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 THe JESUITS: 
 
 Their Apologists and their Enemies. 
 
 A 
 
 eXURE 
 
 «•' . <:.. ;: 
 
 ©eliveted ir| gt i\ti^idk',^ Cl\ui'd\, Ottkwk, 
 ^ui^dky 'I^veqii\^; S^elbi'ulii'y i^4tl:\, l§8.9. 
 
 - B ^sr- 
 
 REV. M. J. WriELAN. 
 
.it. fh,. 
 
 
/o' 
 
 THe JESUITS: T 
 
 ?»:■■: f 
 
 Their Apologists and their Enemies. 
 
 A LEeTHRE 
 
 gut\dky i<Yei\ii\^; S^efefuki^y 2^4:t\ 1889. 
 
 -B-Z^- 
 
 /=" 
 
 REV. M. J. WHELAN. 
 
THE JESUITS. 
 
 What Religious Orders Are 
 
 Religious orders, or associations of men or women in the Catholic 
 Church, were first established in the early parb of the third century. The 
 common bond of union among all the religious orders, and which distin- 
 guishes them from other associations, is abandonment of purely secular 
 pursuits, celibacy, and their organization by means of religious vows inta 
 communities of an entirely ecclesiastical character. 
 
 They are divided into two classes — the contemplative and the active^ 
 The contemplative orders, few in number in modern times, spend their- 
 whole lives in praying and fasting, in vigils and meditations, and con- 
 tinued efforts to attain to the highest Christian perfection. The active- 
 orders, which are far more numerous with a larger membership, are 
 engaged in teaching and preaching, in nursing the sick, in taking care of 
 the poor and infirm, or in spreading the Gospel in heathen lands. Yet 
 they devote a considerable portion of the time to retirement, recollection, 
 meditation, prayer and ascetic discipline, without which they would soon 
 lose their robust virtue, neglect or slight their active duties, and b» 
 distinguishable only by the habit they wear from people of the world* 
 They are strengthened for their corporal works "f mercy only by prayer- 
 and meditation. Let these duties be neglected, and discipline will be- 
 relaxed, the spirit of a religious order will depart, its usefulness cease, the 
 manners of its members become dissolute, and grave scandals ensue. St. 
 Augustine's words are both pointed and truthful. — "I have not," says he, 
 " found anywhere better men then good monks and neither hare I 
 ** found worse than bad monks." 
 
 Protestant Tributes 
 
 Although the real worth and services rendered to religion and civili- 
 ition by the monastic orders have not always been fairly or fully appre- 
 
mmm 
 
 wmm 
 
 2 
 
 , ■ I 
 ■J 
 
 ■i 
 
 ■3 
 
 ciated, they have elicited eloquent tributes of admiration from many dis- 
 tinguished Protestant historians and essayists. 
 
 " I confess," says Von Leibnitz,* " that I have ardently admired the 
 
 '" religious orders, and the pious associations, and the other similar ^dmir- 
 
 *' able institutions; for they are a sort of celestial soldiery upon earth, 
 
 *^ provided they are governed according to the institutes of cheir founders, 
 
 *' and regulated by the Supreme Pontiff for the use of the Universal 
 
 *' Church. For what can be more glorious than to carry the light of 
 
 *• truth to distant nations, through seas and fires, and swords — to traffic 
 
 " in the salvation of souls alone — to forego the allurements of pleasure, 
 
 *' and even the enjoyment of conversation and of social intercourse, in 
 
 "' order to pursue, undisturbed, the contemplation of abstruse truths and 
 
 "' divine meditation — to dedicate oneself to the education of youth in 
 
 •*' science and in virtue — to assist and console the wretched, the despair- 
 
 "' ing, the lost, the captive, the condemned, the sick, — in squalor, in chains, 
 
 '*' in distant lands — undeterred even by the fear of pestilence from the 
 
 "' lavish exercise of these heavenly offices of charity. The man who knows 
 
 ■*' not, or despises these things, has but a vulgar and plebeian conceptibn of 
 
 *' virtue ; he foolishly measures the obligations of men toward tlioir God 
 
 " by the perfunctory discharge of ordinary duties, and by that frozen habit 
 
 ^' of life, devoid of zeal, which prevails commonly among men." 
 
 Maitland in his " Dark Ages," tells us that — " It is quite impossible 
 ■•* to touch the subject of Monasticism without rubbing ofi" some of the 
 *' dirt which has been heaped upon it. It is impossible to get even a 
 •' superficial knowledge of the mediaeval history of Europe without 
 *' seeing how greatly the world of that period was indebted to the 
 *' monastic orders ; as a quiet and religious refuge for helpless infancy 
 " and old age, a shelter of respectful sympathy for the orphan maiden and 
 " the desolate widow — as central points whence agriculture was spread 
 " over bleak hills, and barren downs, and marshy plains, and dealt its 
 " bread to millions perishing with hunger and its pestilential train — as 
 ** repositories of the learning which then was, and the well springs for the 
 
 *Ssytema Thtologicum, 
 
3 
 
 ^' learning which was yoi to he — as nurseries of art and science, giving 
 " the stimulus, the means, and the reward to invention, and aggregating 
 ** &round them every head that could devise, and every hand that could 
 " execute — as the nucleus of the city which in after days of pride should 
 " crown its palaces and bulwarks with the towering cross of its cathedral. 
 ♦* This, I think, no man can deny. I believe it is true, and I love to 
 ** think of it. I hope that I see the good hand of God in it, and the 
 ** visible trace of His mercy that is over all His works. But if it is only a 
 " dream, however grateful, I shall be glad to le awakened from it ; not 
 ** indeed by the yellinsf of illiterate agitators, but by a quiet and sober 
 " proof that I have misunderstood the matter." 
 
 About the Jesuits Specially 
 
 And now, as an introductory to the particular religious order which 
 is to engage our attention this evening, I should like to quote some words 
 sho\7ing Sir James Macintosh's appreciation of the Jesuits. They are 
 to be found in his "Review of the Causes of the Revolution," (1688) and 
 are as follows : — 
 
 •* Having arisen in the age of the Reformation, they naturally be- 
 *' came the champions ot the Church against her enemies. They cultivated 
 " polite literature with splendid success; they were the«"arliest and perhaps 
 " the most extensive reformers of European education, which in their 
 ** schools made a larger stride than it has done at any succeeding moment ; 
 " and by the just reputation of their learning, as well as by the weaponi 
 " with which it armed them, they were enabled to carry on a vigorous 
 *' contest against the most learned impugners ot the authority of the 
 " Church ♦ * * In India they suffered martyrdom with heroic constancy. 
 " They penetrated through the barriers which Chinese policy opposed to 
 " the entrance of strangers, cultivating the most difficult of languages with 
 ^' such success as to compose hundreds of volumes in it ; and, by the public 
 " utility of their scientific acquirements, obtained toleration, patronage and 
 *' personal honors from that jealous government. The natives of America, who 
 « generally felt the comparative superiority of the European race only in 
 ^* a more rapid or a more g^'adual destruction, and to whom even the 
 
w 
 
 " Quakers dealt out little more than penurious justice, were, under the 
 " fraternal lule of the Jesuits, reclaimed from savage manners, and 
 " instructed in the arts and duties of civilized life. * * * No other associa- 
 " tion ever sent forth so many disciples who leached such eminence in 
 " departments so various and unlike. * * * The most famous constitution- 
 *• alists, the most skilful casuits, the ablest school masters, the most cele- 
 " brated professors, the best teachers of the humblest mechanical arts, 
 " the missionaries who could most bravely encounter martyrdom, or who 
 " with the most patient ekill could infuse the rudiments of religion into 
 " the minds of ignorant tribes or prejudiced nations, were the growth of 
 " their fertile schools." 
 
 Their Institution 
 
 Catholic Church historians agree that the religious orders, whose 
 members were more numerous than the secular clergy, showed them- 
 selves utterly unequal to the task of grappling with the dangers 
 that menaced the church in the sixteenth century. A committee 
 appdinted by Pope Paul III, in 1537, to examine and report upon the 
 condition of the monks, gave it as their opinion, that the communi- 
 ties of those religious houses, in which discipline had become relaxed 
 and manners dissolute, should be allowed to die out, when others more zeal- 
 ous and honest might take their place. There arose at once, providentially, 
 a new order, which apparently growing out of the circumstances of the age, 
 was for this very reason peculiarly fitted to minister to its i^eeds. Specially 
 designed to repel the advances of Protestantism, this order has at all 
 times filled the Protestant mind with vague and undefined terrors. From 
 their origin the Jesuits have had numerous enemies ; never have they been 
 free from them, either in their prosperity and greatness, or in their fall, or 
 even after it. Since their re-appearance they have been the constant object of 
 bitter animosity, odious calumny, and virulent abuse.* This is the best 
 demonstration that can be given of the eminent merit of the Jesuits. It 
 must be the same with classes and corporations as with individuals,— very 
 extraordinary merit necessarily excites numerous enemies, for the simple 
 reason that such merit is always envied, and very often dreaded. 
 
 *a 
 
 See Balmes' " European Civilization." 
 
The Fourth Yow and its Rlj^niflcance 
 
 To tho three ordinary religious vows of poverty, obedience, and 
 
 chastity — which are a protest against the three prominent and most 
 
 |dangerous vices of every ago and country — the Jesuits added a fourth, 
 
 it of strict obedience to the orders of the Holy Father. In the early 
 
 loges of the Church, and especially in what are called tho middle ages, there 
 
 ras no call for a vow of sp'>cial obedieuce to tho Pope. There was always, 
 
 fit is true, in those days enough of disobedience to the Holy Father on the 
 
 part of professedly Christian sovereigns, princes, nobles, and even bishops, 
 
 )ut there was at the same time the recognition in principle of the Papal 
 
 Supremacy. The Reformation, on the other hand, was the attempt of the 
 
 Bflisobedient to erect their disobedience into a principle. As Brownson* 
 
 ulearly puts it, the Keformers had no intention of warring against the 
 
 Church ; educated under feudalism in the State, they imagined they could 
 
 throw off the suzeraia^/ of the Pope without injury, nay with positive 
 
 jenefit to the Church, us a feudatory oi the monarch might in some cise« 
 
 Rhrow oflf the suzerainty of the Emperor or King, with posit'" ■) 
 
 advantages to their estatpa The event has proved, what should have been 
 
 jForeseen and understo' »d, that in casting ofi the Papacy, the Reformers cast 
 
 iff the Church herself, because the Pope is not merely suzerain, but under 
 
 il-od the Sovereign of the Church. Our Lord built the Church on Peter, and 
 
 *eter, the Rock, removed, it had no foundation. There was a divine 
 
 spiration, then, in the thought of St Ignatius, and a special propriety in 
 
 enjoining on the members of the Company he organized this fourth vow, 
 
 vow of special obedience to the Pope. It was a solemn protest against 
 
 ihe very principle of the Reformation, and made the Society of Jesus » 
 
 iBtanding assertion of the Papacy, and a living monument of devotion to the 
 
 [Holy See. The Council of Trent condemned the. particular or special 
 
 ^heresies of the Reformation, but it did not explicitly condemn its 
 
 fprinciple, for its principle was not then fully disengaged, and 
 
 : tendered apparent to the whole world. It is Oi. ly latterly that even 
 
 Protestants themselves have understood it, and were able to formulate 
 
 Religious Orders." 
 
' 
 
 it. Nobody saw from the first, that Protestantism was wholly concentrated 
 in the rejection of the Papal constitution of the Church ; hardly did any- 
 body seo it before tho present century. Protestants have shown them- 
 fcalves wilVng Lo fraternize with the eastern churches separated from Rome, 
 and wliich differ from the Catholic Church in no important points but in 
 rejecting th^-. Supremacy or Primacy of jurisdiction of the Pope, without 
 asking any change of doctrine or worship on the part of those churches. 
 We have seen and we see noiv multitudes of Protestants, like the Puseyites 
 and Ritualist^, who acc^jpt antl defsnd all Catholic doctrine, except the Papal 
 Supremacy and Infallibility, and nearly the whole Protestant world would 
 cease to oppose the Church, if she would only give up the Pope. They 
 would accept willingly the play of Hamlec with the part of the Prince of 
 Denmark left out. The fourth vow oftbf^ Jesuits pledged them to a direct 
 and necessary warfare on the essential ^ inciple of the Reformation, and 
 fc the essential principle of the Constitution of the Church. 
 
 8t. Ignatius and his Companions 
 
 On the dawn of the day, in the year 1534, on which the Church 
 celebrated the Assumption of our Blessed Lady, the 15th August, a little 
 band of men, clad with the clerical habit, ascended the hill called Mont- 
 martre, in Paris, and entered the crypt of the chapel of St. I>enys, which 
 then marked the spot where the Apostle of France had won the crown of 
 martyrdom. Their leader was Ignatius of Loyola, who, descended from a 
 noble Spanish family, had in his youth beeen a courtier and a soldier, and was 
 wounded at the siege of Pampeluna in 1521, where he distinguished him- 
 self by his gallantry. Beside him, in the sanctuary, knelt Francis Xavier, 
 by birth a grandee of Snain, James Laynez, Alphonsus Salmeron and 
 Nicholas BobadUla, also Spaniards, and Alphonsus Rodriguez, a Portu- 
 guese. At the altar ministered Peter Faber or Lefevre, once a shepherd 
 in the mountains of Savoy, but now a priest in holy orders. By his hands— 
 for he was the only priest as yet among them-the bread of life was distri- 
 buted to his associates, and then were lifted up their united voices, uttering 
 their vow, to renounce the world, and to labor for the conversion of souls in 
 the Holy Laud ; or, if unable to execute this project, to offtr themselves to 
 
ntrated 
 id any. 
 
 them- 
 Rome, 
 but in 
 withoui 
 urches. 
 iseyites 
 Papal 
 would 
 They 
 ince of 
 I direct 
 and 
 
 m 
 
 the Pope, to be disposed of by him for the greater glory of God. Subsequently^ 
 Ignatius found it necessary to visit his native county; so, having given his 
 disciples a rule of life and special instructions regarding their practices of 
 devotion, he left them in Paris under the care of Peter Faber, and 
 directed that they should meet him in Venice, on the 25th January, 1537, 
 nearly two years later. Meanwhile their mission to the Holy Land was ren- 
 dered impossible by war, and so, on his return, Ignatius despatched them 
 to preach in different towns of Italy. Before dispersing, he bade them, 
 when they were questioned as to what congregation they belonged, to reply 
 that they were of " The Society of Jesus." In 1539 Ignatius, accompanied 
 by Faber and Laynez, repaired to Rome, and submitted the Rule of the 
 proposed new order to Pope Paul III. Three Cardinals were ap- 
 pointed to report upon it ; and, although at first they were opposed,, 
 their opinions changed suddenly and remarkably, and he approved 
 "The Society of Jesus" in a Bull, which bears that title, dated 
 27th September, 1540. Ignatius entered upon his duties as General on 
 Easter Sunday, 1541. The number of " professed " members to be admitted 
 was at first limited to sixty ; but, learning the beneficial results of their 
 early labors, Paul III. removed the restriction, March 14, 1543, and hia 
 successors granted them many important privileges, j . - • 
 
 i Constitutions and Government 
 
 Ignatius of Loyola was a great legi^^lator, and we find a proof of 
 this fact in his Constitutions or Rules for the Society. The sanctification of 
 the souls of his spiritual children, by the union of a contemplative and 
 active life, is in the first instance laid down as absolutely necessary ; then 
 comes laboring for the salvation and perfection of our i ighbor, by 
 catechising the ignorant, instructing youth in piety and learning, upou 
 which the reformation of the world really depends. The direction of 
 consciences, missions, and the general work of an evangelist form the third 
 great division of labor. No other habit than that generally used by the 
 clergy was to be worn. Before anyone was to be admitted to the Order 
 he was to employ an entire month in spiritual exercises and naaking a 
 general confession. Then comes two years of novitiate, followed by simple 
 
^ows of poverty, chastity and obedience — the Order reserving to itself the 
 right of dismissing the subject at any time. Subsequently, usually after 
 all studies had been completed, second or solemn vows were made, binding 
 both sides, so that a professed Jesuit cannot be discharged by the Order 
 from the obligations incurred by him to it. On this occasion the fourth 
 TOW is pronounced, of undertaking any mission enjoined by the Pope. A 
 ■class of Jesuits who do not take this vow are styled spiritual co-adjutors and 
 temporal co-adjutors. Several conditions are requisite for those who aspire 
 io enter the Society ; one is that they should not have belonged, even for 
 a day, to any other religious order. The Rule also excludes apostates, 
 public sinners, great criminals, and men of weak intellect or subject to 
 insanity. " Weak intellect or subject to insanity" — Alas ! I fear some 
 journalists and preachers that we wot of are hopelessly excluded. 
 
 The General is the head of the Society ; but while investing him with 
 clearly defined and supreme authority, Ignatius multiplies precautions to 
 prevent this power from degenerating into despotism. The Society is 
 divided into provinces, each comprising a certain number of houses, and 
 governed by a Provincial, who is assisted by Consultors and by an 
 Admonitdr, named by the General ; and each house is governed by a 
 Superior or Rector, who also has his Consultors and an Admonitor. On the 
 election of a new General, the professed Fathers and the Rectors in each 
 province assemble, and select two of their number, who accompany the 
 Provincial to the general'congregation, by which the head of the Society is 
 chosen. Several Assistants, belonging to different nationalities, and, like 
 himself appointed by election, are assigned to the Father General; and 
 these he consults on matters regarding the administration of the Order. 
 An Admonitor is likewise elected ; and his duty is to be a prudent coun- 
 sellor, ever t hand, to advise on all that concerns the General's private 
 <5onduct. 1 an extreme case, which has n-^ver occurred, the provinces of 
 the Society might elect deputies to depose the head of the Order. The 
 ^'Monita Secreta," or "Secret Instructions" which, it is said, were meant to 
 be reserved solely for the professed Fathers, and with whose odious and mon- 
 atrous principles the Society has' been so persistently and so unjustly 
 ccused, are calumnious and apochryphal productions, published against 
 
 tHWrtTWWi tiW j 
 
the Jesuits by their enemies. Another calumny is the interpretation 
 which some have put upon a certain passage in the Constitutions, which, it 
 is claimed, gives a Superior the power to oblige the members to do evil 
 under certain circumstances. No one acquainted with the Latin language 
 I can attach such a meaning to the passage in question without intentionally 
 misapprehending its true sense. Obedience is required and promised in 
 all things, where there is no sin, and this condition is repeated over and 
 
 over again. 
 
 First Missions 
 
 Ignatius frequently and strenuously endeavored to resign the dignity of 
 General, until the Pope forbade him to do so. As soon as he was appoint- 
 ed he went into the kitchen and served in a menial office under the orders 
 of the cook. He continued to teach the catecliism to poor children, while 
 he preached with such wonderful unction and fervor as to bring back the 
 time of the first Apostles, when multitudes were converted by hearing the 
 word of God. Novices multiplied, and Ignatius himself watched over 
 them, strengthening their virtue, and subjecting them to serve tests, so as 
 
 I to train up worthy warriors lor the truth. Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ger- 
 
 I many and the Low Countries began to ask for the assistance of the mem- 
 'bers of the Society. Francis Xavier was despatched to India, there to 
 I gain nations to Christ. John Nunez and Louis Gonz ilez were sent to the 
 [North of Africa, to comfort, teach, and assist Christian slaves among the 
 ; Moors. Four other missionaries were sent to Congo on the torrid coast of 
 Western Africa. In 1555 Abyssinia was supplied with thirteen Jesuit 
 
 I missionaries, one of whom was appointed by Pope Julius III. to be Patriarch 
 of Ethiopia. About the same time. South America received the first of 
 
 I that devoted baud who succeeded in converting nations, and in bringing 
 tens of thousands of souls to the knowledge of the truth. As a mark of 
 favor and appreciation, the Vicar of Christ appointed Fathers James 
 Laynez, Alphonsus Salmeron, and Claude Le Jay, to assist, as his theolo- 
 gians, at the Council of Trent, where the three fathers proved that, by 
 their erudition, eloquence and prudence, they were fully equal to their 
 important mission. Ireland was one of the first countries to which Jesuits 
 were sent. That island, in which the greatest danger and the greatest 
 
10 
 
 affliction existed, was specially the land for the sons of St. Ignatius, 
 Robert, Archbishop of Armagh, felt compelled to lay before the Holy 
 Father, an account of the cruel and inhuman persecutions suffered by 
 Catholics under the rule of Henry VIII, His Holiness, deeply affected, 
 requested that Fathers of the Society bhould ba sent, and Ignatius lost no 
 time in despatching them. These zealous ^men, Salmeron and Brouet, set 
 out in 1542, and traversed the whole island. Wherever they pas£«d hearts 
 were strengthened, consciences set at rest, doubts solved, fears dispelled, 
 and fainting spirits fortified to bear the Cross. But their presence was 
 made a pretext for fresh persecution, and they were consequently com- 
 pelled to retire. It was not until 1580 that the Jesuits " invaded'" 
 England. - • •■^ ;,,■•.;,■; 
 
 Two Pictures V v 
 
 " Before the Order had existed a hundred years," saya Macaulay in 
 
 " his "History of England," "it had filled the whole world with memorials 
 
 " of the great things done and suffered for the faith. No religious com- 
 
 " munity could produce a list of men so variously distinguished ; none 
 
 '• had extended its operations over so vast a space ; yet in none had 
 
 *' there been such perfect unity of feeling and action. There was no 
 
 " region of the globe, no walk of speculative or active life, in which 
 
 "Jesuits were not to be found. They guided the Councils of 
 
 " Kings. They deciphered Latin inscriptions. They observed the motions 
 
 "of Jupiter's satellites. They published whole libraries, controversy, 
 
 " casuistry, history, treatises on optics, alcaic odes, editions of the fathers, 
 
 " madrigals, catechisms and lampoons. The liberal education of youth 
 
 " passed almost entirely into their hands, and was conducted by them with 
 
 " conspicuous ability. They appear to have discovered the precise point to 
 
 " which intellectual culture can be carried without the risk of intellectual 
 
 " emancipation. Enmity itself was compelled to own that, in the art of 
 
 " managing and forming the tender mind, they had no equals. Mean- 
 
 " while they assiduously and successfully cultivated the eloquence of the 
 
 « pulpit. With still greater assiduity and still greater success they applied 
 
 "themselves to the ministry of the confessional. * * * They wander- 
 
 PNRHMMMMiVM/MrMNMMw 
 
11 
 
 ed to countries which neither mercantile avidity nor liberal curiosity 
 " had ever impelled any stranger to explore. They were to be found in the 
 " garb of mandarins, superintending the observatory at Pekin. They were 
 " to be found, spade in hand, teaching the rudiments of agriculture to the 
 " savages of Paraguay. Yet, whatever might be their residence, what 
 *' ever might be their employment, their spirit was the same, entire devo- 
 ** tion to the common cause, unreasoning obedience to the central authority. 
 
 " None of them 1 id chosen his dwelling place or his vocation for bim- 
 " self. Whether the Jesuit should live under the arctic circle or under 
 " the equator, whether he should pass his life in arranging gems and col- 
 " lating manuscripts at the Vatican, or in persuading naked barbarians 
 " under the Southern Cross not to eat each other, were matters which he 
 *' left with profound submission to the decision of others. If he was 
 *' wanted at Lima, he was on the Atlantic in the next fleet. If he was wanted 
 " at Bagdad, he was toiling through the desert with the next caravan, 
 " If his ministry was needed in some country where his life was more in- 
 *' secure than that of a wolf, where it was a crime to harbor him, where 
 " the heads and quarters of his brethren, fixed in the public places, showedi 
 ** him what he had to expect, he went without remonstrance or hesita- 
 
 * tion to his doom. Nor is this heroic spirit yet extinct." -r.-*' .; 
 
 A critical reader will, perhaps, find this picture too highly colored^ 
 ,d some of its subjects over-drawn, for one of Macaulay's faults, as aa 
 istorian, is exaggeration.* With still greater reason, objection may be 
 aken to the following from the same pen : — 
 
 " With the admirable energy, disinterestedness, and self devotion which 
 " were characteristic of the Society, great vices were mingled. It was 
 " alleged, and not without foundation, that the ardent public spirit which 
 " made the Jesuit regardless of his ease, of his liberty, and of his life, made 
 " him also regardless of truth and of mercy ; that no means which aouldl 
 " promote the interest of his religion seemed to him unlawful, and that by 
 *• the interest of his religion he too often meant the interest of his 
 
 * Very much to the point, in this fton-J/wt in "EditOt's Drawer "of Korper'* Magazint 
 for March :— " A critic who was asked if imagination were essential to literary success 
 .said to have replied : In history and biography, yes. In Action we can dispense with 
 
12 
 
 >::i 
 
 ;^ 
 
 .-J 
 
 (( 
 
 «( 
 
 <* Society. It was alleged that, iu the most atrocious plots recorded 
 *« in history, his agency could be distinctly traced ; that constant 
 
 only in attachment to the fraternity to which he belonged, he was in some 
 *♦ countries the most dangerous enemy of freedcn, and in others the most 
 
 dangerous enemy of order. * * * So strangely were good and evil mixed 
 *' in the character of these celebrated brethren ; and the intermixture vaa 
 *' the secret of their gigantic power. That power could never have belong- 
 *' ed to mere hypocrites. It was to be attained only by men sincerly en- 
 " thusiastic in the pursuit of a great end, and at the same time unscrupulous 
 " as to the choice of means." - . . r v • 
 
 In short, according to Macaulay, the Society of Jesus is a sort of 
 *' Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde " combination. So it is— in fiction ! 
 
 "Worthy of hearty admiration and respect." 
 
 The Reviewer in the Encyclopaedia Britannica* of the ^esuits — 
 their Organization, History and Teacliing, is the well-known Dr. Littledale. 
 Let us hear what he has to say : — '' 
 
 " So constituted, with a skilful combination of strictness and laxity, 
 " of complex organization with the minimum of friction in working, the 
 " Society was admirably devised for its purpose of introducing a new power 
 " into the Church and the world, and for carrying out effectively every part 
 *' of its vast programme. Thus equipped, its services to Roman Catholic- 
 " ism have been incalculable. The Jesuits alone rolled back the tide of 
 " Protestant advance, when that half of Europe which had not already 
 " shaken off its allegiance to the Papacy was threatening to do so, and the 
 " whole honours of the counter-Reformation are theirs singly. They had 
 *' the sagacity to see, and to admit in their correspondence with their 
 ** superiors, that the Reformation, as a popular movement, was fully justi- 
 " fied by the gross ignorance, negligence and open vice of the Catholic 
 " clergy, whether secular or monastic ; and they were shrewd enough to 
 *' discern the only possible remedies. At a time when primary and even 
 " Secondary education had in most places become a mere effete and 
 " pedantic adherence to obsolete methods, they were bold enough to innovate 
 
 W 
 
 *9th edition, 1881, vol. xiU. 
 
 mmmmtrn:- 
 
13 
 
 " less in system than in materials, and, putting fresh spirit and devotion into 
 " the work, not merely taught and catechized in a new, fresh and attractive 
 •' manner, besides establishing free schools of good quality, but provided new 
 " manuals and school books for their pupils, which were an enormous ad- 
 " vance on those they found in use, so that for nearly three centuries the 
 " Jesuits were accounted the best schoolmasters in Europe, as they were,. 
 " till their forcible suppression the other day, confessedly the best in 
 " France, — besides having always conciliated the good will of their pupils 
 " by mingled firmness and gentleness as teachers. And, although their 
 *' own methods have in time given way to further improvements, yet they 
 " revolutionized instruction as completely as Frederick the Great did 
 " modern warfare, and have thus acted, whether they meant it or not, as 
 
 ** pioneers of human progress. Again, when the regular clergy had sunk 
 ** into the moral and intellectual slough which is pictured for us in the 
 " writings of Erasmus and in the powerful satire, Epistolce Obscurorum 
 " Virorum, while there was little of a better kind visible in the lives of the 
 *• parochial priesthood, the Jesuits won back respect for the clerical calling 
 " by their personal culture and the unimpeachable purity of their lives. 
 " These are qualities which they have all along carefully maintained, and 
 " probably no body of men in the world has been so free from the reproach 
 " of discreditable members, or has kept up an equally high average level of 
 " intelligence and conduct. As preachers, too, they delivered the pulpit 
 " from t^ d bondage of an effete scholasticism, and reached at once a clear- 
 " ness and simplicity of treatment such as the English pulpit scarcely 
 " begins to exhibit till after the days of Tillotson ; while in literature and 
 " theology they coumt a far larger number of respectable writers than any 
 " other religious society can boast. It is in the mission field, however, that 
 " their achievements have been most remarkable, which might fully justify 
 " their taking as their motto: — 
 
 " Quae regie in terris nostri non plena laboris ? " 
 
 ** Whether toiling amongst the teeming millions of Hindustan and 
 
 " China, labouring amongst the Hurons and Iroquois of North America, 
 
 " governing and civilizing the natives of Brazil and Paraguay, in the 
 
 " missions and 'reductions,^ or ministering, at the hourly risk of his life, to 
 
u 
 
 ** his co-religionists in England under Elizabeth and James I., the Jesuit 
 <' appears alike devoted, indefatigable, cheerful, and worthy of hearty 
 " admiration and respect." 
 
 Accused of Conspiracies and Assassinations 
 
 " Nevertheless, two most startling and indisputable facts meet the 
 " student who pursues the history of this unique Society. The first is the 
 *' universal suspicion and hostility it has incurred, — not, as might reason- 
 •* ably be expected, merely from those Protestants whose avowed and most 
 " successful foe it has been, nor yet from the enemies of all clericalism and 
 *' religious dogma, to whom it is naturally the embodiment of all they most 
 ** detest, but from every Roman Catholic state and nation in the world, 
 ^* with perhaps the insignificant exception of Belgium. Next is the 
 " brand of ultimate failure which has invariably been stamped on all 
 " its most promising schemes and efforts. * •* * These two phenomena 
 " demand some inquiry aid analysis. As regards the former of them ; 
 *^ the hostility which the Jesuits have encountered has been twofold, poli- 
 *' tical, and moral or religious. There has been from a very early date in 
 " their annals, a strong conviction prevalent that the famtus motto of the 
 ♦* Society, 'A, M. D. G.,' (Ad Majorem Dei Ghriam — To the Greater Glory 
 " of God), did not adequately represent its policy and motives, that its 
 ** first and last aim was its own aggrandizement in power and wealth, and 
 " that it spared no effort to compass this end, even to the extent of 
 " embroiling cabinets, concocting conspiracies, kindling wars, and procur- 
 " ing assassinations. In several of these cases, notably as regards the charges 
 " which led to their first expulsion from France and Portugal, inclusive 
 " in the latter instance of their exile from Paraguay, the Jesuits are able 
 *' to make one very telling reply, pleading that motives of state-craft alone, 
 "of an unworthy kind, and the evidence of untrustworthy and disrepu- 
 *' table agents of their enemies, were suffered to decide the matter. In 
 " other cases, as for example the assassination of Henry IV. by Ravaillac, 
 " they deny all complicity, and no sufficient proof has ever been adduced 
 against them. But, when full allowance has been made for such rejoin- 
 " ders, there remain several counts of the indictment which are but too 
 
 Ws^ff 
 
 mm 
 
15 
 
 *' clearly made out : as, for instance, their large ahare, as preachers, in 
 *• fanning the flames of polemical hatred against the Huguenots, * * 1= 
 " their complicity in the plots against the life of Queen Elizabeth, 
 ***** their responsibility for the Thirty Years' War. And 
 ** in regard to a large number of other cases where the evidence against 
 *' them is defective, it is at least m unfortunate coincidence that there is 
 *• always direct proof of some Jesuit having been in communication with 
 •• the actual agents engaged. So it was with the massacre of St. Barthol- 
 " omew, almost immediately preceded by a visit of the Jesuit General, 
 '• Francis Borgia, to the French Court, though there is no other evidence 
 *' to connect him therewith ; so with Chatel and Ravaillac, the unsuccess- 
 ^'ful and successful assassins of Henry IV.; so with Jaureguay and 
 *« Balthasar Gerard, who held the like relation to William the Silent, 
 ** Prince of Orange ; so with the accomplices in the Gunpowder Plot. 
 *' In all these and several other instances, the precautions which would 
 '* naturally, and even inevitably be taken by skilled and wary diplomatists 
 *' for their own protection are sufficient to account for the lack of direct 
 " proof against them, but it is not easy to explain the invariable presence of 
 " a Jesuit in the back-ground on any hypothesis which wUl secure the com- 
 " plete acquittal of the Society from charges of the sort. It is sufficient to 
 ** say here in illudtration that the English Boman Catholics under Eliza- 
 " beth, addressing the Pope with regard to the severe penal laws which 
 *' oppressed them, laid the whole blame of the Government's action on the 
 ** J esuits, as having provoked it by their conspiracies ; while the secular 
 ** priests in England issued in 1601 by the pen of one of thefir number, 
 " William Watson (afterwards executed in 1603), a pamphlet known as 
 ^* Important Considerations, to the same eflfect." 
 
 What are the charges against the Jesuits t 
 
 " Concocting conspiracies, kindling wars, and procuring assassinations.^* 
 
 And the proofs 1 
 
 There are no "sufficient" proofs ; *^but it is not easy to explain the invari' 
 able presence of a Jesuit in the hack-ground, on any hypothesis which will 
 setsvre the complete acquittal of the Society from charges of the fort. It is 
 
-m 
 
 
 ■•■» 
 
 16 
 
 SUFFICIENT TO SAY HERE, IN ILLUSTRATION, that the English Roman 
 Catholics under Elizabeth, addressing the Pope with regard to the severe 
 penal laws which oppressed them, laid the whole blame of the Govern- 
 ment's action on the Jesuits, as having provoked it by their conspiracies; 
 while the secular priests in England issued, in 1601, by the pen of one of 
 their number, William Watson, a pamphlet, known as Important Consider- 
 <iorw, to the same effect." , ' • 
 
 The investigation is, therefore, limited to English history. 
 
 No JesiiitH to provoke Elizabetli^H penal laws 
 
 I have not at hand the address of "The Roman Catholics of Eng- 
 land " referred to. Very likely its originators and signers had as much 
 right to speak for The Roman Catholics of England, as the famous tailors 
 or Tooley St. had, on another occasion, to call themselves *^The People 
 of England." But how very childish, not to say ridiculous, their conduct 
 appears in the light that history has shed upon the events of that blood- 
 stained era. They blamed the Jesuits for having provoked the penal laws 
 by their conspiracies! Why, the Jesuits did not come itvO the country 
 until 1580. This was the 22nd year of Elizabeth's reign, and she haa already 
 acquired a reputation as a Coercionist that would put even Mr. Balfour to 
 shame. She ascended the throne with a policy in her own mind clearly 
 marked— to crush out the old Faith ; and forthwith she began to carry it 
 into effect. What do we read 1 " The fuaeral of Mary (her predecessor) 
 " was celebrated according to the Catholic Ritual. White, the Bishop of 
 " Winchester, who preached on the occasion, uttered something which 
 " gave offence to Elizabeth. There seems, however, to have been nothing 
 "in the sermon disrespectful towards her; and if the law, on such an 
 " occasion, were at all applicable, there was nothing against the law. No 
 "matter; it had offended Elizabeth, and, therefore, both the personal 
 " liberty of the subject and the episcopal character must be despised ; the 
 "Bishop was ordered to remain shut up in his own house; and, after a 
 " month's confinement, was summoned before the Council, to receive a 
 *• stern reprimand."* 
 
 Flanagan's " History of the Church in England."-Vol. II. 
 
-ftwmmmtmm 
 
 wmm 
 
 17 
 
 -i -. 
 
 In the following year, 1559, there was a statute passed, called a 
 " Bill of Supremacy," which enacted that those who by writing or preaching 
 defended "the power or jurisdiction, spiritual or ecclesiastical," of what is 
 termed " any foreign prince, prelate, person, state or potentate," were 
 doomed to foifeitnre of all their property and benefice, if they had any ; 
 and if not worth twenty pounds were to suffer a year's imprisonment. For 
 a second offence all such persons were to suffer the penalties of a 
 praemunire ; and a third offence was declared to be high treason. 
 
 Next there was a " Bill of Uniformity," which enacted that 
 ♦• The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of Sacraments, 
 and other Bites and Ceremonials," authorized in the fifth and 
 sixth of Edward VI., was to be "in full force and effect, with 
 veiy few alterations," and to be everywhere used. Ministers refusing 
 to use it were, for the first offence, to forfeit one year's income, and to be 
 imprisoned for six months ; for a second, were to be deprived, and to be 
 imprisoned for twelve months ; and for a third, were doomed to perpetual 
 imprisonment, as well as a new deprivation. To use any words in dero- 
 gation of the same book, was made liable, for a first offence, to the penalty 
 of a hundred marks ; for a second, to one of four hundred ; and for a third, 
 to forfeiture and perpetual imprisonment. As if these violent measures 
 were not enough ; people were to be forced to attend the services thus 
 gchismatically changed, by spiritual censures, and by a fine of one shilling 
 for every case of absence on Sundays and holy-days. On Whitsunday^ 
 May 8, began the now service in English, and the removal of the images 
 of the saints. This waa followed by the public burning, in many pai'ts of 
 London, of "all the roods and other images of the churches." After 
 the image of Christ and the reminiscenses of Calvary were thus given 
 to the flames, it is but a trifle that "vestments, altar-cloths, books, banners, 
 sepulchres and rood-lofts were burned. " The exaction of the Oath of 
 Supremacy was meantime proceeding in all parts of the country. Its 
 effect upon the universities was briefly but effectively told by Jewell, the 
 Protestant Bishop : "There is a dismal solitude in our universities ; the 
 young re en are flying about in all directions, rather than come to an agree- 
 ment in matters of religion."* 
 * Ibid. 
 
18 
 
 In 1563, there was another Act, which required all membera of parha 
 ment, all persona taking degrees in the universities, all sheriffs, barristers, 
 attorneys, school masters, private tutors, and ofiicers in any court whatever, 
 and every other person at the Lord Chancellor's discretion, to take the 
 Oath of Supremacy, under the penalty of a pra3mnnire for every offender, 
 and of one hundred pounds for every conniving or negligent Justice. 
 A second offence was to be punished with "the same pains, forfeiture, judg- 
 ment and execution, as is used in cases of high treason." 
 
 In April, 1571, it was by Act of Parliament made high treason, even 
 for a first offence, to declare in aivy work that the Queen wau a heretic or 
 schismatic, no less than to declare her a tyrant and usurper. It was 
 made treason to "bring from the City of Rome to England," or to 
 use any writing or instrument from the Pope, whatever " might 
 be its contents." It was no less treason to give or receive absol- 
 ution, in virtue of any written jurisdiction from the Holy See, 
 although it was the general practice of the Church to give such power only 
 in writing. Even the mere fact of possessing an Agnus Dei, or beads, or 
 crosses, or pictures blessed by the Pope, or by the missionaries sent by 
 him, was now subjected to the heavy punishment of a praemunire. Those 
 Catholics who had fled their country were not altogether out of the reach 
 of these tyrannical enactments ; unless they returned within six months 
 after proclamation to that effect, even if they had procured a formal leave 
 of absence, they forfeited to the Crown for life, their goods and chattels, 
 and their landed revenues. 
 
 Needless to say, that these and other penal laws, which were placed m 
 the Statute-book long before the Jesuit " invasion" of the country, were 
 rigorously enforced, the punishment for high -treason being death. 
 
 Pioneer Jesuits in England 
 
 As I have already said, it was in 1580 that the Jesuits first entered 
 England as missioners. Ignatius had long since gone to his reward, and 
 Father Everard Mercurian, the fourth General of the Society, was 
 in command. The Fathers selected for this arduous and dangeroua mis- 
 
19 
 
 uioQ were Robert Persons and Edmund Campion, both Englishmen and 
 ^aduates of Oxford University. Greon relates in his " History of the 
 Bcglish People," that, " For the moment their success was amazing. The 
 *' eagerness shown to hear Campion was so great, that, in spite of the de* 
 ^< nunciations of the Government, ho was able to preach with hardly a 
 *' show of concealment to a vast audience in Smithfield. From London 
 *• the missionaries wandered in the disguise of captains or serving men, or 
 " sometimes in the cassock of the English clergy, through many of the 
 *' counties ; and wherever they went the zeal of the Catholic gentry re- 
 ^' vived. The list of nobles reconciled to the old Faith by the wandering 
 ^' apostles, was headed by the name of Lord Oxford, Burleigh's own son- 
 " in-law, and the proudest among English peers. The success of the 
 *' Jesuits in undoing Elizabeth's work of compromise was shown in a more 
 " public way by the unanimity with which the Catholics withdrew from 
 ** attendance at the national worship. As in the case of the Seminary 
 •** Priests, however, the panic of the Protestants and of the Parliament far 
 >^' outran the greatness of the danger. The little group of missionaries was 
 ** magnified by popular fancy into a host of disguised Jesuits ; and the ima- 
 •** ginarj invasion was met by statutes which prohibited the saying of Mass 
 I " even in private houses, increased the fine on recusants to twenty pounds 
 " a month, and enacted that, * all persons pretending to any power of ab- 
 " solving subjects from theii -allegiance, or practising to withdraw them 
 " to the Romish religion, with all persons after the present session will- 
 " ingly so absolved or reconci'.i v to the See of Rome, shall be guilty of 
 *• high treason.' " 
 
 Everywhere arrests ant! confiscations followed. Campion, after 
 
 inanynaiTOw escapes, was captured in July, 1681, or less than thirteen 
 
 months after his arrival, and lodged in the Tower, where he was mercilessly 
 
 tortured during four montha He was then put on trial at the Queen's 
 
 Bench, in company with fourteen others, of whom twelve were priests, 
 
 charged with high treason. Their trial was a mockery of justice. At the 
 
 -foot of the gibbet, Campion, addressing the people, said : " I am a Catholic 
 
 ,nd a priest : in that faith have I lived, and in that faith I intend to die j 
 
m 
 
 20 
 
 and if you esteem my religion treason, then am I guilty. As for any other 
 trejkson, I never committed, God is my judge." 
 
 Disobedience Not Treason. 
 
 Dr. Littledale, who cites, as evidence against the Jesuits, an alleged 
 address of " The English Roman C'xtholics " to the Pope, blaming the 
 Jesuits for having provoked, by their conspiracies, the penal enactments of 
 Elizabeth's reign — a senseless charge as I have shown — quietly ignores the 
 elaborate *' Apology or Defence of the Jesuits anci Seminarists," published 
 by Dr., afterwards, Cardinal Allen, some months subsequent to Campion's 
 <*xecution. William Allen was born of a respectable family in Lanca- 
 shire. Educated at Oriel College, Oxford, he became Proctor of the 
 University in 1556, and was made Canon of the Cathedral of York. 
 After refuting several odious and groundless accusations, the Apology 
 continues : — "Another, and the most odious of all, is brought, not only 
 " against us, but even against the Supreme Pontiff ; the Priests and 
 ** Jesuits have, it is said, been sent to England to treat, not only of 
 " Religion and the Conscience, but to drav the minds of men from the 
 " obedience due to the Sovereign, and to plot agaiist the State. That this 
 " charge is utterly groundless, the writer of this Apology can prove, by 
 " producing, if necessary, authentic documents, which he has in his posses- 
 " sion. We protest, therefore, that neither the Reverend Fathers of the 
 " Society of the Most Holy Name of Jesus (usually termed Jesuits), nor 
 ** the Priests or Students of the Seminaries, have any instructions orinsinu- 
 
 '"' ^s from the Pope, or other Superiors, to do or move any matter 
 
 " against the existing temporal rule, or have any other directions, but to 
 " preach, catechize, administer the sacraments, and perform such other 
 " offices as are necessary for the souls of the faithful. The Jesuits, more- 
 " over, have a clause inserted in their instructions, expressly forbiddiss 
 " them ' to interfere in the business of the republic' This being the case, 
 " where is there any ground for the charge of treason ? Or is the adminis- 
 "tration of the sacraments treason? As it would be ridiculous and 
 " impossible to make by Act of Parliament the recitation of the Divine 
 « Office, according to the rite of the Catholic Church, to be simony, usury. 
 
21 
 
 tt 
 
 * theft, or adultery, so indeca, is it impossible to make those things which 
 merely concern Religion become the crimes of treason, or of contumacy 
 against the Sovereign and State."* 
 
 <^ A Jesuit in tlie Bacl£-ground ^ 
 
 As for William Watson and his pamphlet *' Important Considerations," 
 al&o cited in the Encyclopaedia Britannica as a witness against the Jesuits, 
 the value of his testimony will appear from the follow relation of facts, 
 and his own confession on the scaffold : — 
 
 In 1603 some disappointed courtiers and Puritans — Grey, Raleigh, 
 Cobham, and others — had formed a plot t« seize James I. To strengthen 
 their party by the accession of the Catholics, they made overtures to 
 Watson. The latter seems to have thought that if by a counter-plot, he 
 could then rescue the King, the royal gratitude would thenceforth befriend 
 the Catholics. He drew into his schemes another priest of the 
 Biame of Clarke. Whilst he was contriving his notable scheme, it was 
 discovered by several parties, and amongst the rest by Father Gerard 
 and some other Jesuits. The latter informed Garnet, their Superior, as 
 well as Blackwell, the Arch-priest, who commanded them, as it was evident 
 treason, to inform the Government. Accordmgly, Gage, a Catholic gentle- 
 man, and Francis Barnaby, a secular priest, informed Bancroft, of London, 
 whilst Father Gerard sent word to James by a Scotch Catholic, one of the 
 King's servants, who, finding that it had become known the day before, 
 made no communication. Being well versed in the arts of his father and 
 of Walsingham, Cecil allowed the conspiracy to ripen ; but finding it 
 abandoned, seized its promoters. Due of these declared on his trial, that 
 it was suggested by James himself, as a means of testing the loyalty of the 
 young nobles. The chief agents were imprisoned ; but George Brookes 
 and the two priests, Watson and Clarke, suffered the death of traitors/ 
 Watson, when arrived at the scaffold, was so much more concerned for his 
 sin than for the cruel death before him, that he expressed his wish that he 
 had a life to forfeit tx every one "whom he had by his treachery drawn 
 into this treason."! 
 
 ^Flanagan's " History of the Church in England," vol. ii. 
 »bid. 
 
22 
 
 H 
 
 Penal laws not their own apology 
 
 But what of those other penal laws, too numerous to mention^ 
 enacted under Elizabeth's successors ? Why not blame the Jesuits 
 for the whole series ] Dr. Littledale knows full well, that 
 the mere fact of a Coercion Bill being placed among the Statutes 
 is not in itself sufficient proof of its necessity. This has been 
 brought home time and again of late, with telling effect, to the minds of 
 the English people, but never, perhaps, more clearly, more pointedly, and 
 more authoritatively, than it was in open Oourt, during the trial of Lord 
 George Gordon, on Feb. 5, 1781. The then Attorney-General, who was 
 Prosecutor in the case, said in his opening speech : — , 
 
 "In the latter end of the year 1778, an Act of Parliament passed to 
 " repeal certain provisions affecting the Roman Catholics in this country^ 
 " contained in an Act of Parliament made in the eleventh and twelfth years 
 " of the reign of King William 11^. The particular provision s which it 
 " was the object of this Act to repeal were these : By the Statute of King 
 " William, every Popish priest, exercising any part of his function in thi& 
 " Kingdom, was liable to perpetual imprisonment ; every person of the 
 " Popish religion, keeping a school or taking upon himself the educa- 
 *• tion, government or boarding of youth, was liable to the same 
 •' punishment. And by another part of this Act, "Roman Catholics^ 
 " were rendered incapable of inheriting or taking by devise or 
 " limitation any estates from their parents or others, unless they should 
 " take oatha and subscribe a declaration, which by their religion they 
 " could not conscientiously do, and their estates were to go immediately 
 " over to their next of kin being Protestants, and them and their families- 
 "left to starve. There was another provision too which made them 
 " incapable of taking an estate by purchase. 
 
 " This Act, containing such sever* penalties, could only be justified by 
 " the necessity of the case, for the salvation of the State and our religion. 
 ** It is the height of severriy to punish men for serving God in thjir own 
 " way, or in employing themselves in one of the most important duties to 
 " society, the education of youth ; that men shaE for the&e reasons aloiie 
 
S3 
 
 6ntion^ 
 Jesuits 
 ^n, that 
 tatutes 
 been 
 inds of 
 Jy, and 
 f Lord 
 ^ho waa 
 
 issed to 
 lountry^ 
 it years 
 s^hich it 
 )f King 
 in thi» 
 of the 
 educa- 
 
 same 
 tholicfr 
 se or 
 should 
 
 they 
 liately 
 tnilies- 
 them 
 
 " be doomed to a loathsome prison for their lives, and to the perpetual 
 " society of the most profligate and wretched of mankind, is cruel and 
 " horrid, The other part of this Act was extremely severe in depriving a 
 " man of his birthright and inheritance. 
 
 " The history of the times, indeed, does not furnish iurr proof of the 
 " necessity, nor a ford an apology for the hardship of these provisions. An 
 "account of the commencement and progress of the Act is given by a 
 " very learned divine, who was at that time a member of the House of 
 " Peers, Bishop Burnet. It originated in party faction, in opposition to the 
 ♦* Court at that time. The Bill was brought into the House of Commona 
 " that the Court party might reject it, and draw upon themselves the odium 
 " of a measure in favour of the Catholics, for those that brought in the 
 ♦* Bill did not mean it should pass ; they were disappointed in their view, 
 " for the Court party made no opposition to it. They then wished to drop 
 " it, but they could not, upon which Bishop Burnet Jiays, they added very 
 " severe and unreasonable clauses to the Bill and sent it up to the House of 
 " Lords, in hopes that that House would reject it ; in this they were dis- 
 •* appointed too, for the House of Lords did not reject the Bill, but suffered 
 " it to pass with the severe penalties and punishments I have stated. It is 
 " too much, in my opinion, (adds the Attorney-General) for any paity or 
 " faction to staiie upon their game the liberty and fortunes of others." 
 
 Toltaire Tersus Pascal & €o 
 
 Having finished with what Dr. LitUedale is pleased to call the 
 " political hostility " to the Jesuits, let us take up some of the most pro- 
 minent charges against them on moral and doctrinal grounds. The assault 
 made on their moral theology in the famous " Provincial Letters " of Blaise 
 Pascal, issued from Jan., 1656, to March, 1657, is the poisoned source from 
 which the anti-Jesuit literature of the day is drawn. Of Pascal's produc- 
 tions, Voltaire, assuredly no friend of the Jesuits, wrote thus : — 
 
 "In good faith, is it by the ingenious satire of the LetPie» 
 " Provinciates that the morality of the Jesuits must be judged, and not 
 " rather by the teaching of P6re Bourdaloue, of Pfere Cheminais, and other 
 " preachers, and by their missionaries t Let any one draw a parallel be> 
 
m 
 
 "> 
 
 V'r. 
 
 r ■ :• , 
 
 24 
 
 ^* tween the Lettres Provinciates and the sermons of P^re Bourdaloue. In 
 " the first may be learnt the science of raillery, the skill of presenting 
 " things indifferent in themselves under a criminal aspect, and the art of 
 " insulting with eloquence. From Pfere Bourdaloue a man will learn to 
 " be severe to himself, indulgent towards others. I ask, then : On which 
 " side is true morality, and which book is most useful 1 I venture to say 
 " that nothing can be more iniquitous, more contradictory, more disgrace- 
 " ful to humanity, than to accuse of lax morality men who in Europe lead 
 " the most austere lives, and who seek death in the distant regions of Asia 
 *' and America."* 
 
 Of the " Monita Secreta,'" to which reference has already been made, 
 professing to be the authoritative *' Secret Instructions " drawn up by 
 Aquaviva, 5th General of the Society, and given by the Superiors of the 
 Company to its various officers and members, the most favorable thing that 
 Dr. Littledale can say is : — •* The truth seems to be that, altfiough both 
 caricature and libel, it was drafted by a shrewd and keen observer, who 
 seeing what the Fathers did, travelled analytically backwards to find Jww 
 they did it, and on what methodical system, conjecturally re-constructing 
 the process, and probably coming very near the mark in not a few de- 
 tails. * * * It had a wide success and popularity, passing through several 
 editions, and though declared a Jorgery, by a Congregation of Cardinals 
 specially appointed to examine it, has not ceased to be reprinted and 
 credited down to the j_)resenfc time." 
 
 "What a striking similarity there is betweeen the work of Pascal <fe Co. 
 and the Times' '* Parnellism and Crime " forgeries ! Likethe " Provincial 
 Letters" and the " Secret Instructions," is the so called " Jesuit's Oath," 
 — caricature, libel, and forgery. 
 
 Some "Jesuit Dlaxims" 
 
 Dr. Littledale claims that Pascal's censures have been in the main 
 
 justified by the subsequent teaching of the Society, for "the lax oasuis- 
 
 try, which he held up to ridictile has been formally reproduced in the most 
 
 modem text book on the subject, that of Father Gury. In this and in 
 
 •Correspondance, 7 Fov. 1746. 
 
26 
 
 kindred works," he says, '• it will be found that the principles of ' justifica- 
 tion of means by ends,' and of ' mental reservation ' are recognized maxims 
 of the Jesuits." The worthy Dr. pretends to speak whereof he knows. 
 But he does not know in every case. For instance, he has written quite 
 lately a letter to the London Times, in which he refers to the doctrine of 
 Transubstantiation, and says, with an assurance that is truly admirable, 
 that "although the word (transubstantiation) is retained in Eomau 
 Catholic theology, the idea is virtually abandoned by the most Eoman of 
 theologians, so that the controversy is obsolete." I quote this latest 
 authoritative pronouncement of his, not necessarily as an evidence of his 
 good faith, but merely to show how much he sometimes knows about 
 Catholic theology. ' , 
 
 Now, let us examine the Jesuit theologian, Gury, accused of lax 
 casuistry in holding and inculcating the principle of "justification of means 
 by ends," to wit, that when the end is lawful the means to that end are 
 also lawful. Gury's work is accessible to all. After discussing the nature 
 of morality, and some of the conditions that it presupposes in respect of 
 human acts, he proceeds to treat of the sources of morality, or those prin- 
 ciples which assign their specific moral character to human acts or modify 
 them. These sources are three-fold : 1 — The object of the act ; 2 — The 
 circumstances of the act; 3 — The end of the act. Having established the 
 existence of each of these principles, Father Gury lays down the following 
 conclusions as resulting from them : 
 
 '* 1 — The election of evil means is always evil, but on the contrary it 
 does not follow that the election of good means is always good. Thus, no 
 one is held to be worthy of praise because he abstains from drink out o 
 avarice ; and he is to be held culpable who steals money in order to give 
 alms. 
 
 2. — Whosoever chooses an honest means to an honest end, performs an 
 act of double honesty, if the honesty of the act in both cases falls within 
 his intention. In like manner, he is guilty of double malice who elects an 
 evil means to an evil end, as for instance, if any one stole money in order 
 to get drunk with it 
 
l:^ -:.. 
 
 iM 
 
 1 1 
 
 26 
 
 3 — Whosoever employs an evil means for a good end contracts only 
 the malice arising from the choice of such means, as for instance, if any 
 one told a lie to free his neighbor from danger. So, on the other band, 
 he who makes nse of honest means, contracts only the malice arising from 
 such end. 
 
 4. — Whosoever makes use of a means indifferent in itself, that is, not 
 having any specific character of good or evil, in order to a good or a bad 
 end, contracts only the goodness or malice arising from the end proposed." 
 
 I could give many passages from Gury's text-book in confirmation of 
 the conclusions just read, to show that this attack upon the moral teaching 
 of the Church is based upon misapprehension and misrepresentation. 
 Although by no manner of means a wealthy man, 1 can afford to make a 
 fairly liberal offer in the interests of truth. It is this : A reward of five 
 hundred dollars will be given by me to any one, who shall produce a bona fide 
 passage that will convict the Jesuits, or any Jesuit, or any approved Gatholic 
 theologian, of teaching the doctrine that "the end justifies the means," as 
 that maxim is vulgarly understood. This offer will stand until the 12th 
 day of July next, being the first anniversary of the Jesuits' Estates Bill of 
 Quebec* 
 
 Time will not permit to-night an examination of Gury on the ques- 
 tion of "mental reservation," suflSce it to say, that, here again, caricature 
 and libel miserably fail to smirch his character as a casuist. Those rigid 
 moralist who affect to be scandalized at the Jesuit principle of "mental 
 reservation," must be filled with holy indignation at the lady who is not 
 "at home" to the caller she does not desire to receive, or the prisoner in 
 the do(5k who pleads "not guilty" rather than criminate himself for mere 
 truth's sake. Why do they not point the finger of their righteous 
 scorn at such " lax moralists," as Jeremy Taylor, who says: "to tell 
 a He for charity, to save a man's life, the life of a friend, of a husband, of 
 a prince, of a usefal and a public person, hath not only been done at all 
 times, but commended by great and wise and good men ;" MUton, who asks : 
 "By which of the commandments is a lie forbidden 1 You will say, by the 
 
 •See App«ndiz. ' ~~ '. '■ 
 
ninth. If then my lie docs not injure my neighbor, certainly it is not for- 
 bidden by this commandment ;" Paley, who says, "there are falsehoods 
 which are not lies, that is, which are uot criminal," and Johnson, who 
 states, "the general rule is that truth should never be violated ; there must^ 
 however, be some exceptions. If, for instance, a murderer should ask yoa 
 which way a man is gone." 
 
 Suppression of the Society. 
 
 We shall now revert to the history of ths Jesuits. 
 
 In the second half of the 18th century, the infidel powers behind the 
 Bourbon Courts — the most corrupt in Christendom — governing so called 
 Catholic countries, conspired to destroy the Society. In France, in Spain, 
 in Portugal, and finally in Austria, their machinations were followed by 
 barbarous cruelty towards its members. Imprisonment, confiscation, death 
 and exile had to be suffered. The reigning Pontiff. Clement XIII., 
 watched with sorrowful alarm the development of this crusade against the 
 Jesuits. He stood alone to defend them ; but no human power could hush 
 his courageous voice, which continued to the end to uphold the cause of 
 right. But Clement was already an old man, and on the 2nd February, 
 1769, in his seventy-eighth year, he died. Now was the hour of the enemy. 
 The Jesuits were defenceless — maligned, threatened and insulted — in the 
 midst of their foes. Defenceless, but brave, resolute and defiant. 
 Instances of human frailty and individual weakness they had indeed 
 furnished — as what society has not ? — here at one period, there at another ; 
 bnt, as a body, the Company of Jesus stood before the world as pure and 
 as fervent at the end of two hundred years as in the first glorious days. 
 of its institution. 
 
 The Conclave for the election of a successor to the deceased Pop© 
 opened on the 15'th February, and straightway the most infamous intrigues 
 wei-e brought to bear upon its members. Among the Cardinals, De Bemis 
 was the chief offender in this respect. His correspondence reveals, day 
 by day, the dark schemes by which the desires of the Bourbon sovereigns 
 were only too faithfully carried out. No species of bribery, threat, or 
 persuasion was spared to secure the election of a Pope inimical to the 
 

 
 -■"■■-:■ ]v- ■ ■ 28 
 
 Jesuits. All tho Cardinals, however, were not men on whom these villain- 
 ous tactics could produce the desired effect, and the history of the Conclave 
 of 1769 is redeemed by instances of dignity on the part of prelates (too 
 few in number), who would not sell their conscience, and who courageously 
 defended the Society. Cardinal Ganganelli, a Franciscan monk, watt the 
 choice of the Conclave, having first given to the agent of the Spanish 
 Court a written declaration, in which ho stated that " The Sovereign 
 Pontiff* possessed the right to suppress the Society of Jesus according to 
 the Canon Law, and that it was to be hoped that the future Pope would 
 liiake every effort to comply with the desire of the Ooui-ts." On May 
 19 th he ascended the political throne as Clement XIV. The election over, 
 most of the Cardinals seemed to repent of having suff'ered themselves to 
 be intimidated, for the new Pope, on consulting them, found a majority 
 completely in favour of the Jesuits. But the infidel ministers of those 
 €atholic Courts would brook no delay in the fulfilment of the quasi prom- 
 ise they had extracted from him, aud began to bluster and threaten in older 
 to gain the end in view. It was only then that Clement awoke to a sense 
 of his duty as Head of the Church. With this rude awakening there came 
 a deep feeling of his responsibility, and of the obligations incumbent upon 
 him as Christ's Vicar, and he made strenuous eff'orts to extricate himself 
 from the false position on which he had so rashly entered. To the demands 
 of Choiseul, the French representative, Clement replied : — 
 
 " As for the Jesuits, I can neither blame nor destroy an Institute 
 " which nineteen of my predecessors have praised, especially as the Institute 
 " has been confirmed by the holy Council of T.-ent ; and, according to 
 «' your French maxims, a General Council is above the Pope. If it be 
 « desired, I will assemble a General Council, where all things for and 
 "against the Jesuits may be fairly discussed, and where they themselves 
 « shaU be heard in their own defence ; for I owe to them, as to every 
 " religious order, justice and protection. Moreover, the Polish nation, the 
 *' kings of Sardmia and Prussia have written to me in their favour. I 
 " should, therefore, by destroymg them only content some princes by dia- 
 " pleasing others." 
 
29 
 
 It was too late ! He stood alone against the crowned heads of Europe, 
 who, pointing to the bond, mercilessly exacted their pound of flesh. 
 Broken in health and in spirits, and utterly weary of resistance, at last 
 he abandoned the Jesuits to their enemies. The Brief of Suppression was 
 dated July 11, 1778. At 8 o'clock, in the evening of that day, it waa 
 made known to the 18th General of the Society, Father Bicci, by the Com- 
 mission of prelates named for that purpose. 
 
 The Brief " Doininiis ac Redeinptor Noster." •• 
 
 I shall now read from a reliable hand-book,* lately published, on this 
 subject : ' ' ■ * V ■ - '■ 
 
 ♦'The Brief of Suppression is a valuable document in the history of the 
 Society of Jesus, and it is especially remarkable because, as is observed by 
 Protestant Historian Schoell, * it condemns neither the doctrine, nor the 
 morals, nor the discipline of the Jesuits. The complaints of the Courts 
 against the Order are the only motives alleged for its suppression.'" 
 
 " The Pope begins* ^y alluding to the example of his predecessors in 
 the suppression of various congregations, omitting, however, to state that 
 the forms of justice observed in the case of these congregations were wanting 
 in the case of the Jesuits. Thus, in 1310, the Templars were suppressed 
 by Pope Clement V. ; but before the sentence was pronounced the Bishops 
 of Christendom were assembled, the accusations and the defence were care- 
 fully examined, and the Templars were individually summoned before pro- 
 vincial councils to be judged. The Jesuit?, four centuries later, , ; . sup- 
 pressed without being informed of the charges against them, and much 
 less allowed to defend themselves." 
 
 ** It would be too long to give the entire text of the famous Brief. After 
 referring to the religious orders which at different times the Holy See had 
 thought it necessary to abolish, the Pope proceeds to mention, on the one 
 hand, the approbation bestowed upon the Society by many of his predeces- 
 sors, and, on the other, the dissensions which at various periods had broken 
 out between the Jesuits and the secular clergy. He then enumerates the 
 
 *" The JesuitB : Their Foundation and History." 
 

 !1 
 
 ti. 
 
 V.| !,.< 
 
 :fc, .;; 
 
 ;,{,! 
 
 h • '* 
 
 30 
 
 accusations brought forward against the Order, without, however, 
 either confirming or denying them ; and lastly, he lays great stress 
 upon the disturbance caused by the existence of the Society, and upon the 
 supplications addressed to him for its suppression. In this last paragraph 
 lies the key note to the Brief. It was a sacrifice to peace, but, as events 
 subsequently proved, a sacrifice made in vain. The Pope concludes by 
 pronouncing the suppression of the Order throughout Christendom, and 
 regulates the details of the execution of the sentence. * * * In 
 Kome, although unfortunately some of the cardinnals and prelates only too 
 faithfully served the interests of the Bourbon Courts against the Society, 
 the testimony of Cardinal Antonelli, one of the most eminent members of 
 the Sacred College, gives ample evidence that this feeling was not universal, 
 and in a report addressed to Pius VI., only two years after the suppres- 
 sion, he thus expresses himself : - ** The impartial world recognizea the 
 injustice of the act, and those who do not recognize it must be either blind 
 or else bear a mortal hatred to the Jesuits. What rule was observed in 
 the judgment rendered against them ? Were they listened to ? Were 
 they allowed to bring forward their defence ? Such a mode of proceeding 
 proves that there existed the fear of finding them innocent. As for me, I 
 affirm, without fear of error, that the Brief is null, invalid and iniquitous, 
 and consequently that the Society of lesus is not destroyed. My assertion is 
 founded on a number of proofs, of which I shall be satisfied with bringing 
 forward a few." The Cardinal then enumerates the reasons which, in his 
 opinion, invalidated the Brief. 1. — When the Pope promised to suppress 
 the Society he was only a private individual, unable to estimate the full con- 
 sequences of his act. 2. — The Brief was extorted from a man, fettered by 
 his previous engagement, by those whose only object was to ruin the 
 Church. 8. — In this infamous transaction, false promises, criminal threats 
 and opdn violence were made use of towards the Head of the Church ; 4. — 
 The Brief was destitute of the canonical forms requisite in a solemn sentence 
 of this description. It is believed, adds the Cardinal, that Clement XIV 
 purposely neglected these formalities, in order to render the Brief less 
 binding. 5. — In the execution of the sentence the ecclesiastical and civil 
 laws of justice were equally violated. 6.— The sentence rests upon un- 
 
81 
 
 proved accusations, and upon calumnies which it is easy to refute. 7. — The 
 Brief contradicts itself, asserting in one part what it denies in the other. 
 8. — It contains confused and ambiguous expressions, and in the part' re- 
 lating to the simple and solemn vows the Pope attributes to himself powers 
 that no Pontiff ever claimed. 9. — The motives alleged for the suppression 
 of the Society might, under the same pretext, be applied to every religious 
 order, and the Brief is therefore an instrument prepared for the general 
 destruction of religious orders. 10. — It annuls, as far as it can, a number 
 of Briefs and Bulls, issued by the Holy See and accepted by the Church, 
 without giving the reasons of this sweej|ing condemnation. 11. — It was a 
 cause of scandal to the Church, and a subject of joy only to infidels, here- 
 tics and bad Catholics. " These reasons," continues Antonelli, " sufficiently 
 prove the Brief to be null and invalid, and in consequence the so-called 
 suppression of the Society of Jesus is unjust and irregular." 
 
 The Bourbon Constitutions have forever passed away. The mon- 
 urchs who opposed a Society which was one of the pillars of social order, 
 hastened a revolution which their own corruptions and crimes had long 
 invited. Frederick II. of Kussia, possessed a mind of a superior calibre. 
 Writing tchis agent in Rome, 13th September, 1773, he says, that he had 
 never found better priests in every respect than the Jesuits, and "I am 
 resolved to retain them in my States." Catherine II, of Russia, did not 
 merely approve of the Society, but gave the strictest orders that they 
 were to remain in her Dominions. V ' • 
 
 How Clement Died j : > 
 
 As might be expected, the Jesuits, against whom accusations of regi- 
 cide have been constantly brought forward, were charged with having 
 poisoned Clement XIV. To so contemptible an accusation silence is per- 
 haps the best answer. At the same time it may be mentioned, that even 
 Protestant historians, and the enemies of the Jesuits deny it. Thus, in 
 the letters of Gavazzi and Malvezzi, both men who had taken an active 
 part in the suppression, the charge is contradicted ; and Frederick of 
 Prussia, writing to D'Alembert, on November 15th, 1774, says : "nothing 
 can be more false than the rumors of the Pope having died of poison. 
 
■'r'r 
 
 32 
 
 * * * He often reproached himself for the weakness with which he 
 had sacrificed an order like the Jesuits to the caprice of his rebeilioua 
 children. * * * During the latter part of his life his temper became 
 gloomy and morose, and this contributed to shorten his days." Mor«.'Over, 
 the Pope's physicians, Salicetti and Adinolfi, in an official declaration, 
 asserted that the Pope's death proceeded solely from natural causes ; and 
 their testimony was confirmed on oath by Father Marzoni, General of the 
 Franciscans, and the intimate friend of Clement XIV., whom he attended 
 during his last illness.* 
 
 Restoration 
 
 After darkness — dawn. After death — resurrection. On the 7 th 
 August, 1814, at the bidding of Pius VII., the Society of Jesus arose 
 triumphant from the tomb. The terms of the Bull of Restoration are a 
 complete vindication of the suppressed Order. "The Catholic world," it 
 declares, " unanimously demands the restoration of the Society of Jesus. 
 ** We daily receive the most earnest petitions to this efifect from our vener- 
 " able brethren the Archbishops and Bishops, and frum other earnest 
 " persons. * * •* "We should deem ourselves guilty of great negligence 
 " before God, if, in presence of the perils that threaten Christendom, we 
 *' neglected the assistance give -^ to us by God's special providence ; and if, 
 " placed at the helm of the hurj. of Peter, tossed by continual tempests, 
 " we refused to employ vigorous and experienced seamen to master the 
 ** waves that threaten every instant to cause destruction and death," The 
 Pope then goes on to re-establish the Society of J jsus throughout the 
 Christian World, and to recommend its members to the protection of tem- 
 poral princes, as well as to the Archbishops and Bishops of the Church. | 
 
 The Sons of St. Ignatius in Canada 
 
 The early Franciscan or Recollect missioners in Canada, finding that 
 the field was too va^:t for their powers, applied for the assistance of the 
 French Jesuits, who strong in resources as in energy, would not be com- 
 pelled to rest on the reluctant support of the civil authorities. Three of 
 
 •Ibid. JIbid. 
 
wmmm 
 
 ■flp 
 
 83 
 
 their Society, Charles Lallemant, Etleraond MassG, and Jean do Breboeuf, 
 accordingly embarked, and early in the aummer of 1625, Canada beheld 
 for the first time thoje whose names stand so prominent on her annals, 
 the faithful followers of Loyola. 
 
 In his " Popular History of Canada," the Rev. H. Withrow, a clergy- 
 man of the Methodist church, rt'lates how the Society which had belted 
 the world with its missions, gained some of its grandest trium[)hs and 
 exhibited its most heroic spirit in the wilderness of Canada — " Nowhere," 
 he declares, " did the Jesuit missionaries exhibit grander moral heroism 
 *' or sublimer solf-sacrifice ; nowhere did they encounter greater sufferings, 
 " with more pious fortitude, or meet with a more tragical fate than 
 *• in the wilderness missions of New France. They were the pioneers of 
 " civilization, the path-finders of empire on this continent. With breviary 
 " and crucifix, at the command of the Superior of the Order at Quebec, 
 " they wandered all over the vast country stretching from the rocky shores 
 •' of Nova Scotia to the distant prairies of the Far West ; from the regions 
 " aroiind Hudson's Bay to the mouth of the Mississippi River. Paddling 
 " all day in their bark canoes ; sleeping at night on the naked rock ; toiling 
 " over rugged portages, or through pathless forests ; pinched by hunger, 
 ** gnawed to the bone by cold, often dependent for subsistence on acorns, 
 '* the bark of trees, or the bitter moss to which they have given their name ; 
 " lodging in Indian wigwams, whose acrid smoke blinded their eyes, and 
 " whose obscene riot was unutterably loathsome to every sense ; braving peril 
 " and persecution, and death itself, they persevered in their path of self- 
 " sacrifice, for the glory of God, the salvation of souls, the advancement of 
 " their Order, and the extension of New France. ' Net a cape was turned, 
 " not a river was entered,' says Bancroft, • but a Jesuit led the way.' " 
 
 Parkman, in one of his works,* graphically describes life at Quebec 
 after the arrival of the Jesuits. "A stranger," he says, "visiting Quebec, 
 " would have been astonished at its air of conventual decorum. Black 
 ".Jesuits and scarfed oflSicers mingled at Champlain's table. There waa 
 " little conversation, but in its place histories and the Lives of the Saints 
 
 ■ - 
 
 *" The Pioneers of France in the New World." 
 
31 
 
 " were read aloud, as in a monastic rcf'ictory. Prayers, masses and confes- 
 " sJons followed each other vith an edifying regularity, and the bell of the 
 "adjacent chapel, built by Ohamplain, rang morning, noon and night. 
 "Godless soldiers caught the infection, and whipped themselves in penance 
 " for their sins. Debauched artisans outbid each other in the fury of their 
 *' contrition. Quebec was become a Mission. Indians gathered thither as 
 " of old, not from the baneful lure of brandy, for the traffic in it was no 
 " longer tolerated,* but from the less pernicious attractions of gifts, kind 
 "words, and politic blandishments." 
 
 A ^^^iiiplc Case oi liestitution 
 
 There lemains to be said but a few words about the Jesuits' Estates 
 Act of Quebec. The Jasuits' estates were acquired by grants from the 
 Kings of France, by gifts from individuals, and by purchases made by the 
 Jesuits themselves. These estates were confiscated by the Imperial authori- 
 ties under the reign of George III, in 1800, and were afterwards transferred 
 to the authorities of the former Province of Canada. A large portion of 
 them was, at the time of, and since Confederation, ceded to the Provmce 
 of Quebec. In all the official documents bearing on the subject, it is 
 asserted that the Government of King George took po3session, not by 
 right of inheritance, nor of confiscation, but by right of conquest. Let us 
 briefly examine this aspect of the case, and see if there be any grounds on 
 which to justify the act of the Imperial Government. 
 
 In 1760, France lost her Dominion in the Now World to the English, 
 who captured Quebec. By the articles of capitulation, it was expressly stipu- 
 lated that the inhabitantu " should be left in possession of their houses, 
 lands, efiects and privileges." Canada being a colony by cession, its new 
 masters had a right to impose such laws on it as they chose, sithjcct to any 
 treaty that might he had between the contending parties. In February, 1763, 
 the Treaty of Paris was signed, and by it the people of Canada were con- 
 firmed in their enjoyment of those rights and privileges granted by the 
 Articles of Capitulation. 
 
 This establishes the important fact that the terms of the Treaty of 
 *A point for the Dominion Alliance. 
 
85 
 
 confes- 
 
 Ml of the 
 
 [d night. 
 
 penance 
 
 of tlieir 
 
 Ihither as 
 
 was no 
 
 Ifts, kind 
 
 a' Estates 
 from the 
 Je by the 
 1 authori- 
 *ansf erred 
 :)Ortion of 
 I Province 
 ect, it is 
 )n, not by 
 . Let us 
 •ounds on 
 
 English, 
 isly stijni- 
 ir houses, 
 1, its new 
 cct to any 
 ry, 1763, 
 s^ere con- 
 ed by the 
 
 rreaty of 
 
 Paris and of the Capitulation did not give to the English Government any 
 right of proprietcrship over the property of the Jesuits. The rights of con- 
 quest then, as now, conferred, the right of government, or superior dominion 
 but not of proprietorship. 
 
 The opinions and theories here advanced are substantiated by those 
 who had personal and practical knosvledge of the question. The Legislative 
 Council of 100 years ago, wliose mGmhcra were appointed by the Crown 
 declared that the Crown could not confiscate these estates without abolish- 
 ing the Oi'der. It is tnie, that in 1773 the Pope suppressed the Order of the 
 Jesuits, but this suppression did not confer any rights on the British 
 Government, because the Order had not been officially suppressed in 
 Canada. The illegality of taking possession is therefore clearly e&tablished. 
 As was said by an eminent Quebec Jurist, " The act of confiscation was 
 an act of spoliation." ' 
 
 That I he right of possession is not based on the right of conquest, is 
 demonstrable in another way. If it had been proposed to confiscate the 
 property of each inhabitant, by \irtue of such right, there would have been 
 a mighty jry of grief and protest from one end of the Province to the 
 other. That cry would have been heard in Europe ; and though miserable 
 her condition at the time. Franco would not have permitted this wholesale 
 robbery. Nay, more : the people themselves would not have submitted to 
 it. They would have denounced tlie attempt ; they would have held pub- 
 lic meetings to condemn it ; and if their peacoful pi-otests proved unavail- 
 ing they would have armed themselves to resist it. The thing would have 
 been impossible. Why then should that which was impossible in the case 
 of a whole population, have been attempted in the case of a few Religious 
 who had not the same means o^ opposition and resistance 1 No satisfac- 
 tory answer can be given. Indeed, only one answer is possible ; and it is 
 of such a factious character that not even a Toronto School Inspector 
 would be stupid enough to make use of it. Therefore, when the Imperial 
 Government declared in 1800, that they took these estates by right of 
 conquest, they invoked a right which did not exist. They violated the 
 terms of Capitulation and of the Treaty of Paris, and infringed the rights 
 of man. 
 
3C 
 
 Justice, long-delayed, is about to be done by the Jesuits' Estates Act. 
 The main provisions of this Act, at least those which have chiefly evoked 
 public discussion, are: 1st— That the Quebec Government will pay $400,000 
 in compensation for the confiscated estates, which sum is to be distributed 
 within the Province as the Pope may suggest ; 2nd. — That the agreement 
 will be binding only when ratified by the Pope. 
 
 As regards the amount to be paid, great diversity of opinion 
 exists. Some claim that it is too great ; others that it is too small. 
 Neither objection can very well be sustained. One approximate value of 
 the Jesuits' estates places them at $1,200,000; another at i'^jOC ','flO. 
 In the face of such estimates, $400^000 can not be regarded as excessive. 
 It is but one-half of the actual value of only one of the properties which 
 the Jesuits bought with their own money. Then there are those who say 
 the sum is too small, While this may be true in point of fact, it loses its 
 force when taken in connection with previous negotiations. In 1884, when 
 Cardinal Taschereau was authorized to treat with the Government of the 
 Province of Quebec, $400,000 was the sum agreed on between his Emin- 
 ence and the Leader of the Government, This being so, a larger sum could 
 not well be demanded now. 
 
 But it is asked why should the distribution of this amount be left in 
 hands of the Pope 1 To this the Quebec Government replies : " Becaut, j 
 we do not wish to distribute it ourselves. Besides the Jesuits thero are 
 other institutions claiming to be entitled to a portion of this sum according 
 to ecclesiastical law. With the merits of such claims we cannot be expected 
 to deal. Then there are controversies between the Jesuits and Laval 
 University into which it would not become us to enter. To attempt such 
 a thing would be to irritate the uneasiness we seek to allay. We have 
 chosen what appears to us the wiser and safer course. In leaving the dis- 
 tribution of the money in the hands of the Pope all possibility of conflicfc 
 between the Civil and Religious authorities will thus be avoided. He will 
 distribute this sum Uke a kind father, anxious only to eecure the peace 
 and happiness of his children by rendering justice to each. He will give 
 jt to wJioni he wishes. But on one condition— that the ->ount fixed as 
 
 ' ■■■■>■■< .; I .. ...... •I 
 
 'I 
 
37 
 
 v^i 
 
 compensation shall be expended exclusively in the Province." However 
 what has been so far discussed are but minor objections. The proposal 
 " that the agreement will be binding only when ratified by the Pope," has 
 called forth the most vehement denunciation, and excited many bitter 
 controversies. The discussion has assumed a two-fold aspect. It is asserted 
 that the Legislature should not consent to have one of its Acts sanctioned 
 by a foreign power ; that this is a degrading and humiliating position to 
 occupy. The statement is not a fair one. It is misleac^ing. In all important 
 treaties negotiated by an agent or attorney, ratification by the principal is ne- 
 cessary. The agreement under discussion is a case in point. Father Turgeon, 
 who conducted negotiations with the Government, is only the agent or repre- 
 sentative of the Holy See. Bearing this in mind, all the Quebec Gevern- 
 ment propose is, that ofter the Act has passed the Legislature, the Pope, 
 as one of the two principals, will be asked to ratify it so as to prevent 
 further discussion, and that the matter may thus be finally and authorita- 
 tively settled. , - \iy ,>",,;'• ;.:.c;-&;;'V;i ^ --"_ 
 
 In the second place, we are told that Protestants cannot, will not, 
 accept the Pope as arbiter. They will not, cannot, be injured by acceding 
 to this proposal. A few years ago, complications arose between Spain and 
 Germany respecting the ownership of certain islands. The two Govern- 
 ments had begun to make preparation for war, when it was suggested to 
 refer the question to an arbitrator. But to whom 1 The man selected 
 must be a disinterested party, and one whose nicety of judgfin^'^nt would 
 ensure justice to both the rival powers. The Pope's mediation was invited, 
 and Leo effected an amicable settlement of the difficulty. Even Bismark, 
 — the man of Iron and Blood, the persecutor of Catholics, the opponent of 
 the Papacy — congratulated the Pope on the success of his intervention. 
 Now, why should the Protestants here be more susceptible on this question 
 than the Protestants of Germany on the other 1 In this case the Govern- 
 ment merely propose to make restitution ; and it is only reasonable that 
 the Religious Authorities should have a voice in the matter, since it is to 
 them restitution is to be made. 
 
 ^hat the Act is just and equitable no honest man can deny. It 
 
38 
 
 
 should commend itself to every fair niinded Canadian, if for no other 
 reason than that it is the recoguition of a debt, due these men who conse- 
 crated their lives to the cause of civilization, and shed their blood with such 
 heroic devotion in defence of religion and humanity. 
 
 Disreputable Tactics— Does the End Justify tlie Means? 
 
 The failure that has thus far attended the efforts of the anti- Jesuit 
 agitators to obtain the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, is no 
 doubt chiefly due to the spirit of fair play that so largely prevails among 
 intelligent Canadians of every creed, and which prompts them to frown 
 upon and discountenance, quietly, but eflfectively, the disreputable tactics, 
 so unscrupulously resorted to, in the pregs, on the platform, and even in 
 the pulpit. Every man who loves truth, justice and fair play, will recoil 
 in disgust from a propagandism that is obliged to resort to such fraudulent 
 means as this. — I shall instance but one out of hundreds at hand — to secure 
 a following : — 
 
 In the Toronto Mail of the 14th February, under such startling head- 
 lines as these : "Jesuit Principles — Intention of the Pope to possess the 
 Country," a letter is published, in which we read, among other mendacious 
 and mischievous assertions, that " The Roman hierarchy declares to the 
 •* people of th? United States (and this applies in like manner to Canada) 
 '* the following determination, through its chief organ in this country, 
 " namely, Broumson's Review :—' The Church is a kingdom and a power, and 
 " as such must have a supreme chief (the Pope), and this authority is to be 
 " exercised over States as well as individuals. If the Pope directed the 
 " Roman Catholics of this country to overthrow the constitution, sell the 
 "nationality of the country, and annex it as a dependent province to 
 " Napoleon the Little (a Papist sovereign), they would bo bound to obey. 
 •' It is the intention of the Pope to possess this country.' " 
 
 I turn to " Brownson's Quarterly Review" for a repudiation of this 
 alleged policy, and find it prompt, plain and unequivocal. It is in the Vol. 
 of 1854-5, in the 2nd article on "The Know-Nothinga : "— 
 
 "A friend in Raleigh, North Carolina, sends us the following slip froui 
 *' a newspaper ; — : 
 
30 
 
 ' If the Pope directed the Roman Catholics of this country to ovei'- 
 "throw the constitution, to sell the nationality of the country to a 
 " sovereign state, and annex it m a dependent province to Napoleon the 
 " Little's crown, they would be bound to obey — Brownson's Review, by 
 ^^ authority of the Archbishop of Boston.' ,. 
 
 " We suppose there are peoi)ie in the couni ry, not under guardianship, 
 " who can believe, not only that we wrote this, but tliat such is the real 
 "doctrine of the Church. Now, we never -wrote one word of it, 
 "nor anything from which in can be logically inferred. We sup- 
 "pose we go as far in asserting the Papal power as any Catholics 
 " in the world, but we hold no such doctrine as is here ascribed to us. 
 *' We believe the Pope is the divinely appointed judge of the law of God 
 " for all Catholics, but not the temporal ruler of states. The constitution 
 "of the United States is not repugnmt to Ihe law ef God, and is one 
 "which the people of the United States nrder that law had a perfect right 
 " to establish, and, therefore, the Pope has and can have no right to command 
 " its overthrow. It is idle to speculate what Catholics would be bound to 
 ** do, in case he should command it, because every Catholic knows that he 
 " can never command it. As for annexing our country to the Crown of 
 '* Napoleon the Little, or Napoleon the Big, it is sufficient to add that 
 " 'when the sky falls, we shall catch larks.' The Papal power lies in the 
 "spiritual order, and if he can interfere in temporal matters at all, it is 
 "only in the respect in which they are spiritual, and then not for the 
 "destruction, but for the protection of the rights of individuals and 
 "nations." 
 
 Well, what do you think of the means adopted by the Mail & Co; 
 to provoke hostility against the Jesuits t Does the end justify the means ? 
 
fcf.'l 
 
 
 45 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 1,1 1 
 
 At the eyening service, Sunday, March 3, Father Whelan said : — 
 
 Last Sunday, I made, in the interests of truth, a liberal offer to the 
 
 anti-Jesuit agitators, who, in the press, on the platform and in the pulpit 
 
 — more shame for them ! — are, like the Know-Nothings of forty years ago, 
 
 feeding the prejudices and passions of a class of ignorant Protestants, with 
 
 lies and calumnies, slanders and libels, most foul, most scandalous, and most 
 
 cowardly. Yes, most cowardly ; for they dare not accept the challenge 
 
 uttered last week — they will not dare accept it, no matter in what terms it 
 
 may be repeated. * ♦ ■* 
 
 I now renew the offer : — Five hundred dollars tvUl be paid by me to 
 
 any one who shall produce a hona-Jide passage that will convict the Jesuits, 
 
 or any Jesuit, or any approved Gatholic theologian, of teaching the doctrine 
 that "the end jUETiFiEs THE MEANS," as that maxim is vulgarly utiderstood 
 
 — i.e., " THAT IT IS LAWFUL TO DO EVIL THAT GOOD MAY COME." 
 
 There is not going to be any back- down on our part. Let us have an 
 •' independent tribunal" by all means. What have the anti-Jesuits to say 
 to this proposal : — A Commission of Inquiry, to be composed, say, of five 
 members : we to select two competent moral theologians ; the other side 
 to appoint two representatives ; these four to choose the fifth member of the 
 Commission. Let a day be fixed for the opening of the Inquiry ; and let it 
 be agreed, that all passages to be cited from Jesuit authors, or other approved 
 Catholic casuists, shall be fyled with the Commission, at least thirty days 
 before the Inquiry begins ; two copies of each passage or extract to be 
 suptplied, with the title and the edition of the work, as well as the page, from 
 which it is said to be taken. 
 
 I shall abide by the report of tho Commission, and shall pay five 
 hundred dollars as promised, to the claimant, should the decision be adverse 
 to me. If a Court of Inquiry, constituted as proposed, be not satisfactory 
 to the anti-Jesuits, then, let them suggest a tribunal. We are not afraid 
 of the issue ; and a course of Catholic ethics would do those people much 
 good. * * * 
 
 Their attacks are levelled, not at any special or singular doctrines of 
 the Jesuits, but at the moral teaching of the Catholic Church. These 
 slanders are older than the Jesuit Order. They are as old as the Church 
 itself. In St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans (c. iii), the Apostle complains 
 of being libelled against in this manner : " We are slandered, as some 
 affirm that we say, • let us do evil that there may come good.' " Slandered I 
 Good Paul! And why not I "If they have called the master of the 
 house Beelzebub, how much more them of his household." 
 
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