more marked when it i's ohsorvod that the 
 population of the city has not -reatly increased :— 
 
 Progress in School A ttfmihincc— 1873-1887. 
 
 \r 1 <. ,, i ^^'^- ^^'•'- l''^7f). 1.S77. 1S7S LST'I 
 
 ^urnb^ronKoll, ) 53,7!H! GO.r.llS ti,-,,2S7 iu m.) :o-'ii-> 70 -Vr 
 
 1 1SS1 iss-> luj'j iu^.< 1.1..." .','...; 
 
 I. 7-',8o.s 74,024 77,fi07 HOJO-S 82,"2«H hITi's SS,'21« 
 
 1S83. 1,S«4. 1,S85. 
 
 1,S80. 
 
 , ;i 70,702 
 
 188(i* 1887, 
 
 x- 1 • . , i l'"^""'^' l**"'""' l*^"". 1877. 1878 IST'I i«sn 
 
 ^uraber 111 Attendance ) 4;s,'"''-' -.j ^"^ ^.,,„ —"li.-. .'.''"^- ^^'■'■ 1880 
 
 . ■•■,""" "''VVV ""•'"- •Uyti.s os.ixiu ■M,\)m 5 ,143 
 <. (.1,012 . (.2,407 65,887 m,'m 70,88,-. <J8,2(i3 70,23!i 
 
 In 1873 the total population of the city was rtW^mri ■ the 
 estimate of population at end of 1887 being 584,017. 
 
 In 187'}, the total cl 'Mren o to 1.'}, was 7 294 'Vha e.sti 
 mated nuinber at end of 1887 was 9U,.517, showing an incivase 
 ot 3,223. Of these UO,517 children tliere arc— 
 
 5 to 7 yeirs 
 7t.. 12 " 
 12 to 18 " 
 
 P..piilati(in at On Roll at On RoH ;it 
 
 these age.s. these ages. these ages 
 
 l''*'^"- issi;. 
 
 ■ r'V?' ll,«-'a 11,500 
 
 ■ iV,".!'.? •"'■'•"'•'"^ s-t-"'"'^ 
 
 10,241 7,yr)9 7.470 
 
 la'i.Jn^''' increase of chihlren at school since 1873 amounts to 
 29,420 on Rolls, and 26,430 in attendance. 
 
 Genkral Work of 'm-<' Okfickrs.— The officers visit all the 
 schools, both public and other schools, every Friday and 
 receives from the teachers li.sts of ab.scntee and im-nilar 
 
 •Industrial school.s, etc., excluded from this and subsequent returns. 
 
54 Victoi'ia. 
 
 St-ssioiial Papers (Xo. :):]). 
 
 A. 18!) I 
 
 cliililicn. Tlicso chililrc'ii jii-l' visited, ami the results com- 
 iiuinicatod to tlit> tcai-licrs (ni the followiiiL;' Friiltiy, when tlie 
 olHeers call for new lists. 
 
 Ill addition to looking al'ter tlio ordinary iri'e^nlars and 
 al'sentees, whose names are sujijilied liy tlie teaelieis, the otli- 
 cers take the names and aildresses of ehildren i'oniid wanderinj^ 
 about the streets ; they idso patrol the streets on certain days 
 looking' specially after sui'li va<,'ranVs. Kacli olHeer lins his own 
 district, and is I'csponsiliie for the attendance ofchildren liviuLj 
 within it. Tht- luinihei' of othcers in the service of the hoard 
 is :j() 
 
 DkfaI'I.TEU's Mketini;. — These nieetiii;4s have lu'cn held 
 one a fortnijrht or thereliy in various districts of the city 
 according,' to rotation. Altout 100 [)arents are usually suni- 
 suintiioncd to each meetinj^, and an; dealt with accord- 
 ing to circumstances. The deservini;' ]ioor are counselled ami 
 are fi'equeiitly put into conmuinication aj^encies which exist for 
 their benefit ; the others are sharply dealt with. During 1885, 
 18iS(), and 1887, sixty-seven defaulters' meetings have been 
 held. They are invariably followed by the best results. 
 
 Prosecutions. — No prosecutions are entered upon till 
 every effort on the part of the oiUcers has been exhausted. 
 Prosecutions are had recourse to, more lor the purpose of ex- 
 ample and warning, than for punishment. A few cases are 
 chosen with discrimination in certain of the worst localities. and 
 are brought before the sheritl. These parties are convicteii, 
 fined, or imprisoned. This speedily becomes known, and pro- 
 duces a beneficial eli'ect. The number of prosecutions author- 
 ized by the present board has been 254. 
 
 Casual Employment of Chilhren. — The officers continue 
 to patrol the streets two nights a week, for the purpose of look- 
 ing after children engaged in casual employment. No child of 
 school age is allowed to be on the streets, engaged in casual 
 employment, after seven o'clock in winter and nine o'clock in 
 summer. The evil has not been altogether remedied, but a 
 marked improvement has taken place. Several pai'ents who 
 1 ad bi'en repeatedly warned, and had failed to comply witli 
 the requirements of the Act, were brought before the sheriff 
 and convicted. These convictions speedily become known 
 among street children and their parents, wiUi the most bene- 
 ficial effect. 
 
 The Poor Children's Dinner Table Society have, as usual, 
 helped to feed and clothe a large number of children. The 
 school board officers are provided with tickets for these tables, 
 which, in case of urgency, they are required to distribute. 
 They have also been kindly fin-nished by the directors of the 
 Evangelistic Association with tickets for breakfast at the Day 
 Refuges for any specially destitute children they may discover. 
 The agents of the society have visited and supplied with 
 clothing numerous families brought under their notice by the 
 school boaid. 
 
 32 
 
54 Vic*,oria. Sessional Papers (No. .'{3). 
 
 iJi: Krrr'ti 0/iiiilo7i. 
 
 A. 1801 
 
 Dr. John Kerr, one of tlie chief inspectors of schools in tho 
 southern division of Scothmd, in his report for l«N!>, uivts the 
 following,' on the suhjuct of compulsory .school attendance :— 
 
 The Kdinlnir^di hoard coinplidn, and with f^ood reason, of tho 
 withdrawal from school of clnldren at an early a_ifc. 'I'Ik; fol- 
 lowing is a fpiotation from the report hy the conunittee on 
 school work : — 
 
 "Many children pass llie standard of exemption, the oth, 
 before they are 12 or even 1 1 yeais of age. During tlie piist ses- 
 sion, ontof 2,l(Ucliildi(ii presented for o.xaniiiiat ion in tht! oth 
 stimdard, 1,1()2 were under l^yeais of age, and 1,0(12, 12 or 
 over. If the returns of tlie various years l7e examii'ied, it will 
 be found that more than one half ol the children pn.'sented for 
 examination in the 5th stamlard during one session disiippear 
 from the school registers tlie next. In session 1.SS7-.SM iho 
 numher of cliildren presented for examination in the 5th 
 fitamlard was 2.2o;j, and in session I8S,S-Sf> only 1,0:;;; wore 
 presented m the Gth. Another point worthy of note is tho 
 small number of children at school who are over \:i years of 
 age. In .session hS«7-.S>S, out of ir,,!)S;', children .resented for 
 examinati(jn, the nundier above i:{ years of age was onlv 2't') 
 or 1-") per cent.; this last session, out of lO.N^l presented the 
 number over LS was 2,S4, or l-(i percent., .showing an almost 
 inHnitesimal increase. It is, perhaps, too early to" form any 
 detinite opinion as to the effeefc which recent "legislation will 
 have on the attendance of children at .-chool, but.,so far as can 
 atpre.sent be judged, it will lead to a lar-o deerea>e in attend- 
 ance in the non-compul.sory standards, unless further relief of 
 fees be granted." 
 
 It is, I think, tho general experience that the age at wliich 
 children pass the standard for exemption is steadify diminish- 
 ing, and the ipiestion how to provide for them during the year 
 or two when neither the school board can compel thJir attend- 
 ance nor employers accept their services becomes a .somewhat 
 serious one. JJoth on moral an<l educational giouhds it is 
 desirable that tho exemption standard should bo VI instead 
 of V. 
 
 !>)'. Off it vies Opinion. 
 
 Dr. Ogilvie in his general report for 1881) writes as follows:— 
 In an exhaustive return lately submitteil to the Glasgow board 
 by Mr. Mitchell, whose name deserves, as last year, honoriible 
 mention in this connexion, it is maintained that all the children 
 in the city from 7 to 12 are on school rolls. The peicentafre 
 of average attendance, ranging as it does, from 70 to 90 per 
 cent, in the ditferent schools, indicates that the locality of the 
 school and the circumstances of the children are the principal 
 factors in regulating the attendanca 
 3 (c.E.) 33 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 Persua.sion is the main arm on which the hoard relies, und 
 in the case of all but the lowest cla.ss of defaulters it is gener- 
 ally found to he an efficient remedy. Whilst sonic 90 ctisoa 
 were last year taken l)eforethe sheriff, as many as 2,{')'20 fam- 
 ilies were summoned before the Iward and 'dealt with by 
 remonstrance. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALKS. 
 
 Extracts /rom Sonncocheiii's Cyclopaedia of Education. 
 
 The whole of England and Wales is divided under the 
 Elementary Education Act of lh70, (Mr. Foister's Act.) 
 
 School attendance committees are appointed under the 
 Elementary Education Act of lh7G, (known as " Lord Sandon'g 
 Act),to compel the utt(>ndance of children at school in districts 
 in which there are no School Boards. 
 
 JJy lS7(i there was a j,'eneral desire for compulsory edticntion 
 at schools throughout the country, but the Government of the 
 day were not piepared to force a School Board upon every 
 district. Hence in the Act of 1,S7G Lord Samlon provi<led that 
 in every school district without a School Board an Attendance 
 Committee should be foinied. The Comnnttee is reappointed 
 every year ami has nothing to do with the schools or with 
 providing school accommodation. Its business consists almost 
 exclusively in compelling children to attend the voluntary 
 schools, for which purpose it can demand of the managers of 
 the voluntary schools, returns and particulars of the attend- 
 ance of children. The powers of the Committee to compel 
 attendance at school exactly correspond with those of the 
 School Board. It appoints a chairman and vice-chairman, a 
 clerk, and attendance oHicer to look after the children, gra'ni 
 certificates of half-time, and full-time, exemption, etc. 
 
 A ttendancf: CommUtee. 
 
 It reports from time to time to the body which appoints it 
 but it is responsible to the Education Department by whom it 
 may be decliired " in default," and superseded if it neglects its 
 duty. The Act of 187<! providing for the aiipoinunent of 
 Attendance Committees did not render it incundient tipon the 
 Committees to make by-laws for compelling children to attend 
 school, but it conferred upon the Committees jxiwer to proceed 
 against employers for employing children of school age dui-ing 
 school houi's, and power to prosecute jjarents who " habitually'" 
 neglect to provide elementary education for their children. 
 A few of the districts, of which Manchester at the time waa 
 one, had siiffiient voluntary school accommodation but 
 adopted the School Board .system mainly for the .sake of the 
 power to comjiel children to attend school, which could not at 
 that time be had without a School Board. The Act of Ls.'sa 
 
 34 
 
54 Victorift. 
 
 Sessional hqit'is (No. li'.i). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 called Mr. MuiulelJii's Act, iviiuired all Sriiool Hoards and 
 Attendance Coniniittees to make l.y-Iaws for compelliiiL' par- 
 entH to cause their cliil.lren to atten<i scliool, and so n n.pid'orv 
 attendanc<" was made universal. Tli.' foMinost duty ol (i,e 
 Scho.d Hoard is to see tliat tl.ere is pul.lie s. hool acommoda- 
 tion tor all the children of the district hetween the a.n.sof 
 time and eighteen for whom instructi.,n in nid.lie eleiMentnrv 
 education is needed. The ne.xt great duty of the Hoard is to 
 secure the attendance at school of all the children hetween the 
 ages of tive and fourteen, sul.ject to certain exemptions A 
 .School Hoard cleik must he ap])ointed and a treasur.r Pro- 
 vision is also made for the appointment of Attendence Othcers 
 to l.e engaged m the pi'actical work of causing the children 
 ot tiie district to attend sclmol. 
 
 The Hoard has no i)0(\'erto dose private schools, hut thourrj, 
 Iho private schools may he cfHcieiit. if the Hoard's oflic(M-.s 
 discver that the child's attendance is irregular, the parent 
 can ho prosecuted The School Hoanl has no power to enter 
 voluntary sciiools, or in any way to interfere with the mana.re- 
 iiio.it ot them, hut It ran dcman-l from the voluntary schiml 
 regular returns of the attendance of children, and evi.lence of 
 irregulai- attendance, or ahsence. 
 
 Under the hy-laws, children hetween tlie ages of five and 
 
 hnteenmust atten.l seh , suhj..ct to certain exemptions or 
 
 he under efficient instruction in some other manner " Uii to 
 the age o ten there is no exe.npdon. Hetween the n.rcs of 
 ten and thirteen, children are usually exempted umler tl'^^ hv- 
 iaws /.,/(/ /uu^ on passing a certain standard of oxamintion.at"id 
 /ill fnnr on passing a certain higher standard. The standards 
 of exemption are to some extent within the opth.n of the 
 School i(,ard, and they vary in di<fe,ent districts It is the 
 rule ot the J)epartment,an.l generally provided in the hv-Iaw,s 
 that a child shall not he entitled to half time exemption from 
 attendance at school, even on passing the speciHc .stamlard 
 unless there is a necessity for its employment in conscjuenco of 
 the p..verty o the parent. In ad.litiun to these rules of com' 
 pulsory attendance under the hy-laws, tluTe is, under Lord 
 handons Act ot 1,S7(. compulsory attendance for c.hihlrin 
 hetween the ages ot thirteen and fourteen unless they 1 a e 
 pa.s.sed the iourth stamlard. The remedy for neglect m the 
 part of the parent to cause his child to atten.l^ ,sc1h ,1 in 
 accordence with the provisions of the by-laws and the Acts is 
 hat he shall he summoned by the SchJol Hoard to answe fc r 
 the offence before the Magistrates, and on conviction tlu' ,ine 
 incluhng co,sts must not exceed five shillings for each ofi'ence' 
 with pr„porionate imprisonment in default of payment of the 
 fine. Ihe dccndant may plead a rcasonahk. excu.se for not 
 causing i.s_ ch, ,1 to attend school. The reasonable excu e« 
 mentioned in the Act are. that the child is under efficient 
 
 35 
 
H Victoria. SeM.sioniil I'hjm'i.s (No. .1,1) A. 1891 
 
 inMtnictionin somootluM- maimor ; tha^ tlic chilli lun boo. pro- 
 vmU',\ tvoui atten.lin^' selio(,l !,y sickiu ss or any mmvoi-l'ihla 
 rauso; thattl„.n. i.s no,.,il.Iic clr-irK-i.^vry school .,p,,n which 
 th(' chil.l cainitt..r>.| within sii.-h .listanc.. not .■.xco.'iitv' thico 
 rnil.'s, ,n,,,s„n,. au.or.iinj,' to the n^aivst loa.l, frotn th.^ re.ni- 
 "lencj ot .sijcli chihl. 
 
 ne.i.lo^s the p..nalty a;,rainst the pan-nt. th.>ro is a n.-imlty 
 ai,'ain>t tho .-iMph.yrr who ."inpin; : a diil.l who ..n^'ht to b.* a4 
 ><oli.)..|, th.- hue in this cas.. not exce-lin;,' f,„.ty shilling's, 
 
 f:.ct,',irl jiymFnuil lirpnrf ,,/ ('nnn„is.^]on,-,'s opiMnnlrd to 
 tn'ian'e tnto fhr h'/mioit.n'if /■:</nn,t}„n Art.^, h'x./l.nvl 
 • ())</ \\((/,s. /,^^,9. 
 
 "With a view to enforce the ohli<,'ation of attcn.Janeo in nn 
 in.lireet nianii.T, th.- Act ..f l,S7<i pn.tv.'.ls lirst t.)|)la.',' restiic- 
 tions on tho .■iiipi.iyiii.-nt ..f fhil.lien until th.y hav.i coniplj.'.l 
 with certain e.liicati.mal c.>niliti.)ns, and in the view .>t' tho 
 Act the parent .)f a chil.l who enipl.)ys it for the purpose of 
 t^ain is .leenie.l its enipl.n-er. The Ht'th secti.wi nmk.s it a 
 statutory otfenco, with a penalty .)ii conviction not exceeding 
 forty sh ill ini-s, on the purt of any employer t.) take int.) hi* 
 empl.)ynient (./) iniy chil.l wh.) is un.ler lo vears of iij,'e, an.l 
 (Many chil.l over 10 an.l nn.Ier 14, wh.) .sjiall not have at- 
 taiiie.l .such proHciency in reailinj.', writin<,', an.l arithmetic as 
 is afterwards specified in the sche.lules to the Act. Since l,S,Sl 
 the dej^rreo of pr.,iiciency re.piired is that pre>cril .>d in tho 
 Fourth Standard detine.l Ity the C'.j.le <if l.sTtJ. But, failin" 
 this e.lucatioiifd .pialitieation lor empl.)yment, th.^ Act further 
 provi.les a loop h.)le for invincible dulness, by which a cliild * 
 over 10 years ..Id who cann.)t pa.ss the re.iuireil standard, and 
 who ndyht theref.)ro bo kept from lid.oiir till the at,'e of 14 
 without any e.lucational advantaj^e, may still be .piaTified for 
 work if it can produce a certificate of its i-e^'ular atten.lance. 
 at a certifie.l etlicient school for a certain nund.er of years 
 previ.)u.s. This qualification for employment, which is kn.iwn 
 by the name -/wen to it by Lor.l San.lon of " the dunce's 
 pass," is now fulfiille.l by 2.)cS attendances after five years of 
 age, in not more tlian two .scIdoIs in each year, during' five 
 years, whether consecutive or not. No evidence has'^been 
 hrou^'ht before us tending to sliow that parents have availed 
 themselves to any extent .)f this door of entrance to .-mpl.jy- 
 ment for tlieir cliil.lren, and it may well be doubte.l whether 
 its existence is very generally known. At present, however, 
 and since the passing of the Act of I8,S0, it affects those 
 chil.lren only who at the age of 13 have tailed to pass the 
 standard for total exemption from school atten.lance, fixed by 
 the by-laws of the district in which the}' resi.le." 
 
 Additional Prorinlons of Act of 1876. 
 
 • The uneducated child having thus been prohibited from 
 employment, the Act of lS7(i next proceeds to brin<>' him into 
 
 36 
 
fi4 Victoria. 
 
 SHSsiuiinl Fnn'is (No. ii'.i). 
 
 A. IMIM 
 
 nclicol l)y mcaii'^ of wliat i.s kiiuun as tin- ' Wusticl ( 'liui.si- " 
 Till! two clasHt's of porsons uHi'ctcil l.y it aro, rtrst, paifiits who 
 liiiliitimlly, ami without rcasoiialtlr t'xcusc, m-^fli'ct to iinjvidf 
 t'diciriit cittiifntary iiivtnictioii lor thfir children, hciiij,' ovor 
 Hvc yi'ar.s ot aj,'e, and prohiliifcl from full-time iMiiplovinont ; 
 and. secondly, cliildren found hahitually wand.rin;;, nr not 
 under proper conlrol, or iteinj,' in the company of roj^'ue.s, va),'a- 
 honds, disoiderly nersoiis, or reputed criminal.s. In the.se casu.s 
 it i.s the duty ()f the local authority to complain to a court of 
 sinnmary Juri.sdiction. which m.iv "is.suo an attendance order, 
 requiring; the child to attend re!,'uiurly at .some certitied etlicient 
 .school willinf,r to receive it, and named in the order. The 
 followin,' reasonahle excuses, however, if they can hr pleaded, 
 are allowed, viz., that the nearetst puhlic elementarv school is 
 ovor two miles from the child's residence ; or that tlie al)sence 
 of tlie child from .school has been cau.sed hy sickness or any 
 unavoidal.le cause. Jn tht; event of the l.ivach of such an 
 attendance order, for the tirst otlence the court may impo.se a 
 penalty not ('.xcecdin^i .".v., or order the child to be' .sent to au 
 Indnstiial School, accorduiLf as the parent fails to satisfy, or 
 succeeds in .sati.sfyin,n' the court that he has iised all rea.sona'hle 
 efforts to secure compliance with the or.ler. On the second 
 or any subsequent breach of the order, the court.niay either 
 order the cliild to be .sent to an Industrial School or itupo.se a 
 tine on the parents, nr do both at its discretion. A tine may 
 be im])o,sed for each breach of the order, provided that com- 
 l>iaint be not renewed at anv less interval than two weeks. 
 Childr. n so .sent to an Imlustrinl School shall be di emed to be 
 Kent umler the hidusti'ial ScIkjoIs Act of bsiWj. and the parent 
 ■shall be liable to contribute asunder that statute. The local 
 authority is bound to investi<;ate any allejjfeil case of ne<,dect of 
 childi'en's education under tin; proceding section, audio pro- 
 ceed to enforce ihe prescribed penalties, unless it be deemed 
 inexpedient to do so. A child thus sent to an Industrial School 
 niay, after one month's residence therein, receive a license to 
 live out of the school on condition of its attendinj.,' rculaily 
 some certitied ellijient soh );)1 willinLf to receive it."" 
 
 Mundella'n Act. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Mundella's Act was pas.sed, which established 
 universal direct compulsion by the school authnrity, in con- 
 tradistinction t<j the optional compulsion of Mr. Forster's Act. 
 and the indirect compulsion of Lord Sandon's Act. Mr. 
 For.ster's Act hail made the adoption of by daws, rejrulatino- 
 the attendance of children at school, optional in school board 
 district.s. Lord Sandon's Act had extended this option to all 
 other school districts in England, and bad aimed at .securing 
 education hy enabling the school authority to forbid the 
 ejnployment of uninstrueted cliildren, and bv stringent provi- 
 sions against wastrel and idle children up to the age of 14. 
 Mr. Mundella, carrying out in the Act of 1880 the intention 
 
 37 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 announced by Lord George Hamilton, his predecessor in office 
 converted this option into an obligation on the part of every 
 school authority. It did not, however, repeal the indirect 
 ^^Vl'ia «t?^^*"'^ children to school which had been enacted 
 in 187b. rhese remain side by side with the local by-laws as 
 * collateral security for attendance, in the form of the prohibi- 
 tion ot the employment of children who have not the legal 
 quahhcation, and of penal clauses dealing with those who 
 u"^, ^m^ deba,ried from work, are habitually absent from 
 school. These clauses of the Act of 1876 are still available to 
 deal with absence from school where it is Hagrant, binding 
 over, m the hrst instance, the culprit to attend regularly in 
 tuture. Ihe by-laws, which have since the Act of 1880 been 
 universal y adopted though varying in their provisions in 
 different localities, take cognizance of the smallest deviations 
 trom regular attendance, and provide for summary punish- 
 ment on the parent of the defaulter. 
 
 Effect of Compulsory Legislation 
 
 A test of the progress of education is given by the propor- 
 tion which the number on the registers of efficient schools 
 bears to the population. Taking account only of State-aided 
 fj^°r? ^'.*'"? proportion in England and Wales was 4.81 in 
 IP cS ^•?? n ;F^' ^^•^'^ '^ 1875, and in 1886 it stood at 
 lOd*. It all other certified efficient schools were included wo 
 learn from a note to these tables that the registered scholars 
 would certainly not be less than 1 to 6 of the population 
 Again, taking the number of scholars ■ f the ages of from 7 to 
 lu " °/o ^^ registers of our annual giant schools, we find that 
 they (2,093,910) are upwards of 95 per cent, of the estimated 
 population (2.202,291) of that age, and of the class usually to 
 be found at elementary schools." Such are the statistical 
 proofs which Mr. Cumin is able to afford of the opinion which 
 he expressed in evidence, that we have got nearly all the 
 children of the country, who ought to be there on the re<^ister3 
 ot our elementary schools, a result which, we venture to think 
 both the Duke of Newcastle's Commission, and the author of 
 the hrst Education Act of 1870, would have regarded as no 
 mean one, could they have foreseen its being realised in the 
 intervals that have elapsed since their respective labours. 
 
 38 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 FOREIGN RETURNS. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Abstract of answers to questions sent out by Roj'al Com- 
 mission, relating? to compulsory attendance. 
 
 
 Compulsion. 
 
 CovatHY. 
 
 CCMPULSION, 
 
 Country. 
 
 Between 
 
 1 
 
 Attend- 
 
 Between 
 
 1 Attend- 
 
 
 
 ance re- 
 
 
 
 1 ance re- 
 
 
 ages 
 
 quired. 
 
 
 ages 
 
 (juired. 
 
 Austria 
 
 6 to 14. 
 
 Until 
 scholar has 
 acquired 
 prescribed 
 subjects, re- 
 ligion, and 
 
 reading, 
 writing, and 
 
 Saxony , 
 
 7 to 15 
 
 Special dis- 
 pensation 
 after 7 
 years, or 1 
 year's pro- 
 longation 
 for ignor- 
 ance. 
 
 
 
 arithmetic. 
 
 Sweden .... 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 34 i weeks. 
 
 Bavaria .... 
 
 6 to 13 
 (13 to 10 
 in Sun- 
 day 
 schools ) 
 
 No reply. 
 
 Berne 
 
 6 to 15 
 
 Five-sixths 
 of possible 
 attend- 
 ances. 
 
 
 
 (ieneva .... 
 
 6 to 16 
 
 4 days a 
 
 France .... 
 
 6 to 13 
 
 For 4 
 
 absences of 
 
 
 
 week ; 6 
 hours a day 
 
 
 
 half a day in 
 
 Neuchatel . . 
 
 7 to 16 
 
 After age 
 
 
 
 a month j 
 
 
 
 of 13 they 
 
 
 
 the parent 
 
 
 
 are only re- 
 
 
 
 is sum- 
 
 
 
 quired to 
 
 
 
 moned be- j 
 
 
 
 attend 10 
 
 
 
 fore local 
 
 
 
 hours a 
 
 
 
 school com- 
 
 
 
 week. 
 
 
 
 mittee. For ; 
 
 Tessin(Switz- 
 
 6 to 14 
 
 28 hours a 
 
 
 
 repeated 
 
 land.) 
 
 
 week for 6 
 
 
 
 absences, he 
 
 
 
 to 9 months. 
 
 
 
 may be 
 
 Vaud (Switz- 
 
 7 to 16 
 
 83 hours 
 
 
 
 lined 15 
 
 erland,) 
 
 
 per week. 
 
 
 
 francs or 
 
 Grisons 
 
 7 to 15 
 
 Not stated. 
 
 
 
 sent to gaol j 
 
 (Switzerland) 
 
 
 Fines and 
 
 
 
 5 days. 
 
 
 
 imprison- 
 
 Hungary 
 
 6 to 12 
 
 8 months 
 
 
 
 ment for 
 
 
 day, 12 
 
 country, 10 
 
 
 
 constant 
 
 
 to 15 con- 
 
 months 
 
 
 
 non attend- 
 
 
 tinu- 
 
 town. 
 
 
 
 ance. 
 
 
 ation. 
 
 
 Zurich 6 to 16 | 
 
 Every day ; 
 
 Italy 
 
 6 to 9. 
 
 No fixed 
 rule. 
 
 
 
 pnnalties 
 for 10 
 
 Norway .... 
 
 8(7 in 
 
 12 weeks 
 
 
 
 absences. 
 
 
 town) 
 
 per annum, j 
 
 Wurtemburg 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 Eveiy 
 
 
 until 
 
 
 
 
 school day. 
 
 
 bhey are 
 
 
 
 
 Parents caa 
 
 
 con- 
 
 
 
 
 be warned. 
 
 
 firmed. 
 
 
 
 
 fined and 
 
 PrUBBta .... 
 
 i to 14. 
 
 8 years 
 
 i 
 
 
 imprisoned. 
 
 80 
 
I) 
 
 64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 FOREIGN RETURNS.-^ 'ontinue<l. 
 
 
 COMITLSOKY. 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 CofS'J'KV. 
 
 C().MI'r.'LS()KT. 
 
 COUNTRV. 
 
 Between 
 
 asies. 
 
 Attend- 
 ance re- 
 
 I 
 
 F5etweenl ^"'''"'1 
 ance re 
 
 
 *-f)* "' 
 
 iiuirud. 1 iiyes. 
 
 i 
 
 '|uircd. 
 
 Britisli Co- 
 lumbia 
 
 1 
 
 1 7 to 12 
 
 1 "■ " "■" 
 
 Attend- : Mnntana, 
 aiices not ■ U.S. A 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 1 
 12 weeks 
 each year. 
 
 
 
 stated. Ab- ' Nebraska, U 
 
 i 8 to 14 
 
 i 12 weeks 
 
 
 
 sences pun- ; S.A. 
 
 ! 
 
 1 each year. 
 
 
 
 Lsbed by h Wi.sconsin, 
 
 1 7 to 15 
 
 12 week. 
 
 
 
 line or im- ; U.S. A 
 
 
 each >ear. 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 
 laisonnieiit. i Wyomintj, U 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 3 montlis. 
 
 : 7 to i;{ 
 
 "One half j: S.A. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ol the ; California, U. 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 80 day a. 
 
 
 
 ilieriod dur- 1 S.A. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i inj,' whicJ 
 
 Idaho, U. 
 
 i 8to 14 
 
 12 weeks 
 
 
 
 the .'school 
 
 S.A. ; 
 
 each year 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 7 to 12 
 
 is open." 
 ^0 ilays a 
 
 
 1 
 
 (of which 8 
 must be 
 
 Ontario 
 
 7 to 13 
 
 year. 
 100 days a 
 
 
 
 consecu- 
 tive). 
 10 weeks 
 
 
 
 year. 
 
 IMaine, U. 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 Prince Ed- 
 
 8 to 13 
 
 13 weeks a 
 
 S.A. 
 
 
 a year. 
 20 week* 
 
 waid Island 
 
 
 year. 
 
 ^lassachu.s- 
 
 H to 14 
 
 yueun.sland 
 
 G to 12 
 
 (iO days in 1 
 
 etts,U.S.A. 
 
 
 a year. 
 4 months a 
 
 
 
 each half 
 
 Michi;.;an, U. 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 South Aus- 
 
 7 to 13 
 
 _^year. I 
 35 hchiiiil 
 
 S.A". 
 New Hamp- 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 year. 
 12 weeks, 
 
 tralia 
 
 
 days ])er 
 
 shire, U.S. 
 
 
 of which (J 
 
 Tasmania . . 
 
 7 to 13 
 
 ijuarter. 
 3 days a 
 
 A. 
 
 
 nmst be 
 consecu- 
 
 Dakota, U. 
 S.A. 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 Week. 
 12 weeks a 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 7 to 12 
 
 tive. 
 20 weeks. 
 
 j 
 
 year. 
 
 U.S.A. 
 
 
 
 Illinois, U. 
 
 8 to 14 ; 
 
 12 weeks a | New York, j 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 N<it stated 
 
 S.A. 
 Kansas .... 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 year. 
 12 weeks a 
 
 U.S.A. ..; 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 in Act. 
 12 weeks. 
 
 i 
 
 
 J ear (fJ 
 
 U.S.A. .. 
 
 
 if which (J 
 
 J 
 
 
 con.secu- 
 
 
 
 nmst be 
 
 Manitoba . . 
 
 7 to 12 
 
 tive). 
 Fixed 
 
 1 
 
 
 consecu- 
 tive. 
 
 1 
 
 
 locally. 
 
 \Vashint,'ton j 
 
 8 to 18 
 
 3 months, 
 
 Minnesota, ' 
 
 8 to 16 
 
 12 weeks 
 
 'leiritorv. 
 
 
 jr (JO days. 
 
 U.S. A 
 
 ( 
 
 )ach year(G U.S.A. " ! 
 
 
 
 
 must ho Vermont, U. j 
 
 8 to 14 
 
 3 luonlhs. 
 
 
 
 consecu- h S.A. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 tive). 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3;J). 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 I.—Summarg of the Ldxo relating to the Attendance at School 
 of Children betiveen 6 and H years of age, and to th 
 Employment of such Children. 
 
 A. As TO CHILDKEN I5ETWEEN 5 AND 13. 
 
 A child between five and thirteen years of age must iittend 
 a certified ertieient school during the whole time for whicli 
 such scliool is open. 
 Exceptions : — 
 
 (i) A child between ten and thirteen years of age is not re- 
 quired to attend school for more than five attendances in each 
 week, if such child .shall be shown to the satisfaction of the 
 School Board to be beneficially and necessarily employed, and 
 sh.ill have received a certifieate from one of Her Majesty's 
 Inspectors that it has passed the Third Standard. 
 
 (ii) A child between ten and thirteen years of age is not 
 required to attend .school at all, if such child shall'have re- 
 ceived a certificate from one of Her Majesty's In.spoctors that 
 it has passed the Sijcth Standard. 
 
 The following are reasonable excuses for the non-attendance 
 of a child at school. 
 
 (a) That the child is under efficient instruction in some 
 other manner. 
 
 _ (h) That the child is prevented from attending school by 
 sickness or any unavoidalile eause. 
 
 (c) That there is no pulilic elementary school open which 
 the child can attend within two miles. 
 
 The parent, or guardian, of any child who ought to attend 
 but does not attend .school, is liable upon conviction to a 
 penalty not exceeding, with the costs, five shillings for each 
 ofi'ence. 
 
 Moreover the enii)loyer of any child who ought to attend 
 but does not attend .school, is liable to a penalty not exceeding 
 forty shillings for each ofience, " 
 
 B. As TO CHILDUEX BETWEEN 13 AND 14. 
 
 No person, parent or other, may take into his employment 
 any child between thirteen and fourteen years of age unless 
 such child (a) siiail have obtained a cert'ificate that he has 
 passed the Fourth Standard, or (b) shall have made 250 at- 
 tendances in not more than two sciiools during each year for 
 five preceding years, whether consecutive or not. 
 
 The employer of a child between thirteen and fourteen 
 years of age, who has not satisfied one of these two conditions, 
 IS liable to a penalty not exceeding forty shillings; and if 
 such child is habitually absent from school, the parent is 
 l iable to successive penalties of five shilling.s each. 
 
 NoTB.-There are seven standards or Forms in theli^ish Public SchwJs' 
 
 ?hLnT«'"""*".'^''^^"^''J';'"'i" """ P"Wic Schools of Onurio is a little nWe 
 than the amount prescribed for the next higher Standard in the English SchooU 
 
 41 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 LEEDS. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 
 /4 oj the Elementary Educa- 
 
 liy-LawH made under Section 7.^ 
 t'wn Act, 1S70, an amended by the Elementary Education 
 Act, 1870, for the Municipal Borowjh of Leeds, by the Leeds 
 School Board. 
 
 1. Tiie parent of every child of not less than five, nor more 
 than thirteen years of age siiall cau,se such child to attend 
 school, unless there be a reasonable excuse for non-attendance. 
 
 Any of the following reasons shall be a reasonable excuse, 
 namely : — 
 
 (a) That the child is under efficient instruction in some 
 other manner. 
 
 (b) That the child has been prevented from attending school 
 by sickness ir any unavoidable cause. 
 
 (c) That theiM is no public elementary .school open which 
 the child cim attend within one mile and a half, measured 
 according to the neai'est road from the residence of such child, 
 
 2. The time during \yhich every child shall attend school 
 shall l)e the whole time for which the school selected shall be 
 open for the instruction of cihiUren of similar age, including 
 the day fixed by Her Majesty's inspector for his annual visit. 
 
 3. Provided always that riothing in these by-laws — 
 
 (a) Shi 11 preveut the withdrawal of any child from any 
 religious observance or ins. ruction in religious subjects; 
 
 (6) Sl'uU require any child to attend .school on any day ex- 
 clusively set apart foo religious observance by the religious 
 body to vt'liich its parent belongs; or 
 
 (c) Shivli have any force or effect in so far as it may be con- 
 trary to anything contained in any Act for regulating the 
 education of children employed in labour. 
 
 -i. And provid'.'d always that — 
 
 (a) A child between ten and thirteen years of age shall not 
 be requii'.'d to atttrid school if such child has received a certifi- 
 cate from one of Her Majesty's inspectors of schools that it has 
 reached the sixth standard prescribed by the Code of l!-i76. 
 
 (/>) A child between ten and thirteen years of age shown to 
 thesatisfac Jon of the local authority to be benefieiallyand neces- 
 oaiily employed shall nut be requited to attend school for more 
 than five (dtcndavces in each week during which the school is 
 open, if such child has received a certificate from one of Her 
 Majesty's inspectors of schools that it has reached the fourth 
 standard prescribed by the Code of 1876. 
 
 5. Every parent who shall not observe, or shall neglect or 
 violate the.se by-laws, or any of them, shall, upon conviction, 
 be liable to a penalty not exceeding, with the costs, five 
 shillings for each offence. 
 
 The by-laws of Newcastle-on-Tyne are the same as those of 
 Leede. 
 
 42 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Pajicrs (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 Birmingham and Manchester .suhstitute one mile for ouo 
 rnile and a half in Sec. 1 (c), and Manche.ster also substitutes 
 hfth lor sixth standard in Sec. 4 (a ) and third for fourth in 
 .Sec. 4 (6). 
 
 SHEFFIELD. 
 
 Meriwraitdum of the Enforcement of the Attendance of Child- 
 ren at iiehooh and Penalties for Illegal Employment. 
 
 It is the duty of the school board to enforce the attendance 
 of children at school both under the Elementary Education 
 Act, KS7G, and under the by-laws of the .school board. 
 
 Unldren may be sent to infants' schools at W years of ar^e 
 Evory child must attend .school regularly between the aA's 
 of.) and 14, when not prevented by .sickne.ss or otlier unavoul- 
 abJe cau.se, uuK'.ss — 
 
 (1) Beiny l:} years of aj,'.', he (or sh(3) has passed the 4th 
 standard m readni;r, writing- iuul arithmetic, and obtained a 
 certihcate to that effect. 
 
 (2) Being 13 years of age, he can be shewn to have attended 
 not less than 250 times in each year for 5 years, whether con- 
 secutive or not, at not more than 2 schools after attaininrr the 
 age ot o years. ^ 
 
 (3) Being not le.ss than 10 years of age, he has passed the 
 5tli stamiiird; in which ca.se the obligation to attemi school 
 ceases. 
 
 (4) Being not le.ss than 10 years of age, and having pa.s.sed 
 the 4th standard, he can be shewn to the .satisfaction of the 
 school board to be beneficially and nece.s.sarily employed ; in 
 wliich case not more than 5 attendances in each week will be 
 enforced. 
 
 (5) Being 13 years of nge, he is working in a factory or 
 work.shop; m which case he must attend .school half-time in 
 accordance with the provisions of the Factory and Workshops 
 Kegulation Acts, l;oth paivnts and employers being liable to 
 penalties it such child be allowed to work in any week with- 
 out having attended school 5 times in the previous week or 
 until the deficient number of attendnnces be made up in the 
 current week, unless such child shall have been prevented 
 ii\nn attending by sickness or other unavoidable cause or 
 onles.s the school shall have been temporarily clo.sed. 
 
 Children who are not wholly or partially exempt from the 
 obligation to attemi school under the conditions above set 
 forth must attend every time the .school is open, and no attend- 
 ance is reckoned unless the child be present when registers 
 -are marked. ^ 
 
 Pknaltie.s. 
 
 If a parent neglect to provide efficient elementary in.struc- 
 tion for his child between 5 and 14 years of age. or if a parent 
 neglect to send hia child regularly to school between 5 and 13 
 
 43 
 
S-t Victoria. 
 
 l^ 
 
 VK\ 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 years of aj,'e, auhject to the exceptions named in the by-laws, 
 siii;h parent nuiy be siiiriinoned before the magistrates and 
 fined not exceeding 5s. includinu costs. 
 
 If it become necessary to enforce payment of a fine by dis- 
 traint, the cost of the distress, in addition to the fine, must bo 
 paid by tlie parent. 
 
 Committal to Industkiai, Schools. 
 
 A child whose parent habitually and without ruascmable 
 excuse nej^-lccts to provide eflicient olemcntary instruction for 
 him, or a child wl)o is found habitually wandering, or not 
 under proper control, or in the conijmny of rogues, vagaixmds, 
 disorderly persons or reputed criminals, may be ordered by 
 the magistrates to attend some certiHod efiicient school willing 
 to receive iiim, and if this order be not complied with, then 
 the parent may be fined 5s., or the child may be sent to a 
 certified industrial school (See Sections 11 and 12 Elementary 
 Education Act, 187G), in whirh latter case the parent will bo 
 required to pay such .sum (nut exceeding 5.s. per week) to- 
 wards the maintenance of the child as the magistrates may 
 order. The non-payment of such contributions may bo 
 punished by the imprisonment of the parent (see Industrial 
 Schools Act, ISGG.) 
 
 Penaltv kou Unlawkully Employing Ciiildrkn, 
 
 Any person — even a ])arent — taking a child into employ- 
 ment, wliether in a factory or otherwise, conti-ary to the pro- 
 visions of the Elementary Education Act, KSTG, that is, if he 
 take into employment a child under 10 years of age, or a child 
 under 14years of age wIkj has not either pa.ssed tlie 4th stand- 
 ard, or produced a certificate of due attendance at .school dur- 
 ing 5 years, will be liable to a fine of 4()s. The certificate ot 
 due atti'udance recjuired is to the efi'ect that the child has 
 made 250 attendances at least in not more than two schools 
 during each yc&v for five years, wliether consecutive or not, 
 after having attained the age of 5 years. 
 
 Penalty fok False Rkpkesentation. 
 
 When a child is taken into emploj'mcnt in contravention of 
 the Elementary Eiluc.ition Act, 1JS7(J, on the ])roduction, by or 
 with the privity of the parent, of a false certificate, or on false 
 representations as to age, the y)arent is liable to a penalty not 
 exceeding 40.s. (Elementary Education Act, 1876, sec. 38.) 
 
 It is the duty of the factory inspectors to enforce the pro- 
 visions of the Elementary Education Act of 187G against the 
 employers of children in factories, workshops and mines, but 
 it is the duty of the local authority (Sheffield .school board) to 
 assist the .said inspectors and the sub-inspectors by information 
 and otherwise. 
 
 NoTK. — Under the Factory Act no child under 13 years of age may bo 
 enij)]oyud ill a fjictory or workslinp tvLL timf, and the Act alsi' piohibitH 
 children from beinjj employed full time at i", unless they have passed the 
 fourth standard. 
 
 44 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. «;{). a. 1891 
 
 L'xtracts from Report of I.vch School Hoar,!, /,9,W. 
 nrcfvi^f!? T} '""^'^"'r^ f l'«'^I arco.nnxMktion having. Loo,, 
 
 Rothorwith aspocial .>ffico; o; ■ tri^^ ,, Z ^.i '"" 
 .nspec<.,r In IHH^ arran.e,„o,nonts ;;i " ..^ e ^> s "tin" 
 
 committee in conveyin<^ cl.il.ln n n "ll,, '"?"''^' V^' ^''"o<.ls 
 <i rectly to tlie corporation, in lio,, ..f c.rlain court clia • 1. 
 
 It has heen .seen tl.at the numl.er .,f cluMren avIh. si.onid he 
 ftttendinjr puhlic elementary schools in Leeds is fi-,4 inl 
 ^ho number actually atten.iin, school at t:i;e p^s ' 7 t mcT 
 ♦>-l'.y77, the averages atteii. lance is 52,:j79. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 For the purpose of primary education there is a school honr.l 
 
 higher elementary, which includes teclmical is also <".»., -f^' 
 
 ITALY, 
 tion in isn7 HM • I * !^^ *^*^ "^^ '^"'^l compulsory educa- 
 
 45 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Pui)ers (No. 83). 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Elomi'iitary education litis only (|uitL' rt-contly been orpanizcrl 
 ill Kiusia. Tliu jiulilic (^Iciiicuiary scliool.s wvw oi;;aiiiz(;(l in 
 1S74, to make e'tMiientaiy ctlucation accessible to both sexes 
 of t!ie workini; classes turnuulioiit IliHsin. 'J'liey are sup- 
 ported by tlie combined sulisidies of the state, the ten itorial 
 popular councils and either the eonununcs or private bodies. 
 Attendance is practically compulsory. Instruction is given 
 free of charge and in many cases even books and appliances 
 are provided gratis. 
 
 In 
 
 SAXONY. 
 
 It was in ISOf) that attendance at school was made compuJ- 
 aory in Saxony. Ev(>ry child is recpured to attendthe elemen- 
 tary school ftn- at least eight consecutive years, from six to 
 fourteen. This is the case throughout all Germany, but in 
 Saxony, as in some otlier states (thildren who have not made 
 .satisfactory progress in the elfment^iry school at the age of 
 fourteen years are obliged to attend a l^'ortbildung.s.schule, or 
 continuation school, held in the evenings and Sundays for two 
 years lotiger. Parents and guardians are required to see that 
 their chihlreii attend ivgnlarly. In general only illness or 
 infectious complaints ai-e accepted as a reasonable^ excuse I'or 
 ab.senue. Parents rendei' themselves liable to a fine for tiie 
 non-attendance of tlieir children at an elementary school, and 
 both parents and employers of labor incur a similar punish- 
 ment in the case of non-attendance of a scholar at a Fortbil- 
 dungsschule. The scho(jl parish is rjipiired to furnish the 
 requisite funds for the erection and maintenance (,f tlie schools 
 of the pari.sh. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Children of not less th"an ti\e years or of more than thirteen 
 mav attend school, but attendance is compulsory for not less 
 than tliirty-tive <lays in each quarter upon all children be- 
 tween seven and thirteen years of age ; and a parent who 
 neglects to send such child to' school, is ]ial)le to he summoned 
 at "the instance of the board of a<lvice before a justice and on 
 conviction to pay a sum not exceeding 5s. f(;r a tiist oHencu 
 and 20s. for every succeeding oU'ei.C-'. 
 
 ZURICH. (CANTON OF) 
 
 The school .system of Switzerland, and of which that in 
 force in the Canton and city of Zurich is taken as an example, 
 bears a close resemblance in many respects that of Germany. 
 The elementary and higher elementary, (called in Switzerland 
 secondary) education is free, and attendance is compulsory 
 
 46 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). a. 1891 
 
 upon all ohiMron botvvoon six nn,l fonrtecn v.^ar, ,,f a-^e • n.r 
 
 CIKRMANY. 
 
 Fnv '.t ^ji'^^^-'^-V'-^'tt^''' Of enquiry t., Hon. (Jeor^ro H Pondl.ton 
 En oy hxtra.r.hnary and Minister Plenip.,t<'ntii. v f /) 
 Un.t.Hl States to Berlin, Germany, was sc 1 t /.' ?s. • 
 ten. lent of the State of New York n 1 ss's 1 ' ' , '^"P';nn- 
 is also ,iven as it contains l^c^! va;u^:ie -'..t-S.^ '''''' 
 
 DkPAKTMEXT of Pitislk; Jx.STUrCTION 
 
 SL'i'i;Hr\TE.\i)i;.\T',s ()ff,(k, 
 
 Albany, Stptcnihp.i- H, 1888 
 
 } 
 
 The Honorable Gkouoe II. Pexulftox, 
 
 Sm, -The people and Lenrislature of this State are earne^tl.- 
 
 veryetfectnal .system for seeurin- this J, I • v\ , ' "'' '.'" 
 ascertain what i,as been done in^h dire in "l" Xl'si^t ^ 
 an, nations, and to what extent thev have b en a 11 f. 
 
 in and effectively m the premises. I will be verv de.M.lv'Tn t r 
 ful to you ifyou will be -ood enon-di to secure from X " 
 jonal authorities of Gennany tluMlc^nS nb , n S 
 
 the •scllook"'""'" "'^' ^'^"'"" f--eonipellin. attendance upon 
 2. How lon^o; Ins it I)een in operation ? 
 
 wdi ,i':m ir^dtiil T "'" ' ^ '"'^^^^ ^"' '"•"-^^ ^^^^^-^«. «• 
 
 «chooff' '"" '''"' '"'^' "''^ ^''''^''■«" ••'^'l"i'-^^J to attend 
 
 session'amWfnn/'r^ to attend whenever the .schools a^e in 
 session, and. if not, then for what period each year ? 
 
 47 
 
54- Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 fi What is tlio ini'tlio-l of asc(>rtaininfr what children an; not 
 in school ? An« scliool ..tli.-rs n'sponsil.l(^ for it ? Have they 
 .nr^cial officers .•h;u-e.l with this duty, or is the ordinary con- 
 rhularvon-rue force cluxr^ed with it ? What course us pur- 
 sued in order t(^ aseertain? 
 
 7. Are private sehoi.ls nninired to report their attendance to 
 rhepuhlie scliool authorities? 
 
 8 Wlviti.enalti(«s are iinpose-l for non-compliance with the 
 laws requiring attendance, up.m the schools ? Are the parents 
 or the children responsihle ? 
 
 <) Are there special schools for vicious and truant children 
 who cannot he kept or properly .lisciplined in the ordinary 
 
 schools ! . 1 1 i. 
 
 10 Do loeal communiiies at all times provide a. equate 
 schu<il accommodations for all children required by lajv to 
 atton.l school' If not, what means does the law furnish for 
 compellinj,' such provision to be made ? 
 
 1 am, sir. very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 A. S. DRAPKK, 
 
 Svj)crinf('r.(^ent. 
 
 Rrpb, fn quMum I. Prussia has a systeni for compelling 
 attendico ^upou the schools. The pluui,,dilet refers only to 
 Pnissia. When reference is made to " German schools, the 
 Prussian schools are generally meant. 
 
 "/v(two/ilfa?/14. 18.')1. 
 
 -< In order that throughout the whole extent of the king- 
 dom, school discipline .'^hall be practised with success, and that 
 tir^ttendance ipon the schools shall be nowhere neglected. 
 ♦ * * I herewith prescribe that: 
 
 (a^ Parents or their legal representatives, who cannot prove 
 that they provide for the necessary instruction ot their 
 c Udren at honxe, shall be obliged, if necessary by coercive 
 measures and penalties, to send every child hve years old to 
 
 school." „ ^, . , T» 
 
 NoTE.-In Westphalia and two districts of Rheni.sh Prussia 
 
 the school age is six years. 
 
 fM " The regular attendance upon the classes of the school 
 ,nt St be continued until the child, according to the opinion of 
 h^ nastor shall have acquired the knowledge necessary to 
 ariJtnSii^'nt human being of his circumstances (station). 
 
 (c) "Only by permission of the government f^d «f the 
 school inspector can a child be kept from school after the 
 presc ilKdigal age for entering the school ; or can h^s schoo 
 Kuction.on account of any hindrances, be interrupted for 
 any protracted period of time." 
 
 K 
 
54 Victoiiii. Sessional Pajiors (No. 'M]). 
 
 liepli/ to Qufistions J-J. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 2 tiiiil -'5. Sinco 182.') un<l earlier. 
 
 There are no .schools corrjsponilinL,' to our (iistrict schools 
 whicli are .scattered throii^'hout tiic rural districts. The rural 
 population lor the niont part live in little villa^'es, and their 
 schools are under the saiin' pulilic school law. " Kvery hamlet 
 whiehhas no school of its own, is assii,Mied liy law to a neiyh- 
 horini,' school." 
 
 R»'l)l>J to Quc'^fian 4- 
 
 4. From the time they aiv live years old until they have the 
 knowlfdj^rt; necessary to tit them for their destined life, usually 
 until they are fourteen years (jld. 
 
 The school rei,'ulations refer to children up to fourteen years 
 old, as nuiv he inferred from somi; of the followinir <'xtracts: — 
 
 Tiiey are obliged to attend whensoever the scIkxjIs are in 
 sessi(jn. For children hetwi'i.-n twelve and fourteen years of 
 age spt^cial provisions are matle. They may he emi)loyed for 
 part of a day, hut nnist attend schoul at least three hours per 
 day. All children under fourteen years of age, who are em- 
 ployed in factories, Avorkshops, i-tc., must need have a work- 
 card, (/. c, card giving permi.-^sien that they may he employed 
 to work.) 
 
 " Work cards shall iKjt be given to children who have not 
 finished their twelfth year. Noljoily is pijrmitted to employ 
 children who are still under tlie obligation to attend the com- 
 mon schools for work in garden, field, shop, etc." 
 
 " Employers wlio act contrary to this prohibition will be 
 fined from one to ten thaleis or corresponding imprisonment, 
 for the employment of every ' school liable, child, during the 
 hours fixed for .school instruction." 
 
 I 
 
 lii'pli/ to Qaedtiun o. 
 
 5. The school teacher keeps regular lists of attendance and 
 is responsible. Lists of children who are of school age are 
 furnished to the teacher \>y the police authorities. It is the 
 business of the teachar to report absences to the police, who 
 see that the law in regard to attendance is observed. 
 
 Extract from the instructions for the principals of common 
 schools in Berlin. It is the duty of the school principal to 
 attend to the admission of school children ; to the keeping of a 
 journal ; to the control over the keeping of class lists ; to the 
 notice of dismissed children or of those tvho did not appear at 
 .school ; to Ihc. notice of school abs€nce&, according to the 
 " instruction from the school commissioners of this place." 
 4 (C.E.) 49 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. iV.i). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 ■;i 
 
 The tijiichors tiro to rt'coivo a complete list of ivll resident 
 children who are of school a^o, an<l of all those children who 
 move into the district and an! of school a_<,'e. 
 
 "It is of fjre.at importance for tlie puMic school institution 
 that complete lists of resident children who are of school a^i\ 
 anil of those who move in, shall he ^dven to the teachers, and 
 that the prescrihed lists of alisentees sliall not otdy he accni'- 
 ately kept, init also carefully preserved, and that the pupils of 
 the pulilic sehuols shall receive, on thtiir leaving', certificates 
 of disudssal." 
 
 R('l>l>/ fo (Jll('stlt)IL >!. 
 
 (). Ves ; they are umlerthe same laws as the puhlie sohools, 
 hoth fus to course ot stuily, methods of discipline and even the 
 ^election of the teachers. 
 
 " Private schools shall be pernutted only in such places as 
 then- is no siitlicient ])rovision for the instruction of the 
 children through the puhlie schools." 
 
 Reply to Question 7. 
 
 7. All private schools and all private oilucational iiistitn- 
 tifms are, just as all puhlie schools of the same kind, first under 
 the supervision of the school authorities of the place, then 
 under that of the county, ami finally under that of the govern- 
 ment. This supervision shall extend not only to the school 
 discipline and to the course of instruction, but also to the selec- 
 tion of teachers, books, etc. 
 
 Repl II to Question 8. 
 
 8. Parents are responsible and suffer the penalties. 
 
 The puhishinents for neglect of school attendance are not to 
 be fi.xed by the school inspectors, hut by the police courts. 
 
 School children can be forcibly summoned to school. 
 
 To the forcible means which, nHide fi'om the ptinishmcvt of 
 the ffuilty piirents, SLYQ admissable, belongs * * * * pjij.. 
 ticularly the legal summoning* of a child to school, and this 
 method is particularly justified when the guilt of the child's 
 non-attendance cannot be attributed to the parents. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Reply to Question 9. 
 
 9. Yes ; reference is made to the compulsory education of 
 morally neglected or depraved children in " Ruttungshausern," 
 i. c, homes or institutions for reform. 
 
 " The j)rincipal work of teachers of homes for reform are 
 the c^rc. and education of morally neglecteil or ch^riraved 
 children." 
 
 50 
 
' 
 
 Iiri' ('nlll)H'||.),i to 
 
 o4 Viftoiiii. Sessional I'aj.ois (No. '.Hi). A. 1S91 
 
 lirp/i/ to i^iu'st'iftit l(i_ 
 
 10. V>s; tli.'v n<.tniilv fuiriisli thciii liiit 
 (J„ so— ,. veil ai,';iiii->t thr'w will. 
 
 A'l.iiittan... into the .sdiool of tl,.. plmv wl„.,v u (.I,ii,i ,.-.,. 
 lar.v |,v..s m.ir.ot 1... ivfiis..!. H„t M„. ,„i,,.„f, ,.,,„ , ,;;. 
 clul. n.n to any .chool wIut. tl,..y can M.nl a.l.nittaucc 
 
 I Ih; tonnation of a now .oiiool is r...|ui»v.l wli.iv tl... ,,.11.1- 
 borot c-hil,livnincl.ai-.. ofon.. tcaclHT is co,..si,l..n,l,lv ovrr 
 ♦■lj,'lity. • ' 
 
 Th.. ^uv..,M>M..Mt i.as tJH. ri^l.t to.k.tornm.e wlu-tlirra srhooj 
 
 I. il" ; ^'^;;''^'';''-''' '^'"1 \vl'ytiu.ran,l at what ,.lac. a new 
 school. lK..si(le,sthe uliea.ly rxistin- one, shall l„. eivct..,! 
 
 I lie -ovrnmient has the ri.^^l.t to enforce the e.stal.lisiin.ent 
 .. neeessury s.hools even a-ainst the will of those who are 
 olih^'ed to care tor their support. 
 
 Theexpen.se of n,aintainin- a .sehool l.uiMin- and h;ihitation 
 t..r the .sehool teacher imist Im- l,orne as a conui.on ta.x hv all 
 inhal.itants without .listinetion. ' 
 
 quistioirs"'' "' "'"''"' ^" ^'"' '""'^ ■^^^^•-'"'^■"t "f the answer to 
 Chil.lren who are ..hiiyo.l to attend the public .school, may 
 he prrnutted to work in factories onlv when they have a 
 rejrular instruction of at l..ast thre. hours .lailv in the public 
 ^chool or in a school and aecor.lin;^to a course of study accept- 
 ed by the <;overiiiaent .school authorities. * 
 
 Prn'u's Rrport. 
 
 Perry in his report on (ierman elementary scliools .says :— 
 Lau-s enactin- th.. compulsory attendance, of chil.lren at 
 school under hnts and penalties exist at ilie i-rcsent .lay in a 
 dernian states. -^ 
 
 The general rule is that scliool ag.. ..onimencos when a cliild 
 
 pue?h;^'£t^;^tir^'^ '- --' -^^ ^^'- '- '- -- 
 
 If a child fails at the age ..f , .u.teen to reach the standar.l 
 required at elementary schools lie may be compelle.l to attc^ d 
 school tor another year. 
 
 School attendance i,s ensure.! by long halnt and tra.lition 
 
 t^ e'c' mtr - 7/"'?" ^^^ ^^^-"'-,«« '/- ^^xken so deep a roo Tn 
 thi cuunti^ t mt 1 torins one ol the or.linary conceptions of 
 the people. It i.s the desire of the people themselves. ' 
 
 Ihe prcs.sure put upon both pa.»nts and children in the 
 comparatively iew cases in which it is neces.sary is vely 
 
 I" -oine towns the amount of tines inflicted i.s very small 
 but this shows that the law i,s obeyed, not that it is lax. A an 
 evuience or this : 
 
 In a large town 4 to (i per cent, is the average of absence to 
 
 be expected : m a «ina l (j-jipf fmvr- ,0 l-X ^' '^ ,^"^*' ^" 
 
 good/about 8 to 3.5 percent ' " "" '^^^-^^-oe is 
 
 51 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 ( 
 
 The following digest of the laws respecting compulsory 
 attendance and truancy is made from the reports of the State 
 superintendent and other official documents in the library of 
 the Education Department. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 By an Act of 1852, every child between the ages of eight 
 and fourteen years was required to attend school for twelve 
 weeks each year. Six weeks of the twelve must be con- 
 secutive. 
 
 For a violation of this Act a fine of twenty dollars was im- 
 posed upon the parent or guardian. It was made the duty of 
 the school committee to report violations of the Act to the 
 city or town in their annual report. The treasurer of the city 
 or town was to prosecute for violations of the Act. 
 
 By an Act of 1873 the time of attendance was increased 
 from twelve to twenty weeks, and the limit of the age of 
 attendance was changed to be from eight to twelve years. 
 
 The Acts of 1874 changed the age again to be from eight to 
 foux-teen years, and divided the twenty weeks of attendance 
 into two terms of ten consecutive weeks. 
 
 Provision was made by an Act of 1859 for the attendance of 
 children at schools in adjoining towns, under regulations of 
 school committees of said towns. 
 
 Truant Children and Absentees from. School. 
 
 An Act was passed in 1850 requiring towns to make all 
 needful provisions for the instruction, confinement and disci- 
 pline of truant children and absentees from school. 
 
 Under this Act towns were required to adopt by-laws, and 
 to provide places for the restraint, discipline and instruction 
 of truants, and the committees were required to appoint truant 
 officers under the by-laws. 
 
 Towns and cities were required by Act of 1862 to make all 
 needful provisions for truant children who are between seven 
 and sixteen years of age. 
 
 A fine of not less than twenty dollars was to be imposed for 
 a breach of the by-laws. Instead of this fine, the person con- 
 victed could be sent to an institution provided by the town 
 for the restraint of truant children. 
 
 By subsequent legislation (1873) the period of time was 
 changed to be from five to fifteen years. 
 
 An Act of 1873 provided that, on petition of three or more 
 cities or towns in any county, the county commissioners shall 
 establish a truant school for the county. 
 
 By an Act of 1881 it was provided that certain counties, and 
 by Act of 1884 that two, three or four contiguous counties, 
 may establish a union truant school, on petition of three or 
 more cities in each of said counties. 
 
 52 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 Report of Truard Officers. 
 
 A. 1881 
 
 The following facts from the report of Mr. Geo. A. Walton, 
 agent for the Massachusetts Board of Education, dated Dec. 
 31, 1880, are worthy of notice : 
 
 The Acts of 1850 required the towns to make all needful 
 provisions concerning truants and absentees from school, be- 
 tween the ages of five and sixteen years. The penalties 
 imposed were either fines or imprisonment. The present law 
 requires tows to make provisions concerning this class of per- 
 sons between seven and fifteen years of age 
 
 These provisions compel the towns to adopt by-laws relating 
 to truants, to provide a suitable place for the restraint, disci- 
 pline and instruction of persons committed under the by-laws. 
 School committees are required to appoint two or more truant 
 officers whose duty it shall be to make complaints and execute 
 the judgments of the courts under the by-laws. 
 
 Formerly any person between seven and sixteen years of age 
 found wandering about the streets, not subject to parental 
 control and growing up in ignorance, was subject to fine or 
 imprisonment ; now a fine is imposed upon the parent or 
 guardian who neglects the schooling of his child. In case the 
 parent is unable to keep his child in school from want of power 
 to control him, the child may be sent to a truant school for a 
 term of two years. 
 
 , The statutes require school committees, in their annual re- 
 turns to the Board of Education, to state whether the towns 
 have made the needful provisions required by law relating to 
 truants and absentees from school. 
 
 The laws compelling attendance and fixing penalties for vio- 
 lations are a logical sequence of the law which puts a tax upon 
 the property of the citizen for the support of the schools. The 
 tax-payer has the right to demand that the children whose 
 schooling he pays for shall be kept in school and not be 
 allowed to grow up in ignorance, or wander about the streets 
 and pastures to prey upon his property. 
 
 Following out to its logical conclusion the principle upon 
 which laws for compulsory attendance are based, they might 
 fairly compel attendance for the entire period for which taxes 
 are levied to support the schools. The laws are presumed to 
 exjiress the maximum of compulsion for which the average mind 
 of the people is prepared ; they certainly express the minimum 
 of instruction the State can afford to have the children receive. 
 To raise the minimum of instruction, it is necessary to elevate 
 the average mind to a fuller appreciation of the needs and 
 duties of the State in the matter of educating the children. 
 
 Trifling causes of Absence. 
 
 There is much absenteeism for trifling causes, which is by the 
 consent or requirement of the parents. In many towns there 
 are districts in which are known to exist neglected children 
 
 53 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 54 Victoria. Scssionnl Papers (No. 33). A. l.SOl 
 
 m1u> are jrro%vin^' up in i,t,morancoun.l witlmut j)arental <-oiitrol. 
 i lie truant oHicer i.s a harniloss l.oilv in m.i.i.. of these districts • 
 he does not want to make enemies anion- Ids neighbors, and 
 tJieretore dues notldn- Tl.e arm of tlie .school couunittee is 
 paralyzed by the same prudent regard for eondort. ( 'omndttee.s 
 m some towns of eonsi.lerable jx.pulation, on ai.plvin<.- for 
 permission to assi^m a certain truant school as the phice to 
 which their truant children may be committed, have .dven 
 assurance that there will be no truants s.>nt. This shows 
 either insensibility to the iiencHcent provisions of the law, or 
 a toreknowledj,'e which is somewhat remarkable. 
 
 For the purpose of forming.;- some estimate of the avcra.re 
 number ot inhabitants to one truant, J have .selected the fol- 
 Juwing cities and towns, the number of whose convicted truants 
 I know: Boston, Brockton, Cambridrre, Chelsea, Chicopee, 
 ^r u.""', v"!" ^"■'"■' -^^'itchb.ir-, Lynn, Lawrence, Marlborou-di, 
 Medtord .New Bedford, Newton, Salem, Soiuerville,Si)rin.ditdd 
 Waketield, Woburn, Worcester. 
 
 A majority of these towns and cities keep one truant otiicer 
 or more constantly employed; all have provided a iilace for 
 their truants. 
 
 The ag^^regate population of these places is 831,782 ; the 
 number ot truants at present in truant schools and sent from 
 these IS 2:U), which is one for every 3,(ilG inhabitants. It is 
 thus possible to estimate approximately the ratio of the number 
 ot truants to the population throughout the State ; and allow- 
 ing tor the differences in the cliara-;ter of the po|)ulation, an 
 estimate can be made for any locality. 
 
 With all the obstacles to a .strict enforcement of the laws, it 
 IS safe to assume that their provisions are not properly enforced 
 if fewer tlian one arrest a year is nuule to every 4,000 inhabi- 
 tants ; and probably were the laws more strictly enforced 
 there would be one to every 3,000 or even 2,000. 
 
 The one county in tlie .^tato wliich has a truant .school has 
 received all her truants convicted within the county from five 
 municipalities, not one from the remaining seventeen ; vet 
 the.se contain one-fifth of the .school population. Is it piobable 
 that witha proper eiiforcemeut of the laws not one truant child 
 could be found in these seventeen towns '. No one can doubt 
 that diligent search would discover many. 
 
 These towns are not peculiar. The returns from all .sections 
 of the State show a large percentage of absence from scliool. 
 Inquiry and observation teach that mu(;h of it is without rea- 
 sonable excuse, that it i« largely confined to the class whicli 
 most needs to form those habits of order which punctual attend- 
 ance at school and attention to its duties tend to promote. 
 
 There is one provision in our compulsory laws which is 
 almost entirely inoperative ; it is the section which imposes a 
 fine upon the parent for neglecting to send his child to school 
 
 54 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. '.V,\). 
 
 A. 1S91 
 
 for twenty weeks eaeli year. Instances of such neglect are 
 common. We often lieai' of tlieiii, but seldom of the parent's 
 paying the petuilty. 
 
 In general the manufacturing, mechanical and mercantile 
 estnhli-^hments are in hearty .sj-mjiathy and readily co-o])erate 
 witli the ofiicers a))p()inted to enforce the laws relating to the 
 employment of children. We are fortunate in the oHiceis who.se 
 diit it is to inspect these establisliments, and to make com- 
 plaints and prosecute violations of the law.s. 
 
 IIoiv can the Laics hi vindr mart; EifMifo. ! 
 
 The laws look ])riiiiarily for their enforcement to the school 
 conuMitt(M\s. No more im])ortant duty is imposed upon the 
 connnittees than that of securing regular school attendance. 
 They are recpiired to have matle, once each year, a list of all the 
 children of scliofd age in town with tin; age of each ; in large 
 towns and cities, the name of tlu; street where tiie child lives 
 should be recorded. This list should be compared with the 
 names in the teachers' registers. Tiui whereabouts of the absen- 
 tees should be discovered, and per.soii I etiort should be made by 
 the committee to secure putictiri' ' = d constant attentiance of all 
 who are ab.sent without excu account of age, occupation 
 
 or previous attendance for t;.>. i^.juired time. 
 
 Parents often need a personal ajtpeal from the school com- 
 mittee. One of my correspondents, in reply to the (juestion. 
 What better means can be proviiled for controlling truancy ? 
 replied, " A new set of parents." Some parents wink at, ex- 
 cuse and assume the responsibility for their children's unne- 
 cessary absence : this should be met by kindly but emphatic 
 rebuke. They should be made to see that direct practical 
 results follow to themselves and their chihlren from the dis- 
 cipline and instruction of tlie schools. 1 f a child is incorrigible 
 and refuses to accept scliool privileges at his own door, the 
 parent should be led willingly to entrust to the proper 
 authorities the training of the child for a bi'ief time in a good 
 school away. In some of our cities parents have learned that 
 the officers of the law are acting the ])art of true friends to 
 their ehildren when they secure their committal to a good 
 truant school. 
 
 A most important duty of the committee is to present to the 
 towns for their adopion a code of by-laws, fully coTuplying 
 with the statutes concerning truants, including all necessary 
 provisions for their full and prompt enforcement. Having 
 .secured their adoption, it is the duty of the committee to .see 
 that the provisions are enforced, regardless of all else but the 
 interest of the children and the community. There are 
 intimations in the earlier part of this report that these duties 
 are not uniformly .so di.scharged. Laboring in this spirit, 
 committees will not connive at the fraudulent statements of 
 parents regarding their children's age, their ownor the children's 
 condition ;_ nor will they blindly make such statements to 
 excuse their own or the town's ne'dect. 
 
 55 
 
64 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. Sn). 
 
 Provision for Truant Children. 
 
 A. 1S91 
 
 All necessary provisions roIatinf,rto truant children include 
 hrst, a suitable jilace for their continenient, discipline and 
 instruction. It should not be a house of con-e( ' 'on or i-ciurnia- 
 tory, or any place with which is associated tlu idea of crimi- 
 nality ._ It should not bo a poor-house, su(,n'estive of insanity 
 infirmity, shiftlcssness and imbecility. Truant children are 
 unfortunate in their constitution or in their surroundin<fs ; they 
 are often bright, and almost always sensitive ; they are' way- 
 ward, but not criminal ; tiiey are .sometimes more " sinned 
 against than sinning;" they are to be reclaimed by beinrr 
 trained to habits of cleanliness, regularity aiul self-respect" 
 After their brief absence from society, they must not be re- 
 stored to it with a stigma upon them. They have too often 
 conie from poor, bad, wicked liomes. What they need is the 
 influences which pervade the well-ordered, Chri.stian family 
 The institution, whatever it is, m which they are sent should 
 be small,— not containing much over thirty, including the 
 inmates, a teacher, a skilled mechanic, and the superintendent 
 and his wife or a matron, who should be virtually father and 
 mother to the children. 
 
 Connected with the institution should be a few acres of land 
 easy of cultivation,— no walls need surround it. There should 
 be also a workshop and a school. The truant can often work 
 easier than he can study. Here, under competent directors 
 work and study will alternate. The children will learn to use 
 tools, they will read good books and be taught the elements of 
 a good education. At the table, in the sitting or reading room, 
 and in their plays, under the eye of a sympathizing friJ'nd and 
 guardian, they will practise the amenities of social life. The 
 school should be furnished with a teacher who can and will 
 find in every child some good motive to which to appenl : a 
 teacher who can eliminate the bad by augmenting the good ; 
 a teacher who by tact and .sympathy, and a sincere desire for 
 his welfare, will become an object of personal interest to the 
 child. 
 
 Need for Truant Schools.. 
 
 While I write I have in mind an institution where these ideal 
 relations a<;tually exist. It is the duty of school committees to 
 secure similar institutions in sufficient numbers to give every 
 truant child the experience of a home upon which he'can model 
 his own, should he ever have one. Let the petitions from the 
 town.s be so multiplied that the county commissioners, wdiose 
 duty it is to provide them, will yield from importunity'if they 
 do not from the .sense of obligation. These truant schools are 
 the crying need of the time, and will go far towards settling 
 the truant problem. 
 
 The duties uf these officers are greater in number and variety 
 than the name Truant O^rer would imply. A vigilant oflicer 
 
 56 
 
54 Victoria, 
 
 Sossidiial Piiiiers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 J 
 
 with a co-operatincr police force will make the streets and by- 
 ways of a large city na lone.souie to a hoy as the touilis of tl'ie 
 dead.aTid the school-room, in compaiison, a deli^dit. 
 
 Where the time of one well-paid f.flicer— or more than one, 
 If the service demands it— is exclusivelv devoted to the work 
 the results reached are the most satisfactory. The most etlec- 
 tive work is done in tlie cities. Mere, otlicJrs </ivu theii' entire 
 time to it. At the commenoement of eacli school session tliey 
 are notified of all suspected cjises of truancv. Fortius jnirnose 
 theteaeher fills out an,: furnishes to the" officer blank forms 
 givinir the circumstances of each case, includin-- the name and 
 residence of the absentee. The oflicer at once attends to look- 
 ing up the absent pupil ; dependent upon what the facts are 
 the absentee is excused, placed in the school, or under arrest 
 to be brought to trial. A return of the case is made to the 
 teacher or committee. 
 
 Salaries and Pay of Truant Ofjicers. 
 
 The following table shows what compensation is paid truant 
 othcers for their services in certain Massachusetts cities and 
 towns : — 
 
 Adams 
 
 Attleboroi)f?h . . 
 
 Boston 
 
 No. of 
 Paid Offlters. 
 
 Brookline. . 
 Oaml)ri(i(!fe. 
 Chicojiee . . 
 Clinton . .. 
 
 Dedhain. . . 
 
 Fall River... 
 Fitclilmrg . . . 
 Gloucester. . . 
 Haverhill . , . 
 
 Holyoke 
 
 3 
 
 Cl.ief, 
 14 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 Hyde Park... 
 Lawrence . . . . 
 Leominster . . . 
 
 $30 00 
 2.T 00 
 1,,'500 00 
 1,200 OO 
 400 00 
 900 00 
 2&0 00 
 700 00 
 81 per 
 head. 
 000 00 
 .SOO 00 
 7.")0 00 
 (iOO 00 
 ! ( ><00 00 
 I ) K2,5 00 
 I ( 25 ctH. 
 I ( ])r hour. 
 I 900 00 
 If 91.50 
 I \ pr head. 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Lynn 
 
 i Marlborough . 
 
 i Milton 
 
 I Milford 
 
 I New Bedford. 
 
 ' Newton ' 
 
 North Adams. . : 
 Northampton. . j 
 
 ',!uincy 
 
 Salem 
 
 Somorville . . 
 Mprinpffield . . 
 
 Taunton 
 
 Walthani . . . 
 Watertown . . 
 Winchester.. 
 
 Woluirn 
 
 ^Vorcester . . . 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 8817 00 
 900 00 
 100 00 
 
 / 30 cts. 
 
 Ipr hour. 
 100 00 
 800 00 
 000 00 
 100 00 
 ."lO 00 
 
 / 30 cts. 
 
 I pr hour. 
 800 00 
 325 00 
 ilOO 00 
 375 00 
 300 00 
 20 00 
 15 00 
 3H0 00 
 000 00 
 
 _ There is a great disparity in tlie amount naid for this .ser- 
 vice. Some of the towns employ the police officers, whose fees 
 are additional to a stated salary ; but to a considerable extent 
 the sum paid indicates the kind and amount of service 
 demanded and rendered. 
 
 Suf/gestions. 
 
 A few .suggestions looking to modifications in the laws and 
 to additional means for tlieir enforcement, will conclude what 
 1 have to say upon this subject. 
 
 .57 
 
J 
 
 54 Vietoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 1. Tlie laws relatiiijr to tlio employment of children in nianu- 
 tactunn^r a„d other estal.lisjiments should he extended to all 
 Kinds ot wajjje lahur. 
 
 2. The attendance of every well child should he re(iuired 
 from the age ot seven to twelve, during the whole time the 
 SCHOOLS keep : from twelve to Hfteen for two terms a year, and 
 tor the wlu)le time, unless the child is at work. 
 
 he reasons for this are : First, if under tw.-lve years of age, 
 c.uldren cannot he employed to work in mannfactur'ing or other 
 estahhshments du/ing the .lays the schools keep. Secmd, the 
 cluldiVM oi well-to-do people attend school the wlmlc time 
 1 Innl, by being allowed to stay out of the .school half the tii e 
 as tliey n.ay wheiv the schools keep forty weeks, those h'ast 
 Uisj)o.,ed to attend school can waste half their time in con- 
 tracting the Itinerant hahits of the truant, and by associatin.. 
 with otliers, help to swell the vagrant class. 
 
 a In case the children ire in need ot clothing suitable for 
 attending school, and parents are unable to provide it or are 
 in circumstances to need help, it should be furnished 'by the 
 town, and not at the expeus. of the child's .schoolin.r 
 
 4 ho far as passible, the parents should be lield Responsible 
 
 lor the children s absence from school, whether it be cau.sed bv 
 
 truancy or otherwise. This is the design of a law passed by 
 
 tlie State of Connecticut in 18S5. After specifying the time 
 
 during winch parents must cause children of certain ages to 
 
 attend .school, tl;e law provides for a tine to be imposed -ipou 
 
 the parent, as tollows ; " Each week's failure on the rnnt of 
 
 any person to comply with the provisions of the iM-ece.linj. 
 
 sections shall be a distinct offence, punishable with a tine not 
 
 excee,ling Hve dollars." Under this law a judge may i,u,,o.se 
 
 toi si.v ,veeks ab.sence a fine of thirty dollars; he may collect 
 
 hve ot It, and leave the othn- twenty-tive hanging over the 
 
 pai-nt to induce him to keep his child in school for the cominsj 
 
 weeks. In case he succeeds, the balance can be remitted A 
 
 motive i,s thus brought to Ijear upon parent and pupil which 
 
 secures, it is said, constant attendance ; the pecuniary burden 
 
 is not greater tlian ahnost any parent can bear. 
 
 5. In ca.se of absence from scliool the burden of proof should 
 be th.own upon the parent; he should be required to show that 
 Ills Child s absence is necessary, or that his education is other- 
 wise pro[,erly provide.l for. At present the school otHcial is 
 obliged to prove that the education is beini; neglected 
 
 0. % imposing the penalties, and making them greater if 
 need be, towns should be encouraged to more fully comply with 
 the laws relating to truancy and absenteeism. 
 
 7. Provision should be made for enforcing the laws relating 
 to truancy by a State official. The principal reliance in the 
 tetate of Connecticut, outside of four cities, for executin<T the 
 laws IS one State agent. Under his administration .sixty-five 
 tine.s have been imposed for non-compliance with the laws re- 
 quiring parents to send their children to school within a period 
 ot nine years, while under our system, with local officers to 
 
 58 
 
 * 
 
J 
 
 54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. .'^'J). A. 1801 
 
 enforce ttie l;i%v, not one-tenth as many are known to liave 
 been impose.!, in the period of tliirtv-live years that our law 
 lias l)ecn in force, ami this with our lar^-er iX)pulation. 
 
 8. Truant officers .should be empowercMl to luak.- arrests for 
 the purpose of placii.,ir in school, or for temporary detention 
 under the general instruction of school committees. 
 
 !). Ifthe law under which county commissioners arere.niiivd 
 to provide truant schools is inadelpiate, amend it. Tlien let 
 towns petition for and insi.st upon their e.stalilishment. 
 
 10. Let tile lawre.piiring county truant schools to j.e estab- 
 lished be so amended that, instead .jf two dollars a week beim^ 
 charged to the town for the support of her children eommitte.f 
 the whole expense shall be borne by the county or State. 
 
 11. Let the time lor which the truants may be sent to the.se 
 schools be changed to four years; also provide a boaid of 
 visitors tor every such .school. 
 
 12. S(j amend the truant law that those pupils who 
 persistently violate the reasonable! rules and regulations of the 
 common schools may be .sent, upon complaint of school com- 
 mittees, tor Ijrief periods of time to the truant school. 
 
 13. Make more ample provisions for the care of girls in 
 truant .school.s. 
 
 The grounds for many of these suggestions are shown in the 
 Illustrations already given. I need not state tl;e reasons for 
 others: the.se will at once occur to t:ie reader; they are all 
 occasioned by something observed or brought to my notice 
 during tlie year. Though they may seem to I'etlect discredit 
 upon our truant laws and upon their enforcement, it is (loul)tless 
 true that the provisions of these laws as a whoh,' are wi.serand 
 better than those of any otlier State, and that where thev are 
 faithful y enforced they are as effective as any laws upon the 
 statute book. ' 
 
 City of Boston. 
 
 In the city of B,xston the Board of School Trustees appoint 
 a Standing Committee on Truancy, whose duty it is to divide 
 the city into truant districts, appoint truant ofKcers and make 
 the necessary regulations fur the administration of the truant 
 laws 
 
 Each truant otiicer shall give his whole time to the dis- 
 charge oi his duties : he shall endeavor to procure attendance 
 at .school of all children in the district assigned to him who are 
 required by law to attend school, by visiting them at their 
 Homes or places of employment; looking after them in the 
 streets and oy persuasion and argument try to secure their 
 attendance at school ; he shall at least once "a month comsult 
 the school register and investigate all cases referred to him by 
 the principals of the .school or members of the committee or 
 the superintendent for the .state. In casesof con^nued truai-y 
 the truant officer has the right to apply for a warrant for the 
 arrest of such truant. 
 
 69 
 
 * 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. :iti). 
 
 Law hi M<(ssachn8rtt.s, 1S8'J-'J. 
 
 A. 1801 
 
 Sec. I. Section one of ohupter forty-sevon of tlie Pulilic 
 Statutes is anietided so as to read as follows :— Section 1. 
 Every ])ers()n liavitit,^ under liis control a child between the 
 ai,'es of eiijht and fourteen years .shall annually cause such 
 child to attend for at least tweiity weeks sonic puhlic day 
 .school in the city or town in whichhe resides, which time .shall 
 be divided so far as the arrangement of .school tei'ms will allow 
 into two terms each of ten con.secutive weeks; and for every 
 neglect of .such duty the person ofiending shall forfeit to the 
 use of the public schools of such city or town a .sum not 
 exceeding twenty dollars; but if .such ciiild has attended for a 
 like period of time a private day school approved by the school 
 comniittee of such city or town or if such child has been other- 
 wise instructed for a like period of time in the l)ranches of 
 learning required by hiw to be taught in the public schools, or 
 has already acquired the branches of learning reciuired by law 
 to be taught in tl-fs public schools, or if his ])hysical or mental 
 condition is such as to render such attendance inexpedient or 
 impracticable, such penalty shall not be incurred. Section 2. 
 For the purjioses of the preceding section school committees 
 shall approve a private school only when the teaching in all 
 the studies required by law is in' the English language, and 
 when they are satisfied that such teaching efpials in thorough- 
 ness and efKciency the teaching in the public .schools in the 
 .same locality, and that equal progress is made by the pupils 
 therein, in the studies recpiired liy law, witii that made during 
 the same time in the public schools ; but they shall not refuse to 
 approve a private school on account of the religious teaching 
 i\\(iY^l^r\.—[A2■)pro^•(■(l Javr 7, 1SS9. 
 
 Jjfbur Stdlutes of Mussachusctts. 
 
 Under the Act of LSSS relating to the employment of chil- 
 dren it i.s provided that no child under thirteen years of age 
 shall be employed in any factoi'v, workshop or i. -rcantile 
 establishment during the hours when the public chools of the 
 city 01- town in which he resides are in session <>, in any other 
 manner unless during the year next ])recediiig .such child 
 attended school for at least twenty weeks. 
 
 No child under fourteen V'ears of age shall be similarly em- 
 ployed except during vacation of the public .schools in the city 
 or town wherein he resides unless the i)erson or corporation 
 empl()ying him procures and keeps on file an employment ticket 
 containing a description of the child, showing his height, com- 
 plexion and general appearance so as to be capable of identifi- 
 cation, and unless there is also a schooling certificate showing 
 the age of the child, the name of the father or mother or 
 guardian, and a statement that such child is capable of read- 
 ing and writing in the English language and has attended 
 school the required number of weeks durtng the yearnext pre- 
 
 60 
 
 

 54 Victoria. Sessional P/ipers (So. :]:i). A. 181jl 
 
 codin;,' each .late. These certiHcatcs are si^rne.l l.y the .Miper- 
 inteii.lei.t ot schools or some nu-iul.er of the school conm.ittee. 
 hadi cerlihcate shall be sh^nvd l.y the father or mother if 
 living or by the guanlian, or by the child iiii.iself where tlii're 
 IS no father or mother or guardian. The truant officer has the 
 right to inspect faetorie.s and see whether the provisions of the 
 Act are eoinpliLMi with. 
 
 Penaltijfor Employing Chihhni under Fourteen ivho canno' 
 
 Head (ind Write. 
 
 Hkc. 7. Every owner, superintendent, or overseer in any 
 such establislu.ient who employs, or permits to be employed 
 therein, a child under fourteen years of age who cannot read 
 and write while the pubhc schools in the city or town where 
 such child lives are in session, and every parent or <r„ardian 
 who penn.ts such employment, shall for every suclf off.uco 
 torteit not less than twenty nor more than tift/doUars, for the 
 use ot the pubhc .schools of such city or town. 
 
 Truant Child nm and Absentees p-ovi School. 
 
 Skc. 10. Each town shall make all n.-edful pi.jvisio„s and 
 arrangements concerning habitual truants and children be- 
 tween seven and hfteen years of age who may be found wan- 
 dering about in the streets or public places therein, haviivr „o 
 lawful occupation or business, not attending school and ..row- 
 ing up 111 ignoiance ; and shall make such by-laws as shall be 
 most conducive to the wolfai'e of such children, and to the 
 good order of such town ; and shall provide suitable places ior 
 the conhnement, di.sciplinc and instruction of such children- 
 r!^t rr' '"!^ *"" approved by the ju.lge of the proi.ite' 
 court of the county, as well as in the manner provided for the 
 approval ot other by-laws by section twenty-one of chapter 
 twenty -seven. ' 
 
 By-Law,s. 
 
 Under the power conferred by this Act the Board of Educa- 
 tion tor the State of iMassachussetts passed the following by- 
 
 Article 1. The town of 
 
 hereby avails itself of the 
 
 , . . - - ■ ..V..V.UJ, .ivaii,-, n,f,t!ii or ine 
 
 several provisions of the statutes of this Commonwealth now 
 in force, relating to habitual truants and absentees 'from 
 school and in pursuance of authority conferred thereby 
 adopts the following by-laws : "^ ' 
 
 Article 2. All children between the ages of seven and 
 hfteen years, residing in said town, and who may be found 
 wandering about in the streets or public places of said town 
 having no lawful occupation or business, not attending school' 
 
 and growing up in ignorance, shall be committed to '. 
 
 tor conhnement, instruction and discipline. 
 
 01 
 
64 Victoria, 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. '.ill). 
 
 A, 1801 
 
 Ahti(I,k :'. Two or more truant oflicers shall ho api)ointecl 
 annually whoso duty it shall be to inquiro into all tho viola- 
 tion of tho truant laws iiriil of tho law rolatinj,' to ooninulsory 
 education, and to do all the acts required of them by the laws 
 of tho ('omnion wealth. 
 
 AUTICLK 4. It shall bo tho duty of every truant otHcor, 
 previous to making,' any complaint under these laws, to notify 
 tlio truant, or absontoe from school, also his jjaront or j,'uar<lian, 
 oi' the ofl'enco committed, and of tho p.'ualty therefor, and if 
 the truant olHcer can obtain satisfactory pledyes for tho 
 restraint and reformation of tho child, he may at his dis- 
 cretion forbear to prosecute, so lon^' as such pledges are faith- 
 fully kept. 
 
 AUTK'LK "). It shall be tho duty of tho school committee, 
 the teachers of the public schools.'and tho citi/ons ;;enoralIy, 
 to aid the truant otKcers as far as possible in tho discharge of 
 their duties. 
 
 Article G. It shall be the duty of the truant officers to keep 
 a full record of their official acts, and make an annual report 
 thereof to the school committee, who shall pubii.sh tho same 
 ■with their own report. 
 
 AimcLE 7. Nothing in the.se by-laws shall be .so construed 
 as to alter or impair tho obligation and duty of the teachers to 
 enforce punctuality and regularity of attendance, and to pre- 
 serve good order and discipline. 
 
 School Committee to appoint Tnumt Offtcern. 
 
 Sec. 11. Tho school conuuittee of each town shall appoint 
 and fix the compen.sation of two or more suitable persons, to 
 be designated truant officers, who .shall, under the direction of 
 said committee, in([uire into all cases arising under such by- 
 laws, and shall alone be authorized, in case of violation there- 
 of, to make complaint and carry into execution the judgment 
 thereon ; and who may serve all legal processes issued by the 
 courts in pursuance of such by-laws or of sections ten to six- 
 teen inclusive, but who shall not be entitled to receive any 
 fees for such service. 
 
 Truants ma;/ he committed for Tuv Years. 
 
 Sec. 12. Any minor convicted under a by-law made under 
 .section ten of being an habitual truant, or of wandering about 
 in the streets and public places of a city or town, having no 
 lawful employment or business, not attending .school, and grow- 
 ing up in ignorance, shall be committed to any institution of 
 instruction or suitable situation provided for the purpose 
 under the authority of said section or by-law, for a term not 
 exceeding two years. 
 
 62 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. .S3). 
 
 Jurisdiction. 
 
 A. IH91 
 
 Sec l.S. Polioo .listrirt, or n.nnicipal coiirtn, trial ji.stin.s 
 an.ljn.l,o.so probate courts, shall have juris.iictiu,," w in 
 
 
 CONNECTICUT (1888). 
 
 The la^ys of the State of Connecticut witli respect to com- 
 pulsory attendance an. 1 truancy are as follows : 
 
 SKf. 21 iVll parents and those who have the care of 
 eh. .Iren sha 1 brin. then, up in some hon..t a.ul TawJurca IN 
 n;? or employnu.ii , and instruct then, or cause then, to bo 
 instructed u. rea. linjr spellir.K. ^v^tinJ,^ En-dish gra^n .a' 
 <,'eography and arithmetic ; „"i iiuai. 
 
 And every parent oi- other person havinr. contn.l of anv 
 ch Id over e.ght and un.ler sixteen veai-s of a-^e whose .J.vsi- 
 cal or n.ental condition is not such as to rende^^r its n r i n 
 inexpedient or nup,.actieable, shall cause such child to atle .d 
 ap ,1,0 day s..hool re^.ularly <lurin;,. the hou.-s and te.-,.s 
 whle the public schools in the district wherei,. such chi 1 
 resides are in session, or to elsewhe,-e receive thoroiudi instr e 
 
 SieSo?"' ''"" ""' '^""^ "' ^^^' ■^'"'"^'•^ ^-'^^'^ - ^^^ 
 But children under thirteen vears of a-re who have attend..,! 
 .school twenty-four weeks of the precJ:iin. twelve , u Is 
 and children between thirteen and fourteen who C^ ^ 
 tended school twelve weeks of the l>recedini. twelve montls 
 and children over fourteen years of'a.., shall not be su let 
 to the .•equ.ren.ents of this section while lawfully employed to 
 labour at home or elsewhere. ^-'-'pioj ui to 
 
 But this section shall not be construed to exempt any child 
 who IS enrolled as a member of a school from aJy rule 
 cernmpiTegula.-.ty of atten.lance which has been enac ed or 
 may be enacted by the town school co.nn.ittee, oa • o 
 
 Six. 22 Each weeks failure on the part of any person to 
 comply with the provisions of the precedin.r sections ha llbp 
 adjstinet offence, punishable with 'a fine m/exceedh.ffiv: 
 
 Said penalty shall not be incurred when it appears that the 
 child IS destitute of clothing suitable for atten. inS ol aiid 
 the parent or person having control of such child is unable to 
 provide such clothing, or its mental or physical condition is 
 such as to render its instruction inexpedient or impiac iable 
 
 All offences concerning the same child shall bo chTi-ed n 
 separate counts, joined in one complaint. When a complaint 
 
54 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. .•}:}). A isQi 
 
 contains nion' than on.,' count tho court may ^Wo sontonce on 
 oML' or nioiu counts an.l .susprn-l s.ntenco on tliu roinainine 
 counts. ° 
 
 IF at tlio en.l of twvlve woek.s tVo.ii the date of tiio s.-nti-nce 
 itsl.all .ippt-ar that tlie child concomu.l has attend...! .school 
 n-ularly .lunu;,ahat tinio, then Ju.lffmcnt on ,su.l. roiuaninir 
 counts sliall not he .xccuted. 
 
 Si;c. I'.'j. Attt'inianc- .)f children at a school otiior than a 
 puhli.- .school shall not ho re^'ar.led as compliance with the 
 provisi.uis of th.3 laws of the Sate requirinjr paivuts and 
 other pers..ns havin- o.uitrol of .•hil.lren to cau.so them to 
 att.^nd school, unl.'ss the t.wicher.s or persons havin;( control of 
 .such .school shall keep a re-ister of att.-n.lanc.' in form an.l 
 manner prescnl.ed hy th.; State hoard of education i'cr the 
 puhhe schools, which re-L.tcr shall at all times during- .s.^hool 
 hours he <.p..n to th.; inspection of the secretary at.d a<n.nts of 
 the State h.mr.l .)f clucatiou, an.l shall make sucirreports 
 and returns concernini,' the .schoul nn.ler th.ir charge to the 
 s.,.cretary ..f tlie State hoar.l ..f clucati-.u as are re.pniv.l from 
 the scliool visitors concerning,' the s-hools, e.xcept that no 
 report concerning expenses shall he re.piire.l : and it 
 shall ho the duty of the st'cretary of the State h^ard of educa- 
 tion to lurnish to the teachers or persons having change of any 
 .school, ..11 their re.iu.vst, such roi,dsters an.l hiaiiks f.7r r.^turns 
 as may be neces.-ary for cmpliaiice with the piovisi.ms uf this 
 section. 
 
 Skc. 24. No chil.l un.ler thirteen vears of aL,'e shall he eni- 
 ploye.l in any mechanical, mercantile,' or manutacturiiio- ,>,tal)- 
 lishmeiit. ^ 
 
 Sec 2.-). Any person actin;,' for him.self, or as arrei.t in any 
 way whatever of any ineclianical, mercantile, or manufacturiiK' 
 estahlishment who .shall employ or authorize or permit to be 
 emi)l..ye.l in su.h estahlishment any chil.l, in violation of the 
 preceding sectKin, shall be Hnod not more than sixtv dollars 
 and every week of such ilh-gal eniployinont shall be a .listinct 
 olience, provi.led that no person shall be punished un.ler this 
 sectum for the employment of any chil.l when at the time of 
 such employment the empl.jyer shall demand and thereafter 
 during such employment keep on file the certificate of any 
 town clerk, or. )f the teacher of the school where such child 
 last attended, stating that such child is more than thirteen 
 years of ago, or a like certificate of the parent or rr,mr.lian of 
 such child in such cases only where there is no reconl of the 
 chil.l's age in the ofiice of the town clerk, and such chil.l has 
 not attended .school in this State. Any parent or guardian 
 who shall sign any certificate that his child or ward is more 
 than thirteen years of age when in fact such chiM or ward is 
 un. or thirteen years of ago shall be fined not more than sixty 
 dollars. "^ 
 
 Shc. 26. No child under fourteen years of age, who has 
 resided m the United States nine months, shall be employeil 
 to labor, unless such child shall have atten.le.l a da^ schoo"' in 
 
 64 
 
«•• Victork. .s„,,i„„„| p„,,„^ ( j,^ .,.|^ 
 
 V 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 ><l.all I,e so OMM loved ,'o?^r^ '""""' " ^^■'"■^•'' ■^•"•'' ^•''i'-l 
 ;-pluy aclMl.l contra V U.. . sion"^'?;"''' "^'^ ^''"" 
 
 ><.ums'n.;j,Sof H'd;lM^:;',:;7 ''"""^•"- "^'--p- 
 
 t'm-nish tlu,. employ, ro' s , ' ' 'i ""."'"" >^"'"^ "''"Ko, to 
 t-cher, school \i?i i,' ,; ^ .n Su e^ 7'?^'^'^ ^'v''^' ''^ ^''^ 
 
 chil.l ^I.all .vqni/o .uc c" rtiH^ 1 Z,' f'"'P''!>-ei' of any ,;.,,h 
 
 business .luriM- tletinetI.iV' ■'''' '^ "' '''■^ l''"^'« ' *' 
 
 •'*'HS hours, toanyscho J • i o, ;1 , ; """, ^^'" ^'^'"^' '^"«''- 
 
 education. Sai.l certifk-Ue "^hnll ll -i ^''*^ ^t«^^' "oanl of 
 has atten,led school us th^'Lv .v'.uires '""" ^''"' *''^' '^hil'l 
 
 shall make any tXstatJ on^ ^''''''' •''"■" '^*" ^'''"^ chapter 
 
 chiKl, or the tinu- u h c ' 'i rr'-''";? 'Yr '"^' "^ ■'»<^h 
 
 or shall instruct such chiM to «! '" V'" U"''^''' States, 
 
 shall ho Hncd not l?. , s^;^^!:;"'' ^also statement.' 
 
 not more than thirty days ' "'' ^^' '"'pHsoned 
 
 ni(^e'n'^JJ;::!^t.m±i:/'\r^':^ '-^-^ ^hall. once or 
 e.nployed infill ts m;^ X L ^sfrr''/'" '^^' '''^' ^'"^^J^-" 
 tain whether all the v^^^^^^^^^ '^"^1 ^scer- 
 
 pbserved, and report all volSns t! .//''"P^"'' '^''^ *^»'y 
 jurors of the town ^'^'^^'ons thereof to one of the ^a-and 
 
 ductS^£::a;-;;;:;ndiK^;Ts.t"" -7'- ^^-on. 
 
 education of the children u,; k tU L,^ ' ^"^'^^^'" "^'^''^'''t the 
 to attend their duty • an. if tL, Z- ' '"''>' 'admonish 'hem 
 the children ^rovmlet.bhn- ^"'^''^'"••«,"^'f,'lisent. whereby 
 the advice of a u^ ce of t ■ n;«' l'",'"'^' P'«^^ ^'^'^"' ^^ith 
 those who have "the chle o^" ^ '^^^ ^^^ ^''^hlren from 
 
 ?ome proper master, or to .^nu clad able in^/i^"V' '"'" ""' *° 
 incorporated in this State for hr.n. "«titution or society 
 
 children, males tillt'tty-ot ^ '^"^^ >"ftruction of such 
 years of age. that they n ay be p;one^ v IT^T , ^'" /'^^^'^'^ 
 up m some lawful calling ^ ^ ^ educated, and brought 
 
 in^SuLKnis^rr sS ShH f ^ 7"'^^^°- — - 
 seven and sixteen yearrwaJenn: fbol [^^^ 
 places, having no lawing occupSn no . '■ ^^'' ""^ Public 
 growing up in ignoranc^e -and such bv l'''"^?^ •'^'^^'««'' ««d 
 -chcl.!^.. Shan conduce^t:rtKS;^a^:^^S 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33), 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 order, imposing suitable penalties, not exceeding twenty dol- 
 lars for any one breach thereof ; but no such town by-lawa 
 shall be valid until approved by the superior court in any 
 county. 
 
 Sec. 32. Every town, and the mayor and aldermen of every 
 city, having such by-laws, shall annually appoint three or 
 more persons, who alone shall be authorized to prosecute for 
 violations thereof. All warrants issued upon such prosecutions 
 shall be returnable before any justice of the peace, or judge of 
 the city or police court of the town or city. 
 
 Sec. 33. The police in any city, and bailiffs, constables, sheriffs, 
 and deputy sheriffs in their respective precincts, shall arrest 
 all boys between eight und sixteen years of age, who habitually 
 wander or loiter about the streets or public places, or any- 
 where beyond the proper control of their parents or guardians, 
 during the usual school hours of the school term ; and may 
 stop any boy under sixteen years of age during such hours, 
 and ascertain whether he is a truant from school ; and if he 
 be, shall send him to such school. 
 
 Sec. 34. Any boy arrested the third time under the provi- 
 sions of the preceding sections, if not immediately returned to 
 school, shall be taken before the judge of the criminal or police 
 court, or any justice of the peace in the city, borough, or town 
 where such arrest is made ; and if it shall appear that such 
 boy has no lawful occupation, or is not attending school, or is 
 growing up in habits of idleness or immorality, or is an 
 habitual truant, he may be committed to any institution of 
 instruction or correction, or house of reformation in said city, 
 borough or town, for not more than three years, or with the 
 approval of the selectmen, to the State reform school. 
 
 Sec. 35. OflScers other than policemen of cities shall receive 
 for making the arrests required by the two preceding sections, 
 such fees, not exceeding the fees allowed by law for making 
 other arrests, as may be allowed by the selectmen of the town 
 in which such arrests are made ; but unless a warrant was 
 issued by a judge of the criminal or police court, or by a 
 justice of the peace, the officer shall, before receiving his fees, 
 present to the selectmen of the town a written statement show- 
 ing the name of each boy arrested, the day on which the 
 arrest was made, and if the boy was returned to school, the 
 name or number of the school to which he was so returned. 
 
 Sec. 36. In all cases arising under the provisions of the 
 three preceding sections, a proper warrant shall be issued by 
 the judge of the criminal court of the city, or by a justice of 
 the peace in the borough or town, where such arrc o is made ; 
 and the father, if living, or if not, the mother or guardian of 
 such boy, shall be notified, if such parent or guardian can be 
 found, of the day and time of hearing. The fees ; the judge 
 or justice shall be two dollars for such hearing ; and all 
 expenses shall be paid by the city, borough, or town in and 
 for which he exercises such jurisdiction. 
 
 '66 
 
 I 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 • 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 to .he ConrotS'lSStial'tch^;:? gr^ff '^ ~"'-'"«^ 
 Secretary's Report. 
 Speaking of the operation of this Act H T Pn..r ■ i • 
 
 effects upon society at large and upon th^ nd v dua? chHd 
 of the free and untrammelled employment of v^r,? 
 children, and thus has made them EX f. \ "^ •^''^""" 
 and enforcement. The desire is^fflT^ 'f' P''«^'«'on.s 
 State every child may haTnf l/ ? «^P'-e«fd that in this 
 health and strenVaTmav enahrv''.'"^'' of education, 
 powers he may have^and n^ot be 'uthl^sstt'"'? 7'^"'^"'''' 
 life of toiland-ignorance, incTrcumstancese.W^ ^'/^ 
 
 to improvement. There is n f.mrl ^f v? *^"7^7 unfavorable 
 birth shall not forecast ts 1 ?e and thTt ZT^' f.^f * " "^^''^'^'^ 
 fair chance to acquire a rudimttary ed tation An^^^ " 
 
 could b/lound wherHSe abil»v ? , '"« ''taWi'hment. 
 would befteonlySfSllX^iilr"" ""* "'"»P'^ 
 
 ia,'!™ots'ie1h5i'*T;*°o;l:r''*"°' -'"•'-^^ '- '"« 
 
 e^r: X/S^rjra^e^iSt ^^^^ 
 
 67 
 
 3n of 
 tend- 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 ^ '1' 't- %"" '*'*'"'"^ '" "'' exceptions permitting, child labor 
 in vacation. To conunenee a life of toil at thirteen is soon 
 enon^M,, too soon for health and e.lucation. Especially vZ- 
 abh; IS a clean cut, positive enactment like the present It is 
 plain and notopentomi.sunderstandings. Exceptions are simply 
 SO inany hmdrances to enforcement. If at the close of each 
 vacation those manutacturers who desire to employ verv 
 young children, and t„ whom the privilege is valuable, weri 
 compelled to turn ou the young help and supply their places 
 with older c uldren, there would be constant irritation. And 
 the ill _wi 1 that IS now felt towanl the law, if any, would be 
 indetinitely continued and increased. 
 
 On the other hand a steadfast adherence to the law, as it 
 stands to-diiy, will soon cause unquestioned ob<;dience, and 
 manufacturers, made dependent on children old enon-h to be 
 properly en.ployed, will adjust themselves to the new condi- 
 
 TIOIIS. 
 
 Report, 188!). 
 
 The State of Connecticut employs four a<'ents for 
 the enforcement of the law. In 18«8 "these agents visited 
 oO towns, inspected 1.57 establishments, conducted 2(j prose- 
 cutions ior non-attendance at school, found 41 cas.vs of iHe-ral 
 employ.nent, 20 of which arose from the careless or ne.di'.rliu 
 violation of the law, 177 children out of the 1,.514 employed 
 m the establishments visiied were unable to read or write 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 The laws of the State of New Jersey with respect to com- 
 pulsory attendance were revised and consolidated in 1889 and 
 are as tollows : — ' 
 
 103. All parents and those who have the care of children 
 shall instruct them or cause them to be instructed in spellintr' 
 reading, writing, English grammar, geography and arithmetic' 
 and every parent, guardian or other person having control and 
 charge ot any child or children, between the ages of seven and 
 twelve years, shall be required to send any such ch; or 
 children to public day school for a period of at least tw.^ntv 
 weeks in each year, eight weeks, at least, of which atLendance 
 shall be consecutive, unless such child or children are excused 
 froru such attendance by the board of the school district in 
 which such parents or guardians reside, upon its being shown 
 to their satisfaction that the bodily or mental condition of 
 such child or children has been such as to prevent his, her or 
 their attendance at school, or that such child or childi-en are 
 tftught in a private school or at home by some qualified person 
 or persons m such branches as are usually taught in primary 
 
 68 
 
 t 
 
)1 
 
 to 
 jr 
 n 
 
 1- 
 
 is 
 
 >' 
 h 
 
 y 
 
 e 
 s 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 54 Victoria. 
 
 i 
 
 '• 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 104. No child under the a<n. nf «p^ 
 employed by any person commnv I ^''" y'^'' '^'^^^ ^^^ 
 
 within twelve months Unno^T ''^ f^^^ ^'^^'^ attended 
 
 ment some public lay oinhth ^7'"^^^^^^ •''"^'' ^'"'Ploy 
 
 private soho^ol ; suchltLdtcVtt /c 'foT«v''V"''^ '^'^'^''^'^ 
 every week durin^r a period of „ i ,!'' •^^'' *''" ^^•'"i"g« 
 week.s, which may t divS d in o fw T^ ^^'t"" ^"""'^cutiJe 
 weeks each, .so far .s fbo n ^'^ '•"''"'•" «* «'^ consecutive 
 
 permit. and\nU:s;rchnldTifr:""* 1 ■^^''""' ^^''"'^ -il' 
 have complied with he prol ' '« Hri' °'" ^'"^•••'i«"« «''all 
 fifth, eighteen hundred a^ndXr^ fl the Act approved March 
 n^enthours of the labor of chiM^re^n'' '"""•"^^ *'^^ «»'P'°>^- 
 
 or contr^fofaEy ^hficfTot'twri '''T' P""'^^" ''--"^ '^'-^^'e 
 who has beentemporarilvdi oW 1 .''^ ''•'*''" ^•^'•'^'•" "^ ^ge, 
 business in order t^o be a&' 1 «f ^''"".' ^'•.'P''^.vnent in any 
 struction or schoolin' sSl lend " T^T ,7''^ ^'^ ''''^'-^ i"- 
 privato day school for the Per od f r \^-\''' '^^"'^ P"'^''^ "^ 
 have been discharged, un ess such oh fl In"'' '"^''^ ^'^'^^ «ball 
 from such attendance by the insn../ f! ■'''''' ^*'«" ^■^^"■'^ed 
 shops, or by the board of L^i?'',"^ factories and work- 
 stated in se^ction one hereof "^ '^''''''^' ^"^^^ ^''^"-"'^ '^^ 
 
 to compi; sr: p^?::?iroSeTt " °*'^'' p^^'^- '^'-'^ ^-^ 
 
 Act. such parent, g^uarXn or otbl '"' '"' ^"^ ^^"'^^^^ "^ this 
 
 - ^y of a misden eanor and sball on ^'"""'''^ . -^^^ ' '« ''*^«'»«'l 
 ^ -ne of not less than ten dnllf. ' conviction, be liable to 
 
 dollars for each srbseqnent £ e"n ' /""'"' *•''"" twenty-five 
 los. than one month nor moif than n ""{'"'^'^""'ent for not 
 paid, to be added to thrnub > t '"'? ' ^^^ ««id fines, when 
 district in which the offe ncfoccurre ]"' '"""^' '' '^^^^^ -^-^^ 
 
 in attendance in any miblic ll i"' "'^^''^' ""' ^^o, while 
 or immoral in concfuc^ a^d afrj-n' '"Jl^'-^-^gible, vicious 
 ages who absent the le^l tab ituan" ,^^'^^^'««" ^^e said 
 
 habitually wander about sSs and nnb? . '"' ,'' '^°'' ^"^^ 
 hours, having no business oi 1 twfnl ? P'"""'? during school 
 
 juvenile di.soT-derly pei^ons ^n T"?^"^"' ■'^'^Jl be deemed 
 this Act. ^ ^ °"'' ''"^ ^"bject to the provisions of 
 
 ?hint'^i;!!u^Sth:ti:^l?' T^"'^^;^ p°'- f-->'t 
 
 inspectors of faciries ^dtoZho^^^^ l^u' 'T''' "^ ^^e 
 ity, to detail one ormore mrmheS?? ' ^ f *^' '''~''^''' ^"^bor- 
 enforcement of this Xt amMn f'f'^^^u'" ^"^ ''''''^ ^^ the 
 police force, subject to this Act itih t i^")?"^ "" ^^'"""'^^ 
 board of education, or the school ' diL; J «' ^^'' ^"^^ "^ the 
 one or more constables of saTd c? v o i""-^"'"''' ^ '^^"^ign'-^te 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 constable for the performance of his duties under this Art • 
 
 «,siU,U f . '^f^"' onysuch truant oflicer or offi. 
 
 trZt 1 ff ? truancy, when rcqiiestc.l so to do by tli|. in. 
 spect ,ra of taetones and worksliops. or bv the district 1^1 'o 
 
 wnun^r, ot the hnal consequences of tiuancv if Du.aistwl in 
 i" Sritjol^''^ parents, guardian or Ser^r.^lt^hav: 
 
 per«o tS hf ^-l' ^'"^* '°"^^""^ °*' ^"y JuvenilJ disorderly 
 person, that the said person is not attendin.r anv school nn,] fn 
 
 ci Id to attend some r.x.crnized school within five days from 
 
 chil/lfn I .,"•''*,''*' ^'-'^^^ ^'^^''«e '^nd control Of said 
 school i?, ^^'" ^"e"dance of said child at some recJ^n ^ed 
 
 court of competent jurisdiction in the school district n wldnh 
 
 ^CT 'T'^'f' '"' ''''^' ^•^*""'^^' - neglecUn upo.Tc ; 
 viction thereof said parent, guardian or other person as fTp 
 case may he, shall be punished by a fine of ot^ le^Uian en 
 lohms nor more than twenty-fiie dollars; oi tl e cou t n. ' 
 n s . iscre ion, require the person so convicted to give a bond 
 
 n,P ? ^T''' '""' °* """ '^""•^^••''^1 dollars, with one or moJe 
 ■smeties, to be approved by said court, coAditiontd that^afd 
 pe son so convicted shall cause the child or chikhen u mlor h s 
 within k" f'^""t "" '='^"** '^^ *« ^"«"d some recognized sc-hol 
 tTe t^ ':::'"^''-J'lT**T-- ^"'^ ^" remain at said school^;^! 
 t c term prescribed by law; provided, that if said nareiU 
 
 Si'ir t:"^''"'p"-T"/-?i^'^'''^'^ ^'' «-' child :;:i,7.::t' 
 
 inal.iiity t.) cause said child to attend said reco<mi/,.d school 
 then said parent guardian or other person shj^hea^^^:^ 
 oSo. 1 '"^ ■■■ ,^''^"' ."P»" complaint of said truant oMice? or 
 with rf r""' '''"' '^'1 ,'''^''^ *^ '' >^^»i»« .lisonlerly pe son 
 en e " ''t /rT",T."* '^'' ^''' '^''' '^'^ ^""^'^ shall ther'.^^pon 
 sen ence said child to a juvenile reformatory until such cSd 
 slul arrive at ho age of sixteen years, unless Loner .rchar^ed 
 Z ,'- f/'^.^^ 'T^'""^ ^* '^'"^ J"^^"iJ« reformatory ; /> "Srf 
 t sa Uo"^^ r^^^ ^fP-^*-'^' iu 't/ie di'cre-' 
 
 attend tno^l'i' '"'' ' ^5™^ ^' ^'^^ child shall regularly 
 attemi school and properly deport himself or henself- it la 
 further provided that if.for any cause, the parent or -'ukrdian 
 or other person having charge of any juvenile disorderly per^ 
 
to 
 c- 
 
 s- 
 
 54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3.3). 
 
 t 
 
 ♦* 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 son, as defined in this Aof slmll fuii *. i ■ 
 
 onierly person to •. fL I • " P""'"' ■'"^'' J'»vonil.> dis- 
 
 be sent to a iuvonile refo m If T "^ ""*'' >'^^''^'''' ^'^'^'l 
 
 ^^^ ajuvcinlc letoimat-.ry under the provisions of this 
 
 or corporation vinl«ti„ ! • . \ . ' •'"'>' P<-"son, coin|)any 
 
 this Aoiihtt I ^^'^''''^y'''^'''''^'''^ officer empowered under 
 this Act that they are act.n. i„ vioh.tion of tl>i provisionrof 
 
 from\he7ai;"oJy';n.'sh;\f -'"''V" ,*^^^ ^l'"^^'-^"^^' "^" ^^^--1^-, 
 Hfteen years is ^ennlo "" 7^''"^\t '''"'' ""^'''^'- ^'"^ ^^'^ « 
 a recogEdekieTtS>,°'H "■'/ ^^^^ ^'•^■^''^'^^^^ of tl^e d.iki, 
 approved by an Tn n^.f ' 1^!^:^^ ^'^^'''««1 ten.porarily 
 
 foz^hepuilof thK \ t'f T'""'T ""'^ workships, shal{ 
 nized efficient Xnlnn ^^ ^' ''"""'"' '-attendance at a recog- 
 diateh report tftre'cXc. r."?T''"' "^ ^"'^^'^''^'^'^ ■^''''^" ""'"«- 
 appp-al f a ^o f ^^ 'ul^i^i^E^-Lr^ ^"^^ '' ''' 
 
 shall, io:^^^::^:^^:Tfi'''''''Tr ^'^-^"^"^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 day school. ^ '^''^' ^° counted as one week at a 
 
 l>ollL^^Z::irS::::^yl f f'^ ^^^ ^- -^'^^^ed hy a cor- 
 agents ot" sa d corfor t?on vvlf ■^"'''"■'' ""^' "*" '^'' ^''«^'^"''^ «r 
 are cognizant ol su^ch WohtTon /? H^^ '''^•^' participate in or 
 they are the officers o- aa^fts " ^ ," IV'P^'-'^t.on of which 
 be subject to the sa.nf . ' T '''"' ^*''"'' °'' '"^Sents shall 
 offendincr ^^^ '^"^'^ I'^^^'^.es as individuals similarly 
 
 NEW YORK STATE. 
 
 as IXws r'"^^ "^^"^' ''^ ^' ^'- ^^'^te of New York enacts 
 
 and eleven yea., shall caui sucll cilSraJl^LS^S 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional I'apers (No. 
 
 '^r^ 
 
 A. 1891 
 of roadin.r .r. 11- ' • • ' ^^^^ eoiuinon .sclu/)l bmnclios 
 
 oitho fMf,, .]•/•". . '"^>, "^"^t tlio puLlic schoo oi- schoolq 
 
 ot a ]nis,i,,.,ieanor, and shall, on conviction forf,.;/ ,1 i ' " !■ "^ 
 thirteen con^:i.t'n„r.^'^"''!' conviction, not exceeding 
 
 shaiaa.:?^o;rSo,^'r si^'s:^: : ^^i-^^-'- r-" 
 
 remaining unpaid. ^ '^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^"e 
 
 State Superintondent, A. b. Draper, of New York savs — 
 
 drunkaJds o r cr^m na"s th.T f ^ ''T ^^''''''' ""'' ^'''> 
 
 crlilalV It 1±'"'' '* ^^'''' wiUbecon^e outcasts^nd 
 the Zer to m^v X f""r''''''^ ^^"''^"^ that the state has 
 is ff^rm-omSf J r^ exceptional cases and that there 
 
 Supermtendent E. N. Jones says :_ 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 • 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 for eo,u,„.uo,.y sch;;oi late XL '' d".'.";";' '„' ".T T'^' '."r 
 
 and you d-o. -ve it of tho mJ^ m ■ 1^ "- '''''^^ '^^''^ "!,' 't 
 ing those ^.oat pu pa.es f^ th^cS' T'''' ''^' ^^^-"Pl^'h- 
 ^staUished/raiJ which iustifVtl,! '''' ^'^^''-■••"'"ent.s are 
 
 than a ri^lu,, itT a ffi" Tf, /"""'m "''' ^"<^ ^^ is n.o.e 
 
 chil.l thi.s .reat ?i^it ^ '^' authority secure for the 
 
 for the free education nf in ^ 'o benehted or not, to pay 
 matter on the S of nf .' ^''\^'^*^'\ ^«ave it a voluntary 
 
 education, L' co nnuCr ' ^^ ",''^^^'^',\*^'- "^« »'^^»« -f 
 rejected." ^"'"pulsoiy provided, shall be accepted or 
 
 Commissioner Elba Reynolds says — 
 
 control the destiny of a C neoTn ^'^^ l'^^^'"' «hape and 
 enabled to assist the'Lelves and benefii f I, '^ ™^^ ^'^ ''^"«^" 
 *e parent or custodian of a Si 1?! "'/'' associates ; and 
 
 should be optional wftrhi^to 1 d "iTchSd'to' Tl"^'' '' 
 as he may choose. He micrhf vvif K ? °. •''^^'*''^^ o'" "ot, 
 
 privilege to do any other t^ilf'^"^ Propriety, claim the 
 and destroy the iLltin ic °n K ''°"'^' ^T"^ ^"^ undermine 
 republic. It is a Ser ttt .. '''"^'' that surround the 
 
 great need of that educatbn ul.ST u^ '''*' ^''•'* ^'"'^ the 
 
 Sa"-[H--"-iS 
 
 -o faee a,.ea. a„., ae;ul■:".Lr„o'Xl";;^*^'pti'^^^^^^ 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 adS„7L;':^J,^.t:?i''"""'''''">-P-''°'=o„pulsor, 
 
 -fwe?r:ie'ager„ysrv;raSr foir'" ""* °"'«>' " '='"« 
 b seven Md tomteen years, shall annualy 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 i 
 
 cause such child to attend for at least sixteen weeks, at least 
 eight weeks of which attendance shall be con.secutive, some 
 public day school in the city, town or district, in which he 
 resides, which time .shall commence with the beginning of the 
 first term of the school year, or as soon thereafter as due notice 
 shall be .served upon the person having such control of his 
 duty under this Act. For every neglect of sucli duty, the 
 per.son offending such forfeit, to the use of the public schools 
 of such city or district, a sum not less than one nor more than 
 twenty dollars, and .shall stand committed until such tine and 
 costs of suit are paid. But if the per.son so neglecting shall 
 show to the satisfaction of the Board of Pklueation or of 
 directors, that such child lias attended for alike period of 
 time, a private day school, approved by tlie Board of Education 
 or directors of the city, town or district in which such child 
 resides, or that instruction lias otherwise been given lor a like 
 period of time to such child, in the lirariches conniKjnly taught 
 in the public .school ; or tliat such child has already acquired 
 the branches of learning taught in the public scliools ; or that 
 his physical or mental condition, as declared by a competent 
 phy.sician, is .such as to render such attendance inexpedient 
 and impracticalile, then .such penalty shall not be incurred. 
 Such tine shall be paid, when collected, to the school treasurer 
 of such city or township, to be accounted for by him as other 
 school money raised for school purposes. But no school shall 
 be regarded as a school under this Act unless there shall be 
 taught therein in the English language, reading, writing, 
 arithmetic, history of the United States and geography. ^ 
 § 2. It shall be the duty of the Board of Education in every 
 city, and the board of school directors in every school district, 
 to "appoint one or more truant ollicers, who.se duty it ^hall be, 
 carefully to enquire concerning all supposed violations of this 
 Act, and to enter complaint against all persons who shall 
 appear to be guilty of such violation. It shall also be the 
 duty of .said officer" to arrest children of a school -going age, 
 ■who habitually haunt public places, and have no lawful 
 occupation, and also truant children who absent themselves 
 from school without leave, and to place them in charge of the 
 teacher having charge of the public school which the .>-aid 
 children are by law entitled to attend. And it shall be the 
 duty of said teacher to assign said children to to the proper 
 classes, and to instruct them in such studies as they are fitted 
 to pursue. Said truant ofiicers shall have such compensation 
 for services rendered, under this Act, as shall be determined 
 by the Board of Education or the Board of Directors appoint- 
 ing such officer, wliich compensation shall be paid from the 
 distributable sjhool fund. 
 
 § 3. Any person having control of a child, who, with intent 
 to evade the provisions of this Act, shall make a lawful false 
 statement concerning the age of .such child, or the time such 
 child has attended school, shall, for such ofi'ence, forfeit a sum 
 
 74 
 
 i 
 
i 
 
 •■ 
 
 54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (Xo. ii',]). 
 
 A. 1881 
 
 of not leHis than tlirec dullai's nor more than twenty dollars 
 for the use of the pnhlic school of such city or >listrict. 
 
 !^ 4. I'ro-ecutions uiuler thi^ Act shall be instituted and 
 carried on by the authorities of such boards, ami be brouj^'ht 
 in the luinie of the Penple of the State of Illinois for the use 
 of the school fund of said city or township. 
 
 t;} ■). Police, nuinici[)al courts, justices of the peace and 
 judjTfs of the county court, shiiU have juriisdiction within 
 their respective counties of the offences described in tiiis Act. 
 
 f!j 6 "An Act to secure to all children the benefit of an 
 elementary education," approved June 2.'5, lcSiS;j, in force July 
 1, lfS83, is hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved May 24, 1889. 
 
 CITY OF springfib:ld. 
 
 In the City of Springfield, a county truant .school has been 
 
 e.stabli,shL'd and a truant otKcer is appointed each year. His 
 report for the year 1884, is as follows : — 
 
 Number of visits to schools 3,461 
 
 Number of visits to families 279 
 
 Number of children truants 208 
 
 Number of truancies 269 
 
 Number of children found on the streets ;}56 
 
 Number of children arrested as habitual truants 14 
 
 Number of same prosecuted 11 
 
 Nundter convicted and .sent to the county truant school . . 11 
 NiHidier of visits to manufacturing, mechanical and mer- 
 cantile establishments 481 
 
 Number of children under Ki years of age found em- 
 ployed without certificates 49 
 
 There have been some cases of In-eakint; and enterinjr .school- 
 houses, and of larency therefrom, which was investigated by 
 the truant otKeer, and restitution for things taken was made. 
 
 Tlie truant officer, who has discharged his duties faithfully 
 during tlie year, is of the opinion that there are fewer 
 incipient truants on probation than there were one year ago ; 
 and that amonjif business men there is a general and willinof 
 compliance with the Public Statutes concerning the employ- 
 ment of ehildren. 
 
 Tliirty truants from this eity have been in the county 
 truant school for .sonie portion of the year (several holding 
 over from last year), of whom tweiv;: are now in that institu- 
 tion. Boys returning from the;, '.iiool seem to have l^een 
 well cared for and well taught. 
 
 76 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 'Vi). 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 i 
 
 Ruhaftn' Ohliffatui'ii Attemhince at Alushan Sc/iuoIh, A])) ■ < 
 by the CovimixHioner of Eduait'ion, Ani/ant, I<-'' ■ . 
 
 In pursuance of the rej^'ulations prescrihed by tin? Secretary 
 of tiie Interior, under an Act of Congress iipproved S\ii\ 17th, 
 1884, in relation to piii)iic schools in Alaska, and under 
 authority of Rule B in the regulations so prescribed by the 
 Secretary in conferring authority upon the board of education 
 by him ap|iointed " to provide general rules for the govern- 
 ment of tho schools and the attendance of the children," this 
 educational board has prescribed and adopted the following as 
 to the attendance of cliiMren of school age : 
 
 Every parent, guardian, or otlier jji/rsoii having control or 
 charg<' of any child or children of the agi of six years ami 
 under the age of fourteen years, residi'ir within two miles of 
 any school established and maintained 1i}- the Government in 
 Alaska, .shall send such child or children t^ such school at least 
 two-thirds of the time during which such school shall Vie taught 
 each school year, unless it can be satisfact(Ji'ily shown that 
 such child or children is or are phy.sically or mentally disabled. 
 To the end that .such regulations may be enforced the de[)Uty 
 United States marshals and Indian policemen, api ointed npou 
 the reconunendation of the Governor by the Connnissioner of 
 Indian Affairs at Wa.shington, are hereby authorized and 
 empowered, and it is herel)y made their duty, to see that all 
 children of .school age herein designated ami within the limits 
 and distance herein set forth attend said schools: Provided 
 further, thai when it is maile to appear that the preseme and 
 services of any child of school age as herein prescribed are 
 necessary to the care, protection, and couifort of such parent 
 or guardian in case of sickness, accident, or any phy>'' i! or 
 mental infirmity, it shall be a good excuse .for sucl. on- 
 attendance. 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION, WASHINGTON. 
 
 The following extracts from the Report of the Conmiissioner 
 of the Bureau of Education, Washington, for 1887-8, ai'e worthy 
 of consideration : 
 
 When we consider the large amount of r.ioney spent u))on 
 the public schools of the .'^tate, and the eft'oris made to render 
 them attractive and profitable, it, is greatly to be regretted 
 that, on account of the inditi'erencu of parents and the selfish- 
 ness of employers, so many childi'en do not avail themselves 
 of their great opportunities. The truant law should therefore 
 be more rigidly enforced, and the children should be required 
 to attend twenty weeks instead of twelve. " In the forty 
 weeks spent in the workshops, children forget what they have 
 
 76 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 64 Victoria. Ses.sional Tapor.s (No. 33). A. LS91 
 
 lenrncl and go hack to school to hegin over again the lessons 
 ot tho year before. Discouraged, listless, old before their 
 time, they grow up to manhood and womanhood u ith no 
 adequate conception of their life's work." It i.s thought that 
 It the appmntn.ent of truant otfieers was made by the State 
 t'oard ot educition or some central authority instead of beine 
 
 \\ould be more strictly enforced. 
 
 Compuhory A ttcyidoMce. 
 
 The neceai*U>, tor compnlmn, cducatlon.—O. E. Wailing 
 school superint, ndent of Morga.i County. W. Va.: " Some sav 
 we must educate the .nnsses >u that they will appreciate an 
 education; but how are we to do it ^ The greiter number 
 who do not avail themselves of the opportunity otleiv ' by the 
 free schools are the chihlivn of poor and ignorant pareut.fwho 
 Mill be allowed to grow up in ignorance, and generation after 
 generation will do the same unless the law forces them into 
 di rt?/! ll'" -n V'' K<^"''''ition is educated, then the greatest 
 
 utie r''th' •?^,r"'-""^'""'^"i f*" P'^^^'"^^ ■"'•' ^•«'«i-'^ i» their 
 ties to then- chihlren, and not aware of the great responsi- 
 bility resting upon them, they .should be made sensible, and 
 ■e compelled to UiMharge a parent's duty." 
 
 Schools for /.- n-loihles and JlabUtud TruanU 
 
 School officers in thos States in which compulsory attend- 
 ance law.s are entorced .acountor .litficulties in the discharcre 
 their duties that are con ,ratively unknown in other 
 nf Phfi , ^°'"P"l'^'^''y 1'^!^'^ cans enrolment of large numbers 
 
 of children whose previous tram.ug is ehieHy of the kind that 
 fosters vice, and who.se surroundings outside the school-roora 
 SLrr'n-'^rf ^' ^"C"Ui-''o'^' a distaste for restraint and an utter 
 nZ-n. 1 ' ^fi\V'y\ ^^11 Public schoools must contend 
 moieor le.ss with this class of pupil.s, but they are naturally 
 more nuincrous and troubleso^^^^ in the .schools in which the 
 attendance of all cnildren of every cla.ss is ccunpelled. They 
 do no attend at all unless they are obliged to do so, and when 
 forced to presentthemselves at school they take no interest in 
 their s udies, seek only to hinder the progress of others, and 
 take advantage of every pretext to absent themselves from 
 their duties How to manage such chddron is one of the 
 gravest questions with which school men have to deal Thev 
 must not be excluded from the schools entirely, but their 
 influence tends to demoralize better dispo.sed scholars f 
 instructed in the regular schools. They should not be com- 
 mitted to reformatories or other institutions for crir ir,, Ls foi 
 they are not crimiiials. and association with vici us , haracters 
 can only prove deti .mental to them. 
 
 --.e most .sRtssfsrrtory means of dealing with iucorriiables of 
 this stamp IS believed to be the establishment of '•trulnt 
 
 77 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Pai»(!rs (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 •chooL^," under the luanageinout of men jx'culiarly fitteii for 
 such work. Tho following quotations indicate the rea^oiih for 
 •uch belief : 
 
 " In SeptembiT, 1885, the truant Hcrhool was estahiinhml. 
 The de»ij,'n of this school wits to piovid(* a plact- wiiere tin? 
 haliitually truant boy, the niiscliievous and uni(overnablu b -y, 
 the uewHl)oy, uml tlie bootblack who must have a [torliuu of 
 school time for their work, where all these could be suitaVjlj 
 instructed and tirmly eontrolled. 
 
 " The)ij;ood eti'oots of the school were immedintfly apparent. 
 Habitual truants and the iticorrigiblc were speedily gathered 
 into this school, and puiushment and suspcinion ceased else- 
 where. The ^ood inmienei! ol' this school was not oidy felt, 
 but it became tiuijjfible in reports. In previous years sus- 
 pensions for inexcusable absence an<l for miseonduet had 
 averaped about 24n ; in 1,S.S4-H,', they were 225 : in iS.S5-86 
 they decreased to 98, and in 1880-87 to 92, while corporal 
 punishmeTit became ii thin<^ of the jiast. 
 
 " There can be no (piestion as to the wisdom of the board 
 in establishing^ this school, nor as to its restraininu iiiid re- 
 formin<,f power over all the schools of the city." [Superin- 
 tendent C B. Thouifts, East 8ii,i,dnaw, Mich.] 
 
 " As much less coni])laintof truancy has reached me than in 
 former years, it would seem probable that the existence of the 
 county truant school has exercised a salutary influence, and 
 tlion^h truancy is by no means obsolete in this town, i iiave 
 no hesitation in saying that the .school is of jri',.at value in 
 restraininf,' it, and trust that the institution may be kept up." 
 [Superintendent T. H. Day, Pittsfield, Mass.] 
 
 " I tind tliat since it has been possible for the town to use 
 the truant school it has been much easier to hrhv^ the truants 
 into school." [Mr. Charles L. Frink, truant officer. North 
 Adams, Mass.] 
 
 " I also desire to call the attention of the board to the 
 demand for some means of separatin<f the incorrigible and 
 demoralizing class of pujnls from tho.se wdio attend school with 
 unobjectionable habits and morals. This should be done 
 without turning tliem into the street. My recommendation is 
 that a separate school be established for truants and those Avho 
 require corporal punishment. One teaclier coiild do this work 
 for the present, and it should be one of tlie most capable and 
 conscientious teachers obtainable. Pupils should be trans- 
 ferred to and from this school in accordance with such 
 regulations as may be established, antl a truant otficei should 
 be appointed to assist in enforcing these regulations. * * * 
 I lielieve this measure would be of great benefit to our 
 schools." [Superintendent 1). C. Tillotson, Topeka, Kans,] 
 
 " I also recommended that we avail ourselves of these pro- 
 visions of the statutes, and that for this purpose we invite two 
 or more of tlie neighboring municipalities to join with us in a 
 petition to the county comn, >ioners for the establishment and 
 maintenance of a school to which truants, and in case the 
 --■■. ^^^ 78 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 LfriHUtiiro sliall ^rjv,. tl,.. ro.nii.^it.. aiithcrity, thosn i.iinil.H 
 
 who iKTSiHtrritly rofn>.' to coinjily with t) 
 aii'l ri-i,'ul)itions of t)i« .schools' inav I 
 
 roasonahU' ruh-H 
 ay In- .sent for disfiplirie anil 
 
 instruotioii 
 
 " Anotliei year's observation luid letieetion havcstren''theiie.i 
 my eoMvietion that the ne..l ofsneh a .sehuol is irnperatTve. an.l 
 that the hcst interests of our schools re.|nire its estMl.li.hne.nt. 
 
 a,-ainrespectlullyconuiien.ltliesiil,j,,.ttoy..iirconsi.i..ration." 
 |Sii|«ennten.|rnt fiionias Kmcrsoii, Newton, Mass.] 
 
 " '•'''t' nunilMr of actual truants in our .school is very small 
 iMit the .lifB.ulty of .jralin- with theni is jnst as oen.lJxin.r as 
 It ti.e.r nun.ber were lar-er. The ah.sence ..I' a suitaf.l.* 
 institution for the confinement, discipline, and in.struction of 
 habitual tniiints nuikes a -reat deal of work for the truant 
 othcvrs. h.-y have no etiectual means of in,spirin<r th- bov 
 with a wholesome respect for their authority, and tlun to 
 entorcT his attendance at .school, e.xeept thr faet that if eau-ht 
 he will be returned to sclu.ol ; nor can th.. connnittoe deW.se 
 any meanK to assist th.- otHcers i„ the absence of a truant 
 scj.nol, which are not objectional>le because of thrir dan.rorou.s 
 results .oys who play truant are not criminals, and Cannot 
 ho treate.l as such They stay away from s.'hool simply be- 
 cause hey do n..t like the restraint which constant api./ication 
 to study re.|uires. K they should bo sent to tlie State Reform 
 School or any similar institution, th.- stiuma upon their 
 character may turn them into the very path from which thev 
 should lie kept. ■^ 
 
 " At tlie sam- tinu-, their absence from school, wan.lerinfr 
 about the streets, inculcates idleness and shiftless habits and 
 leaves th.'ia to enga-x- in evil {.ractices which mi.y lead to 
 cnmmal acts. The scholars m-Iio attend scliool and ai'v inclined 
 to truancy, .seeing that the efforts of thr ..tfeers to ivturn 
 ao.seiitros to school are vain, become emboldened, •.,! try 
 playin- truant themselves, and the result is to extend the evil 
 ot truancy among those scholars who are at first inclined to 
 attend school r.-^^ularly. So long as pulilic officers dawdle 
 with a ipiestionot .so much jiiiblic importance as the establish- 
 ment of truant schools, we shall be without a remedy for this 
 evil [l-roni the Report of the School (Committee </ Marble'- 
 iieaii, ilass.J 
 
 " The conliniiig in reformatories of children between ei-d.t 
 and fourteen years, who have committed no crime but who 
 retu.se to obey j.arents, and allowing them to associ'ato with 
 older children wno h/ive l,een committed for crime, ai.nears to 
 be a very grave matter. On this account very few children 
 are committed each ycai. 
 
 "To remedy this evil it seems to be necessary that a refor- 
 matory schoo should be established, under the .lirect control 
 ot the boar.l. for the discipline, instruction, and reformin-r of 
 habitual truants and non-atten.lants. In this .school "the 
 children k^hould be taught some bn.sini-.ss or trade «o th"t n-hcn 
 
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 83). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Lood >^T^ •^'^h^ol/hey will be fairly equipped to gain a liveli- 
 iiood. [Superintendent John Jaepar, New York City.] 
 
 " No provision has yet been made for truants and incorrrtri- 
 bles. The superintendent, in annual reports and in monthlv 
 tsommunications to the board, has urged the necessity of 
 establishing a school where such persons could be taught and 
 trained. Ihe public school principals have also advocated 
 such a measure This question is of vital importance, not only 
 vn account of those who need special training, but also, and in 
 larger measure, for the sake of all our pupils whose character 
 depends so much upon their association with each other. 
 
 " The great majority of children are obedient and well 
 trained ; they should not be in danger of contamination by a 
 vicious element. A city home should be established, to which 
 children who need a special training could be sent for instruc- 
 tion and reformation, but not as criminals for punishment 
 They should be- obliged to live there, undergoing a regular 
 system of duties and instruction, subject to rules appropriate 
 to the institution." [Superintendent Clarence E Melenev 
 Paterson, N. J.] ^ ' 
 
 In my opinion, a special school should be established in 
 this city, into which confirmed and persistent truants should 
 be sent t.'^d confined for a reasonable length of time, as a 
 punishment for non-attendance at school. Many parents and 
 guardians who fail to properly discipline their children, either 
 from negligence or want of ability, or who have lost control 
 over them, would welcome such an institution and heartily 
 indorse the plan. It should not partake of the character of a 
 penal institution except in the feature of confinement for a 
 reasonable length of time, and children should be admitted 
 only for truancy or refractory conduct in the regular schools. 
 As soon as an inmate could give a satisfactory guarantee of 
 future good conduct and faithful attendance in his regular 
 school, he should be discharged, and taken into a regular 
 school on probation. 
 
 " I believe, as I have said in a previous report, that the 
 knowledge, merely, of the existence of such a school, would 
 largely deter truancy. 
 
 " Such a school would never become large, and need not 
 incur a great expense, while its benefits to the school system 
 would be immense in the way of discipline, not only to the 
 truant element of the school, but to the whole department. 
 
 " But there is another view of this subject to be considered, 
 and of far more seriousness than the mere absence from school 
 of tie truant and his educational loss. It is the moral view. 
 Truancy in many cases is th"; first step toward the walks and 
 haunts of criminals. Many at first well-disposed children are 
 indulged in ' playing the truant ' by kind parents, and, 
 occasionally, by careless or indifferent teachers until they come 
 in contact with the ' street Arabs.' who skulk from place to 
 place watching for an opportunity to pilfer or commit 
 
 80 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 33) 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 SnfvW^"""'•T^^^'^^^^''""^^ ^^"^ ^y'^' of State 
 crimmaLs. [Superintendent James F. Crooker, Buflalo, N. Y ] 
 
 " Inexcusable absence, tardiness, and trnancy are rife in too 
 many of our schools. This last-named evil is^SV ampam 
 for our mcomg.bles knovv too well that until a truant Xol 
 clnZl'^uT^^''^^^' ''' '^'' Lawrence Industrial .S 1,00 
 
 order Some n^^""' ^T""''' '^'-'^ ^"' ^''' *^' ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^"'l 
 order Some of our citizens view this desire for a truant 
 
 chool as a mere sentiment or convenience on tVe pa f 
 
 eachers and school officers, believing that it is an eifurt to r 
 
 schoos and teachers of a few unruly boys, a.su,nin' tbi f 
 
 schools are attractive and teachers lovinVand m iable fi ■, 
 
 adviseis that it they will give one week of thorourdi peisoir.! 
 
 iZoZ'nn''''' ''""f '"^"?^' "^^'^-^ whok'r •^' 
 
 an outs ot truancy they will find that the attractive school 
 and the amiable, lovnig teachers, are sweets that truants d 
 not cry for do not long for. No person unacquaii e wi 
 ly^': "''r '^ .^^'^««.'^hildrcn and their various con it. ns 
 
 to mo ..•'"'■'/" ^ ''^y "'^^ L-y""' i'^ 'l«'^'i«e^l t- asc ibe 
 ch^oToffl T"' "' ^'^'^^•^nience any effort of teachers or 
 school officers to suppress truancy. Our city swarms with 
 habitua and incorrigible truants whom parents can not in/u e 
 or the law oblige to go to school. * * * Thev '.re be 
 corning the worst class of juvenile offenders, some tigui' ng t 
 petty thieves burglars, and vagrants. Not until Lynn as a 
 ciy. insists that the county commissioners compl7withthe 
 
 unie"sY:r sr"'!i ^?'v*'^-?? '^ ^ ^"^^^* schoofeitr;;^!;, 
 
 it well olZn /■f'^ ^'^ ^"^''^ ^"' •" self-defence, and which 
 it well can do wjfch pecuniary as well as great moral benefit" 
 [Superintendent 0. B. Bruce. Lynn, Mass.] 
 
 " Provision has already been made for the confinement 
 discipline, and mstruction of habitual truants. Is T not 
 
 X alteXSof bt V'^ enacted under whicl a child 
 wno attends school, but who persistently violates the rules 
 
 thonr^''*^*'"-^"'''f*^^ to Secure the object fo which 
 schools are maintained, shall be dealt with in i similar man 
 
 TnJ n J ^^"* f ^"'-^ P''''«"^l 1°«« ^hen out of school but 
 does not occasion loss to those who attend; while the peJ 
 
 D\ being m school, and seriously interferes with the nro-rress 
 of others. In dealing with such pupils at tTe pi-Tsent Sue 
 
 tSVdlttil.?"^ '"*''" A^'"' companions of the truant. 
 A vear^at anZ!^ ^"''^ f-^\'^ '^^S^' *« ^e accomplished 
 A year ago an eflfort was made to secure a chantre in the law 
 
 5rt\TctedT if " "-'^ '""''l'' ^"^^"^ *he classes of chi I 
 aren atJected by its provisions those who persistently refu-e 
 
 bLoT'/ VV"' ^•^'^'^^^-ble rules and'regulaZfs o/'th: 
 
 6 (C.E.) 
 
 81 
 
Til 
 
 «-^«ional i..p,,, (^.,^ .^^^_ 
 
 "'^''le importance of «,.. • " A, Lsyj 
 
 dJsobt.lioiice almost f ."-'^^ '"'V hyhi^T^ "^ '^^'''^•'k 
 teaclior, un.I th """?P<^)ii:c.s tiie ti.no "■'/•-'' '^atof I acts of 
 
 "f the .scl.ool CO nunt "'• ''^"^''' '4 s a^.C'" '"'^^''"'^tion 
 
 I^-^'i.'^latnre l. . ^"" ^^'^^ ^i'"'-"""- t he ' '"-^ ^'^"«tant i„;,„. 
 
 -itablopl.:;e;"^ ;j;: -" as the t..ua't t:^'^'"'-'^ ^hl 
 teif(.ii„i,\vith t,n I ''''^ ^"^'ceiveins,., \° '''''^ ^^'^^li 'a 
 
 ft a ,..oper ].':;■":? -"'^^"T^' ^'^'eJi.'tha ",n 'T''' /-'^.ts 
 ^nnonudiuu: ..„j?,i' ''^"'le of rare ovpoII "*^'"'''i-en 
 
 ior coiupJaint, for tZ ^"^ I''''"''^^'"'' tin/e tit. "''^ "^an- 
 
 character of tlie X f P<'>^itiori. Tjie nU , "■'''0"^e is au 
 
 adjunct of t^i^ ';-;,;•."'' "> t'^o fact that hffrV'''^ ^" ^h" 
 '»u>t 'reconsider If '""' ^"^' f»''Jm t e , ,^ ''"°' ^'^ ^utan 
 
 The State . "'"'■ ^^^""^-^ f^'T^nntendent 
 
 -• PiO-Mc!;!;;", ;^;;;^-^ a,e whoare not IhII^hS"? '' -''-' 
 Parents to h ve theh- ?-n* '" P'''^'^te set ^ rp '"'"^^"v 
 
 't «houhl he re m re fr/'^; f ^^ ^•^^'^gni^ed an^d ?^" ■^^'"'"J« or 
 to that given h ' , f,^ ^^'*^ ^"«truction h^"^ ^?«pect, d, h„t 
 
 P"^-ry^atten</:U Is !;&,^^^'r^- Tlfe t'ct^fi^ ''-''/"ai 
 property of the S^nf ^ ' . *^ '^^'^^^n we cons,V). .V^ ^"^ com- 
 ti^at the. am. u';^^ ^« f timafced at fifteen fiJr '^'^f ^^"-'' ■^"'"ool 
 b"t that onyt^'Pt^'"'-' ^'^' school 7Af;"p^'^^^'"-^ and 
 are enrolled tufTr^^J"''^'''^^- "f the chi' ^^ "'j^'^" ^'^"ars 
 -erage attend" 'e"^^/; .^jl^^-four per cef' ?\h "'"'' "^- 
 
 «"--endent;Ht^rM^t^^t^nS^^^ D^^ 
 
 82 
 
')4 N'ictoria 
 
 8t>ssi(.!i,'il TaptTs (Xu, P/.]), 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 FROM " EDUCATION AND CKIMI.:.' 
 
 Published nv UrjiKAr of Education, Wasiiintiox, issi. 
 
 The statistics of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsvlvnnia 
 aiT pi-obahlv compiled with more care and'pre.sented i'n ,n„re 
 detail than those ot any other similar institution in tlu' countrv 
 JMmngtlie year the association met in Philadelphia ( l,S79) 
 there were received at this penitentiary 4,S7 convicts ()f 
 these .S2 had never attende.l schools of any kind : 5 are re- 
 poite.l to hav<. attende.l colle^r,, for an av..rat,r,. lenyth of time 
 of (. yeajvs, (,ne ot them havioo- attended 10 and another 7 
 Vear> : t are said tohave attended a public hio-1, school' for 
 an average length ot tim,. a little over 2 years ; 12 ha-l been -it 
 private schools wh.. had never attended public sehooN the 
 
 3!l?^l''''',' 'P|'ro '1' T''"''^ l"'"'- '^ y'^'' ■' ^-'^ l''-^'' 'Attended 
 public schools, 100 ot them advancing to the grammar ..rade 
 
 the average age at leaving school being 14, an.l the avvra-e 
 time they remaiiie.l in school is set down at about 5 years 
 These are the exact otHcial hgures ; an.linstead of theJe e^ 
 ing a large percentage of high school graduates in the peni- 
 tentiary, It appwirs there were only 7 of all the convicts're- 
 ceived lubS.iUhat had ever attended a high school and not 
 one o(he.<e had attended long enough to ga-aduate. 'h' k 1 
 are said to have attende.1 colleges, but the.; must have been 
 colleges ot a pecnhar kind to permit attendance for o 7 or 10 
 years, as stated m these cases. ' ' 
 
 1 V '. t n V '""^•'^•*;^^;'t "t the W:i received are ,sai!l to 
 h.i e attended American high schools, but of tliese 8 attended 
 only 1 year and but a single on., attended as lono- as 3 years 
 Ihere ,s no reason to think any one of them graduate.l. ^Fiy^ 
 are .said to have attended college; but t) of them attc.nded too 
 hort a time to graduate, and the other 2, who are set down as 
 iKiving attended 7 years each, both left school at the age 
 
 Wo have been unable to obtain reliable statistics of the kind 
 wanted from Moyamensmg, the Philadelphia city p,i..on • but 
 instead we present, trom the combined statement of the State 
 boanl of public charities, a most important tact bearin^/on the 
 case,_viz: statistics showing the educational relati.ms o1' all the 
 
 o [he :r 'l S? '' f\^^\r^ workhouses of the State 
 l-m- ' l'^7!l including Moyamensing prison Of the 
 2..i0, persons convicted and .sentenced to "these institutions 
 during the year only l:i are .said to have possessed a su "i" 
 education ami it ,s not at all likely that there was a g. uU at" 
 ot either high .school or college among them. ^ 
 
 To add further weight to this evhlence, it may be stated 
 
 tliat out of ."j"! convict 
 
 s received at the Western Penitent 
 
 lar- 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 of Pennsylvania iluriiig thu years 1879 and 1880, only 3 are 
 set down ])y the prison autlinrities as possessing wliat they 
 call a superior education. 
 
 The two Pennsylvania penitentiaries in 1879 receive<l 799 
 convicts, and of these 114 we-" wholly illitfratt- ; in 1880 they 
 received 722 convicts, of whom 1.51 were wholly illiterate ; in 
 two years, 1,. 52 1 .;onvicts, witli 2().') illiterates. Thus there is 
 (■oniniitted hy illiterates more than one-sixth of all the crime 
 in Pennsylvania fnr which i)Uiiishni('nt is iullicted by incar- 
 ceration in penitentiaries ; wliile the persons of this cliuss of 
 an iv^e to be sent to the penitentiary for crime do not consti- 
 tute one-tliirtieth of the population. It app(;ais, therelbre, 
 that one-sixth of the crime in the State is conunitted by the 
 illitc-rate one-thirtieth part of the population. Dut this is not 
 all. In acMition to the illiti-rates there were received at the 
 two penitentiaries, in 1,S79 and liS80, 272 convicts who could 
 liarely read and write and had no education lieyoiid that point. 
 If we class these among the uneducated, as we clenily liave a 
 right to do, the numl)er of illiterates in the penifciitiaries 
 would l)e swelled to .").'}7, ami the astounding fact would 
 appear that more than one-third of all the penitentiary offences 
 in the State are committed by this snuill but unfortunati? class 
 of our people. 
 
 Such is the story told by the penitentiaries of Penn.syl- 
 vania : its purport is scarcely 7uoditi(;d in an}' degree if we 
 combine with tlu; statistics of the penitentaries those of the 
 county jails, workhouses, and houses of correction. In 1878, 
 of 4,023 ailmissions into these institutions, l,2(i!l could not 
 write, and in 1879, 612 could not write out of 2,:-)07 admis- 
 sions. A majority of those who could read and write with 
 more or less facility were otherwise grossly ignorant. 
 
 So far we have taken our statistics from Pennsylvania, 
 because they were most easily olitained. Those of other 
 States and other countries .show like results and lead to like 
 conclusions. We have before us the reports of the jjeniten- 
 tiaries and prisons of some twenty States. As a whole they 
 tell .substantially the same story of the relations of educa- 
 tion to crime as the reports of the penitentiaries and prisons 
 of Penn.sylvania. With this testimony before us, we" reach 
 the following conclusions : 
 
 (1) That about one-sixth of all the crime in the country 
 is committed by persons wholly illiterate. 
 
 (2) That about one -third of it is committed by persons 
 practicalh' illiterate. 
 
 (3) That the proportion of criminals among the illiterate 
 is about ten times as great as among those who have been 
 instructed in the elements of a common school education or 
 beyond. 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 84 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papei-s (No. 33). 
 
 NEW YOIIK. 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 The.se conclusions corresjiond in the main with those 
 arrived at by other in(|uirer.s. S. H. White, an ex-president, 
 <)fthi.s hody, in his vuluahle essay on "Education and crime," 
 makes the following statements : 
 
 Speaking of New Voi'k City, he .says that among the illit- 
 erate there is 1 crime to a fraction over 3 persons, while 
 among those not illiterate there is 1 crime to about 27 persons ; 
 or, the chances for crime among those who cannot read and 
 write are !) times as great as among the rest of the people." 
 Of the State of New York lie says; "Seven per cent, of the 
 people commit 31 per cent, of the crimes. A person not 
 able to read and write is G times as apt to lummit crime 
 as one who can read and write." In Massachusetts, he states 
 that, in 1871, "among the ignorant po])ulati(jn 1 in 2') com- 
 mitted cnme, while among those who had a greater or less 
 degi'ee of education there was 1 crime to about 12G persons." 
 In lllinoi.s, Mr. White found one out of every 137 of the illit- 
 erate in iirison, while of those with moie oi' less education 
 there was only 1 to .")G(J. 
 
 ^ Dr. Edward D. Mansfield, in a repoit to the Bureau of 
 Education in 1872, on the relation between education and 
 crime," with the criminal statistics before him from neaily 
 all the States, reaches the following conclusions: 
 
 (1) That one-third of all criminals are totally uneducated, 
 and tliat four-fifths arc practically uneducated"^. 
 
 (2) That the proportion of criiuinals from the illiterate 
 classes is at least tenfold as great as the proportion from 
 those having some education. 
 
 ^ Rev. Charles L. Brace, at the head of the Children's Aid 
 Society of New York, states that nearly one-third of the crime 
 in New York is committed by the illiterate six-hundredth part 
 of the population. He a(lds^ "Very great crimimdity is, of 
 course, possible with high education; but in' tlie iinmense 
 inaj<jrity of cases a very small degree of mental training or 
 intellectual tastes is a preventive of idlene.ss and conse(iuent 
 ci'ime." 
 
 The late ])r. E. C. Wines, <iTie of the highest authorities on 
 the subject under consideration in this or any other country, 
 in his great work on the "State of prisons," nresented his con- 
 clusions in the following words: "Taking the entire nia.ss of 
 the inmates of all classes of ]iiisons "i; t^ie Northern and 
 Western States, the jjroportion of these wholly illiterate to 
 those that have received a moderate degno • f e'lucation, often 
 very modei'ate indeed, may be stated w'.'! ^;ul btantial correct- 
 nes.sat about one-third. In the Southern .States the proportions 
 are just about reversed, being two-thirds illiterate to one-third 
 partially educated. The nundier of prisoners who have re- 
 ceived a superior education in either section is small indeed." 
 In the face of facts like these, can any one clai;i! that erlu- 
 •ation does not tend to prevent crime ? It is true that cur 
 
 85 
 
i>4 Vii'toiia. 
 
 Sussionai Paper.s (Xo. 3:i). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 «nencM of tl, <,;V i '"'1iic"tly ("Hows t.lwt the otwI in- 
 
 a» the betv t L\™': ruiiiirr'T, ■"'' ■''•'™ ''""« "» <«»' 
 
 who havo "rown nn ?i ^^ !f'°"' '" '''"'^ '^^'^ «"'»e, and 
 
 its doW '^^ ' ? ^""^ vvithout restraint. But with all 
 
 choolst\r ^'■^«"^» convinced that the system of pu bit 
 
 people to a h 'her nri ? •''•,'■ ^?>'''^" «''*'"«' ^o lift up the 
 vnnr\n]lJ" J- . °* civilization, and to save the sacred 
 
 ro^uLtbade'rcherishw-H "' *'^^,^?^" P^^"*«^ on AnXn 
 sacred honor. "^'"^ °"'' ^^^^«' ^^^ ^^^fc^^^^. and our 
 
 On behalf of the committee. 
 
 J. P. WJCKERSHAM, 
 
 Chairman, 
 from an address delivered hy W. T. Harris, LL.V before 
 the First Mohawk Conference, June, 1890 
 
 edS^i^iftli: "'tb" t.^"^ ''' '^""'''"' ^'^T ""* ^^^ 
 diminish it" 1. ! • l""'ease crime rather than 
 
 aim nish it/ Does not learning how to read and write cans- 
 
 r"3^ '^ '' •■^^' ^^;^*''^''^^ ^^-^-'^ have been pamVd befo -e'u 
 c eS' onvi.';? '^'1 -'t^"— - -S -lucarion there are in 
 
 Sa ion n'r P'^'^'f '^^* -'"cation-even a rudimenLr. 
 onueavion m reading and writing-is preventive of crirn* "' 
 
 86 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 r 
 
 
 54 Victoria. Sessional Papoivs (No. 33). A. 1891 
 
 VVehavo lately iiivosti^ated at the bureau of e.lucatioti the 
 .statistics of tlie penit(>ntiarics of all tlic States tliat r-|)ort the 
 condition of tlieir prisoners in recranl to education. Cnipar- 
 !"r, *^''^'' "."'i''^''i" "f illiterate ))risoners with the number of 
 ihterate in the population, we discover this interestin-' fact: 
 the ilhterate stratum of the population furnishes nearfy four 
 limes its .juota of prisoners. A-ain, on invisti-atin^r the'niuch 
 iiioro numerous body of law-la-eakers conHned in our houses 
 ot correetion, \t<> .see that illiteracy marks its effects by send- 
 ing eight times its (piota to the gaols. 
 
 Take as an example the Detroit house of correction, wliich 
 recently summed up for us the statistics of its first twenty-tive 
 years of operation, There had been in the twentv-five "years 
 W:.m commitments. Of these 70 per cut. coul.i both read 
 and_ write, and .".() per cent, were illiterate. At first -dance 
 taking these numerators without their -lenominators, it" looks 
 ba( for the schools. Seventy per emt. of the prisoners hav(> 
 had some education in th.> schools. Hut when we inquire 
 turther, and ascertain the denominators to thes." fractions we 
 learn that in Afichigan there are less than o per cent, of 'the 
 population ov(>r ten years of age who cannot read and write 
 Ihis o per cent, of illiterates furnished :iO per cent, of the 
 criminals, while the 9,5 per cent, who coul.i both read and 
 write furnished 70 per cent. Measured by the standard of the 
 Jo per cent, that could write, tli-' illiterate o per cent 
 turnished eight times its quota. 
 
 *i ^^^h ,P,^^"''^^ ^■•^POJ'<^ f?i^'^'^ "s al-^o the information that, of 
 the 40,.J3.S committed, yS,0S9 had received some reli.nous in- 
 struction, while 2,249, or only o per cent., had not "vceive.! 
 any. This appears to be a worse case for religion when we 
 rir- , • '^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^'"' •^''"cation. But a census of the people 
 ot xMichigaii would not discover over one-half of 1 per cent 
 who could be said to be entirely lacking in religious education. 
 Ihat small half per cent, furnishes ten times its quota of 
 criminals. If there is any influence to be counted as a<nxinst 
 crime, it certainly is that of religion, with its doctrine of un- 
 selfish devotion to the good of others. Statistics show us 
 therefore, that, with the increase of gaols and prisons, it is the 
 illjtemte who are from four to eight times as apt to become 
 criminals as those who can read and write. 
 
 Truancy in Ontario. 
 
 In oi-der to supply the Education Department with the 
 tno.st recent information on the subject of truancy, the follow- 
 ing circular letter, etc, was addressed to the mayor-j of all of 
 the cities and towns in the Province : — 
 
 87 
 
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 38). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Education Dei'autment. (Ont.) 
 
 Toronto December 1^0, 1890 
 
 town, of Ontario in otIJ tn^-„.''?™i'" "'.""■ '"'=» ""'1 
 tive legislation a°a"n,t (L . "^^ ■*-': u P""'"''"'' '"»■» <^^Woc- 
 
 a^.. with hrogCatten,,::' T "t,":, "Tllf "■™='- 
 oHicial pas ton von l.nv,. 4^^,„-ri- ^cn ooi. j^roin your 
 
 extent iruancy ^Z. L^^ it?-] "^ «"^"^'^^'°^' ^'^ wlmt 
 larities vvhicli otW ri^ • ^ ?'"'*' °^^'"ces and irre-u- 
 
 thercfore be ' r^I , o Si." 1"^" '""" '", .^^^-'^ ^'^'^- ^ ^^^'L 
 answer t^ the qSot on ft^'"" .''""/'^ ^"""^ °^'^'"" ^^"^ 
 Police uuthoritiW vonr .nn • -"'rr^' ''='^'^'^"'« f''"'" the 
 roturne,! to me tnt^^lrrthe'To'; f'^' 'T '''^' ^^"^^ 
 -ontary statement which yourself or Tv"' oth^"' ^"P^'" 
 your serv ce coiiM n,.,l-^ , .)""i.m._ii or any other officer m 
 
 me in arriving at " i.L ^''^ *^' '"''J'^' "^^^^ ^^''"''' '^^^i^t 
 gratel-ully received ^""'' '^"^'^'^'•^atio,,, will he 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 «e6. W. ROSS, 
 
 Schedule fou Police Autuokities. 
 Mayor of 
 
 '^TeS„TiT/%r^„,Xf5„St^.r^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 88 
 
91 
 
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 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
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 54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, MIMICO. 
 
 Niiiiil)or oil rf)ll who were unaM*! to read or write on atlmissioii .... :]f', 
 
 .\verai,'ft aj^o of tiiusc I I 
 
 .VuiiiImt wlio were placMxl in tlit; tirst reader on mlniission 4:{ 
 
 Avera;,'(' !ii,'i' ot tiiese 12 
 
 NuiiiIh'I' plaecil in the sccunil n-ailiT 4," 
 
 .-Vvera<,'e tv^i' of tiiese I o 
 
 NiiMihfr plact'ij in the tiiinl I'ciuler |7 
 
 .\v('rfi;^'e UL;e '>l thi'St^ |.«} 
 
 .N'uniber placcl in fouriii r.-mh r .-, 
 
 Average ai,'e of thcsf 1 ."{ I -.') 
 
 Nunil)er now in school 1 4.1; 
 
 Superintemlent McKinnon .say.s : 
 
 "All but six of eiL'hty-sfVcn boys in our senior and intermediate divisions 
 confess to will'iil truancy liefon; eoniino to tliis school. We have not one hov 
 above the at,'e of twelve who.se attiiiniuent.s in ordinary school work are wlia't 
 niiglit be looked for in a boy of his age." 
 
 Ml.MICo, December, 1890. 
 
 93 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional I'apers (No. 3.'}). 
 
 A. 1801 
 
 Educational Status of Persons convicted of Crime in Canu.la. l.S84-l.SS,s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clahh I.—Dkkkncks against thk 
 
 Murder, Attempt to Murder, Man 
 slftiiKliter, Sli.intinp, .Stiil.tii,,^. W.mn.l 
 ing, AHsault, l{upe, Uijfaniy, etc.) 
 
 Year. 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 « . 
 
 Z u 
 
 1 11 
 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 a. 
 
 Prince Edward iNland 
 
 1884 
 188.-I 
 
 I88;j 
 
 1887 
 
 1 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 l88t> 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 
 1S85 
 I88(i 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 18>>'5 
 188(( 
 1887 
 188^ 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188(1 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 
 188." 
 188(! 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 ; 17 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 i ? 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i ■ 
 
 ! 23 
 , 40 
 
 8 
 
 ' * ' • 
 
 • 
 
 N"Tn Sc'(>tia 
 
 ... 
 
 14 
 
 2!» 
 31 
 53 
 1!) 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 r> 
 
 ti 
 
 4 
 ,3 
 
 1 
 .... ..... 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 •> 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 ; ^ 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 New f'.ruiiswiok .... 
 
 13 
 21 
 25 
 14 
 21 
 
 118 
 2! 13 
 22lt 
 273 
 28!) 
 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 71 
 200 
 
 i:u 
 
 -MO 
 211 
 
 2.W 
 383 
 312 
 313 
 3(i5 
 
 
 
 
 
 ," 
 
 i' 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 !) 
 t 
 
 
 Cineliec 
 
 43 
 
 75 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 (;4 
 
 i 
 
 r> 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 i) 
 
 1 Ontario 
 
 288 , 
 4.-3 i 
 371 1 
 3(il j 
 432 1 
 
 42 
 
 4it 
 
 2it j 
 
 30 
 
 44 
 
 — 
 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Manitoba . . 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 13 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 iO 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 
 
 8 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ,<< 
 8 
 
 ~" ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Britiih Columbia .... 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 I88(i 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188(J 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 38 
 20 
 30 
 
 1- 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 « 
 5 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 • • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 The TerritoriM... 
 
 10 
 15 
 12 
 3 
 14 
 
 1 ' 
 
 O 
 
 Sd 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 \'. 
 
 94 
 
Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Educational Status oi" Pursun^ coiivicteil of Crime in I'anailu, 1>SS4-IS:'88. 
 
 Claks II.— Dkkkncks AUAiNsr Puoi'kut^ 
 
 WITH VlOLE.NCE. 
 
 (Uurglary, lIiiuHchreaking, Kobbfry, 
 Warehouse and Kreiglit Car Break- 
 ing, etc.) 
 
 Yi'ur. 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188(i 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 I88t) 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188I> 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 I88ti 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188ti 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 a 
 
 ? 
 
 it 
 
 3 
 'A 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 vi c 
 
 1! 
 
 2^ 
 II 
 
 1 
 c 
 
 Si 
 
 Prince Kdwurd iHluiid 
 
 •1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Niiva Scotia 
 
 1 
 
 «.) 
 17 
 16 
 23 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 ti 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 10 
 10 
 
 •> 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 .... ^.. 
 
 i t 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 New liruiiHwick 
 
 2 
 
 !•; 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1" 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^>uebtic 
 
 Ki 
 
 78 
 
 5t) 
 40 
 71 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 4« 
 34 
 54 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 
 .... .^.... 
 '2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Ontario 
 
 120 
 114 
 151 
 127 
 135 
 
 23 
 13 
 U 
 lit 
 11 
 
 97 
 
 'M 
 
 120 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 15 
 14 
 26 
 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 2»i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188(1 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 i 
 
 1885 
 
 18eti 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 8 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 l"" 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 4 
 2 
 38 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2"" 
 
 1 
 
 
 .. .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Territories 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1880 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ...^^...i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 . _ — . 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
54 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papers (No. 33). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Educationa/. status of persons c mvicte.l of Crime in Cana.la, 1884-1«88. 
 
 Cl.AHS III.-()ir|tHNCKS A'lAINsr I'lO 
 PKRTV W'THOIT VIOI.KNCK. 
 
 (Laronny, Fraud, l''..I.)nio.iH ReciviiK? 
 KmbPziU-meiit, Ktilip Pr^tHiiues, ||„rse 
 ntfalin;?, ct.:.) 
 
 YHar. 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 ■Its 
 g> 
 
 ■i 
 
 : ts 
 
 i tl 
 
 ' "5 5 
 = n 
 
 1 =^ 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 a 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 |I 
 •5 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 Prince Edwuril Ihlaiul 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 r 
 
 4 
 5 
 7 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Nova HcDtia 
 
 11 
 60 
 46 
 71 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 16 
 10 
 20 
 10 
 
 'J 
 42 
 ■M 
 13 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 New Brmnwick 
 
 24 
 4ti 
 24 
 24 
 
 .S2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 ;n 
 
 20 
 20 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 5 
 i 
 
 
 Quebec 
 
 520 
 
 715 
 58!) 
 627 
 777 
 
 
 
 258 
 78 
 56 
 
 7:i 1 
 
 150 ! 
 
 262 
 
 677 
 482 
 534 
 5!)6 
 
 .56» 
 1012 
 
 ;)«8 
 
 877 
 1047 
 
 
 
 4)i 
 71 
 54 
 58 
 137 
 
 Ontario 
 
 770 
 124!) 
 1210 
 1129 
 12i)2 
 
 185 
 180 
 105 
 202 
 
 185 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 131 
 204 
 221 
 2»'>0 
 359 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 75 
 77 
 58 
 50 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 67 
 48 
 47 
 43 
 
 2 1 
 4 
 
 " l" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 2 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 18a5 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 10<J 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 5 
 16 
 12 
 26 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 
 "l "■ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 The Territories 
 
 27 
 48 
 32 
 11 
 S8 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 ""i" 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 ""s"" ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 Br 
 
 Th 
 
 96 
 
A. 1891 
 
 . 1884-1.^88. 
 
 3 
 03 
 
 = .=■ 
 Z u 
 
 Si 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 • •••'" 3" ■ 
 
 10 
 
 K 
 H 
 U 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 44i 
 
 71 
 
 ."54 
 
 58 
 
 137 
 
 131 
 204 
 221 
 2ti0 
 3o'J 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 ■"l" ■■ 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 "■* 
 
 
 
 
 
 •")4 Victoria, 
 
 Sos.si(.nal Papors (No. 33) 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 Kl.lJc.VTroNAL Status of Pcr.s..ns convicl.,-.! ofCrin.o in Canada, 18,S4-1888 
 
 (Jl.ASS IV'. — Mamckicm OkKKM'Ks 
 AlJAINMT rilDI'KllTV. 
 
 (Arson, Miilii'ious injury tn H'tmcr, 
 Cattle anil other Property.) 
 
 IVincc Kdward Island 
 
 Nova Hcotia , 
 
 Nt'W Uniiiswick 
 
 t/lK'ljpC 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 Y.ar. 
 
 1KH4 
 
 iRsr. 
 
 IHHti 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 188.5 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 188,'i 
 188r, 
 )S87 
 1 ,>8 
 
 1H8« 
 188;-) 
 188t! 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 I 
 
 1885 I 
 188»i : 
 
 18H7 ; 
 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 ]88() 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 s 
 
 "S 
 
 
 a 
 
 >^ . 
 
 rap 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 31 
 32 
 27 
 47 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 3 
 2 
 t> 
 4 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 29 
 18 
 34 
 
 BritiBh Columbia . 
 
 The Territories , 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 I. 
 
 7 (C.E.) 
 
 97 
 
.f^m^'.^.-OiL:-- 
 
 />4 Vl/«f/-»»»in 
 
 64 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Pajiors (No. 33). 
 
 A.; * 
 
 A. 1«91 
 
 Educational Rtatu.s of Persons convicted of Crime in Canada, 18«4-1HvSH. 
 
 1 
 
 Clash •V.-Fou(ikrt ano orrR.NtRM 
 AOAINST THK Ci:rhknc'y. 
 
 Yeur. 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 a 
 
 ti 
 
 it 
 
 3 '■' 
 
 3 
 
 : Unable to read 
 : and write. 
 
 1^ 
 
 4u 
 
 i 
 
 to-' 
 
 ._ _ 
 
 
 
 
 , , , , , 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18S4 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 1884 
 1886 
 188(i 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i'" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 8 
 8 
 <) 
 
 
 5 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 !( 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 ! 24 
 i 23 
 1 25 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 30 
 33 
 26 
 31 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 Ontario 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 " 
 
 1 5 
 3 
 
 
 
 . 2" 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Territories 
 
 . 1?84 
 1886 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 98 
 
A. 1891 
 
 64 Victoria. 
 
 Sessional Papcis (No. ^3). 
 
 A. 1891 
 
 i-lHSH. 
 
 Educational Status of Persons convicted of Crime in Canada, 1884-1S88. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 -H 
 
 Cl.AH« VI.— OKKKNI KH NOT 
 IT, TIIK FoKKliOINIi. 
 
 (Cnrryiiift <iiilftuf\il Woiipons, 
 
 AMM.lult, Otfl'llCll. KK'aillHt th 
 
 IjikWK.l'i'rjiiry, Imli^ct-iit Kxi 
 
 1 
 iNl'LUDKIi 
 
 1 
 Kiot ami, 
 
 ■ Kcvcnui' 
 
 ■ sun-, <^U:,) 
 
 Y.'ar. 
 
 1881 
 1885 
 
 l88r, 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 1880 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 188(> 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 18W) 
 1881) 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 188(i 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 c 
 
 II 
 
 3 > 
 
 'A 
 
 
 3 a 
 
 s 
 
 3 = 
 
 C 
 
 Prince Kdward Island 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 
 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 '" 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 :< 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 11!) 
 9!( 
 61 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 21 
 20 
 12 
 14 
 
 2 
 •1 
 
 1 
 4 
 5 
 
 22 
 86 
 72 
 43 
 29 
 
 '.'.'.'..'..'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sn 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 15 
 9 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 2M7 
 213 
 219 
 137 
 
 207 
 
 40 
 42 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 
 182 
 1.57 
 195 
 112 
 177 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 <> 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Urifrinh nnliiinhia 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 3 
 1 
 7 
 5 
 21 
 
 2 
 2'"" 
 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thp Tprrit'.rieB 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1880 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 '■■■46" 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 ' 4' 
 
 4 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 1. . . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
H Victoria. 
 
 Scssioriu' P,i|„.r.s (X,,. .'};{(, 
 
 '■'!■" "Ml J" •<•'<.' Ml- u'., I ' W ^ :ii IJ ^ '-* '=. •■: 
 
 9M«JOW,HX,|t..,.,,M„ ,.,,._, I "• ?1 Z M -f - ^ ^, 
 
 •ft fl ■' 
 
 J Jlilj.iilii.. « K 1 S . 
 
 y iiollfoni,;., J,. ..if„j„...M.>., " ~ .: 1- f :'■ 
 
 J ( ~ •' -> ?, 
 
 a I •J'li.i.iiliis 'ii<'!liMii| ;.| ' ~ --.;„. , 
 
 A. ISKl 
 
 ft '6 
 
 Nc 
 
 Ne 
 
 W 
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 w 
 
 a; 
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 Q 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 •iCjB'JU.imrtl'J I TT =-. -, 5. , 
 
 ;; I uo!,b.i„p:., j,, o««,„...,j!*,, .; ~ .^ " L~ ^ -- - 
 -! I '- -o v: ,, 5 .f i; J. 
 
 •Xatnu.,in..i;^ 'ii..i}«otii)'j figs ,* .v' ~ « -. 
 '•t| «^ ». ^ ;f i>; U ~ 
 
 
 •■nuM imv piMj ,,, ?> „ ^ X . 
 
 H I ..|.itttm ,*s,„|i j„ ...-<iiiii...>.i,i,i 2 "' '-J ^ l3 , "^ 
 
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