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IV.— T/ie Fiilding of the Cnrlinnij'erous Strain in /hr ^f\vi\ (Jimm.v. ,Ti!., A.m.. F.G.S.. (Jovemmcni I I'rnviiirc of Novii Scoliii. iiispociov (if ^[iiKs for Iho (Roa.l May 21!, 1S83.) Till' f'ollowini? notes avf an i»ttciiii)i io ouUiiK' in some dc^vo Ihc >'eolouical snrvey ol' the district under considoration, a few im- portant jioints sei in to he established. I venture to submit them, in the hope that even if tlie conc]usi(nis do not ajipear dcducible from the data, the subject may receive the atten- tion of those better (|ualilied to read the history of the rocks, v The Carboniferous in Nova Scotia and .Vew Ih'unswick maybe ren-arded as (piite a youthful mi'udier of the irn'nt rock series, as it is presented wiih hardly a trai'e of later formations to obscure it. Its divisions are Lrenerally well marked, and the ju'esiMice of numerous \aiuabie miiieials has led to tlie accumulation of much information about its Ktruiture. We owe the fust systematic irroupinu' of tlie Carboniferous pm'iods to the lahor.s of Sir Charles Lyell. lb-. Dawson, and Sir William LoLi'an. who cleared U]) the conjectures of previous writirs. and laid down the various divisions of tliis ureat series. Mr. liichard Ih'own also threw much liuht on the structure of the Carboniferous of Cape I!n'tt)n. The ]>riiicip,il di\i.-.ions of this series are : — 1. Till' [pper C(tal formation. -. The Middle, or Coal formation proper. ;'.. Th.' Milistoii" Crit seri.«s. b The Carboniferous Limestone. .'). Tile bower Co.ll Pleasures. The.se mi'astires arc found lyini:- in well delined I'oltls. havinij- a u'eneral east and west course, rou'jhlv paralh-l to that of tlic .\ilaniic shore. They are crossed at several ]ioints bv subiiidinaic I ransverse folds. The main tolds are t'ound also in tiie older strata, and preserve a 'general parallelism to those of the Carboniferous. Thi^ exliibitioii of a force atlectinii' so UKiny horizons alonn' lines of ,so little diver- e-cn. !• pr.'seiits two points ol interest. Was the jbree an intermittent (Hie, of lucai extent, or all iiiiinieniipted series ol chaiie'e> atlectiiiii- wide areas. Till' ibllowiiie- notes, bearinii' more parti. iilaiU on tlie h>ial llexiircs. would iierha|)s indicate that I he force partook of each character Tin: i.iiwi-.i! Ci>\i, MK\st'i!i".s, The lirst di\ isiciii of the Cariiuiiileroiis series is met al llillsboro. X. IV. where it reaches a iliiekiiess dC IS.'iU feet, ami is marke.l by a heavy mass ..f cone'lomerate at its base u iiich r..ck also occurs at intervals ihrouehit. It does not .ippear in tiie .loc'eins H,000 loot ; it is evident that their dimensions here exceed those already noticed, oA'on if tht>y ari' found, on more extended cxamiiuition, not to reach the ligures given above. At the base of the Carboniferous in Capo Breton County thoy are represented by groat masses of conglomerate, their total thickness varying from r)00 to i.AOO feet. Similar con- ditions prevail in Xowfoundland, where, according to Mr. Murray, their thickness is 1.300 feet, but the voluuie may be as variable here ii.s in Cajio Hreton. So tar as our knowledge extends, I believe that these measures pass conforinably into the succeeding horizon in Newfouiullaiul, Capo Ikoton, and Antigonishe. Al')ng tho soixth side of the IJasiu of Minas. they, together with the overlying linle^lon''s, are brought to the surface, alouij: certain lines of groat east and west fokls, but, so far as I am aware, do not show unconformability. In southern New lirunswick the deposition of the lower part of those measures appears to have been accompanied by slight oscillations of level now marked by unconformable conglomerates. Tho comjiaralivcly limited development of these measures along the north side of the Coboquids, coupled with their slight development in I'ictou County, and at Arisaig, would show elevation alonir this hvo. accompanied by dej>ression at llillsl)oro. and to the south at Horton. and similar chainres along a line passinii' from Cape (ieorire Ihrouuh tho Hras d'Or Lake to Cape Hreton. TlIK C.\KHONIKEUOTTS LlMESidXK. This horizon pre.s.iits itself at ntinierous points, and in its strongly marked characteris- tics, records a state of deposition unlike any other in the an-a under i-onsideratioii. Takinir the distri' 's a> they orciir, from west to east, we have lirst to notice its i)resenie as an isolated outlier on the Tobi(pie Kiver, where it holds limestone and iiypsum, whid to a long eon- tinued depression of very equal amount, formini; what miirht be termed a continental sub- sidence. The date of its cessation would probably be marked by the foldings in Cape IJreton imd southern New Hrun.xwick. In the northern part of the latter Province, this horizon shows Ity its comparatively undisturbed condition, and by its marks of sliijht unconl'ormability to the succeeding measures, that there has been little violent chancre since tlie ilate of its depositiou. Tht, MlM>iT(»NK GkIT SeUIKS. In central New' 15ransw'ick there is a set of measures not exceeding, I In'lieve, 1,000 feet in thickness, which lojlow the repreisentatives of the Carboniferous Limestone with sliuht marks of local unconformity. In their lower part they present a Millstone drit facies, in the ui)pevpart the pn-sence of a j)ersistent coal-prodiuing horizon would, perhaps, indi- cate the formation ol' the productive measures. However this may be, the purpo.ses of this paper will be answered by coii.sidering it as a whole. Kor it shows that ^ince the beginning ol the Millstone (irit epoch this district has suHer.'d but slight movement (it now presenting a .series of low umlulations, and a g.-neral horiz(mtal position), and that '.he changes of level have been I'omiiaratively insignilicant. Along the coastal range the Millstoni' Grit series were spread over the folds of the preceding Carbonii'er-tus measures, from which, doubtless, was derived a portion of tho material composjnu' them. 1 havi' measured a thickness of it.Mi f,.,.t of Millstone Grit strata in the Dorchester district, but this may be exceeded at other points. Following these measures across the great Amherst anticlinal, we lind them regularly 140 EDWIN GILPIN ON THE FOLDING OF TlIK suixootliii!^ tho Ctvr7»onirorous liiuostono at the .ToirijinN, where ihey attiiiTi a thitkiiess of 0,000 i'eef They extend lo the eastward, and siuceed the same measures in I'ietou (.'ounty with equal reguhirity, and have a thiekness ()t'r),;573 feet, aeeordinij; to Sir William Ixjuran's Survey. They appear to thin out to tlie eastward, and are re])resented in Anlisronishe tVnmty l>y heds of eoarse sandstone underlyiii'^ the IloUywe.l coal, and possibly hy tho uioasures holding the Traeadie coal beds, which ai)i>ear to succeed the CarbonilerouH lime stone. In tlie Hay of Fuudy District they are represented by a great mas.s of sandstones, and hold coal beds possibly belonging to the lower part of the productive measures. In liichmond County their extent and position is not as dearly delined as elsewhere, and from Mr. Fletchers report ((Jeological Survey), they appear to })o !'},M(\ feet thick. Passing lo the eastward, they are found at Salmon Kiver and Mira, overlapping, with marks of unconformability, the Carboniferous limestone, and join the same hori/on in the Sydney district. Here their maximum thickness is o.700 feet, diminishing to 500 feet at Cape Dauphin. At several points in tliis district thoy contain fragments of the Carboniferous limestone series, already alluded to as having been foldi'd. Their passage into the produc- tive measures is liere an arl)itrary line. In Newfouiiul there ;irc exci-p- tions to this rule. We iind beds of coal at the sme-ait of tlie Millstone tirit in Newfound- land and Cape IJreton, possibly also at Traciuiie. ;,t tlic l-'reu; ■v."l West Kivers at I'ietou, and in the Colchester distri( t. The,-;e intervals are not conlined to any particular horizon in the Millstone (Irit These measures api)ear to have underii'one very little violent movement at tliis time, except in tlie I'ietou di>triet. where (liey Were indurati'd. I'nlded and elevated, 'j'lii' was followed by a rapid sub.sidence. iiermiiliiin' the fnniiatinn I'nuii ilieir luins of an immense mass, known as the New (ilasguw Cunelonierale. wliieli niiaiiis a iiiaxiiiuim iliickness o| l.tiOO feet. Tiie>e CoiiLilom. 'rates, as shown by l>r. Dawson, represent ihe eluse olihe Mill- stone 'Irit. wliicli, in the New (ila.-giiw district, cloes not appeal- in direct c(iiifiiiinal)iii(y with the productive stiiuaot' tiie Middle Coal I'oriiiaiiiiii. owiiiu' i>arlly to tlie faults bound- ing the coal field, as well as to tiie mnvements chronicled by the Coiigloinerate. rHODfi'TiVE Coat, Mi:.\st'i{E«J. Passing over the New Brunswick district we meet these nitnisuri's at the .Toggins, suc- ceeding retrularly •'> the Millstone Grit, and having' a thickness of 4.071? feet. They lan be traied for twenty miles to the eastward, wliere they are api)ariii)ly overlajiju'd l)y tlie Upper Coal formation. Tiiey presumably extend under these me.'usures, and connect with 1 !» ! OAI{UON!I'T<]UOUS STRATA IN TIIK MARITIME PKOVINCKH. 141 thti ooal lit'lds of ricloti County, but lus yci no suflicionlly dctiiili'd survey pcrmitM th»i expression o!' a dfiidcd opinion. In I'iclou County their thiart of the productive measures lying south of New (ilasgow. I'assinu'' over the small ouilier of produetiv*- measures in Antigonishe County, said to hohl workalde seams of coal, the lvi( hniond district is met. Here, according to Mr. Fletclier's report, tht^ coal seams of Little J{iver are cnntained ii; no less than 8,!t26 feet of strata, curiously associated wiih limestone and uypsum, recalling the Coal Ibrnuition rocks of Wallace and Kiver John, us described in Acadian (reolniry. hi Cape itrctdU County the ravau^es of the Atlantic have left 1,7'JO feet of productive measures, and evidence is not vvantinnto show that is not far from their original maximum thickness In Newlbundland th<' hiyhest known divisions of the Carboniferous, paralleled in the iifeological survey of that Island with the prixluctive measures of Cape Ijreton, have a thickness estimated at i,;jOO feet. It is to l)e noticed hat in the ICastern end of ihe area the conditions of level were not continued under circumstances favouring the Hirmation of productive mi'asures as long as in the western districts. .And it is in those districts in which the depressi' Carbonifer- ous measures are thrown .•«onlh of thiil villaii>'. Similar ibldinus of a more lcr <'oal measures, and l'crmo-Carl)onifcrous, where found to the north, that their foldings were contemporaneous with some of those alluded to above, ■ind that they were mil deferred to the do.se of the Carboniferous. TUK UpI'KU CdAI, MK.\SI'REf'. These measures appear in the district extending from Antigonish throutrh TietoU, Col- chp.-ter, and Cumberland Counties to the .Toiryins, At this place they are contbrmaldv deposited iis the (tjiper member of the irreat Carboniferous series, ami attain a thickness of l','J(!7 feet. Al)out twenty miles totlieeast theyappearto lie tinconformably on the mitldle coal measures at Springhill. as already mentioned. Tliey pass thence in an almost : f 142 K. (illiIMN ON TlIK mfiDIN*; OF CAKUONIKKHOUS STRATA. unbroken st'rios into Picton, whi'ro thi-ir ihicknoss is estimated l>y Dr. Dawson at 2,;')0() feet, lie also |)oints out that these measures urailuate upwards into heds liaving a I'erniinn aspect, and susrirests the term I'ermo-C'arlmnii'erous i'or their upper portion. In this paper they are considered toi^ether, lis the same remarks apply to l)oth. These beds are also louml in Prince Edward Ishuid, and extend across the strait t> N'ew Hruiiswick, and are pre- sented ii> shallow synclinals. In the Kichmond district there is a set of measures which present some evidence of unconformaliility to the horizon holdinir the Little Kiver coal beds, and may represent the upper coal measures. They lie in a shallow }>asin. and are of limited extent ; t)ieir thick- ness is about l.;!.')0 feet. In the Pieton and ('uml)erland district these measures are })ent in folds, generally with low antrles, the date of which cannot now be lixed by suiierimposed strata. The foldini; of the t'ai)e ]$reton coal held, with its h)w and broad synclinals is of a similar character, and may have been synchronous. It may be considered that these foldings took place be fore the Trias, or toward the close of the Permo-Carboniferous. Since this date the Carboniferous measures have underuone some chanires of level consccpient on the deposition of the Trias, and its elevation, and the continental dejiressions whiih have icit their record in rt locally, in the ca.se of the Trias of the Bay of Kundy. do not appear to have ureatly all'ected the CarbonifcrouH, for we find the interior of \ew IJrunswick, the ^.liiistone (Irit of Dorchester, the Upper Coal }kieasures and rermo-Carbonifenms of Cumberland. Pictou, and Prinf strata reachinir I'li.OdO feet. DuriuL' this time, in addition to the osition characterizing the Carboniferous limestone. Millstone (trit. etc., there were extensive loldinirs ol' a mori' local charaiter, apparently in some cases marking the closing of these oscillations. These foidiiiirs and their subse