# ^. ^ V' ^Q^ •ik IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.0 1.8 U liill.6 V] <^ /i / w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notea/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in tha reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio chocked below/ Co document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X \rv. Th« copy fiimad her* hM b««n raproducad thanks to tha ganaroaity of: Archives of Ontario Toronto Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia considaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract spacif icationa. L'axamplaira fllmA fut raproduit grica i la ginArositA da: Archives of Ontario Toronto Laa imagaa suivantea ont iti raproduitaa avoc la plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da I'axampiaira filmA. at an conformiti avac laa conditions du contrat da fiimaga. Original copiaa in printad papor covars ara fiimad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan approprlata. All othar original copiaa ara fiimad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaalon. Laa axampiairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimte sont filmte 9n commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par Is damiAra paga qui comporta una amprainto d'impraasion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la eaa. Tous laa autraa axampiairaa originaux sont film to an commandant par la pramMrm paga qui comporta una ampreinta dlmpraaaion ou d'illuatration at 9n tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol ^^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (maaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Un daa symbolos suivants apparaftra sur la damlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon I caa: la symbols — »- signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbols V signifia "FIN". Mapa. plataa. charts, ate. may ba fiimad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly ineludad in ona axpoaura ara fiimad baginning in tha uppar laft hand eomar. laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha method: Laa cartaa. planchas. tablaaux, etc.. pauvant dtra fiimto A daa taux da rMuction diff Grants. Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour dtra raproduit an un saul cliche, II est film* i partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha d droita. at da haut an baa, en prenant la nombra d'Imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammes suivants iliustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ;1 lC-':._, J A Novel Method of Sewage Disposal ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR THE CITY OF TORONTO (From the Canadian Enginker, Toronto, January, 1899) BY C. G. HOUETZKY, C.E. Upon the assumption of a present population of 200,000 inhabitants,, the city of Toronto pours daily into the hay, and deposits upon the water front directly under the noses of he citizens, and beneath the keels of steamers and other craft frequenting the wharves, twenty tons of solid faecal matter, aggregating, during a year, the enormous quantity of 7,300 tons. To this must be added the solid ' xcrementitious matter derived from stables, byres, slaughter-houses, and other extraneous sources, together with lO.ooo.ooo gallons of excremental "and other foul liquids. With the view of ameliorating the present conditions, C. H. Rust, city engineer, in his report of October I2th last, has recommended either of two methods of sewage treatment, i.e., intermittent filtration, the co':t of which is esti- mated to be $730,000; or chemical precipitation, followed by filiration, presumably, through natural soil, at a cost of $550,000. The first mentioned process is estimated to involve an annual charge for maintenance of $70,000; the latter $105,000. Owing to the fact that, under the auspices of the Provincial Govern- ment of Ontario, the writer has been the pioneer of sewage treatment in Canada, that he has examined many of the best known plants in the United States, that he is in constant com- munication with United States State Boards, and is conse- quently in a position to be informed of the latest methods pur- sued there, it seems pardonable, in the interests of the com- munity, to throw some additional light upon tlie very important- question of the sewage disposal of this city. Some time ago I outlined briefly in the ccdumns of The Toronto Globe a method for the partial purification and dis- posal of the Toronto sewage. I now purpose entering more minutely into details which, since my letter was written, have been developed and elaborated, while the cost of construction and annual maintenance has been more correctly ascertained. The system of intercepting sewers recommended by Hering & Gray, with, perhaps, the slight modifications referred to in Mr. Rust's report, will, of course, b2 a preliminary necessity, and scniewhere upon the line of the outfall sewer in the vicinity of the Eastern city limits, the puritication works, which I now advise as most suitable, regarding economy in construction, simplicity, and low cost of annual maintenance, as compared ■with other methods, should be located. The flow of sewage upon leaving the outfall sewer would first pass through a screening chamber, lo by 20 feet, which would intercept foreign substances, thenct the sewage would enter one or more of a series of eight receiving reservoirs, placed in a row, each reser- voir being 34 by 40 feet, with graded floors some 18 or 20 feet lower than the sewer invert. These reservoirs would be fitted with metallic screens extending across the whole horizontal crc'ss-section of each reservoir, to support coke strainers, the tipjer screen of all being intended to intercept all the solid faecal matter, and to prevent the latter from coming into con- tact with the coke strainers below. In this manner it is esti- mated that, with the present flow of sewage (16,000.000 gallons), about twenty tons of solid matter will be held back every 24 hours. After passing through the coke strainers the fluid sewage, now purified to a very large extent, would hz allowed to fall into the pump well, the bottom of which is designed to be 8 feet lower than the floors of the receiving reservoirs. This pump well would be about 285 feet in length, and 10 feet in width, with a capacity up to reservoir floor levels of about 140,000 gallons. Immediately adjoining the receiving reservoirs, and partially over the arched roof of the pump well, would be sit- uated the pump and boiler house. The pumping plant would consist of a duplicate set of 24 inch centrifugal pumps. Each pump is calculated to discharge 25,000,003 gallons per 20 hours, against a total head of 40 feet (which includes the suction lift). The pumps would be run by a pair of 400 h.p. compound engines. There would be a battery of 10 horizontal tubular boilers; each boiler of 100 h.p. Eight of these boilers are intended to supply steam for the pumps, the other two for drying out the receiving reservoirs and the contents thereof, cok^ and sewage matter, preparatory to the latter being run into the boiler house as fuel to be used under the boilers. The sewage efiluent, after passing through the receiving reservoirs, and having been rid of all suspended and solid matter, would be as well purified as any chemical process of precipitation can accomplish, and could be allowed to pass by gravitation from the pump into Lake Ontario without further treatment, at any depth desirable below the surface, where diffusion would at once take place. But. if still further purification were at any future period insisted upon. either by local boards of health, or Governmental authority, two alternatives are open for such a purpose, viz., either by inter- mittent land filtration for which very much less than half the area suggested by the city engineer at page 12 of his report, would sutlice; or, by the construction of two sets of artificial fihers of the following materials and dimensions: Half an acre of coke filters, 3 feet inches in depth; six acres of sand filters, 2 feet 3 inches in depih, the cost of which would not, in all piobability, exceed $^8,000. The last mentioned artificial filtra- tion areas are larger, proportionately, than the supplemental filters in use at Glasgow, Scotland, for a similar purpose. The first altt-rnative would necessitate the purchase of about 200 acres of land, besides its preparation, also an extra pump, ■while the cost of the last would be limited to material and con- struction only, as the sewage efiluent would gravitate from the pump discharge to the filter beds. In immediate proximity to the boilers and receiving reser- voirs, there w