^^/. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIIIM ilM Hi US 40 IM 2.2 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 16 « 6" ► v} ^ /}. 'c^l e. ^1 'J o /a / /!49-o0). It would appear to be this well that is meant by the small square marked on the Rev. Geo. Hallen's diagram in Bressani's Relation Abregt^e, page 280, (Mt)ntreal, 1852), which figure we reproduce hero. The place has yielded a number of interesting relics. The melted remains of the chapel bell were once found in a corner of the ruins by an imiii lortS^Mdhie <— ^, yS -piet^ JiuiiiiJiiiiiii/Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii 10 Indian, the late Peter York. Besides brasd articles, some bearing French inscriptions, a number of French coins of the period have been found, and sometimes human bones. A steel stamp bearing; three letters (I. H. S.) for making sacramental wafers, was found in 1848 by Joseph Bourchier, and secured by Dr. Bawtree for $10, it is said, for his' collection of relics. It is now in an English museum. A stone fortlet some distance east of this main one, just describee, appears to have been an outpost for the protection of the surrounding Huron habitations. In the winter of 1649-50 there were more than a hun.red such habitations containing from G,000 to 8,000 Hurons, d^ing from famine and disease. As a reminder of this dreadful winter, a bonepit exi,sted north- west of the main fort, twenty feet in diameter. . This was examined by Mr. Boyle, who estimated that the bones of 400 or 500 persons had been buried in it. For some interesting details of his examina- tion, as well as other features of the fort and surroundings, see Archaeological Report for 1897, page 35, etc. See also the writer's article " Ahoendoe ; the last refuge of the Hurons " in The Indiam, Hagersville, Ont., 1880) page 217. 2. LIGHTHOUSE PLOT, CHRISTIAN ISLAND. Across the bay, on the Christian Island lighthouse plot, is the site of a village where only the Huron lodge type prevails. There were about five lodges, showing four ' fires ' each, as nearly as could be distinguished when I examined this site on September 7, 1886, and again on July 30, 1887. Stones cracked by fire were numerous on the ground, also fragments of pottery and pipes. A whole clay pipe, found here, was presented to the museum by Thos. McKenny, Thorn- bury (No. 6946, museum catalogue). 3. WM. H. RICHARDSON'S. On the farm of Wm. H. Richardson, east half lot 19, concession 20, there is the site of a village, evidently of Hurons with whom the early French traders had come into contact. It extends across the 21st concession line into the farm of John McLellan, sr., the two parts together covering a space of about five acres. In company with A. C. Osborne, of Penetanguisbene, on Sept. 2nd. 1898, I visited this site, its existence having been called to my atten- tion a few days before by Geo. E. Laidlaw, of Balsam Lake. Its situation is on a kind of high lake terrace or plateau, overlooking Georgian Bay, with Beckwith Island just opposite. The land had been cleared about four years previous to our visit, and it was during this operation that the first evidences of Huron occupation had been observed. These consisted in the usual ash-beds containing pottery IKI 11 fragments in abuntlance and other relics common to such sites. Mr. Richardson directed us to two small pits or sink-holes along the top of a small ridge in the lower ground between the hill and the shore. We made excavations in both but found nothing in them to indicate whether their origin was human or not. Upon this site and on some farms in its neighborhood, many iron tomahawks of early French pattern have beer found. The triple Fig. 2. Fleurde-lis always to be seen on these French hatchets is a sign of the country whence they had origin, not less certain than the ubiquitous ' Made in Germany ' of our own day. Some of these hatchets have been picked up on the farm of Arch. McLean,! lot 20, concession 21, andl others by Wm. Pulling, on his farm (s. w. quarter lot 20, concession 20), where there is also a tract of land adaptable to the growing of Indian corn. pig. 3. Nearly all of them are worn out or damaged in one way or other ; the Hurons, like ourselves, would cast away any that had become unfit for use, just such as we find now-a-days, and would save the good ones. In August, just before our visit, Mr. Laidlaw had received two steel knives and a clay pipe, found at this site. Many other relics have been found, but, as usual, nearly all except those of the smallest size, are in a fragmentary condition. The writer obtained six wampum beads of aboriginal workmanship and fV • European beads. From the compactness of this sii , .ts position on a hill, we might easily in<^er that the town or village was palisaded. It was evidently inhabited during the French or historic period, as the relics show. It is not improbable, therefore, that it was Toanche, as it is 12 situated so close to the shore ; but it is still difficult, at the present stage of our enquiriea, to fix upon the position of that place — the earliest of the mission villages. The position of this place is further west than we should have attributed to Toanche. 4. EUGENE MARION'S. In the woods on the farm of Eugene Marion, lot 17, concession 18, were two interesting bone-pits. On July 29, 1887, 1 made some examination of these pits, having been guided to the place by John Hoar, then the light-house keeper of Christian Island. There was a large oval bone-pit here, and at a few yards from it a smaller round one. Their situation was on elevated ground near the source of a small stream that flows into Thunder Bay. Large hardwood trees (chiefly beech and maple) grev;^ near, and some decayed trunks lay on the ground, indicating a considerable antiquity for these still earlier deposits of human bones. The pits were in dry sandy soil, the larger of the two having a longer axis of twenty feet and a depth of ten feet in the centre. In Huron fashion, only the bones and not bodies had been origin- ally interred, as the following circumstances plainly showed : (1) We found a bundle of thigh bones (femurs) and shin bones (tibias) arranged side by side like a bundle of faggots, but the thongs that bound them together had perished and left no trace. (2) Skulls were found in greater number than otlier bones of the body, indicating that the most important relic had received more attention thfin other bones whici should have been deposited at the same time. (3) Very small bones (ribs, toes, etc.) were scarce, having been for the most part neglected. If we may be allowed to form an opinion from the closeness of other bone-pits to village sites, there must exist a village site at no great distance from these pits (probably not more than a few hundred yards away), though the forest still conceals it. Their distance is not much more than a mile from the south-west corner of Thunder ^ay, which may be considered to have been the landing place for this village, and numerous iron hatchets have been found on the farm of Ambroise Labatte, lot 16, con. 19, beside Thunder Bay. In attempting to identify these remains with one of the Huron townsof histoi'y.it may be remembered that Brebeuf records the distance of Ihonatiria from the shore as three-fourths of a league. [Relation, 1635, p. 28, Canadian Edition (1858)]. The same writer tells us again (Relation, 1636, p. 96), that Ihonatiria was ' near the edge of a great lake,' but Le Mercier (Relation, 1637, p. 149), records the fact that a large island was in sight of it, which would seem to discourage the theory that this wtis Ihonatiria, as the place lies too far inland to allow any of the islands to be seen. *. .. ^ T 13 6. MOiSE CHEVRETTE'S. The site of another Huron village may be seen on the farm of Moise Chevrette, sr., south half lot 13, concession 17. A very interest- ing feature, evidently connected with this site, was an extensive corn patch across the seventeev ' h concession line on the farm of John Hark, north half lot 13, concession 16. Before the forest was ( leared on the latter farm, there was to be seen an extensive area covered with corn hills. The method, among ancient Huron agriculturists, of planting corn, was very different from that now adopted by our own farmers. They planted the seed in the tops of hillocks of considerable size, — large enough to remain from year to year without renewal ; in fact they have lasted for throe hundred years almost in their original shape. This mode is well outlined in the following paragraph from the Toronto Globe of January 27, 1885: 'The Indian method of planting corn was to make a conical hillock, in the top of which the corn was placed, and being used for the same purpose these hills became so hard that they have in some old fields lasted till to-day. In some places in Michigan a heavy growth of maple has sprung up since, and yet the old corn hills are clearly marked.' The Rev. W. M. Beauchamp notes that a similar method was practiced by the early Iroquois in New York State. He says : ' Com hills were large, and stood well apart. They are still to be seen in some New York woods.'— [Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of New York, p. 55.— Albany, 1897.] 6. J. M. BIRD'S (DR, BAWTREE'S, No. 1.) The next site — still proceeding southward— is one that has often been described in books during the last fifty years, though always with but a vague account of its exact location. It is on lot 15, con- cession 15, of which the owner is J. M. Bird, Gravenhurst,— John Glaspell having lived on the same farm when some of the remains were found. It is south of Marchildon's stream, but on the north side of the Randolph ridge. The first published notice of the bone-pit appears to have been a short article by Capt. T. G. Anderson, Government Indian Agent at Penetanguishene, in the British Colonist (Toronto), Sept. 24, 1847. Although it advocates the Israel-Indian theory— a fallacy prevalent in that time — the entire article is reproduced here, as its quaint descriptions are otherwi.se almost inaccessible to the public. H. H. Thompson, Esq., Penetanguishene, one of the gentlemen mentioned in the Colonist article as having examined the bone-pit, confirmed (Sept. 1, 1898), in the presence of the writer, several of the 14 facts mentioned therein, identifying it with the one to be seen on Mr. Bi 'd's farm. Another resident who has lived in the neighborhood of the site for many years — Henry Hark — on the following day (Sept. 2) also ideintified, independently, a number of the features mentioned. At the time of its discovery, when the forest vas everywhere, it M^as more difficult to define the boundaries of farms, and this method of designating location was less attended to. But there is now no reason to doubt that the site brought so muoli into evidence fifty years ago is that of Mr. Bird's farm. SINGULAR DISCOVERY IN CONNECTION WITB THE ABORIGINES OF THIS CONTINENT. British Colonist {Toronto), 24th Sept., 1847. We are indebted to Major Anderson of the Indian Department for the particulars of a singular discovery made near Pentanguishene ; Some three years since, Canadians exploring in the neighborhood of Pentangui- shene found about six miles from it a cavity in the earth, into which they thrust their ' walking staffs,' and disturbed one or two skulls, but did not proceed further with the inquiry. From time to time the ma'ter was considered and discussed till at length* Mr. Henry Thompson and Mr. Hill, of the Mohawk, determined to visit the spot and examine it more carefully. Provided with fitting implements they went on with the excavation, in the course of which they threw out about 50 human skulls and a large quantity of bones. With these were found twenty six or twenty-seven copper kettles, + shallow in form, about ^ of an inch in thickness, and three feet in diameter. Some among them were hooped with a rude iron band, so rude that the hammer stroke is scarcely discernible except where they are rivetted. Some of those vessels are perfect ; others are fractured from the extent to which corrosion has gone on ; while many bear on the base marks of some red pigment which time has failed to remove. It is assumed that they would each contain twenty gallons. With these remains were found three conque shells, which as our readers are aware, are altogether unknown in the inland waters. Scattered irregularly among the bones were found a number of beads, not coral, or glass, or porcelaine, but apparently sawn out of the conque shell and perforated, that they might be strung. The presumption is, that this formed the original '* wampum," before the intro- duction of beads, such as now grace the neck of the Squaw. With these articles was found an iron axe, the rust, however, prevented any marks being discerned. The whole of these remains and implements were placed on beaver skins, the fur of which was destroyed, as may well be imagined by the damp, the skin, however, remaining entire. The care bestowed by these denizens of the forest on the remains of those torn from them, when considered relatively with their rude mode of life, is "passing strange." A bed of Beaver skins, how few among the civilized have had this in the " still, cold chamber of the narrow grave " A short distance * H. H. Thompson states (Sept. 1, 1898), that his companion on this occasion was Mr. Attrill, purser of the Government Steamer Mohawk. The name " Hill '' in this article is, therefore, a misprint. t Mr. Thompson gave these kettles to different persons, Mr. Labatte, a blacksmith living at Thunder Bay, getting some of them. l**5Ei m» 16 from this spot, a similar discovery has been made on Bantry's Island, by some Canadians who were digging, and found a large worsted belt, bearing the indication of its having belonged to the sacerdotal office*. With this were some pieces of copper, of an isosceles triangular form, each weighing two to three ounces, and an agricultural implement, made of copper and fixed in a wooden shaft. The skulls found are of a retreating character, in the portions allotted by phrenologists to the perceptive and reflective faculties, bearing a marked resemblance to the early Egyptians. Nor are the utensils of which we have spoken without the evidence of their pattern having an Eastern origin, as will be palpable to all who shall examine the specimens in the hands of Major Anderson. One singular feature of the discovery consists in the fact, that over the cavity (or rather in the centre of it) from which these relics were procured, a tree was growing, some eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, and giving assurance of its being at least two hundred years old. The questions then present themselves, who in the year of grace 1647, were the lords of this continent 1 Who then traversed the; forests on Lake Huron, and indulged in their siesta on the little islands with which its bright surface is studded ? Who taught the art of making copper vessels of the thickness of a penny and of three feet in diameter, at such a period ? For what purpose were such vessels constructed ? It may not be unprofitable to revert for a moment to the mention of such vessels in Holy Writ, which are there always spoken of as brass. In Exodus, there is the declaiation " Thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and his shovels, and his basons, and his flesh-hooks, and his fire-pans " : In Numbers, "The censers, the flesh hooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins." Again, " every open vessel which hath no covering bound upon it is unclean," and in Ezekiel, "Take thou also unto thee wheat and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel." May it not be, that some of the forms of the Israelitish faith were received by these poor Indians, long before Columbus crossed the Atlantic, and retained by them, till the gigantic strides of civilization made, subsequently to 1550, reduced them to their present abject state. We are neither antiquarians nor archeologists ; would that we were, but we do not feel the less anxious that, those whose acquirements fit them for, and whose engagements are consonant with such enquiries, should devote their attention to the subject. "Truth is strange, stranger than fiction," and it may be that even here some information, all important in our reading, lies hid. However other relics and remains may have puzzled the inquirer heretofore, we do not recollect any circum- stance forcing on the mind such important questions, as does the discovery of these Indian remains at Penetanguishene.f * The article here referred to appears to have got into the Bawtree collection at Netley Military Hospital, England, and is thus catalogued : ' No. 37 — Part of a Sash'. Dr. Bawtree, a page or two further on in the MS. Catalogue, ajjeaks of it in the terms employed in a subsequent page of these Notes (page 21). t I am indebted to Thos. D. Mounsey, of j the House of Commons Staff", for making a copy of the foregoing article from the file in the Parliamentary Library, Ottawa. 16 Another account, vhich seems to have been written about the same time as the foregoing, was given by Edward W. Bawtreo, M.D., of the Military Establishment at Penetanguishene. It appeared in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for July, 1848, but Di-. Bawtree had no opportunity of correcting the proof of it. The text which here follows is that of a typewritten MS., sent by Dr. Bawtree to the Canadian Institute,* Toronto, in 1894, which I am permitted to use. T A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME SEPULCHRAL PITS OF INDIAN ORIGIN LATELY DISCOVERED NEAR PENETANGUISHENE. By Edwabd W. Bawtrek, M.D. This discoveiy (of a bonepit) led last autumn to the more accurate examination of a pit of the same description about seven miles from Penetanguishene, in the Township of Tiny. This pit was accidentally noticed three or four years ago by a French-Canadian. While making sugar in the neighborhood, he was struck by its appearance and the peculiar sound produced at the bottom of it by stamping, and on turning up a few spadefuls of earth he was surprised to find a quantity of human bones. It was more accurately examined in September last, and found to contain, besides a great number of human skeletons of both sexes and all ages, twenty-six copper and brass kettles or boilers, three large conch shells, pieces of beaver skin in tolerable preservation, a fragment of pipe, a large iron axe evidently of French manufacture, some human hair (that of a woman), a copper bracelet, and a quantity of flat, circular beads, perforated through the centre. The form of the pit is circular with an elevated margin. It is about fifteen feet in diameter, and before it was opened it was probably nine feet from the level of its maij^in to the centre and bottom ; its shape in one word, "funnel-shaped." It is situated on the top of a gentle rise with a shallow ravine on the east side through which runs a small sti-eani at certain ri isotis ; at the present time there is nothing peculiar or striking in its position, except perhaps its being almost central on the peninsula which extends on to Lake Huron, between Gloucester and Notta- wasaga Bays, and- which is deeply indented by Thunder Bay and Penetanguishene Harbor and from both of which bays the spot is nearly equidistant. The locality is not elevated above the surrounding country ; the soil is light, free from stones and dry. A permanent stream runs within a tjuarter of a mile of it to Nottawa- sagii Bay, and there is a fine spring of water within a few hundred yards. The character of the busli surroumling it seems similar to that elsewhere ; the timber is chiefly of hardwood ; a small ironwood tree about two inches in diameter grew in the centre of the pit. In conse(iuence of tlie scramble am(nig the French-Canadians which followed the first rinding of the kettles, the exact position of the difi'erent contents of the pit could not be accurately observed. The bones had been removed co the dej)th of three or ft>ur feet before any of the other contents were exposed. Tiie kettles were found arranged over its bottom with their cavities upwards, placed ujion pieces of bark and filled with bones ; they had evidently been covered with beaver * I am under obligations to .Tas. Bain, jr., Vice-President of the Institute, and Miss Logan, the Assistant Secretary, for their efforts iu unearthing the MS: here followed, in preference to the published texts. T 17 Hkins )iH pieces of that fur were still adhering to them in good preservation. The shelld as well aw the axe were found in the intervals of the kettles ; the beads within them, and in scattered groups elsewhere among the bones, generally in bunches or strings. The other objects were picked up after the pit had been disturbed by Canadians who made a second search. The kettles resembled somewhat the copper boilers in use at the present day ; they appeared to be formed of sheet copper, the rim being beaten out to cover a strong iron band which passes entirely or only partly round the neck of the vessel for the purpose evidently of strengthening them and to cari'y the iron hoop by which they were surrounded, and what with a somewhat clumsy hook on either side is attached to an eye upon the band. The smallest of them measures about eighteen inches in diameter and nine in depth, and will hold about live gallons. One of the largest is more than two feet in diameter, and thirteen inches in depth, the thick- ness of the metal about one-sixteenth of an inch. The handle remains perfect in some, in the form of a strong, removable iron hoop. The copper is in good pi-eservation, the iron deeply corroded, no stamp or maker's name could be found on them ; on the base of one only was a mark as shown on the margin in red paint resembling chalk, and the inside of a piece of beaver skin was marked with a similar matter. Two of the kettles were of brass constructed much in the above manner one only varied in shape from the others, and seemed as if the upper part of it had been cut off, the sides were nearly perpendicular, whereas those of the remainder were circular in every way, though varying in design of rotundity. The accomjjanying sketch is intended to show one of the largest and most per- fect, and also the smallest of them. The brass kettles were of rather neater work- manship than the copper, the lip being turned over in a scroll, and the hooks for the handle were well riveted on to the vessel. The largest of the conch shells weighs three pounds and a quarter, and mea- sures fourteen inches in its longest diameter. Its outer surface has lost all polish and is quite honey-combed by ago and decomposition ; the inside still retains its smooth lamellated surface ; it has lost all color, and has the appearance of chalk • a piece has been cut from its base, probably for the purpose of making the beads which were found with it. Another of the shells is sma'lui in size and in better preservation from havin" been originally a younger shell, its surface is unimpaired by age though it has lost all color. From the base of its columella a considerable piece has been cut in a regular and even manner as if, too, for the purpose of making the before mentioned beads. The extreme point of the base of each shell has been perforated. The axe is nearly of the same model as the present tomahawk in common use among the Chippewa Indians for their hunting excursions, though very nmch larger measuring eleven inches in length and six inches and a half along its cutting edge and weighing five pounds and a half. It must have lost considerable weight as it is deeply indented by rust. It has no characteristic mark, but was recognized by the French-Canadians as being probably of French manufacture, and similar ones have been found in the neighborhood on newly cleaned land ; no less than five of the same pattern were found under a stone near Thunder Bay a few years back where they appear to have been placed for concealment. The metal of these axes is remarkably good and easily converted into useful hoes by the Canadians. The pipe is imperfect. It is made of the earthenware of which so many speci- mens are found in the neighborhood in the form of fragments of vessels, pipes, and the spots where the manufacture of these things was carried on are still distinctly marked in some places. 2 fl. V. 18 The beads are funned of a white chalky substance, varying in degree of density and hardness, and resembling the material of the large shells. They are accurately circular with a circular perforation in the centre of different sizes from a quarter to half an inch, or rather more, in diameter ; but nearly all of the mmo thickness, not quite the eighth of an inch ; they may be compared to a peppermint lozenge with a hole through the centre. They were found in bunches or strings, and a good many were still closely strung on a fibrous woody substance. One of these strings was remarked as being composed of a row of beads regularly proceeding in size from the amallest to the largest. The above numtioned appear to have been the characteristic objects contained in this pit. The beaverskin was found in pieces, but many of them in good preservation. The bracelet is a simple band of brass an inch and a-half broad, and fitting the wrist closely. The hair is long, evidently that of a woman, and in good condition. It is perhaps worthy of notice that in the neighborhood of some of these sepulchral pits other ancient signs of Indian exisence are still to be found. Within about half a mile of this first pit may be seen a place where the earth has been thrown up so as to form square enclosures. These spots might be passed without notice and the mounds attributed to fallen trees, but on examination no traces of timber or roots can be foundf, and persons familiar with the buah consider them to be artificial. They may be traced extending in a line for a considerable distance. Below this and following the course of a tolerably sized stream for about a mile is what the Canadians of the neighborhood call the " plum garden." It is an alluvial level having the appearance of being at times fiooded by the river, and abounding in wild plum and cherry trees, with a mixture of poplar. They have given it this name under the idea that it has been cl«>ared before and planted with fruit trees (by the French, they think), though it is more likely that a peculiarity in the soil alone accounts for the existence of so many of these trees. Following a small tributary of the river back to the rising ground, from this place a spot may be seen quite bare of vegetation, somewhat elevated, and covered, apparently, with baked earth. Pieces of earthenware are found here in great quantities which make it likely that the material was manufactured on this spot.* A Canadian cutting a bass wood tree from the neighborhood of the " plum garden ' not long since struck upon an iron ring which was deeply imbedded in its substance. Stone and iron axes are often found in this neighborhood. E. G. Squier in his " Antiquities of the State of New York " (1851) reprints (at p. 100) the foregoing account by ]Jr. Bawtree of this site, as well as accounts by the same writer of three subsequent sites, the object being to make comparisons of the remains with *Henry Hark Fig. 4. informed me that on lot 12, concession 14, was once found an " old well " — probably meaning a cache or hiding pit — in which were found two earthen pots of Indian make. This may correspond with the place mentioned here by Dr. Bawtree. In this connec- tion it may be mentioned that a stone pipe marked with a rudely cut cross on the front was found by Mr. Ed, Todd on the same farm, lot 12, concession 14. See Mr. Boyle's Archseological Report for 1898, page 48. 19 similar remains in New York State. Father Martin in his notes on Breasani's Relation Abreget^ (Montreal, 1852), at p. 101 speaks of this discovery ; and Sir Daniel Wilson, in the Canadian Journal (Second Series), Vol. III., p. 399 (1858), also refers to the bonepit and its con- tents, particularly the conch shells, mentioning Dr. Bawtree's account of them. A. C. Osborne, of Penetanguishene, identifies the site with Arente of the -^esuit Relations, and it is a very good conjecture as Arente was two leagues from Ihonatiria (five miles by our reckoning). Relation, 163G, p. 133 (Canadian edition), and Relation, 1637. p. 110. In mak- ing this conjecture Ihonatiria is assumed to be one of the sites near Thunder Bay. 7. EDMUND LAURIN'S. (DR. BAWTREE'S, NO. 2). Two miles west of the last named site is another on lot 18, con- cession 17, the present owner of the farm being Edmund Laurin. H. H. Thompson, one of the gentlemen who examined the last one, informed the writer (Sep. 1) that he did not see this one ; but Dr. BawtT'.se appears to have visited it and gives the following account of it: • ACCOUNT BY DR. BAWTREE. The second pit was opened on the 16th of September last (1847). It is .^.bmit two miles from the first pit, on lot 18, 17th Concession of Tiny ; it was accident- ally discovered by the owner of the lot who settled on it last year while searchin(( in the bush for his cow. It is considerably smaller in diameter than that just noticed, being only about nine feet in diameter, and its depth when due; out, the same. It is situated on rising ground, on light sandy soil, but there is nothing more remarkable in its situation. A beech tree six inches in diameter grew from its centre ; it probably contained as many bones as the last, as there were no kettles to narrow the aoove space which was entirely occupied by them. The bones seemad to belong to persons of both sexes and of all ages, though in this pit there were probably fewer of a small size ; amon^, them were a few foetal bones. On the skulls which wore found in the last pit, it was remarked that no signs of violence could be detected, and where any fracture existed they appeared to be easily accounted for by natural causes, as many of them were much decomposed and brittle ; but in this the fractures and injuries found on the skulls could hardly be explained in that way, and it is thought must have been produced previous to death. It was remarked quite satisfactorily tliat the injury was more connnon on the left side than on the right, and a great many were found with the left parietal bone quite broken in, while fracture of the right was comparatively rare. In one skull was a clean, round hole, of the size of a musket ball, and in another a circular depression of the same size, appearing to have been an old gunshot wound. Besides those so distinctly fractured on the parietal region, a great many others had quite collapsed and become flattened, and from the fact of their not appearing more decomposed than the entire ones and from the known strength of the uninjured skull, it is perhaps not unreasonable to conclude that mey had been previously injured. so Beflides thu bonea were fragnienta of a brasa veHsel nnil a variotji of beads. This vessul, of which a small piece of the rim only roiiiainei, nuist have been about a foot in dianiuter and probably resembled the brasH kettluH last noticed as the rim had been neatly turned over in a scroll which covered a small circular iron hoop about a ([uartor of an inch in diameter ; at one point a square piece of the same metal is neatly folded over its edge, having an eye in its centre for the attachment of the handle. ThiH vessel could hardly have been destroyed by time as the pit was perfectly dry, and apparently more adapted to preserve its contents than the last one opened, and it would seem as ii the ;?iece had been buried in the state in which it was found ; it had evidently been packed in furs. The beads or wampum found in this pit were of several kinds, the principal were chalky looking bodies varying in size from a (juartor to an inch-and-a half in length, of irregular shape and thickness, some being (]uite flat and oval, others nearly circular which a great many distinctly showed by their fluted and irregular surface, their origin, namely, the convolution of a largo shell. On some the smooth inner surface of the shell still remains in the form of a depression, and in others the worn edge shows the texture and formation ; each is perforated through its long axis ; they were found in bunches, and had evidently been strung together in graduated rows of large and small. Besides these were found cylindrical pieces of earthenware and porcelain or glass tubes from one-eighth to a (luarter of an inch in diameter, and from a (juarter to two inches long. The former had the appearance of pieces of red and white tobacco pipe worn away by friction ; the latter of blue and red glass. An hexagonal body with flat ends about an inch-and-a-half in diameter and one inch thick was also found ; it seemed to be formed of some kind of porcelain, being of hard texture, nearlj' vitreous and much variegated in color, with alternate layers of red, ' ue and white. This also was perforated through the centre, and was probably used as an ornament or formed part of a pipe. This pit was carefully examined, and it is worthy of notice that no beads similar to those found in the last and two following (the third being in Oro Town- ship) could be detected by the closest search. Besides these large and more evident excavations which once seen would not again be passed unnoticed, smaller ones of the same shape and apparent character are frequently met with. The Canadians now often notice them, and people accus- tomed to the woods can easily recognize their peculiar features. It is not unusual to hear them called " potato pits," as supposed to have been made for the purpose of preserving that vegetable in. No less than five of them were found by a farmer within a quarter of a mile o*' He second pit just mentioned ; they were close together. One of them he carefully dug out to the depth of six feet as the ground appeared to have been disturbed to that extent, when he came to solid clay. It is about four feet in diameter. The only relic it contained, but which satisfactorily proved its connection w'th Indian customs was an iron or steel arrow-head. 8. TELESPHORE DESROCHE'S. On lot 20, concession 17 — a farm now occupied by Telesphore Desroches, but formerly by James Drinnan — is the site of auother Huron village. The usual ashbeds, with their contents, are to be seen, but no bonepit has been discovered. K- ^ It p 21 9. THOMAS CONDON'S. Another of the numerous bopcjats was found several years ago on lot 22, concession 17 — the farm being occupied at the time by Thomas Condon. Not far from it wei'e to be seen many peculiar holes in the surface of the ground, probably empty caches, and by digging, the ashes of camp fires were exposed, and other remains of Huron occu- pation. 10. BEAUDOIN'S. On the Beaudoin homestead, lot 22, concession 16, was the site of another village, at which a number of human skeletons were found. 11. BEAUSOLIEL ISLAND. Some attention should be given next to the remains found at Beausoliel Island. This is the correct name of that large island in the Christian group marked on maps " Prince William Henry," though the latter high-sounding aame is not in use anywhere in the district. A little diagram in the corner of the large map in Father Du- creux's " Historia Canadensis " (1660; is the only map that lays down the Huron villages as they were in the time of the Jesuit missions. The diagram (which, though much distorted, is a valuable guide) shows a large island by the name of "Ondiotana" — the seat of the mission of the Ascension — two villages being marked on the island. But few remains have been found on any other than Beausoliel in the group, except on Christian Island itself, so far as my enquiries have hitherto extended. It is not improbable, therefore, tl it Ondiotana and Beau- soliel are identical. The relics found on Beau.soliel have been interesting. Part of a sash found there is in Dr. Bawtree's collection of relics from the Huron country, now in England. On this article and the others found with it, that gentleman wrote as follows in the year 1848 : " The things actually found (at Beausoliel) seemed to indicate that a priest may have been buried there. The fragment of sash or breviary was a matter of interest to my friends. Father Charest, the paid priest, and the much respected Fither Proulx, who in.spected them from time to time." 12. PRESENT ISLAND. Later, (in 1889), two young men from Honey Harbor — Arthur Finch and Andrew Simons — dug from a grave in Present Island sev- eral articles which were afterward procured for the Provincial Museum by the Rev. Th. F. Laboreau of Penetanguishene. These consist in : three double-barred crosses (Nos. 5650-5652); two white metal brooches (5659, 5666) ; a brass knife handle with an inscription (5665), 22 and a piece of cloth with bangles (5671). These articles were described and figured (David Boyle — Fourth Archa3ological Report, pages 64-, etc.) at the time they were placed in the museum (in 1890) ; but as copies of the report referred to have become scarce, we will reproduce the descriptions and figures for the benefit of our readers. 'This double-barred cross, with two others, was found on Beausoliel •(should be Present Island) Island in the Georgian Bay. Double-barred crosses of this kind are now, it seems, unknown in connection with Catholic worsliip. Regarding this peculiar form of cross. Dean Harris of St. Catliarines, writes : " This .small, dual cross is per- mitted to be worn only by pati'iarchs of the Latin Church. It is also some- times carried as a processional cro.ss, and as Richelieu was bishop and car- dinal, it is po.ssible that he used such a cros either as pectoral or pi'oces- sional. In all probability these orna- ments were sent out to Canada during his vfigimc, and receiving the blessing of the priest among the Hurons, would have served the double purpose of beii g ornamental and of V)eing used in devotion." ' It should be notpd that on two of the crosses there are engraved re- spectively the letters 'C A.' and 'R. C Taking a clue from Dean Harris's reference to Richelieu, these letters may mean Cardinal Archbishop and Richelieu Cardinal, but as the dean says, " We can easily conjecture many things in association with these letters, but they would be only conjectures." ' It was stated in one of the newspaper accounts of the discovery that one of these relics showed Richelieu's coat of arms. But of this I am not quite sure. " Fig. G represents one of several ' bangles ' found with the crosses (on Present Island). The}' appear to be made of silver, or else of some other soft white metal. ^'o. fl. m^ %^fs:,. Fig. 5 *My informant as to the correct location was Dr. Raikes, formerly of Midland, but now of Barrie He saw the place where these articles were found on Present Island. ti3 "Jt h-'.s often proved puzzling to account for the presence of numerous little brooch- pins (like those here figured) in ossu- aries. The specimen of cloth represented shows us the use that was, at least in some cases, made of them. Apparently the whole Fio. 7. skirt or body, or pcrha| s the whole of a garment, was adorned in this way. Althougli all are now coated more or less with verdigris, the metal is white. The verdigris may, in part, be owing to the presence of a small copper vessel that was found beside them in the grave. 24 " The fabric to which they are fastened is a coarse linen and of brown color. It was found along; with the crosses already mentioned, and was procured for the museum by the Rev. Fr. Laboreau of Pene- tanguishene." George E. Laidlaw, of Balsam Lake, has kindly permitted me to print from a letter to him the following comments on the brooches by Charles Stuart, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. Port Hope, Jan. 2, 1892. These brooches (Fourth Archaeological Report, pages 66-7), were in stock as articles of trade in the Hudson's Bay Co.'s store at Grand Lac, Upper Ottawa, when I entered the service in 1840 — a few of the large ones were still remaining when I retired in 1874. I am under the impression that they were introduced by the North Wes4 Company many years ago. Charles Stuart, Late Chief Factor H. B. Co. 13. PINERY POINT. A large bone pit was discovered some years ago at Pinery Point {marked " Pine Point " on some maps) at the west side of the entrance to Penetanguishene Bay. In comparison witli other ossuaries in the Huron country, it seems to have presented no unusual features. Further evidences of H >n occupation existed near it in the collection of ash beds invariably found at a village. 14. DONALD DAULT'S. Following the shore of Penetanguishene Bay southward, the site of another village is met with in the flat ground near the bay, on land occupied by Donald Dault (about lot 5, concession 15). This site has been considered by some to be that of Ihonatiria of the Jesuit " Rela- tions " ; in fact, it is a prevalent idea in the district, and has even found its way into print. For instance, this site is the one meant, when it refers to Ihonatiria, in the Historical Sketch of the County of Simcoe in Belden's Atlas (Toronto, 1881), page ix.: " The names of the settlements on Penetanguishene Bay of two and a half centuries ago were different (from the present name). There were two villages then — one, ' Wenrio,' near the foot of the hill at its southeast (south- west ?) extremity ; and the other, ' Ihonatiria,' just back of the ' North- west Basin,' and immediately opposite the present site of the Provin- cial Reformatory." It is not probable that Ihonatiria was here ; some of the evidences bearing on the question have been already considered in connection with the Marion site. The impression had evidently arisen from the fact that this Dault site was known at an early date, 25 l)efore other sites were discovered, and a hasty conclusion was then made as to its identity with the headquarters of the Jesuits. Some remains, described in the following terms by Dr. Bawtre^ in 1848, appear to have been connected with this site or the preceding one : " A small empty pit of the same description (as those mentioned before) that has been examined is situated about a hundred yards from the beach in a little sandy bay in Penetanguishene harbor, gen- •erally called Colbourne Bay. There can be little doubt of its artificial origin though the most minute examination failed to detect anything that would explain the purpose to which it had been applied. There is another on a piece of high land opposite the garrison which forms a part of the Government reserve at the entrance to the harbor ; the spot is nearly bare of trees, and has the appearance of an old clearing ; it is about two feet and a half deep through light sand, with a hard gravelly bottom, and about three feet in diameter ; nothing was found in it but pieces of bark, they were carefully packed over the bottom of the pit, evidently to form an artificial flooring." 15. JOHN ROBB'S. A village site immediately southwest of the bay at Penetangui- shene has olten been wrongly identified with Wenrio of the Jesuit " Relations " This is the site meant in the above extract, though " southeast " is the direction there given. But this is evidently a mis- pi'int, for " southwest," as the same Atlas (on page i. of the sketch above referred to) speaks of Wenrio as " a town at the southwest cor- ner of Penetanguishene Bay." The site under consideration is on Park lot No. 37, of which John Robb is the owner and occupant. It is not at all probable, however, that this site was identical with Wenrio. 16. JOSEPH GROZELLE'S. About two miles southwest of the last named site, on a high plain or terrace abutting against a higher range of hills sometimes called the Randolph Ridge, is the site of an Indian town or village that appears to have played a conspicuous part in Huron times. The terrace (250 feet above the present Georgian Bay) is the ancient shore of the extinct Lake Algonquin, made by the cutting of the old water- line into the hillside, and it is an object of much interest to a visitor. A bonepit was discovered here some years ago, accompanied by the usual ashbeds and remains of Indian habitations. The position of this site is best known from the name of a farmer near it, Joseph Grozelle, lot 12, concession 12. It is near the foot of the Ridge, at the roadside, and was probably the site of Onentisati, as a steep hill or ' mountain ' is mentioned in the Relations (Le Mercier, 1637, p. 149, Can. Edition) 26 as having stood near that place. But hills, though of less magnitude were to be seen near other sites. Consequently, all conjectures, in the search for Onentisati, must for the present be somewhat provisional. 17. VINT'S SETTLEMENT. On lot No. 16, concession 12, are the usual marks of a former Huron village, viz., ashbeds containing pottery fragments, etc. This site is in what is known as Vint's Settlement. A bonepit was once found near the bay shore, in the same neighborhood. 18. JOSEPH P. MORTON'S. It is my intention in the present undertaking to cover, besides other ground, all that district west of the Wye River, which formed a natural boun- dary for the Huron nations. From various sources of information it appears that the territory west of that river belonged to the Bear Nation of Hurons. With this purpose as to the scope of my work it will be necessary to include some particulars of four sites, which, although in a corner of Tay Township, really belong to the Bear division. The first of these occurs on the farm of Joseph P. Morton, lot No 25, Ordnance Survey. The discovery of a bonepit was made, in the spring of 1886, by the accidental sinking of a horse into it while the animal was ploughing. The pit con- tained a quantity of Huron remains. This site is immediately behind the Provincial Reformatory, near Penetanguishene, and near a small sheet of water cilled St. Andrew's Lake. Near this site there was found a remark- able stone implement, gouge at one end and axe or chisel at the other. It is figured and described at page 38, of Mr. Boyle's Fifth Archaeological Report, having been presented to the Provincial Museum, Fig. 8. by Thos. McCrosson, Esq., Warden of the Reformatory. Regarding the exa'^t locality where this relic was found, Mr. McCrosson replies to my enquiry as follows : — ' It was found near the east shore of Penetanguishene Bay, 27 immediately fronting the Reformatory. It was some feet below the surface, and was unearthed when digging the foundation for the pump- ing station.' 19. WM. PRATT'S. Another site, which Dr. Tache is said to have examined, occurs on the farm of William Pratt, lot 113, concession 1, Tay Township. A bonepit was once found here. There is also a circular work, apparently of human origin, in the construction of which stones had been used by the aborigines. 20. MIDLAND PARK. In September, 1889, while workmen were digging post holes for a fence around the Agricultural Exhibition ground in Midland, they came upon a bonepit. A dozen or more of skulls were gathered out, and fragments indicated that the pit had contained many more than that number.* Two remarkable copper relics were also found and presented to the Provincial Museum. From Mr. Boyle's Fourth Report (pages 60-62) we take the following descriptions of these curious i-elics : — ' In Fig. 9, we have a cut of one of the most peculiar copper implements ever found in Ontario, or, so far as I am aware, in America. It was discovered in an ossuary now within the limits of Midland driving-park. This unique specimen was presented to us by the directors of the park, through their secretary, Mr. H. F. Switzer, town clerk. It is a little over thirteen inches in length, and is nearly three inches across at the widest part. It is remarkable not for its size alone, but for its curve and its undulating or round-toothed edge. No part of the blade is more than one-eighth inch thick, and the tine is only about three-.sixteenths. The teeth are fifteen in number, and the condition of the specimen is so good as to show clearly how the making of them has been done. . . . When this blade was deposited * At page 17 of the Fourth Report, Mr. Boyle thus describes t! e bonepit at this site : — 'Just outside of the (Midland) town limits is a beautiful little lake of two or three hundred acres in extent, the shores of which were a favorite camping-ground (fur Indians). Near the bignest point of land between the town and the lake is a driving-park, which has recently been acciuired and laid out by the enterprising citizens. In digging a post-hole for fencing purposes near the south-west corner of the park, the workmen came upon a small ossuary. None of the skulls or other bones were in sound enough condition to be preserved, but in the middle and at the bottom of the pit wore found two very fine native copier iniplements. Both of these, when placed in the grave, wore wrapped in Beaver skin, portions of which yet adhere to one side of each implement.' 28 with the bones of the deceased " brave " it was carefully wrapped in Beaver skin, a portion of which is still adherent to one side.) {As no European traces were discovered about the burial place, it is safe to say that this implement is at least 260 years old, and may be much more. Along with the curved knife already described from Midland, there was found a very gracefully formed copper Fig. 10. axe, and like the knife, having the original Beaver skin in which it was rolled up when deposited, still attached to one side. While eight and three- ^»8 °'. fourth inches long, it is only one and a half inches wide at the lip, and barely a quarter of an inch thick- It is perfectly symmetrical in every line, and has been smoothly finished.' 29 21. MIDLAND POINT. At lot 22. concession 3, Tay Township, dose to tlie present town of Midland, when the railway was constructed around the point just east of the town (in the year 1872), a quantity of pottery fragments, pipes, and other relics were found, indicating the former existence there of an Indian village. 22. MICHAEL CARNEY'S. Returning to Tiny Township, we next find a village site on north half lot 111, concession 1. of which the present tenant is Michael Carney. The usual indications of Huron camps are to be seen, and I was informed that a bonepit was once found near the site. Its location was beside an old " timber road " leading to Penetanguishene. On enquiring for particulars from John Quigley, one of the men who were present at the excavation of it, I was informed by liim that the pit was first noticed by Joseph Masters. In the year 1875, Mr. Masters, in company with Henry Jeffrey, Roland McRoberts, and the brothers Charles and John Quigley, (my informant), dug it out. They worked by night, using a la. ltu, and "found nothing but lime," the pit having been "filled with masonry." 23. CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM'S. Lannigan's Lake was a favorite Huron resort ; at every side of it the ashbeds of their camps and villages have been found. Doubtless it was Lake Contarea of Ducreux's map, a name that occurs occasion- ally in the Jesuit Relations. Approaching this small lake from the northwest, the first site one reaches is on the south half of lot 9, concession 11, on land owned by Christopher Graham. The village was situated on the southwest end of a ridge about 30 f i et high, immediately north of Mr. Grahams house, and separated from it by ithe 11th concession line, which is unopened. On this site Mr. Graham has found, in addition to the usual fragments of pottery and other Indian relics, some articles of European manufacture, such as iron axes, a padlock, a chain, a knife, etc., suggesting contact with french traders. It was evidently because it was an excellent fishing place that Hurons resorted to this lake in such numbers, as even in the memory of living persons, it contained mud-cats, sunfish and perch. But it is now drained, a trench having been cut out from it by the late S. H. Kerfoot. Mr. Graham's predecessor on this farm. 80 24. DR. BAWTREE,S, No. 4. Several persons gave me information of a bone-pit once found on the north side of Lannigan's Lake ; but as I had no guide pt the place and did not see it, I can only mention at second hand the fact of its existence. It is described as being situated near the north-east end of the ridge mentioned in our description of the last site, and not more than a mile fi'om the lake. It appears to be the same as the fourth pit described Sy Dr. Baw- tree. H. H. Thompson, Esq., of Penetanguishene, when interviewed by Mr. Osborne and myself, on Sept. 1, 1898, distinctly recollected this pit, found more than fifty years before. He stated that a party, including Dr. Bawtree and himself, went from Penetanguishene to see it. No excavation, however, was made on that occasion, so that at a later date Dr. Bawtree must have made the examination, the result ot which he describes so minutely in the following terms : — DR. BAWTREE'S DESCRIPTION. The fourth * pit to be noticed was opened on the 19th of Dec. (1847) last. It had been known for some time to a French -Canadian who came upon it acci- dentally in the bush, and who expressed no curiosity concerning it till his attention was more immediately drawn to the subject by the recent discoveries of the same kind. It is situated on a gentle slope, probably on lot 110. 2nd concession, west of the Penetanguishene Road, and in the Township of Tiny, having no peculiar feature in its locality except a small and highly picturesque lake at a short distance, and which is surrounded by a cranberry swamp. This, however, can hardly be a feature worthy of notice as such lakes abound in the neighborhood, and few are more than two miles dist.uit from others. It is about two miles from the head of Penetanguishene Bay. The soil in which it is formed is sandy and free from stones. The size of this pit is about the same as Nos. 1 and 3, and it is supposed to have contained about the same number of skeletons as the first of them ; the other contents were sixteen conch-shells, a stone pipe, a clay pipe, a species of pipe or ornament of which the size is not exactly known, copper bracelets and ear orna- ments ; three beads of the red pipe-stone ; copper arrow-heads ; an article which resembled an old iron ladle ; beads of several kinds, and pieces of fur among which that of the marten could yet be distinsjuiahed. The shells seemed to be arranged round the bottom of the pit, not in a regular row, but in threes or fours ; the other things were found mixed with the bones. The bones were of all sizes, and the skulls uninjured except by time. The conch- shells were exactly similar to those found elsewhere, and reijuire no further descrip- tion. The accompanying sketch will sufficiently show the character of the pipes ; the stone pipe still contained some tobacco which was burned by the Under for the purpose of analysis. The stone ornament or pipe may probably be recognized as appertaining to the " Medicine ceremonies " still in use among some tribes of Indians ; the stone of *His descriptions of the first and second have already been quoted ; the third was in the Township of Oro. 31 ■which it is formed is common in the neighborhood, and does not appear to be that usually applied to the formation of pipes. A lizard's (?) head composes a handle to the fiat circular part which is about three-eisjhths of an uich thick atid an inch and a quarter broad, bearing on its upper sur ace a cavity which would contain about the point of the thumb, and to the bottom of which passes a small hole apparently adapted for the attachment of a pipe stick ; another perforation on the side and lower edge seems to have been used to susjjend it by. The arrow-heads, as they were supposed to have been, were simple folds of sheet cojjpor resembling a roughly-formed ferrule to a walking stick. Besides the *' lozenge-shaped beads," which were found in great numbers, were a few cylin- drical porcelain beads resembling those from Pit No. 2, as well as two other varieties ; one of them consisted of cylindrical bodies resembling the jwrcelain just noticed, but of a different material; they averaged three-eighths of an inch in length and two-eighths broad ; had a large central perforation, and appeared to have been formed of shell, the convolution of which is shown on some of them in a small oblique grdove. The other variety was a small oval bead of glass or porcelain which had prob- ably been used for ornament, and some pieces of shell of various shapes, also found there, seemed to have been applied to the same purpose. It is perhaps worthy of remark that no hair was found in this pit as in two of the others ; this fact might lead to prove a difference in the date of the formation. In the neighborhood of (this) Pit No. 4 are several of the siraller (empty) pits, two or three of which have been opened, but the winter season prevented their accurate examination. Pieces of pottery and one or two human bones only were found in them, mixed with stones and very black earth which seems to strengthen the supposition previously formed that they are Indian graves from which the bodies have been removed for interment in the larger pits. The following is the authority for calling some of the beads found in these pits by the term " Wampum," and Charlevoix's description of the shells of which they seem to have been made : — " I have said that the porcelain (wampum) of these countries are made of shells ; they are found on the shores of New England and Virginia. They are hollow (Cornelians), elongated and rather pointed. " There are two sorts, or to speak more properly, two different colored shells^ one white and the other violet. The firat is most common and perhaps on that account less esteemed. The second appears to possess a finer grain when worked. The brighter the color, the nif-re valuable it is considered. They make of both little cylindrical grains which they pierce and put on a string, and thus it is they make the ' Branches et les Coliers de porcelain.' " This description of wampum applies to the cylindrical beads found in No. 4 Pit. The large beads, too, which were found in No. 4 Pit are evidently made of shell as the specimen will show, but it is doubtful whether the circular ones, which appear to be by far the most common, were made in the same manner. From the exact roundness and from the edge as well as the surface of many of them being glazed, it is probable that they were of French manufacture. Wampum is still worn as an ornament by some of the Indians of Lake Huron, and consist chiefly of pieces of porcelain tube of various colors. m 32 25. FRANCIS BERRIAULT'S. The two bone-pits once found on another part of lot 110, conces- sion 2 (the farm of Francis Berriault, jr.), give a further proof that Lannigan's Lake, near to the east end of whicli these pits were located, was a favorite resort of the aborigines in early Huron days. One of these pits vas examined about the year 1888 by John Bateson and Alfred Wa^<(ner of the neighborhood. They found in it, along with the bones, threo large conch shells (one having a hole drilled through it), a native eartnenware cup (probably » food cup), some beads and other small articles. They estimated that the pit had contained a hundred human skeletons. (This was a very low estimate.) Guided to the place by John Bateson, on August 19, 1898, 1 made an inspection of this bone-pit. It proved to be not of the largest kind, but had a diameter of about fifteen feet and was about nine feet deep. On a low gravel ridge a short distance south-west of the pit and on lot 109, are indications of Indian camps — stones cracked by fire, pottery fragments, etc. Among these remains LIr. Bateson once found a much decayed brass kettle, in size resembling a twelve-quart pail. About twenty-five rods east of the spot where the kettle was found, on the same ridge, and about forty rods from the bone pit, there was to be seen a small empty pit, apparently a " cache." 26. JOHN BATESON'S. At a short distance from the last site there is another on lot 108, concession 2, John Bateson being the owner and occupier of ths farm. At springs of water issuing along the foot of a steep clitf of boulder clay (the beach of ancient Lake Algonquin), Mr. Bateson has identified some camp fires, in the debris of which he found many relics. These consist of the usual stone axes, pottery fragments, pipes, etc., and with them were associated some articles of European manufactui-e — glass beads, pieces of brass, iron axes, etc. Near the camp fires there is a large boulder stone which had been used by the Indians for grinding and rubbing purposes. 27. WILLIAM WAGNER'S. Camp fires are also to be seen on the adjoining farm (William Wagner, owner), lot 107, concession 2, and many relics have been picked up from the ash-beds. These camps have a situation similar to those on the Bateson farm, viz., along the line of the springs issuing from the hillside. 28. OBADIAH SHAW'S. The ash-beds of another small village appear on the south half of lot 9, concession 10 (Obadiah Shaw, owner), south of Lannigan's Lake Bia 33 Two empty pits or caches were to be seen here. They had been used probably for corn or other stores, as no human bones were found in them. 29. GEORGE BENNETT'S. On still higher ground on the farm of George Bennett, the north half of lot 9, concession 9, a considerable tract of ground, strewn with pottery fragments and other remains of camps, was first noticed in the autumn of 1886, while workmen were plowing a piece of new ground. Compared, however, with other sites, this one is not extensive, nor does it appear to have been occupied for any great length of time. 30. ALEX. SANTIMOS. At a village site on the farm of Alex. Santimo, north-west quarter of lot 11, concession 10, many relics of French manufacture have been found. On September 1st, 1898, I inspected this site, and observed tliat the camp tires were arranged along a small ravin*^, showing that the village had existed without any fortification. A stream, in a deeper ravine, flows through a field west of the camp fires. While walking over the ground here I observed iron axes of early French make, pieces of brass, etc. Mr. Santimo assured me that other French relics had been found here in abundance, amongst which there was a pair of small scissors. The camps, following the same small ravine, extend into the adjoining farm of Andrew Parent, north-east quarter of the same lot. In connection with this site an interesting local misunderstanding appears to have arisen in regard to the existence of bone-pits at it. The first person to inform me of the site was Oliver Parent, who men- tioned that a bone-pit had been found twenty feet in diameter ; and while I was inspecting the camp fires Mr. Santimo showed me three empty pits which he called "caves," meaning bone pits, and assuring me that many human bones had been found in them : their position was on the opposite side of the stream from the village and south- west of it. The three pits were in a row, having diameters of three, eight and five feet respectively. Very many boulder stones were lying around them, and were even numerous in the banks on their edges, an unusual feature in such cases. Fortunately, two clays later I met with Christopher Graham, who had formerly lived on this farm. He informed me that he had helped to dig these pits for the purpose of getting limestones more than twenty years before. The central, or largest one of the three, had been the lime-kiln, in which the stones had been burned into lime. Thus the mysterious origin of the pits was settled beyond doubt. This should serve as a warning to future investigators at this site (or any other) to " Beware of imitations." 3 H. V. 34 31. DR. BAWTREE'S No. 5. In our southward progress through the townsliip, W(! have now reaclit'd the part in wliicli the last of the pits described by Dr Baw- tree appears to be located ; but, thus far, I have not been able to fix upon its exact position.* He describes it in the following terms : — DESCRIPTrON BY DR. BAWTREE. Since the /ibove waH written, another pit hivs boon exaininud about oight miles from PenutuiiKiiiMheno and as far l)aciv in tho forest, liaviiir crockery, which toguthor with tho decayed condition of the bones seem to show that this pit ia more ancient thai- the others. The bones were covered with three or four feet of earth, which is more than is usually found on others, and for the pit a less evident form than tho others. 32. PELLETIER'S. Near the head of Dault's Iky, on the south half of lot 17, conces- sion 10, the owners of which are (k'orge and Philias Pelletier, there i.s a site of suine importance as it seems to have been the terminus of a trail from Midland Harbor to the Nottawasaoa Bay, passing Lanni- gan's Lake. In 1867, Arthur Crawford made some examination of tlie bone-pit bere, but it had been opened before he Hrst saw it. 33. JOSEPH LALONDE'S. On the farm of Joseph Lalonde, north half lot 15, concession 9, there is another village site having associated with it a large bone-pit. A iew years ago, A. C. Osborne made some examination of the pit, whicli he described as the largest he had ever seen. He was of the opinion that it was Ossoss>uie ; and the bone-pit, accordingly, the one of which the origin is described by Brebeuf in his Relation for 1(336. Its distance (of about four leagues, or ten miles) from Thunder Bay, near which Ihonatiria is assumed by some to be, makes it possible to hold this view. After the pit had been examined by several persons, the owner caused it to be filled up with stones, and it has remained in this condition for a long time. A few rods west of the pit were some large heaps of ashes from the camp fires. 34. JOHN B. DUBEAU'S. A village site and bone-pit of considerable dimensions are on north half lot 14, concession 7, the farm of John B. Dubeau. The pit appears to have been first noticed in 1869 or earlier, and some further examination of it was made in 1883. On August 18, 1898, 1 inspected it, having been guided to the place by Napoleon Dubeau, son of the proprietor. It had a diameter of about twenty feet, and large pine trees had grown on its edges since it was made. A few bones had been found in it belonging to persons who must have been of very 36 large stature. Mr. Dubeau pointed out four empty cache.; close t'^ the pit, and there were two or three others now almost obliterated. Tn the ground immediately around the pit were the camp fires, near one of which he had once found a steel sword, much rusted. 35. EGBERT PARNELL'S. Since the discovery of a bone-pit on lot 16, concession 6, about the year 1881, it has been regarded by many with special attention as tlie probable site of Ossossane. A few brass finger rings were found in the pit with the bones. In 1887, Rev. Father Laboreau, of Pene- tanguishene, presented to the Provincial Museum one of these rings (No. 5,705 in museum catalogue). On its seal are engraved the letters I. H. S., with a cross standing on the bar of H, See Mr. Boyle's Fourth Archaeological FiR. 11 Report, page 66. The late Rev. J. W. Annis exam- ined t:ie ])it about 1885 and concluded that the site was Ossossane. Fcr the purpose of getting some knowledge of the situation of the pit and its surroundnigs, I visited the place on August 20, 1898, and was shown over the site by Robert Parnell, the owner of the farm on which it is located. The pit is on the north -east quarter of lot 16, situated at the south-west corner of the quart 3r-lot. On its edge had grown an oak tree, but this has been removed and the pit itself filled up. The ground over it is now cultivated ; and, in fact, all appear- ances of the former sepulchre are almost obliterated, except a few bone fragments here and there on the surface of the soil. From the slight depres.sion still to be seen, however, and from Mr. Parnell's des- cription of it, I ascertained that the pit was not of the largest kind. But this does not conflict with the Ossossane hypothesis, for in the Relation for 1636, Brebeuf records a division of the nation that year, five villages making a separate Feast, and eight or nine attending this one (if it be the same as the one he describes). The same writer relates that fifteen or twenty baptised Hurons were interred with the pagans in the Ossossane bone-pit, which may account for the finding of the inscribed finger-rings. Mr. Parnell found one or two iron axes (French) near it, and a few other remains west of it suggested the existence of a village site there, but the evidence of such is not very complete, and it is some distance to the nearest sprin'^;s of water, which was an indispensable feature of a village site. The next site, however, about half a mile distant, might have been that belonging to the pit. 36. MURDOCH McRAE'S. At the south-west corner of lot 17, concession 6 (Murdoch McRae, owner), in a five-acre field, from which the forest was cleared about the year 1887, there is a village site which, from its nearness to the 37 preceding bone-pit, might have been connected with it. But thus far, no iron relics have been observed at this (McRae) site. Spring streams rise near it and flow into Grier's creek, and the Nottawasaga beach is ebout a mile and a half distant 37. CRAWFORD'S. Some of the villages described in this survey were of minor importance, having only one or two dozen lodges ; others were very much larger, and had been occupied for a number of years as the thick deposits of ashes and refuse clearly show. To the latter class belongs a site on lot 101, concession 2, the farm of Thos. Crawford, extending into the adjoining farm of his brother, Arthur Crawford, and covering about five acres altogether, on a hill. This important village was located at the intersection of the two leading forest trails, the one from Cedar Point at the extreme north-west corner of the mainland to the Huron nations of the interior ; the other from Mid- land harbor and Mud Lake to ' The Beach ' and around the head of Nottawasaga Bay. It appears to have been first noticed in the year 1886, a despatch dated ' Midland, June 4,' announcing its discovery having appeared in the Toronto Mail. As showins some of the means of subsistence of its inhabitants, it should be noted that numbers of plum trees grew hereabout when the place was in forest ; and a corn patch, evidently belonging to the village, was situated just west of it. No bone-pit has been found,- but many interesting relics have been turned up at dift'erent times, some of which were given to the collections of the late Rev. J. W. Annis, and of Dr. R. W. Large, Toronto. Both of these ccllections are now in the Provincial Museum, but unfortunately are not all labelled as to 'locality ' and as a result the relics found at this sit(^ do not all appear as such. For example, in the Large collection, the small soap-stone pipe (No. 16,729), and the pair of small scissors (No. 16,800) came from this site. (Archaiological Report, 1897, pp. 9 and 11). The Messrs. Crawford have recently sent direct to the Museum a number of other rare relics found on their farms. Among the most interesting of these may be mentioned a stone pipe with human face (much worn), and stone discs, probably for games, marked with crosses. An en- graved bone comb was found wrapped in birch bark, which doubtless ac- counts for its having been well protected from the weather. Clay pipes of ihe ' pinch-faced ' type (fig. 16) arc numerous here, parts of seven such. Fig. 12. 38 and a complete specimen, having been found on Thos. Crawford's. In addition to these, there have been found : a finger ring, marked I. H. S.; Indian corn, carbonized from age, though the grains still Fig. 13. Fig. 14. retain their shape ; clay pipes of various sizes and shapes, mostly in fragments ; iron ^omahawks in considerable numbers ; glass beads '> pieces of copper and brass sheets (probably from kettles) in chinks of from an inch to six inches in size ; numberless fragments of baked pottery, of ordinary coarse clay ; fish scales ; several bone tools and ornaments. In order to obtain exact information regarding this important site, I made visits here on August 17, 1887, and on August 18, and September 1, 1898. The identity of this village is doubtful, but if I may be permitted to guess what was its name in ^^' Jesuit times I should say it was the one frequently mentioned in the Relations as And lata. 38. JOHN FRAZER'S AND WM. SMITH'S. Separated from the preceding site by a tract of damp ground, through which runs a little stream (called Crawford's Creek), is a large patch of old cornhills, still traceable in the woods at the west end of lot 101, 1st concession. The patch crosses the entire width of lot 102, and covers 65 or 70 acres. I first saw this remarkable relic of the old Hurons on Aug. 17, 1887, having been guided to it by Arthur Crawford. At that time it was not evident where the village was situated to which the cornpatch belonged. B-t Mr. Crawford having recently discovered its position, in company with him I again visited the place on Sep. Ist, 1898, and saw the usual evidences of another extensive Huron village. These consisted of heaps of ashes, mixed 39 with fragments of pottery and other relics ; one refuse heap had a length of thirty feet, and a width of sixteen. The village is situated on a hilltop, or sandy plateau on the top of a spur of the hill, in a good position for defence. Its position would indicate that it was palisaded. Springs issue at the foot of the hill in Frazer's swan.p. The line between lot 102 (John Fraser) and lot 103 (Wm. Smith) crosses the site. 39. HERMAN WRIGHT'S AND GEORGE EDWARDS'. Another village site, of some importance, is on the farm of Her- man Wright, lot 98, concession 1, extending into the farm of George Edwards, lot 97, and cov- ering a space of about two acres. The usual ashbeds, with fragments of pottery and pipes, etc., may be seen ; iron toma- hawks and colored glass beads have beezi found, indicating contact with early French traders. The village was situated beside a stream flowing into Mud Lake In the fiat ground here, when the forest covered it, there was a grove of wild plum trees, about ten acres in extent. 40. HERMAN WRIGHT'S. At the west end of the farm just men- tioned (lot 98), there is another village site, where the old ornhills may still be traced. At this one, also, Mr. Wright, the owner, has found fragments of Huron pottery and other relics, besides iron tomahawks, the mark ol European contact. It, too, is sit.uated near the same stream (Crawford's Creek), (^a the adjoining farm (^lot 99), about the year 1880, there was found a French sword, evidently lost by some early explorer or trader. On a part of its handle was stamped : 'Anet in aeternum 1619. Erbum domini anno," 41. LOUIS GUERIN'S. In the same group of villages is another on lot 98, concession 2, the farm of Louis Guorin (pronounced " Yarrow "). The usual relies, including iron tomahawks, have been found at this site, and a few on lot 99, the adjoining farm. 40 42. ROBERT EDWARDS. A small site occurs on the west half of lot 95, concession 1. Robert Edwards, the owner, has lived here since 1858, and has found, especially while ploughing, quantities of pottery fragments, pipes and other relics, including an iron tomahawk. There was a beaver dam near it on a small stream, and the site may therefore have been used by hunting or trapping parties. 43. ZECHARIAH CASSELLMAN'S. Pottery fragments, pipes, stone tixes, etc., indicating another small village, have been found on lot 93, concession 2, Zechariah Cassellman, owner. An iron collar and small chain, very much rusted, were once ploughed up at the site. 44. WM. EDWARDS'. The most southerly site on the left bank of the Wye, yet brought to our notice, is on lot 10, concession 5, (Wm. Edwards, owner). About 1886, Thos. Taylor, tenant of this farm at the time, while clearing new land, found a remarkable stone pipe, representing a crouching human figure. It was procured f'^r the museum from A. C. Osborne, and is pictured and described at page 32 of Mr. Boyle's Fifth Archfeological Report. The village is located on dry elevated ground, the soil being a light sand, but springs rise near the place and How into the Wye River, toward which the land slopes. I visited this site on Sep. 3, 1898, and saw evidence of Indian occupa- tion in the ashbeds and fragments of pottery, clamshells, and other remains. Fig. 17. 45 JOHN LEONARD'S. With the foregoing, our notes on sites west of the Wye are exhausted. But across the river from the last named village, and removed at a little distance, may be seen traces of another. This is on the east half of lot 87, concession 1, (John Leonard, owner). The usual relics have been found, but we may note the finding of some iron tomahawks, indicating that the place was inhabited after French traders had entered the Huron country. 41 46. GABRIEL FRENCH'S. A village site, with a bonepit of some importance, occurs in the 2nd concession on the farm of Gabriel French. The bonepit was found more than twenty years ago. It was on lot 76, in Tiny township ; but the village was on lot 75, in Flos,— just across the townline from the pit. Gabriel French, sr., stated to me (Aug. 31, 1898) that in the pit there were bones to the depth of four feet. No relics, except bones, were found in it. It has since been filled in, and is now cultivated over. Many acres of cornhills were in the vicinity, quite visible when the land was first cleared. A dozen iron tomahawks were found at the village, besides stone axes, pottery fragments, pipes, etc. It cov- ered about two acres. This was near the site of St. Michael, the mis- sion of the Jesuits among the Tohotaenrats ; but the exact position of this mission is probably better represented by the Bowman site about to be mentioned. 47. WAVERLEY. A bonepit, situated near Waverley, was examined in 1878 by R. W. Douglas, subsequently bookseller at 250 Yonge street, Toronto. Mr. Douglas informed me that the pit was situated just west of Waver- ley, from which I infer that it might have been identical with Gabriel French's ; but in the absence of complete identification, I place the two separately. The position given to " 47 " on our map must be under- stood, therefore, as provisional. Mr. Douglas obtained a number of crania and other human bones. Some of the crania were taken to Russia for archieological study. Five others and a fragment, besides a right and a left femur, were presented to the museum of Toronto University. No. 164 in the University Museum collection is labelled : " 5 pieces of pottery from an o.s.suary on the Georgian Bay — Douglas." 48. ARCHIBALD BOWMAN'S. A site on lot 72, concession 2, Flos, po.ssesses much interest as it would appear to be that of the mis.sion of St. Michael. In the autumn of 1895, Archibald Bowman, the ov\ ner of the land, found a small bone- pit containing about 25 skeletons. The most important feature was the finding, in the pit, of four brass finger rings, engraved with the letters IHS, thus indicating the burial of that nuniber of baptised Hurons with the unbaptised. Along with the remains were also found six French tomahawks and a small copper kettle, very much decayed. Forty-five shell beads were also found, for particulars of which the reader is referred to Mr. Boyle's account in his Report for 1894-5, page 42. 4 H. V. m M > 49. ANGUS MACAULAY'S. Beside Orr Lake, on lot 68, concession 1, Flos. (Angus Macaulay, owner), may be seen the remains of another village, situated here evidently for convenience in fishing and trapping, Several artificial holes occur here in the surface of the ground. The usual relics have been found, besides beads (some of European make), iron tomahawks, pieces of brass kettles, etc. Some of the ashbeds had a depth of several feet. Two refuse heaps (about 200 feet apart) were conspicu- ous ; they were almost circular, and over them large maple trees had grown. (The End.) HOI cur Hit Sle' Mnrit secona \^ ADJ .L The small squiw BIHS^ OF THE IKMMSfflniP mi IfiMT AND AIXJACENT PARTS jcfira/^ of Miles The small squires, enclosing numbers (referred to in the text), indicate the village sites; the bonepits are shown by'dots ;".the forest trails, by dotted lines.