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'>-». 
 
 ^JL»' rOREIGN'MlSSieNS 
 
 OP THK ' 
 
 Presbylefian Chufcli in Canada. 
 
 — —• •>IH||^|MH»» 
 
 NEW HEBRIDES, 
 
 TRINIDAD AND DEMERARA, 
 
 KOREA, 
 
 OTHER MISSIONS. 
 
 HALIFAX : 
 NOVA SCOI'IA PRINTING COMPANY. 
 
 . ' >899- 
 
 
FORHICxN MISSIONS 
 
 Ol Till-. 
 
 Presbvtehian Church in Canada. 
 
 ovR \ii\v iiI':brii)^:s mission, 
 
 Bv KOnKRT ML'RRAV 
 
 OVR MISSION' TO TIIH KAST INDIANS 
 OV TRINIDAD. DKMHRARA, ETC., 
 
 Hv Ri:V. A. FALCOXKR. 
 
 O U R K O R E A N MI S S ION, 
 
 Rv RKV. I'. .M. MORRISON, D.D. 
 
 OTIIKR MISSIONS OI' OVR CHURCH. 
 
 HALIFAX: 
 
 NOVA SIOTIA l'KINTIN(i fOMI'ANV, 
 

 
 '»». «?.* 
 
 OCT 3 1961 
 
NEW HHHRIDHS MISSION. 
 
 \W UOHKRT MlKRAY. 
 
 AT IMctou, on the llth July, 1844-, the Synod of the 
 J Prosliyteriun Church of Novii Scotia fi|)p()int('(l a 
 Coniniittee or Boai'd of Koreifjfu Missions. That Boai'd hold 
 its first nieetiri<; on 17th July, 1(S44. The Synod of 1(S45 
 anthori/ed the seUictini' f)f a Held : and the Board on the 
 24th ScpttMuht'i* seh'cteil Western Polynesia. At the same 
 Hieetint,' the oH'er of Rev. .John (Jeddie, to ^'o forth h.s a 
 missionary to the heathen, was accepted. On the 80th of 
 Novemher, liS+O, he sailed from Nova Scotia, and in July, 
 1S4!S, he lande<l on Aneityum, in the South Seas. 
 
 THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 
 
 The vast hosom of the Southern Pacitic Ocean is irommed 
 with thousands of islands, some lar^e, some small, clad in 
 fadeless ^-reen, and hi-icrht with the smile of perpetual 
 summer. The New Heltiides «:ijroup, in Western Polynesia, 
 fourteen hundred miles fi'oin Australifi,extends foui" hundred 
 miles north and south The principal islands are Santo, 
 Malekula, Kfate, Krromaufira. Taenia, and Aneityum. Thirty 
 of the islands are inhabited. Matrellan, the Spanish 
 navitjator, discovered this ^'rouj) in loiO. In 1774 Captain 
 Captain C^'ook explored the whole <,'rou)i, and because of its 
 lofty mountains, which reminded him of the Scottish Heb- 
 rides, he a<lmii'in((ly i^ave to it the name it still bears. 
 
 The islands are rich in all that lends loveliness to 
 tro|)ical scenes: mountain ranfjes, clad with forests to the 
 sunnnit : green and fertile valleys, stupendous precipices, 
 deej) dark "forfjes, sunless caverns, coi.ii reefs over which 
 the lonir waves of the Pacific lieat and break in ceaseless 
 play. In .some of the islands the fearful thn^es of earth- 
 ((uakes are often felt, and in some volcanoes thunder 
 
4 NKW IIEHUIDKS MlMHIoN. 
 
 coiitiimlly. IJttk' 1hI)()UI' is r<'()uir('il to win ii Iivin<; tVoin 
 the cocoimut jjrovo, tin; liiv'iid fruit ti'oc, tlic luiimnii patili. 
 Tlic people when first diseovereil, were sunk in the lowest 
 depths oF nioi'.il deifriuhition. Ilnnian suerilices wcsre 
 otl'd'ed to piiltiy iind >-ruel ^'oils Widows weic strjino'led. 
 Int'fuitifide and cainiiltalism were universal : and war was 
 the normal condition of the people. I'etty tri lies separated 
 hy a mountain, a stream, or a nanow arm of the sea, 
 treated each other as deadly foes, to he slain and jaten. 
 
 .loriN WILLIAMS. 
 
 In Novend)er, ISM!), .loii.v WiLi IAMs the heioic " Mai'tyi' 
 of Ki'roman;,'a," hade farewell amid tears and sad forehodinjfs 
 to his fandly and flock on Samoa, and sailed away to hear 
 tlie (iospel to the |)("tpli!of tlu! New Hehi-ides lie reached 
 Tanna on Nov. Isth, foun<l shelter at Port Hesulution, and 
 settled teaehei's under the care of chiefs who jiromised to 
 he fi'ii.'udly. On the l!)th the mission pai'ty s(!t sail for 
 Erromant'a. Althou<di he had succeeded at Fuiuiia and 
 Tatnia, Williams was still anxious, for he was awjue of the 
 fierce and treacherous character of the Krr(;man^'ans. He 
 told his companion, Cunnineham, that h(^ had passed ii 
 sleepless niirht. On the ^Oth he landed ami was at once 
 killed l»y Erroman<,'ans whom he had trusted and attemj)ted 
 to win hy kindness. Harris, who was travellin<( with the 
 missionary for the henetit of his health, fell at the .'■ame 
 place under the spears of the savages. Others of the com- 
 pany narrowly escaped death. 
 
 Two Samoan teachers were placed on Tanna in IS4(): 
 but they were suhject to constant ill-treatment, and in IS41 
 had to be removed. Years passed without any further 
 effort on Erromnn^a. In 1<S42, Messrs. Tui-ner and Nisl)et, 
 of the Lojujon Missionary Society, were settled on Tainia, 
 and toiled there for .«even months, when, to save their lives 
 the}^ fled to Samoa. Oth'M' efforts wei'e made to ^ain a 
 footing on the group, but in vain, till in 1(S4-<S, Rkv. John 
 Geddik was settled on Aneityum, the most southerly of 
 the ishiiid-s. 
 
NBW IIKUHIDKH MISSION. 
 
 .lOIIN fiKDDlE. 
 
 John (JkddIK, whoso n.wiu like' tlmt of .lolm Williiiiii.s, 
 is forever assoc'iati'(l with th > New Hehriih's mission, was 
 lioni at P)aM(r, Scotland, A|)ril lOth, I Si."). His parents 
 removed to IMctou, Xova Scotia, when he was a year old. 
 Tht;y devoted him while still a l)ahe to mission work. The 
 parental vow was ke|)t a secret till after tht> son had 
 entered upon his chosen career. He was educated at 
 Pictou — in the (Jrammar School, the Academy, ami in the 
 Theoio^'ical classes tau(fht hy Dr. 'riiomas M'(,'ulloch. He 
 was licensed to preach May 2nd, IS:}7. Hefore hti had 
 completed his course, he had solennily inach^ up his mind to 
 devote his life to mission work amon<i; the heathen. A 
 relati\e in London had foi- years sent to Mr. fJeddie'.s 
 father, the puhlications of the London Misi^ionary Society, 
 with their fascinatin<f narratives of (ilos|)el triumphs in the 
 South Seas. Those nari-atives, and the hio^'raphies of the 
 missionaries, had turned the youn<]f man's attention tf) a 
 most invitino Held. He .entertained the hope that the 
 Preshyterian Church of Nova Scotia, of which lu; was a 
 minister, wouM undertake a foreign mission of her own 
 and connnission him to the work. Tf this plan failed, he 
 wouhl feel fret; to otter his services to some other church or 
 society. H<.> accepted a call to a con^n-efration in Prince 
 Edward Island, and was ordaineil March 8rd, 1838. He 
 entered upon his work with ardour, and testified after- 
 wanls " that the more his mind was en^afred in Foreign 
 Missions, his interest in Homo Missions was the more 
 intonsiHed." In 18.S6 ho was married to Charlotte, 
 dauj:jhter of Dr. Alex. Macdonald, Anti<j;onish. He informed 
 her hefore their marriairo of his views with reijfard to a 
 Foreifjn Mission. He formed missionary societies in all the 
 coufrreirations in Prince Edward Island, and uiffed in 
 season and out of season, the claims of those who had 
 never heard of tlie Lord Jesus. 
 
 Mr. Geddie's " idea" was, that the Presbyterian Church 
 of Nova Scotia should found a mis.sion of her own, — send 
 
6 
 
 NKW HKimihllH MISSION. 
 
 forth iitnl support lit-r own I'di-ci^ni niissioiiary. Am ovci-- 
 turr rroin his prcshyttTV was jJivsi'iittMl to the Synod in 
 July, I.s4:{. 
 
 'I'hc Synod held its next in(M;tin<; iit Pictou in July, 
 IcS+l. This WHS the first tiinc in history that the; project of 
 cstalilishiiii; a mission aiiioii<; the hcathiMi was considfrt'd 
 hy a Prcsliytcrian ('hurcrh, or liy any Church, in a British 
 colony. Thi' Synod of Nova Scotia had then ahout 5, (100 
 iiMMiilicrs. Ministers were* few in nnniheraml very poorly 
 supporteil. (!onj;re^rations were widely scattered : and 
 home-woi'k, educational and evan^'elistic, was nrj^n-nt. T]i>i 
 Synod was att<Mided l»y twenty-foui- ministers and lifteeii 
 elders, and after full discussion, resolved l»y a vot<; of 20 
 to 14 to |)roceerl, and appoint a Hoard of Korei<jn Missions. 
 Such was the iH^^rinnin^' of the Korei^'n Missions of the 
 Presbyterian C'hurch in Canaila. 
 
 MISSION A IIY AIM'OINTKI). 
 
 In 1845 th(! Hoard i-eport(Ml f) the Synod that tlu^y had 
 receii'cd S7')0, which with i?250 from the previous year, 
 mad'! SI, 000. They considered this sufficient to warrant 
 the iippointment gf one missionary. The Synod authorized 
 the Board to .select a H(-ld and call a missiomiry. New 
 Caledonia, a lar^e island not far from the New Htdirides, 
 was the Held first selected; and Ukv. John (Jkddik was 
 chosen " first missionary." At Fictou, lird Noveml)er, 
 1840, the designation services took place — the first in the 
 history of Canada. In a small American whahu- our 
 njissionaries doubled Cape Horn and reached the Sandwich 
 Islands. For three lon^ weeks their little bri^ battled for 
 life with tremendous storms at the Cape ; and their ca.se 
 often seemed hopeless ; but at lenjrth they reached sunny 
 .seas and favorinjj breezes, and in 170 days from New 
 England found themselves the happy ffuests of the 
 Anierican Board's missionaries at Honolulu. They had 
 sailed over 19,000 miles. 
 
 From the Sandwich Islands Mr. Geddie in thirty-eipfht 
 days reached Samoa, where he had much happy intercourse 
 
NKW HKIIUritKS MI^HIOS. 7 
 
 witli tli(; TiOinlon Missionary Society's ap-nts, with wlioiii 
 lie |)laiiti(Ml his future caiiiiwiimi. Rev, Thomas Powell, oF 
 Samoa, accoiiipaiiicd th(! (leddies in the Joint. Wlllidtiix to 
 th(( New Hehcitjes. It was resolved to setth' (di As'KITYI'M, 
 the most southerly of tin' islands. Its (Mretimfei-enee is 
 ahoiit forty miles. It is ()f voleanie ori^nn, mountainous, 
 |>ictui'es(|no, and with one >afe and Iteautiful harhor-. A 
 conil reef with some operiinfjs Hurrounds the island. 
 
 ANKITVCM. 
 The missionai'ies hein<; left to tliems((lv((s in their island 
 home, liuilt a eomfortalde house (M<,diteen l»y thirty-two 
 feet, w.-ittliMl, plastered, and that(died with the leaf of the 
 su<,'ar eane. For Hoorin^j they had the; ^'ronnd (!over<M| 
 with tine eoral, and tlu^ coral with mats. They l)uilt a 
 small hf)use foi- a ehajxd and school room. The natives 
 ^oiv(! no assistance. Tliey w •»•(• shy, and evidently did not 
 love th(! stranj^'iM's. Messrs (^eddiif and Powell he^an at 
 once to learn the lan<;ua<^(( and to visit the people, ])enetra- 
 tin<; forest and ^U'U, f()rdin<^ streams, climl»in<; mountains, 
 visitini; hy lioat every hamlet aceessil)le from tlu; coast- 
 They thus picked up tlui lan<,Mia^e very raj)idly, and won, 
 id some extent, the conHdence of the. pv'ople. For the 
 natives marked that Dr. (Jeddie had no cannon, no 
 firearms, no weapons of oH'ence or defence in his hands or 
 on his premises, that his wife and little ones were among 
 thetn trustfully, wliile oti th(^ other hand the .Jesuit Mission 
 and the estal)lishments of the sandal wood traders were 
 ffuarded hy cannon and fui'uished witii firearms. Schools 
 were o|)enod for old and ynun^ : instruction in reading, 
 writing and counting was given. Constant intercourse 
 was kept up over as wide an area as could he overtaken. 
 At first the Sabhath services were attended by few, for 
 they thought that to attend such services was to confer a 
 special favor on the missionary, !t,nd they would ask for 
 payment. The Lord's Supper was celeVtrated for the first 
 time on Aneitvum on tiie first Sabbath of Septembe»*. 
 184.S; Dr. Geddie preached in Samoan and in English. 
 Not one of the Aneityumese took part in that communion. 
 

 8 
 
 NEW ffKBRIUHS MISSION. 
 
 Tlie first person on the island who asked Dr. Geddie to 
 conduct worship was a little boy whom he met one day, and 
 who said, puttincj ids hand to his forehead and coverinf]f his 
 eyes, " Come, let us do this."' A few other hoys were 
 ^CTathored to^'ether, and the nnssionar}' held a service with 
 them. This hoy afterwards became a faithful teacher. 
 
 Before the CJie<ldies were many weeks on the island two 
 widows were stran^IiHl, their luisbands havinr,' died. The 
 practice was that the nearest relative of the widow — a son, 
 a bi'other, or even a daUjL,diter — should do the horrible deed. 
 Any feeble, helpless childi-en of the faniil}' were also put to 
 death. The missionaries tried at once and earnestly to put 
 a stop to these " !iorrid erne' ties," and the chiefs promised 
 they should cease: but ei^ht cases of widow-stranrjlin^ came 
 to the knowiedofe of Dr. Geddie the first year of his. sojourn 
 liere. Even the widow herself was often a resolute accom- 
 plice in the Lra^"e<ly. 
 
 PE.ACE-MAKIXG : PLOTTINO. 
 
 The rain}' sea.son, befjinninfj in Deceirber and ending- 
 in Api'il, is the time for \\\g\\ winds, hurricanes and drench- 
 ing rains. The natives at Dr. Geddie's station attributed a 
 disastrous hurricane in January, IH'iO, to a certain wind- 
 maker on the island, and they determined to kill him. 
 Nohoat, the chief, led them forth to battle a^^ainst the 
 win<l-maker and his allies. The two " armies " were within 
 sight of each other and indulging in the shouting^, threaten- 
 ing and defying that were the usual prelude of battle. 
 The missionaiy took U]) his stand between the two hosts, 
 warned them of the sin of ffoinsf to wai', and declared to 
 them that Jehovah made the winds and hurricanes. After 
 sti'enuous efforts, during which he risked his own life- 
 he .succeeded in putting an end to the strife. This was the 
 fir.st of many glorious victories of love and mercy. 
 
 For several years there were from six to ten French 
 Roman Catholic missionaries on Aneityum. They made no 
 progress among the islan«lers. In 1(S.50 they withdrew. 
 
 Mr.s. Geddie taught the woin<n to sing, sew, read and 
 write. Her great difiiculty was to secure their attendance 
 
 w 
 
 oi 
 
 
1 
 
 
 NEW HEBRIDES MISSION. » 
 
 with even a rea'<onal»le measure of rej^ularity, ami it was 
 only after years of ililip^ent effort that sjie succeeded. 
 
 Duriuij his first year's stay on Aneit^'um, Dr. Geddie had 
 the inviiluaiile aid a-,d fellowship of Mr. Powell, of the 
 London Missionary Societ}'. Illness compelled Mr Powell 
 to retire at a very anxious and critical period, when the 
 Gospel was betjinnin^ to tell on the population, and people 
 were takinjr sides for and acjainst the new religion. There 
 was on Aneityuni a small colony of sandal wood traders, 
 excessively' depraved persons whohiited the Gospel because 
 it intei'fered with thi'ir vices These people did all they 
 could afifainst the mission : and Dr. Geddie was hateful to 
 them. They stirred up the heathen aijainst him. At one 
 time a plot was foi-med to liui-n the mission premises. A 
 friendly heathen informed Dr. Geddie of the fact. The 
 plot was happily defeated by a heathen chief who respected 
 the missionary and desired his continuance oh the island. 
 
 STRUGGLING AND WINNING. 
 
 Gradually the attendance upon public worship increased. 
 Converts multiplied. The keenest enemies were, one by 
 one, attracted to the Christian side. The " Xatmasses," or 
 ghosts, or spirits, of which the natives stood in dread, lost 
 much of their power. The converts were instructed to wear 
 some clothing especially when attendinix the Sabbath 
 services. It was not an unusual tliinff to see at meetin(.fs 
 men with only a shirt and a black hat ; or weariiiij a canvas 
 Itag with holes for head and hands to go tiirouEfh. Some- 
 tiinefi Dr. Geddie's boat sails would be used for "Sunday 
 best." 
 
 For four years Dr. Geddie from his lonely post, earnestly 
 appealed to the cliurch at home for a helper. In liS.')l he 
 wi'ote home : " I I'ead with feelings of surprise and dismay 
 that no movement has been made to fill up t\m vacancy in 
 the mi.ssion. I have sti'uggled alone amid difficulties which 
 I believe have fallen to the lot of few missionaries, and 
 cherished an alm-jst confident hope tluit help was at hand. 
 Oh, it is sad, .sad to learn that I am still to be left in this 
 
10 
 
 NEW HEUKIDES MISSION. 
 
 (lark, dreary, inhospitable land without an associate in the 
 niissionarv work." The church at home did not know how 
 distiessiuff Dr. Geddie's circumstances had become, for 
 letters in those days were twelve months, sometimes more 
 than two vears, in reichiuij their destination. When all the 
 facts became known strenuous ertbrts were made to send 
 out helpers. 
 
 In May, 1.S.52, a church was formed on the island, the 
 first in the New Hebrides, the first amoncj the Oceanic 
 Ne^ro or Papuan race. Fifteen .vere baptized. The Joltn 
 WilUami^ revisited the islands after an absence of two 
 years and ei^ht months. The deputation on board were 
 astonished at the protrress made. " Had there been two or 
 three missionaries on the island it would have been very 
 remai-kable. As it is, it is pre-eminently so." I)urinf]f those 
 solitary years of hard abor, the mission family wer(^ often 
 reduced to dire distress for lack of the necessaries of life. 
 At one time Dr. Geddie hiy abnost in a dyinrj state from 
 fever. All the food he could ^et was ^Mven by a poor 
 shipwrecked sailor out of his own scanty allowance. At 
 the sandal wood station food abounded, but so bitter, so 
 deadly was the hatred of the captain to tiie mission that he 
 refused to sell even a biscuit, or a handful of Hour, thonp:h 
 he knew the missionary and his family were in danger of 
 death from lack of supplies. 
 
 TIMKI.Y All). 
 
 Ijut now, on the 1st July, 1<S.')2, timely help came. 
 Bishoj) iSeiwyn, of Ntnv Zealand, a valued friend who had 
 vi.sited Aneityum before, and whose friendship for Dr. 
 Geddie was deep and life lonij, broutifht in his schooner 
 Rev. John Itifjlis and his wife. Mr. Iniilis lielonired to the 
 Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotlanrl. He had been 
 for sometime in New Zealand, and he was providentially^ 
 jjui<h'd to Aneityum in this time of need. He was sf)eedily 
 settled at Aname on the opposite side of the island from 
 Dr. Geddie's station. The people received him with 
 rejoicing. Heathenism now fell very r.ipidly. Commodious 
 
Ni;W HKHIUDFS MISSION. 
 
 11 
 
 churches were built, converts were tuucrht to he imhistrious. 
 Arrowroot was cultivated and sold for tlie benefit of the 
 mission. The Gospels, and Psalms, Hymns, Catechism, in 
 their own lani:ruage, were placed in the hands of the people. 
 All were'taught to read. Ultimately the whole Bible was 
 given to them in their own tongue. 
 
 COMPLEfE SUCCESS. 
 
 In 1(S0.5, Dr. Geddie with his wife paid a visit to Nova 
 Scotia— their tii-st and only visit. They were the first 
 "returned missionaries" ever welcomed by the Presby- 
 terian Churches in Caiiada. Dr. Ceddie told the story of 
 the mission with a simplicity and pathos that could not be 
 surpassed, and the ])eoi>le never wearied of his thrilling 
 tale. He did much by his addresses and his intercourse 
 with the churches to develop the missionary spirit. He 
 loved the church at home, but his heart was all the while 
 with his own little Hock far away, and he returned to his 
 field with renewed health, and continued his labors till 
 Dec. 14th, 1872, when at (belong, Australia, he fell asleep 
 in. Jesus— the pioneer missionary of the Presbyterian Church 
 in this Dominion— the founder of the first Canadian 
 Mission to the Heathen in a foreign land. Twenty-four 
 years of life were spent among the beloved Aneityumese. 
 As his memorial tablet tells, " when he landed in 1S48 
 there were no Christians here, and when he left in 1872 
 there were no heathen.' 
 
 OTHER WORKERS. 
 
 In 1877 his faithful fellow-worker. Rev. John Inglis, 
 returned to Scotland, after twenty-five years on the island. 
 He brought home with him the Old Testament translation 
 ready for the press, and superintended its issue by the 
 British and Foreign Bible Society. The whole expense, 
 about #1, •200. has been defrayed by the natives. At the 
 time Dr Inglis retired the whole number of the baptisms 
 amounted to 2,100; and the admissions to the Lord's 
 Supper to 1,300. Many Aneityumese were trained for 
 teachers, and were of much use on other islands, 
 
12 
 
 NEW HEDKIDES MISSION. 
 
 Rev. Jjiines ]). Murray, of Nova Scotia, siiccoeded Dr. 
 Geddic on Aneitymn. In LS70 Mr. Murray i-esi^nod on 
 account of his wife's healtli, and removed to Austndia. He 
 was succeeded on Aneityuni by another Nova Scotian, 
 Rev. Joseph Annand, who had spent three years in Efate. 
 Population havinfr decreased, and the Gosprl havinfi^ a firm 
 hold upon the whole island, it was decided that for the 
 future one missionary would suffice. Accordincfjy Mr. 
 Annand expressetl his readiness to occupy a new field, a 
 portion of the ^reat island of Santo, where he has mastered 
 the third lanifuaore since joiniuij the mission. Anciiyum 
 has been transferred to the Free Church of Scotland. 
 
 TANNA. 
 
 Tanna has a ^'ood deal in common with Aneityum, but 
 it has its active volcano, ever Haminfj, thundi'rintf and 
 .sending up colunms of lava, and often shakiiifjall the land. 
 Three Samoan teachers were placed on Tanna, on the 18th 
 November, 1839, just before the memorable death of 
 Williams. The natives welcomed them cordially. In 
 June, 1842, Messr.s. Nisbet and Turner, of the London 
 Missionary Society, betjan work at Port Resolution ; but 
 trouble arose : the natives proved treacherous, and the 
 missionaries had within six months to Hee for their lives. 
 Teachers were again placed on the island in 1845, but one 
 of the band of seven was killed, and the rest escaped to 
 Aneityum. Still another attempt was made to introduce 
 teach.ers, and with the same result. In 18.")4, when 
 Aneit\'um had become Christianized, a party of Taniiese 
 visited the island, and were greatly astonislied at tlie 
 change they witnessed, especially at the total cessation of 
 war. The marvels they witnessed led them to emln-ace 
 Christianity : at least they intended to embrace the new 
 faith. Two teachers were sent over from Aneityum, and 
 were welcomed. More teachers were invited and welcomed 
 in 1855, and there were very hopeful symptoms of progress. 
 In 1857, Rev. George N. Gordon visited Tanna: and some 
 of the chiefs welcomed him : but it was thought best lie 
 
NKW HEHUIDES MISSION. 
 
 13 
 
 should be settled on Erroiimiifra. In 185(S, a band of 
 missionaries arrived: Rev J. W. Mathe.^on and his wife 
 from Nova Scotia, Rev. J. (J. Paton and Rev. J. Copeland, 
 from the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scothmd. 
 These were all located at different stations on Tanna. Di". 
 CJeddie remained nine days with Mr. Matheson. A house 
 was built. The natives continued fi-iendly. Chiefs came 
 with fre(iuent presents of food. All seemed williti^ to hear 
 somethinu- about CJod— the "unknown (Jod." A small 
 chuich was built, and the attendance increased daily. 
 Alessrs. Paton and Copeland carried forward the work at 
 Port Resohition, the principal port of Tanna. 
 
 There was a pnrty led V)y the " rain-makers " by whom 
 hurricanes, tornadoes, diseases, sadden deaths, were 
 attributed to the stran<jers and their i-elin;ion. Mr. Paton's 
 wife and babe died. Mr. Paton himself was stricken 
 down with fever. Mr. Matheson's health utterly broke 
 down. On Jinie ISth, Rev. Samuel Falton Johnston and 
 his wife, from Nova Scotia, Joined the mission. Mr. 
 Johnston entered upon the work with zeal and prudence. 
 He was sui-rounded by warlike and viciotis tribes. Many 
 attempts wei'e made to desti'o}' his house and drive him 
 avva}', and his life was in constant peril. He died sud- 
 denly on the 2bst Jainiary, LS()l. 
 
 A trading vessel called at Mr. Matheson's station and 
 asked that a chief should be sent on board, as they had 
 " somethin<f to (five him." A chief went on board, and wa.s 
 detained an houi- or two, Nothing was oiven him but 
 measles ! The same vessel called at Port Resolution and 
 asked leave to land some sick Lifu men. Leave was granted. 
 It was found that ihe men were dyinp;" of vie( isles ! This 
 was a wicked |)lot to excite the wrath of the heathen 
 ag.iinst the mission. From these two points of infection 
 the deadly disease s))read over the whole island, cai'ryiug 
 destruction everywhere. Tlie people hekl the Christians 
 guilty of bringing upon them the awful calandty. Then 
 came two dreadful hurricanes in January, and a hurricane 
 of unprecetlented violence in March, which added to the 
 
14 
 
 NKW HEUIUDES MISSION. 
 
 fury of the people, the missionaries kept to their post^ 
 month after montli. In Januaiy, 18G2, another hurricane 
 visited the ishmds. Mr. Paton's station at Port Resolution 
 was liroken up tin'oufrh the violence of wari'in^ tribes, and 
 he made his way to Mr. Matheson's station. Early in 
 Fel)rua)-y tlieir chnrcli was burnt down by the heathen, 
 wlu) tlireatened also to burn the liouse. Mr. (now l)r,) Paton 
 and the rest left Tanna. They left many friendly natives 
 behind, who were eaj^er for their return. Mrs. Mathesou 
 died on Aneityum, March 11th, l!SG2. Shortly afterwards, 
 Mr. Matheson also pjissed away. The licrht kindled on 
 Tfunia neve)' was fully extinguished. Hricrhter days came. 
 Rev. William Watt and his wife have toiled there for 
 twenty-nine years witii marked success. There is no longer 
 danger to life or pi'operty, and heathenism is dying. 
 
 EUKOMANOA : TIIF CORDONS AND OTHERS. 
 
 Let us now return to Eriomanga. We have already 
 noted the tragic close of the life of John Williams. The 
 banner which hiid fallen from his hand was takeii uji by 
 Rlv. (iEuUGK N. (ioKDON, a native of Prince Edward 
 Island, a young man of profound piety, strong faith, rare 
 natural eloquence, and earnestness of purpose. After 
 his training at Halifax he spent some months of prej)ara- 
 tion in Londi)n, and there married a young lady who 
 proved a true " help-meet " to him. 
 
 On June 17th, 1857, Mr. (jlordon and his wife were 
 settled at Dillon's Bay, Erromanga. He was warmly 
 welcomed by a few young men who had been under train- 
 ing at Samoa : but tiie four chiefs at Dillon's Bay wei'e by 
 no means friendly, although they manifested no active 
 opposition. Mr. Gordon undertook to train native teachers. 
 He found the people sunken in every form of vice and 
 wickedness, naked, brutal, cruel savages, — the war-ho*'n 
 sounding continually. Each famil}' had a god of its own. 
 In mean little temples they presenttid otierings of food to 
 theii' gods with the prayer, " Accept this oftei-ing. Protect 
 me, and kill my enemies." Like most of the people on 
 
 4 
 
NEW HEHIllDES MISSION. 
 
 15 
 
 other islands, tl\ey believed no one died a natural deatli. A 
 iu'if:fhhour or some other person was hhiined. Revenue was 
 sou^'ht, and iiate was kindled which lasted from generation 
 to <;eneration. This is in part the cause of the constant 
 wars of the heathen. Infanticide prevailed. Women 
 often committed suicide to escape from the cruelty of their 
 husbands. For four years Mr. and Mrs. (Jordon toiletl with 
 unwearied energy to plant the Gospel in Erromanga. They, 
 made many friends among the natives. But the drea.l 
 visitation of measles came, and tiie missionary was blamed 
 for it. On May 20th, l.SUl. Mr. Gordon and liis wife were 
 killed. A band of nine savages came from a village eight 
 miles away to do the deed. It was noon. (}t)rdon with 
 some natives was preparing a new house that would serve 
 for protecticm in the hurricane season. liis wife was in the 
 sununer hou.se a short distance up the hill. One of the 
 savages spoke to .Mr. Gordon, asking a gift of calico for 
 liim.solf and .some others. He also asked for medicine for 
 a sick man. Eight were lying in ambush. Mr. Gordon 
 stopped his woi-k, and was proceeding to his house past the 
 'ambush," when the man who had been talking with him 
 struck his hatchet into Mr. Gordon's spine. Mr. Gordon 
 fell. The men in ambush sprang upon him, and speedily 
 all was over. Mis wife heard his warning cry, came out to 
 enquire into the cause of the noise, and was immediately 
 killed. Tidings of the tragedy si)rea(l over Errf;manga and 
 Tainia, and .soon reached Aneityum. Dr. Geddie visited 
 Dillon's Bay. The remains of the honored dead had i)een 
 buried by friendly natives, and the little ban<l of faithful 
 Chi-istian converts hastened to Aneityum for safety and 
 sympathy. A native of India named Range, a Mahometan, 
 living in Erromanga, hated the missionaries and incited the 
 natives to murder them. He persuaded the latives tha* 
 the recent death of a chief had been due to medicine ffiven 
 by Mr. Gordon, and that they had no sickness till the 
 Goidons came. He also tried to induce the natives to 
 massacre the little band of Christians at Dillon's Bay. 
 Range held to be morally guilty of the murder of Mr. 
 and Mrs. (Gordon. 
 
10 
 
 NKW nKHUIt)ES MIHSION. 
 
 Tlio yours ISfjl, 1S62 marked >i tryin<r crisis in the 
 history of the New Hebrides mission, Measles and 
 diphthei'ia swept the ishmds Dr. (Jeddie's ehureh was 
 l>nint. I Inrrieunes caused desohition. Mi'. .lohnston died 
 suddenly. Mr. and .\lr.s. (Joi-don were killed. Miv and Mrs. 
 Matheson died. Of eii^iit ndssionai-ies sent tVoin Nova 
 Scotia oidy thi'ee were livinif. Di'. I'aton left his station 
 to seek a ehaufje of aii-; and liy his earnest advocacy in 
 Australia, .secured £'),()()() for a ndsion vessel, and ])ave<l 
 the way for the actis'e co-operation of the Australasian 
 chuiches in the mission. T' e church in Nova Scotia asked 
 for volunteei's to Hll the jilaces vacant l)y death. Hev. 
 J)onnld Moi'rison, Rev. James ]) (Joi-doii, ]{r\\ William 
 McCuila((h oHered and w ere accepted. A vessel for the use 
 of the mission was huilt ai N(!W (da.soow. Nova Scotia. 
 She was 11') tons liui'tlien, and named The Dk f/spri ii;/. Jn 
 this vessel our newly aitpointed missionaries set sail on a 
 sunny October UKjrnino- in IIS(i8. T/ic Dcu/spri d;/, haviiifr 
 visited Australia pui'sued her nussion amono- the isles of 
 the racihc. Mr. and Mrs. Mori'ison were placed on Kfate. 
 M)'. find Mrs. McC/ullaeh occupied for a time J Jr. (Jeddie's 
 station on Aneityum, and siton, on the orouiid of ill health, 
 retired fi'om the mission. Rev. .1. 1). (Jokdon was a brother 
 of RiiV. OEoiKiK N. G()1U)().N, who had fallen on Erroman^^a, 
 on Mav 20th, 1.S61. 
 
 The younger bi'other took up, in lS(i4, the banner 
 which the ci'uel assa.ssins sti-uck from the elder bi-othei-'s 
 hand, in 1801. He laboured with nin-emittino- zeal and 
 devotion till 1(S7'2, when owing 't is believed, to deadl}^ 
 sickness among the peoj)le, he too was mui'dered in 
 Erromanga. It was on the 17th Mai-'eh. The missionary 
 wa.s at Poriinia liay in his house, engaged in translating 
 tiie story of Stephen's death as given in the Acts. A 
 native called and asked him for an empty bottle. Mr. 
 Gordon handed him the bottle, when the savage struck his 
 tomahawk into the missionaiy's skull. He staggered into 
 his I'oom and fell dead. The murderer seized his axe and 
 tied. Believing natives buried the faithful missionary at a 
 
 _ 
 
NKW IlKIUUltKiS MISSION'. 
 
 spot which he id himself nmrkiMl out, in fuitieijiation of 
 1111 early (U'uth. Tims on Kn'oiiiaii<,'a fell Williams, Harris 
 and tilt! threi! CJordons, live martyrs of the (lospel. ('hris- 
 t(!iidoiii has a stake in that far-otf isle. hiSpecially will tlm 
 hearts of the I'resiiyterians of Canada yearn ovt-r those 
 martyr graves. 
 
 Another Canadian — a Xova Scotian — st'']»s at once to 
 the front to do batth; for Christ in iM-roman^a. The valiant 
 younij missionary is Rev. H. A. llohertson, who Iims devoted 
 himst'lf to the work since l<S72, and whose ellorts have 
 been erowneil with abundant success. The murderers, 
 assassins and eaniiihals of a few vears ayo are now " elotht'd 
 and in their i-i<rht mind." The intluence of the Gospel 
 pervades the whole island. Hundr»Mls commemorate the 
 Saviour's tlyinfj love at His own table. The nussionary 
 and his wife have fri'(|uently traversed the island in the 
 whole extent of it, without fear or daiifjer. Mr. Robertson 
 lias shown remarkable tact, as well as zeal and devotion in 
 his work. Cliurches, school-liouses, and dwelling'-houses 
 marked with some comfort, are now found on Erromaufra. 
 The children of murderers and cannibals, and indeed men 
 who had been themselves murderers and cannibals, are now 
 docile members of the Church of God. 
 
 EFATk and the MORRISONS. 
 
 Efate was the scene of the brief, but most etf'ective 
 missionary career of Rev. Donald Moi'rison Jind his wife. 
 Previous to their becoming mi.ssionaries, j\Ir. Morrison was 
 a pastor in Prince Edward Island, and Mrs. Mori'ison a 
 trained teacher in Nova Scotia. Both feared the Lord from 
 their childhood. Both, when they left Halifax foi' the 
 New Helirides, were healthy, strong-, exce{)tionally eiiuipjied 
 to battle with the hardships and ])rivations of the career 
 they liad chosen. The Dd/jspring landed the Morrisons on 
 Efate in June, 1(S65. They soon overcame the difficulties 
 that first confronteil them, easily break inii^ throuoh the 
 barrier of lano-ua<>e, and winninjj the confidence and 
 atlection of the heathen around them. Here, as on every 
 
 
18 
 
 M;\V Ill'HlMDKs MISSION. 
 
 jsliniil, tho missioiiiiry Imd to ^'ntli;M- the Ifiiimin^'i' j)liniso 
 liy ])liriist', \V(»i-(l liy wonl, IVoin the lips of the nutivcs, uiid 
 to lix tlic \ ociiMcs ill wiittcM t'oriii. Tlir Morrisons t;iu;4lit 
 tilt' licatlicM wiiilc tlii'V were Icai'iiini,' tVoiii tluMii. Tln'ir 
 livi's and oi'opcrty w'tTc sai'c, aiitl tlio prospci't of u ricli 
 liiii'vcst was liri<4lit. FcNcr. howcvor, ))i'ostrat(Ml liotli 
 
 liusl 
 
 )iri(l aiiil wile 
 
 Aijaiii and auaiii t!ic\' recovered, and 
 
 I'enewed tlieii xertioiis i'or tiieir lieatlieii diarize. Auain 
 and airain Mr. Alorrisoii was restoi'ed as I'roni tlio nates of 
 tlie ^'ravc. (Jiadually liis strength yave wa^-. lie fjied in 
 New Zealan.l, (Jet. i.'ird. IMIO. Tlie work at Krakor, Kfatc, 
 
 su 
 
 rvived ; and to-day that island is nearly ( 'In istiani/ed. 
 
 VOLUNTKKitS. 
 
 Tlio Clmrcli in tlio Maritime Provinces, in IN72, sent 
 fortli tlii'ee yonn<,f and. vitfoi-ous men to till the hlaid<s made 
 l>y the lian<l of death, or hy retii'ement. '^I'liese men were, 
 Kevs. .1. W. McKen/ie, H. A. Kobeitson, and dames D. 
 Murray. iMr. .Mc.Kenzie was apjiointed to suceeeil .Mr. 
 Morrison : Mr. Koliertson, as already stated, was placed in 
 Erromaiii,fa : and Mi. Murray was for a time ])laced in 
 char<fe of a station in Aneityvuii. Mr. .McKenzie's lahours 
 on Kfate, have resulted in the formation of a strong churcli, 
 and several stations. 
 
 In liSy:}, llev. Josph Annand and his wife proceeded to 
 the New Flebrides. For two years he occupied Krakoi- on 
 Efate. When, owiiifj to his v.ife's blindness. Rev. J. Y). 
 
 M 
 
 had to 
 
 h 
 
 uri'ay liad to rriyo up lus statuni on Aneityum, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Aniumd were ]daced in char<:(0 of that important post, 
 rendered dear and sacred hy reason of ])r. Oeddie's laliors 
 there. Mr. Aiuiand is the last of the nohle line oui- ( 'hurcli 
 has sent to the New Hela-ides. H(! is now leading the 
 invasion of the great island of Espiriiii Saiifrt, arid at the 
 head of a seminary there for the ti'aininf,^ of teachers and 
 preachers for the whole group. 
 
 C0-()1'KR.\TI()N : RE.SULTS. 
 
 The Reformed Presbyterian Churcli in Scotland entered 
 the field four year.s after Dr. Geddie's settlement on 
 
M:\V HKimiDK.S MISSION. 
 
 19 
 
 \i){Mt_vnin, iiml rcinlciTd incstiimililt' sorvice, first hy Di-. 
 Iii;,dis's c()-o|)ciati()n with Dr. (Icililir, and tlini liy the 
 hll)()r.s of Rev. Messrs. I'litoll, ( 'o]m'Ijiii(1 iiiid Cosli. AttiT 
 the union of thu Ki't'ovnicd I'rcshytorian (Jhiii'oh with the 
 Fi'LH' Chnrch of Scotland, the Frco Church continued the 
 work". The evan;.jeli/ation of the little i.sle of Aniwa, 
 principally through the laltors of .Mr. I'aton, is one of the 
 delinhtful results of the New lielirides Mission. KeV. 
 William Watt and llev. William (Iray are on Tanna ; and 
 the people of that island are hecomin^' ohedient to the 
 (jlospel. At the present moment eii^ht hranches of the 
 Presbyterian family are ene^a^ed harmoniously in the 
 evauf^eli/ation of tlu;' New Hehrides ^'roup. All the 
 nussionari(is meet in Synod once a yeai* and (Uivise means 
 for tin; advancement of the mission. No serious ditliculty 
 has (?ver euiereed between tlu> various churches woi'kinLf in 
 the same tield. It is evident that the res|i()nsiliility of 
 evan<.,'elizine; the Xew Hebrides must ere lon^- doV(ilve 
 wholly ujx)!! the Austialasian churches. 
 
 When the mi.ssion was planted communication with the 
 liomc! church was slow and uncertain — a matter of a year, 
 sometimes of even two year.s. Now there are monthly 
 mails l»y Australian steamers ; and there is fre(iuent com- 
 munication with all the missionary stations. This is a 
 boon very hif];hly aj)preciated ; costly indeed, but worth all 
 it costs. 
 
 The Holy Scriptures are bein<T translated into one and 
 anothei" (jf the many Ian(i;ua;,'es (jf the islan<ls: and the 
 converts pay all expenses by their lil)eral contributions of 
 nrrowroot. For they are tauf;ht to be fru<>'iil and industi'ious, 
 as well iis to worship and serve the one livino' and true 
 God and Jesus Christ, Whom He has sent. 
 
 Native teachers have been helpful in a hio-h denrree in 
 the islands, .sometimes in pavin*!^ the way for missionaiie;,, 
 sometimes in ai<.lin«^f them <lay by day in their dealines 
 with the people. They will in future have the benefit of 
 special training under Dr. xVnnand. 
 
20 
 
 Ni;w iii;iiiiii)i;.s mi-mion. 
 
 ()nr(Minr('Ii Ims liml Iht nuutyi's in tlicsc isles. T!i(> 
 tciU's, tin- Itlooil, tlif iishcs (tf our sisti'is iiinl lin'tlircii liiiv(( 
 foiisccnitcil till' siijl (if Ki'r«»iimii;ja, Tiuiiiu ami Aiifit\Miiii. 
 'J'lif Mutlicsoiis, till- ( Jord'fiis, tlio .loliiiNtiiiis, timl Mrs. 
 M('K('ii/i»! it'sf, tlii'iT ill tlirir ^n-iivcs till tlic resurrection. 
 Native ( 'liristiuns !iii\e not lieen less I'iiitlirul, liave ii(>en 
 cut ilowii as ruthlessly, aii(| luive witnessed as truly tu 
 
 CI 
 
 ll'ist s reileeiiiiii 
 
 •i 1"^' 
 
 W 
 
 e know not their naiiies 
 
 Hit 
 
 they, too, are our inartNied hrotheis and sistel's, 
 
 Last April th(r Mission Synod iin't in the church laiilt 
 Ity ])r. (loddie at Anelcauliat, the stiition tirst opened liy 
 
 Th 
 
 'hrated the .luliih 
 
 liy hiiii on /Mieityuiii. I lie ^>yiioi| eeieoraied llic .luiiiiee 
 of the Mission, openecl here in IS4S. Adtlresses were 
 delivered on the Karly I'ioiu'ers of the Mission, The j'^arly 
 l^'athers of the Mission, 'I'lie Martyrs of the Mission, The 
 lv\|)aiision of the Mission, and The l'r()speets of the 
 Mission and the Duties of the Missionaries and the ( 'hurche's, 
 Jt is siniiitieant of the proi,'r(!ss ot* tin; mission that at the 
 Jubilee; Service a collection was taken up for the l»en(;(it of 
 the " Native Teachers' Traininj.; Institution on Santo." 
 
 The Synod at this niei;tinL,f expressed much satisfaction 
 with theproifre.ssiu Erronian<fa and Efatd l»y the dliristian 
 natives in supj)ortiii;,' native teachers. I'lie missionaries 
 and their jieoph; have heen doiii^f their utmost in this 
 direction. Satisfactory reports wen- I'oceived from Santo, 
 Tanna, Malekula and other islands. 
 
 Av the same time the removal liy death of some of the 
 best native teachers was mourmjd. ( )n tlu; islaml of 
 N<,nuia tlu! peojile are all tyhristian, SOO beiii^f church mem- 
 bers. 40 couples from this islaml have e()ne or.t as teacluu's 
 under tlit; missionaries; and 2! are in course of trainiiif.,' at 
 the institution at Tane-oa. 7(i members were admitto<l to 
 communion this year. K[)i al.so is raj)idly advancin*,'. The 
 people bouijjht SOO copies of a new Jiynui Book in eiffht 
 days. The Gospel of Jcjhn has also met with a brisk sale. 
 
 Last year the native Christians on Erroman^a contri- 
 buted in cash £45, and also ''ave arrowroot. Ei-akor station 
 
Ni;W IIKimiDKS MISHKlN. 
 
 !1 
 
 (Fit'iitd) ijiivc C?') lunl a lari^c (lUMiitity of .'ii'i'iiwroot. 
 
 Ancityum ^nivc casli fl-T.iunl anowi t t'» tlir value ol" 
 
 Cl-s i:k 
 
 Tlicrt' arc in tlio /^roup 21' missionai'ics. .' assists, '.\()0 
 iintivc tcMclwrs, •i.SOOcoiiiiiniiiicaiits : an in^tiiuti^)Il t'oi' tlui 
 tr.'iitiini; of iititivc traclifi-s, iui<l a liospital. ( !oinninni('iif,ion 
 with Australia and tlic world at larij;i' is I't'nnlai- M,nd 
 friMjuctit. 
 
 A matter of interest in connection with tlu* mission is 
 the revtdatidti it luis made of the deep and muitterahle 
 depravity of the whit<( traders who visiti'd the islands, cap- 
 turing^ tin* natives, stealint^f them, murderin;,' tluMu ; commu- 
 nicating' to tlunn the foulest vices of the worst crimimils in 
 civili/ed lands, and teachiuLj them to hate, distrust and 
 destroy Protestant missionaries. These sandal wood-ti'aders 
 ami men stcsahsrs could tolerate nnn'der, catmilialism and 
 the worst of crimes, hut tlu^y woulil not, if they could helj) 
 it, tolerate the pur<! reli(^ion of Christ. 
 
 The poi»ulation of Aneityum anil of other Christianized 
 islands has ;.,n'(^atly decreased within the last thirty years. 
 This is due nuiinly, no doul)t, to tlu^ diseases which traders 
 hav(! communicatcid to tin; natives. The intlueno! of ( Chris- 
 tianity will sei've to save; th(!m from uttm- (!xtinction. 
 
 On the; Christianizeil islands lifi^ and property ai'cas safe 
 rts in tlm liest i'e<.,nilate<l municipalities in Canada. There is 
 no drinkiuif of ardent sjiirits. Tn heathen days they clu^wod 
 the kava root, spat the sali\a into howls and alloweil it to 
 ferment, thus produciuf^ a powerful into.xicant. I>ut the 
 kava root has l)(H}n destroyed, and the people an; all and 
 always sober. No Christian is (expected to use tobacco in 
 any form. Tn their heathen state they ari; frantically fond 
 of it: but they now^ rei^ard it as hurtful. There is no ,Sab- 
 bath breakini,^ The wiiole of the sacred day is (Usvoted to 
 the public and private exercises of (}od's worship, "except 
 so niuch as is to be; taken up in the works of necessity and 
 mercy." 
 
 It is the declared ])olicy of our own Church and of the 
 Free Church to withdraw (gradually from this tield of labor 
 
 
22 
 
 NEW HEIilUDES MISSION. 
 
 seeinf( that Australia and New Zealand have such special 
 advantao^es for proseeutini,' the work. The beneficent work 
 begun 1)}- our church iiioi-e than iit'ty years a<jfo will be 
 prosecuted b}' faithful men until these lovely isles become 
 a moral paradise adorned with the beauty of holiness, in 
 keeping with their natural charms and splendours. 
 
 France has long coveted this group : but the vigilance 
 of Presbyterian missionaries has hitherto kept the destroyer 
 at bay : and now the influence of Australia is all on the 
 side <if continued independence or absorption into the 
 Briti.^h Empire. French domination would mean the 
 incoming of the Jesuit and the convict, and the utter 
 overthrow of our mission work. 
 
 Ri:V. Dr, G EDDIE. 
 
TRINIDAD AND DEMERARA. 
 
 By llEV. A. Falconer 
 
 THE niisssionfiry opovatious of the Prosbyteviaii Churcli 
 in Ciiiiiulii in tlie West Indies have thus far heen con- 
 fined mainly to Trini(hid. This beautiful island is situated in 
 the Carribean Sea, between 10' and 10 N,, and lies near 
 the coast of South America, from which it is separated by tlie 
 calm Gulf of Paria. It is the second largest of the British 
 West Indies, bein^r al)out fifty- five miles loiifj and forty 
 miles broad, compi-ising an area of l.ToO sijuare miles. Tlie 
 soil is remarkably fertile. Rich, extensive plains in many 
 places stretch on for mile.s from the sea-shore, terminat- 
 ing at the base of the I'uo-o-ed, foi-est-clothed hills, while 
 large and undulating tracts of loamy r,oil lie in the valley.s. 
 The scenery is beautiful — in some places grand, with 
 ruo-ged mountain ranges rising to an elevation of over 
 3,000 feet, and always clad with richest vendure to the 
 summit. The temperature is remarkable ecjuable, ranging 
 from a mlnimnvi of about 70" to a w.aximitvi in the 
 neighborhood of 90", sometimes rising perhaps as high as 
 9."/. The heat, however, is tempered, especially in the dry 
 season, by strong easterly bree/es (the trade winds) that_ 
 come from the Atlantic. There are no violent and des- 
 tructive storms, as the island .seems to lie outside the 
 borders of the hurricane and cyclone regions. 
 
 Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498. He 
 gave it the nanu3 Li, Trinidad, or the Trinity, because as 
 he drew near he saw three ])eaks of mountains united at 
 the base, suggesting the Trinity. In 1797 Trinidad became 
 a British Colony, having surrendered without an engage- 
 ment, and from that day to this it has enjoyed a large share 
 
TlflSlDAD AM) IJIC.MICIJAHA. 
 
 25 
 
 . o 
 • in 
 
 L^.■ 
 
 % 
 
 
 n 
 
 of prosperity. It is a Crown Colony, under a governor, 
 with executive and lerjisl.-itive councils. Its present popu- 
 lation is about 24'0,0()0, more than one-third of whom are 
 Asiatic immicfrants or Coolies. Of the reinainino- two- 
 thirds the nefjro larrjely predominates, while Spain, 
 France, Portuijal, China, (jiermany, England' and Scotland 
 have all contributed to the heterogeneous population. 
 
 ECCI,ES1AST[(.'A1. CONDITIONS. 
 
 Apart from the East Indians, the lloman Catholics 
 have the greatest nunierical strength. Next in order come 
 the Episcopalians. The Methodist, Baptist and Moravian 
 Churches are also laboring among the native po])ulati(m. 
 Some sixty yeai's ago the United Pi-esbyterian Church of 
 Scotland began a mission to this island. I'hey have not 
 been aggressive, having established only three congre- 
 gations Two of these ai'e composed principally of Scotch 
 merchants an<l others from the home land : and the third 
 is composed entirely of Creoles. There is also a congre- 
 gation connected with the Free Church of Scotland. It 
 originated in a, mission to the Portuguese, who tied to 
 Trinidad many veai's airo, as refum'os fi-om Madeira. For 
 many yeai's services were conducted in this church in the 
 Portuguese language: but more recently I]nglish has been 
 substituted. 
 
 THE EAST INDIAN, OR COOLIE. 
 
 The mission work of the Presbyterian Church in 
 Canada in Trinidad has been contined almost entirely to 
 the East Indians. It is necessary, therefore, that something 
 be said here in reference to this peo])le, and the system 
 under which they are l^rought to the Island. When, more 
 than tifty }'eai's ago shuHuy was abolished in the British 
 West Indies, the freed Ci'eole laborer was strongly indis- 
 poseil to steady woi'k. With his own provision grounds at 
 his disposal, fi'om which by a moderate amount of labor a 
 mere subsistance could be secured, he was satisfied. 
 Planters were therefore under the necessity of secuj'ing 
 labor elsewhere. 
 
26 
 
 TRINIDAD AND nKMEKAKA. 
 
 After scvoiiil niisuccessful efforts in otlioM* directions, 
 India wns fixed upon fvs most likely to yield the kind of 
 innni(,Tant i-oriuired. 'i'he system of imnii(jration to 
 Ti'inidad seems to have reached comparative pei'fection. 
 At every point the interest of tlie immiifrant is carefully 
 jfiiarded. The Indian (iovernment watches with a jealous 
 eye the movements of colonial atjents that no undue means 
 are em])loyed to induec men to en.ierrate. I'he terms of 
 indenture must )ii' caiefully explained before the}' leave 
 Calcutta. Under these terms the immi<,M"ant is required tv) 
 lahor on an estate foi" live yeai's. When he has woi-ked out 
 his tive years indentui'e he is free to return to India if ho 
 choose, or to seek employment as a free laborer, or to re- 
 indenture himself, but for not more than twelve months at 
 a time. At the end of ton ycjirs' industrial residence upon 
 the island he is entitled to a free passajje back to India, or 
 should he prefer it, he may receive, in commutation forliis 
 return passafje, a stijiulated sum of money. 
 
 There are no hard and fast lines by which men and 
 women and child i-en are bound to do a certain amount of 
 work under certain conditions. But it is required that 
 every healthy man work 2S0 days of nine hours each in 
 the year, for which he is paid at a minimum rate of 25 
 cents per day, with fi'co lod_f(inf,fs, medical attendance and 
 medicines. But should he prefer piece-work to day's labor, 
 he receives for his task at the same rate as other lab,orei's 
 residing on the estate. The diligent laborer often accom- 
 plishes two tasks per day. 
 
 'J'he Government exercises a most careful supei'vision 
 the Coolie. Every estate nnist jn'ovide hospital 
 
 over 
 accom 
 
 modation for its people. This hospital is under the 
 careful inspection of the district medical officer, who.se 
 duty it is to visit it at least twice a week and enciuire 
 particularly into the general health of the people. So 
 jealous is the government over the health of the immigrant 
 that if the mortality on any estate exceed one pei* cent, the 
 average mortality for five years, Coolies are withheld from 
 such estate. 
 
TUINIDAI) AND OKMERARA. 2/ 
 
 It will thus be seen tliat us far as le^al enactment can 
 go the indentured hiboror is carefully pfuarded. Compara- 
 tively few go back to India, and numbers who had done so 
 have refurned to Trinidad under a fresh indenture, or at 
 their own ex])en.se. The lai-ger number of immio^rants 
 become permant-nt residents, materially addinrr to the 
 wealth of the island. The tendency to permanent residence 
 is decidedly on the increase. Many East Indians have 
 settled upon theii- own lands, built their own hou.'^es, and 
 have formed peaceful and happy communities. Ijein<( 
 industrious and economical, they seem rapidly to surpass 
 the Ci'eok', who occupies the same social position, in 
 accumulatin<^' pi'oj)ei'ty. In San Fernando, the second 
 town in the Colony, one-ijuarter of the taxpa^'ers are 
 Asiatics. 
 
 Such is the East Indian laborer in Trinida<l. The first 
 ship with Coolies arrived in 1!S45. Since that time there 
 has been a steady flow of immiofrants from that ()uartei', so 
 the Asiatics in Trinidad now number proV)abl3' well nicrli 
 85,1)00. And they ai'e fast becominr^ a veiy important 
 factor in the population of the island. 
 
 OKKilN OF THE MISSION. 
 
 The credit of orioinatini,^ the Trinidad Mission Vjelonfrs 
 to the Rev. John (now Dr.) Morton. In January, LS()5, 
 Mr. Morton, beino- at the time minister of the confrrcf'ation 
 of Bridi^ewater, was under the necessity of leaving Nova 
 Scotia on account of his health. He decided to spend a few 
 months in the Lro|)ics, and in the course of his travels he 
 visited Trinidad. While there he was deeply impressed 
 with the destitute spiritual condition of the Coolie.^. He 
 found some 25.000 of these Indian innnigrants, for whose 
 spiritual welfare '■ ttle or nothing was being done. They 
 were as purely heathen as when they left their home in 
 India. And his sj^irit was stirred to endeavor to do some- 
 thing to give them the light of the (losj)el. An applicatit)n 
 was Hrst made through the Rev. Mr. Brodie, then minister 
 of the church in Port of Spain, to the Board of the U. P. 
 
28 
 
 TRIXIUAl) AMI DKMERAKA. 
 
 rimrcli oF SfotliUid to outer upon this work, inasmuch as 
 tliey were ali'ivuly (Mi(f!i'4'(Ml in niissionaiy woi-k on the 
 islaml. Ihit that chnrcli was not preparod to extend its 
 work in Triuiilad. 
 
 Mr. Morton then hiid the matter l)(>t'ore the Board of his 
 own chui-eh, which bi-onL;-ht it hcFore the Synoih The 
 Boai'd was asked to n"ath(>r information and repoi't. This 
 Wii.s done, and in the t'ollowin^f 3'ear the Synod unanimous- 
 ly a<:freed to authorize the Board to establish a Mission to 
 Trinidad. AEr. Morton ottered his services to the Board and 
 was cordially accepted, and so becauK! the first niissionar}' 
 to the Asiatics in Trinida'l. He and his family sailed for 
 the West Indies on December 1st, 1 (SOT. Tlu; winds and 
 waves seemeil as if leagued ao-ainst them, "^rhey were 
 overtaken by a tcM-rific hurricane '^Fhe vessel's decks were 
 swept, her ]:)rincipal sails torn to shn^ls, and her sjiars had 
 ultimately to l)e cut away. " l)Ut it came to pass that 
 thouf^h with much damaije to the ladinijf and the ship, as 
 well as to the missionaries' etl'ects, they escaped all safe to 
 land," and arrived at Trinidad on January 1st, ISGS. 
 
 Mr. Morton was first settled at lere V'iliasjfe, about six 
 miles inland from San Fernando. This was a station 
 wrouf,dit by the U. P. Church of the United States, estab- 
 lished to educate and Christifiuize the eu\anci])ated netrroes. 
 The mission was not a success. At lere wei'c a suuill chvrch 
 and dwelliufT house, which were transferred by the Ameri- 
 can Church to the Canadian Mission. Mr. Morton im- 
 mediately set to work to establish schools and to ac(piire a 
 knowledge of the lanri^UMrje. For more than two years .Mr, 
 Morton labored alone, Tiot without some tokens of success: 
 Imt these were necessarily times of sowinij. The profjress 
 of the work niay have been slow at the l)e<Tinnin(if. Pr()V)ably 
 all mission work amonpf a people of the Fast Indian type, 
 if it is to pi'ove solid aiid permanent, ami ultimately bear 
 ojood fruit, must at Hrst be comparatively slow. "Behold the 
 husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of" the earth, 
 and hath lono- patience for it, until he receive the early and 
 latter rain." 
 
llMNinAD AND DKMKIIAKA. 
 
 29 
 
 Th« 
 
 Scarcely li.-id Mr. Morton been fairly settled down 
 to his work when we find him appealing for another 
 missionary. He felt, as he looked over the tit-Id, that it was 
 all waitint,' occui)ancy. The nundjcr of East In<lians had 
 now o-rown to H0,()0(), and were increasinfj at the rate of 
 nearl}' 2,000 a year. How could one man overtake the 
 woi-k !' The Church had set its hand to the work of con- 
 verting the Trinidad Coolies, and must go forward. 
 
 A SECOND :\irSS10NAltY AIM'OlXlEn. 
 
 As a result of Mr. Mortons appeal steps were taken hy 
 the I'oard to secure a second missionaiy. The Synod at 
 its meeting in 1>S0'J authorized the Board to call nunisters, 
 whom they may deem specially (jualitied to enter upon 
 missionary work. Acting upon this authority, the Board 
 laid a call signed hy its convener and secretary before 
 the Presbytery of Pictou, addressed to the Rev. K.J. (ir.mt 
 of Merigomish. This call was cordially accepted, and Mr. 
 (now Dr.) Grant was designated the woik on the 29th 
 .March, 1S70. The summer months were spent very busily 
 in visitiniT various sections of the home Church ; after 
 which he left for Trinidad with wife and fannly, where he 
 arrived on the 22nd of November, 1870. 
 
 After consultation, it was decided that San Fernando 
 bo chosen as a centre for Mr. (Irant's field. This is the 
 chief town in the southern division of the Island. It is 
 distant from Port of Spain, the capital, about 30 miles. 
 Some of the views in and around San Fernando are exceed- 
 ingly beautiful, commanding the surrounding country and 
 the calm Gulf of Paria, with South America lying in the 
 hazy distance. With a poiudation of 7,000, comprising a 
 very considerable number of Coolies, and with easy access 
 to a thickly settled country, studded with sugar estates, 
 and consecpiently containing a large Asiatic population, San 
 Fernando is one of the very best centres of missionary 
 work on the island. Mr Grant inunediately set to work 
 to ac(piire the language, and took measures to establish a 
 school, which has ever since been the centre of much valu- 
 able eilucational work. 
 
.".0 
 
 TKIDIDAI) AM) DKMKIIARA. 
 
 Tm Julv, I'STl, Mrs. Morton whs l>rou<flit to San 
 Fci'iiando, ]ii'()sti'ut(!(l with a sovci'c; attack oF fever. After 
 lier recovery she was prohil)ite(l hy h(>r medical adviser 
 from retnniiiii^ to lere. Tliis ied to a temporary i"esi(h,'nce 
 of the Moitons in San Fernando. And foi- soni! time that 
 town was m.'uje the cei\tre of operations for hoth mission- 
 ai'ies — Mr. Morton still continninu' to carry on his woik at 
 and around ler(>, while at the same time e()-operatin<^ with 
 Mr. (irant in and ahout San Fernando. 
 
 1' I H.ST CHURCH I)EI)IC.\TKI). 
 
 The most impoi'tant undertaUini,' of this yeai- was the 
 ei'ection of a church, the liivst dedicated to CMiristiau 
 worship amonfT the East Indians of Ti-inidad. On Jip])Iyin(:f 
 to the IJoard, the missionaries received the coidial a))proval 
 of their ])roject, hut the rejtl}' wa.s "no funds to vote in 
 aid." Still havinif faith in (Jod, and their cause, and in the 
 people, the missionaries said : " Tlu! God of Heaven, He 
 will prosper us: therefore, we His servants will aiise and 
 huild."' So the builders were set to work in the exercise of 
 a stron<^ faith. Money tloweil in heyond theii' expecta- 
 tions, the (.'oolies tliem.selves contrihutinuj nearly SHOO of 
 the total cost of i5Ii,'2()(). In due time the chui'ch was com- 
 pleteil, and it stands to-day a momiment of the faith and 
 labor ot tlujse who undei'took and acct)mj)lished the woi'k. 
 This is not the last time in the history of the Mission when 
 projects that were deemed necessary were undei'takcn, 
 when the ways and means could not be devised, and the 
 i.ssuB justitied the faith. This edifice is a fi^ood-sized, 
 couun.- lious buildine-, cool and attractive, bearin<^' the 
 eu|)honious name SaxiDiKichar {^\iu\ tidinifs). Fipially 
 suitable churches are now found at the other three princi- 
 ]y,\\ centi'es. 
 
 FIRST DISPENSATION OF THE LORD'S SUPPER. 
 
 Shorth' after the openin^^ of the church the Communion 
 was dispensed for the first time. Mr. Grant writes: — 
 " 'i'welve Coolies withered round the table of the Lord. A 
 small company, undoubtedly, compared with the gather- 
 
TUIMDAI) AN'I> DKMEUAHA. 
 
 31 
 
 
 iii<;s wo liad often seen, Imt dUi's was tin.' joy of tlio first 
 fi'uits. It will not soon ln' fovjotton, oui' tirst Couiniunion 
 in the first Cooli<' cliurch find our fu'st C'ocdie disciples," 
 
 A 
 
 inontr tin 
 
 tw 
 
 olve (liseiiMos 
 
 HIS 
 
 t referre(l to, tliret of 
 
 tlieni afterwards became soniewliat prominent in connec- 
 tion with mission work. Chai'les Sotjdeen did yood service 
 as the tirst I'^ist Indian teacher in C'ouvji. h'ailinif health 
 coinpidled him to turn aside to other em]>loyments, l)ut he 
 has ajfiiin retniMuid to mission work, and is now a valnal)lo 
 hiborer with Mr. Mcllae. lienjaniin Balarani, havinj^servetl 
 for a time as Catechist, rv-turni'd to Ids native India, 
 where it is understood I'.e is now enoatri'd in Christian 
 w(n'k. l^al l»eha,i'i, after liavini^ ])tos(.'cuted his studies 
 vmder Mr. Grant, and by the dii'ection of the Presbytery 
 was licensed and oi'dained as the first native ndiiister to his 
 countrymen. He is now as.sociated with J)r. (Jrant in the 
 manam'uient of his Held, to whom he has ever been an 
 invaluable assistant. Since that time many other earnest 
 young men have (hvnvn around this Hrst constituted cliurch, 
 or liave thrown up from the lads who have feathered into 
 the schools of the nussion. And to-day Di". (Jrant rejoices 
 in a band of nolde young people, in whom he lias year by 
 year increasing coiiHdence, and who give encouraging 
 pi-omise of usefulness among their countrymen. Any 
 minister might well be proud of such young people as form 
 a goodly numlter of the (.'ommunion roll of the San 
 Fernando Church. And similar spirits may also be found 
 in the otlier pai'ts of tbiO field — at I'lincestowii, at C(juva, 
 at Tunapuna. 
 
 TIUNIHAI) rRESHVTKUV CONSTlTUTIiD. 
 
 On the •2nd Jul}-, 1872, all the Presbyterian ministers 
 on the Island met and formed themselves into a Union 
 Presbytery, which is somewhat uni(|ue in its character. 
 The followiiifT is its basis : — 
 
 1. " That we form ourselves into a Presbytery, assum- 
 ing on behalf of the churches we represent the name of the 
 Presbyterian Church of Trinidad." 
 
32 
 
 lUlMUAli ANO l)KMi;riAUA. 
 
 2. "'riiiit c.'icli iiii'iiilicr pluco hiinsc'lt' in siihordiimtion 
 tf) this Prcsliytt'iy, lnit witli liylit of mj>|)('!iI in niiittc^rs of 
 »i|)jm;iI to the Supi'cnic ('(lurt of tlic C'liuicli with which ho 
 is connected.'' 
 
 ;>. " That tlii.^ I'i'('sli\ti'i'\', w hilt" ciirryini'- out the 
 PiX'sliytriiun >ystt'ni, whirii wv hold in coiiinioii, in ih-idinM- 
 with iiidi\ idnal con^rct^'ations or nunistiTs, will he i;ni<hMl 
 by the rnlt's of the Supn'mc ('ouit of the Ciiin'rh with 
 wliich sncli ndnistor of con^rcn'ution is conncc'tiMl." 
 
 This (•onH)osit(' I'rcsliyteiy has had its status roco'^ni/od 
 by the (JcniTai Assi>inbly, and riipicsi'iitation is (•ivdi to it 
 in the A.-sembly in pi-opoi'tion to the number of its 
 members belon<^dnn' to the Canadian ( 'luirch. 
 
 Two N'ears iatei', after the arrival of the tiui'd mission- 
 tiry, the Mi>sion Council was formed. All estimates and 
 accounts are snl'initted to this Cuu:;cil, and any (piestion 
 arisin<^r in any Held recjuirinj.', s|)i'cial C(Misideration is 
 deliberated upon and deci<iod as tlieiv cond)ined wisdom 
 may direct. Any matter calling,' for Presbyterial action is 
 submitted to the 'I'rinidad Presbytery. This Council lias 
 been of ^^reat benetit to the Mission, anil has tended iai'^ely 
 to hai-monious workin^^ Onhiined native ministers are 
 constituent members of this Council, but have no vote in 
 appropriations of money ^ranted by the Canadian Church. 
 
 PKOfJUKSS OK THE WORK. 
 
 Six years had now been f^iven b) mission woi'k amonjf 
 the Coolies. They were years of ti'ials and diHiculties, l)ut 
 yet of steady pro^'ress, if slow. We find one of the 
 missionaries thus writing' in his annual rjport of tins date: 
 " We have had our anxieties, and you will admit that they 
 wei'e not uroundless, when I inf(jrm you of the existence 
 of a secret, ci'afty, or^'ani/ed and active opp(jsition by 
 Mohannnedans, which was desiijned to thwart our etlbrts 
 and brerdv up our Mission, Nearly every convert was 
 tampered with, and in some cases fair promises of reward 
 were made if Christianity were renounced. The depres^sion 
 produced by our apprehensions was more than com- 
 pensated by the fulness of our joy in finding our young 
 men true." 
 
TIIINIDAM AMI liKMKIIAUA, 
 
 33 
 
 TKIIin MISSIONAUV AI'I'DIVI-KD : TIIK COUVA I'lKI,!). 
 
 Til the Hpriiin- ,,1' is";) ccrtdia proprirtofs oi" su^ar 
 e-tiitcs in Couva (AW'VvA to .IrFmy the cliiff part ol' the 
 oxpc'iiscs of a iiiissiotiary for that district. This otl^r was 
 ^•iadly at'C(}pti'(l, and another missionary was sonyht with- 
 out dolay. Mr. Thomas M. Christie ha<l {.rex iously olf'ered 
 himself for service in the forei<ni field, lie h;id jii.^t com- 
 ])leted ins theojoifieal coui-se and been license.l. The Hoard 
 then unanimously acc(?pted him as their third missionary 
 
 to Trinidad. Mr. Christie entered upon his wo, k in ( 
 
 ouva 
 
 IS74. This d 
 
 lis (list 
 
 111 iM'hruary, 
 
 the island, liotweeii Port of Spain and San Fernando, with 
 which places it has connection liy vail. Couva is e.xceed- 
 ini,dy tlat, but it has a ma^'nilicent hack -^n-ouiid in the 
 Montserrat Hills. It is one of the best su<'ar-makin<' 
 districts on the island. 
 
 For more than nine years Mr. Christie prosecuted his 
 work with fidelity and success, till the failin^^ health of 
 both himself and wife compelled him to withdraw from the 
 iield. Returninn- to Nova Scotia his health seemed to 
 im|)rove, and he was enrja^'ed for a time in supplying' 
 vacant Cfm^jre^mtion.s. Thinking' that a milder climati' 
 mi^rht be more favorable to Ins health, he accepted an 
 apjiointment from the Presbyterian Church in the United • 
 States to Southern Califc-nia. Mere he labored for about 
 a year, when he was again constrained to oive up woi'k. 
 He died at Kelseyville, California, (ju October :}rd, liSS5. 
 His widow with her Hve children i-etunied to j\ova Scotia, 
 and five years later she, too, was called to her eternal rest. 
 
 SUCCE.S.SOII.S IN THE COUVA FIKLI). 
 
 Mr. Christie was succeeded by the Rev. J. Iv. Wrioht, 
 of London, Ontario. He beojan his laliors in Trinidad in 
 the openiuf,' of l.SiS4, and continued to work with marked 
 zeal and dili^fence till the end of April, 18SS, when on 
 account of Mrs. Wrij^dit's health he was constrained to 
 retire from the Mission. He is now laboring in British 
 Columbia. Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining 
 3 
 
•M 
 
 illlMDAIl AM) liKMKItAltA. 
 
 u suitfililt' Hucccssdi- to Ml'. W'riylit. l)Ut. iiltiiimtcly "no 
 
 WIIH 
 
 I'ouii 
 
 in tl 
 
 lllTSUll Ol 
 
 Ml 
 
 CoM 
 
 III. a vollliL'' 
 
 licf'jitiiitr of the Cliiircli, who ''CHfin work in ("uiivn on tlio 
 Stii Drccinlx'r, |.ss!». Diirin^j tli(^ intci rrnimm Mr. C. 
 IJat'liir iiml Mr. S. A. I^'niscr, a vouii'^ .stmlcnt ("atccliist 
 t'roiii Nova Scotia, now one of oiir r('<'iilai' niissionarjc.s, did 
 ^ood s«'rvi('<' in .snp]»lyinL,' tli«' lii'Id. Mr. < 'otliii contiiiiicd 
 to lalior in Coiiva till .laniiary 1st, IS'/J, wlicn lit! rciiiovcd 
 to San FtTiiando, to take part in tlic \V(»rk of tin- recently 
 ostablislied colleifc and assist Dr. Unint in liis tield. Ih; was 
 sueceed(Ml Ity tlie llcv. A. \V. TlionifLson, who had Iiecoiiio 
 connected with the Mission in tin; early ])artof tht; previous 
 year, and who had spent most of tli(! interveiiini^' time in 
 carryinif on the; work in Mr, Macrac^'s tield, who was alisent 
 on furloU!.,di. Mr. 'rhom|)son, with his wife (Dr. Mortons 
 only dan<,diter), slill do faitiiful and sncees.sfnl work in the 
 Couvii Held. 
 
 PKINCKSTOWK, A NEW CENTHK. 
 
 W<' must now fall l>ack from the order of time. We 
 have already r>ferre(l to Mr. Morton's removal to San 
 Fernando in IS7I owiii^ to Mrs. Morton's illness, from 
 which common centre the whole held was worked. This 
 arrangement continued till towards the end of I.S74, when 
 it was (hiemed l»est to separate tins fields into two districts, 
 Mr. (Jrant continuiiif^- in San K rnando and Mr. Morton 
 takin^r cliari,r(! of the inland lyin^ country. A place called 
 "The Mission," now Princestown, in honor of a \isit paid 
 to it hy the two sons of tlu^ Prince of Wales in IHIS, was 
 chosen as heudfpiarters. Not till l.S7(j could arranei-ments 
 he completed for Mr. Morton and his family to take up 
 tlieir residence there. This is an excellent centre fi»r work. 
 'l'l\e situation is (elevated, commanditi^f a tine view of the 
 beaut'ful surround int,' country. It is in the very midst of 
 a lar^'e Coolie j)oj)ulaiion, and at any time within easy 
 access to a ^'oodly numher. 
 
 A FOURTH MISSIONAKV — TUNAI'UNA DISTRICT. 
 
 In the year 1877 the missionarie.s he^'an to aijfitate for 
 a fourtli laborer. Not till 18.S0, and then largely throui^h 
 the increased liberality on the part of the convei-ts and 
 
TIIINIItAIi A\l> nKMKUAHA. 
 
 :\f) 
 
 others in 'rriiiiduil, 'lid tlic I'xiaril t'rrl jnstiticd in iimkiii;^ 
 nil uppKiiitiiKJtit. I''r(»iii uiii(»ii<,' scvfinl who oMV'r»'d. choioo 
 WHS iimtle ol' thi- Kcv, .1. W. McLiod. ||(> arrived in 
 Triiiidiid oji .Jiiiiiiiiry loth, INSI. 
 
 The iit'W field to lie oeenpied was north of Coiivfi, uiid 
 nearer Port of Spain. As this was an important district 
 the Mission Coiineil (htenied it desiralih; that a missionary 
 of some experieiKM! should lu! settle(| there. Mr. Morton 
 heinj^f tlu; senior was chosen, and a('t'oi'din;,dy i-emtAcd to 
 tlu! Caroni district, with 'rnna|)una, a villa<,'e of 2, ()()() 
 inhal)itants, as its contre, where Ikj still continues liis 
 successt'ul work. 
 
 Mr. McLeod (Mitereij upon his work at I'rincestown with 
 jjreat enthusiasm, and for three years devoteil iiiinself 
 vifi^orousiy to its j)rosocutioii. Mis health then liecran to 
 (hscline. Vov another yeai', however, he cluny to his lovod 
 work, till unable any longer to pi'each, he resi<,'ned his 
 position. For a short timt; h<; i^ave s^-stc^matic training to 
 the native teachers and eatctchists in tlu; whole Held, 'I'his 
 work, in spite of i^ri-owinj^ wi^akness, lu; carrietj on for the 
 f^reat»!i" part of a year, wluin on the first of A])ril, 1<SM(), he 
 pass(Ml to his reward. His wife and two children retui-ned 
 to Nova Scotia, and on the I.Sth Deeemhe'r, 1SN7, the 
 Master called her home also. TIk; ni<fht lieforc! his death 
 Mr. Mcli(,'od received the che(ii'in;f news that a successor 
 had bcMMi aitpoiiited to tak(! up liis work at Frincestown, 
 Mr. \V. li Mcllae was his successor. He l)e<:ran woi'k in 
 'J'rinidad on the l!)th (Jctolier, liS.S(). Thivse years later he 
 was sulijected to a sore liereavoment by the sudden death 
 of liis wife. About two years a^o he was a^ain married, 
 and he and his wife <^o bravely forward with the work in 
 that district. 
 
 Th(! only oi'dained Canadian missionary in the field not 
 yet mentioned is the Kev. S. A. Fraser. Mi". Cottin was 
 compelled by ill-health to retire from the work, and Mr. 
 Fraser was appointed to succeed him. He and his wife 
 arrived on the island in November, IHU-it. It was rlecided 
 
3G 
 
 TRIDin.Al) AND DEMEHARA. 
 
 thiit he should be associated with Dr. (Jrant in the working 
 of tlie San Fernando disti-ict, tlius enahlin^f the hitt-i to 
 fjive more of his time to the College and Traininf:^ Institu- 
 tion for tcachei's. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK. 
 Fi'om the very eommenceuient of their work the 
 ndssionaries directed special attention to the education of 
 the youn^•. During- tlie earlier y(!ars i)f the Mission they 
 were entirely confined to native teachers, Creole and 
 Coolie, and the chief supply has always come, and must 
 continue to come, from this source. A new <lepartni'e, 
 however, was made in 1875, when Mr. J. A. McDonald was 
 .sent from Nova Scotia as teacher. He was followed by 
 Mi.ss Blackadder in 1870. We have no space to refer here 
 to many excellent ^'ountf women who from time to time 
 liave been engaged in this work. Their names will be 
 found elsewhere Miss Blackadder merits special mention 
 as still continuing in the field after 22 years' service. The 
 educational ])olicy for some years has been that a Canadian 
 teacher should be placed in the principal school of each of 
 the four districts. Those now in charge are Miss Blackadder 
 at Tunapuna, Miss Fishei- at Couva, Miss Archibald at San 
 Fernando, and Miss Sinclaii- at Princestown, all doing most 
 excellent work. The importance of the educational work 
 done by the Mission may be gathered from the fact that 
 there are now 50 schools attended by (),0!)7 puj^ils. '^Die 
 planters have ahvays contributed largely towards the sup- 
 port of these schools, and considerable amounts have been 
 received from the government, on the system of pa^'ment 
 by results. A few years ago a new school ordinance came 
 into opei'ation on the Island. According to this ordinance 
 the government pay three-fourths of all the expenses of 
 the schools, including the rental of buildings erected 
 by the Mission. These buildings are to be free for I'eligious 
 services on Sabbath. I'he appointment of teachers and the 
 control of the reliffious in,^truction are in the hands of the 
 
 missionaries. 
 
'lUINIDAD AND DKMKUARA. 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 COLLEGE AND TEACHERS' TRAINING INSTITUTION. 
 
 When Mr. Grant was liome on furlonjjfh in 1890 lie 
 incidentally referred in the course of his address before 
 the General AsseinV)ly to the necessity of an institution 
 for the better trainincj of a native ao;ency. The result was 
 that the sum of i?4,000 was secured f<^r that purpose, a few 
 individuals havintr contributed the j^reater part. The F. 
 M. Committee sanctioned the institution. A property 
 adjoinini>- the Mission premises in San Fernando was pur- 
 chased and suitable buildiniw.s erected upon it. Thus the 
 " Presbyterian CoIIefje of Trinidad" was established. It 
 was formally opened by the Presbytery of Trinidad on 
 2nd Febi-uary, 1892, the late Rev. G. M. Clarke, of 
 Halifax, who conti'ilnited to that object the larr,re sum of 
 $1,000, beinfT associated with them on the occasion. The 
 teachin(]f staff' consisted of Dr. Morton, President, J)r. Grant 
 and Mr. Coffin. Lai B(;hari wns also api)oiuted to £,nve 
 instruction in certain (|uestions pertainino; to Hinduism. 
 The ('olleL,'e opened with about 80 students. Cf these, 
 three, viz., Paul Bhukhan, A. Gayadeen and 1). Cjao^ar 
 Sintijh, have since been oivlained to the ministiy. The 
 College has done much to equip the catei_"'''':<"s for better 
 work. Of these there are now 50 laborintf in Trinidad 
 and two in St. Lucia, under the supei-vision of oui' own 
 missionaries. Three of the yoinigf men trained in the 
 Colleije are laborinijf under the direction of and sup])orted 
 by the Presbyterian Chui'ch of Jamaica among the East 
 Indians of that Island. Our Mission lias also provided 
 three such laborers to work among the Asiatics in (Grenada, 
 under the supervision of the minister of the Established 
 Church of Scotland thei'e. 
 
 Taking advantage of a recent government ordinance, an 
 institution was established in San Fernando for the train- 
 inir of teachei's for the common schools. Accordinij to this 
 ordinance the government provides for six scholars each 
 year, at the rate of £40 sterling per annum, besides paying 
 the rent of the building. '^I'his T)'ain'.ng School was opened 
 in 1894, the head teacher being Mr, E, H. Pasea, a native 
 
38 TUINIUAb AND DK.MERAKA. 
 
 of Triniilad, aini Ji-nv prosecuting his studies at Dalhousie 
 Collt'o-e, Halifax. His place is now tilled hy Mr. Harold 
 Clarke, a student from the Presbyterian Collerje, Pine Hill. 
 The institution is under tlu' superintendence of Dr. (jirant, 
 who ;ilso devotes some time to teachintj classes. Besides 
 the six scholars pi-ovided for by government it is attended 
 by many others, and does excellent woi'k as a high school, 
 as well as pi'oviding an efficient class of tciichers. The 
 institution is self-sustaining. 
 
 It should be placed on record that all the missionaries' 
 wives have within their own spheres, and according to 
 their own methods, done much in educating young girls, 
 and in many other ways to further the great cause to 
 which they and their husbands have devoted their lives. 
 
 TUINIDAD .STATLSTICS FOR 1897. 
 
 Regularly organizied congregations , . , 4t 
 
 Canadian missionaries 5 
 
 Ordained native ministers . 4 
 
 Catecl lists 50 
 
 Bible women 10 
 
 Communicants 621 
 
 Canadian lady teacheis 4 
 
 Schools 56 
 
 Total scholars enrolled for year 6 007 
 
 Sabbath scholars S,042 
 
 Contributed by native church 8-S,75O00 
 
 Average per conimunicant 6.04 
 
 ST. LUCIA. 
 
 St. Lucia is a beautiful island Ivinj; some 250 miles 
 north of Trinidad. A young man who had been brought 
 to the knowledge of the truth in Trinidad went there as an 
 interpreter in tlie civil service. Earnest and faithful work 
 among his countrymen led to the " Kjuest for an agent from 
 our missionaries to carry on the work on that island. A 
 A teacher-catecbist and his wife were sent at tiie close of 
 1885, and definite work begun. That work has since 
 extended. Two catechists are now employed, and four 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
TRINIDAD ANM) DEMRRAUA. 
 
 39 
 
 lousie 
 [firolfl 
 e Hill. 
 
 iesides 
 tended 
 school, 
 The 
 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 50 
 10 
 621 
 4 
 56 
 6 097 
 H,042 
 '5000 
 6.04 
 
 i 
 
 schools have been establislieil. The croveinment cive 
 £150 stcr. per anmiin for the support of these schools. The 
 work is directed from Trinidad, one of the missionaries 
 payinfr an occasional visit to the island. Much of the 
 success of this mission is due to the family of Mr. Cropper, 
 of the government immi<i[ration office. 
 
 Demkrara. 
 
 In the year 1SS5 work was begim amonir'the Indian 
 inuniirrants in Guiana by Rev. John Gibson, of Ontario. 
 The Presbyterian Church of Domerara was to provide one- 
 half the salary and all incidental expenses on tlie field, 
 whilst the (Janadian Church ])rovi.led the missionary and 
 the balance of his salary. In 188S Mr. Gibson was suddenly 
 removed by death. The Presbyterian (riiurch in Demorara 
 did not feel itself prepared to continue the arrangement, 
 and so no successoi- to Mr. Gibson was appointed. 
 
 Nothin<ij further was done by the Canadian Church for 
 the East [ndians of Demeiaia till 1806. On the east coast 
 some seven miles from Goorj^etown are the estates of Better 
 Hope, owned by Messrs. Crum-Ewinrr & Co. For several 
 years Mr. Crum-Ewing had supported an independent 
 Presbyterian church for the spiritual benefit of the people 
 of the estates. The Rev. Mr. Slater, formerly of Georfje- 
 tDwn.had for some years supplied this church. On account 
 of age and inHrnuty Mr. Slater desired to retire. On his 
 conf n'ring with Mr. Crum-Ewing it was agreed to offer 
 this mission to the C^anadian Church, which was done 
 through the Mission Council of Trinidad and readily 
 accepted by the committee. The oH'er was that the mission 
 premises, consisting of the necessary grounds, a church, 
 school-bnildintfs and a manse be <dven for the use of the 
 mission, and that a contribution of £100 stg. per year be 
 made by the estates of Better Hope towards the support of 
 the work. Just at that time Mr. J. B. Cropper, a young 
 man who had been for several years a voluntary and unpaid 
 overseer of our work in St. Lucia, had completed hisstmlies 
 for the ministiy at the Halifax College. He ottered his 
 
40 
 
 TRINIDAD AND DKMKUARA. 
 
 services to the committee, which were lieartil}' accepted, 
 Mr. Cropper lias entere'l upon his work with characteristic 
 enthusiasm, and it is aheady be^^inning to bear fjood fruit. 
 Demeiara is a very inviting and necessitous fielil, witli its 
 120,000 East Indians, for whose spiritual interests little is 
 yet leinjjf done. Havino- entered upon this field, there 
 should 1)6 a determination on the pa of the Church to win 
 it fo?' Christ. Already steps aie beinn; taken, which it is 
 hoped may be crown :d with speedy success, to send a 
 second missionary to the west coast. Three catechists are 
 associated with Mr. C»opper in the work. 
 
 Such is a brief record of the missionary work of the 
 Canadian Church ii\ the West Indies and Demeraia. That 
 to 'J'rinidad has been an eminently succe.sstul mission. The 
 writer has spent some years in that island, and is thus in a 
 position to know somethino; of its workiriij, and can bear 
 unqualified testimon}' to the solid, sulistantial work that 
 has been done. The Church may well have confiilence in 
 this mission. By its work in 'I'linidad it has fjained for 
 itself a foremost name and place among the educating and 
 evangelizing agencies of that island. As the duty of self- 
 support is stro"^gly impressed upon converts we may hope 
 that in the not very distant future we shall see a thoroughly 
 equipped, self-sustaining church, embracing many congre- 
 gations, composed of those once Indian idolaters. The East 
 Indian is industrious, peisevering and pvovident, and is 
 therefore destined to exercise a very decided influence on 
 the land of his adoption, and play an important pa)'t in its 
 histoiy. Hence the importance of giving this jieople the 
 Gospel with its elevating, enlightening, sanctifying, saving 
 power. 
 
 The Church has in the meantime much reason to be 
 thaidiful for the success which has attended her efforts. 
 But she cannot yet call a halt. The old cry of the believing 
 Caleb must be hers, as she looks to an equally promising 
 land : " Let us go up at once and possess it, for we are 
 well able to overcome it." She has already, as wo have 
 seen, gathered her grapes of Eschol there. These are only 
 an earnest of a much more abundant harvest. 
 
TRINIDAD AND DKMEKARA. 
 
 41 
 
 PRKSENT MISSION f. "AFF. Appointed. 
 
 Rev. John Morton, 1). D 1^07 
 
 " K. J. (irant, D. I) ^^'^ 
 
 " W. L. McRae 1«86 
 
 " A. W. Thompson 1890 
 
 " S. A. Frase- 1894 
 
 " J. B. Cropper 1896 
 
 MISSIONARY TKACIIKKS 
 
 Miss A. 'Rlackadder 1876 
 
 " A. J. Arcliibahl 1889 
 
 '< L. Fislier. 1890 
 
 " E Sinehiir • • 1894 
 
 Mr. H. Clarke 1897 
 
 KETIREl) Oil 1)1 Kl). 
 
 Apiioinlcd. Itetircrt. Died 
 
 Rev. Thomas Cliristie 1873 1883 
 
 " J. W. MeLeod 1880 1886 
 
 " J. K. WriKl.t 1883 1888 
 
 " F. J. Cothn 1889 1894 
 
 " J. (Mhson 1884 1888 
 
 MISSIONAUY TKACIIKRS 
 
 Appointed. Retired. Died. 
 
 Mr. J. A. McDonald 187.i 1877 
 
 " A. Campbell ISSO 1&81 
 
 Miss A. Semple 1883 1889 
 
 " E Copeland 1884 1889 
 
 •' A. Hilton 1884 1886 
 
 " M. Archibald 188(5 1887 
 
 •• M. O.aham 1889 1891 
 
 " M. Kirkpatrick 1891 1896 
 
 Mr. C. H. Fasea 1894 1897 
 
Mai of Kt)Ri:A. 
 
KOREAN MISSIONS. 
 
 Rv Ri;v. \\ M. Morrison, D. D. 
 
 nr. 
 
 
 T/OREA. is an independent kingdom in Asia, between 
 J^ Russia, and China on the North and the Yellow Sea, 
 and the Sea of Japan on the West, South and East. It is 
 separated from Russia by the Tumen River, and from 
 China by the Yalu River. On the northern frontier, in 
 north latitude 42' and lono-titude 107° 42' east, rises the 
 main peak of the ever wliite mountains, named Paik-Tu, or 
 White Head, in the centre of which lies ihe Dra<;on's Lake. 
 Out of this How the two rivers that divide Korea from 
 Russia and (Jhina, tnaking the country, in a sense, an 
 island. The area of Korea is estimated at .S2,000 sijuare 
 miles, and its sea coast line at 1,740 miles. The most 
 careful estimates, based on crovernment reports, give Korea 
 a population of 12,000,000. 
 
 The face of the country is very broken. A chain of 
 mountains runs noith and south its whole length, sending 
 out spurs east and west to the sea. Between these are 
 river basins, generally very fertile, and well adapted to 
 agriculture, although as yet but poorly cultivated. 
 
 The climate is bracinir, except during the rainy season, 
 which is from June to September. The autumn is nearly 
 cloudless, and the winter means usually a stretch of clear 
 weather, with the exception of many snow storms. In the 
 nortb the winters are long and the cold is severe. Many of 
 the rivers are frozen over four or five months of the year. 
 The Koreans are worshippers of spirits. Superstitions 
 abound among them. Gale says : " They worship various 
 .spirits or gods in the different rooms of their houses. They 
 worship snakes and weasels and pigs, and not a day goes by 
 
44 
 
 IvOHKAN MISSIONS. 
 
 but tlio spirit of snincaniiiial imistlie propititated. The whole 
 
 existence of Korea, from kin;,' to Coolie, is one complicated 
 
 system of ancestral and spirit worship. For three years 
 
 after the death of parents ni^fht aiitl niorninij the children 
 
 offer food, meat and tobacco before the tablet in the room 
 
 where the dead one.s lived, makinj^ Ijesides numerous 
 
 offerings at the frrave." Thus deep (h!<i;railation characterizes 
 
 their moral and spiritual life, out of which tliey cannot be 
 
 raised except by the Gospel and grace of the Lord Jesus 
 
 Christ. 
 
 THE oiirorx OF Tni'; mission. 
 
 In the spring of liSScSayoung man fired with missionary 
 zeal set oH" for tlie coast of Labrador, as the representative 
 of the Students' Missionai-y Association of the Presbyterian 
 College, Halifax, to spend eighteen months in teaching the 
 scattered inhabitants of the fishing villages of that bleak 
 land. He performed his woi'k with apostolic diligence and 
 fervor and awakened in the churcli and the Students' 
 Society an und\'ing interest in the poor people of that 
 porti(.)n of our Dominion. On his way thitlier on the little 
 fishini' smack that carried him he read Griffin's " The 
 Hermit Nation." The perusal of this book aroused in his 
 soul a burning desire to become a missionary to the people 
 of Korea. After his return from Labrador he spent two 
 years in completing his studies for the ministry and was 
 settled, in June, l!S91, as pastor of the congregation of 
 Lower Stewiacke. 
 
 This young man was W. J. McKenzie. He entered upon 
 his work as a pastor of the home church with the ardor of 
 a single-hearted ambassador for Christ, and won the warm 
 affection of a devoted people ; but his soul longed for 
 opportunity to give the Gospel to Korea. He looked for 
 means to engage as a missionary of his beloved church 
 there. The church was not prepared to open such a 
 mission. He was sought by other churches, but he could 
 not separate himself from his own. He determined to let a 
 few friends know his desire, and to go forth depending on 
 the support they and others in the church might be willing 
 
 viMw 
 
KOREAN MISSIONS. 
 
 46 
 
 to j^ivb him. His con^neffation and his PreshyttTy a^n'oed 
 to ifive liiin up for the work, thou<,di tccenly alivo to the 
 
 sense o 
 
 f tl 
 
 leii' loss 
 
 In the autnnin of IS'JJ? he set fortli, and about the close 
 
 )f tl 
 
 ic yen 
 
 r arrived in Sennl. His term of labor was brief 
 
 but full of fruit. He went to livt; in Sorai, in the provi 
 
 nee 
 
 )f \V1 
 
 MiUil 
 
 Hai, with the only Christian family there, in 
 
 order that he mi^dit speedily ncnuire the lan-,nui<,'e and 
 evano-eji/e the people. In May, l!S9.'), he wrote: — 
 
 " Last spiin<,f I came heie to live in this villarre and 
 learn the lan^nia^e in a (.'hristian home. Tiiere were then 
 1 adults and one child. Then we were shunned, 
 but now and for the last fo-.ir or Hve months seventy to one 
 hundred meet twice on Sunday, and nearly as many at the 
 Wednesday evening prayer meeting. So eager are they 
 
 two baptize( 
 
 now to have pai 
 
 t in the worship of God, that in the bitter 
 
 cold, when the snow is falling and the house overcrow 
 they will sit outside through the w 
 women behind the screen will s 
 
 hoi 
 
 e service and 
 
 lied. 
 th( 
 
 tand holding their children, 
 as there is no room to sit down. 
 
 ''■ The people of their own accord have decided to build a 
 church, and already over !?85 in gold is subscribed and 
 much labor. When they began to subscribe a straw roof 
 was their intention, but so willingly and largely have they 
 contributed that now it must lie a tile roof. It will cost 
 more, but will be far more lasting. I told them I would 
 not *nve one cash to help, but would give a stove and 
 pipe when completed. 
 
 " It is to be built on a beautiful spot wliere devils for 
 centuries received honuige, an<l it will seat over 250. It 
 will be the first church ever built by the Koreans unaided. 
 No seating expenses here, as all sit cross-legged on the 
 straw mats. Several widow's mites were among the 
 offerings, and the small boys gave their few cash. 
 
 "The Lord has most wonderfully converted one whom we 
 secured as teacher of the children. He had shown himself 
 a good earnest Christian ere the appointment. The Bible 
 
46 
 
 KOIIKAN MISSIONS. 
 
 is tcxt-liook : wnrres for ono year is S17.00 <,'ol(l. Any tiling 
 Ijut a (It'cidod active (Christian teacher wouKi be worse 
 than useless. I pay hiui this year's wages as tliey are 
 buildiMg the church. 
 
 "About 20 families now observer the fionl's Day, most of 
 whom have family prayiM's and all ask n l)lessiiig at meals- 
 Over 20 take [)art in jirayer already, and sev(!ral men, and 
 strauLje to say, women, in spite of custom, visit the neigh- 
 boring villages during leisure to make known the CJuspel. 
 They don't always come home encouraged. 
 
 " The men, and women, and boys meet of their own 
 accord separately for singing, pi'a3'er and exhortation. 
 What a joy when we see occasionally the hot tears of 
 repentance flowing freely from the dark hardened faces. 
 
 "Probably at the dedication of the new church several 
 will be baptized. In this matter I don't want to be over- 
 hasty. ' (Christ sent me not to baptize but to preach the 
 (lospel.' Another missionary will examine, as I have but 
 little experience. So many are the tokens of the Lord's 
 favour that we are assured He is with us. 
 
 " I am now going on the eighth month without speaking 
 a word of English or seeing a white face, dui'ing which I 
 have not been a day sick. 
 
 " The country is all open and ready to listen to anything, 
 false or true. The French Jesuits, here 100 years ago, are 
 busy, and the Japs are pouring in Ruddhist priests, while 
 God's people in Canada or the world over do not seem to 
 be arising in their strength for the occasion. I have one 
 province of near two millions to myself. In proportion as 
 we help others, God will help us. 'The harvest is great, 
 the laborers few, pray ye therefore, etc' Over this 
 troubled people Emmanuel must reign." 
 
 A tew weeks after this letter was written the General 
 Assembly, sitting at London, Ontario, on motion of Rev. 
 Robert Murray, editor of the Presbyterian Witness, Halifax, 
 requested the Foreign iMission Committee E. D. to consider 
 whether it may be possible to open a mission in Korea, and 
 
KDUKAN MISSIONS. 
 
 fu^opt Mr, McKen/io as one of our niissioiiiiricH. Ere the 
 committee lia<i time to institute the necessury iii<|uiries the 
 Slid news of the iledtlt of Mr. MeKenzie ('(ime as a shock to 
 the whole cluncii. He hn<l contracte^l typhoiil fever, and, 
 without .skilU'd medical attendance or iniisin<,', in a moment 
 of delirium jiassed from the scene of his lahor and triumphs. 
 The native converts were heart-broken. They Imricd him 
 tenderly, and wrote to the church heii' as follows, 
 translated by Dr. Underwood, a missionary of the l*resby- 
 terinj^ C'hurcli noith U. S. A. laboiiny in Seoul : — 
 
 " As we are presunnng to write this letter to you, who 
 are the friends and brother ministers and Itiethren of Rev. 
 McKenzie, we trust you will condesceml to read it and 
 jjfive it your prayerful attention. ..... 
 
 After Mr. McKenzie arrived in Korea he came down to the 
 village of Sorai, and workinjj hard al)f)Ut his Father's 
 business, led many to come out and take theii' stand for the 
 Lord. 
 
 The villai,'e of Sorai was always ;i very wicked place 
 devoid of blessinjfs ; now there are many who are trying 
 to follow the principle of Mr. McKenzie. His body is no 
 longer with us, and we, in prayer, want to know God's will. 
 We now, waiting before God in prayer, hope that you, our 
 older brothers in Canada, will pray much and send us out a 
 Christian teacher." 
 
 This touching appeal was laid befoi'e the church, 
 through the press, by the F. M. Committee ; but the 
 Connnittee felt obliged to report to Assembly, in 1896, 
 against the opening of a nnssion in Korea in the meantime, 
 because of the want of funds to carry on efficiently the 
 work already in hand in the New Hebrides and Trinidad. 
 Mr. McKenzie, by will, directed that any money contiibuted 
 for his work, unexpended at his death, should be used for 
 the promotion of mission work in Korea. It was found 
 that over $2,000.00 were available, and this money was 
 placed at interest to await the leadings of Providence as to 
 the best way of expending it for Korea. 
 
48 
 
 Ki)|(i:.\N AIIHSIONH. 
 
 Many warm Iwarts flfcply ni<)Vt>(l hy McKcn/ic's licroic 
 /(«al and sclf-iliMiial, luid the ciy of the IxTcavt'd Sorai Cliris- 
 tiaiis, \vt!t<' ))()ii(lt'riiijLf liovv the loiiuin;,' of tlicse miirlit l)t! mot 
 throiiu'li till' opoiiiiiL;' of a mission in Koit-a. T\w |)<(iit-n|) fcfol- 
 in^'s found iitttTancr tluon^li tin- W. K. M.S.,wlio a|i)ti(iaclif(l 
 tlitf Committfi' w iili a proposition to send out two younjj; 
 men of our ('ollrnc atixious t) yo, omc of tlicm to lio 
 supported liy uxtia conli iliution;- 'ly tin- W. K. M. S., and 
 tlu! otlici' I'V Ji- s[.('('iMl t'll'cit, liy wliolf < 'Inircli. Tlu! 
 
 Cummittcn laid iIm- iimtti-r hcfoi'c inf t'linrcli, iliroULfli tlio 
 Presiiytcrics. Tin' I'li'shytcrics ocm. rally were favoraldo, 
 liut some dcsin-d the whole Synod to drcidc tlus matttM' ami 
 one or two opposed the movement. The facts were; reported 
 to the (Jeneral AsscMnhly in 1N!>7, aiin have was asUed, iijid 
 readily ;j;ianted, to have the niatttT di'-eiisscd anil decided 
 hv the Synod. The (|m'slit)n came up at the Synod at 
 Moncton that atitunni, and after a loni;-, thoroUj^h and 
 animated dehate, it was decided by a lari,'e majority to 
 authorize tl>e Committee to open the Koreaji Missioj). 
 
 The Committee; lost no time in calling' foi- volunteers, 
 and in a few weeks lloliert (Jiierson, xM. 1)., and W. R. 
 Foote, 11 A., who had aht)ut comphited their courses of study, 
 ottered themselves and were accept(Ml hy the Committee;. 
 At tile same time tlieie came an oHer hy a tliii'd, J)uncau M. 
 Macrae, 15. A., aceomjianii.il hy a pledj^e from tht; Students' 
 Missionary Society, Halifax, of suitahle provision for liis 
 suppoit. This oti'i r and jiledge were also accepted, and the 
 Committee at once ari-ani^nd for the ordination, desjniKition 
 and departure of the three youuL; brethren. Toward the 
 end of July, 1N!)S, they hade; farewell to frit.'iids in the 
 Kast, on Au<fUst 1st said ^f<iod-hy to C'anada, and on 
 September .St'n reached Seoul, whei'c they were; to remain 
 for a time to become accpiainted with the customs of the 
 peoples, ac(|uir(! their lan^niage, and consult with the 
 " Council of Missions" in Korea, holdin<r the Presbyterian 
 form of j.fOvernment, as to their permanent field of labor. 
 As the re.sult of such consultation the Province of Ham 
 Gyoni.f has been fixed on as the field of the Canadian 
 
KOIIEAN MIHHIONh. 
 
 49 
 
 T'r('s»)yterian Mission— a ^'rent stretch of oonntry on tlm 
 N. K. const, of which Oonsanor Wonsan is thcichiof open port, 
 and exten.lin<,' northward t<. tlie Unssinn frontier, westward 
 to the contines of Manchuria, ami southward nearly to the 
 latitude of Seoul. In this t.Tritory, with only two other 
 missionaries, one a Methodist and one Independent, a 
 nnllion souls writ for the lifrht of life. Surely every 
 Christian heart will join in the prayer of our younfj 
 brethren who represent u,s there, " May God f,Mve us the 
 f,Mace to he^in a work like that of McKen/Je at Sorai, 
 which is new bearing fruit many hundred fold in all the 
 regions round ; and to our Cliurch the grace to follow and 
 develop it when it opens." 
 
OTIIRR MISSIONS OF OUR CHURCH. 
 
 TN tlie order of time, the Foreign Missions of the Church 
 were established as follows : 1 The New Hebrides 
 Mission; 2 The Trinidad Mission: 8 The Mission to 
 Formosa; 4 The Mission to Central India; o The 
 Mission to Honan ; G The Mission to Korea. The Hist 
 two and the last named are under the special care of the 
 Eastern Section of the Foreign Mission Committee and 
 derive their support main!}' from the congregations within 
 the Synod of the Maritime Provinces. 
 
 In 1871 Rev. L G. MacKay, 1). J)., ^vas appointed b}- 
 the Presbyterian Church in Canada a iiiissi(Miaiy to Chitm. 
 Mr. McKay chose as his Held of worlc nortludu Formosa, 
 now a part of the Empire of Japan. The success of the 
 mission has been very great. There are now laboiingwith 
 Dr. McKay, Rev. W. Gauld and two ordained native 
 teachers — Rev. Tan He and Rev. Giam Chheiig Hoa — and 
 sixt}' jiative preachers not yet ordained. Total mendniis, 
 2,250. Contributions from the iiative churcli, !?1,074. 
 There are 60 chapels, 4 .self-supporting congregations, a 
 college and a hospital. 
 
 Central India. — In 1S7G this mission was inanguiated. 
 Rev. J. Eraser Campbell, D. D., commencing his labors that 
 year. Resides Dr. Campbell, there are now in this mission 
 Rev. J. Wilkie, A. P. Ledingham, N. H. Russell, R H. 
 Russell, Dr. J. Eraser Smith, Dr. J. Buchanan, Rev. W. A. 
 A. Wilson, Dr. C. R. Woods, and seventeen ladies four 
 of whom are medical doctors. In connection with this 
 mission are a college, a hospital, and a number of schools. 
 Much foundation work has been done. The expenditure 
 last year exceeded $47,000. 
 
 Honan. — In 1888 our tir^t missionary to Honan was 
 appointed— Rev. Jonathan Gofohth. With Mr. Goforth 
 
OTHEK MISSIONS OF OUH CHURCH. 
 
 51 
 
 have been associated llev. Dr. McGillivray, Dr. McClure, 
 Dr. Malcotn, Rev. A. H. Grant, Rev. Murdoch McKenzie, 
 Rev. Kennetli McLennan, Rev. Jas. A. Sliininon, Rev. James 
 Menzies, M. D., Rev. John Griffith. With these brethren 
 are associated four hidies. The expenditure in connection 
 with tliis mission hist year was nearly S22,00(). 
 
 We have a mission to tlie Indians of the North West 
 not now " forei;i;n," or for the benefit of " foreigners," but a 
 mission to tiie heathen. When it was commenced long ago 
 by Mr. Nisbet, the difficulties of reaching the field were far 
 more seiious than need now be encountered in going to 
 China, India or Korea. We have now laboring among the 
 Indians six ministers, six other teachers, and twenty-one 
 ladies who are teachers. There is a school at Regina atten<l- 
 ed by 187 pupils ; .")7 are communicants. The whole 
 mission costs over 1^17,000. 
 
 We have a hopeful mi^sion to the Chixese in BRITISH 
 CoLUMRIA, at the head of which is Rev. A. B. WlXCHESTEIl. 
 This mission calls for nearly $4,000 a year. In Montreal 
 and other cities in Ontario and Quebec there are Chinese 
 whose sniritual interests are cared for by Da. THOMSON 
 and many Christian volunteers. 
 
 The Heathen Indians in British Columbia. — Some 
 progress has been made among several bands of these 
 Indians. 
 
 The F. M. Connnittee, East and West, ask the Church 
 this year for ^lo 1 ,,^7;}, which is a striking illustration of 
 the marvellous expansion of tlie work since its feeble 
 commencement in 184o, Let us give praise to Him who 
 has more than answered our prayers and realized our 
 brightest anticipations. R. M.