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Tous las autres exemplaires orlgineux sont filmte en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iiiustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles sulvants apparattra sur la dernlAre Image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie cas: Ie symboEe — »- signifie "A SUiVRE", ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film«s A des tsux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, II est film* A partir de I'engle supArleur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images nAcesssire. Les disgrammes suivants iliustrant la mAthodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 l' ■■■ 1^ * fs J^t" REPOET OK SUPPLTlHff THE CITY OF QUEBEC vrtm PURE WATER: BT OBOU OP GEORGE OKILL STUART, ESQ., MAYOR OF aUBBBC. By GEORGE R. BALDWIN, CITIb BNOIMKIFR. BOSTON: CSURIiES C. UTTLB AND JAM£S BROWN. 18^8. I ttlriliiytrti ! ? y REPORT ON SUPPLYING THE CITY OF QUEBEC WITH PURE WATER: MADE FOR THE CITY COUNCIL BY ORDER OF GEORGE OKILL STUART, ESQ., MAYOR OF aUEBEC. By GEORGE R. BALDWIN, CIVIL ENGINEER. BOSTON: CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN. 1848. .**'^*t bostok: phwtid by vkiehan and bollks, BIVOmaiBE STBEXT. REPORT. 41 i-r-m Charlestowiif April 2, 18^. Dear Sir, In compliance with your communication dated July 1st, 1847, requesting that I should repair to Quebec for the pur- pose of investigating the practicability and cost of supplying that city with pure water, I commenced a reconnoissance of the neighboring streams on the 11th of August following, to ascertain their relative capabilities and facilities for furnishing the rrquisite supply. Owing to the severity of the winters, nearly all the minor streams in the vicinity of the city are arrested in their course by the entire congelation of their waters — and remain in tha^ state during the greater part of that season ; rendering liiem unsuitable for furnishing an uninterrupted supply, unless arti- ficial reservoirs of great capacity were constructed to hold some four months' provision of water. As the coldness of the climate rendered the small streams unsuitable, there remained for examination only the two larger rivers, the St. Chariest and Montmorenci; neither of which presented any apparent objection, either in regard to their elevation, quantity or purity of their waters, or in regard to the distance to which it would be necessary to convey the water by artificial means. Therefore, considering these sources sufficient in every respect, surveys were made to ascertain the practicability and cost of an aqueduct which should terminate in the city on the high ground at the junction of Scott street with St. Lewis road, where a reservoir could be constructed of ample height for forcing the water into every house in Quebec, and probably to supply the lower portions of the citadel enclosure. The bountiful and salubrious waters of these two rivers at once discouraged any thought of abandoning them for a nearer supply by means of steam or water power, which, although it might result in a cheaper method of supplying the city, should not, to follow the recent examples of some of our large citiesj on that account alone to be preferred. CHARACTER OF THE ST. CHARLES AND MONTMORENCI RIVERS. Altliough neither of these rivers were explored by myself much above the points at which the water would be taken, if taken at all, it may be well to allude to them, giving such casual information as was gathered from different individuals, and other sources; in particular that part acquired from a journal kept by William Warvi, Esq. deputy provincial sur- veyor, who made, in the year 1837, an exploration of the sources of the Montmorenci, Saluriski and the Huron branch of the St. Charles, for Peter Patterson, Esq. the present pro- prietor of the Beauport Seigniory. It appears by this journal that the country, after reaching a point twelve or fifteen miles north of Quebec, was then in a state of nature, and that it was with difficulty that he with his Indian assistants could pene- trate that inhospitable region, having to carry provisions for their support during their absence. Mr. Ware ascended the Montmorenci, and at about eleven miles from Quebec (as measured on the sketch of his route accompanying the jour- nal) he passed a mill-stream on the right bank, and at thirteen miles another small stream on the same side of the river, carry- ing a mill, (Priest's) ; at fifteen miles one of the main branches of the river diverges to the left, having a breadth of sixty feet, and a course nearly north, its origin being among the moun- tains, in close proximity to the source of the Huron branch of the St. Charles, the two streams running side by side for about five miles, within one mile of each other. This stream drains a strip of country equal to about sixteen square miles. At twenty-four miles from Quebec, according to the sketch, the Montmorenci has smooth water for about two miles, at a place called the " Great Fishery," where the immediate banks are low ; but the mountains are near, and covered with mixed wood. At twenty-seven miles, near the head of another great fishery, where the water is smooth, the river is divided into two main branches, each draining a country about twenty-eight miles long, by six or seven miles wide. Mr. Ware followed the eastern branch, (Snow River) which is very precipitous in its course, originating at Snow Lake, twenty-one miles from the Forks. It rises in that distance, according to his daily estimate of the inclination of the stream, about sixteen hundred feet. The country on each side of this part of the river, like that for twelve miles below the Forks, was greatly broken into moun- tains, varying from nine hundred to three hundred feet in height, the highest mountains being at the Forks. At the Forks he found the hard wood to terminate. Above, the growth consisted of small spruce, balsam and white birch ; the moss covering everything on the surface of the country, much ol which was entirely divested of the soil. At eleven miles up Snow River he passed a stream coming in from the east, which seemed to have connection with a large lake, discovered from the top of a mountain, about three miles distant from the river. This stream yielded about one-third of the water flow- ing in Snow River, below the junction. While at Snow Lake on the 12th September, he remarks, that it rained and snowed throughout the night, and on the 15th September, the party being still at the lake, ice was formed in their drinking cups. The Lake is about seven and a half miles long, ranging nearly north and south ; the eastern shore is low, while the western is covered with mountains, rising from three hundred to six hundred feet. Two miles north of the north end of Snow Lake, which point he designates as the source of Snow River, the party came to a lake two miles long and three quarters of a mile wide, supposed to have connection with Mai Bay (Malbaie) River. From the soMth end of Snow Lake the party passed across the country in a westerly course six miles to the west and main branch of the Montmorenci, the timber of spruce, balsam, &c., and of the worst description, varying in quality according to the elevation of the country. At about three miles from the lake, a small branch of the Montmorenci was crossed, running north. Some other minor branches were afterwards crossed, two of them running north, another south. Reaching the main branch, they followed down its winding course through a swampy district, covered chiefly Avith larch wood for about two miles, when their route was directed towards the south- west, across the country to the head waters of the eastern branches of the Saluriski River ; thence following near the crest of the eastern watershed of that river for fifteen miles, until, at a distance varying, as estimated on the sketch, from two to four miles from the Montmorenci, the party came to the source of the Huron branch of the River St. Charles, at a point twenty-three or twenty-four miles from Quebec. The lead of the Huron River is among the mountains, and very near the source of the sixty feet branch of the Montmo- renci, already noticed. The Huron here descends according to estimate, one thousand one hundred feet in a distance of two and a half miles, following the bases of steep and lofty mountains, covered with spruce and birch timber. Here occurred another severe frost on the 21st of September. From this river a divergence was made into the parallel valley of the beforementioned branch of the Montmorenci, and following that stream the party soon intersected their upward track. From this condensed account of the river region traversed by Mr. "Ware, we are to infer its character to be such as would be likely to furnish the purest of water ; little liable to be ani- malized with visible or invisible animalculEe, or become very rapidly unwholesome by stagnation. The very great descent of the streams, so httle interrupted by smooth or gentle cur- rents, makes it certain that the water would arrive in the greatest purity at the points where it would be taken and con- ducted by an aqueduct to the city. And the inhospitableness of the region, made so by the extreme barrenness and rough- ness of its surface, would forbid its being used to any extent for agricultural purposes. I was informed, by persons who knew the country about the sources of the River St. Charles, that the small western branch of that stream had its rise like the Huron, and wound "Is way like that river among the mountains. The wesi "\, branch passes through Lake Larron, just before the iunchja at or near the head of Lake Charles. Lake Larron is said to be very deep, and embosomed in the mountains. Lake Si. Charles is a very long lake, divided near Ihe middle by narrows, with high ground on the west ; the eastern shore for an extent of a mile or two is comparatively low and covered with wood. East of this the country becomes elevated, and forms a portion of that range of primitive hills which Lieut. Baddely, R. E., has descvibed as " commencing at Cape Tourment, thirty miles below Quebec, on the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, where it forms a conspicuous dome-shaped headland, trends away to the westward in a series of consecu- tive mountains and valleys ; the former holds a course nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence, and preserving an average dis- tance from it of ten or twelve miles. Beyond this line of demarkation to the northward for many miles, no * land of promise ' for the settler is met with ; and the semi-civilized Indian traverses this inhospitable region, in the pursuit of the moose and the caribou, consoled by the reflection, that here, at least for many years to come, his wanderings will suft'er little interruption from the white man. " The highest of this range is consiaered not to exceed two thousand feet of altitude above the St. Lawrence, but usually falls much short of it. The country which it traverses has been explored, but by no individual possessed of sufficient geological knowledge to allow him to describe the rocky masses met with, in language sufficiently scientific to be intel- ligible to the initiated. However, an examination of those ofT-spurs and boulders which lie nearest the town, has led those who understand the subject, to infer, that granite, granitic gneiss, mica slate, (rarely) ; syenite, syenitic gneiss, home- blende slate, and primary greenstone, are the species of rocks which most prevail." Picture of Quebec^ p. 444. The upper part of Lake St. Charles is said to have a depth of onj hundred feet j its western shore is rocky, with deep water, while the eastern has shoaler water with a sandy bot- tom. The lower division varies in depth from ten to twenty feet, excluding the shoal parts near the shore. The bottom is composed of sand and mud ; the latter an extremely fine sand, probably the finer part of the debris of the primitive district above, which has been brought through the upper division of the lake daring floods, and before reaching the quick water at the outlet, has been deposited where it is now found. Should the flood water, as it flows through the lake, act upon this sedi- ment, it would be conveyed down the River St. Charles, and be n source of annoyance by being carried through the aqueduct to the city, were there not a subsiding reservoir to arrest it, constructed at Lorette, or some other point, where the supply might be taken. The east side of the lower division of the lake is said to be bounded by a rocky or hard shore, except about half a mile next above the outlet, wliere there is an extensive swamp running back to the foot of the high land, about two miles distant. The west shore of the lake, below the narrows, was represented to be high, Avith the exception of a patch of hard bottom land, about one quarter of a mile wide from the lake, at the Inn, Avhich is annually flooded to the depth of six or seven feet, as is the swamp on the opposite shore of the lake, for a short time during the freshets in the spring of the year. The ice of the feeders of this lake does not float down in floods, but is dissolved in place by the warmth of the water and sun ; neither has the water the power to break up and force down the outlet of the lake the ice formed in the lake itself. We have, therefore, nothing to fear from the action of ice on any artificial works to be erected at the head of the aqueduct. The west shore of this lake has been occupied many years, and there can be enumerated now, within two ranges of lots, thirty-eight families. On my visit to the place our route lay along a road which crossed the outlet where the bottom land was about a mile wide. The river, at that point, had a velocity of about one mile an hour, and a level of about seven feet below the surface of the roiid and bordering forest. Ttiis low ground, which extends, perhaps with some interruptions of high ground, to the head of the rapids at liorette, is periodically flooded, like the swamp on the lake. The course of this part of the river is very serpentine. A distance of seven miles by this course is said to be three miles longer than a straight line. The velocity of the cTirrent here is such tiiat a canoe left to itself would float down the seven miles in about five hours. There are but few shallows where ihe water is reduced in depth to one and n half or two feet ; and the width varies from eighty to one hundred feet. The fall is so little, according to the repre- 9 It sentction of others, that a dam could be made at Lorette, which would flow the lake and turn it into an immense reservoir, from Avhich any deficiency could be supplied in the natural flow of the river during an extreme drought in summer, or, what is more likely to happen, a prolonged frost in the winter. Instead of building a high dam at Lorette, the same effect would be produced by deepening the shoaler parts of the intermediate portions of the river. But this would not be so desirable a course to pursue as the other, on account of the greater liability of having the water made turbid by abra- sions from the banks of the stream between the lake and dam. A high dam would tend to remedy such a result by causing a diminished current ; but, on the other hand, the bor- dering low ground would be flooded oftener, and to a greater depth. Between Lake St. Charles and the above-mentioned road the River Jaune, a large tributary of the River St. Charles, enters from the north, having a developed course, including the two main branches, of about thirteen miles. On this tributary are located three lakes. Lake Beauport, Segamite, and St. Sebas- tian. The first is the largest, and distant four or five miles north-east of Lake St. Charles. There is another stream that rises about two miles west of Lake Larron, from whence it loweeps round towards the west, returning into the St. Charles, after a course of some ten miles, not far above Freeman's dam, at Indian Lorette. On the 12th of August, I examined the lake water taken np in a boat from the middle of the lake ; its color was of the purest white, and perfectly sweet to the taste ; but when the river water was examined at Lorette, after a few rainy days that followed a long season of dry weather, it had a slight tinge of yellow, like bog water, with a taste a little astringent, but such as to be scarcely discernible. It was stated by the inhabitants at the inn, that the lake water has at times a yel- low or reddish color, caused probably by bog water, or the wash of the swamps. A sample of thr Montmorenci water, (No. 1 of the Analysis, given in Appendix A,) taken up on the 11th of August, at Mr. Patterson's dam, top of the Great Falls of Montmorenci, was as white, sparkling, and as free from all bad taste as that i : V . i; 10 of Lake St. Charles, (No. 2 of the Analysis,) but apparently many degrees colder. Another sample of the Montmorenci water was taken up on the 8th of September, at a point about a mile above the Three Falls ; the river having been affected by some six days of rain that intervened between the 11th of Ai:gust and 8th of Septem- ber. This sample (No. 4) had a higher color of the bog, or swamp, than any one of the nine samples left with Professor Siliiman, for analysis. Sample No. 5, taken up September 24th, at Mr. Patterson's Bridge, at the head of the Great Falls, was a large one of about two and a half gallons, it was much less tinged by the bog than No. 4. A large sample. No. 6, two and a half gallons, was obtained at the east end of Freeman's Dam, at the head of the Rapids at Indian Lorette, where it is proposed to tap the river for supply- ing the aqueduct. This sample was very nearly of the same tint of sample No. 5. In taking this up it was observed that there were numerous white particles carried along in the stream, both upon and below its surface ; I took these particles to be sawdust, and as they could be seen before they reached the mouth of the bottle, most of them were avoided in taking up the water. In all these samples, from No. 1 to No. 6, inclusive, with the exception of the sawdust, there was scarcely a particle having the character of sand or mud, to be detected by the naked eye. They were all perfectly translucent, and only tinted yellow, as before mentioned. Frequent analyses of the bog or peat water have of late been made by the most expe- rienced chemists and physicians of the United States, and they all assert the harmlessness of these colorer' waters. As to the sufficiency of the St. Charles and Montmorenci, independently, yielding at all times a full supply of water for any probable increase of the city for fifty years to come, after what I have seen and learnt from reputable persons, concerning the flow of these rivers, I have no doubt. The Montmorenci is the largest of the two rivers. In comparison with the St. Charles it bears more the character of a mountain torrent, suddenly raised to its maximum, and as quickly reduced to its minunum discharge, but probably furnishing 11 more water at all times. The St. Charles, on the contrary, (if we confine the remark to that division of the river below Lake St. Charles,) has considerable constancy, and does not, in the greatest freshets, rise more than about eight feet at the Lake, and probably not more than three or four feet on the dam at Lorette. I was so well satisfied as to the capability of either of the two streams to supply a population of 100,000, or even 200,000, that I took no particular pains to measure their dis- charges. I roughly estimated, however, that of the Mont- morenci, when it was first visited, on the 11th of August ; at which time it was stated to be, by those who well knew the river, very nearly at its lowest stage. The discharge tlien must have been equal to one hundred and fifty cubic feet — perhaps two hundred cubic feet — per second. The discharge of the St. Charles, at Indian Lorette was probably about two- thirds as much at that time. PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE WANT OF WATER FOR THE CITY. The quantity of water the aqueduct is to furnish is a point to be settled before going far into the details of the work, as the size of the conduit conveying the water from the source in the cormtry or other point of supply, is dependent upon it. In the present case I have fixed the supply at 480,000 cubic feet per day of twenty-four hours, equal to 5.55 cubic feet per second, assuming for the purpose the number of inhabitants eventually to be supplied, at 100,000 — and that each individual, man, woman and child should require thirty imperial gallons, or 4.8 cubic feet a day. But it is not to be understood that this is the exact quantity each individual would receive in practice. This is only an average of what would be used by the different tenants. Some families would not receive more than two- thirds, others not more than one-third of thin average rate; while manufactories, and other establishments of the kind, would take more or less, according to the nature of their busi- ness ; as will appear by examining the table given in Ap- pendix B, which with the other tables, C, D, E, of the statistics of the Fairmount and other Water Works, have been compiled from annual reports, parliamentary docu- 12 ments, and other authentic sources. The table alluded to, shows the range of supply to a tenant at Philadelphia to be great, the rates there, varying from $100 to $150, and in one instance reaching $750 per annum ; the quantity of water varying probably in the same ratio. In that city, where the water is profusely used for cleansing the sidewalks and streets, the average daily consumption for ten years from 1834 to 1844, was 178 imperial gallons per tenant. (See Appendix E). In London, the five water companies on the north side of the Thames (see Appendix D) delivered 173.4 gallons to each tenant in 1820, and in 1827 supplied 172.3 gallons ; and the whole eight companies (on both sides the river) delivered in 1827, 163.2 gallons per twenty-four hours to each tenant. We may therefore, conclude, that 150 gallons to a tenant, or to each five individuals of the population, would be a proper supply, if we make all suitable allowance for the difference in climate between the places cited and Quebec ; and also the difference there probably would be in the use of the water for manufacturing purposes. Having settled the unit of s'upply for an inhabitant, we have still to consider the aggregate quantity the works should be capable of supplying, without exceeding the present or pros- pective wants of the city. This question would be settled at once, were it proper to base it on the present population ; but common prudence demands that we should look beyond the immediate Avants of the city, on a subject which requires at any rate a very large expenditure, and to see, if a very small addition to the capital to be invested in the works, will not provide for a very material increase of the city r and perhaps be a primary cause in such increase, by the facilities and com- fort its results would offer to settlers. All estimates show that a very considerable addition to the supply of water by an aqueduct, may be obtained by a very small addition to the money expended ; for many of the details of that part of the water work connected with the introduction of the water into the city for distribution, would be common to a small or large supply. The item which would be the most affected, belong- ing to this part of the work, supposing the water to be brought from a distance, is the conduit that is to convey it, and the cost of this is but slowly augmented as the quantity of water is 13 increased. The other expenses of this part of the work (such as the dam, reservoirs and their appendages, bridges, culverts, and damages) are raised little if at all, by increasing the size of the conduit. It is usual, on these accounts, to provide for years to come. And I have, therefore, assumed the population eventually to be supplied, to be one hundred thousand. According to the Statistics of Quebec, furnished by Mr. Joseph Hamel, City Surveyor, the population of the several wards was, in 1842 and 1847, as stated in the following table. The entries under the head 1842 were taken from the census ; those under 1847 were taken from the assessment books. Wards. 184' Population. 2. Families. 1 1847. Population. IF.mileis. St. Lewis .... Palace Ctiamplain .... St. Peter's .... St. Roch's .... St. John's .... Total 2,797 2,282 3,733 3,624 10,850 8.715 328 248 531 705 2,081 1,639 ' 2,634 ; 3,071 1 4,330 4,916 12,665 I 3,539 310 3G0 610 803 2,510 1,510 32,001 5,532 36,155 6,103 Besides this table, the Quebec Guide for 1844, states the population of the several wards, seminary, convents, &c. (ap- parently obtained from a census taken that year,) to be, exclu- sive of Banlieus, .... 32,876 Banlieus being ..... 2,797 And the whole county of Quebec, per same census, 45,676 Using the numbers given here for the population of the city wards, we find the increase and the compound ratio of increase to be as follows : Increase in 5 years, from 1842 to 1847 = 4,154, and the com- pound ratio of increase = 2.47 per ct. per annum. Increase in 2 years from 1844 to 1847 = 3,279, and the com- pound ratio of increase = 4.87 per cent, per annum. Now computing on the present population, by the first ratio of increase, we find there would be at the end o^ 41.7 years a population of 100,000 souls. But using the second ratio of increase, viz. 4.87 per cent, per annum, there would be 100,000 inhabitants at the expiration of 21.4 years from the year 1847. Should we go back to the year of capitulation, 1759, eighty- eight years ago, when the population was 6,700, we should 14 find the increase by the same rule to have been about 2 per cent, per annum ; and if the city should not increase in a more rapid rate, we should have to anticipate 51^ years before the entire capacity of the conduit v\?ould be put in requisition. But there is little to apprehend, that the rate of increase will be so low as that suggested in the last case, for many years to come. T!ie prospect is the reverse, a much higher rale than either the first or last case exhibits may be fairly inferred, im- der the influence of the modern mode of communication by railroads. The railroads to New Brunswick and the United States, if completed will much augment the ratio of increase ; the probability is, that the anticipation of the completion of the railroads alone has had a very material effect already on the population of the city, accounting, in part, for the excess in the ratio of increase for the last two yearso I think these facts warrant the assumption that there would be a population of 100,000 at the expiration of thirty years from this time. Allowing the result to be as stated, the question may be asked, will the whole population take the water at the expira- tion of that time ? It is found that the city proper of Philadel- phia, (excluding the Districts) furnish a tenant to the water- works for each 7* of its population.* A '* tenant," therefore, in that city, is synonymous to 7J indiv: aals — which is 46§ per cent, more than we have allowed, in considering a tenant at Quebec equal to 5 individuals. But we suppose there would be a greater portion of the population in Quebec — indeed, very nearly all — who would pay for pure water, because it is impossible to procure it by wells, or other sources, at a cheaper rate. Nevertheless, should this not be the case, there is a reason for providing a full supply in the necessity for the extra quantity of water, which the pipe should be capable of delivering during a hot season. This is plainly p^ucidated by the Fairmount Water Statistics, given in the Appendix ; and also in a letter from Frederick Graff", Esq. the Superintendent of the Fairmount Water Works, to a member of the Boston Water Commission, for 1845. In this letter he states : " In one week of hot, dry weather, from August 6th to 13th, this year,'' (1845) " we pumped 5,116,674 gallons, supplied to 20,399 * J. B. Jarvis aiul W. 11. Johnson's Ikpurt on Supply of Pure Water for Uie City of iJiwlon. p 112. 15 tenants, which is for each nearly 251 gallons." (ale.) " This quantity should be calculated for at Boston, to cover with cer- tainty all incidents that may occur, either by means of dry weather, great consumptions for fires, or carelessness in the distribution ; 28,082 tenants, the first six months in 1844, used, per average, 162 gallons," (ale) " each tenant ; 20,399 * tenants, the first six months in 1845, used 187 gallons each — which makes an excess of water used this year by each tenant, per day, over the consumption of last year, of 25 gallons. The excess, I think, has been produced by the dry weather and excessive heat, together with more frequent bathing, and v.rashing the streets." — Here we have, from undeniable author- ity, both the amount of water used in hot weather, and the advice to provide for such excess in the erection of water works. Taking the quantity he gives, turned into imperial measure, (^55 gallons) and comparing it with the average quantity we have already given as used in that city, for ten years following 1834, viz., 178 gallons, we find there must be provided for, an excess of supply, 43.26 per cent, more than the average demand, which nearly compensates for the difference between taking 5 instead of 7J individuals of the gross popula- tion, as constituting a tenant. These considerations, we think, justify us in fixing 480,000 cubic feet, or 3,000,000 imperial gallons of water a day, as the proper quantity to be contem- plated, in giving dimensions to the derails of the work. The amount is probably as large as the circimstances of the case warrant. The quantity of water taken from the St. Charles and St. Lawrence Rivers, both in winter and summer for the supply of families, and its quality, may now be stated : St. Lewis Ward 3,061,600 gallons per annum. Palace Champlain St. Peter's Si. Roch's St. John's (( « (( (( (( 2,579,200 1,268,800 3,340,480 9,689,600 683,120 (( u (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( Total annual consumption 20,622,800 (( (( (( * This number was partly assumed by Mr. Grafl", as ho slates in his letter. The aumber for the whole year app«jar8 in the annual report to be 20,165. See Table E, in Appendix. 16 This supply in 1847 was equal to a daily consumption by each family of 92.58 gallons. The water is nearly all taken up in the course of a few hours while the tide is out, and the St. Charles has discharged most of its tide water, and the later it is taken up (before the return of the tide) the purer and better is the water esteemed ; and it is at such times that the drinking water is secured for families who are particular to have the best. The places usually resorted to by the water-carriers to pro- cure their supply, are as follows : At the site of the old Dorchester Bridge, north of the Marine Hospital, which is the highest place on ihe St. Charles, except St. Ours street, at the General Hospital, where the water-car- riers, in any considerable number, go for their water. This locality is considered the best for table use. The second place next below is the landing at the foot of Crown street. The third place in order, following down the city side of the St. Charles, is at the foot of Ann street, just above the present Dorchester Bridge ; here a very large portion of the water is taken up, most of it ior St. Roch's Ward, but much also is conveyed to the higher parts of the city. The fourth place in order is near St. Paul's Market, at the landing place on Light-house Wharf, where the Gas Company are now establishing their Avorks. The fifth principal place is at the Market Landing in St. Peter's ward, in the Lower Town. The sixth point is on the beach, called Cul de Sac, at the north end of Champlain Ward. Both this and the fifth locality furnish water, which may be considered as properly belonging to the River St. Lawrence. The water at all the other points, if taken up at extreme low water, or just before the return of the tide, may with propriety be called St. Charles water ; but it still may contain a small portion of water that originally descended the St. Lawrence, and consequently may contain a portion of the impurities which the .flood tide carried up the river, from the outlet of the sewers and other sources of filth. The interesting and valuable analysis of the Quebec waters by Professor Silliman, with the curious if not useful report of Professor Baily, of West Point Military Academy, on the 17 microscopic contents of the same waters, (see Appendix A) show them to be very pure. The samples for analysis were taken up with every precaution to obtain them free from acci- dental impurities. They are, in my opinion, greatly liable to such impurities, and particularly so at the time when it is usual for the carters, with their horses and water barrels, to resort to the several watering places, entering pellmell into the shallow water, lading and filling their barrels with all possible despatch, regardless perhaps of what tiieir buckets may contain. To show that on such occasions, noxious, offensive, and even poisonous impurities may be inoffensively taken up, and con- veyed for domestic uses, we have only to allude to the fact, that the common sewers charged with the debris of houses and cesspools, or private vaults, and the poisonous waste of manu- factories, do discharge into the St. Charles or the St. Lawrence Rivers ; three or four of the principal ones having their debouche at the very points where the water is procured by the carriers. Three of the Quebec waters, analyzed by Professor Silliman, were taken up at the above specified watering places, (see Appendix A) viz. : Sample No. 7. Water taken up at the site of the Old Dor- chester Bridge, at 2\ P. M., Sept. 25, 1847, just before the return of the tide to that place, the water still running out. Bottles filled from the stream at a distance from the shore. Sample No. 8. Taken up at low tide, Sept. 27, at 3^ P. M., at the foot of Ann street, St. Roch's Ward, at a place away from the shore where the carriers take their supply — the water at the point being from 12 to 14 inches deep — wind fresh up the St. Charles, which made the water quite turbid. Sample No. 9. Taken at the Cul de Sac, Champlain Ward, within one hour after Sample No. 8 was taken up. The wind still blowing quite a breeze up the St. Lawrence, and into the Sac, rendering the water turbid for some considerable distance from the shore. Not being able to procure a sample sufii- ciently pure from the beach, took one from a carrier's barrel, who had, at our request, taken up his supply as far out as pos- sible into the river, still the sample was quite turbid. It may be well to observe here, that the sediment deposited in the bottles containing the different specimens of water, waa 3 . II ,1 Hi 18 excluded from the analysis, as Professor Silliman has informed me since the receipt of the report, because in fact they formed " n.> part of the proper contents of the waters." It was observed when the specimens were taken from the bottles for Professor Bailey, that the original turbidness of the water could not be reproduced by any ordinary agitation of the bot- tles ; the sediment having agglutinated itself into little clots that would not redissolve. All the bottles, thirty-three in number, containing the nine samples of Quebec waters, were new, and were all furnished with well ground glass stoppers ; and on taking up the samples the bottles were always thoroughly rinsed in the water of the locality. They were afterwards kept secure with leather tied over the stoppers, and with one or two exceptions, were kept stopped until their delivery into the possession of Professor Silliman, excepting, however, the opening of nine bottles for the small specimens left with Professor Bailey, who had the kindness to consent to examine them for animalculae, &c., under his powerful microscope. The quality of the water of the city wells is very inferior, and therefore many of the families buy their supply of the water-carriers, paying various prices, according to the quantity and distance it has to be conveyed ; ordinarily at the rate of about ^7.50 a year per one hundred imperial gallons, for a family of five individuals. It is estimated that five-eighths of the population use snow water in the winter, and river water in the summer season. Some of the more opulent families in St. Lewis and Palace Wards, pay from thirty to forty dollars per annum for river water, notwithstanding they have wells on their estates, the water of which is used for washing dishes, and other culinary purposes. The stables in the same wards use large quantities of river water. One of them I understood kept a man and team employed almost all the time bringing water for the establishment. I was informed by a gentleman residing in St. Roch's Ward, not fi.r from the watering place at the foot of Ann street, that he purchased for his family of nine persons, three barrels a week from the carriers, and paid them at the rate of $15.60 a year. There are about 112 water-carriers, each owning a team valued at fifty dollars. 19 The quantity of water consumed by the military depends upon the strength of the garrison ; they now use the river water only for washing clothes ; they have a large cistern and some wells within their inclosures, and these furnish the remainder of water which they require for culinary and other purposes. But should the Water Works go into operation, the different military establishments would become, no doubt, large consumers. The wells of the higher portions of the city are sunk in the clay slate rock, which is thinly covered with earth, and conse- quently the water is very impure, having much the character of surface water, there being no depth of soil to purify it by ^ filtration before it enters the wells. ^(, LORETTE LINE OF AQUEDUCT. It is proposed to take the water for this line from the River St. Charles at Freeman's Tannery Dam, at the head of the rapids, thirty chains above the church at the Indian village of Lorette ; assuming the level of still water above the dam as it was found at the time the survey was made, to be that, to be maintained as the fountain head of the Aqueduct. The works which are proposed here are a Dam, Receiving Well, Conduits in masonry, a Reservoir of Subsidence and its appendages, consisting of a Wasteway, Culverts and Well, for regulating, straining and directing the water to the cast iron pipe leading to the distributing reservoir in the city. The dam would be placed at right angles with the general course of the river at this place, and located just below the present dam. The body of the work to be constructed of stone, with a water stop of brick placed as a facing against the up river side of the stone work, the top or exposed part of the stone and all the brick work to be laid with hydrauUc cement, sinking the foundation six feet below the bottom of the river. A strong abutment wall on the left bank will extend up and down the river a suitable distance, to guard against abrasions by the water, and at the same time to form a head to a cylindrical conduit of hydraulic brick work, designed for conveying the water to a Receiving Well, placed about fifty feet in the rear, 20 r measuring at right angles with the face of the wall or general course of the river. The dam would have a sluice near the right bank, where the water for the tannery could be dis- charged. From the Receiving Well it is proposed to convey the water to the Subsiding Reservoir, by a covered Conduit in masonry about four hundred feet long, laid parallel to the river. The Receiving Well would be furnished with strainer and regulating gate, and enclosed by a circular building in brick work, to protect it from intrusion and frosts. The Subsiding Reservoir, represented on the profile of the line (No. 2), would extend about six hundred feet along the line of survey, being divided by it very nearly into two equal 'parts. The high embankment forming its southeastern, or lower boundary, would intersect the surveyed line in the meadow at Station 118, and occupy the space between the Indian Chiefs lane and the river. The east embankment would follow the lane, and the west the river, both extending to the high ground at the north side of the Reservoir. About three quarters of the area enclosed by the embankments would be cutting, calling the bottom of this part of the Reservoir eight feet under the level of high water, or eight feet below Station 120 or still water of the river above the dam. It is estimated that the earth to be removed would be sufficient to form the surrounding embankment. At the north-wt^t corner of the Reservoir would be the most suitable place for an uncovered or open Waste weir, unless one could be formed, in combination with the Pipe or Regulating Well and Culverts, to be inserted in the high embankment at Station 118, or at the south-eastern angle of the Reservoir. The dimensions and capacity of this Reservoir would be as follows : Superficial area at high water level, 240,486 square feet, or 5.52 statute acres. Superficial area at low water level, 210,390 square feet, or 4.83 statute acres. Cubic contents between high and low water levels, .... 1,803,504 cubic feet. Add for the deeper part of the Reservoir, 43,200 " " Total capacity equal to 3.85 days' supply for the city, .... 1,846,704 (( (( 21 1 if M From Station 118, the surveyed line for the iron main passes down the meadow to the left bank of the Ht. Chafes, where it continues along the ban!:, between the Indian village and river, crossing the great road between the Indian church and the ancient Indian grave yard, and then enters the church land, which occupies the space between the road on the north, and the deep ravine the river has cut for itself in the limestone form- ation below the great cascade on the south. The line then passes along the left bank of the river, south of Lepire's and Lafonte's dwelling houses, crossing the (Quebec and Lorette river road in the hollow near Mrs. Pinet's house ; thence fol- lowing the low ground east of the river road, descends into the fields near Peter Falardeau's house, where the line takes a straight course to the isolated barn on the left bank of the St. Charles, west of the Vacherie or Pointe Aux Lievres, at Sta- tion 53. This straight part of the line may be varied consid- erably either to the right or left, without altering materially the cost of the work, provided the large brook at George Bederd's house (Station 93) is crossed near the place it is crossed by this survey. After passing this brook, the hne might perhaps with advantage be deflected more to the south, and pass the steep bluff in the deep ravine cut by the little brook, about four chains west of Station 38, and from thence to the barn abovemen- tioned, keeping south of the surveyed line, and avoiding the little brook at Station 64. From the isolated barn the Aqueduct would go straight to the foot of Dorchester, at St. Peter's street, crossing the River St. Charles at the Po*- nearly at right angles with the course of the river at that place From Station 47 at St. Peter's street the main v/ould follow the line of survey through Dorchester to its jimction with St. Valiere street, cross the latter in a diagonal direction, and ascend the steep rocky bluff to its crest at the foot of St. Claire street. Thence through that latter street, crossing St. John's street and the private lots on its southern side, enter and continue through Scott street to Chemin de la Grand Allee, or St. Lewis road ; thence crossing that road, diagonally terminate at the west corner of the Ursuline Nuns lot, where we have supposed the Distributing Reservoir would be located. The country portion of this line could not be much more favorable than it is for a conduit to convey water. The line is so 'ill! direct and free from undulations, that the effect of curves may be neglected in the computations for fixing the size of the pipe. The surface of the ground is particularly uniform, requiring only in a few instances, embankments or cuttings that would in any essential degree interfere with the farmer in tilling his land. The soil is also favorable for executing the work, and will we i..ink stand with a slope no greater than that assumed in the estimates, and given in the cross section of the trench on Plate No. 2. We think the soil is also favorable in regard to its corroding action upon the cast iron of the pipes. It is quite certain that rock would not be encountered along the country part of this line, if we except that portion between Peter Felardeau's house and the subsiding reservoir. I think the character of the sides of the deep chasm the river has excavated clc^e alongside the line here, shows the chance to be small, that rock in place would be met with below the Indian Church, at the depth it would be necessary to go to secure the pipe against frosts. At the cutting across tho road at the Church, the rock might be found at the bottom of the trench, for it crops out at the bridge near by, whence to the Great Cascade it occupies the whole breadth of the river, and forms the wall over Avhich the river falls. This rock is of a hard quality, I suppose of the primitive formation, gneiss, and differ- ent from the limestone rock below. Should the rock below the church interfere with the position of the pipes we have assumed, they could be ele>ated without much inconvenience, and be protected by an embankment. There are but three or four watsr courses, except the St. Charles and the large brook at Bederd's that would require any expense, except in some instances, where it would be necessary to divert them to a lower point on the line, where they would pass over the pipe without interference. A culvert would be required at Station 64, unless a more southerly course was taken, although I have supposed the water of this bi ook, before it reaches the line near Station 65, to be diverted across into the brook valley below Station 61, making it unnecessary to put in a culvert next to Station 65. Another culvert I believe to be unavoidable at Station 60, and another at Station 54. At Station 52, or near Station 50, should be a well for a waste cock and pipe, these points bemg at the extremities ef the lowest 28 part of the pipe. This work is necessary to furnish the means of drawing off with the water any accumulation of sand or other substance, that may from time to time take place in the pipe. Either of these points would answer, both being near the river, into which the water and sediment could be directed at little cost. The bridge across the St. Charles at the foot of Dorchester street is a large and importa.it item in the estimate. It has been adopted as a necessary part of the work ; but it would also be valuable as a new and important avenue into the city, if connected with a road to traverse the line of aqueduct as far at least, as the St. Claire and Buoaventure Roads, from whence it might be continued and make ttie shortest route to Indian Lorette, so much resorted to now by strangers and parties of pleasure, and likely to become more and more so as the city increases in population. It would, we are satisfied, be good policy for the landholders along the line to aid and encourage such a project ; their lands bordering the road would be greatly enhanced in value, and sought, for country seats, for agricul- tural and other purposes. The part in the vicinity of the River St. Charles, could be laid out into streets and lots, and allow the city to expand in a direction now impracticable for the want of a bridge and road in connection ; and there would exist there also a free communication by water with the lower parts of the city and the shipping in the River St. Lawrence. If there is not a bridge the pipe must be carried under the river, by some means or other. This could be done in the way contemplated by the estimate for the Montmorenci Line of Aqueduct, given hereafter in this Report; but it is our opinion that the facilities for operating at the Old Dorchester Bridge, where the other line crosses, do not exist on this, on account of the greater depth of water, and the absence of a free fall in the bed of the river below the site of operations. Still the plan alluded to or the flexible main,* adopted at Glasgow, in * Mr. Philip Prcble.s, Engineer of the Quebec Gas 'Works, in a letter to the writer of this Report, from Scollund, dttted Mnrrii 22, IS'IS, states tiiat, this flexible main, us it i8 called, has never been renewed since it was tirst drawn across on the Inittoni of Clyde ; that the exterior surface of the pijjcs was as perfect as when cast ; bnt the interior had some little knots (tubercles) of rust, which could be removed by the t'lUfitir; lio ulst) states that at Kdinbur^h they were mokinj^ some radical changes in tlu^ Water Works ; and ut Glasgow new Water Workjs were Iximg cunstruetud to supply u dis- trict of 97,000 inhabitants, by gmvilation. «!' lij i^l I 24 lir Scotland, would answer here, and cost considerably less than a bridge ; but both plans would be attended with great incon- venience, in case repairs become necessary on that part of the pipe in the river, where they are more likel) to occur than any where else ; the pressure being equal to about 463 feet. So far as we are informed, the history of water works do not fur- nish any account of a head of water so great as this. The tunnel furnishes a superior method for getting across the river with the pipe ; it should be so large that one, perhaps two large pipes could be laid through it, leaving space enough besides for inserting a new joint, should an accident require it. Two wells would be necessary appendages, ont '»t each end of the tunnel, for the descent and ascent of the conduit, with provision for a waste cock and pumps, and houses to cover the wells. The expense of a tunnel has not been ascertained, but probably would amount to 25,000, or 30,000 dollars ; sup- posing the river would have to be turned into a new channel across the point of land, in executing the work. The bridge contemplated would be of cut stone masonry, with three arches of forty-five feet span each. The width over the arches, exclusive of the projecting mouldings, would be twenty-six feet, and the wings or return wa"i would expand to thirty feet. The whole length of the bridge, including the wings, two hundred and forty-nine feet. The pipe would pass the bridge on a level eleven feet above the base line of the survey, or high water of spring tides, and would be en- closed in a covered way in masonry, for the purpose of equal- izing the temperature about the pipe, and giving access for repairs, and for further protecting it from frosts, should it be required. On a portion of the line within the city limits, rock at a greater ov less depth, would be found from the bluff at the foot of St. Claire street to the distributing reservoir ; in some places it could be avoided in part by grading the streets anew, filling in and equalizing their inclinations, thereby saving much ex- pense in quarrying for the water and gas mains, the service pipes, the common sewers and the private drains. In the estimates a liberal allowance, it is thought, has been made for the rock, but there was no data by \\hich its amount could be fixed with much certainty. Where the rock was visible in the 25 streets, and bottom of open cellars, its presence was noted ; much of the distance, however, there was no indication that it was so near the surface of the streets as to interfere with the emplacement of the pipe. DISTRIBUTING RESERVOIR AND DISTRIBUTION. The lot of ground selected for the site of the distributing reservoir, for the purpose of the estimate, is that belonging, as we were informed, to the Ursuline Nuns ; now under a lease to the British government. It is situated on the south side of St. Lewis road ; iind bounded on the other three sides by the government property. The lot next west is better adapted for a reservoir, on account of its greater breadth and altitude ; but as such a work constructed there might be considered to mili- tate with the plans of the citadel defences, it was thought best to place it where it would probably interfere the least with the citadel, and be better commanded in case of invasion. The surface of the lot selected is somewhat uneven, requir- ing at places high embankments. The embankment exceeds the amount of thr' excavation some six or seven thousand cubic yards. The quantity of rock is uncertain. This, like many of the levels used as data in computing the work, has been assumed from cursory observations made while running levels in the vicinity ; and is to be taken in the estimate as only an approximation. At the west corner of the reservoir, the supplying conduit will be admitted by a covered gallery, accessible for examina- tion and repairs as far as the middle of the embankment, where there would be a water stop in hydraulic masonry, through which the conduit would pass, and open into another circular gallery or culvert, having a free outlet into the interior of the reservoir. At the north corner, it is designed to place the wells, culvert and gallery for supplying the city mains — here the water will be strained before its admission into the pipes, with copper or canvas strainers —and a waste- weir provided for conveying off to the common sewer the waste water of the reservoir. I i ! I ! I I ( IL 26 The dimensions given to the reservoir are as follovi^s : (( 440 feet 220 434 214 374 154 Length, inside, from top bank to top bank Breadth " " " " " " Length at surface of high water Breadth" " " " " Length on bottom of the reservoir Breadth " " " " . Cubic contents of the water prism, when the reservoir is full, or within two feet of top bank, making allowance for the cul- vert and wells, and masses of earth and masonry at the inlet and exit pipes, equal to 3j days supply for the city 1,500,000 cubic feet. Surface, or high water level of the reservoir, is assumed, at 330 feet above Base line of the survey, or above high water spring tides at Quebec, and 114.60 below the fountain head at Lorette — the depth of water to be 20 feet. The top of the embankment will have a breadth of 15 feet, the inside and outside slopes 1^ to 1 ; the latter, on the west, north, and partly on the east side, will be supported by a revet- ment, of a height varying according to the inequalities of the ground. The estimate embraces the cost of paving the bottom and inside slopes of the reservoir with concrete, a necessary measure, should there be any considerable deposit from the water, requiring the deposit to be removed at intervals. It is my opinion, that in thib case, we might omit part of the item, as the water to be introduced appears so naturally pure, or would be made so by the subsiding reservoir in the country. The sides of the reservoir not rock, should be lined to prevent the soil of the banks being washed into the reservoir, causing turbidness in the water by every little shower or breeze of wind. In most oases the subject of distribution may be generalized in considering the cost of water works ; but the geological and topographical character of this city demands more than ordi- nary attention in the preUminary examination for introducing water. One of the points alluded to, is the unusual existence of rock throughout a large portion of the city, very near the surface of the streets. The other is the very great difference iu the levels of the different districts to be supplied. The first 27 M affects materially the cost of laying down water mains and their correlative works, gas mains and common sewers ; and the question, how the three shall be laid at Quebec, has already claimed considerable attention. It is our opiniott that the works should be combined and executed "mder some well digested plan ; especially where rock occur o interfere with the excavations to any considerable extent in the narrow streets. In very wide streets there would be more reason for separating them, placing the common sewer in the middle of the street, and the gas and water mains on eacii side, either in contiguity or detached, as rock or earth might occur in such streets. I see no practical objection to the plan of laying a common sewer in or near the middle of a street which shall carry on its top the water and gas mains, — placed below the action of the frost. The sewer in such a position would be well adapted to receive the house drains, and other minor drains, and the pipes on top would receive such a support from the masonry of the sewer, that we might reasonably expect the repairs to be of little consequence forever after. The position of the mains on the side walls of the sewer would not interfere with the house and other drains any more than they would if placed independently, at or near the sides of the streets, and probably less ; for in their proposed position the drains, in descending from the houses, would pass through the sides of the sewer below the mains. The same combination, of water, gas and sewerage, could be extended, under such a general system, to the service pipes ; using the same exca- vation, whether of rock or earth, for them all. The water service pipes could, in such a combination, be laid in or upon the house drains, and receive a support therefrom, which would tend to protect them from derangement. In Paris on the Canal De L'Ourcq Water Works, t was designed, and I believe carried into effect, to lay c: kiid of drain, expressly for the purpose of enclosing the service pipe.* There, however, the main or submain, supplying the service pipe, was to be i^ 'U| 'If * Ce tuynu do bninekenient sortiia dcs ^gouts et guleries oii les conduitcs principoles scront renfcriDpfs <;u truvpn'itnt lu voiite pur les puit^ de (service dont il n ete jnirle. Pour fuciliter la posie des tuyiiux do brimclieinent et leiir iailoxioii en divers sens, s'il est nieetwuiiv, le long ties purois et do lu voCito des guieriee, ils Hcroul liibriiiucs en plonib, h, purtir de lour origino nut lu conduito principule, juMpi' h lour entree dann les rigoleei de iDUf onnerie qui les rccevront sous le puv6 des rues, Qirard. 28 |i only tapped at intervals of 150 metres, (492 feet) the service pipe rising through a well or man hole in the top of the sewer ; and then laid in a covered conductor along the top of the sewer, and resting upon it, to the point opposite the place to be served. In that city the mains supplied wi'i h water from the Canal De L'Ourcq, were laid in galleries. Some of these gal- leries were built expressly for the mains, and had no other use than that of enclosing the pipes securely from accident, and allowing them to be examined and repaired at all times, with- out disturbing the surface of the streets. In other cases, there, the object was compound, the gallery serving, besides enclosing the main, the purpose of a common sewer. The smallest sewer designed, that was to contain a pipe, had a clear width inside of onj metre, (3.28 feet) and a clear height of two metres (6.56 feet.) A pipe was laid in a sewer of this size, which constituted a portion of the train of galleries which con- ducted the waters of the Basin of Villette to the Fountaine des Innocens and other fountains. The advantages of the Paris plan of laying water mains in galleries, over the English method of laying them in common earth, has been alluded to in a French work (Girard,) in the following terms : " That unquestionably the cost of distributing water in galleries, would be very considerable, particularly in Paris, if there did not already exist many sewers, in which we could, without additional expense, add to their first destination that of containing the water mains. The mains which convey the waters of the Basin de la Villette to the Fountaine des Innocens, to the Boulevard Bondy, to the Place des Vosges, and to Palais-Royal, are placed in galleries constructed within a few years, and in some old sewers of sufficient capacity. These we can visit at any time ; and for twenty years it has cost less for keeping ihem in repair, for an extent of more than 10,000 metres, (32,809 feet) than it cost in six months, (before making a general repair,) for repairing and maintaining the new conduit of the Faubourg Poissonniere, only 1200 metres, (3937 feet) long." And the author draws the following con- clusions upon this subject : " That conduits buried in the earth, ought to have solid bearings on masonry at certain inter- vals, which should prevent as much as possible any unequal settling, which might cause a fracture. That in large towns 29 M where the pavement of the streets is generally laid on filling, it is extremely advantageous to place the water mains in arched galleries, constructed under the streets, either for that special object, or what would oftener occur, and be more economical, that these galleries should also be used for sewers for the dis- charge of rain water and drainage of houses, and administer besides to the public health. Finally, that the advantage of arched galleries for receiving the principal conduits of distribu- tion, having been proved for twenty years, it is suitable to profit by that experience, and not be exposed to the frequent disturbance of the pavement to seek for leaks, often without success, where the conduits are laid in a soil liable to settle, like that of the Boulevards, and most of the streets in the capital." As the question in regard to the policy of uniting the sewer- age, gas, and water works, is a matter that may properly be left for the future consideration of the city, the estimate has been made on the supposition that the pipes of distribution are to be laid down in the streets, by bedding them in common earth, in the usual way ; estimating the cost of trenching, whether rock or earth, from the best information at command, making no allowance for any advantage that might be derived by using the channels already cut in the rock for the sewers, a course which might affect the result very considerably by reducing the cost of laying the mains. According to a plan of the city, exhibiting the sewerage as it existed in 1841, procured from Mr. Hamel, the city surveyor, on which the sewers (les canaux) were designated ; the aggregate length of the sewer- age transferred and measured on a new plan of the city, ap- pears to have been from 9 to 9j miles ; of which 1\ miles were in the wards St. Champlain and St. Peter's. In St. Roch's 2\ miles ; in St. John's 2\ miles, and in St. Lewis and Palace wards, within the city walls, including a small portion supposed to be on the rock, outside of the three northern gates, on the bluff, 3j miles. Since 1841, the sewerage, no doubt, has been considerably extended, but we have no authentic account of the amount at this time. The question, at what depth will the frost penetrate the earth, or freeze stagnant water, is somewhat important in many of the details of a water work ; for water mains and service ■ h ■ m ^1',i pipes must be placed, if practicable, out of the reach of extreme frosts ; and the usefulness of a Reservoir, if exposed to the open air, is dependent, to a certain extent, on the depth to which still water will freeze at its locality. Repeated inquiries while at Quebec, tended to fix the extreme depth for both earth and water at about four feet. This depth is corroborated by the published account of Captain Melhuish, R. E., on the demolition on the Glaciere Bastion, at Quebec in 1828, where, in describing the effect of the explosion, he says " the only parts which descended in masses were the exterior revetment of the parapet, and the earth between that and the interior revetment, showing the enormous power of the intense cold in Canada, which strikes nearly four feet into the ground." We have, agreeably to this information, fixed the depth below which the pipes should be laid, at four feet, and in de- signing the reservoirs and foundation of the masonry, the extreme coldness of the climate has been taken into considera- tion. In the Appendix (F) will be found some thermometrical tables of the temperature of Quebec and Lower Canada. One from the Seminary at Quebec, another from a register kept by Mr. Watt, who had charge of the citadel telegraph for many years, where the observations were taken, undoubtedly with his usujtl accuracy. The other table was taken from the Reports of the Royal Engineers. The other subject relating to the distribution, has regard to the effect of a great pressure of water on the pipes supplying the lower districts of the city. On this head, our experience in this country does not offer much direct information. From what I gather, however, from published discussions of water works in England and Scotland, I apprehend no difficulty in making the pipes tight, and maintaining them so. But there seems to be some objection to so great a pressure on the ser- vice pipes ; and it has been proposed to relieve them of the superabundant pressure, by means of a regulating valve, in- serted between the mains and submains or service pipes. The particular reasons for such a course are not fully explained. I suppose, however, they relate to the extra waste that takes place at the service and stand cocks, and perhaps to the noise the issuing water makes there, in some cases amounting to a 31 HI < 'I nuisance. Should there be a necessity for relieving the sub- mains from any undue pressure above what would be required for supplying the tenants in a proper manner, the city ought to be divided into districts of equal altitude, each having its proper pressure regulated, either by Subsidiary Equalizing Reservoirs or by Weighted Valves inserted in the submains, at their con- nections with the mains, descending directly from the Distri- buting Reservoir. The latter plan — should recourse to such an arrangement be demanded — would be the best ; and could be applied at any time, after the distribution pipes had all been laid, and the experiment had been fairly tried, of furnishing wpter to the tenants under the full pressure due to the head at the Distributing Reservoir ; if the precaution were taken to arrange the submains of each district of equal altitude, so as to keep the several districts disconnected by a stop-cock at their boundary lines. On the adoption of either plan, provision should be made, in case of fire, for changing by some siijple movement, the low to the high pressure in a few moments. The above objections to a high pressure are, we think, not of serious import, and may be disregarded without running much risk of being put at some future time to an expense not calcu- lated for. The application of a few weighted cocks, if they should be found necessary and efficient, would be trivial. Subsidiary Reservoirs would be more expensive, but they would be small, and the steepness of the streets would be favorable to their construction. The value of water works to a city for the extinguishment of fires, is only secondary to that of supplying its inhabitants with one of the greatest luxuries and necessaries of life ; and in Quebec this branch of their usefulness seems to me to be of equal importance to the other. Recent calamities must have convinced the least reflecting, that water, in some form or other, ought to be introduced into the city. A fire, raging on the higher and rocky parts of the city, is a most appalling spectacle ; and it is, indeed, painful to witness the expenditure of labor by man and horse, in drag- ging up the water for the engines on such occasions. This process of supplying water for fires is now necessary, because the wells are inadequate to a full supply, if the conflagration continues any length of time. I P 32 In contrast to such a mode of supply, it may be stated, that the proposed conduit from the St. Charles at Lorette, would be sufficient to fill the seven hundred and sixty wells mentioned in the next table, to the average depth of 4.75 feet, more than ten times every twenty-four hours ; supposing there was no reservoir in reserve, such as that proposed on the Ursuline Nuns Lot, which of itself would fill the same wells to the same depth more than thirty times, calling their average diameter four feet. By that account (dated Dec. 20th, 1841,) there were in all the Wards 950 wells. In 760 of tliem the depth of water is given. Below in a tabular form is given, the total number, the num- ber measured, and the average depth of water of the wells for each Ward. Total No. of Wells. No.ofWeUs measured. Average Depth of Water. St. Lewis Ward 170 153 4.80 feet. Palace " 103 98 3.83 « St. John's " 448 402 4.93 « St. Roch's « 196 86 4.91 « St. Peter's " 22 12 5.33 " Champlain " 11 9 2.93 " Total, 950 760 fc'jtiui 4.75 (( 'I- ^ Pi The following notes, descriptive of the wells, are given at the close of the list : Note 1. The wells in Champlain and St. Peter's Ward, principally rise and fall with the tide. Note 2. The wells in St. Roch's Ward are mostly made to keep the water out of the cellars, therefore very few people use them ; but there are some good wells in St. Valier street, principally in the tanneries. The following statements concerning the effect of jets issuing from mains, submuins, fire plugs, &c., to be used in cases of fire, show that great advantages would arise from the intro- duction of water under a head so great as that proposed. It was stated by Mr. Anderson, before a Committee of Par- liament, that a three quarter inch jet of water from a six inch 38 main, under a pressure of one hundred and ten feet, rose in the day time fifty-seven feet high, and discharged seventy-eight gallons a minute. In the night it rose sixty-four feet, and dis- charged ninety-nine gallons a minute. With two jets of three quarters inch, playing at once, the water rose by day fifty-six feet, and threw seventy-eight gallons a minute. In the night, the two jets rose sixty-two feet, and threw eighty-seven gallons. At a pressure of forty-six feet, one jet rose by day, twenty-four feet, and discharged thirty gallons. In the night, it rose twen- ty-eight feet, and discharged thirty-five gallons. With the same head, two jets rose by day twenty feet high, and deliv- ered twenty-nine gallons. In the night, they rose twenty-five feet, and delivered thirty gallons per minute. The above experiments exhibit the effect produced on the pressure by the tenants drawing their water during the day. " At Philadelphia, the water will rise from a hose attached to a fire plug in the street, at the extreme point of delivery during the night, to the height of about forty-five to fifty feet ; during the day, when the consumption of water is very great, twenty to thirty feet." Head of water in this case was proba- bly not far from one hundred feet. Mr. Quick, of the Southwark Water Works, London, stated before the Committee of Parliament, that the time of connect- ing a hose to the pipes " need be nothing like a minute " — that a jet given off from a twenty-inch main, under a head of one hundred and twenty-feet, would be eighty feet — and that a three inch main, would give, under the same head, a jet forty feet, which would be equivalent to keeping a power of one engine and twenty men in readiness at every door, to act at one minute's notice in case of fire. From a series of experiments made at the same works, and given in T. Hawksley's evidence, we learn that a seven-eights inch jet rose fifty feet from the end of a forty-feet hose, attached to a stand pipe of 2| inches, the water passing from a large main, with a pressure of one hundred and twenty feet on it, through 1750 feet of 15 inch pipe, 600 feet of 12 inch, 1500 feet of 9 inch, and 2400 feet of 7 inch, in all 16,500 feet of pipe. The same size jet at the end of a hose 160 feet long, attached to the same stand pipe, train of pipes and head of /■'. I i :„ ^ n it !t 1 ■ -f- water, rose to a height of forty feet, or one third of the head due to the pressure of water at the origin of the train of pipes. Another experiment on the same series of pipes, in which five seven-eights inch jets issuing from as mnny forty-feet hoses and sfmid pipes, iind under the same pressure, rose 30 feet high. Mr. Hawksley, in his evidence, gave his opinion, that, as a gen- eral rule, a jet issuing from the mains, as usually laid in the streets of cities, would rise to half the height dMe to the pressure. The above statements seem to be corroborated by the account we have of one of the highest jets d'eau in the world, at Cassal, in Germany, where a jei of 12 inches diameter, rises 250 feet, under a head of 500 feet. The highest jet d'eau in the world is that at ChatsAvorth, which Mr. Paxton had erected, or was erecting in 1844, for the duke of Devonshire. The jet was calculated to rise 280 feet, under a pressure due to a fountain head of 381 feet, the water passing through a pipe 2621 feet long. A jet d'eau, nearly, if not quite as high as this, may be expected at Quebec, should the work now proposed be adopted. The experiments also show that the fire plugs should be near each other. It is usual in some towns to place them about 300 feet apart, but they should be nearer, and at about half that distance. In considering the details of the distribution, an important question arises in regard to the material to be used for the ser- vice pipes. A propor and convenient material, which at the same time will not be of high cost, is still a desideratum. Lead has hitherto been much used, on account of its plastic nature, which is well calculated for the purpose, but its poison- ous quality, so thoroughly proved by the investigation of Pro- fessor Silliman, (given in the Appendix,) wholly unfits it, in its unprotected form, for such an application ; and should never be hereafter applied to such a use. It is doubtful whether the process of tinning the inside will make it safe. I have the opinion of Professor Silliman to that effect ; he recommends either drawn iron, block tin, or tinned copper. The drawn wrought tubes appear to be at the present time in general use in England. Glass has been proposed, but the difficulty of making the joints elastic, and securing it from accident when laid, are great objections to its use. I 35 M Besides the usual application, for domestic purposes, for extinguishing fires, and cleansing of side walks and streets, the inirodnction of water into large towns is, in modern times, much valued for its beneficial effect in scouring the private and public drains ; carrying off the debris of houses, and other filth, so often the cause of nuisances, and maladies in families and neighborhoods. To the uses enumerated, may be added that for manufac- turing purposes, which is not to be overlooked as a source of profit. The use of water, however, in this form, depends much upon the cheapness of the supply. I would suggest, for future consideration, the application of the surplus water for mill uses, at a comparative low rate, so long as it should not interfere with the domestic tenant. u ESTIMATE OF COST OF THE LORETTE LINE OF AQUEDUCT. Length of surveyed line, fioiu Freeman's Dam to the Ursuline Nun's Lot, at Station 12|, 41,784 feet, or 7.91 miles. Length of cast iron conduit, from Station 118 to Station 121, 40,705 feet, or 7.7 1 miles. Fall from the surface of the River St. Charles, above Free- man's Dam, or from the level of the proposed Reservoir, at Station 118, to the level of the proposed Distributing Reser- voir, on the Ursuline Nun's Lot, is 114.60 feet. Diameter of proposed cast iron conduit, 18 inches. The cast iron conduit has been computed from Prony's Formula, using the distance and fall from Station 118 to the Ursuline Nun's Lot, supposing the inside diameter of the pipe to be uniform throughout its length. But in practice, both the internal area and thickness of the pipe should be varied, the area to be increased, and the thickness of metal diminished along the upper or higher parts of the line, especially above the level of the Distributing Reservoir, at the Lorette end of the pipe. The pipe, when enlarged, would, in theory, dis- charge more water than if kept of uniform section ; but there may be accumulations of rust, &c. in the pipe, that would, on the other hand, reduce the discharge to what we have sup- posed, viz. 480,000 cubic feet in twenty-four hours. The !il li' 36 r t thickness of the metal allowed in the estimate is 1| inch, which is the s& ne as the maximum thickness of Vae country main which conveys the water to the city of Edinburgh. And it is from this example of one of the most original and celebrated works of ihe kind in Europe, and where the head above the lowest place in the conduit is 350 feet,* that we have proposed this thickness ; which i* must be allowed, seems a large allowance for slrtijgth, or for any decomposition of the outward or inward surface it may be subjected to. For the thickness ;.f pipe required to sustain simply the pressure arising in this LMe from the quiescent head of water, is comparatively of little consequence in a pipe of this thickness. A is customary * In a published account of these Witer Works, dated Edinburgh, October 19, 1825, a^ given in a Report made by a Committee of the Board of Aldermen of the city of New York, dated December 28, 1831, we find the following accoi'iit, under the general head of " Aqueduct pipe : " "The aqueduct w^ich conveys the water from the Fountain-head to Edinburgh is about nine milta lonsr, reckoning to Queen street. The elevation of the stone cistern, in the Fountain-head, where the aqueduct pipe begins, is as follows : "Above the sea at Leith, .... 864 A^iove Prince's street, at the Mound, .... 360 Above Reservoir at Heriot's Hospital, . . 270 Above do. Castlehill, . . . . 230 Above the lowest point to which the pipe descends in its course, namely, at Libber- ton Dums, ..... 3SC " The distance from the Fountain-head to the Castlehill Reservoir, in a direct line, is six and a quarter miles ; by the Une of development, or that which the pipe f jUows, it is nearly eight and a half miles. " 7rom Heriot's ground*, a branch pipe passes oiTeastward to supply the southern districts of the town, and another comes up to the Reservoir on the w>.;St side of tlte hospital. A third ascends from the mouth of the tunnel along the side of the Castlehill to the Reser- voir there ; and various branches pass off to other parts of the town. " It is to be observed, that a pipe coming fror the Reservoirs at Heriot's Ireen, or the Castlehill, will carry the water no higher than the level of these Reser/oirs, but a branch from tlie main pipe ban tho pressure of the Founmin-head behind it, ai.d easily makes the v/ater ascend, not only to the top cf the highest tr nements in the town, br.t even to the upper flat!^ of the barracks in tho castle, which are biill nearly one hundred feet below Crawley Spring. " Tho pipjs which compose tb^ Aqueduct, vary from twenty Ic £Aeen inches diameter, are in lengths ot nine feet, and are joined by spigot and faucet. " The pipes were all proved "^fore they were '.aid, by being made to bear a pressure equal to that of a column of from three hundn^d to eight hundred feet of water. " It begins with pipes of twenty inches intsrior diaraet , and gradually diminishes to a size of iifteen inches. "It mny be proper to mention, tliat the aqueduct pipe is always covered with three feet of soil, or more, to koep it out of the reach of frosts and agricultural operations. That where it is laid at a depth not exceeding twelve or fifteen feet, it is simply covered with eartli, but where the depth much exceeds this, a tunnel of six feet in height, with shafts for descending, has generally been built over it, that ucce w might be had to the pipe aftorwan'x, for repairs, without much dialing. Thera is a toimel of this sort, about a mile Ions', across the ridge at Milton Mill." m in fixing the thickness of the pipe, to nsglect the consideration of pressure, and only provide for other strains it may be liable to, anc. for the corrosion of the metal. In the following estimate the measures of quantities have been kept purposely of the same denomination ; for instance, cubic feet for cubic yards ; lineal feet for lineal yards, &c., m that they may more readily be converted into other local measures. •1! i§ m M 38 a Of S

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It would have one uniform slope from Station lo 46, and would probably be located along the side hill south of the surveyed line from Sta- tion 28 to 40. The total fall to the surface of the Subsiding Reservoir at Station 46, would be 61.24 feet, and the distance allowed to be the same as that of the survey, viz. 15,306 feet. This conduit being small like a cast iron pipe, could not be examined or repaired, otherwise than by the usual process of uncovering it. The mean velocity of the water as it would flow by the force of gravity alone, would be 4.20 feet per second, a velocity sufficient to carry along broken stone like road metal (Pierres cassees, silex), whether the pipe was full or half full of \. "ter. We ought not, therefore, to anticipate any obsf ac- tion from sand or even coarse gravel and pebbles. I charge when running half full would be just sufficient to Su,^piy Quebec with the quantity of water proposed, viz. 480,000 cubic feet in twenty-four hours. When running full without hydraulic pressure from a head of water at its origin, the discharge would be just double, or very nearly double that quantity. Cast iron pipes couid be substituted for the conduit on this division of the line ; they would be better on some accounts, but would cost more if possessing the same capacity of dis- charge. A cast iron pipe just sufficient to carry the supply of 5.55 cubic feet a second, from Three Falls to the Subsiding Reservoir, would have a diameter of 1.40 feet, and if it extended the whole distance from Three Falls to the Distribu- ting Reservoir in Quebec, its diameter would be 1.48 feet ; the distance being 52,153 feet, or 9.88 miles, and the fall 157.24 feet. The diameter of the pipe proposed in the estimate lead- ing from the Subsiding Reservoir, at Station 47, to the Dis- tributing Reservoir in the city, is 1.52 feet ; calling ihe fall 96 feet, and the distance 36,374 feet, or 6.89 miles. The position of the Subsiding Reservoir, in section, is seen on the profile, (No. 4,) extending between Sections 46 and 47, a distance of 473 feet. The area of the reservoir at high water level would be 450x584=262,800 square feet, or 6.03 acres. The cubic contents, when filled eight feet deep to high water level, neglecting the parts below the depth of eight feet, 49 would be 1,972,779 cubic feet, or 4.11 days' supply for the city. The appendages to this reservoir have been assumed as the same in form and cost as those at Lorette. From the Subsiding Reservoir the cast iron conduit of f 3ssure V ould follow with the line of the survey, crossing the St. Michel road at Mr. Jones's farm, passing between his house and barn, and over the flat cultivated fields, and through two patches of wood, crossing the Beauport and St. Michel road, half a mile south of Belanger's Cross. The line thence con- tinues across a small brook to the western extremity of a swell of ground, which, with indications of rock, is too high to allow the line to pass in a straight course from the Subsiding Reser- voir to Quebec. From the point of this hill the line is deflect- ed more directly towards the city, and passes down the hill through Edward Clouette's garden, and over the smooth fields south of his house, to the River Beauport, twenty-two chains north of Dr. Racey's isolated farm-house It thence, passing three chains west of that house on the same direct course, strikes that remarkable boulder rock, located on the high crest of the steep side hill which descends to the Beauport turnpike, between the Ruisseau la Topiere and the River Beauport. At this point we find the fall from the Subsiding Reservoir's high water level, is but half the whole descent to high water of spring tides ; consequently there would not be the same pres- sure on the pipes here, that there would be at the same distance from the city on the Lorette line — for on that line it is 6. 15 miles from the city to where the same height is attained at the boulder, only 4.03 miles from the city. From the boulder the line continues on the same general course, passing at Station 84 on the brow of the deep ravine, which the La Topiere has excavated in the soft shale rock ; and at Station 89, passes two or three chains east of Mr. Methot's house and nail factory ; crossing La Topiere brook and valley twice before passing through the premises of Messrs. Richardson and Clackmire. At this point the line enters and follows the Beauport turnpike to the toll-house at Station 107 ; thence along the site of the old road to the left bank of the River St. Charles, at the north abutment of the Old Dorchester Bridge, at Station 108. A better route might be found to avoid the inconvenience 7 I I % n ; i ii 50 and expense of crossing La Topiere brook so often, by diverg- ing at Station 88, passing across the brook between the two lower mills and descending the fields to the wood and brook valley in rear of Richardson and Clackmire's houses, thence across the estate of Dr. Douglass, entering the turnpike, wear Station 99, twenty chains nearer the city than the other line does. In crossing the River St. Charles, just below the site of the Old Dorchester Bridge, tne same general course the line has from Station 107 to 108, is kept until we reach the right bank at low water mark ; provided the pipe is carried under the channel of the river. But if a stone bridge, like that on the Lorette line be adopted, the angle, necessary for turning the pipe up towards Crown street, would be in the channel, as represented by the bend in the line on the plan (No. 3,) about one chain short of the abovementioned point at low water mark. Should Crown street not be extended as an improve- ment already designed, and there should be objection to laying the pipe on the flats, the line might be extended to near high water mark, where the angle could be made, and the line deflected through Water street to the surveyed line in Crown street between Station 111 and 112, passing along the east side of the Marine Hospital Yard. Whether the pipe is car- ried over the river by a bridge, or under the channel; in the way hereafter describet^ it would pass straight through Crown street, and up the bluff to the Lorette line, i.t Station 38, foot of St. Claire street. The remainder of the Montmorenci line, from this junction to the Distributing Reservoir, at Station 21|, would coincide in every respect, except in the size of the pipe, with the line from Lorette. The estimate has been confined to the plan of passing under the St. Cii'irles, instead of the safer, but more expensive struc- ture of a bridge, like the one proposed on the other line. Here, there would be an objection to a stone bridge, arising from its lower position on the river, where it would interfere to bome extent with the navigation, tl. ■'re being two or three ship yards, and q few wharves, abovt the site. Owing to the lowness of the ground on both sides of the river in the vicinity of the crossing pluce, and the necessity there is of keeping the bridge high, (see the dotted line on the profile) to give free I! f: 51 water way under it, the pipe must ascend to and descend from the bridge, causing two low places in the line, both of which must be provided with waste eocks and their appurtenances ; and on the bridge an air valve must be applied. Could Crown street be graded high enough to be on a level with the top of the bridge, to do which would require an embankment over flats of about twenty-five feet high on an average, one of the cocks and the air valve could be dispensed with. Although there are some objections to a stone bridge at this place, we think they are not of such a character that they could not be obviated, should the city desire such a work for th«j public accommodation as a highway, in conjunction with tho water works, and other improvements in the vicinity. The cost of a bridge of the same dimensions as that on the Lorette line, may be called the same on this — excluding the approaches — which on both lines might be considered charge- able to the public highways, or valuable for other purposes, such as wharves, &;c. The estimate for crossing under the riirer here, will serve to show that a considerable saving in the cost of the work could be made, by adopting that plan. The question arises, will the pipe be safe, and can it be repaired, should it be practicable to do the work as designed ? We think it is practicable to execute the work, and make the repairs afterwards. It is desirable, however, to avoid the many contingencies to which it is exposed, in a work like that of supplying 100,000 mhabitants with an article, to be deprived of which, for a single day, would create an excitement little short of a civil disturbance of a very serious character. It is proposed, in carrying out this design, of bedding the pipe in the bottom of the viver ; to build a large, deep well at the angle, alluded to above, as being at low water mark on the city shore of the river. The well would be sunk a few feet below the level of the conduit, as it would be laid under the river. In the well the conduit would be provided with a waste cock and pipe for the discharge at will, from time to time, of the water and any deposites there might be. The well to be furnished with pumps for readily drpining it — and covered by a house of brick masonry. Frohi this well it is propop'^d to drive a double row of heavy ffl ■I I I p. WW 52 H ^ sheet piling, six feet apart, or less, in the two directions in which the pipe would enter and leave the well. The piles to be jointed, tongued and grooved, and eight or nine inches thick. The use of these piles is twofold ; the first is to give facilities for laying down the pipe and repairing it afterwards, as occa- sion requires ; the second, to prevent the conduit from accident, in case a vessel or other heavy body should ground over it. The well, situated as it would be in the river, exposed to accidents from floating bodies, must be protected ; for this purpose, it is proposed to build a wharf about it, connected with the shore on the city side ; the wharf to be one hundred feet wide by about two hundred feet long ; the sides at right angles with the continuation of Crown Street. Such a wharf would be valuable for a landing place and appendage to the ship-yard, situated on the shore at its base. Should a wooden bridge be built here, the wharf would serve for its south abutment ; and (after the flats were filled in, as contemplated, at the foot of Crown Street,) a very desirable avenue would be opened into the city from the Charlesbourg road and Beauport turnpike, supposing the latter was again opened from the Toll House to the site of the Old Dorchester Bridge. In connection with sjch an improvement, a street might be opened in line with the bridge and turnpike, across the ship- yard and Marine Hospital Grounds into Dorchester Street. Should it be determined, for considerations not connected with the Water Works, to fill in the flats or beach between the wharf and present foot of Crown Street, much of the expense of laying the conduit in the first instance, and afterwards in repairs should they ever be needed, would be saved. The pipe in that case would be turned up from the bottom of the well, to the proper depth under the surface of the street, and would then be accessible at all times. Great care should, however, be taken to consolidate the filling immediately under the conduit, in order to prevent unequal subsidence, and the consequent ruptures of the joints. Tl:e general character of the Montmorenci Line, as to the quality of the soil for trenching and evenness of surface, proves much more favorable than the aspect of the country at first promised ; a few places only out of the city were found v/here rock appeared, or was indicated ; and at those places, except at Three Falls, this rock would be easy to quarry, being either PI!, 53 the thin loose stratified limestone, like that seen near the Beau- port Church ; or the soft slate formation, like that in the great scarps at the foot of the Montniorenci Falls. The points alluded to are : — At Three Falls, between Stations and 4 — at the road leading from Belanger's Cross to Lamotte's, be- tween Stations 55 and 56, where an open quarry of stratified limestone in Verret's field was crossed by the line : — at the point of the hill through Minville's field from Station 64 to 69, where the loose stratified limerock was indicated, but not seen above the ground, by the numerous small fragment of that rock strewed over the surface : — also on the crest of the Beauport side hill at the Great Boulder, between Station 77 and 80 ; here the soft slate rock might be reached in the deeper cut- ting, for it shows itself in the sides of the ravine of the brook La Topiere, opposite Station 84. "Within the city what rock is found is considered common to both lines. ESTIMATE OF COST OF THE MONTMORENCI LINE OF AQUEDUCT. Length of Surveyed Line from Three Falls to the Ursuline Nuns Lot, .... 52,15o I'eet or 9.88 miles. Length of Conduit in masonry from Station to Station 46, at Reservoir of Subsidence, , . 5,306 feet or 2.90 miles. Length of Conduit in cast iron, from Station 47 to Station 21j, at the Ursuline Lot, . . 36,374 fen or 6.8i) miles. Fall from surface of still water above Three Fall at Statio.. 0, to the surface of the proposed Reservoir of Subsidence, be- tween Station 46 and 47, .... 61.24 feet. Fall from surface of Reservoir of Subsidence, to surface of Distributing Reservoir in city, .... 96.oo leet. Whole fall from Station at Three Falls to Station 21j, at Distributing Reservoir in city, .... 157.24 feet. "Whole fall from Station at Three Falls to High"W:' f Spring Tides at Quebec, .... 487.24 feet. The dimensions of the cast iron conduit, and the computa- tion relating to the discharge of the conduit in masonry, already noticed, have been, as on the Lorette Line, computed from Prony's Formulee, using the data given above ; and supposing the iron pipes or conduits in masonry to be of one uniform section throughout their lengths. In other respects, this esti- mate is governed by the same rules that were adopted for the Lorette Line. 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I' ' I 1 58 ii 1 i 117 fl H il I i it ' i The foregoing estimates show the whole cost of introducing a full supply of water for one hundred thousand inhabitants, and distributing it to the present population, to be nearly the same by either route ; the difference being ^6270.13, and in favor of the Montmorenci line. There are other considera- tions of more consequence in favor of that route, than this small difference of cost. For instance, in case a supply double that now contemplated should ever be demanded, the cost of bringing it to the city would be less by about $17,000 by that line than by the Lorette, on account of the difference of 4321 feet in the length of the pipe from the Subsiding to the Dis- tributing Reservoir, omitting the estimate for earth and rock work, being nearly the same for each. Another consideration that may be mentioned as favorable to the Montmorenci line is, that the water would not pass quite so far through an iron pipe in its course to the city. It would, of course, be some- what less impregnated with dissolved iron rust, should the water have the effect of corroding the pipe.* A third consideration is that already mentioned of the value of the surplus water, delivered at or near the Subsiding Reser- voir, for mill purposes, which could be used whenever there should be a demand for it. On the other hand, we think that the Lorette line has a decided advantage in the simplicity and safety of the required works, and should we be left to decide on our present information, should choose this source. The fact that the Fountain Head is nearly on a level with a large natural reservoir (Lake St. Charles), which can be made avail- * The following is copied from a French translation of an English description of the Greenock Water Works, Scotland : — " L'eau destinee h. la consommation doniestique des habitans, aux rufliiieries dc sucre et autres besoins, devant 6tre pure, est r^unie dans des r^servoii's disposes k part pour cet objet ; on n'y laisse arriver que le moins possible d'eau maricageusc. On a aussi 6tabli un aqueduc s6par6 pour porter cette eau aux iiltres, exactement audessus de la ville, oil I'on a construit ^galement un reservoir assez itendu pour contenir I'approvisionnement d'un peu plus d'un jour en eau filtrie Cet aqu6duc, qui a quinzo pouces plcins en oarr^, est impermeable h l'eau ; il est form^ de pierres appurcillees avee soiu et bicn cimcntcts ; il coAte un peu moins que le tiers du prix d'un tuyau de fonte des in^mcs dimensions, Pnrtout oA la pression n'est pas grande, un conduit de cette espice est preferable il un tuyau en fonte, attendu que l'eau qui coule sur la pierro est plutot amelior^o que d6terior6e ; il n'en est pas de m^me aveo le fer. Dans cet aqu6duc, qui est ciiforc6 asscz profonddment en terre poiu: ^viter I'in- iluencc des gelces et des grandes chaleurs, on forme des puisards pour la d^put des sedimeus, pan^u qu'il iniporto que I'eaj, avant d'entrer dans les Iiltres, soit aussi pure que la nature des choses pent le pemiettre." 59 able for equalizing the supply at Lorette during long continued periods of dry or cold weather, produces a certainty that the water need never be cut off by such vicissitudes — while on the Montmorenci no such reservoir exists to our knowledge, within the same distance of the proposed source of the Aqueduct at Three Falls. Still we feel every confidence in the sufficiency of this last named stream, and should the city, for any reason, wish to use its water in preference to that of the St. Charles, it is our opinion that it would be safe to do so. To complete this work according to the estimates, demands an expenditure of a large capital ; and it may be asked, if there is no way to curtail the work to make the expense at the outset, light r for the citizens or any party who undertake its execution. This, we think, is practicable to a certain extent, but in a degree dependent upon contingencies, to be discovered only by further and more particular investigation. It may be found, on examination, that the Subsiding Reservoir on either line selected could be dispensed with ; their chief office being, by checking the motion of the water, to allow it to deposit the heavy particles of floating matter which the river may at times contain, at the origin of the Aqueduct. I am inclined to believe, from what I have been enabled to see, that waters much more highly charged with sediment than either of these streams, are very often allowed to enter the pipes of Distribu- tion in some of the large cities in England or Scotland. The character of the sediment here is probably a sand, coarser or finer according to the violence of the flood, and is not like that produced where the river drains a clayey district. The city Reservoir could not be permanently dispensed with, but it is possible to do without it for a few years, until the water gets into general use, or until that time when the discharge of the conduit under the pressure of its standard head, shall be equal to the maximum draught of the water- takers during any portion of the day. Should the water prove pure enough to be drawn directly from the St. Charles at Freeman's Dam, and should we post- pone the construction of the Distributing Reservoir in the city, the estimate of cost of the whole work, with the two reservoirs omitted, would stand as follows : — i> i: ' 1.' I'i m ;.- { r*:.i V? |l .' ■ y'f' \ 60 SECOND ESTIMATE, (Lorette Line.) OMITTING THE SUBSIDINQ AND DISTRIBUTING RESERVOIRS. Quantities Dam, abutment, cylindrical conduit, re- ceiving well and apparatus, &c., ac- cording to first estimate Excavation for cast iron pipe, from re ceiving well to Station 118, including enlarging trench for hubs Embankment between same points Cast iron conduit laid, exclusive of earth work between same points Earth and rock work, including bridge over the St. Charles, culverts, dam- ages, &c. from Station 118 to Station 21ji in the city. Per first estimate Cast iron conduit 18 inches diameter, 1^ inches thick, laid, exclusive of earth and rock work between same points Per first estimate .... Distribution in the city. Per former estimate ..... Contingencies, engineering, &c. 8 pr. ct< Total cost of water works 47,640 5,848 980 cub. ft feet. 40,705 $588,260j52 Conceiving there may be different opinions in regard to the proper thickness for the pipe in the country, a third estimate is given, in which the thickness of metal is supposed to be one inch ; the estimate in every other respect remaining the same as the second. THIRD ESTIMATE, (Lorette Line.) PIPE CALLED ONE INCH THICK. Quantities. Price cts. Dolls. cts Amount of the second estimate, exclusive of the item for the cast iron conduit ; contingencies and engineering Cast iron conduit 18 inches diameter, 1 inch thick, laid, exclusive of earth and rock works, from the receiving well to Station 21i in the city . Contingencies, &c. 8 per cent. . t * • • > 41,685 • • • • feet. • 358 • 361,678 149,232 72 30 510.911 40,872 03 88 Total cost of water works . $551,783 90 I J 61 The price of the pipes adopted in the estimates, has been based on information obtained by letter from Mr, Peebles, in Scotland, who was then (March 22, 1848,) paying at the rate of £5 15s. for spiggot and faucet pipes, intended for the Quebec Gas Works ; he also states the price of freight from the Clyde to Quebec, varied from 9s. to 125. lOd. per ton. Using these prices, and adding for other probable charges, duties, and allowances, we deemed it perfectly safe to affix the price we have, viz. 1^ cents per pound of iron. The other prices used in the estimate have been obtained from various sources, most of them from authentic information procured at Quebec, and all are, we trust, sufficiently correct for the general purposes of the investigation. We are, perhaps, not so well prepared, or so capable of estimating the probable income from the water works as per- sons more familiar with the wants and habits of the citizens, and who would better know to what extent the water would be wanted for large establishments, such as stables, refineries, distilleries, tanneries, and other manufactories. We may, however, aid in this inquiry by referring to results in other cities, where the circumstances are analogous. It has been for this object that we have taken some pains to introduce in the Appendix, statistical tables relating to various water works in the United States, England and Scotland, (see Appendix, B, C, D, E.) The table (E) relating to Fairmount Water Works, shows the average annual charge to a tenant in Phila- delphia, from the first year of supply in 1801, to 1845, using only the numbers given in column 13, to be $5.67. In New York, for the three years ending May 1, 1847, the average is $12.94, more than double the maximum annual charge ($6.23) of the former city, omitting the first year, 1801. In Philadel- phia, the usual charge for a house of the common class, appears to be $5, and in New York, for a house with two stories, $10 ; three stories, $12. In Boston the water works are not completed, and we do not know what the charge for the same class of houses will be; but probably from $7 to $8. In England and Scotland the rate varies considerably in the same city ; for instance, in London, the range is from 15.47 to 56.145. per house per annum, or from 3.71 to $13.47. The mean annual charge made by the five water companies on the Ji- ll. li IP 62 'li north side of the Thames, comprising the years 1820 and 1827 only, was very nearly 305. or $7.20 per house per annum. From these examples, we infer that people living in cities, ordinarily would be willing to pay $7, and more, for the use of good water ; and in the following estimates of income, that sum has been adopted as the average rate, which the tenants at Quebec would be willing to pay. At page 14 we have assumed the population of the city to be, at the end of thirty years, from the year 1847, 100,000 ; which is allowing a compound increase of 3.45 per cent, per annum on 36,155, the population of the city in 1847. With this ratio we find there would be at the expiration of five years, from 1847, a population of 40,837 ; and at the expiration of ten years, 50,754. Now, assuming no greater proportion of residents as taking the water, than was found to prevail at Philadelphia, that is, one water-taker to 7| of the population, we get the number entered in Column 3 of the following table ; and supposing each taker to pay on an average $7 per annum for his supply, we get the income entered in Column 4. In the last three columns are shown the interest the income would pay on the capital invest- ed in the works. Column 5 giving the annual rate for the first estimate. Column 6 that for the second, and Column 7 for the thurd estimate. INCOME COMPUTED FOR THE LORETTE LINE. J i.if hi .' ir I o § ■s cs i: r 1847, 1852, 1857, 36, '.55 42,837 50,754 2 o i> o^ g 4,930 5,841 6,921 0. ^-^ '^ » (I V; hn o « o 8^ So a ^ It-Is IS-W8 X cj o a_ $34,510 40,887 48,447 $5.40 6.'o 7.58 _>-'s 2 i ill -" >- « B 0.ttT3 ^OO fc; caT3 g.S „ « §< g S V M X f-^ n) $5.86 6.95 8.23 a V 1 3^ « a 3.2 I Ml &• <>i .25 7.41 8.78 ? i \\H 63 This table shows the gross income, or the value of the benefit to be derived from the works, if executed on the Lorette Line, for the several periods stated, based on the three estimates of cost. From the gross income the charges of management are to be deducted ; which in this case must be very light, the work being so simple, and so little liable, as it ought to be, to get out of repair. At Philadelphia, where the water is all pumped for the supply, the charges of Distribution, embracing the repairs and cost of protecting the pipes in the city, appear to be (see Appendix, G,) for the average of six years, from 1840 to 1845, inclusive, nearly ^4000 a year; — Salaries, averaging, the same years, a little over $4000 ; and Incidentals $950 a year. These items, except that of distribution, are of course augmented above what they would be if the supply was furnished simply by gravitation, from some natural source of adequate height, as proposed here. If, however, we suppose them to be the same at Quebec, in proportion to the number of tenants, the items for the several periods would amount to the following sums : 1847. 1852. 1857. Distribution to 4930 tenants, an. expend. := $786 03 Do. " 5841 " *« " = $931 28 Do. "6921 " •• " = $1103 47 Salaries ••4930 " " " = 808 09 Do. *' 5841 •• '• •• = 957 42 Do. •'6921 •• " •• = 1134 44 Incidentals •' 4930 •• •• '• == 188 83 Do. '• 5841 •• •• " = 223 73 Do. ••6921 '• «• •' == 265 10 Total annual expenses of each year, $1,782 95 $2,112 43 $2,503 01 Deducting these expenses from the income entered in the 4th Column of the former table, and computing on the balance, or net income, (allowing the charges to be alike on all these estimates) we get the rate per cent, or interest the works would yield, thus : Rate for Rate Rate 1st est. 2d est. 3 ■ if i; i^>^<'.^r*M^^;.*\i.sP%*'"- M 64 il ij- 5 11 rf I support much evidence in the results of other works, where the original projects were much more enveloped with difficulties, and subjected to large expenditures, both at the outset, and in the necessity of afterwards keeping up the supply by artificial means. In performing the field work on which this report is based, valuaLle aid v/as rendered by assistant engineers, Messrs. Alf. Hamel an^ E. H. Le Gendre, of Quebec. It was our en- deavor to make the surveys as full and perfect as circi:m- stances and time would permit. There was but one line on each of the country routes run, and consequently their accu- racy has not been tested by second levellings; still, I feel assured, that, if any errors have occurred, they must be trivial. In the city the greater part of the levellings were satisfactorily tested by completing the circuit. Most respectfully submitted, GEO. R. BALDWIN. Hon. G. Okill Stuart, Mayor of die city of Quebec. » cfoui; mmm . V . ■ - m» ,*#*» eajKA 4 i>^ '^■M-O'^' AS fiitmmm MWHWiiUiiii.yi' IMI •MMPIIIMn ■<■ » Si" J.4.:i— j" ii>» j^.'iJ • 'r *■■- ■-■^-'----a---'*-^"^— ^ ! i,i mmm f ^ 05 .•i>Wi.'. "J5^ ■"' '' •*-«««» ^tTt^ H 1i ^ip > » , ,' // /' /AN'' // '/ '' '/' '/ /V *♦ ^cvrer ■ ■ •••::o'*i!-;:l-'-v'^'::::''''. •••■.• •■•••.■•' "I. ••.•..< ! F 4 t <«iie^t«i!«iy^-si ■? / < \Vhite Fine %^ / Lund -heib rjdg ing lo thej^, G erii y«c-'. 'J?arTt X OP TMt Lftll iiTiiidii MaOe i If'.'. -' • r Tit Lttiirrrt yii m Atiintier. ilTlllftliilS ii TIE ®iT¥. Made by Order of \ l>ec4[;Alil>er,i^I7. GeoHHaldwrn. Enguieer. Llti< a* C.W BOUvC 3o«tanL 10^0 5oo nmiuiih 1000 ^ ^arn. mm SCALES lii ' i.|i«.»^niii I i.iii^pi^iHpqRppppK lit ,■ ^i 1 iti 1,-e;? 5"^ <;' :*xn ; « i V 1 1 " 300 200 6-'fl -VX, 100 o JJOK level veith Sigh ITaJtr Spring Tidts at qiUbtc i20 II i-: i Sin ■ts<--5'«H<«£>f(jS)i#ffvii,| rk J ^M 100 Itvtl of High VfaUr Spring Tutu U 12 13 1« 15 IC i.S7, I.TS . ■■aKsJti-;^ U 12 13 1« 15 le V 18 IB mm ROX. G. OKI December. UTN OF C W BOUvtf noiTOM. I ' e o 9 c I a* J^ g* Side view of Trencli. Liii ir Made by Order of ROX. G . OKIL L ST UAR T , MAYOR of QUE BE C . December. 1847. Geo.R. Baldwin Engmeer ripe. T .^ . , . ,„, . ,.y^ . 4 JO 5 2O0O I 1 20 -4- Scale for Distances 30 70 go —I — on C Ha ins. 3000 5000 6ooa lUOUO % f-o ;t -t — r ifiO I Scale for Heights 200 I -t— t- 300 Ti i1 Feet. «*«■«■■ Side view of Trench. »?ec(ioiL of Trench with. Pipe inplace »s RO — 1_ TO -t— 6ooa 80 i Chains. 9000 Feel 3ao 4110 4&0 Vest. MM N9 ?.. s^JtlVtLH ST CMMBLKa. Oiut level H-ith m^h WiOer Spr iny Tidtn at *f t,% M I L r. s ip V I ! it '■ i V ' ri;: A ■■^^^i**!^ 7, /;///' ^1 ««Bfl m 1?. 15. % »M' . W) r»tf «^'-- .^p 1 M K Ifi ■ I H MhIBHM ■'Mm^- f s L w * S^ % S Mtti tmm Ei,^^^^ ^ BEAUPORT GHUnt^/A rim OF Tii; »ioiTNiiiiii Mudt' bii Hon. G. OkmmjIj St it a 4[)eremher 1847. fk LiTH.OF c w Bouvc Boston s c 10^ 60D -f-HH- -H- 10 5 10 .'Ill IDOO 2000 .loon tOflV OflV G^ mm IM THi CIT¥ A/«//€ by order of . )KiiiL, Stuart, Mayor of Quebec. !r 1847. Gtorge R. Baldwin Bngineer. -VW- .•••'^.. SCALES. so 9.0 4UflU .^L^t 1.. riopo nqoo TO an ChHins d lonn 8(|00 9000 looijo Keel 3 / V^ rfiA ^ ..^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // !^^ .«* 1.0 ^lii ta. £ itt 111 w 1.1 4.0 ■ 20 HA 1.6 - 6" ^ ^ y^^- 4^' HiotDgraphic ^Sciences Corporadon ^^^ ^ ^ 4: a>^ <^ 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTIII,N.Y I4SM (7I6)I73-4S03 ^ j» ^■r^^y^frffriy ^^^,1^^^^^' ^f-'<.. f«»»»^milKimtHm 'M-i:Jffflmsimm MigK WoMr Uru of JVoputAZiMPMir JW/ «»> m Jm«| L •/. .". .!> »I0/. to S «ivaxx€ WAram wokks . PSfiFILEi^^ MIMTIiniNOI UNE SF A9UED0OT, 3/fide hy order of Hon. &. OkUaJj Stvaut, mayor of qvbbbc December 1847 George R.Bdldwiii Engineer. lith. of E.W Boitve + 10 s o llll llll lOf 1.0 3000 to Scales for Dislances M Mi SO 60 70 v> ^ — ^ ' '9" Chains MOO Aoyo aooo ifO 6flp0 70(10 aopo a 01)1 yj I I I I T I I I I I Scale for iieigliis ZM CM 300 3So ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' I I I ' I I llllllll JM Bono *?o Peel jojso Jfeet •h only that degree of care usually directed in such cases. The balance used was one of Oertling's best, manufactured in Berlin, and sensible with great precision to the A miUegramme ; the tern- SILLIMAN'S ANALYSIS. 71 peralure in each case was carefully regulated, and the contents of the bottle accurately regulated by a closely fitting plate of n)ica, which covered the capillary orifice of the perforated stopple, and entirely prevented the evaporation of any sensible portion during the operation of weighing. These precautions may appear to be uncalled for, but without them no precise re- sults can be obtained or confirmed. The results are here exhibited. Table, showing the specific gravity of the waters at 15" C. Number of waters. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Specific gravity. 1.0000329 1.000016 1000016 1.0000659 1.0000164 Number of waters. 6. 7. 8. 9. Specific gravity. 1.0000329 1.000064 1.0000329J 1.000082 j It would not be inferred from this table that there was much reason to look for an appreciable quantity of solid ingredients in a gallon or other limited quantity of these waters ; and in truth, the quantity is far less than is usual, as will appear on a com- parison of their solid contents with that of other natural waters. The weights and measures employed in these examinations were the French decimal system. The weights are the gramme, which is equal to the cubic centimetre of distilled water at the standard temperature of maximum density. It is equal to 15.433 grains troy. The unit of liquid measures is the litre, which is a cubic decimetre, and contains 1000 grammes (one thousand grammes) of distilled water. The litre is equal to 61.074 cubic inches in United Slates measure, and to 1.057 quart, wine measure. The advantage of employing these ^weights and measures in examinations of this description is, that there subsists a relation between the units of weight and measure which is highly convenient, and which is i.ot found in the standards oi" England and America. It is also perfectly easy to convert the one into the other. The United States standard gallon contains 231. cubic inches of dit^illed water ; it is, therefore, less than 4 litres by the amount of the following Expression. 4 hires = 244.296 cubic inches, 1 gallon 231. 13.2!»6 72 APPENDIX. 'i ; I'll The United States standard gallon holds at 15"C. 58,864.6 j09 grains, and at the temperature of 3o C, or 39.83" F. (the temperature at which this standard was adjusted,) it holds 58,372.1754 American standard troy grains. In determining the weight of solid residue in the Quebec waters, a carefully measured quantity of each was gently evaporated to a small bulk in glass vessels, and the residue then transfered without loss to a large platinum basin of known weight. In this the evaporation was carried in a wa- ter bath to entire dryness, and the weight of the residue de- termined ; this weight was repeated several times, trying the capsule each time at a temperature of about 300° F. until a constant result was obtained. The vegetable matter, which was found in each case to a greater or less degree, was then burnt off by heating the cap- sule to redness over an alcohol lamp. During this ignition, the occurrence of a rapid combustion running over the inner surface of the basin, and destroying the organic matter before the capsule was fully red, was attributed to the presence of some salt of nitric acid ; e. g. nitrate of soda or potash. The portion which remained after the ignition, was regarded as the non-volatile inorganic or mineral matters present in the water, while the loss of weight experienced during the operation was mostly owing to the organic matter, derived from vegetable and other sources. This determination was made only in case of Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9. Of the other samples there was not enough at command to go through with other testings and this also, and it was supposed that these five samples would yield all the results which could be expected from the others. No. 4. One thousand grammes of this water were very carefully evaporated as above described, and the weights of the residue determined with the greatest nicety possible. To avoid all needless complexity in the statement of the results, I purposely omit all the details of steps gone through to obtain* the final weights. The total residue of 1000 grms. of No. 4=000.042 ; or 10C,000 lbs. (or parts) of such water will contain 4.20 parts (or lbs.) of solid matter. Of this quantity there is volatile at redness 2.58 parts 1.62 (( Leaving for non-volatile mineral matter A gallon of this water contained in round numbers 2.5 (two and a half) grains of which, nearly ^, are vegetable organic matter. a silliman's analysis. 73 The residue of this water, after evaporation, was of a deep coffee brown color, and shrunk much on drying. It burnt with a strong organic odor, and left a minute white deposit, which had a slight alkaline reaction, and did not effervesce with hydro-chloric acid. The chemical examination of this water discovered in it the presence of lime, magnesia, sulphuric acid, chlorine, and carbonic acid, with feeble traces of alumina, iron and soda. Of course the quantities of these several con- stituents are very small indeed, and they could be detected only after considerable concentration. The water, in its natural condition is neutral, and gives, with the appropriate tests, no evidence of either chlorine, iron or magnesia, with only a very feeble trace of sulphu'-ic acid. Only th(i lime and magnesia were determined quantitatively, and these estimated as sul- phates very nearly accounted for the small dose of mineral matter which this water contains. The amount of carbonic acid was determined in this and several others of the waters by passing the vapors from a known volume of the water into a solution of baryta in water, the carbonate of baryta found in the process was converted into sulphate of the same earth, and weighed, and from its weight the corresponding volume of carbonic acid is easily calcu- lated. The quantity of carbonic acid contained in 1 litre of this water, or 1000 grammes is 00968 gramme by weight = .298 cubic inch, or about one cubic inch per gallon of the water. My former experience leads me to believe that in its natural source it contains much more than this quantity, and that a portion has been lost, by the water standing for some months m a glass bottle before it was examined. The organic matter of this water did not yield any reaction which would identify it with either crenic or apocrenic acid, the two vegetable acids most commonly found in fountains or lakes. Too lictle of the water was at my command to determine with certainty the presence of silica, phosphoric acid, and several other ingre- dients which are occasionally detected in natural waters. It is to be remembered that 100 tons of this water would contain only 3.24 pounds of mineral matter. No. 5. The determination of the solid residue of this water was made on a quantity of 4000 grammes. The residue was of a light brown color and trifling in quantity. Its weight. ^ 'I !i I. I !m1 10 ' 74 APPENDIX. Ni II taken with the precautions already described for No. 4, was from 4000 grammes ... . 0.1455 gram. Equal in 100,000 parts to . . . . 3.63 parts. This, at redness, lost volatile organic matter 0.0525 gram. Leaving of inorganic or mineral matter O.ooso Original weight, or 4 litres In 100,000 parts, therefore, we have Organic matter . Inorganic or mineral . 100 tons of such water contains, of Organic matter Mineral matter 0.1455 2.32 1.31 parts. 4.64 pounds. 2.62 " This residue on ignition, burnt with some vivacity, as if from the presence of nitric acid, and the odor of burning organic matter was very perceptible during the first part of the igni- tion. The non-volatile portion of this water was of an earthy appearance, possessed an alkaline reaction, and did not effer- vesce very much when treated with hydrochloric acid. Analysis detected in this water, a trace of iron^ rather a larger amount of alumina^ a trace of /me, soda and magnesia. No reaction was manifest by th^ usual test for chlorine (nitrate of silver,) nor did this delicate reagent betray the presence of any organic acid, — by the changes of color which accompany and follow the application of this test in those waters containing such acids, and which, in many cases, are exceedingly beau- tiful and characteristic. The carbonic acid gas in a gallon of this sample did not exceed (determined as already described) 1.2 cubic inches. In this case, also, the lime and magnesia jalone were determined. The sulphuric acid (whose presence was proved as well as that of chlorine) was not in sufficient quantity to be determined. Could a larger quantity of this watei be evaporated, e. g. several hundred pounds at least, the rela- tive proportions of its constituents could no doubt be made out. But of what practical value could such a result be on a water which is so pure as to contain only about 0.55 grain to the gallon oi mineral matter ? Such water is almost pure enough for any chemical purpose whatever. No. G. More of this water was furnished to me than of either of the others, and I hoped to be able to determine the proportions of each of its several constituents. But the pos- session of ten times as much could hardly have afforded me silliman's analysis. 75 the means of making a quantitative analysis of it upon which I should have been willing to rely. Analysis showed it to be less pure than No. 5, and it yielded to tests, evidence of containing a very feeble quantity of sul- phuric acid, chlorine and lime, with more of alumina tinged by a trace of iron — magnesia and soda were also present, and an abundance of organic matter. 4000 grammes of No. 6 yielded, on evaporation, Solid contents . . . 0.231 gram. Or in 100,000 parts . . 5.77 parts. Ignition expelled from this. Organic 0.0906 Leaving solid inorganic matter 0.1406 gram. 2.26 parts. 3.50 « In 100,000 parts, therefore, we have, Of volatile, solid contents. Of non-volatile, contents The residue of this water, before ignition, was dark colored brown and glairy. It burnt with a vivid sparkling, as of nitrates, and left an ash which was strongly alkaline, and not entirely free from carbonaceous particles. The action of dilute hydro- chloric acid occasioned a feeble effervescence from the escape of carbonic acid. It contained .007 of lime, and .0089 gramme of magnesia to the 1000 grammes. The carbonic acid in this water was equal to nearly 1.5 cubic inches per gallon. No. 7. I had not sufficient of this water to enable me to determine its total of solid contents. Tests, however, made known the presence of carbonic acid, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lime, magnesia, and alumina. The magnesia was equal to .0047 gram, in 1000 grammes of the water, and the hme to .0056 gram, in the same quantity, and of chlorine .0025 mil- ligramme. The free carbonic acid was not determined from wuni of sufficient quantity of the water. No. 8. The solid contents of this water amounted on 1000 grammes to ... . O.osi gram. Or in 100,000 parts .... 8. lo parts. Ignition expelled from this, . . 2.72 " Leaving solid mineral residue . . 5.38 '< The residue, after ignition, was very strongly alkaline in its reaction, but effervesced very feebly with hydro-chloric acid. Only a qualitative analysis was made of the contents of this water, which indicated as in the others, chlorine, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, lime, magnesia, alumina, and oxid of iron, with traces of potash and soda. The quantity of carbonic acid 76 APPENDIX. lit -1 was a little over 1.5 cubic inch per gallon. Ths quantity at my command was too small to make a quantitative analysis. No. 9. The residue of evaporation of 1000 grammes of this water gave 0.1192 gram. Or in 100,000 parts . . . . 11.92 parts. The residue of this water had a light salmon color, and an earthy appearance, with only a narrow areola of brownish or- ganic matter. On ignition, it charred slightly, burnt white, and on being moistened it manifested with test papers a strongly alka- line reaction, and effervesced slightly with hydro-chloric acid. Ignition expelled from this residue of 1000 grammes 0.438 gram. Leaving inorganic matter . . . 0.754 " The amount of carbonic acid in a gallon of this water is slightly more than 3 cubic inches per gallon. The inorganic matter gave evidence of the same constituents which have already been enumerated under the foregoing sam- ples. Magnesia and lime combined with sulphuric acid and chlorine are the predominating ingredients. When we con- sider the .comparatively small amount of solid contents even in this water, which is so much more impure than either of the foregoing, we are constrained to admit that Quebec is peculiarly fortunate in having the choice of waters, the most impure of which is more free from foreign matter than the Schuylkill, the source of the waters supplied from the celebrated Fair- mount water works in Philadelphia. It may reasonably be doubted whether the very small quantity of salts of inagnesia and lime, which the waters of the St. Charles at Quebec con- tain, can justly be regarded as the cause of the disturbance which travellers experience on visiting Canada. Is it not more probable that the water from wells, and the change of climate, are more efficient and probable causes ? For the convenience of a general comparison of the several determinations, which have been enumerated with other waters of known celebrity, the following table has been made. The analyses of Croton, Cochituate and Schuylkill water, were made by the writer in 1845, for the city of Boston. One fact of some interest appears from the analysis of the Lake Cochit- uate water, namely, that the water taken up from near the bot- tom of the lake contains much more impurity than that upon the surface. A similar observation has been made regard- ing the water of the ocean ; but I am not aware that atten- tion was ever called to this inequality in the higher and lower levels of bodies of fresh water, until the publication of the re- port by the author, from which these results are quoted. silliman's analysis. 77 Table, shmoing the quantity of foreign matters in Quebec toaters, as compared with other sources in the United States. Number of the water. | 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. Solid matter in 100,000 ) ^^ parts by weight. J 3.63 5.77 8.10 11.92 Volatile at redness. 2.58 2.32 2.26 2.72 4.38 7.54 Leaving solid. 1.62 1.31 3 50 5.38 Number of water, j A. B. C. D. E. Solid matter in 100.000 > 'if, -, . parts by weight. J i«'714 3.168 5.770 9.417 87.85 In one rallon. )' Aoa Volatile at redness. ] 1 ^-'^^ 1.85 1.16 1.24 1.218 Leaving solid in 1 gallon. 6.66 0.63 2.21 4.26 50.055 Grains in i gallon. 10.93 1.85 3.37 5.50 51.274 Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9, are the waters of this report. A, is the Croton, in New York ; B, Lake Cochituate, (or Long Pond,) from the surface ; C, the same, from a depth of sixiy-two feet ; D, the Schuylkill, at Fairmount, Philadelphia ; E, a well on Beacon Hill, in Boston, showing the general character of most of the wells in that city. A conclusion which may safely be drawn from the chemical examination of these waters, is, that they contain nothing in any way injurious to the human system, and that they are so pure, especially Nos. 5 and 6, as to be fit for the most delicate purposes of the arts of life. There is a vulgar notion, that river water, and lake water — or pond water, as it is called — are not so well adapted for domestic use as the water of wells ; this prejudice cannot stand long in a community, which is so happy as to have a full supply of water as pure as the Croton, Lake Cochituate, or it may be added, as the Montmorenci, or St. Charles, at Indian Lorelte. It has been made an objec- tion to the use of lake and river waters, that they contain nu- merous animalcules — of strange forms and singular voracity ! as if such animals were not also found in the waters of wells and fountains. The fact, that a natural water was entirely free fror^^ these creatures of purification, would be, to my mind, proof that there must be something wrong about it which had unfitted it for the support of these delicate organisms, and might, therefore, render it unfit for human use. The waters of Quebec have passed under the all-seeing microscope of our distinguished countryman. Prof. J. W. Bailey, of West Point Military Academy, and his letter is here appended. 78 APPENDIX. ' I 'i';i « West Point, (N. Y.) Oct. 14, 1847. « My Dear Sir, " By the request of Mr. G. R. Baldwin,of Charlestown, Mass. I send you the results of my microscopic examination of some specimens of water from the neighborhood of Quebec, the chem- ical analysis of which is, I believe, to be performed by you. I myself, attach but little importance to the results given by the microscope, with reference to the quality of the water and its fitness for use. The purest natural waters are never entirely free from animalcules, but it is only when these waters have been kept standing for some time in contact with organic mat- ters that they develop in sufficient quantity to affect the quality of the water. As Mr. Baldwin appeared anxious to have the waters examined by the microscope, I could not decline, and I now send you, as he requested, a statement of the results. The specimens were nine in number, in phials holding about three cubic inches of water. Having satisfied myself, by careful examination, that the water above the sediment in each bottle contained no organic bodies, I then poured off nearly all the water, leaving a small portion in each phial, with which I then rinsed out the sediments separately, and poured each into a watch glass ; these sediments were then examined by the mi- croscope with a power of about 350 diameters, and the con- tents of each are given below. No. 1. Sediment almost none. No organic bodies detected. No. 2. Sediment small, containing a few colorless angular mineral fragments, with a few siliceous infusoria, among which were Gomphonema acuminatum, Ehr. (see Amer. Bacillaria in Silliman's Jour. Vol. XLIII. pi. V. fig. 6) ; Tabellaria tri- nobis (L. C. Vol. XLII.pl. 11. fig. 36 ;) Fragillaria pectinalis, L. Ci^g. 41 ; Gaillonella aurichalcea L. C. fig. 4 ; Gaillonella distans L. C. fig. 5 ; Spiculee of Spongilla were also found, and one small Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. No. 3. Sediment small ; nothing organic detected. No. 4. Sediment very small ; one small hair, a bit of Sphag- num, and a few young Naviculoe were all the organic bodies found. No. 5. Sediment very little, containing no organic bodies except a fragment of a Cyclops, and a small plate of Fragil- laria pectinalis. No. 6. Sediment small, containing a fragment of Cyclops, one small Acarus, some very minute Naviculee, and Tabellaria trinobis, Ehr. No. 7. Sediment small, containing one living and active Euglena viridis, also Fragillaria pectinalis ; Gaillionella auri- SILLIMAN'S ANALYSIS. 79 chalcea ; some minute Naviculse, stephauodiscus Niagara), Ehr.,* &c. No. 8. Sediment much more abundant than in preceding specimens, containing many angular particles, apparently of Quartz and Hornblend, with many specimens of Surirella splendida Ehr. (Am. Bac. L. C. pi. II. fig. 21,) Stephauodiscus Niagarse ; Synedra ulna (Am. Bac. L. C. pi. V. fig. 2.) Navi- cula suecica (Am. Bac. L. C. pi. II. fig. 20,) with spiculae of Spongilla. 9. Sediment small, with a few minute Naviculae, and Ar- throdesmus quadricaudatus (Am. Bac. L. C. Vol. XLI. pi. III. fig. 17.) The sediment of all the specimens contained a portion of matter resembhng coagulated albuminous matter, entangled among which were the angular bits of minerals and the shells of the animalcules. It may be a comfort to some persons to know that the sili- ceous organisms above referred to as animals, are by some writers considered as plants. Very sincerely your friend, J. W. Bailey." On the use of Metallic Lead and Cast Iron, to convey and distri- bute the Waters of Quebec. The most important consideration in reference to the supply of water to a great city, next to its original purity and abun- dance, is to guard against its being contaminated by the means employed in its distribution to the consumers. The calcareous matters dissolved out of the masonry conduit, through which the Croton river runs for forty miles before reaching New York, were found to alter materially the purity of that water, and render the total amount of its solid contents considerably greater after the water reached the city than they were in the river, or great reservoir at the commencement of the aque- duct. This, however, proved to be a very limited evil, and soon corrected itself. Not so, however, the effect of the water on the leaden pipes, employed for its distribution from the iron mains to the houses of the consumers. The writer, in 1845, made a carefully conducted set of experiments on several wa- ters now used in our larger cities, and among others on the Croton in reference to its effect on leaden pipes. The gen- eral result was, that the Croton water only very slightly * This is a beautiful genus allied to Graillionella, specimens of which I first found at Niagara Falls, and sent to Ehrenburg, who has described it in tiie Reports of the Ber- lin Academy for February, 1845, p. 28. 80 APPENDIX. ( i . : A \ \' attacked lead. But it was impossible, in a single set of ex- periments, to meet all the conditions found in the actual distri- bution of water to a large town ; and one of these conditions which was not taken account of, was the effect of the iron pipes in altering the electrical or chemical relations of the lead. It has since been found in practice, that this condition is a very important one, and must always be regarded. Pure water has a very remarkable power in dissolving the oxyd or rust of lead ; so much so, that a pint of pure distilled water will dissolve a grain or more of this oxyd. The common air and carbonic acid, always found in natural waters, materially aid in the solution of the lead, by first oxidizing the clean sur- face and thus placing it in a condition to be acted on ; while on the other hand, it has been confidently asserted that the pre- sence of various impurities in water, such as sulphate of soda or sulphate of lime, and other saline ingredients, would wholly or partly arrest the corrosion of lead. It is certain, that natu- ral waters vary very much in their power of acting on lead, and very many are so nearly exempt in this particular that they have been drawn for years with impunity through leaden pipes. This may be owing to the non-action of the water, or to its producing an insoluble and innoxious compound with lead. Thus water, highly charged with organic extractive matter, has, in some cases of my own observation, been brought into contact with lead without being at all contaminated therewith, while abundant evidence of action was found in the precipita- tion from the water of all its organic matter in an insoluble state, and by the gain of weight in the lead itself. The lead may, even by this process become, as it were, varnished over with a film of organic matter, and the water escape unharmed. The chlorid and nitrate of lead, salts, the former of which may-often be found in waters that have passed through leaden pipes, are both represented as being quite harmless when taken into the system. It is the sub-oxyd and carbonate which are the most deadly forms of lead ; for although the carbonate is a white powder, insoluble in water, it is easily dissolved in the acids of the stomach, and is the form in which most cases of lead poisoning occur. To try the effect of the Quebec waters on lead an experiment was instituted, in which a thin and bright strip of le'^^d about one foot long was exposed in a close glass bottle, with a sam- ple of each water for a long time. The lead was perfectly bright ;when the water was added to it, and frequent observa- tions were made for such changes as might appear. The weight also of each slip was carefully noted before the ex- periments, that any change which should happen might be dis- SII.LIMAN'S ANALYSIS. 81 covered, either of increase or of diminution. Another series, in a distinct set of bottles, was also prepared, similar to the first, in all respects except in the attachment of a small slip of brass to one end of each leaden strip. This was for the pur- pose of imitating more closely the condition of a leaden aque- duct pipe, with a brass stop-cock on its end. This arrange- ment, of course, alters the electrical relation of the lead, and places it in a situation to be more easily acted on by corroding agents. Common air, except such quantity as was dissolved in the water, was excluded, as it is in the general use in aque- ducts. In this particular, the leaden pipes of wells and cis- terns differ in their situation from those of aqueducts. Since in the former there is a line where the water, the metal, and the air join, and at that point is the greatest activity of chemical action. At the conclusion of the experiments it was found that each of the waters had become more or less impregnated with lead. Within twelve hours after the first experiment was instituted, it was evident, from simple inspection, that some action had taken place in Nos. 7, 8, and 9. Each of these slips had become tarnished, and particularly No. 9, while the others remained bright and untarnished. This effect did not appear to increase at all after the first twenty-four hours, during many days and even weeks in which the experiment was continued. The second series, in which a slip of brass was soldered to each, became acled on afier two or three hours, especially in Nos. 4, 7, 8, and 9, while in Nos. 5 and 6 the lead remained quite bright to the end of the experiment. The results of these trials are given in the following tables. Table, showing the effects of Water on Lead. No. of the water. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Weight of slip before exp't. Weight after exposure. 7.0150 7.0011 7.34885 7.34760 7.5430 7.5419 7.5318 7.5315 7.490 7.492 Difference + or — +.0139 —.00065 —.0011 —.0003 +.002 No. of the water. Weight of slip before exp't. Weight after exposure. Difference + or — 6. 7. 8. 9. 7.355 7.355 7.5042 7.5061 6.9865 6.9290 7.4960 7.4985 +.0019 +.0025 +.0025 "When samples of all the water which had been in contact with the lead were tested with sulphureted hydrogen water, immediate coloration from sulphuret of lead was seen in each, U 88 APPENDIX. I; but in very different degrees. Those which, to appearance, had acted most upon the lead were found to be almost free from taint, (viz. Nos. 8. and 9,) showing that while the lead was tarnished, the compound which was formed was an insolu- ble one, and this was also indicated by the increase of weight in these slips. The degree in which the contamination from lead was observed is expressed in the following order of num- bers, beginning with that which gave the least evidence of lead, viz. Nos. 8, 9, 7, 3, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4. Nos. 1 and 4 assumed a clove brown color from the larger quantity of sulphuret of lead which was floating in them from the addition of the test. In the second series, with the brass slips, the action was increased in intensity, while the order was a little changed, as is here ex- pressed : Nos. 9, 5, 7, 6, 8, 4. No. 4, in this case, was more than twice as intense in color as before. These results clearly indicate the propriety of avoiding the use of leaden pipes, if possible, in the distribution of the Quebec waters. They show that one of the purest (viz. No. 4,) is contaminated most of all by this poison, and that those which are least pure have escaped nearly unharmed. The action on the lead, it is seen, is most to be dreaded, when no indication of it is found from the tar- nishing of the metallic surface. Indeed, it may be safely inferred, that the tarnishing of the lead in Nos. 8 and 9, is the principal cause of the water of these samples being saved from contamination. It may be said, that in actual use, the aque- duct water never stands long in contact with lead ; but in an- swer to this it is remarked, that in the experiment here de- tailed, but little change took place after the first few hours. It is also a fact under the writer's observation, that aqueduct water may be contaminated with lead, even when the stream of water is passing through the leaden pipe unceasingly. A. B.,^ respectable farmer in this vicinity, had for many years suffered from indisposition of an anomalous character, and was subject to occasional paroxysms of acute and distressing pain, resembling painters' colic. As there was nothing in his occu- pation to authorize any inference that he was the victim of that disease, the real cause of his sufferings lay for a long time concealed, and he was treated by his medical attendants for various complaints, and with little or no amelioration. By the advice of an eminent surgeon,who, in his practice, had met with similar cases, the inquiry was made in what way water was procured for his domestic use, when it appeared that a spring of water* upon a hill, at many rods distance, was brought to his door in a leaden pipe. A sample of the water was pro- cured, and brought to the writer for examination. It proved to be strongly contaminated with lead ; the use of this water siiximan's analysts. 83 was immediately discontinued, the patient treated with the pro- per antidotes to lead poisoning, and his amendment confirmed the correctness of the diagnosis. Thi3 case is cited, out of hun- dreds of cases of lead poisoning, to show that it may not always be necessary for the water to remain any considerable time in contact with lead in order to produce contamination. But it remains to consider how the uniorx of leaden pipes with the iron mains may affect the predisposition of the water to act on lead. As iron is more easily rusted than lead, so it might be inferred with some plausibility that the union of the two would, on well-known galvanic principles, aid in protect- ing the lead. We shall see that this inference cannot be safely trusted. I have kept the waters of 5, 6, 8, and 9 for some time in contact with cast iron in close vessels. It was imme- diately and deeply rusted in all, and little lines of concretion- ary oxyd anci carbonate of iron were formed in ridges over its surface, while the water became in each case quite turbid from the floating particles of free oxyd of iron suspended in it. Water is deprived of all, or nearly all, of its carbonic acid by the action of iron and the oxygen of the dissolved air, (which is known to be present in larger relative proportions to the nitrogen than in the air) is also nearly all removed. From the abundance of the bulky rust of iron produced in this way and from its adhering so feebly to the walls of the iron pipes, it cannot fail of being carried forward by the current of water moving through the pipes, and come into contact with the leaden conduits. As the water has, by the action just de- scribed, lost its carbonic acid, that substance is no longer pre- sent to aid in forming a coating of carbonated oxyd of lead, which (as has been seen in Nos. 8 and 9,) would materially aid in protecting the lead. Tloreover, the contact of the pulpy free oxyd of iron with the leaden pipes, must result in the pro- duction of oxyd of lead at the expense of the oxyd of iron, which will thus part with a portion of its oxygen to unite with the lead, and the water at once takes up its quota of this deadly compound. We confidently state, therefore, the important fact, thct the passage of water through iron pipes, prepares it for a more speedy and certain action on lead. To this cause I look for an explanation of the fact, that several alleged cases of lead poisoning have happened in the city of New York ; although the experiments made by me with the Croton water on lead, had appeared to authorize the inference that it would be safe to employ lead for the distribution of that water. It must be admitteo, however, that as far as our present knowledge of facts goes, the cases of poisoning with lead in 84 APPENDIX. i \ 111 '1'. New York have been rare exceptions : but the public attention has as yet, not been fully awakened to the subject, and when it is, probably more evidence of deleterious consequences will be made known. At least, one well attested case has been recorded in England, in which water that had for years passed uncontaminated through leaden pipes, and been collected in leaden cisterns, was afterward passed through iron pipes, and received as before, ir leaden cisterns, when it was found that the lead was rapidly corroded. The view already pre- sented of the action of water on iron, in connection with lead, will explain this case. I have dwelt thus fully on the subject of conducting water through leaden pipes, because it appears to me that too much attention can hardly be given to a question which is of such momentous consequences as regards the health of the commu- nity. And surely no great city in this enlightened age will pro- pose to supply itself with water in this manner without at first demanding all the facts. In conclusion, I may be permitted respectfully to ask whether the possibility — may we not say almost certainty — that the wa- ters of both the Montmorenci and St. Charles will be seriously contaminated by contact with lead, is not a sufficient reason^ why the authorities of Quebec, as the guardians of the public health, should prohibit the distribution of its waters through this dangerous metal. Doubtless the skill of their engineer and the fertile inven- tion of our countrymen will contrive a safe and economical substitute. All which is respectfully submitted by Your obedient servf^nt, B. SILLIMAN, Jr. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, New Haven, March 27, 1848. P. S. The writer may be permitted to add, that by his advice, a pipe of copper, well coated with pure tin, has been in use for some years in a well in New Haven, with entire suc- cess. Should the Quebec waters fail to coat over the inner surface of the lead pipes with the covering of organic matter, before alluded to, thus rendering a substitute not necessary — this description of copper pipe wouH probably be the best resort. ♦ APPENDIX. 85 APPENDIX B. DWELLINGS, MANUFACTORIES, AND INSTITUTIONS SUPPLIED WITH THE SCHUYLKILL WATER IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. TO 31st DECEMBER, l^L: 48 138 254 2337 11 62 9920 1 35 4 86 544 2 33 2 193 1 4 6 22 38 4 3 63 5 3 3 5 39 1 11 2 28 1 4 1 27 1 1 3 1 13,949 Water closets, &c. Wash pavements, &c Tenements . Baths Taverns Stabiss Dwellings, &c. Stable, &c. Dwellings, &c. Dwellings, &c. Courts, &c. Printing-offices, &c Dwellings, &c. Vinegar yards, &c Steam engines, &c Dyers, &c. Dwelling, &c. Marble yards . Dwellinrrs, &c. Soap-boiler8. &c Dwellings,, &c. Taverns, &o. Courts, &c. Distilleries, &c. Hatteries, &c. Svablos, &c. Courts, &c. Courts, &c. Taverns, courts, &c. Steam engine, &c (^/ourts, &c. Stables, &c. Sugar houses, &c. Court, «Sic. Taverns, &c. Tavern, &c. Stables, &c. Steam engine, &c Court, &c. . Courts, &c. Mansion house at Dolls, cts Dolls, cts Amount carried forward 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 IS 20 22 24 25 27 30 33 00 00 50 00 75 00 00 00 00 60 00 50 00 50 00 00 25 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 50 00 00 50 00 00 48 276 635 7,011 41 208 49,645 5 210 28 645 4,352 17 297 19 1,930 10 44 67 264 475 52 42 990 80 51 52 90 780 20 247 48 700 26 110 29 810 31 32 99 34 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 50 50 00 00 00 00 50 00 75 50 00 00 70,555 00 86 APPENDIX. APPENDIX B. — Continued. 13,949 9 4 2 6 14,021 Dolls. 'cts Dolls, cts • • . Amount brought forward Hotels, &c. Steam engfines, &c. Steam engines, &c. Steam engines, &c. Court, &c. Court, &c, Courts, &c Stables, &c. Hotel Hotel . Steam engine, &c Hotels, &c. Hotel Hotel . Hotel Tavern, &c. Water wheels Hotel . Hotel Laboratory . Hotel Bath house . Baths, &c. Naval Asylum Brewery . Brewery . Bath house Sugar houses Gas w^irks Sugar house Total for city 19 8? l,94is 2 8 29 15 * 6 1 1 33 4 18 k— 16,181 ( DISTRICT OP SOUTHWARK. After detluctifig 15 per cent., tlie 91) per cent, on city rates huvitig been taien off. Bake houses, &c. Baths Dwellings . Stea 1 angines, &o. Bars, &c. Courts, &c. Dwellings and baths Bars, &c. Stable, &c. Tavern, &c. Dwelling, &c. Hatteries Soap chandlers, &c. 35 36 39 40 00 00 00 00 45 00 50 00 60 70,555 00 31500 144 00 78 00 240 00 41J25 44 00 135 00 00 75 00 125 150 2 3 5 6 3 7 8 8 10 12 15 700 53 55 00 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 75 50 00 76 00 00 00 54 00 240,00 6100 64!00 65!0C 7000 450,00 86100 88:00 80J00 9650 11000 25O1OO 14000 50 no 00 00 00 00 124 128 138 300 400 750 76,055 4750 249 00 25 9,710 12 30 217 120 43 9 9 330 48 270 00 00 00 50 00 75 50 76 00 00 00 87,152 26 APPENDIX. 87 APPENDIX B.— Continued. 16,181 1 1 4 1 5 12 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16,223 2 4 2 52 617 1 2 8 10 7 7 5 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • • . Amount brought forward Bath and tenements Stable, tenements, &c. Tenements, batteries, &c. Tavern and stables . Courts. &c. Courts, &c. Courts, &c. Court, &c. Courts, &c. . Steam engine, &c. . Courts, &c. Brewery . , Distillery Foundery . Steam engine . Navy yard, &c. Vagrant apartment of county prison County prison . Total for City and Southwark DISTRICT OF MOYAMENSING After deducting 15 per cent. The QOjjer cent, oh city rates liaving hem taken off. Water closets Bakers Bars . Baths, &c. Dwellmgs, &c. Factory Bakers, &c. Courts, &c. Dwellings and baths Taverns, &c. . Courts, &c. Courts, &c. Public school Dyeries, &c. . Courts Courts, &c. Court, &c. . Court, &c. Factory Dwelling, &;c. . Dwelling, &c. Dwelling, &c. Water wheel, &c. Dulls. (•t.> Dolls. cts 87,152 25 15 50 16 34 17 50 70 00 19 50 20 00 100 00 12 50 150 00 25 00 125 00 27 50 30 00 60 00 30'r,7 35 00 70 00 45 00 50 00 58 67 60 00 76 00 100 00 400 00 88,625 43 1 00 2 00 2 50 10 00 3 7« 7 50 3 \j>\j 150 00 5 00 2,585 00 6 66 7 00 14 00 7 50 60 00 8 00 80 00 8 75 6125 10 00 70 00 12 50 62 13 50 34 15 00 75 00 17 50 35 00 20 00 60 00 22 60 25 00 3o;oo 35:00 40 00 96|00 116 67 92,287 85 16,858 Total for City, Southwark, and Moyamensing IIF" The water rents for Southwark and Moyumcnsing are due, uail uavuble to the cay outlielst June, 1845. > » / 88 APPENDIX. 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For Summer months For October and November For December 3d . . For the year From February Ist to Slst, (very cold) " February 21 to March 20 " March 20 to June 3 " June 3 to July 22 . " July 22 to September 9 . '• September 9 to October 28 " October 28 to December 31 For the year . • • • • From January 1 to April 1 •• April 1 to July 1 . " July 1 to October 1 " October 1 to December 31 For the year . From January 1 to April 1 " April 1 to July 1 •' July 1 to October I " October 1 to December 31 For the year . From January 1 to April 1 *' April 1 to July I " July 1 to October 1 " Octob 1 to December 31 For the year . From January I to April 1 " April 1 to July 1 •' July 1 to October 1 " October 1 to December 31 For the year . From January 1 to April I " April 1 to July 1 " July 1 to October 1 " October 1 to December 31 For the year . From January 1 to April 1 •• April 1 to July 1 . " July 1 to October 1 " October 1 to December 31 On September 15 and 16 . For the year . From January 1 to April 1 " April 1 to July 1 " July 1 to October 1 " October 1 to December 31 For the vear i ^"""^ °^ ^^^ ^'^ ^ ' I tricts declined From January 1 to April 1 " April 1 to July 1 . " July 1 to October 1 October 1 to December 31 << 1835 (( (I