-U<..t ..u '^ 
 
 QUEBEC SCHOOL SEHIES 
 
 CALKINS 
 
 New Introductory Geography 
 
 ( » 
 
 Willi 
 
 OUTLINES OF PH\'Sl6GkAniiY 
 
 * ' ' . • 
 
 * St* 
 
 • . • • • 
 
 • i " • 
 
 • t I 
 
 H O M A S \ i: 1, S (J N AND SO N S 
 
 London, ludnhurgh, and A'cii.< York 
 A. .V VV. MACKIXLAV, HALIFAX, N.S. 
 
 1898 
 

 A 
 
 X 
 ^ 
 
 . <. 
 
 ■^ 3 G686 
 
 \ 
 
 " 5v • , • . Evteted at Utationerd IlaU. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ''.'hi: siliool is incrcly an iiitrodiictioii to tin- rhild s 
 «-iiu(!itii)ii. Its rliirf aims slioiild lie to strcii<^tlu'ii 
 the (li-sirc to kiKiu iiioii- of tliosf olijcrts wliicli it 
 hriiigs into view, and to ]M)iiit out the paths tliat 
 l«'ad to the unknown. < >n part ing (.•ouijiany with 
 his ttai-hiT, I he pii[)il i.> prrpari'd to Kooftnio an 
 indi'pcndfiit worker, and to pursue his way with 
 t'Nerinereasinj,' interest and power. 
 
 The textbook perforuis its pro])or funetion when 
 it Ijeconies an auxiliary of the s<li(joi ni worKini,' 
 out these aims. While it conveys valual>Ie truth 
 resiH'ctuiji its suliject, its Iiiuhei' purpose should lie 
 to awaken an interest in that suhject, and to lead 
 to systematic and pers<'verinL,' eH'ort in searching it 
 out more fully. 
 
 In studvinu Lreograiiliv, eliihh'en need to realize 
 that th(y are accpiiring a knowledg*' of things 
 wliieh have a real existeiu-e in the woi'ld around 
 them, and that this knowledge has liei-n gained hy 
 Buch oliservation as they are capable tif exercising. 
 TIk- (.nly sure way of M-euring this is, at the (lut- 
 Bet, to take them to something tliat is tani;il>le. 
 
 The iirst kimwledge presented must bo concrete, 
 and should lie given througli oral h'.s.s(>n.s on their 
 own neighlioiirliood. In this way beginners actjuire 
 clear and definite ideas as to the nature of the 
 >tudy upon whidi they are entering, anil they are 
 led to work upward from tldngs to delinitions and 
 
 I jirinciples. For some general hints on introfUutory 
 
 I oral lessons on geography, tin- teacher is referred 
 to the Author'.s advanced text-book. 
 
 In preparing a new edition of this book, so many 
 
 , rhanges weie rcijuired in cnnsecjuence of the altered 
 political relations of \arious countries, that it has 
 
 t been cchsidr-red advisable to re write the greater 
 jiortion of the wi.'k. On some countries tlie text 
 is fuller than in fen. 'credit ions. For several reasojis 
 
 ' it has lieeii thought advisable to give the popula- 
 tion of cmuitries and cities in an appemlix, instead 
 of in the body of tlie work as heretofore. 
 
 JOHN JJUIMIKSS CALKIN. 
 
 .Niir;MAL .Sdiooi,, Tnriio, N'.S , 
 June ISSli. 
 
 i 
 
C O N T E ]N T S. 
 
 PAHT r. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. The Sciiooi. Distukt cu Skction, 
 If. A V()ya(;e HniNii the Wouli), 
 
 III. \Vll.\T \VK II.WE LEARNEI), 
 
 PART TI. 
 CHAPTER I.— NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 History, 1'usition, etc., 
 The Dominion ok Canada, ... 
 
 ^I'lirbec, 
 
 Xijva Scotia, 
 
 Xi'w r.nni>\vifk, 
 
 I'liiict' Kdwanl Island, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Manitoba, 
 
 Uritisl) Columbia, 
 
 I )i.'itiicts and Tt'rritories, ... 
 
 Newfoinhland, 
 
 The United States, 
 
 Mexico, 
 
 Centiiai- America, 
 
 TfiE We.st Indies, 
 
 Danish America, 
 
 CHAPTER n.— SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 7 
 
 !» 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 li) 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 2.') 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 21) 
 
 2f) 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 3« 
 
 History, Position, etc., 
 Colombia, 
 
 37 
 40 
 
 EciiAiwn, 
 
 V'KNE/I KI,A 
 
 (!n.\N.\, 
 
 Hkazii,, 
 
 Pkiu;, 
 
 HouviA, 
 
 Chii.i 
 
 The .\R(iK.NTiNE Rkpurmc, ... 
 
 PaHAIU'AY, 
 
 UrI'GL'AY, 
 
 CHAPTER III. -EUROPE. 
 
 History, Position, ktc, 
 
 The British Isles, 
 
 Kn^land and Wales, 
 
 Scotland, ... 
 
 Ireland, 
 
 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 XoiiwAY AM) Sweden, 
 
 Denmark, 
 
 KtssiA, 
 
 The German Empire, 
 
 .VrSTRIA, 
 
 Holland, 
 
 Bkloium, 
 
 France, 
 
 Switzerland, 
 
 Spain, 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 Italy 
 
 40 
 41 
 41 
 41 
 41 
 42 
 42 
 43 
 i:{ 
 4H 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 .50 
 
 r>] 
 r,2 
 r,2 
 r>s 
 
 .'.3 
 
 M 
 
 r>7 
 r>7 
 
 58 
 .58 
 59 
 60 
 
VI 
 
 CON 1ENT8. 
 
 CaKKKlK 
 
 TUKKKY, 
 
 Kahikiin RiH MKI.IA AN1> Kulhauia, 
 
 Kot'MAMA, 
 
 Skhvia 
 
 Mo.NTKNKtiUO, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. -ASIA. 
 
 IIISTOUV. r>l.sniOS, KTO 
 
 .\.-*iATic KrsHiA, 
 
 AmIATIC TuUKliV, 
 
 AUAItlA, 
 
 Tkumia 
 
 Afuhammtan and Ueloochistan, 
 
 BhITISII IM'IA, 
 
 IJrUMAH, SlAM, ANK Anam, 
 
 Thk Chinkhk Kmi'IUK, 
 
 JaI'AN 
 
 CHAPTER V. AFRICA. 
 
 HisToKv, I'oMiTioN, vrrv., 
 
 TiiK Hakiiauy Statks, 
 
 K(JYIT 
 
 Kastkun .Vkkica, 
 
 CKNIltAI, AKKICA, 
 
 Wkstkkn Akuu'a, 
 South KiiN Akkica, 
 
 ttl 
 
 02 
 02 
 »2 
 1)3 
 03 
 
 CHAPTER VI.-OCEAKIA. 
 
 Malayhia, 
 auhtba lamia, 
 
 .\uMtraIia, 
 
 ToLYNKHlA, 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 82 
 84 
 
 04 
 «7 
 07 
 09 
 
 70 
 70 
 71 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 7» 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 
 I'Airr III. 
 
 OUTLINES OF PHYSIOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Thk Kaktm a.s a ri.A.sKT, 
 
 II. Thk Land Slhkack, 
 
 III. UivKiis ANii Lakks, 
 
 IV. Thk Ska 
 
 V. Thk At.m<)si'Hkhk, 
 
 VI. W'INIW 
 
 VII. I)KW, ClOVKS, ItAlS, AM) SNOW. 
 VIII. Cl.IMATK, 
 
 l.\. Man, 
 
 8r, 
 
 89 
 (II 
 !>2 
 95 
 9(i 
 97 
 97 
 98 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Principal C'lmiitiits uikI ("itii's of tlif WdrM ~Pu|ml;i- 
 
 tinli 
 
 Princip.il fnnntiifHuf tlif WurM— .Vna in Siiuarc Mill 
 Triiifiiial Miuintaiii.s of the Workl-IIciglit in Vwt, 
 I'liiicipal Uivcrs of tln' Wuil.l - Lingtli in .Milis, 
 
 80 Tuljll'-Ll'tlfTtil of I)..<j:ivi s ,.f I-oMf,'itu<lf. 
 
 s lO:; 
 
 101 
 10.-. 
 !0i: 
 
TlKWirU iMi«i„ fr.»i.W- t 1 r.«, I 
 
 , VII MM iX 
 
 J.fcJyu.Ma 
 
 ANTC MLRiOIEM 
 
 X xi yii I II III IV Y VI 
 
 A n C T I C C I A N 
 
 Is (Sis' 
 
 111. J uf')£if*"'\'^'\ . H;' "fnr f 
 
 
 ■f«w> ' . S 
 
 PACIFIC J.OCLAN 
 
 
 
 I ' •! toll*, or •. , "^ " '"* 
 
 
 
 ■JLintuejuiMt* 
 
 
 SOUTH AMI 
 
 Ausri 
 
 
 KtUithunr- SoHNh I 
 
 
 Pttmifnl 
 
 '•W 
 
 
 Tii»m>nij\J |Soulh fy^yf . CltaUi«m I* 
 
 ^ 4ntipo4M IP 
 
 "^^/^o 
 
 \fLftlC4mpmf>^ .UmfUfl 
 
 ■11 
 
 r 
 
 'HofiiumFtt / 
 
 •■+ 
 
 '"U 
 
 '■«*/>»« 
 
 
 A N I A R C T I C A I l«"0 ■ 
 
 Sn<d'Mu^i 
 
 '•"^ at 
 
 THBi 
 
 ICATC 
 
 ao 
 . ■■«■ . 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 
 
 IN EUROPE - 
 
 I he riDli'd Kiii^dniii of (ireat 
 
 lUit.iin and Ireland 
 The Isle of Man. 
 Tlic Channel Island'i. 
 I'ihrallar. 
 The Maltese Islands. 
 
 IN ABIA- 
 
 Aden — IVrini. 
 
 Indi.i — Ceylon. 
 
 The Straii Settlements. 
 
 I.abiian— North llonico. 
 
 IK INDIAN OOEAN- 
 
 K<H<rta MtKjria l;I. ids. 
 Sotolr I. 
 
 l.accadive Islands. 
 Maldive Islands. 
 Chptfos ArchJt)ela>;o. 
 Seychelles Islands. 
 Amlrante Isl.'^nds. Mauritius. 
 Amsterdam Island. 
 St. Paul Islanil. 
 Andaman islands. 
 Nicolwr Islands. 
 Chri.stnias Island. 
 Coc<js or Keelini; Islands. 
 
 IN AUBTKALASU- 
 
 Uiieeiislancl. 
 
 New .South Wai..... 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 South Australia. 
 
 West Australia. 
 
 Ttisniania. 
 
 New Ciuinea (S.-E. of) .md 
 
 Islanils. 
 New ^eal.tnd. 
 .Norfolk Island. 
 Kennadec Islands. 
 Chatham Islands. 
 Antipotles Islan'j. 
 
 Auckland Island 
 CatnplK'll Island. 
 
 IN POLYNESIA 
 
 l'"tii !*.lauds. 
 
 K.'tOMM. 
 
 1 out;.i Islands. 
 
 IN AFRICA- 
 
 I'ape C.ilony. 
 Natal. 
 Ilasutoland. 
 Zululand. 
 liritish liechuaii . 
 
 tishSo 
 phere. 
 iswkn 
 uh En 
 *lb»f . 
 /alNlK 
 
 dCoas 
 
 ros. 
 
 'G«inl 
 
 raLei, 
 
 KUchll 
 
1 
 
 XI XII i/'N' 
 
 $t^t^ H m r r II 1 S 
 
 POST MCRIUICM 
 
 l\ V VI Ml Mil IX X \l XII 
 
 IvniiRi* f •<oiN>aMr 
 
 C C I A N 
 
 vT.l 
 
 fapUu.l 
 
 •Y\t""t ^ S \S. i C H 
 
 
 
 ASIA 
 
 
 
 •.f—^l 
 
 
 
 
 ,.^' 
 
 
 <>.,^/".V 
 
 
 
 "*\J South y^ 
 
 M-'tifiit'^ 
 
 .^. E IXTtNT OF 
 
 ICATORb PROJECTION. 
 
 90 -W.'i./ ■' (I .;rr^/i'' JO In ic 
 
 Wilk«i. lanT"^'--' 
 
 i iv r t I 
 
 I., A 
 
 1 
 
 a.in<l. 
 
 :bia 
 
 inds. 
 
 1. 
 chuaii 
 
 ■u - 
 
 cWl South AfriiraLuiiipanv's 
 
 W WORTH AHEKICA 
 
 Kewatill. 
 
 • 'iiwird IslinilslAntlgua. ISar- 1 
 liiida. Montserral, St. Kitis, 
 
 phaie. 
 
 
 North-Iiast Tcrrit.Ty. 
 
 UMlanil. 
 
 niieliit. 
 
 
 r>oniinica, V'lrjfin KIcs. etc.). 
 
 Uh Earl Africa. 
 
 1 'litarit'. 
 
 Newfoundland I .il.r,i.|..r. 
 
 Windward IsLinds (Grenada, 
 
 irlbkr .iij4 IVin\>.:. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 
 St. I.iuia. St. Vincent). | 
 
 /ill NiK'T ' UllllMllV. 
 
 New IJrunswiik. 
 
 IN CEKTRAL AKD SOUTH 
 
 H.irt).(d'x-s 
 
 Rivtis I'roli-ct'.r.ite. 
 
 Prince I--<lw.irtl Islatul. 
 
 AMEBICA 
 
 IoIm^ii. Trinidail. 
 
 (1 Ceesi iCloiiy. 
 
 Maiittuba. 
 
 British Hontliiras. 
 
 
 roi. 
 
 Kritish Columbia. 
 
 brltibh liiiiar.a. 
 
 IN BOTTTH ATLANTIC— 
 
 ! Gambi.i. 
 
 Assiiiitxtia, 
 
 
 Ascension Islan*!. 
 
 Ta Leititfr. 
 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
 IM NORTH ATLANTIC - 
 
 St. Helena. 
 
 Ifilcll B.iy. 
 
 AllH^rta. 
 
 Itc-rniuda Islands. 
 
 Tristan d'Aciinha. 
 
 
 Atlmlia.sca. 
 
 liahama Islands. 
 
 I-alklan<l IsLinds. 
 
 
 Nonh-West Territory. 
 
 The West Indies. Jamaica. 
 
 South denrjfia. 
 
THE WORLD: A\ ELEMEXTARY GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 PART L— INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (MIAITKII I. 
 THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OR SECTION. 
 
 1 scnoor. 
 
 The District or Section.--!. Tliis is :i pictuiv of | 
 a .school-houso in tlic counti-v Tlio Itnvs ami '^irls I 
 art' assoinbling for .school. Around tlicir homos, j 
 Bcattcrotl here ami thfiv throu.ijh tho nciuhliour- ' 
 hooil, aro hill.s, vallfy.s, levt'l fields, and woodlands. 
 It is summer, and the country is very heautiful. ' 
 The farmers are Imsy with their hay-makini,' in the 
 meadows. Near by are patches of grain and pota- 
 toes ; and on the suiniy slopes are orchards which, 
 
 in the autumn, will lie lailen with apph's and |iears. 
 Away up on the hill-sides are the pastui'es where 
 the cows and .sheep are quietly feedini,'. In the 
 valleys, the ln-ooks which have come down ficm 
 the springs among tlif hills are winding tlieir wuy, 
 and hasting to the sea. Hen', on holidays, the 
 l»oys love to tish or to sail their tiny boats, and the 
 girls love to stroll along the green banks and gather 
 wild-flowers. 
 
8 
 
 THE bCHOOL DISTRICT OR SECTION. 
 
 2. Some of the children who read this book live in a jilacc 
 quite different from that which has been <le8cribed. Their 
 homes are ix^a-haps by the .sea-Hide. The land i» rocky and 
 poor ; tliere arc no grain-ticld« or orchardn. Far and wide 
 HtretchcH the Ijoundless ocean of Halt water; whilst here and 
 there shipH may be neen, tossed up and down on the billown, 
 their white sails tilled with the wind. Alon^ the shore are 
 rocky cliffs aj^ainst which the waves are ever beating ; and 
 down by the water's edge is the beach, where children love to 
 wander when the tide is out, and gather curious shells and 
 smooth stones. Some of the men here are hshermen, and go 
 out on the sea in boats and vessels to catch cod, halibut, and 
 other kinds of fish; and some are siiiiibuilders, who get timber 
 from the forests and build ships to sail far away over the sea. 
 
 3. In other p.arts nf our Province, again, the children hav(! 
 quite another kind of home. They live in a town or city. 
 Tlii-re are no fields, or hills, or brooks, or forests; but only 
 houses and shops, with narrow streets between them. Many 
 of the i)eo)ile are merchants, whose })usiness is to buy and 
 sell ; others are manufacturers, who make furniture, clotlies, 
 
 C ri,AN' OF SCHOOL-HOUSE. 
 
 and many kinds of things ; others are prmters, who i)rint 
 books and newspapers. 
 
 4. Again, it may be, your homes are near the coal mines, 
 and the men are miners. All bl.ack with dust, they ijeck away 
 at the coal seams and take out the coal until they form large 
 under-ground chambers, into which the light of the sun never 
 enters. Or, perhap'^ you live where the men are lumbermen, 
 
 who, in winter, go far into the forests, cut down large trees, 
 and tlraw them to the l^anks oi a river. Then, when spring 
 comes, they float the logs to the mills, and saw them into 
 lumber. 
 
 .">. Perhaps now, after all, I have failed to tell you what 
 kind of jilace you live in ; and it is no great matter if I have, 
 for you can find out for yourselves. After you have carefully 
 oliserved all the features of your home and the places near it, 
 you can write what you have learned, and you will then liave 
 a little geography of your neighbourhood. You may not bo 
 al)le to draw a picture of your school-house, but yoii can make 
 a plan of it ; which, though not so pretty, is sometimes quite 
 as useful. 
 
 (i. Here is a plan f>f a .school-house, showing the floor, and 
 iiow everything is situated. The jilan is not nearly so large 
 as the floor of the building, Init everything nnist be in pro- 
 portion. After you have drawn a |ilan of your .school-house, 
 make one of the i>laj'-gro\m<l, drawing lines to represent the 
 fence, the school -house, and any other objects around. You 
 can then draw a i>lan of the neighbourhood in which you live, 
 marking the roads, the buildings, the brooks, the fields, and 
 any other things wJiich you have okserved. Such a plan of a 
 jiortion of country is called a Map. 
 
 The Province. — 7. The county in which you live 
 contains many school sections or districts — fifty or 
 more ; and the whole Province is made up of several 
 counties. Here is a map of the Province of Quebec 
 and of parts of other Provinces. These Provinces 
 differ n)uch in size and in other respects, as you 
 will learn by-and-hy ; but they resemble each otlici- 
 in regard to heat and cold, rain and sunshine, and 
 in the kind of crops which the farmers raise. 
 
 The Dominion. — S. Xova .Scotia, New lirunswick, 
 and Prince Edward Island are situated by the sea. 
 The Province of Quebec lie on the west of these; 
 still farther west are Ontario, ^Manitoba, several 
 Districts, and British Columbia ; and on the north 
 of the Provinces is a lai-ge territoryverymuch colder. 
 All these countries together form the Domixion of 
 Canada. If you were to travel westerly through 
 the Dominion, you would find large ri% ers and lakes 
 — larger than the whole of Nova Scotia ; and you 
 would cross high mountains, the highest peaks cov- 
 ered with snow all the year. On the west side of 
 the Dominion you would find another great ocean. 
 
 North America. — 9. South of tl Dominion is a 
 large country, warmer than ours, c. .led the United 
 

 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 North America- 
 
 England. 
 
 Sp.iiii. 
 
 Afric*- 
 
 Isthmus of Suez. 
 
 Halifax. 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Barbary States. 
 
 Red Sea. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 London. 
 
 Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Th'; Nile River. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Mediterranean Se.i. 
 
 
 liritlsh India. 
 
 Europe— 
 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Aiift— 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 France 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 East Indies. 
 
jrji'MI^Pili^O' 
 
 China. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 North AmeriM— 
 
 NOTE TO TEA0HBE8. - The figures looo, xwo. 
 
 Japan Islands 
 
 New Hebrides. 
 
 British Coluniha. 
 
 3D0O, etc., sliow the distances from London all over the 
 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 Feejee Islands. 
 
 Sosth America- - 
 
 globe. The curv.jd lines are drawn at hitervals of looo 
 
 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 miles In the separate Maps of the Continents the saine 
 
 OcMnU— 
 
 
 West India Islands. 
 
 liner .-ukI distances arc repeated. 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 Halifax. 
 
 
CROSSING THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 Sfntes; and further south in a still warmer country, 
 citlled Mexico. These countries, like the Dominion, 
 extend from the one ocean to the other. The waters 
 on tlie ^ist and west now draw closer together, so 
 that tl. country on the south of Mexico, called 
 Centrnl America, is very narrow. All this f^Teat 
 land, frf)m tlie far north of the Dominion to this 
 nariow country, is called Xorth America. 
 
 vines, that one would need to cut a path to get 
 through them. As we go south the country be- 
 ' comes cooler, and in the far south it is (juite cold. 
 
 10. sorrn AMERICAN KOrEST. 
 
 South America. — 10. Beyond the narrowest part, 
 called the Isthmus of Panama, the land spreads 
 out again into another great country like North 
 America. This is South America. The northern 
 half of South America is very hot, and is noted for 
 its vast forests, so dense with trees, shrubs, and 
 
 CHAPTKH II. 
 A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Crossing the Atlantic. — 11. We will now tako 
 an imaginai-y Journey to ilistant lands. We will 
 take a steamship cither at Montreal or at Halifax, 
 and sail eastward across the Atlantic Oceiin to 
 ward Europe. In a f<'W hours we lo.se sight of 
 land, and there is nothing to he seen hut th(> sea, 
 with here and there a distant sail. We see no 
 path, nor any sign to direct us; hut the captain, 
 with his compass and chart, can take us as din^ctly 
 across the pathless ocean as if he followed a beaten 
 track. He needs to know his duty well and to 
 manag(> carefully, for sometimes we are surroundeil 
 l)y a dense fog, so that we can scarcely .se(! from 
 one entl of the ship to the other. In such a fog 
 n-e might run against another .shi]), or against rocks, 
 and be dashed in {)ieces. 
 
 The Compass. — 12. The compass is a curious 
 instrument, containing a thin }iiece of magnetic 
 steel, called a needle, turning on a pivot. No 
 matter how the compass is moved, one end of the 
 needle turns quickly towards the north, and re- 
 mains pointing in that direction. From this the 
 sailor can find out all the other points of the com- 
 pass and the direction in which he is sailing. A 
 CHART is a map of the sea and the coast.s, showing 
 the harbours and the dangerous places. 
 
 13. Far away, at ditVerent distances from us, are 
 several vessels ; but we can see only the upper 
 portion of some of them. The whole of the nearest 
 .ship is seen, less of the next, and less of the next, 
 till the one farthest away is quite hidden from 
 view, except the upper part of its masts. As we 
 look far over the sea, the surface seems to be 
 
10 
 
 A VOVAOE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 curv(!cl like tlio surfacft of a l)all. We are near th(! 
 coa»t of Newfouii(lluii(l. 'I'lit- waters here are not 
 
 l:i. nsiMlKKS^IVE DISAl'l'KARANCE OF HIIIl'S AT SEA. 
 
 SO (1('('|> as tliev are elsewhi'i'o in the ocean, and 
 they !iri' thi' most noted eod-lishei'ies in (he worhl. 
 
 The Gulf Stream.^11. Tin- water Ik re is wnniicr time in 
 iilliiT iiaits nf the iic'iwii thloir^li wliitli \vt' iiavc passed. 
 The captain says \\r arc in the (!nlf Sti'e.'ini, which flows h!;o 
 ii great ri\('r thrmiKh the ocean from tlio (Jiilf of Mexico, 
 bcariii),' tlic warm waters of the tropical sea to the shore of 
 Juur(i|iu. This movi-meut <if the waters of the sea is called an 
 ociiin fiiiTrii'. On oui' left, alonj,' tlu^ east coast of North 
 America, is another ocean cnrrent, called thv Pohir Ciirrott. 
 which brings down the cold waters from the north, caiisin'.^ 
 cold noi'th-easterly winds in Nova Scotia dnring the spruij; 
 months. 
 
 1 •"). Soinctinies, away in the distance, we see a 
 
 huge glittering ohjcct, like a nioinitain of ghx.ss. 
 
 It is a great mass of ice, called an io-heiy, wluch 
 
 I has floated down fi'oni the frozen region.s of the 
 
 '< north. INIany ships are dasJied in pieces by running 
 
 I against icebergs in the fog. 
 
 If). The sea aronnd the Xorth Pole, called the Arctic Ocean, 
 \ is all frozen over in the winter ; and dnring the short summer 
 I the ice breaks up into cakes or ice-tloes, which are brought 
 down by currents into the warm water.s of the Atlantic, 
 where they melt. Rold navigators have made great efforts 
 to reach the North Pole. They sail pa.st CJreenland and Ice- 
 land as far as tliey can into tlio Arctic Ocean ; and when the 
 ahip can go no further, they harness dogs to a .sled and drive 
 
 over the ice. In this way Captain Hall reached very near 
 the Nortli I'ole. 
 
 17. It may sccin very oilil to l,c drawn by dogg over the sen; bin 
 floiiiB of ('a|iliiiii Hall's piirty cros.sed IJiose iKirlliiTii waters in a iiion 
 siiiirnlar way. 'I'lic .iliip bt-cdtninK leaky, iiiiiiacci; iicrsdii.s- nii'ii 
 wiiiiicn, and ihildri'ii -were idaced en the kc. A atoiin caiiip on In 
 the Mi«ht, the ship was drivn <ilf, and the ico liniko np. The-.e poei 
 pcdple, thus left on an lun-cakc in the nililst of tlii> ocean, were t(i.i«i(l 
 about for over six niontlis, until tlioir frail mfl was so hrnkoii in 
 ploie.s by storms tliat only a small portion of it r. niained. Luckily 
 (■OHIO j.rovisions had been placed on the ice witli tliein ; they alv. 
 killed seals and polar bears for food, and they Ijurni d t'ne oil to keep 
 themselves from freezing. Gradually they drifted towards tlie south. 
 luitil at last they were i)icked up near the coast of Labrador by seal 
 hunt' rs from Newfotuidland. 
 
 Europe. -IS. We have now come to land ; liisi 
 Ircl'iiul, and then (Jreat J5ritain, consisting of En 
 ;/!tni(f, Srotlaiii/, and Wti/es. Here is tlie home oi 
 our (j>U('i'n, iind the land from which our fori' 
 fathers came. Enghind is a betiutiful country, 
 [t has rich green meadow.s, enclosed with prettx 
 thorn hedges; and all through the country are fim 
 parks with shady trees, smootli walks, green lawns, 
 and sptirkling fountains. England has many large 
 cities, eelelirated for manufactures and trade. Our 
 
 18. AN ENaUSII PAUK AND CASTLE. 
 
 merchants come here to buy their cottons, woollei:s, 
 crockery, cutlery, and many other thing.s. At 
 
 t< 
 
 L 
 
AFRICA — ASIA. 
 
 11 
 
 Lfintloii, tlio lurge.st ami richi'st city in the world, at 
 Lircrjiool, aiul at O'lust/otr we see ships from all 
 part.s of th*! world. 
 
 Wo notlre n »trnn({e circumaUnco licrc. It U noon, when by our 
 Wktclics It is nbout ciglit o'llock in I • iiiornilig. 
 
 11». (ircat Uriuiii .iiul jieland aro i.thuids. On the east 
 •nil smith is till! ciiiitiui'iit "f Enro/H; coiitaiiiiiig many 
 Ooitiitrii'M. Wi! must sail simtliorly, passiiii,' Franci-, .Spain, 
 and ri.rtMKiil, to p't arminil tlu> land, rassing tliioiigli this 
 narniw channi'l, culled tlio Slniit of <lil,mltav, wo t-nter a sua 
 oalli'd tilt! Mf'lHermnfaii, which lies south of Kuropo. On 
 our li'ft wi; pass /^(^/ and (.'nnr, which wi-ri! in ancient 
 tinii's till- must imwi'iful euuntrics in the world. 
 
 Africa. liU. Ou the south of the Mediterranean 
 is another hirii;e hody of land, called A/ricn, which 
 
 20. AN AFRICAN DWELLIKIl 
 
 Stretches far away beyond the Equator into the 
 teniporato regions of the south. Along the north 
 «p the Barhari/ States; beyond is the Great Desert, 
 
 where it never rains, and where there is no tree, 
 or flower, or blade of gras.s, — nothing l)Ut burning 
 sand and baiTen rock on the earth, and a blazing 
 sun in the heavens ; lieyond the Desert is the Ltiua 
 of the Xeyro, called tSoin/ini. 
 
 21. In tiic nortii-east of Africa is Kijypt, one of the oldest 
 and strangest countries in the world. Hero, ages ago, the 
 Israelites served their hard taHknia,HtorH, until Cod sent 
 Moses to fr(!c them from bondage. It very seldom rains in 
 J'V.V'I't, yet th> land pnidiices great cropn of grain. It Ih 
 made fruitful by its wonderful river, the xVi/c, which over- 
 flows its banks every ycai'. and covers the whole country 
 w ith water. 
 
 We observe tlmt as we go cast our wiitclies are more ftiiil more 
 astray. Uy our time it U six o'clock in tlie morning, when It in noon 
 in Kgypt. 
 
 Asia. — 22. Our course to the eastward is again 
 obstructed i)y land. Jlere, l)efor" us, is tlie great 
 continent of Asi,/, the largest of all tli(; liind di\ i- 
 .sions of the Earth. ( h\ the east coa.st of the xMedi- 
 terranean i." l'(Ce.4l)i-, which' is^ '.(w'.i a small 
 count-y, \'.ci Is noted as Mje l.ind wiiich ' 'od gii/.c to 
 tl''*'^sivelltes, and as t!;e j'lace where our V-avloiir 
 livel' when on <;arth. Jndeed^ mo.st of the eve.its 
 siiokcn of i:i t1>e 'iil'l ■ obci'i rec^. in tlus country. 
 
 23. We shall be able to continue our voyaire liy tuiiiing to 
 the fiouth. Across this narrow neck of land, called the 
 Isthmtis of Sue:, which joins Africa and .\sia, a canal has j 
 been cut, through which we can sail to the Ittd Sm. On our ' 
 left we pass .Arabia, a land abounding in deseits, and cele- 1 
 brated for its fine hor.-.cs. In the south of .Asia we also find 
 Jlrilish Iiii/iii, Siam, and some other countries, which, with 
 the islands off the coast, aro called the I-JaH Indira. These \ 
 are hot countries, yielding cotton, silk, rice, and all kinds of j 
 spice. China, the land from which we obtain our tea, is on \ 
 the east of Asia; and off the ejist coast are the Japan 
 Inlands. 
 
 24. In the interior of Asia is a vast desert, in- 
 habited by shepherds, wlio live in tents, an<l are 
 always roving about in search of pasturage for 
 their flock.s. 
 
 Asia is said to contain two-thirds of the people 
 in the world, and nearly all of its inhabitants are 
 heathens. 
 
 The Indian Ocean.— 25. That part of the sea which liet- 
 
12 
 
 A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 i^fi/if^twriiiiff'"*^ 
 
 
 >r t ' - - . 
 
 24. ARAB TBNTB. 
 
 south of Asia and east of .\frica in called the Indian Ocean. 
 It iH s<inictiiiies viHitcd by violent hurricanes called riichinr», 
 wiiidi move in circles. Soi'th of tiie Indian Ocean, around 
 the Soutii I'olis 'ir' tlui Antarctic Vcc in, whKh is full of ico 
 like the AreticiOceAH. , 
 
 .A.u.st''ajia. — 2G. \V<' ore now uhouL ha'r way 
 rou'ul the worltl. Ut'io'ro we proceed, we fjliall 
 turn to the sc.uth to v-si't iSvtvtruMn, T.hich is the 
 largest is'n.nd' in *^'i'o worl'l. ' 'It ''\-l<^ngs to Great 
 Britain, and many people from the British Isles 
 have come here to live. The country abounds in 
 excellent pasture, and it lias the richest j^old mines 
 yet discovered. Tlie island lies south of the 
 Equator, so tliat the hottest season is near Christ- 
 mas, and the coolest winds Mow from the south. 
 It is night here when we have day in our country. 
 
 The Pacific Ocean. — 27. We have now to cross 
 the Pacific Ocean, which is the largest of all the 
 oceans. Indeed it covers one-third of the Earth's 
 surface. It is noted for its many groups of 
 islands. Most of these islands lie in the hot belt 
 called the Torrid Zone ; hut they are fanned by 
 sea breezes, which make the climate quite agree- 
 able. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Pacific Islands live mostly on 
 fruits, which grow wthout the toil of cultivation. Many of 
 them are savages; ethers have been converted to Christianity. 
 
 28. The inhabitantM of tiie Ftejee Itland»m6«>t the Baml- 
 u'ich h!tiii(l»\vvri'. foriiicrly fierce cannibalfl, killing and eating' 
 human lieinijH ; but they are now (piite civilized. On thr 
 New IlebridcH are niiNHionaricH from utir own country, who 
 have come liero to teach tlie savagcH tiie knowledge of thr 
 .Saviour. 
 
 21). Mnny lalandi of the I'nciflc arc formed liy the coral Inicct. 
 Thcflc little nnliiiiila, failed jKiluim, iiru very nniiieroiiN In the ocean 
 near the Kiiuafor, and tiny cxlra'-t lime from the sea water, formltiK 
 it into a HiiliHtiince cnlli'il coral. You Imvo often Hcin riii^'x and othir 
 ornaments made of coral. 'HiIh kind of c(>ral \» (|uitv rare, and is oh- 
 tainud liy (living deep Into the 8ca. The Inlands are formed of ;i 
 coarser kind. Tlie innects huild up immense masses of it in branches 
 like the limbs of a tree, and in many stranKO s'.iapcs, until a rock if 
 formed, the top of which is on a level with the sen. The waves then 
 beat against It, throwinj! \ip sea-wted and other substances. Soon 
 mo.sses benln to grow on the rock, until some S(]il is formed ; which 
 after hundreds of years becomes deep and ridi, nourishing more 
 beautiful and useful plants. 
 
 !)0. Some of the coral islands arc in the form of a broken ring, the 
 great ocean outside dashinx aj/ainst the shores ; and ij.side the ring o( 
 land Is a peaceful lake or lagoon. Sonietinies tli.ie is land in the 
 middio, then a ring of smooth water, then a broken ring of laml. 
 Vessels can sail in through the openings in the ring, to seek shelter 
 from storms. 
 
 Sailing round America. — ."5 1 . We have now come 
 to land again. It is British Columbia, the most 
 westerly province of the Dominion of Canada. It 
 is a very mountainous country, and is noted for its 
 
 CAPE HORN. 
 
 majestic forests, its fisheries, its coal, and its gold 
 mines. We could return home by land across the 
 Dominion, but as we wish to go in the ship, we 
 sail southerly thousands of miles along the west 
 coast of North America and South America, until 
 
THE WOULD CLIMATE. 
 
 18 
 
 we roach Cajxi Horn, Thou we nail northfrly 
 aloii^' tht.' oust con-st of Aiiicrica, croH.siii^ tlu' 
 Eiiuiitoi* a;.'uin, nii<l |»assiri;j; on our left th<' Wixt 
 fut/i'i. Inhiudu, from which wf olitiiiii our .sui,'iir. 
 Finally, w<' iirri\f houn', liaviii;,' I'ompK'tt'd our 
 long voyugi' rouiul this worhl. 
 
 cirATTKii in. 
 
 V/HAT WE HAVE LEARNED. 
 
 The World. '.S'l. Once, long a^ro, | pic tlMnight 
 
 that by travi'llint,' u long distance in finy one direc- 
 tion they would cojue to the end of the world. 
 Tliis was a niihtakeii notion, for tlie Earth is roun<l 
 like a liall ; ami if you travel far enough in a 
 straight course, you will at last con>o to tho place 
 from wliieji you started, just as a tly might do in 
 crawling around an ajiple. The glol>ular form of 
 the Earth explains tlu; fact that the lower part of 
 a ship at sea is always the last to come in sight. 
 
 33. The circumference uf tho Karth— that w, the diHtaiice 
 urouiui the Ewrth — is nearly 25,000 miles. 
 
 Day and Night. — 34. We have seen that all 
 parts of the Earth do not have day or night at the 
 same time. Thus, wlien i* is noon with us, it is 
 midnight half way round the Earth, ivs in the East 
 Iiwlia Islands ; it is si.x o'clock in the evening one- 
 fourth the way round towards the east, as in Egypt ; 
 and it Ls six o'clock in the morning one-fourtli the 
 way round towards the west, as in the Sandwich 
 Islands. 
 
 Thi.s is because tho Earth is always turning nuuid, turning 
 «mce every twenty-four hours. As the Earth is a hall, the 
 Sun can shine on only half of it at once. The mifldle of the 
 half on which tho Stni shines has noon, the western edge of 
 the light portion has morning, and the eastern edge ha.s even- 
 ing. We shall understand how this rotation of the Earth 
 gives us day and night, if we place a globe or ball Ijeside a 
 l»mp, and make it turn round. As the ball turns, each i)art 
 of its surface will have a regidar succession of light and 
 ■hadow. The Earth also moves in a vast circle around the 
 Snn, making a revolution once a year. In this way are 
 caused the seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. 
 
 Sn. The Axis (if tho Karth Im an imaginary line, around 
 which it niakrs its daily rotation. 
 
 :iti. 'I'he North Pole and the South Pole are tliu ondM of tho 
 axiii. 
 
 37. The Equator is a circh' anxuid thi< Earth oast and 
 west midway liclwi-i-n tlm I'oles. It divides thi- Kurth'it 
 surfaci' into two i'(|ual parts, callt;d the Northmi llimmphrre 
 anci tlu! Siinlhini Hi nii.*!!!)^)'!. 
 
 .'K Latitude is distance north or south from the Equator. 
 
 Places north of the Eipiatol have iturlli tnlilinlr : those ^outh 
 
 of tlie E(|Uatir luue miit/i lutitinli. The latitudi' at tho 
 
 Ki{Uator is 0, at liie I'oles it is'.H) degrees, which is the highimt 
 
 I latitude any plate ean have. 
 
 3i>. Imaginary circles pas,>iing roiuid the Earth, <'ast and 
 ' west Intweeii the Ivpiator and the I'oles, are called Parallels 
 of Latitude. 
 
 j 40. Longitude i.i di.^iance ea.'*! ur west fnun an Mii:i;,'iiiary 
 I line called i\n' jirnt mi i-iiiiiiii, riuuiing north and south from 
 I Pole to I'ule, and passing through li place li\ed u|M>n by each 
 
 country. Thus the uieriiliau of (ii uw i< h, near I.ouiIum, is 
 
 tiie.'i'/-."'/ nil riiliiia for the I'.riiisli linipln' ; and the meridian 
 
 of \N';isliiii;;toU is sometimes used as the /(' )'.•</ Illiviillilti for the 
 
 I'nited States. Places east of the lust meridian have uiH 
 lowiituili, and places west of it havtt irrnl Uiwiitinli. Tho 
 longitude (if places oti the first meridian is U ; the longitude 
 uf places half-way muud the Earth from it is IHO'. 
 
 Heat and Cold. 1 1. 'V\w countries of the Earth 
 diU'er much in respect to heat and cold. Tho 
 warmest countries are near the Kipiator, and the 
 coldest are lu-ar the Poles. This ditlerence is 
 caused by the curNci^! form of the Earth ; as we go 
 north or south from the fZijuator, the surface slopes 
 more and more away from the Sun, causing the 
 Sun's rays to become more slanting. 
 
 42. The Earth's surface is divided into five great belts or 
 
 /.ones. 
 
 The Torrid Zone is the hottest part of the Earth. The 
 E(inator passes tlu'ough the middle of this zone. 
 
 The North Frigid Zone lies around the North Pole; the 
 South Frigid Zone lies .iround the South Pole. These are the 
 coldest parts of the Earth. 
 
 Tlie North Temperate Zone is situated on the north of tho 
 Torrid Zone; the South Temperate Zone is on the .south of 
 the Torrid Zone. The countries in these zou(,'s have generally 
 neither e.xtrenu! heat nor extreme cold. 
 
 43. The Climate of a country is its condition in 
 
 respect to heat, moisture, and tho purity of its 
 
 atmosphere. 
 
 We liavt' seen that the climate liecome« colder as we go 
 nortli or south from the Equator ; it also liecomes colder as we 
 a.scend high mountains. The climate is more humid near the 
 
14 
 
 WHAT WE HAVE I.EAItNED. 
 
 HeH than it In fur iiiliuxl ; and it in iimn) iinhoultliy iti li<>t 
 iiiarNiiy ciitiiitricH thuii in th<>no which are ilry und c<.i.l. 
 
 The Seasons.- 44. At oiio tiiiif of tin? year tli« 
 Hull iiiiiics ti|i Iii^'li ill flic ln'iivfiiH, K'^''>K »ih lon^', 
 hot (luvH ; at aii(»tli<T time tlic Sun keeps fur away 
 in the south, and the days aro short and told. 
 
 ThiH ch)Hi(<«! in the wiiwonH in fuuHud liy thti Kiirth's iiinvinR 
 in a viwt circle iinnind tiin Hwn nnce in thu year, und turning 
 itM nnrthiTii half tnwurdH the Sun iliirinK "nr Hiunincr, und itn 
 Moiithri II lijilf tdwiinlM thi' Sim during mir vvintt^r. Tlio ciin- 
 trifH on tht> K.nith i.f tht; Kijiiutor tliiw hftvo Hiniini<;r when 
 tln<Mi) III! thii imith hiiv(' winter. 
 
 Land and Water. I.'i. \V.- have .seen that tlie 
 Kurtli's .siirfiici' i.s jiaitly land and partly water. 
 One-fourth of the surfaccf is land and three fourths 
 are water, The land is principally in three j,n'eat 
 portions, tlie Wrs/eru Conlineul, the Easttni ('<m- 
 tinntt, and .Australia. 
 
 40. 'I'hc Western Continent is in.ide up of X,,rfli 
 Amerirn and Soiitk AiiKricn ,• the Eastern Continent 
 is made up of Kurofif, J.v/Vr, and A/rira. 
 
 47. IJesides these j,'reat divisions of land there 
 are many smaller jtortions which are called ixhuuln. 
 
 4«. An Island !•< a |i<irtiiin cf Iiiiid rntinly '^nrninnded liy 
 wator. Cap.' Hii'ton is an i.-<laiid. \ Continent h a vi.Ty ' 
 larKo iM)rtiiin 'if land Hnntaindoi! hy water. 
 
 4!». .\ Peninsula Is a iH.itii.n cf land alnmst surrounded liy i 
 water. Xo\a Seotia is a jieninMila. ' 
 
 ">(l. An Isthmus is .i narrow neck of l,ui<l connecting two j 
 IH>rtion.s of land. The Isthmus of C'lii-neeto eouni'cts Nova I 
 Scotia with tho mainland of Nortii America. The fsthmus '■ 
 of Panama joins North anil South .America. 
 
 .■)!. A Cape is a p.jint of land extending,' into the w.iter, as | 
 Cofie St. (Icm-iir and Cup, ]V,,rlh. ; 
 
 r.2. The Surface of the land varies greatly in elevation, i 
 from over 1,300 foet below the soa-lovel in the valley of the ' 
 •Tordan to the lofty mountain heights in different parts of the 
 world. 
 
 .^.M. .A Mountain is a high devation aliove the .surrounding ' 
 ccuintry, as the llnrku M<>iiiil,iiii.i and iho Andes. The highest 
 mountains are in Asia, Afoutit Krvnd in the Himalayas lieing 
 29,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 ''..<54. A Table-land or Plateau is a broad, elevated tract of 
 land, as the country on the west of the Hocky Mountains in 
 the United States, and the coimtries of Central Asia. 
 
 r>5. On mountains and tablelands the cold increases with 
 the elevation. The tops of lofty nioiuitains, even in the 
 Torrid Zone, are covered with snow all the year. Tlie pres- 
 
 sure of \aHt i|UuntiiieH of Huow on the up|MT s1o|k'm fori,.. 
 inu»4seH of ice, culled ;//r(ci>»'«, which flow down tlie Hides ■: 
 tho inountuiiiN: when tho io« comes down to the wurni.: 
 vftlleys it melts, giving riso to rivers. 
 
 T*',. .\ Volcano is u moimtuin which s.h.Ih forth sniok.. 
 Humes, ashes, and melted rock. The o|H'ning at tlie top i 
 called the i-nitn: There are many noIcuiioch in tho Aniles. 
 
 ■ it. Earthquakes an^ movements of the ground, varyinr 
 from a slight tiemliling to the most vi.ilent motion. 
 
 .VI. Plains are I.. vel tracts of coinitiy. There aro lowlaml 
 plains and highland plains. 
 
 •Ml. .\ Prairie is a treeless plain, covered with tail gras- 
 Plains of this kind are found in .Miinitobaand .Saskatchewan 
 m. A Water-Bhed is the highest land between two slop. , 
 from which streams How in opposite directions. 
 
 The Water. (11. The Ocean i» the name givrn to the gn,.; 
 Issly of salt water which covers threofourths the Kartli^ 
 surface. It has tivo principal divisions : -the Atlnntir (hran. 
 tho Pw(tlr Ofcini, tho IihV'>h Oiraii, tho Arrtir <>n„n,Mv\ 
 tho AtiUirrlir On<iii. 
 
 •>2. .\ Sea is a large arm of tho ix can nearly surrounded l.j 
 land, as the .Mnlili rniiiain St<i. fiiLind bodits of salt water 
 aro sometimes called seas, as tho i'a»piiiu Sni. 
 
 •!3. A Bay or Qulf is an iiriii of a large body of water, a^ 
 the /;-(//„/ /■'iiiiilf/; till// of St. LiiirriiK'c. 
 
 <JI. .A strait is a narrow passage connecting two bodies cf 
 water, as tho Stmit t>/ t'diuo. A Channel is usually wider 
 than a stmit. 
 
 ().'i. A River is a large stream of fresh water, as the ,SV. 
 L'lirrnur. A river flowing into another river is called ,i 
 bmndi or Irilmtiiri/. 
 
 <>(>. A Lake is a body of water collected in a basin-like 
 hollow. Lakes usually consist of fresh water, and are often 
 e.\I)ansif>ns of rivers, as Lukr Kric. Some lakes, however, are 
 Halt, as limit Soil Lake. 
 
 Plants.- (17. Vegetation is richest ami most varied in tlir 
 Tiirrid Zone. The forests contain majestic evergreens, whosL- 
 trunks and branches supiiort twining plants in such abun- 
 dance that it is .sometimes didlcult to tell to whieh stem tho 
 loaves and Itlossoms belong. Sonu! of the most note<l trees ii: 
 this p.-vrt of tho Kartli are the huge baobab, tli(^ wide-spreadinj; 
 banyan, aiul tho majestic palm. Hero also we fir.d roHovr.od, 
 mahogany, dye-woods, gum-trees, sjiiccs, and choice fruits, 
 
 •iS. In the Tem|)erato Zones jjlants of a different kind are 
 fo\ind. In the forests are such trees as the oak, maple, 
 beech, birch, iiine, and fir. Among the cultivated plants are 
 wheat, rye, oats, .ind maize; iiotatoes and other vegetables; 
 and such fruits as the gr.ai)e, api)|e, pear, an<l jiluin. 
 
 (>9. In the wanner pf.rts of the FrigiiJ Zones different kinds 
 of fir and dwarf bircli are the principal trees, and barley is 
 the chief grain. As we near the |)ole, we find shrubs of alder 
 and willow ; and finally the mosses and lichens, which bring 
 ut> to the regions of eternal snow. 
 
 70. High mountains in the Torrid Zone present, within narrow 
 range, nearly all tho variety of veget.-ition found between the equator 
 and the poles. On the lower slope are palms and other tropical 
 
4 
 
 MAN — (iOVKHNMKNT. 
 
 IB 
 
 I 
 
 ll.l.rHTnATHIN HHhWINO MorNTAIN, RIVRK, I.AKK, rKMN-.l I.A, UTIIMI'H, tAI'K, IIAV, HTIlAir, OIKAS, ANt> l-l *SIi. 
 
 pliiiitH ; iioxt, till' tri'ca iiml vjirloui |ir(i<Inct» <if tlic Toiiiiicrale /cmi's ; 
 then Nhrubn, ^riiHauH, llctu'iis, hiuI iiuiiuie* ; and the lutuinlU nro 
 •ovurutl with >ni)w M the year. 
 
 AnlmalB. 71. Tln' Tun-iil Zdiic wurpiiMscM tlii" otlicr |>artn 
 of till' Kiirtli ill the iiiiailMr, >izc', anil bi-iiiity of its iiiiiiiial.'i. 
 Aln<>ll^' tlx' uniiniilH fdiiiid lit-rn uro the I'lt-piiiviit, rliiiiocfroH, 
 hi|'i.d|«.taiims, (■aih''lcp|iiii(l, lion, ti^fr, lf(i|..itl, iiiintlicr, 
 miiiikcy, cTcicodili', alli^,^ltll|■, Ixm, and ostrich. Insects are 
 Ter> iimiii'iiius m this zone. 
 
 ":.'. Tin- animals of tin; TiMn|)<'rato Zones are less tierce than 
 tliose of the Ti>rri<l Zone. Hero we find tlio hiwin, deer, f>x, 
 horse, sheep, wolf, InMr, fox, iwaver, and hari' ; and anions i 
 thi^ liinis, the ea^,'le, turkey, i,'oose. and pheasant. ! 
 
 7.'<. The animals of the l''ri^,'id Zones are liss niinierdiiM ajid 
 Vftrieil. .Vnioii;,' them are the reindeer, ninsk-ox, polar hear, i 
 gri/./ly l)t!ar, fox, ermine, and wiih ns. The birds are jjenerally ' 
 wadirs and swimmers. There are no reptiles, and hut few I 
 inse('ls. I 
 
 Man.--74. .Mun is found in all lands. In tlic 
 tropical r('<,'ions ]w lives {tfincipally on rico, cocoa- I 
 nuts, bananas, and various fruits; in the tompcmtc 
 ro;,'i()ns ]\v lives on <,'rains and vcgctalilcs, inix<'d 
 •with animal food ; in the frozen rej^dons, wlien^ the 
 eartli yields nothing, ho betakes hini.self entirely to 
 
 aninuil food. It is oidy in the teuipenite itj^ions, 
 howf^or, that man's powers of body and mind ap- 
 pear in aU their streni,'th ; and it is here only that 
 we find till' most eivili/ed and powerful natif)n8. 
 
 7.*>. .Men ni dilfi rent parts of the world dilhr front one an- 
 other so nnicli in their features and ('olo\ir, that it is usual to 
 divide them into live nirct or \aii<'ti»s; tfir f'<iiii<i:iiaii, oi 
 white race; t/ir Mnniicliiiii, or yellow race; t/ir JClliin/iidii, or 
 hlack race; thr Mnhiii, or iiroun race; and i:ii Amiriani, or 
 rtHJ race. 
 
 Government. 7(1. ('ountries are called by ditler- 
 cnt nanu'S, accordini,' to their form of yovenunont, 
 a.s Empires, Kinf/doiii.i, and Jicjinhlic.^. 
 
 \ monarchy is a country in which the hi(.'hest officer liolds 
 his )iositit)ii by ri^'ht of liirth. Such a country is called a 
 kingdom when the chief ruler is a king or ipieeii ; it is called 
 an empire when the chief ruler is an emperor. Tn some 
 countries the jiower of tlio soverei^.'ii is limited, and lie iH 
 aided in luakin;,' the laws liy a parliament I'hicted hy tlio 
 people ; in other countries th" power of the sovereign is abso- 
 lute, jind his will is law. A republic is a country governed 
 wholly by men elected by the ixjojjle, and the highest officer 
 holds the title of jiresident. 
 
84. St'KNK ON TIIK ItOCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 History. — 77. Four Iiuudrod years ago our fore- 
 fathers wvvv living far away to tlie eastward, beyond 
 the Atlantic Ocean, in a part of the world called 
 Eur()j)e. Tli(>y did not know that there was such a 
 country as Anierl , the land in which we live. 
 Indeed most peo))le at tliat time did not know that 
 the Earth was round. The most distant country 
 I which tliey knt'w anything about was India, in the 
 south of Asia. 
 
 ■ 78. As the Tiierchaiits found it very prnfitaljle to trade in 
 the Rjiices and other valuable products of India, they were 
 
 i anxious to find the shortest and loest way to that country. A 
 sailor named Columbus, who lived in the north of Italy, be- 
 
 lieving that the P^arth was round, thoufjht he could reacli 
 India more readily by sailing westerly, than by sailiiij: 
 southerly and easterly around Africa. Havini.? gained tin- 
 favour and helj) of Isabella, (^ucen of Si)ain, Columbus sut 
 out over the unknown Western Ocean, on his voyage of dis- 
 covery. 
 
 70. After a long, weary voyage, Columbus arrived at a 
 group of islands. Believing that he was on the borders of 
 India, he called the inhabitants Indiana This name was 
 afterwards given to all the natives of America; and when tlu' 
 islands were found to be very far fmui India, they were called 
 the WrKt Jnilics. 
 
 80. There was groat excitement in Eiirope over this won- 
 derful discovery of land beyond the Atlan\.'c Ocean. Maii> 
 ships were sent over the sea by different rations to niaki 
 further discoveries. It was soon found that, besides tin 
 islands discovered by Columbus, the New Wo7'ld consisted of 
 

NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Boundarlu— 
 
 Strait of Iklli- Isle. 
 
 Sable. Catochc. 
 
 Riven- 
 
 Lakei- 
 
 iV. Arctic Hccan, 
 
 rtulfdf St. T-awfeiiLC. 
 
 St. Liicas. r.iii V of U'.iles. 
 
 Mackenzie. Churchill. 
 
 Grcat Slave. : 
 
 li. Atliintic 1 )ccan. 
 
 I-lontla Strait- 
 
 
 Saskatchewaii 
 
 Great Hear. Winnipeg. 
 
 5. r.ulf of Mexico. 
 
 Gulf nf Mexico. 
 
 IMandB— 
 
 Red River. .Nelson. 
 
 Siiperifir. Michi^^ali. Huron, i 
 
 ;/'. Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Caribbean Sea. 
 
 i.iecnland. Ir, 'ind. 
 
 St. Lawrence. HutUon. 
 
 Erie. Great Salt Lake. i 
 
 
 Gulf of California. 
 
 .\'e»."...inil!aml. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1 
 
 Cout Watan— 
 
 Ilehrinfj Strait. 
 
 li*:rmiui.;b. 
 
 t1hio. Missouri. 
 
 Counlriei— 
 
 liiutsnn l{,iy. 
 
 
 Uali.iiiiax 
 
 Arkansa.s, 
 
 f'oniiniun of Canada. | 
 
 Baffin Hay. 
 
 Okpci— 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Rio (Jranrie. Colorado. 
 
 United States. Mexico. , 
 
 Davis Strait. 
 
 Farewell. ChiiUey. 
 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Cohinibia. Yukon. 
 
 Central .\nierica. 
 
N () kT 1 1 A M E RI C A - n.ys.cai. "'"^ 
 
 
 SOUiTU AMERICA 
 
 A>,;,* to ^.-# ort 
 
 SECTION AtnoSS TIOMIMON llF CANADA 
 
 v-.i t«.< P^CT/C PC IAN Vam-amerly^ 
 
 — Tin - 'iif^I IWiUjl I'laili_ 
 
 ANTtCOCiAH 
 
 Soi i—i,PACinc OCHM < ^fr.„„^.., 
 
 u 
 
 SECTION ACRIISS INVITED STATES 
 
 aocky M^' 
 
POSITION- RIVERS AM) LAKKS. 
 
 17 
 
 two great hinlicH of laiul, one lying to tin; north unil the t)tlitjr 
 to tlie soiitli. Ono of the li-ading incii in c.\[iloring tho coasts 
 was naniwl Amrrirus Vtsjutciuii. In honour of him, thu New 
 World was called America, 
 
 Position. — 81. North Amorica is nearly sur- 
 rouiidi'il liy tho soa — tlie Aniic Ocean on tho north, 
 tho Adiintic on tho (?ast, tlio Gulf (f Mexico on tlio 
 Boutli, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. 
 
 North Anicrica is connected with .South America by a nar- 
 row neck of lan'l, calleil the TMhiuiis of runniiin, Ikhriinj 
 Strait, on the nortli-wt'st. ,'-ei)arates Amtrica from Asia. 
 
 Surface. — S-. On the east side of North Anicrica 
 there i,s a low coast-region next the Atlantic, and 
 then furtlu-r iidand an^ the Appalacfiian Moitntains. 
 Beyond these highlands is a broad low plain, ex- 
 tending from the Arctic Ocean to the (!ulf of 
 Mexico. Still further west, Leyond the plain, are 
 highlands again, much longer, broader, and higher 
 than those near the Atlantic. Lofty mountains, 
 called ill the north the liocki/ MonnUdnx, and in 
 Mexico the Sierra Madre, extend along tlu* eastern 
 side of these highlands ; and other high ranges, 
 called the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, lie on the west. Between the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and tho western ranges are high table-lands, 
 divided into basin-like valleys by short mountains, 
 running crosswise. 
 
 83. The Appalachian Mountains include different ranges— 
 as tlie \Vhite Mountains, the (Irten MoiintainK, the Calskill, 
 the Adirundark, the Alhijhany, the Blue Jlidijc, and tlie 
 Cumberland Mountains. They are generally of moderate 
 height, and are covered with forests to their summits. Ee- 
 tween the different ranges arc beautiful fertile valliiys. In 
 some places the ranges are broken by gaps, through which 
 the rivers find their way to the plains. 
 
 Mount Washing^ton, in the White Mountains, over a mile liigh, 
 is one of the loftiest and most noted peaks of the eastern highlands. 
 
 84. The Rocky Mountains are wild and broken. 
 On the lower slopes are dense forests ; further up 
 are shrubs, coarse grass, and mountain-flowers ; still 
 higher are barren, rugged rocks ; and the highest 
 peaks are covered with snow all the year. 
 
 85. Tlie table-land between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky 
 B&untains has very little rain. There are no forests here, 
 
 Q 
 
 and few plants of any kind, except near tin! stitanis which 
 come down from tlie mountains. The (•(/c^h.'i— a curious plant 
 which we often see cultivated in the houne, and which needs 
 little moisture -is one of tho most common nati\e ['hints 
 to\var(.l-i the south. 
 
 Tlicro arc many salt lakes on this table-land, much salti'v than tho 
 ocean -so salt that fish laniiut live in thorn. Tho few streams that 
 come down from the inouiitaiiis tlovv into tlusu lakes. 
 
 hO. Hero and Iheie in tho Sierra Nevada are deep, narrow gorges, or 
 clefts, called idni/ii.i.-i, aloiii; vvhieh tho rivers How. 'J'he stream in some 
 plaees covers the whole breadth at the hott<im of the canyon high 
 walls of rock rising iierpendicularly from the water's edge. In nomu 
 I'laccs the rivers rush down terrible precil'iees. 
 
 87. The western slopes and the valleys of tho 
 Sierra Nevada an- noted for their gigtiutic trees. 
 The great pines and cypre.s.ses of California are 
 three or four hundred feet high, and twenty tVct 
 in diameter. 
 
 •S.S. Near the Pacific Ocean are low mountains, called the 
 t'o'int J! tni/r. IJetween these and tho .Sierra Nevada lies tlio 
 beautiful fertile valley of the Sacramento and San JotK/uiii 
 rivers. 
 
 89. In Me.\ico and Central America there are many volcanoes. 
 p!>/wci.U'iKtl, a volcanic jieak In Mexico, nearly:!.^ miles hli,'h, Is tho 
 highest nionntain in North Anicrica. ^ 
 
 90, The Great Plain between the eastern and 
 western highlands is highest near the middle, from 
 which it slopes towards the north and south. Jn 
 the cejitral parts of the jilain th(!r(! are rich prairies 
 or meadows of great (-xtent, which in their natural 
 state are covered with tall grass, and when culti- 
 vated yield larg(i crops of grain. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — 91. The; great rivers of North 
 America are the Yukon, M<(cL-enzie, St. Lawrence, 
 Mississippi, and Colu/nbia. 'Ihe St. Lawrence and 
 iMississippi are grand highwtiys by which vessels 
 sail hundreds of miles into the interior, exchanging 
 the products of diflerent countries. 
 
 92. The Mackenzie flows through nearly the whole lengtli 
 of the northern slope of the central plain. It flows into 
 several basin-.'<haped hollows along its course, and forms large 
 lakes, as Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake. 
 
 The other large rivers flowing northerly are tlie clinrfltill, the Sas- 
 katchewan, the As.iinili,ii(ii\ tho H'^d itinr, and the Ai/smi. The rivers 
 on this slope are generally frozen during part of the year. 
 
 93. The St. Lawrence, flowing easterly to the Gulf of St. 
 LawTence, drains five of the greatest lakes in the world. Far 
 
18 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 back in tlm interior, niiuiy Hinall rivt^rH flow into large deep 
 baHin.s. In tliiw way the laken are formed. 'J'lie lirst in tlie 
 chain in called Luke Superior, ^'hich iw larger than the I'mv- 
 iuco (if New Unmswick, and in the largewt lake in the world. 
 The others are Jfiiroii, Mir/iii/ati, L'rir, and Ontario. 
 
 94. Thi'. Niagara River, lietween Lakes Krie and Ontariis iw 
 celehriited for its /''iil/s. The river, h:ilf a mile widi^, nishes 
 headlong over the rocks, und falls perpendicularly Kiu feet. 
 
 O.'i. In the iiiijior pnrt of the .St. Lawrence, near Lake Ontario, are 
 many lioautiful islmirls, called the Thim^innd fsles. Further down arc 
 the IldjiidK, where the water flows very swiftly. Boats going down 
 Btreaui dafh tlirouKh the r.iplits with great velocity. Tliey cannot sail 
 up against .so stroiiK n current, but go round liy tlie c.inal.a. On an 
 island in tlie river, about (ii)0 miles from the sea, is a large city called 
 Miintri'iil. Near this place, the Oltaii'n, a large river from the north, 
 joins the St. Lawn iicii. Further down is the mouth of tlie SI. Mnuriie, 
 another large triliutary. Tlion wo tomo to Qwlic, a fortified city, 
 built iiartly on the shore and i>artly on a high bluff overlooking the 
 river. A few miles below Quebec are the Fiill.^ of Montniorennj, 
 where a small river rushes over high roeks and falls Into the .St. 
 Lawrence. Itefore we re.aeh the sea, we Jiass the mouth of another 
 large tributary, called the Hiiyuenay. 
 
 !)(). The other important rivers of North America, flowinfr 
 easterly, are the .S7. Jo/ni, Conurcticuf, Iliuhoti, iJritnca.rc, 
 Sdi^i/nchmniii, and I'lilnmar. 
 
 !)7. Tli(! Mississippi flows throuKh nearly the whole length 
 of the southern .slope of the central plain, and is one of the 
 Jargest rivers in the world. In the njiiM-r jiart of its com-se, 
 before it becomes large, it passes througli forests, sometimes 
 hurrying over roeks and dashing over precipices. Then it 
 comes to the prairie lands, with their tall grass and broad 
 grain-ficdds. A» it goes south it ]iasses through warmer coun- 
 tries, which yi(?ld Indian corn, tobacco, cotton, and, in the 
 far south, s>igar-cane. 
 
 08. Many large rivers flow into the ^Ii-;sissi])iii. From the 
 eastwanl come the waters of the Ohu), gathered along the 
 slopes of the Allegiianies ; and from the Rocky Mountains, 
 on the west, come the Miamitrl, the Arkaiinns, and the Hid 
 liiirr. The head of the Mis.souri is 4,000 miles from the 
 (iulf, so that the little stream that st.arts from the niountain- 
 side would be nearly si.x weeks in reaching tliu sea, at a Inui- 
 dred mil(>s a day. 
 
 99, Near tlie mouth of the Mi.5sis.sipiii is a largo city, called A'fiu 
 (h-liiiim: and u]) the river and its tributaries there arc other cities, as 
 iSt. Loiil<, I'inriintnti, and J'ittsliurg. .Steamboats arc constantly com- 
 ing and going between these cities, bringing the products of one country, 
 and carrying away those of another. 
 
 100. The rio Orandc is a large river west of the Mi-^sissippi. 
 
 The Columbia, Fraser, Colorado, and the other ii\i'is flow- 
 ing into the Pacific, are so broken by rapids and falls that 
 they arc not navigable very far. 
 
 Climate and Products. — 101. In travelling from 
 the Isthmus of Panama to the Arctic Ocean, one 
 will tiud every variety of climate and vegetation. 
 The hot countries of the south, which have no 
 
 winter, yield coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, rice, pine, 
 ajiplcs, and many tine fruits; a little further nortli, 
 wh(!re the heat is less intense, the climate is suited 
 to Indian corn, grapes, jieache.s, sweet potatoes, and 
 tobacco; tlicn W(! come to the countries which hav. 
 warm suiniMcrs and cold winters, producing wheat 
 and other kinds of grain, potatoes, apples, ami 
 pears. In the far north it is too cold for forest- 
 or cultivated field.s. TIk; ground freezes very dee] 
 during the winter, and only a few inclies of tin 
 surfac(! thaw during tlu! short summer. Coar.M 
 grass, mos.s, and stunted shrubs arc the principiil 
 plants. 
 
 The countries near the Pacific Ocean have milder winter- 
 than those near the Atlantic. 
 
 Minerals. — 102. Coal and iron are abundant ii 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Pennsylvania 
 coal is also found in tlio North- West territories 
 gold is most plentiful in California, Colorado, an 
 Di'itish Columbia ; the richest silver mines are i; 
 Mexico. Quicksilver is abundant in California. 
 
 Animals. — lO.'l. The largo wild animals of Nort! 
 America an; the bison or buflalo, tlie moose, dcei 
 musk-o.x, grizzly bear, white bear, and wolf. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 104. The greater number of tli 
 inhabitants of North America are white peo])!' 
 whose forefathers lived in Europe. (For popul:i 
 tion, see Apjx'ndix.) 
 
 Indians are numerous in the western highl.ands, on tl 
 northern part of the central jilain, and in Me.xico. A singul:i' 
 jicople, called Esqvimttur, live on the coasts and islands ^ 
 the Arctic Ocean. In the Southern States there are mai. 
 Negroes, whose ancestors were brought from Africa as slavi- 
 
 Divisions. — 105. The principal great divisioi 
 of North America are the Dominion of Canitih' 
 the United States, and Mexico. 
 
 The narrow country between Mexico and South America is ealU 
 Central Am.mra. To the east of Central America are the West Iv''i' 
 The islands Greenland and Iceland are sometimes called Vav.- 
 America. 
 
 Towns. — 106. New York is the largest city i: 
 America, and one of the largest cities in the won- 
 
CANADA. 
 
 BoniMUrisf— 
 
 Strait of BcUe Isle. 
 
 Race. 
 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 A'. Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawience. 
 
 Sable (N. S.). 
 
 Vancouver. 
 
 E. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Bay of Funcly. 
 
 
 Queen Chariot 
 
 .S. United gutes. 
 
 Gulf of Georgia. 
 
 
 
 IV. Pacific Oceaii. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound. 
 
 
 
 OoMt WaUrt- 
 
 Oape»— 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 Anticosti. 
 
 Riven- 
 Mackenzie 
 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 Chi<iley. 
 
 Magdalen. 
 
 Peace. 
 
 Hudson Strait. 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Prince Edward. 
 
 Athabasca 
 
Sukatchewan. 
 
 Atsiniboine. 
 
 Rad Rwer. 
 
 Gtaat I-isb. 
 
 Ckurchiil. 
 
 Nalson. Severn. 
 
 Akany. 
 
 9llt Lawrence. 
 
 dlUwa. 
 
 9k John. Saguenay. 
 
 LakM- 
 
 Great Bear. 
 
 Great Slave. 
 
 Ath<ibasca. 
 
 WoUaston. 
 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 WinnipeBosis. 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 Lake of the Woods. 
 
 Superior. Huron, 
 
 Erie. 
 
 r - . -.. 
 
 Assiniboia. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 DiTUOB*— 
 
 Athabasca. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Britisli Columbia. 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Mackenzie. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 
 ■\ ukon. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Keewatin. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 L'ngava. 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
Tilt: DOMINION' OF TANADA. 
 
 11) 
 
 Oovernmcnt.— 107. In Aincrim tli.^ I.iwh iiro ' Physical Features. l'»n. TIw eastern part «.f 
 timdo liy ivpiTsiiiitiitivrs dios.-ii liv tli.> people, j the Dominion 1ms no lii;,'li inoiintiiins. The A'/*-,- 
 All the eountri.M Imvo reiml.lioiin ^.'oveniinents ex- Sf. hnrr<nr,; drjiinin.u' the givut hike.s hetweeii jli 
 
 Oopt ('iviiadii, which has thiit form of govermiieiit 
 oalleil inonarehv 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 History. — 108. The Dominion of Ciinnda was 
 formed i'l flit' year 18(17, liy the union of the four 
 British l*n»\ inees, Onturi", i^nniici; A'fir llnninirh'k, 
 and Xora Sriifla. It has sinee l)een grently en- 
 lar^'r:d hy the addition oi other provinces und terri- 
 tories, so that it now includes all the British pos80.s- 
 sions in North America except Newfoundland. 
 
 7'/t>' lloiniih, C'lxtxf Willi fn, mill olln.r pfiijsiral 
 featnri'.x ninij fn- li'iinwil j'l'uni tin: Mai). 
 
 Dominion an<l the I'nited States, is the most im- 
 portant river in the country. Tln' river and lakfH 
 form a L,'ranil hiL;liway for trad.' for more than 
 •_',000 udles. 
 
 110. The central portion of the Dnininion in- 
 cludes the greater part of the northern slope of 
 
 the central plain of North 
 .\merica. It is a re^inu 
 of vast prairies, rich pastur 
 nc;e, ami fertile corn fields 
 in the south, and of ex- 
 tiiisive forests toward the 
 north. it liiis many rivers 
 and lakes. 'I'lie Murhi ir/m 
 
 111. rAUI.IAMKNT lIOrsK, OTTAWA. 
 
 is the largest river ; 1)ut the Saskatchev^nn is the 
 most important for trade. 
 
 111. Tile western part of the Dominion is a 
 highland )'egion. Here are the I^nr/n/ .]funu/ahis 
 and the Cascadr }fon)itains, with high table-lands 
 bwwccn the ranges. 
 
 Area. — Hi'. The ;uc,i of tin' whulc I)<i|]ntiioii i> .-iiliicu hat, 
 less than that of the I'nited States. (Tlie cN.-ict aii'aM and 
 tlie |i<)i)ulati(ms arc tfivcn in Tables in the Appendix.) 
 
 Divisions.— 11.3. The Dominion of Canada in 
 clud<'S the following Provinces, Districts, and Terri- 
 tories : — 
 
•20 
 
 xoirrrr wrnrrA. 
 
 J'i'iiviiier», 
 
 NoVfi St'iifia. <>tiflN-c. 
 
 .\<NV llniimw ii'k, I >iitiii-io. 
 
 rriiici- Kilwiiiil I^IiiikI. Mmiitolia. 
 
 Ilritixli ('nllllllliill, 
 
 IhMfiitit Hint Ti rnlni'it n, 
 AMMiiiilHiiu. vMlii'i'tA. 
 
 SuHkutL'lii'W.iii. ' AthiiluiHC'a. 
 
 Ki'iwiitiii T'i'ritMiv. 
 NnitliW'fst 'riiritiiry. 
 Ni)rth-KuKt Territory. 
 
 Cities. III. Ottawa, in tin' Prusinc' (if ()m- 
 tariii, is till' caiiiiiil nt' tlic I )iiiniiiii>ri. .\ iiicturr 
 (if till' I'lirliiiiiii'iil lluusc at (Hdiwii in hIiuwh on 
 iiiiolli(!r piijuc Jiiilciiu I fall is tlic rusidfiu'i' nf tlic 
 (lovcnior ( Iciicriil, 
 
 Montreal is tin- liirj^cst city ami Quebec is tlic 
 oldest city ill tile I >()iiiiiiiiiii. 
 
 11."), Railways ixtcnd iic'r(if<.s the wliolc l)(iiiiiiii(iii from 
 Sydmy, (.'ii|ii' Hrcton, on the Atl.antii; Occiui, to Viiin'onvcr, 
 ill HritiHli C'oluiiiliia, on tht- I'liciKc coUHt. 
 
 Government.- IIG. 'I'lic Dominion of Cuniida 
 IniiiiH a iiart of the British Enij)ifo. 'I'lic licad 
 ollictT ill tlio uuNcnniK'iit is tlic (lovcnior-dcncral, 
 who rcjircsciit.s the Sovereign of (Jreat Ih'itaiu. 
 
 Till' Legislature i.s cniiiposcd of the Senate, CDiiNisting of 
 7H ini'iniicrs, ami the llmoe of Commimn, coii.><iMtiii^ of 214 
 iiiciiilirrn. Tlic iiii'aHurcH ailopti'd liy tlii'sc ImhIIi's rciniirc the 
 iiliproval of the (iovi'riior-( Ji'iaral lirforc tlu'y bcconio law. 
 
 Kacli I'roviiicf lias a Lii'iiteiiunt-Governor and a Logis- 
 liiture tu uianago its local affairs. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 History. — -117. This Province formerly belonged 
 to tlio French. In IToO, the I'ritish took all tlu; 
 strong plae(!S and compel led tlie French to give up 
 the country. From 1791 till 1SG7, Quebec was 
 called Loimr Canada. 
 
 lis. A brave coinniandcr, naiiu'd (Jencral Wolfe, sailed up 
 the St. Lawrence in 17'">'J to take (.^lU'ljec. This was a very 
 strong town, and was well guarded. Wolfe led his men by 
 uiglit up the steep banks to the heights on which the city is 
 '. built. On the following day (Sejiteniber 13) a great b.attle 
 was fought on the Plains of Abraham, in which the French 
 
 w«>rf fi.feated. (ieneral Wolfe, itml (jciieml Moiitcnlin, i| 
 I'i'i'iii'li ruiiiiiiHiiiler, weru ixjtii hIuIh. 
 
 ^ P\ ^^--r"^'- '' est vb. 
 ^ -• if ' i^fi''^' ^^-^-.. ' 
 
 
 
 .■■<' 
 
 ■>i:'.T^l 
 
 
 itifc- 
 
 
 M:j^i 
 
 IIH. IlKATII ciF WiiI.FK. 
 
 Position. — 119. 'I'he Province of (Quebec lies o: 
 both sides of tliir St. Lawrence Kiver, from th 
 Ottawa Kiver to tlut (iulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Coast.- 120. The Uulf of St. Lawrence is on tli 
 cast, between Quebec and Newfoundland. 
 
 Cliahitr Jin;/ is iM'tween (^uelioo and New T5ruiiswiil 
 Oa»i)i' lUiii and Mul JItiii are on the east of the I\ninKulii , 
 ll<t!<iie, 
 
 121. The princijial Islands on the coast are Aitliconti, Mu 
 iliilfii Ides, and Bona venture, 
 
 AntlcoBtl derives its chief importance from the valiiaM 
 liiiriiij,' and cud fisheries on its coast. .Seal-hunting is alnn 
 source of wf.ilth. 
 
 Till' Magdalen Islands consist of several rugged islain: 
 .ibout fifty miles north of rHnoe Edward Island. The ii 
 habitants arc mostly French. Their chief occupations ai 
 seal-hunting and tishing. 
 
 Area.-r_'2. The Province of Quebec is more than eli vi! 
 times a,s large as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Surface. — 123, The mountains of Quebec are (li 
 Xulre Dame, on the south of the St. Lawreiar 
 and the Lanrentian Ili/ls, on the north. None c: 
 these reach an altitude of more than -5,000 feet 
 the average height is 1,G00 feet. 
 
QUEBEC 
 
 
 
 BonniUrlM— 
 
 Oftpei— 
 
 Riven— 
 
 ( )tta»a. 
 
 Chicout'mi. 
 
 IlierviUe 
 
 North. 
 
 Cape Gasp*. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Argenteuil. 
 
 Saguenay. 
 
 Chanibly 
 
 
 I'oint de Monts. 
 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Two Mountains. 
 
 CiasiMi. 
 
 Laprairie. 
 
 NorthKnst Territory, 
 and l^brador. 
 
 ^^'est Point. 
 
 St. Maurice. 
 
 Vaudi-eiiil. 
 
 Bonaveiiture. 
 
 St. Johns. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Saguenay. 
 
 .Soulanges. 
 
 Riinouski. 
 
 Napierville. 
 
 
 
 Richelieu. 
 
 Jacques Cartier, 
 
 Teniiscouata. 
 
 Chatcauguay. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kamouraska. 
 
 Beauharnois. 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 JaUnds— 
 
 Chauili^re. 
 
 IjlV.ll. 
 
 L' Islet. 
 
 Huntingclon. 
 
 SoitlH. 
 Rny Chnle'.ir. 
 New Brunswick, and 
 United Stales. 
 
 Anticost'. 
 Bonaveiiture. 
 Magdalen Is. 
 Bic. \ 
 Verte. 
 
 
 Ukei- 
 
 St. I-rancis. 
 St. Louis. 
 St. Peter. 
 
 Terrebonne. 
 
 I."A^soiiiption. 
 
 Montcalm. 
 
 Jollictte. 
 
 Ilcrtllier. 
 
 Montniiigny. 
 
 Bcllecliasse. 
 
 Dorchester. 
 
 Levis. 
 
 Lotbiniere. 
 
 Missisquoi. 
 
 Brome. 
 
 Sheflbrd. 
 
 Drumniond. 
 
 Arthabaska. 
 
 Ontario. 
 OoMt W»t«n— 
 
 Aux Coudres. 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 Jesus. 
 
 Perrot. , 
 
 In the 
 
 . St. Law. 
 
 rencc. 
 
 Meniphrein.ngog, 
 Megantic. 
 Teniiscouata. 
 Champlain. 
 St John. 
 
 Maskinonee. 
 St. Maurice. 
 Champlain. 
 Portneuf. 
 
 Nicolet. 
 Vamaska. 
 Richelieu. 
 V'ercheres. 
 
 Megantic 
 Beauce. 
 
 Wolf. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Clialeur. 
 
 
 Queliec. 
 
 St. Ilyacinthe. 
 
 ComptoM. 
 
 Mai. 
 
 Calumet. | In the 
 AUuinette. ) Oiiawa, 
 
 CouittUi— 
 
 Montmorency. 
 
 Bagot. 
 
 Stansfead 
 
 Uasp«. 
 
 roiiti.ic. 
 
 Charlevoix. 
 
 RouvlUe. 
 
 Sl.erbrooke. 
 
RAILWAY MAP OF QUEBEC 
 
 BlOmri of QnabM— 
 
 (KlAND TRUNK: Main Lim to Montrtal.—Pott\and, 
 He.— Island Pond, Vt.— Compton, Qu.— LennozviUe — 
 SiMibrooke — Ricbmoad — Actonvale — St. Hyacintbe— 
 Mootraal (continuation to Toronto, etc.) (86i miles). 
 
 Brmtwhet. — i. Montreal — Richmond — Anhal>aska iL 
 Douoet's Lndg.— Three Rivers)— Levis— Quebec (172 in.). 
 
 a. Montreal— I.a Prairie (L Hemmlngford— Mooer's Jc, 
 N. V.)— St. Martine (r. BeauhamoU-Valleyfieldl-Hunt- 
 lii(|don— Massena Springs, N. Y. (115 miles). 
 
 y Montreal— Pt. St. Charles — St. Johns — LacoUe — 
 Rome's Point, Vt 
 
 4 Montreal— VaudreuD—Coteau Jc— Valleyfield. 
 
 IirrERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.- Halifax, N. S.— Wind- 
 »oc Jc. (L Windsor— Ann.i|>otis — Yarmouthi— Truro (r. 
 Kow Glasgow- Sydney, C. B.)— Moncton (L St. John, 
 N. B.)— Newcastle— Ri-'.iouslii— Riviere du Loup— Levis 
 — Oiwbec (674 miles). 
 
 Canadian pacific : Main if«.-HaHfax. N. S.— St 
 
 John, N. B.— Lake Menantic- Sherbroolce— St Johns- 
 Montreal— Lachute— Hull (L Ottawa— Carleton Jc.)— 
 Pembroke — Callamler — Sudhury-Winnipeg— Westmin- 
 ster, R C— Vancouver — Port Moody (3,062 miles). 
 
 Brnnihes. — \. Montreal— Jolicttejc. (L Jolictte— St. Ga- 
 briel)— Threi- Kivcrs |L (irand I'llcsi — (Juebtc (172 miles). 
 
 2. Montreal— Colea'.i— Alexandria— Ottiwa (130 miles). 
 
 3. Montreal— St. Joiinr.— I'amham (r. Stanbrid^'c— St. 
 All>.ins. \t. ; L St. Ily.irinthe-bt Guillauine)— Sulton 
 (L Waterloo)— Richford, Vt— Newport, Vt. (109 miles) 
 
 ^. Montreal— Ste. Therese (L St. riislachei--St I. in Jc 
 (r. St. Lin)— St. Jerome (T. New Glasgow— Montcalm)— 
 St Agathe— l.al>elle (101 miles). 
 
 5. Montreal— V.iudreuil— Hudson— rt. Fortune (48 m.). 
 
 QUEHHC .ind Lake ST. John.- Quebec— St Ray- 
 mond— Chambord Jc. (r. St. Louis)— Roberv.ll (190 miles). 
 
 Quebec Central.— Quc'iec— Levis— St. Henri— Ij« 
 Beauce Jc. (L St Joseph — St Francois— Kennebec) — 
 Dudswell— Sherbrooke (1J3 miles'. 
 
 Canada Atlantic— Ottawa-CoteauJc.(L Montreal) 
 — Coteiu Bridge— Valleyfield - l.acolle (r. Rouse's Point, 
 N. V. —St. Albans, Vt. (166 \\:\W.s\. 
 
 Central Vermont.— Montreal - Marieville — Fam- 
 hani (r. St. Johnsl—Gfanby— Waterloo (68 m.i. 
 
 PASSUMPSIC RAIL. — Sliurbrookc — Stanstcad Jc. — 
 Newport. \'t., and thence to Boston (145 miles). 
 
 IJRl .M.VIoNU Co. RAIL. — Montreal- St Hyacinthe— 
 Drumniondville — Nicolet (64 miles), 
 
 I'oNTIAC Pacific Jc— Ottawa— Aylmcr—ShawvUle— 
 Fort Coiilonge (68 miles), and thence u< Pembroke. 
 
 TEMISCOUATA Rah,. — Riviere dc 1 'iiip— St. l-rancols 
 — 1-ilmund.ston, N, B. (loi luilesl, and thcuce to Fred- 
 ericton. 
 
 OrforI) Mt. RAII.—Eastman— I^wrcnceviUe— Mel- 
 bourne Ridge— Kingsbury (20 miles). 
 
 r.— right branch. L —left branch. Jc. =Jiinctlon. 
 &ed>«Grand Trunk. Blne^Canadian Pacific. 
 
TUK l)t)MIXI()X OF CAXAPA. 
 
 21 
 
 12 k 'J'Ik! Notre Dame Mountains onutaiu the 
 higlii'sf peaks, si'vpnil Ijcing from ."5,000 to 1,000 
 fcc't. Tlu'V run south-wostward from the ixMiiii- 
 Bula of Gaspi'-, at the iiioiitli of the St. Lawrenco, 
 at liiNt clo-^e to the l>aiik of the n"\t'i- : rind after 
 wards, at a point 100 miles from Quebec, soutli- 
 ■wanl, till the i-anir*' meets tlie Appalachians. 
 
 \2'k The Laurentian Hills, or Laurcntides, ox- 
 tcMul from the Lal>rador plateau south-\ve>t to '' tlie 
 Heigiit of Land ' in tlio north of Ontario. In a 
 general view, tlieir course may ho said to he nearly 
 paradel with that of tlio St. Lawrcnc(\ They form 
 the watershed between tliC rivers flowinj; into tlie 
 St. Lawrence and those llowing into Hudson I'ay. 
 Thoir slopes are covered with vast forests of pine, 
 cedar, maple, ash, elm, and other valuable trees, 
 which form one of the main sources of the wealth 
 of the counti'V. 
 
 li!G. Till- rivers of Quebec are the Sf. Lnx-rrttci', 
 the greatest river in Canada, ami its tributaries. 
 
 127. Tlif St. Lawrence, which issues from L.ake Ontario at 
 a h('if,'lit of L'32 fi'rt aliovf sea-level, is a tidal river .as far a~ 
 to Three Rivers, and it is iiavigalile for large ships to Mon- 
 treal. As it enters the jirovince of (^hielieo, th'' St. Lawrence 
 broadens out into Luke St. Friinri.^, below which there are 
 three rajiids, the Cotrriu, the Ccdurii, and the Cn.trinds. Be- 
 tween Coteau .md A'alleyfield, the river is cros~;rd hy the 
 great Cotea\i Uridge on the Canada Atlantic Itailway. Aliove 
 the Inland of Montreal, the ri\ir forms Luke St. Louis, and 
 within !l miles of tli(> city of Montreal occur the famous Z'l- 
 chiiti' lliijiiih. The average width of the river fi-oin ^loiitreal 
 to Quel ICC is 2 mile?,. Below (Quebec it is wider, and its estu- 
 ary, as it meets the Irulf of St. Lawrence, attains a breadth 
 of 100 miles. The length of the St. Lawrence, from the Cnlf 
 to Lake Ontario, is (100 miles, and for the greater i)art of 
 that distances the Province of (Quebec forms l.ioth its banks. 
 
 The other rivers are tributaries of the St. Lawrence — 
 namely, on the left bank, the Ottaira, the ft. M<tiin'<-i, tin' 
 ScKjHctifi'/, and the ^Lintinovcni';/ ; and on the right, the 
 Rickcl'u (, the St. I-'ntncin, and the Chdidlitrc. All these, ex- 
 cepting the Ottawa and the Kichelien, flow into the St. Law- 
 rence at right angles. As the crest of the Laurentian water- 
 shed is close to the St. Lawrence, the rivers that flow from it 
 are swift, and aliound with falls, rapids, and gorges: some of 
 the last, as in the case of the Saguenay, being very grand. 
 
 12S. Tiie Ottawa is a long river, receives many tributaries, 
 and forms, in its course, several bakes, rapids, and falls. 
 Chaudicre FaUs, near Ottawa, are 60 feet high and 200 broad. 
 Temiscamiu'j, the largest lake, is 70 miles long. The valley 
 
 of the (>tt;iwa lias vast resdurccs in its timlx'r, its mineral!*, 
 and its rich soil. 
 
 120. The St. Maurice flows from lakes hundreds of niile.s 
 l)ack in tlie forests. It enters the St. Lawrence by three 
 months. A town situated here is called Three Jiiirr.^. 
 
 i:-iu. Th<' Saguenay flows from Luke St. John, ■.\\vmt 100 
 miles nortii of the .St. I,awrence. 'I'his river is noted foi' the 
 grandeur of its scenery, a part of its course being through a 
 deep gorge, where the rocky cliffs rise hundreds of feet abovt^ 
 the deep, dark water. Tddnitsixic, at the mouth of the river, 
 is noted as one of the first l*'rench settlements iii the country. 
 
 l.'U. The Montmorency flows into the St. Lawrence eight 
 miles below the city of <,>uebec. Near its mouth arc the cele- 
 brated L'lil'.i nf M(iiit„i,,ri iirii. 
 
 V.Vl. The Richelieu flows from Luk'' ('iKiini./aiii, which is a 
 beautiftd sheet of watei', partly in t,|ueliec and i)artly in the 
 State of New York. 
 
 l;i3. The St. Francis rise-i in small lakes in the Noire Dame 
 ifountains. U'lth tlie Kiciielieu and the St. T'rancisflow into 
 Lake St. I'eter. 
 
 im. The Chaudiere ris.s in L ike Megantic, and falls into 
 the St. Lawieui'i' m arly oppusite •^>ueliee. 
 
 Climate and Products. - i:^)."». Tlie winter of 
 Quebec is Ioulc ami cold, but the short summer is 
 j very warm. Souu^ kinds of grain seldom found so 
 far north grow and ripen in Quebec. 
 
 1.3G. The most important products are fJios- 
 pliiite.^, copper, niicfr, odts, /kii/, i';/i/k, ciifth', /lorseK, 
 
 I and t'niihcr. 
 
 1 
 
 [ bi7. IJiUter and cheese of excellent quality are produced 
 in abundance, and conunand the highest price8 in the Euro- 
 pean markets. North of the St. Lawrence, th(> fertih' land is 
 ; confined to a narrow In-lt between the river and the Laureii- 
 ' tian Hills. Beyond that th..ie is a rich pastoral region 
 ; which yields aljundant dairy ])r(jduce. Cattle and horses 
 are extensively reared. On the slojx's of the Laurentians are 
 the forests which form the chief wealth of Qui'bec. The land 
 ■ south of the St. Lawrence is fertile and easily cultivated. 
 j The soil in the valley of the Richelieu is remarkably rich, and 
 I yields large quautiti.'s of hay and grain. In the Eastern 
 I Townshijis the soil is less fertile, but the country is well 
 adapte<l for jiasturage, .and the dairy jiroduce is valuable. 
 
 l.'W. The fi.,iheries of the sea-coast and of the St. Lawrence 
 are a source of gri'at wealth to the ])rovinee. 
 
 130. The annu.al value of the exports from (Quebec is abmt 
 .30 million dollars; that of the whole Dominion is 114 million 
 dollars. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 1-iO. INIore than three-fourths of 
 tlio people of this province are of French origin, 
 and speak tlu' French language. They an; de- 
 
22 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^1 li'W ground near the river, wlu3rc! sliip-liiiilcling 
 
 -^ ;ui(l tnule are carried on. Tlie Upper Town, onv 
 
 llio rocky cliffs, is strongly fortified. In the St. ' 
 
 I Ljiwrence, a little below CJuebec, is the Inland aj , 
 
 Orleans, J 
 
 1:.U. FALLS OF MllSTMOUENCY, NEAll HIEUEC. 
 
 .scended from the original colonists, -who were 
 Frenchmen. 
 
 Towns. — ^141. Quebec, the capital, is situated on 
 a point of land between the St. Charles River 
 mid tb.e St. Lawrence. Part of the city is on the 
 
 The vic'WH fiuiii Dmliam Tcrruce iiml iht' I'iuli;iim'Ht biiili!- 
 iiigs art" vciy grand. 
 
 142. Montreal, (ni an isl.-iml in tlio .St. Lanicncp, is mai 
 tlio siti^ of an (lid Indian village lalk-tl Jlnrh(h((ia. It i 
 the largest and most connncrcial city in the Dominion, aii' 
 is noted for its many large stone buililings. It ha.s a cuu. 
 modious and s.aft; harlnmr. Mount lio'ial forms a picturestp;! 
 liackgroiiad U) the city. The iiroxiniity of Montreal to tli> 
 swiftflouing St. Lawrence insures for it jierfect draina;.-' 
 and a constant water-suiiply. 
 
 Near the city is the gieat Victoria Bridijc, by which tli' 
 rail-cars cross the St. Lawrence. This bridge— made of pici< • 
 of iron .strongly riveted together, and resting on .stone jiii i- 
 one hnndred feet above the water — forms an immense tul» 
 neai'ly two miles long. 
 
 At Liir/iinc (il iiiiles above Montreal) the great cantilevi ; 
 bridge of the Canadian Pacific Ttailway crosses the St. Law 
 rt'nce at a height sufficient to allow of the passage of lai .'■ 
 steamers. | 
 
 The surrounding country is beatitiful and fertile, .and :• 
 largely given up to market gardens and orchards, which su|-' 
 ply the city with vegetables and fruit. { 
 
 1 
 
 143. The other important towns are- — Sher-, 
 
 brooke, Three Rivers, St. Hyacinthe, St. Johns, 
 
 Hull, Sorel, and L^vis. 
 
 Sherbrooke, the chief place in tin; eastern townshijis, be.iu- 
 tifully situated at the jmictioii of the Magog and St. Franci- 
 rivers. Having abimdant water-power, it has e.\tensivt 
 maiuifactures- woollen, cotton, and hardware. 
 
 Three Elvers, at tin threefold n.outh of the St. Maiu'ici, 
 an old French town, 'JO miles above (Quebec; with imixjrtaii;' 
 iron-w(M-ks and lumber trade. 
 
 St. Hyaciuthe, on the Yamaska, has extensive boot and 
 slioe factories and woollen-mills. 
 
 St. Jobns, on the Richelieu, with stoneware manufactAnc. 
 
 Hall, on the Ottawa, ojiposite the city of Ottawa, a maiiU' 
 facturing town, witli many mills. 
 
 Sorel, at the moutli of the Richelieu, has extensive river 
 trade with the interior, and is the rendezvous of the rivtr 
 craft in \\inter. 
 
 L6vis, beantifully situated on the right bank of the St. 
 Lawrence, opixjsite Quebec, has extensive fortifications, aiio 
 larg(> shipping trade. 
 
 144. Besides the.se, there are many thriving towns arc 
 villages, each the centre of ii i>rosperons rural community, 
 and actively engaged in local trade. Such are ; — 
 
NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 BsttBdarles — 
 VV..W. BayofFundy. 
 
 JV. Norrhuuiberuiid. 
 Strait and <iulf 
 of St. I^wrence 
 
 £. Atlantic ( 'ccan. 
 
 ^'. Atlantic >)ccaii. 
 
 OmuA WaUn- 
 
 Bay of Fuiidy. 
 
 St. Mary's Hay. 
 
 Digby Strait. 
 .AnnapoH.s Kasin. 
 I'Jpll^nccto Bav. 
 . ^Eiitiil>erlrtnd Ha.sin. 
 
 ninas Channel. 
 
 Minas Basin. 
 
 Cobequid Bay. 
 
 Horthun^bcrland Strait. 
 t:m» Georges Bay. 
 
 w 
 
 Bay Verte. 
 
 Strait of Canso. 
 
 Chetiabucto Hay. 
 
 Great Bras d'Or. 
 
 Little Bras dOr. 
 
 Bras d'Or Lake. 
 
 Sydney Harbnur. 
 
 LouisbnrL' Harbour. 
 
 Lennox I^ssii^c. 
 
 Halifax Harbour, 
 j Bedford Basin. 
 
 Mar>rarct's Bay. 
 I Mahune Bay. 
 
 CapM— 
 
 Cbignecto. Bloroidoa. 
 
 I St. Tieorj'e. Canso. 
 
 North. Sambro. 
 , Crown Point. Sable. 
 
 'lilands- 
 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 BouIar<larie. 
 Madame. SaUe. 
 Cape Sablu. 
 Brier Island, 
 l.onj^ Lslaud. 
 
 Counties— 
 
 Cutuberland. 
 
 Cnirhester. 
 
 Flctou. 
 
 Antigonish. 
 
 (".uyst>orouj^h. 
 
 Halifax. 
 
 Lunenburg:. 
 
 Otieen's. 
 
 Shelbume. 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Higby. 
 
 Annapons. 
 
 King's. Hants. 
 
 Inverness, Victoria. 
 
 _X_ 
 
 Cape Breton. 
 Richmond 
 
 NEW BRTO8WICK. 
 
 Boundarlei— 
 
 A'. 'JueU^c and Bay 
 L'haleur. 
 
 /:". Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 and Northumber- 
 land Strait. 
 .S'. Nova Scotia an^l 
 Bay of I-undy. 
 
 W United States. 
 
 Coa«t Waten— 
 
 May Chaleur. 
 Miraniichi Bav. 
 Northunibprland Strait. 
 Bay Verte. 
 Bay of Fundy. 
 CuuiberLind Basin. 
 
 Shciindy Bay. 
 St. John Harbour. 
 I'xssamaquoddy Bay. 
 
 Capei— 
 
 Foint I'"scmninac. 
 Turnienline 
 I'oint Lepreau. 
 
 lal&ndfl- 
 
 Miscou. 
 Shii'p»;i,'an. 
 (irand Manan. 
 
 Coantlei— 
 
 Kestigouche. 
 ( iioiicester. 
 Northumberland. 
 Kent. 
 
 WL'stmcreland. 
 Albert. 
 I St. John. 
 
 Charlotte. Kings. 
 Queen's. Sunbury. 
 York. Carleton. 
 Victoria. M "daivaska. 
 
 PRINCE^EDWABD 
 ISLAND. 
 Capes-- 
 
 North Cape. 
 Iiast Foint. 
 Cai>e Traverse. 
 Wes; Foint. 
 
 Conntlet- 
 
 King -1. (^lucen's. Prince. 
 
 Coast Waters— 
 
 Richmond Bay. 
 Cardigan Bay. 
 F^^iont Bay. 
 Hillsborough Bay. 
 
 ■:?.,. 
 
t r 
 
THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 J3 
 
 lIitntiH'jilcH, in thi- CO, of Hiiiitiiigddii. 
 Lackuti; in tiie ct). of Aij^fnlfuil. 
 TcnrhoHHc, in th'j co. of Turi-fbonnt'. 
 JolictU, in the co. of ilolii-ttc. 
 Biitisctin, in tho co. of Ciiiiiii|il!iin. 
 Know/liiii, ill till- CO. of Hroiiii'. 
 hichvumd, in tin- co. of liicliiiiund. 
 \\'(ttcvlo<}, in tilt' CO. of fSlictfonl. 
 Fnliij/mburii, in the co. of .Mi.>sis(ju()i. 
 Cooks/lire, in the co. of Conipton. 
 
 Education. — 145. Eduaition is uiulcr tlio care 
 of tho Govornment, liut is directly controlled by 
 the Council of Pnlilic Jn.structiou, a l»ody chosen 
 from the foreuioiit educators of the Province. 
 There are three universities, and many colleges 
 and schools of a high class. The M'(iill Normal 
 School at Montreal afFords professional training 
 to Frotestant teachers ; while the Jawjues (.'artier 
 at Montreal and the Laval at Quebec do the sanK; 
 for llonian Catholics. Elementary schools are 
 numerous, and are supported chiefly by local taxa- 
 tion ; they also receive a small Government grant. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 History. — 14G. Three hundred years ago Nova 
 Scotia was wholly a dense forest, inliabited by 
 Indians and wild animals. The first settlement of 
 white people in Nova Scotia was formed by the 
 French, at Annapolis, in the year 1G0.">. The 
 Frencli gave this jilaee the name of J'ort lioijal, 
 and they called the whole country Acadlfi. Soon 
 the Engli.sh came and claimed the country, as 
 Cabot, a countryman of theirs, liad discovered it a 
 hundred years before the French came to Anna- 
 polis. They gave it the name Nova Scutia, which 
 is the Latin for Neio Scothmd. 
 
 Position. — 147. The Province of Nova Scotia, 
 naade up of the Peninsula of Nova Scotia and the 
 Island of Cape Jh'pton, is on the east side of North 
 America, and about half-way between the Equator 
 and the North Pole. 
 
 Coast. — 148. We observe from the map that 
 No\'a Scotia is long and narrow ; that it is nearly 
 surrounded by water; and that the sea in many 
 
 places runs into the land, forming Itays and harbours. 
 Tlie country has thu.s great advantages for trade. 
 
 14!>. The Bay of Fundy, on the northwest, hii.-* Kcntiiilly 
 high iintl rocky Hliorti*. On tlio north arc Chiijntcto Buii, 
 lUiinhirUinil JUiniii, iind Sliijuxlil liaii ; on th<' south, Miilii.i 
 CliiiHiul, MilKLi llitniii, jilld ('iiihiiiikI tiU'l. Till' lll'llll Wiltcis 
 of till' r«;iy of Fiiinly ari' n iiiaik:il>l«' for thiir viry liiKii tidi's. 
 
 li'K). Northumberland Strait lies on tli<' north Ixtwci'ii 
 Novii Scotia and I'rincc Edward I>hind. St. George's Bay. 
 tlic Strait of Canso, and Chedabucto Bay sipaiatc Capf 
 lirctdM friMii Nova Srotia. Tiic Strait of Canso is alxmt (if- 
 tfcn niil<s ill lint^'tii, aii<l >i\\f mile in hnadth. 
 
 1.j1. The Bras d'Or waters fonn irn- 'ar bays in tin' in- 
 terior of CaiH) Breton. They enter on the north-east by two 
 nari'ow channels, called llvait and LiltU Unis d'Or. Sahh' 
 Inlunil, noted for its wild ponies, is a low, Han<ly island, 1<I0 
 miles south of Cape ISrettm. Many vessels have been wiei-Ued 
 on its dangerous coast, and men are stationed on the inland 
 to give aid to shii)Wi, UikI mariners. 
 
 l.")2. The Atlantic coast has many fine harbours. On tlu^ 
 east of Ca)"- I'^ieton i.> Si/i/mi/ Ilarhunr, where large (luali- 
 titles of coal are shipiied ; and on the south is Loitinhinii 
 Harbour, where the French once had a strong town. 
 
 153. On the south of Nova Scotia we find JIitlifuxHiirboiir, 
 one of the K'st harbours in the world. ^^ 
 
 Surface. — 154. A central water-shed divides 
 Nova Scotia into a iwrthrrlij and a sontlnrli/ nhipr. 
 
 The South Mountaiii tonus the western portion of the 
 central water->iied. 
 
 The North Mountain, composed of dark-c(jloured rock, 
 forms a wall along tlie margin of the Day of Fundy. 
 
 The Cobequid Mountains, in the north, contain superior 
 
 iron ore. I'liis range cniupiises tiii' highest land in the jjen- 
 insula of Nova St-otia. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — l")."). The rivers and lakes 
 of Nova Scotia are (piite small. The largi'st rivers 
 are the iSIinbenaradi'',, I'ltilip, Eaxt liicrr, St. Mari/'s, 
 Liverpool, Taslcef, Annaj)olis, and Cormi'allis. 
 
 Tlie largest lakes are Rdssif/iml and Shij> Ilarhonr. 
 
 Area. — 150. Nova Scoti.i, with Cape Dreton, is ten times 
 the size (jf I'rinco Edward Island. 
 
 Climate and Products. — 157. Nova Scotia luis 
 long cold winters, and short warm summers. The 
 autumn is a very pleasant season. 
 
 The most important products of the soil are 
 various kinds of grain and vegetables. Extensive 
 marshes, intervales, and uj)lands yield hay for tho 
 cattle, hor.ses, and sheej) during tlie long winters. 
 
24 
 
 NOltTII A.MKUIC'A. 
 
 TIk! valley Ix'twocii tlu! North niid South iVfoim- 
 in'uiH is ci'lchratod for its fiiin apples, lar^fe (juanti- 
 ties of wliieli are exported to foi'eigu countrit's, 
 
 l.'.S. Tijvrp' fiMvsts of Hi>riu'c, pine, liircli, jiml otluT trci'.-t 
 yield \;iliiiilili' tiiiilier. 
 
 Minerals.- 15!). Tli(> most valuiiMi' co.il niiiicH jiri' in Cii]K> 
 Urcloii. I'ictoii, niul Ciiiiiliiiliiiiil counties. 
 
 Sn|icii'ii' Iron (ii'e isolifiiini'd fi'oni tln'T'olifimiil ^fonntains 
 in f 'oIclieMttT, Gold niinin^f is tarriiMl on ininciiHilly in 
 dnysliorout,'!), ilalifiix, and ITantM oonnticH. Tlie value of 
 tlie frold ohtiiini'il is, on an average, alxiut .SlWO.OOO a year. 
 Gypsum and lime .'ire alxindant in Nova Scotia. 
 
 The Fisheries. KK). The fislieries on tlie coasts of Xova 
 
 Scotiii are a soiiii f ^'I'eat weaUli. Tiiis I'rovince eniploys 
 
 more men and vessels in the fishing Imsiness than all the other 
 Trovinces r)f the Dominion taken together. Nova Scotia 
 also exceeds any other I'rovince in ship-lniilding. 
 
 Inhabitants. HI 1 . Tlie majority of the pcoplo 
 jiic of Seotcli, Fiiif.disli, and Frish ori,i;iii. Tlioro 
 are also many descendants of Fi'encli nnd Ccrman 
 people. The Indians iiuinl)or about 1,700. 
 
 The pulilic scliools are free to all children over 
 five years of ai;e. 
 
 Towns. — 1G2. Halifax, the capital of Xova Sco- 
 tia, lias a superior liarliour, and ships may h^^ .seen 
 hern from many foreiyii countrie.s. Tlio city is 
 stroi)<j;ly fortided. The finest laiildings are the 
 J^ror'niri'. Bidldimj, in wliich the members of the 
 LcLrislature meet; and the Donnninii, /juili/itig, 
 containing the Post Ofiic(> and other public ortices. 
 
 lO.S. Next to Halifax, the largest towns are Spring Hill, 
 Dartmouth, Yarmouth, Truro, Pictou, New Glasgow, Sydney, 
 Amherst, Windsor, Lunenburg, Liverpool, and Annapolis. 
 
 Kil. l''roiii the nianv harlmurs on the coast, the [Mixlncts 
 of Nov.a Scotia, including coal, fisli, potatoes, ajjples, and 
 linnlier. arc cxjKirted to other countries. Annual value of 
 exports, alxiut !) million dollars. The principal imi)orts are 
 flour, sugar, and otlicr ja-odncts of warm countries, and manu- 
 factured g()od.s, 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 History. — lOT). Xew P.runswick formed a part 
 of Xova Scotia until the year 1784, when it be- 
 came a separa'jO Province. 
 
 For JioKiKi^ and various Physical Features, see 
 Jfap. 
 
 Coast. — IGG. Xew Brunswick has a long line of 
 
 sea-eoa.st, with many fine iuirbours on the north, 
 east, and south. All along the coast country, nianv 
 men are employed in manufacturing lumber fi'oin 
 the logs which ai'o brought down the rivers from 
 the interior; others an; engaged in building .ships; 
 others, in their vessels oil" on the sea, are busv 
 catching the fish which arc vt'ry plentiful in tin' 
 coast waters ; and .some, at the harbours, are loiid 
 ing ships Avith lumber and fish to .send to other 
 countries. 
 
 1(57. Bay Chaleur extends along the north ahont niiiet, 
 miles. The coast is low in New liiunswick ; but on tl ■ 
 op]>osite shore, in <^>nelHC, it is high and rocky. The town <•, 
 IhilhdiiHii is at the iiead of the bay, and liuthurat is ahou; 
 half-way down. 
 
 ICS. Miramichl Bay is on the f7ulf coast. Ships sail up tic 
 hay ami i-iver to Cluitli/nii, l)nti;ila-il<iini, and iW n'cnullr. J'nir' 
 E.iriihiiiiiir is at tiie entl'auce of the )p;iy. 
 
 Id'.i. Northumberland Strait separates I'rince Edwai'! 
 Island from New Brunswick. On this coa.st are the towns uf 
 Jiichi'ljiirlo nnd Shali'ic. C'ltpc Tormcntinc is at thecntraiii' 
 to Bmi Vcrte. 
 
 Passamaquoddy Bay is on the south-west of New nnm- 
 wiok. Here also we fi:id the Island of (Iranil Mmiaii, twiuty 
 miles in length, and Cdmix/hc/lo, noted for the fine fisheries en 
 tiieir coasts. At the mouth of the river St. Croix is the town 
 of St. Avilri'HV, and up tlie rivei' is St. Stijihin. 
 
 Area, — 170. New Brunswick is more tlian one-third Inrg' r 
 than Nova Scotia. 
 
 Surface. — 171. Wo may learn from the coiir,--!' 
 of the rivers in Xew Brunswick, as laid down or. 
 the map, that the eastern part of the country slopi > 
 towards the north-east, and that the western par' 
 slo]ies towards i\u\ south-east. 
 
 The higjilands of New Brunswick are in tln' 
 north-west. In some places they rise to the height 
 of nearly half a mile. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — ^172. The largest rivers ni 
 New Brunr'wick are the RpMiijov.cho, Nppisigiii>. 
 and Miramichl, flowing easterly ; tlie Peticodiac, 
 St. John, and St. Croix, flowing southerly. 
 
 173. The Restlgouche (an Indian name, meaning, according 
 to some, the hrofd river ; according to others, t\w five-fiivicrc' 
 river) is 200 miles long. The Neplsigult, 80 miles long, i- 
 noted for rapids and falls. 
 
 174. The Miramichl is a long river, navigable for lar?' 
 vessels to the junction of the two principal branches. Tin 
 Peticodiac is 100 miles long. 
 
* I- u M 
 
 TJ 
 
 P ON T I . A C 
 
 ■f ^r 
 
 
 *<;•"••'..«.„,,, 
 
 [fRV $0I1ND .v» 
 
 
 )l (I 
 
 aHkuuk 
 
 'NIPil^SING l'«„l.«.l.>»J (hV ' <(s ''"''■ ..■.^-l■ Ui*vw;-""iH 
 
 
 iHnl>u>j<t,' 
 
 ( ,t«Il 
 
 «.,. V. 
 
 
 
 "■"!; |< ,/ '"'"""'V, ,'^"'' 
 
 
 .. ^-^ wmiN^oN PEEL n . ,,u Mr''i v,, -.„„,.' '/..^.. W'- 
 
 
 
 ril /.,.n.ji(i„t.- HV*/ 7!t /»■..»» i:iv>-n**i>-fi 
 
 hi;lll^li Mil,:-- 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 Boundiulaa - 
 
 Manitoulin Isles. 
 
 NottawasaKa. 
 
 Huron. 
 
 .... 
 Fssex. 
 
 Petcrl)oro'. 
 
 No''h. 
 
 ChristLin 
 
 Sau^een. 
 
 North Chaimei. 
 
 Lainbton. 
 
 ?iorthuujberliui>l. 
 
 James Hay, and 
 
 I'eliie. 
 
 Maitlaiid. 
 
 C'.corjfian Hay. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Prince Hdward. 
 
 Albany River. 
 
 Lou); Point Island. 
 
 Aux Sallies. 
 
 NMtt,iwas,ina U.iy. 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 Hastings. 
 
 
 Amherst. 
 
 Sydenham. 
 
 Owen Sounil. 
 
 Brant. 
 
 Lennox. 
 
 Soulli-tasl. 
 
 1 housand Isles. 
 
 Thames. 
 
 Frie 
 
 Wentworth. 
 
 Addington. 
 
 St. l^wrcMice, 
 I^ke Ontario, ant! 
 
 Rivera— 
 
 Grand. 
 Trent. ^ 
 
 Long I'oiut Bay. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 Halton, 
 
 Frontenac. 
 Renfrew. 
 
 Lake Hrie. 
 
 St. I.,iwrencc. 
 
 Moira. 
 
 Ontario. 
 Burlington Rty 
 Bay of (Juintd. 
 
 Peel. 
 
 I^nark. 
 
 South-iffst. 
 L.ike Huron, and 
 
 ntt.iwa 
 Nation. 
 
 Alibitihbi. 
 Moose. 
 
 Wellington. 
 Waterloo. 
 
 Leeds. 
 Grenville. 
 
 I^lke Superior. 
 
 Kideau. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 
 Perth 
 
 Dundas. 
 
 
 Ma<la\va5ka. 
 
 Nipiifon. 
 
 Conntlea— 
 
 Huron. 
 
 Carleton. 
 
 C«pef - 
 
 Hoimechere. 
 
 Rainy River. 
 
 WclUmd. 
 
 Bruce. 
 
 Russell. 
 
 North Foreland. 
 
 I'etawawa. 
 
 
 Monck. 
 
 Grey. 
 
 Storniont. 
 
 South For'}land. 
 
 MatawBwa. 
 
 Lakea and B«ya— 
 
 Haldiniand. 
 
 Simcoe. 
 
 Glcngary. 
 
 Cape Hurd. 
 
 French. 
 
 Superior. 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 York. 
 
 Prescott. 
 
 
 Meganatawan. 
 
 Thunder Hay. 
 
 Elgin. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Haliburton. 
 
 bUad*— 
 
 Muskoka. 
 
 Black Hay. 
 
 Bothwell. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 Muskoka. 
 
 Michipicoten 
 
 Severn. 
 
 Nipigon Bay. 
 
 Kent. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 Algoina. 
 
RAILWAY MAP ()!• ONTARIO 
 
 taihnri of onurio— 
 
 GRAKD Trunk : Main Line to ToronM.— Portland, 
 Mo.— Sherbrooke,yu.— Moi.trral-Prescott. Unt.— bro«k- 
 viUe— Kingitoii- Ndpanee — belleville— Trenton— Cobury 
 —Port Hope— NVhitby—bcarboro— Toronto (798 miles). 
 
 BraHches.- 1. llellevillc— N. ltaslinj;s(L Pct<.rborou({h) 
 — Madoc |r. UriJ^iwater)— li'^lufa'Jo— Coc Hill. 
 
 8. Coburt; - Pctcrburuu^h (r. Lakctield ; I. Chemong). 
 
 ^ Pttit Hope— MiUbriMjk (r. Peterborounh)— Lindsay. 
 
 4, Whitby — Lindsay (L Lome— Atherlay -Midland)— 
 C«wd Trunk Junction (r. Irondalel— Haliburton. 
 
 S Sokrboro — StnufTvillc (1. Jackson)— Lome— Cobconck. 
 
 BjUntioHs. — i. Toronto — Allandale (I Mealord; L 
 Pein«iiig)_Atherl.ty ft. Midland)- Gravenhurst (L Parry 
 Sd.)— Sundri.lv;e-CalUnder (C. P. R.). 
 
 *• Toronto— Guelph— Stratford (r. Listowell— Harriston 
 — WlUton. Listowell— Windham— Kincardine. Harris- 
 ton— Port Elgin— Southampton). Stratford (r. Clinton— 
 God«ichi-3t. M.-ry'*_Samia— Port Huron, Mich. 
 
 3. Toronto— H.uiiilion (L Nia;;ara l-.dls— Port Co:iii>rne 
 
 — Buflalo, .N. V.)— Woodstock (L Port Uoict) — London 
 (L St. Thomas— Port Stanley)— Windsor— Detroit, .Mich. 
 
 4. HiirniUon— Caleiloni.. — Jarvis — Port Dover. 
 
 5. llanhltun— liarriiiburg^ llrantford— St. '1 iiornas. 
 Lanahian PACim. : Afitin /.i/i.'.— Ilalilax, N. S.— 
 
 St. Jolin, N. H.— Lake Megantic— Sherbrooke— Si. Johns 
 
 — Montreal — L,ichute— Hull (L Ottawa— Carleton Jc.)— 
 Penibrolic — Cill.iniler — Sudbury —Winnii>cg— Westmin- 
 ster, B. C— Vancouver— Pctrt Moody (3,662 nnles). 
 
 Bratuhes.— i. ()u.i\va— Cli.iudiero — Prescnll (5.; miles). 
 
 2. Ottaw.i— Carleton Jc— Brockville (71 imlcs). 
 
 3. Sudbury— Algoma Mills— S.iuh Ste. Marie I tSs miles). 
 Ontario and Quehec 5*rtioii.— Montreal -Kemptville— 
 
 Smith's Falls — Sharhot Lake — Tweed — M.idoc-Petei- 
 boro\i({h— Myrtle— Toronto (r. Owen Sound ; r, Harri.^- 
 ton— Winghani) — Guelph Jc— Gait— Woodstock — Inger- 
 soil (1. St. Thomas) London— Windsor— Detroit, Mich. 
 +IICHIC.AN CENTRAI..— BulTalo, N. V.— l-ort Lrie— 
 
 Niagara Jc— \V.r.erlord ir. Brantford)— Tilsonburg— St. 
 Thomas (r. Courtwright) — Comber — (L Leamington— 
 Walkerville)— Hssex Centre iL Amlierslburgi— Windsor. 
 
 CANADA Atla.nTIC. —Ottawa — Cliaudicre — Aleua- 
 dria-Coteau Jc— Coteau Bridge— V.dlcyficld. etc. 
 
 Kl.NCSTo.N and Ph.MI!KOKF.. — Kingston— Harrowsmith 
 — Sharbot L.ike iC. P. R.)— Renfrew- Pembroke. 
 
 (INI ARIO CE.NTRAL.—Picton— Trenton (G. T. K>— 
 Lldorado— Coe Hill. 
 
 Napankh and Tamwok IH.— Na|ianee (G. T. R.)— 
 ^■arke^ (r. Harrowsmith)— Tamworlh— Tweed— Madoc — 
 Bridgewater. 
 
 BROCKVILLE and Sharbot Lake. — Brock»Ule — 
 Newlioro- Sharbot I-ake IC. P. K.I. 
 
 Erie and HURO.N.— Rondeau- Chatham (C. P. R.)— 
 Walbceburg— Sarnia— Port Huron, Mich. 
 
 r.Tight branch. L=left branch, Je.—JunctlorL 
 R«l"(<rand Trunk. BlnonCanailLan Pacific. 
 
r 
 
Tin; iMiMINKtS' OF (AXADA. 
 
 Sft 
 
 17''. T\w St. John, till' Iiir>r<'Ht rivir in New !^niii»<« iok, it 
 
 lib mill. t I'lii;;, itiiil In iiitvi^/ililr fur laiv Kti'itiiH'i'M .s.'t iiiIIih, 
 to l''i> iliiirtiiii. At lir'iinl h'lill.i, 110 mile-. iilm\i. !• ricli lie. 
 ton, til'' \\:it<T, i|cH(i-ii(l |H'i|«ii<lii.iiliirly "I fcrt. TlnSt. •Inliii 
 htm m^M-vA trilmtaritN. 
 
 ■** Olimato and Products.— 170. TIic wintf-rH in Now 
 Bruii-iW ii'k arc loiiy ami mid; lnit the dfi'p snow 
 kiepH till' i;n)iunl warm, and aids tin- liindxTniou 
 in drawing tln-ir loi,'s from the forest. Tlip suinnior 
 is Itot, with tifinii'iit rains, and ciops ;,'row ijipidlv. 
 
 177. TIio products of tlio soil aro i,'rain and 
 ▼•gftaUlfs, as in Xovu Hcotia. 
 
 Till' forests arc lar^'or tlian in Xova Scotia, and 
 lumlc rint,' is an important industry. 'I'lio logs arc 
 cut ill tli.' winter and drawn to the Panics of tho 
 rivers. In the spriiii,' they are rafted down to the 
 mills on thr> coast an<l sawn into luml)er. 
 
 17S. 'I'lii' juiiK i|Ml iiiinrials lire inm. f(.:il, lime, anil granite. 
 
 17'.'. The fisheries of the coast waters arc of 
 gri'at v.'ilue. 
 
 Fmni till' x'.iiiint towns cif Nrw Bnniswick tish, Innilicr. 
 linif, iimi iitli.T inucliicti jiru o.^jiortfil. Anmi.il viiluc of 
 exjK)rtH, iiliout \ nnlli'in ilulliirs. 
 
 Inhabitants.— ISO. The j)coplc of Now Bruns- 
 wick are similar to those of Nova Scotia a.s roirards 
 
 «... 
 origin, I'r'ligioii. and general character. 
 
 Divisions. IS 1. New Drunswick is divided into 
 fifteen counties, which, with the county towns, are 
 given on the maj). 
 
 Towns.— 182. Fredericton, the capital of New 
 Brunsw ick, has a l)eautiful situation on the St. Jolm 
 River, which is hero about half a niilo in breadth. 
 
 18.3. St. John, inchulinf? Portland and Carfcton, at tlic 
 moutli of the St. .Tolui HivHr, ia the liirgest city. It lins a 
 fine h:irlK.ur ojifn all tli'' year, owns many sliij-.s, and lias 
 import;nit nianiifactin-<'s and cxtiMisivc tradf. 
 
 184. Sackville is the scat r.f Af^mnt A//i.ion CoUmr and 
 Sswtn-nv/. Munchm, t'ac liead-finarttTs of the Inter-Colonial 
 Railway, St. Si,/>/,cn, St. Amlnivf, Milltovn, Woodstock, Ncn-- 
 catUc, VhatLam, and Slicdiitc nrt' innxjrtant towns. 
 
 present name in hniioui' ..f I'rince Kdward, (Juoon 
 Nietnria's fulhcr. 
 
 Position. -ISO. IVince Kdward Island is situ- 
 ated nil the south of the (iidf of St. liawronce, 
 and is separatid from Nova Scotiu and Now 
 Urunswick l>y .\fMthnnd)crland Strait. 
 
 Til'' NIand i" di-.tant fmni Ni \v llnniswiiU !» inilcN ; from 
 Xo\a Scotia, 1.") niili'.* ; and from ( 'a|ii' I'.ri tmi, HO iiiili "*. 
 
 \X7. The principal coast waters arc lilrlnnoinl 
 I'm II, i'ln-'fii/iiii /till/, llillHlioro Uaij, Jlnlmiiv Hut" 
 liiinr, and H<iiiiiiiil I'mi/. 
 
 Area.--1N8. Tiic ana of I'rinpe Kdward I-I,ind is oni' t-ntli 
 that of Xova Scotia. 
 
 I'Sfi. The surface is low and undulating, (ccept 
 ne;ir tlie middle, where it is nini'c hilly. The 
 
 climate is temperate. The sni rs are not so 
 
 hot, nor aie the winters so cold as in Nova Scotia. 
 The soil is very fertile, and large quantities of oats 
 and potatoes arc shijiped to othci' conntries. Horses 
 ami dairy proiluce are also important export.s. 
 
 Inhabitants.— 190. There are more inhabitant.s 
 in proportion to the size of thcconntry th.m in any 
 other Province of flic I)(iminion. 
 
 191. The Island is divided into three counties — 
 Prhit'f, Qiiffiii'.-i, and A'/////'."*. 
 
 102. Charlottetown, the capital and largest town, 
 has a tine harbour. 
 
 V.\\\. Summerside, on l'„d.qiir Ifailionr, is tiio chief town 
 in th.' w.-t of the I.-Iand. Georgetown is the most inijwtant 
 town in the cast. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 History.— 185. Prince Edward Island was called 
 Si John until the year 1800, when it received its 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 History.— 101. Ontario was formerly called 
 Upper Canada, and also Canada West. It re- 
 ceived its present name in 1867. 
 
 Position.— lO.'). The River St. Lawrence and 
 the groat lakes sepaiate Ontario from tho United 
 States; the Ottawa River, for the most part, 
 forms the boundary between it and the Province 
 of Quebec. 
 
 Area.— 100. Tho Prnvincp of Ontario is more tlian ten 
 times as large as Nova Se..tia, but is smaller than QneU'c. 
 
 
2fl 
 
 NORTH AMKKICA. 
 
 Physical Features. — 197. Ontario is, for the ino.st 
 part, a l(;vcl but soinewliat olevatod couiitiy, tlic 
 greater part of it being nioro tliuii GOO feot above 
 sea-level. The great inland waters which lie be- 
 tween the Province and the United States surpass 
 anything of tlicir kind in tlie workl. 
 
 198. Lake Superior is tliL- largest Imdy of frosli water in the 
 world. Its waters flow into Lake Huron by a short river 
 called the .S7. Miirii. The rai)i(ls in this river aro overcome 
 by ciinals thnjiig'.i the State of Michigan. Prince Arthur n 
 LaniUu'j is an iniiiortant jiort. 
 
 I'J'J. Lake Huron is noted for its fisheries. Its eastern ann 
 is called (Icoryian Bail, In the imrthern part of the lake are 
 .several isl.ands, of which Grand MunitoaUn is the largest. 
 The waters of Lake llui'on flow soutlierly through iiifcr /S^. 
 C'loir, LiiLr St. Clair, and Ditrvit lliccr, to Lake Erie. 
 
 200. Lake Erie is noted for its violent .'cornis. Its waters 
 flow onward to Lake Ontario througli Niagara Kiver, dashing 
 <pver the great F(ill» on their way. The Welland Canal forms 
 a water-road from one lake to the other. 
 
 201. Lake Ontario is tne smallest of the five great lakes. 
 The western vm\ of the lake is called Jinrtiwjton Bay. Bay nf 
 Quintc, on the north, forms the peninsula of Prince Edward 
 County. This lake is noted as a great highway of trade, and 
 along its .shores are many prosperous cities and towns, as, 
 Ilaiuillun, Toronto, Kiwjston, Port Hope, Coboiivg, and Belle- 
 villi. 
 
 202. Vhe St. Lawrence, below the outlet of Lake Ontario, 
 forms the Lakr of the Thousand Isles. Between this lake and 
 IMontreal th(>re are several rapids in the river. At the 
 jilaces canals have l)een made, through which steamers pass in 
 ascending the river ; Viiit in going down stream the steamers, 
 skilfully guided, pass through the rapids in safety. 
 
 Climate and Products.— 203. Ontario has a tem- 
 perate and healthful climate. The winter is cold, 
 but less .severe tlian in the other Provinces of the 
 Dominion. The peninsula formed by the; great lakes 
 has a milder climate than the rest of the Province. 
 
 204. Ontario is one of the finest agricultural 
 
 countries in the world, jiroducing wheat and other 
 
 grain in great abundance. It sends large quantities 
 
 of Hour and grain to the eastern Provinces and to 
 
 Great Britain. Apples are raised in nearly all 
 
 parts of the country ; and grapes and peaches nrf> 
 
 successfully cultivated, especially in the warmer 
 
 counties near the lakes. 
 
 The annual value of the exports of Ontario is 35 million 
 dollars. » 
 
 Forests. — 20."). There are vast forests in Ontario, althoug: 
 every j'ear new settlers an' chs'iring them away to make fc 
 themselves farms and homes. The forests yield immeiw 
 quantities of timber, lumber, and ix)tash, which are sm. 
 down the St. Lawrence, and shipped to foreign comitries. 
 
 Minerals. — 20G. Tin; most important mineral- 
 are silxcr, cojijier, iron, lime, petrohjum, salt, aii. 
 nickel. 
 
 The coppar and silver mines on the shores of Lakes Hun: 
 and Sujierior are of great value. Petroleum is abundant i 
 Oil Springs, I'etrolia, .and ]5<jthwell in Lambton County, ati 
 in other places south of Lake Huron. It is obtained I 
 boring deep uito tlie earth with augers. When purified, 
 fomm the oil which we use in our lami>s. Salt is obtaiiii 
 from salt springs at (Joderich, Seaforth, and otlier places en. 
 of Lake Huron. Tiie Sudbiu-y nickel uiines are' said ttil- 
 the ricliest in the world. 
 
 Towns. — 207. Toronto is the capital and tl. 
 largest city in the Province. Among its fine pulil; 
 
 
 mw-'^ •* 
 
 207. UNIVEKSITY UUILDINfiS, TORONTO. 
 
 V)uildings are the University, Osyoode lletll, tli 
 
 C nstohi-llouse, and the; Normal School. 
 
 208. Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, is c: 
 
 the Ottawa River, near the Chaudiere Falls, abot 
 
 100 miles from Montreal Its lumber trade is 
 
 source of great wealth. 
 
 200. Kingston, near the Lake of the Thousand Isles, is ,. 
 old fortified town, and has many fine stone buildings. 
 
 210. Hamilton, on Burlington Bay, the second city in *\t 
 has a large trade with the west. 
 
 211. London, on the Thames, is surrounded by a rich fan. 
 ing country, and has a largo trade in grain. 
 
 212. St. Catharines, on the Welland Canal, is noted for : 
 mineral springs, which attract many inv.alids during the sui. 
 mer months. St. Thomas is a railway centre. 
 
 213. Brantford, Guelpb, Chatham, Dundas, Gait, Woo; 
 stock, Ingersoll, Stratford, Collingwood, Goderich, Sara; 
 Windsor, Cobourg, Port Hope, Belleville, Peterboroug; 
 Lindsay, Perth, and Brockville are important towns. 
 
/^5^^^ 
 
TUE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 27 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 214. Manitoba, sometimes called the Prairie 
 Province, was formerly known as lied Ji'iver Settle- 
 ment. It received its present name and became a 
 province of the L)o)iiinion in 1870. 
 
 21u. This Province lies north of that portion of the United 
 States ciilh-(l Minnesota, and it is aljout midway between the 
 Atlantic and the I'acific Ocean. 
 
 Manitolia is 275 njiles in hiigth from e.ast to west, and 2(10 
 miles in breadth from north to soith. It is three and u half 
 tiOies as hirge as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Physical Features.— 21 G. Manitoba is for the 
 most part a level or undulating prairie countrv, 
 flbping towards tlio nortli. In the north are tlie 
 large lakes Winnipe(j, Winnipegosis, and Manitoba. 
 These lakes abound in fish of various kinds, and 
 an also the resort of wild fowl. 
 
 217. Red River, rising in Minnesota, crosses the country 
 from south to north, and flows into Lake Winniijeg. Tlie 
 AMlnibolne, flowing from the west, joins Red Kivcr at tlu^ 
 ci^ of AViimiiK^g. 
 
 218. Tlie winter is much colder and less chan<re- 
 able than in Nova Scotia ; but the air is so dry that 
 th6 cold does not seem severe. Spring comes on 
 rapidly, sometimes causing destructive freshets. 
 
 The soil is very deep and fertile, yielding larg(; 
 crops of grain, vegetables, and fla.x. 
 
 The jjrincipal exports are wheat, cattle, fish, and furs ; 
 annual valiir, 5 million dollars. 
 The woodlands are chiefly along the banks of the rivers. 
 
 219. The inhabitants in 1870 were principally 
 Indians and half-breeds; but since that date many 
 settlers have come in from the other Provinces and 
 from Europe. 
 
 Towns. — 220. Winnipeg, the capital, situated at 
 the junction of Red River and the Assiniboine, is 
 a rapidly growing city. 
 
 The other most imiwrtant places are Emerson, Portaijc-la- 
 Prairic, Selkirk, Brawlon, and St. Boniface, Brandon is an im- 
 portant grain-market. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 221. British Columbia is the most westerly 
 Ptfovinco of the Dominion. It includes Vancouver 
 
 Island and all tlie mainland of liritish America 
 west of the Rocky Mountains. It was admitted as 
 a Province of the Dominion in the year 1S71. 
 
 222. British Columbia iy more than twice as large as the 
 Province of l^Hielxc. 
 
 Physical Features.~223. British Columbia is a 
 ruggfid highland country. The Rocky Mountains 
 lie along the eastern border, and the Coast Moun- 
 tains are in the west, near the P;icitic (Jcean. 
 Between these mountain ranges are high table- 
 lands. The coast abountls in harbours. 
 
 224. Some of the highest peaks of the Rocky 
 Mountains, as Moiuit Hooker and Mount Brown, 
 are nearly three miles above tlie level of the sea. 
 
 225. The rivers, throughout a large part of their course, 
 flow rapidly over rocky beds, at the U.ttom of narrow gorges. 
 In many places rocky cliffs rise on each side, almost jjerpen- 
 dicularly, for hundreds of feet. 
 
 The i)rincipal rivers are the Simpson, Fiiilnii, Frasn; 
 Tkumpson, Cohoahia, Skecaa, Slickecn, and Liitrd. Tho 
 scenery along the Fraser is very fine. 
 
 226. Vancouver Island, separated from the 
 mainland by Queen Charlotte Sound, the Gulf of 
 Georgia, and the Strait of Juan de Faca, is nearly 
 as large as the Peninsula of Nova Scotia 
 
 227. The climate of Vancouver Island and of the 
 country on the west of the Cascade Mountains is j 
 mild and humid. Tlie table-lands of the interior \ 
 have but little rain, and the cold is very severe in 
 winter. The agricultural products are similar to i 
 those of the other Provinces, but farming does not 
 receive much attention. I 
 
 228. The mountain slopes .are covered with dense forests. ' 
 On the west of the Coast Mountains the trees grow to an 
 immense size, and yield valuable tinib<;r. The tab'e-laiids 
 are nearly destitute of trees, but yield grass and lierbs, which ' 
 afford good pasturage. | 
 
 229. Tlie minerals include coal, gold, silver, and iron. Gold is abun- 
 dant in many places. Tlie most valuable coal-mines are in Vancouver i 
 and (^ueen Charlotte Islands. ' 
 
 •JiO. The fisheries are very valuable. In the rivers are salmon and ^ 
 ."■f "" "' ^'''''*'' ^'^''' ""•' tlie coast-waters teem with herring, cod, 
 and halibut. The Fraser Uiver is especially famous for its salmon. 
 
 231. About two-thirds of the people in British 
 Columbia are Indians and Chinese. 
 
 232. Victoria, the capital of the Province, is 
 
28 
 
 NORTH AMKPICA. 
 
 h;itu;itf(l on tlio south-fast of N'lincouvcr Iskiud. 
 
 EsCLUimalt, two miles distant, has a tinr liarbour, 
 
 and is a TJritish naval btatioa. Nanaimo is near 
 
 the coal-iuincs. 
 
 Vancouver, <iii Piurranl Tiilot, is the wcstorn tcriiiinns of 
 the Ciiiiiulii J'lu.itit; liuilway, ami is tuinicctcil whU .lai):in. 
 China, and A\i.stralia liy a n ;,'ii1;li' line ui stcaiiiiT-i. New 
 Westminster is an iniii(ii-*:int, Idwu on thu l''r:i,str. Salmon 
 cauninL,' is tlir 1( ailing indnstry. 
 
 DISTRICTS AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 233. r)ii lh(; west and nortli-wcst of Manitoba, 
 in the basins of the Nortli and South 
 ScDikafc/icinni, tho Athabasca, and 
 tht! Pnuco, Jilrrr.'^, is a vast prairie 
 countiy, wliicli lias been divided 
 into four Dlstrlctti, each tlvo or six- 
 times larger than the Provinee of 
 Nova Srotia. Saskatchewan and 
 Assiniboia adjoin .Manitulia; Alberta 
 lies on the \vest of these, and ex- 
 tends to the Kocky ^Mountains ; and 
 Athabasca lies on the north of Al- 
 berta, in the valleys of the Athabasca 
 and Peac(? Hi vers. 
 
 234. Tlu\s(> Districts comjirise ex- 
 tensive grassy plains, varied with 
 lakes, marshy tracts, and beautiful 
 park-like groves of poplar and other 
 trees along the banks of the rivers. 
 The soil is deep and rich, well suited 
 for crowing ^vheat. The climate is 
 much like that of Ontario, only the -winters are more 
 severe and the sununer nights are cooler. These rich 
 lands, once the feeding-grounds of herds of bulFalo, 
 now opened up for settlement by the Canada Paeitic 
 Railway, are rapidly becoming productive farms. 
 
 235. Many people from the older Provinces and 
 other countries have settled in these Districts, but 
 as yet Indians and half-breeds form the majority 
 of the population. 
 
 23G. Towns. — Eegina, in Assiniboia, is the seat of 
 
 (ioNcrnment for the vari(jus Districts, ami is li 
 head-ijuarters of the mounted jiolice. Calgary a; 
 Fort M'Leod arc in the grazing districts of Albert:, 
 Banff, 4,500 feet above the sea-level, has mediein 
 springs, and is a resort of invalids. Prince Alber 
 is an iinportatit place on the Saskatchewan. Ed 
 monton is in the centre of a coal region. 
 
 2.S7. Till' District of Keewatln, on thr north of rilanin ! , 
 has some fertile lands; l>nt it is for thf most part a nini-il;- 
 rocky reffion, alionndinr,' in lakes and rivers. Fart York'i- 
 trading'-! lost on Hudson I'.ay. It is visited by vessels durii.. 
 I a few \veel;s at midsummer. 
 
 23S. The North-West Territory extends from Sask^it i 
 ewan, Atliahasea, and IJritish Columliia, on the south, tnp 
 xVrctic Ocean, on tiie north. It is a region of lakes and r'wi: 
 Tho great and fertile plains are capable of supporting a v., 
 population, being \\ell supplied with coal and water. ^ 
 is abundant, and there are signs of ])etroleum alonu' t 
 Peace Kiver. A'ast forests of pine and si)rnce are U'\' 
 between the Athabasca River and the Arctic Ocean. Th ■ 
 forests are the home of moosp, foxes, martens, and oti 
 wild animals. 
 
 23!). Tlio iiiliiibitants of these nortliern regions .ire Indiiun s 
 Ksciuiniaux, who live by liuntiiif,' and fishing. The Ksr|uiniaux il > 
 along tho northern shore.s. They live on flesh, fish, and oil. '!■ 
 sometimes make their houses of drift-logs, and sometimes of suuw, 
 
TIIR UNITED STATFS. 
 
 20 
 
 ; i'J.). Esi^ri.MArx wati-iiinu roii nkai.s in the ice. 
 
 2-10. North-East Territory is a larg<' cold iv^ioii, .if wliicli 
 little irt known, .sitiuitcd on the cast of Hudson I'.ay. 
 
 the world. The wjitt-rs oH' tlio sDuth luul cast 
 coasts, known a.s the J>an/>s, arc si)ccially rclrliratcd 
 for cod-Hsli. Tlic noitli coa.st, towards J^iilirador, 
 abounds in seals, which arc valual)lc for their skills 
 and oil. 
 
 Tlio tisliprioH .110 the chief dependence of the peojilo of 
 Now fouiidl;ind. Fisiiernien fnmi the United States also, anil 
 even from I' ranee, coinu here, so that in the summer ueason 
 liinidredi of tishiii;; vessels niaj' bo seen olf the coa.it. 
 
 Minerals.— a4u Tlio copper mines at Belt's C'ovo are siiiil to lio 
 .iiiioiiK the ric-liest in tlic worlii. Lead, iron, iiiul coa! are also found 
 in Newfoumlliind. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 2IG. Tlic inhabitants live near the 
 sea, and the greater part of them are near the 
 south-east coast. In some {ilaces — near the har- 
 bour.s — there are .small towns ami villages; in 
 other parts, the houses arc scattered far apart. 
 
 Towns.— 247. St. Johns, the capital, has a fine 
 harliour, and sends out many men and ves,sels to 
 the fisheries. 
 
 Harbour Grace and Carbonnear aie next in iminirtancf. 
 
 LMS. Tlie coast of Labrador is inider the govenunent of 
 Newfoundland. Tlie climate is severe. Fnrs, fish, and copijer 
 are the la-oducts. Annual value of exports, '.) milliuu dollars. 
 
 I 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 241. The Island of Newfoundland is a jiart of 
 British America ; but it is not includc(l in the Do- 
 minion of Canada. 
 
 242. Newfoundland is situated in tlie (odf of .St. Lawrence, 
 about sixty miles north-east of Cape Breton, and it is sepa- 
 rated from Labrador by the Strait of Belle Isle, which at the 
 narrowest is about 12 miles in width. The island is twSce 
 as lar^'e as the Province of No\a .'>eotia. 
 
 Climate and Products.— 243. Newfoundland is 
 cold and bleak, but the frosts of winter are not so 
 seven; as in the neighbouring Provinces. In the 
 spring the air over sea and coast-land is filled with 
 dense fog. The soil and climate in the south-west 
 are well suiti-d to agricndture, but generally so 
 much attention has been given to fi.shing, that the 
 cultivation oi the soil has been neglected. 
 
 The Fisheries.— 244. The coast waters off New- 
 fimndland are the most noted fishing grounds in 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 History. — 249 This great country was at first 
 settled only along the Atlantic coast. There were 
 thirteen English colonies formed h(.'i'e, some of the 
 more important of which were Jfassar/inneffs, Xew 
 York, and PtnnsijUamn. About one hundred 
 years ago these thirteen colonies became dissatisfied 
 with the manner in which they were ruled by 
 Great Britain. They therefore, after a long war 
 with the mother-country, formed tliemselves into 
 an independent nation, called the United States. 
 
 2.')0. A great many ■ oople from almost all parts of the 
 world have since come to live in this country. They have 
 gone further and further west, cutting down forests, i.lough- 
 ing up prairie lamls, making farms, building houses, cities, 
 and railway.H, crossing river.s and mountains, until they have 
 gone (|uit(^ across the continent to the Pacific Ocean 
 
 Position and Si2e.-25L The United States* occupy the 
 
30 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 iiiidillo i>(iitii)n of Nortli ATiicricji, iH^twcrn the Dominion of 
 Ciiiiiulii on th(! nortli ami .Mfxico on tlio Houtli, anil extending 
 from tiio Atliintic (Jcean to tlio J'aeific. 
 
 In Kizo, thi' country i.s rather larger tlian tlie Dominion of 
 Canada. 
 
 The Coast Country. — 252. In crossing thn 
 United States from oast to west, we first tind a 
 narrow lowland country, bordering on the Atlantic. 
 In tlie north this coast region is somewhat rough, 
 and is not very fertile, but it has excellent harbours. 
 South of Chesapeake JJay there are few good har- 
 bours, and the country is level and sandy. It is in 
 some places covered with largo forests of pitch pine, 
 which yield tar and turpentine; and in other 
 ])lac(>s there are large swampy districts. 
 
 The Eastern Highlands. — 253. As we go west, 
 we conu! abrujitly to a rocky ridge, forming the 
 border of a table-land. Still further, across the 
 table-land, we come to those mountain ranges 
 whi<;h in the outline of North America are caller^ 
 the Apjmluch'Kcii MoHntauis, The ranges take 
 (lifl'erent names, and extend from the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence in Canada to the lowlands along 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The mountain ridges are 
 covered with forests, and are rich in iron and coal. 
 The valleys iire very fertile. 
 
 The- Central Plain. — 2P4, From the Eastern 
 Highlands we pass to the Central Plain, the south- 
 ern slope of wliicli is wholly in the United States. 
 Here we find the great J/ississijijii, with its tribu- 
 taries coming in from the Eastern and Western 
 Highlands. In all this vast region -we see no 
 mountains — only level or undulating plains and 
 rolling prairies. The northern half of the plain 
 produces abundance of grain; the southern half 
 yields tobacco, cotton, and sugar-cane. 
 
 The Western Highlands. — 255. After crossing 
 the ^Mississippi, we rise gradually along the prairies 
 to the foot of the Bochy Mountains. Along the 
 lower slopes are dense forests, then shrubs and 
 mountain flowers, then moss-covered rocks and 
 iiuow-cajiped peaks Beyond these mountains are 
 
 the dry, barren, highland plain.s. Still further west 
 is another niountaiii wall, the wild Sierra Xevadi 
 and Cascade Mountains, with their deep canyons 
 ajid rapid streams. 
 
 Little fanning i« done in these liigliLind regions ; but peoi.le 
 come to these rough countries to get gold from the rich mini ; 
 of California and Colorado, and siher from the niinuH of New 
 Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada.. 
 
 The Western Coast Country. — 25G. Beyond tho 
 Sierra Nevada is the beautiful valley of the Sacra- 
 modo in California, one of the mo.st fertile countries 
 in the world, [iroducing the finest wheat, apj)les, 
 grai^cs, and other fruit.s. 
 
 In the forests are trees of vast siz.e, some of them beint; 
 tiiree hundred feet iiigh and twenty-five feet in diameter. 
 
 Between tin- fertile valleys and tlie I'acitic are the low 
 Const Mountains, 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — 257. The Mississippi and its 
 tributaries, flowing through many States, diflering 
 in climate, jii-ovide a watei-road by wjiich these 
 States can exchangi; their different products, and 
 trade with foreign countries. 
 
 2.")8. The Great Lakes, on the north, open up a way fur 
 trade between the grain-producing States of the west and the 
 manufacturing States on the Atlantic. The lake steamers, 
 laden with grain at Milwaukee or ('hicayo on Lake Michigan, 
 come round tluougli Lake Huron to Bnjj'dto on Lake Eric; or, 
 ])asKing tlwougli the Wdhind Canal in Canada, they come to 
 Osurijo on Lake Ontario. 
 
 2.TJ. The River Hudson is a beautiful river, flowing into 
 New York Harbour. On one side, near its mouth, are rocky 
 cliffs, called the Palisades; further up are high banks on 
 each side, called the Hiiihlands. Large steamers go up to 
 Alhanii, nearly b^O miles from New York. A canal has Ijctn 
 made through the mountain valleys from Albany to l.'uffalo, 
 and the gr.ain that has come over the lakes is brought in 
 small l:oats drawn by horses along the canal, and ia then 
 taken do'HTi the Hudson to New York. 
 
 2G0. Many othi-r imi)ortant rivers flow into the Atlantic, as 
 the Connceticut, the Dclavxtrc, and the Potomac, which are 
 navigable through the low coast region ; and further up they 
 flow rajndly, furnishing water-i>ower for machinery. 
 
 201. On the Pacific slope, the Columbia and Colm'ado^ovt 
 rapidly through the deep gorges. 
 
 Climate andProducts.— 26 2. In travellingthrough 
 the United States from north to south, we first 
 find the climate and products very like what we 
 
THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 81 
 
 have in our own country; as wo go southerly we 
 pass through warni(!r States, whicli, in addition to 
 wheat, Indian corn, and otlior kinds of grain, 
 yield tobacco, grapes, and peaclies ; then we conio 
 to the Southern States, which produce cotton, rice, 
 sugiir-cane, sweet potatoes, and oranges. 
 Atinuiil value of exports, 000 inillidu dnlluis. 
 
 Inhabitants.— -Cw. The people of the United 
 States are similar to those of Canada in respect to 
 origin, language, and customs. The education of 
 the people is regarded as one of tlio most important 
 matters that claim attention. In the Southern 
 States negroes ai-e numerous. 
 
 Divisions.— 2Gt. The United States are made 
 up of tifty-one divisions. Forty-four of these are 
 caileil Stab's, of whicli all but eight are east of the 
 llocky Mountains ; five divisions, situated chiefly 
 in tlie Western Highlands, are called Territories ; 
 the District of Columbia is on the Potomac River ; 
 Alaska is on the north-west of Canada. 
 
 2G5. The Str.tes are usually grouped as follows : — 
 Six N'ex) Em/land States, seven Middle Atlantic 
 States, ten Southern States, thirteen North Central 
 States, and eight Pacific and Hij/hland States. 
 
 2GG. The New England States have a climate 
 like that of the adjoining Provinces of Canada, 
 but the soil is not so fertile. The leading pursuits 
 arc manufacturing, commerce, and fishing. {For 
 the names of States a7id chief cities, see Map. Capi- 
 fids in hlach letter.) New England lias many good 
 iiarbours along its coast. 
 
 2(J7. Maine, called the Pine Tree State, is noted for its Iniii- 
 bering, ship-building, and fishing. The city of Portland h:is 
 a largo foreign trade. Pan;ior is a great lumber (iepot. 
 
 2G8. New Hampshire and Vermont are rugged and moun- 
 tainous countries, well adapted to the raising of cattle and 
 .'^heeji. The city of Manchester is noted for the manufacture 
 of cotton and \v(X)llen goods. Portsvwuth is the only sea-iwrt. 
 
 20!). Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, 
 taken together, .are not more than three-fourths the size of 
 Nova Scotia; but they have more than five times as many 
 inhabitants. They are the most thickly settled States in the 
 Union, and are specially noted for manufactures, including 
 goods made of cotton, wool, leather, wood, and iron. 
 
 Bo>ton, the nlxtli city of the t^nlon In size, It aereat centre of trivdn. 
 In Its nclKhliourlinod nro iimny maiuif;ii;turln»{ cltlofl, ns l.inirll, 
 iMirri-nif, l.ijim, ICmc^rcr, and SiiriUijjiel.l. OimbHJiji: U noted for 
 Ita university. A>i« licd/ord and .Sa/cm are sea-ports. 
 
 270. The Middle Atlantic States are low and 
 level along the coast and mountainous in the in- 
 terior. The climate is temperate in thc^ north and 
 warm in the south. The leading pursuits are 
 agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and commerce. 
 
 271. New York, called the Empire Stale, ranks first among 
 the States in popiilatinn, coinniereo, and wealth. Pennsyl- 
 vania, the second in po[)ulatii>n, is first in the production of 
 iron, coal, and petroleum. lUitter and cheese are important 
 products of Now York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 272. Tlio City of New York in the largest city In Amprioii. It has 
 nn iinmcnsi; trade, and in its liarhour may l>e seen sliips from all iiart.s 
 of tlio world. Ccntriil I'arh, witli its l)cautiful wall«3, drivt'S, trccn, 
 ponds, niiisi'unisi, and otlior attractinns, is a favourilo rf>iirt of tli'' 
 citizens. Brooklyn, tlie fourtli city of tlic United States in poimlation. 
 Is separated from New Yorli by a channel of water, whirli i? crossed 
 by a famous suspension bridge. Philadelphia is tlic thinl city of 
 tlic i'liion in population and the first in inaiuifactures. Pittsburg ii 
 noted for tiio manufacture of iron. 
 
 273. New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland are f.vmous for 
 their peaches, strawberries, and vcgctablos. Virginia i.s a 
 great tol)acco-rai.--ing Stati;. West Virginia yields iron, coal 
 petroleum, and dairy produce. 
 
 274. Baltimore, tlie seventh city of the Union in i)op'ilation, i.i 
 noted for its trade and manufactures. It has large cstablisliments for 
 packing oy.-iters, fruit, and vei^'rtables. 
 
 275. The Southern States compi . ,o the warmest 
 part of the UnitiHl Staters. Th«! winter season is 
 mild ; the summer is very hot. Thev liave few 
 good harbours or large cities. The products are 
 Indian corn, tobacco, rice, cotton, sugar-cane, 
 oranges, and other fruits. 
 
 270. North Carolina has large pine forests. South Carolina 
 ranks first in the i>roduotion of rice; Georgia is lirst in manu- 
 factures; Mi.ssissippi in cotton; Louisiana in sugar. Texas 
 is a great stock-raising country. 
 
 277. New Orleans, nn the Missis.sippi River, ranks first in the ex- 
 port of cotton. Charleston is a great rice market. Atlanta is an 
 important railway centre. 
 
 278. The North Central States, situated chiefly 
 in the northern half of the Mississippi valley, are 
 noted for their great agi-icultural and mineral 
 wealth. The most important products are wheat, 
 
82 
 
 NollTII AMKUK'A. 
 
 Iiiiliiiii CDrii, flax, live stock, pork, wool, coiil, iron, 
 
 ami li'ud. 
 
 I 
 
 270. Tills Hcctliiii <if till' ('(luiitry Ims m:iiiy iiniinrliiiit titlei! nUuiUoiI ; 
 oil the Krwit Ukis and livirs. Chicago, llii.' fuiutli city in i'(iiiul,itlMii, 
 h tlio Kri'iilc-t k'riiin ni;irk(t In tliu I iiidii. St. Louis, the lixlli rity 
 I of tlio I'liimi ill iMipuhitidii, U a t'riat laihviiy n-iitre. Cincinnati, 
 I thcclt,'lilhcityof Ihf liii.iiiln|ioi)iilati(Pii,liiisiiiii)cirtaiiliii,iiiiit:i'tiiic"i. 
 I MUwaukuo is a iidicil ^-l■.lill shiiiiiiiis- iMnt. LoulsvUlo, CleveUnd, 
 I Juaiaii.xpoUs, ami Dolroit ail! iiiiiiortant cities. ' 
 
 280. The Pacific and Highland States <•' mpriso , 
 i tlic I'acilic sIiiim; uiid iln> liii:hliiu(l.s of tlif interior. I 
 I The soil varies from (li..' most fertile to the most ' 
 
 harren. In this i-cyicjii arc many natiii'al vondcrs 
 
 of gi'cat interest, such as water-falls, lofty mountain 
 
 ] peaks, deep chaniu'ls called cuiii/oiis, lioilin^ sjniiiys, I 
 
 [ some of which throw their hot water many feet I 
 
 ! into the aii', like n fountain. These States and i 
 
 ! . . . . . 
 
 , Territoi-ies are also rich in jiold, silver, and other 
 
 ; minerals. California produces larye (juantities of 
 
 I grain, grapes, tigs, and oranges. The leading in- 
 
 I dustries (;f Oi'egon and Washington are agriculture, 
 
 stock-raising, lumbeiung, and fishing. 
 
 281. San Francisco, tlio eighth rity of the Union in poiiulation and 
 tho lar^'i'st c'ily on the r.-icillc coast, is a Imsy si;a-|iorl, carrying on 
 trade with China, Japan, and other places. Portland is an important 
 sea-port. 
 
 I 282. Alaska i> .i viry \:\Y<fc territory, situated on tlic nortli- 
 
 ' west (if I'ritisii t'ehiiiiliia. It is iiiluiliited cliiifly liy Imliati.s 
 
 uiul Ksciuiinau.x. Seul-tislu'iifs fonii the Itadiiig iiidu.stry. 
 
 283, The City of Washington, situated on the 
 Potomac River, in the District of Columbia, is the 
 capital of tho United States. 
 
 Government. — 281. The highest officer in the 
 (Jovernmeiit is the President, who is elected by the 
 people for the term of four years. 
 
 TIio laws are made by Congres.s, wliicli con.sists of tlie 
 Senate and tfie Honsc of Rejiresontativos. 
 
 Tfie uieiiibors of Congress are elected by the various States. 
 Tliey meet in a line building in Washington, called the 
 Capitol. 
 
 285. A country whose highest officer is elected 
 by the jDeople, as in the United States, is called a 
 Kepuhlic. 
 
 For the names of all the Slates and Territories 
 and their Capitals, see 3fap. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 History. — 28G, When tins Spaniards came to 
 .Viiierica they found tlie Indians of Mr'xii'o (juiti' 
 difl'erent from tho.se further north. They had largo 
 cities, richly ornamented temples, finely-wrought 
 manufactures, and great wealth in gold and silver. 
 
 -sT. Tlio Indian king Monteznnia sent very rlcli prcsi'nts to f 'orti /, 
 till) Sjianlnli K^'iU'ial, to iniliiiD him not to vlnit hiscapilil. l!ut tl.ii 
 only made the avaricious Spaniard the more caner to olitain the wholu 
 country. Cortoz seized Montezuma, and, lioldinj,' hlni as a prisoner, 
 compelled him 'o advise his penple to sulimit to the Spaniards. 'I'ln; 
 enraged Indians l.'t lly thi'ir arrows at the Spaniards, and uuintcutioii 
 ally killed Montezuma as he stood addressint' them. 
 
 Position and Size.- 2SS. Me.vico lie.s on the .«iiuth of th- 
 United States, and extends soutlierly to tlie ii:uio\v juid li't- 
 t('>t iiiiitiiin of North .Viueriea. It 16 abmit ono-fuurth the 
 size of the Uoiiiinioii of Canada, 
 
 The Lowlands. — -S9. Crossing tho country from 
 east to west, we find first a plain, low, hot, ami 
 unhealthy, near the Culf of jNIexico, but rising iis 
 we go inland, and becoming cooler and mon- healthy 
 The cultivated lands yield cotton, sugar-cane, coU'ce, 
 indigo, and b'opical fruits. The forests contain 
 jialm -trees, mahogany, and dye-woods. Many 
 [ilants which we cultivate in gardens and conser- 
 vatories, such as dahlias, geraniums, and fuchsia-;, 
 grow wild. 
 
 The Highlands. — 290. On the west of the plain 
 we come to mountains, high, steep, and diflicult to 
 climb. They are a contiiiuation of the Pocky 
 ^Mountains. From tlie summit wo look down upon 
 a wonderful table-land half as high as tho moun- 
 tains. It is walle<l in, for far away on the Pacific 
 side arc other high mountains. Here and there 
 over the plain rise cone-shaped mountains with 
 openings at the top, like chimneys, sending out 
 flame, ashes, and melted stones. 
 
 2^1. The climate on the table-land is delightful, 
 and the products are the grains and fruits of tein- 1 
 perate countries. That of the coast is hot and S- 
 unhealthy. Towards the north are immense gras^sy 
 plains, the pasture-lands of many buftaloes, wild 
 oxen, and horses. 
 
CENTUAL AMEUICA. 
 
 88 
 
 20;!. fITV 01" MKXICO. 
 
 Minerals. — 291 The mountains of [NFcxico aiv 
 rich in iiiiiierals, and iniiiiiig is a Icadiiii,' occupa- 
 tion. Silver is the most important mineral. 
 
 Towns.— 293. The large cities are all on the cool 
 
 ]iii;lihuuls. 
 
 Mexico City, tlic cupit.al, is near .a Ix-iuitiful lake in .an oval 
 Valley, with higli iiioiiiitaiiis all around. Vera Cruz is tlic 
 I'liiicipal i)ort on the east ; AcapulCO, vn tin; wt.st. Both aw 
 Hiiull iilact's. 
 
 Tho principal exports are silver, hemp, hides, coffee, and 
 india-rubber: annual value, 80 million dollars. 
 
 29-t. The inhabitants of Mexico are Spaniards, 
 
 Indians, and mixed races. They are not very 
 
 industrious, and the country has often been dis- 
 
 urbed by civil war. Education is neglected. 
 
 29.5. The government is republican, like that of 
 
 Itlie United States. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 29G. The narrow portion of America, between 
 the broad continents of North and South America, 
 is called C'')i(ral Aineriea. 
 
 General Features. — 297. Central Amerira resem- 
 bli's Mcxiio in its coast plains and interior high- 
 lands, and also in climate and products. ^Mahogany 
 wood, used for furniture, is obtained from the 
 swampy forests on the coast. 
 
 298. Volcanoes are numerous. The country is often vi.slted by 
 destructive earthquakes, (luring which the ground trenililus and rocks, 
 or IS whirled violently around, and opens in wide chasms. Houaes 
 are thrown down, whole cities are destroyed, and thousands of people 
 arc killed. It is proposed to construct a ship canal from the Atlantic 
 Ocean to the I'acillc, by way of Lake Nicaragua. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 299. The people are not industri- 
 
84 
 
 NOKTM A.MKHK'A. 
 
 30:. Ht'OAIl rr.ANTATION ANIl MIIJ.. 
 
 ouH, but till'}' export sonic coIHt, rich woods, and 
 iiicdioiiiiil pliiiils. 
 
 Divisions.- 300. The country is divided into five 
 republics — (iiiiilcnnihi, //oin/iirns, Sun Sdli'ddov, 
 Niatraiind, mid Coxtd Jiiai, anil a snuUl stut»> on 
 tho oust coiist, called Urifish lli>n(hir(is, belongin<j; 
 to Orcat J5i itain. 
 
 Towns. ,'iOl. Guatemala is tlic largest city. San Salvador 
 Wiis (listroycd liy nil i';utii(|iiak(' in 1S54, and aff.iin in IS?.*?. 
 Ballze, in liiiti.sli llonduiiis, ixports niali(i;,Miiy and dye- 
 woods. 
 
 THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 302, The West Indies are clusters of islands on 
 tho cast of the (!ulf of IMoxico, liotweiMi North 
 and South America. It was here that ('olumbu.s 
 landed after his iirst voya^'c across the Atlantic. 
 
 30;?. Tim islands .iid near the lv|nator, whore tlu> Sun's rays 
 fall iier|ii'ndiculail';. Snow and fmst are unknown, cxcejit 
 on tlio inountains, and snininiT lasts .all the, year. Tho larf^or 
 islands have liij^di ninnntaiiis, and it is (|niti' roficshint; to tho 
 inhabitants, w hon almost oxiianstod by the intense heat, to 
 retreat to the coolor hij^Iii.'inds, 
 
 Area. :\0\. All tlic islands tnken togetlier contain about four-fiftlis 
 as nnii:Ii Iiind iis Ontario. 
 
 Products. — 305. Tho "NVost Indies are very fer- 
 tile, and in some of tho islands nearly all the land 
 
 is cultivated. The most important products nre 
 sugar, tobacco, coffee, manioc, yams, sweet potatoes, 
 oranges, pine apples, bananu.s, and other fruits. 
 
 JiCXi. Tho farms arc ciillod ])lantations. Tho <i\\iii r of tin 
 |ilantation lives in a lar^'o low honso, with wide voiainl;i- 
 and iiolisliod iinoariiotcHi tloors. Then thoro aro many siii;ill 
 cabins around for the laboin-ors, who are mostly coloninl 
 people. 
 
 0O7. At a distance, the Hugar-caiio looks liko Indian corn. 
 When it has f,'rowii tall, and is full of swoot jnieo, it is ( i,' 
 and taken to tiio i.n^'ar-niill. Horo tho jnieo is picssod c ,• 
 and made into sugar, somewhat as ui; m.iko ,>^ii;4ar from (].■ 
 .sap of the iiiaiile tree. 
 
 ;10S. One of the most valuable and boautifiil trees of tl,' 
 W(\st Iiidios is tho cocoannt palm. It i^rows stiaij^'ht ami 
 tall without Idanelios or loav('s ; only at the to|> a tuft of l,,i:. 
 bro.ad loaves hangs over, often so as to conceal the fruit, 'i'ii 
 forests yield mahoijany, ebony, and dye-woods. 
 
 Inhabitants.— .309. A very large proportion of the inlial i 
 taiits are negroes and inulattoes. Many labourers have 1 - > 
 introduced from Inilia and China. 
 
 Greater Antilles.— 310. Four of the islands ,n 
 I niuoh larger than the rest,— in fact, much lai'-ei 
 than all the others taken together. Those are Cvlo 
 and Porto HIco, belonging to Spain ; Jfivialca, li> 
 longing to Hroat Britain ; and //(i//fi, ^Nhich i- 
 indopcndent. 
 
 311. Cuba is larger than all the other West Indies takn 
 together, .and it is said to yield (methird of the sugar pv ■ 
 
 
Tin; \Vi:.ST INDIIvS. 
 
 as 
 
 '■—■*- " 
 
 %. 
 
 ..'^,^ 
 
 
 
 ly. 
 
 
 51 
 
 ;t'l. HAVANA. 
 
 (lured ill till' wiirlil. /liinniii, (>u tlii-; isl;iiiil, is tlic liiri^'ot city 
 ill tli>' \\'i>t liiilii-<. It is frli'liniti'il fur (■ij^'ars iiiiil siij,mi'. 
 
 ;il:.'. Jamaica is aliunt nin'tliinl tin' si/.i' of NUva Sfntia, 
 Kiiuiftdii is its laiV'st fity. Sii^'ar, Iraiiaiias, pirn- iiiijili's, and 
 citl'ii' air till' lisidiiig exports. 
 
 :;i:!. Haytl is tlio sccoinl in >m- of tji,. West Indii's. It is 
 'li\ii|c(l into tun indr|i<'ndriit slates. Xrai'ly all the iiiliaJi- 
 itaiits are Iie;;riies, 
 
 The Small Islands. -;U 4. On the mntli nf tiie (iieater 
 
 Antilles IS a |,n'ciii|i nf small islands, called the /IkIkihihd, 
 lieliiiif^'in^,' to (ileal I'litain ; and mi tlifMnitlieast arc tlirou 
 f,'niiiiis, called tlic \'iri/iii f.^^l.^, tlic I.mruril fsh.i, and tlm 
 W'iiiilivaril IkI)^. Nearly nil "f tlicni lielmiLC t" < Ileal I'litain, 
 I'lance, I )eiiiiiaik. and Holland. 
 
 lU'i Tlie Bermudas consist of a cluster uS v. ly siii^ill islands, fur 
 aw.iy tci tlic nertli-cast ef tho liiiliaiims, lielen^ini,' to Crcat I!ritnin. 
 They liiivc a dcliijlitfiil cliinati'. Tlic chief |.r(.clacts are iirniw runt, 
 
 elliens. |ilitatei'S, and elhrr UMrdell VC.'etahle-. 
 
 317. fl'KKNAVIK, (ItiKKNI.ANH. 
 
NOnXTT AMKniPA. 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 31G. 'I'lic two isliimls, (Jreenhutl and Icelnni/, far 
 away on tho northeast of America, on tin- Itonlcr.s 
 <»f the fro/cii Arctic Ocean, lielonj,' to a country in 
 l''iiro])e culled |)rimi;irl;. 
 
 Qrooiiland. .'U7. ••nc mi^'lit hii|i|i«)sh fnnii tln! iifiiiu^ Unit 
 tliiH WiiM H l)i>iiiitifiil inliiti(l. vcidimt with niiik vi't^ctiitioii. 
 It is, liuwcMT, iiiu! nf fill ciilili'ht iiihiiltiti'i! cKiiiitrifn in tlu' 
 
 Wi>llcl, uIkI h I.iivc pint (if it is cniistiilltly ciivrrrd «itli icn 
 
 1111(1 siKiw. 'I'lic iiili;il)itiuitH iiiv ;ii..stly KM<|niiii;iiix, mid livii 
 
 tii'iir th«! NoiitliwcMt count. Thny dnjMtiid cliictly on fiMliinj; 
 mid Ncid'hiitititii^'. i'lirriKiiik in th(^ iinput iiurthi'rly ttcttli- 
 iiiciit. It in iiftcii vihitcd liy Arctic iiiivi^iitiirn. 
 
 Iceland, 'MH, This inlmid !■* mit ho cold hm (iiccnlmid. It 
 hiiM Hdiiiu vory rciiiarkiilth^ fcutiircH. Then) k(>ciii to Im) viirt 
 lii'cs ciiimtiiiitly liiii'iiiii^' d('c|i ill tint vmth. In hiuih! placiii 
 tlici(! lire hot HpriiiKH, culled i/iiikii-k, xsliicli (icciiHicpiuilly hciid 
 liiiiliii({ wiitcr ImkI) >■> tli(^ iiir, lilvi- :i foiiiitaiii. Tlic tircH luciiit 
 (lilt ill iiimiy pliiccM, ciiiiNinx voIcuiioch. Mmnit llvrhi ih <iim 
 (if tlid iiioHt ('clcliriitt'd volcmiocH in tli(! world, I'otnt(Kin nmi 
 other \i'\!' ffthh'K are ciiltivntcil in th(^ Noiitli, mid there i^ 
 plenty (II „riiMs fur pjiHture. Aniont,' tlie cealiinls tliiit visit 
 Iccliiiid is the eider (luck, viiliuiMe f(ir its Hoft down. Wool 
 (ill, und feiltliel'M lire exported. 
 
 15 
 
328, HCKXK IN TIfK ANDKS, 
 
 CHAP'I'KIl Jl. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 History. 319. When Ronth Ainorica was dis- 
 covered, it \V!is inliabitecl by Indians, some of wlioni 
 were liigldy civilized. They had lar<,'e cities, with 
 fine l)uiIdiiiL:s ornamented with ijold and silver, 
 'riicse j)coj)li! were .soon conquered and robhed of 
 their wealth by the Spaniards and Portnijuese. 
 
 .'t20. IJ()rtii'^.al colonized Brazil ; Spain, nearly all tho re- 
 mainder of South Ainerica. The colonies gained their in- i 
 (lepciidcnce aliout seventy years ago. i 
 
 Position. — .321. South America is surrounded by ^ 
 Hie sea, except at the Isthmus of Panama, where it , 
 j')ins North America. ' 
 
 The ('aribl)ean Sea and (Jiilf of Mexico are on 
 the north; the Atlantic Oecin lies on the east; 
 and the Pacific ()c«'an on the west. 
 
 'M'2. The MortlRTii jiortum of South Aiiicriciv, incliullni; ii1)()\it tliree- 
 fourtlis of tlio wliule, ia in the liottist jiart of tho Karth, cuUcil the 
 Torrid Zone. 
 
 Coast. —323. Tho coast of South America is very 
 regular; that is, there an^ no deej) bays running 
 into the land. 
 
 The Cort.ff, Wfiferif, C'ljex, mul Ix/nnds, can be 
 learnefl Jrom the ^fap. 
 
 324. Tlerra del FuegO is a cluster of rocky islands, separated fiom 
 
38 
 
 SOUTH AMKRICA. 
 
 the mninhind by the Striiit of MnKollin. Thoy are inhiibitcd by ft few 
 degraded savuges. The Falkland Islands beluiig to (Irciit Itrltain. 
 
 ;«.'i. Juan Fernandez, west of chili, is noted as the island on 
 whioli Alexander Selltirk s^jient. four years. Defoe's story of " Kobinson 
 Crusoe" was founded on his adventures. 
 
 Area.— ;U(!. South America i.s iilwiit seven-eiglith.s the size 
 of Xorth Aiiii'rica. 
 
 Surface, 'i'27. A long high range of mountains, 
 caUc'd tho Ani/efi, extends along the west side of 
 South America, near the Pacific Ocean, somewhat 
 like the mountains on the west side of North 
 America. Indeed the Amies may be considered 
 as a continuation of the Kocky ]Mountains ; but 
 the Andes do not sj)i'ead out so wide, and they are 
 nearer the coast. 
 
 .SL'S. In tlic south, tin; Andes form a single ridge; hut in 
 tlie middle and north there ai'e two or thret; ridges with 
 broad elevated valleys, or table-lands, half as high as the moun- 
 tains, between the different ridges. On tliese table-lands are 
 j cultivated tields and large cities; and in the mountains around 
 ' them are rich mines of silver and other metals. ]5ut the 
 ' countries betwet'U the mountain ridges are almost shut out 
 from the rest of the world. The sides of the Amies are 
 I geniMally too steep for railroads, or even for carriage-roads. 
 There are just windnig patiis which oidj' the sure-footed 
 nudes, donkeys, and llamas can travel with safety. 
 
 ;WJ. The traveller, in ascending the ^Vndes, finds along the 
 lower .sloi)o.s dense forests of jialnis, and other trees of warm 
 countries; as he advances, lu! no longer meets with trees of 
 this sort, but such as we have in our foi'csts ; further up are 
 sluubs and gay coloured mountain Howei's ; then lie comes to 
 the dark, bairen roclis, and here ami there, extending far 
 above him, are the high jieaks covered with snow all the 
 year. 
 
 XM). Crossing the Andes is, iu some places, very difficult 
 and dangerous. Thei c are deep gorges with steep banks, and 
 at the bottom are rushing, foaming streams. Over some of 
 these are curious bridges. Two ro)ies, made of twisted bark, 
 are stretched across jind tied to trees. .Swung on the ropes is 
 a kind of basket, in which the traveller sits and pulls himself 
 over. 
 
 331. No mountains in the world have so many volcanoes as the 
 Andes. Cofnixi.ri is one of tlie most noted. Us flames are seen rising 
 high above the lofty sununit, and its ro.iring i.s heard far out on the 
 Pacific Ocean. Tlie Andes and the neighbouring countries are visited 
 by terrible cartlniuakes, which sometimes destroy whole cities and 
 bury tbon.sands of jicoplo in the ruins. 
 
 Lowlands and Rivers. — .'^32. On the east of the 
 Andes is a vast lowland counti'y, through which 
 flow the three great ri\t'rs of South America, — - 
 the Orinoco, the Aitimou, and the La Plata. These 
 
 lowlands are divided into three great sections, 
 calhjd the Plm'tis of tlte Orinoco, the J'fai)is of tin' 
 Amazon, and the Plains of the La Plata. South 
 America has niort; than 30,000 miles of inland 
 navigable water.s. j 
 
 33.'}. The Orinoco rises in the Andes, and flow.s 
 north-easterly, receiving many large tributaric.*!. 
 
 ?,'.\A. The Plains of the Orinoco ar^' called LIdiimt. Except 
 along the margin of the river, there are no trcs on the llanos. 
 yVt one, time of year, when it rains every day, they are covered 
 witli tall grass, mingled with flowers of every hue. At this 
 season, immense herds of wild cattle and horses roam over 
 these plains. At .'mother time of yeai', there is no rain for 
 several months, the h<it sun parches the ground, and every 
 plant di(^■J. The dry gi-ass is then set on fire, to clear the 
 ground for the next j'ear. In the dry season, the cattle and 
 horses retreat to pasture-lands near the mountains. 
 
 33;"). The Amazon is the largest and longest river 
 in the world. It is nearly 4,000 miles long. It 
 rises in the Andes, and f^ows easterly through the 
 selvas, entering the Atlantic Ocean by two great 
 mouths, separated by J/arajo Island. ]\Ifiny largo 
 rivers How into the Amazon. Along the river- 
 banks are wide marshes covered with tall reeds, 
 amongst which turtles, alligatoi-s, and many kinds 
 of serpents have their home. Floating on the river 
 here and then; is the wondiM'ful water-lily, called 
 Victoria. lii'(jia. Its huge; leaves are sometimes ten 
 feet long and six feet broad, in the midst of which 
 is the large beautiful blossom, white and pink, with 
 a golden centre. 
 
 33G. The Plains of the Amazon are called Selvas. They 
 are covered with the most wonderfid forests in the world. 
 There are i)alms, ferns, mahogany, rosewood, dye-woods, 
 and other trees, very large and tall, with the space between 
 filled with shrubbery. Theii, clinging to the trees, twining 
 .tround tliem, and hanging down from their branches, aro 
 many kinds of vines covered with beautiful blossoms. The 
 roots of some of these vines do not reach the ground, but wave 
 in the air, from which they derive all their iiotu-ishment. 
 They are thus called (lir pJantn. In these dense forests are 
 jaguars, tapirs, monkeys, sn'pents, and parri)ts. 
 
 I 
 
 337. The La Plata is a very large river, flowing 
 ' southerly, and formed by the union of the Parana 
 \ and the Uritguay. 
 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bonnd&rlu— 
 
 A. Cnrihhean Sea. 
 <'.iilf of Mexico. 
 /■ Ail.iiitic Ocean. 
 'I - l'.i( ilic Ocean. 
 
 CoMt W»t«ri- 
 
 i.iilfof D.irien. 
 < 'iilfiif \'enezuela. 
 M iMthofthc Amazon. 
 •^■■uth of the La Plata. 
 Sir.iii of Magellan. 
 
 Gulf of Guayaquil. 
 Bay of Panama. 
 
 CapM— 
 
 Gallinas. St, Roquo. 
 Horn Blanco. 
 
 Iiluida— 
 
 Trinidad. Marajo. 
 r.ilklaniis. 
 l"ierra del l-uego. 
 Chiloe. Gihn.iyos. 
 Juan Fernanifez. 
 
 KlTtn and Laka — 
 
 Orinoco. Amazon. 
 La Plata. 
 Lake Titicaca. 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Colombia— 
 
 Ho^ota. Carta^'ena. 
 
 Ecuador— 
 
 Quito. Guayaquil. 
 
 Venaznala— 
 
 Caraccas. 
 
 BritUh Snlaaa- 
 
 Gcnry^'towii. 
 
 Dutch Oaiana— 
 
 P.'iraiii.iribo. 
 
 French Guiana- 
 
 Caycniic. 
 
 BrazU- 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 Ualna. Para. 
 
 Peru — 
 
 I.inia. Callao. Cuzco. 
 
 BoUna- 
 
 L')uu|iiisaca. 
 
 I .a Paz. Potosi. 
 
 Chill - 
 
 .Santiago. Valparaiso. 
 
 Argentine Republic— 
 
 HtuMios Ayrcs. 
 Parana. Mendoza. 
 Corrientes. San Juan. 
 
 Paraguay- 
 Asuncion. 
 
 Uruguay— 
 
 Mnnte Video. 
 
 Patagonia. 
 
CLIMATE INHAHITAXTS. 
 
 39 
 
 338. The Plains of the La Plata are called Pampa». Like 
 the llanos, they have no trees. In the wet season they pro- 
 duco a co.arso gi-ass, mixed with rank clover and tall thistles, 
 higher than a man's head. Hundreds of thousands of cattle 
 and horses feed on these plains. 
 
 Lakes. — 339. Tliere nre no large lakes in South Aniprica. Titicaco, 
 on tlie borders of Teru and Holivia, is remarkable (ur its elevated 
 situati'in. Along its shores, and on an island in it, are ruins of ancient 
 temples dud other remains uf Indian civilization. 
 
 Climate. — 340. The climato, except on the hiyli 
 mountains and in the .south, is hot. 
 Except in Patagonia, there is no 
 cold season. In the north-east aiul 
 in the Argentine; llepuljlic there is 
 no rain for months in the dry season; 
 in the iret seaso)i it rains in torrents 
 every day. The dew is very heavy 
 in the dry season. This peculiarity 
 of the seasons is duo to the cliango 
 of direction in the wind from nortli 
 to south, and rice rrrsn. 
 
 'Ml. In ascending tiie mduiitains of hot 
 countries, one finds every variety of climate 
 — intense heat at the f(M)t, const.ant spring 
 on the nn'ddle sk)i)es, and perpetual winter 
 on the sumnn'ts. 
 
 Plants. — 342. No part of the world 
 has such ranlc vegetation as the warm, 
 moist countries of South America. 
 The forests are so dens(! with trees, 
 shrubs, and tangled vines, tiuit one 
 needs to cut a path in making his 
 wav throu'di them. 
 
 the mountains of Peru and JJolivia ; copper is 
 plentiful in (,'hili ; iron, gold, and diamonds are 
 f)btained in Prazil. 
 
 Animals. — 340. TJie (dpir is the largest wild 
 animal of South America. The jayunr is a 
 f(>rocious animal like tlu! tiger. TIk; llmna and 
 (tljxica of the Andes yield a kind of wool. The 
 llama is used as a beast of burden. 
 
 B%-^^ 
 
 \<^n 
 
 '%!' 
 
 
 ■\YAi':j 
 
 r(rn:y.y._^-~-^--^_j_^i^'' *^^' 
 
 84(!. THK TAI'll:. 
 
 343. Among the trees of the forests are the cocoa-nut, sago, 
 and many other kinds of palm trees ; mahogany, rosewood, 
 variotis kinds of dye-wood, and niedicin.al jjlants; the caou- 
 tchouc, from the sap of which india-rubber is made ; and the 
 cacao, from the fruit of which chocolate is made. One of the 
 most important trees of the South American fcn-ests is the 
 cinchona, from the bark of wliich a valuable medicine called 
 quinine is extr.acted. 
 
 344. In the cultivated lands of tlie warm cotnitries are raised 
 coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, indigo, i)ine apples, and 
 m.any fine fruits and sjiices. Wheat and other grains are 
 raised in the mountain valleys. 
 
 Minerals. — 345. There are rich silver mines in 
 
 347. Tile marshes abound in alligators and huge s(>rpents. 
 In the forests are jiarrots, many kinds of beautifiil birds, and 
 troojjs of chatteiing monkeys. Far up in the Andes, among 
 the rocks, lives the condor, the largest Hying bird in the 
 world. 
 
 348. There were no cattle and horses in Soiitli America wlicn it vva» 
 discovered. They wore broujjlit here by the Sjjaniards and Portuguese, 
 and turned out on the grassy plains to take care of tliemselves. Catch- 
 ing the cattle is an exciting sport, in which the people greatly delight. 
 Men, mounted on swift liorses, pursue the lierds, and when they come 
 sufficiently near an ox, they toss a rope, called a lasso, over his neck. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 349. The white people of Brazil 
 are descendants of early colonists from Portugal. 
 
40 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pkul- 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 (.'nii,i 
 
 AUCKNTINK RkI'UBLIC. 
 I'AUAIiUAV 
 
 UuuGUAy 
 
 Capiul. 
 
 .Lima. 
 Sucre. 
 Santiago. 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 Asuncion. 
 . Monte Video. 
 
 ol8. LASSOING CAITLK. 
 
 In most of the other countries of Soutli America 
 they are of Spanish origin. They are not generally 
 very enterprising or as advanced in civilization as 
 the people of Canada and the United States. 
 
 3.50. Tliere are many negroes, especially in Brazil and 
 Guiana, whose forefathers were brought from Africa as slaves. 
 Indians are numerous, many of whom are savages and live a 
 very low kind of life. 
 
 351. Mixed races, derived from the intermarriage of white 
 people, negroes, and Indians, are the most numerous. 
 
 3.52. The Roman Catholic religion prevails in South 
 America. 
 
 Divisions. — 353. South America includes the 
 following thirteen countries : — 
 
 Nnme. Cnpltal. 
 
 Colombia Bogota. 
 
 Ecu A ooR Quito. 
 
 Vknkzuela Caraccas. 
 
 British ( Juiana Georgetown. 
 
 Dutch Gi'iANA Paramaribo. 
 
 French Guiana Cayenne. 
 
 Brazil Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Towns. — 354. Buenos Ayres, in the Argentine 
 Republic, is the largest city in South America. 
 
 Government. — 355. All tlu; countries of South 
 America are republics, except Guiana, which is 
 divided among tJie Enjlish, the Dutch, and the 
 
 rencii. 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 35G. Colombia includes the narrow Isthmus of 
 Panama, and extends southerly to the Etjuator. 
 
 In the western part of the country are mountains 
 and high table-lands ; in tlu; south-east are the low 
 l»lains of the Orinoco, which yield rice. 
 
 357. The chief exports are cattle, hides, cocoa, silver, cin- 
 chona, coffee, dye-wood, tohaccd, and gold: annual value, 15 
 millicm dollars. 
 
 A railroad extends across the Isthmus from Aspinwall to 
 Panama. ISIillions of dollars have been expended on a ship 
 canal across the Isthmus, but the work i.s yet unfinished. 
 
 358. Bogota, the capital and largest city, is on a high plateau 
 in the middle of the country. Cartag'ona is the chief port. 
 
 ECUADOR. 
 
 359. The west side of Ecuador is crossed by two 
 ridges of the Andes. Most of the inhabitants reside 
 on the table-land between these ridges. The country 
 east of the Andes forma part of the forest plains of 
 the Amazon. 
 
 Ecuador contains Chimhryrnzo, Cotopaxi, and other volcanoes. 
 
 360. Cocoa, straw hats, ivory-nuts, sugar, india-rublier, 
 hides, and coffee are the chief exports: annual value, 11 million 
 dollars. 
 
 361. Quito is a large city, situated near the Equator) on 
 table-land nearly two miles aVmve the sea-level. Day and 
 night arc always of equal length at (^uito, each being twelve 
 hours long. Guayaquil is the chief iwrt. 
 
V Er EZ V E LA — PERU. 
 
 41 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 3G2. Venezuela is crossed by mountain ridges 
 and highlands in the north-west and south-east. 
 Between these highlands are the llanos, covering a 
 large part of the country. 
 
 363, The inhabitants live princiiially in the liighhvnil valleyf; 
 of thf? uurtli-wi/Nt. Cattlo ami hoisi-s nvt- niimt'ious on tlic 
 liliiinn. CuftY'f, cotton, t<)l)aeco, and sugar-cane an- ciiltivaUd. 
 
 364. Among tliu many useful trees is a kind of iialni, from 
 which stn/o is obtained ; and the coic-trec, which yields a juice 
 rosembliny milk. 
 
 Th(-' chii'f exports are coffee, cocoa, dye-W(x>ds, and cattle: 
 annual value, 20 million dollars. 
 
 305. Caraccas is in the north-west. Many years ago the 
 city was laid in ruins by a terrible earth(|nake. It being a 
 liublic fast-flay, many of the jK'ople were assembled in tlu^ 
 churches, and 12,000 were killed by the falling buildings. 
 
 GUIANA. 
 
 .3G6. Tliis is the only part of 8outh America 
 that is now owned by European- nations. Jlrifwh 
 Giii(t7ia lies in the west, Dufcli O'liiioui, in the 
 middle, and French (hoiana in tlie east. 
 
 3G7. The coast is low and level, the interior elevated .and 
 mountainous. The climate is very hot, hmnid, and nnheiilthy. 
 The .soil is fertile. The chief exports are coffee, sugar, gold, 
 spices, and the prodiicta of the forests. 
 
 308. A Large proitortion of the iidiabitants are negroes. 
 Georgetown and Paraunaribo are the i)rincipal cities. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 369. Brazil is the largest and most important 
 division of South America. In size it is nearly 
 equal to the Dominion of Canada, and has on it.s 
 northern, western, and southern borders all the 
 other countries of South America, except Chili. 
 
 370. Brazil includes nearly all the forest plains 
 of the Amazon, called selvas. In the south-east 
 are table-lands and mountains. 
 
 371. Brazil has a warm moist climate and a very 
 fertile soil. The products are, coffee, sugar, cotton, 
 rice, manioc, tobacco, Indian corn, vanilla, and all 
 kinds of tropical fruits. 
 
 372. It is said that this country jiroduces more than half 
 tjie coffee wliich is used in the world. 
 
 Vanilla is a vine which pHwluees a kind of bear, from which 
 a delicious |M'rfume is extracted. 
 
 37;i. The greater pait of llra/ii is covered with (h nse forests. 
 
 The trees are very ditferent fioni thost; in our forests. Some 
 
 ' of them have beautiful blossoms. The ))alni grow.<i tall and 
 
 i straight, and without branches. At the top is a tuft of long 
 
 I broad leaves. It has no bark like our trees, and tiie hardest 
 
 part of the \\()0(1 is on the outside. Mahogany, roi<ewood, 
 
 and other valuable jiroducts of the forest, are brought down 
 
 the Amazon and exported to foreign countries. The india- 
 
 rublter tree yields one of the most valuable products. 
 
 :!74. Till? lilRliIand inuntry in tlic soutlicnst of Brazil lias long been 
 celcbrateil fur it.s rich iliuniund iiiinea. 
 
 37r>. The white Inhabitants form about one-third the popu- 
 lation. ]Most of the labour is done l)y negroes. 
 
 37<>. Rio Janeiro has a fine harliour. Its streets are lined 
 with beautiful |ialms. The chief exports .ue colfee, cotton, 
 sugar, india-rubbiT, tobacco, .and hides : ainnial value, 15!) 
 million dollars. The iniiK)rts are cottons and other m.anu- 
 factuved g(K)ds. The trade is chiefly with Oreat Britain, the 
 United States, (Jermany, and France. 
 
 377. Bahia is a largB commercial city. Para, near tlin mouth of 
 the Amazon, is well situatrd for exporting tlie products of tliu forest. 
 
 PERU. 
 
 378. When discovered by the Spaniards, Peru, 
 Bolivia, and Chili formed one large Indian Empire, 
 the most civilized and powerful country in South 
 America. 
 
 379. The country was conquered, and the emjieror treacher- 
 ously jmt to death, by a Spani.ard n.amed Pizarro. Peru still 
 contains ruins of Indian citiiis, temples, and atpieducts. 
 
 380. The coast country of Peru is an arid 
 desert, with the exception of the river valleys, 
 which are made fertile by irrigation. Portions of 
 the taV)le-lands between the lofty mountain ranges 
 are also very fertile. Most of the civilized in- 
 habitants of Peru live on the table-lands and along 
 the river valleys. Vast forests cover the eastern 
 slopes of the Andes. 
 
 381. Peru was formerly noted for its mineral wealth, ani 
 
 it still yields gold, silver, cojiper, .and other minerals. The 
 valuable fertilizers guano and nitrate of soda have brought 
 
42 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 370. RIO .lANKIIiO. 
 
 luucli wealth to tlic CDUiitry. Nitrate of soda is still an iiu- 
 IKirtant oxjiort. 
 
 382. 'I'ho cultivated products ar(^ cotton, colTee, 
 grain, sugar-cani', toliacco, and cinchona. 
 
 Till' cliicf exports arc sugar, silver, cotton, lead, wool, aiid 
 Htiaw liats : annual xalue, 17 million ilollars. 
 
 I)S3. Lima, the oapit.al, is seven miles from the sea. Callao 
 is the eliii'f jiort. Cuzco was the Indian capital. 
 
 HSI. A railway, constructor with wonilorfiil fkill, running oast from 
 i'allaoaiirt Lima, crosses the Andes. In asoemliiif; the mountains it 
 winds along tlie edge of dpop p irgcs, and it jiasses llirougli lofty iieaks 
 by long dark tunnels. AVlicu coiiii)lctod, it will connect with steamers 
 on the Amazon. 
 
 BOLIVIA. 
 
 385. Tlio mountains avo ]ii<;lier in Bolivia, and 
 tho tal»le-land is liroadcr, tlian in otlioi* countries 
 of South Amorica. Bolivia has no sea-coast. 
 
 .SSC). Sorata, nearly five miles higli, i.s said to be the second 
 highest peak in America. 
 
 387. West of the Andes tho country is wild .and barren. 
 Mule paths an^ the only roads .across the mountairis. Tin 
 silver mines of Bolivia were (^nce the most productive in the 
 world. Silver is still the leading exjKn't of the country. 
 
 388. The cities .are on the high table-Lands. Sucre, or 
 Chuquisaca, is nearly two miles uIkjvc the sea-level. La Fa2 
 is the largest eity. PotOSi was once famous for its silver 
 mines. The foreign trade of Bolivia is carried on through 
 the jx)rts of Peru and the Argentine Republic. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 389. Chili, a long narrow country west of the 
 Andes, has been one of the most pro.sperous States 
 in South America, but it has recently been dis- 
 turbed by civil war. 
 
 390. Aconcagua, in Chili, was formerly considered the highest 
 mountain peak in America. 
 
 301. The climate is temperiitc .and the soil fertile. The 
 products are grain, hemp, and jiotatoes. 
 
 The potiito grows wild in Chili, and it was from this 
 countrj- that it was first obtained for cidtivation. 
 
 3!I2. The thief exports are nitiate of soda, guano, wheat, 
 silver, and copper : annual value, .58 million dollars. 
 
THE AKCiENTIXE RErUHLIC~ UHUGUAY. 
 
 43 
 
 393. Santiago is a, lar(,'e city, sitiiiiti'<l in i\ fiTfilf iiImIii at 
 the foot of tho Andes. Valparaiso i.s the iinnciiKil jiurt. 
 
 THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 391. A lar<,'(! part of this (•(niiiti-y consists of tlir- 
 pa)ii})(t!^, -wliifli in tlio wet sca.son arc covered witli 
 coarse grass and tall tliistles. 
 
 39.5. Tlie climivto i.s variwl. Wlioat .iiid Indi.an corn air 
 leadinfj products. Ininicns(! licrds of cattle anil horses run 
 wild over the plains. This country has made rapid profjfress 
 in recent years, and its population has lieiii miicii increased 
 by inimigrants fnan Italy and other countries of Europe 
 
 The chief exports are sh<ei(, cattle a)i(l their iiroducts, and 
 grain: annuid value, 100 million dollars. 
 
 300. Buenos Ayres, the largest city, is situated on the La 
 I'lata, l.^O miles frnm the sea. Other towns are Rosario, La 
 Plata, and Cordova. 
 
 31)7. Patagonia, the most southerly jiart of the mainland of 
 South America, belongs to the Argentine Republic. It is a 
 barren, rocky country, inhabited liy micivili/.ed Indians. 
 
 PARAGUAY. 
 
 398. Paraguay is an inland country lying be- 
 tween the river PanKjuaj on tlic west, and tlu> 
 Parana on the east. The poi.ulation is scattered, 
 consisting chiefly of nativ(' Tndian.s. 
 
 399. r.aragiiay has a M-arm, healthy climate, and a fertile 
 Koil. The exports are Indian corn, tobacco, rice, cotton, and 
 sugar-cane: annual value, 2^ million di)llars. A wild shrub, 
 called liuU6 or J'arriiina!/ tra, grows abundantly. The leaves 
 are used as we use China tea. 
 
 400. Asuncion, on the Paraguay, is the chief town. 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 •101. Uruguay is a small state, south of Brazil, 
 ft is a hilly country, adbrding rich pastures. 
 
 Cattle, horses, and shee]i are numerous, and foiin the chief 
 wealth of the country. 
 
 402. Montevideo, the chief town, is near tiie month of the 
 La I'lata. Tiie chief exports are wool, cinned beef, hides, 
 tallow, and bones: aninial \alue, 33 million dollars. 
 
aCENK IN CENTRAL KrilOl'K. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 History. — 103. In early times Europe was in- 
 habited l)y barbarous tribes who had no settled 
 place of abode. (.J recce, a small country in the 
 south-east, neai-ly surrounded by the sea, was the 
 first to become civilized. Then Rome, in Italy, 
 became the heading power, and gave laws to the 
 ivorld. After the Roman Empire had fallen into 
 decay, there follow(Ml a ]n>rio'.l called the Ddvk 
 Ages, during which hordes of barbarians from the 
 north overran the whole continent. In more 
 modern times the present nations of Europe were 
 formed, England, France, Germany, and Spain at 
 
 first taking the lead ; and then Great Britain, 
 France, Germany, Austria, and Russia. 
 
 Position. — 404. Europe is about three thousand 
 miles to the east of North America, the Atlantic 
 Ocean lying between these two great portions of 
 land. It is principally in the North Temperate 
 Zone. It has the Arctic Ocean on the north, 
 Asia on the east, the Black Sea and the Medi- 
 terranean on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the west. 
 
 The Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, and Cau- 
 casus Mountains form the boundary between Europe and Asia. 
 

 
 ""•v. 
 
 / • i 
 
 S" 
 
 
 (I ,,,•,.„ "'• !■ 
 
 ;,.1.IV" 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 >/^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 V 
 N 
 
 .. ' .A . -f^iaii... TV*. j('..i ' ill'.. ...J..;. _ ii 1 .'X I , ^1* ■ .'^-'.w 
 
 .. . _ 
 
 Bonnduiu— 
 
 Bl.ick .Sea. 
 
 Tarifa Point. 
 
 A'. Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Ca.snian Sea. 
 
 I'assaro. 
 
 K. Asia. 
 
 
 Spartivento. 
 
 5. Black Se.i. 
 
 Stnlte- 
 
 I.eiica. 
 
 Mediterr.incan. 
 
 Strait of r.ilmiltar. 
 
 Matapan. 
 
 H', Atlantic. 
 
 Strait of Dtranto. 
 
 
 
 r>atdanilles. 
 
 Iiluidi— 
 
 8«M- 
 
 UosiJliorus. 
 
 l.ofo<lun Isl.inds. 
 
 White .Se.i. 
 
 
 I'.iroe. 
 
 North Sea. 
 
 Capei— 
 
 Azores. 
 
 Haltic Sea. 
 
 Nordkyn. North Cape. 
 
 Balearic Isles. 
 
 *■ Itnglish Channel. 
 
 The Naze. 'I ha Skaw. 
 
 Sicily. 
 Sarcfinia. 
 
 Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Wrath. Clear. 
 
 Adriatic Sea. 
 
 I. a Hague. 
 
 i;ii.a 
 
 ArchiiHilano. 
 Sea of Marninra. 
 
 Finlsterre. 
 
 Roca. St. Vincent. 
 
 Corsica. 
 
 Malta. Candia. 
 
 SI vert— 
 
 iJwina. 
 
 Vistula. 
 
 (.)der. 
 
 I-IIh;. 
 
 Khine. 
 
 Seinv. 
 
 Tagus. 
 
 X-oPita 
 
 Don. 
 
 Dnieper. 
 
 Uanulie. 
 
 Rhone. 
 
 LakM- 
 
 Ladot;a. 
 
 Norway and Swedan— 
 
 Stuckholni |ca}.ital). 
 
 Christiania. 
 
 Ber^jcn. 
 
 Deniiurk. 
 
 (.V« M.,f /J.) 
 
 XuuU— 
 
 St. Petersburg (cap.). 
 
 Qtnnan Empire. 
 
 Auitrla. 
 I HoUaod. 
 I Balxlnm. 
 I Franc*. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Portngal. 
 
 lUlr. 
 
 Tnrkey. 
 
 Oreece. 
 
 J 
 
 
S/uaiis fi ViiVi, 
 
 EUROIM: I'hyM.al. 
 
 20 LCn^ .'. 
 
 HOUO feet 
 
 SKCTIO.V ACHOSS N()HTlIKh>' FL'HOPK 
 
 M^ 
 
 -t...i A T lA NT I C OCtAM ' IttBi "" "'X "'' ■ 
 
 "\fe,..v^ i'^'^S'^^ IM,.i.. -fH,...,.. '--'^" 
 
 ST.rrio.v ACitoss soi'tokkn kthohk 
 
 It.OuUi FmI 
 
 
 1- 
 
 u^y 
 
 
 M'E'J>rn£ iH *'a 
 
 CAUCAtU* M* 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 AOuMile ■ 
 
<.'OA.ST— MOI'NTAINS. 
 
 45 
 
 OoftSt. — 405. Kuru])<« Iiuh iiiuiiy hcuh uikI Ihivh, 
 oxtfiidinj,' fur into the Itiinl, find at!<)r«liiij{ ^n-iit 
 fttcilitit's for coiuiiifrci'. 
 
 TIk' ('mint l\'ttti'rs, Ciij)eti, and hhindu are ijiven nl 
 
 the foot of III'' Miiji of Eiirofif. 
 
 Aroa. ICMS. Ivirnp)! cuiiiiiriMfM iilMHit Din'-fourtrcntli nf tin- 
 IivikI Miiifiwi) of \.\w Kurtli, Ih'Iii^ mily u little hiip'i' lluiii tip- 
 |)iiiiiiiii<>M of ('uiiiiilu. 
 
 Surface.— 407. Kuroitc i'<m- 
 sists of a lowluntl plain in tin- 
 iiorth-t'UHt, and a hiylilaml n-- 
 ^'ion ill till- west uiiil south. 
 'I'liii Lowlands <'xttMi(l from 
 th(! North Sea to tliv rnil 
 MountaiiiH, infludiiig alioiit 
 two-th'rds th«' wholi- aiva. 'I'hc 
 Highlands inrludn Norway, 
 Spain, rortn<,'iil, the south oi 
 Fmncc, Italy, Swit/crhuid, tin- 
 soutli of (if-niuuiy, Austria, 
 Turk<!y, and (Jroocc. 
 
 408. The principal Moun- 
 tains ari', -thf ScdiidiiKicitin 
 M(>nu((tins, ill Norway ; tlicf 
 Ural, in Russia ; tlic Cuiicasns, 
 between the Casjtian and DIack 
 Seas ; tin' Pi/r»')ieex, Itctwreii 
 France and Spain ; tlie Af/if, in 
 France, Italy, and Switzerland; 
 the Ajiennines, in Italy; the 
 Carpntliitni, in Austria; and the 
 Balkdii, in Turkey. 
 
 40'J. The Scandinavian Mountains 
 form ail irregular wall iilmig the At- 
 lantic coast (if Norway. They .ire 
 much broken liy deep ravines. 
 
 410. The Alps are the grandest mountains of Kui-ope. 
 Many of the high jieaks are covered with snow throii(,'Iioiit 
 the year, ^font lihiiir, about three miles above the sea-level, 
 is the highest of these iieaks. In the vall/ys along the moun- 
 tain sides are vast masses of ice calle(l i/lacii !•.■<. The great 
 pressure from above causes the glaciers to move slowly down, 
 until tliey reach the warmer levels, where they melt and give 
 rise to rivers. 
 
 411. On the lower »i!ii|»«>m of the .\\\>h an- Iiirgi^ pine foretttji. 
 The most noted of these lies mi the noith, ami is called tin* 
 Uliirk Fiit'cM. 
 
 Narrow roadn wind along the steep sides of the .\lps, le:id 
 \n^ to pretty villat^eH nestled higli up among the liilU, with 
 lofty snow 'cappeil peaks rising fur al)o\e them. In some of 
 the high valleys are Is'.uitilul lakes, fed by glaciers, with 
 orchards ami \ineyards sloping down to their shores. 
 
 II-'. .Many travellers visit the Alps every year, to enjoy the 
 
 410. KK-IUVKI! i.t.M IKK of IlIK lillosl. 
 
 Ix'autiful scenery, to hunt the wild <leer in the forests or the 
 chamoi.s among the clifFs and cr.ags, to examine the wonderful 
 ice-riirrs or glaciers, and, the l)ol(ler ones, to cliiiib the icy 
 steejis to the highest p(>aks. 
 
 41o. This mountain eliniliing is \ery dangerous. Some- 
 times the traveller lo.ses his footing on the ice, or an immcnHe 
 mass of snow slips from above and dashes him over a fearful 
 precipice. There are deep rrevnusm, or oiieiiiiigs in the ice, 
 
4(5 
 
 Ki'uori'; 
 
 i\ I. MdNASTKUV ( 
 
 covoroil liver witli luo c snow. TiiiM-llris iiMniirc ti> t:ik(' 
 piidos wlui kiii>\\ tlio way. TlicN go in lili, oiu' Ix'liiiiil an- 
 «)tlu'r, tii'd tiit^i'tlii-r witli ropi-s ; aiul tlms, if <>ni> slips, tin- 
 others w ill lii'ld liini up. Smni-tiini-s tlir\ arc nMitakcn liy 
 ■Iriftintr. lilii\dinir snou stmnis. ami they Iom' tlirir wav and 
 i,n> fro/i'n to dratli. 
 
 414. Ili(;li lip (Ml oiii- of llu" iiuMiiitiiiiis iif SwilziMl'ind, iioiirlj- tAVo ; 
 ratios iibovi' Iho sea U'vol, is t\ linuso cjiUocl tho Mi'iuisl:!-)! i\l' St. }!rr- '. 
 ti ml, fiM'.iuii'ii niiu' liuinlii'il vi-ars a>:<>. It i» i>ccii|niMl liy tlu> iikuiAs '• 
 o.' St. liorn.iril, who liiivo Ions' ln'cii uolwl for tliiir kiiuliu'.<s in .<iivini; 
 triivoUiTs lo.-t on tlio nionntiiins. 'I'lii'si' nionk.'i liavo womloifully 
 sasrti'ii'us tUvs, whifli Imnr oul tlii>si- who h;ivt" fallon oxlmu.ftod iiniid 
 the snows 1 
 
 41."i. lU'twtvn Knini'i> iiml Italy are hij;!! ciiriia.iioromls over the 
 Alps. .\ wonch'vful riiilwaytni\n<'l has also hoon niailp tliroui;h a 
 high iHMk t-alli'il .l/.^nf (VMi.<. Thi< tnnnol, or )ias,-;ai,'oway, is alunil 
 seven anil a half miles loni;, twenty six feet wiile, anil twenty feet 
 
 liiKli- 
 
 416. M,-iiy,f r,-..'ipiii.s- in It.ily. and Mount Ktiui, in the Island of 
 Sicily, arc reniarkahlo voleanoes. 
 
 Rivers. 117. Tlio iivt>rs of Eunipc arc not so 
 long anil laro;t> as those of the otht-r ixrcat divisions 
 of the Karth. If wo stroti-h a lino on the map 
 from tlu> Strait of Gibraltar to tho I'ral Mountains, 
 wo shall (livitlo tho rivors into two "Toups. Flow- 
 iii'_r towards tho north and west arc tho J>ir!)i'i, 
 Vlffuld, i>l'i\ AV/(, Ii/ii)tt\ St!nt\ /,<»/;•(', and 'J'.itfiis .- 
 tlowini.' '^outhorly and easterly are the Vohiu, Dmi. 
 Diiit/ti: Ddimlif. and li/nuit'. 
 
 418. Tho Volga, tli.- larL'<\-t rivor in Kurot.o, is over 2.400 
 miles in leiitnh. The Danube, a' mit 1,740 miles long, is the 
 tirst in iinjKirtance as a natural liitrliway for trade. 
 
 419. The Rliine, tlowiug from the Alps, is un-^ of the most 
 
 >!■• ST. hi;kn.\uii. vL 
 
 lieatitiful river.t in tin' world. .Mmij,' its shores .are pretty 
 villa,i,'es, jar^e cities, charniin;.: \mI1c\.;, and \ inc clad hills. 
 In .some places it Hows past liij^h, rocky clitl's, crowned with 
 },'rim stone castles, which were liiiilt lonj,' a^'o for defiance in 
 times of war. 
 
 Lakes. l'_'(t. There are many small lakes in the north of 
 l'",urope. Liliioijii, l;iO miles loiij,', is tile l.iroest. The lakes 
 in the .Mpiiie \alleys arc cclclnatcil for their licauly. (Itnira 
 and ('oiisliiiii-t arc the lari;est. 
 
 Climate. I -I. Ilnrope has a nnhler cliiiiati* 
 than any other part (d' llie world al the same dis- 
 tnin'o from the I'aiii.atur. The western side, heiiio; 
 near the warm waters id" tin' ocean, has a milder 
 elimato than <hi' interior. The winters in (Ik; 
 north are iidonsely eold. 
 
 Products. - 1'Jl'. TIh' sotithern eoimtrieK })roduco 
 oHvos, tigs, oranoes, opapes, toliaeeo, and tho mul- 
 lierry, wlueh yields food for the silkworm. Tlio 
 central oourdi'ies jiriKliicc the various kinds of 
 
 orain and voLfotahles 
 
 Tho north'.iii countries 
 
 yield harley, oats, and pastaraoe. Near tho 
 Aivtic < )cean nothino uill grow Imt lichens, 
 mosses, and stunted, siirulis. 
 
 Minerals, rl'^. Kurnjie dms not contain rich mines of gold 
 and sil'.cr. Irmi is plentiful in Britain, (Ji niany, France, and 
 J^.\eden; coal in liritain. (iin-many, and i.clgium; copper in 
 Sp.ain, Germany, Britain, Xorw.ay, and Rns.sia ; lead in 
 Britain and Siiain : tin in Britain; marblo in Itidy and 
 Greece ; and salt in Britain, Kus.sia, Spain, and Austria. 
 
IN HKi.ATiOA ,i. liilv •■■rritU'U] 
 
 Mil iImiiiI rft,8» 
 
 y. 
 
 v^.fOlllll.'V 
 
 11 v.//. ''''/.y'lVlill.n,,! tnll, 
 
 ^ -vs^y^ c_i >y1>iiiiili'f 
 
 /T, 
 
 • M.iiiitvfr 
 
 ^^^- ^ . G E R^M*^ N YI 
 
 1 ;,v. >':^i.'57-k:r-^af;v-<^i- coi»«n,.i^ i 
 
 N N I-. I. A .^n^- ^ \ 
 
 
 Islands c> 
 
 ^iim'us 
 
 i.j.iuii-llii'oui'^ 
 
 Kl'Htl 
 
 \Ki-snllipH •'^ 
 
 R ^:'—2s- c E 
 
 Stn1t<;oj-1 
 
 
 ^^. 
 
 '-r*^' 
 
 v^L^ 
 
 ] 
 
 ."•■I"" ,l,iiira^.( V ' 
 SWITZEKLAKI) 
 
 THE Er?ITISH ISLANDS. 
 
 Bonndiirtei— 
 
 
 Conn tries and Capitals- 
 
 Adjs^cent Continental 
 
 A'. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 
 iinjjiand and Wales. 
 
 Countries- 
 
 H'. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 
 London. 
 
 Norway and Sweden 
 
 i'. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 English Channel. 
 
 
 Edml'U-;;h, 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Strait of Dover. 
 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 A'. North Sea. 
 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 Belgium. 
 France, 
 
 l-rom the countries now called by these names came, in ..ic.ent times, the 
 various tribes wtiich scltleii in the Ilritisli Islands. 
 
 The Angles, or Engll n h , came from the south of Denmark. 
 
 The Bazoiu from North Gennany, llollaoil, etc. 
 
 Tl.e Danes from Denm.ark an<i .Norway. 
 
 The Normans from the north of Trance. 
 
 The original Celtic iniiabitants were j^radually tlriven westward. Their de- 
 scendants to this day occupy considerable portions of the liritish Islands in 
 Wales. Ireland, and the Ilighlantls of Scotland. 
 
IXIIAWTANTS — GOVERNMENT. 
 
 47 
 
 Animals. —424. The wild animals an; not numer- [ ^^I'" '"'Hi'vi^ in .^r(lh:lIllIllo.l, :i fulso pniplu't wIk. lived hk.ic 
 
 1 T J.I ii J.1 • 1 1 ' than twelve liunilinl n ears aL'o. 
 
 ous or liir^'c. Jn the north arc tlic reindeer and " 
 
 various fur-bearing animals; in the centi'al eoun- Divisions. lliG. Europe includes tssciity coun- 
 tries are ])ears, wolves, wild boars, and various tries or political divisions, wliidi, with tiieir 
 kinds of deer. Tlu; c/i(tin(iis is a beautiful animal capitals, are gi\cn in the following (alile: 
 
 i'lKiTisii Isi.Ks. London. 
 
 XoKw.w ANP .SwKDK.v ...Stockholm. 
 
 I)kx.m.\k;c Copenhagen. 
 
 1!'>'^IA St. Petersburg 
 
 (Jkh.m.w IvMiiiti; Berlin. 
 
 •\i>^Ti!iA Vienna. 
 
 "ii-\N'ii The Hague. 
 
 liKi.cii .M Brussels. 
 
 1''k.\nck Paris. 
 
 Swnzi;ia,.\.Ni) Beme. 
 
 i^i'-viN Madrid. 
 
 r«)ini(;.\i Lisbon. 
 
 It.m.v Rome. 
 
 Tt uKKv Constantinople. 
 
 (iUKKCK Athens. 
 
 ] tdiM.wi .\ Bucharest. 
 
 Si:hvi.\ Belgrade. 
 
 MnXTKNKCIU) CCttlgnC. 
 
 i:"'f'-\'^" I Sophia. 
 
 L.\.ST fiOUMKM.V ) 
 
 l'2~. '\'\\{'. most powerful countries 
 of Europe are (ireat JJritain, Gcv- 
 many, France, llussia, Austria, and 
 
 taly, which are .sometimes called 
 ;Iie Si. I' (I'l't'fit /'onrrs (if Ktirajif. 
 Government. 4 2S. .Most of (lie 
 
 •ouiitiies of Europe are called litii- 
 ited )ii(>n(ii'('hi('s, because the power 
 
 )f the sovereign is limited by a jiar 
 liamont <'lected by the people. 
 
 iulubiting th(i Alps. Large eagles are also found The fVav of iinssia and the Sultan of Turkey rule with- 
 amcng the Alps. ! ""^ ^''" "''' "' '' i'^"li-""""t- 
 
 Inhabitants. — i2~h The population of Europe is 
 about .^.ISjUOOjGJO. The countries which ai'e most 
 thickly peopled are Belgium and England. 
 
 Ar<).st (if the inlialiitants ef Ku. ipe believe in the Christian 
 religion. In the southern countries they are mostly Koiuan 
 Catholics; in Uritain, Ifolland, Dcninuirk, Norway, Sweden, 
 .and North ( Jerman}-, tl/) majority arc Protestants ; in Ivussia, 
 Tiirkoj', and (ireece, tliey belong to what is called the (Jreek 
 Church, In Turkey there are also many Molianmiedaus, 
 
 419. sei;NK on tup; iiuim:. 
 
 France and Switzeiiand are nimblii s. 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 420. The British Isles consist of two lei'ge 
 islands, G'rent ]>rifai)i and Ivplaiul, and many 
 neighbouring small islands. The Island of (Jreat 
 
43 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Britain includes tiirce couiitrics,— Enj^'land in tin; 
 soutli, Wales in tin; wo.st, uiul Scotland in the 
 north. 
 
 History. — i'M). Wliuri I'>iit;iiii was first visited by the 
 Ivoiiiaiis, more tlian nineteen liiindrcd y(>ars ago, f.he country 
 was coveri'd wilii forests, and inhabited by )iarl)arims triiics 
 who lived bj' litinting and fishiny, clotiied tlieniselves with 
 skins of wild animals, and stained their bodies with the juice 
 of lierbH. 
 
 Position. — l.'U. TIk; British Isles are in the 
 nortiieni part of the North Temperate Zone. The 
 Atlantic Ocean lies on the north and west ; the 
 North Sea, tlus Strait of Dover, and the English 
 Channel, are on the east and south, separating 
 Britain from the luaiuland of ICurope. 
 
 4:!2. 'I'lie Strait of Dover, iit the iiiurdwcst jiart, is twenty-one 
 miles wide. It lias hccn luoposcd t( make a tunnel liere, for the 
 Jiasaaye of rail-cars under the sea from one side to the other 
 
 Size. — 4>S3. The Island of (Ireat •'ritain is a1)out four times 
 as large as the I'roviiiec of Nova Sofia. Scotland eoniprise.s 
 about one-third of the whole island. Ireland is soiuewhat 
 larger than Scotland. 
 
 Climate. — i'-W. 'I'he prevailing winds in the 
 British Isles come from tlu> south-we.st, over the 
 warm waters of the Atlantic, liringing lieat and 
 moisture. Hence the climate is milder and more 
 humid than in most countries as far north. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Coast. — -l;}.'"). Except some portions on the east, 
 t\u'. coast of England and Wales is generally bold 
 and rocky. The south coast is noted for its white 
 chalk cliffs, and for its harbours, dockyards, and 
 naval stations. 
 
 The coast waters abound in herring, mackerel, and other 
 kinds of fish. 
 
 T/(e iKuiii's ()ftlie Coast Wafers and Capes are y'li-en 
 at t/iefoot of tJie Jfaj). 
 
 Near the mouth of the Thames are d.angerous shoals, called 
 the (loudwi)i SunJn, on which many ships are wrecked every 
 year. 
 
 -44G. 
 
 England 
 
 owes much of her 
 
 Products.— 
 
 greatness to lier immense mineial wealth. The 
 most important minerals are coal, iron, copper, tin, 
 lead, and salt. They are found chiefly in the north 
 and west. 
 
 436. The principal islands on the coast are, tlie 
 Jsle oj Wiylit, Scitlij Isles, and Channel Isles, on 
 the south ; and tlie Isle of Ma)t and Ainjlesey, on 
 the west. 
 
 4.S7. The Isle of Wight, varied with high hills and rich 
 valleys, is noted for its beauty. The (^ueen has here a 
 favourite residence, called Onhonic House. 
 
 4;W. The Channel Isles, Ja-ticn, (immscy, Al<lei->mj, and 
 -SVo'A-, are near the coast of I'' ranee. The islands yield apples, 
 jiears, ]»eaches, and other fruits, in grejit abimdance. 
 
 4;«). The Isle Of Man, in the middle of the Irish Sea, 
 contains valuable lead mines. The inhabitants are called 
 Munx. 
 
 440. Anglesey is separated from the mainland by Alenai 
 Strait. The strait is crossed by two wonderful bridges — a 
 Suspension 15ridge for ordinary travel, and the Jirilaiiniii 
 Tahahir Li-i(t<ic for rail-cars. 
 
 441. The Tuhular Bridge consists of an inimt'nse tube of iron, over 
 half a mile in length, resting on stone tr.wers one hunilred feet above 
 the water. Anglesey is noted for its stone tables and other curious 
 remains of a superstitious iipojile called Druids. The eojiper mines of 
 the island have yielded innnruse wealth. 
 
 Surface. — U2. The eastei-n part of England is 
 low and level or undulating, and lias an easterly 
 slope ; Wales and the northern part of England 
 are mountainous. 
 
 443. The mountains are, the Cheviot Hills, the Pennine 
 llanije, and the Ciimherhind Moiintain.'i, in tlie nortli ; the 
 Cambrian Mountains, covering a large part of Wales ; and the 
 Devonian Mountains, in the south-west. 
 
 Snowdon, in the north-west of Wales, 3,5'JO feet liigh, i.s 
 tlie highest peak. 
 
 Rivers. — 444. The principal rivers are, tlie Tyne, 
 Tees, Huinher (Oitse, 7'rent), Great Onse, and 
 Thames, on the east ; and the Severn and Jlcrsey, 
 on the west. 
 
 The Thames and Severn, the two largest rivers, are about ' 
 220 miles in length. 
 
 Lakes.— 44.'). The principal lakes are in the glen.s of the 
 Cumberland Mountains. The most important are Winder- 
 mere, Derwentwafer, and Ulleswater. They are celebrated for 
 their beauty, and are a favourite resort of tourists. 
 
Z-> H (('y\ SCOTLAND /Al^"''' , 
 
 r^ J" ^f .'''* to M' Oo '" n' "" uWi 
 
 .r 
 
 II. I 
 
 '*'- 2»V N0RTHUM8tHUND\ 
 ,~, IV' ■•' ,,'v-^ --jE-ASninh Shield)! 
 
 '^ ' -y niX?-) T k J 111 iiiliii 
 
 lU'lllMini.l 
 
 ^linl-iiU!,'!! 
 
 ,v () i: r II 
 
 iiliv 
 
 liill>;las l^'"' 
 
 Vi.nitii" 
 
 / /' / .S // .S A' ,1 n,..,w II 
 
 V /•/,„•/, \s.«.iK..-.,.,,:i, .*>' J- •' 
 
 3- /i7-../,. 
 
 Y 0\r K 
 
 '^fl,w,l..,r-'^.lh II' 
 
 lVe..„„. ffl,„.M„„^ «>■■""'".« i'^''!''-^,N% HuJl 
 
 ll„,.,.>r..,l«l..l" •|i,„|,i,.,Miel,l 
 
 ./l,'<lln,.sl>v^;y/""""'' 
 
 "«( ' ,./• 
 
 ■S '^'/'i Maadiester. ,« «o-',j ii , * •<:•""■■ 
 
 
 LINCOLN ; 
 r,,v. . „ .DERBY Jx/.w..,.l '<ti ^\j;>^' 
 
 .V"-"!- V 
 
 STAFfORD^ 
 
 hONTGOHEBV/f' SHROPSHIRE 
 
 -C 
 
 ;V 
 
 .>•""„><•• 
 
 .": NORFOLK 
 
 / MONTG0HEBV7f' SHROPSd RE „, , , . LtlCt'STlR «»u«iirh?^,'^,A b v,„,„,,.l,* ^■"1a'""' 
 
 I ,naif;.iM yf "■ , ■ uii,„i,„„.,thi. '11,1,11, .v iJ? -'> JI^ \ \ 
 
 WAKI*iCk . Hun)in,i'K- ■(juiBllioCt ii„ry ■•■'t:<lii'n,„l.. 
 
 
 /.. . 'RADNOR ■;■ V WARWICK llunlimi'^''". 
 
 
 i 
 
 , Mill' 
 
 r„,,l »■"■'' 
 
 K?' 
 
 7;;;^^a4i^'A M,.„l,„.Tnf,jt.MONWurH'i Cl^UCtSrCR rSDrfowl x'Ail..,,.,' /i Cl.-lm'r'.ii"' 
 
 Dristoi f,^ — — ^ «^ vTTrxJi'ii" 
 /■i'ii,/y I) <-■— - — ''^— ^, ^~& •r.ii,i,ir„i,i 
 
 ■S^ -"-^OfltR-iLT . , , . H,»MP<iHIRF 
 
 .|lfV,K,'Jr- 
 
 >ILTSi:iRt 
 
 
 S tmi-hind. 
 
 K t N T T ■'"'"" 
 
 ru,.hr,.lor ».//.. ^"l" ^V 
 
 7 DEVON^k....... •' °°"^^A.^J-^^^i^-''^^^^^ W 
 
 f'-'T. 
 
 •"«ou,l, 
 
 /(,-,l,/n /r' 
 
 CORNWALL '(^ii^'"i'"fi ^r.'i:f,„u- 
 
 , , ^ ''"iiioiirh '•'"' Isli' ,itVV'idit 
 I'litliin.! /" ^^ 
 
 
 a: !.V C. I. I S II (HA \ .V /. /, 
 
 ) 
 
 I 'J 
 
 '"-iVw/ 
 
 ENGuAND AND WALES. 
 
 Coaat Waters- 
 
 iBlftntU — 
 
 Land's Hnd. 
 
 II. liedf'iriishiie. 
 
 37. 
 
 I)orset-.hirt;. 
 
 Counties: Waies— 
 
 Mouth of tlie Himiber. 
 
 Jsle of W.^ht. 
 
 St. Davids lie^d. 
 
 12, HuiitiuKtlonbliire. 
 
 •jH. 
 
 Devonshire. 
 
 1. l-lintshire. 
 
 The Wash. 
 
 Sciliy Isius. 
 
 
 M. C.iiiibritli'csliirc. 
 
 2q. 
 
 Corimall. 
 
 2, DeiibiiLjhshire. 
 
 Moiitli of the Thames. 
 
 Chaiipc: Isles. 
 
 Counties : Engla' d - 
 
 I.V Norfolk. 
 
 JJ- 
 
 Somersetshire. 
 
 3. Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Spitl>ea(i. Solent. 
 
 Islf. oi Miin. Aiijjlespy. 
 
 I. Northunilicrl.uul. 
 
 15. Sutfolk. :6. I'ssex. 
 
 3'- 
 
 viloiiceslershire. 
 
 4, A.i^lesey. 
 
 Plvmouth So'in-J. 
 
 
 2. Purhuiii. 
 
 1; Middlesex. 
 
 V. 
 
 Worce*;lershire. 
 
 5. Merione'thshtrt . 
 
 I'.ihii-nitli Harbuur. 
 
 Fi.iniboroL ffh Head. 
 Spurn Hcail. 
 North I-oretjnU. 
 
 7, Vorkcihire. 
 
 i3. Hertfordshire. 
 
 T.- 
 
 W.irwickshirc. 
 
 ^. Moiiijjnrnt:ry->hire. 
 
 Mount's Hay. 
 Hristol Channel. 
 
 4. IJerby^hire 
 
 I'j. liirikiiigh.im^hire. 
 
 M. 
 
 Shrupshire. 
 
 7. Cariijianshiit. 
 
 5. .Stanorclbliirc. 
 
 'A*. Oxfor Khiru. 
 
 :i5 
 
 Ilerefort^hire. 
 
 8. Feinhrukeshire. 
 
 Cardigan Bay. 
 
 fc. 'Lcicestci;»hife. 
 
 2:. Berkshire. 
 
 ^«>- 
 
 .Moninoulhihire. 
 
 9. Carniarthensliirc- 
 
 Men^i Strait. 
 
 The NfeJ>es 
 
 7. Nottinyhuwishirc. 
 
 2j. Surrey. -.3. Kt-'nl. 
 
 IV- 
 
 iJhrshire. 
 
 in. Glamori^an. 
 
 Mouth of the Mersey. 
 
 rortlaml i'oiiit. 
 
 8. I.incoinshiru. 
 
 ?i. Sussex. 
 
 ^>i. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 It. Brecknock. 
 
 Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Start Toint. 
 
 9. Rutlanrljhire. 
 
 ■^S Hampshire. 
 
 59- 
 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 13. Ka<Inur. 
 
 Solway I'irth. 
 
 Ui/ard Point. 
 
 10. Noribainptonshire. 
 
 26. \\ iltshire 
 
 40 
 
 Cuiiibt-rland. 
 
 
tup: imiTisH isLKs. 
 
 40 
 
 447. Tlie soil is carefully cultivati'd, iiml yiddn large crops 
 of grain and vegftablf«. The Korith-wustfiii countiest are 
 celcbiiitcd for line cjrchard.s ; ilii; mnitii-cast, fur t\u: culture of 
 Ju'iis, wiiicii iirc! used in tlie niunufacturc of licur. 
 
 44H. A largo iiart of tlio country is devoted to jiaHturagi'. 
 Cattle, liorse.s, and sliei'i) are very numerous, and great atten- 
 tion is given to the inii)roveniciit of breudH. 
 
 44!t. l'',ugland cxceefls every country in the world in tiiu 
 variety and vahie of its manufactures. Tii(^>(^ include cottons, 
 woolli'Ms, sill<s, and all kinds of metallic goods. Tho maim- 
 facturiug towns arn generally in the coal districts of tiic 
 Tiorth-western and central counties. 
 
 Tiit^ extensive manufactures give rise to trade, so that Kn- 
 glaud is the greatest comnurcial country in the world. 
 
 450. The imports includt; lutielcs of food, ;i.s lloiu', 
 ■,'raiii, bfff, suLjiir, and lea; and I'aw materials, as 
 cotton, wool, and silk : animal value, 2,000 million 
 dollars. The exports consist mainly of manufac- 
 tured ai'ticles - woollen, cotton, silk, ami ii'on 
 goods: annual value, 1,130 million d(jllars. 
 
 General Features. — 4.")1. A large part of En- 
 gland is owned by wealthy iiol)leinen, wlio rent 
 tlieir lands to tenants, or liire a lorge number of 
 labourers to work them. The laiullords live in 
 castles or mansions, and the labourers in cottages. 
 
 452. The rich green fields are generally separated by hedges 
 of shrubs, which add greatly to the beauty of the country. 
 Large; tracts are devoted to )iarks and forests, containing 
 stately elms, oaks, and other trees, i)Ianted many hundred 
 year.s ago. These beautiful woodlands are inhabited by deer, 
 rabbits, foxes, and other wild animals. The chase, or limiting 
 on iiorseback, is a favourite sport. Windsor Forest, near tlie 
 Queen's castle at Windsor, is fifty-si.\ miles in circuit. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 45.3. England and Wales have 
 ueai'ly one-third as many inhabitants as tlic v, hole 
 continent of North America. 
 
 Tlie people are noted for their energy and entcr- 
 [irise. 
 
 Some of the inhabitants possess great wealth ; others are 
 miserably poor, one in every twenty-three lieing a pauper. 
 Tlie wealtliy and middle classes are generally well educated, 
 and free education has i-ecently been established in the public 
 scliools. 
 
 The most noted institutions jf learning are the Universities 
 of Oxford and Cambridge. 
 
 Towns. — 454. England has many large and im- 
 portant cities. The following are the largest : — 
 
 London, f.lrrrpool, Jfaiichrsfir, /iirnniif/linm, 
 Letdx, Shi'ffirld, lirinfo/, Jlntd/nrd, yfftiinjhaiii, 
 Sttf/ofd, Hull, Xnrrosflc, ;ind I'lirfsinoiilli. 
 
 I.V). London, tlie capital of till' llritisli I'impiie, is situated 
 on liotli si<les of tile liivei Thames, forty miles t'lom the sea. 
 It is the largest and wcailliiest city in the world. The river 
 is crowded with ships from all jiarts of tho glolie, ami tho 
 streets arc so tiironged with men and vehicles that rail-roails 
 have been constnicti'd under thii streets to enalile people to 
 nioVi! from place t<p place, u itll ease. There are several brid^'es 
 <pver the river, and also a tunnel or i>assageway under it. 
 London lias leaiiy splendid biiililiugs. ,sy. J'nid ,i < 'ittlinlnil in 
 
 -- ■iiifin-l Jt>rihlT!t-i-----'"ir- 
 
 4.i:>. ST. PAULS CATHEOIIAI,. 
 
 a magnificent church. ir(.s/«((/i.t^fr ^'>'/f// is the jilaee where 
 tho Sovereigns are crowned, and where the illustrious dead 
 aic buried. 
 
 •iriO. Liverpool, near the mouth of the Mersey, is the second 
 city ill poimlation and commerce. To its jioit are brought the 
 cotton and other raw material used in the nei^rhbouring manu- 
 facturing towns. Its docks, where shijis load and tmload, 
 extend six or seven miles along tlie rivei'. Bristol and Hull 
 rank next as commercial cities. 
 
 4.'j7. Portsmouth is the head-ipiarters of tho ]5ritisli Navy. 
 Its dock-yards cover one hundred and twenty acres, and its 
 harbour is crowded with war-ships. Plymouth and Devon- 
 port are; .also imiKirtant naval stations. 
 
 408. Manchester is a great manufacturing; city, forming the, 
 centre of the cotton maiiiifaetiires. Its factories are immense 
 brick liuildings. A ship-caual eoiiiiectiiig it with the sea was 
 completed in ]Sil4. Leeds is the gn^at centre i^f the woollen 
 auanufacture.-!. 
 
 4.'')!t. Birmingham, near the centre of England, is the most 
 noted city in the world for the maimfacturo of all kinds of 
 metal goods. Tho surrounding country is covered with fur- 
 naces, forges, and foundries. Sheffield is noted for its cutlery; 
 Worcester, for its porcelain; and Kidderminster, for its 
 carpets. 
 
 ■U)0. Stoke-upon-Trent is in the centre of a district called 
 the Pottevi'X, celebratcfl for the manufacture of all kinds of 
 
CO 
 
 EUROPK. 
 
 earthfiiwure. The diMtrict i« covured witli cone-Hliaimd kiliiK, 
 or l):ikiiiK ovens, witli tiill fliiniiieyx. It wan Irti! tliiit iFusiuh 
 Wed^wipud did bo iniicli to iiiijiruvo thu inauufacturo of 
 cartlii'insaro. 
 
 4ril. Windsor is IK itt'd for its inagnitlccnt royal castlo, tlie 
 ijriiK ipal n s'diiicc of tliu Sovi rtj^'ii. Bath is iiotfd fur its 
 medicinal spriiigH. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Coast.— 4G2. Scotland is iiuicli liroken by clcc'i) 
 inli.'ts c)t" the .sea, call«;(lyW///.s uv Jirtlis, and its coast 
 is generally rocky .-uid elevated. 
 
 Fur ('(iiist Wafers, etc., see }f<ip. 
 
 Ad?,. Tilt' Firths of Forth and Clyde mw of the frrcatust im- 
 portance to (.'oinniirco. Tlicy an; connected hy a canal. 
 Moray Firth and Loch Llnnhe arc ccmnected by the (.'ah- 
 doiiidii ('iiiial. 
 
 •I(i4. Sm.all Islands arc nninorons. Tlicy arc included 
 chiefly in three groups ;— the Orkiii'/.'^ and Slicthinds, on the 
 north ; and the Ilihridtn, on the west. The inhabitants live 
 chiefly by fishinj,' and rearing cattle. 
 
 Tlio Orkneys prddiu^e outs iind vi),'otiii)les. The Shetland Isles 
 
 are notitl for tlidr wild jioiiios. liotli t,'r(>up.s are destitute! of trees. 
 
 'I'lie Hebrides imlnde iilioiit live luuidred siiiiiU islands, /.en is is 
 the liirKest. .s/,;/. is iKited for its liciutiful niountiiin scenery. .St<t,fl'<i 
 is niitod for Kingiil's Cave, a lavK'e cavern ojienini,' from tlie sea, stmlded 
 aloii(,' its sides with 'iin e pillars of rock. Jiiii'j is noteil for a cave in 
 wliieli nil the inliabiw... ts of the island were smoked to death by a 
 hostih; clan. 
 
 Surface, — IGT). Scotland is a nionntainous coun- 
 try. The Highlands, in the north and west, are 
 rugged and wild. Thoy arc cek.'brated for their 
 heatli-clad moors, rugged mountains, romantic lakes 
 and deep glens. A deep valley, called Glenmore, 
 divides the Highlands into two sections. 
 
 4fiO. The Grampians, on the Miuth of fJlemnoro, arc the 
 highest I' ntains in the I'ritish Islands. Tliey are so rficky 
 and steep that they form an almost impassable wall, exce])t 
 along the narrow jiasses where the streams br<'ak through. 
 Ben Nirl.f. ■4.40(i fet't high, is the highest point. 
 
 40". The Highlands have oft(>n l)een a refuge in times of 
 war and jiersecution. Okni'or, a valley in the Western High- 
 lands, is noted for the disgi-aceful mass.acro of its inhabitants, 
 thf MiiijiiDxilil.-!, I)y a part}' of British soldiers, about two 
 hmidred years ago. 
 
 Rivers. — 108. The streams are generally short 
 and rapid. The Tay and the Cli/de (noted for ship- 
 
 building along its banks) are the most important ' 
 rivers. 1 
 
 Lakes. —409. Kinall lakes, called loclif, are niinierous. They | 
 are generally in mountain glens, and an; bordered by high , 
 cliffs. ! 
 
 Loch Lomond, twontjr milefi lor?. Is tho larf^CAt Inko In Oroat 
 Itritain. Loch Leven is noted for us caitlo on an island, in which I 
 a Scottish <iueen was oncu imiirisuned. 
 
 Products. — 470. Tho soil in the Lowlands is ' 
 carefully cultivated, and yields lurgi! crops of grain 
 \ and veg(>tabli's. The Highlands ai'o cold and I'ainy, 
 I and better suited for pasturage. (Jattle and sheep 
 I an; numerous. 
 
 Coal and iron are abundant in the central jiarts of Scotland. 
 These, with fish and meat, are tho chief exports; annual 
 value, 10.") million dollars. Tho manufactures are similar to 
 tiiose of Kngliind. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 471. The Scotch are generally in- 
 telligent and industi'ious. Tin; Highlanders ai"o 
 hardy a* id bi'ave, and sjieak a language called 
 G'aelic. They wen) formei-Iy divided into chins, as 
 the CuiiiphcUs, the MiicDouahls. Each clan was ■ 
 governed by its own chief. 
 
 Towns.— 472. The largest cities of Scotland are, 
 Glns(/ow, F'Hiiburf/h, Dundee, Aberdeen, Leilh, 
 Paisley, and Greenock. , 
 
 47.3. Edinburgh, the c.npital of Scotland, is one of tho most 
 beautifid cities in the world. It is built on two ridges of hills, 
 separated by a deeii narrow valley, and connected by bridges. 
 One ridge is occujiied by the Nno I'aivn, which has many 
 bro.ad .streets and fine siiuares. The more elevated ridge has 
 m.any large old buildings, and is called the Old Tawn. On a 
 bold rock, at one extremity of this hill, is the Ca.itlc, so noted 
 in Scottish history ; at the other extremity is the eipially 
 celebr.ated Hohtrood IIouki., the p.alaco of the Scottish Sover- 
 eigns. Lelth is the sea-iwrt of Edinburgh. 
 
 474. ulasgow, on the Clyde, is noted for its manufactures, 
 including cotton goods, engines, all kinds of machinery, and 
 iron sldps. It is here th.at the celebrated Cmiard steamers 
 are built. .T.ames Watt, the inventor of the steam-engine, 
 made his first cxi)eriments at (Jla.sgow. 
 
 47.''). Paisley is noted for its shawl and thread manufactures ; 
 Kilmarnock, for its carpets; Dundee, for its linen; Aberdeen, 
 for its shipbuilding; Peterhead, for its fine granite. Wick , 
 is the head-quiuUn-s of the herring fishery. Perth, once the 
 capital of .Scotland, is a beautiful city. Tho stone on which 
 the kings sat during the coroiation ceremony was removed 
 many centuries ago to We.stmiister Abbey, 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 Coait Waten— 
 
 FoiKlaml I'irth. 
 Dornoch I*irth. 
 Moray Firth. 
 Firth of Tay. 
 Firth of Forth. 
 SuUvay Firtli. 
 Firth of Clyde. 
 I.och Liiinhe. 
 
 Rive«— 
 
 Tay. 
 
 Tweed 
 
 Clyrle. 
 L&kei— 
 
 r.och r,omond. 
 
 ! -och I .even. 
 iBlanda— 
 
 Sheilaiids, 
 
 Forth. 
 
 Dee. 
 
 Spey. 
 
 r>rkneys, Heitrides. 
 Lewis. Skye. StafTa. 
 
 Countlei— 
 
 I. Berwickshire. 
 1'. Roxbur^hshtrc. 
 
 3. Selkirkshire. 
 
 4. Peeblesshire. 
 
 5. Haddingtonshire. 
 
 6. Mi(Iiotliit^i). 
 
 ;. I.i^!ith^iOwshire. 
 
 8, Stirlingshire. 
 
 9. Clackmannanshire 
 I'j. Kinross-shire. 
 
 11. Mfe. 
 
 12. I*erthshire. 
 
 13. Forfarshire. 
 
 14. Kincardineshire, 
 
 
 i'^- 
 
 Aberdeenshire. 
 
 25. Aryyleshire. 
 
 
 16. 
 
 Hanffshiie. 
 
 26 Buteshire. 
 
 
 I". 
 
 Flifinshire. 
 
 27. Dumbartonshire. 
 
 re 
 
 18. 
 
 Naimsiiire. 
 
 sb. Lanarkshire 
 
 
 n 
 
 Inverness-sltirc. 
 
 ^9. Renfrewshire. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 Uoss and Croniartv. 
 
 •^0. Ayrshire. 
 
 
 21. 
 
 Sutherland. 
 
 31. Wigtownshire. 
 
 
 27 
 
 Caithness. 
 
 V Kirkcudbright-^hire. 
 
 
 2.i- 
 
 Orkney. 24. Shetland. 
 
 33. Dumfiiesshire. 
 
I n,il„h Shi,!, 
 
 .V ).. .r. ,ii t), ,f„ 
 
 /..fi i.i„,„i 
 
 Mnvlll 
 
 
 S'" \, .1, I 
 
 /^ .. . ^ISS. .d'J--' >i •H.iHv»»""' 
 
 V ^ vs 
 
 /.■..j.,//i /'V 
 
 
 M-liuiill 
 
 r^ i/'\,v,„/, ■' A"'j/, l..„tl, Mt^,'*, .... 7; "■ 
 
 ll|liu)fl 
 
 I'.inlJi li.i 
 
 Kl|iliiu ,f^ 
 
 "'i//..>-/ / 
 
 / CLARE ' j ^ ../■ A vl...,' , . / 
 
 / Klilli^ilUt;. ^'NiliiSl, ,^ >(.,ll.i». J 
 
 / CLARE 'I 
 ../ ^ '^■"■'''7 l""..l.. 
 
 TIPftRARV -I'^^l^rV 
 
 /Vjv.' 
 
 
 ^-^laMow-l LIMERICK Tii.iH'in.T) 
 
 '•■• M UK S T E 
 
 N 
 
 lli.iVir n_E K R V li.uiiuili, MiillMw 
 
 
 .Kjlla.-...^, ,; ■"^'•"^r ..';'''!^"i:,s..'f 
 
 -^,,\S..,1..,,I ll.,rl. ^ 
 
 ' ".TO r-'-^~ '^'^yC 1,11,..'.,.,, I .^ 
 
 .i- .•^'ll,„,•l'll•'<<^ 
 
 ■ "^ %J 
 
 '.,>'<" JM ^.""""^i;^,. .,,,1^.'' *,.>-»^''Vy .' ^'' ^> 
 
 "'■■„.. 
 
 V.il.'Jl.l.r L^ 
 
 ., , COR K„ ,„ *, » 
 
 «-^ "'^ <,»l.fi-.IMi)\V||flfp- I — %''.J/ 
 
 iMLlUdOovav ^-* ' 2 ^< 
 
 '"' //.-,■/.„ 
 
 .,,,).* 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Coait Wateri— 
 
 Tralce Bay. 
 
 lariisore Point. 
 
 CoMM.lUljht. 
 
 7. Mf'li;l^'lian. 
 
 21. I.nngford. 
 
 I.nugli Foyle. 
 
 Mouth of the Shannon. 
 
 Ca|<e Clear. 
 
 Munster. 
 
 8. Cavan. 9. Fermanagh. 
 
 22. Tippcrary. 
 
 North Channel. 
 
 rlalway Bay. 
 
 Mizcn Head. 
 
 
 10. I.outh. II. .Meath. 
 
 23. W'aterford. 
 
 Belfast 1 ough. 
 
 Clew B.1V. 
 
 I.oup Head. 
 
 Countiei— 
 
 I J. Dublin. 15. Wicklow. 
 
 24. Cork. 25. Kerry. 
 
 I^ublin Bay. 
 
 Donegal Bay. 
 
 Slyne Head. 
 
 .. Down. 
 
 14. Kildare. 
 
 26. Linienck. 
 
 Cork Harbour, 
 
 
 Erris Head. 
 
 2. Antrim. 
 
 15. Wexford. 16. Carlow. 
 
 27. Clare. s8. Galway. 
 
 Bantry Bay. 
 
 Oapei— 
 
 
 \ I-fmdonderry. 
 
 17. Kilkenny. 
 
 29. Mayo. 30. Sligo. 
 
 Keninare Bay. 
 
 Malhi Head. 
 
 Provlncei— 
 
 4. r)iinega!. 5. Tyrone. 
 
 18. fjuecn's. 19. King's. 
 
 31. I.eitrini. 
 
 Dingle Bay. 
 
 Fair Head. 
 
 
 
 Ulster. I.ciiister. 
 
 6. .Vrnhi^h. 
 
 30. West Meath. 
 
 32. Roscommon. 
 
THE HHITISII Isr.KS 
 
 61 
 
 Dambarton ih notod for it-s anciunt coHtli; ; Bannockbum, 
 
 for a victory gaimtd by King Kohcrt tho IJrucc over tho 
 EngllHh. Oreenock is niitt'd fur its HiigurreHiiurica. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Coast. —470. Witli tho oxorption of tho oa.storn 
 side, tho coast of Irohind is f^'ciicrally bold and 
 rocky, and has many good harbours. 
 
 For Con.4 Wdteri^, sre }f(ip. 
 
 477. On tho north coiwt, 10 niilos from Coleraino, is tlio 
 Giants' C 'tnraif, consisting of many ttiousands of closely- 
 connt'cti^il ^ illars of rock, which riso out of tho sea, and ajijiear 
 in the distanei! lil<«! a work of art. According to Irisii legend, 
 this natural wonder was tho work of giants, who were trying 
 to make ii road across tho sea to Scotland. 
 
 Surface. — 178. Iroland isgonorally low and lovol. 
 At variou.s jilaoos noar tho coast arc mountain 
 masses. The. most important aro, tho J)oneynl 
 Mountahitt, in tho north; the Jfonrne and the Wick- 
 low Mountains, in the east; and }f(i(jillicuddij Reeks, 
 in the south-west. 
 
 Carran Tual (3,414 feet), in the Magillicuddy Reeks, is tho 
 higliest i)<)int. 
 
 479. Extensive poat bofrs on the lowlanils of the interior arc an 
 important feature of tlie country. Tlio jieiit, wliicli is a l)lack sub- 
 stance formed of ]>artiiilly decayed moss, is cut into small blocks, dr-ed 
 in the sun, and used as fuel. 
 
 Rivers. — 480. The chief rivers are, the Shannon, 
 Liffey, Foijle, Barrow, Suir, and Blackivnter. 
 
 The Shannon, 220 miles long, is much the largest river. It 
 forms several lakes, as Lou film Allrn, Per, and Drrrj. 
 Lakes. — 481. Smnll lak(!s, called hntijhs, .are innnerous. 
 
 Lough Neagh, 17 miles long, Is the largest lake. Its w..ters con- 
 tain mineral sul)stances which cause wood placed in them to assume 
 tlio appearance of stone. 
 
 Lough Derg lias many small i> lands. One of these islands is noted 
 as a place of iiili^riiiiaKe, hundreds of people resorting liere annually 
 for fasting and jiraycr. 
 
 The Lakes of KlUarney, near Cam Tual, arc noted for their 
 beautiful scenery. Tliey are often visited by travellers. 
 
 Products. — 482. Ireland has a moist climate, 
 which makes it bettor adapted to grazing than 
 tillage. Its Holds aro so beautifully green that it 
 has been called the E me 'aid Isle. 
 
 Potato»'s, wheat, oat.s, nnd flax are cultivat«'d. 
 Much attention is given to the rearing of cattle, 
 sheep, ami swine. 
 
 4K3. Manufacturing is carried on moMtly in th(> north. 
 Linen goods are the most iiiiiiortant maiiufaetm-es. 
 
 Tiie exports ccinsist of grain, liutter, cheese, I'attle, hacon, 
 and linen : annual value, over \\ million dollars. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 484. The population of Ireland is 
 little mon? than half what it was forty or lifty 
 yeai-s ago. Many of tho pt'ople omigrat(! to America 
 every year. Tlio Irish are witty, warm-hearted, 
 and hosjtitablo. Many of thorn are vory poor, live 
 in miserable cabins, and rent tlii'ir small farms 
 from wealthy landlords. 
 
 Kxcept in the north, the inlialiitants arc gcneially Uouiau 
 Catholics. 
 
 Divisions. — 185. Ireland is divided intu four 
 Provinces ; Ulster, in the north ; Leiiisttr, in the 
 east; Mnnster, in tin; south; and ('(»tnfiiti//it, in 
 the west. 
 
 Towns. 480. Dublin, tho capital of Iroland, near 
 the mouth of the liiU'ey, is a tine city, containing 
 many ma,fniticont public buildings. Xear tho city 
 is a large enclosure called /'/inuix Park, beautifully 
 ornamented with trees, ponds, and winciing roads. 
 Many deer and other animals run wild among its 
 thicket.s. 
 
 4S7. Belfast is the irio>t iiiiportant tnuii in the north of 
 Irelaiul, ami is noted for its Ijiu'U mamifaetnns. 
 
 Londonderry is celehrated for its resistance to the liesii^ging 
 ami}' of James II. Its inhabitants, tiioiigh in a starving con- 
 dition, refused to surrender, 
 
 4SK. Cork, the ehief city in tho mnith, has one of the liest 
 liarliours in thi' world. TIk; steamers between Kiigland and 
 America call at l,)iieenstown, in Cork llarhoiir, to laiiil and 
 receivo the mails. 
 
 Limerick, on the Shannon, is noted for tlio inanuf.ietiire of 
 I.IC0. Galway is an important sea-|ioit. Ballinasloe has tho 
 largest cattle and shicp fair in Inland. 
 
 4.S!). At YoughalSir Walter Kaleigh intro<liieed tin? culture 
 of tho jiotato. Nejir Trim the Duke of Wellington was lx>rn. 
 Not far distant is the *Tiii of Tara, noted in ancient times for 
 its palace, in which the kind's, clergy, .and liards met to de- 
 lilierate on public affairs. The Irish have great lovu for this 
 8i>ot. 
 
52 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 AND IRELAND. 
 
 490. (Ircat I'litiiiii mid In-liiiid an* united into 
 out' l\iiij,'d()iii, wliicli is called tlu; Lulled Kinyduiu 
 of (S real liilloin and Iri'lnnd, 
 
 4!tl. Scotland wiis oncd a Hfpiirato kin(,'<l(>iii, iiml hiul tla^ 
 city "f IvliiitiiMxIi for il.s ca|iital. In tliosi; times l%iii,'lan<l 
 and Scotlaiui wt'itt nftcii at war, niid tlic iiilial)itaiits nf tliu 
 UnriliM" <li.stricts iivtid in tlio giratcMt insecurity. Tlio two 
 countries '.vcic' uniti'il iindi'r o\w IviiiK in l(iO.'{. 
 
 41)2. Ireland once conipriscd Hcvcral hniall indcpcndunt 
 kingdoniH. Tlic (piarrcls of tlitMiinj,'s led to the cnni|UcHt of 
 tim country hy the IOn^;li^Ii aliout seven liundrcd years a^jo. 
 Ireland hiiH often heen disturl)ed l)y violent |nilitical aKitation. 
 
 Government. — 40.3. The kinijdiiiii (if Clirat 
 Jiritaiii and Ireland is a Limited Monarcliy. The 
 Soveri'i^^n, or Iiii,dies( (tfruer in the ({ovenunent, 
 may Ik; either a kinj,' oi- a (|ueen. The ]'ai-lianieiit 
 consi.sts of the //oasr <>/' Lurds and the Jloiim- «/ 
 CouiDKiHs. The nieinlieis of the Ilou.se of Conunons 
 nro ehrted Ky tlie |ieii]ile. 
 
 4!M. (Jre.at Hritain h;is a larpe.r fleet than any other cmintry, 
 and her war-ships are foiin<l on .almost every ocean and sea. 
 The army, thoiit,di not so lai-ge as in some ol the countries of 
 Europe, is very large, well-drilled, and powerful. 
 
 The British Empire. — 1!»'). Tiie T.ritisli Ish-s 
 form a vei'y small ])ait of the Eartli ; hut w <' liave 
 seen that they contain a <i;reat many people, and 
 very miuh W(>alth, They lieoanio so crowded with 
 peoph', that durini,' the past two hundred and tifty 
 years large nmnliers have emigrated to newly dis- 
 covered countries, as America and Australia, forming 
 British Colonics. The armies and fleets of Dritain 
 have also gone abroad and eonnuered large and popu- 
 lous countries, as in the south of Asia and Africa. 
 
 The countries ruled over hy (!reat Uritain arc so 
 widely scattered over the earth, (hat it is said, 
 "The 8un never sets on her territories." 
 
 49G. The British Tsles, together with all the 
 countrici; in ditlerent parts of the world ruled over 
 by (Jreat Britain, form the British Empire. This 
 great Empire includes about one-fifth of the land 
 
 surface! of the Earth, and nearly one-fourth of tho 
 people in the world. 
 
 497. The princii)al Countries of the British Em- 
 l)ire are : — 
 
 Th(! Jirifisfi Isles, in Europe ; the DiDtiliiion of 
 Citnttdd, iXeirJoxii'lfdiii/, and many ^)i the IIV.s^ 
 India Islands, in America; liriiish India, in Asia; 
 Caj>e Coluni/ and Xaful, in Africa; Ausfralia, 
 Tasmania, and Xnr Zealaml, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 49S. Norway and Sweden an- included in the 
 long peninsula in the noi'th-west of I'An'ojie. These 
 countries form two distinct kiniidoms. each havino 
 its own parliament, hut they ar» united under one 
 king. 
 
 4!('.». Sweden wjis formerly held in suhj 'ction liy l)enn)arlv, 
 iiut gained her independence through tlu hravery of a noted 
 pi'ince named ( iustavus X'asa. l!a\ ing escaped fioin .i I )anish 
 prison to his own country, he livcc! miuh^ time among the 
 peasants, wore their dress, and worked with them. Wiien a 
 favour.ible opportiniityi presented Usclf, he aroused his country- 
 men to assert their fieedom. 
 
 500. Norway is a rugged, mountainous country. 
 The mountains are broken by dci p gdi'ges, and they 
 descend abrujitly on the west. The Atlantic coast 
 is fringed with small i.slands, and has nunierous 
 bays, ciiWviX fiords, which run in among the moun- 
 tains. Sweden comprises the plains ncsxt tlu^ 
 I'altic Sea and tlu^ eastei'u slopes of the mountains. 
 
 501. \ large ])art <if Norway and Sweden is covi red with 
 forests of ])ine, tir, and hircli. Many tall, straight trees are 
 cut in these forests, floated down tlie rivers, and taken to 
 other countries to bo used as masts for ships. 
 
 502. Grain, vegetables, and fla.\ are cultivated 
 in the lowlands of the south ; the mountain slopes 
 are devoted to pasturage. The fisheries, the mines, 
 and the forests are the chief sources of wealtL 
 Swedish iron makes the finest .steel. 
 
 rm. The chief experts are timber, cattle, fish, and iron; 
 annual value, 120 million dollars. 
 
DEX.MAUK — RUSSIA. 
 
 68 
 
 fiOt. Mining lixs Imi'm iiiitIiiI (iii no 1(iiii; tlint lnT\f<- under Kroiinil 
 cliaiiibiT:) liivo Ix'oM fmiiKMl liy tlio niinvrs. A kiriK of Sweden onco 
 had these chanibcrH liglitrd ii|), ami held a banquet in thcin. 
 
 r>0.">. Stockholm, tlic cuiiitul uf Swcilt!ii, is a IiuikIsdimo city 
 built oil tliri'i- isliiiiils ill I.aiot Miiliir. Christlanla, situntt^d 
 on a fifird, is tli« caiutivl of Norsviiy. Bergen is tlio diiof 
 naval station, aii<l has a largo tradii in fish. j 
 
 50(1. In till' north of Sweden, and extending east to the 
 Whiti' Sea in Hussia, is a very cold country called I^aiilaiul. | 
 Tlio Lapps are a curious pool)!©. Tiieir food consists largely I 
 
 \'it>d. Many of tln^ iiihaliitaiits ale li>hernien. Tlie cliief 
 exports are cattle, sli"i>p, pork, dairy prinluce, i-ggs, and 
 gram : annual value, 70 million doll.trs. 
 
 illO. Copenhagen, the capital, is on the island of Seehind. 
 
 oil, Oenmarl; owns the Fiirnr hinixlit, lirlaml, and (Irtcn- 
 IkikI. 
 
 
 BO<i. TIIK LAI'LANDKH IN IIFS SI,KI>. 
 
 of tho mil!; and (iesli of the reindeer. Soiiio of them have 
 large herds of thesis animals, aii<l they iiiov(( from place to 
 place to find pasture for them. They harness the reindeer to 
 a kind of sled, and drive rapidly over tlie Hiiow. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 507. Tho kingdom of DiMiniark conipri.sps tlic 
 northorn part of the iioninsula of Jutland, and 
 several small islands, of which Seeland and Funm 
 are the most important. 
 
 508. Denmark was onco inhabited byaw.irliko people, wiio 
 sent their iiirate-sliips over the seas to pillage tho neighbour- 
 ing countries. 
 
 History tells us that from this country canio Onthrnm, who 
 so much annoyed Alfred the Creat of England. f'amite, 
 King of England, was a Dane; .■\iid the Anglo Saxons, wlio 
 drove the Britons out of England, came from Denmark. Tn 
 our own times, a Danish iiriiicoss has, by niariiage with the 
 Prince of Wales, become a member of the Koyal I'aniily of 
 (Jreat Britain, and will probably one day share in the honours 
 of the throne. 
 
 509. Denm.ark is a low, level country. The climate is 
 temiierate and humid. Grain, vegetables, and Ha.x arc culti- 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 512. Rii.ssia has in modern tinns Kfcomc one 
 of tho leading States of Hiiropf. 'i'lic luiijiip' in- 
 cludes over half uf Europe, und aliout one-third of 
 Asia. 
 
 .■iKt. Rnforo tlio tiiiio nf I'i'tcr tlie (Jrciit, wlio livod iibmit two hun- 
 dred years ago, tliis cnunti')' whn siii;iII and uiiJiii|><ii'taMt, and the 
 pc'iplc were riiUKb nii<l iiiicivili/i'd. I'i'Irr hiinsclf wax i»,'ni>rnnt, 
 vicious, and cruel; 1ml lie did imieli to improve his people. Ho 
 travelled ill foreign countries in pursuit of knowleijge. In llilland he 
 workeil as a ship- wriKht, and his fi How- lalmnrers calli'd him I'clfr I 
 Ziuimrrmuii ; that is, I'lter Ciiri'iulii: On his ri'turn to K'ussia, he ] 
 took with hull skilled workmen, and tai>k.'!>t his peojile to build .-ihlpa, 
 and to work at various iiianufaetures I'etiT foiiulit many uiisuwess- ^ 
 fill battles with Swe<!en, but he did not becoiiie diseouraned. "Those 
 l)eople," said he, "will teach us to beat them by aiidby." In the end 
 he took a lari,'e [lart of their territory from them. 
 
 Till. Ilussia consists mostly of luwljind plains. 
 Tt has many large rivers. 'I'iie \',i/i/ii i,s the large.st 
 i-iver in luiinpe. The rivers tire eonneoted by 
 canals, so that, in the summei", boats sail .icross tho 
 country from the ]5altic Sea to the Caspian. 
 
 T)!."). The northern part of the country, except 
 the frozen, barren region near the Arctic Ocean, is 
 mostly covered with an inimen.se forest of pines, 
 firs, and other trees. The winters here are long 
 and cold, and the summers are .so short that grain 
 will not rijien. The rivers and lakes abound with 
 fish and wild-fowl, and in the for(>sts are many 
 bear.s, wolves, and other wild animals, which yield 
 valuable fur. The people Innit, fish, cut wood, 
 make charcoal, tar, pitch, and potash. 
 
 olG. Jn the .south-west are rich lands, yielding 
 grain, flax, and hemp. Towards the .south of tiiis 
 fertile region the soil is lilack, and is better suited 
 for growing grain than any other part of Eu- 
 rope. In the extreme soutli and .south-east are 
 dry, treeless plains, occupied by roaming tribes who 
 
64 
 
 EUKOI'E. 
 
 rill). Till-: wiNi'KU I'Ai.Aci;, st. i-kikusdiiu;. 
 
 live in tents, and wliose wealth consists chiefly in 
 cattle, horses, and camels. 
 
 517. The chief exports .arc flax, h(in]i, grain, timber, coal- 
 oil, ImttiT, liair and feathers: aiiiiiial value, -100 niilliin 
 dollars. Kussia has not iiiauy sea-jiorts. Tr.'ule is carried on 
 l>y the rivers and canals. The iiroduets of tht- country, and 
 gtMxls lirought from I'ersia, China, and other ccnintries, arc 
 Kold at fairs, held annually in certain cities. 
 
 MS. In tlio winter season, men, warmly wrajiped in fur.s, travel in 
 sleighs, drawn by swift luirses. Sumutimes, in passing tljrouyii forests, 
 they are jiursiied by wnlve.s. 
 
 ni't. St. Petersburg, the cajiital of Russia, is a very large, 
 Biilerulid city. Tt has ni.any he.autiful churches, with t.all 
 Bjiiri's and gilded doir.es. The Czar's IViiifn- Palarc is the 
 largest jialaco in Europe, affording room for six thousand 
 |ion])le. It is said th.at there arc only two months in the year 
 during which stiow does not fall in St. Peterslnu-g. 
 
 020. Moscow is a large city in the centre of Russia. Napo- 
 leon 1. of I'Vanee led a large army into Russia, intending to 
 make his winter-cniarters at Moscow, and in the sjiring to 
 conciuer the country. After much fatigue, at tiie beginniiig 
 of winter he arrived at the city, only to find it wrapped in 
 flflines ; for the {Russians had set it on tire to deprive him of a 
 winter iionie. Naiwleon was obliged to retreat, and before 
 
 he got bade to 1' ranee, the most of his army had perished of 
 cold and hunger. 
 
 .521. Riga is an imjiortant port on the Baltic. Odessa, on 
 the I'.lack .Sea, ejports large (luantities of grain. Nijni-Nov- 
 gorod, on the Volga, is noted for its great annual fair. 
 Astrachan, at the mouth of the Volga, has a large trade with 
 Western Asia. Nikolaief ia a naval .statiun on the Black Sea. 
 
 THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 522. The German Empire lies between the Alps 
 on the south and the North Sea and the Baltic on 
 the north. 
 
 Germany is composed of twenty -six states, of which the 
 most important are the kingdom^ vl Priinniti, Saxony, Bavaria, 
 and Wiirtembnr;/. These states are united under one general 
 government, at the head of which i.s the King of Prussia, who 
 is styled the L.npcror of Germany. 
 
 523. The southern part of Germany is elevated 
 and mountainous. Along the mountain slopes are 
 large dark forests, the home of the deer, chamois, 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 55 
 
 
 ""'"■■ 
 
 ■r im 
 
 tt'.n *'*«»• -'. 
 
 
 kHE^':J A1K1I' 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 ItHMm^ W rMnlr it f^ 
 
 J 
 
 r:i; 
 
 I' .■■: -SHI 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ti 'jii 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 
 
 ■i^.m:^m- . -. 
 
 IMMf^'^^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ,';; 1. 
 
 ^B Mj^BB^B^^BIft'ff '■' •' t-Hft'^Bttli 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 630. CLtlCK IN MlllASSBUUll tATUKI>l; At.. 
 
 and other wild animals. These forests yickl material 
 for ship-builders, charcoal-burners, and wood-carvers. 
 In this part of the counti-y are also large pastures 
 where cattle and sheep feed in great numbers. 
 
 52-1. Through this highland rcgidii flow the Ihiimhr and the 
 Rhine, two of thi; luo.st imjiortant river.s of iMiropc. The 
 Rhino breaks through tlie mountains along a narrow gorge, 
 which widen.s into a beautiful fertile valley, clothed with 
 vinej-ards, orchards, and grain fields. Along the banl;.s are 
 many pretty villages and large cities ; and here and there on 
 a higii cliff is one of those strong stone castles built hundreds 
 of years ago, and now changed by the lapse of time into 
 \)icturesque ruins. 
 
 T>2T^. The country toward the ncrth i.s low and level. Tin? 
 chief exports are sugar, wines, hops, leather goods, wool- 
 lens, zinc, timber, eggs and butter: .annual value, 775 million 
 dollars. 
 
 f)2(5. Gennany produces wool of the finest quality, and its 
 woollen manufactures are very iniiKjrtant. The (.Jerman.s 
 also excel in tlie manufacture of lace. 
 
 .'')27. nemmny is said to yield half thf -Jnr uxed in tin' 
 World ; it also ranks third aujung tlie eountrien of tlie wurld in 
 the priKliietion of coal and iron. In the sands along the hhorcit 
 of the Dulttc is found u U-uutiful yellow substance called aniU-r. 
 
 r)2S. ftorinany lias many lari,'<', wtalihy cities, 
 which contiiiii ma^'uilicent cathcdi'.ils, universities, 
 picture-galleries, and other wurks of art. The 
 peopl(! arc very intelliirciit, and the law cumpelH 
 thorn to send their children to school. 
 
 r)2t». Berlin, the capital, is a large and b.aelifiil city. Its 
 inii versify is one of the nio.^t celebrated in the world. 
 
 .5.'fO. Hamburg, on the Kllie, is the most commercial city. 
 Dantzlc, )lf>.'ir the mouth of the N'istula, .'•hips laii;.' (|iiiiiitities 
 of gr.ain. Bremen jsun important port. Dresden Miid Munich 
 are noted for their pirture-galleries ; Breslau, fnr its hkhiu- 
 factures an<l trade ; Cologne, for its (Mtliediiil. Strassburg is 
 j a strongly-fortitied city. It has a magniliceiit cathedral and 
 a wonderful clock. Kiel is the chief naval station. 
 
 r)31. Lelpsic is noted for its trade in biMjks, and for its great 
 fairs held three times a year. It has also a celebrated uni- 
 versity. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 532. This empire is .sometimes called Anntria- 
 Htinynr^, because it includes the two countries 
 Austria and Hungary. Each country has its own 
 laws and parliament, but the two countries are 
 united under one .sovereign. 
 
 53;}. Austria has little sea-coast, but the n\ir Panube 
 forms a natural highway for trade. The western jiart of th« 
 country lies along the east<'rn slopes- ,)f the Alps. Kast of the 
 Alps is .1 iK'autiful country of low hills and firtile valleys, 
 watered by the Danulx' a'ul its tributaries. Still fiirtiier east, 
 where the l)amilx! tr.rns to the south, are iuimeiise low plains, 
 very fertile, except the swamps near the rivers and certain 
 tracts covered with deep sand. lieyond the iilains, in ^''e far 
 east, are the CariKithidn MoiintainK. 
 
 534. Atistria has a mild climate, drapes ;ind all kinds of 
 grain grow luxuriantly; flax, tobacco, and silk are also im- 
 portant jiroducts. 
 
 .^S,"). The chief exports an; grain, tiinWr, sugar, coal and 
 coke, glass and glass-ware, cattle, iianluare, and flour: 
 annu.al value, 32."i million dollars. The salt niiies cf Austria 
 are the richest in the world, and its gold and silver mines aro 
 of great value. 
 
 Tlic great salt n)incs aro near the «ou',i;c of the Vistula. In "iniiic nf 
 tlio largo underground chanilicrs, fernud l/j- removing tlie salt, the 
 miners have made curious iiillars and statues ef suit. One cliaiiiber 
 is formeil into a ihajiel .villi decorated pillars and arches. It has 
 a imljiit, figures of saints, etc., all cut out of rock salt. 
 
60 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 63r>. fllATKI. IX TIIK MALT MINES OK Ar.sTIlIA. 
 
 nsr.. Tlif manufactures lilt' iiii...rt:int, imlmlin^' wodllcns, 
 silks, c'cittdtis, ami ^'lusswarc. 
 
 r>:\7. Vienna, tlu' laiiital, .sitiiaU'd on the Kaniiho near the 
 liighlamls, is one of the largest and finest cities in Europe. 
 Prague, a large, beantifnl city, is tin; ciMitre o' an extensive 
 trade. Trieste, on the Adriatic Sea, is the chief sea|>ort. 
 
 r>;w. Buda and Pesth, on oppositi^ sides of the Danube, form 
 one groat citj', the capital of Hungary. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 t)i]0. Hnlland is a sniiill countiy, but it has a 
 most intcri'.stiug liistory. 
 
 By preat brtivery and hard fighting, Holland gained its free- 
 dom from Spanish tyranny about three hundred years ago. 
 
 It soon i)eeuini( very proH|H'rouM, ami sent its HJiipM t , all parts 
 of the world, making discoverioH, forming ci>lonie«, and cuiry- 
 iiig on tradt!. 
 
 T) 10. Holland is a levol, low country, lyiiif? along 
 tlio North .Sua, near tho mouth of the Rhine. It 
 lias no niountaiiiH, forostH, or rocks. 
 
 Cities, villaj^cs, and fertile nieadow.s, in Honie 
 parts of (he eountry, are below the sea-level. Tho 
 sea is fenct'd out, and the rivers are kept in their 
 ehannels, by sfron;,' hi<,'h dikes of earth and stonp. 
 Sonietinies the dikes break, eausin*;; great daniago 
 and loss of life. Many years ago, sixteen villages 
 were half Ituried in water. 
 
 541. liargi^ ditches or canals, with high liaiiks, run through 
 flu- conntiy in all directions. In summer the canals are 
 lovered with boats, an<l in winter with sleighs and skaters. 
 Women skate to market, carrying their baski^ts on their 
 iii'a<Is. 
 
 .■1I2. The land protected liy the dikes re(piires to be drained, 
 and, as the water cannot flow out, it is taken out by large 
 pumps worked by windmills. Thes(! windmills, witli their 
 broad sails, give a singular api)earance t() tlio country. 
 
 543. Jlolland has a rainy eliniate, so tliat it is 
 
 not a good grain country. Flax is an important 
 
 product. The pastures arc excellent, and large 
 
 quantities of butter and cheese are cxj)ortod. Tho 
 
 ll.sheiies are a .source of much wealth. The trade 
 
 with the East Indies is important. 
 
 The I'liief exports are drugs, textiles, grain, butter, ii-on and 
 steel, sugar, paper, skins, flax, and saltpetre: annual value, 305 
 million dollars. 
 
 .544. The inhabitants of Holland are called 
 Dutch. Tliey ai'(^ industrious, cleanly, and intelli- 
 gent. They protect tlie wading-birds called storks, 
 because they destroy worms which cat holes in the 
 
 dikes. 
 
 The Dutch arc fond of gardening. 
 
 545. The Hague, a beautiful city, near the mouth of the 
 Rhine, is the eai)ital of Holland. Tt has fine public buildings. 
 Canals nni through the city in all directions. 
 
 540. Amsterdam, situated on a bay called the Y, is a large 
 commercial city. It is built on marshy ground, and long 
 timbers arc driven down to form a foundation. Rotterdam 
 is also a large city, and an imiKU't.ant sea-ix)rt. 
 
 547. Leyden is noted for bravely refusing to yield to the 
 Spaniards, even when tl e starving inhabitants were com- 
 
.llUKT 
 
 Elba 
 DENMARK, GERMANY, Etc 
 
 
 .8OTil.»,m. ^"PI"" u<a>"*^- 
 
 DSNICUUC. 
 DItU1oii»- 
 Jutland (Penlns.). 
 Sedand (Island). 
 Funen (Island). 
 Copenhagen (capital). 
 
 ■ 
 Bavaria. 
 Wurtembure, etc. 
 
 SlTCTS- 
 
 Danube. 
 Rhine. 
 
 Town! 
 
 Berlin (capital). 
 Hamburg. 
 Dantzic. 
 Bremen. 
 
 Dresden. 
 
 Strassliurj;. 
 Leipsic. 
 
 TOWBI— 
 
 Vienn.i (capital). 
 
 Trieste. 
 
 Buda and Pcsth, 
 
 BELurou 
 
 Vowni - 
 
 ilruss< K. 
 Antwerp 
 Ghent. 
 Meue. 
 
 AUBTRIA. 
 
 DlTUiODI- 
 
 Austria. 
 Huni^ry. 
 
 Rl»er- 
 Danube. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 TOWDI— 
 
 Amster<iam. 
 Kotturdam. 
 Leydcn. 
 
 irORWAT AND SWEDEN. 
 
 (.See MitfS.) 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 (.s« Map S.) 
 
 OBUIAM nCPIEI. 
 
 SMriou- 
 
 Prussia. 
 Saxony. 
 
nKMJIL'M — FUANCK. 
 
 67 
 
 polled to i-iit hiii'Mi'H iiiid (Ici^H, Kiiinlly, tlii< l>utcli Ijrokn 
 down tin) dikuM, und tlio S|iiiiiuu'd>< wurii driven nlF l>y tlif 
 water. lieydi'ii liiw ii tiniverMity i>f liijfli niiik. 
 
 MH. Uiilliiiiil (iwiH ./(/('I itiid iitluT i-«hind« in the Eiwt 
 IiidiuN. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 549. r>i'l;,'iiiiii is Olio ot' the siniillcst, l)iit oik- of 
 t\u' most inosptToiis kingdoms in Kiirojtc. 
 
 H(i many l);ittles weni fnii^ht in I5elj,'iiim in fi)inier tiniesi, 
 that it liiiM Im-cii called the liiiUli-t'iilit <>/ Kiirn/M- ; its hmH in mu 
 
 cari'fillly riiltivateil, that it has 1 n called the tuin/ni i>f 
 
 Kiirojir: and it is so eniwiled with hmises and inlialiitaiitM, 
 that a fnici^'n kiiiK, in pasHin^ throuKh it, said, " 'J'liin i.i «;(/// 
 otic ijrml citii." 
 
 550. Ill tln' iioi'tli th(^ fount ry is low iiinl level, 
 with many cfiniils, likd Holland. It is |iidtt'f(rd 
 from th(( sea l>y liills of .snnd, wliicli the winds liavf 
 raised nlon.i,' 1 1 1(! coast. The soutlicrn part r»f the 
 country is nion" elevated and liilly. 
 
 551. The faiiiis in I»e]j,'iuni an; very small, hut 
 they arc! carefully cultivated, and yield lar;,'e ijuan- 
 tities of j;rain, llax, wool, hutt<'r, and cheese. 
 
 552. Tiie hi;,'h]aiuls of the southern part of tlu^ 
 country have rich mines of coal, iron, and zinc. 
 
 .'"i.*;{. The manufactures of I'elgiiilu iiulii<li' carpets, laces, 
 cottons, silks, ciitlery, and fireaniis. 'I'lie chief exports are 
 grain and flonr, j'arns, coal, coke, machinery-, iron, hides, sugar, 
 glass, and raw textiles : annual value, 270 million dollars. 
 
 55-4. Belgium has more inhabitants in proportion 
 to its size than any other country iu the world. 
 
 .5."). Brussels, the capital, is a liandsonio city, and is fanaul 
 for its carpets and lace. A few miles to tin; south is the 
 Field of Watrrloo, wlicro a },'ri;at battle was onco fought. 
 
 .%('). Antwerp is the first couiuiercial city of Belgium. Tt 
 ha.s many ((uaint olil houses, and a fine cathedr;d adorned 
 with pictures hy celel>rate(l artists. Ghent is noted for its 
 cotton manufactures and its hothouses. Liege is famed for 
 the manufacture of fire-arms .and iiardwarc. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 557. France is noted for the frequent changes 
 in its form of government. At one time it is a 
 
 monarchy, with n king or an empcior ; and at an- 
 other time a repulilic, with a president. 
 
 TmS. Tills country IIph to the Houtli of Knghuid, from which 
 it is separated hy the Hixjlith ri„ii,ii,l. The /;„,/ „/ lti»ruy in 
 on tite west ; the Mn/iti fniiiniii Sta and liie Hntf nf Li,m» ttro 
 on the south. 
 
 rt."!'.!. The suifaee is generally level or undulating in tin' 
 west; towards the si.uiji caMt is a liroad plateau; in the 
 north are sandy phiiiiH. 
 
 Til" I'liniirei M,,iiiiliiiii.i iic|mrati! Frniu'o from Spain ; tlni Alpt 
 nv\y\riiU- it frnin Switzirljiml luel ll.ily. 
 
 .">•>(•. '{'he principal rivers aie iho Siitir, Lohr, tiurimur, 
 and lili'iiii: 
 
 5C1. France is a very productive agricultural 
 country. In liie north the chief products are 
 grain, llax, and the sugar - l)eet ; in the milder 
 central districts the most important are grapes, 
 Indian corn, and t<d)acc() ; and in the warm .soutli 
 the olive, nuiUierry, fig, and orange are cultivated. 
 
 T^Vl. Sugar is made from the sugar heet. The grape-vines 
 grow on stakes, ,as iH-ansdo in ourcountry, only farther apart ; 
 and wine is niadi' from grapi>s somitvvhat as we make cider 
 from iipples. Till' lierrii's from the olive-tree are pressed, 
 and yield an oil ealli d olive oil. The leaves of the miiUierry- 
 tree furnish fooil for the silk-worm, a kimi of caterpillar 
 which yields silk. 
 
 The cht-stmit-treo is very common in the forests, and chest- 
 nuts are an important articli! of food with many of the |ioor. 
 
 5G."V The French people; ai'e gay and f(»nd of 
 amusement. They are excitahle, and like change. 
 
 5G4. 'i'he exports incluile wine, hramly, olive oil, 
 
 and fruit; also woollens, cottons, silks, gloves, and 
 
 fancy goods, in tlie manufacture of which the French 
 
 are unrivalled : annual value, G'jO million dollars. 
 
 .'><;."). Paris, the capital, is next to T.oudon the largest 
 city in I'limpe. It is very gay and spl(;ndi<l, having many 
 fine streets, liuildings, squares, gardens, ;iiid p.arks. The 
 Seine flows thri>ugh the middle of the city, and is crossed 
 hy many large hriilges. The Boiilenin/n are broad paved 
 streets, with broad side walks shaded with trees, yotre 
 Dnme is a large church on an isl.md in the Seine. I'.eneath 
 the city are wonderful chambers and pa-ssages, called tho 
 Catacombs, constructed very long .ago. 
 
 .Wi. Havre, at the mouth of tin; Seine, is an important jiort. 
 
 Cherbourg is a gre.at naval station. 
 
 ! Bordeaux is a large city in the west, from which wine, 
 
 I braniiy, and fruit are exjiorted. Lyon, on the Ilhone, is 
 
 ' famed for its silk manufactures. Marseilles, on the (>ulf of 
 
68 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Lioni*, exiMtrtN xilk, fruit, and oil. Toulon in a fnrtifiod naval 
 •tiitiiiii (III tlid .Mi'diti'iriiiii'aii. 
 
 .'i<>7. KniJicu (iwiiH tliii iriliiiid of Curticn, in tliu .M('<lit<'r- 
 rniii'iiti ; it uIho owum Ahjirin, in Africa; (iiiitiiin, in Suutli 
 Anicricu; and HUiall tcrrituriuH in ntlicr piirtM of tliu world. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 670. TRAVELLINO ON THE ALPS. 
 
 r)G8. Switz- 
 cilaiid in a 
 Kiiiiill I'liuiitry 
 Muri'oundcd 
 l»y larye and 
 jiowt'ifid I1U- 
 tidiis. In for- 
 iiiiT times, 
 
 SDIIH' of tllOSt! 
 
 nations tried 
 to c o n <j u e r 
 tills little 
 iiiiiiitry ; Imt 
 tlu' lirivv(! 
 Swiss have 
 always main- 
 taiiicd their 
 freedom. 
 
 .'")(ll). Switz- 
 crliuid is sit- 
 iiiitcd among 
 the Alps. 
 Travel 1 ers 
 who are fond 
 of natural 
 scenery lovo 
 to visit this 
 country more, 
 perhaps, than 
 any other. 
 Here they find 
 beautiful rich 
 valleys, and 
 clear blue 
 lakey ; they 
 
 can climb the lofty snow-capped mountains and 
 aijmin! tin; wonderful glaciers, ever creeping down 
 their sides. 
 
 570. HftwiHin tlio liij{li nioiintuinH iiru din^) narrow valluyi 
 witli ni|ii<i HtreaniM at the iMittoni. Winding alonv; tlio Nidei 
 (if tilt! \allcyN, aniiing tliu rockN, arts roadH and fo<it|iatiiH l)y 
 which travulluru iiaud from uuu nidu of tho niountuin to tli« 
 other. 
 
 571. Tn the lower plains and valleys are grain- 
 (lelds, vineyards, orchards, and rich pastures ; as 
 we ascend the mountains, we lind forests <if oak, 
 chestnut, l»ecch, and pine. J'.eyond tiie forests are 
 pa.sture-land8 witli scattered shrubs and gay flowers, 
 — bluebells, hyacinths, lilies, and rhododendrons. 
 Still higher extend the lofty peaks clad with ever- 
 lasting snow. 
 
 >>~2. Only a small jiart of .Swit/.rrland in utiitcd to apricul- 
 turc. Thr |M'asantH keep many cowh, kIiccp, and poatH, and 
 maki'lar(^«'(|iiantiti<'sof linttcr and cheese. Tliene, with ilinkn, 
 watchcH, NJlk, cottons, and chemicals, form the chief exports: 
 annual v.ahic, 120 niiUion dollars. 
 
 573. Th(^ Swiss are intelligent and brave. 
 
 Pretty villages iind small towns ace numerous in tho moun- 
 tain valleys. Many of the inhabitants are w.-vtchmakers and 
 wood-carvers. 
 
 574. Berne is the capital of S\,'itzerland. Qenava, on L.ike 
 Geneva, is tho largest city. It is celebrated for its watches. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 575. Spain was once a very prosperous country, 
 ruling over vast territories in foreign lands. Most 
 of thes(f territories are now independent. 
 
 ri"6. A people, called Moins, camo from Africa across tho narrow 
 Strait of fiibraltar, nearly twelve hundred years ago, and settled in 
 Hpnin. They built fine jmlaces and cities, and inii)roved the country 
 very much. The Moors were Mohammedans, and were finally driven 
 out nf the country. 
 
 Spain led the way in the discovery of America, by supplying Colum- 
 lius witli vessels and men when he sailed westward over Uie unknown 
 Kcas. 
 
 .''>77. Si>ain and Portugal fonn a Large peninsula In tne south- 
 west of Kuro]io, having the sea on the east, sonth, .and west. 
 On the north are the Pprences Mountains, forming a high, 
 broad wall, impassable except by a few deep narrow valleys. 
 
 578. A large part of Spain is a rough highland 
 
'"'■mnih »^-^ ) I. ill.- rT> ■ i i . »> .- 
 
 •Aii.i.'ii* v. ,*(-• 
 
 Ml „i, Mill Kl', -* 
 
 ll»f)OI 
 
 
 Ui^tiaci 
 
 FRANCE, SPAIN, Etc, 
 
 FBANOB. 
 
 Loire. 
 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 B«M- 
 
 Garonne. 
 
 Lyons. 
 
 Hnglish Channel. 
 
 Klione. 
 
 Marseilles. 
 
 Bay of Biscay. 
 
 
 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Town*— 
 
 
 Ciulf of Lions. 
 
 Paris (capital). 
 
 
 RlTin— 
 
 Havre. 
 
 Coriica. 
 
 Seine. 
 
 Cherbourf^. 
 
 Algeria. 
 
 BWITZfRLAin). 
 Towm— 
 
 Berne (capital). 
 Geneva. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Towm— 
 
 Madrid (capital) 
 
 Barcelona. 
 Granada. 
 
 PORTUOAL. 
 TowBl— 
 
 Lisbon (capital). 
 Oporto. 
 
POUTUOAL. 
 
 59 
 
 country, — elevated table-lauds and lofty inouiitain I ^^- Horses, mules, and sheep are nuinorous. The merino 
 
 I sheep of S])ain yield wool of tht^ finest (jiiahty, 
 ranges. | 5gj_ Spain has rich mines of fniicksilvcr, lend, iron, and 
 
 Tlie table-lands are hot in summer ; and they are copper. The thief exports are wine, had, iron, cojjikt, 
 
 wool, (pi'L-ksilver, cork, oil, cattle, cotton goods, wino, fruit, 
 and li<H)ts and shoeH : annual value, ISO million dollars. 
 
 dry, dusty, and barren, suited only for pasture- 
 lands, except tlu! riv'.-r valleys, which art; very 
 fertile. In winter they are cold, and are swept by 
 high winds. 
 
 ..--■^■'■," ■■■*tA^"' 
 
 k;':|^'} 
 
 
 
 
 
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 91 
 
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 ^^Bn^^lEi^^BUl^illnSfilp 
 
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 582. Tli(! Spaniards are not generally as enter- 
 j pri.sing as the inhabitants of .some of tin; countries 
 of Europe. The common jx'oplc are fond of amuse- 
 nieiit, find dancing is a favourilt; evening ])iistinu'. 
 
 ThS;!. Madrid, situateil on the highlands of the interior, is 
 liie capital of SiJain. A few niili's distant is a noted nld palace, 
 called the h'.viiriii/, huilt in the form of a gridiron. 
 
 Barcelona is the most noted city for manufactures and trade. 
 Granada was huilt l>y the Moors. Near the city is an old 
 iNloorish pahuc <'alleil the Allnunhra. 
 
 581. Cadiz and Malaga are im|Kirtant jxirtH. 
 
 The islands of Ctilni and I'tirto Jliai, in tiie West Indies, and 
 t le Philippine Islutuh, in the Kast Indies, belong to Sfiain. 
 
 r>79. COIIK-TIIEES. 
 
 579. The lowlands of the south have a delightful 
 climate, summer lasting all the year. They jiroduce 
 grapes, olives, oranges, sugar-cane, and the mul- 
 berry. 
 
 In the forests of the mountain slopes grows a kind of oak 
 which yields the useful .substance called cork. The cork is 
 the thick bark of the tree. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 58r). Portugal is a small country on the Atlantic 
 coast west of Spain, 
 
 In former times Portuguese navigators were among the first 
 i;i exploring unknown seas antl discovering new lands. Like 
 Sp.iin, Portugal has lost most of its colonies, and is now a 
 v.eak State. 
 
 586. A large part of the country consists of 
 highlands; but its plain.s .and mountiiins are not .so 
 elevated or so dry 3S those of Spain. TIh! valleys 
 and lowlands are very fertile. The products are 
 similar to those of Spain. The; chief exports arc 
 wines, cork, fish, copper, figs, and onions : annual 
 value, 33 million dollars. 
 
 5S7. The Portuguese are polite and hospital)le, 
 and, like the Spaniards, they are fond of music and 
 dancing. Tlie btiU ffjht is a favourite but cruel 
 and dangerous amusement. 
 
 58S. Lisbon, near the mouth of the Tagus, is the capital of 
 Portugal. Over one hundred years ago the city was nearly 
 destroyed by a terrible eartlKpLake, and fifty thousand people 
 were buried in tlie ruins. 
 
 Oporto exiKirts large qu.antities of wine. 
 
 58'J. The Azores and Madeira hhind.-< are parts of the 
 kingdom of Portugal; the Vnpc Vrrd /cAokZjs are a depend- 
 ency. Madeira is famous for wine. 
 
60 
 
 EUROPK. 
 
 fiSS. rilK KSCURIAL, NK.Mi MADIilH. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 500. Itiily is the country of tlie ancient IJonians, 
 who, in the time of our Saviour, were the most 
 powerful pcojili' in the world. The kinifclom em- 
 braces till' liodt-siiaped peninsula and the islands 
 of Sicily and Sardinia. 
 
 591. Travellers visit Switzorland to soo tlio wniiflnrs of 
 nature; they j,'o to Italy to see tlie beauties of art,- splendid 
 churches, beautiful pictures, line marble statues, and grand 
 old ruins. 
 
 592. The liifty Alj'^ furm a curve nnmiul tlie nortli of Italy, and the 
 ApenniDc.i extriid tliri)\i(.'li the enuntry frmn north tn south On the 
 south of the -Mps are several beautiful lakes. 
 
 593. Italy has a deliijhtful climate, and a re- 
 markably blue sky and clear atmosphere. 
 
 On the west coast is a low marshy district, in which the air 
 is 80 poisonou.s that it is dangerous even to pass through it. 
 
 594. The plains, valleys, and lower mountain 
 slopes are well suited to agriculture, yielding grain, 
 the grape, mulberry, olive, and fig. 
 
 The plains of the River Po, on the south of the 
 Alps, are excc(^dingly fertile, producing large crops 
 
 of wheat and rico. Large herds of 
 oows are i>astured here ; and from their 
 rich milk, cheese of the best quality is 
 manufactured. This part of Italy is 
 also noted for the ))roduction of silk. 
 
 In the forests (if the mountain sl(i|ies grow 
 the oalc, walinit, and ciiestnut. C'hestnutH are 
 much used as food. 
 
 .'")II.'). .Marble of the finest f|Uality is obtained 
 from the .Vpetmincs. .Many beautiful build- 
 ings, statues, ;iii(l pillars are madii from it in 
 Italy, and largo (piantities of it are sent to 
 other Countries. 
 
 59G. 'I'lie most important exports of 
 Italy are silk, olive oil, fruit, wine, mar- 
 ble, sulphur, sardines, and anchovies: 
 annual \alue, "200 million dollars. 
 
 597. Italy has produced many cele- 
 brated musiciun.s, painter.s, sculptors, 
 and architects. 
 
 The jieoplo of Southern Italy .arc generally 
 wanting in energy ; many are jir.or and ignorant; and there 
 are many beggais and i-obliei's in the country. 
 
 iV.lS. Rome, the capital of Italy, is a very < id city, built 
 hundreds of years before the birtli of our .Saviour. It was 
 once tlie rieht^st and most powerful city in the world. It 
 has many beautiful churclies. SI. Pilir'a is the largest and 
 most s]ilendid ehureh in the world. Its walls and ceiling are 
 covjred with paintings by the most, skilliul artists. The 
 Pojic's palace, called the Vdtiran, is an immense building, con- 
 taining 4,00) rooms. Komo has many ancient ruiiis,— arches, 
 pillars, a(|ueducts, and amiihitlieatres. The most wonderful 
 of these is the Culiwaiii, wlitne the; old liomans ass(>mbled to 
 witness their cruel amusements,— men fighting witli each 
 other, and \\itli savage, wild animals. 
 
 r)'.)',l. Naples, the largest city of Italy, is beside a beautiful 
 bay. Within sight of the city is Mount Vr.tiniit.t, whose 
 smoiddeiing tires sometimes burst out in terrific flames. 
 Near the mountain are the ruins of the ancient cities Hcrcu- 
 lancnm and Pompiiu which have lately been exhumed from 
 the ashes and lava in which they were buried eighteen hun- 
 dred years ago. 
 
 nOO. Venice is built on a cluster of small i.slands. Channels 
 of water ser\'e as streets ; and boats, called ijoiulolas, supply 
 the i)lace of carriages. There are many bridges over the cl n- 
 nels. One, called the Lrii/i/c nf Sif/hs, reminds us of the < 1 
 government that once existed in the city. On one side of Uie 
 bridgt^ is a palace, ami on the other a grim prison. Criminals 
 were brought .across the bridge to the palace to hear their sen- 
 tence, and then taken back for execution. 
 

 
 
 
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 AFRICA 
 
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 f^'ftilittiiif KitMt JO f)-nnt tlri'OnMii'h 
 
 
 ITALY, GREECE, TURKEY. 
 
 ITAIiT. 
 
 Mvna- 
 
 Naples. 
 
 SESSOB. 
 
 xvuoct. 
 
 
 Po. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 
 ElTtr— Danube. 
 
 Iii«ii(U— 
 
 Tiber. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Ionian. 
 
 Towu— 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 Town*— 
 
 Genoa. 
 
 Cyclades. Euboea. 
 
 Constantinople (cap.;. 
 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Rome (capital). 
 
 Milan. 
 
 OaptUl— Athens. 
 
 Adrianople. 
 
OKEErE. 
 
 61 
 
 .'.IS. iNri:i;i.iK \ii.\v (pK 'iiik coi.i.skim at ho.mk. 
 
 Florence, Genoa, Milan, Leghorn, mul Turin aro iii>lr(l - (iOI. 'I'lic Islands of Sicily an. I Sardinia fni in a |.;iit nf iljis 
 citii'.-*. (JciKiii i« till' chief SI aiiiiitof Italy. ; l<iii(,'(liiiii nl Italy. .Minnil AV/cf, in Sicily, i.i diii; of tlii! iii<i.-t 
 
 fainciu-i volcanoi-.s in llir world. Sicily i.s very fiitiji', |pni(|uc 
 iiig w licat and fruit in great almiidaiicc 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 i\0'l (iiTiTi' i.s .'i siiKill country, ron.siRlinj:^ of a 
 
 liciiiiisiilii siiutli (if Turkey, .'ukI ii nuiiilicr of .small 
 
 isl.'iiiils oil fill! coast. 
 
 (KK!. In ancient times firepco wa.s inli.'iliited liy tlm nicst 
 l"ai'ned and |ioui rfiil people in tin; world. It iiiodiici'il f,'reat 
 poets, historians, orators, artists, philo.sopliers, .and wjirriors. 
 The country has lost all this t.'-re.'itness, and is jiow interesting 
 chiefly for the ri'inaiiis of ancient buildin).'s and statues, and for 
 places where great events occurred. An I^ntrlish |ioet has naifl : 
 
 "'Ti.s Orooce, but living fireece no more." 
 
 With all the wi.^dom of the ancient f Ireeks, thej- were igno- 
 rant of the true God, hut Ijelieved in many false gods. 
 
 G04. Grcoce i.s a land of luouiitaiiis, hills, and 
 v.illoys. The climatf and products arc like tlioso 
 "if Italy. J!a\v silk, lionf-y, currants, and other 
 I'ruits, olive oil, and S|if)ii:,'es are tlie chief exports: 
 annual value, 20 million dollars. 
 
 G05. The Greeks are <,'eiierally farmers, mer- 
 chants, or sailors. 'I'hey ar(i said to be very shrewd. 
 
 600. TUB BniDOE of siuhs, venige. 
 
62 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 m). Athens, the capital, is a mnall city. The most impor- 
 tiiiit reiiiiiant of iincient AtliciiH in tlio AcroixiHn, <\r citadel. 
 Within tilt! Acropolis are the ruins of an old idol toniplo, 
 culled the J'artlirium. Not far distant is Mam Hill, where 
 the ApoNtle Paul prearhed to the Atheniana concerning the 
 true Ood. J'irnuH is the port of Athena. 
 
 (J07. The principal islands Ix^longing to Greece are the 
 Ionian Islands, the Ciicladfn, and Euhwa. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 G08. Turkoy is situated in tlu; south-east of 
 Euroiio, between the Black Sea and the Adriatic. 
 
 Turkey derived its name from a pcojile called the Turks, 
 who, though not the most numerous, are the ruling inhabi- 
 tants of the country. The Turks once lived in Central xVsia. 
 They marched westwai<l, coiKpiering every country as they 
 advanced, and came into I'hirope over four Imndred years 
 ago. Turkey is now a weak State. Several countries on the 
 north, which formerly belonged to Turkey, have in ri!cent 
 years giiiucd their indept'iidcuce. 
 
 609, Turkey has a productive soil, a mild and 
 healthful climate, and a good 
 position for commerce ; but 
 
 throuiih bad 
 
 government 
 
 and 
 
 611. A TURK. 
 
 lack of enterprise it is much 
 behind the other countries of 
 luirope. Agriculture is in a 
 vej'v I'ude state, and manufac- 
 tures are greatly neglected, 
 
 010. The products are grain, grapes, 
 olives, tobacco, and cotton, looses are 
 cultivated in largo fields, and from them 
 is made the costly jx'rfume called attar 
 of rosfs. The chief exports an; car])et8, 
 shawls, and leather goods : annual 
 ' value, (ir> million dollars. 
 
 j Gil. The Turk.s believe in a 
 
 ^F" i:dse prophet named Mohammed. 
 
 Their dress and manners are 
 
 very odd. Both men and women 
 
 wear long flowing dresses, with 
 
 a belt around the waist. The men wind a long 
 
 scarf, called a turban, about their heads ; and 
 
 the women wear a thick white veil over their 
 
 faces when they go out. They have neither chairs 
 nor sofas in their houses, but sit on the carpet or 
 on cushions. In the large cities, the liigher cla.s.ses 
 are beginning to adopt the customs of otlier Euro- 
 pean countries. 
 
 012. Constantinople, the cajiital, is one of the largest cities 
 of ]']urope. It has a beautiful harbour, called the (loldcn 
 Horn. The minarets of the Mohammedan nios()uc8 give the 
 city a fine appearance in the distance. 
 
 Adrianople, on the Marit/.a, is the chief manufacturing 
 city. Salonica and QalUpoll are imix)rtant 8eaiK)rts. 
 
 013. The sovereign of Turkey is called the linltan. The 
 Turkish Empire, or, as it is called, the Ottonutn Empire, com- 
 prises largt! territtiries in Western Asia and several tributary 
 states in Northern Africa. The island ol Crete belongs fo 
 Turkey. \, 
 
 EASTERN ROUMELIA AND BULGARIA, 
 
 G14. Eastern Roumelia and Bulgaria are small 
 countries on the south of tli(> Danube, and border- 
 ing on the Black Sea. The two countries are 
 united under one government. 
 
 615. These countries formerly belonged to Turkey, and 
 they still pay an annual tribute to the Sultan. \ 
 
 616. The climate is mild, and the products arc 
 grain, tobacco, grapes, and other fruits. 
 
 617. The exports are chiefly grain, wool, skins, 
 
 and timber : annual value, 1 1 million dollars. 
 
 Manufactured goods are imported. 
 
 018. Sophia, in Bulgaria, is the capital. Philippopolis is 
 the chief city of E. Jioumelia. Varna is a fortified aea-port. 
 
 ROUMANIA. 
 
 619. The kingdom of Boumania is situated be- 
 tween the rivers Pruth and Danube. The Car- 
 pathian Mountains lie along the west, next to 
 Austria. These highlands slope towards the east 
 and south, to the treeless plains which comprise a 
 large part of the country. 
 
 620. The country produces wheat, maize, millet, 
 flax, tobacco, and grapes. The wealth of the 
 
SEUVIA MONTENEGUO. 
 
 03 
 
 country consists cliii-fly in cattle, liorscs, shoop, 
 ami swine. These, witli grain, form the cliief 
 flxports : anni: >' value, GO million (lollars, 
 
 021. Bucbarest, lIic cnpital, is a largo city, and curries on 
 considtTiililo trade with Austria. Oalatz, on tho Danube, 
 t'xiKjrt.s grain and wihiI. Jassy is a large city. 
 
 are fruit, cattle products, and grain : annual value, H million 
 dollars. 
 
 SERVIA. 
 
 622. Hervia i.s a small country on tho south of 
 tho Danube, adjoining Austria. 
 
 623. The soil in the valleys and lowlands is very 
 fertile, yielding wheat, the vine, apples, and pears. 
 Horses, cattle, and sheep are numerous. 
 
 624. Tiie Servians are a brave, enterprising 
 people, noted for their love of country. 
 
 02"). Belgrade, on the Danulie, is the capital. It mnnn- 
 factures fire-arms, cutlery, silks, and cari)ets, and trades 
 largely with Austria and Great Britain. The chief exports 
 
 MONTENEGRO. 
 
 626. Montenegro is a small country on tho east 
 of the Adriatic Sea. It touclies tlui sea only in 
 the south, being separated from it by Austrian 
 territory. 
 
 627. The surface is mountainous. A largo part 
 of the country is covered with forests. 
 
 The chief exports arc shumac, insect-|)<>\vder, goats, cheese, 
 cattle, and mutton : animal value, 1 million dollara. 
 
 028. The inhabitants are rude and uneducated ; 
 but they are noted for their brave resistance to tin? 
 Turk.s. They Jive chiefly by agriculture, which 
 they carry on in a very primitive manner. 
 
 02fl. Cettlgne, a small village, is the capital. Antivarl ia » 
 small town on the Adriatic Sea. 
 
719. WALLS AM) GATK OF I'KKIN, CHINA. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 History. — 6.30. Some of the countries of Asia 
 are very interesting, on account of the great events 
 which have happened in them. It is supposed 
 that the Garden of Eden, in which God placed 
 Adam and Eve, was situated somewhere between 
 the Black Sea and the Caspian. Tlie greater part 
 of the Bible was written and most of the events 
 
 which it records occurred in Western Asia, in and 
 around Palestine. 
 
 Position. — 631. Asia is on the east of Europe 
 and Africa. In the north-east, at Behring Strait, 
 it approaches very near to North America. It has 
 the Arctic Ocean on the north, the Pacific on the 
 east, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Red 
 
-<! r "ASIA r'-^'-- 1,1. ^.^*V}L .U=^iP. i."-4^'* 
 
 1 \ '. . '^ stc:^^^^:^" r^^ ^ y 7 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 BonndarlM— 
 
 OoMt W»t«ri— 
 
 Strait of Malacca. 
 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 tiainan 
 
 A'. Arctic Oco.in 
 
 IlfhriiiK Strait. 
 
 Bay of Benifal. 
 
 Black .Sea. 
 
 Philippines. 
 
 /-. I'acific Ocr.m. 
 
 Sea of Okhotsk, 
 
 Arabian Sea. 
 
 0»p*i— 
 
 ^meo. 
 
 .S. Intiian Ocr.in. 
 
 Sea of Japan. 
 
 Culf of Oman. 
 
 Severn. 
 
 Sumatra. 
 
 //', luirope. 
 
 >'ellow .Sea 
 
 Persian Gulf. 
 
 Coniorin. 
 
 Java. 
 
 (."aspi.in -Sc.i. 
 
 China Sea 
 
 (lulf of Aden. 
 
 IiUBdi— 
 
 tclclws. 
 
 Meditrrr.iiuan 
 
 Gulf of Tonquin. 
 
 Strait of Bal)el-Mandel> 
 
 Japan Islands. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Red Sia 
 
 (illlf of .Tia-n. 
 
 L_. , ... . 
 
 Red Sea 
 
 I-'orni'isa 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
AS I A - I'hyMcal. 
 
 
 SECTION ACROSS ASIA KIlOM ASIA MIMiH Tl) IMI.VA 
 
 xi'af 
 
 iM'Arirot i'.ooi> 
 
 /W..»i^,...|.y/-^ 
 
 
 Tiiiiliat'Aai ~ 
 
 jLa» 
 
 louii HUJ>a 
 
 ^SliaiiliUi mint OilAH 
 
 SKCTION ArHOSS ASIA FHOM SlIlhRIA TO INDIA 
 
 Iliviiimi 1,1..- a'; flJ*'.'.'!-"! .i» ™, 
 
 w j Vil'^ L ; ^ Sibeiiou Luw ^jmiU 
 
 !%UV 
 
 loooMlUi 
 
srUKAl'E — mVERS. 
 
 6ft 
 
 8oa, tilt; .Mcilitirrnni'iiii, uikI tlir Itliick S«-ii on tin* 
 w«Ht Asiii ffscmlilcH KurojH' in Iniviiijj tlirtc 
 great |i<>niu.siilim uii tliu Huuth — Arabia, India, and 
 Iiiilu-China, 
 
 Area.- )i,'VJ. A.><iii U twico ax Imyn us Nurtli Aiiioricn, and 
 
 ini'liii|i'-« Kiio tliinl tin- IuikI Miirfacr of tin' llaitli. 
 
 Surface. — 033. \m\ Iiuh tlic lii;{li('st iiK)untuinH, 
 
 thu lowest viilley.s, till' ln'oaile.st tiilile-luiiilH, iin.l the 
 inoHt t'xtcuHivt' |iltiiiis in I lie \\<ii'li|. In Ainerini 
 the ]ii<;liliin(ls exli-ml noitli mid suiitli, near the 
 coasts; in Asia we lind tlieni strelchiny east rikI 
 west thi'oiif,di the ndddle of tlie eontinent. 
 
 G3 4. The hi^ddunds of Central Asia consist of a 
 broad ta'iledand, with the //iiiialni/ii MmDilubiH on 
 the south, the Allui Mi)iiutaiiix on the north, and 
 two other ]iarall<'l nioiintnin walls tiiroii]L,di tin- 
 interior. 
 
 (i.\"). TIk^ Himalayas, mi tli.' imitli of Mindo-tim, an' llm 
 lii;^'lii'Ht iiiiiuiitiiiiis in till! worlil. Tlie iii^'lu'st pi'itk, calli'd 
 Muiiiit A'(■o'(.1^ in livo iiiiil ii half iiiilos ulmvu tliu Icvrl uf tlm 
 Hca. In a.ici'iidin)^ thcsu nioiiiitiiiiis fmni ttie Hinitli, wo Nhniild 
 fli'^t lind di'iisi' fcii'i'Hti, Hiiiiilar ti> tlmsi- mi tlio Iiumt .iluprs of 
 till' Audi's. lliTi' ari' many kinds of palni tiii's, mn- of whiili 
 i- callid tlii'.''((» iiiilm. It is ii'inarkalili' for its hioad loavcH, 
 a miikIi' li'id iH'inj,' lar^'u uiiohkIi tu covlt a dozen nun. Wo 
 jflioiilil find lu'fL' niany larj^e and frrocioUM wild licasts, »uch as 
 lions, tij,'i'r.s, li-opards, and liymias. I'l-yoml tin; forests arn 
 hIii'iiIis and lirij^dil-coluuicd tlowiTs ; tlii'ii wild rmij^di roi'ks 
 mid I'M'ilastiii); snows. 
 
 Uyu. Tliu.io mountains aru more dilliciilt to climb than 
 alinnst any others, tiiey aro ho tsteep and so rent hj' deep 
 goi'^'es, wliere the foaming,' streams cmiii' nishin^: down 
 towards till! plains. Far up mi the miiiintains, shut in on 
 iiU sides, we find the heaiitiful valley of Cii.ilii,i(rr, so cele- 
 brated for its goats, from whose tine hair costly shawls are 
 manufactured. 
 
 (137. North of the Tlimalaya Mountains is a hi^dilaiid country 
 called TiUt. The lowest valleys here are two miles aliove 
 the sea level. This country is so near the I'^ipiator that it has 
 warm summers; hut on account of its great elevation the 
 winters aro e.xtreinoly cold. 
 
 O.W. Further north, beyond the Kiini-hm Miniiitiini.i, is the 
 trreat tabledaiid, extending hundreds and hundreds of miles. 
 In some parts it is covered with loose sand, and in others 
 with rocks. 
 
 639. The most important mountains in tlie west 
 of Aaia. are the Cancasns, the Tanrns, the Elhnrz, 
 the Hindoo Koosh, and the Mountains of Ltbanon. 
 
 « < 
 
 
 
 V^' 
 
 
 ('.;((!. I'llossIMl TIIK HIM \1.AV.\S. 
 
 <i lU. < 111 till' ii'ii'ili id" the Altai .Mountains is the 
 vast lowland jilain of Silicria, sloiiini;' tnwarils the 
 Ari'tic ( )i'ean. 
 
 Rivers. — G41. The ehief rivers in the north of 
 Asia an,' the ()hi, the Yrnifci, and the Lena in 
 Silieria. Lil<e the Mackenzii! in North .\merica, 
 they are frozen over durinu; a lai'^e }iart of the 
 year. 
 
 The Aniooi; the Ifixnui /A*, and the Va)if/-ttie- 
 A'idii;/, llowini,' easterly in China, art; the mo.st 
 important livers in Asia. The Ynng-tse-Kiang 
 equals the Missi.ssipjii in lengii\ 
 
 The great rivers in the south of Asia are the 
 M^tkdHi/, .^fdiiain, Irri(tc(i(fi/t/, the Ilra/niKi/iootra, 
 the Gantjes, the Indus, the Tiijris, and the Euphrates. 
 
 (!42. The Ganges and Brahmapootra rise far apart on the 
 cold high llhi .l.iyas; but after ru.shing dowu thu steep sluiiea. 
 
6C 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 thiiy wind iilmif? tin; liot lowliuulH, apiirnacliiii;,' nearer until 
 thoy <'')iii() tiiK»ll>'T iit tlicir nioiilli. 'J'ln' luml licre i.s IowuikI 
 flat, and in ovcr^jiown witli tries and vines. These jungles 
 abound in tigers and riiinoceroses, and tliu waters swarm with 
 crocodiles. 
 
 ' fii:!. An JKiimMiit jicoplo, ciillcil IlindoDM, wlin live in Hindnstan, 
 look upiin the (iiingos us n lioly river. Mothers, wIhp liiive not the 
 ISilile til tiacli llieni llie way to eternal luipiiiness, simietinies tliniw 
 their eliildreii intd its Wiiter.s, believir; L tliey will tlius be bciriie to 
 a land of bliss. 
 
 Mi. The Euphrates and Tigris (low through a region re- 
 markalile in tin: ncoiils uf ancient history. 
 
 (i4.'"». Long ages ago tlit^ eity of Kiiiciih, to w liieli the iirophet 
 Jonah was sent, sto<id on the hanks of the Tigris ; and Jkihii- 
 lon, where Daniel lived, was on the lOujihiates. These cities 
 were very large, and wi^ie suiinundcd liy higli and hroad 
 walls. They were destroyed many hundied years ago, and 
 after a long timi^ they lieeanui eovered with saiid and grass, 
 HO as to appeal- like mounds of earth. Lately men have been 
 digging into these mounds, and many curious things have been 
 discoven^l. 
 
 Lakes. -0 to. Tho frcsli-watov lakes of Asia arc 
 all (juitr small, c.xcc^pt Ji(t'ih(tl and J'xill.asJi, in tlie 
 south of I\ussiaii Asia. Salt lakes are miiiierous. 
 The C<(njn'(t/t Si(( and the *SV(/ a/' Ami are the 
 larjufest. The Daiil ,Sti( is reniarkahle fur its low 
 situation. 
 
 Climate and Products. — ()I7. The southern 
 countries of Asia have a hot clinuiti', and produce 
 cotton, silk, rice, coll'ee, and many kinds of fruit. 
 Here also we find cinnamon trees, all kinds of 
 spices, and frao-rant onm-trees. The south-western 
 and the central j)ortions have \rvy little rain. 
 Indi:i., China, and Indo-China are well watered 
 and vi'iy prochn'tive. 
 
 (i-lS. The table-lands of the interioi ..ave cold winteis and 
 hot summers. The mountains here get all tlie rain, so that 
 tho plains are dry, and unsuited to agriculture, l^veii the 
 .streams whieli flow from the mountains are soon dried up or 
 lost in the sand. A vast region here is called the Dc.tirt of 
 Gohi. In the western part of these tabledands there are 
 fertile valleys ; but as we go east into ^Mongolia, th(-re are no 
 streams of water, cultivated fields, houses, or cities. Only 
 near the mountains wc find water and luxstuie-lands. 
 
 t)49. The northern jiart of Asia, called Siberia, is a cold 
 coinitry, like the northern i)art of America. 
 
 Animals.— ().")0. In the forests .south of the Himalayas the 
 wild animals are large and mnnenui::., including elephants, 
 lions, tiger.s, hyenas, and huge serpents. The animals in 
 Siberia are similar to those in the north of America. 
 
 Inhabitants. — G51. Asia is said to contain aliout 
 tiiree-lifths of all the people in the world. Neai-ly 
 all are heathen.s, knowing' iiotliing of the Bihlc, or 
 the way of salvation which it teaches. In tho 
 western part of Asia most of tho people are Mo- 
 Jiainniedaiifi ; in the east they are J/ijidoos and 
 IhuJillitsts. All tli(! o'lvat reli,i,dons of the world 
 had their origin in Asia. 
 
 fl.^2. Mohammed lived in .Vrabiii over twelve hundred years ago. 
 He told the jiodple tliat Cod jiaci .spoUin to him throiiph an angel, and 
 had sent him to teaili them, lie wrote a book called the Knnui, wldcli 
 he said the aiifjel jjave him. When he had gained a few followers, lie 
 armcil them and went from plae^ to idaec, eonipellinp all to taSj him 
 as their prophet and king, and the Koran as their Jiihle. 
 
 Ci,").'?. The people who live near tlie desert jilains dwell in 
 tents, and tlnir jiropei-ty consists of cattle, horses, camels, and 
 slieej). Their food consists mostly of milk and Hesh, and they 
 are always roving about in .search of fresh jiasture. 
 
 ().")4. Tho i)Pople of .\sia are much less civilized than thoso 
 of Kurojie and -America. In most of the coiuitriis they have 
 no schools, books, or newsiiaiiers, and know notliing of other 
 jiarts of the world. Throughout the greater jart of this large 
 continent there arc no railroads, or even common roads or 
 wagg lis. Merchants travel in large companies, called cara- 
 vans, conveying tlcir goods on cmiels and mules, In crossing 
 the deserts they carry water with them. 
 
 (!.").■). It is dangerous to travel in the countries inhabited by 
 tho roving shepherds. These lawless people not only rolt and 
 mnrdia- strangers, but they are always at war ,\ ith each other. 
 Sometimes a iilnndcring company of liorsemeii eoniii suddenly 
 on an unsuspecting tribe, drive off their I'.ocks, and seizing 
 the women and children, sell them for slaves. 
 
 Divisions. — ri.'iH. The principal countiiesof Asia 
 are Asiatic linssift, Aaiatic I'lir/.t i/, Anibvi, Persin. 
 Af(ih(tnii<ta)i, JiclovcJiisfan, Jh'itish Inilia, Ihirnwh. 
 Siini), AiKim, the Cliinrxr Empire, and Jui^ni. 
 
 Towns. — G.")?. The largest cities of Asia are in 
 China, Japan, and India. 
 
 In the cities of Western and Central Asia the streets are 
 often so narrow and crooked that carriages cannot be driven 
 through them. The houses have flat roofs, and they usually 
 have no windows towards the street, but are lighted from a 
 court or open sjiace in the middle. 
 
 Government. — ^^658. The countries of Asia are 
 generally badly governed. The laws are not made 
 hy representatives chosen by tlie people, as in our 
 own country. The chief ruler, wlio is often a 
 selfish, ignorant tyrant, makes such laws as please 
 
ASIATIC RUSSIA ASIATIC TrUKKV, 
 
 e7 
 
 himself. Then he opiiresscs liis people witli taxes, I grapes, peaches, and other fruits. Wool is an iju- 
 
 and spends the money on his (jwn pleasures rather ' portant product. The country is rich in minerals 
 
 than in improving the country. Japan has :e- ' including petroleum, salt, and coal. 
 
 centlv adopted a forui of government similar to ,•,■,• -/. ,/ ,i .1 e . . ■ , 
 
 , ^ , ^ . . c" i*- (,(,,,_ jiti,,^^ tlif caidtiil, uianufacturcs carpets, sliawls, and 
 
 that of Great Urituin. silk. Baku, on thu Caspian .'Sea, is in the petioleuin region. 
 
 L 
 
 ASIATIC RUSSIA. 
 
 659. In addition to its vast territories in Eu- 
 rope, the Russian Empire comprises more than a 
 third of Asia. The Asiatic possessions are Siberia, 
 lurkeddii, and Traus CuiirasKi. 
 
 660. Siberia is situated on tlie north of the 
 Altai ]\[ountains, and extends entirely across the 
 continent to the Pacilic (')oean. It is a cold, cheer- 
 less country. The soil is cultivated a little in tiie 
 south, yielding barley and ve-'ctahles. Lar^e 
 forests of spruce and fir abound in foxes, ermines, 
 ottei's, and other animals which have valuable fur; 
 the rivers are full of (i.sh ; and the mountains yield 
 gold and precious stones. 
 
 (iOl. Tlio Czar of Russia uses Siliciia as a place of exile for 
 criminals and those whom he suspects of plottinrj against his 
 government. 
 
 6*12. Tlie rcindeiT :-. u very uscfiil iiiiiniiil in tlii-! country. S-^nip nf 
 tlie natives own large herds, and tlioy .subsist cliietly on the niill< ami 
 flesh. 
 
 66;l The priucii)al towns ar<', Oiii.<<k, Tomsk, To- 
 hnl-iJc, and Irkntsk. 
 
 Kiiti'hUt is noted as the jilace througli which Ihissia carries 
 on trade with China, e.xehanginj,' fur, leatlier, and ^(x.llens 
 for tea, silk, and i>oreehiin. Irhnt.-'k is the largest city. 
 
 664. Russian Turkestan 's it largo country on 
 the east of the Casjiian Sea, and extending south- 
 erly nearly to Afghanistan. Here are vast tree- 
 less plains called steppes, inhabited by wandering, 
 half-civilized people, whose wealth consists in horses, 
 camels, sheep, and goats. Tashlend, Khiva, KhoJcan, ' 
 and Samnrcand &VC the principal cities. 
 
 665. Trans-Caucasia and Armenia are on the 
 south of the Caucasus IMountains. They produce 
 
 ASIATIC TURKEY. 
 
 667. Asiatic Turkey forms a part of the Otto- 
 man Empire, of which Constantinople in Eurojjc 
 is the capital. It extends from the Black Sea to 
 the Mediterranean, anci thence southerly, including 
 the east coast of the Ked Sea. Some of the more 
 important ])ortions of Asiatic Turkey are, Asia 
 
 j Mnidi; S 11 rill, Palestine, and part of Armenia. 
 
 I Th(?.se countries liave an interesting history, ex- 
 tending back to the earliest ages, and they contain 
 the ruins of many ancient cities. 
 
 668. The climate is warm, excei)t on the moun- ! 
 tains. In sonu; parts of the country there are | 
 extensive .sandy deserts, on which r;iin seldom falls, j 
 
 6G9. The products are grain, cotton, tol)acco, ! 
 poppies the olive, llg, and other fruits. Agricul- , 
 ture i.. carried on in a veiy rude way. Tlu^ cai-e ! 
 of sheep and goats is a leading pursuit, and the 
 .shepherds wander over tin; country in search of 
 pasturage and pknuK'r. 
 
 (i70. The majority of the inhabitants are Mohiimmedan^. 
 The men are elad in loose, flowiuf,' rohes, and wear turh.an.s 
 oil rheir lieads. When tlie women appear on tlie street, they 
 wear l(in<>:, thick vi'ils over thi' face, 
 
 071. Asia Minor is the large peninsula between 
 tlu! JMack Sea and the ]Mediterranean. It is a 
 highland country, with .some beautiful valleys in 
 the west. The table-lands of the interior are too 
 tlry for agriculture, but afford pasturage for sheep 
 and goats. The Angora goat is noted for its silky 
 hair. The river valleys are watered by irrigation, 
 and yield wine, olives, oranges, cotton, and onium. 
 Smyrna, the largest city, exports rai.'ins, cotton, 
 
68 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 opium, wool, and spongos. TIu; site of ancient ' "Uuatcd in the snuth-rast of Syria, is tlie most 
 
 . itrrt'stiny part of Turkey. 
 
 07"). About forty years after tlie Jews crucified 
 the Saviour, they wen; expelled hy a Homau anuy 
 from th(( country which their forefathers had occu- 
 pied fifteen hundred years. Jcrnsd/oii, the capital 
 of the country, hiul a stron<,% high wall around it, 
 and (he .lews from all the land ran to this city for 
 protection. The Romans beat down the wall, de- 
 stroyed the city, and bui'ned the beautiful temple. 
 The Jews are now scattered throuijhout almost all 
 
 Ephesus is near Smyrna. 
 
 Erziroiuii, mi tin' (i\iflaii(l muti' lutwccn 'rrcbizund and 
 Pi'l'si'i, is tlic laij^Tst tiiwn in 'rurki>li Aniiciiui, 
 
 G7.'5. Syria is on th(! east of tins ^Mediterranean. 
 
 Th(! MoKiildiiiK (if Lihiino)) are near the coast, find 
 
 on the east of the mountains is a low plain. 
 
 \\\ till' iiiiildlc (if tliis iilaiii, siniMtiiiilid by licaulifill gar- 
 diiiH .'111(1 di-cliards, is tlif city of Jhiiiinncn^, tlic oldest city in 
 till' World, and oftin s|Mpki'n of in tln' I'll'lc. It iii.'Uiiifac 
 turcs silks, and is tlir ccnti'i' of a largi' cai'a\an tnulc. IJi'l- 
 ri)i(l is ,'ui iinpiiitant purt. 
 
 (>7 1. Palestine, the ancient land of the Israelites, , the countries of the world. 
 
 070. .IKIU 
 
 C)7G. Palestine is (piite a hilly country. The 
 Ji>ril<t)i, a comiKirativcly small stream, is the only 
 river. It I'ises in the ^NFountaiiis of Lebanon, flows 
 southerly through tlu^ lowest Aalley in the world, 
 and em|tties its wat(>rs into a remarkfdile lake caUed 
 the De(t(I Sea. The Dead Sea contains so nuich 
 salt and other mineral substances that fish cannot 
 live in it. In the upper ])art of its course the 
 Jordan forms a fresh-water lake, called the Sea of 
 Galih'i', or the Sva of Tiberias, 
 
 S.vr.KM. 
 
 '' (i77. Palestine was (ince exceedingly fmiitful ; bnt exc it in 
 some fertile valleys, it is now an un|iioducti\ e cuv.ntry, and 
 agricnlture is greatly neglected. 
 
 G7>^. Christians luve to travel in Palestine, and visit the 
 jilaces in which occurred so many of the great events recorded 
 in the P-ihle. lint traxelling in this land is toilsome and 
 somewhat dangerous. Tra\ellers emjjloy armed guides to 
 show them the way and iimtect them from robbers. There 
 are no carriage-roads, so that they must j<ininey on horseback; 
 and the animals to be obtained are generally very inferior. 
 
 G7'J. Jvvtisulem is built on the ruins of the ancient city. 
 The streets are narrow and the lunisea gloomy. Half the 
 l)e<iiile ; re Mohammedans. Six miles to the south is Belh 
 
ARABIA PERSIA. 
 
 •39 
 
 lehcm, wluTe .Testis \v;is born ; a >hiiit ilistaiicc east of .Icni- 
 Haleiii, across a valley, is tin; Mmint nf oliim, to wliicli lie 
 
 called (lutes, is iinich UmiI foi' fiiiul. Tllf soiltllfrii 
 
 . t n 1 i t I t ■ u ,; I I'iU't of Anil)ia, wiiirli is \(|-v hot, and has heavy 
 
 went HO fre(|ueiitly ; about two miles cast i.s Jiiilianii, where ' ' • ' 
 
 the family lived tiiat ho loved. In the liilly country of the rains at eertain seaM.ns, yields the hest nitlee iii 
 
 liorth is Ndzurdli •.•.■I.,'re he spent his early I'fe ; and aliout 
 twenty miltjs ea -t of Nazareth is the Ski nf (uiUlir^ which was 
 the scone of many of his noted miracles. 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 G80. Araliia is an extensive country on the east 
 of the lied .Sea. A larye portion of it is a |iarclu'd 
 desert land, with here and there a fertile spot, 
 called an oaxlx. The most useful tree on tlie 
 borders of the desei'ts i^ the date-iialni. Jts fruit, 
 
 the world. Anidni,' the proilucts also are cocoa- 
 nuts, dates, durrah, spices, and ^runis. 
 
 (>S1. The desert in w hit li the Israelites wandered for forty 
 years, and Mmnil Sinai, ulieri' (iod :_a\i' the comuKindments 
 to Moses, are in the north-west of Araliia. 
 
 G82. .Manv of the inhahitants of Araliia are 
 
 roving shi'pherds, wIkim' property consists in 
 
 camels, horses, and other aiiimtils. Arahian horses 
 
 are swift and handMime, and an .Vrali is said to 
 
 lo\e his liorse as much as his wife and children. 
 
 The shephe.-ds often (juancl with each other tdiout 
 
 (;S4. .\ CAUAVAN CROSSINT, TUK OKSEItT TO MKCCA. 
 
 which is said to br 'A^rii ciuit'' .-ii tli from liriii;r kissed so 
 
 fre!|\iiiitly. Only Mo|i,imini'iians are allowed to eiitcu- the 
 temple. Some |ier.-oiis, howmer, curious to know what sort 
 of a place it is, have |iretendeil to be Mohamiiiedans, .and 
 thus have pained admittance. Jn/'lfi, on tlie Keil Si>a, is the 
 port of Mecca. 
 
 their pasture-lands and wells of water, as the ser- 
 vants of Ahraham and Lot (|uarrelled lont; au;o. 
 
 68.3. That part of Arahia which horders on the 
 Red Sea belon,ij;s to Turkey. It has two noted 
 
 cities — Mecca, the liirth-])luce of ^Mohammed, and 
 
 Medina, tlie place where he was liuried. 
 
 G84. Every year thov.-'inds of Mcrhammedan jiiltrrims visit PERSIA 
 
 ^lecca. These superstitious people believe that a ))ilgriniage 
 to this city will secure the for;,dveness of all their sins. There 
 is a larpe mosciue or Mohamnie(lau temple in Mecca contain- 
 ing a black stone, which Mohanuuedans think very holy, a'.id the Persian fiulf. A laro'e part of tli(> country 13 
 
 G8.^. Persia lies between the Caspian Sea and 
 
70 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 almost destitutu of rum, ami iIk; ,suil is full of f-tilt, ' 
 so that it is quite barren. Ikit tlicrc arc many 
 rich vallcVH, watered by streams that How from 
 the mountains. 
 
 Tlio fruitful districts prcMlucc trrain, nilk, k"':'!'*''*, l"!iclics, 
 and uicIdiim. Tln'rc iirc also iiiiuiy licautiful tluwcrs - liya- i 
 ciiiths, tidijis, crocuses, and iiriiindscs. Tin' Persians culti- ' 
 Viiti- ininicnsc (luantitics nf rosis, from \\lii(li the}' extract a ! 
 costly jMrfunie. Tlio jirctty blue gciii called lun^uuisc i.s 
 found in J'ersia. 
 
 GSG. The Persians make beautiful carpets and 
 sliawls. They are said to 1)(> very iiolite, and to 
 use ratlier extravagant language: thus one wuuld 
 tt.'ll you tliat he was your slave, and tliat eviiy- 
 thing lie had was at your service, when he would 
 be astonished if you took him at his word. 
 
 C87. Persia lias Imt one short riiilmad, and very few carriaKe roaila. 
 Travellers sotnctinics ride in a curicuis eonwyanca formed of a l>o\ or 
 covere<l feat, |il,ii:o(l on ]ioK'S wldeli |ir(iju(t so as to make shafts in 
 front and behind. Mules are lurnessed into these sliafts, the one in 
 the rear facini? the seat Sometimes a double seat, lil<e a pannier, is 
 .slunt,' aeross the baek of a mule, and a traveller rides on eaeli side. 
 Merchandise is generally carried on pack animals. 
 
 CSS. Teheran is thi' ca))ital of Persia; Ispahan 
 
 is the largest city; and Bushire is an imjiortiint 
 
 sea-port. Tabriz is an imjiortant town in the 
 
 north-west. 
 
 The towns of Persia have no fine buildings. The houses are mostly 
 of one story, and a-e built of mud nuxed with straw ami clried in tlie 
 sun Tliere is little to be seen in tlie narrow streets but mud walls, 
 with iron doors a few feet a'lart. Tliese doors op 'U into the eourt- 
 yards, on which tlie dwellings face. The rooms liave no chairs or 
 tables; but they have rich carjiets, on whicli the occupants sit. 
 
 towns. Tile date palm llourishes on the borders 
 of the desert in tlie .south of IJeloochi.stan. 
 
 illll. .\ liii^di iiiouiitaiu wiiil, .M|,aratin^,' I'.riti.-li India from 
 Afj^lianistan and J'.eloocliistan, is deft by dcui) ^'or^es, called 
 y«r.w.<, which arc use<l as roads ],y merchant caravans. In 
 somi! places alon^' the narrow jiassi-s, liiv,'h rocky clitfs hang 
 over, aiJiiroacliin^' so near eacliolhirat tlie top as to ni.iko 
 the way dark and j,'Iooniy. 
 
 G'.ti'. The inhabitants aiv a lierce, waHike peojile, 
 and depend ehietly on their Hocks of .sheep and 
 goats for their sulisistenee. 
 
 (in:?. Cabool, the eai.ital an<l laive.t city of .Vf'.'hanistnn, 
 li.as an elevated ]>osition near tlie Kaiiilier I'a.-s. Herat and 
 Candaha,r in-e on the route of trade between I'ersiaaiid India. 
 The Bolan and Nari Passes are near ( 'andaliar. 
 
 Kelat, the ciiief town in lieloocliistan, is stion^;ly fortified. 
 
 (ISil. The SIkiIi, or sovereign, is a desjiot, treating liis ]ieo])k' 
 as if they existed only to minister to his pleasure, ^^'ilen he 
 wants money he demands it from his oflicers, v.ho extort it 
 trom the pt^ople. Tiie exports of I'ersia include opium, to- 
 bacco, silk, wine, cotton, giuns, and carpets : annual value, 
 8 million dtillars. 
 
 I 
 
 AFGHANISTAN AND BELOOCHISTAN. 
 
 G90. These coinitries, situated on the east of 
 Persia, are high and mountainou.s, v.aried with 
 fertile valleys and dry desert plains. The valleys 
 yield grain, cotton, grapes, and peaches. Fruit is 
 extensively cultivated in the neighbourhood of tlie 
 
 BRITISH INDIA. 
 
 G91. This large country, situated on the south 
 of the Himalaya ^loiintains, forms part of the 
 Ih-itish hjiipire. The ITimalay.'is, on tlie northern 
 borders, are the highest mountains in the Avorld, 
 The lowlands are intensely hot ; but unlike many 
 of the countries of Asia, they have abundance of 
 rain, and are veiy jiroductive. 
 
 G9."). India has long been famed for the rich 
 products of its fields, its forests, and its mines ; 
 and also for the .skill of its inhabitants in the 
 manufacture of costly silks and shawls. 
 
 GOG. Some of the most impoi-tant exports are 
 rice, cotton, oil seeds, opium, jute, indigo, hides, 
 skins, wool, spices, wheat, te-a, tuid cutl'ee : annual 
 value, 550 million dollars. 
 
 Cinnamon i< the inner bark of the cinnanun tree; cloves are the 
 dried tlower-buds of tlio clove tree ; opium is a gum obtained from a 
 kind of poiipy. 
 
 (197. The fori'sts are so dense that the sun's rays are shut 
 out, and the hot, damp air. miiigli'd with poisonous gases 
 from decaying plants, causes fevers and other diseases. 
 
 OOS. Tlie diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls of India are sought 
 after by the woallliy in all countries. Some of the dianioiids are very 
 co-.t'.y, and adorn tlie crowns of the kings and ipieens of Kiirope. 
 
 G99. India has more than three times as many 
 
BURMAU, SIAM, AND ANAM. 
 
 71 
 
 rot. Benares is n Mcrcd city of the Hin- 
 doos, contuiniiiK over oiu' thcitisaiKl idol ' 
 tciupli's. It is visiicd ivrry yi'.ir liy crowds 
 of liilK'riiiis, iiuiny of wlmiii coiik' Irto to ; 
 ilio. 'I'liiTo ail' iilso iMHiiy sacnd liulls iind : 
 iiioiikiys in tin; tity, uliiili llif pcuiilu re- 
 gard witli gnat ri'Vcniiii'. Delhi and 
 LUCknoW art; largo and noted citiis. 
 
 7U.">. 'riio Island of Ceylon is 
 !i I5ritisli Crown colony. 'Die 
 \iv liic-ts arc tea, roH'cc, rice, 
 and Nai'ious spices. Elcpliaiits, 
 lions, and tiuci-s arc numerous. 
 This island is also noted for its 
 costly gems, and for tiic pearl 
 fisheries on its coast. Colombo 
 is fin important seaport. 
 
 OOn. SlIAWI.-WKAVINd IN INDIA. 
 
 inhabitants as the wliolc of North America. About 
 tliree-fourtlis of the people are Uiniloos, who wor- 
 ship an imaginary god called Jira/n/ia. They also 
 worship the River Ganges, and pilgrims travel long 
 distances to batla; in its waters. 
 
 700. T!io Ifiiidiios are divided into four cl:w,se.s of different 
 ranks. Tlie.se cla.s.se.s do not intermarry, eat to;,'etlier, or 
 associate with each other; ami iuk! must alway.s remain in 
 the same rank or ra.ifr as Iiis |iarcnts. The BrdhminK are the 
 highe.st caste. 
 
 701. Many I'higlish people live in India. Some eomo here 
 to trade ; others are officers and sohliers, sent liy tlie British 
 Government to preserve jieace and order and to p.vern the 
 country. Otliers, again, are missionaries, wlio have gone to 
 In(Ua to teacli tlie nativ(!s tlie Christian religion. 
 
 702. The iieoplo of India use elephants to carry Iieavy loads, and 
 they sotnetime.s ride on their hacks. They also ride in an odd sort 
 of conveyance called a pahiufpiiii, whicli is a covered seat placed on 
 polos, and carried by men, who use the ends of the poles as handles. 
 
 703. Calcutta, the cajntal of India, is a great comniprcial 
 city, situated on the lowlands near the mouth of the Oangos. 
 Bombay, on tlie west coast, is a large city, connectefl with 
 Calcutta by railway. Madras is a large city on the east coast. 
 
 INDOCHINA. 
 
 TOG. This di\ision of Asia, 
 inchiding several countries in 
 the eastern jieninsula, lias a hot, 
 iiKjist climate, and very luxu- 
 riant vegetation. The products are rice (wliiih is 
 the chii.'f food of the people), cotton, indigo, various 
 spices, tea, sugar, and tobacco. 
 
 707. In the dense forests are sandal-wood, rose- 
 wood, and many kinds of palms. India-rubber, 
 gutta-percha, and varnish are made from the gum 
 of certain forest-trees. The bamboo is used by 
 the natives for many useful jmrpo.ses. 
 
 70S. Tlio river valleys are tho chief seats of iiopulation. 
 Tho houses are generally set up on jiosts, on account (jf tho 
 overflow of the ri\ ers in the rainy seastni. 
 
 The people are nearly all idolaters, and the idol 
 temples are the finest buildings in tlio country. 
 Missionaries from our own and otlier 'Muntries are 
 trying to teach these people the religion of tlie 
 JUble. 
 
 709. Tlie principal countries of Indo-Chiiia are the ]5ritish 
 possessions of liiinnah and the Straila St lthi/i( iit.i, t\w Kinfl- 
 (luia of H'uim, and the French iiossessioiis Cumhudia, Cochin- 
 China, and Anaiu. 
 
72 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 710. Burmah i.s under the govfrninoiit of Indiiv. ItcxportHl slope, along tho great rivers Yanij-tsi-.-Kianij and 
 :•,, t..iik-w.KKl and i.,tr.,l..,nn. Tl... d,i,.f cities an, /^o.^,«>,<, ' Jl,,,^,,,, jj„^ x),,. ^thor countries of the eninire 
 iiniliiliiii, iuii\ Jlli'itiiu. .Si/((/('/;o/v, on SinK:i|Miii' Isl.-ind, IS till' ,. . '-•••^jui^ 
 
 lie to tlic west and north of China, comprising the 
 
 highiiinds between the llimaliiya and Altai Mouu- 
 
 nc 
 M 
 
 cliief town in tlio iStraits .Settlementi, iind i.-i iiii ini|i(iit;int 
 trading' purt. 
 
 711. Siam is an imiiintant cunntiy mi the Miiiiani and 
 Mi'l«Mig )!ivci'.-i. It.s i-A\<\Ui\, Jiiiiikok, is a lar),'(' city. Many 
 of till' inlialiitiints li\f (ni the Miinaiii in floatiiii,' liuiisfs. 
 
 711'. Cambodia and Cochin-China arc Fn ndi iiiovinccs. 
 Anam is nndiT tin' protrctinn of I'lancf. /liii- is the ca|)ital. 
 
 CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 Tl.*). 'i'iio Chinese Empire is as large as the 
 I)oiniuioii of ( 'iinada and tln' I'nitcd States taken 
 
 tains. Thf most important are Tilief, Eastern 
 Tinh'sliin, .]ft))nji>rui, and Munr/iooria. 
 
 China.— 714. This portion of the empire has a 
 mild cliuiate and a fertile soil. Every little patch 
 of land is cnltivated. A large proportion (,f the 
 tea u.stnl in the world grows in China : it is tlie 
 leaf of a low shruh ; the leaves are jiicked, dried, 
 rolled, and packed into tea-chests. China also 
 l)roduces much rice, wheat, millet, cotton, silk, and 
 sugar. The annual value of the exports is 87 mill- 
 ion dollai-.s. 
 
 715. Ciiina has a frreat many inhalatanta. The peoiilo are 
 so numerous that there in scarcely room for all. Tn f.art, 
 many of them live on the rivers: they make a raft of ]of,'s, 
 spread earth over it for a gardi.'n, and l)uild a littlu bamboo 
 
 louso III the middle. 
 The Chinese do not ustially 
 
 ■ it at table when they eat, 
 
 lut gather round the boiler, 
 sitting on tlui floor or ground, 
 eacli with his Imwl and ehoj)- 
 sticks. Kice is their ehief 
 food, but they also eat cat.s, 
 (logs, and rats. 
 
 The men in China keep 
 their hea<ls shaved ((uite bare, 
 'j j except on the top, where they 
 allow tho hair to grow very 
 long, and braid it into a kind 
 of tail, which sometimes hangs 
 
 lalf \va\' down to their feet. 
 
 The women liave very small 
 
 715. eiiiNKsi: i.adv's foot. 
 
 71 I. TKA-(lATII|-|iINi; 
 
 together. It is made up of several countries. The 
 most important of these is China, on the eastern 
 
 fi'et, which they thiidc add 
 
 'greatly to their beauty. To iirevent their feet from growing, 
 the little girls are eomiielled to wear tight bandages, which 
 cause much jiain and makt; them w.alk awkwardly. They 
 must submit to it, howcvcn-, because it is the fashion. 
 
 71(5. The Chinese are .skilled in the manufacture of porce- 
 lain, silks, anil lacrpiered ware ; also in carving wood and 
 ivory. 
 
 717. Tibet is a high, cold country, on the north 
 of the Himalayas. The care of cattle, sheep, and 
 c:oats is the chief pursuit. Lassa, the capital, is 
 noted for the splendour of its idol temples. 
 
JAPAN. 
 
 78 
 
 718. Eastern Turkestan, Mongolia, siud Man- 
 chooria coniju-iso vast deserts and pastun^ lands. 
 For many centuries thoy liavo l)e(in occupied by 
 wandering shepherds. An oxtensivo trade is car- 
 ried on betwoen China and Russia, and also between 
 China and Persia, across tliese deserts. 
 
 7in. China has iniviiy l;u>,'i' citii-s. Pekin, tlie caiiitivl, is 
 a livr^o city surrnundcd by a high wall. Canton is (nie nf 
 tht^ grcati'st fuiii'iifivial cities of Asia. Tientsin, Nankin, 
 Shanghai arc iniportant cities. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 720. Japan comprises the four largo islands 
 JIoiulo, SJilknht, Kinsh'iH, and Yc::o, and many 
 small islands, oil' tlio east coast of Asia, llondo, 
 the largest island of tho group, is about nine hun- 
 dred miles in length. 
 
 721. The climate is varied according tn the posi- 
 tion, being cold in the north and almost tropical in 
 tho south. Tho soil is generally fertile, yielding 
 tea, rico, the muUterry, and various kinds of grain 
 and vegetables. The bamboo grf'ws in .l;ip;in, and 
 is used for many purposes. 
 
 722. .Tapaii has <,'nat tuiiicral wealth, ineliulini,'' gold, silver, 
 copper, iron, lead, and coal. 
 
 723. .Tapan has some of tin; most remaikalile volcanues in 
 thu world. It is also suliji'ct to earthrpiakes. 
 
 721. Thero are more people in these islands than 
 in tho British Isles. Tho Japanese are intelligent 
 and industrious. Thoy carry on agriculture, min- 
 ing, and manufactures with much success. Tliev 
 make beautiful silks, shawls, lacquer ware, aiid por- 
 celain, and they have great skill in carving ivory. 
 h\ almost all branches of industry, l.'()wr'ver, the 
 Japanese use implements of a -sery primitive 
 kind. 
 
 I 
 
 724. .TArANKsi; at mi>mk 
 
 72."). Formerly tile .lajiaiiese shut tlii'lieelvcs unt fl'oni the 
 rest of the world, neither Ufoim,' aliroad them>elv.s nor allow- 
 ing foreigners to enter theii' country, ilut lately tii'^y have 
 taken great pains to liecomi' ae'piainted with civilized coun- 
 tries. They have intnxhiced many improvements, such as 
 railroads, telegraphs, schools, ((jlliges, and newspapers. Many 
 of their yoiuig men have hem eihiiMted in the colleges ul 
 (ireat r.ritain, the I'nited States, anil tnTmanw 
 
 72G. Japan can'ies on a l.irg<' tr.'ule with (li-eat 
 Bril.'dn and the I'nited States. The chid' exports- 
 are silk, tea, porcelain, and Lieipiered w-.w- : annual 
 value, 90 million dollars. The imports are cotton 
 and woollen good.s. 
 
 727. TokiO, the capital of .r:)pan, is a very large city on the 
 
 isl.md of Hondo. Yokohama, seventeen miles from Tokio, 
 
 I is noted for its foreign tradr, Kioto, the foiniei- capital, is a 
 
 large city and an important M'at of .hipanex- industry and 
 
 art. Osaka, Hlogo, Nagasaki are injportant ports. 
 
 72S. .lajjan iias recently made great improvement in its 
 form of government. The laws are made by a legislnture 
 consisting of an I'pprr House and a liov.i r House, 
 
730. SOKNfi ON THE NILE. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 History. — 729. Excepting those countries border- 
 I ing on tlie JSIediterranean Sea, little was knoNs n of 
 Africa in ancient times. About tlie time of the 
 discovery of America, some bold navigators of 
 Southern Euro])e kept sailing further and further 
 south, until finally tliey went round the C*ai)o of 
 Good Hope, and found their way to India. 
 
 It was a Ions' time after this before the countries in the 
 interior of Africa were visited by civilized people. Indeed, 
 although many distinguished men Inue lately travelled 
 much .aiiinng' the Negi-oes of Central and Southern Africa, 
 our kniiwledgo concerning this part of the world is y(>t fpiite 
 li'nited. Travellers here ;u'e exposed tii great hardshii>s and 
 
 d.angers. There are no road.s ; in many places the climate is 
 unhealthy ; and some of the Negroes are fierce savages. 
 
 Position. — 730. Tlie greater jiavt of Africa is in 
 the Torrid Zone, and no part of it extends to the 
 cold regions of the north or south. 
 
 Africa is sm-roumled by the sea on :dl .sides, except at the 
 north-east, where it is connected with Asia by tlio IM/ujtus of 
 Sue:. It has the Mediterranean Sea on the north, the JleU 
 Si'ii and Indian Ocean on the east, and tlie Atlantic Ocean i.m 
 the west. 
 
 Coast. — 731. We observe from the Map of 
 Africa that there are no deep bays along tlie coast, 
 
ISLANDS — CLIMATE AND IMIODUCTS. 
 
 as tluTO aro in Europe, This is ii gicat disiul- 
 vaiitnp;f? to trade. 
 
 732. Till' Mntit 1)/ (I'ihnilt'ir, on tin- mirtli-wist, is ajiiirrow 
 I)!issii(fc coiiuirtiiij,' tli(.' Mfditi Tijiluiili Sea witli tlic Atliintio 
 Octan. Tliu ]i(tl Sill and tlic lin/j <// Atlm arc on tlif I'list, 
 ami tliL' O'tilj of (I'uinca it* ou tlio « fst. 
 
 The Sue: Cuiuil, from Port Said on tho Mi'ditcrrantaii to 
 Suez on till' (iulf of Suez, allows liiij,"' .-liiiis to puss across the 
 Istlnuiis, and Ki'i'atly sliortrns tlicir mule Ik tuccii Kin'oiic and 
 India. It lias lattly Ixiii ilc i|i(n(il and widcni'd. 
 
 7;<;t. Till' Madeira Isles, ..wnrd liy I'ortufc'al, liavf a mild 
 and salnl)riouH oliniato. Tlicv arc a favourite resort of in- 
 valids. Wine is a leading? jiroduct. 
 The Canary Isles IicIdhk' t<> Spain, ("ucliini'al is tliecliicf 
 ' «'\iiiiit. 'J'lic lar},'cst island lias an act ive MiUano, J;no\vn as 
 ' tile J'liik i)f Ti ,iir)j)'i , over lL'.(MlO feet IukIi. 
 I Tlic Cape Vera Islands heion^' to Portugal. On.' of tlu' isl- 
 ands lia < a line liarlM)ur. 
 
 St. Helena is a small nnky i>land li'lun^in^' to (Jreat 
 ]5ritain. Najioleon I. of France was contineil on tliis islanil 
 after the P.attle of Waterloo initil liis death in 1S1.'1. 
 I 731. Madagascar, 1,000 mile,> in length, i> one of the 
 I largest islands in the woild. Hice and manioc ari' the diief 
 I food iirodncts. Tdnniiftrim, in tlw inttrior, is the capital. 
 ' The i>laiid is under ilie protection of France, 
 
 7o."). Mauritius, east of Mada'/ascar, Ipelontfs to (!reat Brit- 
 ain. Its chief product is siiijar. The laliour is performed 
 liriiicipally liy Indian coolies. 
 
 Bourbon, In'longing to France, is also noted for the pro- 
 duction of sufifar. 
 
 Area.— 73t). Africa is nearly one and a half times larger 
 than Xorth America (11,500,000 square miles). 
 
 Surface. — 737. That part of Africa which borders 
 on tlic sea is generally quite low ; the interior is 
 table-land. 
 
 The mountains are not so "rami as these in the 
 other gn^at divisions of the Earth. The Atlas 
 Mountains lie along the north; the Kony Monn- 
 taiiis and the Cameroon Moiintains are near the 
 Gulf of Guinea; the Snow Mountains are in the 
 south; and the ^foimftiinfi of Ahi/ssinia, and other 
 mountains, extend along the east. 
 
 Kilimanjaro and Kenia, near the east coast, and Ruwenzorl, 
 near Albert Nyanza, are the highest momitains in Africa. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — 738. Africa has four large 
 rivers — the Xile, the Xiger, the Com/o, and the Zam- 
 besi. The large lakes are, Albert Xi/anza, Victoria 
 Xijanza, Tanganyilca, and Xijassa. Lahe Tchad 
 
 is nl.so an inipoi'tunt lake. Tin' navigation of the 
 rivers of Afriea is obstructed by cataracts and 
 rnjiids, especially along the margin of the table- 
 land . 
 
 I'M. The Nile is ,a very long river, a- long as the .Missis- 
 sippi, and it is the nio-t nniarkaMe liver in tin' woi'ld. 
 .Many ages ago, when only tin' northern part of Afriea was 
 known, jn'oplt' wondered wlietc the waters of the Nilecunio 
 fiiiin. It seems strange t<i see so griat a rivi'r t!o\\ ing hun- 
 drecls and hundreds of miles tiirongh eountrie-' in uhieh it 
 never lains, .\nil then every year, in the month of .lunf, 
 without any niin or any .'^mall stream-' liowin^' in, the river 
 liegins to rise, and for threi! months it rises higher and higher, 
 until all l''Kyi>t is coveivi! with water I I'ut in modern tiinen 
 travellers iiave gone far liack into the niidille of .\frica and 
 discovered the sources of this strange liver, llerr, at tin? 
 I'lipiator, they have found two larp- I:iUes, wliieli they havo 
 named the Victoria u\'/niii:(t and tin- Al'mt Mjintrji, from 
 which the river flows. They liavi' dix'nvered other rivi'M 
 also, which come from the monntair.s of .Miyssinia, and help 
 to form the gnat Nile. In the early summer tnontlis, tln> 
 rains f.dl in tornnts on the mountains, and the waters rush 
 down until they come to Kg\'pt, wlieK? the land m so low that 
 they flow over nil the country. The triangular district lie- 
 tween the nioutiis of the Nile is called the Iiillii. 
 
 710. The Niger, in Western Africa, (lows tlnwinrh allot, 
 marshy, ;nid unhealthy country. 
 
 741. Tlie Congo, though shorter than the Nile, has a great 
 volume of water. It is uavi'^aMe for 1,000 mihs Ipctween 
 Stanley Pool and Stanley F.dls. 
 
 74l'. Tiie Zambesi is noted for its great cataract liuown an 
 tlu! Virforia FallK. 
 
 Climate and Products. — 7 b". Africa is the hot- 
 test part of the Earth, and a large portion of it 
 consists of rainless deserts. South of tlio Atl;is 
 ^Mountains is the great Sahara, the largest desert 
 in the world, on which rain seldom falls, and where 
 it is .so hot that eggs can be cooked in the burning 
 sand. 
 
 7-14. Travelling through .\tViea from north to 
 south, we fir.st cro.ss the liarbary States, which 
 have a temperate climate, and yield grain, olives, 
 grape.s, and mulberries. On the Atlas 3biuntains 
 are forests of oak, beech, and juniper. The snow 
 lies deep on the cold summits through the winter, 
 and in the spring it melts and sends streams to the 
 lowlands. The streams on the southern slopes 
 flow down to the borders of the desert, forming 
 
70 
 
 AFUU'A. 
 
 iimny a cheerful Kjtut on the iimr;,'in of tliat dreary 
 WHNtt' ; liut they lire soon h)st in tlio hot sand or 
 in Htilt lakes. Tlii- r< uinu is oecupied hy wander- 
 ing she|ili('rds, siicli ii>. arc t'dimd ni'ar th»i desertH of 
 Asia. Ill smiiiiier tin' >lif|ihei(ls (lri\e their Hocks fur 
 UJ) into tli(j nmiiiitiiiii Millcys in scircli of [uisture. 
 
 7t.'i. 'I'lii' Land of Dates lies mi tln' Houth of tlir Alius 
 Muiintiiiii-. Ill till' iiiMiitis, wliiih Is piirtially \Mit( rcil liy 
 till* Hti'i'iiiiiH from till* iiiiiiiiitaiiis, iiiiil i» iimisti'iiril to sonic 
 I'Xtcnt liy hpriiiK's of wiiti't' liciu mid tliirc, hiuI liy dci'ii wt'Us 
 imuU' l)y l"'riiiK intotlit.' earth, we tiiid liciMitifiil niovcs of tlic ] 
 dati' palm, wliicli tloiivi-lK'* in the dry >aiidy |ilains wlic^ic no 
 otiiir tire can lUc. 'I'liis iiM'ful tUf jjivts food to llii' slii'ii- 
 herds, and slii'ltcis ilii'iu ami tlirii llock-' liuiii tlir ImriiingMnii, 
 
 710. 'I'lio Sahara is almost us Iur;,'e us the Do- 
 minion ol' Cuiiuda. I''ar us (lie eye can reach, not 
 a tree, nor a Made of Ltruss, nor u drop of water is 
 to lio .seen ; nothiiii,' hut hurning sand and barren 
 
 74(1. Ay oA'^i 
 
 rock. ill otluT |iiiit-~ of this ^reat desei-t there are 
 vast tracts of tinii soil, yielding dry, stunted herb- 
 age. Here and tlici'c. far apart, are springs of 
 water ; and all ai'ound are green grass, shady palms, 
 and fruitful vines, Such a fertile .spot, called an 
 oiisis, must be very beautiful in the midst of the 
 
 barren desert. Travelling nuTohants crosH the 
 Sahara in large companies, carrying cottons and 
 llead.'<^^o till! Mi'grocs of Central Africa, and luiiig- 
 ing baNc gold-dust, ivory, and ostrich feathers. 
 'J'hey carry their goods on the back of the camel. 
 This useful animal is sometimes called the "ship 
 of the desert." 
 
 7t7. 'I'lirrc is no road or licatrii path ai ii>s llir ih'sc it, fur 
 the Hiiiid drifts uU)iit in tliu wind likit siiuw in our country, 
 .Sonntinii's the wind Mows Ncrv htron^'ly, and tlic air is (iliccl 
 wit h clouds of sand. Whin tiic tia\ cUcr sees thi' sand-cloud 
 coining', hf lies down, kccpiiu; his face closf to tlm jfroiiiul 
 until the fiarfiil storm has passed over. Tliti cauicl also 
 loicds iind juitH his iiost>'ils down, so that he may not )m Kuf- 
 focatr<l with the dri\i'ii sand, Traveller? (lircct their courso 
 from one oasis to another, takin^f fresh supplies of wator 
 alon^' with them. 
 
 7 IS. Central Africa, brf ween the Sahara and the 
 Zambesi lUver, has two sea.sons in the vear.— n 
 rainy season (when the rain pours in torrents 
 luring a Jiurt of every day), and fi dry sea.son. 
 This part of Africa is highly fruitful, yielding all 
 kinds of tropical jiroducts, as oranges, ligs, and 
 cocoa nuts. Here ahso are vast forests. In the 
 low marshy countries near the coast the climate is 
 (|uite unhealthy, and travellers are almost sure to 
 be .seized with malignant fevers. Tin? native 
 Negroes do not siillrr so much, but they ;ire .said 
 to be short-lived. Little is known of Central Af- 
 rica south of Soudan, except that it is extremely hot, 
 and has dense forests abounding in wild animals. 
 
 71!'. Southern Africa lias less intense heat, and 
 in the far south the; tliiiiate is temperate, like that 
 of the north. A great plain towards the south, 
 called the Knllhitri Dftfurt, is quite barren in the 
 dry season ; but when the rains set in, it is soon 
 covered with tall grass aiul beautiful flowers. 
 
 Animals. — 750. In the dense forests south of the 
 (!reat De.scrt and in the thickets along the margins 
 of the lakes and rivers are many large wild animals 
 — the lai'gest in the world — as the elephant, rhino- 
 ceros, hiiipopotunius, crocodile, lion, and hyena. 
 On the plains towards the south are beautiful an- 
 
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 ll.iuiW'- 
 
 •Sfi 
 
 ^^'opic or' ' iupf u-n 
 
 \khodksia; '.. -if 
 
 
 
 ..'.i/i.. ■ . . M>nii , , 
 
 
 
 a,r^ 
 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Ktuf^sf\ Mi les 
 
 T' ^'^^ 
 
 ".N-V^ 
 
 . ,>rf .ValaJ ><• 
 
 Iliirl..ii 
 
 
 I 'v 
 
 "i«3€> 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 \ ( ",(|ifTnwiV 
 
 f ir^ihat 
 
 ' *'i«ifl.,ll. 
 
 JOi^fu/UU(/« WcMt 10 *>iwii Ormiwtch ^ lAtnifttuiir Eaer lo 
 
 (» '■ 
 
 ~ 111 
 
 /•; .1 >■ 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 
 Gulf of Cabes. 
 
 Walfoch Day. 
 
 I .iii.iry Islands. 
 
 Corrientes. 
 
 Orange (Vaal/. 
 
 A'. Mediterranean Sia. 
 
 G. uf Sidra. G. of Suez. 
 
 
 Madeira Islands. 
 
 (footl Hope. Frio. 
 
 Niger |Henue). 
 
 h. Retl Sua. 
 
 Red Sea. 
 
 IiUndi— 
 
 AiiiMbon. St. 1 homas. 
 
 Palmas. Verd. 
 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 Strait of Bab-elMandeb 
 
 Socotra. Zanzibar. 
 
 lernando Po. 
 
 Illanco. Nun. 
 
 Lftket- 
 
 i'. * »K Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 G. of Allen. 
 
 Mailagascar. 
 
 
 
 Victoria. Albert. 
 
 
 Mozambique Channel. 
 
 Buurl>on. NL'turitius. 
 
 Capei- 
 
 Blvan— 
 
 Tanganyika, .\yassa. 
 
 C<MurtW»t«n- 
 
 G. of Guinea. 
 
 St. Helena. Ascension. 
 
 Spartel. Bon, 
 
 Nile (Athara, Blue Nile). 
 
 Bangwcolo. 
 
 Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Ca|>e \'erd Islands. 
 
 Guiirdofui. Delsado. 
 
 Zainbe&i. 1 .iinpupu. 
 
 .Ng.nii. Tchad. 
 
I Ml. MUTANTS IHVISIOJ.'S. 
 
 77 
 
 trlnpps Mill Ktiipi'tl /cld-ns. Ilcrf also is fdiiml u ! tiit'H of ','t'iitriil At'iini m-arly nil tli" |ii'.>j.|i> aro 
 
 hiiiguliir iiiiiiiiiil ciillctl till- ijnii, or lionifd liorsf, 
 
 7.*1. Tln« lurt<(> IrtkrM mill rivcrn iiUiinul in criK'mlili'H, iiihI 
 it in vtiy iliiiiKi innH tn Initlif ur »\viiii in tlii'iii, on aconint i>f 
 ttit'-'f lii'i'i'i' rc|itilis. 
 
 .MiinktyM iiri' niiiinTunH in tin' fiPi(«t-<, Tlic cliinipiviizfi' 
 nnil the (riirillii in fornt Nunu'wliiit ri'M'inl)l<' n num. 
 
 Tim oHliich, fiiiniil in tin- <>|M'n I'liiinn i)f Afiiiii, l>nt |iar- 
 tii'iiliirly ni'iir tin- ilcHi-rti, \* tlif litrKfft l>iril in tlii' wtu'lil. It 
 iMimut fly, lint it innt swiftly, N|in'ii<linif its wiin,''* H"* it runs. 
 Its H|H'((1 is siiiil til hi' twi'iity-livc mill's nn Imnr, iiml tin- 
 li'nKtIi iif itK step twclvi" fii't. Till' fiiitlicrM iif this liinl aif 
 liiuiib'lit tu i.ur ccmntiy ti) luiorn laiUfs' bonnutu ami Imtn. 
 
 Negri II 'K 
 
 
 
 7f)0. IlIPPOPOTAMUg AND riioconiLF. 
 
 ".'iS. Tn some parts of f'entriil Africa tlicro is a litllo fly ciillcil tliu 
 tsfl.li; which, although It is no larger than a housotly, can do much 
 Iiarm. The liorse, ox, ilog, and some other animals, are so poisoneil 
 by its sting, that they die in a few days. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 753. Wo know so little of many 
 parts of Africa, that it is dinicult to iiiul out how 
 many peo}ile it contains. The countries north of 
 the Souilan ore inhabi.'-ocl by white people, many 
 of whom aro Mohammedan Arabs. There aro also 
 
 They are iyimniiit suvnvjes, ami hiivo 
 many barburoiiH cu.stiniis. 'liny ulti n >j,n to war 
 with nieli other. Some of ihiiii «'iil the prisoners 
 whom they Invve luptmeil, ami otinrs sell their 
 captives for slaves. Nearly all the coloiireil people 
 ill Ameriiii are ileseeiuleil tVoiii (hoM- who wero 
 brou;,'ht from Africa an Hhive.s. 
 
 "."il. Till' Miiftiiiti.ts, wliip livi' tiiWiinls till' -Miith, an- a 
 must ili^'iiiiliil rm •'. Oni' trilM', i-alli il //d.^Ai/i' ", iirr said tn 
 1)0 only four fwt ImkIi, anil tn Ih- vrry illslia|ii'il. Tiny liavi- 
 flat liiails, tTimkiil liaikn, slimt niiseM, lunl 
 littlr twists iif wiKil ell tliiir In ails in plat'o 
 of liair. Tlii'V liave im limisi-. nr ti'iits, Imt 
 hIim'P imili'i' liii'lii's, in tin' i-lift nf a rnrk, nr 
 in a II ill' wliieli snmi' wiM animal lias inaile 
 in tin- lartli. They rat runts, (,'rasslinp|HTH, 
 wnrms, and wliatevir cnmis tn liMiid, When 
 tlii'V p't a lar;,'!' aniiii:d, tlii'V I'lit sn nmch 
 tliat tlii'y can taki' im innii' fi'i"! fur st-vurul 
 days. 
 
 Till' {"Catlirs, in tin' sniith-east, are ipiiti' 
 a liiii' larc of ,Hnpli', liviiiK' I'liin-ipally liy 
 tlnir tincks. 
 
 7"i">. Ill till' --(lutli are 111, my I'aijjlish 
 pi'.ij.li'. 
 
 Near the Orange and \'aal llivrrs are 
 manv l>iitcli, wIrisc funlatin is caine frnni 
 Jlnliand. 
 
 Divisions.- 7'>>^. Ai'iiea is often 
 spoken of umler IIm- liiiiit ilivisions 
 
 Xoi'f Iif I'll, Ah'i>'<i, Eds/ri'll Aji'ii'd, 
 
 Ce)iti-iil Airi'-ii. ]\''s(i-rit A/rtca, aiul 
 Tt^ Sunf/i'/'ii .[hii'ii, 
 
 757. Several Eurnpeim Powers, 
 
 incluilini,' (Jn-at I'.ritain, b' ranee, 
 CJermany, Portugal, rx.'lgium, Italy, and S[>ain, 
 have taken possession of a large jiart of Afiica. 
 ( )ver some jiortions of their tirritnries they exer- 
 cise full eonti'ol ; over others they simply claim the 
 right of protection. 
 
 Towns. — 7">iS. Africa lias nnt many l.uiri' citirs. Cairo, tin' 
 capital of Kjxypt, is the largest. Alexandria, Tunis, Algiers, 
 and Cape Town are im]Kjrtant ixirts. The \egrn towns of 
 Central Africa are giin'rally Imilt of niud. Tin' Imiise.s are 
 many Jews in the Larbary States. In the coun- 1 mere huts, nf a circular furm with a cnnical mot. 
 
78 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 THE BARBARY STATES. 
 
 ToO. Tlie nui-lniry States, Morocco, Ahjcria, 
 Tunis, and Trljnill, lio iiloiiL? tlie ]Mc<lit('iTanoan 
 Sea and extend soutlierly to the Saliai'a. 
 
 7G0. The eliief products are <,'i-aiu and olives on 
 the north of the A this Mountains, and (Uites on the 
 south neai- tlie desert, ^\'an<h■l•ing Arabs, who.so 
 wealtli consists in horses, sheej), and goats, form a 
 largt! part of tlie jKiimhitioii. Jews are numerous 
 in the cities. .Mohammedanism is the prevailing 
 roli'don. 
 
 701. Tlu! Ilailiary 
 
 :iii' iiciti'd fill- tlioir llootncss, and tl.n si 
 
 iiocp 
 
 for tho superior <niiility of tlieir woril. Morocco leather, made from 
 tho skin of tlie goat, is iiii im[>ortant export. 
 
 702. Morocco is ;in indiiH'iKlcnt state, nilcil liyjiii cnijM'rDr. 
 Tilt! city (if Murorri) is the tiipitiil. Fa is noted for tlie 
 iiiiimifacture of reil eiips, \^ iiicji are iiiiich worn in tlie liarliary 
 States. Tlie-ie cities contain many fine Mohuniiiiediin 
 mosques. Tdiiiin and Tdutjkr arc the chief ports. 
 
 7('i.'l. Algeria is a iirovince of France. Ah,'Arx, a iiort on 
 tile Mediti'iraiiean, is the capital. 
 
 7'il. Tunis is under the iimteetion of l'"raiice. Its capit.al, 
 2'/0(/x,is, next to. Alexandria, the larjrest city ill Xorthern.Vfrica. 
 
 7(;."). Tripoli and Barca form part of the Turkish Empire. 
 The interior i.s an arid desi'it. Tri/ioH, the capital, lias an 
 extensive trade with (Central -Africa. 
 
 "I'.il. .\ lariii' oaraviui trado i.s carried on between tho Tiarbary States 
 and the Soudan. Cottons and nther niannfacturcd goods are exchanged 
 for sohl, ivory, ostrich feath . s, and gums. 
 
 
 
 
 tjli-f f/ ' I '<■ 
 
 * i_J. I 
 
 rra. cm no. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 7G7. TliriH; or four tliousaml years ago, when 
 almost all othcn* parts of the world wore inhaMtod 
 by barbarous tribes, Egypt was occupied by a 
 pov/erful nation. We read of tliis country and its 
 
 people in tlie Biljle — particularly in the times of 
 Joseph anil Mosos. 
 
 708. Egypt i;, a long narrow country in the 
 valley of tl'.e River Nile. It seldom rains here, 
 and the land would be a desert like the Sahara, if 
 it were not for the river. Every year, for two or 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 71> 
 
 three moiitlis, tlic^ wliolo country is oovercd with 
 water. This inoistoiis the hiiul, and h-aves rieh 
 earth beliiiul. The farmers do not ikmmI to ploiij^di 
 the laud or luamire it; Imt wlicu the wnUr hiis 
 drained off they sow tlicir urain in the niu<l. There 
 are many canals through tlu^ country, from which 
 water is taken and apidied to the growing ci'ops. 
 
 Egypt has always l)een not(;d for its grain. It 
 also produces cotton, sugar-cane, and indigo. The 
 chief exports arc cuttnn, lire, sugar, and maize : 
 annual value, .")G nuiiion dollars. 
 
 709. The liowses of tlio fanners are not .scattered here and 
 there over the country, Imt are collected in vilLiEres on tlie 
 liiyher ffrounds, so an to be ont of the way of the water. 
 
 770. The ancient Eg}-ptians were very learned 
 in some things. Tht-y huilt large cities and idol 
 temph's, which were adorned with immen.se stone 
 column;, and statues, many ruins of winch are still 
 to be seen in the country. Among the wonderful 
 remains of ancient Egyptian art are the Pyramids, i 
 These are inunmse stone liuildings, lurg<! at the i 
 bottom, and drawn in on all sides, as one stone i 
 rises above aneKher, till they come; to a point at the , 
 top. 'J"hi' largest pyramid is four hundred and 
 sixtv feet hi<di. 
 
 771. The iiiicii'iit K«yiitiiiiis did not l)Ury tln'ir dead aa wo do. 'I'll, y 
 
 first onibaliiiod tlie liody, liy apidyini.; siiices aii<l dnins, ."o that it 
 
 would not decay, and tluy then laid it in a supulL-lirt', liewii in tlio 
 
 I rocks on the licudfrs of tlio country. Many of these ondialnied bodies. 
 
 73. .\I.KX.\M)UI..\. 
 
 called munvnicf, have been brought to Europe and America, and are 
 kept in mu.seunis as curiosities. 
 
 772. On the sepulchres and sculptured rocks are found ancient 
 inscrijitions in iiicture-writing and curious characters. Learned men 
 in our times have discovered how to read these inscriptions, and have 
 thus gained much knowledge of the early history and customs of the 
 country. 
 
 773. Cairo, near the Nile, i.s the capital of Egypt. Its 
 numerous nio.sques form the most attractive feature of the 
 
 city. Tl'i^ preat pyramids aie a few mile.s distant. Alexandria 
 is an iiiipiirtant jiort. 
 
 774. Fort Said <jn the Mediterr.anean, and Suez im tlie Red 
 Sea, are small places at o[)posite ends of the Suez Canal. 
 
 77.''>. The Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea and the Medi- 
 terranean, affords a .short route for commerce between Western Kurojie 
 and India, China, and .Jai>an. Railways connect Suez with Cairo 
 and Alexandria. 
 
80 
 
 AI'J{ICA. 
 
 77G. 'J'luj chief ruler of Egypt is culled the 
 Khedive, He pays tribute to the Sultan of Tur- 
 key, but his govci'iuncnt is liir^^ely controlled by 
 Cireut Britain. 
 
 777. Nubia, Kordofan, ami Darfur wiic fomuTly niKdby 
 ■Etfyi't, I'lit tliry li:i\r thriiwn olf tlicir allct,'i;uici' to tliutiMiuci'. 
 Tin- iiiirtlivni part (if Nnl)i;i is an arid (Icseit ; in tlic siJtith 
 the vegetation is luxuriant. The princiijal towii.s are Kliar- 
 toum, Do>i;/i>hi, and AY i)h<iil. Kliartnuni, ou the Nile, is 
 noted for its eonneetion witli tlie history (jf (leneral (Jurdun. 
 Suakim, on tlic eoast, belongs to Italy. 
 
 EASTERN AFRICA. 
 
 778. Abyssinia is a rugged country, comprising 
 mountains, table-lands, and valleys. The lower 
 valleys yield millet, cotton, sugar-caui^, and cotloe. 
 Valuabli' gums are obtained fi'om i\\o, forests. 
 
 The iieo|)]e are white. Their religion is a corruiit form of 
 Christianity, (loititar is the eaiiital. 
 
 771*. Zanzibar, comprising the island of Zanzi- 
 liar aii<l the adjacent tei'ritory on tlie mainland, is 
 under the protection of Great IJritain. The town 
 ! of Zaii'.ihdi' is a f.'reat centre of trade. 
 
 WESTERN AFRICA. 
 
 784. Western Africa, eomi)rising tin; coast coun- 
 try from the Sahara to t'ap(.' brio, is controlled by 
 various European powers. France; claims Se)ieijam- 
 liiit and /joiui'jii; Great Britain has »SV''/'/v/ Leone, 
 Cdiie Coast Castle, and Laijos ; Ciermany has ex- 
 tensive territory on the east of the Gulf of Guinea ; 
 Portugal owns Lover Cxdnea from the mouth of 
 the Congo to Cape Frio. 
 
 785. Sierra Leone is a British colony, estal)lishe(l as a home 
 for Negroes taken from slave-ships. Frtv Toirniti th(^ capital. 
 
 781). Liberia is a small Negro re}m!)lic formed by freedmen 
 from tln^ I'nited States of America. The capital is Monrovia. 
 
 7^!7. The Climate of Western Africa is hot and unhealthy. 
 The products are sugarcane, eotfee, lice, cotton, pea-nuts, 
 fi'uits, gums, palm oil, india-ruMier, ivory, and gold. 
 
 CENTRAL AFRICA. 
 
 780. The Soudan is a larg(! fertile country, 
 thickly settled bv XeL:rn(>s of mon^ enerijetic and 
 progressive chaiaeter than tlu; other Negroes of 
 Africa. Tlie chief pursuits are agricultun? and the 
 rearing of cattle and goats. 
 
 7S1. Kithd, Tiiiihiictoo, and SoAo^j are the chief centres of 
 the caravan trade with Northern Africa. The t^xports in- 
 clude ivory, ostrich feathers, gums, aiul hides. 
 
 782. Congo Free State, couiprising a large region 
 ill the basin of the Congo Kiver, is under the con- 
 trol of the King of I'elgium. Palm oil, india- 
 rubber, and i\ory are the chief exports. The trade 
 of the country is open to all nations ; the imjiorta- 
 tion of rtim ami the tratllc in slavt>s are jirohibitcd. 
 
 71^3. Uganda, on the west of Lake Victoria, is a populous 
 state under a despotic native ruler. 
 
 SOUTHERN AFRICA. 
 
 788. Southern Africa comprises the British 
 possessions, Ca/ie I'oloiti/, KajJ'ray'ia, JJasitfo LjOiuI, 
 Xalal, and JiecJiuana JadkI ; the German territory 
 jiortli of the Orange Kiver; Transvaal, or the South 
 Ajricini Jii'/)itblic ; Oratii/e Jiiver L^ree St((te. 
 
 789. Cape Colony is in the extreme south. The 
 lowlands near the coast yield grain, grapes, tobacco, 
 cotton, and other products of warm countries. The 
 plains of the interior form good pasture laiuls. 
 
 790. The exports are wool, di.imoiids, and ostrich feathers. 
 The richest diamond mines in tlie world are in <lrt<iwi Land 
 West. The minerals include copper, coal, and iron. 
 
 7!ll. Cape Town, the caiiital of Cajie Colony, is an important 
 sea-port, near a ilat-topiicd nioimtain called Tabic ^Mountain. 
 The other towns are Fort EUuibdh, (/rdlinia's Town, Kimhcrlci), 
 
 7!IL'. Kaffraria is now a part of Cape Colony. 
 
 7!)3. Bechuana Land, in part a Crown colony and in part a 
 I'ritish protectorate. 
 
 7114. Basuto Land, a Crown colony of Gieat Britain, is said 
 to be the liest grain-producing country of South Africa. 
 
 71)5. Natal is a British colony inhabited chiefly 
 by Zulus and other Kanir.s. The exports are wool, 
 hides, sugar, and ostrich feathers. L'u'termaritz- 
 ourt/ is th(> capital. D^ Urban is the chief port. 
 
 796. Transvaal and Orange River Eepublic, on 
 the table-lauds of the interior, are independent states. 
 
tii\). hCKNi; IN Till-; SA.VDWK II lsl..\Mi.s. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 797. Tlip sixtli groat division of the world cmn- 
 prisos the islands of the Indian and Piicilic Oceans. 
 All these islands taken togetlier are called Oceania, 
 and they are usually divided into thr(>o separate 
 groups — Malaysia, Australasia, and Puhjnesia. 
 
 MALAYSIA. 
 
 798. The islands in this group lie near Asia, on 
 the south. They are sometimes called the East 
 India Islands. The most important islands are 
 Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and 
 the Philij)jjine Islands. 
 
 These island.s are generally mountainous. Some of them 
 
 • have lofty vdlcanoc^. Earthquiikcs aii<l liunicaiu's are of 
 ' frefiuciit occurrence. 
 
 79D. All the islands an; near tlic Ivpiator. The 
 climate is liot and moist, and the soil is fertile. 
 The products are rice, sugar, cofl'ee, spices, tobacco, 
 i and various fruits of hot countries. 
 
 The forests are dense like tlidse nf I'lra/il. They yicM 
 
 nii.'imnii, 
 
 I'boi.y, r(>s(v\vnii(l, fragrant .^andal-uuiK], eaiii|ilinr, i-\ 
 and many valnalile gums and dye-\voo(ls. 
 
 800. Tlie shores are covered with beautiful shell.s, 
 and the coast waters yield valuable pearls. 
 
 Pi'arls are found in the oysters wliicli are obtained anong the rocks 
 at the bottom of the sea. Men go out in boats and dive for the oysters. 
 This is dangerous, liard worlf, and those wlio follow it are saii' to be 
 short-lived. 
 
82 
 
 OCKAXIA. 
 
 4 
 
 f,'rassy |)lainH, wliich sustain large herds 
 (if wild horst's and l)uifal((. 
 
 HOo. TI113 Moluccas yifld the finest 
 cloves, nutmegs, and other sfiices. 
 
 800. Th(! Philippine Islands are sub- 
 ject to violent storms. The most im- 
 jMirtant exports are sugar, cigars, and 
 Manila heni)). Mmti/n is the caiiity] 
 of the Spanish East Indies. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 807. Australasia comprises tin; 
 four large islands Papua or New 
 Gniupa, Australia, 7\is»i(niia, and 
 A'eio Z''i(/<t)id ; also the liininarck 
 Archipelago, the Solomon Idands, 
 the New Ilehridm, New Cale- 
 donia, and the Lo)jaltij Islands. 
 
 808. Australia, Tasmania, New Zea- 
 
 long 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 809. Australia is tlio largest 
 island in the world, having an area 
 nearly equal to that of Canada. 
 The coast-lino is \cry regular, 
 I'.aving few inlets or harbours. 
 
 rilK K V\l!AIl()<)-AS ArsTHAI.IW rANPSrAVK 
 
 801. The Philippine Tsltiuds belong to Spain; 
 the others belong jirincipally to llolland, except the 
 northei'ii jiortions of Huinatra and Borneo. Great 
 Britain claims large territories in the north of 
 Borneo. 
 
 802. Sumatra is over one thousand miles in length. Java 
 is noted for the ahundaiiceof its vegot.ables, fruits, and flowers. 
 Its most important exixirt is coffee. Batavia is the capital of 
 the Dutch jHissessions, and the most important commercial 
 town in ]\ralaysia. 
 
 80.'?. Borneo has a very luxuriant vegetation. It i.s one of 
 the largest islands in the world. 
 
 804. Celebes is very irregular in form. In the interior are 
 
 810. This island was discovered about two 
 hundred and fifty years ago, and has been 
 occupied by the Hritish about one hundreil years. (Jreat Britain first 
 used portions of it as places of exile for criminals. Since it has been 
 discovered to be a (j;ood agricultural country, well suited to the rais- 
 ing of cattle and sheep, and rich in gold, many colonists from the 
 liritish Islands, and from other countries, have settled in different 
 portions of the island. 
 
 811. Australia includes five British colonies, 
 which are here given : — 
 
 Colony. Capital. 
 
 QuKENSL.\N'n Brisbane. 
 
 New South Wales Sydney. 
 
 Victoria Melbourne. 
 
 SoiTH Australia Adelaide. 
 
 West Australia Perth. 
 
^^ 
 
 ,llll" 
 
 M,.V>ii 
 
 
 lilU-ll .4«''"""o ^ 
 
 • >i-. I .t. .. . ' . 
 
 fuv'(. •*"•;• 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 — ^Uatar 
 
 
 -ViTliipMap-,, (^"l . 
 
 ,4 1)1 fill" '^' ' 
 
 ytunU^r 
 
 Titms Slrnil ' 
 
 
 
 
 /fe; 
 
 ^^W) 
 
 
 U ^*'-" r'^ir ^ 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 IbUyiU- 
 
 ^ 
 
 Moluccas or Spice 
 
 Australia. 
 
 New Ireland. 
 
 FolynssU— 
 
 Marquesas Islands. 
 
 Sumatra. 
 
 Islands (Celebes). 
 
 Tasmania. 
 
 Admiralty Islands). 
 
 Fiji Islands. Tonga IsL 
 
 Pelew Islands. 
 
 Java. 
 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Solomon Islands. 
 
 Samoan or Navigator 
 
 Caroline Islands. 
 
 Borneo, 
 
 Anitralula— 
 
 Bismarck Archipelago 
 
 New Hebrides. 
 
 Islands. 
 
 Ladrone Islands. 
 
 Philippine Isl. (Luzon). 
 
 New Guinea. 
 
 (New Britain. 
 , 
 
 New Caledoni.i. 
 
 Society Islands. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 83 
 
 812. Australia is for the most jmrt a laiul of 
 table-lauds and plains. The Anatra/iitn Alps, near 
 the east coast, are the principal mountains. 
 
 813. Tlie principal rivers urc the Murray and ita tribu- 
 taries the Murrumbidjtv and the DurUwj, 
 
 814. The climate in the northern half of Au.s- 
 
 tralia is very hut, and cotton, sugar-cane, and 
 
 tropical fruits an; cultivated ; in the 
 
 southern half the climate is tempciate, 
 
 and the products are grain, the vine, 
 
 and mulberry. 
 
 Scarcity of riiin is a marked featnnt in the cli- 
 mates (if Australia. The ruin-winds Ijlow priiici- 
 pally from the oce.ans of tht! cast and soutli, 
 leavinf,' the larger portion of their moistm-e on 
 the slojM'S facinij these waters. Vast regions in 
 the interior either are arid deserts or jiroduco 
 ticanty herbage, suited only for the rearing of 
 sheep. 
 
 815. Sheep-raising is a leading in- 
 dustry in all the colonies. Cattle and 
 hor.ses al.so are numerous. 
 
 810. Tins trees of Australian forests are mostly 
 evergreens, and stand far ajiart. The foliage is 
 scanty, tiie leaves jiresent their thin edge to the 
 sun, and tiiere are 710 tangled vines clinging to 
 the branches, as in the waiiu countries of South 
 America. Many of the trees have beautiful 
 blossoms. 
 
 SIT. iVrany of tlifi Wild animals of Australia belong 
 to a family calleil imir.iiiiii'il.-.; niiiaikablf fur a sert uf 
 pouch in wliich tliey carry tlieir young. 'I'lio lar};c.sl of 
 tlie.se is the /,-i/H;/rir"'i. 'I'ln! < //i' » i.s a lartje liird rt.suiii- 
 bling tlic ostricli. 'i'Uo bUnI: miaii and /i/it-((n7 are re- 
 markable birds. 
 
 818. The inhabitants of Austi-alia 
 are mostly colonists from the British 
 Isles, and their descendants. 
 
 The colcmies of Australia are remarkable for 
 their rapid progress in population, wealth, and social condition, j silvei", tin and coal. 
 Measures are now being taken to unite the colonies imder one ! . I'f - 
 general government, similar to that of the Dominion of Canada. ^ ' 
 
 81!). The aborigines are degraded savages. They have 
 neither house nor tent, but wander about, almost naked, in 
 search of food. They are black, but have not features like 
 the Negroes of Africa. Their hair is not woolly, nor have 
 they flat no.ses or thick lips. The race is rajiidly dying 
 out. The annual value of the exports of all Australia is 270 
 million dollars. 
 
 820. Queensland has great variety of product.s, 
 comprising cotton, arrow-root, cotlee, sugar-cane, 
 and various fruits. It has also line pasture-lands. 
 The chief minerals are gold, tin, and copper. 
 
 Jin'.thanr, the capital, and J,'iirkli(iiii]ili)ii are the most iui- 
 jKjrtant towns. 
 
 81' 1. New South Wales h,is I'icii mines of gold, 
 
 
 83S. insEAD-ntiir thee. 
 
 Its wool is of superior 
 
 Sinlnci/, the cajjital, is a large city, and has a fine harlwur. 
 
 822. Victoria, the .smallest of the colonies, ranks 
 first in the yield of gold. The other principal 
 products are wool, v/heat, and wine. 
 
 Melbourne, the capital, is the larg' t city in Australia. 
 
84 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 823. South Australia profliiccs wlicjit, wine, 
 and olives. Its iniiitiiils luc ccjpjior uiul gold. 
 Ailtldiilr Ih t]w c'lipitiil. 
 
 82 I. West Australia coiii|)iisos vast deserts. It ia 
 the largest of tli(! colonieH, but the least jjojiuIous. 
 The iiihahitaiits an? principally in llii' south-west. 
 
 I'< fth, till' ciiiiital. (iii() FrniiKiixtk arc the cliief town.s. 
 
 82."). Tasmania or Van Diemen's Land, sejjarated 
 
 from Australia liy Jhiss Strait, is about tlie size of 
 
 New IJruHswick. 
 
 8"Jii. Tlic cliniati', the native plants an<l ."iniinals, ami tlic 
 ludductH, arc similar to those of Soiitliirn Australia. -Agri- 
 cullurf ami the rearing' of sluej) are t\\^' chitf oucuiiatioiis. 
 llnburt is the capital. The minerals are tin, gold, and coal. 
 
 827. New Zealand, situated about 1,000 miles 
 from tlie ne.irest point in Australia, comprises two 
 ]irineip;d islands and one of smaller size. The sur- 
 face is niountainou.s. There are many high peaks, 
 somo of wjueh are active volcanoes, 
 
 828. The climati! is temi)erate and healthful, and the soil 
 is fertile. All tiie kinds of grain, vegetables, and fruit grown 
 in Canada are successfnlly cultivated. 'J'lie exports conipriN(^ 
 wool, (lax, horses, cattli', liutter, and cheese. 
 
 82!(. 'I'iie inhahitants are mostly of iiritish origin. The 
 natives, called Mntiri, were formerly licrce cannibals. 
 
 8,'W. W'llliiniloii, the cajiital, has a line harhoiu'. 
 
 8.")1. New Guinea is the largest island in the 
 wirld, except Australia. It is occupied almost 
 wholly by degraded savages. TIk; western half of 
 the island is claimed by Holland. The southern 
 portion of the eastern half is under the proti-etion 
 of Great I'ritain, the northern jnortion is under 
 the protection of (jlerniany. The interior is co\('red 
 uith dense forests, and is little known. 
 
 8;{2. The climate i.s luit and liiunid, but not unhealthy 
 except in swampy disti icts. Among the products are ct>coa- 
 nuts, betel, .sago, breadfruit, bananas, oranges, yam.s, sugar- 
 cane, tare, aud spices. 
 
 833. The New Hebridej comprise many small 
 islaiuls. The products are tiouical. 
 
 834. These islands are noted as the scene of the labours of 
 several missionaries from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward 
 Island. Souk? of these mission.aries were cruelly murdered 
 
 by the natives. This group is under the joint jirotection of 
 (ireat Britain and l-'rance. 
 
 New Caledonia is used liy !•' ranee as a place ipf e.\ile for 
 u(javicts. 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 8.35. Polynesia inchules numerous grouj)S of 
 islands in the Pacific Ocean, east of the J'hilippine 
 Islands and the New Ifelirides. 
 
 830. ^Tany of these islands are but sliglitly elevated above 
 the surface of the sea, and cannot be seen imtil you aic close 
 upon Ihem. When first coming into view, the tre«'s seem to 
 rise out of the water. These are funtl ixliDidti. In some 
 cases a coral island consists of a ring of land with a lake in 
 the centre. Along the inner and outer shores is a beach of 
 pure white sand. .Such a ring-shaped island is called an iilnll. 
 
 S.'{7. Other islands, formed by xolcanoes, are elevated and 
 mountaino\is. Some of them are surrounded by a low coral 
 island in the form of a broken ring or band. Vessels can sail 
 through the openings of the ring into the peacefid waters within. 
 
 838. The islaiuls of Polynesia enjoy perj)etual 
 summer, and nuiny of them are remarkable for their 
 beauty. Thi! natives subsist largely on the products 
 of the cocoa-iuit palm, on the breadfruit tree, and 
 on other fruits that cost them little labour. Many 
 of the natives Juive eudiraced the ( 'hristian religion, 
 and are considerably advanced in civilization. 
 
 839. The nmst imj)ortant groups of islands in 
 I'olynesia are, the fiji Is/amlfi, the Sucicti/ Islands, 
 and the Sandwich Ii^lands. 
 
 840. The Fiji Islands yield sugar, maize, coffee, cotton, 
 cocoa-nuts, yams, and anow-root. Wesleyan missionaries 
 have converted many of the inhabitants to Christianitj'. 
 These islands wi. e ceded to fJreat Uritain by their native 
 king, and they now form a British colfuiy. 
 
 841. Th(^ Society Islands, owned bv I''rance, are among 
 the most im|)i)rtant of I'olynesia. One of the grouji, called 
 Tahiti, ha.s moimtains nearly two miles high, and is cele- 
 br.ited for its beautiful scenery. 
 
 842. The Sandwich Islands have a mountainous surface, 
 with lofty Volcanic i)eaks. Hdiniii, the largest island of the 
 group, has a remarkable volcano, M'ihiui Lim, the crater of 
 which is several miles in circinnference. The climate of the 
 islands is healthy. The products include sug.ar-cane, coffee, 
 rice, tobacco, and wheat. Abcmt one hundred years ago, the 
 natives were fierce sav.ages ; they now inofess the Christian 
 religion, and .are partially civilized. The government is a 
 monarchy with a native sovereign. Honoluln, the capital, is 
 frequently visited by ships crossing the Pacific. 
 
PART III.— OUTLINES OF PHYSIOaRAPHY. 
 
 I— THE EARTH AS A PLANET. 
 
 Form of the Earth. -1. Pcuplo in ancient timos 
 lioliovtnl tliat tlic Earth was an extencled jjlain, and 
 that the sky stretchcil over tlie Earth like a canoi)y 
 resting on pillars at its corners. It was a common 
 belief, too, that beyond the ocean, at some unknown 
 distance, were the edges of the Earth, from which 
 one might lounge into bottomless space. It is now 
 known that the Earth is a vast ball or sphere. 
 
 Proofs of the Earth's Sphericity. —2. There are 
 many proofs of tlie spherical form of the Earth, 
 among whicli are the following : — 
 
 (1.) Niivigatoi-H suilin<T in one directidn, an due east or duo 
 west, liavi! gone round the world. Tlic first voyage around 
 the world wa« made under tlie command of Magellan between 
 151U and 1.522. 
 
 (2.) When a ship comes in sight over the ocean, we first see 
 the top-masts and tlie riifging, then the lower masts, and 
 lastly tin- liidl, as if it were coming over a convex surface; 
 and when the sailor leaves the shore, low objects are the first to 
 disappear, the last seen being the mountain tops. The Earth's 
 surface \)etween us and a distant object rounds up so as to 
 hide the object, as shown ui,ti(jur(: 1. 
 
 (3.) An observer on the Earth's surface, or at any elevation 
 above it, always finds that his view is bounded by a circle ; 
 and that this circle, which is called the Sensible Horizon, is 
 enlarged in proportion to his elevation. Could he rise stiflfi- 
 ciently high, he would see half the Earth's surface. The circle 
 then bounding his view is called the liational Horizon. 
 
 (4.) As wo travel east or west, the Siin rises proportionally earlier or 
 later ;Ttn(l as we go north or south, new stars come in view, whilst 
 those behind us disappear below the horizon. 
 
 (5.) The Karth always casts a circular shallow, which Ih the invariable 
 form of sliaddw with splu'riciii IxhIIi's only. 
 
 (6.) In cuttlnKs for (.anals, a curve on the bottom iif eight inches in 
 the mile is niinirpd, to keep tlie water at a uniform K'vel. 
 
 (7.) If throe posts of ociual li>'l){ht be pliiceil at intervals in a straiifhl 
 line along a level bench, the im nlral post > /will rise alMve a straight 
 line resting on the tops of tlio outer posts c <^ y /i. (/• iy- -'■) 
 
 .^i 
 
 Ftii 2 
 
 Xft 
 
 3. The Earth does not seem to be round, liecause 
 
 it is so large that there is little curvature in any 
 
 portion of the surface which we can .see at one time. 
 
 The mountains and valleys on its surface interfere no more 
 with tlie roundness of tlie Earth than the roughness of the 
 rind does with the gcnciid shajie of an orange. 
 
 The Earth a Spheroid.— 4. The Earth is not an 
 
 exact sphere, as its surface does not curve equally 
 
 in all its parts. It is slightly Hattened at two 
 
 opposite parts called the Poles. It is called a 
 
 spheroid. 
 
 The polar diameter is about 27 miles less than the eqtia- 
 torial diameter. 
 
 Cause of the Spheroidal Form. — 5. If a piece 
 of soft putty, of tlie foi'in of a .sphere, be made to 
 revolve rapidly on an axis, the Poles will become 
 flattened, while the middle, or Eijuator, will bulge 
 out. Thus we can account for the sjiheroidal form 
 of the Earth by supposing that it turned round 
 rapidly while in a semi-fluid state. 
 
 Size of the Earth. — 6. The circumference of the 
 Earth at the Equator is nearly L'.'i.OOO miles (24,902). 
 
86 
 
 OLTMN'ES OF I'HYSIOGIIAIMIV, 
 
 The jHipil can fiiul tJu- iiuiiiIht nf dayn which a ihthoii, 
 trilv^•lhll^f lit Ihf Tiiti; of 'M iiiilcM iui htiiir, woiilil i(<niirt' in 
 iiiukiiiK 11 jniinicy around thi' l^iirtli. 
 
 Tht una of the Eurth'H Hiirfuce in alxjiit l'.)7,OUO,000 .siinuro 
 
 Illill'H. 
 
 Day and Night. — 7. Tin; Sun is the ^n-ut .sources 
 of li>,'lit uiid lifiit. A liylit .shilling upon u distant 
 8i>li<iical body illuiuinutcs oidy ii part of its sur- 
 fiicc at one time. As tliere is constant succession 
 of day and night over all parts of the Earth's sur- 
 face, either tiie Sun must move around the Earth 
 from east to west, or the; Jviith must turn around 
 in the opposite direction, so as to allow the Sun to 
 shine n[)t)n all parts of its surface. For many ages 
 it was Ix'lieved that the Sun moved around the 
 Earth ; hut it is now known that the Earth turns 
 on its axis from west to east once in ahout twenty- 
 four hours, thus causing day and night. 
 
 Thi' idtatiuii of the F.artli from west to cast given the Sun 
 an a|i|i:iriiit motion from cast to west. 
 
 Proofs of the Earth's Rotation. — 8. Among the 
 prr.nt's I hill the Earth turns on its axis are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 n.) The nitation of tlic Earth is tlic simplest explanation 
 of (!ay and ni^'lit. Tiie Sun is so far away that if it moved 
 around the Earth in twenty-four hours it must travel with 
 a velocity whieli w(* can scarcely imagine ; and tiie fixed st.ais, 
 which are imu h more remote than the .S\iii, must move with 
 incoiieei\al)ly greater velocity. 
 
 Some iilPH of 111" inimpisiirohlc dlstanoo of tlm stars from tlin Karth 
 nmy bo ^'aiiied fiiun llio fiut, tlmt while liglit tnivtls from the .Sun to 
 the Karth in about eight minutes, it occupies years in coming from 
 
 the stars. 
 
 (2.) A stone let fall 
 from the top of a 
 high tower, or from 
 a i)rojccting cliff, 
 re.aches the ground 
 slightly to the cast of 
 the ]M)int at which a 
 vertical line would 
 ,7 ~ fall. The reason of 
 tliis is that the top of 
 the tower, being far- 
 ther from the centre 
 of motion, moves 
 more mjiidly than the 
 Earth at the base. 
 (3.) If a cannon be fired due north in the northern hemi- 
 
 Hphere, the ball will fall considerubly to the taut of the object 
 ut wiiich it wiw aimed. 
 
 Explanation. Tlic point (rem which the ball lets out la farther 
 from the Karth'n axis, anil hence moves more ra|il(lly towaniH tlie ca«t 
 tlian llie oliject alined at; tliu ball nioven with llie Name velocity to- 
 waril.s Uu: ejist as ltd ulartinK place, ami so falls loo far cant for iti 
 obji'ct If the caiuion were tired due Bonth In the northern licinlsphero, 
 the ball would fall to the west of lla object. 
 
 (4.) Another i)i(H>f of the Earth's rotation Ih furnished by 
 an interesting e\|M'rinient with the pendulum. ,\ heavy ball 
 uttaclied to a small ci>rd is made to suing north and south 
 over a table. The ball apiH-airt for a time to swing in the 
 
 :-.»#- 
 
 *V,«^ 
 
 same direction, as shown by a line on the table, a b; but if 
 ol)served for a few minutes, it \Nill lie found to deviate more 
 and more from its original direction, as r il, <■ f. 1'his change 
 of fhrection is due to the rotation of the Earth. The direc- 
 tion of the swing of the ball, if tested by its relation to some 
 heavenly Inxly, would be foimd unchanged. 
 
 'I he cord mn.sl be a very lon^,' one, and Ihe attachment at the lop 
 i-lionld be adjusted in such a mannei- lliat tlio movt mint of the build- 
 ing caused by the Karlh's rotation shall not be cninmuMicaled to the 
 |ienilulum. Tins experiment may be made on a laiKe nlobe. The 
 ]iendulum should be attached to the (jloba by a bent arm, so that tha 
 point of suspension is directly over the jiole. The pendulum Is then 
 m.ailc to vibL.te while the globe is turned slowly and steadily on Its 
 axis. It will be fouml that the jiendulum will swing towards the 
 same points in the walls of the room ; b\it there is a constant change 
 of direction as compared with the meridians on the globe, due to the 
 rotation of the globe. If a sharp point at the bottom of the pendulum 
 scratched the surface of the globe, it would show a new line at each 
 vibration, forming a 8tar-shai)pd figure. 
 
 Unectual Length of Day. — 9. In summer we 
 
 have long ilays and short nights; in winter, the 
 reverse : so that light and darkness in the course 
 of the year are equal. The longest day is the 21st 
 of June, the shortest the 21st of December. Twice 
 in the year — the 21st of March and the 22nd of 
 September — day and night are equal, twelve hours 
 each. At the Equator d.iy and night are always 
 equal, and the inequality is greatest near the Poles. 
 10. At midsummer, when the day is longest, 
 the Sun at noon is high up in the heavens, and 
 much more nearly overhead than in winter. This 
 is only an apparent .shifting of the Sun's position ; 
 the real change is in the Earth. Tlie Eartli not 
 only rotates upon its a.xis, it also moves around 
 
THE EAKTII AS A PLANET. 
 
 87 
 
 tho Sun in u vast circl*'. Thn path in which tlie 
 Earth rcvolvea urouiul tito Sun is cuUetl tlio Eni'tk'n 
 Orbit. 
 
 Illustration.— 11. Place «, lamp on the floor to r«'|irt'H»iit the 
 Hiin, and with tin- I'halk draw a Iar>,'i' ciri'lf aroiiinl it for tiut 
 KarthV orhit. I'lat'c thf j^lnlx' in th<' orliit, on th" west ^^idi- 
 of the laiii)>, witli tin- north |h)1« j)ointiiif< to thi- c<ilitiK in 
 i\w nortlicrn jiart of the room, in »uch a niamifr tliat tlie 
 axirt shall Ix- jiaralk-l to the west Hide of tiie njoni, and in- 
 elined towards the imrtli'Tn wall alK)wt oiu-foiath tlie distance 
 lictwet'n a vertical line and a horizontal. Thr lamp will now 
 hliiiie fniiii pole to pole, and if th(! f,'l(jl)e lie turned (in it.s axis 
 it will ilhistrate the ecpiaiity of day and ni^'ht in the Hpriiitr. 
 
 Witliout ehangiiiff the inclination of the axis or its jiaralli'l 
 position witii respect to the west wall, move thejjlolie throuKh 
 one fourth tho orl>it, so tliat it shall stand on the south side 
 of the lamp. The rays of li^'ht will extiiid heyond the nortii 
 lK)le, ilhnninatinh' more than lialf the northern hemisphere, 
 and k'ss than lialf the southern. Wo have hero the i>f)sition 
 of the Earth at mid-summi'r. I'y moving the globe in the 
 Kame manner to tho east and north sides, we shull ha\ e the 
 Earth's iH)sition in the antnnm and at mid-winter. 
 
 12. Tlin Earth thus makes a revolution around 
 tho Sun onco a year, during wiiieli it jjrcsents dif- 
 ferent parts of its surface directly to the Sun. 
 Hence the diirerence in the lengtli of day and niglit. 
 
 Figures 5, <!, and 7 reiireseut tlie Earth in its relation to 
 
 N 
 
 the Sun at different times of the year. In finure 5 the Sun 
 shines from Pole to Pole, and is vertical at tiii' Equator mid- 
 way hetween the Poles. In fiijurc the northern part of the 
 Earth is turned towards the Sun. The Sun is now vertical 
 2;U degrees north of the Eeiuator, and it shines 2.*^.^ degrees 
 beyond the Xorth Pole. 
 
 In.liinire 7 the southern part of the Earth is turned towards 
 the Sun ; the S\m is vertical 23^ degrees south of the Equator, 
 and it shines 23^ degrees beyond the South Pole. 
 
 The circle at which the S>m is vertical, when it is farthest 
 north, is called the Trnpic of dancer: and that at which it is 
 vertical, when farthest south, is the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 FKl. 0. 
 
 Tlie circle whicli includen the area of constant liglit around 
 ! the North Pole when the Sun is vertical at t!ie Tropir o/Cun- 
 
 /^1 
 
 
 ria. 7. 
 
 irr, is called the .Vrctic Circle; and tlie similar circle around 
 ^ the South Pole is the Antarctic Circli'. 
 
 ! Some parts of the Earth receive more Heat than 
 others. - 1 .'?. Tf we hold a board before the lire so 
 
 • that the rays fall perpendicularly upon its surface, 
 it will receive much more lieat tlia> when we in- 
 cline it, so that the rays fall slantingly. In the 
 former case more rays fall upon a given space than 
 
 1 in the latter. 
 
 This is illustrated in tir/ure S. The rays a h, which fall 
 
 j)erpendicularly on i- <l, are spread over a space three times as 
 long when they fall slantingly on c d. 
 
 14. If the Earth were an extended plain, all 
 parts of its sui-face would be heated ocjually, or 
 nearly so, by the Sun's rays. Its spherical form 
 causes the surface to incline away from the Sun, 
 
88 
 
 OUTLINKS OF I'llYslOnRAI'HV 
 
 and 80 to nwive losa heat, as wt3 go north or tsoutli 
 of tliat part wlicro tho huh in vcrticul. 
 
 For a Hiiiiilar reanon tlm Shh'h riiyM huvH more powur at 
 n«x)ii tliiiii tlicy Imvi' curliiT it liitiT in tln' day. J-'iimn U 
 reprmi'iitH tlif way in which tlie rays fall at (lilFen-iit tiinus in 
 tho (lay. 
 
 At HiinriMu and at Hiinm't th<' rays in tin.' hiwcr Hidu of the 
 
 >.a I ; 
 
 111, 
 
 "";;- 
 
 
 
 ''// 
 
 
 biindlf ((') just >l»iiii over the surfaoc, whilo thf othfr myH do 
 not touch the Kaitii. In the nii<ldlH of tho forciKHm and 
 aftt'i'noon the rays fall u|Min th<^ Kartli, Imt art' w.-attcrcd over 
 a largi' hurfacf [h). At noun tlii-y arc gathered into a smaller 
 space (n). 
 
 Change of Seasons. — 15. As tho Eartli in <lif- 
 forcnt j)iirts of its orhit chaiii^'cs its position witli 
 rofjanl to tho Sun, tho inclination of tlio Sun's rays 
 at any erivcn place is constantly changing, and con- 
 soquontly tho tcniporaturo vaiios vory much at 
 ditloiont times of tho year. 'I'hus we notice that 
 in our sunnner the Sun is nearly overhead, and the 
 rays are almost vortical ; while in winter the Sun 
 takes a much lower course, and tho rays fall vory 
 ohliipioly. Hence wo have spring, summer, autumn, 
 and winter. {See JiyureH J, 6', and 7.) 
 
 The difference of temper.ature at different times of the year 
 i.s mucli less within the Tropics, where the Sun is .always 
 nearly vertical, than on the north or south of the Tropics— 
 that is, in the Tenii)erate and Frigid Zones. 
 
 10. It may l.'e thought strange that oiu- warmest weather is 
 not near the end of .Time, when the Sun's rays fall most verti- 
 cally, hut later in .Tulv and August. The Earth doe.s indeed 
 receive more heat d\ning a day near the end of .Tune than 
 (luring a day in the later months ; Imt in the earlier .siunmer 
 months tlie Eartli does not lose as nuich heat at night as it 
 receives duruig the day, and the more intense heat later on in 
 the se.ason is d\ie to what is accumulated from day to day and 
 stored up in the ICarth. 
 
 The Poles and the Equator. — 17. In the Earth's 
 
 rotation two opposite points upon its Hurfnce, called 
 tiie Poles, are stationary. Tim straight lino con- 
 necting tlioHo points 
 and passing through 
 the c( iitr(!of tho Earth, 
 called the axis, is also 
 stationary. The part 
 of tlie surface which 
 rotates most rapidly, 
 because furthest from 
 tho axis or centre of 
 motion, is acirciocallod 
 th(! Equator, which 
 passes around tho Eartli cast and west, equidis- 
 tant from the Poles. 
 
 The E<|nator divi''es the Earth's surface into two equal 
 portions, called the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern 
 Hemisphere. 
 
 Circles. — 18. As the Earth is a sphere, the 
 Etjuator and all other lines drawn around it are 
 circles. Every circle is divided into 3G0 equal 
 parts called degrees, each degree is di\idod into GO 
 minutes, and each minute into GO second.s. 
 
 As all circles are not ecpial, the length of a degree varies 
 according; to the size of tho circle. (See Tahle, page ]0i;.) 
 
 Latitude. — 19. The position of a place on the 
 Earth' surface may be described in a general way 
 by stating the hemisphere in which it is situated. 
 It may be described more detinitely by giving its 
 distance north or south of the Equator. This dis- 
 tance from the Equator -s called latitude, and a 
 place has either north o- south latitude, according 
 as it is on the nortli or on the south of the Equator. 
 
 The distance from the Eqiiator to either Pole is 90 degrees, 
 which is the highest latitude any pliice can have. 
 
 20. Latitude is indicated on maps and globes by 
 lines or circles, called parallels of latitude, which 
 are drawn east and west between the Equator and 
 the Poles. {Fi <. 11.) 
 
 Degrees of latitude are m.arked on lines running north and 
 -south, or along the sides of the map. 
 
THE LAND SUUFACF. 
 
 Longitude. — 21. Latitude dof.s not show iluli- 
 nitely wlnic a placn is sitiiatid. Tlius, wlwu it is 
 said tliat tho latitude of Halifax is H '^f<', it is 
 
 merely stated tliat tho 
 placo is soinewhero on 
 a certain circle wliich 
 passes arounil the 
 Earth east and west. 
 To indicate position 
 •5 on the Earth's surfaco 
 more exactly, lines are 
 '^^ drawn north and soutli 
 from Pole to Pole, 
 n(i. 11. rAHAi,LKr,.s. cutting,' the Equator at 
 
 rit^ht angles. These linos are called meridians or 
 noon lines, l>ecause all places situated on the same 
 N lino have noon at the 
 
 satne lime. (/''f/. ].!.) 
 'J 2. We naturally 
 commence at the 
 Eipiator in estimating 
 latitude ; hut there is 
 no such natural line 
 at which we can begin 
 in reckoning distance 
 ea.st and west. "We 
 no. 12. MERIDIANS. ther(>fore fix upon somt; 
 
 one meridian and name it thajirst )iirrUliitn. Dis- 
 tance from this first meridian is called lon(/itude, 
 which is either eaat or west. 
 
 23. It is convenient that all reckon from the 
 same meridian. Accordingly throughout the Brit- 
 ish Empire, and generally in the United States, 
 that meridian passing through the Royal Observ- 
 atory at Greenwich, London, is taken as tlu, first, 
 and a place is said to have east or west longitude 
 according as the meridian which pa.s.ses through it 
 is east or west of that which passes through London. 
 
 24. ^feridians are countod by semicircle.i : tliiis, tho first 
 meridian tpnninates at the Poles, and the otlier half of the 
 circle, on the opixisite side of the Earth, is 180' distant, which 
 is the greatest longitnde a place can have. Degrees of longi- 
 
 tiulf ail' marked on the Kfiuutor of kIuIh'h iinJ fu iiii.^pheri! 
 nili|>H, lit the top and iMittolii of otiiel' niapn. 
 
 2."). As the iiieridiariH all nn'i-t at thr I'hIcm, it will !»• sirii 
 that they are conM'rgiiig linef, and that u de^freeof longitiidi' 
 becoiaei) uuastuntly ivM an wu uppruucli tliu I'ult'ii. 
 
 Tlin Kiirtli'n rlriiimfcri-nco oa«t iiiid hthI IpcIhk r-tlluT uroiitiT tlmn 
 from luirtli to Aoiitli, a ilogroe of lunultiulo at thu Kiiiiittor ollglitl/ 
 oxveedi a dcgroo of latitude. 
 
 2C>, The Karth't rrvulntion n|Kin its axis frciin west to fa-<t 
 once in twrnty-foiu' hours caiim'.s an apparent nintiun of tin- 
 Hnn antiuid the Karth in the .same time, bnt in the op|K)Kitt' 
 diri'ction. The Sim tlms travci-ses 3fl0' in twentvfunr hunrs, 
 or V)' in one hour, or 1' in four miniilis. 'rinTffnrr for 
 every degree wti tnivil we.>.t tlw Sini ulll Iw four niiiniteH 
 later in coining to otir meridian — that is, nodn, as well at; 
 every c)ther hour in the day, will Iw tiiat niueli later. If we 
 travel east, the time will lif cailicr. 
 
 II.-THE LAND SURFACE. 
 
 Land and Water. — 27. The Eartii's surface con- 
 sists of land and water in very unecpial proporlion.s 
 — the land comprising aliout one-fourth and tho 
 water three-fourths. Very much tie- larger part 
 of the land surface (estimated at three-fourths) in 
 situated on the north of the Eipiator. if we 
 divide the Earth's .surface into two hemispheres 
 so as to have the greatt'st ])Ossilile area of land in 
 one hemisphere, the city of Lomlon iu l']iiglan<l 
 will be nearly in the centre of this land hemisphere. 
 
 This may be shown on a tfrnstrial globr by brin;,'ing Lon- 
 don to the brazen meridian, and elevating the North I'olw 
 above the horizon a luunbcr of dci^'rcfs i'(inal to the latitude 
 of I.,ondon. Tills will bring I.omlon to the highest point, .ind 
 make it e(juidistant frcpiu all jiarts nf the hnrizdii. W'f shall 
 then have over seven-eighths of tiie land surface of the Karth 
 in the upi)er hemisphere, (f'i'i. li.) 
 
 28. The principal part of the land is included 
 in three great divisions — the Western Continent 
 or New World, the Eastern Continent or Old 
 World, iind Australia. 
 
 29. The Western Continent, called America, has 
 an area of l.")V niillions of square miles. It has 
 its greatest length north and .south, about 8, .522 
 miles. It approaches within .')0 miles of the East- 
 ern Continent at Behring Strait on the north-west. 
 
 J 
 
OUTLINES OF PHYSIOGRAPHV. 
 
 Fit:. 13. 
 
 This continent oomprisos two groat di visions — 
 Korth America and Soutli Aniorica, wiiicli arc 
 connected by the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 30. The Eastern Continent, wliici. is 
 the largest of tlio land divisions, has an 
 area of about 32,800,000 square miles. 
 Its greatest length is cast and west, 
 from tlie Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. 
 It comprises tlu; three great division.s — • 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
 
 Excf|it at tlic Tstliimis nf Suez, 72 miles in width, Africa 
 is si-piiratrd fi-din tlic rest of tlio coiitiin'iit liy tliL' Muditor- 
 rancan Sea and tlic Red Sea. 
 
 31. Australia, wliieb is wholly in the Southern 
 nemis[ilicr(', is the smallest of the continents, and 
 is often called an island. It is noted for the regu- 
 larity of its form. 
 
 32. Tlie greater part of the land surface of the 
 Earth is thus comprised in six great divisions — 
 Korth Am(;rica, 8outh America, Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and Australia. Each of these divisions is 
 sometimes called a continent. 
 
 33. By reference to the map, several interesting 
 featur(>s may be observed in regard to the great 
 divisions of land : — 
 
 (1.) Both th,' G'fl World and the New s]>read ont broadly, 
 and ajiproach near each other in the north, whilst they 
 taper towards the south, ending in iiDints which are far 
 apart. 
 
 (2.) Each great division of land on the north of 
 the Equator has a corri'siwinding division south of 
 the Efjuator. Thus we may group North and 
 South America, Europe and Africa, Asia and 
 Australia. 
 
 (3.) The divisions on the south of the Equator 
 have much greater regularity of coast line tlian the 
 divisions on the nortli. I'lurope and Asia each 
 terminate in three great peninsulas on the south. 
 
 34. Islands usually occur in groups, as 
 the West Indies and the British Isles. 
 
 Islands lying near the continents, as the British 
 Isles, are sujiiiosed to be detached portions of the 
 mainland separated by the wearing action of the 
 sea. 
 
 35. Many islands, especially in the tropical parts 
 of the Pacific Ocean, owe their origin to coral 
 insects. (Fir/. ].'f.) 
 
 no. M. COliAL ISLAND. 
 
 These little creatures secrete lime and other substances from 
 the sea water, and build them up into a solid, rock-like mass. 
 
 Other islands, again, are formed by the uiiheaval 
 of solid matter through the action of eartlujuakes. 
 ' 'Surface. — 36. The land varies much in respect 
 to elevation. In estimating the height of the land 
 the level of the ocean is taken as a standard. 
 
 The land is generally higher than the sea; yet there are 
 districts, especially in V/estern Asia, near the Ca.spian and 
 Dead Seas, which are exceptions to this rule. The valley of 
 the Jordan, near the mouth of the river, is about 1,300 feet 
 below the sea-level. 
 
 37. Asia contains the most elevated land. iMount 
 Everest, a peak of the Himalayas, 29,002 feet 
 above the sea, is the highest known land. 
 
 38. The tops of lofty mountains, even in the 
 Torrid Zone, are covered with snow all the year 
 round. The pressure of the snow massed on the 
 upper portions of the mountains forms vast bodies 
 
RIVERS AND LAKES. 
 
 91 
 
 of ice called glaciers, wliich How like I'ivcrs down 
 the valleys and along the sides of the mountains. 
 When the ice readies the warnj lowlands it melts 
 and gives rise to rivers. 
 
 The Rhine has its origin in the placiers of the Alps. 
 
 In the Polar Kegions the glaciers go down to the sea, and 
 there huge masses of ice hreak off liy tiieir own weiglit and 
 form icel)ergs, which are carried by ocean currents into warm 
 latitudes. 
 
 The Earth's Crust. — 39. The outer portion of 
 
 the .solid Earth is usually formed of loose materials 
 
 called soil, gravel, and stones. On digging through 
 
 these we come to solid rock. 
 
 Soil is fornK^l from particles of rocks broken \\]> by rain, 
 air, and frost, together with decayed vegetable and animal 
 matter. 
 
 The Interior.— 40. We cannot judge -with cer- 
 tainty respecting the condition of the interior of 
 the Earth below a few hundred feet. There are 
 various proofs that it is in a highly -heated con- 
 dition. 
 
 (1.) It is found, on digging into the Earth, that after the 
 first eighty or ninety feet the temperaturt! gradually increases 
 with the descent. 
 
 (2.) In variotis i>]aces there are lK)t si)rings, as in the National 
 Park of Colorado and in Iceland (the geysers), from which 
 issue boiling water and ste.am. (Fi;/. 15.) 
 
 41. Volcanoes, or burning mountains, also prove 
 that, in some places at least, there is great heat in 
 the interior of the Earth. The internal fires have 
 there broken through the Earth's crust, and vast 
 quantities of melted matter called lava are poured 
 over the surface. 
 
 Volcanoes are usually near the sea, and are often on islands. 
 
 42. Earthquakes are movements of the ground, 
 varying from slight trendjlings to violent rockings 
 to and fro. They are most common in volcanic 
 regions, and are supposed to be due to the same 
 causes as volcanoes. 
 
 43. Mountains and hills are of great use in aid- 
 ing the drainage of a country, and in supplying it 
 with streams of water. The rain which falls on 
 their higher parts reappears in springs along their 
 
 \\>.. i:.. i,i; i: \r ciiv-i-.i;. !■ ir \Mi, 
 
 sides, and when these overflow they give rise to 
 brooks and rivers, which flow down the slopes. 
 
 III.-RIVERS AND LAKES. 
 
 Rivers. — 44. Tf all the rain which fidls on the 
 Earth were to run ofFat once along its surface, the 
 lowlands would in wet seasons be flooded, and in 
 seasons of drought the whole land would be desti- 
 tute of water — there would be neither streams, nor 
 springs, nor wells. A large jiorlion of the rain and 
 melted snow sinks into the ground, especially in the 
 
92 
 
 OUTLINES OF PHYSIOGIUrilY. 
 
 Ill OSS-CO voriH I regions of forests, and makes its way 
 
 to tlie surface again in tlie form of springs, giving 
 
 rise to brooks and rivers. 
 
 As forestfi arc flcaii'd away, coiiiitricH become more subject 
 to flo(xlM ill rainy sfasuiiN and drouglits in dry weather. 
 
 4;"). Tiie area di'ained by a river and its tribu- 
 taries is cuIIimI a river basin, and the boundary 
 between two rJNcr Ijasins is called the parting- 
 ground (jr water-shed. 'J'lie crest of a mountain 
 generally forms the parting-ground between streams 
 ilowing in opposite directions. 
 
 Simie rivers, liowever, like tlie Finlay, make their way by- 
 deep j,'()rges tlironj,'li iiKiuiitaiii ridges. Suuu'tiiiies, also, im- 
 jHirtant water shed-, like tliat of the Missis.sippi, are low 
 ridges or mere swells in the .surface. 
 
 4G. The cour.se of a river depends on the slope 
 of the land; and its length depends on the distance 
 of the water-slied from the .sea, and on the windings 
 of the river. The volume or size of a river depends 
 on the extent of its liasin, and on the quantity of 
 raint'al' within the liasin. The velocity of a river 
 depends on tlie sloj)e along which it flows, on the 
 depth of watei-, and on the directness of its cour.se. 
 
 A very deep stream flo\.s ra])idly, driven forward by its 
 own weight, although there may be little fall. As a general 
 rule river.s flow more rapidly in their upper course than in 
 their lower course. 
 
 47. Rivei-s are important agents in changing the 
 face of a country, wearing down in some places 
 where the cui'rciit is strong, and building up in 
 otJiers where th(> movement is sluggi.sh. Many 
 rivers de]iosit large quantities of (>arth near their 
 mouths, building up the land, and thus making 
 gradual encroachments on the sea. In such places 
 it often happens in course of time that the river 
 divides and enters the sea by diU'erent channels. 
 The triangular district between these channels is 
 called a (h'ltn. 
 
 The delta of the Nile is a good example. 
 
 48. Brooks and rivers seldom flow in a straight 
 course, but wind right and left. The action of the 
 current on the banks tends to cari'y the stream 
 
 still farther from the straight line. The bank is 
 worn away on the concave side, where tlie cun-ent 
 is strongest, and it is built up by deposits of earth 
 on the convex side. 
 
 Sometimes, when the stream doubles on itself in loops, it 
 cuts across, making a new chaiiiiel in a more direct course. 
 
 49. Brooks and rivers are of great service to 
 man. They supply him with pure water. They 
 make his fields fruitful, drive his machinery, and 
 form a highway for the traveller and the merchant. 
 The most fertile soil is found along tlu! margins of 
 rivers ; here also are the chief inland towns and 
 the most busy scenes of human industry. 
 
 The navigability of a river depends on its depth and its 
 freedom from waterfalls and rapids. 
 
 Lakes. — 50. A lake is a collection of water in 
 a Ijasin-shajK'd liollow in the hmd. Sometimes 
 lakes are found at the heads of rivers, receiving 
 their sup])lies from numerous small streams and 
 springs ; sometimes they form expansions of rivers 
 in some part of their course; again they are found 
 at the mouths of rivers, receiving their waters, but 
 having no outlet ; and in some cases they neither 
 receive nor send out streams, but are fed by rains 
 and springs, and give off their surplus waters by 
 evapoi'ation. 
 
 Most lakes are gradually becoming shallower by the de- 
 posit of earthy matter brought in by the streams which flow 
 into them. 
 
 Lakes which have no outlet are geuer.ally salt. This arises 
 from a gradual accumulation of saline matter brought in by 
 the stre.ams which feed them. The water is constantly being 
 removed by evaporation, but all the salt remains. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, the Casjiian Sea, and the Dead Sea are of this class. 
 
 ^ 
 
 IV.-THE SEA. 
 
 Its Saltness. — 51. The sea, or the ocean, is a 
 vast body of salt water wliich covers nearly three- 
 fourths of the Earth's surface. The saltness of the 
 ocean varies in different places, being greatest in 
 such inland seas as the Mediterranean and the Pied 
 Sea, which receive less fresh water through the 
 
THE SEA. 
 
 93 
 
 rivers flowing into tlieiii tliau tlicy lose by evapora- 
 tion. 
 The wafers of the ocean are gradually becoming salter. 
 Its Bed.— r)2. The bed of the ocean is un(;ven, 
 varied by de2)ressions and elevations, or, we may 
 say, by hills, valleys, and plains, like the surface 
 of the dry land. Hence the depth of the ocean 
 varies greatly in ditt'erent parts. 
 
 The greatest known depth is in tlie Soutli I'acilie, where 
 it exceeds live miles. 
 
 Temperature. — 53. TIk; temperature of the ocean 
 
 is more uniforn; than that of the land — that is, 
 
 there is less diU'crence between its summer and 
 
 its winter temperature. 
 
 This ari.si'S from two causes:— (1) There is a eoiistaiit 
 movement and mingling of its waters, by which the heat is 
 distributed and ('(|u:di/ed ; (2) water re(|nires more heat to 
 raise its teiniieratinr, and it parts with its lieat less readdy 
 than the land. 
 
 Divisions. — . "31:. Although the sea forms one 
 
 great body of water, it is usual to speak of it as 
 
 separated into tive oceans — the Atlantic, Pacific, 
 
 Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans. (/'Vy. 10.) 
 
 FKi. 10. 
 
 Branches or arms of these oceans e.xtending into 
 the land take various names, as seas, bays, gulfs, 
 channels, and straits. 
 
 55. The Atlantic lies on the east of America, 
 which it separates from Europe and Africa. The 
 Polar Circles are its northern and southern limits, 
 
 and the Eijuator divides it into Xovth and South 
 
 At /ant I r. 
 
 Tlie .\tlantic forms the great highway between .\meriea 
 and K\n'oi)e. .V tablcdand undir tiie Nurth Atlantic' forms 
 the bed of the telegrapii cables between Newfomidlaiid an<l 
 Ireland. 
 
 5G. The Pacific is on the west of Aiiifrica, sc])a- 
 
 rating it from Asia and Australia; and it extends 
 
 from Behring Strait, on the north, to the .\ntarctie 
 
 Circle. It is divided into Xorlli and S'lxlh I'dcijlc 
 
 l)y the Efjuator. 
 
 The extreme breadth nf the Taeitie is about lO.fKX) miles, 
 or nearly lialf tiie measureiiient lound the l''arth. It is 
 deeper than the Atlantic, and is noted for tiie niimlx'r of its) 
 I'^lands. 
 
 MtigoUiui, who crnssod tliis ncoun in l.''_'I, CiiUcil it "tlie raciBc" 
 because lie met with im htiuiiis on liis voyau'C. 
 
 57. The Indian Ocean lies Mjuth of Asia, having 
 Afi'ica on tin; west and Australia on the east. The 
 Antarctic Circle is its southern limit. 
 
 oS. The Arctic or Northern Ocean is on the 
 north of America, Europe, tind Asia, within th<' 
 Arctic Circle. It is much broken by islands on 
 the north of America. 
 
 Throughout a long winter this oeean is covered 
 with ic(; of great tliickliess, whieh breaks up in the 
 spring and drifts down in vast masses, called irc-jtocs, 
 into the North Atlantic. 
 
 The existence of r.i Arctic jiassage from tlie At- 
 lantic to the Pacific was ]iid\e<l liy Sir .Tolm l''raiiklin 
 and by Captain M'Cliue; but it is always blocked 
 up with ice, and no use can be made of it. 
 ^^ Sailors have often tried to reach the North Pole, 
 
 but they have never succeede<l. The nearest point 
 yet reached is 80 14', liy Dr. Xausen, ti;e Norwegian 
 explorer, in 1S'.I5. 
 
 The Arctic Ocean is to a trreat extent separated 
 from the Atlantic and the Paeifie by tiie expansion 
 of the land to\vard< the iiortli. 
 
 59. The Antarctic Ocean i> situated near 
 the Antarctic Circle. The cold is cNon more severe 
 than in the Arctic, and tiie ice ('xtcnds farther 
 from the Pole. 
 
 The highest latitude reached in this direction is 7H° 4', by 
 Sir .Tames Poss. 
 
 The Arctic and .\ntarctic Oceans arc the favourite resort 
 of whales, in catching which many vessels arc engaged. 
 
94 
 
 OUTLINKS OF PHYSIOGHAI'lI Y. 
 
 y Movements of the Sea. — GO. The waters of the 
 ocean liavo three kinds of inoveiiient — waves, 
 tides, and currents. J>y tlie unceasing motion of 
 its waters the ocean is kept pure. 
 
 Waves. — 01. \Vav((s are movements of the sur- 
 face water, usually caused hy tlie wind. Excej)t in 
 shallow water, and when the wind is very .strong, 
 thei'e is little onward flow of water, but eacli wave 
 sets tlie next in niotinn. 
 
 Till' liijrlifst stiiiiii wavi's an- between forty .iiid fifty feet 
 ni liri^'lit. Such Waves have f,'reat foi'ce, soiiietimes eiin-yiiij? 
 vast masses of roeli aKaiiist wliieh tliey strike many feet al)c>ve 
 
 The whole Ixxly of the ocean does not rise and fall at tlio 
 same time over all the P^arth, but the water is drawn away 
 from some parts and heaped up in others. Thus it is liigh 
 water at the same time in those jiarts of the ocean wliich are 
 on opposite sides of tli(; Earth, and low water in those parts 
 wiiich are half w.-iy iH'tween those liaviiig high w.ater. 
 
 G.3. Tlie tides are of much importance in nav- 
 igation, especially in enabling vessels to enter 
 shallow harbours and to ascend the estuaries of 
 small rivers. The tidal current makes the water 
 deeper, and also carries tin; vessid forward. 
 
 Gi. The tides are caused chielly liy tlit! attraction 
 of the INIoon. They are also allected by the attrac- 
 tion of the 8nn, find liy the nmtion of tlui Earth, 
 the Sun, and tins ]Moon ai'onnd some nwiiote centra 
 
 When the Sun and the Moon are on the same side of the 
 Kartli, and also when they are on ojiiKisite sides of the Earth, 
 
 
 I !(!. 18. SI'KINd TIDES. 
 
 tlie tides are very high, and are called ayrin;/ tides. (See 
 Fi.i. IS.) 
 At the Moon's (piarters the Sur. and the Moon act at right 
 
 M- TlIK .SKA 
 
 UOCKS. 
 
 the. levi.'l of tiie ocean. Some idea of the immense force of 
 the waves can bo gained by observing the effect of their 
 .action on a rocky shore. {Fi;i. IT.) In some pl.aces the sea 
 is rapidly wearing away the land. 
 
 Tides. — 02. The ocean is ever changing its level. 
 In any given place the waters rise for about six 
 hours, and then fall for the same time. This rising 
 or falling of the ocean is called the tide. When 
 the water is lising, it is called flood tide ; when it 
 is falling, ebb tide. 
 
 C)M 
 
 Kill. 10. NE\1' TIDKS. 
 
 angles. The tides are then low, and are called neap tides. 
 [SceFiij. 19.) 
 
 Ocean Currents. — C5. Broad currents, like vast 
 rivers, are ever flowing through the sea. An ex- 
 change and mingling of waters is tlius kept up 
 amonn; the different oceans. 
 
THE AT\.OSPHERE. 
 
 95 
 
 Generally speaking, f:ir helow the surface there is a move- 
 ment of till! cold water of the I'ular Hegiuns towardn the 
 Kqnator, while the warmer waters of tlu^ Ktmatorial Kegion 
 are borne towards th(! Poles as surface currents. There are, 
 however, in some parts of the ocean cold surface currents 
 flowing from the Polar to the Equatorial Regions. 
 
 GG. The groat surface currents of the ocean are 
 the Equatorial Currents, which How from east to 
 west across the great oceans ; tlie (Jul/ Stream, 
 which flows north-eastward from the Gulf of 
 Mexico, ami, crossing the Atlantic, carries its 
 warm watei-s to the shores of Europe ; the Labra- 
 dor Current, which Hows southwaril, bearing the 
 cold waters oi the Arctic Ocean along the east 
 coast of North Amei-ica ; and the Japan Current, 
 which flows north-eastward past Japan to the west 
 coast of North America. 
 
 Thf! Japan Current resembles thcGtilf Stream in its cotu'se 
 and in its inlluence on climate. 
 
 G7. Ocean Currents depend on various causes, 
 the chief of which are the rotation of the Earth on 
 its axis, prevailing winds, and the disturbance of 
 the general level of tlus ocean caused by evapora- 
 tion near the Equator. 
 
 68. Ocean currents have an important influence 
 
 both on climate and on navigation. The climate 
 
 of countries near warm currents is made milder, 
 
 while that of countries near cold currents is made 
 
 colder. 
 
 Navigators take advantage of cm-rents, as far as possible, 
 in crossing the ocean. 
 
 z. 
 
 V.-THE ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 Extent. — G9, The atmosphere, or the air that 
 surrounds the Earth on all sides, extends to the 
 height of at least 100 miles. It is wrapped around 
 the Earth, and travels with it in its movements 
 through space. 
 
 Composition. — 70. The atmosphere consists 
 chiefly of a mixture of two gases, nitrogen and 
 oxygeyi, there being nearly four times as much of 
 the former as of the latter. It also contains vari- 
 
 able quantities of watery vapour, and of carbonic 
 acid and other gases. 
 
 Properties. — 71. Air is easily displaced, and wo 
 movt! about in it without feeling the slightest 
 hindrance. 
 
 Except when laden with mists and clouds, the atmosphere 
 is perfectly clear, so that objects are seen tiu'ougii it with the 
 greatest distinctness. Jt is not, liowever, (piite colourless, 
 for when we look through a large volume of it, as upward* 
 into the sky, or at a distant mountain, it api>ears of a bluo 
 tint. 
 
 If we draw off nearly the whole of thr air from a closed 
 vessel, the little that remains will spread out and (ill the 
 whole space. Air is therefore said to be very ilnntir. 
 
 72. The air has u-eight. At the level of the sea 
 it pres.ses with a weight of nearly 1.") pounds on 
 every square inch. 
 
 A column of air of the full height of the atmosphere is 
 equal in weight to a column of water 34 feet high, or to a 
 colunm of mercury 30 inches in height. 
 
 At the top of Mont lilaue, lo.OOO feet, the air i>resses with 
 only half tiie force of its pressure at the sea le\el. At great 
 elevations the air becomes so tiiin or rare that one can breathe , 
 in it with diHiculty. | 
 
 73. The oxygen of the air is necessary to com- 
 bustion; hence where there is a scanty supply of air, 
 tire ffoes out or burns feeblv. Air is also noces- 
 sary to animal and vegetable life. 
 
 The Creator has wonderfully i)rovided that the two kiml-? 
 of living things— animal and vegetable— shall each give to 
 the atmos|)here something of use to the other. Carbonic 
 acid, wiiich is highly jioisonous to animals, and is jilentifully ^ 
 thrown from the lungs in breathing, is the most nourishing i 
 food of plants. I 
 
 Reflection. — 74. Objects become visible by the 
 light which passes from them to the eye. Some 
 bodies, like the Sun, shine with their own light ; 
 others are dark, and are ser\ by reflecting or | 
 throwing off the light which they receive from 
 some light-giving body. The atmosphere reflects 
 the light of the Sun, and thus sheds its rays over 
 the Earth. 
 
 Were it not for this power of the atmo.sphere, the Sun 
 would appear as a bright spot in the heavens, while all else 
 would be as dark as night. 
 
9ti 
 
 OUTFJNES OF PHYSIOfJIlAI'IlV. 
 
 Temperature. 7"). 'I'Ih; air receives but little 
 heat from tlic Sun's rays in tlu^ir i)assa>,'o through 
 it, but is ch icily lieatecl by contact with the Earth, 
 or by tlie heat thrown oil" by tho land and the 
 water. The heat becomes less and less as we rise 
 abov(! the sea-level. 
 
 Vapour. "<;. Water, in tin- form of invisible 
 vapoui', is constantly rising from tiic Earth into 
 the atnios^ihere. 
 
 In ii lii)t <lay we .soiin'tiiiK's s|ii'iiiklt' tlic flnor witli water to 
 cool the idoMl. Ill a sliiu't time tlie Wiitcr is cliaill^i'tl l>y till' 
 hciit into invisilde vai>oiir, and Hoats away into tin- air, carry- 
 ing with it till' liiat used in niakin;^ tlie cliangi'. 
 
 V^cry little watery v.i|Miur rises liiglii'r than live or six miles 
 aliove till,' sea-level. ^^ 
 
 The trade winds i.re due to tho fact that the air in the 
 Torrid /one is more liiglily heated than elsewhere. Currents 
 Het in from the iinrtli and the Boiith, which the s|iinning of 
 
 VI.-WINDS. 
 
 Origin. — 77. Winds or currents of air are caused 
 cliiolly by heat. Heated air expands and becomes 
 lighter in proportion to its volume. When two 
 masses of air in contact with each other are of 
 unequal temperature, tlu? colder air, being denser 
 and heaviei', j^resses in upon the warmer, forcing 
 it upwards and taking its place. 
 
 If the door lie set ojien hetween two rooms, one of which 
 is warmer than the other, a current of cold air will he found 
 near the hottoiii of the door, flowing; from the co ' room into 
 the warm ; while near the to)) of the door a warm current 
 will How from the warm room into the cold one. A lighted 
 taper held in the doorway will show the direction of the 
 currents. 
 
 Tn like manner, there are currents in the atmosphere. Wo 
 often see clouds iietir the Earth moving one way, and others 
 higher uji mo\ iii;^ the opiiosite way. 
 
 Trade Winds. — 78. The trade winds prevail 
 over the greater portion of the Torrid Zone, ex- 
 tending a few degrees on each side into the Tern- 
 perate Zont's. They are more regular on the 
 ocean than on the land. On the north of the 
 Equator they blow from the north-east, and on the 
 south from tlie south east. As they apjtroach the 
 Equator they b(>coine more easterly, and blow with 
 less force, finally losing themselve.s in a region of 
 calms. {Fig. SO.) 
 
 / 
 
 < / / MA ^LSV^ / / 
 
 "v Fii:ii}l,'ri,l! ('ii/"lt. •(_ Jj^'j ' ^>, ji^ 
 
 \ V \' ^ \ cwi 
 
 \ S.i:. ri;l./e-ll'iii.is. -. ", 
 
 \ v\ \ \H 
 
 Fill. -JO. 
 
 the I'^arth turns into north-east and south-east winds. Tn 
 the region of calms the air rises and forms an upjier current, 
 blowing towards the I'ules. 
 
 79. Monsoons are periodical winds in the Indian 
 Ocean. The south-west monsoon blows fi'oni March 
 till Septemlier, and the north-east mon.soou from 
 September till ]March. 
 
 Land and Sea Breezes. — 80. Along the coast, 
 liarticulavly in trojiical countries, about the middle 
 of the forenoon, the air over the land becomes 
 more highly heated than that over the .sea. Ac- 
 cordingly a sea-breeze sets in toward the land. In 
 the evening the land cools more rapidly than the 
 sea, and a land-breeze blows toward the sea. 
 
 81. A Cyclone is a violent storm in which the 
 wind moves in a great circle around a calm centre. 
 This centre comprises an area of low atmosjiheric 
 pressure, towards which the air rushes in from all 
 sides. The direction of the air current is so modi- 
 tied by the Earth's rotation as to cause a circular 
 movement. 
 
 In the Northern Hemisphere the movement is in the ojipo- 
 site direction from that of the haiuls of a watch lying with 
 its face upwards. Coiul lined with this circular or spiral 
 movement, the cyclone has a forward motion from west to 
 east. 
 
 82. Winds are affected by the region over which 
 they blow. Those that have crossed large bodies 
 of water are moist ; those that have crossed a 
 continent or a high mountain are dry ; those that 
 have come over frozen lands or seas of ice are cold ; 
 and those from burning deserts are hot and dry. 
 
DEW, CF.OUDS, HAiy, AND SNOW — fLIMATK. 
 
 97 
 
 The dosprts of Africa and Asia givo rise to hot, suffocating 
 winds, ivH thi' Himoomof Arabia, and the Harmatlan of the 
 west cuaat of Africa. 
 
 VII.-DEW, CLOUDS, RAIN, AND 
 SNOW 
 
 Dew. — 83. A cokl pitcliin- or bottlt; placed in a 
 Avariii room is soon covered with drops of watt;r. 
 The air contains miuut(^ partich>s of water, so 
 small as to he invisihle. Coming in contact with 
 the cold surface; of the i)itcher, these particles mw 
 condensed -that is, they run together aiul form 
 drops of wati'r. Dew is formed in nmch the same 
 way. xVfter sundown tlio earth cools rapidly , the 
 air next the earth is cooled hy meeting its cold 
 surface, and it lets fall .some of its vapour in tlu; 
 form of dew. 
 
 Clouds.— 84. "When vjipour is condensed in the 
 upper parts of the air, and becomes visible, it forms 
 clouds. C'louds resting on the earth are called fog 
 or mist. 
 
 Rain, etc. — 85. When clouds are further con- 
 densed by currents of cold air, by mountain ridges, 
 or by electricity, the particles becotne large and 
 heavy, and they fall to the earth as rain, snow, or 
 hail. When watery vapour is condensed in an 
 atiuos2>here below freezing temperature, it forms 
 snow ; when the vapour is iirst condensed into 
 globules of water and then congealed by frost, it 
 forms hail. 
 
 80. TIh! sea is the great store-house from which 
 the watery vapour of the atmosphere is derived. 
 Some of the rain Avhich fulls on the land is turned 
 into vapour ; the rest feeds brooks and ri\ers, and 
 is returned again to the sea. 
 
 87. The rainfall is very unequal over diflerent 
 parts of the Earth, some countries having great 
 abundance of rain and others very little. 
 
 Generally rain is more abundant in the Torrid Zone .and 
 in countries near the se.a. 
 
 A rain-gauge is an instrument for measuring tiie quantity 
 of rain that falls on a given .'tpace. 
 
 VIII.-OLIMATE. 
 
 88. The climate of a country is tlie condition 
 of its atmosphere, particularly in respect of heat, 
 moisture, and salubrity. We thus speak of a hot 
 climate, a dry climate, a liealthy climate, etc. 
 
 The term vrttther refers to the state of the atnii "sphere, as 
 hot or cold, dry or wet, windy or calm, for a sliort or limited 
 time; clniKite lias referenctt to the ]irevailing ennilitiun of 
 the atmos[)liere in regard to these an<l otiier (lualitics. 
 
 Climate lias an imiK)rtant influence on tiie jilants and ani- 
 mals of a country, as well as on tlio liealtli, the mode of life, 
 and the liabjts of its peujile. 
 
 89. The climate of a country depends on a 
 variety of circumstances, as its latitude, its height 
 above the level of the .sea, its distance frcjui the 
 sea, the slojie of the land, its di-ainage and cul- 
 tivation, 
 
 iiO. The hottest part of the; Karth is that portion 
 which lies between the Tropics, callecl tlw T<n'i-id 
 Zone. This is owing to the fact that there the 
 Sun's r.ays are more nearly vertical, ami that more 
 of them fall on a given space than in higher lati- 
 tudes. [Si'/'. Fli/iir>;--t 8 an<l .9.) 
 
 The Torrid /uiie alsu has the greati'st rainfall, )r its 
 intense heat best promotes evaiioration of moistiur from land 
 and sea. 
 
 91. Cold increases as the land rises above tlio 
 sea-level, about one; degree Fahrenheit for every 
 300 feet of ascent. At the E(juator a mountain 
 IGjOOO feet high is covered with snow all tlu; year. 
 
 ^rountaiiinus countries in tlie Torrid Zoiu,' have every 
 variety of climate within a short distance, according to the 
 elevation. 
 
 92. The decrease of temperature with tho eleva- 
 tion is due to se\(.'ral causes : — 
 
 (1.) The air is rarer as we ascend, and hence is heated less 
 readily. 
 
 (2.) Air (§ 75) is heated eliiefly by contact with the warm 
 surface of tiie Earth, or by the hi at reflected from the Eartli. 
 High lands are cold on account of the vast mass of cold air 
 annmd them. An isolated mountain peak is colder than a 
 wide extent of Land of the sam<! height. 
 
 (3.) Air is heated readily in proportion to the quantity of 
 vapour which it contains, and generallj' the amount of vaiwur 
 
98 
 
 OUTLINES OF niYSIOGRAPIIY. 
 
 clccreiweH witli tlio 4'lcviitioii. 'I'lm i)rt'N(.'nco of v;i|>i)ur in tlio 
 (vir also prevents the loss of lieat from the Karth nt iiiglit by 
 radiation. ^ 
 
 93. A country near tlin sea is subject to less 
 
 extremes of lient and cold, !ind lias generally u 
 
 inorc humid climato than an inland country. 
 
 Ocean cmTcntu also afTcct the climate of a country. The 
 
 (iiilf Stream given a niililer climiitu to the wi'st c<jaHt of 
 Kiirip|«'; the Liihrador ('nrrent has an ojiiMmito offt'ct on tho 
 climate of th(! east coast of North America. 
 
 94. The amount of rain varies greatly in differ- 
 ent countries. 
 
 In desert places, as in the Saliara, in ilic iMnlh of Arahia, 
 and in the regions around Til)et, rain liardly ever falls. 
 
 rill. 21. liAIN MAI' OF Tin; MOULD. 
 
 There are also rainless districts in ^fexico and Pern. Tn 
 places near the ]'](niator, as in the West Indies, rain falls on 
 most days of the year. In some other places, as in India, the 
 rains are periodical, falling' alnnidantly during the one half of 
 tlie year, and not at all during the otlii'r half. In the Noith 
 and South Temperate Zones, rain and sunshine occur at all 
 ceasons, and generally contin\ic for short periods. In the 
 liain Maj) [Vi\h 21), the dark sh.ades show the regions where 
 most rain falls ; the light ones, countries where little or no 
 rain falls. 
 
 IX.-MAN. 
 
 95. Tho total ninnbcr of human beings on the 
 Earth is now supposed to bo about 1,500 millions. 
 The inhabitants of the Earth are distributed very 
 un(!qually over its land surface. Generally those 
 countries are most populous in which agriculture 
 and manufacturing are the leading pursuits, and in 
 •which civilized people have lived for a long time. 
 
 9G. "We see the greatest diversity of physical 
 features prevailing in various jiarts of tho Earth. 
 Every country leaves its imjiress on human charac- 
 ter. The iidiabitants of tho rugged mountain are 
 not like the inhabitants of the plain ; those "who 
 live near the sea differ from those of tho interior. 
 
 97. The various conditions of human society 
 may be reduced to three principal classes, repre- 
 sented by the hunter, the shepherd, and the agri- 
 culturist. Tn hunter life men wander about, living 
 in tents, and owninpf no property except a few 
 movables. The Micmac Indians belong to this 
 class. Pastoral life is also nomadic, and there is 
 no individual ownership of the land. But hero 
 we find an increase of property in the form of 
 domestic animals. Tlie Nomads of Central Asia 
 are an example. 
 
MAN'. 
 
 09 
 
 08. Ill tho thiril and liiyliest stage of society 
 iiiou liavo tixcd alxjiUs and an individual ownci- 
 ship of tho land. They dt'iivo their chief suste- 
 nance! throuyli the cultivation of the soil. Ilcii' 
 al.so wo timl vast accumulations of wealth in various 
 forms. Tho country Is ever changing its aspect 
 through tho improving hand of man. Carriage 
 road.s, railroads, ami canals are constructed ; manu- 
 factories are established ; trade is prosecuted ; large 
 cities are built ; and men ri^e to the highest con- 
 dition of civilization. 
 
 99. Facilities for travel and for carrying on 
 
 trade, as atlbrded by good roads, railways, navi- 
 gable rivers, canals, and sea-coast, form important 
 conditions in tho growth of a country's population 
 and its advance in civilization. I'laces suitable for 
 centres of trade and manufacture increa.se most 
 rapidly in pojiuiation. It is at such centres, there- 
 fore, that we geneially lind village.s, towns, and 
 cities. 
 
 Noto tlif ])()siti(>n f>f till' villii^'is iiiid tnwns in ihi' ncij^li- 
 IxjurluKKl of tlu' scliDol. Alsd I'xpliiiii tin- caiisfs which have 
 led to the buildinp up of Ilulifivx, St. John, Montreal, New 
 York, and other citif.i. . 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1»UIXCIT'AL COT^NTllIKS AM) (ITIKS OF THE AVOTIT.D. 
 
 :poi'"cti,-a.tio isr. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 88,176,000. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA 4,833,-.';«) 
 
 Nova Scotia 400, KK) 
 
 Counties of Noni SoitUi. 
 
 CnmlK-rland 34,r)29 
 
 Ctilclicstcr 27,ir>0 
 
 I'ictou 34, ."lO 
 
 AntigtiniHli Ki.llT 
 
 (iii3sb()r(nigh 17,1!KS 
 
 Iliilifiix 32,w;r) 
 
 Luni'iilmrg 31,077 
 
 (iuccn'H 10,(;iO 
 
 Shflbunu' 14,!)5(i 
 
 Yaniioiith 22,LMS 
 
 Digl.y 1!»,S!»() 
 
 Aiiiia|>iilis l!l,3r)3 
 
 KiiiK's 22,4(;9 
 
 Hants 22,153 
 
 rnvcriicss 25,7t<l 
 
 Victoria 12.300 
 
 Cai)e I'.reton 34,223 
 
 Richmond 14,400 
 
 Toivns. 
 
 Halifax 3S,5-)r. 
 
 Dartiiioutli G,249 
 
 Yarnioutii G,08!) 
 
 Truro 5,102 
 
 Spring Hill 4,873 
 
 Lunenburg 4,044 
 
 Amherst 3,781 
 
 New Glasgow 3,777 
 
 Picton 3,000 
 
 NewBrunawlclc 321,203 
 
 St. .lolin 3!»,17!» 
 
 Mciiicfiiii 8,7''>r) 
 
 Fi edericton (i, r)02 
 
 Prince Edward Island 10!i,078 
 
 Cliarlottt'tow n 1 1 ,374 
 
 Quebec 1,488,53.") 
 
 .Miiutrcal 21(l,(;r)0 
 
 (^iel)ec (1.3,0! 10 
 
 St. Henrie 13,41(i 
 
 Hull 11,2(1(! 
 
 Shcrbrooke 10,110 
 
 Time Ki vers 8,334 
 
 Levis 7,301 
 
 St. Hyacinth 7,0t)l 
 
 Sorel." r),()()!) 
 
 St. Jean Bajjtiste 5,874 
 
 Ontario 2,114,321 
 
 Toronto 181,220 
 
 Hamilton 48,080 
 
 Ottawa 44,154 
 
 London 31,070 
 
 Kingston 10,2(14 
 
 r.rantford 12,753 
 
 (ineliili 10,5.30 
 
 St. Tliomas 10,370 
 
 Windsor 10,322 
 
 Belleville 0,014 
 
 Peterborough 0,715 
 
 Stratford 9,501 
 
 St. Catlierine's 0,170 
 
 Chatham 9,052 
 
 Brockville 8,703 
 
 Woodstock 8,C12 
 
 Gait 7,535 
 
 Owen Sound 7,407 
 
 Berlin 7,423 
 
 Cornwall 0,805 
 
 Sarnia fi,C93 
 
 Lindsay 0,081 
 
 ]'>arrie 5,550 
 
 Port Hoi.e 5,042 
 
 Manitoba 152,500 
 
 WiuniiK'g 25,(J42 
 
 British Columbia 97,013 
 
 Victoria 1(1,841 
 
 Vancouver 13,(185 
 
 New Westminster 0,041 
 
 Districts and Territories 08,0(J7 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 107,034 
 
 St. Johns 30,000 
 
 HarlKJur Grace 8,000 
 
 UNITED STATES 02,750,000 
 
 New York 1,515,000 
 
 Ciiicago 1,100,000 
 
 Pliihuh'lphia ..1,047,(100 
 
 T.rooklyn 800,000 
 
 St. Louis 452,000 
 
 Boston 448,000 
 
 Baltimore 434,000 
 
 San Francisco 200,000 
 
 Cincinnati 207,000 
 
 Clevel.ind 201,000 
 
 r.nffalo 250,000 
 
 New Orleans 242,000 
 
 Pittsburg 230,(H)0 
 
 Washington 23(1,000 
 
 Detroit 20(1,000 
 
 Milwaukee 204,000 
 
I'Ol'ULATIOX C)F THE WOULP. 
 
 101 
 
 1 
 
 \.-wuik lH2,fJ00 
 
 MiiimiHH)liii Km.cjO) 
 
 JiTMi.y City 1(;;<,(H)0 
 
 LouiHvillB Wl.iHK) 
 
 Oniiilia 140,0<K) 
 
 Kodl.'St.T i:W,<KHt 
 
 St, Paul 13:«.{)0«( 
 
 Kiiiimw City i:«,(i(Xi 
 
 I'n.viilenco ^3•2^m 
 
 l).-iivcr 107,00<» 
 
 Iii(liimn|K.liH l(i.".,00<» 
 
 All.'b'hrny 10.-.,000 
 
 MEXICO 11,C,42,OIO 
 
 Mfxico City ....^ 327,0)0 
 
 LiM.ii 4H,i)00 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA 3,()HO,<)00 
 
 New ( J lliitt'Ullvlil G(>,0(X) 
 
 WEST INDIES 5,000,000 
 
 BrltlBli West Indies I,2ii0,0<)0 
 
 Jamaica 000,(K)() 
 
 KiiiK'ston 4(;,0()(J 
 
 I'.AIIAMAH 4«,000 
 
 TlUNIIiAl) 200,5(10 
 
 I'KltMI DAM 15,500 
 
 Cuba l,(>32,oo(i 
 
 Hiivana l!ts,000 
 
 Haytl and San Domingo 1,017,00<J 
 
 GREENLAND 10,500 
 
 ICELAND 71,000 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 33,300,000. 
 
 COLOMBIA 3,870,000 
 
 lUjguta 120,000 
 
 VENEZUELA 2,323,000 
 
 Caiactas 72,0o0 
 
 ECUADOR 1,271,000 
 
 (IniU, 40,000 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA 278,000 
 
 Georgetown 53,000 
 
 DUTCH GUIANA 73,000 
 
 TaramarilK) 24,000 
 
 FRENCH GUIANA 27,000 
 
 Cayenne 10,000 
 
 BRAZIL 14,000,000 
 
 IJiu.raiu'iro 423,o0l) 
 
 lUliia '.>00,0<IO 
 
 PERU 2,f,22,0tt0 
 
 Lima 200,000 
 
 BOLIVIA 1,192,000 
 
 I,a I'a/. 4«,«J00 
 
 .Sucre 1»,000 
 
 CHILI 2,H<;7,000 
 
 Saiitia^'o 250,000 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 4,080,(MiO 
 
 I'.ii.'ii.w AyrcM 5411,000 
 
 PARAGUAY 480,<HMI 
 
 AHiindon 25,0(X) 
 
 URUGUAY 728,<MI0 
 
 Monte Video 175,<HH) 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 358,000,000. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES 38,104,000 
 
 England 27,4S4,oihi 
 
 Wales l,51!>,iMio 
 
 Scotland 4,o2(J,tnMi 
 
 Ireland 4,7o5,(Mmj 
 
 Isle of Man 5fi,000 
 
 Channel Isles 92,00o 
 
 Cities o/Etmlaiid and Wales. 
 
 London 4,231,431 
 
 LiveriKK)! 517, 051 
 
 MiinchcsttT 505,343 
 
 IiiriMini,'liaui 429,171 
 
 Lewis 307,50(5 
 
 Siieftield .324,243 
 
 Bristol 221,0(i5 
 
 Uradfonl 210,.361 
 
 Xottinfrlmni 211,984 
 
 West Ham 204,902 
 
 Kingston-npon-Hull 199,991 
 
 Salford 1!)8,13(; 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 18(1,345 
 
 Portsmouth 159,255 
 
 Leicester 142,051 
 
 Oldham 131,4(i3 
 
 Sunderland 1.30,921 
 
 Cardiff 128,849 
 
 r.lackl>urn 120,064 
 
 Brighton 115,402 
 
 Bolton 115,002 
 
 l.'ittei qf Sentliiml. 
 
 (ilaKgow rmjiA 
 
 Kdinlnnxli 2(il,2<}l 
 
 Dunde.' l,"M,(i40 
 
 .\lHTdeen 121,905 
 
 Leith <'.9,t;9(! 
 
 Piiinley (;C.,42o 
 
 (.>ri'en<x.-k 03,498 
 
 Cititno/Inhiinl. 
 
 BelfaHt 2.-u,8{MJ 
 
 Duhlin 2.V»,70J> 
 
 Cork 75,070 
 
 Limerick 37,072 
 
 Londonderry 32,893 
 
 Wuterford.". 21,(}93 
 
 SWEDEN 4.807,0(N1 
 
 Stix.-kholm 2.53,(HM) 
 
 NORWAY 2,<K>i,00«» 
 
 Chrirttianiii I51,(MK> 
 
 DENMARK 2,18,5,000 
 
 ColieMJiagen 375,000 
 
 RUSSIA 1I9,,531,000 
 
 I St. I'eterHhurg I,03.5,o0o 
 
 M(weow 822,<MiO 
 
 Warsaw 49o,0oo 
 
 Odei<sa .3,3.3,000 
 
 GERMAN EMPIRE 4!i,428,000 
 
 Berlin 1.578,800 
 
 Munich 349,o00 
 
 Breslau 33.5,000 | 
 
 llan.l.urg .324,000 ' 
 
 Leijisic 29.5,(KI0 ' 
 
 Dresden 27(J,0OO | 
 
 AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY . tI,.3('.0,0(iO j 
 
 Viiniia I,3(;5,(i00 
 
 Budi-Pesth .50(v-.(iO 
 
 Pra^'iie 304,000 
 
 Trieste 100,000 
 
 HOLLAND 4,r.r,!),0(i0 
 
 Amsterdam 4.38,000 
 
 Kotterdam 222,000 
 
 The Hague.... 17<.),0<;0 
 
 BELGIUM f.,19.5,000 
 
 Brussi'k -l.SS.OoO 
 
 Antweri 2)0,W»0 
 
 Ghent 1.52.000 
 
FRANCE rH.aA'XJO 
 
 I'liriH L'.HM.OiM) 
 
 l,>.»ii,-t 4Hi,0»)t) 
 
 iMiUHi'ill.H -KMiiKRi 
 
 IJoi(l.;ui.\ 252,000 
 
 SWITZERLAND,. 2,!IL'ft,0<Mi 
 
 ) ;i'iii\ii 7!i,(Hiu 
 
 Hiiti.'.. IH.WIO 
 
 8PAIN I7,.')()(l,(i()() 
 
 Madrid JZO.flOO 
 
 IWcrl.^iKi, 272,000 
 
 Viik'iicia l?i,0<'0 
 
 PORTUQAT. 1,708. ) 
 
 I,i-4l«iii L'l7,oii() 
 
 OlK.rtu lOll.iMlO 
 
 ITALY 2.H,»(10,(im 
 
 Niipics ."(a'-'i'Mttt 
 
 Udiiii' 4J0,iif)(» 
 
 .Miliiii ISfl/HK) 
 
 'I'liiiii :wo,(i(iii 
 
 FI..1VII1.' 1!I7,0(X) 
 
 GREECE 2,1M7,0<H» 
 
 Athrli- 107,0(10 
 
 TURKEY 1,800,000 
 
 ('(iiiMt.iutiiKipli' 87.">,00o 
 
 Adi-iiinoiil'' 10(t,000 
 
 BULGARIA AND EASTERN ROU- 
 
 MELIA 3,ir)l,00M 
 
 S,,|,lii:i 4!t,(;<)0 
 
 l'liilii)i"i|.(plis 3G,0(M) 
 
 ROUMANIA r),800,000 
 
 P.ueliiuc .-t 105,000 
 
 SERVIA 2,227,000 
 
 l'.(l-,T:id.' 54,000 
 
 MONTENEGRO 200,000 
 
 (Vtti-nr 1,200 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 860,000,000. 
 
 ASIATIC RUSSIA 18,20O,C00 
 
 TiHis 105,000 
 
 Tiishkcnd 100,000 
 
 ASIATIC TURKEY 17,000,000 
 
 Smyrna 210,000 
 
 Dainasons 1.50,000 
 
 .Tmisuk-m 28,000 
 
 I'Ol'ULATIo.V <•[•• Tin; \V<»I(LI». 
 
 AKABIA. 
 
 .R,WX),000 
 
 PERSIA 7,500,000 
 
 'IMi.iiui 2lO,0(X) 
 
 Til.ri/ 170,000 
 
 AFGHANISTAN 4,000,000 
 
 Culiucil 70,000 
 
 BELOOCHISTAN 350,000 
 
 INDIA (ii.tliidiii|.f IJimimli).. 287,000,000 
 
 lloiiiliuy 773,000 
 
 ('Ml.iiita 7(Ml,fKiO 
 
 llyd.iiiliad 415,00<t 
 
 MiidniH 40<i,0(M) 
 
 I.iu;kii(.w . 273,000 
 
 lU'iiarrs 210,(MJ0 
 
 INLAND OF CEYLON. 
 
 . .3.0OO,'MMI 
 
 CIAM ;i,ooo.(iOo 
 
 Uaiikcik 400,0<JO 
 
 COCHIN CHINA, CAMBODIA, 
 
 etc 25,0< M »,000 
 
 }\\iv 50,0<i0 
 
 CHINESE EMPIRE 4o4,000,oOO 
 
 Caiiti.ii 1,{KX>,000 
 
 IVkiii I,500,0<t0 
 
 JAPAN 40,0fi0,0u0 
 
 Tnkln 1,155,000 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 210,000,000. 
 
 MOROCCO 5,000,000 
 
 l\'/. 140,000 
 
 ALGERIA 4,125,0(10 
 
 Algiers 75,o(i0 
 
 TUNIS 1,500,000 
 
 Tunis 120,000 
 
 TRIPOLI 800,000 
 
 EGYPT 0,817,000 
 
 Cairo 3(;S,00<i 
 
 Alexandria 200,000 
 
 Suo^ ..-: 10,913 
 
 ABYSSINIA 4,000,000 
 
 LIBERIA 1,008,000 
 
 BIERRA LEONE 180,000 
 
 CAPE COLONY AND DEPEND- 
 ENCIES 1,527,000 
 
 C'liiK! T.iwn 84,000 
 
 NATAL 544,000 
 
 ORANGE RIVER REPUBLIC 207,500 
 
 MADAG.'iSCAR .3.500,000 
 
 OCEANIA, 
 
 43,000,000. 
 SUMATRA .3,572,000 
 
 JAVA 2(,(KMi,(Hi0 
 
 Jiatavia 105,0<IO 
 
 BORNEO 1,,S(I,5,(MI0 
 
 CELEBES l,(MM»,uti0 
 
 MOLUCCAS 410,000 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 7,.5iio,0<io 
 
 Manila 300,000 
 
 AUSTRALIA 3,0.30,000 
 
 Queensland .304,000 
 
 I'.ristiaii.' 48,700 
 
 NewSoulh Wales 1,1.32,000 
 
 Sy<lMcy 383,000 
 
 Victoria 1,140,000 
 
 Mclliourn.' IlK^OOO 
 
 South Australia ,320,00o 
 
 Adelaide 13.3,(J00 
 
 West Australia .50,oiio 
 
 IVrtli 0,000 
 
 TASMANIA 147,000 
 
 Ilubart 27,000 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 027,000 
 
 Aucldand 2!t,0o0 
 
 Wfllinj,'ton 31,0'io 
 
 NEW GUINEA 435,000 
 
 NEW HEBRIDES 70,000 
 
 FIJI ISLANDS.,.; 125,400 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS 00,000 
 
PT^TXriPAL COUXTUIKS OF 'I'lII': \V(»1IIJ). 
 
 A-»,-i A xisr bgi,xj7\.i%:h3 j^xxXiXis. 
 
 H.iUMi. Mil... ,''.|ii:«r- Mlli'«. 
 
 Noiiru AMKriicA 0,000,000 , Fnmcf •.•()».(MH» 
 
 DumiiiicMiuf Ciiiiudu ;», i:.(;,(MHt ; Swit/.irliiiul |ii,iK-(t 
 
 \..v;i Scdtia IXt.llOO [ Simili l'.ir.7<Ml 
 
 N.w I'.nmswick ^H.-jnO I l'Mit\iKal :tl.i»;w 
 
 IViiUM' Hdwiinl Ishmil •J,(X)l» i Italy ll(i,r,(Ki 
 
 (^)ii.'l«.c 1."_'.S,!MI0 iinvev L':..IHjO 
 
 Ontario L'JO.OOO .Moiiti'iH-trro ;i.(hlO 
 
 Mimitol.a 7;t.!lfiO ' S.Tviii l',i,(Kt() 
 
 15iiii>li Ci)liimV)ia :K<.HOti liuuniaiiiu \s,:\m 
 
 Nfwfuuiidlatid iL'.Otiii I'lil^raria anil lla^ti rn Ifnuniili.i ;i7,NilU 
 
 Turkf.v (M.DOO 
 
 I'liitt'd Strtti's (indudiiii,' Alaska) H.CdO.fHiO 
 
 ^^'■^'^^■" 7i'>7,f»00 I ^^^,^ 17,210,000 
 
 (•.•ntial America 17;1,UOO | Asiatic l{n.>ia .•,.-..;.-,.n(M) 
 
 ^- Asiatic Tiirki'v 7;«>,(H)() 
 
 ^^'■'<' •'"l"''* "•V>0C I ,,,.,.^i,, li:!S,fHM> 
 
 <-'"''•' ^~>-'^^ India .. I.MlM.tKM) 
 
 Hayti and San Domingo 1>1,.S0<» CUmvHr K.„piiv \.-J\s.(m 
 
 •f'""^^"'' ■••l"-' ' Japan Il7,0ti0 
 
 IV.rto IJico 3,720 i 
 
 Skitii Ami-iu('a 7,767,000 
 
 CciloMiliia 3;{2,(i(K) 
 
 Ai KicA 11,500,000 
 
 Mnmcco ;il l.iiiiO 
 
 Kruadnr 120,000 ' ^'i^"''!'^ '^'•'><'*' 
 
 V..n../u..|a WnO ' ^^,,"■^,,l„ny -i.:!..o 
 
 T.ritishllniana lOil.OOO y-^Uxl. •.'()„,(){) 
 
 Dntch (iuiana 4(1,000 • MadaKasrar --S.:,00 
 
 l-'iTiich (iuiana 31,000 ; 
 
 r.ni/il .",2S8,0(K) Kast iNPii-.s— 
 
 I'.ru I(i4,000 Sumatra Hm.COO 
 
 r.ulivia r)(;7,00f» •^•iva M.OdH 
 
 Chili L".)3,'.i70 r.orn.M. -JsK'HiO 
 
 Arj,'cntinc Rcpidtlic l,:i:r.,0CH'> O'l'O.cs 7<',0(W 
 
 I'araguay :iS,(M)(J Mdluccas L'(i,0(K) 
 
 L'ruguay 7l',00<:t ri.llipi.in. s H.^OOO 
 
 J'k-lloi'K 3,800,000 Ar--THAI.AsiA :.,500,000 
 
 (Ircat lU'itain and Ireland lL'l,(MKi Australia .■l,u;iU,7(X) 
 
 Su-cdcn 170,',i^ii t^Mifcnsland t;(;s,,',(>0 
 
 Norway lL'1,41 ) , New Soutli Walrs :{|ii.7(:m» 
 
 Denmark ir),2t>i) Victoria .S7,S00 
 
 Kussia 2,09.'),0f)0 j South Australia 903, 7<K) 
 
 Cerman Empire 2()S,70n W.st Australia 1,0(10.000 
 
 Austro-TIungary 241,000 Tasmania 2('.,200 
 
 Holland 12,048 j New Zealand 104,400 
 
 Belgium 11,373 ' New Guinea "IH.Od) 
 
riilNCIPAL :\10UXTAIXS OF THE WOlILl). 
 
 HEIO-HT I3Sr I'BHT. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I'eak. liiiiigo. lli'ii-'lit in I'l 
 
 Mrwnt Lo^'iiii lll.noO, 
 
 Tdhicii .' l!»,34n, 
 
 ?*It. St. Kli.is Siena N<'V;i(l:i...lS,010, 
 
 P()lM)catt'| M'tl 17,784. 
 
 ()ri;c;il.ii 17,374 
 
 Jiniwu llnvky ll!,00<). 
 
 St. HcIcm'h Sierra N('\a(la..,l."'),7i')0. 
 
 I/.tacuilmatl ]r),7'ir'). 
 
 ] looker Hndcy l."),()()0. 
 
 .TellVrsim Sierra >i'i'va<la , .,1.">,.')00. 
 
 Wliitiiey Sierra Nevada... 14, .S'.),S. 
 
 I'airweatlier Sierra Nevada .14,780. 
 
 IJlanca I'eak l{(icky 14,4(«. 
 
 Shasta Sierra Nevada. .14,442. 
 
 Mount 1 lai' vard . . . Rocky 14, ;-i7."> 
 
 Hood Sierra Nevada. ..14,:f(;0. 
 
 Cray's I'eak Rocky 14,341. 
 
 Longs Peak Rocky 14,270. 
 
 Pike's Peak Rocky 14,147. 
 
 P)lack Mountain ..AlleLrliniiy Ii,47'^!. 
 
 Wa.slunytun White....' (1,428. 
 
 ■c't. Coiiiitr.r. 
 
 ..Doniin. of Canada. 
 ..Mexico. 
 ...U.S. (Alaska). 
 ..Mexico. 
 
 ..^fe.xico. 
 
 ..]>uniin. of Canada. 
 ..I'nited States. 
 ..!Me.\ico. 
 
 ..Doniiii. of Canada. 
 ..Ignited States. 
 ..I'nited States. 
 ..U.S. (Alaska). 
 ..Ignited States. 
 ..United States. 
 ..United States. 
 ..I'nited States. 
 ..United States. 
 ..Uniti'd States. 
 ..United States. 
 ..I'nited Stat.'s. 
 ..l.'nited States. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Aconcagua \niles 2L',8(i7...Ciiili. 
 
 Nevada de Sorata. Andes 21,470...]>olivia. 
 
 Chiinborazo Andes 20.4!t8...1':cnador. 
 
 Cotopaxi Andes l!l,r).")0...1]cna<lor. 
 
 Pichinca Andes 15.'.ll8...Ecnador. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Montr.lanc \1]is 1. '1.782... France. 
 
 Pic d(> \'elate Sierra Ni'vada. .. 11, (i70... Spain. 
 
 Maladetta Pyrenees 11. 170... France and Spain. 
 
 Etna 10,8.'.0... Italy (Is. Sicily). 
 
 Mt. Olympus Pindus ;t,750... Turkey. 
 
 Peak. R;>nep. Ilcisht fn Foct. Country. 
 
 Como Apennines !),.")74... Italy. 
 
 Ualkans jjoo^f Bulgaria and Ron- 
 
 ( nielia. 
 
 Ben Nevis 4, 406. ..Scotland. 
 
 ]5en Macdimi 4,2!)(;...Scotlan.!. 
 
 Cairn ( !< >rni 4.084 . . .Scotland. 
 
 Vesuviu.s Apennines 3,048.. Italy. 
 
 Snowdon 3,5(10. . .Wales. 
 
 CarranTual 3,414. ..Ireland. 
 
 ScawFell 3,210... England. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Everest TTiinala\-as 20,002.. .India. 
 
 Deniavend KHmrz 18,(i00... Persia. 
 
 Elliurz Caucasus 18,538. 
 
 Ararat... Taurus 1(5,0(50... Armenia. 
 
 ^[oinitains of 
 
 [oimtains ofli.^io c 
 ^ , > 10,018 ..Svria 
 
 Jjcbanon . ... ) 
 
 Hermon 0,150. ..Palestine. 
 
 Sinai 8,540. ..Araliia. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Kilima Njaro 10, (i80... German E. Africa. 
 
 Kenia 10,000 . P.ritisli E. Africa. 
 
 Milt>in xVtlas 1.3,000. ..Maroceo. 
 
 Teneriffe 12,200.. .Canary I.slands. 
 
 Fogo 0,157. .. Cape Verd Is. 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 Manna Ivea 13,805. 
 
 Manna Loa 13,(575. 
 
 Mt. Cook 12,;?40. 
 
 Indrapura 11,800. 
 
 Ruapehu 0,105... New Zealand 
 
 Mt. Townsend 7,3.50.. .Australia. 
 
 Ko.sciusko 7,308. . Australia. 
 
 Kilauea 4, 000... Hawaii. 
 
 Hawaii. 
 Ifawaii. 
 New Zealand, 
 Sumatra. 
 
IMilNCII'AL KIVIOIIS OF Till-: WOULD. 
 
 LE^sro-Tia; i3sr 3vlixjES. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 River. 
 
 Lrngtli ill Mill's. 
 
 Mirtsissi]iiii (following till' I , .,.,., 
 
 Missii\ii'i) ) 
 
 Mi.s.sis.sipiii pidpci- 2,0<iO 
 
 St. LiiwrciR'o (with (Ircat I ').>(io * 
 
 Lakes) ) •■•■''" ■■•■( 
 
 MilL'kcll/.ir 2,1)0(1 
 
 Yukon L',f(n(i 
 
 Siiskatclicuan iuid Nelson l,>SO(t 
 
 Hiodrau.lr 1,800 
 
 Coluuihia. 
 
 1,1(1(1. 
 
 Colorado 1,.'!00 .. 
 
 Peaee 1,100 .. 
 
 Cliurcliill 1,000... 
 
 th-eat Fish !toO... 
 
 Athabasea SOO... 
 
 South Saskatehewan SOO... 
 
 North Saskatehewan 77'l... 
 
 Ottawa SOO... 
 
 Fi'a.ser SOO... 
 
 IJed Uiver (105... 
 
 As.'iinil Kline -t.'iO... 
 
 St. .lolni i.'io... 
 
 St. Manriee 40o 
 
 Sa-iieiiay -100 
 
 Mii'aniiehi L'L'.") .... 
 
 j\[adawaska L'OO 
 
 Ivestigouehe 2(J0 .... 
 
 Thames 100.. .. 
 
 I'eta wa wa 1 aO 
 
 Saugeen 150 
 
 (irand i;!0 
 
 I'eticodiac 100 
 
 Jiichelieu 75 
 
 Tront 70 
 
 • 'niinlry. 
 I'niled States. 
 
 I'nited States. 
 
 ])oininion of Canada 
 and I'niteil States. 
 
 1 )oniinion of Canada. 
 
 r.S. (.\la.ska). 
 
 l)oniinion of ( 'anada. 
 
 r.S. and Mexico. 
 
 I'nited States and I )o- 
 niinion of Canada. 
 
 I'nited Stati's. 
 
 l)iiniinion of Cana<la. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 I )oniinion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of ( 'anada. 
 
 Dominion of ( 'anada. 
 
 Dominion of ( 'ana<la. 
 
 Tnited States anil Do- 
 minion of ( 'iinada. 
 
 Dominion of ( 'anada. 
 
 Dominion of T'atiada 
 and I'liitrd States. 
 
 Dominion of ( 'anada. 
 
 Dominion of Can;Ml,i. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Cana.da. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 liiviT. I.i'iii-'tli ill Alili-.-i. t'liuiitry. 
 
 Amazon l.oOO T.ra/il. 
 
 T ,„ , , ,, ., .,^. I .Vrgentine IJepulilie, 
 
 La riata and I arana L',L'00... , ..'^ ,' ., 
 
 t laraguay, and llva/.ii. 
 
 Orinoco I,(i00 A'eiiezuela. 
 
 San Francisco I ,-loo I'.razil. 
 
 i'ara and Tocantins 1,.'300 IJrazil. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Volga 2,400 
 
 Danulie 1,7-10 
 
 l''ral 
 
 Dnieper 
 
 Don 
 
 P.'tchora 
 
 Kllie 
 
 Rliii.e 
 
 Dwina 
 
 ..Ttns.sia. 
 
 ( .Vnstria, T{oimiania, 
 
 ( Ser\ ia, and llolgaria. 
 
 1,4.50 Russia. 
 
 1,200 Russia. 
 
 1,100 Russia. 
 
 075 Itu.ssia. 
 
 775... . ( lerm.iny. 
 
 7l>0 (iermany and 1 lolland. 
 
 700 Ru.ssia. 
 
 Dnii>stir (i.5(l. 
 
 A'istula (;50. 
 
 Loire (iOO. 
 
 Diina .5S0. 
 
 lagus 
 
 Oder 
 
 liu.ssia. 
 
 .R\issia and ( iermany. 
 . I'"i'aner. 
 .Russia. 
 
 5(i(i Spain and I'ortngal. 
 
 550. 
 
 Cuadiana.. 510. 
 
 504 
 
 .500., 
 
 .500. 
 
 4!I0. 
 
 470. 
 
 442.. 
 
 Rhone... 
 ^Feuse... 
 
 Nienien. 
 Doui'o.. 
 
 Seini'.... 
 
 KIU'M 
 
 (iuadaliiui\ ir .^74 S| 
 
 .( Iermany. 
 .Sjiain. 
 
 France. 
 
 France and llelgimn. 
 
 Rus.Ma. 
 
 .Spain and I'ortngal. 
 .France. 
 ..Spain. 
 
 I'o. 
 
 .%0 
 
 .Italy. 
 
 (iaronno 340 Franco. 
 
 Wescr 280 Germany, 
 
106 
 
 I'lilXClTAL lUVEH>i OF Till; UUULl). 
 
 Itivur. Lciigtli ill .Alili'n. (.'ouiitry. 
 
 Scheldt '22r, Ilnlhuid. 
 
 Tliiiiii.'H L'-'O Kiiglaiul. 
 
 Suvciii l-'^O Kiiyhilid. 
 
 Sliannon L'-O Trcland. 
 
 Tiber l«ri Italy. 
 
 Tay KfO Scotliind. 
 
 Clyde 100 Scotland. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 YiiUh'-tsc-Kiang .'i,L'<iU ... China. 
 
 Veiii.sci .•'.,0(»0 liu.Ksia (SilK-ria). 
 
 A moor L'.OlO C'hine.-<e iMniiire. 
 
 Huang ]T(. '-'.OOO (,'iiina. 
 
 <)l)i 2,.'i00 llnssia (Siberia). 
 
 Lena 2,400 Itussia (Siberia). 
 
 Indn.'^ 1,.H.")0 India. 
 
 lirahniaiiootra 1,800 Tiliet and India. 
 
 Iliver. Lvngth in Mili/s. (.ouiitn-. 
 
 Euithratt'.s 1,700 Turkey. 
 
 Mekong 1 ,000 J ndi i-C'h iiia. 
 
 tJange.s 1,550 hulia. 
 
 Hyr or Silion 1,500 Kussia. 
 
 Irrawaddy 1,200 V.wuva. 
 
 Tigris 1,1.50 Turkey in A.sia. 
 
 Anioo or C).\u.s 000 Turkestan. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Nile .%l(i0 I'Vyi't. 
 
 Congo ;<,000... ! f''"^'''' ""^^ Western 
 
 ( Africa. 
 
 Niger 2,.500 Western Africa. 
 
 Zambesi 1,000 South Africa. 
 
 Orange or Cariej) 1,000 Soutli Africa. 
 
 Liniiiopt 000 Tran.sN aal. 
 
 TABLE SIIOWINC THE LENGTH IN ENGLISH MILES 
 
 OF A lJK(;i!KE OF LONGlTrDK FOR EVERY 
 
 EIFTI! ])K(;I;EK of l-ATTTri)F. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Degree of Lonjfitude. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Dcyrte of Longitude. 
 
 
 
 (iO'07 English miles. 
 
 50 
 
 44-35 English mile.s. 
 
 5 
 
 OS 'SI 
 
 55 
 
 31)-.58 
 
 10 
 
 (;7-o5 
 
 60 
 
 34-53 
 
 15 
 
 or.'iM ,, 
 
 05 
 
 20-15 
 
 20 
 
 04-81 
 
 70 
 
 23-00 
 
 25 
 
 G2-.53 
 
 75 
 
 17-80 
 
 30 
 
 50'75 M 
 
 80 
 
 11-118 
 
 35 
 
 5("-5l ,, 
 
 85 
 
 0-00 
 
 40 
 
 .52-85 
 
 90 
 
 0-00 
 
 45 
 
 48 -7S