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" ' ' ' ■ \ > • '«» c : 4X>FVBIOB'r SBODKOIX ■fe® For the encourugement of learners, some Testimonials are here annexed, which the author has received from gentlemen of known position and character, who speak from actual experience, and ex^ press their conviction that this Shor^hand is an improvement oa the systems heretofore offered to tlw public. From The Rev, Edward B. Nichols, ]VL A. Rector of Liverpool, Nova Scotia . The facility with which your Stenography is acquired, the rapidity with which it is written, and the unhesitancy with which it is read, I believe to toe unsurpassed- I have used no other h. nd for all the manuscript sermons that I have delivered during the last 15 years. Indeed, before I was in holy orders, I found the benefit of it, both when I was a student at law, and at The G-eaeral Theological Seminary in New York- From The Rev. Chaeles Lee, M. A. Rector of Fredericton, N. Brurmvick. Your Stenography is a great help and comfort to nic in my profession, and I prize it accordingly. I use it always for the pulpit, not only because it is, what its name im- ports, a shorthand, but because I find it more legible, than any other writing ; enabling me to distinguish the words at p^ greater distance from the eye, and to read more of ihem oflFat a glance, thanif they were written in the plainest loug hand. To many, I have no doubt, the learning of it would be an agreeable exercise, as well as the means of mv'mg thamMlves a deal of labor and valuable time m after Ih'tt, From Georok Walker, Esq., A. B. Formerly Master of the (Grammar School in King's Co,, N. B. It is, I tbink, a happy feature in your Short-hand, that Hjoins the vowels and consonants in succession as we read them, and does not depart from the usual meihod of spelhng, except when superfluous letters are omitted for the sake ot brevity. It thus avoids the intricate, and^ comparatively slow expedient, adopted by Taylor, Mavor, Pitman, and others, which requires the writer to join together all the consonants, in the first place, and afterwards take his pen off repeatedly to insert separate dots, or other little marks, here and tl?ere, for the purpose of representing as many vowels and diph- thongs as happen to be sounded in the word. From The Rev. D. 1. Wetmore, B. A., Clifton, N. B. My estimate of your Shon-hand is evidenced by the fact that, when I was a school-master, I recommended it to my pupils as the best. Judging from my own experience, I beUeve that a practical proficiency can be gained in it, at less cost of time and study than in any other system that has come under my notice, and that it is well deservmg of a place in our schools. From Mr. T. P. Dixon, Reporter, Hampton, N. B, After spending some time in examining the systems of Phonography published by Fitman, Bell, Thompson, and others, I have satisfied myself that your Phonography, or abbreviated Short-hand, while it equals, if it does not ex- ceed, the swiftest of them, in the ease and despatch with which it is written, affords more assistance in deciphering the notes, which we have to commit to paper in the briefest manner m taking down a discourse from the lips of a fluent speaker. So far as I am capable of forming a correct opini- on on this subject, I have as yet met with no system, vying with yours in conciseness, that taxes the memory of the learner so little, or is likely to enable him more speedily to acquire the art of verhatim Reporting. From 8. J. Scovil, Esq. A. B., Barrint^, St. John, N. /?. Your Short-hand has, for many years, done me good service in the almost interminable writing of a Lawyer^ of- fice. If this, or any good system, were generally adopted by professional gentlemen, it would very materially light- en their labors, and save valuable time to the public, shortening the sittings of our Courts, and expediting bu- siness which is now retarded by the slow process of or- dinary writing. From Thomas S. Wetmore, Esq. A. B., (M. D,, of the Universal/ of Glahjow, and Licentiate of the Royal Colhgt of Surgeons, Edinburgh,) St. John, N. B, Whatever may be the comparative merits of other sys- tems, your Short-hand, on account of the case with which it is read and written, has deservedly gained the good opinion of those who have tried it, and will, I am persuaded, find favor with others in proportion as they become acquainted with it. For as sailing packets, common roads, and mail- coaches, though still in use, do not meet our requirements in this age of ocean-steamers, railways, and electric tele- graphs ; so our common long-hand, though it cannot be al- together dispensed with, will, I am confident, in time be regarded us too slow and tedious a method of writing for those who can despatch their business with much greater ease and rapidity, by employing a good readable Short- hand. From James H. Thorne, Esq., B.A., Deputy Provincial Secretary, Halifax , Nova Scotia. ^ A practical knowledge of your system of Short-hand writing, has given me so high an opinion of its value, that I believe it to be the very best we have ; and, as *' the pen of a ready writer" is essential in many professions and of great advantage to a person in any line of life, I think that your little book, in its improved state, ought to obtain a wide circulation, and be generally acceptable to the Public. 1'. CONTENTS Prt'fece -----'" Key ------"" Stenography, DirectionH to Learner - - - Alphabet _----""' Ch8. with words tbey stand for - Supplemental Chs. and Arbitraries - - - Temiiuatlona _----'" Notes on Alphabet ------ Signs and Abbreviations - - - - " Notes on Signs and Abbreviations - Arbltrariea - - . - - • PuDCtnation - - ~ " " NiiniV>ers ----■'" Rules for writin.ii; Stenography Position of Letters, No. C - - " Words „ 20 Prefixes, Initial UN - - - - Chs. Shortened and Blended - - - - Termination tlon or shim-doi _ - - ■ Notes on Terminations - - - - - Miscellaneous Remarks - - - - Spelling to direct another writing - Phon.(\graphy -----' Rules for writing - - - Joining the consonants luseition of disconnected vowels How to Read it - - - Phrase Writing . . • Exercises in Stenograpby . . - Phonography . . • • rAoir, - 1 »» T> rt ti »» 4 - h 7 - 8 9 - 10 12 - IS) 17,34 - 3(> 36 - 3& 3G - 38 41 - 42 43 - 44 45 - 51 53 - 55 57 - 61 62 - 64 64 . 65 . 7T puefa(;e. ^ It Writing, lil^e speaking, contri- butes in so many ways to our comfort and convenience, and is so iKiCf'ssary to facilitate our intercourse with one another, that, though it is a greater mis- fortune to be unable to speak, it is a very serious disadvantage for any one, in a civilized com- munity, to be unable to write. But useful as the common method of writing confessedly is, it is inadequate to record language with any thing like the ease and rapidity with which it is spoken, and, therefore, the most persevering efforts have been made to effect this desirable improve- ment. Hence the multitudinous syscems of short-hand. Even more than 1800 years ago, when Martial lived, a method had been hivented, by which, if we can trust to that poet's description of it, a Roman notary was able to take down words with a dexterity not , rpassed by the most accomplished Reporter of our time. Among his epi- grams is one which I here give, with a free translation : ♦' Currant verba licet, munus est velocior illis ; Nondum lingua suum, dextra pereglt opus." Though fast a speaker's words may flow, The tongue is for the hand too slow. The Roman method has long been lost, but English sys- tems have appeared in rapid succession. Pitman's Pho- nography, notwithstanaing several later short hands which I have seen, is now the most popular, and, if we may be- , PREFACTC. lleye Its enthUBiastic admirers, has been brought so near to perfection, that there exists no necessity for change here- after. And yet, to m« at least, it seems open to some weighty objections. Its vowels are very mmutc marks which cannot be joined to the consonants (see No. 2 p. 1 2). its characters are not BulRdently distinct, one, som.t.mes a little shorter or thicker, standing in three positions tor more than tifty words in his Reporting «tyle (see "ote p. 41); and instead of departing as little as possible from the standards of our literature, it compels us to use the phone- Ic or this corrupt method of spelling: -"It eniwunm siti or kuntri wontz sum nolij ov hiz wurk and its kwohtiz, let him inspekt hwot haz bin dun in komon wurdz, or giv muni and get an egzact kopi ov hiz sistem ' ! ^ Let it not be thought that I enviously detract trom he merits of PU.nan^^ invention. It was in a lusion to it that Senator Benton, the eloquent supporter in Congress of I re- sident Jackson, made the remark which I have appended to the frontispiece of this little book : and, though I have ne- ver met with any one who could write his Phonography well enough to take down a continuous discourse, word for word, 1 have no doubt that expert writers who have mastered it, find it very useful for verbatim reporting, as they can dispense with his troublesome vowels, and deci- pher their notes at leisure. When no vowels are inserted, the use of wrong consonants for those that have the same sound, is less likely to make us forget the proper orthog- raphy in comm )n writing. Feelincr the want of a plainer short-hand, to meet the requirements of a profession in which a speaker must de- cide at a glance what he is to pronounce, ar.d has little time to settle uncertainties by comparing the context, i composed, for my own use, the system which is exhibited and explained in the following pages. -It is not uncommon for those who have grown wise by PREFACE. t the labor of others, to arid n littlo of tlieir own, and fbrget their masters; " I wish to give mine the chief credit, for I hav(! freely appropriated every thing tliat answered my purpose, and »ni indebted to MamuLy, in particuUir, for many of tlie cliaracters. Three or four very small editions of my system have been printed before this, for private circulution, but the characters were most of them inserted with a pen ; and so difficult was it to get them engraved correctly, in Boston, that the issue of this edition has been delayed for months, and I am under much obligation to the liev. D, I. Wetuiore, of CH/ton, whose familiarity with the system, enabled him to do what I could not get done elsewhere to my satisfaction. Tables, exhibiting the combination of every two charac- ters, would have served instead of all the rules for joining them, and nmde the system appear much more simple; but 8uch tables are expensive, and it is easier for a practitioner to learn by copying the Exercises. That some have tried and approve of it, is inferred fi-om their testimonials : among those which I have publish- ed is one given by Mr. Dixon, a young farmer, who took up my short-hand, and has turned his knowledge of it to good account ; for he is now a Reporter by profession, and was employed as one of the two official reporters at the last sitting of our Provincial Legislature at $200 a month- no unreasonable price, that being the common rate at which an expert Reporter is paid elsewhere for his services. And now, kind reader, to use an appropriate valediction from Horace, " Farcw^ell and if a better system's thine, Impart it frankly, or make use of mine." Rectory, Kingston, N. R November 1, 1865. 4 KEY TO' EXPLANATOllY LKlTKllS &o. . At the foot of a letter show- the ch. is '«^^f;T^^^ n foelose words only for reporters or ^''Pf"™^'^"?' ( , words for whieh the sign cannot stand m longer uoids. Y The ch. stands for the word only in Ph™s^;^"f "f ; ; Requires the word to be written the length of the ch, forTabove the line ; 2, on the line ; 3, close under the hne ; Ja ross the line ; fl, -ross the y-line whK=h I represen^. Capitals at the end of each line .Breet what iS to be done with the chs. in the Tables, and stand for whole ™«;^s A put the ch. a/ter the one before .t, close to the «nd on the right, without touching it. B, '«<;»«."?. or oni; begins words. C, centre. CK- «'•■="•• '•^J^''-.^^' JrZ E md F, followlmj eh. G, greater, that is twice t^ng\ of alongi. H^ short, or /«^^ the length of a longch J,>mitto. Weft. ^, .Mdh O, ov^ V preceding ch. Ph. or Pho., yhonograjd.y. E, ngM. S, short, or half the length of a long ch. St, stem^raphj. f, ,er»,«!ion,orlastch. V, under. W, .«reced,„g ; O F put it over the foUowbj ch. For example, p. 32 we have "To S, [t to do SW, at], B." which means, the ch. is short when it stands for to, in phonography or reporting- hand it stands for the phrase to do, and is .hen maae sho snd wide; it may also in phonography stand f" «'•"»' " Senl long ch. like the one above it, and not thickened, ^d the B Sch would have been .dded if f- ''^^f «" room,) requires us to use nore of these words unless it be- gins a word or phrase, or stands alone. ■nAU. P«g^ := ZS Aj^b^^G -^ vo^ I ^^ ^i ^S IX)UBLE CHARACTERS, ^n.p.comb. comp, e»p,top.«„p, „„,, „„,. j^^, ^ •"^.; °-. 1-....J.P1. [.p i.j,pp.;.a. i.aj. „. ^, „_ „,. ^.^_ ^_ ^,_. ^ - 'S ^" '^ r / G \, k« ^ e -, -^ ■'"/"'P l..nddy; .gn, .^„,, .^, ,,, -j^-j-LJL^^ -; m.; OD. op; o«. o„, y,. l,.,j, .,i, .„ . .^ _ ^ «•; rt. .t«d:.tm*: ■««l)-.«»P«r;t«l;tl,;tw;„h. „w ' b fl 8 vl y sh m O^ d 1 w 0^ ml tnjf ®Oob Jj A 0U8. nesB, ousness, Itry, lata. NUMBERS. 1 ^~'^**^ ^"J^^^ ^y ^^^^^ '*°^' ^'>«° n^I^«d with writlnir the J r/earJ;i:r"* -^^^^^-^-^^h aho.. the 1^^"^.;^^ 6 /I D ^ \ c K^ *"■> 8 J^AihMoIldl I Single (lis. AVonls lliey stand for. Double and Syllubic Ohs. A, ny (liuve,) nnotht'i" 1 Amp H I -mp 1 He II, be -^ been, begin \ .Angl t /' angle t B.G Im] (', ce c certain 1, come Bl *^^ blesa j In 1), de \ (had,) done t Cent c [cnt], S M Jnt .V .G, g6 H, ha j • (lie, ever) endeavor for, fer, fir, f\ir God, give him, half 1 IJ liappineHS M, K Ch ch CI Com Comp e G r child B clmrch f M, E could Ocomb [cmbj company 1, [cmp] ! Kn Ml Mm .Ng Ob r,j,rtgh \ — D d I,1ndividuail interest kind ke, kee ek, eek lord Con counter C5- S concern [en] fiountry 1, [cntr] [ct, -ctdj, S.M,E {dct,-dctd], SW On Op Ou ai >) them, mercy 1 Dd \ ded, did G Ph .N P (not) Dia yO des, Ids], B PI O, ough j (own,) opinion o, olH other 1 Dl ds ^ V del, dellvcrt des, dis Ppl l%pe "^ people Emp f emph If , Reco Qu o que, quest En J in S.B li Rest at r (our,) regard 1 .Engl t ? B.G -Rair .S' / (is, his, us t) .Enter t inter t X}.B ^Rin T, te 1 time, to S> trans 1 .Fl flame t j .Rv " 1 upon, ^ unto, _ w .Fn ^ fin 1 Sh V V (do,) very 1 Fr ? from, first j| 1 Simp w / with, Mrhat 1 ^Ful /^ ftill i Spect X, ex s expect .Gn J gen 1 Sump .Y you .Gesit jf [gnt], S -I m ■Sd ^- c zeal ,Gr y great, gratitude f 1 Ss- L y^AmxxAi^ei). 3 1. "1 Double and Syllabic Characters continued. ^ -mp ] 1 He GL_ Hea B -St yi s' B.G 1 Imp T important B -Sted A stead, [8tdJ,S-TW 1 jnt], S 1 In Jnter f J ? ^n S-B intr t fntr], G.B •Struct .Sub- / [strctjf '.subject, [sbl, G B U Kn (S\ know, knowledge, B •Super <\ / [t «Pri, It M,E m Ml ^ multl 1 Ted 1 ■tude, ftd.-ttdi, sw I Mm b •J mem Th L (the, thee) | [cmbj 1 .Ngl / Bgle ^j The ' U (they) 1 [cmp] 1 Ob D object B Tw 1 between t [en] 1 On S-B Temp \> tempt, [tmp] [cntr] f Op opportunity 1, B Unip A 1 S.M,E 1 ou ! ct (llought) VI 1 vel 3, sw 1 KS (ought) Wh ^ why 1 G [ds], B - Ph ri Ppi % % ^ prophet pleasure t popularity 1 Wl (^ wii,wiii ; I'honography. ' ARBITRAKIKS. ' •Bl' S _ — 1 ATjout 1 ; rp ^ Iprpl Bti4 : ) • • again t ^ Reoon <- [rcn] CO Cp, Cpt C « an, anil S.B Best* r [rst], B I.E1 " (^ /3 brethren B.G 1 .Ramp f\ jmp t Lstr d X, cTiristlan «.B 1 ..Rimp r\ g Mstr 6 •^: each other 1 ,Bv r ' • • ' S "^ .Xstr P 1 ifl S li Sh C/ £ ihall g .Plv S en . -' . it ft Simp* J r B ymp w Pnd ^ 72 nevertheless i Specf J C8pc,8pct) £ Shi qJ -n Iding notwlthstau- 1 ' Sump* r "^ Tret S 1 o 1 of, might 1 ^tmt^. s '■ Sd A r\ ^ J ^ .a—'jj — '1 ■ ^i "VVni 6 ' often udef 1 Ss- '^Z (says) g| Wl 6 1 <5', [vhii'Ii 1 1 -X. _ "■ ,l ■ 10 Q^/eA/YVunfvaAumAi. 1 f ^H 1 _ able,ble [W.bldWJ SJI,E 80 ^H 2 T- Rbles^bles R)!*] S.M^ 31 ^H a 7 ably, bly S JI,E 32 ^H 4 "V abl«d-,bled [UdB] M,E 4 33 ^H 6 :> abiUty, biUty M,E 34 ^H e — aught, aughter, anghtered £W M,E ■' 35 ^H 7 / \ cessIoQ, session \wery »qfl c-8httn» s or z-shun or •vhun] S. JCPL 36 ^H 8 J^m IwsBlons, sessions [every ( ^^H 22 V ingA;ongJP [ngJP; «lng W,JP] S.M,E 6 I .^ ^H 2S y i]igftA;oiigsJP [iig8JP;^lng8W,JPJ. S.M,E » i « ^■1 84 < bilged A; ongedJP 8 6! J ^^H 25 - ion S. JCPB m ^^^^HB 26 T- Eons 8. JCPB / ^H 27 ^ ly S. UEP 65 ^^H 28 4 Hty, !ty 1 H«W^ W- oAf ghorl • Ar Uties, Itieg ; Uditles W 56 ■ 29 cP logtGQl, ological; logy 1, ology 1 1 .^ M,E S \ ®/fSimjfvoilo^, 11 so 31 92 33 S« 35 se 17 38 SO 40 il 42 43 4)1 45 40 47 48 40 60 61 62 63 84 55 66 tliM|K I r / / / ment UEP; menti OP; mented W.UBP neat [ngTi ngry, nography, nographer, DT andpvA P 31 ock ona and AWfyahiif X (NuneM oful eMfy ahiinwM outs Siv T, », 9. ,. Short-hand marks or letters ai-e called Ch^acte^ and Ch or Chs. indicate briefly one or more of them. We must l«"e^ them at the top, or, if horizontal at the /eft i rilSe is a dot before the Roman letter in the Alpha- ^I^ow hat the Ch.is drawn up, or after the Koman tetl^to lo^ that it is drawn fiom the right end to the X f t^ere is a dot on both sides of the letters, as w.th a Sub, and Super, the Chs. are drawn both ways «» "" ' *^ ^ , .,,-. fhp Chs can be drawn with Some flkUfUl reporters contend t^^'^^*^;^^^^'* "^^''^idm^ and the r;:'r:2frtrruTXS.r=Zu.aep.t.. Seta-ao-'l'eleafjust after our title.p.se. 2 The Alphabet ought to consist of such simple and ledble Chs. as can fce jVned t«,Ul.er with the gieatest ra- •S,v\nd ease There is a radical defect hi those sys- S^f wtL "preint the vowels and diphthongs by dots ITcTmmas, or minute and detached marks; for they " =y :rr tafs:"^--- ' -' re^n^-rr. T;.^ an the consonants inthe word and then go back to put marks adjacent to them Hft w thTpen as many tunes as there are omitted vowels tote SUPPU^ Facilfty m the use of discomiected vow- e°s^nT.jTbe acquired by long and laborious practice, ^dX ma^ks look very like specks sprinkled over tho page from a pepper-box. V In this system, every ktter, ^^^^' "^^^'^ J^'^^ Zrx be readily joined to the rest, and additional Chs. are ;:^dedTo%iesent those syllables -d combmat^ns^o laters which occur most frequently m the Englmh lan ^age ^ese additions, termed doMc and .,/W.. Chs^, wiS well repay an hour or two spent m learnmg them, r« tC not'only render the writmg shorter, neater and moie imeal ; but'promote legibility and relieve the m.u.o. STENOGRAPHY ,5 *y, by doing away with the necessity fm- making e-vwr lefr- ter or Ch. represent a multitude of words; which, as tliosn who have tried know, is one great difficult in harmntt the Reportmg styie m m^nan'-^ Phonography. 4. Chs., like comh, fr, and Uo, with a Tiook at one end we may for distinction call hooks -, and those that are ndJ so much bent, crooks, as the bent h and th, r^ tvh, anal or engl, Bl, comp, recon, and long rest. 6. A Ch. with a little circle at one end is denominated a rtng-letter or rivg-Ch.-, as, / rn: one dmwn in ^a hori- zontal direction is teiwaed a horizontaf, (and for it we write hor.) as, a, e, t, o, n, k, ru, con, &c. The single Chs. that are not horizontals are all long, and, like other Chs. of the same height, are called longs; aa, 6,c, d, &c. ; those that (hke angl or engl, enter or inter, dd, and, ^sub,) are twice as long, are called donhh-kngths, and have G after each of them on tike Ime, to ^ow that they are of greater length'.-. • ^Me the shortest (like cent, gent, en or in, on, sd, ss, st, and t4d) are termed shorts, and have 8 after them, to signify that they are to be drawn sAor<, or not more than halfas long as the longs. ^. The size of the letters is, as in oftier -Writing, a tnm^t ot taste; provided they are all «iade smaller or larger and preserve their due proportion to one another. A good length for t is about tke eighth of an inch ; then the /om;» when put on the same line, will be as high, the dovh'le- lengths twice as high, *nd the shirts «at .n>ore tlk-vn half as high as that character. % 7. We do not require ruled lines to m\te tip«n, 'but th6 better to indicate the position in which we are to place our Chs., draw two horizontjal Vmes about tlie eighth of an inch apart; and call the tipper the y-Unc and the lower the line, designating the y-line by the figure 1, the line by 2, |iid the space below it by 3. Next, di-aw the Ch. t from T to 2 : then all the hngs among the Single, Double, an^ Syllabic Chs., will, like t, reach from liae to line : whil« ilwi n STJCxVOGRAPllV. double-lengths, when tliey bcpn below the line in the space represented by 3, will cross lino 2 and rcncli up to the y-llne, or, if standing on the L'-line, will cross the y-line and have their heads about the eightli of an inch above it. After a letter I denotes that the. Ch. for thnt letter, and after a word, that the Jh-st lovr; Ch. in that word, stands on the y-line ; and f 1 that it is written across the y-line. When a letter or word belongs on the 2-line, that being the principal lino for writinE^ on; the 2 is not re(}nired after the letter or word ; because the Ch., or, if there be more than one, ihcjlrat lomj Ch. in the word, always stands on 2, unless thei'e is a figtire or f to indicate some other position : and a t will be sufficient, after a letter or word, to denote that \\\o, first long Ch. is drawn across the 2-line. Thus if we look under Single Chs., page 8, we find the long.N has a dot but no figure or t with the letter, the Ch., therefore, stands on 2, and is drawn up to the y-line ; whereas the double-lengths angl\- or onglf, enter j or in-* ter t, as the t after them shows, begin belo-w the 2-line, cross it, and are draw^n up till they reach the y-line ; but ngl and [ntf] (though the same Chs. as angl\ andinterf) page 9, having no f f^r figure after them, stand on 2, and being double-lengths, are drawn up, through the y-line to twice the height of long /?, and the Chs. n and ntr are as easily dir^tinguished from (;r.eh other, by their length, aa e and / bi common long-hand. See p. 10. 8. The diagrams, p. 7, (between the double line and the word Numbers) show at a glance, the proper shape and direction of the Chs. A circle is cut into four quadrants to make the inclined Chs. r, ^b, v, g ; and these ringed as in the next figure become yZ, />, t7, J'. The half circles c, oh, and the vertical and inclined Chs. (w'hether straight- lines, or ring-letters and crooks.) which compose the other three figures, are of the same height as the quadrants, whe^ Btanc ing on the same line and not joined together. 9. CI, and op, are vertical half-circles with rings, de- STET^OOT^APnT. If scomling Vikcrvndoh; wi.ileyn is a half-circle, ascend- ing to the right like the qimdrant r/, but stauding almost as erect us oh. 10. A\ being the horizontul half of a circle, and turning down like /.-, and up like ^u, will not be more, and is bet° ter rather k-;a, than half aa high as c ; with rings it will make kn and o. /, and j are used promiscuously, and turn either way in words, but when they stand alone as the name of a single letter, i turns down andy up. U can be written, as it generally is in Phonography, like e, only as small as will be distinct, but it is better in Stenography to make it the size of e and put a dot on the inside, which leaves no room for doubt. 11. Bd differs from two single d*s only in that, when alone or an initial, it stands on, instead of crossing the line. The ringed dis is like /; and spec or sped like ff, only we begin dis and spect at the top, and /and ff at the foot. 12. Gr, sd, ss, St, are the two single Chs. made half size, and joined together. Sub is twice and super half the height of *, and stiver stands so as to make the Jirst long Ch. in the word cross the line. 13. At p. 7, the Chs. are not arranged, as m the next two pages, in alphabetical sequence ; but those Double Charac- ter which have a family likeness and represent the same letter or letters in combination with others, are grouped to> gether m such a manner as may best show the relation be- tween them. Thus, in devising a set of Chs. to stand for those frequent combinations containing mp, the idea was to let mp he a down-stroke like t, joined to the other CJis. in such a way as would prevent#any possibility of mistakmg mp for t. Hence a very short a joined to the down-stroke mp, a little from the top, stands for amp ; a ring on the right like the loop of e in long-hand, makes it emp ; a ring before it (that is the rmg of i with mp) serves for initial imp ; but when not initial, a whole i is required with mp crossing it close to the left of the ring. is crossed by mp on the left ai''\oouAPiiY. of the ring for »mp\ and amt,> b> adding tUe »< iot becomes. wni>. A ^ialili curve, like « drawn baelcwurd., .. used in- stead oiit with tile ringed i/H/> l'<''" initial ahnp ; and with a dot in the Qurre instead of tlifi i riiig, for initial sump, and without the dot and i irtK for initial lxmp\ sevn- in the mid- dle of words a short LDrizontal line is better in all cases tlian the curve in sump ; as,, in pre.sM/Hy>tive. If we crook the top of iiip. like c it becomes Iciiip'jcouip, and the crook made into a hook changes it to [cmi] and with the u-dot in the hook to ctmb. 14. Some of the mp series, in the first line of Double Chs.. p|, 7,- may by a slight alteration form a series of Chs. to re- present //J6. , ThU8iu«m/v empjuinp, .simp or symp, instead of drawing the down-stroke perpendicularly, we may slope it, like d, to form tlie Syllahic Chs..aw6, emb, nmb, slmb or »j(i/i6; imby whether initial or final, reqviires a full length* with It i sloping down-stroke crossing the i close to the left of the ring. This series is not given, in the alphabet, and, as the number of words which would be shortened by a- dopting it is comparatively small, it is of no great benefit in Stenography, and may be employed or "hot according to fancy ;. but it is a more desirable contraction in Phonogra- phy, as the saving even of a moment of time is often of con- sequence to a Reporter who has to follow a speaker verba- tim, and he will find it better to write one Syllabic Ch. than throe single lettfci 3. 16. A small circle, cut into quarters by the Chs. a and t- passing through tUe centre, makes of the upper quarters the dJpuble Chs. rv and o7i, and of the lower the termmations ti- OTIS and ing. ^ 16. The ingenious student may derive"" some assistance from the foregoing observations in remembering the forms of the different Cbs. , rv«ai, mm. h It m the praoLice in all systems of Short-hand, instead Gf writim^ the most common words at full length, to repre- sent them by one or more of their leadmg letters. Such abbrc nations are here called Signs.. All the Chs. in the foregoing Tables are the Signs of the words set opposite to them. They there consist of only one Ch. ; but it con- tributes greatly to promote expedition, to represent some other words by fewer Chs.. than naturally belong to them^ and we may even use a few Arbitraries with advantage, as a t for the cross, and a circle for the world. These, with words tljat seemed to require notice on account of some peculiarity in the union or position of their Chs., have all been ^'ollected into one list, in alphabetical order, and may for convenience be referred, to, under the general name of Signs. 2. The most useful begin with Capitals, and. some of them, printed entirely in capitals, are so essential that they are never to be written in full, but always represented by the Chs. in the List. The Stenographer will find that those without capitals are worth remembering ; and. tha E" porter, that those in [_ ] are also worthy of his attention ^ for, of course, the more signs the writer employs, the ea- sier it will be for him to follow a speaker. 3. The same abbreviation (like Dr. for doctor and debtor,) may sometimes stand, in one position, for twa different words, without any danger of our mistakmg. the one intended, especially when they are not the same part» of speech. When two Signs are given lor the same word, the Stenographer can take his choice ; the shortest ii tho best for the Reporter. u SIGNS I 4. A ^lioit .., or any termination, may be joined to a Sign or lakon iVouiil, u hen the word differs, in this respect, from that in the List: tuid it mutters not how much it may alter tlie spelling, il is sulilcient to add the termination to the simple sign, if pronouiichig the sign with the additional letters will give the word iiB proper sound; thus we add # to the Ch. tV;f coujitri/ to obtain the sound of tounti-ics or country's, and /// to very for verily. 5. A word included in ( ) must be written in full, when it forms a part of another, as come in coviet ; but the Sign may be used with safety in its own compounds, aa tncowie, welcome. Some words, whose signs are often, but not always, used in longer words, are in this List in ( ), though tliey are not marked thus in the Alphabet ; as come, half] &c. G. To add d or ed to a Sign, if it is a ring-letter, we can make the ring a loop ; if it is short, or shortened, or if any part of the first long Ch. in the word stands below the one or the 2-line, we have only to thicken the Ch. ; but if it is a long up or down-stroke standing on the 1 or the 2-line, we join the Ch. for d to the Sign. We may move a word standing on the line so that its first long Ch. will cross the line, and then add d to the long down-strokes by thickening them. It is, however, better not to move it, but to write the d, if the same Ch. stands below either line for another word. 7. By putting a Ch. on the y-line, final y is added to it without writing the y ; but we can set a Sign on the y-line even if y is not added, and it will cause no confusion unless a y after the sign would make a word.. The Signs of most words ending in h,e,r, d, cross or stand below the 2-line. 8. A t indicates that the Ch. opposite to it does not usually stand for that word, but will at times be found con- venient to represent it in Phrase Writing. BW directs that the first Ch., — MW, that the middle Ch., — and EW or TW,that the end or termination — be made -w^de or thick.. , ,*aw -♦'■-"■^'''J'*^'-'""'' m AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL THU SIGNS and ABBREVIATIONS, WITH A FEW ARBITRARIES. If no figure or t is set after the word, its Sian (or first long up or down-stroke>) stands on the ruled line, 2: but whenever it is followed by 1 its Sign must stand on the y-line, — - 3 - — _ __ below - 2 - — - \ - ~ — cro;;s or hang on - 2 - — " i'l • — — ci'o.sfj ov ban?: on - y - Short marks on the li es which separate the cohunns give tho position of lino 2) the only one ever ruled. Chs. wiUiout thoso marks are on 2. The y-line is never ruled, but is supposed lo run alotis the tops of the longChs. standing on the 2-line. ^W Words marked fl end in thkr k require all their Chg. to be short k, if horizontal, beJow the y-llr.e. Able S, [-d SW] ' ablest Ably S About above J\ \ °^x/ T acceptt, -cdfTW T Accompany 1 T accomplishtj-edf TW — 5> according — / x\ccordIng as — ;; Accordingly 30 SIGNS In Accordance with ^ Account 1 -^ Accounted 1 x . [accustom t, -edfTW] X/1 - Acknowledge "^ acquaint, -ance t XI adopt t, [adptf] -^ Advantage tBSW ^V ■ after SI - afterwards BS 7/ Again ». Against A agriculture t -^— ^ ' a|3Criculturali8tst _ ^, All Bl, alBl J almighty 1 ^ alphabet 1 "^ alphabetical I ^ also 1 c Alwfcys I TS 6 hi 1 Ameri-ca SG, -can 80 Among TS amongst ampliitheatre f ampli-fy l, -tudef And, An, any 1 answer 3, -ed 3W . 5> anrcestort >^ angels t, angles f O angelic t V anniversary 1 -o ^anonymous t —^ Another's T8 1 ^^ apologies 1, -gize 1 ^ architect +, -ure t — . archbishop ^ (Are, Our, or S) «^ aristocra-t, -tic,-cy 1 ,TS •y aristocracies 1, arrests SIGNS HI AStOTltsht .y\- V [British 6W] jM astronomy 1, -ical 1 A >r Brought H Atmospher-et, -icf n- 1 (But) H attorney-general I -u .^ by and by 1 bH Aught, [apl' -V I auxiliary 1, axle-tree f T -G_ Califorma f ^H B 6 calculate ^H BRbylcK t TS V- • c (€an), [\wiih no dot\ 1^1 bankrupt 1, -cy 1 -N- CP Cannot 'n| baptise, baptism "^, * - c •can-didatet, -dlestlclc i WM baptists ':i- ^ ( [cp, cpt, cap-ital, -tain] ^^^H Be, Been, By 1 c_ catholic i8B Because 3, Begin f "^■ c Certain 1, -ty W 1 9 because. Become ^ -e Character t, chapter ^H believe, believed t TW «L ■ I characteristic f ^B Between t, betwixt 1 V e Child, Children I H beyond 1, behind ) ^ children of Israel 1. W^ Bishop > X Christ, Multiply S fl Bless, Blessed tW ^ X Christian, -ity 1. ^B Brethren ^ ^ Christians, christiacii . '^H <'t in SIGNS Christ Jesua -7^ Christ Jesus our Lord 7^ Ch. J. our Saviour -/^ Ch. the Lord, [crystal] ^ Christmas TS />^ Church 3, chapel 1 — , circle 3, circular 3 Q Circum, [cntS, -sent S] ([ Circum-cise I , -stance f Circumcision I l.- Chrcumstantial C Clergy 1, colonel r (Come,) committee f Q Companion, Company 1 f CbNCEBN^ Consider 3 c — condition o-« [congratulate 3,-d 3TWJ C congregation 3 ^ • congregationalists 3 Q^ conscience 3 S cr conscientious 3 3 Conse-quence 1, -quentl consequential 1 contemp-t, -late f contra, Counter t, [cntr] [contribute t] contradict EW, -ed EW contradiction MW contradictory 1 MW contradicts MW. TS convenien-t, -cef 0/7 [correspondf] (j- corresponden-t, -cet,TS r Could, cultivate t C [couldt W, couldn't S WJ 0\ Countr, Country I -|- Cross, the cross + crossed t EW t crucif-y 1, -led 1 EW •j*^ crucifixion I xy\ [custom tj IHIIMIllW SIGNS n D danger 3, [fDay], $ UP \ defendant TS \^ degree OP, degrees OP o deliver f, -ance S3 ^ ■ deliberation f ^« description \^ ' denomination ^ E despatcht, -edfTW Dm, [f haddonefj, G differen-t, -ce, Difficult ;, -ce, 1 1, -y i> > \ \ discharge f, -ed f TW ^ " Disciple TS Disciples displeasure f, displace N/^ Distinguish t, -edfTW M^ (Do, very 1) ^ (Does) V (Daunt, Had) \i ' r^. each 3, [episcopal 3] > Each other's '^' [East Indies] 't [eccentric] TS '^ ecclesiastic, -al ^^X7- econo-mical, -my 1 W-» [Edinburgh 3] w Education BW e f op Egypt [electric ] [electricity 1 1 empha-sis, -tic empoverishf, -edfW Endeavor, (either f 1 S) endureth [England f, ] angel t EngUshf Englishman f Entert, Inter f, Xntrt, B 194 PIGNS equalled W, equal _. Especial 1 , Esquire UEP ^ establishf , -ed t TW /] Et csetera, &c, J _ etem-al 1, -ity TS 1 v^ Europe 3, -an 3 ^ - evangelical *\/ . evangelist '^^^ , Ever, Every 1 rs \ s extinguish f, -ed t TW Extr, Extra, [expl 1 ], JF Extraordinary extrava-gant, -gancef F fn, fin , [fnd EWJ p^ [fnddE 1 \ ever & ever rv^ Ever-lasting, -ything I ^> every other 1 , each oth. Z ^.^ examination ^« Example 1, [expll] \ Except 3, Expect \ [exchange , exchequer!] i_^ executort; exemplary 1 Y' " executrix t Y\ ' Exercisef, -dfW J " explanation 1 ^FoR, fore E ; also for- 'Fer, FiR,FuR,t<^^e« the, "] e, i, u, have, the sound of ^ short e, or short U. Flanief , influence 3 S. Flagrant TS Follow, For [formt, former 1 1 forasmuch as t TS '/A I frequen-tTS, -cytTS Fredericton t p From, first t, friend t yo father Sf 1 . \_After any Ch . thr is impliedifthe j>reced- ingChs, he shortened&)^\'\ yo Full or a dot in last riny SIGNS K M -ed t TW e a. Happiness, happy 1 B expll],JF Generation J (Have) H gent S, gents 3 S J r-\ (He , Ever, Every 1) -gance t General 1, Give, -n, (God) y •^ Heaven, Henry I ^ ^^^H George IG, [grgfG.;! J' a. heathen I, hemisphere S EWJ Gives, Gods J ' r (Her f, Our, or S) Glorify 1 A ' « -r Herself t Ijjl 3 ; also for i]R,ivhe7i the 1 'he sound of g hort u. ence 3 S. - good; govern t, -or t Gospel graphic T / (His), [has S} Him, hippo, \ how , B Himself, hymns TS 1 Great, gratitude! ^ — (holy, house of) JLFO n greater f. ^ Holy Ghost 1 rtl Great Britain / - • — • Holy Spirit t 1 tTS G. B. & Ireland jV -v house of assembly 1 H m: house of commons 1 -cytTS (Had, PoNEt) \ -^ > However, W how he] u friend t half], hundred UP ^ -> (honor 3 S, f-able, S) H fter avy Ch. fthe jtreced- rtmed&^l] in last rincf hallelujah 3 [hand, handed W"| 1 • • - V hunger 3, hypocrisy 1 humble t TS 1 . i handkerchief! I— i--~-\ N. humiliation; H SIGNS ^M li I I D Interest if IS t -/ Inter fB, IntrfB I, Individual 1, Jesus 3 — o r Into, intoxicate t 1 1 believe, -dtTW "^ ■<. intoxication t !gnor-ant , -ance -V --<■ irregular t Immediate -^ _-nr irregularity \ immortality TW -^ ^ (Is, His) imperfect 1 -tf' Israel impor-tant, -tance S S 1 -- (It), Church 3 1 Impossibility ^o -^ (Its), Churches 3, TS 1 Impossible V J impracticable f " 1- - o Jehovah 3, justify \ impracticability t %■ -ti7 Jerusalem impro-per t, -priety 1 G n- — D Jesus 3 improve TS, -d TS V ^ Jesus Christ InB, ingAE, ongJP,S J cT J.Christ our Lord Indeed t TW My 1, Mercy 1, Them 28 SIGNS might 1, mighty 1 o y Newfoundland f [mightest 1, mightiest l] Ci -^ New Hampshire f milUonUPorS ^" '/-> New Orleans f Hississippi 1 ^. y New York f [mistakcf, mistakenf ] ^- -^ North Carolina f Moreovef V -/ (not), number t, f knowf [mortal] BW ^" -^ tno longer t mortality BW ^ ^ Nothing, [(mucht)] ^- n Notwithstanding multi 1, Multitude 1 ^_ Multitudes I TS V X o 0, (Oh!),origin3,[orgn]Jj Multipl-yS, 4edEW D Ob B, Bility T, obey 1 (Must) V D Object, observe f K V ^ objected, obeyed 1 Nature, Inter f , Intro f /. >- objectionable Necessity 1 y^ -D^ ob-jections, -servationsf Necessary 1 J KiS occasion Nevertheless ^L y occasional neigborhood TW ^ V^ occasion-ally 1,-ing New Brunswick f ^' <^ onraaions SPW! ;sfc--vyisv'-^i -^ gjPiPWBWW BIGNS n t o'clock ^ r- (Our, hour) •et Of, offer 3, offered W 3 o /7 (Ours, hours) offence 8 f jO. ' 1 (OuTS3),[-ward8 8W] offensive t ^. o* Out of, out of the world Q ^t office, fof cJourso 3 OC ' - Over OP or OF, a I-, fknowt official <=G =— Over a often, oftenera C '-1 o oysters T3 oftenest =3 P Qg Ohio 3, f own opinion ro >. pamphlet OnB, lionorS, pontile 1 -N --^ paragraph t i3,[orgn]St ', obey 1 y^ecl 1 (one to Only 1 S, ly TUP Op B,-en, Opportunity 1 • opinion, (organ 3, own) or S 2 or 3 , Our ->> 1 Particular +, People peculiar t, pecuniary I Perfect 1, [person I] [Prp], perpendicular f Philadelphiat ervations f Orel B, order B, -edEW ostentatious [piiilanthrop-ic 1 -y 1] Philoso-pher, -phy 1 (other l,)otlicrwiso 1 v3 "■^ phonogra-pher 3, -phy 3 l,-ing 1 (Ought) 1 f ought to Physicians [place, pleasure 3], 9 UA D 6IGI^« Pleasure f [Plenipotentiaries ITS] [poUticl 1 [politician} popularity I Possible Posmbly powerftal Possibility practicable t practicability practical practice presbyterian present, People Principal t, principle f probability TG- [progress]: Prophe-t, -sy 1, -cy 1 IprotcstiutslBVr ■"v. "a ■>■ r^ provlden-ce t, -tial t, T W -N Public, publican t -^ publication y^ Qua-lify 1 , -rter 3, Quest « ^ Qualification 1 ^ Qualifications 1 ,^ quantity 1 R /L Receive ^yo 1, some 1], super t S Bati) SW, [t said] / r society 1 TS satisfactory, satisfy y [ Things, ings T ® thro', thro' the world a cp Throughout S I Time, trans 1, textf I To S, [f to do SW, at] _'\ to-day B8 - i Together J tongue, tively UP 1 Toward EW \J transgress 1 - V^ trespass + II . pr=:, unanimous t -. Under UF^ — underst-and,-oodW, 3 \ undoubted TW ^ t U.S. of America f J Universal V universally CiM SIGNS ss 710 dot University Y 6 which will I, who wilj unmistakjible t ^- ^ Wilderaess world Q (TJnto), universe Vl^ ^ Willingness (Upon) <7\ '\ [without 3 S] extt (Us t), [use t; /' o World, The worl(J SW, at] ' 1 V in the world Yalley 1, volnntary S 1 Vo^ o into the world value, volunteer f Vx> o- Out of the world IP vengeance t \- o round the world (Very 1), virgin t ^ 1 throughout thewor • Virginia t K - Y Would, or W t with no d • W T (Was), whose t 6/ J' Yesterday Washington t C^- -/ Yesterday's, Yours t Ward, or W with no dot • J You,-rt, -ng 1, yearf )dW, 3 ^West Indies (U ^ [f you S, tyour S] With, What 1, whom t I m -J Yourself + Icat whomsoever f, Why 1 ^^■ '3 Yourselves t Wherefore y" I Which 1, Will / i Zeal, [Xenophont] H STENOGRAPHY, m NOTES ON THE SIGNS. The learner will often be spared the trouble of seareh- ing the rules, if he will make himself acquainted with the capitals, figures, and marks, which are added to the tabular words to show at sight the proper nse and position of the Chs. representing them. The following examples will serve to exhibit and illustrate the directions that arc thus briefly j^'iven. ^'AblkS, [-d SW]," p. 10, Able is printed in cap- itals, to show that it is a word of primary importance : the S signifles that the Ch. is short: as there is no figure or f with it, we must put it on the 2-line : and as it is not shut up in ( ), the Ch. is free to stand for able in any word. The -d SW, show that d is added to a6/eifwe make • the Ch. short and wide ; and the [brackets] imply that abkd is so re- presented only in Phonography. The best way to write a- bled in Stenography ' is to join d to able at the left end of the Ch., as in p. 10, no. 4. This Ch. is in reality the Pho- nographic bl, and therefore the next letter (unless an s) is joined to it not as it would be to a, from which it differs by being short or only half the length. "In Accordance with." As only the first letters of this phrase,in page 20, are capitals, its sign (In-a-w) is one which is of secondary importance, and, though very useful, of less consequence than those for the words printed entirely with upper-case type. The last letter stands on the line, because it is the first long Ch. In engraving «^-/s with the last letter on the line. Take care to make bp twice as long as p. "InB, ingAE, ongJRS." This, at p. 26, signifies that the Ch. is put for in only in the beginning of a word ; for iw; at the end, on the right side ; for ong it must be join- ed to the preceding Ch., and, as there is a comma before the s, the Ch. is in all cases short. At p. 2-i, we have "father Sfl," This means, make the Ch. short and let it cross the y-line. The sign, a short/, falls under an abbreviating rule in Phonography, given at p. 11, no. 45, thus; "[Ihr DT,Stl]," which means Drop the termination ther, it being implied when we shorten all the other letters and write them across the y-line. ■ Wc might banish from the list a host of signs, which have all the Chs. they require to express the words accord- ing to the rules of Phonography ; but they are retained as being sometimes convenient abbreviations in writing Sten- ography. Of this class are "absent, acquaint, angels, an- gelic, believe, but, condition, contempt, contradict -ion i:i 86 STENOGRAPHY. 1. -or3% description, denomination, did, disciple, education, Englisli, judge, Imocl?, long, loyalists, public," cvc, which are all convenient for an experienced writer ; but a learner is advised to use only the principal signs. The Arijitrakie?, are few and not absolutely necessa- r but most of them soon tind fwor as the shortest signs for particular words. They consist of Chs. joined togetJicr in an unusual manner, and occasionally of a common letter or fanciful mark. Among these are a and fchort t for About; .. for again ; ' for if; o of; O the imrld &C. PUNCTUATION. The nsual stops are employed , excepting only the pe- riod or full stop which is made thus + The best position for the comma is just under the line and not too near the word before it. In Reporting leave spaces, and insert the stops after- wards at your leisure. NUMBERS. Our common Arabic Figures are themselves short- hand numerals, and for most purposes sufRciently expexli- tious ; but shorter Chs. are given at the foot of p. 7, which are better adapted to Reporting. A third, fourth, fifth, «fec. can be expressed by writing 3, 4, 5, &c. across the line. RULES FOR WRITING STENOGRAPHY. 1. I'-xny systems recommend writing only such letters as will give the sound of words ; but the habit has an ine- vitable tendency to lead the mind, at length, to doubt how to spell correctly, and for this reason we have preferred deviating but little from the established orthography. mtam STE^'OGUAPilY. •S< ^OTE, The learner is reminded, that he should give his at- tention chielly to tlie Ex'^icises; us the writing of them will teach him the substance of the dh-ections liere given, more quickly and pleasantly than if he were to commit to memory these dry and formal Rules. Tabular words In [ ] are not used in Stenography. a. In common-hand we often employ signs and con. tractions, and find tliat lliey can be read witli as great faci- lity as if the words were written in full ; as J//-. c\- Mrs. for Mister and Mistress ; A. I)., anno demini-, rec\l, received,' 'sh'd, sfmdd; tv\I, vould ; i /i6\ tJH)nf/h : 'thdse and SUCh wiU naturally bs represented by the same letters in short-hand, when no easier method is provided in the system. 3. As the object is to combine legibility with brevity, we %ve can let the ^Chs. a, h, c, d,J] fj, i, I, m, n, o, p, s, t^ v, x, stand also for a?/, be, ce, de, ef, ;/e, igh, el, em, en, ouc/Ii, pe, es, te, re, ex ; but the vowel must not be omitted in ytenogra- phy „when its absence would leave any doubt as to the w^ord intended. Thus, while we may write da, ma, sa, h, si, for day, ma)/, say, he, sigh, and even mn for men, we must add e to b in beat, and prefix e to n in mien. 4. Final .?/ is implied without writing it, by pulling the word on the y-line, which Is so called because final // is ad- ded in reading the Chs. upon it. Thus b, m, th, fl, an, ever, when put on the y-line are read by, my, thy, fly, any, every. This line, which is confined in Stenography to words with one Ch., i« used in Reporting whenever we can thereby shorten a word ; and supplies (what is wanting in the Re- porting style of some systems,) the means of always know- ing w^ith certainty when y is to be added to the written characters. Though the words ending in a?/ drop the y, they stand on the main line, because the y is silent ; but when the y is sounded it must be written or distinctly implied. 5. A silent vowel, or one with so slight a stress of voice upon it that it has an obscure sound like short e, may ba E M STENOGKAPHY. dropped whenever the word can be read easily and correct- ly without it. Thus we may drop the vowels printed in Roman letters in loaned, locxi, has'm, cousin, reason, random giQth ; but not in sine and coat, because they would be quite different words if the e and a were not inserted. The omissions suggested by this and the preceding rules are allowable, though not indispensable in Stenography. 6. Each of the Chs. in the alphabet, except avgl or ew.^/, enter or inter, and super, naturally, when- it is alone, stands ■with its lowest part resting upon the line ; but, as a sign for a particular word, the Ch. is at times displaced ; as d across tlie line for done ; v on the y-line for vert/. When used as letters, e, i, o, u, turn both w^ays, but when used as signs they turn only one wa- ; thus / must always turn down for the pronoun /, and up for interest. 7. The Single Chs. are all drawn down or from left to right ; except /, (/, n, r, y, which go up, and s which goes both ways. The Double and Syllabic Chs. are drawn down, or from left to right ; unless their first consonant is /; y, w, or r, which go up with the exception of the down- strokes /r, rest, en or in, on. Those beginning with s fol- low the next rule for joining s ; except that sh, simp, sump, and spec are always begun at the top. 8. The compactness and lineality of the writing will, in general, be best preserved, if you draw s, sub, and super, up or down, so as to make the least angle with the Ch. af^ ter them ; but they must go down both before and after r ; ' and, when they are final, they are best di'awn up after w and i. 9. When e, i, o, u, begin words, their ends turn down if the next consonant goes up, and up if it goes down : it is however neater to let the end of e point up, when the word begins with eg, or ey ; and down, in eb, ep, or ev. XV. xxic cuvio ui Cj Qy xty c»ic ajtYYdjD vvtiiicvl viun^iiy fsu wo 1 rrect- I ed in STENOGUAPITY. m to point toward the bottom of the paper, after./; the crook clhA !r, r, and all down-strokes except the ringed ch, th, r, ?/', and ivh. 11. The ascending and descending Chs., that have not 8 or G after them in the tables to show that they are short- er or (jrcater, are all of one height •, bnt when they arc join- ed together, if one ascends and the other descends, or vk€ versa, they blend, and the second must not be made so long as to extend higher or lower than the first ; because the whole ascending or descending line (part of which is com- mon to both Chs.) makes up the length of the second. This rule holds good with respect to consonants not- withstanding intervening vowels ; thus in rmd the d ends when it comes to the line on which the r begins. 12. F, is an up-stroke, and the following Ch. is joined to the upper side of the little circle. The ringed dis is a down- stroke, and the next Ch. is joined to its foot. It cannot stand alone, since it would look like /'; but is a conveni- ent initial before ascending and horizontal Chs., while the double stroke dis is, in general, neater before down-strokes and used with them in all positions. 13. When a letter meets another of the same name ,if it is a Single Ch. with a ring, enlarge only the ring, like mm in p.'^ 9 ; if it is a, d, t, or a curve which is not a ring-letter, draw the straight line or curve twice as long as usual, ex- cept for rr, which in Stenography is very slightly lengthen- ed! but in Phonography is made as long as the rest. Join s^ 'at top or bottom, us in p. 9. In the Double and Syllabic Chs. final rini^s only can be enlarged: thus we may enlarge the ring of cffov clc\ ; of n in inter, for intern ; and of pi for ppl We lengthen very slightly the crook c of cowp. for ccomp, as in accompany, p. 19 ; and the hook of fr fpvffr.. We double the size of the ring of/ m/or and/w/, to make forf and fulf] as in forfeit and fuljil. i 4/0 STENUGHAPHT. U. Tlie crook h ; tlio ring-Clu'. /ic,. eh, and dis ; (he shortr en or iv, on, and tin ; the double-length aiirjf or cwy/, e»^er or inter, and [///r] ; imp, hi, oh, o;>, and the doAvn-stroke rest have B after them to signity that Ihc^y nre used only to be- gin words or as initials ; and it is as improper to put an in- itial in the after-pnrt of a word,, as to insert a capilal there- in common wrilln;.> The straight /, the erook ch, [fV], [(/rf]. and most of the Terminations, p. 10, have M,E, after them, to ^;ignify that tliey iU'c to be used in the middle and end of words, and not in the beginning-. 15, The crook r/i, not being an initial, does not stand a- lone for r/i, and therefore makes a convenient sign below the line for rJiuirJi, and an Arbitrary (m the line for the pro- noun it. And here we may notice that he, t/ie, and dei/, bc- ino- among the most common words, aro not writeu in fall, but we put e for the pronoun he, fh for the. and the, fo/ they ;. that is, they are what we call Signs.. 10. i' or is always represented by ./"; and this use of./" aa a syllabic Ch, is found, after a little practice, to contribute to ease in reading as- well as in Avriting. It may also stand forfev, when /fir sound's like /'//• or./«r. 17. In the Alphabet and Signs, one Ch.. often stands in different positions for several of those simple words which are in most common use : and the same Ch. may represent them in compound words written in the same positions ; only we cannot thus use it in compound and longer words, when the simple words are included (like a paren- thesis) in curved lines. Thus a stands for (havt), and / for jor, yet we cannot write ha for hehare, because the have is shut up ; but we can wvite/t fov fort, because for is free. 18. The crook ord A is the sign or prefixed to d; and (like emh \ ]\ 16, no. 14) may be used a& a syllabic initial if Drefervcd to three single letter'^. STE^'OGUAPHY. 41 I^OTK. It is a common couiphxint with those (UmlUar with J'it- man''' rUomu/raphy, that It ia huvil to Montily liis cluiracters if hastily written; and that time is lost in giving them tlieir proper thickness. 'I'o untlerstiind tlio force of thos(> ol^Jt^ctlonfi, lot any one nialce 100 dots, or draw from left to right, as la^t as lie can, 100 of the simplesft hori'/ontai marks, payin;EC no regard to tlieir size ; then make 100 similar dots or marks, but every alternate dot or stroke thick, and he will tind that thore is a sensible loss of time in thickening them, and that he cannot always know the light from the heavy strokes. Hence the trouble with Tilman's characters ; each, when thick, being a dilVerent letter from a thin dot ov mark in other respects precise- ly like it. 19. In this Stenography, the CliB. do not change their names according as they are thicli or thin ; yet it is easier and better to preserve a uniform thickness in all but ted^ which is a short and thicl<: t, and in two or three terminati- ons and some signs marived Yf , which also, if we use them, require us to thlcla'n their down-strokes. 20. Position. TIig Jirst /om/ C^h., when there is one, rests its foot where we wish the word to stand. If the word is to be written on the line, the horizon tjils, shorts, and dou- ble-lengths must be so joined as to let the Jirst hmj charac- ter staad on the line : and when we find 1, 2, S, or f alter any termination, or short Ch., the meaning is that i\\e first hnq Ch. (in the word to which the termination or short Ch. belongs) stands in the position indicated. The first long Ch. of no word, unless it is one of the Signs or ends in y, can stand higher than on the 2-line. When the Chs. are all Shorts or Horizontals, the lowest of the first two down strokes rests its foot where a long Ch. would stand. 21. It will occasionally be found plainer to separate a sign from the rest of the word, especially one that has lolth at the beginning or o/at the end ; as, < withmt, \r° there- 22. Unless we have some reason for making a large rmg. 4S» STENOUUAPUY. when it efixes it shoukl always be small jis will bo distinct ; for, begins a word, the incniasingof the size of the rinortaiit ; and enlarg- ing the Jhia/ ring of a ring-Ch., usually doubles that character. Tluis <'l with a big ring, l)ecome3 cM in mkn- late ; but the engraver has made the ring of del needlessly large in the sign, p. 21, as al^o in fnfk, p. 10, no. 18. Ho has divided the ring oi fully, mnch more neatly at the end of p. 24. 23. Sometimes, by attaching .s-»/>, we can intimate, with- out writing, that certain words, of relative or opposite meanings are read alter the one we have just finished ; as male sub, for male and female ; brother sub, brother and sister; hither sub, hither and thither ; above sub, above and be- low; men sub sid), men u-omen and children : SO, land and water ; jjen and ink ; Ungdom of heaven ; G. B. ?» trans'^ ex expl]* bencf'\ m for magni* t for drcnm. ml ,, multi'^ x „ hypo o ,, omni \x ,, ♦These always stand above the line. For Hrcumc, c must be repeated as in circumcision, p. 20 ; but usually when we double c we enlarge the half circle a little ; as in account, p. 20. 25. Initial UN. If we do not wish to write un in full, it may be expressed by a short N, when the next Ch. be- gins with a straight horizontal line, or down-stroke ; and the N may be shortened till nothing of it remains but the ring, before b, ob, op, fr, a ore ok or a hook c, a horizontal curve, or an up-strokc. When the next Ch. begins with a ring, we have only to double the size of that ring ; but when we have to make one, it must generally be on the same side of the next Ch. as if it had been a long n. STENOGKAPIIY 4$ The ring vn can, like suj>er, t^ven go before the double- kvcjth initiuh ; but for unci u long n ia beat, witli tlie ring m on tlie left side of the lower end. Tc rite nn beibre tlie ringed dls, merely change the ring of dls to tlie left side. CHARACTEIIS SIIOllTENED AND BLENDED. Wheii Ch-^. are ioined together, we shorten the writing very much, in ways easily remembered, and without at all interfering with its legibility. 1. S is short at the bcghming and end of words, and be- fore d, s, /, which it shortens ; but it is long before shorts and after r, as also v/hen it is drawn up after v, w, or th, 2. Both Chs, in sd, s.s, sf, are short before short s and all lonr/s ; but if they stand before another short, we maise them Iboth long in the middle, and the second letter d, s, or t, long in the beginning of a word- 3. B is a mere crook before T: so C, before r/, dl, v, vl, m, or ml-, but B cannot be shortened after R before T, nor C after N before d, dl, &c. 4 . The crook of h serves for // after t or mp, in th, emph, »&c. 5. To add / to c, ch, d, v, ic, and counter, we omit the stem, and join only the ring of I to the right. 6. In the same manner the ring of m is sufficient, at the end of a word, on the right of /, ;>, rJ, vl, or sh 7. Two Chs. running in the same direction, often blend or'coalesce without confusion, especially if the first begins and the next ends with a hook, crook, orrhag; asce, co, cu, re, ro, ru, ve, vo, we, ivo, ye, yo, ek, Ice, ok, ook, ou, quo, tho, hi, he-i, amp-l, comp-l, emp-l, imp-l, &c. See Exercises. N. B. Avoid making an angle in .ioining rf, rg,n}, ry, 44 .STENOUIIAPHY. The Termination TION on snUN-iK>r. 1. The dot which, at page 11, is put a/tc,' the prcnodlng Ch. (close to the end of it on the right Hide) for tion, and under the end of it for uthn, can be UHod also ibr .«!o,>, miov, and every other termination that soundH lil^e shun or nshun, 2. If the writer wishes to carry this method of abbrevia- tion still further, ho may make the doL .represent vtion (mhim) by putting it over the end of the preceding Ch. if it is an up-stroke or horizontal line, and on the right Hide of it, close to the top, if it is a down-stroke. 3. Again, the dot may represent ctntlon, or cmpHou, by putting it at the centre after a down-stroke, and at or be- low the centre after an up-stroke. If the Ch. next before M or N would with a dot over it look like k or i:, write the M or N instead of changing the position of the dot. 4. For tlon before a consonant, set the dot before it, at the foot before a down-stroke, and at the centre before an up-stroke or a modified character. 5. For tio7is treat the curve in the same way as the dot, reading, in the above rules, cmre for dot and tions for tion. 6. The Stenographer may be coutuiit with the coutrucfions gi\en above ; biit the Reporter will omit all the vowels among the letters preceding t^.iun, and add to the lust character in the word a dot for on the ridit at the end.: tion (a large dot dtion') ttion, utio7i (large n dtion) m tion, vip tion, m n tion, n tion (large dot n d tion) under the end : centre of P. on right, or over centre of lior. line : over E. of up or hor. line, orR. ofd-stroke, at top. 7. When there is no N before d tion, it is better, if we can, to express the d by making the ring of the preceding Ch. a loop or thickening the stroke instead of the dot. P. 11, Terminations 53, 54, NOTE, The learner will find numerous examples of the foregoing Rnl«e in the Exerdsea. STKNOUUAl'llV. 41^ by NOTKH ON TlIK TEKMINATIONS. ATcnmnatlonlsoueo.n.)rcMt,ersattUcenaofa ■word. 1 p fvnresBe^l with- Wc have eeen that „ i.n,. . cui bt xpn out «-rmnK>t, wh..n .h... is '-"--^'.''t';., can be dropped, .vUUont any ^ '"';«;; J'^'^^' „,„.., of.. ns fron> gelling into a .ab t "f ' « P^^^^^^^^^ ,,, ,„„it the ting. On .Uis aeeonnt n, - -^^^^^^ «. sound of the silent vowel in «*-». »"', '"^&«- °»S _^ .^ words would be tbc same w tliout tl e „ »„,»„„ could be dropped mslead of «>«"' ^ * ^ -^rr^ddi;=------r°i^: A m t»i<_ n^^^' beo-inmng of words ; but when it iS^^^^a^TnLl, . ^ou. 1. abo,^ parate Ch. for ev,-ry l^lt^'-.j'"" 7^', 'resented it by Ld in sucl. frequent »««»'«''-; ^^^^ ^^, „ecupied the rapttt^i^itr^if^rsp--— - S a. Mn K% ; and an % and /..<. F 4ff STENOGRiVPHY, Most of the terminations can be used for the same let- ters coming together in the middle as well as the end of words, and those which can be so used have M, E, after them, for middle and end. [There is no reason why the crook ch, and the Phono- graphic ct, ctdy should not have been put in the table of terminations, except that the page was full, and it was thought best to show the middle and final ch directly after the initial; and to put the short middle and final ct or ctd close to the wide dct, dctd. It will be seen that dct is not marked M,E, in page 8, and can therefore be used in the beginning, middle, and end of words, but as the brackets show, only;.in Phonography.] Unless there are explanatory capitals to direct other- wise, the termination is to be joined to the preceding letter in the easiest and most natural manner. When the eye runs over the Chs. representing the ter- minations, it is seen that several are alike in shape ; as nos. 1, 9, 25 ; 2, 26 ; 8, 22, 27 ; 8, 37, 47 ; and 9, 36, 48, 49 ; but the explanatory capitals, at the ends of the lines, show that each stands in a difitrent position, or is attached to the preceding Ch. in a different manner from those resem- bling it, and thus becomes perfectly distinct from every other. Note. It is usual with sliort-hand authors to make the alpha- betic letters serve for prefixes and affixes ; as c for con or com ; n for en or in, entt, or inter ; m for ment or ments f s for self; sh for ship } s for super; and to depend upon the context to find out the significa- tion : but it will be noticed that, without any sacrifice of brevity, we have provided for these very common syllables, sometimes by modi- fying the alphabetic Chs., and sometimes by introducing new ones; so that the words all speak for themselves, and do not depend upon ethers to enable us to distinguish them. [In reporting, these new and the modified Chs. add greatly to the perspicuity of contracti- ons.] Next to tion, the most useful terminations are able, ing^ lu oiio. ness. with their adjuncts : the rest, though of minor STENOGRAPHY. 47 ^ng^ Importance, soon recommend themselves to Hie' writer when he finrls them shorter, neater, and more conYement than smgle letters. . We will follow the terminations as numbered m th. ta- ble, and give a hint or caution as often as it may seem like- ly to be of any advantage to a beginner. No 1 4i/e, bk, are represented by the short bl-, which i^ like a, but is only halt as long. It is not used as an initial in Stenography, and, when used as a medial CI ., requires the next to be joined to the lett end of it, to aid us in distinguishing it easily from a : ., however, is more con- venientlv ioined to the right end of it. ^ Z.l ^A, when an initial, is n.ad. long or^^on^^e<^^- o the writer, but in the middle and end A a word and before tnal s, xt is always long to prevent its being mistaken for the short M. \ 2 3 4, 5, G, being terminating Chs. that have no direction to the contrary, are joined, like other letters, to the right side of the preceding Ch. 3. Ably, bly. This termination is the short hi with a quarter-ring like a comma under it. 6 Auqht, aughur. This termiaation is represented by thefiistletterandhalf of the next : the half, is thicker m aucjhured, which occurs only in one word, slaughtered. 7 8 9 These marks are joined to the centre ot the preceding Ch., and to the left side of it if an up or down- stroke, or to the upper side of it if the piecedmg Ch. is ho- rizontal. u 15 16 These are composed of/ with ^ c, ana J iomed,' contrary to custom, to the left and under part of its C and whenever the next Ch. is connected with /m Ms manner, the sound «/.en or shun is implied between the two Chs [Thus ifweioina6/e or . to the under part of the ring of /; we have fashionahh or fa.h.ned.1 18. The f must be written, and it« ring divided for i ^g STENOGRiVPHY. Mr .mlc«B a rmg-letter like n or / gocH before il, when C can dispense wilh the / and divide the ring «t the pre- Tcdiu. letter. For /W we ean put a dot in x\..n^i^iJor :nue°preceding letter ; or we can set the dot at th left ride, even with the top <,f /or any other long up-stroke. 19 Gmc.,'. is a half-ring drawn up, and gmt a quarter- rin- that la a short y. [It is not ueeessary to change the pSionofthewordin Stenography, but when the word endHu ,..«-, it falls under a general rule in Phonography, and the tirst long Ch. is written across the Ime.] 91 When oami'''V '^ joined to t, in .7eo2 This Ch. is a quarter^ring, and is used as an imUaA for i,^ and in the end of words for iny when put alter the pLeding Ch. and close to the end of it. By jommg^t o the last Ch. it may stand for any ; as in «mon,, and vv hen joined to a ring, by completing the half-cncle .^ is add d, is o::,.nyst, P- 20. [In Phonography it is used as a medial and final Ch. for .,/.] By the sanie changes m its por- tion and thickenmg it, we may imply that m, ", ^^^d cZ ^^ ^ prefixed tor«r/just as they are to shun, p. 44. ihese !?Ltnges and contractions are convenient for Reporters, but mng only should be attempted by inexperienced writers. 95 '26 These marks are joined to the centre of the preceding Ch., on the right side ; as the caps. JCPR show. 27 This quarter-ring for ///, with a short s for ly's, is used only at the end of words, and stands under the end of the preceding character. 28 This Ch. for Ity or lity, is / modified by moving the ring to the left, on the line, so as not to touch the down-stroke. If we thicken the down-stroke it stands tor Udiiy ; and the same Ch. with « is used for the plural Mes. STENOGliAPHT. «f In like manner ty or ity, imd idity can also be added to ,„, ., and;>, if we modify them, the same as /, by moving lileir rings to the left, for iy or ity, and thickenmg the down-stroke for dity, as in pidify, no. 38. ^ , , The ty, in the modified /, m, n, />, may be changed to try, by lengthening the cuLve (as if a short . were mserted) before the ring ; which will hav€ the effect of placing the ring opposite to the centre instead of the end of the letter. See itry, near the fool of p. 7. 30 This piece of m is set UEP (i. e. under the end of nreceding Ch.) for final ment, and OP (over it) for ments. Ment, but not ments, <)an be used as a medial Ch. and is set like tion, in Rule 4, p. 44. 31 The end of nes, points up, and the end of ch points down. It : joined like ch, and we add a short . drawn down, -<: ike nesses, just as we add a shorts, drawn up after ch for chea. 3'> [These Terminations are not written in Ph., but implied by putting the preceding Chs., or first long Cb. in .the word, under the line] 33. ThLs is o and k blended, and may stand for ock : in ook the ring of the o must be enlarged. 34, 35. The ends of these hooks should be long, and point to the left. See ous, p. 7. m This short t for out, can only begin and end words m which out makes a whole syllable. It is jomed to the begmning, but disjoined at the end, and stands close under the line. 37 [For pi, in Ph. we use one of these quarter-rings, taking to begin a word whichever, when drawn up, will make an angle where it joins the next Ch.. As an initial it is commonly drawn from right to left, and from left to right when it is a medial or final Ch., but when c or final . follow-* the initial ;>/> it is begun at its left end. It is this STENOGRAPHY. SO fl which endB the sign Disciple, p. 23, and Liverpool, ^- 'The short ;./ does not ur.tte readily with all the vo^vds andl^ this reiou is rarely employed in Stenography the writer may, however, if he thinks proper, use it «.th shoit. s for the termination ;»&.'• i, 42 4» Each of these is merely a longj, with a dot ov;r it for self, and on its left for s.h.s This . may arso^ued as a prefix for ..<«, being drawn up to /, wUh"anglng the position of the/; as iu sau.f.v 31- 44 This p tor sMp, is joined to the centre of the pre- ceding up or down-strL, on the right, and its lower end reason L same line as the Ch. to which .t .s jomed. 45. See ninth Une from foot ot p- 35. 46,47. See page 44. 48 AdisjoinedshortMsput under the end of the preceding Ch. for tivc, and a long ( for tMy. 49 The short t for tmct always in Stenography fol- lows along . and makes the syllabic Ch. .<-■- or .<.■».<; rtWcken the t in .meted, as is done for ud in the alpha- we thicKen ine i m termination tvda hot Tt mav be noticed that at p. J, lue '«-'"» choose to write it in full. 50 51 The «= and » should be the same length tor .J;the.shonldhaveadot under it, or be thicken^. 52 We can add st to a ring-letter by diangmg the ring to a small hook ; [und in Pho. we can eh^ns; *^ to ?(r by making the hook large and turnmg the end of it ik I'n n so as t! malce it almost a large ring ; as Utr, p. 9, or o.(r, in the sign Oysters, p. 25.] See hu, p. 7. 63 In the middle of words rings and loops are al ,h" same and we make whichever happens to join most easily, but if we chauge an iniual or uu«l ..-b ^- - STENOORAPHY. SI add d to the Ch.. This contraction, though useful m Pho. is not so plain as writing d ; but may safely be used m S e. for ed, when the context of itself would lead us lo add the ed, even if we did not see it written ; as, He has X^xmed. 54, 55, 5G. [These, excepting cent and (jent before gi- ven, are used only in Phonography.] MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 1 We have said, p. 39, that the ringed dis is a conve- nient initial before ascending and horizontal Chs. but not before down-strokes ; it is, however, so easy to join it to b and;, that we may use it with them; in which case it is best to shorten it, so that the h ox p may stand on the Ime -According to R. 20, p. 41. o The smaller the rings and ends of the crooks the more neatly and speedily the Chs. can be iorme4. When c follows n, the n should be inclined a good deal, or its ring will be out of proportion. The foult of beginners ge- nerally is that they do not slope the inclined Chs. enough, and incline those that ought to stand upright. 3 Eor over or under, we draw a short horizontal mark over or under the next Ch. in the same or following word. Thus, for overlay we put the mark over the /, and for ««- der a we draw it under the left end of the «. See over a, p. 29 ; moreover, p. 23. 4 As we can at any time, when occasion requ'res, show the exact orthography by using single Chs., we have HOC thought it necessary, in the syllabic Chs., to distm- guish angle from enjle, des from dis, ded from dU, en from in enter from inter, simp frcm symp, spec from spect, and the same Uberty has been used with some of the Terminations ; 52 stenoquaphy. but care has been taken that the two wnys of spoiling nhnM never leave a reader, lamiliar with the Chs., room for any hesitation in recognising tlie proper word. 5. Capitals have Chs. in no way different from the small letters. When we wish to mark the occurrence of one we put two horizontal dotP, or very short sloping marks, close together under the Ch.. To show that a word is in caps, we draw umler it 3 lines for large and 2 for small capitals. A wave Ihie under a letter, and a straight line under a word will show them to be in italics. 6. If an inexperienced reader is at a loss to know where one Ch. ends and the next begins, he must proceed as in common writing, and go as far as possible to make up the first letter. It would nc^, do in long-hand to sepa- rate the o from the rest of a, d or g, nor the first part of m or w from the last ; so in short-haad the line and ring or other parts must go together whenever they can be united to form one character. 7. Until he becomes familiar with the Chs., the learn- er may in any word in which he thinks there can be any doubt where two Chs. meet, mark the point by drawing a vertical or hor. line across them, making its ends of equal length on both sides. The same mark is drawn across * to blend or shorten ai ; as w-^ hair. 8. It is prudent to distinguish the sign ever, by putting a dot under the left end of it, when tlic sentence is so con- structed that ever might be mistaken for he. If the sign is used for the word thing, it should be written after the pre- ceding Ch. exactly like the termination ing ; as '' any thing. 9. The learner should not try to write fast until he can shape the Chs. correctly : ease and speed will naturally come from practice ; but a neat and legible hand, satisfac^ tory to the writer and reader, depends upon acquhing the STENOGRAPIIY. ^^' Jmbit of observing the relative size and right direction of e- very character. Experience soon teaches where liberties may be taken to relieve the stiffness that would sometimes result from too close an adherence to the alphabetic forms. Thus it is easier, in joining r/, to bend slightly the stem of /; so as to include both letters in one curve, as. shown in the signs there fu re, lohere/ore, pages 32, 33. But no unne- cessary stroke should be made ; for it is only a waste of time, and^ tends to confuse the reader, to add to.the simi/ j short-hand Chs. any of the unmeaning flourishes, or super- fluous marks, which excursive penmen are fond of annex- ing to the bare letters, mprf • particularly to th£ capitals, iij, common long-hand. SPELLING TO DIRECT ANOTHER WRITING-. Before writing from dictation, the learner mupt be con- tent to copy the Exercises, until he is able to makq the Chs.. without looking at the Alpl?abet: then any one who can read; the Chs.. can direct him what Chs.. to. use, and where to place them,, in thi^ manner : - — If the word is on the Ime and composed entirely of single letters, the res^der gives it; out and spells it, as usual, with a shght pause after each letter ; as, at, a-t. K it is composed of double and syllabic or mixed Chs., he names the syllables, or spells the letters represented by a double or syllabic Ch-, in rapid succession, and makes a distinct pause at the end of every Ch. ; as, >^. in-struc-tive ; ^ con- structed; V- de-struc-tion. If it is a sign, as L temptation^ after prcuonncing it, , he says, ''^Bign temp-shun/' If it is not on the main line, as company; he says, "Sign cornp on y-line," or as the case may be. Instead of writing a whole « as directed in note 10^ U 14 STENOGRAPHY. p, 15, it is sufBcient, wlien u comes between two conso- nants, to unite the two consonants ami put only the clot where u belongs; that is, over the first Ch. when it joins tlie next at the top, and under the first when it joins the next at the foot, moving the dot a little to the left when there is no place for it directly under the first Ch. ; as, ^ surfij j^ sure, "Ir tutor. In a double (.h. set the ii dot on the left side, at the centre ; as £i»_, furiotis, -fT Jumiture */\y fundsy b- mumble. In writing the examples given a- bove, the dot is made last, but the teacher in spelling them yays, " iJ-udot-m, s-udot-i^-e ; dottedtut-r, ; dited/ur-i-ouSj dotted/un-d-s, dotted/Mrn-i-f-dotM-r-e, dotiedmum-ble." No- tice : Uis always short with single /in/«r. Rule 16, p. 40. Showing is better than oral teaching, and the learner will find that, though the explanations may often seem intricate, the thing itself, like the placing of this dot for «, becomes very simple, as soon as he sees the examples. If he will attend to the progressive exercises, we are per- suaded, he will soon perceive that this Short-hand is more rapid and easily mastered than any of the numerous sys- tems in which the vowels are written last, and are not joined to the consonants. The Stenographer inserts every letter which is neces- sary to prevent hesitation in reading, and he cannot go forward at the rail-road speed which he may attain by adopting the additional modes of abbreviation which are supplied by the following Phonography. Comparing him, however, with persons who can write only long- hand, his progress is not unlike that of a man, tra- l^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^s^ veiling along at his ease, (! rawn by a fleet roadster ; while theirs is that of hap- rss pedestrians who spend twice or thrice the time in laboriously performing the same journey. SHORTHAND, PART II. < ^«^». PHONOGRAPHY OR THE REPORTING STYLE. In the Stenography, we prefer a plainly legible style to one for writing as many words as possible in a limited time. And those who have had sufficient practice in that fuller, but still, as compared with common writing, very expeditious method, aver, that they are able to read, not only their own manuscript, but that of any correspondent who writes it with tolerable accuracy, more easily than if it were long-hand. If the student, therefore, learns only the Stenography, he will be amply compensated for his pains, and indeed will have acquired that part which is of most practical use in the every-day business of life. But, if he is ambitious to Report, verbatim, lectures, speeches, sermons, or debates, he may now go on to learn Phonography ; or, indeed, he may begin with it, and learn, from Stenography to jom the Chs. of the Alphabet and Ter- minations, which are so nearly the same in both, that one who writes the Stenography can go on to acquire the Pho- nography with comparatively little labor. It is true the writing will not be as plain, and it will require more practice to read it as readily as the Stenogra- phy ; but it will contain more elements of legibility than Repor ting-hands, that are even less rapid, usually do ; and it can afterwards be transformed into a more readable y of those which exclusively depend upon m :iiJ PlIONOGKAPllY. dot.H and (tomnias, or other disconnected little marks, to ro- present vowels. The insertion of 'the vowels al'tcrvvurds takes up more time, Imt it can be done at one's leisure. It is Bulflcient, or at all events wv, must be satistied, when the utmost despatch is required, as in followhi^^ a speaker, to be able to make out with certainty what we commit to paper so hastily. It is surprising how soon one learns to read words if only the initial and the final vowels are given with the consonants. Even less assistance is ab- solu'tely necessary. Wilson's Stenograyiiy, a handsome octavo, published in 1826, contains some 200 columns of words, each represented by one or two inillal letters, and some other letter which is not in it, but which is chosen at random to make a Sign for that word. Pitman's system, the one now most in vogue, puts p for weep, tr for internal, j for advantage, }s for relkiiom, I for nnU, and hun- dreds of such signs, which must require great powers of memory ; and this is probably one reason why so few, of the many who have made the attempt, have succeeded in gaining a practical knowledge of his style of Reporting : for it is muchharder to recollect signs taken from the after part of wordti, than such as consist of their initials, or their initials and terminations ; just as a man's face enables us to identify him, better than if we see some other part without the face, or as in moving a load, help is of most service at the starting-point. Pitman and others systematically misspell words ac- cording to their sound, as .sAnr and shuger, for s?tre and su- gar-; and substitute k and s, for the hard and soft sounds of c ; often t for J, etc. If any one really prefers such spell- ing, he can use it in this system, whereas in theirs it is the ouly method ; for most of them have no Ch. for c, and are compelled to write k or s for c ; in many instances, V for /, g fori, t for d, fiov ph, s for z, k for qn and hard rf, .. a habit dangerous to orthography. I -.-*-*-■ I PIKJTqOGRAPlIT. "Vf RULES FOR WRITING PHONOGRAPHY. 1. Write words with only the vowels and consonants ■Jicard in pronouncing them; and drop every.middle vowel, caa well as every one which is not distinctly sounded at the end, unless it is included in a syllabic Ch. or termination. Thus for, This will he the right tempm' in exposimj ecil iloeis ■deservlm/ pmishmcnt, write, Ths wl h th ft tetnpr in xpsing ^evl drs desming jmshment. NoTi.. In this example, the rule requires ua to write e. in be, but it is dropped because be is among tliose very common words -called Signs; and w<; retain i in iny and e in ment because they •are terminations Invariably expressed by a character which retains its vowel. When the vowels tlow so smoothly into the consonants that we can write themwJthout losing time, a distrustful writer is at liberty to insert them in any doubtful word to make it more readable; as, i in right or height, and o in thmght or qiiote. ^hcre is always a u with 5, and in fact (pt forms one consonant. When a vowel is heard at the beginning or end, it must general- Jly be written, except in ex. 2. When two letters of the same name meet, write Jbut one ; as, ms ioi- viess ; se, see; htr, better; er, en-. 3. But when two consonants of the same name have one or more vowels between them, write both-consonants ; as, nn for nw?6 or none; err for error. See R. 18, p. 39. 4. The consonants that are silent or not heard very distinctly, are omitted; as, c before A: msicf-;p and/ in psalm ; w in ivrlte. N, even when sounded, is rarely ne- .cessaryin the after-part of words unless it belongs to a double character. 5. The letters, Chs., and words, cojitamed in [ ] brackets, as also the Supplemental Chs., at the foot of p. 9, now come into common use, and the short bl and p2 take the place of the long hi and />/, so that the last are al- anost dispensed with. JSTOTK, The consonants in [ 1, p. 9, are those the Ch. stands for M PHONOGKAPHY. ii ill In Sten«)gra jt:y ; nti'i the Ch. represent- thera wlienever we lind thorn following <>..(• iinot I «•. In the same order, whatever may be tlie inter- vening vowel-i. In reading we »luill find that the name vow«'1h which belong to the Ch. in .Stenogriiphy will commonly give, u.s the right word, 'i'hns comp becomes mij), and may, therefore, stand lor ramp; but in more than 'J cases out of lo, cmp will be the only syllable that will make sense nith the context. Thitt there may be no mistake, we here take from p. 8, etc. the syllabled represented by Hyllabic Chs., in which the vowels can be dropped. Am/t becoim^s in the after part (jf words mj> with any vowel before it ; Cent becomes ent: Com, cm: Comb, cmb: Coinp, cwp: Con, en: Counfevy entr:\Ctd is used only in the end of words : Z)cMn all positions, and also for iLmoXdctd:'] Dh ov des, ds: Inter when the Ch. crosses the line is initial entr or intr, bnt, when it stands on the line, it drops the vowel and becomes initial- n^/-: N;// is the same as anfji, only when it begins a word it must stand on the line? .- P/> may, if the writer pleas- es, be used as a contraction tor p rp : liecon, r c n : Jiest, rst: Ramp, r wj» : Spec or spect,ttpc OVspct: Sted, std: Str2ic or iftruct, str c or str ct : Super, sp r which requires the word to be so placed that the first long Ch. will cross the line : Ted, t d (which also stands at the end of words, for tude and ttd,) when joined to s requires .s to be short: I'empj t mp. The Supplemental Chs. are read, though not written, with intervening vowels. The Terminations are explained pp. 44, 45, &c. ; but, observe that those which in the table have no [ ] on the same line, never change their vowels. Thus, p. 11, no. 34, the Ch. ous, which stands also for shuff, can only be used when the word really ends in ous ; as, gra clous, vi cious. 6. When the table gives no syllabic termination to shorten a word ending in y, that word must be written on the y-line. See R. 4, p. 37. PHONOGRAPHY. ftf 7. As it is sufflciciit to put the dot for fxill (p. 48, no. 18) in the hist hook, crook, or dug; so wg can put it in the crook of nms for __y yu/ncss. 8. />, being a straight line, can always be written with ease, and made sliort after a short Ch., as after short « or vn ; and this does not interfere with the short ct wliich can bo joined only to ii long stroke. We can often add d by looping the ring or modifying the preceding Ch. in the following manner ; It the preceding Ch. is a short down- stroke, we have only to make it thick ; but if it is a • mg down-stroke, we must begin the word so that the first -ong Oh. in it will cross the line, and then thicke a the sU )ke before d ; be- cause, if the word is written on el? her Hue, making a long stroke thick adds rt or rcy. moJsucniAPiiY. JOINING THE CONSONANTS, Oi' 1-. As a, e, i, 0, w, and y, am dropped in the middle of words, unless they are contained in syllabic Chs. or tab- ular terniinalions, it will be found that some consonants meet in PhonouTaphic writing, which never come together when the vowels are ins(?rted as in our Stenography, The Chs., however, are all made, joined, shortened, and blend- ed, as the first part directs. See R. 5, p. 57. 2. Short hi, when it begins a word, is drawn from right to left, unh-ss a final .s or termination follows it ; so that the next Ch. is usually joined to the left end of this short hi. For short ;j/ see l\. 37, p. 41). 3. S joined to short thick ted (which aow stands for td, and in the after-part of words for ttd,) is always short ; as in stcd for stead, atayed, or and A for stated, situated ; but s must be always long before a long t shortened and thickened, as in /< student. See 1. 7 of R. 8, & R. 9, p. 5i). 4. S is long in sy and short in ies, ise ; and all words wUh these endings are written on the y-line. As R. 1, p. 43, requires a short s to be used when a word begms with s, we can begin with a long s to imply that we have dropped a vowel before it : thus a long s is put for the sign is, and ssn for assassin because the initial vowel can be implied by making the first «, as well as the next, long. 5. S shortened at the end of a word has usually the sound ofz, as in muse, does ; when therefore we wish to show that final s is sounded like s in case, dose, mess, we need not shorten it. Sb / is twice as long as long s. 6. If we drop ngr etc, p. H, no. 32, and put the pre- ceding Ch. under the line, w^e must recollect that s is not shortened before a termination, but when it is the last con- gonaut in a word : therefore, if we write ms under the line « .il ,11) 62 PHONOGRAPHY. for messenger, s will be long; and if we add s ff)r messen- gers, the last s will be short. 7. Short rst like rest (p. 11, no. 39,) is only the be- ginning of long rest, and is johied io the ^ainv way by drawing it towards the left; as, brstr -}^ for barrister. 8. If another Ch. is added to the arbitrary o o/, it is so joined as not to interfere with ring Chs. ; as ? o/t, or as in some signs p. 29 : it is, however, almost as easy to write and/. For speed we may use fr for p/ir. 9. When ness or /// follows tive, the ness or ly should be joined to the tive. See tiveli/, after tongue, p. 32, 10. When long r follows short rv in the after-part of a word, they make an angle in joining ; but the angle is not necessary in beginning a word, as the line shows where they unite ; as, rvrs (7 for rivers. R. 20, p. 41. Note. By R. 8, p. 59 we add d to any Ch. by moving the word down so as to cross the y or the 2-line and thickeningthe Ch. We can then add anotlier ^ pronounce, // in.sun/ants. !See R. D, p. 51). PHRASE-WRITING. 1. To prevent loss of time by raising the pencil from the paper, it is better to unite 2, 3, or 4 short w^ords or signs, whenever they will join neatly without running too far away from the line or confusing the reader. In doing this, if both the words are not on the 2-line, the last must keep its place ; and if any of them, belong on the 2-line, they can be moved, if necessar}'^, to enable those not on it to preserve their proper position. If all are on the line, they stand just as if they were one w^ord. Thus the last Ch. in % t/iv, stands on the y-line ; but in hj/ the, on the line, because in 1. hjj the, % is in its right place without moving the. In t- as they have not, the Chs. stand as if all one w^ord. The signs he and /turn either way in phrases. Note. Shorten have to have not, by R. 9, p. 59, only after e, i, o, u, y, that it may not interfere with able. 2. Drop the in the middle of phrases ; as, in-last place. 3. A word immediately repeated is expressed by re- peating the separated termination, ; as, ^~^ holy, holy, holy. 4. In R. 2P>, \\. 42, if we shorten sub we read or for and ; as, "^7 more or less. o.. Shoit fn stiinds alone or begins a word or phrase. S'rENOGRxS.FIIY. m PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES. HJiN THE SINGLE CHARACTERS, LINE I, PAGE 7. Exercise 1 . Copy a, e, i, o, u, and the rest of the IIo- yrizontale, viz. h,j\ k, qu, tummg e, i, o, n, either way. 2. Copy all the Up-strokes, viz. f, ^, n, r, y, and learn to draw s up and down. 3. Copy the rest, viz. all the Down-strokes. 4. Write 10 verses with single Chs., each letter stand- ing by itself on the line, not joined. .5. See p. 38, andR. 7, p. 43. Join as on p. 69, «6. as es tfi OS us ys sa se si so su sy ca ce ci CO ■cu cy at et it ot ut yt ta te ti to tu ty ra re ri ro rn ry ag eg ^9 og ug yy ga 9^ gi 9^ .9^ yy wa we wi 100 wu wy ast est ist ost ust yat sta ste sti sto stu sty dan den din don dun dyn ■man men min won vmn fat fet fit fot fut tvan wen loin -won wun Note. Tlie i/-dot put to a, «', and the consonants, is al2they re- quire for u in the middle of words, but sometimes the curve and dot are preferable. See p. 54. Initial e is always turned so as to make ,an angle in Joining rZ, wj, r, s, t, w, and Chs. beginning like them. > -'Mi ■"f ee STENOGRAPHY. Exercises on Double and Syllabic Characters. Ex 1 Copy from p. 7 or 8, all the Chs. ending with v>p ; as an,p &c. : next all ending in h, as C\ ih, &c. ; add all with two letters ending in /; r.s h/, &c. ; lastly en or in, on. 2. Draw the donble-length iriitials anf/k or engk, en- ter or inter, up across the line ; suh in any position ; and short mper Hiider the line. Write no^v rdl the double Chs. Head U. 13, p. 39. The curves of b and c which are .nlar-ed to double them, stand on the line in tl.c same position as ii >>b .nd c« were sit.gle (as.; but 5n i>honogra)-hy they are ^^^^Tp' ' Hue, or in the san.e po.H-'.us as any two long down-strokes (K. -0,. 41) /because, when bb or cc c^^me together, « vowel is never in St., but always in Ph., implied betwtou tnevii. [11. 2-, p. 57.]- 'd p. 70. Abba-, accent, accounted, add, a dded! a 1 ou d, b ox. n dcd, ob struct, untut or ed, s o rr y, 'hatter, heated, appears, horror, sinner, stools. 4. Amp n t a ted, angle d, bl igh t, de cent, ch e st s, acbes, clothes, comets, commanders, combined, compute, con for mR 16, p. 40, encounter, disliked. 5 Des i r ed, del t a, des i gn ed, dis solve, d u st, disquiet, destitute, disowned, empty, imported, England, entered, flash, fuller, fruitful, genuine. 6. Gunsmiths, signs, gentle, growl, green, hell insight, insubordinate soul, steel, knives, mulish, memory, mingle, obsolete, obtrusive. 7 Onset- «'pium, oppose, fraud, affront, sapphire, ploughs, applies, pupil, recommended, restore, trumpet, servitude, shawls, consummate. 8 Semp st r e s s no. 13, p. 10, simp er, sump t e r, spec u 1 a t e s, r e spect„s, sub m i t, sub o r n s, super fm e, superb, U0.12, p. 15, hat.:, though, insuperablo, wiit. Sl^NOGRAPHY. ExEKCisKS IN Shortening and BLT:Ni)iN(i Ohs. P. 43. Ex. 1, p. 71. Acres acquits recount butter clothes cla/ presumptiveT queer unobey romps rumple rusty route sample spheres 7. Stphn temple Thompsn triumph ten rec'd revl subdued vulture were whos wool gypsum Jesus exempt quoted unanswered. 8. Rule 23, Page 42. Male and female, etc 9. Rule 24. Bene! it beneficent circumspect hypocrite magnitude magnificent magnify excel [multipls transaction expletive] omnibus transit. 10. No. 14, p. IG. Amb emb imb umb symb [smb] cumb cum lambs embark limbs limps [smbr symbol. P. 63, Blundr pilot minstrs.] / 68 STENOGHAIMrr. EXBKCISES ON INITIAL UN, R. 25, ANU TlEM1NAT10N8, P. 11'., NOTE. We shorten d after all .short Chs. except in undone ; and; for any sign we are at liberty to write only the Ch. opposite to it,, putting it, if not on the liiie, in the position the ligure or j directs. Ex. 1, p. 72. Un done, im 1 i ko, uu m e r i t eel, un s ee n,. untrue, unsold, unsouglit, un happiness, unregarded, unkind, unfortunate, unequalled, uncertain, unbent.. 2. Unable, undesirable, trouble, undeniably, improbably, disabled, inability, untaught, daughters, eon cession, intercession, complexion, selections, undo.. Note. la Tho., when a short Cli., precedes nos. 8, 9, 10, p. 10„ it i8 often easier to join the termination to the last long up or down- stroke; aa, [-^ application, if supplications.] 3. Affectionate, bundle, sufferance, inference, unprofessional, inefficiency, sufficient, before, joyfully,. a 11 e glance, ge ography, st ing, un comp 1 a i n ing, r ings. 4-. Winged, be 1 ong, S ion, un quest ion ably, 1 ions,, un d u ly, unm a nn e r ly, un t r u ly, sub t i Ity, in v alidity, I e a lities, the ological, ana logy, r a i ment, t o r ments. 5. La ment able, 1 a mented, o r n a ment al, ful ncss, witnesses, harnessed, [strngrs, hugry, stnography, play,] un 1 ock ed, imp i ous, un con sciousness, out er, G. Stupidity, un rested, unrestrained, breasts, serves, undeserved, [conscripts], ourselves, themselves, worshiper, [nthr,] imprecation, suasion, actionable. 7, Sol ution, r e 1 a tion ship, ques tions, in v mtion, expectations, exemption, irrationally, [missionaries, tuition, computation or -etition, tradition, traditionary]. 8. [Con demnation, con s um/>tion, con t inuation, ] international, constitutionality, natives, festivities, rewarded, soonest, [Id, indtd, trd, trt, prtd, exstnce, Constantinople's, unconstitutional, unnggd,] uneuded. ^^ rr- t'-.tr^vtiHi €u JJ/. t1l»f/i^ y ^/in y . / .ye ^J7. /' V / /-. A, A ^.^ C u e. & O "1 -f ^ .^ u L'' r r r^ n /^ /" ^ (^--^ / (^ ^t omUsp** *n f6. Of t;^ -\ -. i,.;v..\>^:^/^'^V^ ^ > \ 42; ■I ^- V SA^ (V- / ^-s -^ ^' ^X. vy n \A v^^v^r"/ r;7 /• / '-^ t Jr-^ ^. J"H^ j y? ^T^'g A ^w^ '^ / /h^/V >^ <^" «( y .-vJP 7- v^ y ^h 2- ^>^ \^ ""V^ ^/V\,^ ^ A o4 .r-^. # Pk^^ V- P/ '^, -^/'^f /»•" -^ o^, ^ s ^ >^ 'V ^ L v^ ;i t 7' S^ c^-v c^/ c^ (^ ^^/"^'^C * KJ3//i^-l^^ S^,.-^J— ^'A^S'^ *?. Cy^ <^C^ ^ y^^ .-^^-^.-.^^ ' ^v.^^ No, \ /n/^ /'^^^ -'' ^^ / .4 ^ P 'rY - ,-r^.-^, ''^y-'^ ^y^^^^y^ 7 / *• "h "^-^ H- "H >). ^"' '"'> ^^^"^ - V'' '^^■ l.-t.-/A «/ 1. (f f)ti n '/ '^ '/ '*'>>; 4. / f ^\*> A. ^ X W o.^ ^•' \ / a^ '■>p'% O' y- ^ 7^. '13, A. /^^ V^ '-vy «. ^ / w <$ ^ (/ /f V. y -, ) ^^ J o^ ^-^^ "V^^ V "'/ / jft^rt .y\ ^/e/^r. fjr R ^/^ /^ '^ y f ^ ^ ■\/^f V ,^--e \ V V I V ^ J ] •-C''--/: . -V H 4c A ^ -\ -\\ C X 1 -P S A/ ^/^ i-v ^ [ V % ^ :-^' P ^^ ] « kiy tct-ie- jc /■ «,*■. ,>• y*r /,^// v//'>/ -jfi f<-,.iu' t*f' f t' n A. X. x4 ^-l c^ >-» t/ ^> '/ * I . J-^ * i*fftf?> X ^-'^ V \, Z'-' >-'' •. *V^ >-^ .^^ >' .^tf) t/• ^. /, j / v-r J7 : >^ V^^ '^AS'^A S ^ ^ S' , _.-p^. v^- 'J ; ..=^§1^. :..: <&ji.f^>::^ •. /; I ^-^"^ <^ ^^ .y . I (/'^ ^<- v * ^. I ^ft <^' V c ^> ^ 5. 1 .-- ^ V ■V, s. ■> Z' c- ^ f ' ' >» ^ V V ^ /,.' ( ( i I'l » ill I nil y« Voftr-^^m t-n efuty (Htwi-na^.. '/- d^ o i J-p ./^..P_ o ^, / V 03 V. ^ ^ ^/ I J-f 1 ^^.^^>\v/ /y. c_. V. /■-TJ . x'^'^ /'^ .>?, /Z. ) 7 ^7 /-^ >j^ I > I A^/c; J L /. ^-^ /^^o I 6 ol i^ ^^C 1. / a V^ 1 c^^l z' '^ /jr. . Y\ r -^d-^-\-/^ (^ £, I '*)/^ c^Z JL) l///^ <> V>. ^ \ C _/K ^^ / v^ ■^^ v> :• -^ -> .y "v^ V>» »»■#—%* iw — W * M i<»- ■—%w*ii^ w i>»a n .^ 1. / *r^j f. V (p «?» / --^ ^-^- ^ A'. 6> /^ / STENOGRAPHY. 11 Pbomiscuous ExkJtciSKS, p. 76. Ex. 1. Dr. Simpson, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, J. Rose, Esq., and certain other individuals, are returning from the city, in this morning's train, having been to get liltenesses of their children who must set off to-morrow for Hong Kong. 2. Tables, tablets, boys, beaten, mien, shares, prayers, employers, impulse, compulsory, tempted, blows unheeded, repulse, self-sufiScient, selfishness, unselfishness, theology. 3. R. 5, p. 37. Kingston, local, devil, thyself, myself, serviceable, unencumbered, unenterprising, undeservedly, mentioned 4, p. 44 ; compassionate, traditional, stationary. 4. No. 9, p. 10; secti(m, sectional, dictionary, fractional, tut^ll'/D, elocution, executions, discussions, protectionists, ffisurrection, complexions. Forfeiteil, fulfil, unsuspected, suspect trusted, surest, poorest, merest, tempestuous. 5. Partlif signs. Altogether, unnecessary, countries, disinterested, companies, ungodly, go^^xlnesa. ungovernable, never, everywhere, acknowledged, observabl<", describe. Christening, unexampled, expected, intc^rests, committees, 8ubscrib-«'rs-ed, mibjects, spiritual, quarters, descrih(jd. Note. ^S', .irf, and st, can always be made long in Stenography, but the short .stub, only aHoget|i«*» .iKif-r the line, to show where the printed Hue euds; It MM* be aaudtm m coim<>a, and will catch the eye more readily. fc:XEJl(;lSJ> !N PHONOtiUAPHY, P. 7K I {^lifi: liiHt the Kxnmfilcs to R. I, 2, 3. 4, p. .'S7: then, The {in\\Mit()r.mminm\ Ur. »tttrving sailors in a dismal cell* p- "m , .V A\4* A ^ /n. I ^^c.-^ /, r\ /k' i x-^^ \/\ C *» \r^ ^-y- <^ ^^ /V f V A : ^ -^ "^ o> <^ <^ ^ / ^-^ ^v' K. V^ ) b /' f^' \ V N^ t .^- M V f I : A,"^- r /I A \ N> 'V^ V^^"^- 6 ■7- d *. a~/ «^ "V }- \A r^ y^ A, A \ v: \ / V % \ ^ s 4lj /^. -> v >> 7 ^ ^/- If' . \ v-v Or-^ -^/ .XV ^7 J, 'n: ^ V V / >5^. \r\. f^A 1/V A 1. ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^' '/- kf^ V V ^ 7f Q/. .y *A ?/ 'I -r-^J fjiiji*. '^; •^yj' :/ O^-' ^/r //^^ "-) y/ ./ I "A L \r f 1=/. >^ 1 ^^ ^ Ai> ^ ^ d- t ^ / L^ ^3 1 V^ V- >/ I c^ o L ^ ..-? 1 w- Lv; ^■^-i / V ^-> (^ A ^ ■^ ^ \ ! .if. 6^ > /-^ A c<^ ^^^^ \ .VU/" s /^ \^ a~\ / \ y>r y^ - ^"c) + L U" ( : ^ 1 /-» . -3 . . T Vv^, ,-^0 11 i^ L°- V /^/. -^ l^^ ^ : L_y^ -^/J-/* ^ «^ 80 PllONOOUAPHY. £XKRCI8KS IN Rkpoktino Hani), p. 78. NoTK. Whenever the same letters stuud for more than one wordp the context, or sense, must decide which is to be taken. Ex. 2. Amputated, compute, imposed, imputed, until, fitted, driver, hatter, ohalk, sinuer, synagogue, sale, sits, states, tied, untie, untied, steed, restoration, mills, knives, forfeit, fort, steel or still, marvel, malt. 3. R. 5, p. 57, R. 6, p. a8. Belt, pelt, blunt, planet, blow, blue, black, plowing, pulaccs, wrangled, dazzle^ dizzy, bend, boundary, muster, ministry, superintend, spare, sport, sperm, despair, desperate, empty, entry. 4. R, 8, p. 59. Imprudently, importer, compared, tried, encountered, centurion^, combed, spirit, spirited or sported, decided, coincided, countermanded R. 7, p. 43, and 8, p. 59. 5. R. Sandy. Presidept, residence, abundant, abundancCr impudent, impudence, obedient, obedience, evidences, lent, consent, coincidence, presence, talents. 6. R. G, p. 44. Substitution, restitution, submission, destination, recommendation, institution, station, situa- tions, termination, traditional, subordination, irritation. 7. R. 6, 7, p.Gl. Messengers, manger, danger, vinegafr congratulatory : breast dressed, merest, nearest, trusted. 8. Services, travelling, consolatory. Partly .vyns — sub- jection. Pennsylvania, unfriendly, society's, intellectuality, intoxicated, ordination, organization, organized, blessed. &. Phxts^wriiinu. Til be ; Pll not be able ; what is his- i»n»? yocll ob-terve : it is not: to be; what is yout <^pinUjn .'* thafct i» ; ladies* and gentlemen : in the la.st place. |M SAMUEL J. SCOVIL, AGENT FOR THE SAINT STEPHEN'S BANK. Officb— Corner of Prince Wm. St- and Mari^et SQ04iaa. SA INT JOBS, NE W BR UNS WICK. _ *^* UNCUHRENT FUNDS, STERLING EXCHANGE, SPECIE, PBAFTS (both gold AND CURRENCY) ON THE UNITED STATBSj CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, &C. BILLS DISCOUNTED : DIVIDENDS, INTEREST, AND OTHEI| MONEYS COLLECTED. INVESTMENTS MADE : SALES EFFECTED OF BANK STOCK, MORTGAGES, AND SECURITIES 0? EVERY DESCRIPTION, I®- Sums of ^10 and upwards received on deposit, for Whicli receipts will ^.3 given bearing interest, at the rate of SIX per cent per annui i, Jid payable either at call or fixe4 periods as may be agreed upon. —ALSO— LIFE, FIRE, & MARISE i^Sl«AI«CE, JFiwt Class lEnglisjj anU ametican Companies, Total Capital, $26,000,000. RISKS TAKEN AT THE LOWEST RATES. CLAIMS PROMPTLY AND LIBERALLY ADJUSTED. The large Capital and high Standing of these Companiei afford ample security to PoUcy-holderB.