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\1 
 

 THE 
 
 FAULTS OF SPEECH 
 
 A Self-Corrector 
 
 AND 
 
 TEACHERS MANUAL. 
 
 BY 
 
 / 
 
 ALEX. MELVILLE BELL., F.E.LS., &c. 
 
 /^T^ 
 
 iVSrx..-.-.!*,^*-'^ •4i,-.-'«??3fcV-j*':' •«,-»ii>^ 
 
 ~-K,r-f^^ 
 
1" 
 
 Copyright . 1HK», 
 By James P. Burbank. 
 
'^ 
 
 1" 
 
 . IHKO, 
 DURBANK. 
 
;A*«<MiV-'i^ li1TITgM»iii rttm 
 
 ■■f 
 
 > 
 
 '. 
 
 >•'■■. 
 
 -I 
 
 :?:il- 
 
 A. MKLVILLE BELL'H W0BK8. 
 
 VIslbU tpMch; the Science of UnlrerMl Alpbo- 
 
 betlct. 4to,lir. mor tSA) 
 
 BngliehVUIbleSpawihferthelflHion. . . .40 
 Bapluiatory Lecture nn Visible Speech . . .15 
 Univereel Line- Writing nnd Steno-Phooopraphy, 
 on the basU of VUlblo Speech. Hto., pap. JSi 
 The Principle* of Speech and Vocal Physiology, 
 an<l DIctloMtry of Hounds. 19mo., cloth, IM 
 The Prindplee of Elocution. ISmo., cloth . IM 
 The Emphasised Liturgy. 19mo., cloth . . 1.00 
 The Faults of ftpeech, a Self-Corrector an<i. Teach- 
 ers' Manual, itmo., cloth W 
 
 The Art of Reading. lOmo., cloth .... .60 
 
 Mallei Aree on receipt of price by the publisher. 
 Complete descriptive list sent on application. 
 
 JAMES P. BURBAHK, Boaton, Masa. 
 
 .;5-^/'. :■'.'; ^'v'. ':■'.'■■''- ^\:„:^ 
 
BLL'8 WORKS. 
 
 oe of Unlvenal AlpliA- 
 
 19.00 
 
 rthaMUIion. . . ■«> 
 'iRible Speech . . .15 
 nd Steno-Phonography, 
 I Speech. 8vo., pap. » 
 and Vocal Pbyilology, 
 indi. 18mo., cloth. IM 
 on. 12mo., cloth . IJW 
 . ISmo., cloth . . 1.00 
 9ir-Corrector and Teaoh- 
 
 jloth .80 
 
 no., cloth .... .60 
 
 f price by the pabliaher. 
 Mnt on a(: plication. 
 
 BANK, Boaton, Mass. 
 
 ' CONTENTS. 
 
 'sW'l ''■:-:: ":':''''-^ , . 
 
 Elkmentahy Sounuh . ," ■; '' 
 ' Corrective Training . 
 Orgnalt! Defects . 
 
 ImPKDIMKNT' ok 8PRKC1I 
 
 NcrvousncHM . 
 
 Stammering a Habit . 
 
 Systems of Cure . 
 
 Self-effort Necessary 
 
 Temporary Relief . 
 'fBK Cure of Stammkrino 
 
 The Breath. — Atmospheric Pressure ; Air 
 Chounels ; Inspiration and Expira- 
 tion 
 
 The Voice. — Exercise, Continuity of 
 Voice; How to leorn Elementary 
 Sounds; Difficult Elements 
 
 Organic Regulation.— The Mouth; The 
 Jaw; The Head; Spasmodic Ac- 
 tions 
 
 Self-Observation 
 
 Capricious Difficulties . .' . 
 
 Aggravauts of Difficulty 
 
 s 
 
 7 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 la 
 
 U: 
 IT 
 
 17-18 
 
 19-28 
 
 34-2G 
 
 . 27 
 
 28 
 
 . ait 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 •\.-^<<fUr-'ffKi^t 
 
mmn^""^ 
 
 a CONTENTS. 
 
 Mmom PAOLTi ^ 
 
 Na.all«lng "^ 
 
 Thu Anplriitc 8a 
 
 Vocal (^)n«onanU ^ 
 
 TlilcknenH of Hpovch 84 
 
 Ohatohkai. Kaiilti ** 
 
 Coiiv»'riiati«)i»al Slurring .... 85 
 
 Ku»tuln«(l Voice •* 
 
 Mal-Ue«plrution **• 
 
 OHOANIC HoBSTITOTIOHi ^ 
 
 i'ostbciiipt ** 
 
 Appendix *' 
 
 
 '* . " * 
 
 ■•TT**W."» imii 'W ' *B ""u 
 
'8. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 . 80 
 
 . 80 
 
 . 88 
 
 . 88 
 
 . 84 
 
 . 8« 
 
 . 86 
 
 . 86 
 
 . 88 
 
 . 40 
 
 . 61 
 
 . 67 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 |I1I8 little work Hii|)|)lieH n want of which 
 I have Ik'ch frcqiu'iitly r(>inia«1o<l (hir- 
 ing my |)r()((>NHioual onn'cr. In rcviHin^i; thf 
 "IriiiciploH of iSpoech luid Vocal I'hysioloxy " 
 for n now (>(lltioii In 1HG;1, a Hoetion of tin- 
 l)ook waH (lovotocl to the ' Cure of Staminor- 
 ing;" and in another Hcction — the "Diction- 
 ary of SoundH" — reference was made under 
 each consonant to the defects to which the 
 clement was subject : but a complete separate 
 treatise on the Faults ov Speech has not 
 hitherto been published. . "►- . ■ ' ' , 
 I am glad to be able still, to add tc< my 
 professional publications one which, I hope 
 and believe, will prove not the least uscflil of 
 the whole. A. M. B. 
 
 TuTKLo IIkiohts, 
 BnAXTKoiM), OxT., April, 1880. i. ; ■ '. • 
 
mim^^T^'^^^^^f^fi^^'^^'^'^ 
 
 
 ^A ^'•■. 
 
 :um 
 
'T^ 
 
 '■!-', ■ ..M>M'. 
 
 -•^y.-i.^^iir. 
 
 ^Tke FflOLTS 0P Speech i(^ 
 
 .,. Mr: 
 
T 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ^r*- . .. 
 
 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. 
 
 |HE processes of speech are mechanical, 
 but they are intimately associated with 
 mental operations. Sometimes the meclumical 
 processes are mismanaged, and sometimes the 
 intellectual associations are imperfect. In the 
 latter case, expression is tardy or inexact ; in 
 the former, utterance is interrupted or vitiated. 
 The two kinds of defect may be combined, or 
 either may exist separately. Stammering, 
 stuttering, etc. are, for the most part, mechan- 
 ical defcctei ; drawling, hemming, and — uh — 
 uh — hesitation are, in great measure, faults of 
 the intellect. The observations in this work 
 will have reference to failures in the mechan- 
 ical execution of speech. 
 
 .% 
 
 'i.-'^y -■- ^ f 
 
2 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 The foot that "everjbody speaks," and yet 
 not one person in a thousand knows how he 
 speaks ; and that children talk the language 
 of their nurses— be it English, French, Ger- 
 man, Italian, Indian, Patois, or whatever ebe 
 —proves that language is normally acquired 
 by imitation. A child imitates with more or 
 less accuracy the general effect of the sounds 
 it hears ; but, in doing so, makes many sub- 
 stitutions of easier for more difficult actions 
 of the organs of speech. The lips and the 
 forepart of He tongue are the first of the ar- 
 ticulating organs to be brought into use ; and 
 "turn," "tat" and "tate" in most cases sat- 
 isfy the child's apprehension of the words 
 ♦'come," "cat" and "cake." The action of 
 the back of the tongue is often not acauired 
 for years. Infiintilo defects are unwisely en- 
 couraged by parents, who— with the requisite 
 knowledge— might enable their children to 
 pronounce correctly as soon as they begin to 
 prattle at all. There can be no doubt that 
 the most serious blemishes and impediments 
 arise fi-om parental neglect— or rather ignor- 
 ance—in this respect. When a child says 
 , "turn" for "come," and "tin" for "king," 
 
OF BPEECH. 
 
 body speaks," and yet 
 ousand knows how he 
 ren talk the language 
 English, French, Ger- 
 atois, or whatever else 
 e is normally acquired 
 imitates with more or 
 ■al effect of the sounds 
 5 so, makes many sub- 
 ' more difficult actions 
 eh. The lips and the 
 are the first of the ar- 
 brougbt into use ; and 
 ate" in most cases sat- 
 ihension of the words 
 cake." The action of 
 e is often not acouired 
 lefects are unwisely en- 
 ,yho— with the requisite 
 nable their children to 
 8 soon as they begin to 
 J can be no doubt that 
 nishes and impediments 
 eglect — or rather ignor- 
 !t. When a child says 
 and "tin" for "king," 
 
 ■iHMiiiPliilPliPi 
 
 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. f 
 
 the correct articulation will be induced almost 
 at the first trial by the simple expedient of 
 holding down the forepart of the tongue with 
 the finger. The effort to imitate the general 
 effect will then force the back of tlie tongue 
 into action ; and in a few days at most, the 
 child will, without any assistance, form k, g 
 and ng where before it could only utter ^ d 
 and n. 
 
 The "shut" consonants (p, t, k, b,d,g) are 
 the most easily acquired, and children conse- 
 qucntl}' pronounce p instead of the more dif- 
 ficult /, and t instead of th. A few minutes 
 devoted to amusing exercise will conquer this 
 difficulty. Thus: tell the child to bite his 
 lower lip, and blow, and be will form a tol- 
 erable / at once ; or to bite his tongue, and 
 blow, and a passable th will be the result. 
 The sounds of « and sh are often for a long 
 time confounded ; also those of s and th. The 
 sound of « will be obtained fW>m th by drawing 
 back — or, if assistance is needed, by push- 
 ing back — the tip of the tongue till it is free, 
 from the teeth. The teeth require to be verj' 
 close for «, but there will be room to insert 
 the edge of a paper-cutter to play the tongue 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 m 
 
THE FAULTS OF DPEECH. 
 
 ' m 
 
 M 
 
 into position. Tho sound of ah will be ob- 
 tained from « by drawing — or pushing— back 
 the body of the tongue till it is iVee fVom the 
 gum. Tho sibilation of ah is formed between 
 the middle of the tongue and the palate, modi- 
 fled i)y a degree of elevation of tho point of 
 tho tongue also : that of a is formed iKJtween 
 the point of the tongue and the uppor gum, 
 modifled by a degree of convexity of tho mid- 
 dle of the tongue : and that of th is formed 
 between tho tip of the tongue and the upper 
 teeth, with the edges of the tongue flattened 
 against the side teeth to obstruct the breath 
 at all points but the tip. 
 
 The sounds of I and r are generally the last 
 to be mastered by a child. The I resembles 
 th in having the point of the tongue in con- 
 tact (preferably with the gum), but the sides 
 of the tongue, instead of being flattened 
 against the teeth, are free from lateral con- 
 tact, so that the breath passes over the sides. 
 R resembles » in having the point of the 
 tongue raised to the upper gum, but the mid- 
 dle of the tongue, instead of being convex, 
 is dcFjressed so that the Ireath stiikes sharply 
 on the free tip of the tongue. The sound of 
 
T 
 
 yp BPEECB. .r ' 
 
 ad of sh win be ob- 
 — or pushing — back 
 11 it is free from the 
 ah is formed between 
 and the palate, modi- 
 ition of the point of 
 
 B is formed Ixjtween 
 I and the upper gum, 
 convexity of the mid- 
 
 that of th is formed 
 tongue and the upper 
 t the tongue flattened 
 
 obstruct the breath 
 
 ' are generally the last 
 ild. The I resembles 
 of the tongue in con- 
 16 gum) , but the sides 
 
 1 of being flattened 
 free fh>m lateral con- 
 passes over the sides. 
 
 ing the point of the 
 per gum, but the mid- 
 :ead of being convex, 
 I Ireath stiikes sharply 
 tongue. The sound of 
 
 >[<f. 
 
 CORRECTIVE TRAINING. 6 
 
 y resembles ah in having the middle of the 
 tongue arched towards the palate, but witiioiit 
 the elevation of the forepart of the tonguo, 
 which is a necessary part of the modification 
 of ah. 
 
 -■-,::,, vv; Corrective Training. j ,, j;- 
 
 A TERT little attention on the part of par- 
 ents would secure their children against artic- 
 ulative blemishes which otherwise disfigure 
 them for life ; and which are often the first 
 causes of the most painftil impediments. In- 
 stead of being satisfied with the child's im- 
 perfect imitation of the general effect of 
 concrete utterances in words and sentences, 
 parents should require an exact reproduction 
 — however slowly — of syllables, and, if nec- 
 essary, of elementary sounds. This of course 
 implies that parents can themselves analyze 
 their utterance into syllables and elements. 
 Few persons can do so with entire accuracy : 
 but the attempt, though imperfect, will put 
 the child in the right way to correct himself. 
 
 Some children manifest a degree of inapti- 
 tude for speech, probably from defective im- 
 itation, or it may be from intellectual dulness ; 
 
 -*»««+ 
 
 ?-?-^-*^«SIBS«i**<^^''.^-i"«'--**'**^^'''*^*l'^''*^'*-^ 
 
6 
 
 TUE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 80 thot a child of throe or four years of age 
 will be DO farther advanced than an average 
 child of two or three. The faculty of imita- 
 tion becomcB almost inoperative after the earli- 
 est years, and special care should be given in 
 such cases to establish a habit of distinct 
 elementary and syllabic atteranoe so far as 
 ability extends, and to prevent the formafion 
 of a habit of defect. It is certainly true that 
 a child who falls to pronounce the whole of a 
 word can be made to reproduce its syllables, 
 or its elements, one by one ; and as the long- 
 est utterance is made up of syllables, these 
 only should be required of the learner. Fac- 
 ility of combination will infallibly come with 
 practice, if patience and skill are displa}'ed to 
 regulate the analytic utterance of the back- 
 ward child. 
 
 There is then no justification for allowing 
 lisping, burring, lallation and other elementary 
 defects to become fixed into habits. True, 
 they l)e corrected at any time, with but little 
 trouble ; j-et " prevention is better than cure," 
 and such elementary disfigurements of udult 
 speech ought to have been rendered impossible 
 by attention in the nursery and school-room. 
 
 ^ttiliMiimiliiitMiiliUm' 
 
^ 
 
 OF SPEECH. 
 
 or four years of age 
 need than an average 
 
 The faculty of imita- 
 perative after the earll- 
 ftre Bhould be given In 
 ti a habit of distinct 
 
 utterance so far as 
 prevent the formation 
 t is certainly true that 
 tnonncc the whole of a 
 reproduce its sjllables, 
 one ; and as the long- 
 up of syllables, these 
 
 1 of the learner. Fac- 
 ill infallibly come with 
 d skill are displayed to 
 utterance of the bauk- 
 
 istification for allowing 
 )n and other elementary 
 id into habits. True, 
 tny time, with but little 
 ion is better than cure," 
 disfigurements of adult 
 leen rendered impossible 
 irseiy and school-room. 
 
 OBOANIC DEFECTS. f 
 
 Organic Defecta. 
 
 OsoAino causes of diflloulty sometimes pre- 
 sent themselves. When the formation of the 
 Jaws is such that the teeth cannot be brought 
 evenly in line, the sibilant sounds a and x will 
 be defective ; when the tongue is too closely 
 tied to the lower jaw, the sounds of t, d, n, / 
 and r will be wanting in clearness. The den- 
 tist may do much to rectify the former mal- 
 formation; and the stirgeon, by the simple 
 operation of snipping the fVsenum that binds 
 the tongue, may give the requisite ftecdom in 
 the latter case. 
 
 A more serious organic cause of defective 
 speech is cleft palate, when an opening exists 
 between the mouth and the nasal passage. 
 The breath, which requires to be shut within 
 the mouth for f >&, t-d, k-g, escapes by the 
 nose, and a percussive articulation is Impossi- 
 ble. In most cases a skilAil denti^^ can cover 
 the fissure in the palate by a suction-plate, 
 and the power of clear enbnciation nwy thus 
 be obtained. Cleft palate causes all vowels 
 to be nasalized ; but frequently the fault of 
 nasalizing vowels is merely habitiud, witliout 
 
 i.a.i,>*M;jjTni-;*>J- 
 
 Li;'ftiiii^;^\;sff^*iii-^*!!^^i>^«c;»''^:;W^*?^^ 
 
r 
 
 (' 
 
 »■;•' 
 
 ■ THE FAULTS OF SrSEC'l. 
 
 •ay organic causo. As witli tliu mcchaniHiu 
 of oonsonants, bo with that of vowels : habits 
 of mal-pronuiiciation may b« prt^ventttd more 
 easily than rectified ; and among otIuT im|K>r- 
 foctions, that of nasalizing is perfectly sustvp- 
 tible of preventive or corrective training. 
 
 - !»il 
 
 :/--i^ ■ ' > ; 
 
 
OF SPEECH. 
 
 8 with the mcchaniHiu 
 that of vowels : habits 
 my btf prtivenUid more 
 1(1 among other imi)or- 
 ing is pcrfot'tly au9(»'p- 
 orrcotivu training. 
 
 ^ 
 
 IMPEDIMENTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 |AR more serious than nnj' of the ele- 
 mentary defects hithorto noticed are 
 those affections of speech which create an im- 
 pediment to utterance. These arc known by 
 Ihe names of stuttering, stammering, spas- 
 modic hesitation, etc. Their common charac- 
 teristio 1 involuntary action of the organs, 
 which arc not ol)cdient to the will. In stut- 
 tering, the articulating organs — the lips and 
 tongue — rebound again and again before the 
 sequent vowel can And egress. The moutli 
 opens and shuts in vain effort to act on the 
 throat ; and the throat opens and shuts in vain 
 effoit to act on the diaphragm. From the 
 n>cking head to the fluttering chest there is a 
 general want of precision in the attempt to 
 articulate. In stammering, the .breathing is 
 entirely deranged — the normal actions of tiie 
 chest and diaphragm are reversed — the .reath 
 
 ^ 
 
 iia 
 
10 
 
 rirs FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 
 m 
 
 is inaplrcd In the attempt to Hpcnk ; tho tiiroat 
 is shut in thu attempt to form houikI ; tlut voice 
 is fltfUlly ejected or n»*trnine»i ; siui tiio nilicu- 
 lating orgatiH when thoy me<>t remain iuM'par- 
 able, a* if glued together. In Bpasmodlo 
 hesitation there is a Aitilo straining, often 
 silent und choicing, but oocasionuliy fVightf\iliy 
 demonstrative. The eyeballs protrude, tlie 
 ▼cins of the neck start out, tho raue is mif- 
 ftised and contorted, and the muscles of the 
 whole body arc sposnaodloally affected. 
 
 No sharp line of demarcation can be drawn 
 between these varieties of im[)ediment. Loose 
 stuttering is opt to pass into compressive 
 stammering ttoxa the dread of ridicule iu- 
 spired by consciousness of peculiarity ; and 
 the worst features of spasmodic difficulty may 
 supervene, itom the increase of sensitiveness 
 and the bitterness of disappointed effort. 
 
 Nerw»un«»a. 
 
 NoTWiTHSTAMDnfo the manifest nf^rvousness 
 of the majority of stammerers, they are rarely 
 persons of weak nerves under ordinary dr- 
 oumstances. Their nervousness is associated 
 only with speaking, and it is much more likely 
 
 ■»■— i»i 
 
0¥ BPSECa. 
 
 it to Hpenk ; th« throat 
 form 8<)UimI ; tlu» voice 
 ■ttlnod ; and the nitlcu- 
 
 met't n'lnaln Insopar- 
 Bther. Ill spajimodlo 
 ftitllo Rtralning, often 
 (XscaHlonuUy Wghtflilly 
 jyebalU protrude, tlie 
 t out, tho face is mif> 
 nd the inuBcloa of the 
 dloally affected, 
 narcaiion can be drawu 
 of impediment. Loose 
 pass into compressive 
 
 dread of ridioulo lu> 
 88 of peculiarity; and 
 pasmodic difficulty may 
 tcrease of sensitiveness 
 lisappointed effort. 
 
 le manifest nervousness 
 nmerers, they are rarely 
 68 under ordinary dr- 
 srvousoess is associated 
 d it is much more likely 
 
 BTAMMSnilfO A HABIT. 
 
 n 
 
 to have arisen as a consequence of impedi- 
 ment, than to have bc«n — as many imagine— 
 a cause of the malady. The true cause prob- 
 vbly lies (kr back in childhood, when some 
 slight imperfection lias l)een harshly corrected 
 or DMxrked ; or when weakness of the system 
 alter illness has made tho child peculiarly sen- 
 Bitive under ordinary dlfflcultics. The slight- 
 est beginning at that period may lead on to 
 the most aggravated form of impediment 
 Even a casual example may exite Imitation at 
 tlie time when that faculty is the strongest in 
 our nature, and so enslave tho little mimio. 
 Many isoUited cases are believed to have had 
 no other than this simple origin. 
 
 Stammering a Habit. 
 
 Th« frequent occurrence of stammering 
 among members of the same family has led 
 many persons to imagine that the affection 
 was transmitted hereditarily, and that conse- 
 quently it was an incurable affliction of the 
 constitution. But there is no ground for such 
 a supposition, opposed aa it is to the manifest 
 nature of the impediment— pertaining only to 
 speech, which is altogether artificial and no 
 
 
 m 
 
V»WH<(tP«TW^lJ«. . 
 
 mmmmmmmm 
 
 m 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 !!'il 
 
 part of our physical endowment. A ftill con- 
 sidcration of the subject and a wide experi- 
 ence with all varieties of the impediment lead 
 to the settled conviction that stammering is 
 a habit only — the formation of which may be 
 entirely prevented by precautionary training 
 in childhood; the growth of which may be 
 easily checked before it is aggravated by the 
 excitements of school ; and the uprooting of 
 which may be accomplished at any stage by 
 iutc^Uigent care and perseverance. 
 
 Sy^ma of Cure. * ;, 
 
 The stammerer's difficulty is : where to turn 
 for effective assistance. C!ertainly not to any 
 pretender who veils his method in convenient 
 secrecj', nor to any who profess to "charm" 
 away the impediment — or to effect a cure in 
 a single lesson ! Not to any whose " system" 
 mvolves drawling, singing, sniffing, whistling, 
 stamping, beating time — all of which expedi- 
 ents have constituted the "curative" means 
 of various charlatans ; nor to any who bridle 
 the month with mechanical appliances — forks 
 on the tongue, tubes between the lips, bands 
 over the laiynx, pebbles in the month, etc., 
 
•S OF SPEECH. 
 
 ndowment. A ftiU con- 
 >ject and a wide experi- 
 i of the impediment lead 
 tion that stammering is 
 rmation of whicli may be 
 y precautionary training 
 jowth of wiiicb may be 
 ! it is aggravated by the 
 A; and the uprooting of 
 iplishcd at any stage by 
 [Wraeverance. 
 
 ,8 of Cure. ' .. 
 
 ifBculty ia : where to turn 
 3e. C!ertainly not to any 
 lis method in convenient 
 who profess to "charm" 
 t — or to effect a cure in 
 t to any whose " system" 
 nging, sniffing, whistling, 
 ne — all of which expedi- 
 d the "curative" means 
 9 ; nor to any who bridle 
 lanical appliances — forks 
 I between the lips, bands 
 bblea in the month, ct«., 
 
 SELF- EFFORT NECESSARY. 
 
 18 
 
 etc. The habit of stammering can only be 
 counteracted by the cultivation of a habit of 
 correct speaking founded on the application 
 of natural principles. Respecting these there 
 is no mystery except what arises from the little 
 attention that has been paid to the science of 
 speech. 
 
 - Instruction must be sought from teachers 
 whose professional position is a guarantee 
 against deception. If no encouragement were 
 given by too credulous stammerers to the craft 
 of unqualified "professors," respectable teach- 
 ers would prepare themselves by special study 
 for this important department of work, and 
 the stammerer's perplexity to find trustworthy 
 skill would be at an end. 
 
 Self-effort Necessary. 
 
 But with the best assistance the stammerer 
 must work out his own cure. He cannot be 
 passive in the matter. He must clearly ap- 
 prehend the principles on which -he is to pro- 
 ceed, and diUgently apply them. Nor must 
 he, in this, depend too much on the watchful- 
 ness of his instructor, but must learn to watch 
 over himself. His perfect release from the 
 
I'lJI I f, Jill 
 
 !>:;i 
 
 
 I ; S iiii 
 
 14 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 habit will require time, patience, and hopeM 
 energetic effort. 
 
 Temporary Relief. 
 
 Immediate temporary relief from the ohok' 
 Ing and spasmodic contortions of the impedi- 
 ment is genertill}' obtained when the art of 
 managing the breath is acquired — and this is 
 often in a single lesson. The stammerer is 
 apt to be unduly elated at this stage, and to 
 relax his watchftilness. A relapse is almost 
 certain to be the consequence. Besides, other 
 ftinctional diiScultics will present themselves, 
 each of which must be encountered i a oour- 
 c^eous spirit, and mastered separately. 
 
 The following practical directions are de- 
 signed for the use of stammerers who may 
 attempt their own cure, as well as for the 
 guidance of parents, governesses and school 
 teachers. 
 
 r^tt^^ff^^fpsBP^ 
 
MP 
 
 OF SPEECH. 
 patience, and hopeftat 
 
 y Relief. 
 
 )' relief from the ohok* 
 tortious of the impedi- 
 iined when the art of 
 i acquired — and this is 
 n. The stammerer is 
 I at this stage, and to 
 A relapse is almost 
 luence. Besides, other 
 ill present themselves, 
 enooontered t a cour- 
 iered separately, 
 ncal directions are de- 
 stammerers who may 
 re, as well as for the 
 governesses and school 
 
 ^^VSP^ 
 
 PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 
 
 FOR THIS 
 
 CURE OF STAMMERING 
 
 AND 
 
 MINOR DEFECTS. 
 
 ■ ■- . '■' - •'■-■■■ 'i 
 
% . 
 
 \^:fk 
 
 JSiil; ;; 
 
 
 9!- :!! 
 
 si ■' ■ 
 
 VmIm* 
 
^^Sr' 
 
 » s?".' - 
 
 THE CURE OF STAMMERING. 
 
 The Breath.— Atmospheric Pressure. 
 
 |N normal breathing the lungs are filled 
 by atmospheric pressure, to the extent 
 of the cavity within the chest. There is no 
 suction — no effort. In deep breathing, as be- 
 fore a sigh, the inspiration is equally easy and 
 unlabored. The cavity within the chest is in- 
 creased by descent of the diaphragm — the 
 muscular base of the chest — as well as by 
 expansion of the bony flraraework — the ribs, 
 etc. — but atmospheric pressure fills out the 
 lungs to occupy the entire space created within 
 the chest. 
 
 Air Channels. 
 
 The external apertures for the entrance of 
 the air are the mouth and nostrils. Both these 
 passages meet behind the mouth, in the phar- 
 3-nx ; and the pharynx communicates with the 
 
 17 
 
 
Iv't'il'i 
 
 19 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 m 
 
 Mil III 
 
 windpipe. At the top of the windpipe, be- 
 tween it and the pharynx, is the organ of 
 Foice— the larynx — through which all air 
 entering the lungs, and all breath leaving 
 them, must pass. In order to make inspiration 
 silent and effortless there must be no obstruc- 
 tion or conatriction in any part of the passage. 
 Stammerers attempt to "draw" in air while 
 the aperture of the larynx is either closed or 
 greatly narrowed, and even while the mouth- 
 passage is similarly obstructed by positions of 
 the tongue. The first point to be impressed 
 on the stammerer's mind, then, is that the 
 lungs ^Z{ (herMelves — that no effort of suction 
 is required ; but that if he merely raise the 
 chest, with the passage to the windpipe open, 
 he cannot prevent the longs from filling . 
 
 JruptrotMrn and Expiration. 
 
 Next, considering that air entering the 
 lungs and breath escaping fVom them must 
 pass through the same channel, it is obvious 
 that the acts of inspiration and expiration 
 must be alternate, and cannot possibly take 
 place simultaneously. Stammerers, however, 
 endeavour to draw in air at the same time that 
 
 11^! :;! 
 
 U 
 
OF SPEECH. 
 
 p of the windpipe, be- 
 irynx, is the organ of 
 through which all air 
 nd all breath leaving 
 rder to make inspiration 
 jre must be no obstruc- 
 ui}' part of the passage. 
 "draw" in air while 
 ynx is either closed or 
 
 even while the mouth- 
 structed by positions of 
 
 point to be impressed 
 nind, then, is that the 
 that no effort of suction 
 
 if he merely raise the 
 e to the windpipe open, 
 langs ftt>m tilling . 
 
 nd Expiration. 
 
 that air entering the 
 aping fVom them mast 
 e channel, it is obvious 
 )iration and expiration 
 id cannot possibly take 
 Stammerers, however, 
 ur at the same time that 
 
 THE VOICE. 
 
 19 
 
 they are making muscular efforts to expel the 
 breath. The first condition of fVee respiration 
 is, then, a ailent pautte to replenish the lungs. 
 Again, in stammering, the chest is violently 
 heaved and pressed down, and the action of 
 the diaphragm is downwards instead of up- 
 wards. The action of the diaphragm may be 
 distinctly seen in the motion of the abdomen. 
 When the diaphragm falls (in inspiration) the 
 abdomen slightly protrudes; and when the 
 diaphragm rises (in expiration) the abdomen 
 falls inward. The chest should rise and fall 
 but little ; it should be kept moderately raised 
 throughout speech, and the principal action of 
 respiration should be in the diaphragm. The 
 requisite motion, however, is very slight, and 
 entirely free fk)m Jerking. The stammerer 
 must practise the acts of inspiration and ex- 
 piration until they are practically, as well as 
 theoretically, faultless. 
 
 The Voice. 
 
 Voice is formed by the breath in its out- 
 ward passage setting in vibration the edges 
 of the aperture of the larynx — the glottis. 
 Stammerers often endeavour to form voice with 
 
'I'T 
 
 10 
 
 THE FAULT 8 OF SPEECU. 
 
 ingoing air; but in general they doae the 
 glottis in the effort to vocalize. This of course 
 stops the breath, and hence the choking and 
 other distressing symptoms of the impediment. 
 Voice is the materiai of Speech. This fact, 
 in all its meaning, the stammerer has to learn. 
 His efforts ore always directed elsewhere than 
 to the organ of voice. He moves the head, 
 he moves the Jaw, be moves the tongue, he 
 moves his limbn, in the vain attempt to force 
 out sound, the production of which he is all 
 the time preventing, by closing the passage 
 through which only voice can come. Voice 
 being the material of speech, the speaker must 
 have voice, whatever else he lacks. The stam- 
 merer must not stint himself of this material, 
 nor must he out it into shreds and fragments ; 
 but he must acquire command of a fUll, strong, 
 unbroken stream of sound. 
 
 Exercise — Continuity of Voice. 
 
 Haying mastered the art of regulating the 
 breath, the stammerer's next step must be to 
 practise the continuous production of voice. 
 He should confine himself to this exerdse 
 until be has become perfectly familiar with all 
 
 ■ ■■m 
 
^^ 
 
 WP 
 
 7\ ?\ 
 
 WfPS 
 
 OF SPEECH. 
 
 general they close the 
 ocalize. This of course 
 lence the choking and 
 jins of the impediment. 
 
 of Speech. This fact, 
 
 stammerer has to learn. 
 
 lirected elsewhere than 
 
 He moves the head, 
 
 moves the tongue, he 
 e vain attempt to force 
 tion of which he is all 
 Sy closing the passage 
 Mce can come. Voice 
 peech, the speaker must 
 ise he lacks. The stam- 
 iimself of this material, 
 
 shreds and fragments ; 
 inmand of a Aill, strong, 
 lund. ' 
 
 itinuity of Voice. 
 
 lie art of regulating the 
 's next step must be to 
 OS production of voice, 
 imself to this exerdse 
 erfectly familiar with all 
 
 ELEMENTAUY SOUNDS. 
 
 21 
 
 TOoal elements ; re|K>ating them first one by 
 one, then in long sequences, and then in com- 
 binations, but always without a break in the 
 continuity of ths sound. 
 
 The following are the elements for this ox- 
 ercire, all of which may be prolonged ad lib- 
 itum: . *• , 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, ah, nw, oo, oi, ou ; 
 
 , , 1, m, n, ag, v, ^Ih, z, zh, w, y. 
 
 These elements are not to be considered as 
 ** vowels" and *' consonants," but simply as 
 voices, each of which has precisely the same 
 sound in the throat ; their differences arising 
 solely fVom the shape of the mouth-passage. 
 
 It must be carefhlly noted that the names 
 of the letters will be useless for this exercise ; 
 the actual sounds of the elements must be 
 pronounced. 
 
 How to Learn Elementary Sounds. 
 
 The re der unaccustomed to phonetic analy- 
 sis will have no diflSculty in isolating the act- 
 ual elementary sounds, if he will simply pro- 
 long for tome seconds the elements printed in 
 
 
 J*v^:'**»***'»'*^^ ' 
 
W'^ 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEECh'. 
 
 ^"riiir 
 
 !• II:.! 
 
 'i<,i 
 
 m\ , 
 
 :■ •■!■ 
 
 capitals in the following words, as coinnionly 
 pronounced : 
 
 feoL, sceM, vaiN, soNG, loaVo. wiTH(dh), 
 iS(z), roiiGo(>!h); We, Yes, Ale, An, EEl, 
 End, l8le(ahoe), In," Old, On,* Use (300), 
 Us, Arin(uh), All (aw), OOae, OWl(ahoo), 
 Oil (awcc) . 
 
 The use to be made of the power which will 
 be developed by this exercise is all-important. 
 The sensation of throat>action must never be 
 lost in speaking. When old tendencies in- 
 cline to false effort, tha stammerer will feel 
 himself off the voice, like a locomotive off the 
 rails. Then, instead of plugging about wildly 
 at random, he must stop, and careAiUy put 
 himself upon the track again. 
 
 There are three elements of speech which 
 have obatnicted vocality, and cannot be pro- 
 longed. These are B, D, and G (as ingfo). 
 They are often tenible stumbling-blocks to the 
 stammerer : but his never to be forgotten tal- 
 isman is : Voice I No mouth-action must be 
 allowed to interfere with throat-souhd I 
 
 There is another class of elements which 
 are entirely non-vocai, and which therefore 
 tend strongly to throw the stammerer *' oil' the 
 
J\ 
 
 r OF SPEECH. 
 
 ig words, as commonly 
 
 »NG,leaVc. wiTH(dh), 
 e, Yob, Ale, An, EEl, 
 ;01d, On,' Usc(.voo), 
 »),00ze, OWl(ahoo), 
 
 of tho power which will 
 xercisc is all-important, 
 ttt-action must never be 
 ^hcn old tendencies in- 
 ;h9 stammerer will feel 
 like a locomotive off the 
 )f plutfging about wildly 
 stop, and carefblly put 
 k again. 
 
 sments of speech which 
 ity, and cannot be pro- 
 8, D, and G (as in go). 
 3 stumbling-blocks to the 
 lever to be forgotten tal- 
 b mouth-action must be 
 rith throat-souhd 1 
 class of elements which 
 liy and which therefore 
 r the stammerer " ofl' the 
 
 DIFFICULT ELEXENTS. 
 
 ts 
 
 folce." These are P, T, K, F, Wh, Tli, 8, 
 8h, 11. Each of these ahonid be practised 
 separately, in connection with a vowel ; and 
 with tho principle constantly before the mind 
 that no movah-aaion must be allowed to in- 
 terfere with the flow of thwat-aowid. 
 
 Difficult Elementa. 
 
 Elements that present special difficulty must 
 be made the subject of special exercise, thus : 
 Prolong any throat-sound, say tho vowel oA, 
 and witliout stopping the sound introduce the 
 mouth-action to bo pniutis>,d, say B, thus : 
 
 ah — bah — bah — bah — bah, etc. 
 
 It will be .found that tho mouth-action does 
 not interfere witli the continuity of the throat- 
 oound. The exercise must be continued until 
 the true relation between the two kinds of ele- 
 ments is distinctly felt and established in the 
 mind. 
 
 Tho relation between the throat and the 
 mouth in speech will bo understood when it is 
 stated to be the same as that between the 
 sound-producing part of the/Iule— the mouth- 
 hole — ard the sound-modif^'ing parts — tiie 
 
m 
 
 
 ¥n 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 iiiii' 
 
 M TUB FAULTS OF SPKECtl. 
 
 flnger-holcs. The at^tion of the flngcre modi- 
 flea, without Interrupting, the countl produced 
 at the mouth-hole ; and no the mouth-actiout 
 in epoech modlf^', without Interrupting, the 
 ■oand prodiiued In the throat. Thia n;latlon 
 must be estahliahed practically, In eonnwitlon 
 with the clcmcnta of Bi)oeoli, In cane* of stam- 
 mering, and all difficulty, and dread of diffi- 
 culty, will certainly sooner or later diaappear. 
 A few other directions will complete all 
 that Is neoessaiy to be attended to In overoom- 
 log the habit of stammering. 
 
 The Mouth a Tube. 
 
 From what has been already said, it will be 
 understood that all effort thrown Into the 
 mouth, jnw, lips or tongue, is flitlle. The 
 mouth should l)c as nearly as possible paerive, 
 a mere tube or ftinncl for the delivery of throat- 
 sound. The moutb-tuhc is constantly Tar}'lng 
 In shape ; but It Is always a transmitter only, 
 and never au originator of sound. 
 
 The Jave, 
 
 A ORBAT deal of the stammerer's diffloully 
 will consist in subduing the upward preMure 
 
■ff 
 
 or SPEECH. 
 
 on of the fingers modl- 
 ng, the conntl produced 
 d HO the niouth-actloui 
 thoiit lnt*miptlng, the 
 
 throat. This nrlatlon 
 ratitlcttlly, In connection 
 i|)eeoh, In cuscb of Btam- 
 ulty, and dread of dlffl- 
 X)ner or later disappear. 
 }tion« win complete all 
 
 1 attended to In overoom- 
 nering. «,, 
 
 vah a Tub«. 
 
 n already said, It will be 
 effort thrown Into the 
 ■ tongue, la Mile. The 
 learly aa poeslble paariiM, 
 for the delivery of throat- 
 lube Is constantly varj-ing 
 ilways a transmitter only, 
 tor of sound. 
 
 le Jaw. 
 
 the Btammerei'a diffloulty 
 
 ling the upward preaeure 
 
 TUE HEAD. It 
 
 of the Jaw. Whatever action the jaw has 
 shonld bo downward ; but there must be no 
 pressure, even In the right direction. The 
 practice of throwing the effort of spi^ch back 
 to the throat will, however, speedily relieve 
 the tendency of the mouth-organs to oUug to- 
 gether. 
 
 When mechanical assistance may be neces- 
 sary, a paper-cutter held ogalnat thr etlges of 
 the upper teeth will manifest any undue up- 
 ward motion of the Jaw, while it will not pro- 
 vent the moutli from opening. The paper- 
 cutter must not be h«'l(l between, or by, the 
 teeth. When the maxillary difficulty has been 
 overcome, the lower teeth should not once 
 touch the paper-cutter. In reudlng or speaking. 
 A gentle contact will be almost unavoldoble 
 In forming the hissing sounds, but even this 
 should be prevented in curative exercise. 
 
 ■■.ivHr;;>;v« The Head. ;^v.. .:.,*t. ,...'■■ . 
 
 A LOOSE rising motion of the head Is almost 
 a universal feature in stammering. This must 
 be subdued before power can be obtained over 
 the organs of speech. The head should be 
 held flnnly on the neck, so that even a con- 
 
.<^,.aa«e 
 
 M I'l 
 
 M THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 siderable preesiire would not force it back. 
 At the same time there should be no stilTnegs 
 to interfere with flree motion. The fault con- 
 gists in lifting the head, as a part of the action 
 of speech ; and it is often a source of very 
 great difficulty. The jaw cannot be controlled 
 while its fblcrum, the head, is nnstable and 
 yielding. 
 
 . Spasmodic Actions. 
 
 With reference to the spasmodic actions of 
 stammering, which sometimes extend over the 
 whole body, no specific directions are needed. 
 They invariably disappear when the breathing 
 is relieved. 
 
 There is nothing to prevent a stammerer 
 who will thoroughly n.a8ter the principles laid 
 down in this Treatise and diligently aud watch- 
 ftilly exercise hw voice, from perfectly throw- 
 ing off the fetters of impediment. Many 
 exercises will be found in the Author's "Prin- 
 ciples of Speech," which will be of service. 
 But, while a study of the whole subject, and 
 a knowledge of all the organic actions, as ex- 
 hibited in "Visible Speech/' are desirable, if 
 not necessary, for teachers, stammetera shoold 
 
 mmmmm'. 
 
^■jtwssdMasasmim 
 
 utmstna 
 
 T8 OF SPEECB. 
 
 ould not force it back, 
 re should be no stifTness 
 
 motion. The fault con- 
 id, as a part of the action 
 
 often a source of very 
 jaw cannot be controlled 
 le head, is unstable and 
 
 die Actions. 
 
 the spasmodic actions of 
 }metime8 extend over the 
 ifio directions are needed, 
 ppear when the breathing 
 
 to prevent a stammerer 
 n:a8ter the principles laid 
 and diligently' aud watch- 
 ice, from perfectly tbrow- 
 of impediment. Many 
 nd in the Author's '^Frin- 
 vhich will be of service, 
 of the whole subject, and 
 ^e organic actions, as ex- 
 Speech/' are desirable, if 
 wheriy stanunerers should 
 
 BELF- 0B8EB VA TION. 
 
 27 
 
 not allow the mind to be diverted from the 
 direct and simple means of cure sufficiently 
 sot forth in these pages. 
 
 K': 
 
 ;, 8df- Obaervation. 
 
 One important hint remains to be given. 
 With all persons speech-actions are so purely 
 habitual that without watchAil observation 
 faults may long remain undiscovered. This 
 is especially true in reference to the minutiae 
 of the oi^anic actions on the rectification of 
 which success depends in cases of defect or 
 impediment. The stammerer will therefore 
 find the use of a mirror a most valuable anxil- 
 iat}' in his efforts at self-correction. In carry- 
 ing out the prescribed principles for the 
 regulation of the breath, the control of the 
 liead and the jaw, the proper mechanism of 
 elementary sounds, etc., let the stanmterer 
 seat himself befbre a mirror, and he will learn 
 many things of which he might otherwise have 
 continued unconscious. Even teachers, id 
 dealing with defects and impediment> of 
 speed), should place their pupils befoi-e a mir- 
 ror, as the readiest means of giving them 
 command over the organs of articulation. To 
 
MM 
 
 BRTr. 
 
 28 THE FAULTS OF BPEECH. 
 
 this ase of the principle of '* reflection" as an 
 aid to self-government^ the poet^s denonoia- 
 tion of 
 
 "Attitude and stare, and start theatric 
 Practised at the glass," 
 
 has no applioabflity. The vocal action of 
 singers, as well as speakers, would less fre- 
 qoently offend the eye if students were tan^^t 
 to exercise the voice before a glass, that they 
 mi^t **see themselves as others see them." 
 
 Capricious DiffieuUies. 
 
 It is a very carious circumstance that stam* 
 merers who are powerless in the presence of 
 friends or strangers, generally declare that 
 they can speak freely when alone. A child, 
 however, or even a cat, in the room ia enough 
 to destroy their freedom. The proper use to 
 make of this fact should be to build on it as 
 a ground of hopeftdness and confidence; for 
 it proves that no oi^anic cause exists to pre- 
 vent success, and thus disposes of the mys- 
 terious dread of physical entailment. But 
 stammerers are often the v'.ctims of many 
 equally groundless fancies: — supposing Iheir 
 infirmity to be affected by certain states of the 
 
 m/m 
 
OF 8PEECB. 
 
 of ''reflection" as an 
 the poef B denonoia- 
 
 and atari theatric 
 
 The vocal action of 
 akers, would leaa fte- 
 f stodents were tao^t 
 fore a glass, that they 
 as others see them." 
 
 DiffieuUies. 
 
 irciunstance that stain- 
 ess in the presence of 
 generally declare that 
 irhen alone. A child, 
 [ in the room is enough 
 m. The proper use to 
 id be to build on it as 
 Bs and confidence; for 
 nic cause exists to pre- 
 1 disposes of the mys- 
 iical entailment. But 
 the v'.ctims of many 
 cies: — supposing their 
 by certain states of the 
 
 AO&RAVANTS OF DIFFICULTY. 29 
 
 atmosphere, the direction of the wind, or the 
 phases of the moonl Those who look for 
 such associations are pretty sure to find them. 
 But they cany the seekers back to the days 
 of witchcraft and the "evil eye" — to days of 
 ignorance 1 
 
 Aggravants of Difficulty. 
 
 The flinotion of art'culation — like eveiy 
 other fluotion — is, of course, affected by the 
 condition of the health — deranged digestion, 
 depression of spirits, plqrsioal debility, etc. ; 
 bat these aggravants are not to be confounded 
 with original oaoses of the difBculty. The 
 fonner will disappear and still leave the latter 
 behind. Ihe stammerer must cast off idle 
 snpentitloas fears and fimcies, and act to 
 vaork to study and observe. He will undoubt- 
 edly find that " Knowledge is power;" and 
 that, with knowledge, "Patience and perse- 
 verance will oonqaer all diflBoulties." 
 
 
wm 
 
 ^•rtsSHBP' 
 
 ?^ 
 
 
 fr 
 
 MINOR FAULTS. 
 
 |HE Boft palate which hangs at the back 
 of the month acts as a valve on the 
 pawago to the nose. When the top of the 
 soft palate is arched backwards from its point 
 of Junction with the hard palate, it covers the 
 internal nasal u|)ertnre, and the breath passes 
 altogether through the mouth. When the soft 
 palate is relaxed and pendent from the edge 
 of the hard palate, the breath passes partly 
 through the nose and partly through the 
 mouth ; and when the mouth-passage is closed 
 (by means of the back of the tongue, as in ng; 
 the forepart of the tongue, a<i in n; or the 
 lips, as in m) the breath passes altogether by 
 the nose. A knowledge of these facts will 
 enable any person to oprrcct the habit of na- 
 salizing vowels. 
 The chief difficulty lies in the recognition 
 80 
 
 wmm 
 
«pp 
 
 Till 
 
 NASALIZma. 
 
 81 
 
 AULTS. 
 
 ting. 
 
 ich hangs «t the bsck 
 ^ as a valve on the 
 When the top of the 
 ikwards ftvm its point 
 d palate, it coven the 
 and the breath passes 
 louth. When the soft 
 endent flx>m the edge 
 breath passes partly 
 I partly throagh the 
 outh-passage is closed 
 r the tongue, as in ng; 
 igae, a^ in n; or the 
 I passes altogether by 
 ;e of these facts will 
 )rrcct the habit of na- 
 
 ies in the recognition 
 
 by the ear of pure oral and mixed nasal qual- 
 ity. The action of the soft palate may, how- 
 ever, be seen^ by opening the mouth very wide 
 in pronouncing the vowels ah and aw. Then, 
 by pressing on the top of the soft palate with 
 the thumb, or with the india-rubber end of a 
 pencil, the internal nasal aiicrture will be cov- 
 ered, and the utterance of ah and aw will be 
 purely oral. Repeat these vowels with and 
 witfiout the mechanical pressure, and after a 
 few experiments the ear will distinguish the 
 difference between oral and nasal. Practice 
 on other vowels, in forming which the soft 
 palate cannot be veen, will soon develop a 
 fteting of the difference. 
 ■; But the readiest way to gain a perception 
 of the denasalizing action of the soft palate 
 will be by the following exercise : 
 
 Sound the consonants m b without separat- 
 ing the lips, as in pronou|icing the word embtr. 
 
 The change fix>m m to 5 is nothing more than 
 the covering of the nasal aperture by the soft 
 palate ; and the change ftom & to m, without 
 separating the lips, as in the word Mtfrmft, is 
 merely the uncovering of the nasal i^rture. 
 
 III 
 
82 
 
 THE FAJJLTB OF SPEEOK 
 
 The tendency to nasalize vowels is most Jislt 
 when they occur immediately befo;e or after 
 nasal consonants — m, n or ng — but many 
 persons nasalize cveiy vowel. 
 
 The French elements an, en, in, on, tin, am, 
 em, etc., are merely nasalized vowels. 
 
 Th» Atpirate. 
 
 Thb letter II represents a simple and nearly 
 silent emission of breath. The organs* of 
 sp<>«>ch are placed in the position for the sub- 
 sequent vowel before the emission of the aspi- 
 rate. Thus h in the words he, hay, hie, hoe, 
 hah, etc., has the oral qudity of the vowel it 
 precedes. The aspirate is not the same as a 
 whispered vowel, for the words hie and i», 
 hand and and, h<M and old, hart and art are 
 clearly distinguishable when whispered. 
 
 H is sometbnes roughened faultily by a gut- 
 tural quality. To correct this habit, breathe 
 out the aspirate silently. 
 
 The Cockney conflision ot vowels and aspi- 
 rates is a remarkable fault which will dis^>- 
 pear when learners are taught phonetically in 
 the abecedarian stage of edooation. The same 
 person who says aJl for haU pronounces haU 
 
T 
 
 OF SPSBOa 
 
 ze vowels is m^Mit felt 
 Uately befo;e or after 
 or ng — bat many 
 owel. 
 
 an, en, <n, on, un, am, 
 lalized vowels. 
 
 pirate. 
 
 its a simple and nearly 
 
 ith. The organs of 
 
 e position for the snb- 
 
 s emission of the nspi- 
 
 ords he, hay, hie, hoe, 
 
 gntflity of the vowel it 
 
 e is not the same as a 
 
 the words hie and ie, 
 
 old, hart and art are 
 
 v^hen whispered. 
 
 Iiened faultily by a gut- 
 
 eot this Imbit, breathe 
 
 r. 
 
 }n of vowels and aspi- 
 fault which will disi49> 
 taught phonetically in 
 f education. The same 
 >r haU pronounces hail 
 
 VOCAL C0KB0NANT8. 88 
 
 for ail, and so proves tliat the perverse habit 
 is due only to defective elementary training. 
 
 H is omitted in pronouncing the words heir, 
 honeet, honour, hour, humour, and their deriv- 
 atives. It should be pn>uourf«d in herb, hot- 
 pital, humble, and all other words. 
 
 U is heard instead of toh, before o, as In 
 who, whoKe, whom, whole. 
 
 Vocal Conaonante. 
 
 TnB following consonants are respectively 
 pairs of vocal and non-vocal elements; that 
 is, the consonants in the second column have 
 precisely the same oral formation as those in 
 the first column, but with the addition of 
 throat-sound or murmur. 
 
 MoiMwooi. voeal. 
 
 P B 
 
 T D 
 
 K Oasin^. 
 
 V V 
 
 WH W 
 
 8 Z 
 
 8H ZHulavMon. 
 
 THMlniMn TU(-(iA)Min 
 
 CH as in church J *hen. 
 
 X(_m la) aa la extend . . .' X(,^gz)aB\n 
 
 extat. 
 
84 
 
 THE FAVufS OF BPMKCH. 
 
 TheM pairs of consoQunts ore oonftiied by 
 Oaelio and Welsh spnnken, who substitute 
 noU'Tooal for vocal elements ; and by Gkrroan 
 speakers, who mis up the elements somotimes 
 by a similar substitution, but more fhsquently 
 by the ose of vocal instead of non-vocal ele- 
 ments. CareAil ezerdse and dbservatiou will 
 entirely remove these diflScolties. 
 
 l%iekne$$ of Speech. 
 
 Thb consonants t, d, n, I, r, are correct- 
 ly formed by the point of the tongue acting 
 against the upper gum ; but in " thick" speech 
 the tongue acts agidnst the teeth, or the point 
 rests on the lower teeth and the above ele- 
 ments are imperfectly fimned by the surftoe 
 of the tongue. This fault is unavoidable when 
 the tongue is so tied to the bed of the Jaw that 
 the point cannot be raised. But *' thickness" 
 has not always this excuse ; it is often the re- 
 sult of a childish habit of sucking the tongue, 
 that should have been "put away" with the 
 years uf childhood. The more sharply the 
 tongue can be pointed upwards, the better will 
 (, d, n, 2, and r be formed. The tongue should 
 never touch the lower teeth in speech, and it 
 
or sPEKcn. 
 
 ante ore oonftued by 
 ikcn, who Bubttituto 
 cnte ; and by German 
 c elements sometimes 
 but more frequently 
 lead of non-yocal elo- 
 e and ((baervatiou will 
 EBcoltiea. 
 
 f Speech. 
 
 , «, I, r, are coireot- 
 of the tongue acting 
 but in "thick" speech 
 the teeth, or the point 
 and tjie above ele- 
 KnTued by the snrfluse 
 It is unavoidable wlien 
 the bed of the Jaw that 
 ied. But "thickness" 
 use ; it is often the re- 
 of sucking the tongue, 
 "put away" with the 
 rhe more sharply the 
 ipwards, the better will 
 Ml. The tongue should 
 Mth in speech, and it 
 
 CONVEBSATIONAL 8LUBRINQ. 85 
 
 should never oome between the teeth except 
 for the single element th — dh^ and then to a 
 very slight extent. In (kct, (k is best formed 
 with the tongue belUnd, instead of between, 
 the teeth- 
 
 Oeatouoal Faclti. 
 ConvereiMonal Slurring. 
 
 Whem a person unaccustomed to public 
 speaking has occasion to address an audience, 
 his words seem to run together, awl it is only 
 with the greatest difBculty that their purport 
 can be gathered by a hearer at a little distance. 
 He is called on to "q)eak oat" and "speak 
 op," but increase of force is of little avail. 
 He has to learn the difRsrenoe between speak* 
 ing and mumbling. 
 
 Conversational speech is, in general, very 
 slovenly. Ckwld it be written down exactly 
 as we hear it, the speaker would not recognize 
 the unintelligible Jargon. Thus : 
 
 C!onvsashnlspeech zngenlveslovnly. 
 
 This is not an exaggjration of the kind of 
 utterance that passes current in social life. 
 The chief element of distant audibiliir — 
 
 mm 
 
 IM 
 
^ijuyMliWiinii^^ 
 
 ■ M 
 
 1^ 
 
 M 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEMOE. 
 
 throat-sound, or volco — is so curtailed and 
 slui rod out, that little more than mouth-aotiona 
 remain. 
 
 Su^ained Voice. 
 
 The very reverse must be the n lation of 
 throat to mouth in oratorical speech. Conso- 
 nants may be softened to any degree, but 
 vowels must be given fblly and nrith swelling 
 clearness. Thus : 
 
 cOnvEbsAsbUnAl bpEEcb Is In oEmEr- 
 Al vEhY slOvEnlY. 
 
 But it is possible to soften the consonants 
 too much ; to soften them away altogether, as 
 we hear from some yaw-yaw-yaw speoken 
 whose utterance is 
 
 Vo* et preterea nihU. 
 
 In good delivery every element should be 
 heard in its proper relation to other elements ; 
 every syllable in its proper relation to other 
 syllables ; everj' word in its proper relation to 
 other words ; every sentence in its proper rela- 
 tion to other sentences. 
 
 Sustained vooality is the secret of gno<1 
 oratorical speech. This quality has perhaps 
 
 |ie» 
 
"^ 
 
 OF BPEKOK 
 
 — ia BO curtailed and 
 lore than moutb-aotiona 
 
 Voict. 
 
 UBt bfl the nlation of 
 torical speech. Conso- 
 d to any degree, but 
 fkilly and with dwelling 
 
 bfEEch Is In oEmEr- 
 
 > soften the consonants 
 em away altogether, as 
 yaw-yaw-yaw B|)eakers 
 
 tena nihil. 
 
 rery element should be 
 ition to other elements ; 
 >roper relation to other 
 in its proper relation to 
 ttence in its proper rela- 
 
 • 
 
 is the secret of good 
 lis quality has perhaps 
 
 BU8TAINED VOICE. 
 
 never been bettor illustrated than in the caoe 
 of the Rev. Mr. Hpurgeon, who, with no ap- 
 ponMit cfrt>rt, in the vast Agricultural Hall, at 
 Islington, London, made himnoir dlHtinotly 
 heard by an assemblage of twcnty-flve tliou- 
 sand iK'rsons.* There could, of i-onrse, he no 
 undue softening of the consonants in such 
 dellvcrj', nor, on the other hand^ was any 
 harshness or pmmincnce of oonsonant^action 
 perceptible oven to the nearest auditor. 
 
 Some coarseness of eflbot to ears in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of a speaker is almost un- 
 avoidable in order to secure eflhotiveness at a 
 distance. Oratory is in this respect analogous 
 to scene-pninting : the canvas which charms 
 by the softness of its depictions when viewed 
 flrom the pro|)er stand{)oint, is often incredibly 
 rough to a close inspector. The speaker, then, 
 
 • I WM preMDk on one of the oneaalont. I got m nur 
 to ttio ipeaker a* possible, wlUi »iie view of itudrlnK hie 
 nuinr.(Mi)ent of Uie vocal bellowi; but I could dlwover no 
 uuniuitl Inbonr or itralnlnf. All wm eaiy tmi natoral. 
 I wai within Are feet of the ipesker; and a Mead with 
 whom I waa to compare notee took the moat diaunt aeat ttvm 
 the platform. We counted the andiehce by meana of the 
 uniform ■crMona Into whioh the teaU were arranged, and 
 found the . umber of hearera waa npwarda of >S,000. The 
 nearest ear waa not oftendad by beUowtng: the moat dlotant 
 loetnoayllable. 
 
THE FAULTS OF SPKSOH. 
 
 ■i^' i 
 
 S ' i 
 
 mn > 
 
 
 may without offonoe lay on bis vowel llgiita 
 and •hades in masses, and give corresponding 
 strength and firmness to his consonant out- 
 lines, in order to produce the right effect in 
 the farther corners and galleries of his audi- 
 torium. 
 
 It is to be noted that the percnssiveness of 
 good oratorical speech is not due to chest- 
 aotion — which would bo laborious — but to 
 expansibility of the pharynx, the cavity at the 
 back of the mouth and above the throat. Dis- 
 tension of the pharynx may be phdnly seen in 
 the neck of a player on the bu]^ or ooroei-a- 
 piston. 
 
 Mai - Retpiration. 
 
 Thb exhaustion ' fter vocal effort flrom which 
 many public speakers, esp^wially clergymen, 
 suffer; the "clerical sore-throat," which by 
 its frequency has won for itself a place in 
 medical terminology ; and the wild outbursts 
 of vociferation which throw the whole physical 
 frame into violent action, are due to misman- 
 agement of the ''vocal beUows." 
 
 The principles of easy, natural, powerftil 
 respiration are ttilly explained in the earlier 
 
 i 
 
V OF BPESCB. 
 
 \y on bii Towel Hgbta 
 Mid g've corresponding 
 to his oonionant oat- 
 uoe the right effect In 
 i1 galleries of his aadi- 
 
 A the percnssiveness of 
 is not due to chest* 
 
 bo laborious — but to 
 •rynx, the cavity at the 
 
 above the throat Dis- 
 c may be plainly seen in 
 n the bugle or oomeV*a- 
 
 MAL'BKSPIItATIOJr. M 
 
 sectionfl of this work. Let puldio speakers 
 develop the solidity of I'hcHt aii<l mubility of 
 diaphrngni prcscrilH^d for tho enfVanchisoinent 
 of stain mon>rfl ttom their spasms of diffloulty, 
 and tlie oratoricnl di'li-cta ossoeiatcd with ual- 
 ruspirutioii — and which arc so often painftil in 
 their consequences — will be unknown. 
 
 Oratorical defects in tho eccyreuive manage- 
 ment of the voice, by inflection and modula- 
 tion, ore extremely common. In reference to 
 these the reader is referred to the Author's 
 '•Principles of Elocution."* 
 " roarth •dltton, 1878. Satom, Mm*., J. P. BurbMk. 
 
 tapirathn. 
 
 r vocal effort from which 
 especially clergymen, 
 
 sore-throat," which by 
 m for itself a place in 
 
 and the wild outburst! 
 throw the whole physical 
 ion, are due to misman- 
 1 beUows." 
 
 easy, natural, powerftal 
 explained in the earlier 
 
■^^^SB^kS 
 
 ORGANIC SUBSTITUTIONS. 
 
 mr..;- ;^ 
 
 GREAT variety of the minor defects 
 
 of speech urise trom the substitution of 
 
 one ;jart for another of the oral organs. The 
 con ection of such defects presents no difficulty 
 to one who is familiar with the true formation 
 of the elements of speech. The following 
 classification embraces all ordinary defects of 
 this kind. The directions given should render 
 self-correction a hopeftil undertaking in any 
 case, however long-established may ba the 
 habit. 
 
 One plan of exercise should regulate teacher 
 or self-corrector in all oases. The attempt to 
 introduce a new elemeni at once in reading or 
 speaking will never succeed. Awkwardness 
 and habit will defeat the best efforts of unac- 
 customed organs. Elementary power must 
 first be gained. Thus : 
 
 40 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
ORGANIC SUBSTITUTIONS. 
 
 41 
 
 lUBSTITDTIONS. 
 
 ety of the minor defects 
 le fW>iii the substitation of 
 
 of the oral otgann. The 
 feots presents no difflciiltj* 
 u* with the true formation 
 
 speech. The following 
 «s all ordinary defects of 
 ctions given should render 
 peflil undertaking in any 
 :-establi8hed may ba the 
 
 !ise should regulate teacher 
 all oases. The attempt to 
 menv at once In reading or 
 - succeed. Awkwardness 
 it the best efforts of onac- 
 Elementary power most 
 lus: 
 
 I. Pronounce the element s^oarately again and 
 again, until it becomes eas}' of formation. 
 
 II. Practise its combination with a single votoel, 
 and continue this form of exercise until 
 rapid reiteration becomes easy. 
 
 III. Practise separately all the consonant com- 
 binations into which the element enters. 
 
 IV. Pronounce voords or sentences containing 
 the element — repeating each quickly. 
 
 v.. Introduce the corrected eleroeut in read* 
 ing, by slightly holding or jroUmging it at 
 each recorrenoe, until the habit is formed 
 of articulating it correctly without special 
 effort. 
 
 One hour of systematic exercise regulated 
 as above, will do more than a week of desul- 
 tory effort. 
 
 J — DforQ. 
 
 This is generally an infantile defect, and 
 easily u. -ected (see page 3) ; but if no efforts 
 are made for its removal at an early age, it 
 will continue to disfigure even adult speech. 
 When we hear a grown*np boy or girl saying 
 "dood" for good, and "dive" for give, the 
 very natural assumption is that there must be 
 
am 
 
 , w 
 
 I: 
 
 THE FAULTS OF 8PEECS 
 
 a congenital canse for the defect. But this is 
 a mistake. The action of the back of the 
 tongue only requiree to be developed. Hold 
 down the forepart of the tongue, and the back 
 T?i!! he compelled into action. Give this me- 
 chanical assistance in pronouncing the words 
 
 gayy jwy* go, gawk, gag. 
 
 An hour's exercise should cure this defect. 
 
 It is a curious fact that perhaps three-fourths 
 of all speakers unconsciously substitute d for 
 g in the initial combination gl, as in glad, 
 glide, etc. Indeed, the resemblance in sound 
 is so close tiiat only a watchM ear will dis- 
 cover the difference. Try : 
 
 diad, dlide, dlow, dlo^ife, dlory, dioom. 
 glad, glide, glow, glove, glory, gloom. 
 
 //. Dhfar B. 
 
 Thc formation of r, as that letter is pro- 
 nounced before a vowel, requires the tip of the 
 tongue to be pointed towards the upper gum. 
 In this defective substitution thc tongue lies 
 flat, and acts forward against the teeth, giving 
 the sound of a soft dA ( « tA as in then) , instead 
 of r. Thus : 
 
 Wmm 
 
masmsmmmmtm 
 
 OF 8PEECB 
 
 he defect. But this is 
 n of the back of the 
 be developed. Hold 
 e tongue, and the back 
 tction. Give this me- 
 pronouncing the words 
 
 , gawk, gag. 
 
 lid cure this defect. 
 it perhaps three-fourths 
 oiously substitute d for 
 ■nation gl, as in gloA, 
 resemblance in sound 
 watchfbl ear will dis* 
 riy: 
 
 fkfue, dlory, dloom. 
 ;love, glor}', gloom. 
 
 ^for B. 
 
 , as that letter is pro- 
 , requires the tip of the 
 >ward8 the upper gum. 
 itution the tongue lies 
 igainst the teeth, giving 
 B (A as in (A«n) , instead 
 
 OBGANIC 8UBBTITUTI0N8. 
 
 48 
 
 **A pShetty itOedhegting bdhide." 
 A pretty interesting bride. 
 
 InabUity to raise the tongue is generally the 
 cause of tills defect. To effect a perfiect cure 
 the tongue may require to be loosened ; but 
 cnrefkil exercise will, in most cases, develop 
 suflSdent power to make a good — though un- 
 triUed — r without an operation. 
 
 in.^v fw a. 
 
 This Is one of the many forms of defect 
 arising from inaotivity of the forepart of the 
 tongue. Sometimes a slight «-ward motion is 
 made by the tongue at the same time that the 
 lip's movement gives sharpness to the sibila- 
 tiou. To correct this defect, hold down the 
 lower lip, and see the teeth, while pronounc- 
 ing ». 
 
 JV.—Fpr Th. 
 
 This defective snbstitation arises from the 
 snme cause as the preceding — sluggishness 
 of the tongue. To correct it, hold down the 
 lower lip and see the teeth while pronounc- 
 ing fA. 
 
 F and (A are so mooh alike in phonetic effect 
 
w 
 
 mi 
 
 44 
 
 THE FAULTH OF til'EECn. 
 
 that this substitution might almost pass nii« 
 noticed by one who did not see the speaker's 
 mouth. The resemblance will bo manifest in 
 the following experiment : 
 
 /re«i, fifty, firiy-free, featre, fimblt. 
 
 three, tUrt}', thir^'-three, theatre, thimble. 
 
 v.— Oh for R. 
 
 This Is the defect commonly called '^Burr- 
 ing," in which the back of the tongue is 
 brought into action instead of the point. The 
 ^und has all the varieties of the flront-lingual 
 vibration — smooth, when the soft pali.te is 
 merely approximated to the back of the 
 tongue ; and rough, when the uvula is rattled 
 against the tongue. 
 
 This defect sometimes arises from tongne- 
 tiedness, but is very often a mere habit ac- 
 quired by imitation. The cure is by no means 
 diflScult. To bring the point of the tongue 
 into action, prolong the vowel aw and lift the 
 tip of the tongue till it almost touches the 
 edge of the palatal arch. Repeat the action 
 a number of times without stopping the vowel 
 sound. In this way the characteristic vibra- 
 tion of r will be {gradually developed. 
 
7F 
 
 OF Sl'EECn. 
 
 aight almost pass nii- 
 not see the speaker's 
 ice will be manifest iu 
 It: 
 
 ee, featre, fimbU. 
 iree, theatre, thimble. 
 
 for R. 
 
 iromonly called '^Burr- 
 ock of the tongue is 
 ead of the point. The 
 ies of the IVont-lingual 
 en the soft palate is 
 to the back of the 
 len the uvala is rattled 
 
 >s arises from tongne- 
 iften a mere habit ac- 
 he care is by no means 
 e point of the tongue 
 i Towel aw and lift the 
 it almost touches the 
 ih. Repeat the action 
 lOut stopping the vowel 
 le characteristic vibrfr> 
 illy developed. 
 
 OaOANlO SUBSTITUTIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 The tongue in this exercise may be raised 
 so close to the palate as to produce the effect 
 of d — but softly, and without pressure, thus ; 
 
 aw — daw — daw — daw — daw, etc. 
 
 Gradually endeavour to maintain the tongue 
 in this close approximation to the palate all 
 the time that b continual vocal buzz in heard. 
 This is a rudimental r. Practice on this new 
 element, according to the directions on page 
 41, will complete the cure. 
 
 When the tongue is too much tied to the bed 
 of the Jaw, the true vibration cannot be per- 
 fectly acquired without an operation ; but the 
 '* burring" may at least be disoontinaed, and 
 an approximately distinct r substitutod. 
 
 n.-^L /or B. 
 
 This substitution is common among child- 
 ren, the articulation of { being easier than that 
 of r. The Chinese never pronounce r, but 
 substitute I. The two sounds are produced 
 by the action of the same part, of the tongue 
 — the point ; at the same part of the palate — 
 the upper gum : the difference being that the 
 voice passes over the tip of the tongue for r, 
 
 \ 
 
•1 
 
 I- 
 
 46 
 
 THX FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 and over the sides for I. The alternation of 
 these letters in words and sentences presents 
 a diffloalty to most persons; as in *' Truly 
 rural/' " Rob ran along the lane in the rain." 
 "A lump of raw, red liver," etc.* 
 
 VII.— Lh for S or Sh. 
 
 Thk sibilants « and sh are produced by the 
 breath passing along a central channel over 
 the tongue arched towards the palate, and 
 with more or less elevation of the point. This 
 defect consists in passing the breath over one 
 or both aides of the tongue, as in forming I 
 without voice. The I apertures are narrowed 
 so as to cau jc a hissing, not unlike that of the 
 true sibilants. To correct this fault, the first 
 point is to concentrate the breath in a single 
 central channel. The channel of r may be 
 used as a guide ; and the channel of y will also 
 be available. Substitute r without voice for 
 the defective ''cluttering" a; and y without 
 voice for the defective sh. By arching the 
 middle of the tongue while the point is in the 
 position for r, s will be produced; and by 
 
 • Mnnf exerolaes on tlMM and other ditBenlt oomblnationa 
 will be found in the Anthor's "PrincipteB «f SpMch wd 
 Dictionary of Sonnda." 
 
 seww 
 
^i^ 
 
 OF SPEECH. 
 
 The alternatioD of 
 
 nd sentences presents 
 
 r^ons; as in *' Truly 
 
 the lane in the rain." 
 
 irer," etc.* 
 
 r S or Sh. 
 
 h are produced by the 
 central channel over 
 'ards the palate, and 
 ion of the point. This 
 ig the breath over one 
 nguc, as in forming I 
 pertures are narrowed 
 , not unlike that of the 
 ect this fault, the first 
 the breath in a single 
 channel of r may be 
 e channel of y will also 
 te r without voice for 
 ig" « ; and y without 
 I ah. By arehiug the 
 bile the point is in the 
 be produced; and by 
 
 d other diflloult oombinationa 
 "Principles of Speech tt.i 
 
 OBOANW BUBBTITUTtONS. 
 
 47 
 
 raising the flfont of the tongue while the mid- 
 dle is in the position for y, th will be pvoduoed. 
 The sounds obtained may at first be very im- 
 perfect, but they will work into form. Per- 
 luqw — as often happens — some experimental 
 or accidental shift may strike the true position 
 and end all diflloulty. The hisses must, how- 
 ever, be perfected as dememta before any at- 
 tempt is made to introduce them into words 
 and sentences. 
 
 VIIL—Nfor Ng. 
 
 Cbiu>bbm who pronounce d for g and t tor 
 k, of course sound n instead of ng. But the 
 substitution is very common also among care- 
 less speakers in pronouncing the termination 
 in^ : as in meetm, eoMn, and drinkin, tot meet- 
 ing, eating and drinking. This substitution 
 is universal in Scotland. In the words length 
 and strength the nj^r is very apt to be changed 
 into n for ease of pronunciation. The sounds 
 of ky g aiad ng are pronounced by the very 
 same organic action — contact sod separation 
 of the back of the tongue and the soft pal- 
 ate : the difi'erences being that k is non-vooal, 
 g vocal, and ng nasc-vooal. 
 
THB FAULTS OF 8PEMGB 
 
 .1; 
 
 IX.— Ng for L. 
 
 This Bubstltation b a not unoominon aooom- 
 paniment of barring, arising (W>ni the same 
 inability— or habitual difBcnlty— in raising 
 the point of the tongue. The effect of ng at 
 the beginning of a syllable is very peculiar, as 
 tiuit element is ne'er iLitial in English. Thu^ ; 
 
 ft^ove, vgord^ nfody, nget toeng at gone. 
 love, lord, lady, let well alone. 
 
 The formation of I has been explained above 
 (see page 45) . Some assistance in correcting 
 this defoct ^rilt be obtained, at firctt, by holding 
 the noutrLlA.^ to prevent emionion of sound by 
 the nose. 
 
 X.—NgM N. 
 
 This is an allowed assimilation, not a defeot, 
 when n ooonrs before fc in the aasie syllable, 
 as in 
 
 ingk^ rangk, mongk) trungk. 
 ink, rank, monk, trunk. 
 
 It woald be diflksult to articulate n in these 
 words. 
 The same substitution id ng tax n takes 
 
 i -^asiiitaMMiitt.^ 
 
OF SPSMtJB 
 
 ^ for L. 
 
 not unoommon aooom- 
 irising from the same 
 
 difBculty— in raising 
 ). The effect of ng at 
 ible is very pecoliar, as 
 ;tial in English. Thu^; 
 
 , njfet viVRg w.^o/m. 
 let well alone. 
 
 s been explained above 
 
 assistance in conrecting 
 
 ned, at firctt, by holding 
 
 eroioftion of sound by 
 
 similation, not a defJBOt, 
 b in the aaaie syllable* 
 
 nonk, trunk. 
 
 o artioolate n in these 
 
 ion <tf «v fi» n takes 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 OnQAXW aUBSTlTUTIOiVS. 
 
 49 
 in 
 
 place— but not uniformly— before g; 
 
 angger, Jlngger, longger, langgtiage. 
 anger, finger, longer, language. 
 
 Foreigners are unnecessarily pnzsled by the 
 anomaly between such words and hanger, sing- 
 er, wronger, etc., where tlie ng represents a 
 single consonant. 
 
 XI.—Ngg for Ng. 
 
 This is a Cockney peculiarity, ooourring 
 ohiefly where ng is followed by a vowel, a« in 
 
 aingging, aing-g-a $ong. 
 singing, sing a song. 
 The correction of this defect will be assisted 
 at first by a slight stop between the ng and the 
 vowel. 
 
 XIL Nh for S. 
 
 Thb effect represented by nA is n without 
 voice — a simple breathing tlirongh the nose 
 while the tongue is in the position for n. This 
 defisot is generally attributed to a congenital 
 organic cause ; but when it occurs as the sin- 
 gle naMl peculiarity of a speaker, it may be 
 confidently pronounced to be merely a owreo- 
 
 Mma 
 
THE FAULTS OF BPKSCB. 
 
 tible habit. Amiatanoe will be derived at first 
 fVom a mcchanioal prevention of nasal emis- 
 sion — by pinching the nostrils; and also by 
 blowing a feather off the hand held before the 
 mouth. 
 
 When oral emission has thus been obtained 
 the means already prescribed for acquiring the 
 s sibilation (see page 46) , will be eflbotual in 
 curing ihe ungainly sniffling of this defaot. 
 
 XIII. S for Sh, and Sh for 8. 
 
 Thbsb two forms of defective sibilation will 
 be corrected by the means pointed out in pre- 
 vious sections. The shades of difference in 
 hissing sounds are numerous : roan}* sibilations 
 sre heard of an intermediate kind, and which 
 partake more or less of the characteristics of 
 one or the other of the representative sibilants. 
 Organic malformation sometimes prevents a 
 perfect rectification — as irregulakily of the 
 teeth ; inability to close the Jaws ; projecting 
 or reiAiating Jaw, etc.— but even in the worst 
 of such cases, improvement will foUow intelli- 
 gent effort. In M cases where no maUbrma- 
 tion exists, the sibilants may be actuated to a 
 normal standard. 
 
}',*' 
 
 ■»''^f»^ 
 
 p 
 
 OF aPSSCB. 
 
 irill be dorived at first 
 ention of ntwal emis- 
 Dostrils; and also by 
 I hand held before tJie 
 
 AS thus been obtained 
 Ibed for acquiring the 
 ), will be eflbotoal in 
 ling of this defect. 
 
 and Sh for S. 
 
 efective sibilation will 
 Qs pointed out in pre- 
 ades of difference in 
 XHis : many sibilations 
 iiate kind, and whioh 
 the characteristics of 
 presentative sibilants, 
 ometimes prevents a 
 I irreguUkity of the 
 the Jaws ; projecting 
 but even in the worst 
 ent will foliow intelli* 
 I where no malforaui- 
 may be a^fusted to a 
 
 OaOAJflC BUBSTITUTIONS. 
 
 51 
 
 The teeth require to be very close in pro- 
 nouncing $ and »h. They should not touch, 
 but their separation can not be greater than 
 the thickness of a paper-cutter without produc- 
 ing some peouliarity. 
 
 The alternation of « and sA— like that of r 
 and {—presents a difficulty to most persons, 
 as in ''Such a sash." "A shot silk saah." 
 *' A shabby sash," etc.* 
 
 XIV.— 8 M Tk and Z for Dh. 
 
 Tms substitution is made by French speak- 
 ers, whose native language does not oontidn 
 the sounds of th and dh. Imitation might be 
 expected to teach the foreigner so obvious an 
 arti(»lation ; yet those who have spoken I^g- 
 lish for years may still be heard saying "I 
 sink" for I think, and '' sat" for that. A few 
 minutes' ezerolee suffices to cure this defect. 
 
 XV.— T for K. 
 
 Tm directions given on page 41 for the oor- 
 reotion of the defbct " I> for G"," apply equally 
 to the kindred etonents ( and ft, which art 
 
 •8MBOte,vtg«43. 
 
■ J[%=-.!.'=*-*(^^Vl,-|*V*»4'- 
 
 6S 
 
 THE FAULTS OF 8PKMCB. 
 
 infirely the non«vooal forms of d and g, (8e« 
 p*g«88.) 
 
 The onoonsoiooB use of t Ineteml of e (■■ k) 
 in the oombioAtion d is also m common as that 
 ofdfor^. Thus: 
 
 tfay, Oaim, Hew, ttaim, iUver, tlotg. 
 day, olaw, dew, claim, dev^r, dose. 
 
 XVI.—ThJbrS. 
 
 This is the defect commonly called *' Lisp- 
 ing." The relation between th and • is the 
 same as that between I and r. The breath 
 escapee by a central aperture for « — as for r; 
 and by lateral apertures for th — as for I. In 
 forming r and I the middle of the toogne is 
 ^ncave and the point sharply raised : in form- 
 ing • and th the middle of the tongue is oon- 
 vox, and the point flattened out. The central 
 channel for a is over the top of the point of 
 the tongue ; that for r is over the end of the 
 tip. The lateral apertures for th are between 
 the edges of the point of the tongue and the 
 U;eth, or the upper gum ; those for / are be- 
 tween the body of the tongue and the side, or 
 back, teeth. The spertures for th are inter 
 
OF SPEECH. 
 mi« of d and g. (8e« 
 
 it t inatemlofe (-ik) 
 klio M common m that 
 
 i{«n, tievtr. Hot. 
 liiDi olev't^r, doM. 
 
 nunonly called *' Ltsp- 
 ireen th and • 1* the 
 [ and r. The breath 
 erture for « — as for r; 
 I for th — aa for I. In 
 [ddle of the toogne is 
 larply raised : in form- 
 of the tongue is oon^ 
 med out. The central 
 lie top of the point of 
 is over the end of the 
 ires for th are between 
 of the tongue and the 
 n ; those for / are be- 
 ongue and the side, or 
 tnres for th are inter- 
 
 OBOANIC aUBSTlTUTIOSS. 
 
 ftS 
 
 atltlal, and so cause hissing of the breath ; 
 those for / are wide, and allow the voice to 
 pass with vowel purity. The I channels may. 
 however, be narrowed so as to produce slblla- 
 tlon, and this is one form of defeotlve substi- 
 tution for «. (Hee page 46.) 
 
 Lisping is easily cured. But some persons 
 affect the lisp as a symbol of childish artless- 
 ness, and, like Orlando of his love-disease, 
 "would not be cured." A better means of 
 displaying simplicity and innocence might be 
 suggested; but 
 
 "(i« f/rutOivu wm «K dttputandwm." 
 
 The correction of the habit of lisping will 
 be fkoilitated at first by mechanically prevent- 
 ing the tongue ftom touching the front teeth. 
 The edge of a paper-cutter may be used to 
 push back the tip of the tongue. 
 
 The tongue should be altogether out of sight 
 infi»ming«. 
 
 XVIL—VfoT Dh. 
 
 Tm remarks on "Ffor Th" equaUy apply 
 to these, the vocal forms of the same artlco* 
 lations. (See page 48.) 
 
 \W\ 
 
\t.m 
 
 -a 
 
 iJt.;i 
 
 !m 
 
 54 
 
 TI.TE FAULTS OF SPEECP. 
 
 XVIII.— Vfor Z. 
 
 Thb dcrections on cage 43 apply eqimlly to 
 these eliinents, nbicb are merely vocal forms 
 of / and 8. 
 
 XIX.— V for Wand W for V. 
 
 Tbbbb is a tendency to confound these con- 
 sonants when they occur in alternation, as 
 manifested in the Cockney's "werry veil" for 
 very weli. 
 
 French and German speakers, whose ver- 
 nacular recognizes no sound exactly corre- 
 sponding to the English to, pronounce v instead 
 of it. The French, however, use the true 
 sound of to in pronouncing their diagraph ot, 
 as iu 80tV, &otVe, oUeaux, etc. 
 
 The German w has the same labial action as 
 the English element, but with a difference in 
 the position of the tongue, whic'u is advanced 
 for the G erman and i-etracted for the English w. 
 
 Foreigners can be tiugbt the knack of the 
 English element pei "eotly. Imitation is obvi- 
 ously worthless for their direction. Mechani- 
 cal assistance will overcome the difficulty. 
 Thus : sound the trowel oo for some seconds, 
 
"S OF aPEECP. 
 
 .— V far Z. 
 
 page 43 apply equally to 
 li are merely vocal fonns 
 
 W and Wfor V. 
 
 iy to confound these con- 
 ocsur in alternation, as 
 >ckney'8 "werry veil" for 
 
 lan speakers, whose ver- 
 no sound exactly oorre- 
 ish w, pronounce v instead 
 , however, use the true 
 luncing their diagraph ot, 
 aux, eto. 
 
 ) the same labial action as 
 , but with a difference in 
 >Qgue, whic'u is advanced 
 jtracted for the English w. 
 » ti'ugbt the knack of the 
 %ctly. Imitation is obvi- 
 JUeir direction. Meohfmi- 
 overcome the difficulty, 
 wel oo for some seconds, 
 
 OBQANIC SUBBTITUTIONS. 
 
 55 
 
 and during the continuance of th<3 sound gently 
 approximate the centre of the lips with the 
 finger and thumb a number of times. The 
 vowel oo will be changed into the word 
 
 woo^ woo, wooy woo, woo, 
 
 and tiie consonant to in its most difficult com- 
 bination will be the result. 
 
 English readers may, in the same way, per- 
 fectly acquire the knack of pronouncing the 
 German w. Thus: sound the vowel ee for 
 some seconds, and during the continuance, of 
 the sound gently approximate the centre of the 
 lips with the finger and thumb a number of 
 times. The vowel will be changed by every 
 action into a true German pronunciation of the 
 word 
 
 tofe, to<e, toie, tine, wie. 
 
 The phonetic resemblance of the German to 
 to the English v will be recognized in this ex- 
 periment. The articulativo actions are, how- 
 ever, different, and the English student of 
 German should profit by the lesson and dis- 
 tinguish in fbture between English v and G«r- 
 man t0. 
 
•!mm\ 
 
 56 
 
 THE FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 \>'\ 
 
 f.i 
 
 ft i :;: ■ '] ! 
 
 XX.— W/orL. 
 
 Tme subdtitntion is due to lingual lazineBS. 
 The tongue lolling on the bed of the jaw sur- 
 renders its proper Ainctions to any part of the 
 organs that can be got to undertake tbcm. In 
 this case the lips are obliging, and we hear : 
 
 " Wet the wady wait a wittoo." 
 Let the lady wait a little. 
 
 The existence of such defects is a disgrace. 
 No difficulty attends their correction, and they 
 should never have quitted the nursery. 
 
 XXL— W for B. 
 
 It IS the most difficult of all the consonants 
 for children to learn, and it is, of all elements 
 of speech, the most variously pronouuoed in 
 languages and dialects and among individual 
 speakers. When the r is trilled — as in Scot- 
 land — the sound is nearly uniform, but the 
 less definite varieties heard in England and 
 America differ greatly. The American r 
 scarcely uses the point of the tongue at all, 
 but has a glide-soimd approximating to that 
 of y, while, between vowels, the r is modified 
 by the lips, as in " wjy." 
 
OF SPEECH. 
 
 'for L. 
 
 lue to lingual laziness, 
 le bed of the jaw snr- 
 ions to any part of the 
 
 undertake thorn. In 
 ligiug, and we hear : 
 
 wait a wittoo." 
 wait a little. 
 
 1 defects is a disgrace. 
 !ir correction, and they 
 3d the nursery. 
 
 r/or R. 
 
 ^ of all the consonants 
 d it is, of all elements 
 riously pronouuoed in 
 and among individual 
 is trilled — as in Scot- 
 ?arly uniform, but the 
 teard in England and 
 r. The American r 
 of the tongue at all, 
 approximatii^ to that 
 wels, the r is modified 
 
 OBQANIC SUBSTITUTIONS. 
 
 67 
 
 In Ei^land the r — final or before a conso- 
 nant — has the vocality of a vowel ; and even 
 the initial r has little of the firieativeness of a 
 consonant. 
 
 The substitution of w for r is a favourite 
 dandyism in English speech, and generally 
 accompanies the aw — aw — aw of 
 
 '^Awiatocwatic dwawl." 
 Aristocratic drawl. 
 
 Those who have acquired the habit of using 
 w for r, otherwise than as an uti'ectation, or of 
 mixing the sounds of w and r, may easily cure 
 themselves by the means recommended on 
 page 43 for the delabialisin^s of s, namely : 
 Hold down the lower lip with the finger, and 
 see the teeth while pronouncing r. 
 
 XXII.— W for Wh. 
 
 Wh IS to to precisely what /is to v, or » to 
 z — the non-vocal form of the same articulative 
 action. Speakers who make no difference be- 
 tween these elements confound "whey" with 
 way, "which" with witch, "whale" with wail, 
 "whether" with weather; and put their hear- 
 ers to unnecessary trouble to unriddle their 
 
ifi'i i i i iii ii« ^ i irmr t T"'mi ti-' in' 
 
 .gi:^_.j--5ftt-.-:-'-'. 
 
 68 
 
 THE FAULT8 OF SPEECH. 
 
 unbigaitics. Refinement consists in the pfe* 
 serration of nice distirstions ; and no speaker 
 with any pretensions to refinement will willing- 
 ly forego sadi a source of distinctiveness as 
 tiie proper pronunciation of these and all ele- 
 mentaiy sounds. 
 Codmey speech has no wh. 
 
 
iJ ii I , . II r 
 
 ")¥ SPEECH. 
 
 t consists in the pre- 
 
 ions ; and no speaker 
 
 efinement will williog- 
 
 of distinctiTeneflB as 
 
 of these acd all ele- 
 
 yvoh. 
 
 r 
 
 POSTSCRIPT 
 
 TO 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
^ 
 
 POSTSCRIPT TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 NEW Editiou of this little book having 
 been called for, the opportanit}- is pre- 
 sented for adding an}- Airther observations or 
 directions that may seem necessary. The highly 
 condensed matter in these pages could easily be 
 expanded so as to flU a volume ; but the pre- 
 cision of the Treatise in its present form is 
 one of ts chief recommendations for the actual 
 work of rectifying the "Faults of Speech." 
 Some little peculiarity in the action of a single 
 organ, or in the mode of pronouncing a single 
 elementary sound, has the effect of rendering 
 the whole of speech peculiar ; and the work of 
 correction is incredibly simple when the fault 
 is merely traced to its mechanical cause. The 
 list of such mechanical causes of defects in 
 speech; herein contained, is not only extensive 
 but complete. 
 
»nn 
 
 Hi! 
 
 r ^ 
 
 3t t 
 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 8 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 . i ■ 
 
 6S 
 
 POSTSCHiPT. 
 
 Th« eflteot of ignorance on this subject is 
 often serious and pidnAil. On one occasion a 
 gentleman came to the author with a defect 
 ,hli>.' greatly marred his whole utter .ice, y«t 
 W ii R«>. ?) simply 'torn the habit oi substituting 
 o»S:U i>r oral emission in forming the sibilant 
 .sonants— the "fault" described in Section 
 My. »ge 49. In this case a surgical opera- 
 alio. J .*v? been performed, which had subjected 
 the patient to months of entfering, while the 
 defect arose firom no organic malformation, but 
 merely from a mechanical habit which might 
 have been checked in childhood, &» it was per- 
 fectly checked within a week of instruction. 
 
 Stammerers have been bewildered more than 
 benefitted by the theories of cause and cure of 
 their impediment, and the extensive terminol- 
 ogy given to its many varieties. In nearly all 
 cases, the source of difficulty is a failure in 
 some simple principle of phonation or orgaiiic 
 action, to which alone attention requires to W. 
 directed. The chief points for the stammerer's 
 consideration and extAjise— whatever peculiar- 
 ity any casu may seem to present — will be 
 found set forth in the preceding pages. Let 
 
 «i 
 
|ce on this subject is 
 On one occasion a 
 author with a defect 
 is whole utter .tioe, y"* 
 habit ot substituting 
 n forming the sibilant 
 " described in Section 
 case a surgical opera- 
 d, which had subjected 
 jf suffering, while the 
 anio malformation, but 
 cal habit which might 
 ildbood, &f\ it was per- 
 week of instruction. 
 n bewildered more than 
 ?8 of cause and cure of 
 the extensive terminol- 
 'arieties. In nearly all 
 ifflculty is a failure in 
 >f phonation or organic 
 ittention requires to be 
 ints for the stammerer's 
 se — whatever peculiar- 
 a to present — will be 
 preceding pages. Let 
 
 POITSCRIPT II 
 
 thow be cwenilly itudicd, and the principles 
 Pi'unerin7'" applied, without thought of 
 " w^ntaneous nerve ai-tions" or tt-y jthei 
 ntondlte theories, and in « he vast u.:*nrit- of 
 oases relief ./ill » a ,,^rtai..ly attained. ' 
 
 The principles of vocal respiration are all- 
 imjiortunt, not only to stammerers, but to pub- 
 lic speakers, readers and singers. Claims 
 have been set up to the rcceut discovery of the 
 proper. ^motion of the diaphragm in breathing ; 
 but this 'discovery" will be found flilly cm- 
 X)died in the Author's New Elucidation of 
 the Principles of Speech and ElocKtum, 
 published in 1849. The simple fundamental 
 principles of breathing cannot be too clearly 
 apprehended. The reader is referred to page. 
 '7-19 for definite instruction on this subject. 
 Teachers who undertake the rectification of 
 faults of speech should study ihe mechanism of 
 articulation as exhibited iu the symbols of 
 "Visible Speech." The phonetic elements of 
 languages, and their mutual relations, are so 
 depicted in these symbols that all difficulty 
 w removed (torn this otherwise difficult study. 
 The text Iwok Sounds and their S^^ions, ex- 
 
 !• 
 
 >■• iiinwijL.v.^'a 
 
64 
 
 poarscRiPT. 
 
 htbited in VUdble Speech,* may »» obtuln* I 
 through any bookBcller. The Viaible Upeevk 
 l?«ad«r,t (adapted for children) may aliio b« 
 used with advantage U) facilitate the acquisi- 
 tion of Eogllah sounds by teacher or pupil 
 
 A. M. B. 
 WMT Washikotow, D. C, 
 Octolwr, 1883. 
 
 • Prtae ♦! JO, poaUpaW, flrom tli« pabH«h«r of thl» Wort. 
 
:ript. 
 
 [jfc,* may l»e obtulne I 
 . The Vialble fipeet'h 
 children) may also b« 
 o faclUtate the acqnlai- 
 by teaeher or pupil 
 
 A. M. B. 
 C. 
 
 I tiM publlnhar of lhl» Work. 
 wnU. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 ooRTAnraio 
 
 TABLES AND EXERCISES. 
 
 MOSIjgHHHkl* 
 
"!■ 
 
 \i 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table qf ConaonanU. 
 
 |HE following tabic contains all Englioli 
 
 clomentfl, and others refurrod to in the 
 
 procoding pages. 
 
 Oral. 
 
 Natnl Kmiuton. 
 
 non-vooal 
 
 Oral 
 
 
 vocal 
 
 . D 
 
 D 
 
 non-voeal 
 (Mh) . 
 ObstruoUonli • • • • • "j' (nIi.); ' 
 ' (DIowinf to cool) W a«nn«o. 
 Wh . . . . W 
 
 («h)l*Si;?i'"U.n.ooU,. 
 
 8b ... . Zh«in*MoN. 
 
 I (atl«A) (m III 
 
 M 
 
 . N 
 Nf 
 
 Central 
 EmUslon 
 
 Lateral 
 EmUiion 
 
 I.ax 
 Vibration 
 
 (Vh){»-T^»-»V 
 . (Ch) <ieniiaii. Ohj 
 
 F V 
 
 Th iu Mm. ])h M In tkm. 
 
 Lb rr. < In tabl*. L 
 
 Oennnn e 
 ■mnol 
 
 In 
 
 llHIlT, 
 
 / (Snarl.) 
 l(Hh) 
 
 (Barr.) 
 RMIM. 
 
 67 
 
UAiii..,.-U.IJ)i«iJ 
 
 68 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table of Initial Cmuonawt CombifuUiona. 
 
 Bl . as in blade 
 
 Fr . as in Iright 
 
 Br . . . bride 
 
 Fy . . . few 
 
 Bw . . . buoy 
 
 Vy . . . view 
 
 By . . • beauty 
 
 Thr . . three 
 
 PI . , . . place 
 
 Thv: . . . thwart 
 
 Pr . . . price 
 
 Thy . . thews 
 
 Py . . . pure 
 
 81 . . . sleep 
 
 Dr . . . draw 
 
 Sm . . . smile 
 
 Dzh . . .jew 
 
 Sn . . . snarl 
 
 Dw. . . dwell 
 
 Sf . . . sphere 
 
 Dy . . . due 
 
 sp . . • spy 
 
 Tr . . . try 
 
 St . . . sty 
 
 Tsh ... . chain 
 
 Sk . . . slqr 
 
 Tw . . . twelve 
 
 Sw . . . sway 
 
 Ty . . . tune 
 
 Sy ... sue 
 
 Gl . . . glad 
 
 Shr . . shrink 
 
 Gr . . . great 
 
 Spl . . • spleen 
 
 Gw . . guelph 
 
 Spr. . . spring 
 
 Gy . . . gewgaw 
 
 Spy . . . spume 
 
 Kl . . . climb 
 
 Sti' . . . straw 
 
 Kr ; . . crime 
 
 Sty . . . stew 
 
 Kw . . • quite 
 
 Ski . . sclerotic 
 
 Ky . . . cure 
 
 Skr . . . screw 
 
 My . . . muse 
 
 Skw . . squint 
 
 JVy . . , new 
 
 Sky . •. . skewer 
 
 m . . . flight 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 i»i 
 
WIX. 
 
 onaid Combinationa, 
 
 Fr . 
 
 as in (right 
 
 Fy . 
 
 . . few 
 
 Vy . 
 
 . . view 
 
 Thr 
 
 . three 
 
 Thrr. 
 
 . . thwart 
 
 Thy . 
 
 thews 
 
 81 . 
 
 . . sleep 
 
 Sm. 
 
 . . smile 
 
 Sn . 
 
 . . snarl 
 
 Sf . 
 
 . . sphere 
 
 Sp . 
 
 . . spy 
 
 St . 
 
 . . sty 
 
 Sk . 
 
 . . sky 
 
 Sw . 
 
 . . sway 
 
 Sy . 
 
 . . sue 
 
 Shr 
 
 . . shrink 
 
 Spl . 
 
 . . spleen 
 
 Spr. 
 
 . . spring 
 
 Spy . 
 
 . . spume 
 
 Sta- . 
 
 . . straw 
 
 Sty . 
 
 . . stew 
 
 Ski 
 
 . . sclerotic 
 
 Skr . 
 
 . . screw 
 
 Skw 
 
 . . sqiiiut 
 
 Sky . 
 
 ■. . skewer 
 
 
 
 APPENDIX. «» 
 
 Consonant Lxerciam. 
 
 Fob rapid reiteration. 
 
 nOJMMWiJ. 
 
 shasa shaaasbb ' 
 
 pata patapa 
 
 thasha tbashatba 
 
 tapa tapata 
 
 shatha shathasha 
 
 pnka pakapa 
 
 tbasnsha thashasa 
 
 kapa kapaka 
 
 sathashn sashntha 
 
 taka takftta 
 
 sh>>?Muia shatbasa 
 
 kata kateka 
 
 vocal. I 
 
 pataka pakata 
 
 bada badaba > 
 
 tflipaka takapa 
 
 daba dnbada ^ 
 
 kapata katapa 
 
 baga bagaba | 
 
 
 gaba gabaga | 
 
 pafa pafapa 
 
 daga dagada 
 
 fapa fapafa 
 
 gada godaga 
 
 fawba fawha& 
 
 bagada badaga 
 
 whafa whafawlia 
 
 daboga dagaba 
 
 IMwhafa pa&wha 
 
 gadaba gabada 
 
 fapawha fuwhapa 
 
 
 whapafa whafapa 
 
 bava bavaba 
 
 
 \aba vabava 
 
 fatha fathafk 
 
 bawa bawaba \ 
 
 tbafa thafatba 
 
 waba wnbawa 
 
 thasa thasatha 
 
 vawa vawava j 
 
 satha sathasa 
 
 wa\a wavawa 
 
 sasha sashasa 
 
 bawavk buvawa 
 
•1!' 1 
 
 APFSNDIX. 
 
 vabftwa vawaba 
 wabava wavaba 
 
 vatha vathava 
 thava tbavatha 
 thaza thazatha 
 zatba zatbaza 
 vatbaza vazatba 
 tbavaza tbazava 
 zavatba zatbava 
 
 thazba tbazbatba 
 zbatba cbathazba 
 zozba zazbaza 
 zbaza zbazazba 
 tbazbaza tbazozba 
 zatbazba zaisbatba 
 zbazatba zbathaza 
 
 rala ralara 
 lara larala 
 rana raoara 
 nara narana 
 lana lanala 
 »ala nalana 
 raiana ranaia 
 
 lanna lanara 
 nalara narala 
 
 combiMtUma. 
 
 biabra blabrabla 
 
 brabla brablabra 
 
 plapra plaprapla 
 
 prapla praplapra 
 
 flnfira flafrafla 
 flrafia firaflaiVa 
 glagra glagragla 
 gragbi graglagra 
 dacra clacraola 
 cracla oraclacra 
 Ibwaswa tbwaswatbwa 
 swatbwa swathwaswa 
 tbrasbra thrasbrathra 
 sbrathra shratbrasbra 
 slasna alasnasla 
 snasla gnoslasna 
 tradra tradratra 
 dratra drotaradra 
 cbaja cbs^acba 
 jaoba jadiaja 
 spasfh spaiiifiiapa 
 sfaspa sfa8pa£>fa 
 
T 
 
 DJX 
 
 rana lanara 
 klara narala 
 
 cnmMnaHonM. 
 abra blabrabla 
 rabla bmblabra 
 lapra plaprapla 
 rapla praplapra 
 nft-a flafralla 
 rafla firaflaiVa 
 lagra glagragla 
 ragla graglagm 
 lacra clacraola 
 racia oraclacra 
 hwaswa thwaswathtra 
 iwathwa swathwaswa 
 broshra thrashrathra 
 shratbra sbmthrasbra 
 slasna slasDasIa 
 snasla snaslaena 
 bradra tradmtra 
 dratra drati.'adra 
 cUaja ch^acba 
 jaoba jadiaja 
 spasDa spsuiifafipa 
 afaspa sfuapa&fii 
 
 • APPENDIX. 
 
 71 
 
 staska stuskasta 
 skasta skastaaka 
 
 splaspra splaspruspla 
 spraspla sprasplospra 
 
 Worda and Sentence*. 
 
 Beel-brotb. 
 
 Three sixths. 
 
 Literally literary. 
 
 Knitting needle. 
 
 Quit quickly. 
 
 Such a sash. 
 
 Puff up the fop. 
 
 A velvet weaver. 
 
 A out of puuipkiu. 
 
 A knapHa«;k strap. 
 
 Coop up the cook. 
 
 A school ix>al-scuttle 
 
 Veal and white wine vinegar^ 
 
 Geese ca^tkle and cattle low. 
 
 C!ooks csrow and crows caw. 
 
 A shocking sottish B«3t 
 
 She sells sea-shells. 
 
 TRR mm. 
 
 Cloud-capp'd. 
 Laurel wreath. 
 Linen lining. 
 A comic mimic. 
 Rural railroad. 
 Scotch thatch. 
 Statistics of sects. 
 Portly poultry. 
 A wet white wafer. 
 Pick pepper peacock. 
 I snuff shop snuff. 
 
m