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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mAthode. t 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 '>-». ^JL»' rOREIGN'MlSSieNS OP THK ' Presbylefian Chufcli in Canada. — —• •>IH||^|MH»» NEW HEBRIDES, TRINIDAD AND DEMERARA, KOREA, OTHER MISSIONS. HALIFAX : NOVA SCOI'IA PRINTING COMPANY. . ' >899- FORHICxN MISSIONS Ol Till-. Presbvtehian Church in Canada. ovR \ii\v iiI':brii)^:s mission, Bv KOnKRT ML'RRAV OVR MISSION' TO TIIH KAST INDIANS OV TRINIDAD. DKMHRARA, ETC., Hv Ri:V. A. FALCOXKR. O U R K O R E A N MI S S ION, Rv RKV. I'. .M. MORRISON, D.D. OTIIKR MISSIONS OI' OVR CHURCH. HALIFAX: NOVA SIOTIA l'KINTIN(i fOMI'ANV, '»». «?.* OCT 3 1961 NEW HHHRIDHS MISSION. \W UOHKRT MlKRAY. AT IMctou, on the llth July, 1844-, the Synod of the J Prosliyteriun Church of Novii Scotia fi|)p()int('(l a Coniniittee or Boai'd of Koreifjfu Missions. That Boai'd hold its first nieetiri<; on 17th July, 1(S44. The Synod of 1(S45 anthori/ed the seUictini' f)f a Held : and the Board on the 24th ScpttMuht'i* seh'cteil Western Polynesia. At the same Hieetint,' the oH'er of Rev. .John (Jeddie, to ^'o forth h.s a missionary to the heathen, was accepted. On the 80th of Novemher, liS+O, he sailed from Nova Scotia, and in July, 1S4!S, he lande<l on Aneityum, in the South Seas. THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. The vast hosom of the Southern Pacitic Ocean is irommed with thousands of islands, some lar^e, some small, clad in fadeless ^-reen, and hi-icrht with the smile of perpetual summer. The New Heltiides «:ijroup, in Western Polynesia, fourteen hundred miles fi'oin Australifi,extends foui" hundred miles north and south The principal islands are Santo, Malekula, Kfate, Krromaufira. Taenia, and Aneityum. Thirty of the islands are inhabited. Matrellan, the Spanish navitjator, discovered this ^'rouj) in loiO. In 1774 Captain Captain C^'ook explored the whole <,'rou)i, and because of its lofty mountains, which reminded him of the Scottish Heb- rides, he a<lmii'in((ly i^ave to it the name it still bears. The islands are rich in all that lends loveliness to tro|)ical scenes: mountain ranfjes, clad with forests to the sunnnit : green and fertile valleys, stupendous precipices, deej) dark "forfjes, sunless caverns, coi.ii reefs over which the lonir waves of the Pacific lieat and break in ceaseless play. In .some of the islands the fearful thn^es of earth- ((uakes are often felt, and in some volcanoes thunder 4 NKW IIEHUIDKS MlMHIoN. coiitiimlly. IJttk' 1hI)()UI' is r<'()uir('il to win ii Iivin<; tVoin the cocoimut jjrovo, tin; liiv'iid fruit ti'oc, tlic luiimnii patili. Tlic people when first diseovereil, were sunk in the lowest depths oF nioi'.il deifriuhition. Ilnnian suerilices wcsre otl'd'ed to piiltiy iind >-ruel ^'oils Widows weic strjino'led. Int'fuitifide and cainiiltalism were universal : and war was the normal condition of the people. I'etty tri lies separated hy a mountain, a stream, or a nanow arm of the sea, treated each other as deadly foes, to he slain and jaten. .loriN WILLIAMS. In Novend)er, ISM!), .loii.v WiLi IAMs the heioic " Mai'tyi' of Ki'roman;,'a," hade farewell amid tears and sad forehodinjfs to his fandly and flock on Samoa, and sailed away to hear tlie (iospel to the |)("tpli!of tlu! New Hehi-ides lie reached Tanna on Nov. Isth, foun<l shelter at Port Hesulution, and settled teaehei's under the care of chiefs who jiromised to he fi'ii.'udly. On the l!)th the mission pai'ty s(!t sail for Erromant'a. Althou<di he had succeeded at Fuiuiia and Tatnia, Williams was still anxious, for he was awjue of the fierce and treacherous character of the Krr(;man^'ans. He told his companion, Cunnineham, that h(^ had passed ii sleepless niirht. On the ^Oth he landed ami was at once killed l»y Erroman<,'ans whom he had trusted and attemj)ted to win hy kindness. Harris, who was travellin<( with the missionary for the henetit of his health, fell at the .'■ame place under the spears of the savages. Others of the com- pany narrowly escaped death. Two Samoan teachers were placed on Tanna in IS4(): but they were suhject to constant ill-treatment, and in IS41 had to be removed. Years passed without any further effort on Erromnn^a. In 1<S42, Messrs. Tui-ner and Nisl)et, of the Lojujon Missionary Society, were settled on Tainia, and toiled there for .«even months, when, to save their lives the}^ fled to Samoa. Oth'M' efforts wei'e made to ^ain a footing on the group, but in vain, till in 1(S4-<S, Rkv. John Geddik was settled on Aneityum, the most southerly of the ishiiid-s. NBW IIKUHIDKH MISSION. .lOIIN fiKDDlE. John (JkddIK, whoso n.wiu like' tlmt of .lolm Williiiiii.s, is forever assoc'iati'(l with th > New Hehriih's mission, was lioni at P)aM(r, Scotland, A|)ril lOth, I Si."). His parents removed to IMctou, Xova Scotia, when he was a year old. Tht;y devoted him while still a l)ahe to mission work. The parental vow was ke|)t a secret till after tht> son had entered upon his chosen career. He was educated at Pictou — in the (Jrammar School, the Academy, ami in the Theoio^'ical classes tau(fht hy Dr. 'riiomas M'(,'ulloch. He was licensed to preach May 2nd, IS:}7. Hefore hti had completed his course, he had solennily inach^ up his mind to devote his life to mission work amon<i; the heathen. A relati\e in London had foi- years sent to Mr. fJeddie'.s father, the puhlications of the London Misi^ionary Society, with their fascinatin<f narratives of (ilos|)el triumphs in the South Seas. Those nari-atives, and the hio^'raphies of the missionaries, had turned the youn<]f man's attention tf) a most invitino Held. He .entertained the hope that the Preshyterian Church of Nova Scotia, of which lu; was a minister, wouM undertake a foreign mission of her own and connnission him to the work. Tf this plan failed, he wouhl feel fret; to otter his services to some other church or society. H<.> accepted a call to a con^n-efration in Prince Edward Island, and was ordaineil March 8rd, 1838. He entered upon his work with ardour, and testified after- wanls " that the more his mind was en^afred in Foreign Missions, his interest in Homo Missions was the more intonsiHed." In 18.S6 ho was married to Charlotte, dauj:jhter of Dr. Alex. Macdonald, Anti<j;onish. He informed her hefore their marriairo of his views with reijfard to a Foreifjn Mission. He formed missionary societies in all the coufrreirations in Prince Edward Island, and uiffed in season and out of season, the claims of those who had never heard of tlie Lord Jesus. Mr. Geddie's " idea" was, that the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia should found a mis.sion of her own, — send 6 NKW HKimihllH MISSION. forth iitnl support lit-r own I'di-ci^ni niissioiiary. Am ovci-- turr rroin his prcshyttTV was jJivsi'iittMl to the Synod in July, I.s4:{. 'I'hc Synod held its next in(M;tin<; iit Pictou in July, IcS+l. This WHS the first tiinc in history that the; project of cstalilishiiii; a mission aiiioii<; the hcathiMi was considfrt'd hy a Prcsliytcrian ('hurcrh, or liy any Church, in a British colony. Thi' Synod of Nova Scotia had then ahout 5, (100 iiMMiilicrs. Ministers were* few in nnniheraml very poorly supporteil. (!onj;re^rations were widely scattered : and home-woi'k, educational and evan^'elistic, was nrj^n-nt. T]i>i Synod was att<Mided l»y twenty-foui- ministers and lifteeii elders, and after full discussion, resolved l»y a vot<; of 20 to 14 to |)roceerl, and appoint a Hoard of Korei<jn Missions. Such was the iH^^rinnin^' of the Korei^'n Missions of the Presbyterian C'hurch in Canaila. MISSION A IIY AIM'OINTKI). In 1845 th(! Hoard i-eport(Ml f) the Synod that tlu^y had receii'cd S7')0, which with i?250 from the previous year, mad'! SI, 000. They considered this sufficient to warrant the iippointment gf one missionary. The Synod authorized the Board to .select a H(-ld and call a missiomiry. New Caledonia, a lar^e island not far from the New Htdirides, was the Held first selected; and Ukv. John (Jkddik was chosen " first missionary." At Fictou, lird Noveml)er, 1840, the designation services took place — the first in the history of Canada. In a small American whahu- our njissionaries doubled Cape Horn and reached the Sandwich Islands. For three lon^ weeks their little bri^ battled for life with tremendous storms at the Cape ; and their ca.se often seemed hopeless ; but at lenjrth they reached sunny .seas and favorinjj breezes, and in 170 days from New England found themselves the happy ffuests of the Anierican Board's missionaries at Honolulu. They had sailed over 19,000 miles. From the Sandwich Islands Mr. Geddie in thirty-eipfht days reached Samoa, where he had much happy intercourse NKW HKIIUritKS MI^HIOS. 7 witli tli(; TiOinlon Missionary Society's ap-nts, with wlioiii lie |)laiiti(Ml his future caiiiiwiimi. Rev, Thomas Powell, oF Samoa, accoiiipaiiicd th(! (leddies in the Joint. Wlllidtiix to th(( New Hehcitjes. It was resolved to setth' (di As'KITYI'M, the most southerly of tin' islands. Its (Mretimfei-enee is ahoiit forty miles. It is ()f voleanie ori^nn, mountainous, |>ictui'es(|no, and with one >afe and Iteautiful harhor-. A conil reef with some operiinfjs Hurrounds the island. ANKITVCM. The missionai'ies hein<; left to tliems((lv((s in their island home, liuilt a eomfortalde house (M<,diteen l»y thirty-two feet, w.-ittliMl, plastered, and that(died with the leaf of the su<,'ar eane. For Hoorin^j they had the; ^'ronnd (!over<M| with tine eoral, and tlu^ coral with mats. They l)uilt a small hf)use foi- a ehajxd and school room. The natives ^oiv(! no assistance. Tliey w •»•(• shy, and evidently did not love th(! stranj^'iM's. Messrs (^eddiif and Powell he^an at once to learn the lan<;ua<^(( and to visit the people, ])enetra- tin<; forest and ^U'U, f()rdin<^ streams, climl»in<; mountains, visitini; hy lioat every hamlet aceessil)le from tlu; coast- They thus picked up tlui lan<,Mia^e very raj)idly, and won, id some extent, the conHdence of the. pv'ople. For the natives marked that Dr. (Jeddie had no cannon, no firearms, no weapons of oH'ence or defence in his hands or on his premises, that his wife and little ones were among thetn trustfully, wliile oti th(^ other hand the .Jesuit Mission and the estal)lishments of the sandal wood traders were ffuarded hy cannon and fui'uished witii firearms. Schools were o|)enod for old and ynun^ : instruction in reading, writing and counting was given. Constant intercourse was kept up over as wide an area as could he overtaken. At first the Sabhath services were attended by few, for they thought that to attend such services was to confer a special favor on the missionary, !t,nd they would ask for payment. The Lord's Supper was celeVtrated for the first time on Aneitvum on tiie first Sabbath of Septembe»*. 184.S; Dr. Geddie preached in Samoan and in English. Not one of the Aneityumese took part in that communion. 8 NEW ffKBRIUHS MISSION. Tlie first person on the island who asked Dr. Geddie to conduct worship was a little boy whom he met one day, and who said, puttincj ids hand to his forehead and coverinf]f his eyes, " Come, let us do this."' A few other hoys were ^CTathored to^'ether, and the nnssionar}' held a service with them. This hoy afterwards became a faithful teacher. Before the CJie<ldies were many weeks on the island two widows were stran^IiHl, their luisbands havinr,' died. The practice was that the nearest relative of the widow — a son, a bi'other, or even a daUjL,diter — should do the horrible deed. Any feeble, helpless childi-en of the faniil}' were also put to death. The missionaries tried at once and earnestly to put a stop to these " !iorrid erne' ties," and the chiefs promised they should cease: but ei^ht cases of widow-stranrjlin^ came to the knowiedofe of Dr. Geddie the first year of his. sojourn liere. Even the widow herself was often a resolute accom- plice in the Lra^"e<ly. PE.ACE-MAKIXG : PLOTTINO. The rain}' sea.son, befjinninfj in Deceirber and ending- in Api'il, is the time for \\\g\\ winds, hurricanes and drench- ing rains. The natives at Dr. Geddie's station attributed a disastrous hurricane in January, IH'iO, to a certain wind- maker on the island, and they determined to kill him. Nohoat, the chief, led them forth to battle a^^ainst the win<l-maker and his allies. The two " armies " were within sight of each other and indulging in the shouting^, threaten- ing and defying that were the usual prelude of battle. The missionaiy took U]) his stand between the two hosts, warned them of the sin of ffoinsf to wai', and declared to them that Jehovah made the winds and hurricanes. After sti'enuous efforts, during which he risked his own life- he .succeeded in putting an end to the strife. This was the fir.st of many glorious victories of love and mercy. For several years there were from six to ten French Roman Catholic missionaries on Aneityum. They made no progress among the islan«lers. In 1(S.50 they withdrew. Mr.s. Geddie taught the woin<n to sing, sew, read and write. Her great difiiculty was to secure their attendance w oi 1 NEW HEBRIDES MISSION. » with even a rea'<onal»le measure of rej^ularity, ami it was only after years of ililip^ent effort that sjie succeeded. Duriuij his first year's stay on Aneit^'um, Dr. Geddie had the inviiluaiile aid a-,d fellowship of Mr. Powell, of the London Missionary Societ}'. Illness compelled Mr Powell to retire at a very anxious and critical period, when the Gospel was betjinnin^ to tell on the population, and people were takinjr sides for and acjainst the new religion. There was on Aneityuni a small colony of sandal wood traders, excessively' depraved persons whohiited the Gospel because it intei'fered with thi'ir vices These people did all they could afifainst the mission : and Dr. Geddie was hateful to them. They stirred up the heathen aijainst him. At one time a plot was foi-med to liui-n the mission premises. A friendly heathen informed Dr. Geddie of the fact. The plot was happily defeated by a heathen chief who respected the missionary and desired his continuance oh the island. STRUGGLING AND WINNING. Gradually the attendance upon public worship increased. Converts multiplied. The keenest enemies were, one by one, attracted to the Christian side. The " Xatmasses," or ghosts, or spirits, of which the natives stood in dread, lost much of their power. The converts were instructed to wear some clothing especially when attendinix the Sabbath services. It was not an unusual tliinff to see at meetin(.fs men with only a shirt and a black hat ; or weariiiij a canvas Itag with holes for head and hands to go tiirouEfh. Some- tiinefi Dr. Geddie's boat sails would be used for "Sunday best." For four years Dr. Geddie from his lonely post, earnestly appealed to the cliurch at home for a helper. In liS.')l he wi'ote home : " I I'ead with feelings of surprise and dismay that no movement has been made to fill up t\m vacancy in the mi.ssion. I have sti'uggled alone amid difficulties which I believe have fallen to the lot of few missionaries, and cherished an alm-jst confident hope tluit help was at hand. Oh, it is sad, .sad to learn that I am still to be left in this 10 NEW HEUKIDES MISSION. (lark, dreary, inhospitable land without an associate in the niissionarv work." The church at home did not know how distiessiuff Dr. Geddie's circumstances had become, for letters in those days were twelve months, sometimes more than two vears, in reichiuij their destination. When all the facts became known strenuous ertbrts were made to send out helpers. In May, 1.S.52, a church was formed on the island, the first in the New Hebrides, the first amoncj the Oceanic Ne^ro or Papuan race. Fifteen .vere baptized. The Joltn WilUami^ revisited the islands after an absence of two years and ei^ht months. The deputation on board were astonished at the protrress made. " Had there been two or three missionaries on the island it would have been very remai-kable. As it is, it is pre-eminently so." I)urinf]f those solitary years of hard abor, the mission family wer(^ often reduced to dire distress for lack of the necessaries of life. At one time Dr. Geddie hiy abnost in a dyinrj state from fever. All the food he could ^et was ^Mven by a poor shipwrecked sailor out of his own scanty allowance. At the sandal wood station food abounded, but so bitter, so deadly was the hatred of the captain to tiie mission that he refused to sell even a biscuit, or a handful of Hour, thonp:h he knew the missionary and his family were in danger of death from lack of supplies. TIMKI.Y All). Ijut now, on the 1st July, 1<S.')2, timely help came. Bishoj) iSeiwyn, of Ntnv Zealand, a valued friend who had vi.sited Aneityum before, and whose friendship for Dr. Geddie was deep and life lonij, broutifht in his schooner Rev. John Itifjlis and his wife. Mr. Iniilis lielonired to the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotlanrl. He had been for sometime in New Zealand, and he was providentially^ jjui<h'd to Aneityum in this time of need. He was sf)eedily settled at Aname on the opposite side of the island from Dr. Geddie's station. The people received him with rejoicing. Heathenism now fell very r.ipidly. Commodious Ni;W HKHIUDFS MISSION. 11 churches were built, converts were tuucrht to he imhistrious. Arrowroot was cultivated and sold for tlie benefit of the mission. The Gospels, and Psalms, Hymns, Catechism, in their own lani:ruage, were placed in the hands of the people. All were'taught to read. Ultimately the whole Bible was given to them in their own tongue. COMPLEfE SUCCESS. In 1(S0.5, Dr. Geddie with his wife paid a visit to Nova Scotia— their tii-st and only visit. They were the first "returned missionaries" ever welcomed by the Presby- terian Churches in Caiiada. Dr. Ceddie told the story of the mission with a simplicity and pathos that could not be surpassed, and the ])eoi>le never wearied of his thrilling tale. He did much by his addresses and his intercourse with the churches to develop the missionary spirit. He loved the church at home, but his heart was all the while with his own little Hock far away, and he returned to his field with renewed health, and continued his labors till Dec. 14th, 1872, when at (belong, Australia, he fell asleep in. Jesus— the pioneer missionary of the Presbyterian Church in this Dominion— the founder of the first Canadian Mission to the Heathen in a foreign land. Twenty-four years of life were spent among the beloved Aneityumese. As his memorial tablet tells, " when he landed in 1S48 there were no Christians here, and when he left in 1872 there were no heathen.' OTHER WORKERS. In 1877 his faithful fellow-worker. Rev. John Inglis, returned to Scotland, after twenty-five years on the island. He brought home with him the Old Testament translation ready for the press, and superintended its issue by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The whole expense, about #1, •200. has been defrayed by the natives. At the time Dr Inglis retired the whole number of the baptisms amounted to 2,100; and the admissions to the Lord's Supper to 1,300. Many Aneityumese were trained for teachers, and were of much use on other islands, 12 NEW HEDKIDES MISSION. Rev. Jjiines ]). Murray, of Nova Scotia, siiccoeded Dr. Geddic on Aneitymn. In LS70 Mr. Murray i-esi^nod on account of his wife's healtli, and removed to Austndia. He was succeeded on Aneityuni by another Nova Scotian, Rev. Joseph Annand, who had spent three years in Efate. Population havinfr decreased, and the Gosprl havinfi^ a firm hold upon the whole island, it was decided that for the future one missionary would suffice. Accordincfjy Mr. Annand expressetl his readiness to occupy a new field, a portion of the ^reat island of Santo, where he has mastered the third lanifuaore since joiniuij the mission. Anciiyum has been transferred to the Free Church of Scotland. TANNA. Tanna has a ^'ood deal in common with Aneityum, but it has its active volcano, ever Haminfj, thundi'rintf and .sending up colunms of lava, and often shakiiifjall the land. Three Samoan teachers were placed on Tanna, on the 18th November, 1839, just before the memorable death of Williams. The natives welcomed them cordially. In June, 1842, Messr.s. Nisbet and Turner, of the London Missionary Society, betjan work at Port Resolution ; but trouble arose : the natives proved treacherous, and the missionaries had within six months to Hee for their lives. Teachers were again placed on the island in 1845, but one of the band of seven was killed, and the rest escaped to Aneityum. Still another attempt was made to introduce teach.ers, and with the same result. In 18.")4, when Aneit\'um had become Christianized, a party of Taniiese visited the island, and were greatly astonislied at tlie change they witnessed, especially at the total cessation of war. The marvels they witnessed led them to emln-ace Christianity : at least they intended to embrace the new faith. Two teachers were sent over from Aneityum, and were welcomed. More teachers were invited and welcomed in 1855, and there were very hopeful symptoms of progress. In 1857, Rev. George N. Gordon visited Tanna: and some of the chiefs welcomed him : but it was thought best lie NKW HEHUIDES MISSION. 13 should be settled on Erroiimiifra. In 185(S, a band of missionaries arrived: Rev J. W. Mathe.^on and his wife from Nova Scotia, Rev. J. (J. Paton and Rev. J. Copeland, from the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scothmd. These were all located at different stations on Tanna. Di". CJeddie remained nine days with Mr. Matheson. A house was built. The natives continued fi-iendly. Chiefs came with fre(iuent presents of food. All seemed williti^ to hear somethinu- about CJod— the "unknown (Jod." A small chuich was built, and the attendance increased daily. Alessrs. Paton and Copeland carried forward the work at Port Resohition, the principal port of Tanna. There was a pnrty led V)y the " rain-makers " by whom hurricanes, tornadoes, diseases, sadden deaths, were attributed to the stran<jers and their i-elin;ion. Mr. Paton's wife and babe died. Mr. Paton himself was stricken down with fever. Mr. Matheson's health utterly broke down. On Jinie ISth, Rev. Samuel Falton Johnston and his wife, from Nova Scotia, Joined the mission. Mr. Johnston entered upon the work with zeal and prudence. He was sui-rounded by warlike and viciotis tribes. Many attempts wei'e made to desti'o}' his house and drive him avva}', and his life was in constant peril. He died sud- denly on the 2bst Jainiary, LS()l. A trading vessel called at Mr. Matheson's station and asked that a chief should be sent on board, as they had " somethin<f to (five him." A chief went on board, and wa.s detained an houi- or two, Nothing was oiven him but measles ! The same vessel called at Port Resolution and asked leave to land some sick Lifu men. Leave was granted. It was found that ihe men were dyinp;" of vie( isles ! This was a wicked |)lot to excite the wrath of the heathen ag.iinst the mission. From these two points of infection the deadly disease s))read over the whole island, cai'ryiug destruction everywhere. Tlie people hekl the Christians guilty of bringing upon them the awful calandty. Then came two dreadful hurricanes in January, and a hurricane of unprecetlented violence in March, which added to the 14 NKW HEUIUDES MISSION. fury of the people, the missionaries kept to their post^ month after montli. In Januaiy, 18G2, another hurricane visited the ishmds. Mr. Paton's station at Port Resolution was liroken up tin'oufrh the violence of wari'in^ tribes, and he made his way to Mr. Matheson's station. Early in Fel)rua)-y tlieir chnrcli was burnt down by the heathen, wlu) tlireatened also to burn the liouse. Mr. (now l)r,) Paton and the rest left Tanna. They left many friendly natives behind, who were eaj^er for their return. Mrs. Mathesou died on Aneityum, March 11th, l!SG2. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Matheson also pjissed away. The licrht kindled on Tfunia neve)' was fully extinguished. Hricrhter days came. Rev. William Watt and his wife have toiled there for twenty-nine years witii marked success. There is no longer danger to life or pi'operty, and heathenism is dying. EUKOMANOA : TIIF CORDONS AND OTHERS. Let us now return to Eriomanga. We have already noted the tragic close of the life of John Williams. The banner which hiid fallen from his hand was takeii uji by Rlv. (iEuUGK N. (ioKDON, a native of Prince Edward Island, a young man of profound piety, strong faith, rare natural eloquence, and earnestness of purpose. After his training at Halifax he spent some months of prej)ara- tion in Londi)n, and there married a young lady who proved a true " help-meet " to him. On June 17th, 1857, Mr. (jlordon and his wife were settled at Dillon's Bay, Erromanga. He was warmly welcomed by a few young men who had been under train- ing at Samoa : but tiie four chiefs at Dillon's Bay wei'e by no means friendly, although they manifested no active opposition. Mr. Gordon undertook to train native teachers. He found the people sunken in every form of vice and wickedness, naked, brutal, cruel savages, — the war-ho*'n sounding continually. Each famil}' had a god of its own. In mean little temples they presenttid otierings of food to theii' gods with the prayer, " Accept this oftei-ing. Protect me, and kill my enemies." Like most of the people on 4 NEW HEHIllDES MISSION. 15 other islands, tl\ey believed no one died a natural deatli. A iu'if:fhhour or some other person was hhiined. Revenue was sou^'ht, and iiate was kindled which lasted from generation to <;eneration. This is in part the cause of the constant wars of the heathen. Infanticide prevailed. Women often committed suicide to escape from the cruelty of their husbands. For four years Mr. and Mrs. (Jordon toiletl with unwearied energy to plant the Gospel in Erromanga. They, made many friends among the natives. But the drea.l visitation of measles came, and tiie missionary was blamed for it. On May 20th, l.SUl. Mr. Gordon and liis wife were killed. A band of nine savages came from a village eight miles away to do the deed. It was noon. (}t)rdon with some natives was preparing a new house that would serve for protecticm in the hurricane season. liis wife was in the sununer hou.se a short distance up the hill. One of the savages spoke to .Mr. Gordon, asking a gift of calico for liim.solf and .some others. He also asked for medicine for a sick man. Eight were lying in ambush. Mr. Gordon stopped his woi-k, and was proceeding to his house past the 'ambush," when the man who had been talking with him struck his hatchet into Mr. Gordon's spine. Mr. Gordon fell. The men in ambush sprang upon him, and speedily all was over. Mis wife heard his warning cry, came out to enquire into the cause of the noise, and was immediately killed. Tidings of the tragedy si)rea(l over Errf;manga and Tainia, and .soon reached Aneityum. Dr. Geddie visited Dillon's Bay. The remains of the honored dead had i)een buried by friendly natives, and the little ban<l of faithful Chi-istian converts hastened to Aneityum for safety and sympathy. A native of India named Range, a Mahometan, living in Erromanga, hated the missionaries and incited the natives to murder them. He persuaded the latives tha* the recent death of a chief had been due to medicine ffiven by Mr. Gordon, and that they had no sickness till the Goidons came. He also tried to induce the natives to massacre the little band of Christians at Dillon's Bay. Range held to be morally guilty of the murder of Mr. and Mrs. (Gordon. 10 NKW nKHUIt)ES MIHSION. Tlio yours ISfjl, 1S62 marked >i tryin<r crisis in the history of the New Hebrides mission, Measles and diphthei'ia swept the ishmds Dr. (Jeddie's ehureh was l>nint. I Inrrieunes caused desohition. Mi'. .lohnston died suddenly. Mr. and .\lr.s. (Joi-don were killed. Miv and Mrs. Matheson died. Of eii^iit ndssionai-ies sent tVoin Nova Scotia oidy thi'ee were livinif. Di'. I'aton left his station to seek a ehaufje of aii-; and liy his earnest advocacy in Australia, .secured £'),()()() for a ndsion vessel, and ])ave<l the way for the actis'e co-operation of the Australasian chuiches in the mission. T' e church in Nova Scotia asked for volunteei's to Hll the jilaces vacant l)y death. Hev. J)onnld Moi'rison, Rev. James ]) (Joi-doii, ]{r\\ William McCuila((h oHered and w ere accepted. A vessel for the use of the mission was huilt ai N(!W (da.soow. Nova Scotia. She was 11') tons liui'tlien, and named The Dk f/spri ii;/. Jn this vessel our newly aitpointed missionaries set sail on a sunny October UKjrnino- in IIS(i8. T/ic Dcu/spri d;/, haviiifr visited Australia pui'sued her nussion amono- the isles of the racihc. Mr. and Mrs. Mori'ison were placed on Kfate. M)'. find Mrs. McC/ullaeh occupied for a time J Jr. (Jeddie's station on Aneityum, and siton, on the orouiid of ill health, retired fi'om the mission. Rev. .1. 1). (Jokdon was a brother of RiiV. OEoiKiK N. G()1U)().N, who had fallen on Erroman^^a, on Mav 20th, 1.S61. The younger bi'other took up, in lS(i4, the banner which the ci'uel assa.ssins sti-uck from the elder bi-othei-'s hand, in 1801. He laboured with nin-emittino- zeal and devotion till 1(S7'2, when owing 't is believed, to deadl}^ sickness among the peoj)le, he too was mui'dered in Erromanga. It was on the 17th Mai-'eh. The missionary wa.s at Poriinia liay in his house, engaged in translating tiie story of Stephen's death as given in the Acts. A native called and asked him for an empty bottle. Mr. Gordon handed him the bottle, when the savage struck his tomahawk into the missionaiy's skull. He staggered into his I'oom and fell dead. The murderer seized his axe and tied. Believing natives buried the faithful missionary at a _ NKW IlKIUUltKiS MISSION'. spot which he id himself nmrkiMl out, in fuitieijiation of 1111 early (U'uth. Tims on Kn'oiiiaii<,'a fell Williams, Harris and tilt! threi! CJordons, live martyrs of the (lospel. ('hris- t(!iidoiii has a stake in that far-otf isle. hiSpecially will tlm hearts of the I'resiiyterians of Canada yearn ovt-r those martyr graves. Another Canadian — a Xova Scotian — st'']»s at once to the front to do batth; for Christ in iM-roman^a. The valiant younij missionary is Rev. H. A. llohertson, who Iims devoted himst'lf to the work since l<S72, and whose ellorts have been erowneil with abundant success. The murderers, assassins and eaniiihals of a few vears ayo are now " elotht'd and in their i-i<rht mind." The intluence of the Gospel pervades the whole island. Hundr»Mls commemorate the Saviour's tlyinfj love at His own table. The nussionary and his wife have fri'(|uently traversed the island in the whole extent of it, without fear or daiifjer. Mr. Robertson lias shown remarkable tact, as well as zeal and devotion in his work. Cliurches, school-liouses, and dwelling'-houses marked with some comfort, are now found on Erromaufra. The children of murderers and cannibals, and indeed men who had been themselves murderers and cannibals, are now docile members of the Church of God. EFATk and the MORRISONS. Efate was the scene of the brief, but most etf'ective missionary career of Rev. Donald Moi'rison Jind his wife. Previous to their becoming mi.ssionaries, j\Ir. Morrison was a pastor in Prince Edward Island, and Mrs. Mori'ison a trained teacher in Nova Scotia. Both feared the Lord from their childhood. Both, when they left Halifax foi' the New Helirides, were healthy, strong-, exce{)tionally eiiuipjied to battle with the hardships and ])rivations of the career they liad chosen. The Dd/jspring landed the Morrisons on Efate in June, 1(S65. They soon overcame the difficulties that first confronteil them, easily break inii^ throuoh the barrier of lano-ua<>e, and winninjj the confidence and atlection of the heathen around them. Here, as on every 18 M;\V Ill'HlMDKs MISSION. jsliniil, tho missioiiiiry Imd to ^'ntli;M- the Ifiiimin^'i' j)liniso liy ])liriist', \V(»i-(l liy wonl, IVoin the lips of the nutivcs, uiid to lix tlic \ ociiMcs ill wiittcM t'oriii. Tlir Morrisons t;iu;4lit tilt' licatlicM wiiilc tlii'V were Icai'iiini,' tVoiii tluMii. Tln'ir livi's and oi'opcrty w'tTc sai'c, aiitl tlio prospci't of u ricli liiii'vcst was liri<4lit. FcNcr. howcvor, ))i'ostrat(Ml liotli liusl )iri(l aiiil wile Aijaiii and auaiii t!ic\' recovered, and I'enewed tlieii xertioiis i'or tiieir lieatlieii diarize. Auain and airain Mr. Alorrisoii was restoi'ed as I'roni tlio nates of tlie ^'ravc. (Jiadually liis strength yave wa^-. lie fjied in New Zealan.l, (Jet. i.'ird. IMIO. Tlie work at Krakor, Kfatc, su rvived ; and to-day that island is nearly ( 'In istiani/ed. VOLUNTKKitS. Tlio Clmrcli in tlio Maritime Provinces, in IN72, sent fortli tlii'ee yonn<,f and. vitfoi-ous men to till the hlaid<s made l>y the lian<l of death, or hy retii'ement. '^I'liese men were, Kevs. .1. W. McKen/ie, H. A. Kobeitson, and dames D. Murray. iMr. .Mc.Kenzie was apjiointed to suceeeil .Mr. Morrison : Mr. Koliertson, as already stated, was placed in Erromaiii,fa : and Mi. Murray was for a time ])laced in char<fe of a station in Aneityvuii. Mr. .McKenzie's lahours on Kfate, have resulted in the formation of a strong churcli, and several stations. In liSy:}, llev. Josph Annand and his wife proceeded to the New Flebrides. For two years he occupied Krakoi- on Efate. When, owiiifj to his v.ife's blindness. Rev. J. Y). M had to h uri'ay liad to rriyo up lus statuni on Aneityum, Mr. and Mrs. Aniumd were ]daced in char<:(0 of that important post, rendered dear and sacred hy reason of ])r. Oeddie's laliors there. Mr. Aiuiand is the last of the nohle line oui- ( 'hurcli has sent to the New Hela-ides. H(! is now leading the invasion of the great island of Espiriiii Saiifrt, arid at the head of a seminary there for the ti'aininf,^ of teachers and preachers for the whole group. C0-()1'KR.\TI()N : RE.SULTS. The Reformed Presbyterian Churcli in Scotland entered the field four year.s after Dr. Geddie's settlement on M:\V HKimiDK.S MISSION. 19 \i){Mt_vnin, iiml rcinlciTd incstiimililt' sorvice, first hy Di-. Iii;,dis's c()-o|)ciati()n with Dr. (Icililir, and tlini liy the hll)()r.s of Rev. Messrs. I'litoll, ( 'o]m'Ijiii(1 iiiid Cosli. AttiT the union of thu Ki't'ovnicd I'rcshytorian (Jhiii'oh with the Fi'LH' Chnrch of Scotland, the Frco Church continued the work". The evan;.jeli/ation of the little i.sle of Aniwa, principally through the laltors of .Mr. I'aton, is one of the delinhtful results of the New lielirides Mission. KeV. William Watt and llev. William (Iray are on Tanna ; and the people of that island are hecomin^' ohedient to the (jlospel. At the present moment eii^ht hranches of the Presbyterian family are ene^a^ed harmoniously in the evauf^eli/ation of tlu;' New Hehrides ^'roup. All the nussionari(is meet in Synod once a yeai* and (Uivise means for tin; advancement of the mission. No serious ditliculty has (?ver euiereed between tlu> various churches woi'kinLf in the same tield. It is evident that the res|i()nsiliility of evan<.,'elizine; the Xew Hebrides must ere lon^- doV(ilve wholly ujx)!! the Austialasian churches. When the mi.ssion was planted communication with the liomc! church was slow and uncertain — a matter of a year, sometimes of even two year.s. Now there are monthly mails l»y Australian steamers ; and there is fre(iuent com- munication with all the missionary stations. This is a boon very hif];hly aj)preciated ; costly indeed, but worth all it costs. The Holy Scriptures are bein<T translated into one and anothei" (jf the many Ian(i;ua;,'es (jf the islan<ls: and the converts pay all expenses by their lil)eral contributions of nrrowroot. For they are tauf;ht to be fru<>'iil and industi'ious, as well iis to worship and serve the one livino' and true God and Jesus Christ, Whom He has sent. Native teachers have been helpful in a hio-h denrree in the islands, .sometimes in pavin*!^ the way for missionaiie;,, sometimes in ai<.lin«^f them <lay by day in their dealines with the people. They will in future have the benefit of special training under Dr. xVnnand. 20 Ni;w iii;iiiiii)i;.s mi-mion. ()nr(Minr('Ii Ims liml Iht nuutyi's in tlicsc isles. T!i(> tciU's, tin- Itlooil, tlif iishcs (tf our sisti'is iiinl lin'tlircii liiiv(( foiisccnitcil till' siijl (if Ki'r«»iimii;ja, Tiuiiiu ami Aiifit\Miiii. 'J'lif Mutlicsoiis, till- ( Jord'fiis, tlio .loliiiNtiiiis, timl Mrs. M('K('ii/i»! it'sf, tlii'iT ill tlirir ^n-iivcs till tlic resurrection. Native ( 'liristiuns !iii\e not lieen less I'iiitlirul, liave ii(>en cut ilowii as ruthlessly, aii(| luive witnessed as truly tu CI ll'ist s reileeiiiiii •i 1"^' W e know not their naiiies Hit they, too, are our inartNied hrotheis and sistel's, Last April th(r Mission Synod iin't in the church laiilt Ity ])r. (loddie at Anelcauliat, the stiition tirst opened liy Th 'hrated the .luliih liy hiiii on /Mieityuiii. I lie ^>yiioi| eeieoraied llic .luiiiiee of the Mission, openecl here in IS4S. Adtlresses were delivered on the Karly I'ioiu'ers of the Mission, The j'^arly l^'athers of the Mission, 'I'lie Martyrs of the Mission, The lv\|)aiision of the Mission, and The l'r()speets of the Mission and the Duties of the Missionaries and the ( 'hurche's, Jt is siniiitieant of the proi,'r(!ss ot* tin; mission that at the Jubilee; Service a collection was taken up for the l»en(;(it of the " Native Teachers' Traininj.; Institution on Santo." The Synod at this niei;tinL,f expressed much satisfaction with theproifre.ssiu Erronian<fa and Efatd l»y the dliristian natives in supj)ortiii;,' native teachers. I'lie missionaries and their jieoph; have heen doiii^f their utmost in this direction. Satisfactory reports wen- I'oceived from Santo, Tanna, Malekula and other islands. Av the same time the removal liy death of some of the best native teachers was mourmjd. ( )n tlu; islaml of N<,nuia tlu! peojile are all tyhristian, SOO beiii^f church mem- bers. 40 couples from this islaml have e()ne or.t as teacluu's under tlit; missionaries; and 2! are in course of trainiiif.,' at the institution at Tane-oa. 7(i members were admitto<l to communion this year. K[)i al.so is raj)idly advancin*,'. The people bouijjht SOO copies of a new Jiynui Book in eiffht days. The Gospel of Jcjhn has also met with a brisk sale. Last year the native Christians on Erroman^a contri- buted in cash £45, and also ''ave arrowroot. Ei-akor station Ni;W IIKimiDKS MISHKlN. !1 (Fit'iitd) ijiivc C?') lunl a lari^c (lUMiitity of .'ii'i'iiwroot. Ancityum ^nivc casli fl-T.iunl anowi t t'» tlir value ol" Cl-s i:k Tlicrt' arc in tlio /^roup 21' missionai'ics. .' assists, '.\()0 iintivc tcMclwrs, •i.SOOcoiiiiiniiiicaiits : an in^tiiuti^)Il t'oi' tlui tr.'iitiini; of iititivc traclifi-s, iui<l a liospital. ( !oinninni('iif,ion with Australia and tlic world at larij;i' is I't'nnlai- M,nd friMjuctit. A matter of interest in connection with tlu* mission is the revtdatidti it luis made of the deep and muitterahle depravity of the whit<( traders who visiti'd the islands, cap- turing^ tin* natives, stealint^f them, murderin;,' tluMu ; commu- nicating' to tlunn the foulest vices of the worst crimimils in civili/ed lands, and teachiuLj them to hate, distrust and destroy Protestant missionaries. These sandal wood-ti'aders ami men stcsahsrs could tolerate nnn'der, catmilialism and the worst of crimes, hut tlu^y woulil not, if they could helj) it, tolerate the pur<! reli(^ion of Christ. The poi»ulation of Aneityum anil of other Christianized islands has ;.,n'(^atly decreased within the last thirty years. This is due nuiinly, no doul)t, to tlu^ diseases which traders hav(! communicatcid to tin; natives. The intlueno! of ( Chris- tianity will sei've to save; th(!m from uttm- (!xtinction. On the; Christianizeil islands lifi^ and property ai'cas safe rts in tlm liest i'e<.,nilate<l municipalities in Canada. There is no drinkiuif of ardent sjiirits. Tn heathen days they clu^wod the kava root, spat the sali\a into howls and alloweil it to ferment, thus produciuf^ a powerful into.xicant. I>ut the kava root has l)(H}n destroyed, and the people an; all and always sober. No Christian is (expected to use tobacco in any form. Tn their heathen state they ari; frantically fond of it: but they now^ rei^ard it as hurtful. There is no ,Sab- bath breakini,^ The wiiole of the sacred day is (Usvoted to the public and private exercises of (}od's worship, "except so niuch as is to be; taken up in the works of necessity and mercy." It is the declared ])olicy of our own Church and of the Free Church to withdraw (gradually from this tield of labor 22 NEW HEIilUDES MISSION. seeinf( that Australia and New Zealand have such special advantao^es for proseeutini,' the work. The beneficent work begun 1)}- our church iiioi-e than iit'ty years a<jfo will be prosecuted b}' faithful men until these lovely isles become a moral paradise adorned with the beauty of holiness, in keeping with their natural charms and splendours. France has long coveted this group : but the vigilance of Presbyterian missionaries has hitherto kept the destroyer at bay : and now the influence of Australia is all on the side <if continued independence or absorption into the Briti.^h Empire. French domination would mean the incoming of the Jesuit and the convict, and the utter overthrow of our mission work. Ri:V. Dr, G EDDIE. TRINIDAD AND DEMERARA. By llEV. A. Falconer THE niisssionfiry opovatious of the Prosbyteviaii Churcli in Ciiiiiulii in tlie West Indies have thus far heen con- fined mainly to Trini(hid. This beautiful island is situated in the Carribean Sea, between 10' and 10 N,, and lies near the coast of South America, from which it is separated by tlie calm Gulf of Paria. It is the second largest of the British West Indies, bein^r al)out fifty- five miles loiifj and forty miles broad, compi-ising an area of l.ToO sijuare miles. Tlie soil is remarkably fertile. Rich, extensive plains in many places stretch on for mile.s from the sea-shore, terminat- ing at the base of the I'uo-o-ed, foi-est-clothed hills, while large and undulating tracts of loamy r,oil lie in the valley.s. The scenery is beautiful — in some places grand, with ruo-ged mountain ranges rising to an elevation of over 3,000 feet, and always clad with richest vendure to the summit. The temperature is remarkable ecjuable, ranging from a mlnimnvi of about 70" to a w.aximitvi in the neighborhood of 90", sometimes rising perhaps as high as 9."/. The heat, however, is tempered, especially in the dry season, by strong easterly bree/es (the trade winds) that_ come from the Atlantic. There are no violent and des- tructive storms, as the island .seems to lie outside the borders of the hurricane and cyclone regions. Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498. He gave it the nanu3 Li, Trinidad, or the Trinity, because as he drew near he saw three ])eaks of mountains united at the base, suggesting the Trinity. In 1797 Trinidad became a British Colony, having surrendered without an engage- ment, and from that day to this it has enjoyed a large share TlflSlDAD AM) IJIC.MICIJAHA. 25 . o • in L^.■ % n of prosperity. It is a Crown Colony, under a governor, with executive and lerjisl.-itive councils. Its present popu- lation is about 24'0,0()0, more than one-third of whom are Asiatic immicfrants or Coolies. Of the reinainino- two- thirds the nefjro larrjely predominates, while Spain, France, Portuijal, China, (jiermany, England' and Scotland have all contributed to the heterogeneous population. ECCI,ES1AST[(.'A1. CONDITIONS. Apart from the East Indians, the lloman Catholics have the greatest nunierical strength. Next in order come the Episcopalians. The Methodist, Baptist and Moravian Churches are also laboring among the native po])ulati(m. Some sixty yeai's ago the United Pi-esbyterian Church of Scotland began a mission to this island. I'hey have not been aggressive, having established only three congre- gations Two of these ai'e composed principally of Scotch merchants an<l others from the home land : and the third is composed entirely of Creoles. There is also a congre- gation connected with the Free Church of Scotland. It originated in a, mission to the Portuguese, who tied to Trinidad many veai's airo, as refum'os fi-om Madeira. For many yeai's services were conducted in this church in the Portuguese language: but more recently I]nglish has been substituted. THE EAST INDIAN, OR COOLIE. The mission work of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in Trinidad has been contined almost entirely to the East Indians. It is necessary, therefore, that something be said here in reference to this peo])le, and the system under which they are l^rought to the Island. When, more than tifty }'eai's ago shuHuy was abolished in the British West Indies, the freed Ci'eole laborer was strongly indis- poseil to steady woi'k. With his own provision grounds at his disposal, fi'om which by a moderate amount of labor a mere subsistance could be secured, he was satisfied. Planters were therefore under the necessity of secuj'ing labor elsewhere. 26 TRINIDAD AND nKMEKAKA. After scvoiiil niisuccessful efforts in otlioM* directions, India wns fixed upon fvs most likely to yield the kind of innni(,Tant i-oriuired. 'i'he system of imnii(jration to Ti'inidad seems to have reached comparative pei'fection. At every point the interest of tlie immiifrant is carefully jfiiarded. The Indian (iovernment watches with a jealous eye the movements of colonial atjents that no undue means are em])loyed to induec men to en.ierrate. I'he terms of indenture must )ii' caiefully explained before the}' leave Calcutta. Under these terms the immi<,M"ant is required tv) lahor on an estate foi" live yeai's. When he has woi-ked out his tive years indentui'e he is free to return to India if ho choose, or to seek employment as a free laborer, or to re- indenture himself, but for not more than twelve months at a time. At the end of ton ycjirs' industrial residence upon the island he is entitled to a free passajje back to India, or should he prefer it, he may receive, in commutation forliis return passafje, a stijiulated sum of money. There are no hard and fast lines by which men and women and child i-en are bound to do a certain amount of work under certain conditions. But it is required that every healthy man work 2S0 days of nine hours each in the year, for which he is paid at a minimum rate of 25 cents per day, with fi'co lod_f(inf,fs, medical attendance and medicines. But should he prefer piece-work to day's labor, he receives for his task at the same rate as other lab,orei's residing on the estate. The diligent laborer often accom- plishes two tasks per day. 'J'he Government exercises a most careful supei'vision the Coolie. Every estate nnist jn'ovide hospital over accom modation for its people. This hospital is under the careful inspection of the district medical officer, who.se duty it is to visit it at least twice a week and enciuire particularly into the general health of the people. So jealous is the government over the health of the immigrant that if the mortality on any estate exceed one pei* cent, the average mortality for five years, Coolies are withheld from such estate. TUINIDAI) AND OKMERARA. 2/ It will thus be seen tliat us far as le^al enactment can go the indentured hiboror is carefully pfuarded. Compara- tively few go back to India, and numbers who had done so have refurned to Trinidad under a fresh indenture, or at their own ex])en.se. The lai-ger number of immio^rants become permant-nt residents, materially addinrr to the wealth of the island. The tendency to permanent residence is decidedly on the increase. Many East Indians have settled upon theii- own lands, built their own hou.'^es, and have formed peaceful and happy communities. Ijein<( industrious and economical, they seem rapidly to surpass the Ci'eok', who occupies the same social position, in accumulatin<^' pi'oj)ei'ty. In San Fernando, the second town in the Colony, one-ijuarter of the taxpa^'ers are Asiatics. Such is the East Indian laborer in Trinida<l. The first ship with Coolies arrived in 1!S45. Since that time there has been a steady flow of immiofrants from that ()uartei', so the Asiatics in Trinidad now number proV)abl3' well nicrli 85,1)00. And they ai'e fast becominr^ a veiy important factor in the population of the island. OKKilN OF THE MISSION. The credit of orioinatini,^ the Trinidad Mission Vjelonfrs to the Rev. John (now Dr.) Morton. In January, LS()5, Mr. Morton, beino- at the time minister of the confrrcf'ation of Bridi^ewater, was under the necessity of leaving Nova Scotia on account of his health. He decided to spend a few months in the Lro|)ics, and in the course of his travels he visited Trinidad. While there he was deeply impressed with the destitute spiritual condition of the Coolie.^. He found some 25.000 of these Indian innnigrants, for whose spiritual welfare '■ ttle or nothing was being done. They were as purely heathen as when they left their home in India. And his sj^irit was stirred to endeavor to do some- thing to give them the light of the (losj)el. An applicatit)n was Hrst made through the Rev. Mr. Brodie, then minister of the church in Port of Spain, to the Board of the U. P. 28 TRIXIUAl) AMI DKMERAKA. rimrcli oF SfotliUid to outer upon this work, inasmuch as tliey were ali'ivuly (Mi(f!i'4'(Ml in niissionaiy woi-k on the islaml. Ihit that chnrcli was not preparod to extend its work in Triuiilad. Mr. Morton then hiid the matter l)(>t'ore the Board of his own chui-eh, which bi-onL;-ht it hcFore the Synoih The Boai'd was asked to n"ath(>r information and repoi't. This Wii.s done, and in the t'ollowin^f 3'ear the Synod unanimous- ly a<:freed to authorize the Board to establish a Mission to Trinidad. AEr. Morton ottered his services to the Board and was cordially accepted, and so becauK! the first niissionar}' to the Asiatics in Trinida'l. He and his family sailed for the West Indies on December 1st, 1 (SOT. Tlu; winds and waves seemeil as if leagued ao-ainst them, "^rhey were overtaken by a tcM-rific hurricane '^Fhe vessel's decks were swept, her ]:)rincipal sails torn to shn^ls, and her sjiars had ultimately to l)e cut away. " l)Ut it came to pass that thouf^h with much damaije to the ladinijf and the ship, as well as to the missionaries' etl'ects, they escaped all safe to land," and arrived at Trinidad on January 1st, ISGS. Mr. Morton was first settled at lere V'iliasjfe, about six miles inland from San Fernando. This was a station wrouf,dit by the U. P. Church of the United States, estab- lished to educate and Christifiuize the eu\anci])ated netrroes. The mission was not a success. At lere wei'c a suuill chvrch and dwelliufT house, which were transferred by the Ameri- can Church to the Canadian Mission. Mr. Morton im- mediately set to work to establish schools and to ac(piire a knowledge of the lanri^UMrje. For more than two years .Mr, Morton labored alone, Tiot without some tokens of success: Imt these were necessarily times of sowinij. The profjress of the work niay have been slow at the l)e<Tinnin(if. Pr()V)ably all mission work amonpf a people of the Fast Indian type, if it is to pi'ove solid aiid permanent, ami ultimately bear ojood fruit, must at Hrst be comparatively slow. "Behold the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of" the earth, and hath lono- patience for it, until he receive the early and latter rain." llMNinAD AND DKMKIIAKA. 29 Th« Scarcely li.-id Mr. Morton been fairly settled down to his work when we find him appealing for another missionary. He felt, as he looked over the tit-Id, that it was all waitint,' occui)ancy. The nundjcr of East In<lians had now o-rown to H0,()0(), and were increasinfj at the rate of nearl}' 2,000 a year. How could one man overtake the woi-k !' The Church had set its hand to the work of con- verting the Trinidad Coolies, and must go forward. A SECOND :\irSS10NAltY AIM'OlXlEn. As a result of Mr. Mortons appeal steps were taken hy the I'oard to secure a second missionaiy. The Synod at its meeting in 1>S0'J authorized the Board to call nunisters, whom they may deem specially (jualitied to enter upon missionary work. Acting upon this authority, the Board laid a call signed hy its convener and secretary before the Presbytery of Pictou, addressed to the Rev. K.J. (ir.mt of Merigomish. This call was cordially accepted, and Mr. (now Dr.) Grant was designated the woik on the 29th .March, 1S70. The summer months were spent very busily in visitiniT various sections of the home Church ; after which he left for Trinidad with wife and fannly, where he arrived on the 22nd of November, 1870. After consultation, it was decided that San Fernando bo chosen as a centre for Mr. (Irant's field. This is the chief town in the southern division of the Island. It is distant from Port of Spain, the capital, about 30 miles. Some of the views in and around San Fernando are exceed- ingly beautiful, commanding the surrounding country and the calm Gulf of Paria, with South America lying in the hazy distance. With a poiudation of 7,000, comprising a very considerable number of Coolies, and with easy access to a thickly settled country, studded with sugar estates, and consecpiently containing a large Asiatic population, San Fernando is one of the very best centres of missionary work on the island. Mr Grant inunediately set to work to ac(piire the language, and took measures to establish a school, which has ever since been the centre of much valu- able eilucational work. .".0 TKIDIDAI) AM) DKMKIIARA. Tm Julv, I'STl, Mrs. Morton whs l>rou<flit to San Fci'iiando, ]ii'()sti'ut(!(l with a sovci'c; attack oF fever. After lier recovery she was prohil)ite(l hy h(>r medical adviser from retnniiiii^ to lere. Tliis ied to a temporary i"esi(h,'nce of the Moitons in San Fernando. And foi- soni! time that town was m.'uje the cei\tre of operations for hoth mission- ai'ies — Mr. Morton still continninu' to carry on his woik at and around ler(>, while at the same time e()-operatin<^ with Mr. (irant in and ahout San Fernando. 1' I H.ST CHURCH I)EI)IC.\TKI). The most impoi'tant undertaUini,' of this yeai- was the ei'ection of a church, the liivst dedicated to CMiristiau worship amonfT the East Indians of Ti-inidad. On Jip])Iyin(:f to the IJoard, the missionaries received the coidial a))proval of their ])roject, hut the rejtl}' wa.s "no funds to vote in aid." Still havinif faith in (Jod, and their cause, and in the people, the missionaries said : " Tlu! God of Heaven, He will prosper us: therefore, we His servants will aiise and huild."' So the builders were set to work in the exercise of a stron<^ faith. Money tloweil in heyond theii' expecta- tions, the (.'oolies tliem.selves contrihutinuj nearly SHOO of the total cost of i5Ii,'2()(). In due time the chui'ch was com- pleteil, and it stands to-day a momiment of the faith and labor ot tlujse who undei'took and acct)mj)lished the woi'k. This is not the last time in the history of the Mission when projects that were deemed necessary were undei'takcn, when the ways and means could not be devised, and the i.ssuB justitied the faith. This edifice is a fi^ood-sized, couun.- lious buildine-, cool and attractive, bearin<^' the eu|)honious name SaxiDiKichar {^\iu\ tidinifs). Fipially suitable churches are now found at the other three princi- ]y,\\ centi'es. FIRST DISPENSATION OF THE LORD'S SUPPER. Shorth' after the openin^^ of the church the Communion was dispensed for the first time. Mr. Grant writes: — " 'i'welve Coolies withered round the table of the Lord. A small company, undoubtedly, compared with the gather- TUIMDAI) AN'I> DKMEUAHA. 31 iii<;s wo liad often seen, Imt dUi's was tin.' joy of tlio first fi'uits. It will not soon ln' fovjotton, oui' tirst Couiniunion in the first Cooli<' cliurch find our fu'st C'ocdie disciples," A inontr tin tw olve (liseiiMos HIS t referre(l to, tliret of tlieni afterwards became soniewliat prominent in connec- tion with mission work. Chai'les Sotjdeen did yood service as the tirst I'^ist Indian teacher in C'ouvji. h'ailinif health coinpidled him to turn aside to other em]>loyments, l)ut he has ajfiiin retniMuid to mission work, and is now a valnal)lo hiborer with Mr. Mcllae. lienjaniin Balarani, havinj^servetl for a time as Catechist, rv-turni'd to Ids native India, where it is understood I'.e is now enoatri'd in Christian w(n'k. l^al l»eha,i'i, after liavini^ ])tos(.'cuted his studies vmder Mr. Grant, and by the dii'ection of the Presbytery was licensed and oi'dained as the first native ndiiister to his countrymen. He is now as.sociated with J)r. (Jrant in the manam'uient of his Held, to whom he has ever been an invaluable assistant. Since that time many other earnest young men have (hvnvn around this Hrst constituted cliurch, or liave thrown up from the lads who have feathered into the schools of the nussion. And to-day Di". (Jrant rejoices in a band of nolde young people, in whom he lias year by year increasing coiiHdence, and who give encouraging pi-omise of usefulness among their countrymen. Any minister might well be proud of such young people as form a goodly numlter of the (.'ommunion roll of the San Fernando Church. And similar spirits may also be found in the otlier pai'ts of tbiO field — at I'lincestowii, at C(juva, at Tunapuna. TIUNIHAI) rRESHVTKUV CONSTlTUTIiD. On the •2nd Jul}-, 1872, all the Presbyterian ministers on the Island met and formed themselves into a Union Presbytery, which is somewhat uni(|ue in its character. The followiiifT is its basis : — 1. " That we form ourselves into a Presbytery, assum- ing on behalf of the churches we represent the name of the Presbyterian Church of Trinidad." 32 lUlMUAli ANO l)KMi;riAUA. 2. "'riiiit c.'icli iiii'iiilicr pluco hiinsc'lt' in siihordiimtion tf) this Prcsliytt'iy, lnit witli liylit of mj>|)('!iI in niiittc^rs of »i|)jm;iI to the Supi'cnic ('(lurt of tlic C'liuicli with which ho is connected.'' ;>. " That tlii.^ I'i'('sli\ti'i'\', w hilt" ciirryini'- out the PiX'sliytriiun >ystt'ni, whirii wv hold in coiiinioii, in ih-idinM- with iiidi\ idnal con^rct^'ations or nunistiTs, will he i;ni<hMl by the rnlt's of the Supn'mc ('ouit of the Ciiin'rh with wliich sncli ndnistor of con^rcn'ution is conncc'tiMl." This (•onH)osit(' I'rcsliyteiy has had its status roco'^ni/od by the (JcniTai Assi>inbly, and riipicsi'iitation is (•ivdi to it in the A.-sembly in pi-opoi'tion to the number of its members belon<^dnn' to the Canadian ( 'luirch. Two N'ears iatei', after the arrival of the tiui'd mission- tiry, the Mi>sion Council was formed. All estimates and accounts are snl'initted to this Cuu:;cil, and any (piestion arisin<^r in any Held recjuirinj.', s|)i'cial C(Misideration is deliberated upon and deci<iod as tlieiv cond)ined wisdom may direct. Any matter calling,' for Presbyterial action is submitted to the 'I'rinidad Presbytery. This Council lias been of ^^reat benetit to the Mission, anil has tended iai'^ely to hai-monious workin^^ Onhiined native ministers are constituent members of this Council, but have no vote in appropriations of money ^ranted by the Canadian Church. PKOfJUKSS OK THE WORK. Six years had now been f^iven b) mission woi'k amonjf the Coolies. They were years of ti'ials and diHiculties, l)ut yet of steady pro^'ress, if slow. We find one of the missionaries thus writing' in his annual rjport of tins date: " We have had our anxieties, and you will admit that they wei'e not uroundless, when I inf(jrm you of the existence of a secret, ci'afty, or^'ani/ed and active opp(jsition by Mohannnedans, which was desiijned to thwart our etlbrts and brerdv up our Mission, Nearly every convert was tampered with, and in some cases fair promises of reward were made if Christianity were renounced. The depres^sion produced by our apprehensions was more than com- pensated by the fulness of our joy in finding our young men true." TIIINIDAM AMI liKMKIIAUA, 33 TKIIin MISSIONAUV AI'I'DIVI-KD : TIIK COUVA I'lKI,!). Til the Hpriiin- ,,1' is";) ccrtdia proprirtofs oi" su^ar e-tiitcs in Couva (AW'VvA to .IrFmy the cliiff part ol' the oxpc'iiscs of a iiiissiotiary for that district. This otl^r was ^•iadly at'C(}pti'(l, and another missionary was sonyht with- out dolay. Mr. Thomas M. Christie ha<l {.rex iously olf'ered himself for service in the forei<ni field, lie h;id jii.^t com- ])leted ins theojoifieal coui-se and been license.l. The Hoard then unanimously acc(?pted him as their third missionary to Trinidad. Mr. Christie entered upon his wo, k in ( ouva IS74. This d lis (list 111 iM'hruary, the island, liotweeii Port of Spain and San Fernando, with which places it has connection liy vail. Couva is e.xceed- ini,dy tlat, but it has a ma^'nilicent hack -^n-ouiid in the Montserrat Hills. It is one of the best su<'ar-makin<' districts on the island. For more than nine years Mr. Christie prosecuted his work with fidelity and success, till the failin^^ health of both himself and wife compelled him to withdraw from the iield. Returninn- to Nova Scotia his health seemed to im|)rove, and he was enrja^'ed for a time in supplying' vacant Cfm^jre^mtion.s. Thinking' that a milder climati' mi^rht be more favorable to Ins health, he accepted an apjiointment from the Presbyterian Church in the United • States to Southern Califc-nia. Mere he labored for about a year, when he was again constrained to oive up woi'k. He died at Kelseyville, California, (ju October :}rd, liSS5. His widow with her Hve children i-etunied to j\ova Scotia, and five years later she, too, was called to her eternal rest. SUCCE.S.SOII.S IN THE COUVA FIKLI). Mr. Christie was succeeded by the Rev. J. Iv. Wrioht, of London, Ontario. He beojan his laliors in Trinidad in the openiuf,' of l.SiS4, and continued to work with marked zeal and dili^fence till the end of April, 18SS, when on account of Mrs. Wrij^dit's health he was constrained to retire from the Mission. He is now laboring in British Columbia. Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining 3 •M illlMDAIl AM) liKMKItAltA. u suitfililt' Hucccssdi- to Ml'. W'riylit. l)Ut. iiltiiimtcly "no WIIH I'ouii in tl lllTSUll Ol Ml CoM III. a vollliL'' licf'jitiiitr of the Cliiircli, who ''CHfin work in ("uiivn on tlio Stii Drccinlx'r, |.ss!». Diirin^j tli(^ intci rrnimm Mr. C. IJat'liir iiml Mr. S. A. I^'niscr, a vouii'^ .stmlcnt ("atccliist t'roiii Nova Scotia, now one of oiir r('<'iilai' niissionarjc.s, did ^ood s«'rvi('<' in .snp]»lyinL,' tli«' lii'Id. Mr. < 'otliii contiiiiicd to lalior in Coiiva till .laniiary 1st, IS'/J, wlicn lit! rciiiovcd to San FtTiiando, to take part in tlic \V(»rk of tin- recently ostablislied colleifc and assist Dr. Unint in liis tield. Ih; was sueceed(Ml Ity tlie llcv. A. \V. TlionifLson, who had Iiecoiiio connected with the Mission in tin; early ])artof tht; previous year, and who had spent most of tli(! interveiiini^' time in carryinif on the; work in Mr, Macrac^'s tield, who was alisent on furloU!.,di. Mr. 'rhom|)son, with his wife (Dr. Mortons only dan<,diter), slill do faitiiful and sncees.sfnl work in the Couvii Held. PKINCKSTOWK, A NEW CENTHK. W<' must now fall l>ack from the order of time. We have already r>ferre(l to Mr. Morton's removal to San Fernando in IS7I owiii^ to Mrs. Morton's illness, from which common centre the whole held was worked. This arrangement continued till towards the end of I.S74, when it was (hiemed l»est to separate tins fields into two districts, Mr. (Jrant continuiiif^- in San K rnando and Mr. Morton takin^r cliari,r(! of the inland lyin^ country. A place called "The Mission," now Princestown, in honor of a \isit paid to it hy the two sons of tlu^ Prince of Wales in IHIS, was chosen as heudfpiarters. Not till l.S7(j could arranei-ments he completed for Mr. Morton and his family to take up tlieir residence there. This is an excellent centre fi»r work. 'l'l\e situation is (elevated, commanditi^f a tine view of the beaut'ful surround int,' country. It is in the very midst of a lar^'e Coolie j)oj)ulaiion, and at any time within easy access to a ^'oodly numher. A FOURTH MISSIONAKV — TUNAI'UNA DISTRICT. In the year 1877 the missionarie.s he^'an to aijfitate for a fourtli laborer. Not till 18.S0, and then largely throui^h the increased liberality on the part of the convei-ts and TIIINIItAIi A\l> nKMKUAHA. :\f) others in 'rriiiiduil, 'lid tlic I'xiaril t'rrl jnstiticd in iimkiii;^ nil uppKiiitiiKJtit. I''r(»iii uiii(»ii<,' scvfinl who oMV'r»'d. choioo WHS iimtle ol' thi- Kcv, .1. W. McLiod. ||(> arrived in Triiiidiid oji .Jiiiiiiiiry loth, INSI. The iit'W field to lie oeenpied was north of Coiivfi, uiid nearer Port of Spain. As this was an important district the Mission Coiineil (htenied it desiralih; that a missionary of some experieiKM! should lu! settle(| there. Mr. Morton heinj^f tlu; senior was chosen, and a('t'oi'din;,dy i-emtAcd to tlu! Caroni district, with 'rnna|)una, a villa<,'e of 2, ()()() inhal)itants, as its contre, where Ikj still continues liis successt'ul work. Mr. McLeod (Mitereij upon his work at I'rincestown with jjreat enthusiasm, and for three years devoteil iiiinself vifi^orousiy to its j)rosocutioii. Mis health then liecran to (hscline. Vov another yeai', however, he cluny to his lovod work, till unable any longer to pi'each, he resi<,'ned his position. For a short timt; h<; i^ave s^-stc^matic training to the native teachers and eatctchists in tlu; whole Held, 'I'his work, in spite of i^ri-owinj^ wi^akness, lu; carrietj on for the f^reat»!i" part of a year, wluin on the first of A])ril, 1<SM(), he pass(Ml to his reward. His wife and two children retui-ned to Nova Scotia, and on the I.Sth Deeemhe'r, 1SN7, the Master called her home also. TIk; ni<fht lieforc! his death Mr. Mcli(,'od received the che(ii'in;f news that a successor had bcMMi aitpoiiited to tak(! up liis work at Frincestown, Mr. \V. li Mcllae was his successor. He l)e<:ran woi'k in 'J'rinidad on the l!)th (Jctolier, liS.S(). Thivse years later he was sulijected to a sore liereavoment by the sudden death of liis wife. About two years a^o he was a^ain married, and he and his wife <^o bravely forward with the work in that district. Th(! only oi'dained Canadian missionary in the field not yet mentioned is the Kev. S. A. Fraser. Mi". Cottin was compelled by ill-health to retire from the work, and Mr. Fraser was appointed to succeed him. He and his wife arrived on the island in November, IHU-it. It was rlecided 3G TRIDin.Al) AND DEMEHARA. thiit he should be associated with Dr. (Jrant in the working of tlie San Fernando disti-ict, tlius enahlin^f the hitt-i to fjive more of his time to the College and Traininf:^ Institu- tion for tcachei's. EDUCATIONAL WORK. Fi'om the very eommenceuient of their work the ndssionaries directed special attention to the education of the youn^•. During- tlie earlier y(!ars i)f the Mission they were entirely confined to native teachers, Creole and Coolie, and the chief supply has always come, and must continue to come, from this source. A new <lepartni'e, however, was made in 1875, when Mr. J. A. McDonald was .sent from Nova Scotia as teacher. He was followed by Mi.ss Blackadder in 1870. We have no space to refer here to many excellent ^'ountf women who from time to time liave been engaged in this work. Their names will be found elsewhere Miss Blackadder merits special mention as still continuing in the field after 22 years' service. The educational ])olicy for some years has been that a Canadian teacher should be placed in the principal school of each of the four districts. Those now in charge are Miss Blackadder at Tunapuna, Miss Fishei- at Couva, Miss Archibald at San Fernando, and Miss Sinclaii- at Princestown, all doing most excellent work. The importance of the educational work done by the Mission may be gathered from the fact that there are now 50 schools attended by (),0!)7 puj^ils. '^Die planters have ahvays contributed largely towards the sup- port of these schools, and considerable amounts have been received from the government, on the system of pa^'ment by results. A few years ago a new school ordinance came into opei'ation on the Island. According to this ordinance the government pay three-fourths of all the expenses of the schools, including the rental of buildings erected by the Mission. These buildings are to be free for I'eligious services on Sabbath. I'he appointment of teachers and the control of the reliffious in,^truction are in the hands of the missionaries. 'lUINIDAD AND DKMKUARA. 37 1 COLLEGE AND TEACHERS' TRAINING INSTITUTION. When Mr. Grant was liome on furlonjjfh in 1890 lie incidentally referred in the course of his address before the General AsseinV)ly to the necessity of an institution for the better trainincj of a native ao;ency. The result was that the sum of i?4,000 was secured f<^r that purpose, a few individuals havintr contributed the j^reater part. The F. M. Committee sanctioned the institution. A property adjoinini>- the Mission premises in San Fernando was pur- chased and suitable buildiniw.s erected upon it. Thus the " Presbyterian CoIIefje of Trinidad" was established. It was formally opened by the Presbytery of Trinidad on 2nd Febi-uary, 1892, the late Rev. G. M. Clarke, of Halifax, who conti'ilnited to that object the larr,re sum of $1,000, beinfT associated with them on the occasion. The teachin(]f staff' consisted of Dr. Morton, President, J)r. Grant and Mr. Coffin. Lai B(;hari wns also api)oiuted to £,nve instruction in certain (|uestions pertainino; to Hinduism. The ('olleL,'e opened with about 80 students. Cf these, three, viz., Paul Bhukhan, A. Gayadeen and 1). Cjao^ar Sintijh, have since been oivlained to the ministiy. The College has done much to equip the catei_"'''':<"s for better work. Of these there are now 50 laborintf in Trinidad and two in St. Lucia, under the supei-vision of oui' own missionaries. Three of the yoinigf men trained in the Colleije are laborinijf under the direction of and sup])orted by the Presbyterian Chui'ch of Jamaica among the East Indians of that Island. Our Mission lias also provided three such laborers to work among the Asiatics in (Grenada, under the supervision of the minister of the Established Church of Scotland thei'e. Taking advantage of a recent government ordinance, an institution was established in San Fernando for the train- inir of teachei's for the common schools. Accordinij to this ordinance the government provides for six scholars each year, at the rate of £40 sterling per annum, besides paying the rent of the building. '^I'his T)'ain'.ng School was opened in 1894, the head teacher being Mr, E, H. Pasea, a native 38 TUINIUAb AND DK.MERAKA. of Triniilad, aini Ji-nv prosecuting his studies at Dalhousie Collt'o-e, Halifax. His place is now tilled hy Mr. Harold Clarke, a student from the Presbyterian Collerje, Pine Hill. The institution is under tlu' superintendence of Dr. (jirant, who ;ilso devotes some time to teachintj classes. Besides the six scholars pi-ovided for by government it is attended by many others, and does excellent woi'k as a high school, as well as pi'oviding an efficient class of tciichers. The institution is self-sustaining. It should be placed on record that all the missionaries' wives have within their own spheres, and according to their own methods, done much in educating young girls, and in many other ways to further the great cause to which they and their husbands have devoted their lives. TUINIDAD .STATLSTICS FOR 1897. Regularly organizied congregations , . , 4t Canadian missionaries 5 Ordained native ministers . 4 Catecl lists 50 Bible women 10 Communicants 621 Canadian lady teacheis 4 Schools 56 Total scholars enrolled for year 6 007 Sabbath scholars S,042 Contributed by native church 8-S,75O00 Average per conimunicant 6.04 ST. LUCIA. St. Lucia is a beautiful island Ivinj; some 250 miles north of Trinidad. A young man who had been brought to the knowledge of the truth in Trinidad went there as an interpreter in tlie civil service. Earnest and faithful work among his countrymen led to the " Kjuest for an agent from our missionaries to carry on the work on that island. A A teacher-catecbist and his wife were sent at tiie close of 1885, and definite work begun. That work has since extended. Two catechists are now employed, and four 1 i TRINIDAD ANM) DEMRRAUA. 39 lousie [firolfl e Hill. iesides tended school, The 4 5 4 50 10 621 4 56 6 097 H,042 '5000 6.04 i schools have been establislieil. The croveinment cive £150 stcr. per anmiin for the support of these schools. The work is directed from Trinidad, one of the missionaries payinfr an occasional visit to the island. Much of the success of this mission is due to the family of Mr. Cropper, of the government immi<i[ration office. Demkrara. In the year 1SS5 work was begim amonir'the Indian inuniirrants in Guiana by Rev. John Gibson, of Ontario. The Presbyterian Church of Domerara was to provide one- half the salary and all incidental expenses on tlie field, whilst the (Janadian Church ])rovi.led the missionary and the balance of his salary. In 188S Mr. Gibson was suddenly removed by death. The Presbyterian (riiurch in Demorara did not feel itself prepared to continue the arrangement, and so no successoi- to Mr. Gibson was appointed. Nothin<ij further was done by the Canadian Church for the East [ndians of Demeiaia till 1806. On the east coast some seven miles from Goorj^etown are the estates of Better Hope, owned by Messrs. Crum-Ewinrr & Co. For several years Mr. Crum-Ewing had supported an independent Presbyterian church for the spiritual benefit of the people of the estates. The Rev. Mr. Slater, formerly of Georfje- tDwn.had for some years supplied this church. On account of age and inHrnuty Mr. Slater desired to retire. On his conf n'ring with Mr. Crum-Ewing it was agreed to offer this mission to the C^anadian Church, which was done through the Mission Council of Trinidad and readily accepted by the committee. The oH'er was that the mission premises, consisting of the necessary grounds, a church, school-bnildintfs and a manse be <dven for the use of the mission, and that a contribution of £100 stg. per year be made by the estates of Better Hope towards the support of the work. Just at that time Mr. J. B. Cropper, a young man who had been for several years a voluntary and unpaid overseer of our work in St. Lucia, had completed hisstmlies for the ministiy at the Halifax College. He ottered his 40 TRINIDAD AND DKMKUARA. services to the committee, which were lieartil}' accepted, Mr. Cropper lias entere'l upon his work with characteristic enthusiasm, and it is aheady be^^inning to bear fjood fruit. Demeiara is a very inviting and necessitous fielil, witli its 120,000 East Indians, for whose spiritual interests little is yet leinjjf done. Havino- entered upon this field, there should 1)6 a determination on the pa of the Church to win it fo?' Christ. Already steps aie beinn; taken, which it is hoped may be crown :d with speedy success, to send a second missionary to the west coast. Three catechists are associated with Mr. C»opper in the work. Such is a brief record of the missionary work of the Canadian Church ii\ the West Indies and Demeraia. That to 'J'rinidad has been an eminently succe.sstul mission. The writer has spent some years in that island, and is thus in a position to know somethino; of its workiriij, and can bear unqualified testimon}' to the solid, sulistantial work that has been done. The Church may well have confiilence in this mission. By its work in 'I'linidad it has fjained for itself a foremost name and place among the educating and evangelizing agencies of that island. As the duty of self- support is stro"^gly impressed upon converts we may hope that in the not very distant future we shall see a thoroughly equipped, self-sustaining church, embracing many congre- gations, composed of those once Indian idolaters. The East Indian is industrious, peisevering and pvovident, and is therefore destined to exercise a very decided influence on the land of his adoption, and play an important pa)'t in its histoiy. Hence the importance of giving this jieople the Gospel with its elevating, enlightening, sanctifying, saving power. The Church has in the meantime much reason to be thaidiful for the success which has attended her efforts. But she cannot yet call a halt. The old cry of the believing Caleb must be hers, as she looks to an equally promising land : " Let us go up at once and possess it, for we are well able to overcome it." She has already, as wo have seen, gathered her grapes of Eschol there. These are only an earnest of a much more abundant harvest. TRINIDAD AND DKMEKARA. 41 PRKSENT MISSION f. "AFF. Appointed. Rev. John Morton, 1). D 1^07 " K. J. (irant, D. I) ^^'^ " W. L. McRae 1«86 " A. W. Thompson 1890 " S. A. Frase- 1894 " J. B. Cropper 1896 MISSIONARY TKACIIKKS Miss A. 'Rlackadder 1876 " A. J. Arcliibahl 1889 '< L. Fislier. 1890 " E Sinehiir • • 1894 Mr. H. Clarke 1897 KETIREl) Oil 1)1 Kl). Apiioinlcd. Itetircrt. Died Rev. Thomas Cliristie 1873 1883 " J. W. MeLeod 1880 1886 " J. K. WriKl.t 1883 1888 " F. J. Cothn 1889 1894 " J. (Mhson 1884 1888 MISSIONAUY TKACIIKRS Appointed. Retired. Died. Mr. J. A. McDonald 187.i 1877 " A. Campbell ISSO 1&81 Miss A. Semple 1883 1889 " E Copeland 1884 1889 •' A. Hilton 1884 1886 " M. Archibald 188(5 1887 •• M. O.aham 1889 1891 " M. Kirkpatrick 1891 1896 Mr. C. H. Fasea 1894 1897 Mai of Kt)Ri:A. KOREAN MISSIONS. Rv Ri;v. \\ M. Morrison, D. D. nr. T/OREA. is an independent kingdom in Asia, between J^ Russia, and China on the North and the Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan on the West, South and East. It is separated from Russia by the Tumen River, and from China by the Yalu River. On the northern frontier, in north latitude 42' and lono-titude 107° 42' east, rises the main peak of the ever wliite mountains, named Paik-Tu, or White Head, in the centre of which lies ihe Dra<;on's Lake. Out of this How the two rivers that divide Korea from Russia and (Jhina, tnaking the country, in a sense, an island. The area of Korea is estimated at .S2,000 sijuare miles, and its sea coast line at 1,740 miles. The most careful estimates, based on crovernment reports, give Korea a population of 12,000,000. The face of the country is very broken. A chain of mountains runs noith and south its whole length, sending out spurs east and west to the sea. Between these are river basins, generally very fertile, and well adapted to agriculture, although as yet but poorly cultivated. The climate is bracinir, except during the rainy season, which is from June to September. The autumn is nearly cloudless, and the winter means usually a stretch of clear weather, with the exception of many snow storms. In the nortb the winters are long and the cold is severe. Many of the rivers are frozen over four or five months of the year. The Koreans are worshippers of spirits. Superstitions abound among them. Gale says : " They worship various .spirits or gods in the different rooms of their houses. They worship snakes and weasels and pigs, and not a day goes by 44 IvOHKAN MISSIONS. but tlio spirit of snincaniiiial imistlie propititated. The whole existence of Korea, from kin;,' to Coolie, is one complicated system of ancestral and spirit worship. For three years after the death of parents ni^fht aiitl niorninij the children offer food, meat and tobacco before the tablet in the room where the dead one.s lived, makinj^ Ijesides numerous offerings at the frrave." Thus deep (h!<i;railation characterizes their moral and spiritual life, out of which tliey cannot be raised except by the Gospel and grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. THE oiirorx OF Tni'; mission. In the spring of liSScSayoung man fired with missionary zeal set oH" for tlie coast of Labrador, as the representative of the Students' Missionai-y Association of the Presbyterian College, Halifax, to spend eighteen months in teaching the scattered inhabitants of the fishing villages of that bleak land. He performed his woi'k with apostolic diligence and fervor and awakened in the churcli and the Students' Society an und\'ing interest in the poor people of that porti(.)n of our Dominion. On his way thitlier on the little fishini' smack that carried him he read Griffin's " The Hermit Nation." The perusal of this book aroused in his soul a burning desire to become a missionary to the people of Korea. After his return from Labrador he spent two years in completing his studies for the ministry and was settled, in June, l!S91, as pastor of the congregation of Lower Stewiacke. This young man was W. J. McKenzie. He entered upon his work as a pastor of the home church with the ardor of a single-hearted ambassador for Christ, and won the warm affection of a devoted people ; but his soul longed for opportunity to give the Gospel to Korea. He looked for means to engage as a missionary of his beloved church there. The church was not prepared to open such a mission. He was sought by other churches, but he could not separate himself from his own. He determined to let a few friends know his desire, and to go forth depending on the support they and others in the church might be willing viMw KOREAN MISSIONS. 46 to j^ivb him. His con^neffation and his PreshyttTy a^n'oed to ifive liiin up for the work, thou<,di tccenly alivo to the sense o f tl leii' loss In the autnnin of IS'JJ? he set fortli, and about the close )f tl ic yen r arrived in Sennl. His term of labor was brief but full of fruit. He went to livt; in Sorai, in the provi nee )f \V1 MiUil Hai, with the only Christian family there, in order that he mi^dit speedily ncnuire the lan-,nui<,'e and evano-eji/e the people. In May, l!S9.'), he wrote: — " Last spiin<,f I came heie to live in this villarre and learn the lan^nia^e in a (.'hristian home. Tiiere were then 1 adults and one child. Then we were shunned, but now and for the last fo-.ir or Hve months seventy to one hundred meet twice on Sunday, and nearly as many at the Wednesday evening prayer meeting. So eager are they two baptize( now to have pai t in the worship of God, that in the bitter cold, when the snow is falling and the house overcrow they will sit outside through the w women behind the screen will s hoi e service and lied. th( tand holding their children, as there is no room to sit down. ''■ The people of their own accord have decided to build a church, and already over !?85 in gold is subscribed and much labor. When they began to subscribe a straw roof was their intention, but so willingly and largely have they contributed that now it must lie a tile roof. It will cost more, but will be far more lasting. I told them I would not *nve one cash to help, but would give a stove and pipe when completed. " It is to be built on a beautiful spot wliere devils for centuries received honuige, an<l it will seat over 250. It will be the first church ever built by the Koreans unaided. No seating expenses here, as all sit cross-legged on the straw mats. Several widow's mites were among the offerings, and the small boys gave their few cash. "The Lord has most wonderfully converted one whom we secured as teacher of the children. He had shown himself a good earnest Christian ere the appointment. The Bible 46 KOIIKAN MISSIONS. is tcxt-liook : wnrres for ono year is S17.00 <,'ol(l. Any tiling Ijut a (It'cidod active (Christian teacher wouKi be worse than useless. I pay hiui this year's wages as tliey are buildiMg the church. "About 20 families now observer the fionl's Day, most of whom have family prayiM's and all ask n l)lessiiig at meals- Over 20 take [)art in jirayer already, and sev(!ral men, and strauLje to say, women, in spite of custom, visit the neigh- boring villages during leisure to make known the CJuspel. They don't always come home encouraged. " The men, and women, and boys meet of their own accord separately for singing, pi'a3'er and exhortation. What a joy when we see occasionally the hot tears of repentance flowing freely from the dark hardened faces. "Probably at the dedication of the new church several will be baptized. In this matter I don't want to be over- hasty. ' (Christ sent me not to baptize but to preach the (lospel.' Another missionary will examine, as I have but little experience. So many are the tokens of the Lord's favour that we are assured He is with us. " I am now going on the eighth month without speaking a word of English or seeing a white face, dui'ing which I have not been a day sick. " The country is all open and ready to listen to anything, false or true. The French Jesuits, here 100 years ago, are busy, and the Japs are pouring in Ruddhist priests, while God's people in Canada or the world over do not seem to be arising in their strength for the occasion. I have one province of near two millions to myself. In proportion as we help others, God will help us. 'The harvest is great, the laborers few, pray ye therefore, etc' Over this troubled people Emmanuel must reign." A tew weeks after this letter was written the General Assembly, sitting at London, Ontario, on motion of Rev. Robert Murray, editor of the Presbyterian Witness, Halifax, requested the Foreign iMission Committee E. D. to consider whether it may be possible to open a mission in Korea, and KDUKAN MISSIONS. fu^opt Mr, McKen/io as one of our niissioiiiiricH. Ere the committee lia<i time to institute the necessury iii<|uiries the Slid news of the iledtlt of Mr. MeKenzie ('(ime as a shock to the whole cluncii. He hn<l contracte^l typhoiil fever, and, without .skilU'd medical attendance or iniisin<,', in a moment of delirium jiassed from the scene of his lahor and triumphs. The native converts were heart-broken. They Imricd him tenderly, and wrote to the church heii' as follows, translated by Dr. Underwood, a missionary of the l*resby- terinj^ C'hurcli noith U. S. A. laboiiny in Seoul : — " As we are presunnng to write this letter to you, who are the friends and brother ministers and Itiethren of Rev. McKenzie, we trust you will condesceml to read it and jjfive it your prayerful attention. ..... After Mr. McKenzie arrived in Korea he came down to the village of Sorai, and workinjj hard al)f)Ut his Father's business, led many to come out and take theii' stand for the Lord. The villai,'e of Sorai was always ;i very wicked place devoid of blessinjfs ; now there are many who are trying to follow the principle of Mr. McKenzie. His body is no longer with us, and we, in prayer, want to know God's will. We now, waiting before God in prayer, hope that you, our older brothers in Canada, will pray much and send us out a Christian teacher." This touching appeal was laid befoi'e the church, through the press, by the F. M. Committee ; but the Connnittee felt obliged to report to Assembly, in 1896, against the opening of a nnssion in Korea in the meantime, because of the want of funds to carry on efficiently the work already in hand in the New Hebrides and Trinidad. Mr. McKenzie, by will, directed that any money contiibuted for his work, unexpended at his death, should be used for the promotion of mission work in Korea. It was found that over $2,000.00 were available, and this money was placed at interest to await the leadings of Providence as to the best way of expending it for Korea. 48 Ki)|(i:.\N AIIHSIONH. Many warm Iwarts flfcply ni<)Vt>(l hy McKcn/ic's licroic /(«al and sclf-iliMiial, luid the ciy of the IxTcavt'd Sorai Cliris- tiaiis, \vt!t<' ))()ii(lt'riiijLf liovv the loiiuin;,' of tlicse miirlit l)t! mot throiiu'li till' opoiiiiiL;' of a mission in Koit-a. T\w |)<(iit-n|) fcfol- in^'s found iitttTancr tluon^li tin- W. K. M.S.,wlio a|i)ti(iaclif(l tlitf Committfi' w iili a proposition to send out two younjj; men of our ('ollrnc atixious t) yo, omc of tlicm to lio supported liy uxtia conli iliution;- 'ly tin- W. K. M. S., and tlu! otlici' I'V Ji- s[.('('iMl t'll'cit, liy wliolf < 'Inircli. Tlu! Cummittcn laid iIm- iimtti-r hcfoi'c inf t'linrcli, iliroULfli tlio Presiiytcrics. Tin' I'li'shytcrics ocm. rally were favoraldo, liut some dcsin-d the whole Synod to drcidc tlus matttM' ami one or two opposed the movement. The facts were; reported to the (Jeneral AsscMnhly in 1N!>7, aiin have was asUed, iijid readily ;j;ianted, to have the niatttT di'-eiisscd anil decided hv the Synod. The (|m'slit)n came up at the Synod at Moncton that atitunni, and after a loni;-, thoroUj^h and animated dehate, it was decided by a lari,'e majority to authorize tl>e Committee to open the Koreaji Missioj). The Committee; lost no time in calling' foi- volunteers, and in a few weeks lloliert (Jiierson, xM. 1)., and W. R. Foote, 11 A., who had aht)ut comphited their courses of study, ottered themselves and were accept(Ml hy the Committee;. At tile same time tlieie came an oHer hy a tliii'd, J)uncau M. Macrae, 15. A., aceomjianii.il hy a pledj^e from tht; Students' Missionary Society, Halifax, of suitahle provision for liis suppoit. This oti'i r and jiledge were also accepted, and the Committee at once ari-ani^nd for the ordination, desjniKition and departure of the three youuL; brethren. Toward the end of July, 1N!)S, they hade; farewell to frit.'iids in the Kast, on Au<fUst 1st said ^f<iod-hy to C'anada, and on September .St'n reached Seoul, whei'c they were; to remain for a time to become accpiainted with the customs of the peoples, ac(|uir(! their lan^niage, and consult with the " Council of Missions" in Korea, holdin<r the Presbyterian form of j.fOvernment, as to their permanent field of labor. As the re.sult of such consultation the Province of Ham Gyoni.f has been fixed on as the field of the Canadian KOIIEAN MIHHIONh. 49 T'r('s»)yterian Mission— a ^'rent stretch of oonntry on tlm N. K. const, of which Oonsanor Wonsan is thcichiof open port, and exten.lin<,' northward t<. tlie Unssinn frontier, westward to the contines of Manchuria, ami southward nearly to the latitude of Seoul. In this t.Tritory, with only two other missionaries, one a Methodist and one Independent, a nnllion souls writ for the lifrht of life. Surely every Christian heart will join in the prayer of our younfj brethren who represent u,s there, " May God f,Mve us the f,Mace to he^in a work like that of McKen/Je at Sorai, which is new bearing fruit many hundred fold in all the regions round ; and to our Cliurch the grace to follow and develop it when it opens." OTIIRR MISSIONS OF OUR CHURCH. TN tlie order of time, the Foreign Missions of the Church were established as follows : 1 The New Hebrides Mission; 2 The Trinidad Mission: 8 The Mission to Formosa; 4 The Mission to Central India; o The Mission to Honan ; G The Mission to Korea. The Hist two and the last named are under the special care of the Eastern Section of the Foreign Mission Committee and derive their support main!}' from the congregations within the Synod of the Maritime Provinces. In 1871 Rev. L G. MacKay, 1). J)., ^vas appointed b}- the Presbyterian Church in Canada a iiiissi(Miaiy to Chitm. Mr. McKay chose as his Held of worlc nortludu Formosa, now a part of the Empire of Japan. The success of the mission has been very great. There are now laboiingwith Dr. McKay, Rev. W. Gauld and two ordained native teachers — Rev. Tan He and Rev. Giam Chheiig Hoa — and sixt}' jiative preachers not yet ordained. Total mendniis, 2,250. Contributions from the iiative churcli, !?1,074. There are 60 chapels, 4 .self-supporting congregations, a college and a hospital. Central India. — In 1S7G this mission was inanguiated. Rev. J. Eraser Campbell, D. D., commencing his labors that year. Resides Dr. Campbell, there are now in this mission Rev. J. Wilkie, A. P. Ledingham, N. H. Russell, R H. Russell, Dr. J. Eraser Smith, Dr. J. Buchanan, Rev. W. A. A. Wilson, Dr. C. R. Woods, and seventeen ladies four of whom are medical doctors. In connection with this mission are a college, a hospital, and a number of schools. Much foundation work has been done. The expenditure last year exceeded $47,000. Honan. — In 1888 our tir^t missionary to Honan was appointed— Rev. Jonathan Gofohth. With Mr. Goforth OTHEK MISSIONS OF OUH CHURCH. 51 have been associated llev. Dr. McGillivray, Dr. McClure, Dr. Malcotn, Rev. A. H. Grant, Rev. Murdoch McKenzie, Rev. Kennetli McLennan, Rev. Jas. A. Sliininon, Rev. James Menzies, M. D., Rev. John Griffith. With these brethren are associated four hidies. The expenditure in connection with tliis mission hist year was nearly S22,00(). We have a mission to tlie Indians of the North West not now " forei;i;n," or for the benefit of " foreigners," but a mission to tiie heathen. When it was commenced long ago by Mr. Nisbet, the difficulties of reaching the field were far more seiious than need now be encountered in going to China, India or Korea. We have now laboring among the Indians six ministers, six other teachers, and twenty-one ladies who are teachers. There is a school at Regina atten<l- ed by 187 pupils ; .")7 are communicants. The whole mission costs over 1^17,000. We have a hopeful mi^sion to the Chixese in BRITISH CoLUMRIA, at the head of which is Rev. A. B. WlXCHESTEIl. This mission calls for nearly $4,000 a year. In Montreal and other cities in Ontario and Quebec there are Chinese whose sniritual interests are cared for by Da. THOMSON and many Christian volunteers. The Heathen Indians in British Columbia. — Some progress has been made among several bands of these Indians. The F. M. Connnittee, East and West, ask the Church this year for ^lo 1 ,,^7;}, which is a striking illustration of the marvellous expansion of tlie work since its feeble commencement in 184o, Let us give praise to Him who has more than answered our prayers and realized our brightest anticipations. R. M.