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[CONFIDENTIAL. I f
ISHERY Commission, Halifax, i8jj.
f'
THE EFFECT
OF THE
IFISHEI^'Y" CL^A^TJSES
OK THK
TREATY OF WASHINGTON
ON THE
FISHEEIES
AND
FISHERMEN
OF
BY HENRY YOULE HIND, M. A.
HALIFAX, N. S.
PRINTED BY CHARLES ANNAND,
1877.
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Fishery poMMissioN, |4alikax.
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^riiK EFFE(n^
111' TIIK
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fisi3::e:r-^2^ cl^^tjses
iH' TIIK
1^ I { 1 : A T Y V W A S 1 1 1 N ( i I ( ) N
J
nV TIIK
FISHERIES
AND
FISHERMEN
OK
Bi^iTiss 3sroi?.Ti3: ^^nyLE]i?,iC-i^-
BY HENRY YOULE HIND, M. A.
HALIFAX, N. S.
PRINTED BY CHARLES ANNAND,
1877.
of, I
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^ 7.^07
1
The Effect of the Fishery Clauses of the Treaty
or WnshinyLon (in th(^ Fisheries iinrl Fishermen of British
North America.
Introductory Sketch.
I. Ch irni'tci- lit' l!iiti-li Amriuiui Oii'aii W.itns.
II. C'liiiractfi' oC tiio Sc;i-lto;inl iind of the iMslifiii-s.— .\ Slioro Hoiit Kislicry.
HI. Fishcri.'s cliicHy liniitcil ;» Coastal Waters.— Cliaia.l.r nC \\w Ncwfi)iiii(llan(l Fislinii-^.
IV. lU'lalion of \\n- ]hhUU Amcri.an Shore Fislj.Ties to its Deei) Sea Fisheries —Immunity iVom IJisks.
V. Keasoiis why tlie Ihitisli American l-'isiieries are ( hietly Slinre Fisherios.
A'l. lirhition of the Fishing I'opiihitioii to the ComiiierLiai Marine.
\'ll. A(Ivanlui?e!< of an Extended Coast Line.
VIII. Indirect value of tlie Coast Fislieries to tlie ( 'oinmer<ial Marine.
IS. Comparison of Coast Lines and Coastid Waters <'o,itrolh(l l.y British Amcri.a and llie Cnited
States.
X. Former Fishini; Inihistry of tiie I'lilted States.
XI. Advantaices enjoyed hy "United States Fishermen in waters south of the :iOtli piraihd, trom wliich
Ihitish American Fishermen are excimU'd.
Xll. 'i'lic Anadromous Species in United States waters south .d'the oOth parallel.
XIII. Species pursued in liritish American Waters.
XIV. Source of the food of tlu; Commercial Fishes.
XV. Ilolatiou of each Species of F'ish to a detinite SF..\ .\R1''..\.
XVI. Relation of the Commercial Fishes to Coastal Waters.
XX'II. The Anadromous Species.
XVIII. Coast Lines and Population eompaii'd.
XIX. Causes of the dilferences which exist between the present prodn. tive capacity ol I he Ihitisii
American and the I'liitcd States Coastal Waters.
XX. In\portance of Hait.
XXI. Relation hetwern H.iit, and Catch: between Ca.istal Waters and llii' Deep S,.a Area -iibtcnded.
.\X11. nepeiulence of Deep Sea Fisheries upon the productive or nouprod'ictive comlition .)f (/'oast.il
Waters.
XXIU. Importance of an acipiaintance with the habits of tish.- Eil'ect of the destruction of m.uine life in
Coastal Wafeison tin- Deep Sea Fisheries.
XXIV. Kxhaustion of the Coastal Waters equivalent to the e.xhaustiou of llie Deep Sea Are.i snoleniled.
XXV. (jonclueions follow inu; I'rom the premises.
XX\'I. Conclusions with regard to the Coastal Waters
XX\'II. Dominion Coastal Waters preserved in a productive coiidiiion. — 'I'he reverse th ise in the I nite 1
States Waters north of the ;30th parallel.
X.WIIl. 'I'he eil'ect of the admission of .American Fisherinen to Ihilisli .Vmcricaa Coastal Waters:
[. The Sea Privileges.
11. The Land I'rivileges. The Strand Fishery.
XXIX. Fishing Gear and Apparatus.
XXX. Considerations apart from the (.'omincrcial advantages to the Tnited Si.ites arising from the
Concession.
INTRODUCTORY SKETCH.
4
i
I. riu' All;iiitR- (>'ii,isl ol' Uriti-li N.iilii Aiiurl.a is ^\■,l^lll■'l
hv llio waters of that liiancli of t'lic great Arctic outflow wliiili
is known l)y tlic name of tli' Lalirador ( 'nrrciit t8.'!. ) '•'
The |)ic(loniin;uit cliaractcrislic^ ol lliis t'liinnt are its low
tcmpeiatiiie, .ind an exiraordinai v iirofiision of lliosc I'onns ol'
Marine life wliicli abound in cold oceanic waters, (S'-i to 8!i,
and 9!) to Idl I among wliicli ave the ( hiil commercial food
fishes.
II. A large portion of the sea-hoard swept by tho l.ahra-
di . Cnrr-iit is incapable of settlemi'iit on account of its oro-
graphic ti "ires ami rocky chaiacler, the rcniiining portion is
thiidv sctued, (t) and almost e.vidusivcly by a population in-
ua"ed in sea fisheries. The pursuit of this industry on the
coasts of tlk' nouiinion is c.irricd on chictlv by means (>f open
boats, which m'cessarily reduces it in a great but variable
measure to the condition of a Shore fishery. While there are
not less than t!0,!iU boats, maimed by l'),()ii;> in-shore
fishermen, there are only 1379 sea-gonig vessils, nnmncd l)y
!H)97 fishermen sailors, engaged in this special industry nl the
sea. '-■'
III. The ratio of the number of men exclusively engaged
in the Dominion Shore boat fishery to the number of men en-
gaged in the Deep Sea Fishery, using decked vessels, is as 1.1 to
I ; and the total number of boats emidoyed is nearly one-lid f
the total iinndier of tons of shipping. Hence it follows that
' y fai the largest i)roportion of the fishing industry of the
Dominion is pursued in coastal waters, anil .nuchof it rarely e\
tends beyond the limit ol' three marine miles Irom tlioco.ist line-
'J'lililc s/ioiriii;/ tin- r.Hinbfr of lionlx mi'l Mi n i.i lltf Slnnr
Sat Fl.ihiik'K </ >/ii' Doininion in IN'li. ''■'
N .. .a ll,.a|s. N... ,.r Mill.
Nova Scotia !)")85 1S,0();{
New Hrunswick :{S.-)0 7;!:,"„'
Quebec 58 1.") 10,777
Prince Edward Islaml iMU 3831
20,!3U IViats. K),()'»>3 Men.
Table skoieiiiy IIk' iiiiiiibfi- of 1 'c'.«.sc/,\' ninl Men cnyayei) in,
the Sea Fisherief.
N'li. of Vi'ssi'j.'i. Nil. Ill' Mt'ii.
Nova Scotia (>53 ()(l4i»
New Brunswick 4t!3 17i)4
(Juebec ■-••5(1 l!-!)il
Prince Edward Island 7 35
137!) !H)!>7
1. NoTK. The llnuivs ii: hnu-Ui'ls rclVr In lln' |iMni«iiipli- luul sections in
tliciloscriptivi' ti \l.
2. Ollii-ial Hcturiis--Iti'|piiil III' CMiumis-i' iicv uf t'islierii's.
;). lirp'rl "f (.Viunnir-si'iii'r ef Kiriliciii's. \$'H.
iv IN llfODlcroliV SKi;i( II.
'J'oiii/at/r iiiijiiifKl ill III'- I'lxhmi'K.
No. ..f T..n-.
Nova Scotia 'JKSOd
New Hmnswick o.Olil
(Jiicluv I4,(i.'i5
rrinir F.iIh aid Island .'iH.'i
Total ll.SSl Tons
Tota! \... nl .Moil tit,l:.>()
'• Hoats !i(),'.'41
" Tomianc of \ Csscls 4l,.S8l
I\' III Ni\vl'oiiii(llaiiil ilii' i)Ki;i' si-,A n.sMK.iiY, as dlstiii-
LTiiislicil Iruiii till' tisliciy piiisiuMl in coastal waters, or williiii
lliii'c Maiiiic iiiilcs IVoiii tlic shore, lias scarcely a scparalc ex-
istence. I'lie vessels « liicli are eiiuineiiili'il in tlii^ eeiisus are
used rliietly tor the purpose (if sailinsj from oiw Coastal Fishery
Station to aiiotlier on the Island of Newfonndland, or for the
Lahrador i'ishery. The total niiinher of lioals en)))l()ved in the
Shore Fishery was IS.Iill in 1874, and 14,75o in 18()9, and the
niunher ol' persons en.uaned in catchinf; and ciirin;; rish 4o,SiV|
in 187 1 and M7,'25!» in 18()il. The numlu'r of vessels was
l,Ilt7 duriiif; 1874. «ilh a tonnaifo of til, •")■"> 1 Ions, nianiie(l
liy 8:)!lt lisliei men sailors. Scalers ,iio included in the
enr'neration. I'lie coiiihincd (isliinsr iiidnstrv of l!ie noininion
and Newl'ouiidlaiid is thus represented : —
Xundier of M.iats :58,s,-,I.'
Nninher of X'csscls ;.',")7(i
Toiinaije of \cs-e|s 10(),4:i'^
Nninher of persDns em; ij; mI in catcliiii',' andciniiit; lish. I()'i.-lli8
'I'lie .ippliaii o n-ed in tlie^e Fisheries inilicatc, to a certain
e.xlclit, lliei: character. Where deckeil vessels are necessarily
eniploved hevmid the limit ol three .Marine miles from the
shore, it is esscnti.div a lir.i-.e sk \ i i.siikhv. Where open limits
onlv are Used, it is in t^cneral ;; (iMsr KisiiKiiV, altliongli, as in
the case of Ncu loniidl.in<l, llii' depth of water near to the coast
line inav v.iiy from 10 to 100 f.ithonis and more. Wliere llie
lishorv is puisinMl fmni the shore, hnt with the use ol open
lio.ils, as ill the takiiii; of M.irUi'rcl, lli-riiiiLt. and i'-peci,illy
('aplin, Simdt and I,iuni-e, it is a STlivMi Kl.s|ii;iiv Both the
Deep Sea Fislierv and the Coast Fishery are depend int in a very
large lllpasnre (HI the Straiiil l'"i-liiry lor Mail I he i liarailcr
of the Newl'onii'lland Fi-lierv i- .'ullier imlicaleil liy the lari^c
niimiier of Fisliim; lioonis, in actual use. " In 1874 these
amounted lo 8iH);^ in nnmliei, in 18(i!( to 7,4 14. The Islands
so iinmerons on the ('oast ol \ova Scoti.i, the sonthern piirt and
iiuitlieastern put of Newfoundland, ilie North Shore of the
'lull of St. l.awreiiie and the l.idirailor, north of Spotted Island,
offer an ininiense area of coist.d waters and lirrat fishery, which
(hii's not appcii OH 111 ip4 drawn lo an oidinarv sc.de.
\ . \\ liilc it i- diHi- iih lo •■stalilish .III exact laiio lict»ceii
'he niiaiitilies of anv pailiciil.n kind nf fish caiij^lit in coastal
waters or lievond :lii' limit of lliree Marine miles from the
shore, vet till' veiA i;eneral cniphivmi lit of open hoats for fish-
iiii; pnr|)oses prci-linles the ide.i that a consideralile |ioiii,)ii
of the aj^gre^iite c.iirh is taken ootsiile of coastal waters. '-'■•
I. .\ tUliiiiK "ruiilu" is ,1 tluliniti' p'lrtnai nl' the siiorii ii|>|a'"|iriuti>il tn
till' ciniii^' anil stnriny ef llsli.
•i. I'lnli-r 111!' liMiii '•(■■laslttl Wiilers" is iiiiil,T-ni"il tliiit purtlnii "t llie
si'ii wliicli lii'~ within ihree iiiiiiiiii' iiiil.s fi'oiii ih'' slcac liiie.
1
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LNTRODUCTOHY SKKTCil. V
'I'lio cliiiiif,'!'!!!)!,. I'liaracliT of' the wciithcr on tlic Hiitisli Ameri-
can (/'mist, — tlie sii(l(l('ii iitiil uncxpec.ed occunencc of A)i;s, — the
varintions of cmirnts produced by tides, — the long CNperionce of
the dangers attending lishing in open lioats some distance from
the land," ' — ilir pecuniary rcsonrces of the fishermen, — conjoint-
ly with tlic ahuiiilant lisii resources of the coastal waters, have
ccuuliiued t(i limit tiie iiidustiy of the British American fisher-
men, in a great nvasure, to the immediate vicinity of the shore line
and within easy reach of lir.rhours Thin is particularly the
case in Newfoundland, when deep « ater generally prevails
close to an " iron hound" coast, and where much fishing is
proseculerl in tie vicinity of Islinds.
Some idea may he fornu'd of the extrai^rdiniiry risks and
Icrrihie 'osses attending the Heop Sea Fishery on the American
coast, even in well found decked vessels, from the following
enumeration of the shipwrecks and loss of life, aeeordiug to the
Wreck List of one United States Fishery I'ort alone, namely,
(ilouccstcr, Massachusetts. I"-'
Period Imm 18;!() In .hihj l.sV. 1873.
Xinnlicr of 'V'c.ssels lost (280
Lives lost VUSh
\'alne of \'cssc|s lost .«il,145,5{)()
Amount of Insui-ance $8!jit.5l.'5
Losses of Cahles, Anchors, &c l"»(),()l)()
.•\verage loss of vessels yearly (i
Average loss of lives yearly i28
In a |)amphlet puhlished in 187(> by Procter Brothers, of
(iloneestcr, •''■' the losses of the "Gloucester Fisheries" have
liccii carried down to the year 1873. The total losses since
IS:)!), arc thus sumniari/cd, t p"!?" "^'^^ '■
Tnhlv of fjossfs.
^ Men loOO
Vessels .!;};!
Valuation $1 .:!(il, ;{()()
In-^urance 0;24,71S
" 'I'lie foregoing losses show an aggregate of li^tJ.j lives and
'.'80 vesM-N lost during the past 42 l-'i years. Ot this nnmher,
'.)i vessels and 708 lives were lost in the Georges lisluMV ; 19
vi'ssels and l20!» lives in the (irand and Western Bank fisheries;
.W vessels and 107 lives in the shore cod and maikerel fisheiii s ;
48 ves.sels and 9I> lives in the Hay of St. Lawrence macki-rel
fishery; 1!) vessels and (18 lives in the Newfoiindluul herring
fishery ; 34 vessels ami fi-i lives in the freigh'ing business ; 2
ves-els in the (Jrand Mamm herrin.; fishery ; 1 vessid and liJ
lives in the (ireenland halibut fishery ; (i vessels burnt by pirate
'I'a. (Uiy ; 1 pilot boat lost in the harbor. Of the ^80 vessels
lost, the crews of 147 fa little more than half) were saved.
'The loss of life and |)roperty lui (jenrges is upwards of one half
iheiuitire loss. The total value of vessels lost is $1,14."),")()0,
on which thcie was an insuraiu-e of !i!8;t9,r):2."), mostly in the
local offices. In addition to the above are the )iarlial losses,
of cables, aM<hors, etc., wdtich cannot tie reikcuieil less than
$L")0,000, making the total loss, .fl,'«»5,r)00."
1. ."V list 'if VHsi-i'ls f(i8t in pur-tiit nf tlip Uiitisli .Xniericnn l"islii>rii's, i.s
yiviMi in tlii' A|i|iiMiili\.
•-'. Till' KislicvniiiiiV M.Muiirial lui.l lif.' ir.lli.oK, l!y (Iim.is;.. II. I'r..ctur
(iloneestcr, .Mass, IH""!.
.1. TnK 1''isiit:iiii:s or lir.oiTKsri:ii. fmni lln' I'irst rali'li of tlio ICii^'lisli
in in-ja, til till' (Vnlriiniiil Yi'nv. ISTii. (ilimi'i'«tiT I'roctor HnilluMs, I'ali-
lisiinrii.
ixTHoDrcToHV sKirrcir.
"As no record of tlic ininihcr o( widows and orphans made liy
tlipse losses was kept previous to 1858, it is impossiblo to i^et
at the correct number, but fai\ing an average of tlio past twelve
years, it would give ten widows and twenty fatherless children
yearly, or a total of 42!J widows and 8 14 children. 'I'he losaes
average 28 lives and (i vessels yearly." — Ibid, {pnrje 51.)
\'I. .\s a Maritime power th" Dominion stands fifth among
the Nations of the Worhl. Its Commercial Marine, almost
wholly sustained in its most important element by its fishing
population, born to the sea, is only surpassed liy that of the
Mother County, the United States, Norway and Italy. Its
tonnage increases at the rate of (50,000 Ions a year, •'■' and it
draws its supply of trained seamen from a fishing population
scattered over three thousand miles of sea-board.
\\\. The iiossession of a very extended line of coast,
stretching fullv five thousand two huiulred miles, (VZ) where
the Fishing Industry is pursued in ojien boats by a sparse
population not exceeding (!.4 persons to the square mile, (4)
liMt whose industry assures to them an aiigregate annual catch
reaching the enormous sum of I'bont twenty millions of dollars,
is justly eatei aed as an inheritance of priceless value, and in its
far reaching intluencc upon the future of the State, is jealously
regarded as a birthright, for which no other material advantages
could be accepted as an e(|uivalent compensation.
Setting aside the annual pecuniary value of the industry it
assures, the indirect relation of that industry to the maritime
interests of Hritisb .Vmcrica, when measured by the estima-
tion in which Fishing Nurseries for seamen have always been
entertained by political economists, confers on its coast line and
coastal waters a value without parallel in history. They are an
unrivalled security for future political infiuence and power ; es-
pecially where the foundations have been so well and deeply laid
as on the Dominion Sea-board, in its infancy as a State, and where
the instincts of the people lead them to pursuits which compel
familiarity with the dangers of the Si'.v.
\'III. Whatever tends to lessen or impair the value of that
industry whose puisuit necessarily involves early and special
training in the hardships cf a seafaring life, strikes at the root
of maritime excellence, (Kij and checks, if it does not arrest the
progress of the State, '- ' Hence it is that the Uritish American
Coast Fisheries are not only a source of great present wealth to
its maritime population, but the strongest security that can be
offered for the niaintenence and permanency of the Commercial
4
I
1. C().\II'.\Ik\TI\ K STATI;MI:.NT -li .winn ihi' iminlier nf Vessels anil
iiuiiiIm'i' uf T.ais nn ihi. I{i'i,'i.<try lidnks nf tlii> l» unininn "f Ctiiinlii.
..n III.' SIst I) ntiiT, I.S7:t, I,S74. IS7.-i, mid ISTi:.
l»i(Ovl?(rl:».
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1,147
2,.s«:l
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TnllB.
1,144
2,7S7
l.tlT
SI.-.
lU'J
ss
Tiiiis.
aM,74i
47ii,<iini
■ilS.lHIl
1111,008
4l«,8t<S
.1.111 1
Ve*wl».
1,1 IH
■2.7N1
1,8111
8i'.
:i:i.'.
40
i
O.Hf.-J
Tl.TH.
»07.l«»
.10.1,144
■>->-2,l»V-.
lU.^W
3,118.'.
178
1 ■..(..'. :>f^%
Vtss«.|i.. ■ Tolls.
N'l.u Hriiii>twick
.\mv.i Stntiil
l^imiKH'
Oiitil'io
I'riiH-t' Kflwurd Nliitid
llriti"h Ciilumlilu
MiiriitiiliH
«r,8N)
4411.701
214,043
Wl.lll
:«.iii»
4,0I»
1,1M
2,Sil7
1,1102
S..11I
3.SS
40
2
7.1,7
ftti.ftiri
17a
r..iiii ' ",7«
UJ7:171»
o,o:io
1 l;,i<;lil:l
I L'l;)! -^iri
■J. .S'e |ia«L. XI. Hc|inrl nf iliH r. S. (Viiiniiissi'.iii'r 1)1 V\A\ iin.l Ki»lii?i-it'S
fnr IS7'2-7;i. .Mr.... H !(.-|.nrt lij- M. (Awl... Mlii llii' nrKiiniziiti.ni ..f l''islicrie.H
as rfiKiii'ils tlit liuri'ii.'<e nf tin. .Niiviil Vtuv nf Kmiic..," IHill. .\|.<,,, liiilcl
Stall's "lieii irl mi ilii> Hi.ii|iniiity Tmilv willi (ileal llriliiiii," I'.'li. .Mil, I8(i7,
mill " l(('|inrl ii-n.liiriMl in llm iiiiiiio nf ilii. r .iiiininsinii for tin' l-jniiurv into
llif \jiv, ri'liitiiiK In Uii' Uri'iil .S'n l''is|ii.rii's," liy M. Aucol, Is.'.I.
INTRODUITORY SK PITCH.
vH
f
Marine of the Dominion, of the industry of thoge who sustain
it in till' capacity of Ocean Carriers, and of tiic political future
of the State.
That this view of the importance of Sea Fisheries, wholly
apart from the pecuniary value of the catch, is entertained by
political economists of the United States, is sufficiently testified
hy the acknowledf<<'d loss resultinj? to the Union on account of
the decline of tlii^ Now England Cod Fisheries, elsewhere re-
ferred to. (28.)
IX. The lenf,'th of coast line in the United States
opened hy the Treaty of Washinf,'ton to British American Fish-
ermen, does not exceed 1030 miles, north of the 39th parallel
of 1 atitude, which forms the southern limit of the Concession.
The length of coast line in British .-America opened to fishermen
of the United States, not covered by pre-existing treaty arrange-
ments, is about 3700 miles. 1' ' Tlie area of Coastal Waters
conceded by the T^iited .States is about S.'jOO statute miles
The area of British American Coastal Waters conceded by the
treaty is about 11,9110 miles, or more than three times as large
a marine area as that embraced within the Coastal Waters of the
United States subject to the Treaty.
X. The industry pursued by the Fishermen of the United
States within the limits of the Coastal Waters of that country,
north of the 39th parallel, was formerly very great, and of
immense importance to its Commercial Marine. (16.) But
owing to the acts of her own citizens and the depredations of
predacious fishes, the Coastal Waters of New England have
lost very much of their former value as fishing grounds, and the
cod-fishery, once of vast commercial importance, has been ruined,
in a great measure beyond repair. (-•' (14 to 20 )
XI. The Coastal Waters of the United States south of the
39th parallel still maintain much of their original wealth of the
food fishes, and supply annually enormous ([uantitics of fresh
fish to the United States markets. I-'' But to these prolific fish-
ing grounds access is forbidden to British American fishermen,
because they lie south of the 39th parallel of latitude. United
States fishermen under the same treaty, may fish during the sum-
mer in British American coastal waters, and when the approacii
of winter renders the fishing industry hazardous or impracticable
there, they can start at once for prolific fishing grounds south of
an imaginary boundary, and pursue their calling throughout the
winter months. ' '^ This is a practical advantage, and indeed a
1. Xiivii Srotin 1170 miles.
(Jiiebei- 8i;4 •■
.Ni'wfouii'lliinil SOU ■•
.Vew Hriniswii'k 'ATt "
I'riuce Kilwaid's lsl(ui<l MO •'
.■t7l9 aiilcs.
2. •' Kt'purt iif I', is. (Vininiissiiini'r <i{ Ki.sli nml l'"i<lii'rit's," far IS71-L', paHi'
XXXVIll. AImj Keii>rt tut IS7-'-3. imfii' .\l.
;t. Till' Fisli »iiii|ili«l liy the WnsliiiiKton nmrket in IS74. (Sept .10, I87;t,
til ,Sc|it .'SO, I.S74) \v.'if{liiMl ill the «ni.;iv(,'iite ll.OOU.WKI |Hmiid»: ami liy fnrtlie
j^reatoi- pi-upurlinn were deriveil IrDiii tlie I'ut.iiiiiie Itivevaiiil tlie lnwer part,
of flie.*ftpeiilii> liny. When «i' liear ill iiiiii.l that .VleMiiiclria, .Vorfolk. Kieli-
iiiiinil and iiiiiny other pliice* were sii|iplierl from the Minn- .•itoiehmise, to say
iiuthin;{ of the immen.w ipinnlities exported to more ilistnnt points, we may
realize the iiiiportnnee of tlie lisheiies us lienrinK up m the ipie.^tioii of nation-
al ei'oiioiny. " Aiiiiunl Itenml of Svii'iicr miil Iiidnstn/," 1S7.">. Kdileil hi/
Sjwncer K. lluird.
4. Tlie Fishery Smiiek>< owned at \i>nnk. f'onneetieiit, tish on tlw outer
Iiiinks or in the vieinity of .Voank daring the siuniner. ami in winter are
employed in tisliin;; otf the Coast ..f Florida, pii^e XI 1. Keport of I'. S.
Conimisniiuier of Fish mid Fisheries, for l.S7-t-7.'>. See al.so "Fisheries of
(ihiaeestBr,"i|aut«d in foot-note to jHiragriiph XII.
viii INTIiOIUCIOHV SKI'.l'Cll.
positive gain so iiiciit, tli.it it fVcqiieiitly (k'tprmines wlictlicr n
tiofttipiii siiiiimn li-^licrv cnn br the profilalilo basis of a con-
tiiiiially ('\])iiniliiij; industry tiiicuinlioiit llic yrar ; winter .'iii-
liipyiiiciit beinif foini(i for siiinincr outfit.
From tbis i;icat advaiitaiji', tbf fisbcimcii of Hiitisb Aiiiciira
aic (icbarii'il by tlip liiiiitiiis; clause of the treaty of WasbiiiLrtdii,
and are conipellcil to lay up tlieir vessels diirinij the winter sea-
son. Hut the I'tiited States tisherinen, to « luun have been con-
ceded the riijht of tishinn in Hritish Ainericaii coastal waters, in
the full cnjoyir.cMl of all the pri\ ilcj^cs and iniuiniiities belon^ini;
to c(|ual and niirestriiteil i o-partiiership dinijii; the entire siini-
iner lisbiny season, hasten at tiie ap|)roach of winter to pursue
their iiulustry in Southern waters, from which their Northern
|)arliu!rs are by treaty excluded. ''
Nil 1 he ti-li «h()se pursuit bums the indiisliv enjuycd by
the fishernuui of the I'idled Sintes in .Southern waters, belong
in pait to the class known as ' Anadronious ' (ishi's, or, •' such as
live lor most of the year in the sea, and obtain tlic ;,'reater |)art
ol their !;rowtb there, and run u|i into fresh water lor the pur-
pose (d' spa« ninij : auKuif; them the Shad the Alewife, or b'esh
water Uerrinij, the Rock Kish the striped Hiss, iSrc, '1 'I'he
destruction of the Cod fisheries which formerly existed on the
Co.ist of New Kuglaud have been attributed by the United
Stales OouHuissioner of Fish and Fisheries, to the comparative
annihilation of the anadroinous species on the New I",uf{land
coast ''1 by the various land industries established on the New
F-iiRlaiul rivers. South of the .Sitth parallel, thi' anadroinous
species, whosi' pursuit is a most exiensive and remunerative in-
dustry, find an accessible winter home iu the warm waters otf
the coast of the .Sonlherii States, and enter the rivers to spawn
as early as Fi'bruary. I'o this winter home and the vieinily of
the months of the spawning rivers, the I'. S. tisbermen uve
privileged to pursue tbem, but this is withheld iVoiu Hritish
American fishermen, who arc thus placed in a poNition nf mi-
e(|ual and greatlv restricteil conipetilivc rivalry iu one and the
same coiumerci.il ])nrsiiit.
This is a ■.tati" of lliiie.;s whicli h.i« arisen, we iiiiy suppose,
from iii-nlVii iciit knowledge ol the habits of the species, and
how those habits mav be modified by climate , and how greatly
they may infinence commercial relations He thi~ as it may, it
led to the adoption of those remarkable conditions, which letter
the movements anil cram|) the enterprise oi one side, while ihey
free the movements ami expand the enterpii'-e of the othei'. '* '
1. " .\s till. ((.•■iig(>s rislu'ry wniii's in tlic chisina .'^prinu ini)iilli->, llic
"p alive iiiiirlM'ii-i pals in an iippiiirann. iii ihi' far .Siiatii, lunl wnrk« uorth-
•wjiril R-* tile sciis.nl lull iniiM"*. A Inrt;.' pnlinn of tlic Itccl i-iiunu.' al i.Mco
in III!' pursuit nf this ilHli'itiii'li' li>li. mul fiillnw his ilt'vi.iiis uunU.'rin^s niilil
h.' ili-apiH'Hr-* III an iiiikn->\vn liiiniU iw winlt-r api'r.'ariics. Tlic tlfcl 'it
iiwiiv ill .\pril. fiiiiitff im fur Mniih tin t'itffiniti^ luit ynnlanlly wortiiii^ i'.wiinis
111.' wiiliMs ..r Uli.i.lc Isliin.l. aii'l iinii'k.'lin^ llii-ir I'lilcli l.ir III.- iii.ist piiil in
N.-» V,)rk."---Tlic K.sli.Ti.'.- uf (J|,ini'cst,.i-," I'r.M'inr ilr.illici-s, ISTIl.
•J. ".\iiimiil liM'urcl .if .Ni.'iu.'nn.l lii'In-liy" l.r Is7"i. Ivlili"! I'y S|».|iiit
I'. Ilairil. I pap' 4l.'i.)
a ApiK'ii.liv N.I. I.CliHii. I, II. l.ill.T ..r .s|i.-nci-,- K, Itainl. 1.. III.' I'.nn-
iiiis'.i'iiu'r ."I Main.'.
( nniiniiii Ailin/riiiuinii* Sfurirn.
I. .sliM.l.
■-'. Al.'wifi'. .nilii-.iii'i'.'iiii ..r I'i'.'-li Wiil.'i ll.'niim.
.'I. .sjilni.iii.
4. Siin.li.
.'.. '*''lri|M'.l Bm.s.n.
4, " As 111 i.ri'-.'iii I'liiiiliiPtiiil tlip ll«lii>vie« of liliiiiivstiM' riirni.sh ri'iiiiuipra-
lUi- piiipliiyiii.'tii t.ii' its vi'ssi'ls unci niariiiHrs fur tin- pvcatcr pun of the yrar,
iuvl it is ii'.t pi'.. hill. |i' thill .iny c.iiisiili'nihh' p..rli.iii ..1 ilscnt'i'itics noeil lio
linn. "I |.i n.'W ll-liiii|i li.'l.ls In llio yriirs t.i c iMic." Fin/ivn'r' nf (lluiirnler.
INTUOniCTOliV SKKTCIl.
«
'I'lioy ]>hrp an nhstniitivo lioiiiulaiy on the i)]iiMations of tlic
Uiitish American Fisliuiinen I'ar mmv liniilrd and ((Mitincd than
foiineily existed nnder iho Ueeipiorily 'riciity, and in tlie same
hiealii liiev icmovc every imiiedinient to perfect freeihini of ac-
tion to Ann'iican FisheniiaM liiroic^dioiit an iroa of jjreat proihiet-
iveness and i)raetieally unlimited extent.
XIII. I'lie NiH'cies of tish piirMied on Hrltish American
Coasts for commercial piiri)oses, are ahnost exclusively those
whose liahitat is limited to cold waters, (11) ami the most import-
ant of these appear to find the coldest waters, within certain
limits, hest snited to their development in Ameri -an Seas '- 1
(!t9-l()3). The great dettreo of cold characteristic of the
Marine climate in which the commercial fishes (Cod, Haddock,
Hake, Halihut, Herring', >[ackercl, &■., .^c. ; are hest developed,
is derived from tlie I.ahrador Current. " ' The area affected by
this curreot o(f the (Jo.ists of the trulted States within the hun-
dred fathom line of soundings, and north of the .'tDth parallel
of latitude does not exceed 4o,000 square miles (VI). A simi-
lar area in Hritish American waters exceeds ;20(),()00 s(|uare
miles. 'I'he cold waters of the Labrador Current on the Coast
of the United States occupy a wedi;i' shaped area ])assiiif; under
or iutormirigliiii; with the warm wateis of the (iulf Stream
south of New York, '-'l In British Aiuericiu waler.-i, the area
is practically limitless.
\\V. The original source of the food of the commercial
fishes is brought down from the north by the Labrador Cur-
rent (90), the gi-eat storehouse from which the cold water
fishes derive their sustenance. 'I'he manner in which many
of the comuuM'ial fishes spawn, such as the Cod tribe, the
Mackerel tribe, the Flat-fish tribe, coupled with the remarkable
adjustment of thi^ specific gravity of their spawn, so that it floats
in suitable saline waters, necessarily involve the principle that
whenever dei)letion t;ikes place along any considen.lde extent of
coast line, the species will be preserved and restored by an in-
flux of o\a fi-om l/ir Xfiil/i, or in tlie direction of' the Labrador
Current (10;5). Hence the natural restoration of depleted
United States waters, in relation to the commercial deep sea
fisheries, is largely dependant upon a southerly di-'iribution of
ova bv the Labrador ('urrent.
W. The relati(ui of each species of the ( 'ouimercial Sea
fishes to a certain sea area adjacent to a coast line is established
by the natural habits of the species. (Jl'2) This limited area
is the Inmu" of the fish. .\s a general rule all fish return as
near as possible to their birth place. (2'2) .\s far as known,
they winter in deep water near to their birth place. 'I he sup-
posed migration of the so-called bottom feeders, such as the
cod tribe and the flat fish tribe are imaginary. These fish are
indigenous to the waters in which they are founil. The so-
ealled surface feeders, such as the mackerel, come in general
from their winter houu's direct to the coast line, and their sum-
mer wanderings are very local in geographical extent.
XV'I. T"he relation of the deep sea commercial fishes is S
intimately connected with the condition of the coastal waters as )
1. Set) AplHsmlix No. I, Cliap. V. Also •' Partlii'V lnc|iiirii's mi 0,'i.aiiic
riroaliiti.in," liy AV. H. CnilK'iiter, .M. 1)., I'.H.S. fa^je M\.
■2. Sw"Catiil.iRiie of tlio I'Mslics nf liif Kust I'nast nf .V.irtli .Viii.Ticn." I'.v
Tlieodiiro (till, 1»IKH 77S. lieport nf lli« L'. ."<. Cuiiimissioiu'r "f l''Wli Hint Kisli-
erii's fur 1871-7'-'. The vhiikl" iit ciicli s|nj(.'ius uf li«li iu llie I'lil't wnti^r sens, is
Hivcn in iiiincs 7U'J-S1 1.
:!. I'niteil Sintiw (;.iu.«t .'siirvcv I'Mfi'ss.ir N'errill.
X IXTHODlCTOItY SKKTCII.
f{ceO,'u\n and biTf(liiij< moiinils, and their gipiitei' or less Htmn-
dance or, in other words, the conimcniid value of a fishing
ground subtending n given length nt' roast line, is largely de-
peiuhint upon the preservation o( sheitererl eoastai waters as
nurseries lor halt, nurseries for young fry, for spawninj?, hatching
and feeding grounds, 80 intimate is this relation that the
abundance or poverty of many deep sea fisheries is measured by
the preservitiou of tiiesc n.itural nurseries iu their orii^iniil
state, bofori' the land area thev subtend was occupied bv man.
(Ifi).
X\ II. I'he Auailiomous Species which serve so largely as
the food of the deep sea commercial fishes, are dependant for
thei'° abundance or diminution on the |)reservatiou of uninter-
rupted comuiunicalion beiween their inland spawning groi'.ids
in rivers and the sea. ( .\ppcn. IV. Ch. II ) Where local land
industries have led to the destruction of this communication,
important deep sea fisheries have been ruined. 'I'lie approach
of many ol the Anadromous s|)e( iis to the shore is dependant
upon temperature, and wiMiin the bo'indarirs of the Labrador
('urrent tiicy come iu the Spring from an inaccessible deep sea
aiea opposite or nearly so 10 tlieir spawning rivers, and their
approach to the coast is roughly indicated i)y an isotheriu.il line.
(Page XXX. U.S. Commissioners' Re])ort for 1871-7JJ.) Be-
yond and south of the I,rtl>rador Current, they find a suitable
winter houK' iu accessible waters on the coast of the I'nited
.States south of tiie .'illth parallel iXlIj.
XN'lll. 'I'iio coast line of the United States washed by the
Labrador Current, represents the commercial fish producing
area related to that coast line. Similarly the coast line of
British .\nu'ri(a represents the commercial fish producing area
related to its coast line. The.-e r.ilios are as fidlows :
Uniled States U)o() miles.
liritish .Vmerici, ujt alfi'cted by Treaties. . . ..'iTdO •'
The ratio of population alfec tiny; the fisheries to the coast
line tronting e.idi sea area represents the drain upon th(! re-
sources of that area. These ratios are (.\ppenilix I, (,'iiap. Ij —
United Stales 100 persons per s^^. mile.
British America IJJ " '•
XIX The unrestrained acts of man, either bv the unre-
stricted use c)f destructive engines in the captuie of the food
fishes, or by cutting off the supply of food on account of the ne-
cessities of great inland industries, have in a great measure, dcpop-
^ ulated the coastal waters of the United States. In British .America
this hiis not been done beyond speedy repair, and this has arisi'u,
fiistlv, from the great extent of the British .\uieiican coast line;
secondlv, from tlu' paucity "f population, and the absence of
manufacturing i.idustries ; thirdly, from the control exercised
bv the tiovernment, and fourthly, from the illimitable area of
cold water suital)le for the development of the commercial fishes
off the entire coast line, and ceaselessly fiowing past it, freighted
with fish food and fisli ova.
.\\. I'he catcii of the commercial fishes in the deep sea is
dependant upon bait procured in coastal waters, but the spawn
and young fry of the bail-fishes are the food of the commercial
fishes, and rs these diminish, the accessible supply of the com-
mercial fishes diminishes also ; arising chiefly from their retiring
from the coast line owing to scarcity of food. Hence the taking
of bah fishes from coastal waters diminishes the numiier of llie
IM'RonVCTOHV SKKTCII. xi
(Ipep spa filth in ii j^ivcii ncccssiMc ami, ''■' and the viilni' of a
flcrp 8('i fislif'rv, as loiii^ as it depends upon liait, is in direct ratio
fo the alniinhiiice of l)aif (or food and for caleh.
XXI. 'I'he l)ail used to lake llie deep sea ronnuen iai fishes
varies with the Heasonn id' tlie year, tlie charai Icr of tiie sea
bottom, and tiie inarin" cliniaK!. ((.'hapler VI 1. 1 What may ho
an attractive hait one niontli is n^Ldess the next. A fiithory
ahonndinn in fish may l)e vahieiess on account of the want of
siiitahh' hail. lliis occurs thron«iioul the Dominion an<l New-
foiiiidhind hout fislierics, and lias loni? heon recognized also on
the coast of Norway, estahlisliini? the most intimate and in-
separaiile rehition between tiie facility with wliicli proper bait
is procnred and tiie catdi of fisli. .Siiiiihirly wiier<r nets are
used in coastal waters to take herrings, or mackerel, oriod dni-
inx the spawnin); season, it is not so iiiiich the destruction nf
spawning fish wiiich ad'octs the fishery, as the diminution in the
([iiantilies of spawn and lisli fry, which lure to liie shore the
deep sea fisii. Whatever, in a word, affects the abundance of
fish life, or of the lower forms, lari;e or small, in coastal waters,
affects also in a coi rospondint? ratio tlie deep sea fishing area
lying outside. Hence an e(|iial participation in a rich cnastal
fishery, atlects disailvantagconsty an outside dee|) sea fishery,
and may ruin it, as has (){ iiiried on the New llnf;land ('oauts.
(App. I\'., (vli. 11.) The movement of certain kiiwls of fish,
especially the cod tribe, farther and farther from the shore, is
iiicvital)le, if inshore food supplies are not maintained 'I'his
result is clearly manifest in numerous localities which are more
especially referred to in the (chapter on Mai r.
XXII. If is sIki-.vu in p.iragi'.iph V that the fishery chiefly
pursued on the Hritish Americm coast is a shore fishery,
carried on for the most part within the limit of three marine
miles from the coast line. Its annual yield, amounting to about
.«'.;0,0()(),(I0(), is. ill the main, the result of this inshore fishery,
which is very largely dcjieiid.iiit upon liiit. not so much as a
mean for taking lish, but as a lure to bring them into the vicinilv
of the shore in a n.itural anil aciistomed search for food. If
bv any act of man affecting ihi ')ist line, or the rivers which
debouch into the sea, or the iiniiscriininate destruction of fish,
the lure becomes lessened, the class of accessible fish which de-
pended upon the abundance of the lure, diminish in like ratio.
Hence it arises that the taking of bait for the Jiuipose of sale
as a commercial product, is in the long run, unless scrupulouslv
controlled, an incvilalde precurser and a direct cause of ultimate
destruction to the shore fishery. The French fisherv on the
Grand Hanks off Newfoundland is almost entirely deiieiulant
upon hait procured from the coastal waters, and however abund-
ant the hait may appear to be in certain favorable localities,
experience in vdl countries showa, that it is liable to sudden and
disastrous dimiiiution. (Vide exir.icl!- from Capt. Foitin's Ke-
ports. Also I'ei ley's Report.)
XXIII. Hut owing to Want of information respecting the
relation which one inarinp form bears to the life of another,
very erroneous conilusions are fre(|nentlv adopted. Lobsters
and drabs for instance, when in the condition of embrvos or
Zoea, are attractive food for mackerel am! herring ; when in the
I. Tilt' I'aiteil States C«)iiiniis.sianer of I'^islierios ilpscriberl tile e\hnustiiiii
nl' II local tishery ns " not likt* ili|))>in^ wiitcr nut nl* a laickot, whore tlio vii-
caiicy is iiiiiiii'iliiiti'ly HHimI from tin- suvrniiiiilinn limly ; liat it is laniv liko
tnkiiiK lai'il out iif a kc); wIhti' lln'ii' is a s|ini'i^ li'l't llmt lines nut liecuiiiu
■ iceupieil by iiiiylliiiit; el"!'." I'. .\.\l.\. l!.|iort IS71-1'.
1
\ii iNTHoDrcroin skktcii.
I'linn of tlir yoiin^ developiul ('riiatacran, they are eagerly
sdiixht for l>y (lie Cod iiiiil ilii trilic. A Crali pruiliiceN two
inillioii /oca, ' ' a LohstLM' IwiMitv-tivo tlioiiHaiul /oea. TIh'M)
I'ri^i- Hwiiniiiiii); rrtiUiircK attiai't tlic inaikcril ami lirrriiif^.
I'lioNe whicli puna throiigli ihv emhrynnic t'orm and aHitiiine that
of till! perfect (.'riiatacuaii, lincoiiic a lure to the cod drawing
them iniilioii' (Ciiaprrr VI.) The cnormoiiN catch of Loh-
slern on tlii' American (,'oasita aliccts the roi:>t fisliericH in lliu
manner described, and the deatruction of the ('ruataceun itaelf,
in a secondary (^onsideraticMi when compared with the Ions of
inahori! bait, which brings the deep sea tinhcs towarda the land.
The same leasoning appliea to all the lower forma of marine
life, which, in their (■nd>ryonic condition, serve as fiah food, and
to all fiirnis of fish life, which, as spawn or fry, serve as food.
Striking as the relation appciirs to be between the fjee swim-
ming young of the lobster and crab, and the wandering
schools of herring and macki.'rel, it ia scarcely ho strange ax the
marvellous adjustment of the speciKc gravity of tlie egg of the
cod to the medium in which it has to Hoat ibuing the period of
its development. (H'i] .Should it rain continnonaly for one or
two day's at a lime during the spawning period of a achool of
cod, and the surface of the sea meanwiiile be agitated by a
gentle wi.id, just siifKcicnt to mix the sinface diluted stratum
with the undiluted sea-water on which it rests, to the depth of a
few feet, the salinity of this upper stratum is iliminished, its
specific gravity lessened, and the delicately l)alanced embr\o of
the cod will no longer Hoat where air and light can reach it.
It sinks to a zone where its specific gravity is exactly ecpial
to that of the medium in which it remains suspended, but its
chances of survival are immensely lessened aiul lVe(|ueiitly
rendered nil.
I'rolonged rainy weather may thus destroy innumerable Cod
ova even in the .Sea, - ' yet, unless such dependance were clear-
ly worked out and established step by step, with lu) link in the
cliaiu of evidence wanting, how few would be willing to receive
fir an instant, the statement that there was an intimate connect-
ion between — to us<' a common-place, but suggestive form of
speech — the season crop of young ('odtisli and the monthly
distribution of rain.
Yet such is the fait, and its exemplification foreshadows rela-
tions apparently the most diverse, yet in icality the most inti-
mate, between meteorological phenomena and the produitive-
ness and unproductiveness of fish seasons; in a word, on the fluc-
tuations of the Fisheries Nor is the relation of the loathsome
' slimofish' '■' to the destruction of long celebrated " od
grounds" less curious and instructive ; or the varying instinct
which impels the yearling cod suddenly to abandon one fertile
source of food for another yet unseen, but coming towards the
shores, and h'aving this again to meet a third advancing army
whose approach some instinct heralds. " ' But we glean from
these facts an inkling as to the causes of the fluctuations in our
fisheries, as well as of those mvsterious intervals during which
the fishermen lose sight of the cod, between then- ' spring and
fall fishiug.s.'
' To destroy on a given extent of coast line the food which
1. Sw .(.lint .\|>|>iMHli\ in .N". II. l!('|hMts mi iIih Criili iirul 1, ilisti'r l''isli-
(>iii>.'«c)f KiiuIiiikI iiimI Wiiliu, 1S77.
L'. (i. (). .'Nils.
X Mif.tiuf fittittiitmii.
4. Si'B " Hepirt 1.1 tlif lliiiiii' Kepiirti it," liy Itr. fi. <». Siirs, im tin-
Srii'iitill.' iiiM'sli^ntlcin ii's|ii'i'li'ij; llic i''u\ Kislii-rii'i in \\\i- I, 'f.itiin I'nini
1H70 111 INTIi <'liii«liiiiiia 1.S74.
INTKODICTOUV SKKTCI!.
xiil
^
■Uitniiw the ileop h<<u HhIi in I In nv.i ari'ii (ipiiosilo to micli const
lino, aa liitx oiiuii'cl in New Kngliniil wutciK, \h to dcitlioy llio
det'pwa lin4! fihlicry it Hnlitt-ndx, and lliis iIchIiui tioii, iitiin^ tlic
Niniilo employed liy tlie United StateM OoniniinMioner of l'"i»li and
I'iHlierieH, is a hoijeless exlmuNtion for many yoari in ineee».sion.
" It is easy tiierefore to iinderNtand wliy, after fivn or
ten yearH fii>liin;<. the nupply of Hill in a ({iven Hay, or hIoiik a
ecrtain streteli of tiie coaHt, will lie reduced to a very eoniider-
able decree, and Rltlion«li it may l>e perfectly trni- that the "ea
iH praetieidly inexhaustibh' ot its fish, yet if the fish of a partieii-
iar region are cleaned out, there is no hop«; that othern will
come in from siiiromidini? Inralities to take their plai'es. since
those already related to a given iindishnhi'd area continue in that
relationship, and have no inducement to change their ground.
It should therefore he unilerstond that the exhaustion of a local
fishi'ry is not like dipping water out of a huckel, where the
vacancy is immediiitely tilled from the surrounding hody ; hut
it is more like taking lard out of a keg, where there is a space
left that docs not liecome occupied hy anything else." *'•'
XXIV. 'I'ho exhaustion of several cmitiguous local (isher-
ies is practically tlio exhaustion of a delinite area of coast line,
wliicli may extend from ten to a thousand miles in length, its
has heen the case in New linghuul. Hut the relation which
ths dee]) sea commercial fishes indigenous to a given sea area
is BO intimate and dependant, with regard to food at certain
seasons of the year, and spawning at another suuson, that the
transformation of (he coastal waters into a marine desert, implies
to a vciy great extent the exhaiisliou of the deep sea area out-
side.
X.W. From these premises it follows generally, that the
exclusive possession of productive coastal waters is tantamount
to the control M' the preservation of the productive character of
the deep sea tisheries adjacent to au<l suhteiuliug the coast. It
the one hocomes exhausted, the exhaustion of the other speedily
follows; and if a coast line will bear without injurious diminu-
tion a certain constant drain \ipon its commercial resources, an
increase of that drain will lessen its value in proportion to the
extent of the additional drain.
When, therefore, the right is conferred hy one party who
holds exclusive property rights over certain coastal waters, to
another jiarty to participate in and share that right on perfectly
c(iual terms and with e(|ual or even greater resources, not only
have the resulting jiroceeds to he taken into consideration from
a commercial point of view, hut the effect produced upon the
properfv so conceded hy the exercise of the rights conferred.
This ert'cct in many instances will he, iu the case of equal
participation of coastal fisheries, absolute ruin to the tisheries so
conceded, and not merely the tisheiies of the coastal waters,
but the deep sea area subtended within certain ascertainable
limits, dependant largely upon orographic outlines. It re-
sembles iu a measure the partici|)ation iu the profits of a pro-
ductive farm which has not been overcropped, and the sudden
introduction of a constant succession of exhausting crops with-
out adding feitilizcrs or improved methods of tillage. The
yield may be commercially iirotitablc for a few years, but the
end is ruin. Heferring again to the simile adopted by the
United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, XXIII, these
1. I'aRo XXIX, Ki-port of the United States Commissioner ot FIsli and
Kishcrie.", ISTl-T'J.
INTKODICTliHV sKIMCII.
rrii|iiiiit'>i iiic ('(|iiivali-iit to ii>i<'(>rl:iiiiiiiu \\ti- 1/ mint I'li/ of liinl iliji-
pi-il uiil III' ilic ki'K ami llic lime riiiiaiiiMi'il in HilhilrawitiK it.
XXN'I. 'I'll!' Fixliitin Iiiiliii>rry in Hiiliitli Amrrinin wiitcix
i' riillliliril til ri'il lili «|M'(if» iil' nilil wairr IIkIich tthiiir lialiitn
(Irtriniiiic wlii'thcr their |)iiii<iiit in to lir rarrii'il iiii within the
iiiiiil' if roantal wiitcri or hi'viiiiil lhi»o liniiti. ('I'lio ('txl,
(''ha|i. II ) I' iilti'ii ha|i|ii'ii'< tno that tlic aitM ol man nii li'nii
til rhaiiKi- thf haliils nl I'crliiin lixh that the |iiu Miit in roiiHlal
waturi hiTiMMCH (inniKvil into a Deep Sni FinhinK IniliKtry. '' '
(>m> icnili'm V III' the I'onitant ilraiii nl' liait liitliCN I'rom coaMtal
waters in to i^railiially iliivc llie Coil and itn kiiiil farther nil
xhore. Similarly, the (leHtriU'tii)n ol that elaHH of marine ani-
mal" (Criiiitaceaii", \'i' ,) wlione Hoea Kwini in coiiiitluin millions
ne.H the iiirlacv, will leail the herrinf; and liic niiickeirl to heun h
till iillier anil more |)iolilii' feeiliii^ ^riiiimls. Ilente it is that
from whatever pniiil of viev* we rej{,iril the loaNlal watern, we
iirtivi- at the inevitalile eiiiii lii»ioii that these are at oix o the
soiirie anil the mainstay of the ileep sea lisheries, hotli in
rrspei't of halt, fiiiiil, spanning xniiinils, shelter for yoiiii^ fry,
and reenpeialing niirseiieH. An eipial partieipatioii in the
yield ol those which art- still eomparntively iinimpaireil, lirings
with it the respiinsiliiiities attending the eon-ervatioti which
iirik;inal Mniliviilnl pos<.essi(>M iiivolveil.
X.W II, The nominion (ioveiiiment posseses entire con-
trol over the lisheries of the roastal and inland waters in all the
Matitime Provinces. 'I'liis control h.is liceii canfiillv exercised
in the pnservatiiin to a very coiisideralije estiiil of the marine
spawnJML,' i,'roiMids. and in sei iiriii;; Mniiilcriiipted access to the
fresh water j;ioiiilds of the iiindroiMoin species fieipiciitiim the
rivers of the Doniinion. In the I'nited States the local control
exereiHed by separate Stale {juvernments over the inaiine and
fro.sli wilier fisheries wi'liin the limits of e.ii h State, umpled
I. "Till' Kii'iil chaiiuc hITim-i.'iI in tl Iiiiniitir ii'nl iinalii"ls "f llic (11 m-
civotiT li-lii'iii--. within II runii'iii'iitiifly tVw yi'iiV'*. liiis lifca liir ri-iilt hT
niMih>r< IM ciiiisi<s. /,/ //„. rtirht li'iifn of f/if foifii tttt't'f iritu Itith- iliffifiiltfi in
Hrtiintifi ifitmf fill'*"* »t ini'i'r/itiiiftihli' fiWi, in ftlftlAintt ifriltlifi-, tit it n/nn-t ill filiirr
/'null ittniiT. iiii'i n'rurifiiii//if tfif <fitii'i' fiAlivri/, ivilh ih inr t fii'imirif tvnft ninl tnit-
tiln. iinitinitfit Iriiiliiiif /ini/iiii'/itiiiit. ,-|.i tfir fii'i t'niiwi'il filrt/ifr itiiii fitii/ii'r
friiiii till" m'iwi', ill i-aniiiifuriii'f lit' Ihf liniififiriir'iiirr iif fl'.*/i f'liifl in neur fivoi-
iiiiitil fii 'lif iiiiiAl. II Itfllri' vlti^t lit I'fHui'lii inn/ /tini/i'i' rniffiifi-it hi'rnnti' n ni-ri'iiititi/.
Willi ilil« iin|ir ivciiii'iil ill llsliiiiu I'l'iift. iiii'l iiicii'iiiiHl i'\|H>ri<i'. new llshiiii;
(..auiiii'l-', iiimI n I'Mi^cr tithing scHsi.ti. lit'cHiiic |Mis*ilili' Miel nt'cpssniy. The
i'iili'r|ii'isi- III tiliiiii'iutcr ll<heriiii'ii Hiii" mil hiinr in llinliii^; new resurts fur
their I'lillin^-. iiml the iMli'ieiiii'tinn n) the iierriiic tiinle, hy sii|>|>lyiiif; Imil nl
piMper »eiiMin« «ii\e UN ml'leil iiii|ietii-. I'l the lMi"ines., Till' increiisecl fneili-
tle« fell- liiins|i(ii'tiiti<i|i. hikI the <li>vel>i|Miieiit nf iliH ice liii-iiiesB, iitT.nilini;
heller iiieiins i>t la-e^eiiiii^ ami liMwiinlin^ ll-li Inn^ distaiires, linwexer,
wr'aiulil the ^leiili'^i re\.i|ali .11 Ihiil llie.-e li-heries have \vi;iie.'<.>eil. ami
|ihicei| (il. 'i'e-.ter in the I'lii'eli-.ail III llie H^hiiit' [■"It'* 'if .\ni"iieii, .siinei'
thi' "peiiinu ol I'liilninil e iniiiiaiiii'iitinii with lll'iicester in Islli. Iml imne
jiin'tieiiliirly ilnmn; the |insl il.izen years, nil iininea-e hiisiiiess hn.s heeii il.aie
III Hhi|i|>ini4 tre!-li li«li III iill |iar|s iif the e.iuiili'y, the miler heia^; iveeiveil
■ hol.\ liy leliniiiiih. mill the liiji In iiiy ieeil anil •lii|iiieil ilireel In ili-laiil la—
tmiier-. .\a.itlier iiiitiji'iiwth iif the incvease.l I'nrilities I'm' lrans|iiirlali<>n is
the iliris't sliiinneiit nl' eai-eil ll-h tiiiill |tiirts nl thi> cniiiitry, a hiisiness thtit
has iniM'easeil frniii a inmlest lieKianiii^ in IMiil tn liii){e iliiiiiMisinas, iiiiMl
liliinvi'sler has heeniae the ili^lrilmlinK lieail-i|aai'ters lii' it- own |ii'iiiliii'-
liin«, ami tn a ei>n-ii|ei-alile extent fur tlinse III iiih.T ll.hiiin |i,,iiM. Several
liii-iiie>K Inaise- in this line senil niil tnnle eiienhii- weekly, ami till lar«e
iiiiler.i ilaily Irniii a Inn;; list nf enne»|rinileals. .\ sinnle hnn.se in 1S7-*
-.hiplieil nearly .'ili.iHKI ipiintal- nl c ll|li^•ll, '.'14 Inn- nl c iillish .4lri|i|iei| frnai
the hines ami -i|<ia ami |iackeil in small e iniimss, ami nver lOO tniis nf
sninlceil haliliiil. tn its naineiniis ca-lniiiei's in the West anil Snath. It is
liMKely llimanh the ini|i alain f llii- limneli nf the hnsiiu-s. n ineetinn
with the flesh tl-h tiaile. thai (he lilniii'e-tei' llmiieh Kailrnail has piuveil a
|iviit)laiile )irii|iei-ty tn u lijiiikniiit ei>r|iniii1iiin. anil that a hir^e steamer,
inakiiik' ilaily tri|i> tn llnstnii. ami a res|«'elalile lleet nf llvsl-ehiss freiKlitiiiK
ve-sels. |il_\iiitt heiween (Jlniieester ami New Vnrk. timl lai*niti\e einplny-
nienl.'' ■" /'/ic Diifiirii'n tif (HinKi-ifi-r." Vimtfr /Inil/irr.i.
INTHODICTOUV sKi-rrcii.
m
with powprfiil liinilirring and iniiiiiiliictnritin indtintrirN, olmtriir-
tiiift thi' lrr«' |mH»:iKf n( the iiiiuilidimiiiii litlicn In tlicir M|iiiwniiiK
f(roiimlit, linn ri'mihcil <liHa«lr«)iiMly tn tlio routtt nml rivor HkH.
prir«, iind rciidpii'd llioir rmtonition nnt only cxfri'iiiply diffirult
hut Inrdv, and Id a icrliiin i-xli'iit iiiftlrcliiid. 'I'lir it'nult of thin
ditlprrnco on the piditiral anil ind'i-itiiid utatiiN <if the two coiin-
triuH, XH miirki-d liy t'xtniordiiiary dirteiunct'B in tiie presfiit jiro-
(iuctive ciipiu'ity of tliuir cuiiiitiil wnteM.
\XV IIF. 'I'lic ctti'c'f of the ndinis'iion of Anicrican lislii-r-
iu<Mi to llritifdi American coatitul walcrti, 'an hi- gallicrcd from
thf premiieH ri'cited, nnd may tw lhun cluimiflcd in rtdution to
M>ii priviiri{eit nnd land privilc^cH.
r— SKA l'lllVII,K(iKS.
I. Kll'cct on tilt' food of till) conimnrciiil finlii'ii.
The indim'riminntu and uncontrolled taking ol luiit, will
rapidly diininiKli tlic siip]dv aln-ady beconiinK in many localities
Ncaicp. In proportion to llio diniiniition of the supply of bait
ill couHtuI wutei'Hi tho ik'ep «ea fish will retire fnuii the
nliore, and ho impoverish the coast lislieries that, they will
liccome practically unproductivL'. 'I'liiM will involve an entire
cliuiiKo in the churHctcr of the Hrilish American iiHherieti, und
the use of open hoiits must he replaced hy Kcu-noiiin vesHcU, or
decked vesxeU <d a dasH ca|>alile of venturing a considerahlu dis-
tance from the shore heyiniil the three miles limit. In very
many instances the condition of the lishermen is such that they
will not bo ubie to procure the lu essary veHstds and outfit,
hence, starvation, or a total cliaiiiie in their indiisliy, will super-
vene, and a hardy <lass of people, trained to the sea, will he lost
to the comniercial marine of the country. There will result
throughout an imineii'te stretch of the Uritish American const
line the lameiitalilo conditic" no truthfully doscrihed hy the
United States ( 'ommisvioii<r of Fish and Fisheries in his
second Report on the Fisheries of the United States, under
tho heading " Conclusions as to decrease of Cod-Fisheries on
the New F'ngland Coast " : —
" Whatever may be the importance of increasing the sup-
ply of salmon, it is trifling compared with the restoration of our
exhausted (!od-fislieries ; and should these be brought back to
their original condition, wo shall find within a short time, an
increase of wealth on our shores, the amount of which it would
be difficult to cahulale. Not only would the general pros-
perity of the adjacent States be enhanced, but in the increased
number of vessels built, in the larger number of men induced
to devote themselves to Maritime pursuits and in the general
stimulus to every thing connected with the business of the Sea-
faring profession, we should be recovering in a great measure,
from that loss which has been the source of so much lamentation
to political economists and well-wishers of the country." " '
II. The decrease offish is always rapid alter it has reached
a certain point. The reprodiuitive character of the food fishes
is largely determined, not so much by th»; number of Ova pro-
duced, but by the number of the enemies of the young fry,
1. I'ai^p XIV. Ri'port nf (^nmniissiunev nf Fisji and Pishi-ries, 1872-7S ; —
•'Till' ()l"iii'i'<|i'r, Mns^iiii'lnisi'tts slmri' llslii'rv fur cul |>rul>alil.v vi'nclicil il"
nmxiniuni in ls:W. whun the Hrnoiint "f tiinnnt;i' cn^'iincd in it was li-lliH
tiins, till' numliiT uf niiMi iMn|il,ijc'.l 7!MI, and llh' pnidui-t i.f llsli li:i,f.>'_' (|nin-
tals. valu.'diU SI.".7,7S(I; to which must hr add.'d tlii' hniinly of 825.1 7'-',
riTcivi'd from the ^{I'ncnil K"Vi'rniiii'nl. lint iinotlicr llslirry laid now fur ii
few yoiu's utlrui'li>d the atlcntiun nf llu' lishernii'n ; and tin' .■'hori-ll.''liin(;
fur cud, Bxcepl that cnrriod un in winter, di'i lined frnni Ihi." lime, till it
rami' to he, ns at the present day, of insif^nilhaiit account in llie husiuess of
the town." — '/'/»' Fiii/it'nt'it of Ofintrfntfi\
xvi IXTHODnrOKV SKKTC'H.
wliich become greatly inLTL'n''e(l in consequence of other sources
of food, such US the halt tislics, their spawn and their young
licing hi>t to tiiein." '
The iiitlii'utions of a considerable decrease in the ('od in some
localities is established, not only by the less catch per man, but
by the small size of the fish caught. The gradual increase in
the nuuibei' of lisli required to make a ([uiutal of cod is a sure
sign 1)1 a|)piiM(iiing il('|)let'')n.
HI. I'lic modes of tisliiiig practised by the American fish-
ermen are very destiiiclive. '- ' It is a most serious error to
state that mother or spawning Hsh are not taken by the bidtow.
The gra\ id lenialea seize bait lying on the bottom which they
will not rise to take whei! suspended in the water. An enor-
mous i|Manlity of spawning fish are tluis taken, and also in
seines, in the act of spawning, and the effect is felt in the
diiuinutiun of the vast supply of food these would furnish to
marine forms on which the adult cod and other species of fish
feed.
IV. I'he taking offish in the spawning .season is always
prejudicial, (43) and yet the Herring and the I'aekerel are
largely caught at tliat period, and so also is the Cod with the
bultow. 'I'lie most convenient localities. u>r entrajiping the first
named of these fish are often near to the shore, and the addition
of so many fishermen amply provided with the most approved
modern iNliing gear will speedly tell, in the different ways de-
scribed, upon the schools frequenting well known spawning
grounds. No one class offish can be diminished or destroyed,
except |)rpdaceons tisbes, without injuring the increase or di-
verting the movements of another class ; indeed, so potent is
this influence that in Norwegian waters the .ibandonment of
many old Cod lisbiiig stations in the well known
Lotf'oten " :',;rrs, has Ix-en attributcil in ]iart i)y Prof (i. C). Sars
to the ebangcs wlii( h have oc \iv d in the movements of the
schools of herring. ^'•'•'
V. The niiresfricted admission of the American fishermen
to the coastal waters of lirilisli .America, ca only be mitigated
in its disastrous effect upon the Fisheries, by ex aordinary outlay
and precaution in preservl'ig the ana<lromous ami bait .-pecies, and
oH'eriiig everv possible facility for their increase and protection,
so that this supply of bait and food and lure shall be iiu'reascd
and maintained. 'The control exercised by the Dominion Gov-
ernment over tlie rivers r.nd the mouths of rivers enables this
to he done in manv jilaces, but it i an not be ai>plied in waters
such as those washing Newfoundland, tlie Nonh Shore of the
(iulf and I.abradoi', where many of the anadromous species
do not exist l!ut here, in ])lace oT these anadromous species,
come in new forms of marine life which reipiire the coast line
I. " VV.' l,n"W tliHi li.-li simwii. Hint llsli ill dilTerMiil stHRPs of Kniwlli,
(MiislitiMi' till' |iriiii'i|«il siiiniT i.f fiHiiI to iitlicr llr.lii'.< in tlii- »'ii, and tliat
till' yri'al |ini|i'irli"n "f ti-lii's ili'vnuii'il nvi' .if ti'iuli'r uni'." IVof. Spuiu'i'i'
f. liiiiv.l. i>. wiii. li.'p.nt ISTI-72.
•J. ■' TliH -iicfcs< Willi wliii'li tlu« iHlh'iy i^ iinw |iur-iii'il i'' ilunlitli'-s due
ill 11 cMm«iilcrali|i' clfuvfi' 111 till' pniclii'i' td triiwl-llsliiiii{, Knnii tin' t'lirlifst
tiiiii'S, till witliiii 11 lew yi'iiis |iii<t, il wiis llii' rii-tiun uf llii' .\Vw KiiKluiid
lidieiiiipii. Willi I ii'd tip lliiil IliinU, t.i lisli Iidiii tlu' vi'>»el niily ; liiit llicy
iiuw list' tlif I'ri'iU'h iii..ili"d' ll.sliiiit; willi tiiiwU, wliirli mi' liiii's, miiuDtiiut's
sHVemI liiiiiilii'd li'i-l ill l.-iintli, willi slmrt liiu- and liiiili'd li.niks sii>i>i'iidi'd
finiii tln'iii III fri'.|iii'iil iiil'TMiN. Tlii.'y ari' iifti'ii s>-l u l.m^ iliijiuiica froiii
till' vessel, ami iHllii.« wnik iim>c III' doiiH iiiid tlii.' trawls lunded in diirii'.'*,
u« llieir siiiiill ImiiI" iiie ciilli'd. il is s.iiii.'liini's very Im/iinloiii, and, iiiilnili-
pily. liftlili' In lidul iii'i'iili'iil,-." /'/if l-'iK/inin uf OhiKTsIri:
;i. Hi'|Kiit 111 till' lliinii- l>i'|i«itim'iil, liy llr. (>. O. Sios. mi tin' rnti-tUBl
and .*.;'ioiitilli' iiiH',«liKiiliiiiis ivs|M'itiiik! tlu' ('"I Fisln'iii"' in tin' l.ol'.iteli.
friHi ISTOt" IS7II ( loisiiiiniii. IS74.
I
ixTRonrrroRY sketch.
xvii
for tlicir spawning; f,'ioiin(ls, bicedint; i^roiiiuls, iiuiscrics and
early devi'lopmcnt, and the takiiifj of thisc belongs to the
STHANl) KISHKHY.
II.— LAND PRHMLEGES.
I. One of tlio first requisites for the siirressfiil prosecution
of the eodfishery is the possession of good ' rooms' in capacious
harbors. A large, safe and easily a' >e:.jiblc "room" is an ad-
vantage of such material importance that in former times
among the British in some provinces, and until the i)resent
time among the Frencli, tiie setting apart of " rooms" has been
a Govininient act, regulated by Special Surveys and Laws.
It is ((piivalent to the possession of a suitable and commodious
property for the carrying on of an extensive industry which,
without the facilities offered by that property, would be in many
instances valueless. Struggles and disputes for the possession of
" rooms" have always been tiie fruitful causes of international
troubles and local disputes, and are still so at the present day on
the so called French shore of Newfoundland, w here a concurrent
right of fishing is establislicd by Treaty. Canso, a famous Cod
fishing station for three hundred years, when taken from the
French, was re-allotted into rooms in 1T™5, aiul at that time its
fish trade with New England alone was £150,000 currency
per annum. Sir Thomas Hury's " Room" at Canso in ll'.io was
!)CiO feet long, and 270 broad. Where the advantages and
privileges of " rooms" are not enjoyed to make and store fish,
(Uie-third i)robably of the value of a fishery is lost, for it must
then be shipped in bulk ' green,' by which process it looses
some of its value, and is more expensive to make. It is thus
that the use of the Strand biconu's an clement of gr<'at import-
ance in the prosecution of the Deep Sea Fishery, ''•' wholly
apart from the advantage it secures in the means afforded for
taking fresh bait and .storing it in ice. f- I
II. For the taking of Halt, and for taking those fish whose
habits bring them close in sliore, the use of the Strand, and the
fishing in waters which wash the Strand, is essential to a %x'ry
largo extent. So valuable Ins this privilege been esteemed,
even centuries ago, that the : tost stringent laws were enacted
for its regulation, and even the penalty of Death was attached
to their infringement.
'I'he " Saturdav's Stop" was considered -^o important in Eng-
land, Ireland and Scotland, that imperial enactnicnts, involving
the severest penalties, were the law of the Land. General
^lalines, in his Lk.\ MKKCArnui.x, ''■' .\nno Domini Ui.Jt!, thus
d<'lines the Statutes then existing : —
"Statute Law of Enghuul, Irelaiul and Scotland concerning
fishing: — The several Statutes of these Kingdoms have estab-
lished good orders concerning the Fishing Trade, whereunto
relation may be had, containing, in substance, (he oidinances to
build ships and boats and appointing of certain tiuu s for fish-
ing ; and then only to fish upon pain, not only of forfeiture and
lines, but Death, also according to the manner of offence made,
and contempt of those decrees and ordinances. I'rohibiling
(for the increase of fishes) the making, setting and using of
crows, yarrcs, dams, ditches, tramlcts, parkings, dykeing and
1. .\nsiiiicli ill liis Ilistiivy uf .Vnwl'ouiiilliinil ( ISiU) nnliivs tlie viiliii' .if
n/m/r <n>W tisli II.S rcco^jiiizLMl liy llif liiiiisli >(.'i'i'lianls in l.H'.l. Il« ri'lVrs
to till' injury dmie Ui tlm tl.ili liy salt ami pirkli'. ami llu' ii!v>.«urc to whidi
it is siilijiiftiMl in tlie liolils of ves.«ol*. fup' .Vi.
i See Oi>('r<>i> (bVnc'li) of All! .Mai-rli, l.S.VJ, for an illiistriilioii of tlio
nmnnev in wliirli till' t'riMU'li (inveinintfiit nulliorizi'cl tlii' ii.^e of tlit> Stiaiiil
in N'ewfoimillaiicl. .\|ii«>iiili.v.
:i. .Soi! .4ii|i. to, I, Mil', of As-omlily. N.'wf M. 1S.-.7, p!iK"' •'ll:t.
INTRonriTOKY SKEH^H.
waciis ; and albeit, some are permittpd to lay nets and to make
wat'irs, yet must lie keep the Siitiirday's Stop, tliat is to lift the
same from Saturday in the aflciiioon until Monday — and he is
to make each space of his net .1 inches wide, excepting for tak-
ing smelts and other fish, wiiich will never be bigger, and the
same is to be set upon the water, that the mid stream may have
the space of six foot widk vi-on i'ain ok kivk rouNDs."
"That till sunset on Sunday, no man lay or trale nets, great
line, or exercise any labor, upon paine as aforesaid."
In Norway numerous regulations exist, and are effi<iently
maintained by a police force, \11 tiMiding towards tiic preserva-
tion of tlw Strand fisheries.
The difliculty of cstablisliing and carrving out the necessary
regulations for the protection of the Strand fisheries and main-
taining a free i)assage in rivers for tiie Anadromous fisiies in
the Uiiiteil States, has been aUeady adverted to, and furtl\er re-
ference may be made to the Report of the United States Com-
missioner of Fish and Fislieries on this subject. f'l
It is, however, proper to notice tliat in the opinion of tlie
U.S. Commissioner ".•\ny marked increase in the number of the
Shore fishes, resulting from their protection during the spawn-
ing season, will prol)al)ly tend to restore the Hlue sh to their
original numbers, (i)age xl.) The destructive influence exerted
by the Blue fish is noticed at lengtli in paiagiaphs 14 to 1().
Hence it appears that tiie preservation of the Strand Fisheries
is an element of much inii)ortance, not only in relation to the
productive cliaraitcr of these tisheiies, but as bearing upon the
productiveness and preservation of the deep sea-fisheries outside.
XXIX. The fishing gear'-' employed by the United States
fishermen is, in all respects, superior to the gear generally used
in many parts rf tlii' Urilish .Vmerican fisiiing giouuds, and par-
ticidarly in Newfoundland. Complaints are constantlv made by
the Newfoundland fishermen of the very indifferent character of
their fishing apparatus, and thev urge that competitive ri-
valry with Americans in the same waters places them in a very
disadvantageous position. It mav not be out of place here to
refer briefly to another dispirity whiih is felt and seen in a
marked degree. The system of education which has so long
prevailed in the New Kngland States, exercises its potent influ-
ence on the c.illing of the fishermen General knowledge,
however superficial, whicli is so common, — almost universal —
among New F.nglanders, gives to them all the advantages which
education confers in any walk of lil'e. For resolute daring, and
skill in all that relates to the mechanical work of a sea- faring
life, the Ihitish American fishermen i're unsurpassed, and are
often .selected for their pre-eminence in these (lualities by their
American rivals. Hut there is a lack of the higher elements
which result from preliminary education and training. Hence
it happens, too, that they have become wedded to old ideas,
loath to break loose from the customs of their forefathers, and
slow to recognize the improvements which, in recent times, have
been so extensivelv introduced into one of liie oldest industries,
and yet one the least indebted to the discoveries of Science or
the devotion of cultured minds to its pursuit. ' '
I. Hi'p.iii I'.ir ls7l-|s7'J, pnui' xxxix.
'J St't' U«'i»i»rl '>it Ki^lifvit's iMU-..*ut'tl Iiy Ann'ricfuis in Canmliini wiitiT^, liy
W ll.Vi'nniiit;. lii'lK'i'lnr "f f^'Mierii'", Will (Irt.ilii'r, iJ*?.').
;i In Xiirwiiv i'xti'«iiriliiiiny i'ITi)rts have liwn niihl.' Inr ninny years
niwli'v til,' Hii^iiici'" cif till' tlovcrnmi'nt tci aiil the fluhernien, n.il merely in
llie iMn^tviieiiiin 111' liHtter a|i|mi'ntii'< for Inking tisli, lint iilau in ulitiiinin^r u
kniiwleil({e nf tile linliils cif tin' HkIi, .if their fouil, of the seiu^nn liest lulaptnl
til ertjilare them, withont injure to the tl.i4lierie«. of the relntinn one kind of
Hsli lieais to iinother in n wnni, nf the .Smkm'k ok ruK I'lsiiKiiies.
i.vruoiirci'c^iv sKincii.
In tlie United States the suci'essive Heports of the United
States Coininissioncr of Fish and Fisheries (Professor Spenecr F
Haird ) eml)i ace the results of oljscrvations carried on for sev-
eral years iin<U'r tiie auspices and aiithoiity of the Ifiiiled States
(iovernnient. 'I'liese Reports ernhody the lahors of many scien-
tific men of the first rank. They al)oiind in varied information
of the most useful and practical character. 'I'liev contain also,
important papers translated from various sources of acknow-
ledged merit and standing. The whole is presented in a spirit
of impartial and unhiassed oncpiiry, looking to a " knowledge of
the truth " as the sole ohjcct in view. The efforts of the
United Stales Goverinnent and of the gentleman who presides
over the United States Commission of I'inqniry, are ably sec-
onded by the several .States interested in the preservation of the
Deep Sea, as well as the Inland Fisheries. The results of
these governmental scientific laliors, joined with those carried
on in equal spirit and with like aims by the Dominion (iovern-
mi^nt, can not fail to he in a (vw years of the greatest benefit to
that sjiccial industry of the sea, whose aggregate annual income
in North .\merica exceeds thirty-five millions of dollars, and
whose prosecution engages the sole attention, and, is in most
eases is the sole re.source, of more than half a million of pcojjle.
Hut the object of these enquiries on the part of th^ United
States, is to effect, if possible, the rexluration of thai which hux
been ruined, and the recu/ierrition of thnt which has been im-
paired. With the ] (ominion (iovernnient, it is the preservation
oj that which exists in a hii/hli/ renntneratice condition, and
is possessed as a national inheritance. During the jx'riod which
must necessarily elapse before restoration begins, or while re-
cuperation progresses, the fishermen of the United States are
privileged to participate in the enjoyment of a remunerative
industry, which they may leave, after a few years' lucrative
joint share of proceeds, in a condition of hopeless depletion.
No wonder, then, that the resigning of one-half interest in
the Strand and Inshore Fisheries is of the gravest moment to
the Dominion, in regard to the maintenance of its Commercial
Marine, as well as of that wide spreading industry which sus-
tains so large i: portion of its popidalion on comjiaratively bar-
ren shores, when' the land area is generally unproductive, but
the sea a perennial source of wealth.
No wonder, too, that the accpiisilion by the United States of
this pri'.ilege is regar<lc(l as a gain equivalent to the restoration
of their Commercuil Marine, (XXVIII.) and far exceeding the
aggregate value of the bounties by which ellbrts have so long
lieen made to nurture and sustain it through the Fisbeiies. It
is a gain which overshadows the su])ply of food it assures,
because it affords time and opportunities lor endeavoring to
recuperate the waters of the United States, an<l for bringing
back similar conditions to those which formerly existed there,
and wbiih still obtain in such fruitful abundance, on the coasts
of Hritish America.
XXX. From precedl.ig paragraphs it will be seen that any
discussion of the amount of just compensation which may be
claimed for an equal participation in the British Ameriian Fish-
eries, conceded by the 'i'reaty of Washington, involves manv
other considerations besides those belonging to the additional
annual commercial advantages it secures. Among the most im-
portant of these are —
First — Its effect upon the Ihilisli American Deep Sea Fish-
ery — the Inshore Fishery and the .Strand Fishery— singlv and
combined.
,j INl'UODICIOHV SKKTCll.
Spcoiiilly— Its lilcct u))!!!! tlic British Aiiieriian lisliermen,
ioniuTly in the enjoyment of tliosc Fisheries with enormous ad-
viiuliige to themselves anil tlie State
lliirdly Its eff'eet upon the Commercial Marine, and its
niaritinie population as Oeean darners.
[•'oiMtlily— Its elt'eet upon the United States Fishing Industry,
by lessening the risks at which the tisli food deman<lcd by a ra-
pidly ijrowini; population is secured.
I'ifihiy— Its eHect in restoring the Commercial Marine of the
Iniled States.
Sixtlily— The condition in which il will leave the Hritish
American Fisheries, ifter the period over which tlie C;onces8ion
extends has expired.
French Hecp^ee p^EciuuAriNr, theip^ J^ewfoundland |^isheries.
..■l'|„. |i,.iTi f llic l-'iiil Miuch, \K<:', .■..iii|.ii-i- fi.iij-.,.iKlii ^iiii.'l.'s. iiTTO.iiK>l » hic-h, rliat til.. Ii;irli..ur^ .mil pliuv... with Ih.. ./a ..<. wlii.'h (..■l..iii(
Itiilhi'i'ini^l "f III!' W.in.l ..I' Ni.wf.iiiiKll.iM.I, .1.. n.it .■..iiliuup l.i li,. .)f tliu fliuU'o iiC llie I'nM pcis.iii wl invi.< nnr "f Hi.' lii>t ...fiiiiiiiil.
'I'iio ii.iiti.'iil.irs xli.ill In- lu.i.lf kii.iwn ii.v.ir.llnK t.i .i t.j|i..Kri|)liii' pliiii i.f tlin ('.i.i>.t< .if .N.'«f.iiiii.ll.inil, .is f.illo»~- -
N.imi's iif lliirbiiiii'!.. '
NilliilHT mill ivuiU'Hi.f plii'i iii|insi'il in I'li-li MuliiMir, iiii'l niiiiiluT "f llitt.' iiix.
Thf ii..ini'iu'liiluri-iif |ilarc.« Hill lii' ilhi.li. I in liir I'lillinviiij; m.iTni.M- in tin- -t ilili~lii"l s.>rii«.
I'il-fit Serii'j*. 15 ItiittiMiH unil iiliovii
Sui'iinil >:tTii's, In tn !."» Iltitlfiin.*. rxi'ln^^iM-ly.
■rilh'-I Series, It H.ltt.Mlt.* anil iiltnM'.
K\iTj fivi- y.siirs llic ■■.lr„hiliiir~" "I thi-ililkivnl imrts ..f lYini'i', wh.i |.iM|inM. t.. -.•nil vi!-s,.|s I-, tliii Cm.1 riHliiiy n|iiin tlii' ,-o.iM i.f Npwf..nnil-
|ilnil. sli.ill niuki' til tho ( 7'r/'./i- ..cmVc .V Ai tuaiiw <i SI .Vr.T.[/i ii il.'rliiriitinn nt tin' nuinlii'i- ..f vi'wIh llicy will unn f.if llw Fi^-liiMy, with tnnn.iK"
tml niiniliir nf iiu'ii. iiiul tiu' i-liisn of Ihii viwi'ls in tliusc AtIm. Tint is I" »iy. First Si>ii.s, ISN tnn^ uml nviT 5't ini-n, lit Iriist. Sw'nllil S('fi<«.
JIO 1 1.1 1,'iN, .■x.'lu..'ivi'ly, :i 1 luen. 'I hif.l Siiiii's iiiiilcr I'm t.in«, «'i> nnin nii'l '2f> if to iiw .i «'i..i'
lliilli-lin.s will h|. |ir..ri.iri'.l, bi'iiriiii; tlu' iiilllH' .if thii vcssol .iii.l tlu' <n'u-<, uml put in .m inn fr..in wh.in-.' Ihi'V will lii' Mio-.'~-ivi'ly ill'.iwn in
[III.' pri'siilioo nf all tliii " .IrtiHtlriir.*.*'
.i.i> fii't 11" Ihi; llnllt'tin h ilfuwn, tlii' " limnlnu" 'I, .l/.n-lt, ii..li.-ut.'.l l.y tli.. Mnll.tin ,h. ...-.- ii plii.-i' intlii'SiTii''- I., wlii.'li tin- v.'^m'I l.il..na:s.
■rhf S,i-..n.l .mil Tiiiril Sfrii'S ufe pr.ii-w.l.^l will, in tiiosiini- ni.inniT .iii'l fiTin .ik th.' l-iist Si'iirs, iittiiwiiiiN |.i ilr.iw t..r v.'s»..U fisliiiii; ..ii
the- Hiinki* fi.r pl.iri's to dry tish on tin' coast.
Ivii'li .Iniiiilrur will .Mti-iTvo, iliirinjt livi' ycm.', tlii' iMij.iynu'nt of tin' ll.irlior un.l pl.n'.' wlii.'li sli.ill lu' iissij-ni'il t.'i tln'iu.
No vessel ein tf.i tisliiii!,' upon the enis(^ of the Isliiiul of .Newf.niuill.in.l if there is not ..leliveveil to the .1 riiiiileiir ii ll«ll<li:i ./c mi*.- ^.l
^'jfi^-.iivm for the pliH'.' .if whi.'h le' i.s .'<>,h''\i<l'<HitiiT, or !l lil'ttiliti XAiilltt'fiMituin >tf j"'rlie ./.o.,* /..* I'ltii-.i rtim,/m,tt:t
lively . I, ■,;..!/.. !,■ Hh.'shiill i.,t. within the y.'iir. ./« Ilot'je •jniii-at .liapUtcea.temX his ve--,el, will l.ise his rights to the uiij.iyinent of tint plun-'
lllJ'l I..' otli.TWts.' Mlhje.'t t." one. if the penitlties follow inK.
1000 Ir, for Ihi' «,iri,-f.< .if the 1st Series.
;i H'li tr. for the «.(rict'.i of the -n.l Series.
:; iiHi fr. for the imrire/ of till' Itril S.'ri.'S.
1' 00 fr. f.ir the it.nit-fA, who oht.ilnetl v iM.'.-si..n wf u pi u n the .'.tiist f-.r .hyiiiir ti--li.
The aimoi.le, .ir |..'lMlly, sliilll Ik' pliei.nmei'.l by the l7o/ ,le S, r,i,Y ,lr 1,1 .lAi.-i.'i •) SI S,;-i;[ii : when the pirties believe tlley ollixlll to cill
for that (leeision, the atliir will be snlimitted to 111.' .'Xiiiniiiati-.n of three .ivl>ih-e*. il.'sisntitt'il by the .Anniitenrs in fienernl Assoinblo; if th.'ir
dp.'i>ion is not coiiforniable to lh.it ..f the f'hrf ■In Smi.y, /.,■ .I/i,ii.v/« .'.• /.i Mci'inr will (l.'er I.'lii.itiv.'ly after having' tak.'li eoninniiii.'ition
(lu ( I't^f 'III .SVji'((t ntiil nf .tdilirs.
Kvery -Irm itnir, t ) whom shall be con.'('.le.l a phu'e, shall be hel.l t.i oe.Mipy tl..' (ir-t yetr ..f ^■. ■.../., by tlie >hip c.ni.'e.Ie.l to, .a- anoth.r ..f
till' >anie .^.-ries at least, if th.' ship is s.'l»i, the pnreh.i.'.ers w ill bu lelil to the sune obHijiti.'ns, nn.i.-r the r.'sp..n'.iliility of Ihe vendor.
Iitirin;^ the four y.'ars f.illowinj; that of tin* tii-'Ujv 'jinii''it^ there will be mado eaeh ye.ir .in the .'ith .hnniary, im lii-ti^i- juti-liil of vacant pliu'e
in t he manner prescribed for the linvfr ijt'nfv.d.
The oiliest fapliiin .shall perf.irm the fiiiietions i.f I'i'ii'nmniiiif in all tin- h irb Mirs. mil in all tiie /VtiV* cnmn'inf^ ; but the C'.ipt lin ,tii Intirf
«i'.-.s .shall have always pri.irity over tlie Miiilfi iv V>tlnilit,ie .
The I'Mjitiin J^riiriimiiiiti; is sp.'t'ially eliar:je.I to miintain dis.-ipline, poii.-.-, ami i;..'id ord-r. in tile h irli uirs. ititl Ihe //.(/(•"* c'li/o/ooirv, i.»
assure t'l eaeh t'liptiin the enjoyment of the hiirbour. tlie./eiic or anebora^e, .md roii.Is; t.i re.-.'ive the .'oinplaints .if i'.i/ililiiin:^ I'trlu'ti r.i . iiu.l
IfcO ile.'i.le wh.'newr he is e.impete'tt t.i jndijri' of tliein. iifcr liavip); e.v.iiiiiiied the facts, and ae.[uir(tl proof as fat us p.i.ssilile.
lb' ]ir.'si.ii's at all iii'-etiiii;s ..f l apt lins whi.'h may t ik" phie.' in tiie harbours iin.ler the liaies e-imumnes, and toynin.lti»s i^ /'i-kW/'iz/i./i.'
9rl''f>i, an. I without eliari;.' the contests that miy arise bctwei'n ilie t'aptriins; he c.mn -t ex u-t any rutributi-m nor emohmieut of the t'.ipit lines
^eclieiires; he will weitrli minutely the il.'.-isi..ns tlait b.' makes, and st.it.' the pr.iof of the facts, /i,:e ,lti /irti.rt ('r.'''.i'/.c, .if all t'le eoutravcnli ins
llf t lie dei'rec eomtiiilte.l, p.".i.iin<; the .hir.ition of the tishery. anil pistl these /iro.'.'* rir/'.n'-r, iin.l cause them to bo sij^iied by tho ottieers, iiiul the
•Bir/.c ./'fyioyi././p, and on bis r.'lurn he sh.ill transmit the Sid.l /'.•»i.'«'.< in-l'itii.c an.l the .lecisiins to the C»o»o.i/.,*.i(,'e ./. rimrrifiti'in m tritim,', in th.'
port from wheu.'e he p.irted : bi'si.les he shall sun. I to the sai.l Coniuiissaire a il.tiil.il report upon th.' n.iviituion, an I up mall th.it m ly ■ .'.'ru
ilie iinproveinent of the Hslieiy.
If the Captain l;-n.rli„,.,i,i' is iiiniself interesti-d, ..r if he is abs.'iil, tin' alTair shall lie lir..ni;lit aiel sulimitlcd l-i th.' jiel-mcnl of th.' /'/■.(./■•
koi'iftii- of the nei^hlioiiriiig port.
riie Captain /'.'•''''//hi/oio- is lioiind to seud to the Cio/ii/oni'/'iii/ ./r.. /.(i^'.iic.i/ .^- Ai Sltti^n'i when th.-y inal.e inspe-cti.in of harb.iurs, speeifyim;
tile st It., an. I e liti.ui of each place in particular ; if it is or not oi'ciipil'il as the rule pre.-.'ri bi'S, ami if all thinirs there are lei-ally oli.served.
.Ml crimes or ontraij.'s, ,'oiitrary to .lis.'ipline, all I'ontravrutions t'» cxtablislied rules iu that wliicli concerns the rofime of tlu; Fishery, .ind
♦he mode of ..cciipation ..f |ila. 'cs will li.' by him denoun.'.'.l t.i tho Vimni'iiihtnl ile< i'iV.< Miuunh, wlio.se mis.si.in is t i repress tlil'in and to iiiaiu-
JHinins,', everywhere, ftoo.l order and the oliservaiu'e of tlii' deeroe.
If oni' coinniits a crime, whi.'h in l-'r.iiice is un.ler the juri.sdicti.m des trihnii'iux the t'.iptiin linid'homuio fultils tlie fimcti.ms .if /w./i/i' <lt
fui.r, he forms the first inslrnction au.l w.d. -Ill's to prevnt hiseseipe, ami .'ouimits lii in li th.' I «„i,i, i,i l.n'l ■!■ lo Sl.,li;,i with the d..cuineuts st it-
Ipg the proofs and verifying the facts of the crime.
'" The .V.ii-iV.,<;.r.-;o-./i-.« caun.it obtiin th.'ir pipi-rs b._'f..i-etlie Isi March I'l'i tin- Hanks in. I f..r th.' vVi-st Co.isi, an.l before 1-t .V|iril I'.a- the Fast
^Onst of .Newfonndlauil.
^ .VII Captains of .V.iiic,,. wh.i shall si-t s.iil an.l in ik.- rout.- b.'f.il-. tli.-s.' diLs, will be .subje.'t t.i a penalty of a Iholislnds francs tor wliicli
Jpo .Iriii.ilrur will be wholly re.sp.>nsilile.
.No Ca|itain cau e.stalilish his .V.ii-/',-.- t.i lisli or dry it in a liarl -, other than that which shall have been assigned by /■iil/ilin ,lr ,iii.<r i-n
■».•...■..<,..... iind.-r.i penally .if live thou.s.in.l trim's. II is f.rhi.i.l.'ii 1.. all Uipt lins, uiid.'r a p 'ii dty of liv,' huu.li.' I fr.KU-s, ti cisl b.dl.ist int..
.Burbours or break or transport stages, or .itlier arti.'les remaining on the sliore.
The t'aplainsare.iblij'e.l to pi-..cure f.ir th.' f-h,i,ni,il,i,il ./« hiii„i,iil) ni Sl.ilinn upmi the co.ist of .W-w-f.umdlan.l. details thai tlu>e ..iVicers
dcii.ui.l of them upon the w-orkiiii. of the Fishery, upon Ih.' p-ili.-,- ..hs.-rv.-d by lish..rnieii, u|i-in th.- unnibcr .m.l st,,te ..f their a.u-o-,.., their
btttteaiix and their f./io'/xi./i-.*.
All \avii-i-s (l.'siine.l f..r the C.id Fishery, whose equipage shall be forty men or inore, .shall have on b.iai-il a surgeon. It is formally int.-r-
dii't.'.| t.i einb.irk spiritu.ius liiiuors a Imril i/m Iwtimeul.'. The administrati.in ./e la m.ri'in.- will concert with those .'r.< ihiiuiniie the measures t.i
|ilke for previMiting tiie embarkation of spiritu.ius liijuor
.\ penalty of live hundred fran.-s will h,. incurred by all ./i-m.i^ ;.,-.,- wli.i shall m.ik. sile of spiiit-.i.ins li.pe.rs f.ir tli.'ir own accinnt l.. the
Irjuij,,,./,! .1, ... < /i.ii-o-,,«. The ri'veiiue of the penalties ..r ,i„(. „,/,-. .shall be put in the cln-st ..f th.' //i.-a/-'. .- ,i, /,, I/,,,-,,,,-."
" The above list sliow-d that there are:--
51 Harbours.
^ -I^ti Places assiifiu'.l for F'ishery.
1112 Places which ai-e occupied.
lll| Vessels.
8»;i natte.mx. .
178 Cii.1 Seines.
5017 Men,"
#
i
ClIAI'IKIi I.
(ONTKNTS
lOrr iiii"iii< I'liiriiiMiT .il |j i|piihir vii'w-* nf llsh lifi'. l-'l; IiiIIiiimk I llii'
liiliil.tiniin ill iliwtnijint,' 'li'' ■'I'l' ll-lii'i'ii"<. ^■. liilliu'iiro nf lln- lenishilin'
]iii\v('ri (if II (' iiiiUi'V nil llid Ki'ii (liliiM'ii'H. 4 ; liu|iiirtiinitH nf .jciciilill.' iiif> r-
umlifiii. (i-7 : Iniii irliincc nf ii kii iwli><|^f nf tlio physics nf (he vi'n, !M<*:
Ciilil wiiliT wi»~ III' llii< riiiuiil Sillies iiiiil lliitisli Aiiicrii'ii, Ii; liii|i irlnni'i'
■ if ciiiiHl IJMHs. li-l.'li Till' iliMiTiisti nf llsh ill Ihi' I'liiti'il Sliilcs wiili'is, 14:
Til.' Illiii' l''i-h. I;i-I4; TliM Krcih Kisli Irii'li' nf llii. I'liilMil Sliil.-s. I(l-lil;
Till' rciimiiis fur llir ilwliiii' nf tlii' I'liilcil Stiiii's llsh.Mii's. ai ; liiilisli Aiiiit-
iniii wutt'i'H. ai ; I'rnli'ss ir IliiirilV " I'liiiciiih's." :!'i; (!niii'liisiiiiis II iwiim
fiiiiii II I'lrnyniiimi iif tliiisn |iiii;ii)i|is, 'j;! ; .\i'(i'^>ily I'ni' ii ilihiili'il I'xaiiii-
lllltinli illln llli> llilllils nf iMir lininnicnllll li"lli's, 'Jl-ai; Di'ilui'linlis Willi
ii'lVri'iu'r t I Ilk' iiiip iitniicn nf liiitisli Aiiii'rii'iiii Seas, iis llin uii'it stmi'-
liniiM' nf llsh, anil till' cliii'f iiiaiiisliiy nf iIik lishinj,' imliislry in Aiin'riraii
wtiU'iH l*rnf('ssn!* ((, (). Sal's' vimvs with iv^iaril In iln' Npauniii^ "f Ihi- r h]
lhriiii;;liiiiil till' wiinli' I'Nii'iil nf llit NoiHi'Hiai) r"H>t liiii'. '-'4.
1. I lie i)riii(i|)li's wliirli niiiili' llii' opi'intldiis of Kislicr-
inoii ill (■iiinliictiiin- ilic Dccp-Sc:! Fishcrirs, |)nss('ss fjioiit siiiiil-
nrity in cvciy roiiutl'V mill on every sea. 'I'lie views so iini-
vpisally lit'lil, anil siipposiil to lie llie lesiiil of eeiitiii'ics of
e\perieiiee, lelaio, lor tiic iiiiist put, to tlu- inlj^raticm of lislies,
llieir modes of spawniny:. llieir food, tiieir lialiits of life, and
fi^eneraliy, to llie eaiis(!s which have K'd to llieir inei'case or de-
ereaso They profess to enilii'ace, too, and, in soniR iiistanees,
In explain, tlie llucliialinns wiiieji are iiisepanihle from tlio
pnrs'.iit of extremely active and liahitnally waiiderinj? creatures,
whose movement-, during' the ijrealer ])arf of the year are
wholly or in part hidden from our eves, and are at the hest
eonjeeliiral.
2. It is only within ihe last ten or twelve vears lliat
many of these views and the priniiples to whirh they have
led, have heeii pioved to he erroneous, and, in some <'aseM, op-
posed to actual tact. Ihit ifiiideil, in many instances, by mvtlis
handed down from father to son throiii^h maiiv n;eneratioiis,
disastrous enterprises have heen very fre(|uentlv miderfaken,
a useless and injurious leiflslation snccessfnllv invoUed. enor-
mous interests j:'opardi/.pil or sacriKced, "■' and treaty con-
cessions made, ])rodiiclive of unexpected anil disastrous lesiilts.
3. The supposed min;ralions of the ("ml, the Ilerriiii;, and
the Mackerel, the three leading commercial Hshes in our seas,
are all hased upon an incorrect interpretation of observed fads,
and have ol'len injuriously operated upon the fishing industries
in dill rent jiirts of ilie world. Hut most of all have those
great natural influences, exemplified h\ meteorological effects
and their relation fu lish life, heen lost sight of or imiored, anil
what is a purely natural result, has heen lashly allrilmled to
apparent dislurhing causes, of whiih man is supposed to he ihe
originator. The French terms, •• (,'oureiirs dii (iolfe," " Dcfil-
ours," and the operation involved in the term " defiler le
I. Pnr nil I'liiimi'ialinn nf ih,. evils wliich Imvii rosiiltu.l fi- nii ill-roM-
siileieil le>;ishitinii. Iirniiuhl iilmiit liy iniiniinit elaiiiniir, see the varimis He-
ports on tlie .Sea Fi. heiies nf '.he I'niteil Kinnihnii iiiiil the I!e|inrts nf Ihi'
U. S. C unniissiuiiev nf I'Msli and Kisheiies.
( idltc," ' ' arc illiistrntii)ii< »\ tcniis wliicli Imvc IimI to iniscoii-
< i'|iti()iiH, iiiiHiiif; iVoin iiicoriiit iiilcipii'l.iliniis ol llic sii|)|h)M'i1
iii(ivciiiiMil> ol lisli. Ill llicii ('N'CMili"! ,i|i|ilii Mlioii llicy liavc
liccu llic ciiiM' of iiimli l(i>s (i| hiliDi iiiiil r.ipiliil, iiKim'niit
xii'HsdC till' si. Ill' III the Fisliri ii •<, :illii, ill Miliir ilistuiiccs, of
.iii^i" iiilci imtioiiiil (li»i'iis>ioiis iiiiil iiii|iolriit ioiiilii>ioiis,
I 1, On llic ollii'i luiiiil, tilt' l.iiiilsiiiiiii, iiiijiim'il ill piirsiiirs
i'.ir K'llliivcil I'loiii till' mmIio 11(1, 's llirli ;i|i|i,iiriillv could ll.ivi'
no |i(i-silili' rclaliim to tin' li>liriit'M in coiistal hiiIcin. Iiiis lircii
I iiiio!)liii<iv('ly, yet iiio-t cirn tiiiilly, Icailin'; to iticir ^Ma(lllill
iHiiiiiiiitioii anil iiltiiiiatr ilcstnu'tion, liy pollntiiij,' llir » iIcin
Hill I'liriii^ till' passafjc ol' I'ivcrs to myiiaiN of spa»iiin,ir tisli,
M liirli, nil llu'ii- ili'srciit to tlic si' i, ln'camc tin' aiiiin il sonri'i' ol
i till' fooil wliicli liiii'il till' (Icrp sea lisIl to appioaili tlic M'li
^ mai>;iii. *-'■' Wlii'ic tlio iiilrrcsts of tlic laiiilsiiiaii, wliosp iii-
ili'prnili'iil iinlnsiiii". have 'liiis ili'slioycil llic coastal sea iislicr-
ic.s, arc so liuiiinl up with the I'ainiKcatioiis of jj real m ninfactiir-
iiiu' and lunilicriiii; inlcicsts that any sudden ih in^c in tlii'sc is
Icll oMr wide areas and lhiiiiii;lioiit populous coiniiintiitics,
icstoiation liccoiiies cxcccdiiii;l\ cvjiciisivc, tai(l\, and, in sonic
instaii'i's. iniprai'lic.ihh', as on inany puis ol the \cu Kiii;-
land coasts, foriiicrly cclohnitcd for the extent ol ihclr cod
lislierii s and the dilfcreilt industries to wlii.li that piiisiit
ijave rise. Ifiit in ihinlv scitli'd and, to a laii^c cMciit, ro. ky
.mil liirrcn CDiiiiliics on the si'.i .'ii.isl. siicii as laii;e poitions ol
the .M.irilinie I'roviiices of the Doniinioii. the North Shore ol
ihc (jiill, New fiinndl mil and llie l.ihiailoi , w here ihc iiiuiihcr
of p'.'rsons iiihaliiliiii,' the coiiiiliv docs not exceed (14 |iir
s:|iiaic mile, and hIicii' the inl.ind indiisliics have not, cmii in
I lie most settled portions, acipiired either ijreat dcvt'lopinciit or
powcrliil politic. d control, the evils which may tiiere have iii-
.sidioiisU ciep' into c.xisteiici', can he easily .iiid speedily remi--
died, ,111(1 the orii^iii.il relation hef.veeu in, nine ind livei lile not
only rc-i's|,ililish('il, hnl v.istiv iiiiproveil.
Hilt ihroii^dioiil the wcillhv .illd p'lillc.illv p'.inerfiil New
|-^ni;l.m(l scalio.ird, where liie popiil.iti m is !(!(.()li lo the si|ii,ire
mile and the country setthd. as il were, to the se.i m.irgiii, '■'■'
the repair and |■l^•.toratioll ol s.nnc ol the coast lishi.'ries, lor-
inerlv so ahiindinl and liii'r itlve. is leov i/kiiow'lc'l^ed to he in
.1 ini'.is ire lic\oiid relief I'hi^ is the refill of oppusiiii; inland
interests, conlroiilint; i (•mlraelt'd and iiisKlJicit nt sm iiii'ii,
siiit.ihlc for repioduction, eipial lo the dein.inds ol ,in
exe('ssi\(' and '•onst.mtly incicisini; pop'daiioii. "' In Dom-
inion waters the process ol restoration has aliea(l> loinmeiiced.
under the fo-teiinj; care of llie Cclilral ( ioveriinienl, who
control ihc SCI .md iiil iiid lisherics of e.ii h l'io\ince, and
the result ol' their work i- .ilie.idy seen in the ic peopliii'^
of III in\ idast.il w.ileis willi the find of the deep sea lisli.
U'licie.is, 111 the I'liited States, ihc central p' wci. liowe\cr
f ^|■-^e('illl,^ williim' .Illd lihcrd, is limited in its action
liv the authority of iiidi\idii,il St,,tes, who cmitrol their
own iiiliml wall Is. ( 'onciirriMil action, liilhlnIK winked
oiil, miijlil piod ICC consid 'lable resiKis, hu; it is jii^t the
:'iV-
I. I'll .|i' ell' TiMT.-XiMiu'. Apii. iii.
•_' .-;•■. It..;i Ml .if ih" r. -!. t; mi ni*
ii.j.'.'i. Vol. II.. i.'*7'i-:;t. I', xii.
.■I. Sfi' Ai'iicailix t. lliis ell iiai'r. .S.
■t. Till'' S-ii l''i-hi'ri('..'- ii'fiT II a .1
.|a-lr.v "f III" 1) iiiiiii.iii mill Ni'»r.iiiii
.|..,-liiii' ..|' olli.'i li<li ut II imri'lv I I 'hI i'
niinXiiii wiili'rs- .'si'i' |i:i;;i' wvii. "I llr
r l''i«li mill I'-i^lii'iii'i," fir 1S7I-7'J, f
linn.' .\i. Vol.. I. a- I,'<7l'-7:I. f a- ''('.ni'lii«
nil till' .V.'W l'.ii:;liiiii| (' iii-t.'
iipr .if l''i>li iia I l''i-!iii'i '- oil llii'
Illy 1
jilliili
1 llial
1. lIlK
nil. It 'S| i|ili' Ki-liiiik' lu-
Coil Ki-lii'iV. lilt 1.1 llio
•liiirc
•I.T mil
1 II .1 li'lUl-l'llll-il ill I) -
1' ■• It.
■lii.rt .1
r till' r. S. Ciiiiiiiiissii uev
ir nil
I'liiiiiii
■nili HI I.I llii'si' tisli, mill
• I .111
us 111
ilcriM-' f (■ il-lislii'i'ii's
(•Diiciiiicnt iiclioii liclwi'cii Ki'iIi'imI .111(1 Stiitc (iovi'l'limciifs
ivliirli il i< so ilidiciilt to iliiinnMr.ilc Mini ciiiitrol.
llciicc it is, lliiit ill any ciKliMvor to (onii iiti cstiiiintc ol llir
cviU wliicli liiivc lici'ii pcriiiittrd to iiiciiic to llio UccpSca Fisli-
r-iicH li\ wliiillv iiiili|M'iir'i'iit opfiiitions on ilic liiiil, «c iiiMst
ciiicruliy (lisfinijiiiyii luivvccii tliosi- wiiiili me suHcoptiliic ot (ii-
iiiitiiilion or ic-iiiovnl, ami lliosr (vliicli aic so deeply eiigraltrd
into llic poiiti 'al Of coninn'rciai nystfin, tlnit romediiil tneasnics
are dilJiiiilt and. in soine insiances. iinpi.Mticable, and the lisli-
eiiei. iiH'iTted, liopelessK niiiitd lor i iiiiiiiieK iai purposes. On
the (iliier hand, il is iniiiinlieiit npmi ns to as-ij?n il.s lull hear-
iii^ and value to lliit piditical status which jieiinits, not only of
the lestoiation (d' depleted loast.d waters to their original wealth
of llsh lite, liiit lia^ within il> ^i'''!' ''"' l>""<'i' '" iii'ifus'', l<> mi
iiidelinite extent, the productive and lile-Mistainilif? capahilities
ol the se.is under iis control
Apart, t<i(), t'roiii the mere leiiylh cd' Coast line lieloni;int,' to
an\ ."state, its ^>e<\«r.ii)liir.d, .is well .is its oroj;rapliical t'e.ilnres,
iiiiist lie t.iUeii into coiisiderilion. A serrated or indented coast
line, vviili niiinerons h.iys anil indents, islands and liailiois, is j
essential to vigorous and aliiind.iiit lisli lil'e and tishini; industry.
An iinliioken stielch of coast, withont iinlenis or \n\-, is iiii-
s.iited to the perpetuation, if oilie iinp.iired, ol its orijjinal
sloik of fishes. Fish trv or einliryos liviin; ne.ir the siniace ol
the sra. find th" eh iifcs rei|iiisile for ihe attaininciit of mil
tioilv to !■<■ less JM (he open o;'i an than williin (he limits of pio-
tectinj; lia\ s, I'eriiianenl and successful sedentarv ('oast l'"ish-
eiies are ni'iiilv alwavs sidnted williin the hoiilersof headlands,
where ihev arc secure iV.iiii the iinconlrolled sueep of the ocean
waves. lint a y:l.iiici. at aiiv map of the IJnitod Sla'es and
Urilish .\meri:M shows at oiici' a disproportion in s^eoifraphical
oiilline. 'I'lic curves of the Co.isi of the United States, for lolli;
stietches south of M..iiic, are iinlirokeii ami nniforin ■ IDIi.) In
the Urilish I'lminrcs the coasi line is in i;enei il a si.rr,ited edi;e
with profound liavsand inlets, stretcliim; inland for miles, all
(d tliein altordiii!,' those protcctiiiir niiiscries for yoiiin; tlsli life
which are esseiilial to the maiiiteii.iiice of tic s.ircies in iiunihcrs
('(in.d to the yearly increasint; attacks upon ihein, whether di-
rectly, as a C(>mniercial product, or imlirectlv as food for those
uhi. h form ihe olijcct of man's piirsiiil The iiiipoi lance ol
jfeugr.iphic.d outline (d' coast in an oppusilit direction is stiikiii;,'-
Iv illustrated hy the eoiulilioii cd' the ."shell-Fish I'^isliciies on
the I'iii;lish coast. Where Nature protects these tisheries hy
exposure to storms, the fisherv is still a< produelive as ever ;
wheic the lisheiy is prosecuted in slicllcred liavs, di'cline is the
prevailiiii,' oiitiry Mr. I''raiik liucklamrs recent repoits on the
•• t'rali and Lolistcr Fisheries cd' Fiiiijland and Wales" ' ' states
that '• where tlir> i^ronnd is small and slicleicd, the fisherv is
(lecayini; ; when it is ex])Osed to the se.i. as at the l,i/^;iid and
the Land's End, or at some distance from the shore, as at (ior-
ran. near IMovauissey, there is no (dear jjioof of atiy decrease
whatever, '['he whole of the ('ornish evidence mav, in fact, he
sunimed up in the sente vr that the lisher es in havs require
])rotecti()n, luil that the larf^e fisheries off headlands or in the
deep water need no ])rolectii)n from the T.ci^islatnre " ( l'at;e
\\.\ This deeisi(m, it must he reiuemhered, refers to the Ciiih
and r.ohster l'"isheiies oidy, hut these arc of vast moment to the
Dec]) Sea Fisheries, (xxiii.)
5. Ill nearly all lei,dslation hitherto, ndatius,^ to the Deep
See Fisheries, the views entertained with reirai'd to the habits
I. !,eil(l.ill, IS77.
•>r lil'r, and p.iiticiilirly tln' inaiini'i' and (imc of I lie ^|>Hwnirif(
id vaiiou!) N|i('( icn III' dL'f|i sea tiiihi \\A\v li'd to t'liiiinuiiiN cx-
|)uii(litiirti iiiul (litiiHlroiiti t>na(:tnit>iit>i. If ilic dimMivericH of l)r
(i () Surs ill |M().t-.'i liad liccii kmiwii in llio " (.'oinniiltcr ap-
|)uiiili'd to (fhiiuirc iiilo llii* Sea rislii'iioi of llu: t'liili'il Kiii^-
dum" ill XSi't'd, wliuM) woi'l\ wn!, iiiiiliiiiii'd for tliici' yrais, llic
f{iiiH!rr pari of tlii'ir piolnn^cd laliur and ol tlirir voliiiniiuiiiH
icpnil, uoiild Imxc lit'cn rcgaiiUd as iiM'IrNn licfuif iokiicd fi'out
till' pirsH.
(i. in likr inaniicr rpitain I'ffoit!! wldcli an- Htalcd to liavp
lieoii made during llii- iHxociatiiiiiH ((inncrtni wilii llii* l''i»licry
ilausfs of the Ticaty i)t \Va>liiiif,'loii, In pnivi'tlial llii' niarkricl
in a tisli hclon^inK cxi iiisividy lo I iiili'd Slatn> wuIoih, and only
wander occasionally into liiiiisdi Ainericun SeaK, would have
Ih'( 11 rally set at lest, if it liad liri'ii llirn kiiiiun wliit Sarn
klii'U ill ISI)*), alioiit till' spavMiiiii; liuliil> of lli:it li>li.
7. So also with ri'nanl lo lln' lii'iiiiii; aiid iis wiulrr liniiir,
I he III iiiiiiM in uliicli it M'i'k>, and tlit' pi iii'^ wlii'ii' il tiiiils iti*
food, llii- dilli'M'iil pi'i'ioiU at wliicli it !-pawn-<, tlir ilrplli of wa-
ter il seleils to areoinplisli llie spawiiin:; pmiis-,, and it* ireniial
iidatiiPii lo other deep sen food fishes, are all sulijects wliirh, if
they hid heen properly underslood al the heyiniiiii^' ol tlic
present Ki'linriitinn, would have led to the avoid. iiiie of niiirli
litigation. niin\ vcxatiniis regnlalinns and eiiMctiMenis, and wide
spread inronvenieni c and siilt'erini;
8 Hut apart from all these illiislralions of iina^inaiy priii-
riples, and liie iipreariiii; upon tlieiii of lallarioiis ai^iiinents,
there aie those iiev> priiiriples, hereallei leferreil to at ieiif^lh,
wliii h iiave so joiijj esrapcd oliservatioii, lint «liieh ajipcar to
iinhody the lies! expositinn of onr know led:,'c' of ihe shIiJim I ,il
till' present lime. The-e i,'o fir to siilnci I po|iiil ii idris ic>pc(t-
iiil; tisli lile and its presei v.itioii in iisel'iil aliiiiid.iiirc. liiit iliey
lend to prove ihil the cold water sea a:ea on the cdasts of the
I'liitrd Slates is iitteiiy iiiMilIicielit to lisi^l the dr.iiii lii.ide
upon il.
'.) It is not the ie.i't lem.ii kalile fc.itiiie in the eiidh'ss
diseiissions whirh h.ne.iiisi'ii on tlie siilijci t of liie lisheries
during the pasi h.ill iiniiny, lli.ii until within ilie List de-
cade, I'M hisiM' atleiilion lia^ liii'ii ili'V(i!i'il to ihe livin;; inlialii-
t.int ol the sea, withoiil lefen-iice lo ihe plivsies ol the .sea it-
-rjl 'I his (Mil onlv he pai.ilieleil liv an altenipt to discuss
c\haiistivelv, the theoiv of the le-piialioii ol l.iiid animals,
willi'inl rclci liii^ to the physical .mil iheinical coiistitiitiiin ol'
I he alniiisphere tliev lireathe. ( Ir, it may lie likened to an at-
lenipl to < oiiipri'liciiil the piimiplcs ol inodcin a^jriciilliire,
witlioiil reliience lo Ihe ciieinical coinposilioii .ind plivsii .il
propeities of the soil. — "o diMinaiic and rotition of cidps
HI. It is Iriir thai i'\i>lini; infoniialion respcctiinj the rela-
lioiis of marine life to temper ii ore, looil. and dilferenl /ones
of depth in the sc,i, is still verv iinpi'i let. vet wli.il is known,
not only outlines the direction wliich must hu t.d«en in all cii-
iiniries into ihe Deep .Se.i Fisheries, lint il salislactorilv dis-
piovcs iiiinli ill it li.is hilhert'i heen the liisis ol aiy:Mmciil and
of action on this comprehensive snUjecl.
II. Ihe liroad relation ol our cominerci.d (ofid fishes — the
I 'oil, the ilerrin;^ and the Mackerel— to the tiiiipiiatiiie of the
mediii'ii in which they live, is clear and heyond dispute. '" (,'old
water suiib are necunsarv to their existence in iiiimhers sulfi-
I In till' i'(';i Mt "f tin; I'liiluil .sinti's (!iiiniiii.s«iiiiiir "f Kisji miil Kislu'iii-s
r I I"i7l-'J. llii' t' II .wia;; H.I (jiapl.i.'.il liiinls ,i| i!ii.>.. li-li nrr m\i'ii in ii
.1
'i
cii'Ilt til lirrciMH- uliifct- nf I'liiiiliK'ii'iill ilii|Hirliilin , U ill In
Wlltrl' MrllN. ■.Ilcll Ms llli- lllllt' Slli'lllll, lllv ulhilly IIIHuili'il til
tlii'il' Imliits mill iiiiii'iiM Nn mii' wmilil i\|i(ct cv.'i- to hit
tlir Arrlic Imrr siiiMiM-tiillv iiciliiiiiitiil in tin' |iiiiii|iii» of Smith
AllM'lini. iir till' ;;iiiri I'll! tlii|iir liilil sWiT|illlt' tlirmiuli llir
I'riyiil lit spliiTi- nf till' .Nnilli Atliiiitir, W'l' liiivr llinvtiiiv,
II WrII ilflilli'il ;,'l'linni|illirnl i|lli'4|iiill til llll'.Wrl lit till Mllt^rt,
liiinu'lv, till' liimiiilai irs iiiiil nica <il the sims •iiit,ilili> I'nr tiic
t'l't'iliiiK ifiiiiiiiili iiikI Inline iil' mil' i niiiiiinri.il ilc('|) sim lislii'H, ii
qilfttiiiii hIiIiIi liiini{t ii^ at nnic tu tin' ^t'li^i-apliiial liiiiitH ot'
till' (iiiir Stri'aiii, nil till' ciiiisl-* (it' Niiitli Aiiii'iiiM, ami the iiicii
oriii;ii('il li\ tlic [.ilii.idiir (/'uncut, wliii li lies lieturcii it anil lliP
coiiKt liiii'. III iillur WDiils, \vi' i'i'i|iliri' tn kii'nv ijir ii'liilivr
iiica anil i !i irartcr nl tin- j,'i''iit IfciliiiK urmiinls nt' mir rmniiirr-
cial M'li HkIk'k Niilitrliding the coaslH nl the I iiiti'il Stales ami nt the
Hriti>li Anierii'iin I'loviiiies Ciiiliiineil ami siiriiiisinn pro-
(liiiliveness, «illiiii lert liii limits, wlinc alinnst eveiy s(|iiaie
mile has heeii .iiimiillv lisliiil I'lir iimie than Iwii ceiitiii ies,
«itli iKil iinlavinahle lesiills ilminjj a:i averatje iit M'ais. is le-
luesciited liv s.iiiie nl the lishinif ijiiminls in the Sfiaits ol' Helle
Isle. \\ heie an iie-i nlil <' in rent is not mily iiiaini liiieil all the year
iDiliiil, lint wlieie ii e is to he met with in almiiil.im e near at
hand diiiini,' every immlll nt' the year.
I;,'. Aeiiiiilini,' til the ( 'hait> pnlilished hy the rulled Stales
(.'(last Survey, the aiea of cnastal waters north ol'(,'ape llat-
teias, within the hnmlied fathom line of soundiiiLfs, dues not
exceed 4"',()<I0 Hi|ii,iic miles. j'hc area emln.ici'd wiihin the
limits of a similar line of sonndini;s in the se.is nit the Hiitish
Ameriiiin coasts exceeds, according; to the .Vdmirnlty charts,
two liiindicil tlnmsand sijiiare miles. Theso are seas rarely iii-
viiiled, except at tneir extreme Southern edjie.s, liy the Northern
surface llo« ol the (iiilf Stieaiii," ' and are especially adapted,
I'loiii their low tcin|)er liiire, to he the homes n| the commerci.d
food lishcs nanieil. 'I'liey are seas teeming with that kind of
marine lite uhich serves as food for liotlom ieeders, .siicli as the
Cod, or for siirlai'c lecders, such a.s the llcrriiiij; iind Maidicrid.
I'lie hundred fathom curve of soiindiie.;s is hounded more
or less eioseiy off, the coasts of the United States hv the healed
witters of the (jiilf Stream, and flu; area of cold waters diiiiii!?
the summer months is j?reatly invaded hy its surface swini; to-
wards the shores, 'i'lie hundred fathom curve of snnndinijs in
Hritish .\meric,in waters is invaded only on its outer edjfe in a
few places alonp; the (Coasts of Nova Scotia and the Sduihein
edije of the Grand Hanks of Xewloiindl.ind. .Ml wi;liiii these
limits and lyiiij; to the North. West and .North-Hast in a limit-
less sea of cold water, coverini;, licyond the liinidreii f.ilhom
curve of soundini;s, many hundreds of thousands ol'siiuaie miles.
It is the homo of those minute forms of marine lile which are,
indirectly, the sole known soiiicc of the food, nut only of our
commercial fishes, hut of mo.st, il not all cold water inhahilants
of the deep sea.
•■ liitnliiKiu' iif till' Kiflii'.s of tin- Kn»t Cmi-t of .Vortli .\im'vira," liy Tlinoiluru
dill:
Siimhrr .Vii»i/)/vc .MiirkiTil (livi'iilaiul !■. C'lpc lliilli'ras.
Iiiiilii» Miinliiiii ('iiiiiiniai Coil I'ish I' ilar Hi'i;iiiiis to ('ii|ii' llatlora".
(iii/icd //iiiciif/iix I'.iinMsli lli'rriiif; I'.'lin' Ki'^ioiis to ('ii|if Cud.
.Si-i' iil.io lUi nvlirli' I'lUilli'd ".\i'i'iiiiiit ol' llio Fi-^lii'rie.i ami ."ii'iil llunliiiu
in ilii' Wliilc .S'u. llu' .\i'ctic (ii'i'iin. ami tlii' C,is|iiiiii .'<i'ii." l.y .Mnvaiulfr
Srliiilt/. Itcp.iit for 1S74-.-..
1. Sw l)i- .\.,l'i'li'niiuiiirs MililiiMliiiii,'.'ii. 1S7II. Clwrl o|' tin. (iiill'.'sirL\iiii in
Siniiini'i'. (.Inly): .^liowiii;; tin' ilistrilMitinii .,1' tlit' .Marino Is.itln.rninls.
Als.i, I'linrt of till' Unit SIri-iiin in Winti'r. Hlnnviti); tlio ili«triliiiti(iu of llio
.Muvini' Is.itliiTiimls in .laniiary. ilsTii). Alsii A.liniiiillv Cliai't.
i
'I'ln- I'liilcil Hinfp« ('(lid WuttT hi-im !•. Iiiit n tliiii imijiclinK
waiHotlii'iiitiiiu itiiolt Ix'tut'cii (lie liitiil and tlii' (iidf Stii'iiin lo
wind* the NcKilh u'cnr ; mid it dt'iivcH iiiiicli id' itn nrallh o( I'idd
wuti'i- ininiiu- lili' iVuiri tlic or.m l\iiiK iidjiiccitt In, iiiiil lo llic
iioi'tli (iC liiitixli AniciiiM, mid |i.iiily uallllill^ iia iiiiiili-ciiiicrii
•liorci
W'li.ili'ViT Miiiicp cit I'diid I'xinfM ill till' mil llii'i II Viilir .iiid
Siili-Arctii- wiifnii mi llie Noilli Aniciiciin (•iirt»t. inii-i diili
with llii> (III rent pint tin- Miiti»li Aiiicriraii coawt line, t<i tlic
watiTu (dl' till' Uiiiti'd StitcH, Drill' cir-icd liciii'itli the (iiilC
Struain itxdf Mild.
I-I. Mtir it \A ill icl.iliiiii III I'li.i^l line .mil llic iiiimiiiHi'
nieii of ithallow vtatcrit, comniandcd !)y tliecimtt liiu', — the Inccd-
iiii( nioiiiiil ,1 v,i«t viiii'iy III maiiiii' loim'' whifli lii'coinc tlic
Jooil id' ilir roiiiiiii'rri.d ti»lir», — that the c. intrant lictwccii the
feodiii^ and icpi'iMliiriii^ arris in lii'iti«h AnicriiMn and I'nilrd
Stales WMtcis, stand-, out in ilu> innst utiikin;,' dispri)|i'iiiimi
Till' l('n);lli id iMiist line in ihi I'liiiril Sfntcs iimtli nl Cipi'
llatttnas ia .ilioiit lOTll ^(■lll;raplli^al niilr> I lii' Ii'Iil;iIi iiI llii'
Hrilisli Ainciir.m (,'.).ist linr is —
Mllrv
Of \i'«roiimlland :.'()00
^^' l.iiliiail '1- as f.ir as \,iin. not inrlndiiiK the dfi'p iiidi'iits
Ml I'miU ■ ;UiO
New lii iiiisuii k .')4/}
Nova Siotia 1170
Qili'liiT I Kit
• Ti.ial Oli.Jil
Tlif ffu'alcr piiiiioii iif tlii". 1 o.isi line i-. mi ky, iiancn, and in-
Ciipaldc i>l siiilriiiiiil Tlii'ii', tlir sii liiinis a thinly scltlril
iliul lo a ific.it cvti'iit, a dcii'it cdhiiiiv, lint as a nciCssary
si'ijiicnic to this, the natiiial wt'alih nf llir set is picsiMVcd
tnaii iliniiiiiiiinn. ilic livns, Inr ilir iiin^i p.ri. limn iiii|i.i^silil(.
dams, iind llir --Iiiik' lishfiics mi- laiidy sulijuri to specdv di'iiuii'
tioin riit;iiii's 1)1 dcstrtii'iimi, siirji ,is li ivi>, jiiiiily with tin' lll'ir
tisli, injured the Sea H-.liern's i>t the I'liiieil "states.
'I'liis cnminoiis ieiiLf'h m' rmsi lini' liordi'i inL( Urili^li
Ameiii.iti wileis rmilrmits in .i fjiial iniMsiiie llir sp,i»iiiii^r
Xriiiiiiils i:rilie heiiiii!;. tli" niarkiMid, In a ccil.iin exteiil ol tin-
cod, and to ,iii iiimirii>e extent those id smaller lish whirli serve a«
fish food No ilmilit eaili ol the ■•peiie- ul fish I'mve eniinieiMli'il
spawns ;iU() in deep u.iter and in the open sea, in smne eases
remote from land, hnl iiH>;e siIiodIs spawn in known localities
ill the viiiniry of the loa^l, and it i> this fe.itiiie uhirli iliaws
to the coastal tt'aieis tlir schools id cod in pnisnii of their natural
fond. i'liere are two, as will he hereafter eniimei.ited, other
species of ti^-h siieli as the Captdin, ' ' which lialiitnaliy .ipproach
the coast to spiiwn, in the cold waters of Urili^li .\ rican se.is.
but which are iiol lonnil in the oaslal walcis uf ilie rnileil
St,iles. There are no other li->h know n which approach the shores
in siK'li infinile niiin'icrs as ihe Cinelin. in the i.lini)',r ice-cold
w.tters ol Miiti-li N'mili .\inerica, (ireenlanil. and the \mthern
Coasts of .S'oiH.iy in Kiinipe ; and these inniimirahie host> are
ffeneially followed, tliioii;,'h smiietinies preceded, hy si honU of
(,'od, which find in lliein their natural loud dnrinif the early »uin-
inei months, ,ind proliahly prey on thmn during; the winter
months in the deep waters nearest lo the coa-t line. '-' '
■See ,\|i[ii>iii|i\ III tins rliaiitfr. .Ni. I.
I. .Uiil/oiit I'illnfin t'.i|ii'liii. i'.ijiir li-Kiiiin ti .N'"V,i SiMtii. Tin- nl ai'
Hill.
Kn|hiil nl r. .s. Ciiiiiiiis-iiiii iif Fish anil Kislii's. IS'l-'J. p«((e Kill,
■-'. Til.' I''.iiinark " I. nlil.'." ur Caii.'liii Cnl l''islii'i'.v.
f
i
i',J
II. Till- riil(lMi">> ol llii'T iKiitliriil "iilt'it Milt cilily
ii(l,i|)lt tlii'iii iM lie ii'c|iiiir'iiii'tiu 111 mil' iiiiiininriiil t\*\\v*
ill ri'Kxi'il to lircpiliiiK ^niiiiiil>, anil nii iiirxliuuNliilili' supply
lit' t'lmil, lint if M'CiiH'H till-Ill Inilii tlir lii'-ti mtivr liivii^rn
III' I't-i'tiliti piril.iriiiilH Hi>lli-i4, wliicli nrrnnliiiu In llif li'Kliiiioiiy
(it till- I'iiIiimI Siiiii'* ( 'iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiii'i III I'l^li mill Kinliriii'i.,
IlilM' llllKI'ly .lliintrll ill llixtllisill^ IIk' liMliI ti'lli '• ill till'
iii.iHtal Wiili'ii. Ill' till- I'liiti'il Sl.iti'M. '•Till' lii'iit-a-i' nl llu'i
linli may In' riiiiniilcrni a-< diii' In llir i niiiliiiii'il ai'linii iil' llii'
li>li-p<iiiiiiU III uiirx.iiiil ilir Itliii' lisli : tin' rniiiiii ili oimyitlK
aM'iy I ii>{i' prri riitiim' III I lir >paw iiiiii; li>li iiirnii- liny have
ili<|iii«itril llicii )'){};■<, iiliil till- lalti'l iiiliiiliii'liililr iiiinilii'io nl'
yoiiiiif tiili, alter lliey In vt- pas'"!'!! tin- imliiialy pmiU nt' ini-
inatuiity " '' ' Ai ronliiiK (•> llif kiiiih' (li'<liii|{iiiiitii.-il anilnuity,
•' 'I'lifiv \» tin parallel in point ol' lii'ntiurtivt'ni'Ki' to ilii- Uliii'-Hn'i
iitiiotin llif niariiii' spi'cii'H on our llii' I' lilril *>lat('K) ciii-U," " '
It i". .1 uaiiii watci, u ainli'iin^; li'<li, \i^ilinu; llir inn llii'in roant il
\\,ilri>ol till' I iiilril Sl,lll•^only H lii'ii liny nil' «aiiiii'il Ky ilir
Killi'* iiink ill till' I'lih Miiniin r .V« tlir wiiiiri appnuirliis llii'V
ii'tiiiii to till' '*iiiitli III tlii> ii-prri llicy liilFrr liinii tin' Coil,
tin llrriiin;ain! llir Markiirl, wliiili lisli, iiiiitiiiiv to popular
anil loiii; pnvailiiiii \ir»!<, liavr llii'ii uiiiti-r lioini'^ lliririi;lioiil
ltlili>li Allii'iiraii Si'aH, iik wi'll a> on tlir ciia>l ol tlir iioitln ill
I'nill'il Still's lis inllnpllic mi lln' Marki'irl SilinnU aliiili
l'n'i|iit'iit I'nill'il Stairs v\alei> tailliiT lo llii' soiitli lliaii liilici tlii'
t'liil or llir I li iriny. run mil IitI I»' vi'iv ilt'li innnlal. siiHi' yoniiLf
Mai krrri air liininl in llic - Mri'« of tliis niost ilcsii iictiM'
lUli ; anil iiriii^ laiurU ,i Miul.r ilrr, its lavairrs art' iiiosllv
iliii'rti'il a'J.iiii>l ollii'l MirCiicl' I' -. in tin' ilirp m'.i a> Hi'll as
in sliallott vvati'i, on wliirli it pi. Ilic Si-a Iii'iiiii4;, i (,'/ii/>i'ii
//iiieiit/ii^ I alllimmli a sin lai <• lurilrr. is not iiu linlnl in llie
list of lislii's ili'stroyril liy tin' Blnr-tisli. bpcansc ils lialiilat iliii's
not I'Minnl In-low ('apn Coil, nor does llie Ulin'-tis|i n.,,rli to
u lii'ii' llir llitrini; is most iiliniKlallf. ■'' Mr. ( 'iiinnii^sioni'i'
Hiiiril ill liis rxlianstivi' Krpoit on llir Uliii'-tisli ( piiji' \i-\'^)
esliinalrs that llii' niiiiilifr of jiliic li-li on tin' coasts ,)f tlie
I'liitt'il Stalos iliiiini; ihr yi'ai- 1H7I-;.'. at alioiit iinr lluiiisanil
iiiillioii... ami till' nninlii'r ol poiiiiils \\i'it;lit of lislitlit'\ ('onsiim-
I'll ilnriii'^ Mil ayi'ra;,'o stay of \M iliys am 'nnti'il daily in :.',.'j(l(),-
IIIIO, 11(1(1, or I'lpi.il III llii'i'c hiinilred tliutisai d million piiiiiiils for
till' season, I |i,iiii' :,'l'i). Till' Coniiniss'ioni'r well states that in
whilever liylii we may view tlie estimates iiiiidc of tin- ilrsliii,'-
tivi- rav.ims ol the Ulne lisli, " llinc still leniains an app.'lliii;;
iiggreg.ite of desli nrtion."
l'"i. I lie lilne b'isli is not kuiiwii witliin ilie limits ol
British Aineriean waters. Happily its ap|iearaiire on ihe eoast
of tiic I'niied Slates in iiiimlieis so jjieat and deslinelive, is a
ealaiiiity wliii li appears to nei ur periodically oiilv, and continiies
for a limited immlici of ye.irs ; hnt llie hare fic! that the , oaslal
Fisheries ol ihr riiited Stales are sidijeet to the perioriieal in-
eiirsiiin ol a pnwciliil and desiniitive enemy of the fond li-lii't,
like the nine Fish, wlii'h literally swei'ps the coastal waters iliir-
inj; the time of its invasion, vastly diminishes the value of those
coastal waters for the deep .sea fisheries which lie at the hase of
commercial enterprise. 'I'he IMno Fish in [Inited States waters
is u substitnte for these commercial lishcs, it is consumed to an
I. I'liK'i' .\.\.\l.\ , lli'i.Mii ,.r ilii' I'liiicl Stiiti's ('.inimissinner nf I'i^Ii nti.l
l'"islll!|'il'.S."
'2. Iliiil. piiKf L'41.
.'1. .Sen inifri. a;),-,, ,,f ||„, n ,|,„rt i>( ih,. C. ,>s. c iiiiiiil-si.iii,.r ,,r |'i,|| hm,! I'lsh-
.ries IS7I-T:I. for ii full ac-i'.uiin .il llir lial il- an. I iiimii;,- ..( iho lilm-lisli.
iminciiso cxtTOt in a IVp^Ii stiitc. ))iit it is iint siiiird for ••xpnita-
li.iii to foK'lifii iniiikcts, iiiiil wliilclt drsliovs llii' special iiidiistiy
wliicii I'platcs to one hraiK li i>t the I )(■(']) Sea Fisheries, it fjivcs rise
111 .uiotlu'r indiislry in ilic ( atcli ol llicsc tisli and tlicir >.\\i' as (Vc^ii
tisli, <i(' a jiMicIv local cliaiac tcr, wliicli is carried im as tar sonlli as
the (.'aroliiias and (icorijia. aiid tar south of the ;!!)tli parallel, or
tlio limits assij;neil to liiitjsh American I'ishi'rincii niider the
Fisliery ( 'laiises of the I'reaiy ol W'ashiiiL'lon, or three deiirees
less than were enjoved under the Reciprocity I'reaty. In tin-
early winter iikuiiIis the Mine I'ish is taken in immense niind)eis
for the iioithi'in inarkc's on the shores of North ('inolina,
'• wheie from Najj's Head, in Cnniliiek C'cninly, to Cape I.ook-
ont. there is a vcrv extensive lislierv prosecntivl, uhiiii fnr-
nislips Blue Fish loi tin- noilhein markets," (|)ane :i'}(i, (aiin-
niissioner lliiiil's IJeport lor 1871— 7',i . Friini all iiarlicipa-
lion in this Southern Fishcrv. the liritish Amelicaii Fisherman
is (lehari<'d liy the limitiiii; clanses ol tlie 'I'leaty. It is thu:.,
that wliile direitiv de:.tro\ini; or ijicativ inJMrinif the <nlil water
lisherics on th" nortliern coasts of the rniied Slates, and indi-
K'clly. diminishing tin fish fry whi<h si'ive as tond for the
('ommei(ia! Fishes, tlie Cod and the Mackerel, the fait r>f its
heiny a «,irm water niii,'ratorv lisli, scckini; a xviii'ei' liome on
the co'.st.. of the Sonthern States of the Irdon, and fjivii.g lise ,n
a ureal indnstry iheie. in which Mriiisl.' American lishcrmen
c.innol participate, the Ulne li~h. notwithsiandiii^ its lav.ijjcs, is
a vervimport.ini source of wcdtli lo the Cidted Slates, and to
siK h a dcijiee i^ its iniporlance rccii^iM/eil, llial the liiited States
Commis^iiincr of Fi^l.ciics ofticially (h'l hues thai '■there are no
nie.isiiH's at onr (<nnm.inil for desiiDvini; the Hlni' Hsli, noi-
would il hi' ilesir.ilile to do tlii», in \ lew of their value as an ,ir-
licle ol loDil "" ( I'.me \\.\iX — lti|ioit of Coniiiiissioner of
Fish and !■ c lierics. ISTi:,' ,
111 iicsiilc- ih" " inter pnisiiii of the .\i. alronmiis l''i>hes in
this foihidden ^loiiiid. the ( iloiicesier Fi^liei men, as soon as iheir
lodlishini; is over on the ( ieory:es' Ii;ink-, prep.iie in .April for
the M,ickeiel lisheiy, an 1 i,'ii as lai ■.outli as X'iiuini i. iiiaihi.dlv
« oikilif; their wav nmlh easiei l\ to\»,iiii~ the watcis ol lihode
IshflTid ami niaiketiiii; liieii raich loi the nio-t p.iit in .Nc"
York. "
The histoiy ol a m.u's woi k of a (iloiiccs'er Fishini; ("lafl,
may he thii' iiiiitlv sinnineil np : Si:e niav si.irt from (ilonces-
ter on the Hisi of Decemher lor Foilnne \\,i\ , New funndland,
and take in a cari;o of frozen lien in;;, whiili she pnichases at a
liu'iely nonnnal piice fmni the lishei im'n of Fortnne Hav. .'she
ariives lioine in Fi'Miiai \ . anil iclils at once lor the ( ieoiL;e-"
li.iuk lichen ; rctiniis uill full I. He in .\pnl, lelil-, .ml ^Luls
for waters -onth of tin' •)!llh parallel .uiil eiiijiii^es in ihe .M.ick-
crel tisherv. lishiiiL! noith-ea^terly. " I he nnmlier of (Jloncesler
vessels tiiidinu' cmphivinent in the \larki rel li^heiv in 1*"7")
was l.SO, ol these, !t.i made sorwheiii trips, i . lished ntf slimc,
and .";S visited the Hay St. Lawrence." " Si.\ Imndied and
eighlren laics weie leceived, l-i.J tiom the Sonlli, f'..'.') from off
shore, ami "lO from the Hay.'' ■' KetnridnH lioin the South
the (ilomcsler vessel may atiain ictit and slait toithe NcHlonml-
l.mil (lid I'ishciv, ^ctliiif; her Itait fmni the Newfonndlind
coast. If Miccosfiil, she retnriis to (donci'sler, and may again
lelit and go on' c moie into Southern W .iters, and conliniie lier
calling thronghont the entire winter, and pursue it without in-
leiriiptioii t'roni year to year, as a tialiiral result of the ailvan-
!
i
<
i
I Till- Ki-lii'rii'« iif (l!i)iin'«tcr, liy lYirlnr Hri'tl.,
■J II. III.
/it
!l
tii^c slic cnjdjs of ln'iiig ;il)lr' to hiiil wlieifxievcr llii" ])rosp<'(ts
of leiiiiiiieriitive fiirrs lire luosi ('iicoiiiaijiiii;. willumt rcf^.ird 'i)
paralli'ls of latitiidi', oj- the feai ot passinj? loi liiildcii lioimdaiifh
17. It is adiiiittod tliat ilic liliit- Fi>h jointly "ilii tin-
ciiijiiK's of di'slruction used l)v man, lias in a lapjc niiMMiic
niiiicd tiie toa>t;d fi:.lici ics of llii- I'liitcd States. " 'I lie decioase
of the fisii may l>e eoii.sideied as d le to the eomliiiied ^'ctioii of
fish ])oiiii(ls, Of wiei's, and tlie H. le fish, tlie foi iiier de-
stroyiiiff a very laiye |ier cpiitiisjc ol the spawninir tisli hefoie
they have depdNited their e^ii^, and the latter devoiiiini; iiii-
ineiise iiuiiiliei> ol vouiig tish altef they have passed the oi'din-
aiy lu'iils- of iminaiiiiity." Hut the Hliie fish in its siiinmcr
inji^ialion apppni'8 to leave the wateis wliicli lie M)iilh of the
.■>!(th |)ai'allel free ffom its depredation^. 1 hese waters furnish
an iiiiDien^e anioiinf ol' fish food, measnied hy tens of millions
pounds annually, and to them the Inniiiiii; clause ot the
'I'reaiN ol Washihijlon, closes the door. So that while the
\lauie I'i-hei miiii ( .111 pursue his ealliiii; in Northern watei>
during the Miiniiier uiontjis, and Southtuii watei> diuliii; the
winter month-, the Hritish Ameriean Fishermen is limiteii to
eold .Nnrlhern « alers iluriny the wlude \ear.
!>■<. The tollowint; iiuaiilitio of ti-li were inspeiied in
Wushin.irtiin market during 187o-4 ami '•') :
Ms.
Inspected in 1S7.} " ' «,o4.S,8ol
•■ 1.S74 10,8^7,!)(i7
•• 187.-) 7.00^.04!)
I'he diminution of IfcniiiLtand Shad \va^ the mo^t iiotc-
woitliv lealiire ill relation to the relative aliiindance of the tish
in each year, hut the most imporrant fact to the British Ameri-
ran Fisherman is thai iiearlvall these fisli, if not all, were taken
South of the ;Ji)tli parallel, and eliiefiy from the Potomac and
( hesapeake Hay. In these extensive <oast fisheries all Urilish
Fisiiermen are deliarred Irom pailicipatiiii; liv 'I'natv.
The United St.iti's liesh lisli tr.iiie, includiiii; only such pro-
ducts of the coast fisheries as are liroU!j;ht in t)\ vessels making
entry at the Customs Houses, is not onlv enormous in niaiiiii-
liide, l)ut a huge pi' |)ortioii comes iVotii .Soiitliern waters and.
is taken "here l)riti>li .-Vniericaii vessels are forhidden logo.
I'lie statement derive-- force lioin tl ■ fact that if tin- (|uarterly
entries at the ('iistonis lluu>cs iic xainiiied, it will lie found
that the product of the six winter ln^nlll^ is duuhlc the pioiUict
ol the six aiiinmer months Thus taking the imports recmcled
duiinii the year l87-)-7 f, the iollowing are the relnlive pro-
portions : — '■'
Fresh fish ' not Shell fish ) entered during the six
winter months :
Septiuiiher ;i(tth. 187;i, to Dee. dlst, 187-! 18.'^().").i»0() Ihs.
Decemher .ilst, I,s7o. to .March -i 1st, 187 K . . . ;i.(l40,()n() "
Tot.il frc>h tish during six winter months, !?1,^4(),.")00 Ihs.
Fresh fish (not shell lish, entered during the six
Slimmer months :
.Iiiiie ;j()th. 187:i, to Sep. .SOlh, 18T;J ;J,148,4(>(i "
Match :Jlst, 1874, to June :iOth. 1874 7,;i8!2,7()0 "
Total fresh ti:.|i during six summer months, 10,">.'>l,i(!li Ihs.
Totiil yearly imports of fresh lish during the
year l'87;J-74 '. :n, 777, (!()(> Ihs.
or 14,18() tons.
1. .'it'll •■ .Vniiiial Uw.inl of ^ciiMiiv jinil Iniliistry." K(lil,'il by ."iH-iiccr
r liiiinl, r. S. I'.imiiiissi.iiii'r ■■!' I'isli iimi I'i-lu'rii's,
I. .M' iitlifv Hi'iMVt.s.
10
10. Ill .iiiotlicr ami siil)si'(|iipnt icpoit (187, 73) tin- I'liimd
SliltOS { '()lllllli^••i^llll■^ C)l I'lfll ^lllll l''isll('pi('S H'l'cl^ to Ills '•(■(111-
clusioilS iis 111 (Ic'Cif.i^f of ('(i(l-Ksliciirs on tlic Nrw Kiii,'l,iiiil
Coast," ami pit'l.urs his niniiks willi llic slatnniiit lliat " nt'
nil tlif virions ii-iii'iics l'oMm>ily pro-<criitiil ilinctiy oil' ihc
coast of Ni'w laii;laml. iioilli of ('ape Coil, liir (it;piec'iation ill
that of tin' I 'oil ippiMis to lie of llii' jjicatest ccoiiiiinitMl iiii-
portaiicc." (i'aiji'xi Krport o( lS7ii-73.( 'I'lu' laiiso ol liii"
ilestriiitioii of ilic Coil Kslieiii's is staleil in siilistaiicc to lie as tol-
lovvs : The coiisti iicliiiii of iinpassali'r dams aiross livcis iiis
jirt'vi'iili'il ilif aU'rtivi's, ilii' sliail ami llir salmon lioiii .isrcmlini;
ami ili'posiiiny; flii'ir sp,iHii. i'h.' ii'Milt Ills lii.'im the almost cx-
ti'iiniiiatioii of llior tisli on ilic Nrw Kiii^laml ('oast. 'riit-
Coil loniierlv .ippio irln'il llir slioif lo frcil on llic yoiiiifj; liy,
lint llii'ic lii'iiii,' noiv no Noiiiiii; frv to fri'il on, llic Coil liavi
been sl.iivril oil llu' cmiisI, .uuI tlpis our iilipiii t.iiit lislii'iy
luiiieil. " '
Siiiiilai' Nt.iti'iiii'iil^ air III nil- 111 a Icl'rT aililics^iil liy ('oiii-
missioiier Hai'd in lS7:i, to I'.. M Snllwcil. oiio of lii, (.'om-
iiiis-iomMs of Kislii'i ics of Maine, U. S.
I lli'si' iiiipoi taut s',it('iiu'ilt.s and coinliisioiis aii' elalionili'il
ami .onlii iiii'il I), llic M.iim' ( 'ominissioiu'is in llieir ii'poil lor
'liat M-ar, ami icpiodmed wiih additional folic in llic I'.iulilli lie-
port of ilie Kislieiv ( 'omiiii-sioneis for the s.inic State in 1S74.
So i^uMl li i> liceii llic nun oc isioncd 1)V llir mill-daiiis
l).M liiiif the iijiuard roule of i|i' An idiouions lishcs, tint I'lo-
fe«soi Maiiil sa\s: •• W'li iti\ it iii.iv he the iilipoiMin e ol iii-
ci'e.isiiisj the snppis of S dnioii, it i- tiilliir^ lonipind with 'he
restor.ilioii ol 'iiir e\h uisted I 'od fisheries : ,iml slionid these he
hroiiyhf hark to their origin, d condiMon. '.ve sh.dl liiiil within a
short time, .in inereise of weilth on onr siioie-i, tli • ainonnt of
wliiehil would he dillieillf to e il-nl ite " '-' Hut there is no
etfeeinal leineih loi this eoiidi'ion of thiiin>. in i'onsei|iienee of
the |)ov\i'rliil hiinlii'riii^' and in iirif ii'nrinj; interests ol New
lianipshiii' ;iiid Mass nlpisetis '•
;.'(• . Ileic then i\c have llnee potent and «'illi lent e.i i.,,.,
assigned hv the I'liiled Sintes < 'oiiiinissioiici of Kisheiics for the
dpeiine and evil iiislioii of li.e Deep Sea and Coastal Fishciies
willi'ii riiited Sr.ites w.iicis :
I Ihc nine Kish
II rile po'iieN. weirs mid oilier eMu'iiii's o( drs-
tiii'tion.
1 1 1 riie h in ill!.! 1)1 Kiveis
'To tlie-e iiiav he added a I'onrtl.. iiiind\, tlic liiiiihil mhl
irnliisi-ii iii-iit ^'i/iii-ii-li'iHi III" (J'ifi.sii ,,f llii- l',iil'-il Sliitis
i")ii ;
I'he Hli.e Kish. it is ..duiitted, it i- no! d 'sii.ilile to dcstrov,
for it i« a vain ihle artiele of s'liiiiiier and winter I'ooil.
The ohslrnrlive haiiiiiv;' and polulion ol Itivei- em not he
reiiieiheil except iliiri';^ a Ion;; lapsi! ol years, owiiiu; to llie oppo-
sition of piwcrlol 111 innfaetiirino and Inmheiiim interests.
Some ol the pouiiiU iiiid weiis ji.ivc heeii lenoM'd to Itiilish
.Vinciieiin waleis, whe.e, unless iliey were suit. ihly controlled,
thev would prod.iee similar elt'eets to those e\istiii;» in the
coastal wMti'is 111 the riiited St.ifes. hiil in ,i nic.isnie detcriiiined hv
the iiijiidicions and iincontrolled use of llicso lisliiiii^ eiiijines
'l\. Ill British Viiieric in seas till present eoiiditioii of the
coastal wafers, in lelati.in to our commeicial food Kshos, is eil-
1 i'.it!.' Ml. I!..|, ill ..I (■.iiiiiii.-sl .iMT .il I'l-li aii.l I'l-lii-
■-•, ll.-|"ri IS7-j:;. l';,:;.. .\l\.
:i. II I. i. r.i;;-.\ll
11
tirelv (liH't'iciit. I'lic IMiic tisli is unknnwii. 'I'ln' rivris ;ii('
earli and all mikIim- the control ot the cential ( icjvcrnniinl, will-
the exception of thoM' in the colony of Newl'onndlaiid. 'I'lieie
are no poweifiil maiMiliicturint; or liiniherinj; interest^, which
prevent tiie constriuliini ol'siiitahle tisli wins i'he coast line is
thiidy settled, ver\ niiidi of it is harren, iiicai)alile ol' settle-
ment, and is live times as loiiit as that of the United Stales. 'I'hi'
cold coastal wafer tcediufi gioiiiids ol' the c(niimeicial li>hcs are
fonr times as fjrcat, and, with the eNieption ot a lew isolated
eases, these coastal waters are not seiiouslv injured or impaired
hv eni;ines of destruction, under the present system of orijaiii/ed
piotection, which has existed lo" some years |)ast. liiit. what
is ol liir ^'leater conse(ineiice. thev lie to 'lie South ol ihe vast
maiipe area which is the great mauufaclory and storehouse ol
the food of our c(dd watei in.iriiie life Whatever, too. of this
food supply icachcs ihe thin wciltre. shaped mum olf the United
States, must pass throuyli seas conlVoutint; British .\nieri''au
i-oast liiu's.
'.i''. At the tirsf Mush il iniuhl ippeai ihat ihcsc distinc-
tions were of luiuoi importance ; that the s« ill and Mijilc luliali-
it.uits ot our »cas would pass ha<'kwards ami liuvvai'ds. lor in-
stance, from the hanks of Newfoundland to ('ape Cod, and from
(j'ape (v'od lo the(jiand ISanks ay;ain, wilh constant and unde-
vialiu!{ rci;ulariry. Imleed. if iuii,'hl he uiijed that the vci'v <le-
plelioii of the waters at the ihiii end of the wedi^e on the
United States coast, would he periodically supplied from the
broad base on IJritish American shores, aii<l a better climiie arul
a longer tishiiii; year wcr<' th'' advaiitaiies enjoyed l)v the United
States, owiuLr to i;'eoL;raphlcal pnsiiicm. lint here steps iu a
principle, elaborated and defended by the United States Com-
missioner of Fish and Fishcric-s, which, of itself, and wqthoiit
and assist.nice Irom other iudepeudeut cousideration whollv
disproves this view .
■' In all discussions and considerations," writes the
United States Coannissiouer of Fish and Fi-heries. !'■' •' in n gard
to the sea Hsheries, one important prin -Iple should be carefully
borne in miml, and th it is, that ev(uy fish that spawns on or
mar the shoies has a ilelinile relationship to a puticulai' area of
sca-bo.toin : or, in other wcuds, liiaf, as fir as we can judge
trom experiment ,cn.l observaliou, everv ti-h returns, as lu-arlv
as possible, to its own l)irth place, to exercise the function of re-
produenoii, and continues to do so, year after vear, during the
whole peiiod of its I'xistence." And again — " A second l.iw,
eiiuidly posiiive, wilh a great variety of fish, is that they pass
from their spawning grouiuh'. to ih.' sei bv th,- shortest route
tliat will iak<' them out into the deeper waters, wlu're thev
.spend the « inter ; and that coming and going to and from a
given locality, they f.dlow a dclermin.ile ami di'riuite line of
migration."
VJ.'J It lollows, frmn a recognition of these principles,
that if wc know the geographical position and the aggregate
urea ol the breeding grounds of diH'erent spi'cies of Ksh, we are
in a great me.isure ac(iu, tinted with the geogr.iphicd position of
their winter homes. We are able to lorm a well-deliiied opinion
respecting tlie relative niindiers w hicli do in niav visit anv par-
ticular length of coast line, and tlie rel.itive f.eilities olfeied by
diH'erent coast lines and coastal waters, not only for the repro-
duction and maintenance of the species, but for tiie animal catch of
such species ill remunerative quantities for eommerciid purposes.
1. I'asu.'cx.iii. Iiu|iat ..I' f aiinus.i,.ii,.|- ,,r Kisl, m,,! fis|i,.ri..... I,s71-T2
u
n
III effpcf, this opinion, omc ("oneitlv (Vaiiicd, would rlftcr
mint' flic iclativF viilins of ltl■ili^ll AnnMicm and United Slates
Sea Fisheries
~4. Hilt at tlie luitM't of lliis en(|iiirv we are eonlVont-
ed with views and -tatinienrs iel.itMii» lo the hiliils of our c-oni-
ineieid sea fislies >vlii(li are not omI\ o|)|)o^ed 'o ful. hut to the
last (h'!<iee plejiidicial to a fair iiikI niihiased slatenu'iit of llie
case. Tlie ("od, tor iiistaiiee, is said to iniijiati' troni the (irand
Bunks ill .Aliierieaii Sims (hninu tlie winter months and to |)ro-
eeed to the P'ioiiU ol N'oi nav, \ ii licl.ind, tor the purpose of
spawning;, icliiininij in the spriiii; to the coasts ol North Ainer-
iea. i'his icin.ukahh' siaieineiit is eiiibodied in a h'ltcr ad-
dles ■(! by ( oininissioiicr liaiid to the Fishei\ ( 'oniinissioner
lor the Srate ol Maine, bi'loie relened to, .md priiiti'il 1> in ihe
report li>r 1ST4, without coinnient or lonlradntiini i St>e Ap-
pendix 1 (iiip 11., it is not li> lie siipp(i~( d that the ••United
Sfitfs ( oiiinilssioiiei of I'i-li and l'islieiie>" endorses this st.ile
iiieiit. hill nieiely tlii^ie reh'is to it as a popular and « idespie.id
opinion which had not lieeii smi e»s|ii|ly coniroveitcd.
IJiit if not c oiitrovei led in the cleir.si niiiiiiev. the preseiuc
ol this Msh ai aiiv pirtieilai put of ilie Ihitish .\iTii-rican
I'oast, niinht le lenii'ded a> an aecideiil ol initiation, and liahle
to he Hie, Illy inllaeiKU'd hy miny eontiic^eiicies, mi h as ihtl'er-
ence in the se.isons, the piescnce of iic, \e
Ihe allr.iclioii « liirli dia»s the (oil in ihr (ii.ind liaiiks of
N'e» loiindlaiid is s.iid to he the niinn'ioiis schools of heiriiiL'<
and other «,inderiiii» Hsh whirh fie(|:ieiit those Hanks in the
spring ol the \e.ii. 'Ihe Mackerel is st.iled hv sione to he
ei|iiiills iiiigralorv in its iiioveinenls, and lo w.mdcr onlv duiiiig
siiniiiiri into Miilisli .Vmericiii Seas, reliirniiii; iliniiin the win-
ter into w, iters otf ihe ( 'o.ist ot the Unileii Smtc-. These
opinioii.s are so enifialled into men's minds, that noihiii;; le»s
til, ill ,1 sliict record ol conlr.irv fut will snlnerl lliein. .mil
give place to coiri'Ct views of the h.iliiis and ii'l.itioiis of these
li-li. I his is a Hrst step iieeess.iry to ,i line exposition of the
Ml. dill of Ihilish .\meiic,in wateis, ind an acknowledgment
that tlicv arc the grc.it s'onlioii-c o! our ti-li supplies, and the
leal and onlv in.iinst.n nl the |)eip Sc.i l-'ishery Imlnslries hoth
ol l!iili«h North .Amcina .mil o:' the Uiii'.cil Slate-.
S:iiii a reroid of f n t wih esl.ihli^h, loo. the priinipie en'in-
cialeil l)V ihe United .^taies ( 'ommis^ioiic) ol Tish and I'l-lici-
eiic^. .iiiil -liov ihiil the home- ol the great iliiioiit\ of the
deep SC.I I ommeici.il lishes .iie in the virii.ily ol ihe eo.ists ol
those cold w.ilcr se.is which wash the exteinlcil shores ot Ihil-
ish .\lilillc,i
When lo this leiord tlieic is adilid a collect \\f ■\ nf the
spawning hihiis ol most ol our 'onimerci il sim li^h. joined to
i; liiiel exposiiinn of the physics of our se.is. it will t.illow as
a necessaiA deilm lion, ihat along the whole flo\v ol the I.ahra-
dorc'iricnl, from II dson's Snails lo the co.ist of M.issi.lm-
selt«. ihe n.iliii.d i cpenpliiii; ol depleted waters goes on Irom
Norih low lids ihe .*«oiiih, and is iiltlinattdv limiled and governed
in all its details l)\ the sinfne Siimhcily niovemcnt of the
l.ahrador enirent. " hii h is. at the same time, the cliiet iiislni-
irieiit li\ which llie li^h lilc is ditl'iised, sustained and cither
diieclly 111 indirectly led, on the (Miliie .N'oilh .\inerie.in ('oast
where its cold waters piev.iil
The I.ofoteii ('oil Fisheries li.ive long heen celehialed lor
the e\tr.iordiiiarv g.itheiing of f'od fish there diiiiiig the winter
(or the pnr|)oses ol spawniiiir, and the view is idso widely enter-
tained that here alone is the sp.iwning ijroiind for ('oil on the
-I
•S'
I
^
13
Xorwcjjiiui coast. Tlif tiiie .st.ili'iiu'iil of the iMsr, !i()u( vcr, i;*
widely different Tlif Cud spawn all liloutc the luclvc liiiiulicd
mill's of tiic CO ist of N'oiway, coMfroiitiiii^ tiio ociMli, just as llic
Aniciican (,'od spiiwn at dilfcrciit pi'iinds of llic year all aloiiy;
the North Anieiicaii coast, fVuin I.ali] idor Id Massachusetts.
Ill l'ii)|'es«or Sals' report (or 1H7(), this extiaordiiiaiy di'liisioii
with ref^ard to the hahits iif I he ( 'orl is noticed at length, and
ihi^ views of that distinjjiiislied Icthyoln'^isl are ol siich wcij^lit,
and their heaiing of such inipoitance in relation to the whole
.siihjecl, llial ii translation of liin remarks will he aece|)lalile : —
" ' " Heijanlini; the occnrieiiee of the winter Cod in i,'eneral,
1 h ivc alreiily. in iny Krst leporl, irivi'ii it as my opinion that
the same does not only visit some certain |)arts of our coasts lor
the purpose of spawnini;, hnt that in, all |)iiihahilit\ , they jiress
forw.ird at the same lime under the land aloni; the wliole of our
const, north and west, and tliit the reputation which the l.oto-
ten Ki.shery has so lonsji; had, is nioie particularly owiny; to the
peculiar orographic formation of its fjronps of Islands, stretched
far out into llu- sea like a wedge or tons^ne of land, than to an
nnnsnal richness in fish of the outer sea.
•• I'.very wheie where, , it the time the Lolbten fishery ceases,
trials have heen made at the Fish-places lying ai;aiiist the ocean
swell, the winter Cod has also heen ohserved, and likewisf;, in
later times, several fonueily little noticed tish-gionmls have
turned np, where even an iinnsiialiy rich winter fishiiiL; mii^l.t
have heen carried on.
' I'he inform itioii I ohtained at Hodo seems likewise to point
to the fact that iniiiimerahle ipianlities of (isli do also here
spawn outside the reefs every year. In ijeiieral, where the
" Smaaiijed " (yoiini; of the winter cod, l.l vear old) is met
with in (piaiitity under the land, we may with certainty reckon
on that likewise their ancestors, the winter cod, will show them-
selves at a certain time in the channels, at all events, at the
outer fish places, lying in the ocean swell, for thi^ purpose of
spawning.
" I am convinced that many stations well adapted for Skrei-
fishing (cod fishing) are now lying as good as idle, a thing
which is essentially owing to adhering so ohstiiiatelv to old wavs
and usages, which tornis so conspicuous a feature in the North-
lander's character." '-•'
1. The writiT i> iiicli'lili'il til lliTr Vciki'iizi'ii. imi'miIut ef the MhIiii'kz.io-
loKical Soi'icty.at Kraiikfoi't nil .\Iiiin, for tli" traiislali m fiMiii .\nr\vct;inii
of I'rof. (i. O. Savs' Ke|>orls for llie .vear 1871) to 1S74.
■-'. li.'|ioit to till' Home Di'iiaitiiieul. Iiy Dr II. (). isai-.s, uii tlie I'mcliciil
mill Si'ieiililic iiivi'slinatioiis n'.-<|icctini; tln' Coil (''ishorius on tli« l.ofoteu,
fi 1 1S7II to |,s7;t. Cliri.sliiiuit, 1874.
14
i'H.\iTi;i{ 11
THE COD.
I'liNTKNl'S.
'J."i. lni|poriaiici' nf Ihi' f mI Ki-lii'iiiw ri .N.iiih AiinMicii ; in .\ irway ; -ii|i-
|)ciihmI iiiinml'iry iiii'Vi'ini'.;t< ■■!■ iIm-C nl ; IhiliKi'niiiKSi'li.i.ilnnf (.'ml ; riNiiiNu
Skasdns fur ('.III ill ilitlVivnl coiiiKiii'i ; *.. Km'.iin'. liriti^h Isli'!' ; Ii. XnHli
Sen; (■„ Korkiill ; n, .Niirwiiy ; k.. 'I'lii' Wliiti' Sea ; k., Dcninni'k ; ii., Ici'lanil;
H , (ii'i'i'iiliiiiil : T., I),ui< Stiiiil- ; .i., Hivi. siniil<. \Vi..h| >!.!.■ ; k., Miin.mi.ntu
oil (lit> l.iiliiiiilor : 1... Atlaiitii' Cuiist of Xovii SiMliii; M,. liny nf l''iinily ;
X.. Xfwriiiniilliinil ; m. TiiMf i.f ilati'» nf llr:-! iiiiiiciimni'i'- Xnrlli Hiint cnHut
iif Xpwl'.iiiiiiiiiiil— (iiilf c'iia-( of Xi'wfiiiiiilanil Simii ..f lii-lii. Mr; Atlnii-
tii' coiu-l- of Ihr Tnili'il Mtali's ('oiii'liisioiii.
■Jli. Xt'ci'S'iily for r in>',-t inrornnuioti ri'-]i»'riiiiu Ilit- ''[•awnir-j; lialiils of
ll-h; '.'7. Sar>' on till' »|ia\vninK Imliit* of (111- C.iil; 2s, Tlw »|iiuviiiii(i of all
kiiiil8 of (lal ftsli ; '.'il, Tlii' limril I'l.Aii: of IMi : :VK Inlliii'iiiv of nirivnt" ,
;tl, Tlif -iiawniii;; of ilitTi'rent »i>i'ci<'K of llsli : .'12. Tin: Spawnimi uk nir-.
CiH' ; :t.'t. SiiuwniiiK in tin' Straits of lli-ilc l^if ; :)4. Kxporlaiion of ('ml Ko..<
unci I "rioil of Coil s|ia\Miin^' : .'l.'i, ('n<loni« IdMiirns ; ;li'i. Soiilli slioro of Xi'W-
foiiiicllnnil till' Uiiltow : .'(7. Th.' Straiti of Hollo Me ; .'W, S|»iwiiin« ol tin-
('ml ill varioii.-* )»arl-* of Xfxvfounillauil iliovei (;*i'.i rtlMo !f4| ; Ull. Sfa-^on for
>|iuwniii^ in tlif (iiill of St. Liwri.'a.i' ; 40. Sca^iin on tln^ .vtlaiitic VKtti'^l 'ot
Xovii Scotia ; 41. Soils 111 on ilio Atlaiitir I'.B.-t of tlio I'nilfil Stato.i ; 4'J,
Winlfr llsliini; for Coil : 4:i. (' mrliHi hh from |iri'\i.iii» stati'imMiIrt Tlio ini-
|i irtaiu f till' Coil li-iliorii'.-i 'I'lio linltow iirojirlii-ial.
ATPKNIHX I'd ClIAITKIi II
I. l.otti'r from tin- " I'nit'-'l Siaio-i C iiiMiis-ioii,-r of l-'i^h iutil l-'isln'rio*."
on till* iliiiiiiiiilion of tin- f mil ti-li.". on iho o i;isi of Xow K:ii;laiiil. anil o^jii'-
cially of Mnini'.
II. K.xlrai't fr.iiii tlio lii'ii .n ..1 T, W. U liiioavo^ on |),-i.|i .««oa lln'iloiim- in
till- (Jiilf .il St. Lawrcni'i'.
III. S|i!i\vnino of ilif ('.111 ill l!ri!i<li wMlorv
l\. In .N'.irwi'uian wiitor..*.
\. " siati^tli'al iiii'iiioraniliim oil C.uiiiiliiiii lislii'rii..«."
VI 1' i|inlali.'n .il \ilii iiio .Stati's iiii'l ..f l!rili-li .Vnn'rica'" .Maiiliini!
I'r. niiii'o-.
VII. Till. I)c.|il.'m>.
VIII. SiMli-tii:s ol till, lixliurii'.'* of .liiroroiii nations:
A. .\i-\VFiirxiii.ANI>
II, Stall' of tin- Xi'wfoiiinllaii.l IWii'i-y fr-.m liiim 1.. I7!l'i
li. Slati.-ti.-s ol ti-lmrii'i in KH-t.
1- hiliiiliii. lilts ami ll-'lii-rii's fr mi lilllli i . IT'.lL'.
il Lalirailor i-atoli in IS'.'ll.
1-. Ia]i iil-i fr 'III l.il'i'iiilor in ls;tj
f. Kxiiorts fr nil .Vowroiiiiilliinil 'iml Lal.iinlor fr- in I71i'i ti
1 87.-1
li. KuK.vt li .Vkwi'ihM'I.wI' l-'.siii-:itiKs
II. Sliiti-li,-- fr. Ill 17i'il I.SII'J. also IS'.'.; t.. ls;7
II. Slati-tw-s 1 f ilip Slin-p Hill Hank IMn-ri.--. M-|.iir.iti-.
I-. l''ri'iii-li C III llslii-rii's in all |iarts of tin- worl.l.
il. of .\i.H-|..iiiiilliiiiil Hank anil Sliori' li>lii'i-y.
1-. Small vi-ssi'ls i'iii|il .yi-ilat Si. rii-ni- an I .Mii|ii. I n in ISilT.
f. l-'i-i'iii-li tl-liori.'s in l«.-)i!.
o. V(-st'ls I'liiiiLiyoil liy till. Kri'iii-li from lwi7 I" l~7l. iii-
i-lii-iv,..'
C. Kri'-u'li aiiil r.noli^ti .\.'\vl.iii'i.|l:iiiii lisji.-rio^ i-.iinjiavo.l in
17(>'>
I). Au'tfi-Huaii- valiii' of I'li-ni-li llshorii's in l>71-Ti.'.
I-;, C 111 lisli H.\|i,irti'i| fiom St, I'li'in- aii.l Mii|iii-loii, fi-.ini l.-<."iS
t.i IHIM. iiii.|ii.iii-.
V S 'r\v.';iiaii tlsliorii'^ in IsT:t
11. I'liiti'ii Stall's n-lii-ri.'v
t^). To flioso who ail' not ('.imiliar vvitli tlii' I'Xii'iil ot tlii'
iiidiisirv iiii|ilii'il by tin- term "Xoidi \iiii'rn'.iii Coil-lisln'rics,"
some iiisiijlit iiitii its iiiM^tiiludL' :iii(l iiiipDrtatirc may tip L'iitli-
pied from tlip fut tliat tliorc are aiiiiiiiilly lakcti i'lniii Noitli
.Vmi'i-icati waters almuf one li'inilred and lit'ly millions of cod-
fisli. This is assuming tint llie niimbi'i- of tisli required t>
:#
1«
ni.ikt' otic ([iiiiihil of (lii("(l \\r.\] iiveiiii,'i'H foity. On tin' l,iil)r;i-
dor it olfcii ('xcccd uuv liiiiiilrL'cl Id tlir (luintiil, on llic Hanks
it often tails niiiili hchiw forty to the (jniiital. I!nt taking tlie
entire nnnilier lanj^lil, small and great, one hundred and lifty
to on<' linndred and seveiity-Kve millions of lisli eacli year,
woidd l)e II fair representation of the afji^resjato eatcli, which is
thus apportioned :
(Jaiiitntx.
Dondnion (.f Canada •' i I ,()0(),()(l()
Nrwiniindland, in. In.) .g l,al)rador ' •' 1 ,:i('().(),)0
Newloiindliind and l.nhrador, home eonsntnption, one
qnintal per inhahitimt 171), ()()()
French exports from the Hank Fishery and the Shore
Fishery ' ' SdO.OOO
United States ^> ' 7 oO.OOO
r.ital i|iniitals, or IH"),IM)0 tons ot codfish "•■ ' ;i,7()0,()()()
In Norway, the l.oloten ■atch of 187:! yielded l:2,l)l)0.()(l()
fish, cured and pnpaied as ( 'liplish. '" ' and producinit .'iiid.ltOO
quintals, which would he it the rate of '.i'i iish lo the (piinfal.
The a;,'i,'rei,'atc ciitcli of the Loloten ( 'oil fisheries averai^es ahont
i.'(), I }()(), ()()() Iish, and the entire Norweijian catch of Cod in
l«7;j — a very ijood year— reached ll),()()0,()()0 tish, valued at
nearly *:J.()()(),(I()(», The North American catch, of .'5,7()(),()(M)
quintals, at $f a (juintal, would amount to >il4,SI)(), 0(1(1. An
industry so encuinous in its evteni, so varieil in its character,
and so far-reachinj; in its iiiHiuuice nn maritime iire-emiiu'iicc,
well deserves tli.it some consideration should he i,dven to the
life history of the i-reature up ui whose ipimhcrs and h.ihils it,
is altoi;elher dependeiil ■
So far IrcHii the .\meiicati f'odtjsh possessina; the niaivcllous
migratory chiiraclcristics imputed to this, the first in inipiwt-
aiice among our sea fishes, it is essentially a ' home fish.' winter-
ing near our shores, spawninir ii(>ar our shores, and spendiiifi;
its lile in triiversing a comparatively limited area in search of
food. It is taken on the coast of North America during evcrv
month of the year. When the Ncuwegians ate pursuiucr their
annual eateh of what is termed theie "The Winter Cod," the
Newfoiiiidlaii. lei's on the South co.i-t of their Island ari' tnking
the same sjiecies of tish the winter through.
When the coasts Oi j^'inmark are thrcuiged with fishermen
catching their fares of the " f.odde " or sumincr Cod, the
shores of N<ulh-east Ncwfouiull.iiid and the entire shore of the
(iulf of St. I.awKuice arc alive with fishermen, successfully cap-
turing the siiin- variety of fish in British American waters; and
when tlie Ru;si(n on the Murmaniaii coast is laying in his
winter slock of Cod, and accumulating a large overplus for a
foreign market, the Newfoundlander and the Lahradorian are se-
curing full fires as far as the Mor.ivian Missionarv Stations,
1. IIihIucc.I Ir.mi I'mIiIms pri'|i(irpil l.y IIm' D.'paly Ministi.i- of .\i;vicalliin'
(■\. C. Tiirlie). slinwinir tile Statistics cf ..|iic|i „„,| aililinj,' Ideal (•(insiini|ai.m.
'-• lli'cl Ml from .'XjM>rts cluriii(; KSCiil i,i |.s7."i. inclusive.
.'1. The I'rciic'li .V.'wr.iiinilliucl (' HllisliiTy |nMilii,',.,l. in \H~-2, in..".U0.(1un
frnncs; ill IS7l,H,;il>il.onil fnincs, .\t -Ju fniiii's a .|iiiiitnl tliis w..iiM yi.'M
iii«uit 50O.IKHh|Mintals. I.Sei. .\|i|i,M'iliv. |
4. .Menu .it l.s7n, .mll.'.W.' i|aiiitals, ami IS71. ',l.")0.7;t.' ,|iiiiitals. Vi.le
"Census" and ". Monthly liepDris,"
fi. See Staiislies nf the (Vi.l fi-hery at enil ,.f this l."lm|iter.
li. Till' Si,.eklisliaie drieil in the air, wit, en. t salt, ami are as Ininl as a
lumnl.
Tlie('li|illsh are Mlie.l ami (hieil in the same nianiier as ih.' .\ewr..un.l-
lallil .sliore-eui'eil ('ml.
7. See .\|i|ienclU' l''„ at the emi ot this tlhapter. f .r Statistics of the .Vor"
weglaii Coil Kislierieti.
lU
Okak, .iiiil N.iiii Si( .lU.i ill till' Niiilli Si'i,. 111(1 on llic cdiiiI
111 llil' IWili'll Ull■^, alnUlul llll' l''l IMC I-ililluU, illl illlMIH Icf-
l.iirlic sliDii's, 1)11 (111' Siiiili Illl' 111 t irc'i'iil mil, oil' Aik'iit
Fioid, nwny up Niiilli lo llir TuiNVt' Hiliks ;uiil ilnwn I lie At-
laiilii ro.i'.t ol Aiinrii'.i dvit tin' (Iraiiii H,iiik< .mil us In ii,
and cvin licMinil S|. (lt'(iim''s Slunl. llif ('ml is l.ikrii -'iiiiiltaii-
i'iin>ly ami in mral iiliiinil.ui.i'.
laiiMJ varLiliiiiis <il' ilav> .iinl rvin »irks m riii in a i'iia»t
line. Ill' stii'li'li III sliillow Ml, III 111! iiiiiii' ill III .1 liiiiiili'i'il
niilin ill li'iii;ili, iiiit lIu'M- aiiic Irnm llii' mif i;ii- it liailiiii;
caiiM' uliirli tfiiiili"! till' ('ill! ill its a|i|)ii>ai'li In kiiiiwii I'oriliiii;
lliiiiiiiili on lln- iiia>t. iir known lialiks at siM. Tliii Ic.idiiiH
iMiiMi is ti'in|ii'ialiirr. wliirli ili'tci iiiini'i tin' iiiovi'iiii'iit tiivv.iid
till' r''a>t III llic v.iiioiis l'i>iiii> III iMiiiiii' lilr. on »iiiili tin' ('oil
iiillabitini; ijiltiiciit waters, i> iiiiii*liiliii'(l lo fet'd.
It i> also llic iini' 1,'nai t;iiiili' in ilcti'iininiii',' tlir season lor
spiiwiiiiii;, « llil li nil llie N'ortli Aiiieii.aii eo.ist runs ilnoiioli
neitly all.i: n it i|>iite all the innillis nf tlie mmi, ami is n'^in
liituil at ilifh'iciit locililii'M liy teiii{i('i' iliiic, riiiijoiiilly ailli llie
|iri'st'nee ot' ire,
riie Coil 1 aiiLjlit on iwrU strctili of iiiast line, williiii varialilii
Imt toleialilv well-ileliiieil limits, ire IXDliiiAiiis to llie x'a
aiea adjai elll to I lie ro.ist u liii'li tliev liei|iieiit. Tims, tlie \i iiitei'
liaeiits III llie ( 'od I aii^'lit on llie Niutlieni l.alnadoi are llie
■iio|)('s ol llie u'liMt iaiit;e of imtNide liiiiksoi, tliat eoast. ''
riie siiniiiiei li iniits ol ihe " winter end" eaiif;lil on the eoa.st.s
of Noi w.iy dm mi; llie wiiiier si'ison, are on tin- s|o|ie of tiie
" SloiTgjj" and its eoiitinn ilioiis, wlmli lie seaw aids lioin tlie
Norwi'iiiaii roast, lolloHiiio llieidije of tlic lianitT scparatini;
tlie " I'ol.ir Deeps" friiin tlie slialloH"! eoistal seas. -' Tlic
seasonal iiioveimints of ilie ('ml are icveised in tliese ci-t's,
purposely inlrodiieed, hut they aHoid .i lieaiitil'iil illiislr.itioii of
the piiiiiiplcs adopied ,md eoiilii iiied liv I'rofi ssor Itainl, and
of the iiiriiieiite of in.irmc eliinali on lisli lile.
I he food wliiih lures ilie cod to ihe shore at slated periods,
varies also in ditl'iient seas and at dilfereiit pelioda of the year.
On llie noilhern roasts ol Nmn.iv, in Souihein (ireenland
waters, ilironijlioiit llie whole ims- line of Newfonndland,
all alonj; ihe soiith-Hest .mil ninth shoie of the (iiilf of St.
Law ii'tii e, and lar up the l.ahiailoi euast, it is the Oaplin or
Lodde ol the Norweiiiaii and D.iiies, uhirh hiinu's in the simi-
iiier yoiilii; end . Iiioiiy;lioiit the Noilh Sea in Kiiro|)e, on tlu!
Alt.mtir (d.ist ei the Hrit'sli Uh's, on till' Atlantie coast of
Nova Si otia and the I'nileil States, it is the llerriiij;. 'I heso
at the hesi, iie hroad ocneralizatioils, hnt lliey outline the
nioveiiients ol llie ('ml and the causes wliieh le.id ihein eoast-
waids in diHereiit mis leimitely apart, and tlipy di.ssipate the
ide.i ol that i;i-.iiid iiiLiginary nuLji.iiory iiioveineiil, 'v liicli has
loimd siirh wide spr"ad l.iMiiir.
The lollowiiiii; details ol ihe fishing; Seasons for ( od in
Kurope and .Vineriea Miflieientlv csrahlish ihr; .siinidtaneons
appear.iiH e of this Hsli in various se is heloimini; to the two ( on.
tinents. Itrief notices ol thu cliaracter of some of the lisherios
lor end in distant waters .ire interspersed for future relereiite.
\
1. .s-'t' n.iti- nil lliii .\ iillifiJi LiliiM'l ir t'l-liid;; lir.itiiiil, liy tin- iiiillior nl
tins impi'i'. .Niivi'iiilii'i-, LSTi'i.
•J I'pil.ii I). Siir-. 'I'lie \.iiwi'i;iaii N.irtli .sii'a i;\|ii'ilili.iii.
IT
A.
FlSlllN(i SKASON I'OU ((ID— Kl'ROI'K.
'-A
HHITIHIl IHI.KH. ' '
SiiiitlicH {]',. (^oa^t Kii^.j, Novctnlii'i imiil M.ikIi.
(ircat (Jriiiishy (K. ^(la^l Kiii,' ), Oiloticr mid Niivcinlicr.
Oikni'V* f Kirkwall), Winter and Summer.
Sliftliiiid (Lerwick), Winter — May until Aiif?uM.
Diini^'arvaii ( Ireland), ('liri''linii> to i nd "l Mareii.
('anicklerHiiH ( I iiLiiidj, NoKMnlicr until Marcii.
'I'enby (WaleH), Novonilxir to Febrnary.
London ( Kiit,'land), January to May.
Dingle I ircliind), Soiitli-wrst Coast, CliristinaH to Auijust.
Slornawiiy ( llel)ridos). Winter and S|(iiiif<.
Siiuiiner ti.'-liiiif,' on llie Knulisli eoaal, ten to thirty iiiilea
tVorn land — .lidy to Oelolier.
It. NOIiril SKA.
Dodger Hank — N'oveinlicr to .March or .Aiiiil.
('ronier Knoll — Novenilier to reluuary.
l''oula Hank — (IJeluei'n l''oul Island and Cuasl ol Zelland).
April until .Septendier.
AII.WIIC OCI'AN.
I'aroe Hanks — SouIIi-SduiIi-W Csl nl the Faroe Island.-*, .\pril
until Sepieinher. I- 1
" Uiind-line" lishing lor Cod loinrnences in the coast or
" home" waters in July, and is continued till near the end of
Octohei'. " This fishing is mostly larricd on at from 10 to ltd
mill's from the coast, as the heriinfj;s at that lime are approach-
ing the shore, ajid the cod lollows them closcdy." ' ' '
Icelaiul (iriMuid — West Coast. Summer. '■*'
C. IIOCKAII,.
.■\ hank .'iOO miles west o( the outer llehiides — .Spring
and Summer.
1). NdHWAY. ' • '
I,(Uii|i:n. — .lannaiv to the middle of Apill.
KoMsliM.. — lanuarv In the middle of ,\pril.
FiXMAiiK. — F,nd of .March to July.
'I'he Lofoten Fish are full of Hoe cu' Spawn, ol which
.'!1,()()() harrels were taken in IS~,). The Fish are snpi)osed to
spawn in ihe Fiords. IJomsdal Fiord is south of the Lololen
group id Ul.uids and ihe gieat ' West Fiord.' The l''iumark
l"od Fish are much more laridy found with roes or spaw n in
them. They aie locilly sui)posed to he the remmmt of the
Schools whidi spawned aiounil the Lofoten Islands in the early
part of the year, lint as ihey are much smaller than the Lofo-
ten tish, this must he a mistake. Ihe Fiord lisherv for (-'od is
prosecuted all the \ear roimd, hut less in summer ihau at any
other period.
t:. Tin: u iint; ska.
On the .Mnrmaiiian Coast the ( 'od Fisheries oceU|iv almut
.■)()()() lisliernieii frnni .April to .August.'"'
F. DKNMAIIK.
North-Enst Coo-st of Zealand, The Kattegat, Nymiiulegah,
I- -Vl'l li\ to Ui'iicirl iif llh' t'onMiii>-i. > ii|.|poiiiti'.l to ciniim imId
till! .'!wi l''islMM'ii'.< uf tin- failii'l Kiiipl.mi,
:;. Il,.|i|s«niili KiM'p Sun IMunn, \< '>"■'■
:i. Mii.l, |>. I4i;.
i. Ill 18".")IcL'lanfl iai|iirtral!l,0ilo,IIO0 lli.s. ,if A'/i/i /i»7i (.<iilli!il uikI .Irii.il
Coil) mill •2:*nm Ills, /ill- Ml (ilrii'il C.nl.)
.■>. ('iin.suliir lii'|iiirls. I.ST.'t.
li. .M. A. S.laillz .IiiuiimI uf Uio lln-.'iilca (ieii)j:iii|iliii-iil .><.irii.|y. IS7:i-4.
18
Lmm liol.l n,|, llsr ti.ihl. SniHiill 11> ill lllf .\nl\\i';,'illll Ki.PlllN,
aii'l Mil llii' N(ii\vi'u;iaii Coii^ls
KliMII lllr l'iirr;.'iiill;,' nIiiIi MHIlt A it ll|i|Mllls lllllt lllc »'i"l
ll-lii r_v i- iihtIimI mi iit liill'iiiiit |iait.-< "f tlir i'iiii>l> nt' lln'
liiilisli Ulis iluriiin I'Viiy iimhiiIi uf tin- yrai. Tlir i\^\t aif
iilwiiy-. pivsiiit tlii'iv, an>l n> llir li»li iin' Knifiiillv raii;,'lit willi
l.iiiji lines .11- liaiiil iiiH's, wliatcViT sn cailiMJ 'iiinl In r," cir >|in« ii-
inn Hsli inv taken, iiiiiil lir <ii|itiiri'il liv lliis nicans. as few iiiv
fjalhi'ivd ill ilii- trawl net-, aihl .-liiiiiiL,' I'm < 'i«\ i- ii"l |iiii-ii> il,
Ii. ii i:i,.\Nii.
'I'lii- liiij;v ( 'ml iciiiniii, iliiiiii;; llHwiiiliT iiiiiiillix, mar In
this Uland. ainl a> mi tin- foimt of Noiwiiv. in l'"i liiiiiir.v ami
.Maivli appinaili tin' S.iutli nui.M to •.j.awii ; tin' tisiar n. ac-
d.r.lin,';- tu Vin- ( 'lai-iil I 'mwr. " ' attirm lliat tli"' >liivctimi nf
lliii Hsh is IVmii Wist ami Suiiili.
Till' Ipi'sI ti^liinir- 1 innnr.' in tin' niulitli- -tati.l alMM'. at
aii>l lii'iir till' \'i-liiiaiiris islaml.s tn \'m>ti" uiiiii, ami tnwanl-
till- iiiil of .liii I liiuiiiiiiii;; 111' .liilv, till- Ii liiiij;- l"';,'in
i'lirtlin rmiii.l to till- ii.irlli, -('iMlis I'miml in ,i,'ii at ininilifis
ill l''aM'liiiy as lit' a- M ly a'i'l in I'. ■ -i I i I! u in .lilii •. lUil
.iiiii'wiiat latiT iilnti;; till' cna.st tu tin- iniltliNVi-*t." "■'
in tills ivs|ii-il till' I 'ml lishi'iii's at Icclatnl ii'sinilile iIh-
i'mI li-liriirs iJii ill. t Iran. I Hunk 'ij' N..\vt'iiiinillaii.| ami
( iwai.ls l'...|li. Ml' anil tlir l/iluailor. Tlir {•'ivnili - l>riili n rx"
in thr liiiir. ■■yii//.'(|'M<i/," as isstati'il. llir lisli toUiinls llrll.'
Isle. A siiiiiiar aiiiiaiiiil rliiili},"' "f i|ii:iiti'i's is olisirvcil mi
t'lf NiH'Wi'-iaii I'.iast. AftiT till' Liit'.il.'ii Ki'liiTy i-*!'- tin'
Kinniai'k Kisln'iy li.-Vms aii'l .,'.ii's t,'r.i'liialiy fintli.i iimtli
t.iwai-.js till' Wliiti' Si'ii.
lint all' lli.'s.' ilitl'.'ri'iit ■ lishin'^, tr.i.- imlirati..iis of tln'
miiv.'iiu'iils of till' Hsh. 'I'liii-.' ai'i' ii'as..iis I'm- lii'lirviii;;- tliat.
till' si'hunls at'.' ilistiiii't.anil tint tlii'ii' a|i|M'aiain ii tin' mast
!■, till' !■( slilt of a-.' ami a sr:iri'li I'm' foul. Many ..f tin in
..insist of youni:' ''.il wiiii-li liau' iiol K.-uiin s|i:i\VMin;;'.
In Ills ii|i.irl, Ciiisiil ('r..wr . .\|iivssi's tin' foil .win;,' o|iiii-
i'lii: ■■ As till' |irin('i|>ai lisliiiiL,'- lM';iin mi tln' Nr'.vfminillainl
Hanks, at till' Kai or' islam Is. tli.' Lotl'iHlnis Norway ami in
.i-i'laii.l al'oiit tlic s.nn.' liiii.'. it is i|uit.' rxiili'iit tliat tlir li'.'-
'iml Toil is 11, .t a ini^'i-at.iry lisli. l.nl a ilwiHi-r in llir virinily
.if till' islaml wlii'iT il lin.ls its f.M.,1 in sninimr ..iil al s.-n.
in tli.' otliii'si'as.iiis near tlii' laml." '■' ' lli' -oi's .m ti s.'iy tlir.t
■ til.' uint.'r aii.l s|irin;,' fisliiiiL's u'Im' tln' laiyi' fat i.'il wliirli
i. sol.l at Ihr fact. lli.'s anl tii'liii',' |i.irr-, ami .'ifl.i v anls |iii'-
liat'i'il for i'.\|ioit, wliili- till' siiiiiiiii'r lisliiii'is ,,]th |ii..il'iri' lln'
..imll roil.i'.ial tjsli, lialilo'k aii'l lialilait."
Fisliiiii; liv lilt- is only i-inii'il on in tln' smitli part of
.'axi'linv li'tw.'ii Ska;.:i'ii ami iiixni'fjor.l. w ln'i'i' tlir iirts ar.'
'.•ink. as til.' lish in tli.-s.' |iiirts ^rmii'iiilly k.'i'|. i-Lis.' t" tlir
l...tt.iiii; till' lisli taki'ii \<y tin- m't ar.' iliH'.riil rrmn tliosi'
r.Uf.-lit on tlu' liii.'. Iii'iii',' nior.' s.|.ial aial |iliinili. with sinallrr
li";i.|s.-
In ISfi:!. l+'S'.i liMiii'is oi' I'o.l K "•- wrr.- rNprnti'il from
Ii'i'laml.
'I'h" avi'ia'.;.' .'\|iort of Fish is as follows;
(tnliiiary year. AKiimlant yrar.
('ii|,lish. ll.s .•!..-.i().('ll)0 .-,.2M).t)(K)
Sto.'ktish. ll.s I.IOMIOII 1II-J.IM»0
Till' Kr.'iii'li cati-h. howi'v.'r, -n'.'itly i'\< Is this annual
vi,.l I In IMil- th.'iv wi'iv 2i;o vi'ss.'ls ami \:'VM iir'H mi^aj^'i'il
I, K"ii.il l.y \i C.iiisiil Cr.iw.', ..n ili.' Ki-iii'i'i.'s. Tin. I i.| (li-iii'nil
I'.'iiiiiri'^ ..I I. ■.'lull. 1 isi'..-i.iiiil iM'.li.
'. 111. I.
:i. I'ii"!' ;)ii. l.-i'liiii.i, Isiir.
I
I
lU
I
ill ilic Icliiihl t'...l Ki^lini.'-. 'rii.N tiikr t'lr.ph iiily :io,(M)(»
('i"l |HT -<lii|i,l' ' mill tlirir iiiiMiiiil ciiti'li was then iMliiiinli<l ill
ilholll .-..OOO.OOO frillies. Ill I.S72 til.' Kh'll.li Ir.'liilKl ( •(Hlll^llfl'.V
riii|)l(iyril 2.')'2 vi'MHi'lMnml vii'lilrd iilmiii li. I'liO.OllO fmiicM wiirtli
iif tlnli, Mj,'ilil|sl 1(1 "(lOOOO frillies mill 1S7 xe-vls ic|p|esiMtill;4:
tiieir Niw fniimlhuhl Kisjiiii,' iinliishy,
II. lillKKM.AMi SKAH.
(iivc'llllllld, iiisinjl limik, '(17 liH l,iif. N Mll,\, .lime,
.Inly Mini All;,'ll,Ht. fSlltliellmiil. Aietie Ke,'i(ii|>. I'm (ieci. Sue,
l.s.i.'l.
Uiiiil.. |ii.i|.iiKly \ikliiri (IhiiiimI, liit llli l!7. In ISKl,
tWii VeMKcls tiiiik 2!l, +().'> eml fii'iii tlii-. liaiik tiiiiiiy uitli liie
jiw'' '"' niHper, liiit iiKist (if tliciii willi liaml line, in l.'iln
Kt fiillinitiv, ;10 til M) miles finni land, 'I'la' cali'li was iiauli'
liy L'O men in '2H illiys. Snmc> of tlle lisll Wei^lleil, wliell
illcssi'ij (id Ills. In IMI.7 tlie tlsliiiiM was ]iil|si|ei| fliiin •J:!iil
.lime ll' hitll AllLTllst. when ti'lf-J lish were eailuhl. lllilisll
< 'liiimiissiiiii, j.sHi, i|ii(itecl liy i'erh\'.
Tiaske Hank, iieiir Siikkeistii|i|jin l.al. (i.').:tO.;
'I'lillarl Hank. I.iit. *ti.)
ilnlslelilairi;-. I,nt. (17. 1
.\rksiit l''iniil. lal. i>\ fiimons t'nr ( 'a|ilin. Sir. ('. (iie-
seeke,
1. iiAvis srnAii's. A'./.w S'.ih .
This wHier is alsii inenliiMK il hy .Mr. Ilnlilswnrtli. hilt the
liieality is lait e;ivi>n. indhahly the X'ikt ai i^'nuiiiil. In ISKl
Ml. May, '.f i.erw ic-k, sent smne nf his \ i sscis there iiinl had a
\ely slleeessflil si'asdil. Tile three fiillnwill!,' years |ircived also
Very fi 1, hilt |,S.")(), |S,".l. |fS.'):> were Very had srascrlls, ami nil
mure attelii]its were liiaile lllitjl l.SCS. lint till' end Were
seiiree in that year. a:id the tislniA was iihamlmied.
•' |iarine the lesnlK nf the |)a\is Straits lisheiy with
the t.'eneral results nf tlle Newl'nnnillaiid lishi'iy nf III.' same
years, we have the fcillowine; ii|i|,in\iiiia(inn.
D.WISSTllAris. Nl:Wl'iirMiI AND.
l.SKi. ;,'nnd. \mt\.
IN47. ' ••
I'^l^- " • niediuni.
IMH). verv;;(Mid.
rs.'iO. had. M-nnd.
I'*<''l. " mi'ilinm.
iH'il'. had.
IS.-)M.
i'*^">4. very had.
.1. II.UIS srilAirs, Wis/ Snii.
Allirnst and Se]itemlier. |)a\is deserihes the selinols of
< 'odlish on the Coast hetweeli Latitudes (17 ami .'u N.. on the
l.ahrador. in ih.' lollowiiij,^ laiij,ma-e ; ( 'oastim,' the shore to-
wards the Soutli. We saw an inereilihli' nuiuher of hirds ; ha\-
ilii;- divers lisheinieii ahoord (air l>ark.-, (h.^y all I'liided ihal
theiv was a mvnt skull of lish ; we. heiii.; uiiprnvidi'd nf tish-
iiij,' fiiniitiire. with ii h.iiu' s|ake iiayle made a Imnke and fast-
ened the same t of .air siaimliiiL;' lines: Ih't'oiv lli.' haile
was ehiiii^red w.' took ni.ae than forlie yival ( 'od- iSipleniher
7lli, l.'iMi, or near :!()() years ai.-o . The lish swimmiii',' so
alaindanliy thieke ahcail .air harke as is ineredil.le to \'r,- iv-
piated. of w hioli, with a small porthai of .salt wi' had. w.' pre-
served .some thirlii uple or theiralMails, tind so returned for
Kiielan.l." Jlakhit III., p. 1:2(1,.
Davis iil.so saw tln'Cod in possession of the Ks.|iiimau.x
who inhahit the land hetweeii Ciipe l!al,.inh and Ciimherliiiid
Strait, (Xi)uoted hy liiehardson. Kaiiiia Am. H.ir. i It is not
iiiiimilnihle that the hirds iiulic.d hy Havis were feediiie' on
Capliii or lierriiii;'.
1. I'li'i-iil I'mwi'.
!.'«
II
K MnxniKM'* m IMK iiili ii\ IMI I. A IIIU Hull *
Till' fiillciwiii^ (alilc'i hIiiinv till' |ii I ji.iU III' rn<<l iiiiImiI iiihI
lllil I'lltcll of ('ml nil till' N'i'W fiilllMJjilllil mill lilllirillllH "l>H-<|iH.
Ill riiiiiiiii',' tlii"<i' liiMi" till' w lilir hii'i I II c'linl'iil tn rliiiiiimti'
I'XtniMi' '<i'iiNiiii.s. fur till' <'i>il liitvi' lii'i'ii kiiiiwii til ii|>|iii>iii'|i
till' sliDi'c (liiriin; nil r\i'i'|itliiimlly I'liily si'iisnii, u fuitiiijjlit n-
llirii' wi'i'kN "iMiiii'i- tliiiii iliii'iii); llic uvt'i'iip' nf yi'iirs. Kiirlv
mill Inti' s|irlii;^'i ui'iiii in tin' iMi>\i'iiii<nt> nf lisli jiisi us iiiT^ii-
liil'lv 111 ill (III' iMiivi'iiii'iils of iiii).'nitoi v liinl". or in tlic Iriiliii^
mill llowriiriy of |ilmi|N. 'j'lii' siiinion mnl llir cml ^.'ciirrnily
rmiii' williiii II wi'i'k of mil' miotln'r. mnl ilu' KHkiiim of
rkkiiHlksMlils liiivi' II ti'iiijitioii iliiit till' Hnliiioii may iil\\ay'< Ih'
limkfil fur oil till' liny of tin- lif^t ^|ll'it '■■ aftiT tlir llllli
July. Ill IfsT'i, a vi'iy lati' srii>o!i, wcr.' not till ni
lii'foii' till' "til Anj.'ii.st lit rkkiiMiksiiiii ,at. 'I'l-'ii . in |H7li
tlii-y t'aiiii' in on tlir 'Jlltli .July, ami this Mrninjs witli llii' I'V-
|iri'ii'ii('i' on otliir pill I- n|' till' roa-*!.
if'i/Wi hIiiiiii III) till- iii>iii'ii.riiiiiiti iiiiiiii iliili III iirrii'dl, iinnii
iliili III I'/iwi ()/' lixhrrji mill iiiniii li ni/lli nf III! lisliiiii/
•41'ilH'iii Inr ('ml III .\iirlli-l;'iisti III Siii'luii mll'i inl.
Siiiitliirii llllli Mm till III l.iilifiiilnr.
\m\
lilii'llIlM
-Mi'iiii il.ili' Mi'iiii ila'i' Mi'iiii li'iiij.li
111' iiriliihi- lit' linliiii^
iirnviil. Ill liiliiTV. M'liMiii.
Hill.
■Jii\\i
WKWrol'MH.AMl.
I"..'1ii <'oiiii'|itiuii Hay
l-.'.'o Hol..nl^'ll Hiiv
IH,:ili iNolpi' lluini' h:iy
'.o |('ii|ii'Sl. .Iiiliii 111 Tar. I'l. •-'iMh
•lll.oOlWliili' Ha,\ Hill
.'il [('ii|ii' Uiiiii,'.' llai'liiir... Imli
i'll 30 |('a|ii' Manlil to ( '. O111..11 -.'iiii
Ih'ir /'■.//(,■ Ihiiiiii
I '.I .IlllH' '.'lllll NlH.
mill "
Mill "
M "
IM "
Nt ••
•"III, (Vt.
-,/,■.
I 1:! lIlVH.
I,
. NO| I |||,||\ I Ulll \IIOll.
52.11 |cimt''aii Hii.v . -Jill, .luu' !'■ Or'uU-r
Haiii'iiix. \'iAx
.">l..'tii liiiliaii Ihirlioi' . .. !.■> Il
'i4..ili C.iiii' liai'i'i-i'ii . ISili
h; ihv
(h'ii- Tliiii Uij/riiM 11/' l.iitiliiilr.
>olirill.llN I. Mill vlioll.
.Vi.li AililK -.'llili iliilv
fi.'i 1'.' Kv|inl,„l, -.mi;!, "■
fii.'JT ll..|i.',lil,- '.'ilili "
.■|."i.:((' Hiiiiliji' Islaiiil llarliiiiir'i'Jriil ••
iU)..-,-J riika-ik-alil. . . '.Mili ■■
.'ili.H'i Niiiii .... -iHili ••
'iiMti okiik . . yxili "
."l^.;{i Il.-lini;i , |.-||, \i;i;.
■■'X.-iCi l,aiii|i- III , . 15111 "
M Oi.Int
l-Cilll Ni'|.t.
I. "nil ••
n,,r Thru ii„,l ,1 II. ill l).ii,;i.i ,,/ I.iiIiIikI,
[■"loin tlii'* 'I'lilili'. iiii|iiTfi'('t us it is, \\f may iliijiici' tin- fol-
lo\viii'_' law : ■ ( )vi'i an iii'i'ii. oxtciiilin;.' noitlii'iiy from < 'onri'ji-
tioii Hay I'oi -.i-xi'ii lmiiili'i-il iiiili's. tln' mil a|i|ii'oa(li lln- sliorc
alioiit oiii' wiM'k lati r I'm ivny ilri;ri'i- of jatitinlr Ui' inlvaiu'i'
to till' llol-lli"
'I'lirsi' laliii's show also tliiit for n iktIoiI of aUnit forty iliiys
iJic ro l-lislii'iy ;roi's on simiiitaiii' nisly (liiriiij; Ail^riist mnl
S •|)|ilMlnl tllloll^'lliilll till' llll_'tll of 11 I'OIVst-lilU' I'Xtl'llllillU'
from latitiiili- +7 •■!'> I'l liit 'iS-SO. or iiior.' than si-vi'ii liiiriilriil
statiiti' mill's ill oiii' rontiiiinnis liiii'. -Hi'iici' it ii|i[)i'ars tliiif
till- iiiij.'ralioiis of till- schiKils of this tish an' iiii'i'i'iy from ilcc])
.%
• Sim
writi'i".
' N il.'~ MM llii' . Villi ii.'in l.uliniilor Ki«Imii^' ifiuunilJ," IsTii, hv ihu
n
I
f
wiiU-r winli'i tVnliin.' j.'iiiiiiiil-< in ilii m iiirHt nm-tt,
MIkI IVnm till' cnast 111 lllr IHHIVsl i|im'|i Wlltcl' fi'lMlillK
^rmiiiils ii){aiii.* Tliir ciuiHt iiii^^riiliiiiiN iliirin^ tin' Niitiiiiii'r
immtliN ii|i|)i>iii' to III' of i'i|iiiilly liiiiiti'il I'Xti'tit, iiml srlioolN of
I'oil fic'i|iii'iiiiii(; iiiiv |iiiiticiiliir coiimI, limy I"' '"li'l to lie intli-
KClliilH In it
All will I'liASIM uF NiiVA SnillV AM' I'AI'I; IlllKI'oN Isi.AMi.
iM'K ItllKTiiN ISI.AMi
•-'(•ill K.liriini y In -Olli May I' ' mi iIh' masl iicin lii),'oniHli,
St. liHWri'iiri' lliiy, A|iiil nml May, I'linr in ilioif. '^ I
CiHlaiv iiiiiiily taki'ii ill tin' wiiitiT tliiiiii^,'!! lioli-i in
ilii' Ir.' ill Kills iliii' Laki-. I"
AI'I.ANTIi' riiVsTs iiK NiiVA HIdl'IA.
Manli III I'l' I iif NiiVi'liilii'l' ('imI ai'i' ofti'll I'niiii I ill llii'
Halifax niaiki't in Kilpiiiiiry. Tliisyiar 'Ih77i tin' wiiti-i |piir
I'liiiNi'il at Wiiiilsor. N. S., m ('ml 'Jli lli- in \vi'i;;lit, wliirli liiul
lii'iii liioii>;lit froin Halifax at iIm' riiil nf Kiliniary.
■Of till' CimI faiiiily alnin' \\v kimw tlii' wiiitiT i|iiaili'rs,
All wiiiti'i Inn;; fliry luv tMl;iii ID U< l'< ii''lis siiiwiirl in Mlmiit
!S() fallinliis >niinilin;;s, " |)r. H. ( iil|iin, Tiaii^ N'nv. Sint, In.st.,
Nat. Si'i., isii.-i-ilil.
"Uiliiii;; till' wind'f small s|H'riiiii'ns mf luiiin;.' aii' fii'-
iplriitly tiiki'ii fi'niii till' cniU' stiiiiiai'li i'ail;.;lit ii|iiili llii' ISaliks,
I' ■ Till' Hanks hill' s|inkili nf air alinill 10 inili's M'awanl nlf
Halifax Hal Imiii'.
Till' ti^lnriiH'ii in llir Halifax niarki'f. asHiiii'il tlir wiitir
tlial ( 'ml I'linlil \iv laki M at any liiiir iliiiiiiv; tin' wiiitT sra^nii
in ilrrp wall T ntl' lialifiix Harl»air. Hv ili'rji watiT tliry ix-
|plaiiii'il 7'i In S(( falliniiis ; iwn lines aiiil a lialf tn tlirn' liiu's.
Tlii'y lii'lii'Vi' thai till' I 'nil spawn on Saiiiliin I'liink in .Inly. In
.liiiii' tliry I'rasi' tn citi'li laryi' s|)a\vniii;,' lish, Imt up In thai
inniitli tlii'V tiiki' tlii'iii full iif spawn, liiit iml n ady In sliiij
till' spawn.
KAST rilAST ur lAI'l; llllKTiiN ISI.ANIi,
t 'nil ail' taki'ii until ( 'hristinas, wluii iiaviijatiim clo-ii's. I 'apt,
I'. A Si'oll, |{. N,, |,S7(I.} Ill (Jivat Hias D'Or |,aki', tlirnii^th
tlir ii'i' in wintri'.
M. DAY 111' I IMiV
— Ki'liiiiaiT III • 'liiistiiias, ('mi ail- taki n in tin' wiiitiT sra-
snii tlirnii;,'li ilir ii-e in till' Ki'iiiii'Iii'ccasis I'stimiy.
IIIIIAII IM \MI,
faitiviiirr In I'.ay nf Kiiinly -Jlltli .\pril tn Is| (Irtnlicr.
Ill till' I'-liiai-y nf till' Avon tliey ratrli ('ml a.s smin as tlir
rnast ii'i' ilisappi'ars. ofti'ii in Manli. iiy iinaiiH nf linnks fast-
I'lH'il to stjiki's iliivi'ii ill iii'ai' to low watrr iiiaik, tlir tiili' ris-
illi,' finlll ;t:l to ;t.S fcrt. They liave tn watl'll till' linr nf lillit
tn pivM'iit till' iTnws fi-niii takiiiL; it, anil tliry i;rni'rally liait
at till' lii'i,'inninLC of tlnmj, ami liinl the eau^'hl lish at tin- i-lili.
N. .Si;WKiif.VI)l,.\N|i. — Stnifli Cdiisf.
Lapiiile l!ay. (\m]\<^. ."i.S, — ('ml all the year iniiinl,
l>lll'i,'en jslaml — ('ml Cnllles ill finlJl ,Mari'li to .Iiini' ;
Salmon, May to July; Caplin, .linie tn .Siptemlni- ; Sipiiil,
•Inly tnOrtnlier; llriiiliij all SiiniMier.
( ireat Jeiv is Hai'lior. Hay D'Kspnir -(.'nil anil lleiiin;j all
the yeai- rnilllil.
HiTiiiitai^i' ( 'ove — Fisli with limik ami line all the vear
iininil.
• This law, ronuliilliiK anivi'iiiniils nf suvi-ml ^i h'< nf lisli, I, us loiii,'
hcoii rci'iijjnizeil ia uUiim' I'mialriu^.
1. Ajiiieailix Xn. IK. Spsaiuiml pnpiTi. IS7a. \lv[ntrl uf Ciiiit, 1". A
Si'i.tt, K. .v., Cninnmiiili'r i.f tlii- 7>/7(if/.
■->. Iliiil,
:). .losi'pli llanl.v, .1. I'., Umlil.u'k, ('. It.
4. Dr. l!i'iinrilClil|iiii Tnia. N. S, Ins., ISCi.'l,
HiulHPUf Hiitiin til iAirtiiiic M Mmv d. :il>i Octol'i'i. is
till- si'iisciii lii'iv I'm- ciiil, i'-'
Utt' I'ort-Jiiix-Hiisinics.- •■ All (l.M.|, s,.,! li-liiiiL;' iiaii'lliiH' in
niiK'ty t.i twii IniiidriMl ffitlidiiis, Hvi' inil.s dUMiciv. <-•' Tlic
Iwiiuiiiiii I'liiiiiiil Sdiiili Kiist Hay Int. (is M\ in tlw wiilcr
tni- llMlilmt with lines .-tOD rmlioni^ lout; :ii ihr r,i(,i of tlir
I 'IhusIiiinch (ilaclci • '
.S'i/(/ii„<( Isliiiiil l''.irliiiii' liiu l''i'liriiiir\ tin' ln^l iiioiitli
I'olT.ul. ['
SiiLjniia Ulaiiil niinys ail I'Xci'lli'iil ir|iiilal imi Inr CihI, ami
till' li^lifiy lliiTi' lias al«a\> Ium'M I'sln-iinil a ^nd' niii'.
ill l.s.'i? it is statrd liy llw iitticci- iif llic Kcvi'iiiir Sirvicc,
tliat I'acli lislicniirii avcra;ji'il 21)0 i|iiiiitMls nf li-,li. Sa^joiia
liiiil then a |iii])iilatioii nt' 2+0. Kclnuary is cuiisiilriHil tin-
most ]iioiiiicti\r iiioMtli for ( 'oil tisli. Till' wiiitiT raiiirlit tisli
ail' icail\ for shijiiiii Ml l.y tin- 20tli .liiin.' ' Tin- vviMi'i lislhiA
for ( 'oil oi, till' Siiiitli Slioi. of Ni'wfouiiiUaii'!. so far as tlif
prrind .)f tiir _\ car is coiiiTriiiil, ljoi's on siiiini.aiu'oiisly witli
til" ;,'ivat wiiilrr lisluiy oil tin l.ofol. ii Mainls in Nortli
Wist Kioril, Noiway
Hav hi: Xomu wn \]\y n K\-i\ Wintii aid larly
SiPiiii;;.
M. \iiiii ii-i A.>i \ri'.Niii lOAsr. I"
'I'.ililc sliowiiiL; llic iliitcs (if Hist a|ipciiiaMr(' :iih1 ilf|iarliiri'
i)f llir ( 'oil I'lolll llli' II II t li-c isl All. lltlr ('(i,|s( nl \ I'W IoiiikI-
laiiil.
SI It nil. N'.Mi. r 1-1 .iii-.v tl l>,-j.i|tllli- Xn. iif
jlij .,
Tape St. Jolin to I'.iitiidui'lST 1 . .'tO .Iniii-. . 10 Oriiilici . . . 1'-'','
I'liint l.S7,'..'.>0 •• ...!1 " ...l;!.i
iK'.i..
1H:|. ..Iruii' 11. .
Wliiif Hay t 1S71 . .;J0 .'iiiir. . 1.') Aiinnsl . . . ■">(>
Ciin.icia \'..i\. f 1S7:.'. , 10 •■ . .:.'() S,|,t Id:.'
Cape i!oiii,'i' llai Is:.'.. :i •' .. 1 Or'nhir . . . l',>()
( l,s:i . .'.'0 •■ . .:.'.-) Srpi 07
Cni, 11,11. tl. 11.11,. iiiv. ] 1.S7.'. .1(1 ,\l, IV ...'.■.. I „U 70
( 1.S7.). .'.'■> .lunr. .
St. Aiilliony .1.S71..10 ■■ . . '.'"i Ni'pt 10:2
(iuirpoii 1.S71 . .'*5 ■• . .
1S7'.2. .;.'(! •• . . 1 Oil "lO^i
l.s7;{ ..ic •' ..
i;n.f i-iiAs'i' 111' .Ni:\vi(iiMii,A\ii.
Talili' siiowiuj;- t!ir liatis of tlir liist app.'ar.ini-i- ar..'. dt'iiar-
liiri' of till' Cum from tlir (iiilf ('oast of Newfoundland.
Milt 111! Viur. Pan>l .VitImiU. Di'lmtiiir. \.i i.t
St. M.ii.'ar.t's liay. .|.s7l
to
liiLraniaflioix IsTl' I'llli .\piil. loth Nov ..I'OO
InLrarnaclioix
Ill
l5onii- Hav,. ls7-l -JOth M;i\, Mtll, Nov lOf
liay of Islands . |n7-J 1st .May' riOth Nov 210
St. ( !,-iir_'.-s r,M\ 11 .
all tif vi'Mi-
,, ,, ruiiiind
(ap- llay
sol III Coxsr ol \l-.wlol Mil Wll
('ml i.Miii I .111(1 t.ikfii ,11 llie vrar imind on llicSonih Co.ist :
I. (',i|(t Millfr, II. .v.. II. .M.S. SIniiK l-'mliery Iti'imit, IhT:I.
■i fii;il, Ki-ikiii,., It. N. II M ,s, K,-|i|i-,. n-liiiv It.'i"ivt. IST.-i. p. !i,
:l. SiithiMliiiiil I) .1, Ii.- 1. .s... .. is.-h!,
4. li.'vcnii" nllliif. Iii.|i..ri, is.-i7 iNil'l i
.">. .\|i|H'ii. .\i'\vl..niii|liiiiil .1 iiiniiil lit \--ciiilil\ . Is.'iT. |iiii;i' ST'i
(■ Ciiiitiiiii Itrowii, H. X, II. y. S.-/lii,fii;" |s7l Cuiaiiin I'lskiii". II \
II .\i s. • /■;,/„«,■• is7u'.
M
23
STKAi'l'S OK r-KLIJ'; ISl-lv
NI'.WI'nrMil.ANI) ciiAST.
Tiililr -liiiwiim tlir iliil(^ III' thr lirst iini\iil inul ilr|ii\rtmv
iiF (111' ('."I I'idiii till' ('mists iif till' Stniits of lirlli' isli',
■<l,ir,.ii. V.ir. I';i-I \in.;il, ll,|.irliiH'. Ni>. nf
'Ijv-.
('ll|.r liallM to I'il]"' Olljnli . I,S7I . .
IN?-.'. iO .llllli'. . I Ortolicl-. . lO-J
I'isti.li't l!av 1H7I. .
1,S72. . ■ . io Aii,uMst. . (il
( 'n,'i- Niiiiiiiin (ill 1.S71 . .
Siivii;;.-('n\i- ( 1H7"2. .
S:iviiM;c ( 'iivi' 1 1X71 . .
to St. I'.(\rl.i's ' IS7-J. . 10 .lillii'. ."list .lillv, . •">!
I'.a.v I I.s7;i. .10 .liilv.
l,.Ull!.M>oli ciUST <iK Idl-; SCll.MTS.
chiiraii lliiv Is7l . .I'O .iiiiii'. , 1st, Nov.. . i:i:!
I,s7i. . •■ . .:iOtli S.'|,. . \:\-2
Hcil V.:\\ 1.S71 . . is June.
1ST','. .'.'0 Jiilv..
Riack Uav I871..:-'0 .liiiu- . . .'Hst .Auu'.. "'-'
187!,'. .1.) Julv. .Sep
l-oiti'iu Hay 1871. . 10 .liinc. .'2Mi Dec. . 198
187;i. . 9 June, .ciul oi'scasoti
IMaiic Sal.lnii IS^Il. . 1 June. . lOth Sept . .102
().-.\'i'L.\NTK' co.xsiN OF rm; rxri'F.n st.vtks ■ >
M:\\i'i)nr kkodi-; isi.sno.
" i'lie f'dd are very fjeiierailv dislrilmteil iliirinu; the cnld
iveallier in tlie i')\\er water.s of (he Hav, and on the approach
of warm weather, work off into deiper water outside the hay,
and are there le.ss j^eneraliy caiii^ht, l)iit may he taken at all
.•seasons (he vear round."'
'I'he Cod are ijener.div toiind on this coast from Much to
< 'hrisimas.
Naiitiiekel. — ^primj ;uid fall. .\ large school of small Cod
remains in shore all the winter.
(aja.st of Massaclinsetls. — March to .May.
Coast of liliode Island. — .Ml (he vear round. ''■ '
(irand Manan — .Ml the winter. '•' I
From ihese tahles ii a|)p 'ars to he incotitrovertlhle,
Isl. That (he (.'oil is not, as has heen alleged, i migratorv
lish.
2nd. I'll it it is Indigenous to the coasts where it appears
regularly at ccilain periods of the \car, he those pmiods during
(he winter or summer.
.'Jrd. That it is captured siinulf.uic.uislv all llie vear round
in Kurope and in .\meiica.
Ith. Tiiat the great body of (/'oillish inliibiling American
Se.is are divided into very numerous sep.irate si'hools, which are
local in their habits, an<l (hit this is the r<'siilt of marine climate
It will now beshiwii tint in whvlever relates to the season
and time ot spawning, the relation of d'Ifenuit schools of Cod
to a definite area of the Sea is maintained and |ni'serveil.
lilK Sl'A\VMN'(i OF I'lS'I AMI TIIKIK KKI.AIIOV
TO COASTAL U'.M'F.RS.
'Hi. Hi'fore wo can arrive at any correct opinion rpspe<(ing
ihe approaeli of (ho C^od, the Mackerel, the Herring, the Caplin
and other tishes, to the shores or their immediate vicinitv, for
the alleged purpose of si)awning, it is necessary (hut we should iii-
I. Eviili'iic ill till' l!.'|H.ii ,,( till' CimiiiHsiiiiiiU'iif i-'i.oliiniilKisliiTii's I'.S.
IS71 7-.'. ■-'. Ha. I. p. I.-.. :i ll.i.l. |,. Ts, 4. ||,|,i, ,, i;i.-,
I
'.'4
(onn oiiisi'lvcs wlii'lluM- the Np\wiiini; opcriilioii ncliKilly iiciiiis
a> stated, or «lH'tlicr it may not take placi' hi Idealities far re-
iiiovcd tVom till' coast, ami l>i', in this ros|)tMl, wholly upposcd to
till' views sjoiicially cntertaiiiLMl liy Hsluj incn, who have hecn so
iiisti iiineiilal in ^iiidiiii; opinion and iViininL; enaelnients hearing'
often, and at ditl'eivnt limes, in opposite <liieetioiis.
If the spawniny; of a eeitain species of tish does not neces-
sarily take place iieii the loast lini' or in shallow waters, its
relation to the coast line a|)pears to lie in ileiially 'esseiicd, and
indeed its life may he altoijether iinlependent of coastal waters,
or hy some law not eviilcnt at the Kist consideration of the siih-
jecl, it may hecome l>y accident intitiiiitely associated uiih the
coast line. Siieh is aitnally the rase with mi'ny of our coininer-
<i.d sea fishes. 'I'lii^ir relation to the coast line is dctei mini d
ill a f^re.it nieasiiie liy the act of iiuin i See stateinent, p. xxxix
and x\\ of the Kepoit ol the I'. S Conimissioner of t'ish and
Fishorii's lor 1871-7^1 I'liis is an iniportaiit consideration,
and has especial heaiiiif^ upon the present exhausted condition
of the shore Hsheiies of till" Ifnit^'il Sr.ite-., and the abiiiiilant
lisli lile whi li is still fonnd throiif;hoiil the wide stretch oi the
Ihilish .\meric.iii Sea Iroiit. It must too, he home in mind, that
Lti-oLjraphic.il pusiiioii ofleii delei mines whether a defiiiitt state-
ment In applic.ilde or not to any pirliciilar locality or to anv
parti<iil.ir sea are.i. Foi instance, to alliiin on the ( 'o.isi of
Norway, where the known spawning se.ison of llie Cod is win-
ter, th.it the Coil spawns in August, would meet uiih will
deserved ridicule from tlie fishermen on lhcgie.it l.ololen Hanks ;
on the other liaim, were a NorHcgian, fully salisHed of the
results of his experience in his own home w.ilcfs, to declare
to the fislierinen of Helle Isle, an <(|nally well known and an-
cient tisliiiiu' ground, lli.it ilie pioper season lor Cod spawniiii;
was the winter, the assertion would pioli.ililv e\|iose him to
e<|iial ridii iile.
r>l|t liolh are collect ilccoldlllLr I" lln'il' "UII eXp.-li.nee. mid
it is geiigiiiphlc.il pusitioii, w ith M great change in eliniale, which
is tlie ea'ise ,i( t!ie siTiiiiiig uilonialy, S..i, also in coiisideiiiig
the \ ry i'.iipiitMiit .|U'stinn of I'ait. .-in i>\ .rwhi-hii'iig ncijnr-
it\ will a\ii tli.it the < '.ipliii spawn on ih.' Iie.-iches and thai
lie;, iiiii-t ha\.- s.-indy lieai'hes to spjnvil on. The stati'liieiit
is. 11 1 do.il.t to :i certain xteiit tine. Imt it is eipialiy tin.'
tlia.t the t 'apliii sp.iwii ni siil.iiiirin,. Lraehes. aiiil in from
twenty to luTiity -s(.vrn ialliiiiiis of water, .s,,. alsn. the \\ir-
ring ii|>]iro,ieh tln' coast to spawn in fioin ."i to 1 .'i t'nthnms. Imr
they also spawn in 1(H) fulhonis. and |ierh;ips at nnieli greater
dejitl.s The spawn of I lie llei ring adhei • s to any iiKstiiiice
it toiieln-. liiit the spawn of the I'od tfuils ,i(i the smfaee of
the wa'ei .■ind is drifli'd to ;iiiil fm l.\ eiiriiiils. There are
inipoitant dilleienees III till' spawning of all species of lisli.
and the,e diirei-eiiees h.ave the closest hearing to the lehitioii
of 'iiii c.inimerei.'il tishes (.i the coa^l.il wateis. .S. , that it is
ipiit.' iiiipo>sili|e for n!i\ one toe-tiaiate the true value of any
sti-etch of co.isl liii' .as a lishiii,' ground or li^h iiiiisriy. unless
he has inform -1 hini^.lf of what is known lespei-ling the
spawning and utln'r hahits of the sjiecies iindiT discussion.
Tic dillelvlici-., lietWeell the spiwil of hslles is VerV fat fliilll
lieiii:: so ;.r|-,.,.,i ;i> iIj,. dilleiviiees ill ill.' iiiaiiin'r in whieli tin-
i.girs, so to speak, are laid. Their siil,s,.,pieiit histoiy. whether
atleiideil and eared for hy one of the |iaient tish or left to
ehaiicr t peiatiii-es and escii|)e from liiirm also varies givatly.
and perhaps in iioii.- of the circles nf Nature is there such as-
tonishing ili\ eisjty of method MS Wi' llieel with ill tish life iiis-
toiy. notwithstandiiio- the seaicity of oiiv knowledge in that
tield .if .■lli|llll \
'.'7. Thi' Si'cirt.iiy to tlic l!(>y;il Sea Tislicry ( '()mini^-ii>ii '
111- criilicMlifd ill liic iiiiniiliictoiy Chapter of lii- «"rli cm
■• Occp S<M Fi^liiii^" (1H74) till' flits r()miniiiii<'iit('(l In liim liy
rr(ilr>-<)i- -^ars rcl.ifivc In wliit hill lii'cii nhvi-vcil willi n'!,'aiil
In the spawning haliils of the ('ml. and the h itcliiii,!,' nf the
-.pawn at the siirt'acc nf the ^''i.
rin- lollnwiiiu; ai-p snmi' of the firls he his rc-nidi"! : •• lii
IMIU he n'llaincd, hy nipiiis nf his siirfici'- iii't,— apparnitlv the
sinii' kind ni' apparatus is is cnmninnlv usimI hy naturalists lor
i-oUcrthii; iiiiiiiifc Ho.itiiisj forms of miriiH' life — iho ova nl ihi'
roniiMoli f'nrl ((,'iii/ii.i iinrr/iicn H'lUiii,' at the siirl ui' ; rX-
ainplr^ ill various sta!,'i's of disclopmi'nl wem prn;'iiri'd, tin-
vniiML; Hsh hatiiied n it, and the sp.rlns idiMililicd lieynnd a
(Innlit 111 ISi;.") the siine ohservations were made nn ilie nvi
lA' the haddock {(linhix ii;iili-jiiii«) and it «Ms satisfacloril\ div
leriniued tint ih.'V «-ent tliri)iii,'h all their stau'es nl devidop-
iiieiit while llnatiie,' at the surf i e, in ilie >,:ii)e manner as had
heen previonslv ascM-rlained in the ease of the ('on. M. 's,r>
wriles to IIS that he "as at tirst in(line<l to Ihdieve this develop-
ment of the ova while (I Miiiii,' was peeiili.ir to the niem'ners nt
the r/,„//,/,e. nr Coil fiinily. in its re~triilei! sen-e ; hiif in the
slimmer >>< ISIi.") he vi-iied 'he Soialieni Co.i-r nl Norway diir-
iun- the season for M.e keiel. and found id)iinilaiit fvidenee id
the simi' rule oliiainiiiir in ihe imsc of that widely di.stinet Hsh. '
;.!H. Ag.iiii : •• Kniiiely .siihversive as these discoveiies of
j'l'ofessnr .Sars aic our popular iiolious ahout fi'-h ap.iwniiej;, it
is even more iine.\pe.'ted In lind ihat hnlh he and M .\. W .
Malm, of ( lolheiihui;;, hive indepeudiMilly aseeilained lh.it the
ova (if the |il,iiei> I /'!■ n r^.i^i-lrs /,/,ilr.i.t'i \ fillow this siine
rule ol (Inalinn' at the s n f.ire ; iiiid M. -^ars adds ihi' it iiii-
doiihtedlv .applies also to ihe nlhei I'leiiidlie.lidie. ♦ • •
* .»♦>•» l'"iu- if lh.it he the rule uith ihe
spawn of the Cod aud ll.iddoek, there can hardly he a iloidit
ahout its heiiij; so with the T.iui;. ("oalfish, U'hltini,'. I'ollnek,
Hake and 'I'oisk ' /Lnxmius ,. all liidieiLtin^' to the s.uin' laniilv.
Ag.nii. I'lirhot, llaliliut, Urill, .S.iles, ri.iiee. I>.ilis ^inil flound-
ers lire all cdo-{dv allied, ,iij;reein,ij in certain olivinu^ peeiili.iri-
lie^ of striicure and in i^iukumI h.ihits. It h.is heiui aseertaincil
hy holh M. S.us and \!. M.dm that the ov.i ,if the pfiiic. one
ol the most typie.d of llli^ i;r.m|i id' Ijshes :;o ihroiiudi iheir
several slai;es of devolopnient while iloitim,' at the surl.ice ;
lliere is eveiy re.isou to hcdieve therefore that the ov.i of the
olhi r memheis of the finiilv are suhje.-f tii the same :'nndition^."
i|i. .)1.)
!-'!). Ihe hirlli pi. ire is nen ^^iillv llie s it wliere the yniiu:;
li.sh tii-l isviic^ ii'diii the nviini, ntiieivvise the principle wnnld
l.iil at the nul-et in ihi' c.i-e of the siilmui, and with icy'ard to
,dl those livhes nl' which the nei iiis, mi (o speik, are Ir.iu-ported
thoiis.iiids of miles hy artilicial means. I'lie hirlh-piaco of the
Salmon of the I'acilic ('oast, introdueed into .\tl.inlie waters, is
the liver in which spawn has liceii iiilrodiiced liv the li.iud of
man. where it is hatched and to whieu it is expecti'd lo return
The hirthplace ol the Scottish or .\mericaii Sdmon, introduced
into an Anstiiiliaii i{ivcr, i.s the .\iis!iali.in Kiviu' it.self, where the
introdueed spawn is li.ilclwd. and where, exeiiiplifviiii? I'rofcsMU
Haird's principle, the S.ilmon returns to hrced as soon ,is it
iKiiehes iiiatnrity.
30. llcuuu, also, the ov.i of ('od, she. I on the coast ot t'.ipe
I. K. W. II. ItiiMsw.irlli, l'.l,.'s.. K.Z.S,, ,im.| late S,.,aii|>ir,v I. llic 1! val
Sfii I'islici'j,.,. I'liiiiiiiissi.ii.
',>«
liccliiii, wliiili m;iy l)i' lanii'd liy ihi" I.alir.iil.ir rniiciil. iliniii:;
it> >ixlt'i'ii '» t'iiililcoii (lays dt ilcvi'lopiiu'iil, suiiii' lliii'i' IiiiihIiimI
miles til tlic >i>iitli west, has its liirlli-|ila('i' near tin: siiiillicj ii
rxtri'iiiily "I Nova Scotia, anil tliitlirr the maliiiril lisli will ic-
tiiiii III spawn, il till' piiiK'ipIt' imlils gimii in the
lasi! iif sc 1 tisju's. 111 viliiili lIuTC ilniis imt, appear In lie a~ \cl
aiiv ii'asiiii III ildiilit. lint the Kiiisiilt'iatinn of lliis -nliiiit
shows liiiw inlimati'iv lileinlid with tin,' (|iirstion nt ilic irlalivi'
valiif 111' liillcii'ni iiiaslal walrrs iu rclalinii to li~li lilr. ale the
phvsic ol llic si'a>, llicii rniiciits ami li'mpciatnu', toncllicr with
ihrii' lireiliini Ihmii pollnlinti, and Ircriliiiii iVmn ili^tniliain'c,
iSrc . on wliii'li .ihnnil.iiK i' p.iiitiiy ol li>li lili' i!i pi'iiils.
;il. Ainoni; the ti^li eniinieialeil !)y Mi. llolilswoiih," '
w ho~e >pa»n is likely lo lloat nil the sintace diiiiii;; llie peiiod
111 ii» ili'M'lopnii'iil, ale :
! Cod, lla.liloik. Coalrish, Whiliii-, Poll. Ilk. U.ke and
I'liisk, .ill lieliiiiiiiiij; 111 the same lainily.
:.'. 'I'liiliol, Jl.dilint. Hiill. S.ilis. I'lii.e. Dali- and
I'loniiilei -
• i. Mai keiel. t iiii n.iriU. .ind ihe Dmy.
.\niiiiii; the tisli whose spawn .iillirie- to llie linllom. or to
any n'ljeit in the sea, there are :
1. ilen-in:,'. Sill. ''it, Sp.,-i,.s of (J illn<. />•'/) (-/s. \; ■
I IIK si'MVMM. ill lilt: mil,
■Vl l'.\ei\ v\ heir the impie^^iiii piexiiU , inline.; tisheimen
tli.il lie Sii I'mi. Ol Cod ;;en -1 illy cm^h' in eo ist il waters,
is a dili'rieiil -pi ■ le^ to the i! ui'< Cod. ; lish I iken o:i reel- and
hank- III loinp iiaiiM-lv deep w iier and il a eou-idei .ilile di--
talii e II .iin. 1- well a- (•lo-e to ill • I Old. The - one opinion has
iliilil leeeiilK , prev.iiled ainoiii; natnrdi-ls. hti: piev iniis to the
ili-tiiii iIm' and \eiy inrere-tinu iiliser\ .itions of the I'rofessois
S.ir-. Iithii and -on. the lil'e liisliii\ ot the rod had never lieeii
traeeii hiini the e:;:; to the adult -paw nini,' li-h. and until I^Tn
it wa- Mot really known thit the sliiiie end w.is the - nne -pi . u-
iil ti-h a- the li.iik I o 1 It has lieen e-t,iMidied liy the la-l
named ol llu'se irdi.-t.ikiiiL; .ind p"i-ev eriiii; nilur.di-t-. ilnl the
N'oi we^'ian loi in of I lie eoil li i- uo Mi; d ir -pawiiiiii; ;;i o and, in
the sense (if a deiinile .ire.i of -e.i hoil.iiil, lint that il drop, ir-
spa» n 111 e in the -ea. at .i eim-idiualile disiaine from the Init'oin
Till- -p ivv 11 dor- not -ink, hut u'oe- lliriiiii;li .ill iis slai(e- nf
i|e\elii|lneiil sv, iminino free in the sea (|iiire ne.ir the snrlaic.
l'icife--oi (i (). S,u- w IS ol iipiniiin. that he-ides the hettrr
iippvl'in.itte- I'm i he iinpreijii.ili ni of llie ,.v.i, ihe Inluie -ap-
ply ol Ined. w hii h iiiiu;h' he nioie e .-ily ,anil -alelv ^el■urell foi llie
ymiii.: Ii-li near the e 1.1-1 Iin.. iii-linelivelv deier.iiiiied the .ip-
ploaili o; llie i oil to the -lioie- uhra .ibour to -piun. I lie
,.Mjf, ,,| |!|,. ,•,„!, I],. ||.,||.,|, ll,.|lt, ,ii|i| hive a -peeitir i,'Mll!\ -o
lieu lh.it ol -e.i walei ih'.l llie\ Il i it near the -uri'.e e where llie
ill';,'! ee 111 -.diiiilv i n-iire- the reipii>ile deii-il\ of ihi' watei.
If it -l.oiihl rail: and the -nil'aic lie liiluled, and il- speeihe
oia\iiv l'--ened. llie di'lir.itelv lieiitliied e^'t; -ink- then to ll.i-
denser -ir.ituni In fie-!i water llii'v sink In llir lioii.mi.
Ileliie, continued lain miv have a m.iteii.d ellerl on the de-
\elopinei I of the e^'i4 ol the (.'oil .i' the siiif.ice of the -e.i Ihe
milt ol 'lie III il" i- d-o of le-s -p ■citi-: i^r.e, llv th in -e i water, and
like the ("n^- ill ov.i il Ihiai- at the siirf.ice. '\'\\>- time ie(|uiied
for Initchiiiii i- ahoiil I'l il,i\-. lint .i liirilier period of 1 1 d.iv- is
Ilecess.iix hefoie the velk lia:,' is ah-oihed and the voniii; lish
swims lice.
:m
■• l>r|..-i.M l'l-lilli>;.' I, .11.1 ill. 1X71.
27
Siirs lids also pointed iiiit iiiiother iciii;iik;il)li' pcriiliiuily iii
till' ri,',;,' (if tlio Coil, wliiili cxliiUils i\ woiidci fill lulaiitiitiim of
moans to tlir cnil He >; lys " llir ^pcnnntozon of llm (Joit fisli
arc oviil, oi- rallicr pear shapoil liodirs, to wliosi' pointi'd t'lid tin-
tail i^ fastened. i'lie milt like the loc, is ol less speiiiie wi'i},'lit
than till- sr I «;ilei and il liierefiiie iloats upon the surface as
soon as ii is pomed out I'liis niav account lor the tact that
male (ish diuiicj' ihc at ol spawiuic^ >;cncially swim deeper
than the female ; and likewise for the lai t that l/n' iiiirni/idlf /<
/fimitril ii'-(n- llii: Inwfi' /mrfi'in ,,/ llf rrff/. while with other
\l-\\ whirli haxc hccM ohsorverl this onler of lliiiif^s is reversed.
'I'hi'sc eonelnsions are ot i^rcat intere-f in exhih'.tiiii; llie mode
ill which impregnation may lake place in the open sea and at the
snrface, and leiw ivater hiving a specitie gravity less tl'an ih it
ol the eggs ami the milt m iv he extremely injniions to the re-
]jrodiictive pincess Such waters ocvor in l)ays near ih" months
of large Kivers, and tln'se aie ne:-essaiilv iiiifavoiir..hle localities
as (.'oil s|)iwning areas. W'lu'n therefore it is stated that (.'oil
come into certain havs to spawn, uithout acliiil piO(j| resulting
Irom ohservati'iii, the specific gravitv ol the water may le.id to
conclusions as to whether the .is.seilion is prtdialily coriect or
oiherwisc.
I'hcse considcra'ioiis l.iken hv themselves do not appe.ir to
h ivc an\ licaring, al the liist hinsli, upon the producli vcncss or
dec line of Sea Fisheries, or upon thi'ir coininercii-l value, hiit
when ipieslions aic discussed relating to the causes of such
dccHiie, (IS f(U- inslaine, the elfeet of the dcstinclion ol sp iwning
grounds, or the ellccl ol severe and iiu lemeiit se.isons npoii the
tisheries. they point to possihle e.xpl.inations which otherwise
would escape notiif. The causes which lead to great tlnetua-
linns are very oliscure, \et, if it ould he shown that during the
spawning period of llie cod in a given sea ansi, there h.id heen
an iiniisiial fall of i.iiii. the catch, two or three years atter such
spawning period would prohalilv lie small in conseipience ol the
ilcsti uction of ova, which would olliei wise have supplied tln'
.average ahiiiidan'-e of' tish. 'I he next succeeding year may ho
very f.ivimrahle fo, die devolopini.'iit of the ov.i, and three ye.irs
alter, tint citch oi.iy he correspondinglv gre.it in the se i area in
iiuestion. 'I'he .Mackerel arc surface spawners, and if is no-
torious that the fliictuatioiis in the c.itcli of this fish arc extreme.
'I'he nieteoiological conditions of the jireseiit voir or of two ye.iis
in succession, will necessirilv alfe-'t thi' cilch two and lliree
years and perhaps four \cirs hence, and it would he an illogii al
com liision to stale, lliat liecanse the Mackend iishery had declined
for a series of vo.irs, that the decline was permanent. .\ single
favourahle suminer for the development of such lloatiiig spawn
might liring the schools hack to their original slreiigth, and re-
iiiperati' seas, appaiently show iiig exhinstion Hut this is not
the ca.se with those ti-li whose spawn, like that of ihe Ilciiing,
adheres to the hottom of the sea. If this he riilhlcssly destroyed
hy thoacis of m.iii, the loss is felt, not so iniich in the destriietioii
of the schools of llening, as of the fish which are dr.iwii to
coastal waters to feed on the spawn
'I'hi: Cod grows rapidly, ,ind a well-grown veirling Cal is
ahout a foot in length. .\s early as six moiiths Irom the egg
they hegiii to go off into deep water and are found in thirty fa-
tlioms, and perhaps at a nineli greater depth, hut it does not
appear that up to this time ihey li.ive assumed the cli.iracter of
hottom feeders. The iwn year old ami three year old (^od re-
main on the Xorwegiaii co.ist all the year roiiiid, and it is not
until they attain prohalily their fourth year that tliov hive their
reproductive organs developed so that they are aide to inuitiplv.
!i«
1
'I'hi' ililiumiiiiMr llllM^ 111 ('ml .ilmiit IS li> :!',' iiiilu's in
li'iii;tli wlii. h ;nc ImIncu on llii' I.;ilii;itlnr, :iii<l mNcj imi iIip coast of
Fiiiniiiik, Hie iiiiisi pKplialiK rom|io~cil ol' ^(■llooU in lliiMi- second
iind lliird ycir, anioni; wliiili liicrc aic. ll^ in tlir i i-r ot Herring',
a ci'itain |)ro|)orlioii in wliiiii ilic rc|irodu(ti\f ini,Mns iiic Ixinj,'
dcv<'l(i|)cd. Hnt ilic uir.it mas. of [.ilirador Cod, liniM' wliirli
HO l;iO lo lod to ill" (|iiint il. lie |iioli,ilil\ Olds in llicii >fi (iiid
anil llurd m' ir in aiio'licr MM-on llii-y "ill c lianjit'
ihi-ii lial>ii~ lo a inlain cxlcnt and rici|iicnt ilii' (Oisidi' haidis,
lifcoinin;; in nllnr winds liinl; < 'od, sunn' of t||..in onU , as Iicit-
toloic, visiliiii; ihc coast dni-ins; llic Caplin sca-on, the otbcis ic-
niainins,' oiilsnlc and iccdin;,' on the va-t solnn n inc lianks wliiidi
hr ■.ir the coast line at vaiial.lc dlstama's, d'hr adnit Noi«(-
i^ian ' od iitiic .d'ici iln' Niiaunini; .ca-oii i^ over, tar lioni ilic
'■oa~t, and ai'' I'onnd, a- c'ordin;^ to Sirs, dining' tir- •.iiiMimi. on
tlic slopes of the iiriMt villniiaiino lillU wlii. li loriii iKe eoa-lil
Il 11 liei- of llie '• I'olar Deeps "
Cod de,i\e their color from llie 11 line <>' tlie liolloin ihev
fictliicnl, and the loo I iliey con-nino. I'hcy ~lio.\ -in^nl n in-
stinct and sa^acilv ill the pnisnit of dilh-rent kind- of lo-.d at
difrerent pfiiod- of the yeir, and wait, as ycailini;-, it tlie eil;;f
of liieakei- lor Miimi: ci abs \\a-!ie<l out liv the pliHr,;iiio sens-
riitil thev all lin 111 i!'ii-iiy and t,'o to ^nnii'ier feediie,' oionmU
liec|iieiiteil (hielK liv adiills. lhe\ show a leniai kalile inslini'live
kliortleilue of ihe liahits of other Ksh, and hnver loins n liich
iVciinent the coast, i.eaviiiLC ahnndanre of Crali. to jiiey upon
the I'oininj,' Liunce, leavinir the l.aiince to ;)r<'\ on ipproaildiii;
lleiiiei;, and so on, aecoidiiii; .^^ llie adv.uii-,.' ol llie \<'ai' l)iiui;s
diU'crcnl vaiii tie. of food t 'Ua;'ds the coastal waters, or lakes
ihein inwards deeper u.ilei W'l' niiy le, o;,'ni/.e in tliesi> niove-
nienl- the can-M' ol ihe Mippo.' d cIomiiu' ol what is leinied ihe
Spiin:; Cod Fi^herv. and alter tiie lapM- ot an inter\al of .i,'realer
o'- le.s |eiii;tli, the licoiniiiii',' ol the I'all or \iitiiinn Fishen,
lint «heie are lln- tuo and tlin'C \eaiold I 'od during; this in-
terval li.lweeii the Sprioi,' .iiitl Fill Fisli-ry f Doiihlles^ ihey
h.ive u iiideied iiilii ^oiiie well-known cliannel oi sea v.illey where
-(niie certain speiio of h.h .oe approi- hin^' oi ictiiiu^ I'Oin the
shore. If we knew the line wliieli draws ihr Cod awa\ Irom
.: known H^hiiii; .^'I'oniid to another arei which i^ unknown, ind
Ihe foe whi.h Slums il hack ai,Min, ihe ('oil mi'^'hi lie cain;hf
ill all Waters v\illiiiiit ce.-ation except fioin pli\^ical can-.e^.
Hut "e do not know lie- hue, and il is only h, a randul e\-
ainiiialion of the stomach that wc can arrive .it ihi-- knowledge.
The ividciice of the act of -p iwiiiiiL' on our coasts which
» onid ,ip]iiMi lo satisfy ivcn the nio.t Miprrheial einpiiii'i, i^ the
eX|)oil.ition of Cod Itoc- trolli New foundlaiid, the soillhfrn pal!
ol the ( lull of St. l.iwieicc and from Nova Sc'olia. The Noi ■
ur^iin- expoi I lai^e ipianliiics ol Cod {{oe-, and no one di.-
p lie. ihe fici ihil ihe t 'od sp.iwn on the coa.t o| Noiw.iy,
{'he IMti.h .\ineiic.iii~ also e^ put l.iiu'e iiuantilic. ol Cod 1,'ocs,
taken Ironi fi-.h c,ii|oht on in inv dilfci cut pa'ls of iheir o«n
coa..t-. lichce the i onclu-ion i-. lo .ill appeaiance. iiie\ il.ihle. lint
•he Cod .piwn in tlie nci'.4l i lion i hood where I hey ate lh;i^ t.ikeii,
iianiel\. viiih IOCS in them. Ihil il may he iiioeil that the roe
ol ihr Coll, which not uidreipicnlU ueinhs !.'() Ih-.. and some-
tiiiies ciin-idei.iMy c.Nceed- thai weiohi, iei|uire> many nionlhs
lo aiiive at inilniitv It may 'ijiow" slowly, and even when
i\ (ish with a v<MV he.ivy roe is taken, it may be hard iiiid in a
-late which >hows that some wcek^, ,it least, will elapse helore
the sp.iwn i- in a lit ^tile to he shed. I?iit if li~h are taken
with the IOC in such a maliire condilion ihal il runs out ol the
I
29
tisli, when liMinlli'il, 111- l.ikcii in ;i net, or lifted into ;i lio;it. tlic
cvidiMiic is no lonLjcf liickiiiij in ;i siiiLtlc ilctiiil.
Now, tisli in flii^ niatnic lonilition. in so I'ar iis tlic in;ilniitv
nlilcs to till' stiilr of the Npiivn. « liicli pciinilN it to llo«- t'lccly
ti'oin liic li>li, iiic liikcn cvci y \c ii' in ificat iiiMnlici-^ mi llic
const ot' NrwI'oiiiiilliiiKl, mikI. iiidccil, tliroiifilionf Uiitisli Aincr-
iiM.i Milters. Till' icasoii « liy tliey aie not more loinnionly cup-
lured, is, doiil)tles>, due to the well knoHii l.iil lliat lisii i)vii< i-
iilhf do not take tlie liiiif well, when llie\ are near tlicir spawn-
ing time Anil >" stioiigly looli'd lias this iipiiiii)ii beeoiiie,
that it has heen mneil as a leasiin why the use ol the hnltow is
nut injiiiions lo the ('ml li-lieiies.
( )n the (illief hand, there aie niaiiy who stale I'mni their own
e'iperiencc ilia. ( 'od aie IVeely taken hy tlie hnltow w!ien eloscly
approachin,:; the sjjawning period, and they alleL;e tlmt the rea-
son why spawniiii; Cod, or Cod ahoul to spawn, aie not taken
«ith the (n-(linai-y hailed Ion;; line, is heeansr the lieaw LCiavid
(eni.de will not lisc I'nnn ihe hotloin to take tin,' liait suspended
a few feet ahove her, as in tin; lontj-lint' method of lishiiii;.
liiil il tlie hail lies on the i;iiiiind, as in the luilluw sv-lem, the
1,'i-avid I'emales, and also the males, lirav\ ullli mill, will take
llie hail.
:):! In the Sii.iiis of lirlle Isle, and ninth nl the isl.uid ol
the same name, the lisherinen eonstaiitly take gravid liinales.
with spawn |-nnnin^-ont ol' them when lifted into the hoal, dui-
iiiij the moiilli ol .\iiifiisi. liy the ariompaiivint; staleinents.
fiinn dilleiciit and iiidepi'iidenl sonn-es, and (-oveiiiifj a larfje
iinmher ol \eai's, these views are eonfii iiifd in a'l partieniars.
It is essential to ln-.ir in mind that in eases in wliiili the
hahits of animals are i (im-erned, uhelhii- inaiine or leiieslrial,
the eviileiu-r of a le'.v ri'liahle peisons, who state that lliev have
ohserved any iiarlienlar hnt not easily ieeos,'iiized hiiliil or ehar-
ai-teiistie, must le reijariled as eonlirmalory. even uhcii opposed
hy the slaleniriils of ten limes the niiniliei- of individuals, who
may not have notii-ed, or had not the opiiintiiiiii v of niitii-ini;,
the same hahit or eharai-teristii-.
The lac-t, however, that spiwniiis;- Cod are i-inistantiv taken
within the Straits of lielle Isle and annind the Island of the
same name, aUo on the south roast of NeH-fonndland, and on
the (iaspe eoast, ami on the Nova .Seolian eo:ist, is so well known
to tisheiinen who have fished with hnltow s, or allow ed the hait
lo toiii-h the lioltom. or lished with seines, that it is nniieressai-\
fiirther to allude to siii-li a eolist-.int oeiiirieiKe here. The an-
thoiitit-s ,iiid e.Mraets niveii farther on will snirnieiillv estahlish
this impiirlanl f.ict.
It is more diUienlt, for reasons already stated, to give the pie-
eise month id the year in whieh the Cod spawns in ditteiml parts
of North .-\merieaii eold water seas. The Hoe must he in a (-un-
ilitioii to flow I'reidy Iroiii the fish, and in the e\iilemeiit and
linriy iin-ideiit to the lishinji- season, whieh those onlv who have
witnessed it as pursued on a j,'raiid seale in New lnniidl.md and
Dominion waters, eaii well appiei-iate, it is dillienlt to rolleit
facts i)erfectly reliable withoiil ohserv.itions have heen (ariieil on
for the |)nrpose.
:)t. 'The I'olloH-ini;- lahles slnnv the nniiiher of harieU of
Cod Rocs exported from Newfoundland since anv steps were
taken to initiate a trade in this article. 'I'ahle No I. was fur-
nished to the writer hy Mr. Aiihyn I'earee, of St. .lohirs New-
fonnilland. who first conimenecd to make a hiisiness of collect-
ing iiiul exporting the roes. 'I'ahles Nos. II. am! III. are from
various ofKcial doeniiients, sliowiiii; expiirls and Imports,
90
|ml>li-licil ulliliT till' iiillmiilv o| till' (ioM-l\llM'llt Till' cxpn-
ii'iiic iiii|iiiiiMl liv Mr. rr.inc in llic iirDsr-culion iiC liis liiiKineiis,
ri'lulivc til till' |iiiil> (if llic \f« toiiiiillanil loiist ulili li t'nniisli
till' Hoe*, i> iiitcii'>liiii,f iiiiil iiii|i(iitMiil. Ill 11 ^liiiniii'iit iiiiiili' tn
llic wiitcr, .It lii> rii|iii".t. \\r. IVmik" <iiv« : —
•' \>i to ll"' tinii' lit' vein tlic ('"'I ^piiMii. all 1 can •^av iiliniit
ihi- i-. llial I liavr had rc)i'> I'linii tlic ((la^t. IVmn Cipc' IJay I"
I.a r<>ilc. I *oiitli cnisti, iis cailv .is Miiicli niicl a» liti' is ()cti>-
licr. Knuii till' l!iii;;cii iiciKliliiiiiiln>(iil. tlic foi"* iin' K<'t alioiit
.Iiini' 111(1 .ImIv, 111 Hriiiiitiiiii' l?.iy aii.l pait< of Foitiiiii' Hav.
lish »ith H|iaaii in lliciii aic caii^lit in tlic «in!ci- In I'laccn-
li.i I'av, wliiTc 1 ','i't my cliicf supply li-oiii. tlic iocs aic takiii
as I. He as Scpicinlicr, liiit aic cliiclly taken in .Inly, 'llic lisli
ciiiicn ill lliis Hav use linllovvs vi'iy niiicli anil Hsli in ilccp
water, conscipieiitlv lake laiije lisli anil iiiinilicis nf sp;i\\iiinij
lish, wlii.li i.r,.i.. ,,,|ly :irc loiiiul in deep «alei.
Til.' lisli .aiulit .'11 the liiiiiUs otr St. Maiys, -ivr ii liir-v
|,i,,|, .itioii .if iiiMili.r lish ill .liiiic aid .Inly Si. Mary s
I'.iiv. 'riv|iiis,y mil' ih.' s.Mitli-i list coast to St. .lohn ^livc \civ
f,'\v loc's. mill thcs,' \ci\ siniill. c\ec|il uiiiiv the Imllou is
usr.l ami ill ilrcp wal. I
'I',, the iiortli-east of St. .lohn. I never ;;et iiiiy iocs I
havi' seen IOCS from ('.ineelilioii I'liy on oiie .iccnsiot;. lail they
weiv very siiiiill, iii.l I: ami .as loihr coast of l.al.rador, I
hav.' hiiil' hairels nf m.lt lnoii^jht m. fi .,ii tic iv, lail not mic.
ro ■. iiml from en |iiiries I ha\c mai|i\ I ihinh I am s»f.' iti
siivilli,' tllele lire VelV feW s|lll Wllilli;' lish takill oil that const.
Th.' French lishenneii on the N'ewfoiin.llaii.l shniv, from ( 'ajie
.lohn, w.si I., I'... line r,;i\ lake si.awiiiiii^ lis], on llcir Imh
tow-.
|''r..iii )i'is..iial oh-iiAatioii aid isp.'iiriic ■ .if olheis, 1
am s.ifc in sayiiii- thai tic- cod -|iawii ..\.-^ a raiiL'.- of ciLdit
months ill the yeiir. at dill'ereiit parts ,.f the M.-md. My rec
sun I'ol- slatilii: this is that I liiiv,' i,e.i\.d liim full iocs
c!iiiL.Iit, fro;ii I.-. Feliniiiry to Nov.nil.'r, and at Pliicentia I
sftw thiitv mother lish split, the spawn run ffom seme like
iplieUsilver, Whi e other- Wo'lld hear sOtnc s,.\c|e haiiilliii^'
and would ll put inti coai-sc salt. Th.- liist were mar the
lime of spawning.', (lie ot.hets mnnlhs oil'. This was ul.oiit lie-
,,li,|,r„. ,.f Mav I h.lVe -,-ell Ih.' sa.lle ill ;\'l;ill-l ill ollc-l
riie sma!le,| -i/.'d lish thai I hiiv s ,11 with lirm -pnwii
woild 111' .'ih"Ul six pound wli. 11 lak.ii oiil ..f lie u.il. r. The
kll'j'.'st si/e.| ti-ll thai -.IVc s|,;l\Ml / ll.'l\.' -Mil Wei.dle'l ihlee
,|„„|'|,r-of a hlllldi.d wei-hl, Slpnuids. The lliruvsl Cod
,.» I ever saw w, i-hed TA l-^ poind- This wa- from I'la
ceiitia H:i>. and the sniaHest sized i."-. I -hoi, Id say al.oiil
till iini.- Th. .'iveraM-e No, I. iocs are al.oiit .■. t.i S
ponids,
I Km T.VTIl.N 111 I'liD lo'ls i;i"M Nl"liil Mil,.\S|i,
Th, ., tal.lis w.'i, kindly furnished to ilie wrii-r hy Mr.
.\nl.yii I'.'.'irce. ,,f Si. .lohns N.wf.iiin. Hand, the I'Xp.irlei -
v.'..
[.■siiri.
l.'Sti'l.,
I .s(i.-. .
ISlili
N I ll.ififl-
.•).S(I
IMil.
|:!h7
Sine this prri.,d lie nnml.ei has varied from I I'OO t.
71)11 l.ariel- each vein
81
II Si I'liiii'.i \\h \lii,irrni\
lMi:J
|S(it
INT.-! 7i
rs7f-7.-.
Is? •••7(1
.Ml I cut
7!M( ■•
M(Mi M.U lu.s.|iiM<il().s,j
11(1
\r<7:2s:\
Ilif.liOS
:V< I'lSTd.MS JiKTriJNS
i:\i'Mifi' III' cull iiiii;s viwi'iirsiii v\ii.
iMi.'i
liui.:-
|.".!ll)
lll•iti^h siiMiv, I mo
I'Vi'lirli
l()(t
|m;7
I Mis
(Mill
In7i>
1^71
\s7-2
I n7:1
ls7(
lust
!lli|.
IL'CV
l!i:i!i
!l|(l
Nii\ V SI nl'l \
I.S7I
I'mliT iliilr. Si, M.'iivs IliiilMiur, ;S:, Mnrv> iinv S loiist.
i'lili .liiiii . IN7I. ( 'fi|it. M
I!. N.nt II. M. S li.
|iMils MS t'liljuws: ■Till' •.ysti'iii mI' l.iiM II,. I li^liiii^. f,,|. ,.,„!
iiiii-i ill my .i|iiiiii>iK l.r vi TV iiijiii-iniis, US tiicy kill I'lioiinniis
i|iiiiMlih
^|iau iiiiii; tisli. Ihr s|
illWll, l-i'|in'S|.|itllli' siililr
l.il-
llolls iif i'L,'.l;s. WMs ll|.|||lril ll|l llllll SilltiMJ. Iifiliy
Cllsks tn til,. M|.,lit
\|>liltcil III
iTivuii'iin. .■iinl, iiiii,iiii;st ullicr iis,.s, ii is us
I'tlil I'nl Sill
•n
s\ stilll mI' ■ l.l||t,.\v ' lisllilli; is ills
stJItr.l li. I,f o,.nrl'nlly collil, .11111111 liy tlir lislliTlnrll nil tllr
Sdlltll cnllsl. I«.|'ii||s,. it ili'slrnys tin' Itlnllui lish, 1 1 is a I |i'l;vi I
tllflt till' lillitril I ks. ivstill;;' i,n til,' l.,i|l,ilii. illv lllkrll lp\ till-
Ill'MV y lll-liviil fnillllr lisli, wllirli will nut lisr tVnIll till- linit
til ll
ir Sllsjiillilr.'l lliliiks III ll.lliil-lllli' lisllillM
ir l''isli,.r\ I;
.V ;.,/„, f,
■|i.ill nf ( 'a|itll
am lais|i.\.
1 lllr yral' ISIi!l, sl||i|il
■f II. .M. S
irs an iiii|Miit;iiil t'art in ri-latinii
111 thr s|iauilitli;- srasnll iif tllr i\h\ on tllr S,,|||1| Sll.ilT ,.t'
Nrwfiiiiiiillainl. ami tlir iillc"vil ii
l.jllrinlls I'tfiTl nl' till' lillltiiW
systriii rtliii'li |,iiiiiits tlif lijiit til lir mi till' liiittmii. witliiii
iTMi-li iif till' Lii.ax ill tViiialr lisli. I 'inlrr liati' I'larriilia. .liim-
IC.lli." I 'a|itain I
■iiis|,.\ siiit.
Wli
Inail of MT\ hiryr ( 'nil, iiiiitlii T tisli. iainli-.l. and
iiiiiiil Ilii'V liai
llldlt Witll till' lull
lAril a linat
111 i'ni|iiiry
lltuw ; irlllnllst.'lltllli'
witll tlir tisllrlliini llliiillt till' nsr oF tlir lillltiiw. I \Mls tiilil :
lliiW it iliirs llJlllll. 1,111 iitllrl |l,.,i|ili. 11^,. il : \V|. ,|,, ti
W, k
.^lArial Ulllhnlis , ,| jisli ||
spauiinl l.y that mir tak
St liaxr l„
■n ]
irr\ ,iii,.,| IV I
r.illl lirlllr
iMi: i;i; wh nwKs
On tllr Ciaml lianks I'nl! ,,|- >|ia wiiiiir- llsh air takni
si'i; MIS 111-' ni;i.i,i-; isi i'.
•■!7. 'I'llr Nrwfiillllillailil ('
iiiiiiiissiiuiiT fuf till' I'i'iiti rti
ll' tllr Kisllrrirs fill- tllr s||
iiiirf of |.SIi+ ivci.|-i|s that nil til-
2(itll .llllv 111' Fnllllil si\ Firllrli I
isllllly \l
■Is I
\ lllr III ailrli.il
lii'twrrii Islr llnis Wn..,] Man, I ainl (;r,.,ii Islan.l. i-lns,- t,
llir liiiiiiiilary liiir lirtwrni ('aiiaila anil tlial ]iait nf tin- Lali-
I. Olllriiil RhIiivih. .1. (I. Kihshi-.
■-'. l!i'|..ot i.f Ciiiiliiiii I'liisli.y. ,if II. M.S. .Wii'ic. ,111 111,. |.'i-li,.ri,.s,,| .\,.
Irllll, llllll, [ 1111,1 l,;llllinl,ir f,,!' III,. V,.|IV l.HlW.
Si... llU,, I', .s. |-'i-ll,M'V ('.
iiiiiiii«^i,ii
1 li.'ii.iil l..r l,S7l-
3','
I'll'lnl llll'li'l
tows mil
N'rW riMIMillllllil jllli-Mlillii'll
I t'ipllllil." illV^ till'
r. "tlmt llwsr vrs>iU liml nil nl' lluni liiii."' '">''
ihciM' nf iiiw cvti'iHlin^' a ilistiiiiir nf niiK' iiiilrs ;
mil
I lllllt lIlC'V llllll tllkril, ll|inn Mil MMllli;.
tlllVl' hlllUlK
i|iiiiilin-- llllll 111 ^jiftfi
U li'
III IM-S lllr t \»\ II
ll<l < 'll|>llll r.'lllK' I
iIm III. I liiiv iliniii;^ till'
lllsl Wfi-k 111 .Mlllr, IIIK
I ililii lilillir SllMiili illllillL.'- till' •< II'
U. li-li Mini liait liulli licinn iiliiiinliiMl. tiipl. I.iirli. U.M.,
II M. S .|/i((/ii. Clllit. l-.irli slHtrs tliHl lilillir Siililuli Hlll-
\M1
liiir is lijiirki'il lip
froiii Niivriiilii r until .Imim'. ^niiii'
.il nl' I!
tiiiio 111 till' liilti r I'lnl 111' llllll iii'iiilli
lirllr Ml- Srlliiiil> -imWII ill lllr lll-iull'"
Ml- ill Aiijiii^l Mini Sipti'iiiliir. In Mr. ( 'nlt-li Vhuiil;- n-]
fill- |.S."i7. ' ' till- riilliiwiiiy: |iMi-iij:rii|ili (iiTill^*:
mlt
Aii"U--l •_'Mli. Miiriiiiii;-. niiii\-. wiin
S. l.v !v A I •-' 1 1
ri.M-|_.\. Till- iiintliii- ti>li ^WMliiiilii; Mrniliiil llii- i^liilrl
lili.Mti-il uilli -iiMUii, ■ 1 lii-lii-vi- wi-i-i' llii- liMilmr iiiiiili- ^nfi-
fill- liiillls In lllniir. llli-rr CiiM
111 111- iiiiiir lisli tiikin llmii in ini.v
if iiiir Siiiilliiin rmy>. Fnnii tin' tirst uf -Imi'- until tin-
lii^t iif Si-)iti-iiilHi- i-Mcli iiiiiii niii tiiki' fl'i'in Hill- I" I"" i|iiiiiliils
■I '1m\ « ilii ,ii,L:v''''"
ll^ll III till- llrl
uhlii
Tlli-- -iMtl'llll'lll nliiilll tllr -\l!
.f I'.l'll.- Ml- M-ll-i-
iiii|i|i-li U null
till' Milliliiiliiins rNiili-lirr -ivi-li liifniv llii- I '' Hiinil
llullsr of Assi-iillilv in iH.'ili
1I.1-. ,,f tl
.•is. Ml. .Im1.i-/. 'l'illi-\.
WM~ rlll|i|nyi'i
liV 111,- Ni
fiiillnllMllil < liiViililiii'lit. Ill IN<
ISTli. fur till- liluti-l-lii I till- ll>
-i-ii-N ill till- \ i(-iiiit\
if I'li-lli- Isl,- -iMtnl 111 llii- wiiti-r tlmt.
iin-iii
iliim III lii^ iiu I
-i'\ ,'it mil
1,1- llMll -■
i.lli--li lijii- fi'i-
^[la^vll. ill ilill'i-r,-iil yin\-<. nil iiliiii;^' ''i'' '■"ii^t- 'i"!" •'■'l" ^1
III hi ill- M,-. iliniliL;- .liilw. .Inly. Aii;.nwt. S,-|itviiil.ii ;iiil < '
li-t.
Tl,
llii- iif .\iii;ii-l Mini Sr|iti 111
1,1 r iil-i- tl
^liMUiiiii'.; li-li. Ill li-li uitli til, ^|iM\vii running; ma nf tln-m
uln-ii ,-Miliilit, Wi-li- iim^l liilliiiii,ii>.
Ml. Ti!l<-v ri,lii-iili-.s tin- i<li'ii llmt tin- ('ml will ii,>l U\kv tin-
In, I, I; uln-ii full of ri|ii-. or in-Mily rijin. .-^imwii. II,- ,loi-s iml
Ml
llllll uln-li in 1
1,- \i-i\ .-I
-I ot -ipl
wimi'' tln-v will I
I.iil In li.-i- ofli-ii, with ill. I k. liiki-ii li-li -II iii-;ir l!i,-ir
linn- llllll win-li llii-\ wi-ii- lifti-il into tin- ImMl.tli,-
tln- fi-iiiiili- Mini till- mill fnnii lln- nnili- wmilil run
~|im\ mil-,;
nil- fiiiiii
fl-i'i-lv mil of t In-Ill
,f tl
if i!
On tin- noltli -iili- of tin- l-lillnl of I"!!'- M- i'l lil'' -•^(■"lits
imK
i.- Sinn- iiMiiii- .Mr. I iili-y iiii^
lln. Ill s.-M-ll i|llllltM
II- Klin I 1,
f lish i-oil, liiki-ii i n- lilt 111 iui-Im- or
il.iv- ill
tin- fi
i|-iiii-r |ii
It of Aiii'iist.
Tilli-\
from tl
' tlii"< - tisli in tin- int. anil I .snw >|,muii
f,,iir
s Mr.
iinl milt run
Kmi-Ii li-li wi.iilil wi-i'Ji iilioiil Kl ,ir .'lO
a< t!,''y i-Miin- out. of tin- UMli-r.
Ml-. 'I'ill'y iiif,in 1 nn-. as
.-,-rvMti,iii ami i-\i-il.-il lii- siii|iris
a I'mi-I \v
llil-ll Mil aril il llis 111,
tliMt 111- oiici- i-aiiu;lit il '■"'!-
li-.li, w.-i-liiliL: liol iiniii- tliMli four |,oiiliils. full of sjiawn.
|iii'-lioiii-il MS to tin- sizi-
if 11
li-li liiki'ii oil
tin- l.ilii-ailor. Mr. Till,-y as.iin-il llial In- lias kinnvii liv.-
till, taki'ii from Sainlv Is-
mI lisli. wlii-li ilry. to iiiaki- a i|Uiii
lainl r.Miik, li.-tui-i-ii S,-al Islaml ami Hatti-aux. mi tin- north
-ill.- of r,i.i,-k ll.Mi |;m\. Tliiswmil.l iiiaki- lln- MVi-rii'.',- w,-i;,'li'
of ill-- ^ii-iii li-,li to ,-.\ii'i-.i lifty |,oiiii,ls i-ai-li. ami if lln-\ wi-n-
.\ II, 111 l-s.'iT r .|i \\,-i>- llll>, II ill Kiliii'- ill I ii|
riijii- St. .I.iliii ilurinu tin- I'rst
fk ill 'llllll
lln thi' llllll .llllll- l."Mll«tll-li Will'
•jiiiiili'i'..' N'l, ('iii,liii liuil
ye-
■ liinili-il " rpi'il
111' llllll .Inly 7H.-*.IKii) n-h. i-i|1ihI t., .'i.-.'.VI i|iiiiil:il.-i.liinl
liHi-ii li,l.,'ii siir mill' rii|iilii i-iiini-
I riiiinSt. .I.iliii.
Ill III t iij
I. J.iiiiiial '■( Ilii'Cuiiin-il. ISii.",. |i
-.'. .1.. llllll -I tin- II 11 f .\--,Mii
HIS. (.Vinvfiiiiiiillilinll
lilv, l--<'i7. rii«'-4.V.>.
(''iiiiiiiiii,ii-i>
l,.,l In- .\li-. .hill.-/ Tilli'V in 11 li-lli-r I ■ lln- inilli"!
«;i
■tjmwninj,' lUli. whiiOi he iliil imt Ktntc', the wriifht wmilil Imvi
Imi-ii oHMMiiU'iHlily luiiri'. Tlii' liii'jif >iy.i' of tlic Imiik niil <ir
till' Litlirniiiir lias Imt^ I»'<'m known. Iiiit it In tin' iiislnHv lish
i'i-\' «'
liich
i-. yriii'nilly )iiii-Mi
ll
irli'. US I'lsc'wlii'ii
l.v N.
tV III' Slliij III III' nI-
fi in III Mum I lislii'i'iiH II. 'I'lii' liHiik tislii'i
iiHwt. iiiiknowii til till' ;,'i'i'»it iiiajiii'ity.
Till' sine uf till' niotliiT IIhIi, wlii'ii 'full," \t Moni.'tiiiH"*
fiiuniiniiM. liiKtJiiiri't iif tisli liiiviii^ liii'ii t4iki'n in tln' Strnit'^
iif Mi'lli' jsli'. ill wliicli till' nil's tViiiii twii lit' tlii'iii wiiirlii'il
liiilf II i|iiintiil. iii'i' Will iiiitlii'iiticiiti'il. 'I'liis wiiiilil ;;ivi' I'nr
till' \Vt'i;{lit <il' II liM' lit' olli' lisli iiliiiiit 2m His,
Miiiisii'iir Liiiiilii'i'i di' Itiiilii'ii,
llis ■ ili'l'iilli'Ctiillls lit'
liiiliniiliir Lifi'," " ' iJi'Ncrilii's tlir spiiw iiiiij,' of t 'ml mi tlir l<iili
rmliir in t.lii' fiillo\\ in;^ wiinis : ■ I t'liiiinl tlir nun Imsy pii'-
|iiil'il|i,' t'ni' till' tiiil of siiniiiH'i tlsliiiiL,'; I'm- iliicclly wlii'ii tin
tVl's till' ClIllHt. sill
Hills lit' rill! mill'
llirir
iiiiii ■iiriinri' to
■piisit tlii'ir s|„iwii in tln' ipiii't luiys willi wliicli tlii' si'iiIkhui
mills," Mr, Itoilii'ii is not )iii'(isi' in liis ijnti's iiinl ili'st'ri|i
ilii
tiun lit' localitii's.
\rl\ uli'iltJN ilililillisliis till' \illllr of
llis .,1
IHI'I'VlltlOIIS
si;,\siiN rmi si'avvmsh is ink liii.r uf sr, i„\\viii;mi:,
:t!l. 'riir coiiilition of till' coil, wlirii taken full of roi', in
1' sprmir ori'iirjy sinmniT inoiitlis on iiiiy w
II known tisliiiin;
^]iiiwiiiiiL;' si'dsiiii
tlit'ii' is closi' lit liiiinl. On till' ( Jiispi' ciiiist of till' ( iiilf, tlic
liiiiik
1st 111
IH'Crjltril lis II llli
if lllllt till
|ii'i'piiriitiiiii I
'-■' for tliii'i' -
if I
loi'S WHS I'll
rrii'il on. iircoiiliiii' to .Mr, l.iivoii
four yi'iii's |iii'vioiis to I.S7I'. Imt "is now iiriirly
IMS liiirri'ls lii'ii
I'
I'kli'il timt
Mr, l.inoii' stiitr-^ in lii-- ivjiort for IsTll, rrfm inn' lo lli
(iiisiic Fislii'ii
iii'W iniliistr\, ciiiiii
i-li'il willl roil H .liilli', liils
Jllsl
lip ill till' pri'piiriiiL,' .'iihI rxpoit ot coii Hsli loi'. Tin
.1 of ll
11' SI'IISOII. riTKoll
,.^rjrs or I'oi'. Wlllcll, III M I'rrtillll prll
for oiii'-tliii'il ill till' wi'it,'lit of ,'1 tisli. Will' foriiirrly thrown
avviiy with till' ri'st of ofliils. Now tlii'y iiic ntili/nl : tlii'y
art' jiickli'il in exiu'tly tlu' sninr nmniicr iis coil tisli, I diil till
I I'oiiM lo iiiiikr piipiiliir this iirw kiiiil of iiiiliislry. mill si.v-
nil liiiiiili'i'i
t I'llcr. ( Irilllil
tliiit ll'
M.
liiiM' iilrciiily lii'cii soiil ii
Islaiiils lit a fair price — S,"i orSli. I
f tlii
y next yciir the iiii]iortaiici' ot tins new soiirie ot wciilth
will he lietter iiiiilerstooil. it heiiie; so easily eairieil on when
coil is scarce, as there i^ |llellly of lilne lo |irep,'ire ihe roe ;
tislicriiii'ii can thus iliaw iloiilile prolit from their catch. The
lickl
I'll ei'i'.s are I
x|iorteil to Kriinei
York till
are mostly iiseil in the Hay of Biscay as luiit for ,sariliiie lisli-
iiij;. There is a ^'rcat ileiiiainl for this article. I am inforiiieil
li\- .Mr. Lew. iiLrcnt for the New York linn, llial h
e IS Wllllllif
to j^ive as much iis i^.S for any i|iiMntity siipplieil ( 'ml Hshiiii,'
in I.Mi'.i. yiehlcil, in the (laspe ilivisioii, l:!2,:>!lt' ewts. ; it was
nillcli hetter ill INTO, ami yielileil |.'iL*,414 ewt-.. .\ltlioiie-li
caiii'liii ami sipiiil faileil iliiiiiie; the tishine; season, heiriiie- ami
mackerel, in the shai
lait. Well
I'lltiflll enough to ill;
the iisheiiiieii a season's return lareer than aiiv iliiriiii;- the lust
tell year
Ciid tisliinj,' heiiins in Ma\ on thetiaspe coast. Imt sonie-
2.-.th
le same \ear
times it Is I'ailier, In I.s70 it coninieiieeil at Pen
April, ulMiut a month liefme the ii,sual lime. In ll
the ciiil fishery liei;aii on the iTtli Apiil at the MiiLrilaleli Is-
laiiils, ill hotli cases lieine- aliiiiit a month hefore the average
time of the ajipeariuice of the ("ml on the I'oasts naiiieil. The
,sanie ii'rcj,fularity i.s oliserveil every when' in the (liilf, mi the
1. Ijiiiiiloii, lail. Sminili-rs, Otjpy ifc t'l
2. Villi' Sfnisioiml l'ii|it'r.-i, .Vn. ."i. jKT.'i.
84
I.
II' Mini nil ti llol III' Ni'W tiilllnllllllil. Hut llli tint
lliat till' I 'ml Mil' I'lMiinl III tliii |i<'i'ii><l full III' '<|ia\Mi -iIiuxn'' iIiiiI
fill iiiiiliv scIhiiiIm till' s|iiiwiiiiii;' >iiiiiiii i-. ill M(i\ mill .liiin' fm
this |iiirl iif till' liiilr. Mini iiiii\ i'\ti'iiil iiitii •Inly in tin jiili
tiiiii uililii"<ii'>l ami '<i^iii'<l li,\ lliiitri'ii <li'isi'\ III Ills. Iiiu
illy i'stalili'<liiiii'iiti Mil till' tiillf I'liiiMt ill Ih74, '' ' mil' all(')xi'il
yi'ii'VHiiri' ii I'liiii'liiiliii till' fiillnw iiii; liiiijiiiai,'!' : " 'I'liiit vinii'
IH'titioiiris caiitiiil liiit I'i'i'l yiii'Vi'il ainl aiiiiayiil liv xci'lii^i
lai'^i' i|iiaiititii"' iif IImi' iiiulliri llsli, ilniiiiM; iIh' H|)a\viiiii^ scii-
smi. Iiwt ami rnttiii;.' mi ilii' slmii'. ' 'I'liis alli'^i'il l"i-» aiiws
fliiin till' ' wi'll kmiwii fact tlial tlw lislii'iiniii wlm iwi' iIicmc
Ml'il|l'> illi lint laVl' III' lIl'I'SS lllllll' lIlMII t Wii lllil'lls llf till' l|IUIII-
titv rnuvrlil. ami I'Vcry tiiin' it rmiii's mi tu lilii« liravily llm
liliy- i>f till' ■"MJil si'iiii"- nil' 'hivi'ii a-liiii'r ami all llir li-li
tl
11 Tiiii I'litiri'lv liwt,'
l)i
III a s|li'l'ial ' Itrpmt nll Srinilli; I 'n.lli,li Mi|i|lv>-ril In tlli'
iiiiiiiinii Miiiisti'i' nf Maiiiii' mill Kislii'iic.*, linn. A. .1.
Sniilli. ill l^7^. Mr. I.a\nii' statrs ilial 'mi tlir imiili slimr nf
till' (iiilf mill nil till' riia.st iif l.nlirinlm . till' mil a|i|irnarlii">
till' -.I mil' \\ Inn tin' tiiiii' fm i'i'|irni|iii'limi liic< ariivi'il. lil'st aftil'
lli'trili;<' all I liitri afti'i rapi'lili. wliirli rml Iriil ii|imi. lull tin'
tiiiii' "if its stay nil tlir shoi'i' mill in ^Imal vMilir is \riy slmii,
lint 1 M'rCllill)^ si\ Wri'lvs ami nftill tlllil' Wii'ks. ' 'I'liis |H rinil
ri'fii's til what is I'alli'il tln' s|iiiiin' "'' siiniiini tisln i\ in May
ami iliiiii'. '-'■' Sniiiitiini'N tiny lakr tln' Imit iiinst nailily, as
fill' six yi'iils ]mst. Iiiit sniniliini's tiny lin iml diti' at all, as was
till' casf ill ninsi nf till' tisliin._f placis mi ilir nniili slimr this
si'iisiili." 1^7+. Il is initiwrntliy tlial tin- si asmi nf |.>7 +
was till' iiinst |ii'niiinti\i' I'Vii' kimwii In tlir Niwfniimllnml
lisli.i n IpiiI llir lish Will' ■■ iinni-liviivij mnl imi \\.ll I'lij.
lAI'iilMAiliiN III mil l!n|> Ilin.M i.\sl'l.
IS7I
IS7+.
1S7.V
.ll'.ll Imrii'ls.
.•IN
AII.AMIi rii\s|s III' NiiV A SI iiTIA.
Id. ('nil Itni's WiTl' rNJinltl'll fliiln Vllllllnlllll IJUiills mnl
I il|\ -I'lilnll^rll t 'nlltilirs, N'n\|l Scniia. ill I S" I In tin' lAlrlll ■•!'
I!l.'2 limiiU linl al what sra^mi tin' tisli ui iv lakrn full nf
I'm- il.i.'s lint a|i]ii'm' rrmn tlir l-'islni-y <'irM'i'rs |{i'|ini'ts.
Ml. I
I'l'li'V ii'ln
ti's that ill Si.i)ti'iiil.i r. \S
il , 111' saw 111 I III'
'isli Maikit lit ilalil'MN a Hank » 'ml wi'i;:liiiiy ."i.'i |l>s. It wa
fi'iiiali' lish iini ill i^,>,m| cninlitimi. haviiii;' in'ar'x liiiishi''
ii'.;-. It was laki'ii nil' Halifa.\ llailmi in fmii I'athnn
iti'i' "nil a liaiik In whii'li ('ml ii'smt fni' sjiiiwiiiii;.' in V i
s|.,
ifust ami Si |iti ill
I'll'. 'I'l
I'st ( 'ml nf tills
\'."ildlt
iiitn Halifax Markit liiiiiii'^ tin' si-nsnn i.(f fs"' L'ln.l s(i
1)1. (
1. ( iiliiiii sav.-
I hi
11 ( 'ml s|iaWllill;.', nr srl'll tl
spawn nil till' wali'i'.
I'i'iiiali' lish is hrav ii'sl
Ai
lar;
1 lu-
ll eiw.i|iiii^'
frnni hi'l- hmly wlinli ili'ail iii _i ii'st (|imnti'.n's illirillj,' May
aiiil .liiiii'. I ihi'ii't'iiri' sii|)iiiisi' tlii'V spawn ii ili'i'|> sniimliiii^s
sniiii'whal 'ad-r than iniil-siiniiiii'i' . ntlmrs say latiT. |ii'iliii])s
lintli arniyiits ail' I'iLiht : ami as in .stii.lvillLC tin' hi'i'l'ilii.''. wr
1 thai ihi'i'i- wrii' iwn nr iinii'i' ili-i i ,■( spawns iluiiii^' tlm
Inllll
v'l-ar, sn it iiiav
il t
nil' as ri'ifai'ils il
'I'lii' i{rv. Mr. Aiiiliinsi' stall's that tin in-slinii' I'mllish
ir ilitn St. Mairaivt's l>n\' nil till' .Vtlaiilir ( 'nast nf Novil
I niH'iiil li.'|.'it, |s7l.
'J. Is7.-,. .\lnl.lli-"f Mii.v (Ill-Ill- (■■ ii»l-
.'(. Ili'|iiiit '111 llii' Si'H mnl HivHV Ki
'lii'iii's 111' New til
llliiwi
'k, IS.-)'.'.
■I. 'rriiii^ii"li'iii "I
l'i.. N.ivii
>iiii lii.-liliili'.if .Niiliir..l Si'ii'iii'i'. IsiliMi;
sn
Scntin tiis|ui\\ii ill I IcIiiIk r Sninr .it' llir llnilk I'ml, ViTV
llll'l,'!' II III I lolly lis! I II I -.i cnliir ill III I lie >||l||i> tilili' fiM' tllr M||||i'
|llll|l.
(1.,
II V^ n| II MlV.
Al till' I'liliiiiiiT III till l!ji\ III' Kniiilv, iniii liiiiiiil -Mmiiiiii,
( 'ml ill-i' liik'li full .i)'
iintvii III .Niiviiiiiii'i all
I h
All. Will iiiAnT-, 111
r\iri;ii niaiks;
H .\fiiil(ir!.il. ||'|||| Ijsli III,. I'liiiinl nil' Nnlitllrkrt ill
< iriiilii I iiiiil NiivriiiliiT, mill 111!' ■iii|i|iii-.i'i| til '|iinMi ilii'if at
tliiii |ii'i'iiiil
lilllWII mill (ii'nl';;v > ll,'lllk< |''.l u .III I A llllij .MlUfll. "'
WINTKI! IISIIIM; I'ui; rii|i
m;\\I'iii\iii.\\ii 1 11 ^^T
4rf. 'I'lir villi lli'lll ciillil 111' Nr\\ riillllillllllil, lirlUi'ill <'n|lr
HiKi' iiiiil ( 'ii|ii' lliiy. is iliviili'il iiitii miiilv tun ii|iiiil |iinl> liv
I'liillt MllV. cliwi' 111 till' isllimls llf St. I'ilTIV Mini Mii|llrlnl|,
This wiili' r.\li'ht lit' niii.st liiu' it iiiinly >i.s Iniiiiliril mill's in
ll'll^jtll, tllr llllX'l' IlllVs. IIH Wi'll lis till' llllMll'lliM'- |lliit'nlll|i| illli't-.,
ll'TllllllillL;- KinnU, «l|r|i' ill.' U.'ltl I' i> Ni'l'V i|li'|l llllll till' I'l l.l.st
nt'tl'll stl'l'|i-tii.
Ill I.S.'ii; .\!| I 'llllllill!j WIW ll|i|iiilll|i'.| liy llli' NrW rnUlnllllll.l
(liivi'llllili'llt ti) li'|init. ill till' illti'l'i'st'i nf till' UrSi'llllr ,Si r\ irr.
nil till' Wrsti'I'li |)nltiii|| --imtll slinii' lit' llii' InIhihI. Ili>ri'
piirt i.s. ill iii.'iiiv |iiiiliriiliil's, M'l-y Miliial.li'. Ilr •-tiiti ~ timt
"till' t'llll^t. rr.llll ( 'll|li' RllV ilnWII In Lulu;- I lllllii ilir. II ili>.tlllln'
111' iiliiiiit 200 mill's, is iinli'iili'il witli iiiiinrinii.s linilmiirs. must
111' wliicli iirr witliiii tliii'i' mill's ..i' .m.. Mimlln'r, iiU'niiliiiy slu'l-
ti'T til tllilsr nllly ulln l||i' Wi'll 111'. | lln illtr. I witll tlll'lll. 'I'lli'si'
ll.irl mill's HIT nf Vi'iy L;lrlll i|i'|illl nf UnliT. Ilrlll'r llli'li' is .^li'llt
ilfiiiiri'i ill riiti'iili;! liny nf tlll'lll ill stni'iiiy llllll fii^iny Wi'iitlii'f.
Till' iiiiiiirrniis I'liclis iii'iir til. mill iil ii ilistinin' frmn Inn. I tin'
i llllli'llsi' i|limililynt fny. ril|ii.| li.li's, i-tr. nil Inu'i'llli'l' iviiili r
tlii- |i,'ii't nf till' I'n.'isl miylliiim lint iii\ iliiiLi', rs|ii'i'iiilly in llir
uiiitiT s.aMiii.'it uliirli liiiir till' l''i>lii'iy is lii'i'i' riiiii.-.| ..ii
I'liiiinii'iii'iiiy: ill Oi'tnlu'i' mill rniitinniiiy until A|iril."
Mr. ('iinniii'^- ^.'IM's iIh' fnllnwin-- i-rsiilts nf tin' t'iill mnl
iti'i' ti-iii'i\ ntr tl
llllllllls. nr 11
lllllll
lis ni:i-t. It 111 iiil.'.l ill IS.Mi 1,1 I |..-,,:!!ll)
nil.' ii'..;lltll nf til.' .'Iltil'.' i'\|l.ill> ni' till'
^lar, 'I'll.' I 'll^tnlll ll.illsr I'l'tnills >I|.1U ,'|
I'liivinci' fill' tliiit yi
^'I'l'iit fiillin;; 111?' siller l.s.'iil, l.iit wlntlii'i- tins nrisi's frmn tin-
I'litrirs lii'iiii;' nn\v iiiinli' In ii uii'IiIit i'\li'nl tlimi fnrnii'ilv nt
St.. I,
ins. nr trniii n iIitIiih' in tlir miiinnl riitcli. is imt .|iiil
cli'iir. 'rill' fnll.iu iii'i ,'iii' I 111' ii'dirns f.ir llir sintinns nmiu'
I.s7k
IS7
Miirliniii' I'liiti
( liinltni-,
Fnl'tlllll' llllll ( llllll. 1 I>;||||.
giiiiil.iM'>..l i^Miiil..l^('.. 1 t.'u.hl iM'.xl.
l'2,!Mi:!. li>..-)S!i . i:),2+."i
. , H.ms . . ii;.,ssii . . 10..-, 10
I7.I-J0 M!.2i;7
.•t.:fj I-
i:!i'7s
Tntfil io.-i.:;!ii). . . .+!i.O(ii). . . .:t7,ii4;i
In I.S.'ili till' fnlliiwiii'i- rstiniiit
V w.'is mail
if till' rati'll 111
twi'i'ii ('ai)f Iliiy mill Pniiit May, liv Mr. t'
1. .'s.iiii,. iihi.'i'Viiliiiiii .111 till' KisliiiiK lii'.iiiiiili llllll Kish ,if St. Miii'i;iiii't>
lliiv, .N. .■<. 'I'riinMii'li.iii ..f tln' .\. S. ImkI. ..f .\iil. Si
I'ii'ili'i'. |siM-i;ii.
■J:, .s.'.' liV|i.ii'i nf till' I'. S. I'M'ilitM'y I'.iiniiiis.si.iii, IS7I-7'.'
:i. Si'i' till' lt.'|i.i|'t nf llli' C.iinlllii'.^l.illi'l' nf l'"i-ll mill l-'i^lu
■-', iMiKi' 4.'i.
4. .1. V. « hil.'
I'lii'i', 1S7'.'.
IsTl-
li.'l. ri HI Ui'i'i. .S..I lliv li,'intf ill tlii' (iiilf uf St. Luw-
Apli. In .1.1111'. ..r IKiii.lL' nf As.-ii'iiiMv, ISTI. |iiii;i' :t!i|.
40
Klltriv.l Ml t'll^tol^ lluii-v i|ll>. l():..:t!M)
Si'lit III St. .loliMs. enlist wi-.!' 20,00(1
Sent to Halifnx iiiid citliiT pliic' w.tlmiit clrariiiL;-
.-It Cll.tnl,, II, Mis,. ■ 20.000
■[■,.|m1 .piiiitMls l4.v:f'.io
it w.MiM !„• \i-iy intiMvstiii:: t,i kimw Imw this Imij:,' fall
Mini tt iiit,i i-iitcli lit' ,-,"1 tisli wMs ilisti-iliiili'ij. Till- fact, iiiiw-
I'Vcr, rcniaiiis tliat <'im1 wiiitiT mi tlir cnM-t nf Ni •.vtniiiiillainl,
aiiil ai',' laki-ii tluTc iluiiiit: that scascm. ('m]iI. MmIciIhi statrs
tliMt tli,' nil! Miv taki-ii nil this cnast all tlii' year ivMiiiil. ami Miv
t-alll,'llt !■>■ Ilnnlv Mini lill,', nftcll ill 120 flllllnllls WMtri: " ' < Ml
tllc |.')tll .lull,'. Ms stMtiil flirlllrr nil, lliMps nt' fl'i'sll ciiil lisll
s|in\vii wnv si'i'ii lyiii:Mt St. Marys HMrlmr, ]ir,|iMiiiiL:' t'nr ,'\-
|i,iitatinii,
,\s Mil ilhislrMliiiii 111' till' Liival ilrptli at uliii'li cml an-
lakcll liv liMinl liiiis mi the smitli inast nf Ni-\vfniiiiillMii,l, tin'
ivprnt nV ("apt, I'aiisli, R, N., nf H- M. S Sj,l,n,.r. |,s(l,s 111,11-
limis iliMt ■•.Ifi-scy lliii'liniir lias ti'ii simill Imats iiiiplny,',! cnil
lisliiii',^- ntr til,' lii'ails, ill SO tn [NO fatliniiis watiT, all tli,' year
rnilli 1 :" ami Miimiiu;- tin- pkic's .-iiiiiiiiTMti'il wln-n- I'ml lisliim,'
is carricil mi all tli'- year naiml, ln'siilis .l,Tsi-y llarlimir, an-
limiu,' ISiiy ill lli'iiiiita<_',' Bay: I'lisli 'riii,Mi'_'li ami (livat .lir-
-,'V : ll,TuiitM-v ('n\i'. llMrliiiui Hiilmi ami nil' l'nit-Mii\
|-iMsi|m's. ill !I0 In -200 I'atliniiis.
Il tluis M]ip,Mrs tliat Mt iliH'i IVllI |iM||s ,lf tlm sniltll cnMst nf
N.iwfnlllKllaml cml tisllilli;- js ,-M|l-i,-,l mi -.liccrssfully ilurilll,' tllr
wiiitiT si'Msnii ill watiT frmii
SO in 100 fatlimiis ('apt. I'miIsIi. I! .\.
t.i 120 • apt. Malcnliii. 1;. N
IM) t 1 2 lii " <.'apt. Kiskiiir 11 N.
Ml-. 1. S. HMi-uai-il, in an nHicial l{i-]inil. ilalnl Wt Nn\,-iii-
lirr, St, .Inliii. I Mi,'), nicntiniis tin- li^ln-i-iiii-ii < -iti-liiiii: cml in
140 fatlimiis \vat,-i. at I'lisli 'rin-mii.'li
CiptMiii .Mill,-r.iif II. M, S, N/z-ML^, stati-s that Dii suim-
part- nf till' smith i-nast ul.i-n tin- uati-r is \,Ty ,1,-,-p, a ci-r-
taiii aiiimint nf i-mltish n m.-iiii all tin- year i-n,iii,l, ainl cml
tlshili;^- is canii-il nil thrniijilinul lln- \\iiit,-i ; Imt tin- '^vrm
mass nf tish which supjily tin- tisln-riiuii cmm- in fmni tli,-
ni-.-aii. ainl appi'Mi- In ciiiH- ill stn-aiiis ni- i-i\ i-is, as il wt-r,-, nf
lish. \vhi,-h Ml-.- iiim-i- m- li-ss ,1 latii- in tlnir (-mu-s,-, as iiim\ In-
sen liy ihi- li-hriy n-pmls fimii tin .lill',-,,-nt piMi-,-s.
■ Jt is natinal tn siippns,- tluit tli,-y fnllnw tin- 'lait. hut
snnictini,-s tin- hail i--i.irs,iit in aluiinlaiic,- w illi little nr nn
i-niitish. Tin- I 11, I iiiniis iiiiantiix nf lish in tlu-si- sticaiiis m-
li\,is,if ti-li, ii,,-i_\ 111 iiifi 11, ilfn in tin- siicoss nf tin- limci-ss
nf iii,';,'ilie ; mil- pilot. «lin lias hail "icat cNpciicm-,- nii tin-
i-nast savs that in li-tliii;.' ilnwii yniir jii;-i;-i-r ymi can nfl,-ii I',-, -I
it strikiiiL; tin- lia,-k nf ti-has it nnrs ilnwn.
I In Mskili:^- mil pilnl. « hn has hail ;. -i-al i-\|ii rii-:.ri- nli lln-
lishi-ii,-s. u hat is till- er, at. si Mnniiint nf lish In- has kimwii
mi,' iiiHii latcli in a ,lay. In- si.iii that In- has liinisi'lf, with mn-
othiT iiiaii. canirht -i'l ipiinta's. anil that he "hx-s nut know of
nnm- havim^- ln-i-ii i-i,r,;;lii ; this, nf i-miis,.. i- ,-\ci-plinnal suc-
,-,-.s , -, llim^- at a iimiinl pm ipiinlal. it is vmy i^nml wmk. ' '■■'
I Ml tin north-. 'list -,ln ii , fi Itmii/.- HMilmiii- tn ( 'miim.Im
I'lav.thc lishci:, 1,-11 s:-y ih.il, althmijrii tin- tish i-fiiiaiii iiiilil
aliniit ( 'hiisliiias, liii- ui-ath.i- will imt let them tjsh iiiiich
lmie,.i- than tin- lii-L-iiiiiine- nf lli-tnli,i-, ■' The pii-imls nf
■coming in ami m'iiiu nut" nf ;ln- i-ml. mi the iiortli-east
kIioIi'. lis the fis|i|i|-|i|i-n lellll this, uniM 111, -Ills slniwilli,' tllllt
1, I'isliiM-v lt,'|i-i-l. i.'<7l. ir,i|it. Muli'iilin. »f ' M ,'s lliiiiii-, lo-t-at .IiT-
V li^ lliiHiiiiir. il.i.v ll,-|iini- I
•J. \c»l' Iliilnl l-'l-l,il.v lii'|,-ll. \>>'-''
:l II i.|. |.i:;- r'.i,
37
till' H-.li ii])pi'iii- til ri'iimiii iliHl'l'i'iit Idiirtlis nf tinir in wfilrly
x'lmnitr iii'iylil mvl ils, iii'i' yivni ilsiw li.-iv.
At ( 'n|ii' I{ny, tlir coil tnki'ii in .liiunmy Ii.im urll i|i\ri
ii|H'i|, liMl NhKill nil-. In Ki'liniiiry, tin- ■.]■/.<■ nf tin- -|iii\vn i>
ilK'ivj.sril. Iiiii it i-. -.liil luinl iimi ci'iiiii.'irt. In .M.-'ii-li. u itii
ciintinni'il inrii-fiM' in >]■/.*■. it lii-^in'- tu iiri|nir<' .1 miI'Ii-i- cIku-
.ict.T, ami fiixv.nds tlir lii-.t wcrU in April it inns i'!i>ily tVuni
till' H>li. I!:iri !y. Ml't"! ihr lir-i \(,.,.|. in M;i,\ . ;nv i-ml takm
ni'iir < ';i|ii' |{ii\ ^villi iin\ -|i:iun in lii'in, Tl.i- s.sisnn fur
>|iiiH iiini;- fill- til.' s,-|i,Mi|> wliii li t'rci|nrnt tin- \ irinii \ .it llii--
nail nt ilir Ni'wfiinniUnnil enlist is 'In- la-l w^ek in A|iiil,
wllili nil tllr ( 'a|li' Hivtmi sllnlv, nn| Mlill'i' llian-i\t\ nl'>, \-
• ■nlx mill- nir ill.' -il I- -pawn in Aii-n-t. tin St. I'l'trr's
Hank, in .May an. I .liin.'. ami ..|i s.nii, .iili,r parts ,.|' ih,. <iHith
(■nasi ,,*' X,\\ fniimllanil in .Inly ll.iic'il apprai- tliat i.na
enlist iiiir iKii niniv than .■{l)tl miles in ,..\teiit. in marly a
stnuM-lit line, rnnniii;.' almiit east a.nil west. ilill',.rent selnnK nf
( '11.1 -p.'iwn in .\pril. May. .Iinie. .Inly an. 1 Aiiviist. l'..ntiii-
niie^- I'lntlier \\..~t.wi' thai tin m spawniii;.' nH' tlie cnast nf
N.i\a .Senti.-i in Sept. niliei .■iml t)ei,,l...r ami -till fiirtln-r tn
tile West, in N.iVelMli.'r. (Ill tile l.ailks ntl' tile New Kllylalnl
enast, We fiinl rlieiii s|iawnini: in lleeemlier. Ilenee it appeals
tlial .111 the .\tlalitie enast nf Ni \v f.iiinillaml. Nma Scilia alel
the I 'nit. .1 States, in a lin.. stivtehin-- m-arly .-asi ami west
tnr liMKl miles, i'.mI an ta.k.n with ripe sjiawn in theni in
every nmntli in the y. ar. Thisfaet.iii itsell", inti.st In. aeeeptfl
as eiiiielnsiM- that the e.i.l is a hnal lisli. ami thtit tie' schnnls
are ilistinet an. I inea! in their hahifs. \\'li..n. Imw .x er. we
ennsi.l..r the .liH'.-reiit e\(ernal feiilnies pivseiiteil hy .lili'ennt
selln..|s Well kllnWII tn Hshenilell. ennjlleil with tile si||,i|!t;llll -
nils app..ar.'iiiee ..f s,-||,„,K ill w.at.i-s s,, fn i.-ni.iv,.il fi.mi .-aeh
.illier as thns, .111 the s.iiah ,-,,asi , .f N.wfniimllaiiil. Nnva
Se.itia aiiil \.-w Kiejlaml, tin- ehaiii nf .'vi'l. lie.' is emnplete.'' 1
I M't. I'.llt.Tii.v,
It has l,,ii^- III- n knnwii that eml lishini; is earrieil mi
tlirnni.'li the ie. ill ih,- l!i:is |)'(i|- l.j,|<|. t^ty,. Hivinii. .Mi.
■Inseph Halt. .1. I',, nf Hail. Ink. stales that he ha. kllnWll
■ humlreiis nf ipiintais nf eml lish eiiii;:hi ill Hias ll'di Lake
i\ iiy winter, nr e\i ly nlher u int. 1.
KIIKI 1 111 l\KINi; simVMM; lisH
l-:l. ill.- iiltiniat.- etf.ct iii eniistantly takiii::- the a. lull nr
spins iiiii:^ lish, as praetise.l hy many tisliernieii .an h.'-t !..■
.■spivss..,| |,\ a ipiiiiatimi Irnm (h,. I'liitecl States ( 'nmuiis.
sii.iiei nf fish mill FishiricN. paj^v >,.\\i. ls7l-72 : ■ ( )liiri-ti,,||s
hav.'l II maile til the iisi. nf wlmt is,.,i!l,.,] the trau l-iiiie.
tint I in... Iiiillnw, .-le.. in eapiMi ill-' lish nf tin i-iiil finiiilv. *■ * * *
.Mlliiilluh this plaetiee has e.sciteil tile allilliaiK .-Isinlls nf
siilll.'. nil aienlint nf ils stippnseil i|est|l|eti\i- nilllire. it s,.,.|i|s
hali|i\ pilssililr lliiil il lail he really injlirinUs. sillee it ilnes nnt
take til., spau niie^ tish. ainl merely represent-. ||||. ivsiilt <<( an
inei-'aseil iniiiil.er nf haml-liiies. '
It is siil,ii,ii(i.i| t|,;,t the aliiiniliiiit 1 xpiiilatinii nf eml r.ies.
e.iiipleil with ihe niinierniis statements nf lis|„.riiii.ii that
spaunin^cnil are taken hy tin l.iiltnw s. ■'• estahlishrs tli,. al-
leualimi that tin- iisi nf the hnhnw .Ines eaptiire liie niniher
lish in il.stnirtive aliiiiiilanei . ainl iles,.iviiiy- nf the c-nli.lein-
iiiilinii the I '. S. ( 'nniinissiniier \ei\ justly a|ipiies t,, the net nf
tiikiiiir spawniiii.' lish in the fnllnu in:;- wm-ils ; It theivfui-e
Wnlll.l he I \ 11 slmlllil i\,'r\ full I'LiUII tish. nf llilv.. tn live
years nM an,! upwar.l. he lifi.'il frnm ih.. sr,, after the elnse nf
1. .S'l. piiixi. Ts. f. .<. I'i.|ii.iv lti.|Mvi, isTl-T-i.
1. Si.|. iiNn c'viili'iii'i' iiililneMil ia till. H..|iMri .1' tin. I'"islii.|y C .iiiiiiisi.i,iii
ir. .Ni'Wl'ouiiilliiii.l ill l.s.'iT. fJiii'iiiiil of S'wiiilil;/./
38
ilif ^pMwiiiiiL:' -•■M^nii. in iIm' ciiiii-r .if ii -..■j|„,ii, since
lllr fiilliiuilli; \ i';ir Ui' \I\-A\ lnii|< I'iMM nrw -'Mi'lMli.HI iMIllilli:
ill til I'Xiic'iM' tlir fiiiiitinn Mf rrprn.liictiiin , Mm! miii|iIi' innv i-
sioii will ilui'- i'\i~l f. II n iviiiwiil ^ll|||||,^ t'lmn \ liii tu \r)ii'.
As iilii'iicly i'X|iliiiniMl. tlie ciisi' is .■nliicly ilitti'ii nl wlicii tlirsc
Hsji mi' cjlllLrllt liet'nli' tlicy S|)liwn. nil tllf evils tluit we lllive
ile|lietr.| t'.iliiiwilli;' ill llle tlilin iifsllell lllill|i_'lllless ilesline-
tiiiii, |iiveis,'i\ ei|iii\iilriit 111 killini;' iiH' ,'ill tlie iniitinv liens in
II fiinil yillil liefiile liny llll\e liliil tlleir ey.;s, mnl lllell exjiect-
iiiLC 111 Imve tile stiiek innliiiiieil imletiniliU-. As «|.|1 niiiilit
tlle fliriniT expeet In kee|l ll|l Ilis slljiply iif wlielll y.lir liV
yeiir. ulliie lie ei illsll inei 1 ii|| liis M|',|i|| |esel\ ini: lliine t'lir seeil.
Mini witliiiiil tile |i is^ij.ility 111' ulilainiiiL: il IVnin :iii\ .ilhir
siMiree.
Tlie e.ini'lllsiilll i|l-:l\V!l liy ihe ( 'illinilis-lnlier «.ill|il lie |.er-
t'eetly il|stili;lli|i . even ill reliltinU |.i llleeii.l, it' it U ele 111 i| I'lir
tile ellonili.lls iileil wlliell eollslitllli s i|v t'eeiiill'^ .'lllil I Ueei Ii IIL:'
j;i'iimii|s. 'i'lieie iiiv, iiii iliiiilit. veiy iiiiiiiy luenlipe- in the
lirmiil ti-liiiii;- eromiils nf Anierieiin Wiiteis never tmielieil li\ ii
lillltiiW, mill lllese illv tile | iresi TX r, w liiell kii|i ll|i llle ^ll|l|ilv
lit' tills tisli. lint it iv ill llle \ ieillily nl the enasl line wli'Te
tliese s]m\vniiiL;- li-li llle liikeii. lliiii teniU In ilimiiiisli tlie nn-
iiiii'l sii|i]i|y. wlieii tlle eiinniiiiiis iliiiin is c iiisiiliTeil. Il niav
lie lll-e-eil lllllt every ulle Ims !1 [lerfeet lii;|ll In lilke s|ia\vnill:;-
Hsil ill tlle ii]ien siii. Iieymiil tin- lliiee maiiiie mile limii, 'I'lii^
is no iliHilit true, lnu the aet nf ]ii-iiriiiini.j- Imit ean^lit mi the
straml nr in eimstiil waters I'nr that |iin|inse eei-iainlx i-uiiies
within tin limit- lit' a ie>lrie|i\ i' liulit wliieli has heeii enii-
leil. Ill t'ael. the -ale nt liait. nl till- enlleessimi • it tlle ri^-lit
In lake liait, in ena-lal water-, plaee- in ilu- hainis ,,i llm-e In
whiilii the liail is siilil. nr hy wIhhm the hail is taken iiihl iiseil
nil a li.iliiiu the |iiiweriif iliininishine the enaslMl lisheiies I'nr
em I 111 a uieiil ext.'iil . '■' ainl )iei hap- nn iliie eiiipiiry. it niij^lit
he a-eert.lilleil that the ilesllUelinll nt |h,. XeU Klielalll! em I
ti-llelie-. enlllil in pail li'- lla I In tlie ll-e nt I li 1 1 1 n» - a 11 1 1
tlle tiikiiii hy these nl n:hi r mean- tA' -pauiiiiii; li-h.
It appeal's frniii the tmi .jiiiii;;' slatenieiils thai the tnllnw-
iiie ileiiiieiinii- may he .hawii a- In the spawiiiiii; hiiliits lit
the en. I nil the Nnrt'l Alllevi all enasl.
I It prnlllllily -plUll- tlirnllnllilllt e\ery ninntll nt the
year.
'2. 'I'wn n|- ninle >ehiinls iiiiiy s|iawn in the same ileep NeW-
fniinilljiiiil Hay. nr any Hay. at iliireniit seasmis sepiirateil liy
tun 111- ihlee Ui-iks.
:i. 'I'lial the spawnine seasnil is ailjllsleil In tlle telnpera-
Inie lit the water, aiii| that ice cnhl watif. such as exists
tliiiiiii.'iiiint tlle year in the Straits ut Helle Isle, i- imi iinenii-
L'eiiial til the spawnine haliils nf the .Vmeiican tnrin m the
emi. Iillt ta\nrali|e tn i|.
4. That the s|).'iwilill;j- seasiPlls m-e Miljllsteil In tlle plnlialile
alisellee nf llewlv fnrllleii ice. ilTespel'tl Ve nf the cnhillcss of
the water.
.'i. That tlie act lit spawniiie lakes place in liays luul iii-
-linie eiiastal Waters, as Well as in the open sen. lint the liays
ainl ena-lal water- ale instinctively freipiciiteil hy iimny
-pawniii.; lish mi aeemnii nf their freeilmn frmii neean cur-
rents. Hence e'eiiifraphieal ennliL:iiratimi nf the ena-t is ii
1 V, HiTli'Hii. nf lliiriti. Vi'wfiiiinilliiiiil, (ledim's uinlfr nalli Iliiit in 1874
111' liiHiu'lit friiiii r. S (•'isliiTiiieii •' tliri'i' or fniir Imrri'li uf ('■"! Hoi'»." 'I'lu'vo
ran be lillle ilmilil lllllt tlii'si' s|iiiwiiiiiK lisll ni-ii. tiikeli li.v tlic liultow, ami
"{ til" i|itnalilii"< s'l liiliHi ill iIim iiwuii-Knti' liv llils nii-uiis, wc ciiii turm liiil
II vcr.v iiii)it>i'fi>rl iiji'n. Tliiit it iiiiHl Im oiMriiiuiis, tlii> f>iiii|iluil)li el llm
{ii'Urlii'i', s.i jiiii^' iiri'Viiiiiil. iiir '111- iii'liii'i'l |ii-i)iif.
^
i)9
vrrv iiii|iiiitiiMl (■(iM-idiTjitiuii. Iiiivs iiiiii inlrts l.ciiiM fi>li iiiir-
srlics.
• i. Tliiit tlh' ^|in\vii tliiiit- nil (111' siirfiici' lit' till' wiitiT iliir-
iiii;' ]ii(iliiili|y till' wliiili' |ii'riiiil lit' its rNisti-in-i'. tlif |HTiiHi
viiryiiiy t'riiiii |i; tn 20 ilays, ni' innii'. Tlu' n|iii\vii is siiliji'ct
til till' lU'tiiili uf iin'iill cillTi'lits, iiinl till' ii'Miltiiiif liiii'i'tinii of
till' I'lii Ti'iits ili'ti'iiiiiiii's till- pliu'i's w lii'ii' till' --iiiiwii i■^ liali'lii'il.
N. 'J'lir iisi' lit' till' liiiltiiu is ili'ciiji'illy iiii'iuiliriiil. ainl tliu
conci'Nsiiiii iif tlir rii;lit to tiiUi' liait in cojistiil wiitri-s cniit'crs
nil tliiisr to wlioiii till' rin'ht is coiici'ili'ii tlii' iiowcr to iiitliot
LTii'iit injury ii|iiim tin' iiiiiiluctiw chnniuti'i- of tin- watoi.s in
wliicli till' liiiltow is usi'il.
I
^
41
APPENDIX CHAPTER II.
I. I.KTTKIl KUdM rililFKSSdll Sl>KNrl.ll V. HmiiIi hi i'.. M. S I n.l.WKI.I., I')si^., ('(iM M ISSIIJN Kit nr KiSII lllll KS. liANHnll,
M (INK.
I r,/../i /,../((.» /'. ('., .\,n;i„l,.i- 10, .H'-J.
.Mv Dkmi Sill, -I am in iTcoi|)t ol' vnnr k'Uer. iiiliiii^ my upinidii a< tn llic pi-nli.-ilili' ciiii-'i' nl'llic r(i|iiil (liiiiiiiulinii uf
llir -.iiiiiily 111' I'lind-lislKM mi the eciii«l ul' Now Ktiiilaiid. iiiiil c-pcciiillv of Miiiiic. I'lir I'^c'l. as staU'cl, iici'ch iiii i|iif<liiiii ;
II i» ('111 |iati'iil III llii- cxiicficnci' ul' uM'i'v mm viliii liai hrcii inlcri"tiMl in tlu' li-liiTii'-', v\ IiciIiim- as a inalter ul' Imsini'ss
u;' as an amali'ur. An cxamiiialiuii ul' ijic cai-jy n'cunls uf ijic cuuiilry, in wliic-ii llic sulijcci is rcren-cil tu. caniiul fail
I I. iiii'c llii' iiiu,| >l>i'|iii(al.
\V(< an.' all vci-y well awarr lliat liflv uf m.irc yoars ayu. llic streams ami i'i\crs ul' New lCni.'laiMl iilviii;; inlu llii>
oci'aii vvi'fo I'luMilcij. anil alimisi lilurkailcil. at iTrtiiiii soasuiis, liy llic iiiimliur.i uf sliail, salinun and aji'vvivos soi'kin!; In
asi'i'iiil, I'lir llic |iiii'|iiisc iif ilc|iusiiini, llicir spawn, anil Ilia', even al'lcr ll o-c parent lisli liail I'elnrned In the urcan, llieir
prnijenv .Hni'iiied'tu an ainiusi inc inccivalilc cMenl in the same luealilies. ami later in llieye.ir ilesccml'd In the sea in im-
mense schuols. It was iliirini; this piM-iud thai llic deep sea lishei'ics of the euasl v> ere iilsu uf ureal exli^nt .■mil \alne.
Cit(\, haihiuek. Ii.alilint. and ihe line lish nenerallv. ui pied the lishinn uruiinds eluse tu the shure, and eunlil lie eaiiL'lil
I'rnm simill upen hu.its. ample Tares lieini; readily taken ttilhin a shnri dislinre uf t!.c lisliermen's alludes, withuiil the ne-
iM'ssily ul' resurliii}! tu distant seas. \u\\, huwe\er, the siate uf lliiims is entirely diH'ereiil. The creclinn uf inipas..alile
dams npiin (he waters itf ihe New Kni.'iaml States, and espeeiallv uf the .'^lale uf M.iiiie, lias prevented Ihe iipuiird
euurse iif the anailiumiins lishes referred lu. and llieir immliers have dwindled aw.iy. until at pvcsent ihey are ahnust
iinknuwn in iiian\ ulherwi~e iihkI favuralile luealilies.
The fact has lieen uliserved. t()u, tli.it with Ihe ileere.ise uf these llsli there h.is lieeii .i eurrespiimlini; iliininntiuii in
Ihe niinilicrs uf the end and ulher deep sea speeies near unr euasts ; lint il was mil until ipiite rceenlly llial llie relaliun-
sliips lietween Ihe t>vu series uf phenuiiieiia were appreeiated as ihiiHC ul" eaiw and elleel , II iliUll. il is lielieved. can
he reiliireil in aliiinilanre liy uver-tishint! willi the huuk and line, Inil c\pencnees in ICiirupe and .\nieriea euineide in the j
eunlirmation uf the upiniun that nunc uf '.he melhuds nuw in viisjiie fur the eaphire ul' lish ul' the eud faniiiv (inehidint; I
(lie end. hadduek. pullaek. hake, liiiit. ele ,) ean seriinislv all''rl llieir nninliM's. Kisli. tlie females uf which depusii fruiii
line lu iwii milliuns uf cl'us e\ery vear, are iiu| ei^ilv exi 'rminaleii unless tliev are iii'crl'ere I willi diirinj; Ihe spawnint;
H'lisiin. .and as tins takes place in the winter and in llie upen sci, (the spawn llualini; near the surface uf Ihe waler.) tlieri' |
is nu pussiliiliiy uf any human interferences with the prucess. Siilj. huwever. these lish have lieciime cuinparatively very
scarce uii unr cuasi, vu thai unr people arc I'lrced tu re-url tu far dislanl rcu'iuns tu uhtaiii the supply which furiiierly
cuidil lie secured almiist williin sisjhl uf their hiiiiics.
It i« nuw a well-estalilished fact that Ihe muiements uf Ihe lislic* uf the cud faaiily are detennined ; first, hy the
search after sniiahlc places fir the depusii i}( their ei;i;s : secuicl, liy iheir ipiest of I'uuil. 'I'hiis. the cud, as a summer
lish. is eiiinp-iralively little knuwn mi tin asis uf nurtherii ICiirupe : Inil as winter apiH'uaches, the sehuils henin lu
mak" llieir appearance un the mirlh-westcrn coast uf Nurwav, especially around the I, illiiden Islands, arri> inji there.
linally. in s.i L;real n Iiers llial the lislicrmcii are said lu dclerinnie llieir pre-ciicc liy I'celini; the sunM.liiii; leail strike
un the li.icks uf the lish.
Mere ihev spend scviM'al iiiuiiihs in the prucess uf reprudiietiun. the c^irs lieiiis; ilcp.isitel in .laniiary, .and the lish-
ery liciiii; pruseciilcd .al the saine lime. Twcnlv-live tu tliirn lliuiisand men arc einpluvcd in this hnsincss fm- several
III mills, at the end uf which the lish disappear, and Ihe lishermeii rcinrn tu their altcnitile ncciip 'liuiis as farmers and
iiiecli.iiiics. The llsli are snppusei! lu move u|l' in a huily to the (ir.ind Hanks, w liieli llicv reach in early slimmer, and
where they fatten up anil feed iinlii il is lime fur them tu return to the n irlh-eis'. It is hcheved that the iircat atlrac-
lion to the Cud un the Hanks. cuiis|sts in jfreat part uf the immense sehonls uf lierrinsi or other wanderins; lish, that
collie 111 fruiii the reyiun of Ihe l.ahradur and Newfoundland sets, anil which they I'ullmv clusc ill lu the shure. su that
they are easily capliired.
It is well known ihal the pre~eiirc ur alis nice of lieia'ini; dclcrinincs the ahimd.inec i)f hake and end un the (ir.iinl N
.Miinaii I'isliini; Hanks, the lishes ul'ihc lirsi mcnliuneil familv liavini; a peculiar allracliun lu carnivurmis (i,h uf all
kinds. 1 1 IS. huwever. llie anadrumuMs Iishe~ uf the coast which hrint; llie cud and ulher lishes uf thai family close upon f
our shores. The ~e.i hcrriiii; is Init lillle known oiilside the rci;iun uf the Hay of I .imly. exceplins; in Se|ilemlier and
Kctiilier. when ihcv visit the entire coisl frmii (irand ^laiian tu .Scitn.ile, fur the pnrp ise uf depusii inj; their spawn ; this
act dcpeiiilin^' 11 pull iheir lindini; water snlfl •icnily c dd fir their purposes .-i cunditiuii w liicli, uf cuiirsc, ucciir- later .mil
later in the seasuii in coiliu suiilh.
In ill iilv spriiiL'. the alewiws I'uniicrly made their appearance on the coast. eruwdin<; alunc uiir shores, and as-
ciiided the rivers in order lu depu-il iheir spawn, heini; l'..lluwei| later in llie seasuii liv the shad and s.almun. Hctnrii-
iiii; when their cg^'s were laid, llicsc lish spend the siiininer alum; tl kisI; and in the cuiirse ><( a few inunlhs were
j ailed liy their vuiiiif;. which .irnied iiiimeiisc schuuls in everv dircctiun. evlendini; mitwai'd. in some instances, fur manv
iiiiies. It was In |iiirsnit u these and other sninmer lish. ihal the cud and other specaes relorred to. came in to the .
sliuia's : lint with the deer' ise uf the furmer in iiniiiher the allracliun lieeame less and less, and the deep sea lishes h.au' ,
now, wc may say, alinu.i disappeared alons; the coast.
It is Iherefon pcrfccllv safe lu assume thai llie impruvciiieni uf the line lishini; aluns.' the cuast uf .Maine is closely ,
coiinccted willi llie increase in ninnlier of alewives, shad and salmun ; and that, whatever measures are taken tu facilitate '
the resiuraliuii uf these last mentiuncd lish to ilieir pristine iihiindance. will act, in an oi]iial raliu. upon the lirst iiien-
lioiied interest. The tnusl inipurlanl uf the steps in i|nesiiuii arc the pruper prutection uf these sprin;; fish, and the
llivini; to them everv facility needed f.ir passint; up the streams to their urii;inal spawnin;; jjronnils ; this is to he done,
of course, hv Ihe coiistriiclieii «f siiiiahle fisliwavs and ladders. The real ipiestimi at issue in regard to Ihe cuiistnictioti
uf these llsliwavs is, lliercl'ure, after all, iiul whellicr salmon shall liecoine more plentiful, so that the spurtsn.aii can cap-
tiiri' ihein willi the llv, ur the man uf means lie alile tu prueare a coveted delicacy in lai^e i|iiaiitilies and al muderaie
evpense. This is siinplv an inciilenl ; Ihe inure impurtanl cunsideratimi is. really, whellier ihe alcwife and shad sh.all he
made as .alinmlanl .as liefurc. and wlielhcr llic cud or other equally desirahlc sea lish shall he lironcht hack to our coast,
so that II. V uiie whu mav he su inclined, can rcadilv capture several hundred wciL;lit in a day.
43
The valui' ul' ilic alcwil'f is imt I'lillv a|i|ii-pciiittMl In .nir <• .iiiili'v. Il is, in nmiiv ri's|iccls. siipoHor to the si-ii lii<r-
riiiK ,is an arlicli' ..I In.nl ; is. if anyllnn;;, iiiiirc \alimlili' I't i'\|iimI ; nwi ran hu raplnri'd witli vustlv U'ss trunlili', an<l
liT cin-uMisianirs anil at a mmshii niniv cHnviMiitMil I'.a' ni'isi |ii'r-ins I'linanml in iIm' lisliiTii's.
1 lia\c alic^aiiv fxti'inlcd lliis Idler In an ninca-cuialile lennlli. ami innsi lliei'el'.n-e liiin« it t'laeh'sl'. "itli the as.
.siirance. h..«e\i.T. that all the |.iM|i'-ili' ii- I lia»r llironn niil ran he aniplv siihslan.ialeil,
Verv Iriilv wuirs,
SlTNcKU r. H VI nil.
(', S (•„i,int:<!'i''nn- uf /'Vs/l iliul /'Vs/// ,■/()■!,
!•:. M. StilKwM. !>,|..
t_''iiniiiis^inner ot T'l^lieries,
Banu''ir. Miiiiie
\i'n;\iii\ N... II -111 \i'I'i;k ii
II. Coll. fiiidit iitnfi-liiKi. I, Inn. tiiuilliiT andtiill
C'liilllsh appear to le.i\e shall. n\ s i liii^', iiiul the inshore liiliks iiiuiiilei'. ani l;o liirlherout |.i-ei. A lar^'''
school visits the east foa-t .it Cape Breton. W iCIieliuaii, i-oiiiitl liv Srilan, in .\pril. Cod appear to -paan all the
year round, even In uinlor. SrliooU have liecn taken spaHninu' on Urovin and (;i'orm''s Hanks, in h'eliriiarv and .Maivli.
iilsn III .Noveinher anil Dereinher in the liiv of ImiiiiIv an el<e«lieiv. A lew eodlish are taken now and then in (iasp.-
May n. wiiiler. It Is noi an iiiic-. m in'ii en iislanee for i s,li,..)l of e..d lo follow herrinn as fir as .Mahoijany Isliinds,
at the enlraiiee of St. .John llarhor. .\e« MninsHl.d*. in I'ehniarv and .Mireli. where lliev are taken plenllfully uiih
trawls In the inshore lisheniien. 'I'lii- srliool does not ;ippareiillv strike in 'liore dnriiii,' the snininei. hI lea-l not in .New
Hrunsviiek. .\ peeohar varietv of this lisli. -with a dark lia.k and a Idack me.' i id llie jaws" (I'lirdyi Is taken on
the Drphaii and Hradell,. Hmks. n- well as on the eiust eoa-t of I'riiife K.lward Mand. Tliov are of a lari;e size and
will. It is said. ..iil> I ike the hook "' ni'ilit. heme ihev ii'-e known lo ihi- lishrrihen as •■ niulil lisli. ' Willi the eXeepll. ii
of hadd.iek.e.id Is ih,. oiiU- li-li that iswelleiired in the norlhern part of the (;iilf. CmI prefer a holloni of siom-.
•iravel. or sand. e-pei;iallv where erahs and slirll~ alioiin.l. lln' season for eod. north ot the liav iles l!lial 's, is fr
ahoiil .May l.iili lo Novemlier loth. In Hras il'Cr Lake. Cipi' Hrel lUo on llie iiorlli fo.i-i of .\ewloiiiidlaiid and lo
Hay of Islands, rod .and herrinsr are euii«hl in winter tin •i\\ holes cnl in the lee. 'I'lii- -1.1111-1101;" eod. spoken ..1
l.v Perley, are siipp,,s,.,| |o lie iniHv Idnals wliieli have lieeii hllleii when yoiiiii; liy oilier lisli. A prejndlee sceiiis to e\i-l
aloni; parts of the coast against the n>e of •• iraw Is" or hollow lines. Iml 1 have iioi heard of anv that appear lo iiic
sound ar^ninenl" ai;aiiis| I'lici.i. |i Is hclicved Ivy i ly e\perieiiceil lisheriiieii thai (pianlilies of yoiiiii; cod are aiiniiidiy
desiroved In drai; semes, n^cd f,.r hail near sliore. Imt il i- not ea^v to snuucsi n rcnieily for lliis stale of lliiiii;s. The
c-laiii. of whi.h IVrlev s:ivs ilic cod arc parlicolarlv fond, i- (''/.-'■■'/"'•'H .si'o/i"'.
llAniiocK. O'l'lii^ ,t /hjiiiiix. I, inn. liontler. .l/r/,/„.;;/,viHo„.i« .r/'.//.o(--. I.iiio.. -ip llill.
.Most plenlifiil on ihc -oinh anil we-l -oa-l of N.oa .Sclia, Mid ■ 11 the wc-t c>.as| of New lirun-w ick. hul imiiiiim n
throiii:hoiit the (iiilf. Tin- snecies is tak II the year round, ueiierallv in sidiools alone, hut somen s associaled w iili
cod. riiev freipieni clam hanks, in from tivche lo eiohl falhoais, \ very valiiili'e ncirkel lish, and one which will la
iniieh I- ire so when the Inlercoloiiiiil Haihv.iv IS opened. At Dii-hv. Si. .\ndvew's and Wesicrii Mes. ■• linnaii llad-
dies" are prepared lor various markets in I'lnada and Ihc rmied Slalc. lladdo,-k- arc lakcii mii ll.c wc-l cast ..1
.New f iiinill.ind in w inter.
I'lii.i.AiK. (liiiliix. liiriis: l/.nn. (innil.cr /'c/Vi '/o/'.^ c'.'A.,,„n'(ii.s. Hon. liill.
Allhonnh this lish I- cmiiiuiilv calh-d "pollack" liv the li-licriiicii ol'lhe 1 lucr provinces and hy those of the riiileil^
•States. It Is not the *;u\\,- as the pollacdi of ICiir'.pe. Its pro icr naiue I- lie coal li-li and il i- conininn lo holh shores ol
the Allan ic. The spc-ies is 1,,,-allv known as ll ea-siiliiiiin.' and Is of somew Imt sonlhern dislrihnlioii. Il does
not appear lo rani;e farther nnrlli ilian the Hay des Chalenrs. if o far, and lias never hcen taken in the waters of the
IViivini c of (jtiicliec. Tl'.e species is to isl licipenl in 1 idcwav - in .Nova Scolia and .New Hnin-wick. A- a lalilc iisli il
IS pre'crred hv nianv lo cod. To llie norlh of ihe N nlli Cape of I'rince I'.dward Island no yieat l.iiMiicss i> done iiillic
eiirino of p.dlocdv. Thev are. excepi lonallv. i'ai,i.diMii winier anioim cod. Tliev .arc iio| often lakcii on hanks. I.iil
niostlv aloin; the shore. ' Thev sdmol like mackerel, and arc. .■aiiuht ul the surface, to which ihev are hi jjlu l.v ur..Mnil
halt ' Their fond is .aid li> ci'.nsisi lari..elv of heinm;. 'Ihe livei-s of thi- species yicM ihe host ..il ; il i- used for ma-
ehinerv ami in makini; leather. .Salted and drie.l pollack i. worth from SJ l.i (i^ per .piinlal." ■' •
Till. M'vwviso Tivii Ml iiii: Coll IN HiMiisii Wvri.iov.
1 I lOil'l ^1 M.l VM . -' '
l."rwi.'l< iMi'Maiid Is. i -March.
Diiiuli- I Ireland. Ailanlic C.ia-i.i Alarcli.
W.sipi.r
Miivh,
IV. "Si'vwMN Co IS N..I1W1.0IVS W.vn.ns.
MlllW V V . '
On ll,.. l,.illod..ii Hank dainiary lo March.
In ihc Hiiiiisilal l-'i .rds .liiiiiiarv to .Mardi.
I. .1. F. Whileaven. Ilepi.rt on Deep .Sea I)red^;in)( in llie (iiilf .f Si Lawrence. Is?
'.'. Villi. KisliiTV (•,iiniiii"i..ii. lS.;t ."..
:) (o.iisiihir l!.p..vl is7:t
k
4:5
Till' lake of »|mwiiiiin li-li in .\()i'«c;;iiiM wiitiTs j, i.|i(irr «. In |s7;t. ncr less tlian :il,iiiiii liarn'N nf lim- witc
uiki'ii Iroin li->h ciiiitjlil (in the (.nl'dili'ii Mimks. In ilu' .-nnir' \i:ir I t.OHT liiu'rcl- nf H.ir wrvr liiki'n fnun llir K.nii-il.il
li-lu-n, iniiliiciiiir in the mi;i;i'i'i,'ii1i' llir inKiniKHH i|iiantily ol' 1.') |IK7 ImrivU ul' Kdr, wliic'li Mililal 8 anil llilnllars a liari'd.
Till' laiwsl i|nanlii\ III' lioi> i>\|Mirlriirnpiii NcwIiMiiiillanii lii'lwci'ii ISii^ ami IST.'iwas l!i;i'.i Inirn'N. di' ii'^s ihan llir
nviMilirlli pari III' llii' i|naMlil\ lit' ll-li i'i,'t;s i'\|iiii'li'il In- Niimmiiv in INT^t. 'I'Im' ri'lalimi ul I lif annual liilu' nl' nir In
ilii- Ncir«i'(,'ian li^licrii's i« \rry iiii|iiirlaiil. ami may In' limit "nmmai'izi'il I'm- |s7H:
LiillliiliMi l''i-,lii'n — Hi'niiK al llii' mill III' .lannan. iIdsch al il il ul' Marrli. t'airli 1«7.'J \i'J:J.'M. 0'»i Mi:
iliudi'il iiilu :
I-J.IIIIO.OIK) rurcil 111- i-li|ili~li. ilH.ntlii iiiii^.)
K.iMio.dOli (Irii'il ami h|i|ll li-li.
l.."iOu,O.Mi salii'il in barri'l-..
7'l(P,0lMP t'liliMl il.
'I'li-al I'i-li ^'L'.2')lP.0(Hl
'I'lic^i' ui'lili'il :il.(H|ii liai-ivU III' liiii' anil Sii.OnO liai'ri'U nT l-ivr. TIh'V wit' caii^lil iii lli.' I'lilluu im; manmT :—
Willi Xi'N |(I.7.Sl'.OiiO ll-li.
Willi l.iiii"^ . lO.tiHIi.ODii ■•
Willi l)iT]i N-a l.iiii-. . 7.')().0()U ■•
Till a I
. i!2.L'.'/0.iM)0
I'iMiii liil 111 •;:! Ijsli Hiiii Id ilir i|iiiiilal iir rv I. Ill' sliii'l,-li>li. ami L'^li In :!mi In llii- ru I , iil' i-li]i-li-.li.
A I KiiMsiMi.. in I lie sanu' U'lw ilip nnmlii'i' nt' li«li tiilimi \va> i^.driii.iillO. \ iridium' l':.'.:.'."iII liani'ls nl' liver, ami I l.ii*7
liarri'U itt' nii'. Tin' |irii-i' nl' Liiliiil -ii U,i ' was H ^p'ri' ilnllar-* a liarn'l : nl' linm-.il il kni'. 9 spcrii' ilnllar- a liarrrl.
Till' KivMAiiK li-liiTi™ yirlilnl I il.L'iiO.dnO ( 'nil |Uli. yii'lilinf; l'2.l()7 liarrrU nl' livrr. Imi nn rin'i. Tliis l■'l^lll'l•y
lii'Liiiinini; in Ajiril. nr II ml nl Man-li. aller iIh' li^li lian' -^iiauni'il nn tin' linliiiL'M Uaiiks. a< sii|ipd.cil. Tin' l'"iimiarl\
I'isli 'rv is Id 'aliv li'r'ii ' I III" Lii I I ■ nr C'.ipliii l-'isli 'ry, li Tani ' lli' arris al nl' ili • ('ml i-* aluavs pi I'd In- -liniiK nl'
Caplili nr l.nilili'.
Tlr- Kinmark lisli an' -malli'r llian llii' Hank lisli. ami an' saiil In n'-rnilili' ilii' l.alirailnr lish- Tlicri' i- apparmil
annld'iv lii-lwi'i-ii llir i-iimlil iiiiii iimli-r Hliii-li llii' Ijili an' laki'ii nn llii'si' ili>lanl i'i)a»li -mi ri'iiiiili' t'niin iiiii' anntlirr.
Till' ili'ptli al «liii-li I 111' Niinii'frian liilii-rmi'ii srl ilirir nr s nr sink ilii'ir liail ilrpi'iiiK iipmi tin' ilcptli al «liirli iln'
si'lmnU III' lisli an- In In- I'diinil. Tlu'y an' iinl. as i^i'iH'rally siippi 1 in AnuTii'a, always al llii' Imtlnni. Iiiil nt'li'ii lliial-
im; iir swiminint; in mill si'a -tlial is. al larialili' ik'pllis. Tin- raiiscs iprnlialily I'miil) wlili-li imlm't' tin' lisli id si'li'rt
ililViTi-iil ili'p lis al ililli'n'iil pi'rintls arr wnrlliy nt llip I'lnsr.l iiii.-^liyal inn.
V. — SrvTisTirAi. .MKMdinMii \( cpn (vnmimn l'isin:iiii;s. " '
•• I III' |ii;nn's dl' llii' l'is|ii>rirs' li.'pnrl an' a vi'i'y f;n'al ilral slinri nl'lli.' rral ipiaii! ilii's i'aii!;lii I'Vrry vi'ar. a- n'l.'ani'*
('ml iiiiil Herring', all linii:;li rnmiiii; ipiili' rliisn In llii' ratrli nl' Marki'H'l. Tilt' n'asnn is ihal il is sp'rialK I'r mi lari,'i>
iniimiiM'rial liniisf^. wliii-li an' ]iriiii'ipally i'\|Mii'li'r> nl lisli, llml llii- iiil'ormaliiin is };allii'n'il liy llm lisln'rii's' nllii-i'rs :
llii'ii il I'limi's ihal Marki'n'l. Iii'iii'.; prinripally nlilaiin'il tiir rxpnrla'idii anil lii'lil in liaml liy lariji' il"ali'rs, is li.iiml al-
iiinsl aili'ipialrly n'pn'smili'il in llii'sc ri'liinis ; m liili' a M'ry lari;i' purl inn inili'i'il nl' I In' I'lidriiimis liulk nliiiil ami In-rriin;
riiiisiimi'il I'Vi'i'y yi'ar in llii' I'n'sli s'ali'. salli'il nr ilrii'il nn Ilii- rnast. ami linilini; its way In all ntlicr parls nl' tin' Dii-
miiilnii lliningli llii' mi'ilinm nl' small ili'ali'i's ami inli'rmriliarii's is Icl'i nnl nl' lIn' ri'Innis. ilu' ilclicii'iicy lii'iii!; llii" nn'ad'st
ulii'n' I 111' ralili I'nr liniiii' i'diisiiiiip:idii is alsn I In' i;n'a'i's!. iiann'ly I'nr llir I'mvincr nl' (^ih'Ih'i'.
.Ni'M'i'llii'li'ss as (lii'si- i-i'liiriis in' i-hIIitIi'iI iimli'r a systi'iii. im-nmpli'li' Iml iininlrrriiplrilly rarriml iiild iip;'ralinii
III lln' sainr inannrr. i-vitv yrar siiur l.'-d!!. llicy nlTrr a inrn'r: iil -a. mil nl' tin' ai'liial ipiaiililii s, Imt nl'lln' niniparaliM'
pi'iiiliii''iM'iu'ss dt'i'arli si'asdii Iniin yi'ar In vi'ar.
Tlir i|iianlilii's ram;lil ■<'■ fur :{- lliry an' i-flm-iieil. liy ili,' |-'i..ln'ri.'^' UcpnrI, an' in llirir ai,'i,'n';;ali-. I'nr lln- .Vlianlii-
I'liiMiin's nt' lln' lldinininn. slmu n in I In' riilldw ins; lalilr :
TABLK 1.
V. ai
('nil. Ilail.ld.-k. Il.'rrin!,'s
llaki' ami I'nllnrk. in
(Jiiiiiials. liarn'ls.
Mii-ki'n'l
ill
Harnls.
.\\i'i'ag.' prii'is imlira'i'il liy tin'
l'is||i'i'n's' Kriiirii-.
1 sli!l
1 s7o
1^71
1 s7-'
ls7:i
1-^71
1 's7.')
."i:il.;ts7
.■i>L'.7:il
7iiii.!lJfi
|l!l7,."ill's
l.ii:!,'i,Cii'2
li:!(i.>>."i
.-"-'L'.ll'.ll
:fii7.-l7s
2l.'',^:('.i
lisil.llllll
;tl'l.^77
;vio,i;i r,
.'il'ii. I7i'i
:(lii,:{M'
.vt.oll
!•-'.•-' I :t
L'lii.lL'i;
I lll.s.-lll
l(iii.ril7
li;i.7li:!
iL';t.!i(!ii
(ml.
II
■rnii'.'s.
.Mai'ki'i'i'l.
g
S
S
;) Oil
:( no
In HI)
;t !io
4 07
11 ini
;! nil
:i ml
III Ml
.| III!
;! IM
14 mi
■1 In
;i 110
;) i'."i
4 4(1
4 1.-.
!l 7(1
4 Hr>
4 1.-)
In nil
Till' I'xisli'iirr of cniiipli'li' slalislirs nl'thr lisli rali'li iit'iini' vi'iir. yalln'n'il tliniimii tin' n'unlar prnri'ss ot'ii ran'Tiillv
laki'ii ri'iisiis ( l>70), n'nilri'ml llii'si' annual ri'pnrls availalili' I'nr ili'iliii'linu^, wliirli li.-iuu. I'urllirrmnn'. as a hIiiiIi' Imnn'
dill liv lln- Traill' Wi'pnrls. ami surh Imiail lin'ans nl nimpari-nii as an' I'lirnisln'il liy lln- pn'\inus n'U-usi's. raiinni fail In
I'riiiu' a M'ry iirar appmxiuialinii In I'varlnrss.
Till' t'dlldw imx talili' is tin' n'siill nf cali'iilaliniis, luaili' nn siirli hasi's, ami is rduliil"nll\ i;i\i'u as i'\pn'ssiu^ tin'
■ luaiiiilii's nf till' rali'li iif tin' yoars tlii'n'in iiii'iitinnnl. Tin' iinanli' irs in lliis lalilc n'li'r In ihr I'rovim'i' nf -Vma .'^iiitia,
Vi'u Hnuiswirk, I'riiirr KiUiaril Islaml, ami In lln' IVuviiici' of (^ui'li.'i' I'mm tin' iinlf up tin' riicr St. l.awn'iin'. as lio-
.IS I'ninli' ill's .Mollis anil Cap Clial ; in nllii'r wnrils il ijivi's tin' n'siili nl'ihr yearly r.ih'li :A' ilir ('ml. llrrrim; :iml .Mar-
kcn'l in tlni lisliiug licltls rnnri'mi'il in tin' Ti'i'aly nf Wasliiiif;!iiii.
1. ll.v .1. C. Tiii'liei Di'piily Ministfr nf ABviciiltiiro, Ottawa, .lutip, IS'ii.
44
TAUI.i; II.
I
V.MIV
l^llilltllU ul'
'h(I. llmliliX'K. Il:ll,r ntn\
Huni'l- 111' llrlTilll.""
I»lill
7:ti>.!ii'*
{■"Til
-Ml. .•,:.;!
1^71
!i»t i;;i
1 ^~''
l.:i7-.'-.'ii7
1^7:1
l.lii."i.><i|
1-71
I.L'7'<. I'.lil
1 N •■)
i,iii;i,;)7i)
.■in,"i.,M).j
llPx.M.'ilP*
•(•.'•..:t:i7
:i:f:t.7x:i
."..')7.i'7!i
.'i:i+,;!ii7
.v..j,;i7l
HlllTcU 111' -Mllikrl-rl.
•jiri.di-j
iii;i.ii.»i
|i1.1,h7!p
I I'll.; 1-2 1
I'iiii'i'
lilll iIm'
a -'•
TotiiK I'l' 7 voai> 7."4n.7Hl :(,7-'i'.'-2-' !i7o.<);i:.
i'lir liL;ll^l■^ iiiiirki'il liv i\u a^irri-k an' ili.> liitini- lmm'ii Ii> iIi,. iVnsii-ii's of IM7tP 71, ufllir l> inimi iiinl nl' I
|-',il«ai-il Klaiitl li'M-- till' i|iiinili(ir> 111' IMi iMiiiKht U rst nl'a Ijni' ilniwii I'l I'o'nil il"« MmiW In Cup riiiit,
ll i« Id 111' iviniirki'd llni' I In' ri'liini» nl' llic I'lsjii-rir-' {•.■|iarlnii'iit |in'\iiMi« In I In' vi'iir 1^7;), d.i^iKil cimliii
li«li i-iilrh 1)1' I'riiii l'',il«ai'il Ulaml : imil llial lln- i|iiaiililir.i. ii„-|iii|,.|| in llic ivliini- I'm- I77;i. I>7I iiiiil I >7
iKTniml i.f rriiin- K.n>aril Uland. lian' Ihtii iIciIiic'imI I'm- C.iil niiil llcrnnij;. M.H'k.Mvl W I. ■inn <'inii!lil i'l mn' i|iian'
wi'sl nrCap •lial. In iiial-inu il|i llm liM'iii- nl'llii' ml ins. ll Iwnii.v .il I iir prnliirN nl' ill' Ulnnil li'inu' liikm a^ a
nil I'nr iii.'iMiliiii; ll"' ■*"■ l.aupniiT |ini'linii nri^ui'li-i- in llic h'ish Ti.-t' i-cimmih iwil us ivn .'I'MiirMl nl' lli ili-iilalinji.
Uisiili's ('ml. Iln-nni; ami M.n-kinl. llu'iv rainr iimli-r tin' purvii'W nl' iIm' Tivai.v nl' Waslniniinn, llnlihiil anil s.
spiM'i I' lish as aiv iis..(l rnrliail. .\ii iil 'a siiHi.-iiMi'lv ilnliniti' nf lln- iiiiaiiiilv nl' liulilm I'lmulil aiiiimillv may li"
iIitIm-.I I'l-niii llii' ipmnlilii-s ^'iM'ii in lalik' I, I'Mi-arlnd i'riiii lli.' Cmisiis nl' l>7l. lii-P-inb.'rnp • «i\vii. I.' «niil(l lie Vi-li-
liirosi ■ In ll-v in I'sliiiiiUc llw ipiiinlilv nl' lisli a iiiilv ii«'.| an liii' in lisliiiii;. «lii ll 1' '^ill li' iMsily s • ni ainnilii- In
iiiiinv lliiHi-anil i|iiinliils I'Vi'rv vi'ai'.
'.\s In I 111. pnipnrliniiali'ipiaiililii's nl lln- s|i,.,-ii.s ul'ili,. (nl kiii.l. and. as In llir dislTiiMilinii nl' llir \aniiii« ipiaiililH-
III' llii'iii and nl' llrrrinu's an. I MackiMvl a us' llm I'nm- I'rnviiici's I'np llip simr.' niu'li nl' lli.'iii .'niilriliiiSis In llir tii a!
I'Uicli. iIm'V ividi'iilly \ai-v I'inin M'ar m y.iv »illiiii ri'i'iain liiiiils, luH In llii' Inni; niii. and iis an lurrai," llii' rnllnwiiii;
iipiinl-liniiiiiclil nl'ipiaiiliiii's inav Im taki'M as llii' i'\|i|-i'ssi,iii nt'lli.' lirnad larl i! is iiil.'lid'd In cniivi'V. Iiiuii "Iv :
Till' ipiaiilily nl' Cnd is In ill.' (piarnity nl' llaildi.k. Ilak ■ and I'lillnrk takiMi Inu'lluT (wi'li wlilrli ll is assn.ial^il
ill (III' liiri'ilniiii; Tallies) as li is sn 1 .
Till' prnpni'linii ill v\liirli I'lU'li |ii'nv iiii-" iniiiis in ill.' [.'fain I In'al i-a'cli iiiav li ■ slali'd as Inllim - :
Knl'l'nil: (^11,-Im',- Its pn- ,Tnl. ; Nnva Snu ia .'1 1 p"r rnil ; \i'« Ri-iins a li-k 11 p ■!' I'l'ii;.: I'l-iii.'C Kduai'd Island L'
I"'"' '■''"'• SI. Ill
0.11 II I III .. I i> II .1 . < ... .1. . »i V... .. v..,.« ;.. wn I, ■■< I'Miii • \>>u Ki'iiiisM ii-k I tier I'l'iii . :
IS ill ill.' i.'fanil In'al i-a'cli iiiav li ■ sialnl as rnllim- :
M',- Its pel' ,Tnl. ; .\nva Snu ia .'1 1 p"r I'.'nl ; \i'« Ri-iins a li-k 11 p ■!' I'l'ii;.: I'l-iii.'C Kduai'd Island L'
"■'■'■''"'• Si. Ill
Fill- lladdni'k. Ilaki'. and I'nlliM'k ; (^ii'li'i' -J p'i-i"iil. ; .\ma N'litia «M p t ci-m . ; N."V Itninsun'k II p.Ti'.'n..
I'i'ii Kdw aril Island I |i"i' I'l'in.
Km- lli'i'niii; : (^n.'li 'i' L'l p,i',"iil.: \,n a S.'.ria 111' p 'i- i- ir . : N''a UninsiM.'k t'tp'i n ; I i' l-..l'.vari Iv
illlld 4 p "1' ri-lll. . ,
l-ni' .\la.-k.'r.-l: (^i 1 7 pT I'i'ni . : \n>a Ni' 1 i;i sn ,, ... ,.,.„ . ; .\,.,, Hi'.iiis«-h'!> H pTc'ii'.: I'rin.':' ,.il«ai'd Islam
" '•'•■■'"■ ,1. C. T.VCIIK.
Dii'Aii 1MK\ I m Ai.iiirri.i Tin:,
.Inn.'. lH7li.
: I'rini'!' .alwai'd IslamI
,1. C. TACIIK.
Dr/.nhi .,/ Ill ,^f•:lHl,•l■ I,/ A'ji-ii-'liliire.
MiicU'Vi
l.n:.'2
l.<.i7-.'»
i.dl-'
.mi:.
i.;i2»
).ii;t.">
I iMIll 111' I'l'illri'
II Clllllllill lllr
{lllll l>7."l. nil
n unv i|iiiiii'|i t
liiki'ii iiH a ••••'
ili'iiliitii>ii.
llillllt UImI "'II'Ii
imiilv iii.iy ll"
Hliuld III' Vl'll-
'II iiiiumir ' 111
:'iiiii> iiimiii nil'-
'.'> Ill till' til :ll
■ ilic ri)l!ii« iiii;
!i'K ;
I in ll<s(i, •ill! I'll
rt;ll'll Nlailil -
II piT r.'iii. ;
,v 1-:,Iaiii'<I U-
..ih\iiril Isliiiiil
[•jrif'iitiire.
\i'i'i;\iii\ Nil, \i
l'ii|ill!lll Mill "I' Mnilir
" Mll'"-ilrllll'.i'tt-
" Ni'« ll!iiii|i-liin
'• Ijllnlll' Mllllll.
" ( 'iilllirrtii'llt
'• .New .Ii'f«i'y .
\i'\v Viirk .
J'l'tlll-\ll.llii:l
.Miiiiii'
\|iv*-iii'lin'-i'tt-« .
\"V\ ll.llll|)s|lifl'
K'lioili' Islaiiii .
Cnlllll'l'til'llt . .
\l'» .Jl'l'«l'V
N.'H- V.irK,
I'riiii~vl\aiiia
I'.M.ll
I'lal
Ati'ii 111 Si(iiii,i' Mill'
, .:iri.tHiO
7.M0II
',1,'JNII
l.:!Hti
l.7.".ii
N.y.'jii
IT.IiiKI
H!,()ll(}
I.V.M.'ii;
Mean.
ISTO
i!'Jli.!l|''«
l.i:.7.:i:'l
;il^.:!t)ii
•JI7.:i.^:i
.. ri:i7.|.M
illMi.ll'.l.'i
. l.;i-.'.7.v."
. ;!.r.2i,!tr)i
, ll.'.KW.ITH
l'..ii. ill II s,|iiiu" Mil''
IT.'.tl
1 -OKI
.1 l.,'!l)
lt;(;.i:i
u.'i.ir.
IO>-.lil
i):(.:.''i
TitT.MS
ii'.i.Dt;
Vtiu'ivnatr l'.i|iiilaliMii III' till' "cvi'ial >t.i1r- liordi'i-iiiL' tlic Ailaiitii' Cia-I a" lar
Siiiilli ai IViitf-vlnitiia iiii'lii'^iM' \ I .ili!-',17'<
\|.L.;, ' I.'i!l.-I5« Si], iiiilt"'
l'M|iulati(iti pel- Si|imi'i' Mile \KWV>
\""ri"'ati' I'l'iMilatiiPii lA' \\w Hriti-li I'l'u* iiu'i'-i lidrdi'riiiL' tl»' Atlaiitii', and tin'
(iiilf .if St. I.a«reii,v I .Hi;4,',il(l
Afi'a -':iH'll
Xi'nl'.iiiiiiilaiiil anil ilii' l.alirad.ir, i--liiiiati'(| lnO mile- liarK Cmiii tin- 'iii>l . . . . 7(.0IM»
'I'ntal aiva
I'lipulatimi III' Nciiloiiiiillaiiil ami llii- Lalirailiir
Tiilal I'lipiilatiiin Urili'di Anii'rii'aii .Mai'itimo IVuvinccs
I'opiilatiiiii til tlio Si|imre Mile
.•.\\h.li\
170.0(111
I'.ii.'iJ.UlO
6.4
Xiiii;. Til.' i.MiiMiMiii;4 ji.iilji.ii ..)■ A|i|i.'n.li\ I-' ( liiqil'i- II. will \«- found at tlie rlosi' nf tin' l»i.t liiapttT.
,
47
illAI'TKI! III.
Till. II I l.'KIMI
1 I'M IMS.
44. tlhlril.uli .11 111 iIm' s,.|i Kmiiiiih in llriiMi AiiHTiriiii himI I'lm.-i! .^iiit.'*
wiitiT.- ; 4."i. .Mlnnitiir.v IiKliiic'ii .•! tin' lli'iiinu ; 4ii. Kltict» "f ll».«.' Iii-
'lliii'lj'; 47, Till' -imwiiin:; .if tlii- l|..irinK ; In l> miiiii .ii wiiti'H ; In I'lii-
IhI SiiilB^ wiiti'i.. ; 4n. 'I'liii winli.i' lliTiiinj !l,..lii.ry \<i\vl..iini|liiM.| - lliiy ..'
Kiiii.l.v ; 411, Siiiii I- lli.niny ll«lii.iv .Ni'Wi'.'iiii.lliiii.l - I'l'i-imli ul ii|.|ii. iiil.
I., llii' i'..n.Hi .\..\vl'..iiii.lliiiiil .stniiln ..I lli'll.. |.|i. : liiiin'.iiii'l : .'lO, E.\l.'iil
i.f llii' lli'irinu ll<hi.iy in jli-ili-li .\i ii'iiii H:it..i> ; .'il, Viilu.. ..I H.^iina I'uil
li. Anicrii'Hii ll-liiirniiMi ; ."iJ, KliLln'iliniiB in tin' Cal.-li ..f lli'i'iini;- - M'liiiiix
..I' lliu .>*t. IjiwiciiiM', .MiiuiliiJiMi l»liiii.|«. .V..VII .S'.illii, .Ni'M|..iin.lliinil, .■■l^llti^ll
•Si'.n, .V.irwcKiiin .■<vii.' ; .'i.'l, ,>< .iuh |ii.iiu- in llii.. NHiiinil lli»i.iry ..f tlif llBr-
,iiln; .'14, .><ii|i|ii.i'i.il intwhiiii-liiliji. i'liiirni-lt..r I' ri>iliiiii Swi |i»|ii.fii., ; .Vi. \;i.
I.'il .it' till) liiiiili'il Hi'Mi 111' 111.' riiilt'.l .SiiiD'o Ciilil \Mi(,.r .4i>ni<; .'ill. '('Ill'
"t^ii'viiti'.n III' iIki l'...l in lli'lli'li .Xin.'i'i.'iiii iiiul .\'.ii'H'i';{iiiii .S'li^ ^ .'iT. IUI'it>
■il ilic ll.'iTiiiK, lliuli'y in lsi!;t. ,\\.'l llr.ii'k'* victt-i; .•.)(. .V\i'l Villu'lni
l.jivjjiimii's vii'W-; .W, Hlaliniir Wiilojjri'H'* iK'.«rri|.ti.in ..I ilii. liU' ..I ih.'
lUlli. lli'iTiiiK in IsTI ; I'lll. I'l .1.— .1 li. H, .Sill',' (i,.HM Tli.' Cn.l ; (11, rii.'
Hi'iiiiiy. I«T7 : II'-'
•H.. " Il i- Will UliiiUli lliiil ijii' |iii-.,'iir,' 111' iil.M'iii'i- ,.!'
Ili'i rill;.' ili'li'i'iiiiiii's till' .'iliiiii'Nini'. ..I' linki' nii.l < '...| ..n lln'
lilllllil MulllUl Ki^llilll,' linilk- lllr ti>lli-. ..f llir llr^l lllrllti..||ril
t'aiiiily lliivill;,' II {...'iilini all iiirlii.li In mi iiiMi.iils |i..|i ,.|' nH
kill.l'v It i.s. IlilWi'VlT. till' llliaill'illllillls tisllr> lit' till' riill.'-t
« llii l| 111 ill;^' tile ( 'mi llllil i.tllil- li-lii-, iif tllilt flllllilv clii-,!' ll|i.>M
iiiir siiiiiv>. Till- Sim llii lihLi' i> l.ill littlr UliiiVM I.siili' tin-
iv;;iiili .if till' liny nf l'"illi.|\, I'M'ilitili;; in .Si|itriiilii r ainl I »i-.
tnlii'l. «lii|i llii'\ \ i-.it till' I'liliii' c'iiM-,t trmii tiliilnl .Mnli.iii h.
Si'iliiiiti', fill' till' |>lli|iii>i' 111' ili'|iiiNitiliL;- tliiii- ■~|iiiwii ; tlii'-iict
ili|M'iiiliii;; ii|iiiii tlu'ir liiiiliiiL;' Wiitrr Niillicii'iiily cuM fm tli.'ir
•M'. iii-riii- latiT mill 1,'itrr
111 Till' I'm-.'-'.
uiii" i'\tiiii't t'l
>lilti's ( 'iillllllis-;ii,iii 1 I.)
|iiii|iii^i->. n niiiilitiiiii wliii'li. III'
ill till- ^I'a.s'.ii ill :;iiiiiL; Siiii
till' ll'tti'l a.lillV^nl li\ til.' I 'llit.il
{•'i>ll .-11111 l''i'-llilii'~ til llir I '.illllllissinlli'l' lit' Kislii'lii's ill ill.
Slat.' i.r .Main.' riiil.nilirN tliii'i' imiMM'tiiiit fiiL't'< ill ri'liiti.iii l.i
till- llii liii^i'. ' '
l-t 'I'llr |ii'('llliiir llttl'.irtinll it |i|'.'M'lltN fill' till- ('ml Irilii'
L'llil. Tl
I,. y;i'iiMi'n|i||i('a| (ji^lnlitini.ii ..I II-
'luiniiU ill I'liiti'il .Stat
r> wali'l's.
rtlil. Itv ili'|H'liiluiin' il|iiili nilil watiis.
4tll. Till' lilllili'il iMi'llI tn Ullicll it i- I'.illMil
II U.'lll'l'-
ill' Il
-I- nf til.' I'liiti'il .Sta
Il is Iriir that liiit.'.! Stiili"< wati'iN. -Miiitii nf tli.' •"illili
|iai'alli'l .if latitiiilr. aliiiiiinl witli aimtlii
•tv nf 111
ill.'. I .M.'uif.'. a fii".li uatiT lii'iriny, an anaili-ni is spn-ii
il III
Is Is cnllsli
.1 l.\ till' I'liiti'il Stalls I 'iiiiiniissiniii'i- nf
Kisli anil Kislii'i'i
I's as ■ 11
I many ii's|ii'i'is sii|iiiini' tn tli
Iririli;;' as all articl
■if KimmI ; if aiivtl
nil;.'. iimiT \ a
lllalilr fi
i'\|ii.rt : an. I ran 1>.' ra|iluivi| with \asi|\ Irss Innil.li', ami
iiinl.i ('iri'iiiiisiaiici's, ami .'it a srasnn iiiiirli niniv r.iii\ .'iii.'iit
fill' iiinsi |iris,ins .'nL:a,L;i'il in tin' l-'islii'iirs." lint tin' jiinsiiii
nf till' .Mruifi- in till- wati'i-s uh.'rr it is nmsl almnilant. ami
at till' si'a.snn nf tin' yrar win iv it umilil lir must ii iiilillria-
ti\r is fill liiililin In I'.iiiisli .Viiii'iii'an Kisln'inn'ii iimli r tin-
liiiiitiliL: riails.' nf til.' 'I'lialv nf \\'as|iin..^tnli. '-•■ i .Sit nara.
.\l 1.. Ml.. Iiitrnil
lll'InIA I ll,'l|il.'l
I. Villi! hftliir ivfiTi'L'.l tl.. .\i.i..ii.ll,i: X... 1.. Cimini'V II.
•-'. Ill l,ST4 t
Miii'ki't ftliiiii'.
Il'l'.' WHl'l' ll,.ll.
.'Ill Iri'-h w.ii.T M.-iiiiil; -.I. I in \Vii.liiiii;l..ii
'
Till' S.'ii lliTliliy ..II III.' ..ill. I llllll'l 11I1I1..11-I1 lull.' kli..\Mi
.III ill.' ( '..nsfx of (!i. I'liil.'.l Siiiti's l..'\..ii.| ill.' Iiiiii|.< iK'twiTii
KiiM|i<ii't mill Siiliiiiti', Si'i' r|iii|i. nil lliiil nil. I i>iil\ in
ill.' fiili nil. I Willi. 1 iiii.iilli>. is mI.iiiiiIiiiiI I'li ii|ivmii,U of tin..'
tlii.iisiiii.l mill". , ,11 til.' lli'iliHli Aiiit rii'iiii < '.>ii*tN, i. ||ii. yii'iit
llll'i' f..| ill. I '.111 nt r.'ltllill '..'iisiiIlK, iill.l f..|IM» ..f iUi'lf nil 111'
till, '.f f.i...| vvliii'li \> ii.|iri'Ni'iil. .1 niiiiii"ll,\ l.> »ii ii^.'iii '!.'"'''
nitrli ii.it II. i« fiilliiii; slimt nf nin' iiiilliiiii Imrn U It i' Inki 11
;,'i'iir|iill\ I'li.M' 111 till' r.in>l liii.' it i-< IIk' lli't Lnit f..r tin' ' ''"I,
mill it iiin\ truly I..' -.ai.l tliiit if tli. Il.ililii; «' i'- I" '" »'•
iiiliiliitnl in lliili-.li Ani.'iiniii wiii.i- ilii't'...| iIsIhin, m n.iw
liiirniii'ii nliiiii; till' i'iiiikI-. nii.l ..11 llir (liiiinl ItiiiikM, wiuilil lii<
il.'|irivi'i| iif iiiii' liiilf iti riiiiiiiii'iriiil \nlii.' Mil.) ill.' I'lili-li
h'iilii'i'ii'^ wiiiiiil ii'i'.iv I' II fiitnl l.l..«.
Il v\ iiii.'i^ ill \M^i -.•IlhiU ill llii'.|ii'|. I.ii\-. .ill ill"' i">nnl'
iiii.l fi'.iiii it-. Ii iliit-, il-. s|iii\Miiii^ |ii'iii..i-. till' twii ili-iini't
villi. 'lii's wliii'h I'NJ'^t ill lliiti-.li Aiiii'iiriiii wiili'i'N, liiinv'^ni;
it within .nir ini -li in -.iiiiii^' in tl..- full iiii.l 'Iniiiiu' ''n' "in-
li'i', its lialiitiit in iiiir si'ii-. i'» n |..i-.M's>iiiii wliirli I'liiiiui 1"'
iivi'i'-i'Ntinwili'il ill Miliii' mill I'Hi'rl, 'I'lu' /.hIU'h uf .l.|>lii nl
wliirli it f.'i'iU .11' r.">N iliiiiii;; tl"' wiiitiT iii'.' I.i'^rinnin^; I" '"•
kii..wii, till' iii_vtli> wliii'li liii\i i'ii\.'l.i|M'i| its iiiii\.iiiriil> nil'
y:riiiiiliill_v liiilii; ilis|ii I'miI. iiihI il |ii.'>.'nts il>ilf iii.« ns a
siiii'iiy liniiii' (Ml vvliiisi' s|iiiv. iiiii^ j.'1'niiii.N Ml'' .111 ..111' sli.ii'.s,
mill wliu'.i' siniiiiii'i' wiin.li'iiii'js mi' limit. il t" tin- I'ul'l wnli'is
f .1 II' si'.'is.
Iliil till' lli'i'i'iliL; i siiliji'i'i III iiii..'iiitiirv nil. Mill. Ills uliirli
.•i|.|i.iir lit til. tiisi l.liisli t.i mnki' it. nt lli.' lust, 11 tisli iipiHi
wiii.s.' jiii'si'iii'i' I'.'jimii'.' is lint 1.1 111' pliinil f.H II L.'i'''nl mmiv
vi'iii's t..i,'.'lli.'r. lln|i]iily tli.' iiiipi.'s-ii'.iis wlii.li liii\.' |ir.'Viiil-
I'.l nil tliis iiii|Hii'tmit 'iilijii't Jiiv iik.'l.v I" I..' .lis|i.'ll.'.l 1.1 a
liii';.'!' I'Xti'iil liy tli.' invi'stijjali.iiis .if I'l'.if.ssiir (i. n S.iis, fui-
l..wini,' ii|i tl mliiT iiif.iiiiintiiiii .il.laili.il l.y .liU'i'itiil
Sw.'.li^li N..iw.'L;iiiii mi. I Itiiiiisli Nmiiialisls. T'lii)" intiiri',
mil, ill yi'iii'i'iil, .Mi'li'.'ri.liiL,'inil rnii.lili.ilis. ii|i]ii';ii' t.. .Ii'ti'iiiiin.'
ill.' .|i'|itli lit wliirli till' Hi'irin;.' s|inwii, aiiil lli.' innriii'ss with
iviiirli lli.y n|i|ii'.iiirli I., til.' slii.r.' fm- tliat |iiii|ii.s.' I'.ilt with
i'.:.'iir.| I., ih.' Aiiii'iiraii S|iriii._' lli'iriiiL; ih. i'.' ti.-i'.l Ih' im fi'iii's
akin 1.1 Ih.isi' whii'l. .lislinh ih.' niili.ls .if ihi' lish. riii.'li "f
N.irwayainl lli.' I'liil.'.l Kiii^'.l.aii lirilish A liiaii .■^•'iis al.'
i.-.'-i'iii'iiuilii'ii'il iliiriiiLi I'niii 111- li\ 111. mill- .if till' yiai'. ami il is
.III Ih.' l.r kiiij; lip ..f Ih" il- ■ ihnt lli«' spiiii'^' MiTiili;; .'ip-
pi.iiH'lii's 1.1 spawn ill Kill. .p.. Ill Ailmilii' S.'iis, wlii'ii' this
lish is s,, iiiipniiaiil an mli'i.' ..f rniiiiin'ii .•. iIh' m'Hs "i"''
V"ry raii'ly i('i'-i'm'iiiiil..'ri'il. mi.| tli. li'iiiiii;' liv.' Inii.^'i'i' in
ii'itsjili' wali'i's than mi lli.' Nni'lii A rirmi rimsls. In tin'
W. -si. Ill Aclmihr wiil.r- il -.'.ks its wiiilri' ri'stinu' plan'
niiii'h lailii'i- than in Kiii'.p.' mii| il is ihii^ l-s- linM. In
I." .lia\>ii away \<\ ils f I liriiin' .li'iv.'ii far .'IV tlii' Imul,
as ili'si'ril..'ir i.y Sar>. Tin- lliiiliiminiis in Nmili Aiiii'ii-
I'liii wati'i-s ai'. small in .'Mi'in iniiip.in'.l with tllnsi' iistnlii-h-
ili;,' rliali;.'i's whii'h lak.' pl.ii i' ill Klinipi'. sniiitinn"' rail-ill:;'
ilii' I'litir.' iiiiii nf lar^'i' I'.imm.i'rial mi'l fisliiii'r I'niiiniiiniii.s.
mill li'iiiliii;; tn ;^'i'n. rill ilislii'ss. lint iln' p.' lamii'iicy nf tlu'
ll.'iriiiL'' sdinnls in lirilisli Ann'iirmi Si'ii-^. th.' rniiipar ili^i'
slnllll sizi' nf til.' ■ilh.i'T. al|.| llli'il' illlifnllll ili-^trili it inn nvil-
'Mi'lll nf rnllsl lill.', L'lV
an liiini"!!
ii'i'l \alii I.. ..Ill' :ish. rii"
ill. Ill a ilirci't r.ii'l imli
i^i'.al.'i' iliaii Is .'iij.i
.1
nl'WIlN' lilU
lii'iilarl', wlii'ii till- niii.riin'i .if ill.' pi'nph' miil
!"lativi
I's nf i-at'li Siiiti' iii'i iaki'ii iiiln ninsi-li'mlinii.
Nnl'-
mil Sw. .l.'ii w.i'.' iriv^t M.-hiii;; rnimtri. < wli.'ii Ihili^li
li/.'il man an. I. iii.l. .'.1, ll*< f!'.rils
Uiii'llra was null'.
\i'- ll.'iriiii: is I'.iii.'.'iii.
11 l.\ rn ili/i'^l 111
.1, ihis lish has iinl il
'I'll an nlili'i:
t <lf
49
|Mir-.iiil Imi' II |mmi;ii |Hiiiii| lii-ir, limn llir lii-^t i|ii«'li <i( ^\\v-
(•ft«.|'iil S|iiiiiu lliiiiiitf lUlii TV. wliiili iiiiiiiiial''il ill Nipiwiiy
ill \H~^ liiiinciii;,' iliiwii till' iiiiiiiiiil iA|)ciils ipf till' S|iriii|y(
ll> ri'ill;.' I'i'iiii nil ii\<'i'ii),'i' cil' lillllOIHI luiiivU In II tntiil I'l' lilllMIO
liiilli'l'*, liilwii'ii llir Villi- |Ni!tiini| |n7.'I
Till' lliiiiiiir (isliriv ill Urilisli Aiiii'iioiii wiiIit- i- in it-,
infiiiirv. fill- «!• iniw kiiiiw wIh'Ii' In Imili fill' tlii-1 titli in tlir
N\ inter iiiiiiilli- mill lidw in inki' it iii ijilliii'iit ilriilli- Tin'
ti'lii|ii'iiitnri' lit' ilitliiiiit sfnitii nf uiiii r ili'trMiiiin' il- iin-itinii
nil NrHl'illlllillnllij mill NnSlI Snit illll < 'nllils. Mllll t lull' ' In.-, lint
ii|i|i''m In lir liny inionn wliy iiii inniiimiis winti'i li-du'iy
sjinlllil llnl I"' rlinirij nil. jllsl MS n|| till' •<lln|'l'S nf IJlr Itllltil'
lii'iniitli till' ici Till' I'niti'il Sliiii'H lisliiinii'ii. iis i-. hIihwii in
•.iili-ii|iiriil |iiiyi-.. nil' iilixi- hi liii- iiitrr|iii>;i'. iiiiil will iml fiii]
tn tnkr miImiiiIiil.'!' nf till' |ii'i'-.i'nt 'liiiilli ill l'Jirn|ii' nwjn^ tn
till' i'\|Hi'ttil \vmiiliiiiii,'x nf till' S|jiiii'.; Iji'iiinu tlii'iv. |irrliii|iH
jii«t mil nf 11 mil nf till ti-lnniii'ii iin.l In ll iil-iili' '.|iiiw niiiL;
^rrnnii'l-
Mllill \Tli|:^ IN'-TIM IN 111 I'll! Ill IIIIIMl.
i'<. 'I'll! iii.liiii'l w liii'li ilil|ii'lx M'linnU nf lli'l'l'ill;{ tnstlirl fl'iilll
tlii'irw iiiti I Imiiii- 111' it -.111111' |iinfiiiinil li;iy ni"-niiii' i|i'i'| I'liii
\.'lllr\ mill III HI' InUllliK lli'i'll-lnllli 'I -|iinV llilli; i;liilUli U, i H'
irawiiriU, 111 |iiii'-i|i' llii'ii >iiiiiiiii'i wmiilriini:-.. i'> iikin In tln'
iniu'i'iilniy In-tinrt- nf liinl-.. mul, Ijki' llii'- wniiiliifnl kimw-
li'ilyr. i- In •-I1II11' rSli'Ml till' n '-lilt nf ;,n'll\vill;; l'\|li'lirll('i' ' '
It i- iili'M'I'Ni'il miinllj; liil'iU. \\ llirll, likl' tislli'N, IlllVi' till'
|iiHMi' nf I'ljiiii Inrtininliiili tliiiiiii;li II iMi'ilinni '^crv iii(,' lln'iii ii-
ii iiii'mi'- 'f |iini.ni">'<iiin lis wrll iis nf fiinij ill nmiH'i'niis ciiscm.
lll.'lt (111' ynllll;,' nf Millli' liliLlTlltniy s|H'(ii's liui'ly ;,fn witll till'
iilil liinN lilll i;lnll|J IniJi'llli I lllnj ■-tillt nil I lli'il inlllllry II Inllr,
nr fnlinwilli; ■.nllli' nf till' lllli'sl s| l'liyy:li'l -..
Till' \ iillll;;' liinU ijn lint Jill sn I'm II > IJir nlij I linU. ll hi I llii'V
wmnli'i' iiliniit niiii'li iimri' tliiin tlmsi' w lilrli Ihim' tin' lii'iirtit
nf I'vpi'iii'iH'i' : mill till' M'siilt is lliiil iiimiy nf tlinii mi' ilrs-
Ilii\ii| 1 11 'full' till' lli'\l s|ll'ill._r. mill llir till 111 I II ■ I nf (liii>i- W 1 1 it'll
ri'lllin is In lln Illi'MIl- sn ^'I'l'lll lis tlllll nf lllnsi' wllil'll li'fl.
N'liiiilii'i's nf yniiiii; liii'ils. In tlii'ir smitliwiiril nii'.i'nitinn, tin
lint I'l' s-, till' Mi'iliti'i'i'mii'.'iii Kill stiiy in tlir smitli nf Kiii'ii|ii'.
Till' sjillli' lull'. .'Il'inlilillj; In W'llllm'i'. ll|i|ilii's In tlli' Unit liWlM'il
lilirl'lltinll till' \nlinL,' I'inis S(n|)|lini,' sllnll nf llir All'lir ll ';,'in|ls,
In W llirll llir nlil liilils lllir I'll 1 1 ', '"
I'll Nnullir-r rniimkiiiilr pri'iiliiiritii's. s ntniry tn
wIlMl lllirlll IlIlM' lirrll i'\|li'l'tl'i|, illr iili>i'r\ril illlllr liln\r-
iiii'iils nf ci'i'tniii tislh",, |imti('iilm'ly llir lli'iiiiii.' mnl llir ('ml,
Till' ymill!,' nf llir llrl'lillL.' ■.rllni'l lni,'l'l l|r|', I'MI'i'lv l.'ninj.' Ill'lll'lv
sn I'm- iillt In xrii lis lln-ir |i|nirili|nr>, mill U illtrrilli; liy llu'lll-
si'lvr*. ;,'i'iii rally wlmlly npai'l frnm ll Iilrr lisii. In iiniu' nf
till' ili'i'p liii\s nil (111' t'misis nf Nr\\ fninnlliiinl. till' Itiiy nf
Kllllily. NiiMl Si'iilill mill (llr unit I ir in pml nf llir Stutr nf Maillr
wllrlr llir iilil llrn'illj.'s wintrl', llll' llliy I'nilsiilrra lijr pnl'linll nf
iiiiiiiiil (llr llsli taki'ii. Tlirv ai'r uiiilri'iii;; apart , pmlialiU in
llitl'crrlll ZnlU's nf Uali'l' ill (llr ilrrp -.ra nlltsiilr, Tlli'l'l' is a
I'l'llsi.;! inl' tills -.rpmatinll w r iniiy 111' nsslll'i'il, ainl wr iliscnvrl'
it, prnlialily, in tlir siiii|i|r fact lliat if it wnr lint sn, tlir iii-
M'trl'lltr 'iliil ill>a(iillili' rliiiiiy nf tlir llrii'ini,', nmiirly tlir
< 'ml, Wnlllil llllllihilair tlir >pi'('irs, if tlir ln'ri'ilillr; lll'irillLTs
wnr lint pir^rl'M'il 111 i|i'i']l Wllli'l', flnln 100 In l^OO fadlnllis,
I. "Tlif ihiihihI iiM'-i'iiimits uf nuiiiy lislii's uif iiinri' ,sti'ii'il,v uiiiiIukiius to
tlir iiiii^niliiiii 'if liii'ils, ,siiioi> llii'v liiki" phii'i' in liirnr limlii's mul ulti'U to
i'ousii|i>mlilo ilistiiiii'i'n, mill iiniin'iliiiti'lv I'lniiii'i'ti'il witli lli« pnu'ess of re-
|ii'oiliii'liiiii,'' Wiilliirii''" "111' :ii;i'ii|iliii'iil |li«lril>iitiiin rf .\iiiiiml.i,"
'_', lliiil.
."1. Wiilliii'c " lii.'.%'iii|iliii'iil lii-.liiliiili..ii "f ,Kiiiiiiiils.''
50
111! iiIoiil;' till' sdiilli slmiiMil' N'V, 1' miiilliilhl t lirrv hit iiiiiiiiiifi-
alilr CimI iliiriii^' tlii' wintiT sfii.son ; in tlic |iioluiiiiil Imys on
tlir -Nam.' sliiiif tlii'ic nil' iiiiiunii'rulili' Hcniiij;. Hut tlw Hrr-
i'iiiL( ri'sl iiiiili.^tiiilni| 111 till' cd^fr 111' the \ci\ iiml piivily iiinlif
it. tlirillli.'llnlll t!ir uillliT. Jllll|M>,| willlin ■. irW nl' till' roil
schllitU. Tllrsr lire tlir siJiiwillliy lulliliu, liut uli.-h' ;llv
lllc youiljt lliTinntfs ' tim^i' nf tlic til-t, mtiiihI ainl i( Mia\ lie.
the lllil'il Vl'MI', till' j,'ITlltil IMllllli. 1 nC wllicll ilo llol ^|lll\^ll,
mill wliioli will lint lii'f.fiii til ■■|iii\\ii iiiilil tlii'V liiivi' iiltaiin'il
tllfir tilil-il .11 rnllltll \i,M, Tlli>i' illr i|.illlillr^> i li>t 1 ilillli il
tiii'oit^h till iiiT-111 v.illi" s. iiiit n-iiiiit.' IVuiii liiiiil. .-iinl nil tlii-M'
vmilli; si-ii.inls. iiN w-11 ,i> nil tin- rli)irlill ail i ntlii'i -iiiall ti-li,
tlir iMii I'l'ril, I'm- tliry an- t'liuinl in tlirir •mnarlis « ln'ii ra'li.'lil
ill till' wiiiti'i. ''
Till' |llVlrtirlll ti'ai'I'illi; nt' llli> la W nl' ilisi I il.lll inn Mill I Inial
liii.LrnitiiHi i> t'n' |Mi'>.i'rvat,iiin <>f tiir >|iav \v ly yrniiinl-. nf iIh'
nlil liiTriii^ til tlii'ii' t'lilli-t iNtiiii. illi: ru i-1' till' uinirr -iijiiily
nf FiiimI for till' cimI will iliiiiiiii-.li in llm^r aira^ wlini' iln'
ynii.'iji- li I'fiiii;- timl a winliT liniin'.
In till- IJaltir till' luiriii;; i-- raiiL;lit in lln- winti-r uinlir tin'
ii'i', at a .li'|illi Naryiiin; IV 'in tivr tn twriity f"iir fiit'imii^. \\ iili
111 !■- ^it at tlinsi' ili'ptlis. riii- i- a |inilil tn wliii'li t In' Ni'W-
fllllll'lllllnl lislli'inil'II Wnl.'il lln Wi'll In ililTit tlli'if illti'lllinll.
aiiil ti'--t till' i|i')itli lit wlii.'li till' lii'i'iiiiL; i- IvinLi in tluir |iin-
t'niiiiil inli-i-, ainl liavs. Iiy ni'ts -,1111k (n liH'. nnt ili'plli-.
Sais I111-. >,liiiwii tliHt till' yniiii;: yrailiiii;' lii'i'iiii!,' liki' tin'
yniiii;: yi'ailiii;,' mil, >|i.'iiil tlirir tir-t yi-ar mar tlir i-mist. ati'l
I'nlliflr^llti' llli'l'i' in lal^i -rl U. 'ril'- li^ll.'l llli'll nf Nalltllr-
Uit in Ma^^ai'liu^.'ttN, liM\ r nil rrv ,i| tlial a \ir\ lai;_r. ~i Imnl
nf ('mi \ i^it thai rna^i in ilii' wiiilri uliirli will nn| avi'ia^ri'
iiiiTi- tlia:i a |iniini| ami a lialf 11 pii'i-r. ' 'I'Ih-m- an' |iiiili-
alily yi'.lllllin; ('ml. Ill- latllil- I 'ml wllirll liaVr rllli'li'il ll]inll
tlii'ir --I'diiul yi'ar. anil, liU iji,- mi- m tun y.-ar nM llriiiiiir.
■ In lint Vi'lltlll'i' Ml far ii.lt illln llir ii,-.-|i a~ tin- nl.l. r li^li
ini SI'AWMMl nf IMI-: III.IIIIIM:.
It will imw In ^lin.vn lliat 'li.- --|ia\\ niiii,' ;;rniin'l-- nf tin'
Iirrriny ai'- % i-rv u ,i|i''y ili^ttilniti'il llii'-iiLlmiit tin- |.",n;tli nf
till- !!iiti li .Viii.'rii-.iii i-n >i liiii. aii'l tlii! tin' y-i n.,' I i-iiiiii,'s
linMi in ilii---' liii' '.liiii '_'■,. iiiii'K fniiii till' I ilur.il .iinl rnii^tnnt
lull- wliii-li lii.ii-^-^ llii- 11,1". l\\ n aiiJ t'li- -1- \ i-:ir imI i-.i'l rlir
iii-lmr.- r,.i| 1,1 ill,- i-iia^t
I'll,' ^|l.'\Wlili : l.lk— |l!,'lri' at IWiiilislinr: ll'linlU nf till'
\ 1-ar, 11 ihii'ly in lIu' >|i|-ini.'. nr ra.'ly >iiniiiii r aii-1 ii, tin- aii-
iiiiiin In llii- |iartii'iiliir tin- .\iiii-ii -an fniiii^ nf tin In-rriri;;
ail- lik 111' NniWi'Lri.'iii '■ .Spi'iii;; Hi'iiiii^ uinl tlir ■ !'» Iiii-t.'in."
nr '-..1' li>li lii'i'iiii^-. wliii'li spiwii ill till' aiitiiiiiii. 'I'ln- |Miiiit
.■lilll'i'' illl] HT.'li: 1. fill it ili-\i'l,,|l^ 1W,1 ili-.tilllt |Pi'l'in.|- nil
ti'.i' .Vlin-liran I'.iast, iliiriii;; wliicli <'" In riiliL' lllli' fi" tin' rml
i- pri'M-iH nn mil- •ilim-i's in it- siippisi- I nm-t -ittrartiNi' foriii.
'I'l i> nlilll-. n\i'|- a MM wiili' sti'l'icll nf I'l '1st lilli' ill lln'
railx spiiii;;- II nili~, wlii-ii lln ii-'i'iini.' lirst i-nim- in tn ^pa«ii.
;"l 1 th' art nf spawniiK.;- appears tn il.-M-lnp an ni|,iiii- I'liaiai--
i.'iistii' nf til,' lii'iiitiL.'. wllirll fii-l iinlirali-- In tin- iiixif iiiMn
i-nl lln- \( In r.-aliiiiits nf till' sp:iwii wliicli i-- sn -.triiii;^ an lit-
Ir.M";. II In thi'lll a.'- fnml
'I'll,' niiiini-i.ils Ini'iil s.-li-HiU nf ln-1-riii'.', tln' ilitli'ivlit rril»
a'
il M
I III It- 'li li
if tin li-li wllirll ail' fniinl nil wiili'ly -irpar.it,
11' I'lia-i as w
'il -IS iii-ai- tiiy:i'llii'i, appi'iir In slmw
tliiit •■iiiilar Viiriiiliniis mi in in .Xiiniiran wati'is as ai'r fniiinl
in I'iuinp- an si'iis
•-'. It-'li '.-I iif lln- I". S I'liiiiii
fi.li 11:1,1 l-'i-liiTli- |.S71-T'J.
Ill lillhll . 'I'.llUr
Illl. Niii .>i'i.. l^T:!.
.i:>-'if^: V-
Ml
Mi'.-li:
ill llis Wnik I II
]!■ Hiiiiihj
-tfiti
llllll ill.' s|p||\Mlill;; ^Icilinil lliin |)llTllillV. Sdltlilllll. Ilftc 1 lirillM-
visiti .1 liy 11 m'IkmiI iif HfiTiii;,'s lit tlic mil uf An^'iist nr lii-y;iii-
iiiiiL; (if S"|j|ciiiliiT, is iiiit iiiily kimwii l.y tlii> sen Imviiij,'- ii
isli, ii|i/ii|iii' ii|i|M:niiiii'c. I'lit iiImi t'lMiii llic stmiiL: lisiiy m-
nil\ ii.liiiir. Iiiiiiic.ji.ilrly iit'l-r s|iii« liiliL; tlic InTiiliL: stavtnl
nil', lllhl I'ill till- sllIM
kliil
,f till
I'ks till' LTiii'lliil Wiisswiii-iiiiii'j
with uliiiiiiH's, (■(,(! iiii. I utliiT tisli. wliicli wimt i'\ iiliiilly ii(
ti'iirli'ij liy (111' s|m\vii. ' ''■' Till' -.pnwiiiny ^.Tiniiiils nf Hi'.iiiii:;s
MIT \ll'\ Mi; . Ill
tiv.' til ( 'oil.
MI'i' inVi'liTRtr sliMWIi I'lld'Is.
Mii'l il is tliiis tliHl lli'iriii;;' mi mii rxtniiliil c'liist liiu' 1"
\r\v linWi'l
till lllrMll> fur llll'illi' till' < 'ml t'l llic SI
mil'
mil'. Mini lliis
ii|i|ii'Mr> (ii III' iloiii' ill It liiriji' ili'i;iir liy ilu' stii ii;,' nil sim 11
s|iH\viiiii;,' lull'., ill
ilti'il li\ llcniiiii' scl
nilli,' sclliiiils v.lu'll nil llli
litis iiMi'lii'iilar tliry iisi'inlpji' tli.' ( 'ii]iliM Mini Smelt, wliirli. iis
siMli'.l
ill 11 si'llMlali' Ml'ticii' ll.'!\il|ir I'slirrilll l-rfi'll'lli'
In tin
Miliji'i'l. Mtlract till' ( 'ml Mini iilli'i tisli tn tin- stimi' tliimi^'li tin
.scllsn nf sill. 'II. till' ('miiIIii illlil .SliH'lt rlllittillj; illll'iln.' till' si n
Mill nf li'jil'n lllctiilll M stl'illl;,' mlnlir i)f tin' C'UOUIlllicr.
Ill'f
111'.' lil'nci
ill'' tn ri't'i-r In snlM.
I'ciiliarr. i.'s 111 till'
.NiiIimmI llistn|'\ lit' llii' ili'l'lili!; 1 11 '11 I'll If; lljlnll its iiii|iiii'tMliri'
In till' Nnrlll .\lll.'rirMil h'isllrri: , .rclll'I'Mllx-. it Wnlll.l li'i M'lvis-
il.l.' In .'illii'li- l.ri.'tK ... tin- fill
inWilly slllij.'l'ts
spa \\ mil
.1 ll
ri.i' Willi, T Kisl,
iilitisll .Vllll'I'i
('Mil WMti'l'S.
ll. Till' SiH'iiiL.'' ami Aiiliiiiili I'"
H'l, Til
ills nf its
ii'i.'ii'li 1.1 tin cnast.
"illi. Til" I'Nti'iil nf till' ll.'ii'iiiL;' Kisln lies ill liritisli .\iii
'lll'Mll WMlils
lltli. Til.' valiii' .if III
liail 1.1 I
II' -Xiiii'llrMli
Kis!,
'i ll Till' (liii'tiiMliiiii ill ill. I'Mti'li
Til.' spawn .if tl. II.
1 \ tiling witli uliirli it I'liiin i
irili'.; aillnTi's in liiiiiiis ami mas
11 nnlilai't.
It is.
Irli.isltl'il lit
\. I rim IS ill'] it I IS nil till' I lilt 1 1 111! .if till' Si 'a, linpi-s ilrau ii tlimiiiili
III
I' in;
s]iM',\ii. .11' iii'ii'ly lyiiiLi mill' win r.' it is i|i'|.nsit,'.| 1..'-
lliicklv ami imifni'iiiU I'.uit.'.l as to fi'sninlili' caM -
I'l'i'l..
that nil till' :if)tll AULTIIst, I.S."i(t,
wlli'll nil tin
<!iMinl Malum lli'i'iiiii,' s|iMWiiiiij_' ;;i'iiiimls ' many nf tin' mts
w.'i'.' llii.'klv r. ivi'i'i'il witli lli'i'iiiiL: siiawii, ami, in i'li'aiisiiiH;th, ni
till' .In
ksnf SI
ill tn 111
till' \ .'s^ii., \\ I'll' I', ,\ I'l'il al
ll
1 am-li' .1.
It
iin iiiinsiial riii'iinistaiiri' fur tin- rirt-inpi' !l
llili'Mil I'Mliilli' til 111- fnllllil ill tl
Ml 111 » il ll I III- s|iMWn wliili- M \ I
In ll,,' si/, ,.f a ll\. '.^allmi ki'i:
II' niniiiiim a:
'al.l.' Wnll
thick
.1 1.1
lis a man -
I'mfi's..,! ||ii\l.'\ -tali's ji, ||„. ■ U,'|„,i'l of till' linya! ( '
.si.,n ..f iMi.-!,' tliMl ■ If a f.i
iial.' Ill tills stuti' I'.'M
K t.
s|iMHii 111' s.|m'i'/i'.l ami thr.iVM ii'd-iviil iiitti a vissil full ..f
'M wali'i'. llii'V will a
1.1 ihi' liiitlniii, ami tl
11' \ Ml. I sti
stil.
stanri', with wliicli llir nva aii' iniitril. I'llilsiiif; tlii'lii In M.lln n
Innrthi'i', thi'V will fnliii M thick cak,', which, iiflcr m f.-w Imiii-
r.'st. cniistitiiti's a ifiisi' cnr,.ist,nt mas
Hriiilv M,lli,'riiit t,
ihi' ll.ltlnm nf the M'-sl'l tllllt tln' lllttl'l' IllMV 111' sUilili'lliy i
xi'i'ti'il willniiit ilctMi'liiiii' tin- ma. Imlccil. tn sciiMiatc llic
■itlii'i- fr.
ilii mil' an.
illnr, nr fi'imi the limlv t'lwliicli th.•^ a.l-
hi'i'i'. ili'iiiMinls I III' . \
■itimi nf
M ci'i'taiii f..rcc. w liich, Ms nfti-n
lis in till' ili'sliiictimi if ih.' ."ii.'s as thi-ir ili'iachiinnl.
1. s.'.. 1.1-,. (i. u .Sill-,' l!..|i,,rl li.i IsT'J. ii'i.'iti\i' ll (.',)i| lii-iiii; liiUi'ii in
lliTiiiii! s)inHiiiiin ;;r.iiini|s, with tlii'ii -Luniiclln lull .if .<|inivii.
1. i;.'|i.iii "II 111.' i''i.iii-!'i(,s ..I iiii- iiiu ..r I'liii.iv,
5«
SlMllMi Si'.WVMNi; (llliliNliS.
iMI.f (iK sr. I.WVIIKMK r.ASTMlV s|ln|[i: ii|. Sl;w IIUI NSWH K
— Aismvii Misiiir isi.AMi iiAV lit' III M.Krii i.a>I'
WKKK IN M'HII.. MAY Til IKi: KITII .MM-..
Ill tllr liilV nl' ( 'lllllllir, I'ort l>llMil'l • 'aM'll | II. I ill , liiillllNrll-
tiii-1' mill ' 'inii'liiii. iiir iiciti'i! Ill(•lllilil■^ ii-> liiiiiiii; >]i;iwiiiMi,'
friuiiiiiK.
llririiiL; ;i|i|ii','ii' I'iiriy in tln' ^|p^ill:; mi liir Muitli >liiiiv nf
tllr t illlf, lit ScVi'll {.-.illlliU. N;itfislii|iiiiii, Ki';.'iisiirii Hlnl Hrtiij-
nri'. " 'I'lifV Iriivi' till' sliiiri' ill .liiin' iiinl ii-ii|i|ii-iii in Aiiyiist
nil till' ui">li'iii imil nl' till' Niilf enlist, mill >jriii|iiiill_v iatir
tilWIIIlU lirli.- Ulr. whiiv tiliV ,l|l|iilll lllinllt tllr lil-t Wirk ill
Sl'jltl'lllliiT '
mm;ii\i.in isi.anii> i'i.i;AsAsr v.w m;\v iiiiiN^wirK siihuk
Hillill;; s|lll\Vll nil tllr wllnji- ill>tilll sllnlr nt' Ni'VV Hllllls-
wii'k. iiiniiiiil MiM Isjiiiiil, iiinl uiiliiii llir liny nf ( 'Imliiir
I'liliy. IM!l, 'I'll.' Mist, nr S|iiiii^ lln liiii;, ii|il"in ns smiii
ilv till' I st tVilli;-!- nt' iri' !rll\i'>. iilinlll llir Iiiiiliiji' .if A|illl.
llrciiiiliny til till' i-lllirili-ti'r nt' llir M-ii-nii 'I'Ih' Minii.l. ni Knll
Hciriiiy ii|i|i('m' nlioiit tln' idtli Aiil;iis| Tin if iiri'. licsiilo
tllcsr, liirlll scllniils. slcli ll~; till- MiM'nll Hi'llilli;, wllicll rilllli' ill
lit tllr I'lnl n( .lull.' nil I liKillill III! tllr >i-ll>nll 'I'lli-- llrllillij
is siiitili mill t'lit. mill is rmi!,'lit in mi iiirli miil n i|iiiii In- nrt. nt
ffnlll }, il llliir tn H) lllilrs i'lnlil slinir, 'I'llrV Illr ijistillll finlll
tllr .SMriim II. TiiiiLi' I'rilry.
i;\\ III' risiiv,
TIr- I'iiil.y ll.ii'iiiL;' .-iiiii.-.-.r in Aiiiiii|.nlis Hnsin iil..iUt tlir
I..L;iiiiiiiiu' nt' A|.iii mi. I sjiiiwii 111... Ill til.' I ■: ..f Miiy, \U tlir
L'dlll nt' tllllt llinlltll tllry IlllVr ill ^.'llrlill Irt'l tllr Ullsill
l,',iiinl Mil, 1, 1,1. Siiiilliirii //ill. /--. Inly, AuL.ni-*t ami |imt nl'
Sr|i|.-nil..T.
/<.'>■;„ ,,, M;„.is .Inn.-
XiAvini vni.wh N.iiiiii IC\sr Aii.wTi. i'..\sr.
Ml Miillllrl I 'mini s|j|i,-s llljll lis „..,n lis ill,' irr llln\rs
iiH'tlir 'hni-i' ill till' .liti'rrmt ii..rtlii'iii Kays in s|iriii;.'. tin- li.i-
fili;~ iiir siiir tn siiik.- in t.. spnun. ' mnl tlirv \ jsii tli,- smnr
liallinlir rn\.' ..I rmk rilrll sillsnll t'nl tllllt |.lll|lnsr 'I'll.y
m-r ^rriiriiilly ill il piinr riiiiilitinii ami nt' tlir smnr si/r 'I'lny
ai. .•■aii.^rlil in si'in.'s, licniii;;' nrts, rast m- iliji in-ts. iiiiil Im;;.'
.|iimititirs m a tiiiir In- alniir iir.'\.'iils til. Ill t'l'.iii li. ill;.'
Iiikrii r.".;iilmly .'V.'iy \.'m,
Al |i \t\ Sl'VWMMI (Jk.hmi.
^ 1 I will 1.1 VSI , MIX \ .. nl I \.
Sppli iiilii'i iliil Otolirl. •• rili'V .l|ipi.i.ii|i till' Novii Sciit'il
Slnnc rally in Maicli, at tiist very sliayijliiiu anil veiv lean 1
liiivc iin silt seen spawn fisli in Max. I'tir lishci inrn till iiu-
llirv tiliil Minn 'it all srasoil^. • • • iniiiiii; tlir 'attri put
lit August tlirv lie ill t. / piiiiic, ami pii^paiiti^ t.) spawn —
«liir|i iipciiitidii takes plair in Si^ptctiilicr .iiid Ortnlii'i ." •' Tlir
va' lulls saiiiK loM's anil laiiil-liirkril liavs alimit Sainlnn. K.is-
ti'in I'iissai,'!'. Slii'|l)iirii(' ami I'lospHit, air lavoiitr rrsoits. in
iVnni livr to till lallliillls. Ilrlc tlir tisli may lir srrll lyillLT lipiill
tlic liiittnlil in tliniisanils. Tliry iiia\ lir iiicasiiicil liy tlir ai'I'C.
I lie sra is >t hitr anil liirlijil uilli tlir spawn, anil ropes, in pass-
iti;; tliioiii,'li it, hcroiiir as laitlr as small liawsris. riicCnil ami
Ills Viiiic'irs appioarli ti) I'crd iipnii it, wliili (piantitips air cast
iipnii flit' lira, lirs nl tlir •■ca "
/
■2. I>r lli'iiiiii.t liilpiM Trail-. .N"v. ."if.. Iii-t IHtill,
58
IMIKl) .-IM I KS WMKKS.
From Knstpiiit to Soituaie (Miin,-, — S(.|)tciiiliiT and Oc
tohei'.
-IH—WINTKi; lli;itl{lN(i MSIIKRY.
NKW l-n\ Ill.AMI.
Hay of Islands — Midill,. Arm und I luiidicr Siiimd — i;,,,! „f
Oitobor to Miuvli. and in May iind June.
In aiilnnin and winter taken in nets )i\ and tlucc iiuli mcsli,
put ilown ill iiolcs and ilraiiis cut tlironyh llir !■ c at dillcicnf
parts oT tile IImhiIht Scund. ' '
111 IHliJ, diii-i ig OrtolHT and \o\ciidicr. tlicic wirr takiii
'" 1'"''^ <>90() bills Aiitiinin H>hin,i;
111 Jan., I'Y'li. & Mdi, lilTOO •• Wint :
In May list;."). I .. . .'illOO " in Mines Suniiiin'
Total ;}(>5()() ••
Kxpoils of riniint; in 18()S OO.OOO bids.
K\(il,isii IIakkoi — In 1,S(,1, :,'4.'H)S, liaiicls „C Ilciiin.Ks
wiMc taken from Fortune Iia\. In iMIo, I:.',()()l) haiieU lio/en
!leriin<<s from t\n- same I)i^lrill Thi sr llirrini;^ an taken in
the latter jiart ol Deceiiiber and in llie month r{ Jaiuiry. Mi.
Hayward states that he was informed that 8000 hariels are
"annually thrown ovcrlioard in coiisequcii<e of the mildni'ss id'
the weather ; the herriiicrs are hauled, and the weather not liciiii;
snlticiently hard to free/.e them."' •' N'nmliers ,ue also destroy-
ed liv lieiiif; liarred fur a loiiit tini.\ '
|N()o. KSOf.
Exports from F.iifrlish llailio! ;,'()00 ,'7.')0v;
■' HaiedeNord 10.")(iO
.\t Fortune Hay, the Herring; is stated to -trike the shore
ahont the first week in Deeemhi'r. They take up their (piarti'is
ill the deep arm atioiit tin 'st .laniiary. where tliev remain.
chieMy under the i've, iinlil ahoiit the l.'Otli Mareli From the
^'Ofh March to the dOth .\pril they are iisiially ahiindant and
quite near the slioie ; they then i;o into deep water and niiiiin
there until the ."ifh to lOth May, when tlu y make their appear-
ance in every cove and harlioiir fur the puipoM' of spawniiii;- ;
the season lasts until alioiit the 5tli .lime, lint a lew schonU aie
latei, and it is not completely over until alioiit the 1st .\imiisl;
they tlnn i;o into deep water to recuperate. I'' llcirinn are al-
lejfed to he more niimerons now than ;25 vears aijo.
WlsrHH HUNTS of Hi:ui(INi: AT Tlii; lINTIIANi K In Till: IIAV
III' IINIIV.
Ill Hays on the (, 'oast within thirty to lliirty-Hve mllev of
the I'assamaciuoddy Hay, near the Island ol (niiid M man, at
the entrance to the Hay of Fiiiidy.
\ very extensive and v.duahle winter lleriini; Fishery h,is
its he.idciuartcrs a( Kastport, in the St.ilc of Maine, l'. .'^. The
HerriiiL's are fro/en as soon as caught, and shipped to markets
in that State. In order to take advantage ol changes in the
weather, a signal tidegiaph station is cunnected with the chief
fishery Hepot at Kastimrl. to give siiitidile warning ol the proli-
alile approach of warm or cold weather, and thus pr; pare tlu-
dealers for the changes advisable in th-ii operations. The llcr-
ring,s begin to approach their winter .|iiaiters in October, and
leave them early in ."Vjiril. ' '
I. .Mr. II ay will-. I ( ISH.'u
I. licport. iMi;."!, A,ip, i.r .iiiiiriiiii ..t till' Cuiiiiiii isi;t:.
I. Letter uf (I, 1!, llciini'lt. A|i|i.. .vowriiiii.lhihcl .l.iiirniil u( A.-seinliiy.
I. Kor liirllu'i iiifuriiinti'in uii th,. <listriliiitioii uml uses of the llciTiiiK "ii
111- Atlantic const .if .V.ivii .SmIIii am! ■he .Siiiic ul' .Maine. .s>ef l'lia|ilei .>u
Hail.
54
< 'm\sT 111 Nci\ \ Si iiTI \.
Diiritii; llif pr^^I ten \fais ilii' rislu-riiii'ii in the iU'it;lil)OMr-
lidoii 111 lliililiix Hiiil MiiifjiiK'lV \h\ liuM- liiki'ii VN'iiilci llcr-
I'iiiy on llii' slniii'* in finiM loiii In »i\ t'.illioiio "iili-r. hi »oimc
pliio llii'x line, it is >l.ilcil. It'll tlirir in'iii-loinrii wliilrr i|il.ii-
Icis iliiriiis; Ilir >t'as()ii of 18"ti-77, liiil pinh.ihlv llifv were
"Illy ;i littii' t'liillici lint iit -.(m It is si.ilfil lli ii vc-scIm tmik
,-.in;ors i.r liniiiiir Irinii Miiiijant'- I!.i_\ liii^ l.i>l winter ti> ship
Id ShciIi'II. a vxiiilcr ln'riiiiy ll>lu'ry iil iiin!.i'lci.ililc iiiai;iii-
liiil' iiiii.'lit ••|)iilii; lip on tin- \o\ii Sioliaii coasl. Iinlii'd, llic
H^lu'i iiK 11 liavc stated to I lie u liter, llial ii'eeiitl\ Anieiiiaii ve-sel-
liavf rereivi'd iiiucli of tlieii- Sail on Nova Sciiijaii slioies, lor ilie
I.ellavi and ( uorije's liinii'-, svlii', li iliev weie acciistoliu'd to ^et
il \e« I' ■iiiiill.iiid.
WlMl'.li llii;i;i\ii l''i'-iiii,\ IS |-',ri:iii'i:.
An iVtensMe Winti'i lli-nini; Kislierv cNi-ls on ihe Wliile
Sea. Opposile tlie villas,'e oT Soioka iipwanU ol' 7-)ll lliirtx— ix
I'aliioiii ni'N irr employed liy llie tislieinuii iindei- the i.e. A
yooil hill will Ininu up 100.00(1 tlsh. At niijhi the ni't is I. it
11 the w.itei, dnrini; I lie ilay time it is druji-ed li-om hole lo
hole sc\eral tiliii'- liolhthe small and the huye hei i ilij; are
always to he t'onnd in liie \\ hile Sra.
lli the liallii- and it* approaches the heiiiiiy iris also heeii
seen to pass 'iliilei the i' e, and are taken in i.els
S| MMli; !li;i!lllMi l'"lslll;i;v N l;\viurM)|iAM).
]\\\ >i. (ir.DiKiK. — lliiriii^^ are taken lieie in the moiitli ol'
May, and "arc ol a lliiii deseilption. not leseiuhliiin those taken
ill lias of Islands "' Kxpials l..r 18(i) ;.'0,'J(ill liarrels, all taken
in nets
llw.i.o Isi \Mis — Mr. Ilayward report-- 1 the lierrilin tish-
erv rapidiv decieasin;.! .il this stalioii in IHIi.J. lie was iii-
loniied iiv the resldculs that some fiHecii or sixteen yen's pi.-
vio.is to IMO.'), ;.'0,(I00 liarrels wore anniiallv taken here. The
|)r;irtiee ol' iiarriiiu lierrlnns h.is lii'eii extensively carried on.
Mr. .1 M. Kellv n'piilled in IH.")'; iljat tlie usual catch of
heriiiii; in St. ( ieoiije's li.iv soinr veirs i;,'o, was li-oiii ;iO,00(l to
."iO.OOO Saiiel.s. hnl previous lo 1857. for a few years, il had l>c-
iXnii to decrease so much, that when his esUiiiati wasl.amed iii
1S")7 not iiioie 'liaii 1:^,000 or lU.OOO hanels were taken. I'he
caosi- of the decrease w i.s then i.ttrihiited lo the practice :: 'opted
hv the schooner masters, who came for herriie^, of ihrowiim the
otf'.ii (d the herriiijj; overlioard oti .iie fishing ijionnd.
In 1H()8 the iiiimiiei of hanels ol heriiiiH; I'm hail, taken liy
the Flinch lleet. o alioiit ;J00 vessels, sailiiii,' fr-m S;. I'leric,
was tifi.OOO. besides ;; large ipianlity of eaptliii. The value of
the lieiiini; w is cstinialeil to he aliont .C:27.0O0 stg., and ol the
c.ipelm, CKI.O.KI to flS.OOO slit., lo-elher, aho;it t'45,il()(( stg
('apt. IV.rish.,
• MA*.
IM'.inODS OF M'I'KOACII TO IIIK COAS I'.— N KW-
KOrNDI.AM).
Mill 111 KASI AIIWIIC COAsr. "•'
50. I ;il)|e sliowini? tlic diilcs ol the lii'Ht a])pi!.iiiinfe uik!
ilppartiirr of tlic iikiiiiim! tVinn tlip Noitli Ivist Atlmitif Cons'
III' \i-u r.iiiiiilhiiil :
I, rii|,tiiiii lir wii. KN . II. M~. Ipvn.i," h,; ilj,- yuv is;i ; r,i|.tiiiii
ll.ukiMH, |{..\., II. M.^," Kii.U'm;,- Mr is;-.'. U,.|i.,i'l« ni tli.' N,'H-|iHm,||,iii.|
lUlifri''-
- H^K
!>'l RAl'lS OK ItKI.LK ISI,i;,
NKWFOlrNI)l,AM> ((lA.T.
'riil)le sliowinn the (liiten of the Krst iipiwaraiK c iiiid dcpiir-
tiirc of the Hkkhinci from tlie cimstii of tlic Stmitjt of Ik-lle Isle.
Mtnliitti \'.«r ^i»r.itK tUiriiMt \i. ll>« Mtltiiiin Ihriimf. Nil. Iljt
Cape Biinld IS" I.
to
(Uipc Onion 1872 Ant;. 10 I.) S. p. :{(). . .51
ri.«tolft Hav 1N71.
187a.
C. Noinian 1S71.
to
Savage Cove lH7!i.
Savage Cove 1H71 Inly .'U.
to
St. Harh.'"> H. 187:>' Xiii,'. 14 K. Sep. .{(). . . IH
187;J. Jnly 10
l..\llK.\|in|l iD.XM- 111 nil-, slli Ml'.
Chatean Hay 1871 Ani;. ").
Ued Bay ' 187 1 An;,'. ;,'() to S,p. i>6 . . . ;t«
Black Bay 1871 Ami;. :.'(> to S.p- M). . .41
Fortean Bay 1871 \iii;. 10 to Dei. !.'0. . l.W
iiKHiiiNi; Aiiitr '1.
Hcnly Haihoni 8th Sept., 18««.
Fox I larliour -'li d "
Black Bay, Tinware 4ili "
Kast and AVe.<t .Modeste 4lli "
Seal Bight 14il. Aiigt..
a-r
(ill,!-" COAST (iK NKWFMINDI.AM).
'I'iililc Nliowiiii; t!ic (laics of tlic first ;i|i)ieanuicc and ili'|mi--
full' nC till' llcillll!,' (VolU tllcCiillf COilsfS of Npwfoillllll.-lllll.
f
2."
X
GO
X X
'w
li
fS ►-
y.
ax
— 5«
SdlTII COAST u|' \i:\VKorMi|,A\|)
Heniiii^ \viiit(M- u\ m.iiiy ul' tin' dcop U:iy^ nii tlic South
Coiist of Nowfuuiullaiul.
KX IKNI' "IF riii: iiijiitisi; iisiikiiv in i.kiiimi amiiihan
\v\ii,i;>.
;')l. J'liiie arc llirco ways in wliicli the llcrring taken in
Britisli American waters arc consumed :
First as Food.
Second as HaiL
Tliird as Maiiine.
I'Ik" I'iibles of (^itch, as of Kxpnrfi, fiirni^h liut very im-
perlfct itironuiition as to tlic annual ((U.Mititics ot' this tisli which
me used in the ilitferent ways named, hut a i li)>e approximation
can lie obtained uf the amount con.Humcd as food ; .iiid for this
we are indebted to the ciiinpariiion and estimates of tlie Deputy
Minister of Asjricuifure, Mr. J. ( '. T ache.
lliir foliowinf{ tables show llic leported ratch, .iiid the esti-
mated nominion catcli for th<> sears IHIilt to 18"(> inclusive:
Yeiir.
R<.|i.irteil (,'bIi'1i ill lltirrt'ls. KsliniHifil i ulili ui liiirrri*
1870. '-'J.S.8:l!» i ^OH.NoO
1871. :)8(),(i(Mi (i.'.'i,;!:)",
187'-.'. ■ .•i^4,877 .");).•!. 7 M.i
1S7.'J. .'I4il.(iliti .').')7.!t7!l
1874. .{;2(i.47(i r).!4..f()7
187.'j. :iJ0,:18!i .'■>-"i'.,17 1
187(i. 41M.H;-)it
The catch of il(>rrint( in Newfoiiudland and !,al>rail()r is very
much greater than would be slathered from the aiuiual cNjiort.
The Census is the oidy true test of the matjnitudc of this in-
dustry. The exports ol Newfoundland for the yeir 1874 are
returned as amountinf; to no uioji' than 4!i,.'i8.i barrels, while the
total catch, includini; what was iiircd for home Kuisumplion,
sold as Bait and exported, reached upwards of ;.'70.II(M» banels.
The (Vnsus gives the followinj; euiimcralion of the number ot
barrels of Herrini; curi'd in the Colony and its neprudaniv
durinsf 1874 :
Harrels.
Herriui,' cured In ihc Kh'ctoral I districts 7.),','!I7
'• '• on the French Shore !l.?,8.';)
" " on the Labrador l(!.!.'tl">
lotal cured IS.'KW'i
.Add to the tot. d number barrels of llcrriuj.' ruicd the
number sold to the French as Hait ' 70. OIK)
Sold to the .Vincriians ' 10,00 t
Total number ol' bbU of I lerriicjs iaui.'lii . . '.'7 1 :\^'.i
lotal uundier evporled I .'.•)8.)
Ditferciice between export .iiid r.itcli . . .'.'■.'H,707
The ii',fL.'iv..'atr iiuiidicrof bMiivlsof hfiriii;: .■iui;,dit in I » >-
minion mid Niwfoiiiidbiiid waters duriiiir the year 1N74. )pro-
bably rxcrciliMJ liM-bi bundred lliciu-~aiid luinv!-.. lliiis: -
DoiuiniiiM waters .■,:U ;i(»7 bbls.
N..wfnun.lliiiHl do •27\:-is-l ■■
T..tal ,sO.-..ii.s!i •■
T.I this wr add thr .piantity usnl .Sir niainiiv. which nirely
iippcHi- in liny ivtiiins. (be ipmiitlty cciisuiucd as bait, witb-
nut beiti^ eniliili'iated. and the (piantity disHoyid by thr
hurtful prcci'ss of bacriim. .V luillion barrels i,f heirin;; '"•■'i
year, and LTadually iiicivasinLr. will fairly represeii; the i|U(in-
titics of this tisb taki'ii from P.ritisb ,\uirricMU si-as.
1. This estinmlc of tlip iianiial iiUHinily i.f llcrnnw -.il'l t" tin- I'ri'mli us
Bnil i- iHkcii rraii .Mr. llnywiir.lV i.tTrml riivrl in lS(i4 In l*7ii. ..sliui.il.il
(|immil.v .if lli>rrinns. I'll. III.. Kr^n.^h f..r Hull •.'Od.l'OO 1 nrr.-l— IMileii.'.- ..f
■J. IMimil...!. s..,- .■vi.lHii,... .huiii-.lliy Mr T n. Km.^i!r.
.'.ft
Thk \ M.I I: III' llli; llllKlilNi; As liMT Tu Till; AMKIIU \N
l''iNiii;iiii;s.
■'i2 'I'lii' li'Ntimcinv I'lnlKMlicil in ilic follDwiiii,' I'xtiiict IVniii
till' l-'islu'iii's nf ( Jliiiici'stiT." jidiir.l iMii|il>' iniMiC nt' till' >;i'i;Ht
viiliif 111' til ■ Itritisli Aiiirriciui liriiiii;,' Kisiici V lis liait fur
Aiiiiilcim Kisliiiiiii'ii. Iiiilic'l lie riiitlifi' M'idiliiiii III till- ciiii-
iii'!ill\ iHMc'ticiil >t;it.i'iiii'iil tlicii' '^iM'ii is 111 r.'sMiiv .
'I'lir Ncwriiiiiiiljiiiiil mill \( w Hnms« irk lliiiiii;r I'Vsli-
I lii's. 111' ciHiiiiiiiiilivi-lv ivci'iil uri;;i|i, wliili' mil iimhIIi'IkI"!
witli liiirilslii|i mill iliiiiy:ri-, lu'Ciiiiu' iit uiicr mi iiii|iiiitiiiii uiix-
ilimv uf liic (ii'iiiHfivs' and Uiink.s tLslii'iii's, mii| liiivi- liiiii ])iii--
siii i| iiiiiviiiittinj.'i_v fniiu tlif stiirt. hiiiiii;,' tin- |iiv-iiit si'iisun
llrllill^; llil\C liri'll s|ii|i|ici| lii'MCf to SwimIi'M ill il ^n.i'l [ifiihl.
mill it is nut iiii|iiissililr llmt lliis imiy jirovi' llii- iniiiiil Mv\t
lii\v;ii.| llir 1 '"-iiiiiptinn uf i'S|iiirtiitiiili uf tisli l.i I'm- 'ij;!! |i(irts,
mi iiii|iurtiiiil iinliiMtrv uf tlii' )iiirt in tiic I'miy ilji\> uf its
li-liiiiL; iiiti'i|ii-isi'. 'I'lii' S|iiiii^ uf j.sTli liiis jiNu lurii iiimlo^l
liV II lli'W fi'iitlliv in till' (iriiryi's' tisliny. tlir r)l|itliri' uf li.'ili-
liiit in iiiinwnsc i|iiiiiititii's in ilrrp wiiIit uii llir I'.lv'i' uf llif
liiiiik. L;uuii fjii'i'A liiiviii;,' liri-n sitimimI in 11 liiniili'i'd ami lifly
fiitliuiiis uf wiiliT, a ;;ri-iiliT ili'|itli tlian was lirfuir iliuiiM-Jit
iiki'ly til Fnriiisli )iiiiHtnlili' rrtiiiis.
■ Willi llli' duM' uf uiii' Hsliini; srasun aiiutln r is iiiaiiuiir-
ali'il, (In llir u indiiiL: up uf ilir iniickrrrl tisiiiT\ . miiiI lln'
|iaili«i siis|irnsiuii uf till- Hank lislu'iics in (lir Kail llif liriin-
rias^ uf \ussrK lliiis i'iii|iliiyi-c| runinii'iUT littin^ fur tlir HiT-
riiiLT TiMili'. tu wliirli till' ••lirri;irs uf i|iiiti' a tli'i't iiii' iluvutnl
liming; tlir wiiitir niuntlis. .\ U\\ vi-^srls unly rn,'ai."' in what
is kiiuwn as llir -ajt In t-riiiL;' trailr. tlii' iiuijurity uf I'lrllrcl
siTiiriiiLT lliiir fans frrsli. fivrzin;; tliriii tliuruin.'lily and siuw-
iny: tliriii in ImiIk. aljuwiiij; tlii-ir ca i-;,'(m 's |u imiain nii'lis-
tiirlii'd until tliry aiv niarkrii'd in as yuml mdcr as wlnii
takiii fiuiii tlir wati'i. Tin' Now I'uundland liiiiiiii; tiadc was
iiiaiiL;iiiatrd in tlir wintrr uf Is.'ill ami lias Ihtii [lursUfl witli
\aryin'/ succrss sinru llial tinir. 'I'liis tlci-t usually sail- fruni
tlir iiiiddli' tu till' last iif NuviuiImiv witli an uiitward raiL,"' I'f
siirli sii|i|ili.'s ns air Iiki'ly tu find a ^I'lirk ii'iiiiiinl aiiiuii},' tin'
liiTriiii.' tislii'iv uf Ni'wfuiinilland, wliirli arr I'M'liaiiyi'd fir ilii'
IHudllcl-. uf tlir sra. Tlir |-ri'Ws uf tllu Hi'i't du Hut ■■lli,'a;:i' III
tisliini_' tu any rxti'iit. Iii'iiiy; ui'i-u|iii'il in takiiiu- iiru]M'r can' uf
till' lii-rriiii;- piirrliasi'd uf tlir lucal lisln'iiiii'ii. Ihn inu ^crinr I
a caiHu tln'v rilurn liuinc usually ani\lii:j in .laniiarv and
Ki'lirnary, ulirii a |iuiiiun uf ilifir rari,'urs find a r.-iidv s.il.- t i
llir I'.ank llrri fur liail. tlir ir-., lirilli,' lliarkrird in lluslujl.
Ni'W \'urk and l'liilailrl|iliia niarkris, fur fuud, wlirrr ilu-y arr
ill su'tivr driiiand. i's|)ri'ially dnriiii,' l.int. Tlir lni-inrss is an
ini|iurtanl uiir. fnrnisliin'riii|i|uynirnl fur tlir vrssrK and iiirn
at a tilllr wllrll lllry niiL,'ilt ut'lrrwisr ln' i'uni|lrllrii tu lir idir,
and |iru\idinn- llir mraiis I'.ir tin- rally nnliarkaliun uf ilir
(Irur.i-rs' and Mank llrrts in tlir latr Wintrr and rarly S|irini;
lliuntlls. Till' lillsilirs-. is alsu a ;,'udsrnd tu ;1|" jiruplr uf NrW-
fuiindland. wliu arr thus malilr I tu rxrliaiin'r ilir iirudiiris uf
tllrir Wintrr lisllrry fur tlir llrrr^sarirs uf life ull lilllrll niulr
favuralilr trrilis than Wuuld utlinwisr Kr [lussil.ir. 'I'iir NrW
Mruiisw irk lirrrinj; Hsliny is anutlnr valualili' inirsiiii and ai-
ti'iidrd with mm II lr> . .|aiii,'rr than tin- inui'r dista-it \uya;,'rs
tu NrwI'uiimllMiid. In till- srasuii uf |s71--"i. t urnly-thirr
srhuunn- niailr Nrwfuunillaml trips, and thirty ihrrr wnc
rnira^rrd in ihr NrW Hniiiswirk lisliny.
I'^mly in Krhriiary. un tlu' aiiival uf thrir supply uf l.ait,
till' (irui'^^rs tirrt Ht awrtv fur thrir rally ti'i|)s, and thr (irand
and Wrstrrn Hank lishny assunirs nmrr ini]iurtaiil jii-pur-
liuns. Thr rust uf an a\ria,i;r ( l.'.irufrsinan titird fur si 'a is
(10
niniiit !«7.N<IN . flii-' inclii'li- tin' cihI iiC ImiII, f.'i.i'OO. spiUN.
*MH). riLru'iiii:. >*'>M. sniU. s.')"''. 2:i(i I'liil - i>l' i-nMr !<l.">o :t
hmcIkms, wi'i^'liiiii; ■'<<>(l ll>-<. iiirli. SI'.NI, li'(MK) Iwitini.' f.ii l«iit,
j«|.)((. il.HV. :i(i Inn, iif IuiIIjisI, |iliiitnnii . ir.' Iidii-c-. Lriirrv-
[u'lls, liiii'N, niliiii fimiiliiic liiliti'm-, liolii-. rMiii|iii-.i», Moiih
of ici', WlMid, rnlll. WIlliT. I'lr Klirll Vi»mI tllki- II I'tvw lit"
t'i^'lit III' ti'ii iiii'ii. iiihI iiiiliiiniilN i> iilixciit finni two (d tlinr
wi'ckH 1111 II tii|i. Till' ti-li Mt'i' riiiiiilil li> liiiii'l liiiii, iiml iiuli
lilllll kci'IiM licnmilt iif lli> nitrll liy rllttiin: mit flir liitii.'l|.s nf
til'' riiilti'^li wliii'li iiiv riiM'icil 1.1 till' ski|i|ii'i for iiiniil win ii
111. ■ liny-, wiiik is clii-i'il iiiiil li\ imirkiii;.' llii' Imlilnil iiiii(;lil
nil itii' lifiiil uf mil. Al till' 111. I nf (ill- Miyii'.'r I'lii'li limns
Imliliiit iiiv iil.Mtitii'.l iiinl \viij.'lii' 1 si.|iiiniii'lv iiihI llir iivi'i-avfi'
Wi'i..'l|t .11 Villi f til.' r.ilHsIl lllkrll is llsriTlnini'.l Mini I'lll'll
iM.'iii iTiMJitf.! \villi ill.' iiiiiiili.'r r;ii|,'lii. 'I'll • ..'i.i" |i|-.M'i'.''U nf
till' ciltrll nil' siil.irct In ilf.liirli.ill" t'lir till' r'lsl nf liiiitlliul
jr.., mill nil.- f.illltll nf niir |mT cclil. i« rcsilM'il fur tl|.' W'i.l.iVVs'
mill <)i|i|mi|s' Killl.l. sn lliiil I'licll lilllll rliyilifi'.l ill llir lni-illiss
Cnlltrililltl'S silllll'llliln; fllUlll-.ls till' sl||)|v.lll nf llll. flllllilifs nf
tliiisi. wllnsi' lives 111'.' siirriticiil ill llli' liil/iil.lnlls n<(ll|illtiiili. '
- ~" t'lHliii'iiH III tlliiiii-rnliT.' J'l'iirhr llriilhir".
Kl.n IIATIiiNs IN TIIK ( 'ATI II
I'llC Hu.tll.llinlls ill 111. lliTlilll,' li-lllM\ ill lllc K>fll.llV ill the
I.iiuii'iiii' ;iri- wt'll hli lUii ill tlii' followiiiij l.ililiv ' '
Mil III -lliiKK I'liINT I.KttIs I'll r\l'i: rllvriK,
Ycai. Nil nl'liliU ViMl. Nil nl hills,
\yM .1(1.117 1H7!.' T.ITI
iMii'.l l.!,l:l'. l.s:;i l'»'..")l.">
1S70 (i.tiTl iS',\ \iiMO:i
)s:i '.'.Kill is:.'-) ii,:in
111 IsTI til. Ili'iiiiit,' ii)i|ii:itr.l ill hiriic iiiiiiiIhts in the
csfii irv n| the St. Lawii-ncc, iis hiuli up as Miilh.iii', when' thry
1 .,; not hicii seen I'oi- in \ny yi-ars past. TliP picva "i, -i; of
soiilli-esst winils \v;is locilly supposed to hp the cause of their
ret'ii'ii.
Ml-. Miller siites in lii« Of!iii.:l Report to the Minister of
Marine and Fisheries, for ISliT ^.-sess, jiapers No. l.{, IHUT i
th.it •■doni; lht> iiorlli sluire ol N." Hrunswiek, almost .my
ipiantitv 111 lleriiiii.'s .imiIiI lie .Mjit'iied in ihi- Spritii; season."
i-'i.rin \ I i.i\s M nil; Maiiualkn Isi.vsns.
\V.i.
I> Ir
11. -1
■ 1
Si:
..1 ll.rr..|
|,|,e,|-,..
.....
1 lr...N
l.siil \lav Isl. ., . + I..'>UI). .
ISi;-. .M,iV iii.l. . !i. I !>.■>.
|H(i:l . Ma'\ ITili .2ii..">i>ii
|Mi+ .May Isl . olllM)
IMi.'i .\piil irih :i'.iliHI . N'.'iy al.iiii.lMiil.
iM.i; .\pill u.'iih . lo.vci
IsiiT Ma\ Till.. l."i.i:2ii
:i!l(l!)(l .s;p;i\\||,..| afti'f vessels left with
i-aiL;. ..s.
,7(IMHI .Slraii;,'ii's, ll.'ilidO Kiirn-ls: iiihiil.-
itants. T.'-'O" hanvls
:!.'.i|.'>. 'I'liiv.' w.'iks eiiilier tliiiii iisiiiil
lish illillll.lallt, lint fleet tnn lati
ill aniv itiL,'.
, .-.:?.. '.7.'' ,
17 N2:.'
. +..S+7 .
. I:.' i:!7
,+'.l,!l.'il ..Sai.l n.il t.i liax.- spawn. •.! in ih.
liay>.iiNiisiial ; prnl.filily sp.iwn.-.l
ill .l.'epel water.
Is7ii 77 H:! .
I.Mi.S
im;ii
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1H7:{ . ■
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Tin- rN]ioltiltinll of IliTlillUS tVcHM N .■A roUIlilllllMl lltfonls
Imt u vi-iy iini"Tfict cliii' t.> tlir cxtnit nl' llir iiUili. A liirnv
<Hmii'itv is I'diiMiiniMl \>\ tlic |«.|iuliiti(iii. im.l ii \>-\y lui'tci'
i|Uiiiitity -.liipl"''! diiriiiL;' tlii' wiiitn- iiMOitli- in .ViiicTiciili ves-
sels fi.r li:iit, mill iilsn t.i St. I'imv nii'l Mii|iirlnn fi.v tlir -iuik-
jniriMisi',
Tlic foll.pwin^' tiililf sli.iws tlio actiiiil .ni oit^ wliii-li ciiiin-
uwU'V thf ti'>tici' "f thr Cii-tniii H.iiis.' iiiit'ioritii's. It will !«•
>lio\vii It.-ivjil'i.T tliiil tlu'sr form l.nt ii sniiill l>r.i|)ortiini .'I' lli''
total lUiiniilit r:m;M- fl"' .U'lviilrr |,..itioii nf whic-li 1- twcl as
Bait. '"
Exi'OKTs 111- lli;iiui\(i tit.iM Ni;\viiirsii:.AMi.
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I.>s7<!
,| nil., I 1,1 ,11 AlInN-, |\ rill S"l:" i.'^i ^N
iii'.iiiii.Nc: i-isiiKiui:s.
■111,. uiTil llcriiui; i,'i()iiii(l nii the i-oasi ..f .-^oiillifi ii N()i«ii\
extcii.U "roni " 1 lekkcHonl." in lat .>S 10. about ;J0 nn!e.s
lloltll•.•a^*t of '•I'lif Naze." or mo>t soiithi'lly poiin of Norway,
to llic liradlan.l of •■ .«;t,.r*lan<i;' in lat. (i:2 Hi. a -paro .ovci.mI
In tour il.-ioc- of l.ititudc. Hut in c.mm'.iiicikv i>f tin- iiiiiii.T-
ous i>lau(ls anil tlic ilfptli of the Fiords, the actual roast line
very iiiu. Ii exieeds the length .oniprised within l<mr degrees
of i.ititude, on a noi th-westerlv course, ami the .lijsrt'u'ati' length
inav he from iloO 'o 10(10 n'iies available tishini; urounil, but
not all fre<inented by the llerrins;. i See map- of the move-
meu:s of the HerriiiiT in S.irs" Kepirt lor IHTl.i
■|l,e llerriMi; Hsherv on tliis part of the Norvei^ian coast
has yield<-.l annually about SO(l,000 barrels of llerrinKs for the
last thirty years; at th.' rat.' of 1000 Herrings to the barrel,
not less than 8011,0(10.000 iish every yi.ir. liut the vast schools
I \.,tl,.,nli>" |-,„,u isirto IS.V.'. iacl„s,>,..(.m.a:il K.-iains. ui .\|.i.pn-
,liv I.. Ill" liil.' .\lailli-w II. Warivir. l.-cl ■■ N.-nl lei.lliin.l kii.I its
Kisllnnc,." llH.MI.l
•_'. iiiclii'liiiy lii.-Jii.' liurivls rniiu ih'' Ijilim'lnr (('•mmi-. 1*74. i
• I Ill-la. liiiu l.iilira.|"riiiMl l-'mzcn Ki-li.
1 .\..1 iiH-liiilin;; l-'v '/ri\ lliM-viiiK-
(tS
111' li-li wliiih Kiid llicif siiawiiiiiLr '^rounds Ui'iv tiir miiuv veurs
togcllier, iippear siiddciily, mikI with littlo iiicvioiis iiidirations,
to leavi' lor oilier (iiiurtcrs, and seem to return aifiiii after iiiter-
viils wliitli ■-ometiiiies exceed over tweiitv-livp years, and, in
some iiistanies, doiihli' tliat period. It is very prohahle, how-
ever, aecordinn to the recent investigations ol' Sars, tiiat this is
a popnhir error, and that often, when the Ilerriiii; are supposed
to have left a ioiii; frequented coast line, ilicv are in reality
spawning in deeper water outside. This is a most important
observation, for, as the Cod follow the llerriiiL,' within certain
limits, il (ishcrmen find the Cod they will aUo know the wheie-
alio N ol the llerrini; It explains too the occasional failnrc ol
the Iloiini; lishcry Iroin tlie non-appearance of these fisli on
their iisiiiil s])awidni; }{ronud, and while fishermen are lanientiiia;
tln'ir los-es and "the lailiiie id the lisliery "" the llerriiiij may
really lie spawniiii;' in deeper water outride of iheir acciistumed
hainils. In ISTi.' Sars reported a> sidijoined :
" It follows fidin :hi- also, thrtt a great nnmiier of lierrinji;s
must have spawned iindi'r the coast, and that last year's failmc
I 1!S7 1 ) of the •.piinj,' lierrinij fishery finds its cause not in a
diminution of the lierriui,', nor in :i chaii^n' of their track, hnt
s(,lel\ liecause, lor one r<'asoii oi another, the i;;eat mass of
• Sihl ' I lieriinsjj did not .ipproacli the l.uid so near 's liefori',
liiit spaw ,i('d on the oiiirr ijroiiiiiN farther out to sea." In re-
lation to 'he lailuic of the ••Spring Herring Fishery" of ll^Tl,
Vice-Consul St. .John reported as follows: — '•lie f.dliiig olf
will he severely fell hy the fishing community of the Southern
districts. Tears are entertained that it will be followed hy great
wr.nt and misery to many who hitherto h id ilependcd on those
tislie-ies as their |)iiiicipal means of siijiport "' '' "
If the lishermeu hid known tia! the I'uniiig were >pa« iiing
outside, how easily they misjiit have ^aved I hem-elves from the
impending distress the \'ice-(.;onsid laments, may be seen from
what Sais ndafiN of tli" m.iniie; in .> Iri h he ascert.iined the ini-
poi'taiit fict.
'• .Vll Hshcrmeii here (at 1 1 vitiiiijso Station) ari' ;'.yiced that
great (|iiautities ol 'Sild' i Herring) stand under the land at the
usual time, which might be seen, to name one proof', fiom the
iinii-iial niiinliers of whales and biriK: and evcivlhini; puinted
to .1 rich harvest of ' Sild ' at Hvitingso. Mm they Wiiifed for a
long time in hopes that the llerriii:; mit,dit appear on the usual
fishing spots ; and the conse(|iiencc uih that the •Sild' hid
fini.slied spawning i|uielly, when thc\ ^ho iM have attempted to
take them farther out to --ei." A^ a further proof of this, a well
known pilot here related to Sars, that when on a day after the
close of the "Sild" fi>liery, he wa^ tisliins,' in the outer grounds,
he found an unusual numbo:- of lai'ne Cod, so a^ to till the boat
in a very >hort time, and what ^vas 'iiost sii,prisiiig in this c,i*e,
these fish had filled their st im:iehs with " Sil legaat " i Herring
spawn I whie::, a^ soon a> I hey weii got uj) into the boat, ihev
vomited iii (iniiility.
Kefefrillg tn the fi uel ua t ioll of tile ll-vrilll| l''i>le lii'^ III
Norwegian waters, the ( 'ninniissioMers of Scotland i|iiole, in
tlieir r. port for |s7"', the rollnwin-- extract fr.nn tin' National
M:l_a/.ille. which cUIVeysji i,iiieise \ ieW of tlw^e leliiarkable
yariiitions in the aji]iareiit iiiiinli r of the lierriu-- \i>iting fbi'
Norwi'giaii e.iiist and so greatly affecting its iinlusirv.
■■'I'heeiia is of Niiiway have long been faiiinu^ fo|- their
" fisheries, which ha\ e al vva\ s pmved ii smir -e of wealth to the
' Norwegians, wlio deiiv.' frniu this puixiiit one ,i|' liie main
I. I'.iii-mI» H.'|i.irt», |s7l.
(>4
" lii'aiirlii s lit' llirir nilulMi'iri', 'I'lii' iiiiliiln'r nf |i.'i'snii-^ mimI
' vcswis i'iij;ii;,'cil slidW tliiit it is II |iriilltiililr iiihi ii;i|icirtiiiil
• lll.'iriLilllc o •■■|]>lltili|l. 'I'll Vifr-( 'nllslll ( 'l-oWi- V.r lirr il|ii''litril
"t'i)|-il Ifil^llii-llril iiiTiilllit, liulli i''ilii|i:iri;ti\ r aiiil ntli -lAvi-ir.
"uf till' li>llrlii' fill- tilr Vi'lll- |N7+. "illl (111 illtl'lrslinv; ll'"*-
■■ l-ti|iliiiM 111' till' llnvr! Ilso 111 wllifll CTt-llill lliirtiilll.-, lit' the
■ fduil tliiiv ulitaiiicil hiivi' 1 II Hii]iliril. T\\f ^initiy- hririiii;'
" lisliiTv. uitii llii' i'xcc|itiiiii (if that in IS7I. wlu'ii liirr.' was
"ail rNtniniiliiiaiy rirli catdi i"-|icria!l\ in tin' Sniiilnioii- ilis-
•■tl'ict, lias in till' ciiiiisr uf llir last !i\c velars sti^aililN ilc-
■' (Tcn-fij, >ii iiiiiili S.I tli.it tlir iiruiliu f ls7+ iliil nui iTacli
" t.(i unt-tlii.ti.tli >if tlir avriii;;-!' i|iiantit_v fur llir vi'.-'.r,^ IM.'il
" to iHti.'), from wiiicli it is to !..■ iiri'suincii tliat tlic iiri's'iil
■■ liiiTin;; ]i-iiiiil. \siiicl! In'i;an in |S(I,S. i- at an cin;, m. at .•'.II
" I'Vi nts, viTV nrailv s,i. Tin. ival ca'.ix' uf tliis il.'i linr iias
" vet in li.- ilisi iiv.i.'il; prnlialiiy it will 1.' fminil t.i lu' luii-
" lircti'ii witli Clinic siilMiiaiiiii' ajrcnry. siicli as tlir iJiiiinlalict'
"ur sciircitv uf fuul. nr lln s|..iiiis m- iiii rmt- alfn lin^- llir
" 1,1 .ii|iiiiuiir. uf tlir uccan. This i-.. Ii.i\vr\ .t. m.t tin' Mist
" time t!.at the spfiiiL; hririiiM tlsluiv has lirm known to ilr-
" stTt till' cimst, I'vrn fill' IniiL;- |irri "Is. Tin. di tails rc'spcctinL;'
•■ tliis tishiTV in I'iirlv linirs aiv nannaily iiiist nm-iTtain ami
•■ insiitHi'ii'iit. lirt within tin- iIiiit la-t riinnrir- thr ri.ciii-ils
'■ li.ivr lii'.'ii ni.iiv ac-cnralr. ami fimii th;-.r wr lin.l ih.iitliis
" tishii'V tiitalU ilisainii'aifil ilniiii^' tln'Hisl hall' nl tin' srv-
" iMitriMith cTMtiirv. anil that in tin- vrars ]i,M) t.i Ifi.'if.inly
••.S.OOi) lunvls wnv ann i.ill> i-\|"ii(i'il. In |i;<l| :'.n I 1 (Hi-.' t!ir
'• fishi"'\ si'i-ins tu liMM' lii'i'ii ,i-iiii(l, lull mit I'M r.Hii.linai \ : an. I
'•suit (•(iiitiniicil fill- ihi- latti'i- litilf uf tlir ri'iit'ii'v. Kiiini I7IM)
" tu I7S4 till' s|iriiijj hrii'iiiL;- visitiil thi- ruasi ri';fiilarly, I'spr-
'■(•iallv lii'twivii Stavaiii.'1'i' ami liri^'cii. ami liiiriii',: tlif last
'• ii-n vi':irs uf ihr ]i.-riu 1 tlii'\ wi'ir iniiisiially |i!i.|ilifiil iniir
" StavaiiL'i-i'- Kium 17-"t<i tu I7.')i; ihr li>lii-iy r.iiiiinmil numl
"in till' Uuiiisaal ilistrii-t^. luit in Sumi n- it :-casril altu-
'• iji.|l|.'V in ih.. Mar 17").^. hut was irplacril In •• iiiusl pruht-
" .ilili r.iil ri>hi'r\ . l''riiiii 17n'i i!ii' spring' in' rlii'^- is saiil tu
" lia\.' ni'iriK i'"s..iti'il tlir r la-t. imi niakiiiL:' its appi-araiirr
"aoaiii tii; IMI.V
'1111. l''i.t 111 \riiiNs IS Siuiii-ii Si:.\-. '■'
.')•'). I!,*l I \MI! \I-.. — Till' Ilcrrliii,' I'oiMuik the spawniiii,'
iTioiiiiil nil ihr hanks (itf H;iihiiitra.', on tlic Ayrshire ''oasl , in
1851. hut ilii._\ rrtiinicil in l.Sti.', hciiis; ahsetit fur a pcriml ul
<'i:;lit years. I hi' srIiuuU h.nl (citaiiily trri|U<'iit('(l tlics.' h.iiiks
fill '-.'■) viMi~ hcdirr tlifV took 'licit ilrp.irtiin' in l.'^.Vf.
Isl.VNll 1)1 1.1 « I-.
1,(1111 U.iM. — j'lcviuiis til 17.")(( ihis l.oih was luiiiuus tur
IS'riini;. Hut ihc tisli ,ih.ni(liiii('(i
The Mati'is ill 1750
Ue'iiriifd ill 17!>0
.Miaiiilniii il ill 1797
ItcJlMlli'.l ill 1H!.>!1
Si'asiiii fur tisiiinj; : Nnvciiihci'. nci'liilicr and .I.iiiiiary.
Koss AM) Si Tlili:! \Nn. — I'ciiuiU ol (lepri'ssimi at the Is-
l.(nil i>f I.I'" is appi'.ir tu he pcriiiils uf pmspeiity uii these
coasls, " ami when llic Stoiiinway Hshiiii; ilei-lines, that u( Ross
and Suthcrlaiid appears tu aiiifiiicnt." ' '
The (pianfity uf lish siippurte'l fur a shuit tii ir hy a linilli'd
ai-.-a uf water i- uii.. uf tln' st a--t,unisliin'j and eeriuiis features
uf the (uiiditiuiis iimlev which iiiariiie life is iiiHintaiiied. The
area, fur iiistaiie... uf Lueh Kyne. the celelirateii Seultish Ihr-
I. li.'ii.ii .it 111.. Hu>ni f..iiiiiii-iiii, l<r.:i
.
(i.'l
i-iiiy Kislii'iy, isfiliniit !)l)s.|iiinv mill's, tin' '.vntiT fnnii 10 ti> lOO
fntlmiiis ill .|r|i|||, |)iiriii.r ..viTv live yciiix lii'twcfii IH++11111I
l.sdi III.' iivcr.i;,',' iiiiiiihi'i' ut' lii'iriii:,' ciiii^'lit in tin- I,.m'1i is
sllnWII ill till- Illllli'Xi'd tllilll'.
lN+4 : I'S+.S, , . . |:).l(l().()(ll)li,-l|ili;;s('llll!.'liti-.-li-l. \,-:u:
1,S+!I i.S.-i.-i. . . |!),|()(),()()() • ■•
l.s:)4— l.s."),s i.vToo.iioi)
Ih:.!I— I,s(i2 4-Mooo!io
Diiriti',' till' s|mwiiiMi.' |M'rio,l ti,..y f,',.,| Imt little, a coii-
sUiiit sii|,|)|y nf air is liuw.'vcr ('i|iially I'ssnitiiil tn tln'ir wrll
lirilli.': clllTcllts liillsl l.rilli; the sl||i].|i,.s ,,f nil' ll.'cili'il, ut'
uliirli llic- (ixy^ffii is till' must iiii|Mii'fiint ciinstitiii'iil.
Ill I.Slii nut less tliMM l( 11 •,(»( ((».()(»() lici-|-iii;,'s \\,-r,- tiiki'ii
tVuiii i.ui'h Fyih'. cr iilHiiit 7i»,.S((() Ipim-i'ls. <i ■ Imt In l,s:.2 (nilv
|(».(i(M).(l(M) lisli uciv tJikcii, lunl t.lir(iin,'li(Mit tlic wlioli- iM-iiiiil
fill' tt;ii'tiiati'iii,s wd-i' cdiisiilciHlili', MS is aiilHiii'Mtly tlic rasi' in
all Heniii-- Kislici'ics. Hut in Lm-li I'Vin- tin' liciiiiijr latli-rly
taken liave ilimlnislie.l in size, l.riOO Liiiinj;, tu a liairi'l iiisteaij
nf ali,illt l,()()l». '- '
ll is al^ii iieti'Wiii-tliy that. aceMriliiijr f,, tlie rt'lmi-t of tlie
Fis'ieiy ( Xlii'.i' m I,,, ell Fyile. tile ijleater part of the eatell nf
|.S(i2 e.iiis'.sted (if null (ir imi/r lirrri iii/.t, ami enni)iarativeh
few I'lje lierrin^s wen. si'eii. Tlir hulk ,if the elileh was sii|e
|Mis,'i| t,, 1„. y.iiiiiM- li.,1, |.',.\v or m f the Ijil-i;-!' |,,ieh h'ylle
henillys Were eail;;ht (llllini;- the seasiiil.
Soon alter this sncci'ssfiil year ( I86;i) the Loeh Fvne Fish-
ery hegaii to (leeliiie, anil tlio f'oinniissioners, in their reixirt for
IS7"), record its ifradiial failure in the followinff words: " 'I'lii'
lieniiiiis laih'd to p.iss up ici the hiijher parts of I.oeh Fviie
altlHimj;h ahoiit the end of July there was i,'re,it ahundame of
siiiall-si/ed lierriiins hetween Otter and Minard, and nowhere
ahove Ardrishaif; was there .niythiiii; hut a poor and i'.'j^ular
fishiiiir, the iippi'r parts of tlie i.oeh heiiij; almost hiank."'
Should this seareity of ilcrriiii; in Loch Fyne .-ntiiiue, it
iiiiilht he worth wiiile to fake udvatitagp of the ol.-^ervafion of
Sars anil aseertain wliellier tlie Herring are not spawnini; out-
side III the Loch and not remote from their old spawniiii;
iiroiiiid. Hoeck states that the ilerrins; spawn in water varviiiLf
from ten to one liiindred and fifty hrasses ( fathoms ) In depth.
Similar concliisious nii^lit he tried on parts of the iJoiiiiiiion
coast line where old spawiiiiii; ;,'roun(ls have heeii ahandoned.
llii' Herring ni.iy spawn neat at hand hut in deeper water, and
where the ilerring can spawn there will also the Cod he foiiiid.
Hence the value of a llening fishing ground hecomes very
much iiiireased on account of the attraction it offers to schools
of Cod, and it will prohahly yet he ascertained that the numer-
ous .ihandoiicd s|)a\.niiig grounds in Hrillsh .\niericaii waters
may he guides to .it pre:ieiit uhNilowii spawniiii; grounds a short
distance seawards of their old h.innts. and because lliey are in
deeper water the Cod will he i'ouiul there in ahundame during
and just after the spawning season. 1 See Chaptei mi Unit.)
" From 17.'J() to IToti the fishery continueil good in the Honis-
dal districts (Norway), hut in Soiulmore it ceased altogether in
the year 17()M. hut was rcjil(ici'<t In/ 11 iii'ifl /iro/ilaMe Cod
.SiiMi;
ii\i>
IN rill-: N MIK M. tll^Trl|;^
VMi t 'nil.
"I IMK IlKllliiNd
I'he I leriiiig has heeii the object of untiring pursuit, on a
gigantic scale, for many centuries, in vari(nis part.s of Knrope,
1. Villi' Kepnil of li'iviil Ciiiiinioi .11, lsii:l.
•J. Tlip esliiiiHli'il iiiiinli.M' nl' liiMriii>;s iiiiikIiI liy 42.."1 lislieiiiiL-n ami
buys ill .siiMlhiinl iiiid l'^ii;liiiiil in l><H2 was Iiiki.ikio.ihio. In IsT.'i ii iiiiist
liiivc n|i]n'.iiii'lii'.l l.-Jiiil.ilOii.OOii.
(il't
paiticuliiily in Noiwetfian, Uritiali and Sweilisii sens, but the
movements of the vast scliools of these vahiahle fish linve always
Ix'CM a siibji'i't of iloiibttiil speiiilation. and frc(iiipntly of great
coninu'iciid distress and \vides])ri'ad siitfering anioiif? the fislitr-
meii, will) liave depended upon their accustonicd "migrations"
being iiniiitcrriiptcdly completed.
The niO!-t Iriis'worthy aicounts of tiie lliiituations of the
Herring are to be found in Norwegian records, where the sup-
posed fish movements have been chronicled for more than two
centuries, with considerable accuracv.
Altliougii tlie American Herring i (Unpea Klo)ii/al(t vel
UoiTiiynn) is supposed by some to be a diflercnt species to the
European Herring [Vlitpea Ilaventfus), and the sens on Euro-
pean coasts arc not nearlv so icc-encundMMcd or so ice-bound,
except in the Baltic, as those parts of the American continent ,
where the Herring is chieHy sought for, yet the experience
gaine<l in Norway, Sweden and Britain, is not only applicable
to |)oniinion and Newfoundland waters, hut pre-eminently val-
uable as a guide in any inv itigation which may be pursued.
The recent report of the ('omniissioiu'rs of the Fishing Board,
Scotland, (being for fishing, 1^75,) contains useful facts on this
subject, and the Norwegian Consular Reports aie full of most
valuable inforiualion. But lieyond all other., in scientific inter-
est and commercial importance are the results of the investiga-
tion of the Norwegian Naturalists, and especially those of G.
Ossian Sars. Indeed, it is to this p.iiiistaking and able observer
that much of the practical knowledge we may now possess ot
the habits of tb'- ll<'rring may be said to he due. " '
Sii'i'iisKii Inkxii Aisriiii.i; ( 'II MiAi Ti:n m-' ikutain Sk.v Kisii-
KKIKS.
.">.">. It is ciist \v\ to spciik of the itiexbiuistililf ciuiiae-
tei- of the Siji l<"isiii'rics. If this be true in .Vnierican wiiters,
how has it bajipeiieil that the Coil tisheiy has declined to
such a iiiaiked extiiit on the New Kngland coast, and that
tbeiv lire iiiniii'ii.u-. aivas ..f suiali ixtent where Cod fishing
used 1.1 he protitalily carried on in l^nitish Aiiieiican waters,
liut wbic'b are now abaiidomd as n\ | rtiductive. The truth
ap]ieais to lie that the )iroductive sea area in Aiiu-rican waters
is giviitly liiiiitid by the (inlf Streani, ainl that, except in the
Labrador Current, the limit of practical exhaustion is luucli
more easily attaimd in American than in Kuici])ean seas. This
is owing to the- vast extent of <(iast line in Kurojie oeeupieil
bv the seas wbosr low teinperat ui'e admits of tb<' increase of
(he eoiiiMiereia! cold watei- fishes. The Baltic Sea is
in very many particulars analogous to the (inlf of St.
].,awrence, iKitb in teinpetaturi' and in sejiaration t'roui the
great body of oceanic waters. The coasts of Nova Scotia and
Newfomiclland nnuc npiii(ia'-h Noiway and thi' Tinted King-
dom in tb.'ii- lel.-itioii to waters of eonipaiatively low temper-
ature. But the seas <iff the Cniteil Slates are hounded by a
wall of waiiii water. foiiMing as seeiiii' a harrier to the move-
ments of ceitain fish a> a line of coast. Walhicel'l states that
I. Tlu- wiil.'i- iiiki- llii- ..|.iK.itiiiiily .il Mclvii.iwliMlj;ini! his iiiiU-liteiln.w
1,. I'lnl.'sMiMi, I). Siii-f,.i- lii> iv|i.irl»lr.Mii ismto l-Silli, nil. I fr..ni INTO l.i
I,S7:1. iiirliisivi', wil'i a iii:i|i >Ii.iwmii,' llie movciiHMits ..f the Ui'innn "il the
NMnvcjjiiin r.mst, |iiii.lislie.l in l,s7:i, lit! if iils.i k'I'''"I.v iinl.'hlwl to Mr,
Til l,ir .\iil.iM Verkni/i'ii fur ii tniiisliiticni "f »"Mie of llie.«i' vi'|ini'l.<. iiml iin
nlistrarl.il oilier-. KMimi.I.mI iLitii'Ms ot l>i-..fi-s.ir,Siis' l(..|i.ivl,« lire e.iiili...li.Hl
ill III,' Nniw.-^jiaii riivliiiiiientiuy .1 iiii.'ni.. in tli.' l.ilnHiy "f riiilianifm at
(Ittiiwii. Iii'leeil. the •■Si..rlliiii«'- ;''..rhiiiiilliiii;i'i-." i riirliHiiiealmy Kciinvtfl
ill 111.' I.ilinivy ..f I'lirliiiiii.'nl ;il."iiii.l in vnliiiilil.' inf..riniMi' ii ri'jpiTliiiy tli«
N'trweyiun l'*i'*i..'ri.'-..
I. ••(l...iKii(iiiii.iil lii-lril.iili I Animnls."
67
■■ Si-a tish M.'iM'i at liist sij,'lit tci have aliinist i .iliinitcil mi'aiis
i)f ilinpoNal, lait thin is far fiom licino' tlic case. Tciiipcraturr
forms a coniiilctc liarricr to a lai;;,. niiinlii r of spcciis, cold
water liciii;; cssiiitial to maiiv, while otlnis can only ilwcll in
the warnitli of tlic tropics." An examination of any nia])
showinj,' tlie distriliutioii of the (Jnlf Stream oH' the coasts of
America, points to tliis liarrier as limiting; tlie area of I'niteil
States waters suited to tlie coniiiiereial tishes, witliin very nar-
row hounds conijiared with those of the I nitisl Kin;;dom, N<ir-
way and Sweden, in Kurope, and the Dominion and Newfoun<l-
laml, ill America. This is, in reality, a very potent reason wliy
thi- coasts of tlie New Kn<.dand States are in sucli a depleted
condition; the natural area olt' the >hoies is not siiit.'d to tlie
developiiiellt of liumhers sutlicient to sU|i|)ly the enormous
drain upon them, demanded hy so mmiy millions of ]ieo|ile.
and they must seek a siij.ply for iiicreasiiifi wants oil' other
and foreijfii .shores. The liahits of the I mid of the heiiiiif,'
jioint to this important fact, and herein we lind a potent cause
of present scai'city. Hut this can only he estaMished Ky a
knowledi,'!' of the hahits of the s|)ecies. anil there are none
ainonjj the fo<Kl lishes so important as the herrin;,' ami the cod.
Honce it in e.s.sential that a summary of what is known
of these Hshes should he introduce<l, es]ie<'ially ol the
Norwe<;ian, or spriii;,' spawning; herriii;;. and the Svvedish
(Bohiistan'. or autumn sjiawniii;,' variety, Kotli of which
appear to he ahimdaut on our iviasts.
Kh'i'i:( r UK •nil-: mmitkii .mii;.\ (ik ihk iniikd staths rm.w
w.\ri:n siiAs.
5(). The dcstructiou of the ( ,'od Fisheries on the coasts of
New Kngland is stated to have arisen from the comiiaralive an-
nihilation of the anadromous fishes, hut in view of the limited
area of waters suited to the hahits of the Cod ami its repro-
duction on those coasts, the (|Mesti(Ui may well arise whether
this fish can ever again heroine ol cnmnieicial iiiipoitance in
New England waters, considering lh(> cousiaut (lr;iiii to which
the sea is suhjected there. It is quite easy to umU i-limd how
in an iiiidisturhed coiidition the coastal watcis may ha\e nhouiKlcd
with this species, even near the southern limit of its habitat,
hut when once destroyed or reduced in iiumhers lo au extent
re idcring it commercially valueless, it is open to serious douht,
now that the condition of the coastal rtaters are so changed in
relation to fish life, whether the cod can he reinstated there, so as
to make it an important ohjecf ol pursuit. Indeed, reasoning
from the known hahits of this fish in relation to spawning, lixid. and
temperature of the waters in which it lliiives, it iiriv he nllirincd
as a positive opinion that no (-tioils of m.ui lau ever reproduce
the New England Cod Kishiiig Industry. F.xceiuiug the
George's Shoals, the sea area from wliirli the t'liited States
must in future derive its su])plies of tuis important fish ate chief-
ly limited to waters of the Hiitisli .\meiicaii Coast line. (I:i7.)
5". The area of cold wateis rei|uire(l to support the in-
nunierahle hosts of fish which nriy render a I'l^liery coiunien ially
valuable for a long scries of years, is so gic.it, that a gLince at
Dr. I'etermann's temperatun- maps showing the ridative areas of
such waters subtending ditlerent coast lines, deterinines at once
to natural fish proihuiiig waters.
That general and wide spread starvation even now occasiou-
ally occur both in " Euroiican and .Xinerican .Seas," we have
sufficient piool', from the iniscr.ihle eimdition of the livers of the
Cod (luring some seasons. The year 1S7I was ilistingiiished
in Newfoundland for an exliaordiii.uv citch of (,'od. The
A8
amount aitiiallv <'iirril iraclird no Ics- fliaii oui- million seven
Inindl-ctl tlniMsand (|iiinliiU, or rii|liiy tlii.iisand tons ol' lisli, Imt
itu'ir livers yiidded only a lonrlli ))ait of the aveiaye i|ii»ntity
of oil ; the Hs|i were poor anil watery, in fact half starved, and
fliev drew lo\v;o(ls ifie -lioie in immense niiniluTs in seanli o|
food. Similar seasons of poor-livered tisli oi( iir in Xorwc^iaii
waters, on! there is i;ooil ijronnd for the lielief that a veli-leil.
ilch-iivereil tish s))awns pailier and with nineli mine ahnnilani
fertile s|i,iwn that a poorly fe<I lish. -At the l.ofolrii I'ish.'ries
in 18H!t. (Mil of ;.'(;,7(M»,(100 1 cri<e winter Cod lan-ht tliat sea-
son, lliox' which well' taken early in the se.iMin "cre licli in
,ive. ~o that from ;.'■">(> to oOO ol net eanu'lit lish made a harrel of
liver, winh' iheri' went i'loni ■)()(> to :>')() iVoin the li-h laken in\
lilies. .\s the season advanced llie tisli lie.-, me perceplilily
I'ooiei , so that K)() to 4.j(> liveis Heie lecniiied to till a haiiel
Iroin li-h «( lOMily nnilbrm ni/.e. On the western side of the
l.ofolen Islands, .liiectly ficinn tin sea, (itIO to 700 livers were
i-tMinired ;o till a li.niel. I he .iver.iije nmnSer ot liveis lieiiii;
4.")0 to the hanel. ' ' I'lie average weii;ht of Ceil Hoes dm-
iiiij ilili'eient seasons varies in like manner, .showini; an inti-
mate relation lietween the supply .■!' loud and i he niultipliiM-
tion oith' lish 'I'he former comlilion of .\meiicaii coasta'
ua'er-. .dio ludini; as they did with the anadromon- fishes, and
stored wi'h inniiinelalili Cod. show how s i, when compared
with their present ionilitiv>n, the Sim l''ishe:ies may he exhausted
oM-r -ertain are.is hy the a:-ts ol man.
Ill IMlo llu\hy iippiiiriil 1 . ihink that the Kniopeiin llei-
liii; attained its full >i/.e and nijitnrity in iiKnnt eiiilitiTii
niMlltll- That thile was nil ^'ond e\ idellee ajillill^t the Sll|lpil-
sitinii that it reiiehi'd its >|iii\vnin;;- euiiditinii in one year. 'I'hat
the e^';.'s ale lialelied in at inust fnuii Iw.i to thn •■ weeks after
depositinii, and that in -i\ m -.imii weeks ninie the yuiiiiLr
have ailaiiii d a !en;:lli of time ineln-, and ivasniiitij;' fmiii
kiiiiun t'aet^ ie>|ieetini;- ntlier ti^lie-., it is piidialile. hi' thill
lli.iiiuht. that the heii'in;; ,'ltaitis it growth or inatiiiity in I'i.
|."i ipi at the must. IS iiiiilitlis. Sals iind otiieis ditfer fioiii
tllese npilliolls. which Well' lillt pllt folth ill lNti-"t 1 'V I'lofeS-nl
llii\|i'V as purely thcnivtiial, .nid deiiMil nmre fioln aniiloev
tliaii e\],eiiciice. Thi' \ii'W-~ enii't-i.-iilii'd hy Sav^. which are
the result nf aelllal rxpeliellee, will l.e ;^i\ill ill slle.'ei'ilin;;
liarairi»I'hs
(•lithe liiitisli iia.,!. Felnii.iiy and March .'iiv thi'irieat
spiiiiL;- spauniiiL;- iii.inlhs. .'iinl .Xuynsi and Septeiiil.er the cliiel
s,.;,.iii fir th.^uiiiiiii'r spawning (In liiilisli .\iiierican emists
the spiiiii; spawiiiii- takes place in .May and .Itiiie. the imtiimii
sjitiwniii'; in .Sepiend.ei and (Icioher. I'.iit heie. as elsewhi le.
the season vaiies a little, and lie-iiis -iimetinies and in ^oine
places in .\pril, i'Xlendiii.i; loas late as Nnveiidii r. The spriii.--
mill the aiituinn shoals llii.Nley cnnsi.leis tu lie peil'eclly dis-
tiiiet ill Iviiop-. ir, they ai-.' in .Vni 'ilei. Toe depth at wliieli
l»i'. .Mlinaii f.iuiid heiiin;^- spawn in the Firth nf Koitli dniiiii.'
spaunin-. \» cd fnaii 1+ 1 "i to ■2\ fatlcmv It adliered ten
aeiiMlslv ti I'M'i-y ^nli^tance. livlliu; or dead, mi which it hap-
petled I" he depii.ned
Tie N.,rwe;.dan lli riiiiL;-. which i> siippused to lie identical
with th.' .Vmei'ican Sea lleiiin;.'. spawns, aeenrdini,' to .Mr.
I'loeek ill from tell tooiie liiiiidnd alid lifly fathom-.
II \iuls 111 lilt. lli:ni:iMi.
Amoiii,' several l''.iiiope.iii Naliiiali-t~ who hive preceded
I It-iiiirl .f Ciiisiil lii'ii.'i'iil I'r i«v. .•<.'.■ uls.i .ihianiiii -liiwiiiu 1 he I'ela-
1i..M .it iiici|iijiniity nf Cml l.iv.'r nil t.iiiili'li. iniiuli yeav.ai llii' .Vewl'.iiiinl-
laml (■•«-i
Of)
vS«is, ami prepared llii- way lor n ifcneiiil knowlcdjir nf llic liii-
l)itM ofllic nulling, arc ilu^ well known names of Niloson and
Uoec'k. 'I'lic iiconla left l)y llif lute lamented la<t named
Naturalist are very important and instriirli\c. I' I
Ai-cdrdiiii; ti) Uocck llie Noruegiaii licrrini? invarialiiy ap-
pniach the coast l)y well known sea valleys or gullies, and with
sndi (lerNintency that nets stretclnd across tiiese do not caune
liiem to vary from their ac<nstoinc(l route, the lierrini; pnshin),'
forward thronv;li the cli.innei in spite of the ni'ls, whiili of
eoinse detain large nmnheis. Their fivoiite spawning places
are covered witli rongh gravel ; haje rock and mnd heing nnfa-
vorable spanning grounds. The strength and direction of the
wind determine which channels of approach to the sliore liie large
scho(ds select, and they rarely a|iproach the shore if the wind
is blowing strongly towards it. The Dutch observers have
found that more fish are caught in the sea fre(|n<'nted by the
Dutch tisJiermiMi when the lemperatnre of the water is from Iti
to 14" Celsius, than at any other time, and the tisii are found in
that stratum of water which nearest npproacheslhis tempcratnri'.
The higher the tem|)irature of the water during the sp;iwning
season the deeper the Herring are found. Hoeek noticed the
fact that in unusually cold sea.sons the Herring keep (mt at sea
as liMig as they can without ap])roachiug tlie coast, but cold does
not interfere witii their approach when the nc.e.ssitv lor spawn-
ing compels them to come iushoie, wiiicl. thev do as soon as wind
mixes the warmer suhstrituni with the cold suificc \»ater in the
early spring months .Several vajieties of the same species ol
Herring exists in certain localities, such as deep Mays and Fiords,
and illustrations ul these peculiarities arc not uncommon in
.\ineriran seas, but there is no sufficient leason to suppose that
there are several di(f'erent species, Imt merely, as stated, varieties of
one or at the most two species. The .Spring spawning Herring lan
live in very deep \\ ater Certain forms of food of the Herring
knovMi to inhabit seas at a depth of from two to three bundled
fathoms and not tound at a less depth, were frecjuently discover-
ed by Moeck in the stonnich of Herrings. He supposes that the
Herring never makes long jounu'\s, in this differing from Sars,
who considers that their summer wanderings take them far out
to .se.i, of which he has recently obtained circumstantial evidence.
The entire Herring lishery of Xoiway is limited to catchiu;; the
Hen ing when about to spawn, and although there are (iS, ()()()
eggs in a Heiring. yet tlie I'caseless drain on the fish for centur-
ies in Norwegian seas, has apparently produced no sensible
diniiniition in thi' aggregate, showing how vast must be the area
over which they are distributed, and how wide the range of their
food supplies. Kmpty herring never approach the nets, but the
spawning lierring appear to press against them, with an in-
stinctive desire to exude the spawn. •' TIk' .ige of the herring
when it approaches the shore to spawn for the first time, belongs
to the investigations which lioeck has not been ,d)le to complete.
No where, as yet, has this been accuratelv ascertained. .Some
have maintained, but without being able to furnish proof, that
the age of the herring, when it spawns for the first time near the
shore, varies hetwi'en one-half and seven years. Hoeck is in
doubt whether the herring, when fully capable of spawning, is
exactly six years of age ; hut he hail likewise no means of estab-
lishing his own opinion, that it is only bctwei'ii three and four
years old. He iiierclv remarks that too little attention has been
1. I'.ir an i>xivlleiit siuamivry nl' Itiicck's views se<> an article entitle I the
" .N,irwet;iaii Ileniiig Fisheries." in the last vcilanie of the Keports nf the U. S.
('(iiiiim-sidiier nf I'l.slMuicI t'lslierii's. imiisiiileil rr.an lice lliiiiish li\ li. O,
.lllcohsnli.
70
,i{ivcn lo the fact fhnf rhe llerrill^, «hcii It spnwns, hii« l>y no
niuaiis I'ciichei) its tiiH '<i/.('. hikI Iiv Iiuh tiiuiid hcrrini;H <'i){ht
iiu'lu's loti^ wliirli cdiitaini'd roc and milk.
')!l. Till' Hiiltic llciriii;,'. Iliiliilslitn) ncrurdiii;; to Nilssuii,
In II dirt'cri'tit s|M'cics t(i till' Ncirwt ;,'iuii lliTiili;;, ii x i<>w rii-
tiirly (•iiiicinrc'il in liv Hucrk. Tlic' Holiiislnii lie riiii;; spawiiM
in tlh' fiiiliiiiiM, wliiTi'iis tli<' Ni)i\vi';{iaii Hi'iriii;; ;;i'in'i'ally
s|)a\vii ill tile >*|iriii;,'. Ill Aiiiiiicaii sms \vr liavi' iilsn tlu>
spriiiy; s]>a«iiiiij; and tlii' antiiiiin s]ia\vniiiL,' iH'iiin;;,
Tlic lialiit.s uf till' aiitiiiiin >|in\viiiii;,' In riiii;,' nf (lir Hiiltic
arc thus di'sciilicl liy Axel \illirllii l,iiiii;;iimn, " ' in 1H7M-4.
•'Till' yiiiiin; lliTriiin jtciicnilly ln'^iiis in niiikc \l* iippi'ariiiin' in
till' I'lirly |>ar! iil' .\lii\ . anil urows .n ni|iiilly llial l.iwani i.n' fiiil iil
llii- vi'ar II lias n'ai'lii'il a li'iii; li nl' '>\ In ',\\ iiiilii'-. Ilavin;; iiU'H't-
iiri'il a iai'ui' niiinlu'r nl' lli'i'i-iui; wliirli «rii' raiiillil dni'mi; 'I"' laltiT
lialt 111' May I Iniinil llir iiiiihI nl' tlinii ran 1h' iIimiIimI iiiIii lliri'K
j;niii|i«. arriinliiii; 111 lliiiir '•i/.i', viz.: lliiwr iin'a«iirni>; almiit 4 iiirlii's
ill li'iiiilli. « liirli iiiiiKi 111' I'oii'-iili'ii'il a» nni' ynar'- ll"li ; lliiwi' nl
rniiii 't\ In (i iiii'lira. |irnlialily iHn yi'Mr'« iWi ; anil IIiiim' nl' alinilt li/
iiirlii's. wliii'li VMTi' <ii|i|in«i'il 111 In' iIipit vrai'^i nlil anil had I'miipli'ti'
Iv ili'»rln|ii'il si'MiiiJ ni'irani. Sniiii' li>li wiTi' nrrasiiinallv rniinil v\illi
tiiiHinj; »|ia\Mi iiii'iiHiii'ln^ iiiily alinnt'Jj inrlii'i ; anil Minn' ini'iwiii'iin;
!ii)iiii'»liai inni'i', liiil iinl yi'l rl|H' Inr iiiaHiiiiitf llii' saiiM' vi'ai'.
liUPiji'i' li>li. niriidiiriiiK iilmiit > inrln"< arr |irnlialily liinr yrai> nlil.
Till' .sprint! lliTriiii; Miiiiriiiiiri ii'arli a li'ni;lli nl iiinrr itian 1'-
ini'lii'«. Inn I'M'ii .pi'ciiMi'iii iil' !l^ ari' ran'. Tin' Hnliii«liiii lli'rniic
ins. iliiTi'l'iiii'. In «p,v« n HI I'lirly a< at I hi' at;i' nl' tliri; , allliiint;li I iln
iinl Hish 111 rnini'V ihi' id 'a ihal all llii' lliTriiii; sprnn;; Ininillii' ^aiiii'
yi'ar'-. ipawn lK'i,'iii In >pavMi al that a^;i' ; Inii il -i'i'Mw ralhi'r a> il
pnrlinii dill mil ri'iirli ihi'ir iiialiirily till llm rmirth yi'iir. Tho
rirriiinstanrc iha' llir lli'rrini; •<pavMis diiriiiL' thri'i' wlinli' inniilhs,
and Ihal iliiTrliiri' llinn'is a I'nnMidi'ralilr dilt'cri'iiii' in ihn ap's nl
llins" that an' prndiii'i'd first and llinsi'ja-l. that -n liiiM' IvtliT
I'hnnivs liir •(I'l'iiriny liind lliaii nflinrH. lakm in rnnni'i'iinn willi ntlii'r
iniiri' iir lt'-» ai'ruli'nlal riri'iniistanri's. nsplain tlu' I'arl ihal lish nl all
piw-tiliif si/i's aril l'n'i|in'nlly takmi rrniii ihc saiiu' iii'l.
As to thi'ani' at «hi.'h tin' llrrrini; spawns I'm- llii' lirst linn',
npininns hini'lirni niiirli diviili'd linlhaii t; Sraniliniu iiiii nal iindistH
and llinsi' pi'rsnis whii liavr iIi'miIi'iI llii'ir lil'i' In lli'iriin; li-hi'rii-s.
/',•.;/',»<..(• .\il.iHnii, I'min inl'nriniilinii n'l'rivi'd I'nini " tni-l\Mirlliv lish-
iTini'ii." asniniii'» that '• nn lish spawn ill tin' si ml year.'' and that
"ihi' llnrrins; ilfti's nut sp.iwn till thn lillli nr sivth yrar." Pi'iiii l'"k
stnnn rnii^idiTs lhn>c llrrriiiu wliirli nii'iisiM'i' C< iiirln's (I'lr.inti'd iViini
till' pniii' 111 Ihf iin-i' til ihi' aiialliiil tn lii-U\n vi'ar'- old; thnsi'
iiii'asiiriiii! rrnui In In i;j inrlii'- rmm Iniir In Mm' years nlil ; and
add- iha "tin' llnrring I. mid ill Hiilni-liiii iliu's mil spawn till i'
iiii'asin'i's rriini 7 In "s iiirlii's. roiintini; ihr whiiln li'iii,'lli. I'mi. C. J.
.Siiiiilriiill, whil has Iliad' nli-nrvatinns nn ilir firnwlh nl' llin llcrriiij;
nil till' rna.sl near Sloeklinlm. lliinks that it lieeniiies eapalile nl"
spawnini; wlieii it is I'rniii ihn'e tn fniir yenrs nlil. Mf. Wnliiirm,
Nnperinlenil'iit iif j-'islierii's. thinks that the llerrinit is lit tn spawn
when il is "aluiit three veai's nld.'' Arrl Hunk «as inelineil tn
think 'iha' the vnnnjjesi llerriiii;. when spawniiiK, is seareely less
than three years nld. and eerl.iiidy nnl innrc than I'nur." alllmnuli he
eniild nnl i;i\i' anv siirtieieiit rcasiin I'nr this \iew. liiit at llie same
ti said iha! persmis whnliid lu'en liini; I'liiplnyed in lisliinj; had
liild liiiii Ilia' the llerrins;. when alile In spavm, innst lie t'l'niii si\ tn
eiijhl veal's nld. ft'. O. .S.(.-.» als i seems to have lu'en nl' the saiiie
npiinnii a- I'nil'essnr Nilssnn. and at first tluinsilit that the llerriiiK
lu'eaine rapalile 111' spawninir at the ay' nf five years, lint afterward
a-si!;iii'd llie Mil'' nl' «iv \ear-."
lljaliiian \Viiii-L;ii'ii Ih71j ili'serilins tin- life of tlie Haltie.
Hell'ilin' ill the fiilliiwin;.' wiilil.s: — "'
liO. " In -May, when the water is eiinl, it takes I'mm I'mirteeii tn
eiglileen days I'nr the spawn In develnp, while in .lidv and .August,
when llie Hater in the spawiniijfl|)laei's usually has a teinperatiin' nl Irnin
11 - In 1.') - , Keaiiincr. il reipiired niily I'l'mn six to eijjlil ilavs. The
yniiii!; herriiif; whieli is sinalli'r and iiinre Ininnpan'iit than the vmiii^
<if imisl niher lish, (and mi this aeeniinl diHieiilr In distinyiii.sh) is a
little iimre than mie-ipuirler nraii ineh IniiL'. and has, till about eight
I, K, till. U.'pnil nl ihi' I'. ,s. (•.imiiiissioiii'r nf Kish iiml Fislipries. fer
1874-.';.
1. l''iMm the liepiirt "f till" I'. S, Cniiniiissiniier "f Ki-li ami Kisiierifs. fnr
IS7^-.'■.
71
iIbvh iil'lfr till' ilcvcliiiiiiii'iil, II ri'«iiliii> iif (lie vi'll< ri'Miiiiiiitiy uMiqiifly
iliTcKt tlif licllv. wliii'li. Ill llr'-l. iiiviilly iiii|ii'ilo< its iimvi'iin'iiti. ( liilv
v\lii'ii till' ydiiiiu licri'liii; liif lii'<l llii- tci-ciilliiil " licllv lilmlili'i' " iIim'h
il Ih'uIii III >uiiii iinniiiil. Ill ciilli'i'l III it'lhiiiN, mill l" ■•I'l'k limJ. Il
H ijillii'iill III ili'lrniiiiit' till' (.'PiiMlli ;iMil lizi' 111' tlif viimm lii'rriiit;
iitilll il I'i'iiclir- II rri'liiiii iiur, i"i|ii'i'iiiliv as all lilt' viiiiiii; unci liiup
mil llir saiiM' aliilil\ In ^iillirr runij, mi Mliirh rirriiniilain'r llii' ili'Vi-l-
'i|iiin'iil. III' riiiil'«r. ilriiriiiN.
•• Atlt'iiiplH liii\(' ln'i'ii iiiaili' 111 riii-f MiNiii; liiiri'iiij; In liiniii;^
lliiMii Incliiiril III •mail liaiins, jml llicv liaic iiomt IIviiI Iihicit tliaii
iiliiiiil live vM'i'ki, III iliii'li liiiii' llii'ir li>ii)r|li wiii iilimil niui-luiir nf a
ili'i'iiiuil iiirli. Diiriiitj llii' wlinle liril yrar nl' iti rxi-li'iiri', tin-
yiiiiiii; licrriiii; i-< t'lniiiil in il< -pinMiiiin i.hiic. hnlli iiiiUiilc llu' ruait
anil iiiiiilr llif rjurili. Vniiiii,' livrrini,', alimil mio ruiiiinuii inrli in
li'ii^tli, inav III' tiiiiiirit'il III III' aim III Ittn iiniiillii nlil. Vl llir ai;i< hI'
tlii'i'r iiiiintlii llirir Inii^tli is aliuiit an iiii-li ami a halt'.
All till' tins ari' t'lillv (Iom'Iii|ii'iI. ainl llir vtlinii' sliajic nl' llii> limlv
ri'si'iiilili's llial 111' till' muliiri' lin'rinj;, s.i thai il I'liii oasily liti m'nu-
iiiri'il as till' yiiinn 111' this (iili. whii'li hi'l'nrc thai liiiii' is smni'w hut
iliffli'iill. I'Viini i'iiiii|iai'isiins inailr M Itli yiicini^' lii'ri'iii!,' liiniiil in llip
s|iauniiii.' plari's il is sut'i' In assiiiiii' that tliusi' nl' ahinil llirci' iiirlii's
in Icimlli rniinii In llir s|iaMiiini.' [ilai'i's in s|ii'int.'. arr nl'tlii' |ii'i'ri'ilinL'
yi'ar'- s|)a\inini;. mill llii'iTl'iii'i' aliiinl iiiir yrar nlil. Vniiiit; licniiiy
Iriiiii livr In six ini'hi's in li'iijiUi «liirli ai'i' nl'icn ruiinhi in iii'ls, an'
(M'nlwilili iiiily l\in vrai's nlil. In lisli nl'lliis size till' riic anil llie
null. Iiruiii In 111' lnli'i'iilily ili'M'ln|iril. anil when llif H»li has ri'iirhi'il
till' k'licth iit'i'iL'lil inrhi's ami tin' ayi' nralinnl tliri'i' years, il is I'a-
|iiililii lit' s{iaiMiin);.
Till' t'nnil (if ihc yiiiiii;j as «cll as llir urinvii hri'i'inc, i'nii>i»l»
rliirlly nf small ri'iistnrrnns aniiii!ils. intisjlijr in tin- naKnl cvr. «liirli
an> liiiiiiil ill i'niiriiiiMis ijiiaiilitjiH in llir sra. Iintli in sliulluwaml ilrrji
wiitc'I's. In |ias<iiiij sra vi.ilci' lhrniii,'li a «lniiniiiw rlnlli, yrral iiiim-
Ih'I's nf llu'si' small animals uill he liiiiml. 'riii'ii' i|iiaiitily, linwrvri',
mi'irs al ilillri'onl »ra«niis. iliiriiii; a rli.ii'frr nf Irmprnilnrr, ami at
ilitrnriil ilo|ilhs. This miuhl [inssilily i'.x|)lain. In sniiir cxlrnt. llir
a|j|ii'ai'aiirr nf liri'iiiif; al ilillri-rnl (U'|illis. In Mimnirr llirsr ri-iisla-
ceiiiis animals air fniiml nrarrr the Mirfacr nf the «aU'i', ami al this
srasnii tlir hrriiiii,' is alsn fmiml in svii iii|iai'ativrly liijjlirr. Lilic
nlhri' lish. till' liri'i'iiif; ali^lains I'miii Inml snmr liinr lirfnrr ami al'lrr
s|ia« iiinix, anil its slniiiarli is, ilirrrfiirr. '.^riiri'ally fniiliil In lir riiiply
al tills iiinr. Uiil altri' ^|ia« iiiiii,' il lirijin^ In rat ajraiii, ami «i'ailii-
ully rr^uiiis thr -trriiijlli ami I'alnr.ss «liirli it smiis tn lusi' ilnrini;
that pi'iK'ess. Tills rvplaiiis Ihr fart that al sniiir srasniis nf ihr vrar
the lierriiij; in leanrr tli:in al nlhri-s.
.Miiinl t«n iiinnllis licliii'r spawning, ihr lirri'iiii; may Ki'iiri'ally
111' riiiisiili'i'ril llir faltr-l ami licst. Tliis fatiirss rniitiniirs until
spiiHIiiiit; is iiM'i', wl'rii llir (ish lirrnnirs Iran ami thin, ami nnl /'► in
III' ran^lil. Ihr hrrriiiL'. afirr spawniii!;. iiMially imyrairs in the ', ■ ,-
sra In srok liiml, ami ilnrs imi rrtiini lH' il lias at;ain uaiiR'tl in tl.'-ii
iiml strriifjlli. That llir hrrrini;, likr nllur kiiiiU nf lish, us snoii as
tlir Hpawnini; liiiir apprnarlirs, a;;aiii srrksthr spiil «lirpr it was linrn,
is pi'nvril In Ihr rirriiiiistanrr iiionli'innl alinvr, that rortiiin rasllv
reriiyiiizalili' Irilirs nr kimls nf hrrriiii; spawn rn'i'y vrar al a rrrlaiii
tiiiu' ami at llir saiiir plarr. That iliirin;; nnr your il apprars in l.ir-
grr iiniiilit'r< in nnr plarr tliaii iluriii" aiinthrr. Iia-. ilniilitlrss its
raiisr ill tin* rliaiif;r nf Ihr Iriiiprraliirr. riirrriils nf tlir sea, ami
similar inlliii'iin's, uliirli iii.'iy oven ncrasinii tlir "lilirr ahsriirr nf llir
borriiii.' frniii rrrlaiii li.iys in sniiir yrars. (' ild ,ui(l inrlrmriil wrathrr
tluriny .spawnini; liiiir nflrn iloslrnys aliiin..l the wliiilr hrenl ,>[' niio
yrar. sn that, naturally, fnr smnr vrars In rniiir. Hit' kimi nf hrrrini;,
in plarr- wlirrr this has happrncil. vvill hr very pimr. TlieM', ami
iillirr i-aiisds nii vvhirli llir ileM'Inpinrnt nf herrilij,' is ilrprmlent, arc.
Il vvever, in yet. sn little nmlrrslnnil, that nnthiiit; ilrlinile ran lir said
iiliDiit llieni. lint, nn the ntlirr liaml. il is vvell kmiwn that man
liiiiisi'lf ran ileslrny the hrrriiii; in a hay nf the sra hy rati-hinj; the
vvlinl tribe, Imlh n'nl ami yniiiii,'. in lari;r iirl«, tliprrhv aUn ilestmv-
iiig the spavv iiinu plares.
I' iiiis alreailv hern staled that rrrlaiii kinds i,f hrrrini,'. parlirn-
larly t!u' lar; i.' nnes, spawn nearer the land, nn a hnllniii nvernrnwii
with sea-w reds. It this linltniii i> iimdr unlit I'nr spawniiii;, hv tak-
ing lip nr destrnyinf; the sea-weeds, either liy nuts nr in iinv ntlirr
way, the lierriiif; is, nf eniirse, nlilijjod tn sBpk nther and innrr siiit-
iihlr pltu-rs, and, eniisri|iieiitly, de-rrts those inlets where I'nniierly it
eanir rrf^iilarly.
Hy rxprrioner. i;ainrd in Hnhnslan iind ntlier plares, it is pnivnl
that the lierrintf is rxiremrly srnsinvr in this resperl, and deserts
nid spawiiiiif; plarrs rntiri'ly if their rlinrarler is rham^rd.
Evry line, iherel'orr, whn dr>irrs tn keep liis herrin;; lishery in
pood rnndilinn. oiiijlit tn lie very rarefid n it In rhaiifje llir nature nt
the ,spawiiin;r plares hy distiirliini; llie vei;elalinn or liv easlini; rrftisr
and other mutter iiiln the vvater.
From what has lieen said rniii-ernin;' the herring's naliiroand
iiukIi' ill' lixiiiu;. il \ull In' .■\i Iriil I lull . in urdrr lint In ri«l( it« nmiihll«»
liiiii, ili">lriiv llir Minni! iiikI rli<liii'l> llir «|mw iiinn |iliiri>«. il in liot not
111 (Mirll llll' ll«ll ill lll'lx lllllllli; lln' •>|lll« IIIIIU' "I'lliilll. lull 111 II"' ill"
lii'i milv iliinii;; lliiKC |i.irliiili'< nl' utiliinm inul h.iiIit "Iii'Ii llii- liiT-
rini; •itI(. Ilir ilci'|i «alcr in llii- ilili'l«; «liil<' hiii' niii iiilili licn-iiiil^
ill "•'lll('« VVIIjlillll lIlllll,'!'!' Ill I'VCr* »IM»illl 111' llll' VIMI-. rili't llltilll' 111
lUliiiiH il, ill llll- l.iMi; I'hii. lilt' iiiii«l mhiliiliifji'iiii^ m i\riv ri'>|ii'rl. '
111. Till' r» ri'iil \ii\\^ iiili iljiiiiiij liy Sill- « illi iil'iirl
til till' iiiiiMiiii'iilN 111' lliiCml iiiHJ lli'iriii;r ill Kiirii|ii'iiii Si'iiM,
III iiilnari'il ill liii liisl lli'|Mirt mi llif siiliji'il "
" I'll!' kiiiiU .•!' Il-h HJiiili uri' I'.Miiiil nil llll' -nil lunik' iiri-, »■> i«
«i'll kii.iHii. |iniiii|i:illy liiii.', Inr^li, ( //.'.mihih cii/i/ni'ii), liiililnil iiml
I'liil, lln- ■.i-i'iilli- 1 luiik I'liil. I liiivi' iilrt'.iil\. ill iin i'i|iiii'l- 111 I lie
ilr|iiipliiii'iil. I'li'iii'lv »t'l il I'ni'lli ii« iii\ ip|iiiii(iii llml tin- iii-i'iilli' I I'lnil*
('nil l» iiiil a ililli'i'tiiil larii'lv iVnin llic wt'll kiMHIi «iillrP rml. nr
•.kri'iil, «liirh III Miiili'i' ami all llii'miu'li »|inMi{ viniN nm "••I '"i"
llic |iiir|i 'M' .il' -|)a\viiiiit;. 'I'lic wii-ln'l' li\ |Millii'«i- luiirrniiiiij llie
iiiii;nitiiiii« i>r llll' MiiiliT roil inki'i'iili I'riiiii i;ri'al ili>laiiri"t in tin- i-i'iii
I lian', iil'li'i' I'lii-t' •.liiily 111' llll' imliii'i' i>\' lln- li'li. I"'<'ii "l'li',;i'il •'"-
li|-il> l.i aliiiiiiliiii. ami llic i'X|a'riuiU'i' .ililaiiir.l iluniii; mir i'\|ii'ilili''ii
rulllil'llls llll III t\.'\-.
It il iin .'■iiuii'li .11 Ihal llll' «iiili'i' I'iiil. .\liii'li i» 111 liH r.iiiinl_
iil.Hii! iiiir I'.ia'N il:iniii; « iiilrr. ami «liirli i' llif iiliji'i'l nl' '<iiiiH' nl
iMir iiiii-l iiii|i'irlaiil li^licru".. i''. iliinii;; llio rt'<l u'' lln' ycir. ill"-
li'iliuli'il •iiiiv iiM'i' Ihal liin'l 111' ira, 'aImm' lullciiii t'lii'iiii till' liarricP
u^jiliii'.l llll' |ii.lar T.i ili'i'|i- Uiiii; IichmiI il, ami ihal tin' miti-i' lumii-
iliirv iif tliii liiriicr illic »ci-iallf'l IlaWn'in. «illi ii" »»ll ilcvi'l'M'"'''
iiiiiiiial llll' ami liiuMiralili' li.itl.iiii, I'.inii- a ■.iiilalil'' lialulal tin' m-
iii'iiiri'alili' lllllllli iiili'i 111' lliin Hill."
"\i'n- ilissiiiiilai' ,ii'i' llll' i'iiviiiii"laiiii"- h iili n'li'Pi'iii'i' tiill"'
«(• nil., Ill' ill.- \arir'ii's 111' li«li iiiii.I iiii|iiirtaiil I'nr mii' li-lii'iii" 'I"'
Hi'i'i'iiii.' Ilrri' my I'lriu'i' n-i'ai'rlii-. lia-r liil iin' jii'*! I" ''"' I'lM"'"
lilr 1 ilii-iiiii. Wlilli' fill' l!ii.l is cMiliMillv 11 ui'iiiiiiii' Imlli'iii li«h.
iillil II- '.ili'li i|i'|ii'iiil>'lil nil llll' ii'iliH'i' 111' llll' Ihillmil. anil |iiiplly n" 'I"'
i|i'|rli, llll' lli'i-riiiij. mill ninii'v. in r 'IH"i|iii'Iii I' it» "Imli'
ii.'iiiii'i' is a U'lii'i'al |ii'lauiaii li-li. ami il> ii.i'iiriTiiri' is llii'n'rm'f |'^-
ilinulv Mii|i'|ii'iiili'iii ill' till' ili'p'li nr iialiin' nt' lln' lintlinii ; Im'. i|'i
till' I'liiilrarv. ili'|ii'iiilaiil ..n tlu' pliysiral ami liiuliH^'ii'al I'limliiii'ii m
till' ii|i|H|' sira'iiiii 111' llll' sra.
\. I Ill's ■ ar.' v.'i'v .liann.'alili', I his „|iiTii-s .il'lish nun havr Ik-'Ii I'lir-
nishi.,| ui'li m.-aii- 111 I'lialili' Il s|i lily In si-i-K nil' llii' inns' liivur-
alili' inii'i ill' .1-1. I'll.' Ili'i'riii',' has aisn. a- i-nntriisti'il with ihi' C.al.
nlitilini'il it- 1 li'iiiiily n>iii|) I's-i'il, >HMli.'i'-liKi' Inrin. "lu'ii'l'V with llio
s|ii'i'il .it aiiai'ni« il i-iiii shnir al.iiiL' llirii.it;li tin- waliT. ami in .'i nun-
|iai'aiiu'K sl.ni'i liini' traii'i'-n Imii; ilis'iiii.i"'
Alil,niii.'li 111 r iiilii|>! ihi' nlil i.li-as. ai'niriliim t.p»lii.li ihi'
Spi'iiii,' lli'rrini.' I'mni's as il wit.. t'l'niii llm ni' niM'n'il -I'li alimil llir
Viirlli I'lili'. I am. hiiH-i'MT. inrlini'il III lii'lii'M' lliii'- »"} '"'h' *''"'."
i- \i.iis il is' In spawn, llll' a'sn ilni'iiii: llii- ri"<t of il"' vrar it
• iiiili'r;aki- iri'i'unliii' iiiianiliniis in ihi' npi'ii -rii*. Thi' ili-' riluil inn
nf th.. Ili't'nii!.' ill Ihi' -I'.i i- ili'pi'mlaiil mi tli.' ili-tiiliiilinii nl iIh'
-mall aninial- whirli rm-iii it- Imwl. 'riu-t.' snmjl animals aii- nil pi'la-
iliun. mainly -mall i'PiisIik-mi of tln' nnlrr Copcpnila, wliii'li ki'i'| in-
nr li'sji ni'Mi- til" -ni'l'ar" nl" tlii' -I'ii. anil aii' I'nmiiiniily KiinvMi hv niir
lislii'i'iiii'ii iinil.'i' I III' iia.iH' 111' •■ \at."
Iliilv ulirii llic lic'l'i'inu .Ini'ini; wiiiU-r ii'-nrt- '■" tlii' r.ia-t l.i .Ic-
pisii it i. spawn ari' its 111. urnicnts I'm' llir linn.' imlcpenili'iit nl' the
iii'i'iii- !• nt'tlu' " Aat." 'riu- wh.ilc .illirr pii't nl' llic vi'ar, mi tlx'
I'.inli'arv. thf shnal- raiii:i' llit '_'h lln- npcii *fn, ini-itinrh a- llu'v
pri'l'i'i' In lii'liiki thciiisi.Ki- tn that ri'siimi nl'llii' -I'li where at varinn-
-pi-mi- iheie is the uri'.ite-l aliiimliim'i' nl'-Aal." 'I'lu' ureal ma"-
111' the hi'rriiii; slmals ran llins very nalnrally. liiw'anls the appnuieh
111' winter, nr at the time when the ilevehipmi'lil nl' tli .jaiis nl
•.'I'lierali.iii ilri\i'- lh«.ii In re«ni'l In llie I'ii.isl in nnler In s|)awii. lie
rmiiil -iiiiiielime- al a li'-s. snini'linies at a urealer ilistanee t'i'niii their
-pawiiini; |ilare«, .iri'iirtlinL' ai the sea, in .me .iir.-.'ti.ii: nr aiinllier.
has the uTeile-l aliiimhinee nl'" Aal."
I III ihis a^'aii linli ilejiemls. I am e.iiuiiii'i'il, the lliii'tnatinns
ill iiin- s|iiiiiir herriii!.' (i-her I''iir, a>the s|iavuiiiiL' iinuratinii he-
triiis li.iij,' lieliire the rne nr milt are reaily tn lie ile|iiisiteil, the mH"-
nf iH-rrim;. il'al that pniiit nl'time il flniN it-ell' elnse I' llie i'Oii«t,
will reai'h il -n earlv llial they will he iilili;;eil In remain lliere for ii
c.iiisiiler.ilile lime, ijnriiii,' wliieh it "ill liiltnrally niine tn seek clnser
ill liiwarils the eniist in t\ ir.l- ami Imv-. In the emitrary ea-e. when
111., mass nl'lierrini; al till" p 'itit nriiine liiiil- it«ell'at H ennsiilernhlr
ilistanee I'rniii its spiwninn pl.iees, -n Imii; lime will have pa-sed
liernre il reielie* them, thai the spawniiii; prnees- will [.'n nil imnie-
ili.ilelv after iheir .arii\ al .ni llie enasl.
1. Niiluri'. I''
7.1
Tlio hnrring will thefi roiniiiii 'liily I* tliiii'l limr nloiiij tln' i'.iii«t.
and tlid iipiiwnuii^ will tlivii I'nr Milt mint |):irl liK I'lirrlpil mi. mi llic
oiiUinniiHl Imiikf. Itwi iic-ccHtililr to tlia IMirriiicn, — in ullicr Hi^nN,
tlio Hpriiii; liorriii); lliliiTV will lie nTv^hdrl. ur I'xi'i'rilinuK hiihiic-
cennfiil."
'I'lIK MI.NII \\>\:S. ' '
Tile I'ciiiRrknlili' iinlnstry td wliicli this s|)ctiiH ,,( llciiiiii;
haw jfivcn i-im' in till- ITniti'iJ Stiiti's is noiii'.'.j in ('liii|i(ir \'l
Its lialiits art' allicij to tliiwi' of (In. Sm liiiiiii^', wliicli liii\r
Ik'cii ili.M(.rilH.il in tin. f<iii.).'<iiii;r |ia;,'i's Ai nliin,' In tlif ivi
• Irnci' cniitiiiiinl in tin. icpdit iif tin. I'liitcl Stiitcs ( 'uiiiiiii-.-
KliiniT (if Fish ami KishiTiis toi- |,S7I lunl -', llii. s|iii\Miiii..'
pt'Hoil is in thi' spiiiiff, ami it ii|i|ii.)ii-m tn cinni' fmiii its winti r
home in the dci'pi.r watofM otF the coast to the shmes, at ilates
C.JITespoiiilin^r In lliose of othef fish whose niovehielits nie
),'lli(leil liy the (eliipeintlliv. t-^ Kiiljowiliy the law which
>;oveills lish life., its liio.le of spawning; leseiilliles that .if the
typical If. iTin^f. ami in the n.ninrkalile variations in niinilpeis
with which it njipioftches diHerent coastal watiis it airiecs
with the riiictnations (listiiii.'iiisliine; the Sea licirim;- A fi'W
specimens of this tish ha\e 1 n taken as far north as t 'aiiso.
ami firnierly it was alinmlant on the (.oast of Maine. Much
information respecting; its Ihictnatioiis is^iivcn in the following
extract from a vaiiialiie llepoit : " '
V'AIIIAriiiNS IN Nl MMI-M AM> liVNOK.
"Thou^'h Miole (.onstant \<\ far than some oi her species
that mi^'lit he nameil. the Mn'tihailen has e\liiliiti.i| occasinnal
ttuctiiatioiiH of importance. Two instances niav he cileil. 'I'lie
Hrst is the ^'cmral desertion of harlmis and coves, oli.ser\eii
during scvi.ral yiars past, and tl ther is tin. desertion of
tlip whole coast, cast of Joiu..sport.
Of the desertion of the harliois and coves there seems to
lie ahundant testimony. An olisi.rver in Hoolh liav says :-
'Menhaden can l.e diiveii out of small hays so that tliev will
not come ill. Certain it is that they do not coun' into the
haj-H a.M they nsi.il to.' in liluehill we are told the sain.' s|ni\.
Tn Jonesport it is said, ' l'oj,'ies used to run into all the co\es
and creeks. Of late years the\ do imt appear to fieipniit the
shores as formerly.' '['estiniony of this sort iiiiLrhl I... iniilii-
plicd, lint it is nniicce.s.sary. The fact is notorioiis. hmiii;,'
tlic past .season tlu.y returned to soi f tlnii old Iminits in
1,'reat niiniliers, hut have, liy im nn.aus resumed their former
hahits in this respect. Of this sini,Milar clian;:e of hal.it there
arc various explanations otl'ereil. Aceonlmi.' to som.' |iri>oiis,
it is causeil hy the liahit of seining' ; others lay it to the oil
and dccjiyinff matter from the oil factories. Neither of these
ranscH ap])ear sntlicicnt to produce such a ivsull. The ileser-
tion of the Coves is olisi^rved in lociditie> far ivnnived fr.uri
those where the allcp'd causes have op,rated. I'eihaps after
all, the thini; to he accounted for is why the nieiiha.len ever
CTOwded into small hays as they used to. Were tiny then in
search of foodvere they simply olieyiii;r lilind instinct, or
wore they driven in liy hordes of hiini;iy foes outsi.le ' The
latter supposition .set.ms cpiite as |)r<ilialile as the otlnis. \\,-
know that small fishes sometimes rush ashore to esi'ape pur-
suit ; we know that this happens with the Inrrin.,' when tl\ in;,'
from the pollock, ami with menhaden when tlyiiii; from the
blue tIsh and horse mackerel. The pie.sunti. outsi.le of a laii:e
number of pro<lacions foes, of whatever species, would l.e inn-
I. CLX'PV.mP., lirmoortin Men/imleii. (iill 'I'll.' .Mpiiliii.li.n I'.iny .M..«<-
butiker; Cu|ieCoil tn ('ii|«. Ilnttcrn.". -Tlio.Ml.pro dill.
•2. Seepage \xx. of tin. I!ii|i..i-t ef the f. ,s, ('oiiimis«njii,.r ,.f Kish un.l
Pisherie.s fur 1871-'-'.
1. Heiiorl of tlie Mninc fiimrd nf A^,'rii'uluaf, IS?.".-';.
74
[ill' 111 ilrivc tlh- iiii'iiliiiili'ii in. I'lii^ iiii;.'lil lia|i|»'ii ynir iit'tiT
vcjir ; wliilf. with tlir ci'ssiitinii cif tin' cmisf, tlu' ii'siill wmild
ci'iisc, toil, aiul till' iiii'iilmclfii wcHilil im li>in;t'r cr.iwd into tlic
ciivis a-i Infiiii', It' tliis \ii\\ lie (iiiii'ct. tlifii till' iiTiiit all"
si'iici- lit' till' iiiriiliaili'ii tVoiii tlir slimes iiiiiicativs an iniprovi'-
ini'llt ill its cllHlln'S lit" lifl' li\ till' ITUIDV-il of its ill'stloVrl-s.
Lark of iiifoi'iiiatioii fiivliiils an atti'iu|it to point nut tin' s|ii'~
liis that luiM' rM'rti niiiMt acti\i' in proilncin<,' tlnsc nuiM'nunt-.
of till' iiiinhiniiii ; anil, iiiili'ril. thi' tln'orv itself is not ino-
piivil as oiir that has miirh pusitivr i\ iiliiiii' in its favnr, Imt
Jllsl to show the possilijlily of aieoiiilt itl;; for the alisellie of
the li~ll flolu shore III the ll\ |Mi|l|i sjs of the o|lllat loll of
rauses purely iiatii'iil. alul not iniuiieal. liiit ]iositively fa\oi-
ahle. The ileseltioll of the eastern eiiast also rests on ainjile
e\ iilrliei .
Al .);)iiespiirt, Meiihiiileii used to he very plenty. l hey
were ciiiniiuiMlv eaiiijht in fjill nets, two-iinil-onu-hulf falhoin
ileep, hut it was practicahle ;ilinost aiivtiii.e to i{et eiinusili to i;o
lishin^ with liv spearini;. I'hey heianie seaice seven, eiijht or
ten ve.irs aiii, ami now verv few are eauulil. allhoiif^h some
(■nine as far as t'liis every year.
At I.iihee, thirlv vears aiio or iiioie, .Meiihailen were so
lileiit\ iliiriii;; iheir short s-ason (.Inly anil .\iii;iistl as to he a
niiisanie. 'Ihev have not liven |ileiitv sinie l.HIOor lSt.5, and
now none aie t'oiind east of .loiiesporl. They left suddenly,
and sinee the date mentioned have heer rarely seen. .Mr. K.
A. D.ivis, of !ad)ei', a man of Ions? experienee in the herrinj;
fishery, has not seen a siiiijle specimen for 'en yi ;irs. Vv. E.
1'. (lilies, also of larife experien.'e, in IHliO, or thereahonts,
i;ot three hoi;sh"ads of them onr afternoon tide, ;Mid since then
has M'l.ii none.
.\l remhroke, Mr. Moses I,. Wilder, says that twenty years
asjo, and .ilwavs licfore that, the Menhaden, used to come here
every year in tjie.it niimlHrs. lillinii; every cove and creek : hut
for the past Iwentv years mme whatever have heen seen. Lit-
tle ii^e WIS ever made of them except for liait, and ot that hut
little was needed here.
In IH.")!! the .\|euiiiiilen w.i^ mentioned as lieiiiu somctiiiies
caiiyhl in «ciis within the harhor ol .'^t. .lehn, N H., in con-
sideraliic nnnihers. Cf late vears none have heen t'onnil in New
liriiuswick, or to the north of (ir.inil ^Lulan. I'his well-es-
tahlished minenient of the Menhaden is eiiually mysterious
vith the other, and speculation on its causes wouhl, in the pre-
sent state of our knowledge of the iidliiences in operations, he
ei|ually fruitless. It is, howevt , worth oh.sorvins; that there
do mit appear to have heen any artificial causes al work snilicient
to produce such ,i result. .\ot only is that coast more thinly
jH'opled than .my other alonij which the Mi'iihaden raniri', hut the
pursuit of them hv m.ui was on the verv smallest scale. It is
therefore amoni} the natural caii.ses art'ectiiif^ them that we must
seek an expl.iiiation. Neither of the piK'iiomena eit d proves
that there lias heen .i ;{ene;al diminution of the niimher of
the Menhaden. Even their ahsence Irom tht' coast o( a whole
st.ite does not prove tlmt they are not present somewhere else,
Especially inaileiiuate to the proof of diminished nnmhers is the
ahsence ol the tish from the immediate vicinity of the shore.
The co.nerse is ei|ually t'ue. I'linsiial ahiindance oi .Menha-
den ill any particiilu district, or even along the coast of a whole
State, does not prove a general increase. .Ml s.ich variations,
whether they seem to indicate decrease or increase, can he ac-
counted for on the hypothesis of a change in range." Jtepurl
of ih" yfiiim- Jioftri/ n/' .{(/ricuUnrc, 187.j(i.
W lit'ii tlic sliifciiitMils contiiiticd III 'lie foiTtfoiiiji siimmiiry
III tlie lliutualiuiih in Mcnliadeii sclioiils arc ((imparcd with those
o< the StM Ilciriiig, the analofjy in tho lial)its of the two species
will npjicar remnr'.ahle. Perley states that (about the year
1850 I "it is someiinies caiiijht in the weirs within the haihor
(if St. Joiiii in I'diisiileralile niinihers." Its value as a hail for
Cod is in a considciahle dej<ree superseded liy the Ilerriii},', hut
«8 a bait for " tolling Maikeiel" it is still in repute, althouifli
other tish siniihuly treated and Kne'y •,'round apjiear to he
iiiually useful in this respeet. Klsewhere it is shown that the
imrsuit of ti.is fish is now made larjiely in the interests of the
■fjriculturi t ami manufacturer as a source of Hsh guano and
tisli oil.
77
CHAPTKR T\-.
'I' H !■: M \ ( K K II K r, .
I ■( I N'T K NTS.
Vitiivs „r MarkiTH <>n tin, .NVwInunclliui.i CmihI nii.l tl ,■ l,.il,ni.|Mi-, (i4 ;
Tli.>r.ir|iiilil,v of .Mm-kiM-cliliiiiiiK Hio winter s,.iis,,ii In l-:ur..|wnri waters- Ori
the f..„M» ..|- .\e«f,,mi,lli,n.| On \„vii S,-,,|mn SI:,, res, (;.-,: o,, tl,,. (■,,„.t» „f
the fnile,! stales, IW -. M„v,.„ t> „f the .M.ekerel, (17 ; M-iekerel Caleh hv
1 niteil Stales Kisher n, (18 ; l>,Mnini„n Caleli „l Mii.-kerel Caieh in .\..va
Se.>lia.(l!l; Annnal (ateh in \„va S,>„li«, 71); |',.ri,„|,s when Mackerel ap-
prnm-h the r.,,M In \„u, Se„lia. 71 : In the rnile.l Slates, 7i : The spawn-
ing cif Mackerel in Knri,|iean waters, 7.'1 ; In thednlf „l St. Liwre.n'e (In
the (.•,,n,,ts ,,r Massachns^tts, 74 ; IVri,,.lical .ilmn.lHnee ,,n the Oasts ,,r \,,va
Scntia, 7.-. ; The Cnite.l Stales MMck.rel Kislu.rv. 7i-, ; (•.,n,'ln*i„„. 77,
I'lIK .MA(Ki;i!i;i, ON M:\\K()IM)|,aM) ((tASTS.
ii\-. In a \V,,rk ,.|ititlr,i • Wiiii.l.-iin.;- ■rii,,ii;rli|s ,,r S,,liiiirv
H.illls; l,y I', ■r,.C,|llc. 1' I pill.lisllcl i„ |,,„„|,„|. i„ tl„, vr;lV
|N4(;. til,, llllflmi- ivfcl-s tn t|„. |„vs,.|l( f til,. MiH-k. 1,1 ,.ll th,.
-Innv,,f |l„. |sl,ii„l. ,,l„„it th,. y,.,Mr I77I-. It ,|,.s,.rt,Ml the
enlist tor ;(l„iiit .-Id y,-iii-s. ivtiiniiiivr in |S0+, Tli,.y ;i;i|M.;ir t,,
''■'^'■' 11 "'"iii'limt until |,s:i7, wli,.ii they a^'niii',-il,nii,l,.ii,.,l
tlir NniMi-Ku.st Atliintic (■,„|..t. In Whit,' P.ny nn,i I'.iiy ,,f
NiMiv Diiiii,. Jill ;ici-,, lints iv]iivs,.iit them t,, Iniv,. 1„ , m \,r\
iiliinHhiiit ii frw y,.,ifs l„.f,,iv tlh.jr sti,|,|,.n ,lis,i|,|„,ir,in,-,. in
l.s:<7. 'I'll,. ,|ii:intily sine,. tiik,.n Ims Viiii,.,| ,.,i,h yv.w. Init it
'\"vi not Miiiii.fif timt tli,.y Imv,. cv,.!- h,.,.!, ,,l,s,.|-\,.,|\iii,.,. I,s:t7
in siieh .xtiMdnlinfiry niiiiili,.|-,s ms t,, lwi,| t,, th,. ,ii.i-in ,.t' th,.
.sayiiij,', h,.i-,.,.ift,.|- r,.F..ir,..l t,.. tli.-it ■ th,.y l,n\,. I n ,.nrs,..l .ilf
th,' |..)a.st."
A( Aillik iin,| Ky|i,.k.,k ,,n th,. Liil,|.ii,l,,r. s,,iii,. |.-,() niil,.s
N,irti:-w,.,i ,if H.itiiilt.iii liil,.t, th,. writ,.|- wns |,;1,| l,v r,.>i,l,.nts,
thiit th,. Miickcivl u,.|-,. nliiielaiit in I s7 1 , ;in,l ;i T.-w wr,.
(.iii,;,'lit in ( '.i,| ,s,ii|,.s.
At l),.ul,l,. |..'aii,l llai-hnr. s,,ni,. lift,.,.n niil,.s l„.y,„|,l H,,,,,..
chil,.. 11 Kr,n,.|i Cniiinlitm ivsi,|,.nt inC.in,,.,! d,,. uHt,! il,;,t
tli.i-,. u,is ■ a sratt,.rin.,' ,.t' .Maek.ivj in that |,iiii ,,|' (h,.
ciiast, hilt ll,.iiin- s,,ni,.(i,ii,.s, in ,.,,.inti,... niiiiil...|s, n,> S,|iii,|.
" '''■" .Sal 11. aii'l iiiaiiy Saim ,n 'rr.nif.
''■i|'' '!'■'' "iivy., if II, M S, l|,.l,.,ia. st;,t,.s. in his K,.|„,it
a,l,lr,.ss,.,| (,, Vi,.,.^A,liiiiial I Iiiii,|,mi.'i1,I .",th S,.|,t,.|iil„.|.. l,>s.".() -
N,.wf'd .l,,iiiiiil ,,|' Ass,.niMy, l,S.-,| |,,.|jr,. Ul t|„it ■■ Mack, .r,. I
hav,. lint l„.,.n (ak.ii in l'l,ii.,.niia Hay f,,r lli.. last lu,iit\
.viiis: l„.f,,iv tin, |„.n,,| -Mm ,,, .•{do,, i,.,,.,,,!^ „,.,,. ,.,1^,,;,
■ liiriii;;- ,ii,-li ,,!' th,. till-,.,. .11- f,,i||. |i|.,.viniis y.-ar-. anl v..ss,.ls
fniiii th,. \V, .stern |i:iit ,,|' Nn\,.| Sella iis,.,| |,, ,.,,iii,. r,.^-ul:irly
nil that Kisl^.i-v ,"
Itiisiiii; th<.if enii|.|ii,i,,ns ii|„„| (|„. ,|at,. ,,f th,. aiiiuaiaii,.,. ,.f
th,. .Miicki.n.l ii| th,. Nnith ,.ast ,.,,as( ,if N'e\vf,iiin,|lnn,l. th,.
fislicniicii Stat.- that th,. Ma,.k,T,.l a]i|i,.n|. first in th,. S||.ait ,.|'
Hi'lle Isl,., tll,.ll in Whit,, jijiy. th,.ll in (if,.,.!!, ,„• N,,t,.,.
I>aiii,. May, In this iiaiticiilai- th,.ir iii,,v,.|ii,.iits ivs,.nil,|,. tli,,s,.
nl' th,. (',i,||ish ,,n th,. N, !•;. ,.,„„|. 'j'ln.y ar,. s,.,.n ,„, ili,At-
lanti(. i.,iast ,it' th,. Islan,!, t'rniii Cap,. Sp,.,.i|. tn <,»iiirp,,n, ,arl\-
in th,. iiiniith ,it' Aii;:iist. aii,| i.,.niaiii until Nn\,.iMl„.r, ..r in
iiiihl \v,.alli,.r, until as laic as !),.<•,. nilur: aii,l ,i<.,.,,f,liiiir i,, M,.
.lah,./. 'rU|,.y, iiiital ■■ the t'fost sots in. ■ sin,-,, th,. v,.:ir Is:!.",,
I, I'aijo .rtd.
78
thi'V h,l\.- lint l.rlll lIMIlHTnlls rill tllr Nnllll rll~t AtllUltic
ri list. Ii;' In till' Vriir |S7(). TIll'V Mlv llnl IMltlvi | llrlll I V 'i|.
scrvcil nut Mt srii. lull ■ |)lii\ ill;; nil tlir •.iirfil;c. Tllr ilii|iri-^-
sinll iMllnlli;- nlil tishcrilli'll, tlllll tllr\ I •MlrMilnl n|| tllr 11)'
[ifoarli nf Willtcl- is niiiitiiiill. ninl liillin rnii> insl;iiinN nf liii-
ilitiiiliiil stiitclllcllts In tills I'H'i'ctcilli lin iirrllliiilliltrij, l.iil till'
yiillll^iT i^i'llcnilinli iln lint Jl|l|H'll|- In llMVi' ^ivrll :\\\\ ,1 1 1'lll inn
til tliis siilijcct, |irnlinlily lirciiiisi' tin- i:riicriil srinvit\ nf ili.'
lisli iliiriii;,' latiT Vfiii-s Ims |iii>vi>iiti"l lln'ir all' ntinu Ik in-
iliawii (n till' sillijiil.
TllK 'I'l'lilMDlTY iPKTiii; M M K KiiKi. uriiiM; iiiK WiMi:i: Si :\
SON IN Imiicipkan W vii:hs
(l">. Mulls. H. ill' 111 liliincliii'ir. in liis • l,ii I't ilic it Li'.s
Pnissolls." " ' st.'ltl'S (is slllijniiii'il willl IT;.;!!!'! tn tlic lllllckcVi'].
'■ Plcvilli'-K'-I'i'liiy, nil till cniitrarv . alliniis lia\ iii'.r <''''ii in
till' iiiiililli' (if wiiitiT. ill iii'i'|i nni'l'ly Imlt'iin--. iiiyriails nf
iiiiickcri'l. |iiifki''l clnsc niii' against tln' nlliir witli nim Imlf nf
till' li'iily ]iliin^'i''l ill till' iiiiiil, wlii'iv thi'y iviiiaini''! iluriiii.'
till' wintrr. In iiiaiivnisi' si'iison,. .\-> s'lnii as -|iriiit,' rani''.
tlii'V aiMiisi'l tliniisi'Kcs frniii tlirir tnr|'nr, ami a|i|irari'il al-
ways nil the same ilay <iii llic saiiii' inasts. at lln' smfaci' nf
till.' -Ma aiiil ri-|Piliri'il tn t'avnralilc sjints to spawn. 'I'liis tln-
niy a«sliiiilati's tlir iiiackcnl tn many nlliiT sprrii'^ nf -^-'ili'ii-
tary lisli, wliicli pass tlir winter at the li ittnm nf ilic sia.
stiipi'lii li in a kiii'l nf Irtiiari^^y, aii'l '■.\plaiiis l.c~i'l(s wii\ in
( Ictnl'ii- yniiiijj iiiai-kcii'l ai<' raiii,'lit trniii m 10 In O m I ."i in
li'lijjtii, ami wliy in winli-r laiiji' niacki nl nrr taken, I'Ut imi
witll a line. I'll! willi ili-Hi; nets, caleliilii;- lliiw wliiili ha. I imt
lllll-je'l tllilll^''l\e> deep ellnlle-li in tile mini nr sallil.
iiN rin: ihasin uk vkwi-iunim ,\nii.
Jiiliii Riee, 111 Little Hiiilior, 'I'wiliiii^j.ite, iiilnniieil tlie
writer llial lie lemeiii'iered his lather freipiently allmliiii; Ki
the Maekeiel ot While Hay, Newlnimllaml His I'.iiIht staled
that he had often seen Maekerel in White Hay emiie on shino
like Scpiid with scales nii their eye> and liliml ahoiit Christmas.
This 'K'l'iined ahoiit 40 \ (".'.is aijii, when Maekerel «eii' very
ahnndnil in White Hay.
Maekerel have heon taken in \(i\emlier ia Trinity Hav, ar-
loriliiiLf lo Mr .lahez Tilley, liefore referreil to. lliev are In
lie I'oiiiid on ihi- whole eoast trom (Jnirpmi lo Cape Spe.ir diir-
\n\i Noveiiilier and Deceinher. The anpearaiiee of the lisli
•' with seales on their eves and hlind" coincides in a reniarkahie
nianiier with a similar appe.irance recorih'd in Nova Seoti.i and
Ne« Kiiitlaiid .Xllmlie waters, lliiis Icadiiii; In the cniiclusioii
lli.il the winter home ol the tish is eertaiulv known I'rom the
Strait- of Helle Isle to Mass.ichilsetis H.iy, and is in the deep
waters "(<' tiie coasts, assimilaliiii; in this respect to oilier lood
fishes whose life is :;peiif in cold suh-.Vrtir wafers.
I'N rilK I M.\M's I If NiiV \ SI 11 II A.
.\c'- 'I'liii;,' I" iiifniniatinn nceiveil ffnin Mr. Henry N.
i'aiiit, "f Halif.iN. mackei'd have li.-''ii taken in the ilivef
llihal'iianl s I'.asin. near lli.' (Iiit '.f Cansn. wilh a ■ Mint n\er
the eye. ill the last wik in May.
The maekeri'l taken there in the spring, lik'- llins. eaiiL;lil
"II th'- M'ntlirili enlists (if New Kli;;laiid. are lal'^i', pnnr and
llal'lv, aii'l ''iiinN aiii'iiiy' Ineal lishernieii llii' name nf • Leather
llellii's 111 (leinln'r aii'l Nnveiiil"-r till';. call tliian. 'iii ae-
cniiiit nf their fatness. ■ Hl'iati'is.'
At the eastern part nf Cape ( 'aiis", almiil th'' < '.a iis'i Is-
lands. Ihey are tak'-n up In Iheemlnf NnWllllier. Knllllerly
they v.-ei''' fniiii'l ill iiicivililii'' iiiiiiili''rs in the liasin nf the
I. I'llll-. Isi'.s.
79
Itiv.l- lMl»ll,il,nil>, Xvll,.lV ll„. l,nl|,„M is i„ii.|,lv. I„ | nTO. No.
I iM.trk.ivl «,.|v tak.Mi in linis |)Or |,„k,., on tlir Isth \„-
;,'ilst.. near \Vliyci.kciiiii;;li.
I>|-. (!il)>ill ,|,s,Til,rs, ill III,. ■•'I'nillsiu-tiolls ,,f ||,r \,>v,a
Sn.tiaii lii>li(ut,.„r S,.i..,i..,.; „ ,.,;„.kri,.l l„,iio.|it in tli- lliili-
in\ fish iimrkrl.,.M tli,' 27(.li ()rtol«.r, l.so:,. Tli,. ■ lii v.t
" >■'■ " '-* "'"■* '■'■tVm.,1 to : ■• As til,, tisli li,.. ,|,.,„| ,, n„.|,i-
liianr tVoiii til,. |,„.L.Ti,,r |,nit ,,f tl„. ,,|.|,it l,„lf ..I,,,,.,, i|„. ^.y..."
Im II Mil,s,.,|n,.nt |,aiM-iM|,l, Dr. (illpjn wri(,.s as r..li,.ws: -
"His a.ss,.rt,.,| t(a.|H,lity ,lnnn- w inr.T. „.|,l Min.ln, -.>, i.oih
";''"'' '"liti'-Ms iia|,|„.,i ,,, ,1„. I,ii(n„.i,i„,is, fiiN,,.,. tln-.sc.
'"■"-^' -'' I''" '"" 'liiiil^ "'■ li.M\,.y,.! si,|li,.i,.|ii |,io,,rt„
iiss,.rt tlii'iii as facts.'
■''''"■ iii..|iil,ran,. liair .'..v ,.|in- tli.' ,.\ , is ass,.rt,.,l l,v tli,.
Hslicnncn. in .•aily spriii,;. to ^o^,.,■ tli,.' u h,,),. ,.v,., n.i j,,.,,,.,.^
iHTliaps. til,. ,s|,,ry ,,f Ills l,lin,|n...s.s. Ijis small ami nnnwn.ii.s
Inis. ,nr,,i-,linsj- t,, tli,. .\f,'a.ssi>iiaii tli,.,,rv. iiiasnnicli a.s li,. ivs,.ii,-
M,s til,. ,.nil,i-y,. of all Hs|i,.s. wl,i,.l, l,..,v,. tlir tins in ,,n,' n.ii-
ro« coMtinn,.,! I„im,| tVoi.i li,.a.| to tail, also pr,,v,. liim |,,u in
""• "'■"'•; "'■ iiitcllij;,.! .'■ During .son,,. s,.,is,,iis tli,.y lin-.T
on tlif N',,va S,-,,tian <M>ast until DvccniluT. - ' The |{,'\. .I.ilm
.\nil,i'os,.. s|„.|ikiim- ,,f til,, iiuickcivl. say.s:-- '■'■'
■Til,- tliir,| Min of iMMck,.|vl takes '|,la,-,. al..,ut tli,' first ,,f
Anj,'ust. Tlii's,. Iiiiv,. n,> spawn in tli, •in an,| aiv niniiiii;^- \\,.st-
wanlly, li is tli,. ,,pini,,ii ,,f numy il,,.|| tli,s,. aiv n,,t ivtiiin-
in,- fi,,i,i tl„. (iiilf ,,f .St. Lawivnc,.. l„it fi„n. s.-a. an,l it may
l„. thai a p,,iti,>n ..f I li,. immi'iis,. s,.|i,„,|s passinir ••astwacll'v
in .spi-in;r, snik,.s ,,tr I,, ,s,,iii,. fav.,iiiit,. hank .,iitsi,|,., t,, .;■•-
l)osit til,, spawn. ( ir tli,.r,. iii„y 1„. ,i .,,,t iliat urvw j;,, ,.|s far
•■•'■■''"'■ "■'•-' ''-^ " tll,.lS. I,||t willt,!- al,.ll,- ,,111- s|'|,,|vs. Inr
i,n,d.,.l I,.,,; /„,„ /„.„„,//,/ „/,/,.,„„ -/„, ,„,„/,/,^ /„,//,„„.,' „f
s,.iii,.,,f .,m-,,iit,.iM-,,v,.s l,y p,.rs,.ns spi^ann,,,' f,,!' .-(.Is tli|.,,n,^'h
til,. i(.|.."
In the tall of tlu- ycai- it is stated tliiit among the srlionls of
fat Mackerel tli(.ii taken, there are ahv.iys a eertaiii pereeiita^'e,
some say as many as one-tenth, which aiv ihl,, ,,n,l p„or. ,nul -o
inider the name of "rac<.rs" ,)r " slinks."
'Hie Salile Island Mackerel are sai,l l„ hr mmli lar;,'|.r and
falter than those eauarht elsewhere on the Xov.i S.^otian coasts.
" In 1850 the fish wore plenty and took th,. hook well, hut in
18.")1 the fish appeared at times to he abiinilaiit, hut w,)ul,l not
take the hook." I' i
UIMKIMN,: ,,!■ MMKKIIKI. ,,N TIIK ,',IASTS ,,|. Till: r\ITl:l)
sT.\Ti:s. <■•■''
M. When the \ra,kerel Hrst appi'ar on the coasts of the
I'nited .States in tli,. southern part of Xew Kngland, they are
so poor that they cannot he sold for food. !".i After they
liave spawned in May fvide U. S. Fishery Report, p. (it.) they
rapidly increase in fat and are taken in great numi.eis in the
summer ami fall.
I. Till, wrili.i- Inn sefii riiu,.k,'r,.|.,.|i,i>;lil at lli,.|.|i,| .if .liui,.. in ih|. Ilalil'i,.\
mark,'!, wiili llm aim still ..nviTiiiy tli,. Ihinl pint ot 111,. ,.,v,..
■-'. (iil|,iii |,iin,. 14. Trails. .\. S. Inst. .Nut. S.i,... is'(i,-|.|i(i. '• \V,. luivi'
si.,ii iliiii ,1111- liiarinM; pas.si.s his I'.vitiiuncf all,.ninli.|,v in ii stni,. ,,| i,.st in
,leo|) s,iun,liiii;<. (ilii, i-p,«t iMt .SI. ,l(-o|i, tlimi),'li. ns fr,,iii r,.,.,.,,! fii,.t.». we inf,.r
111,, mack,.!-,.! ,li„.s, wli„. it w.iulil iipiicur. liM-ninivs tiirpi,! uii,l Miinl ilininn
wiii'.i.r, like ,.,.rtiiiii luilrai-liiniis, wlmni lii> n.s,.nihli.» in his ,.nl,iii|..) ,,11,1 .,f a
hinhl.v ai/ralf,! lui.l livi.fv ,.vi.sti>ni'n upon tlii' sinfa,.,.." I Dr. li,.rii;u.,l (iilpiii,
Trail.". .\. .s. Inst. .Vat. .Si,-., \!*I\X i
a. 01i,s,.rvati.nis,.n lli,- Fi.shiiij.- (Ir.ain.ls nii.l Ki<l, ,,|- St. .Maipiivi'- ll.i.v,
.V. .S. I l'r,i. an, I Trans, .if th,- .\. .s. |„.si. „f .Sm. s.'i..,. LSIiC-ilT.
■i. I'aiil ('n.wpl,.|,i,.|,>,| l.y l,,.r,nizi. Snl.in...
."i. .s,.,. |{,.piiri ,,r III., (■|iit,,.| stali.s Ciiiiniissiiiii ,.( |.'|.l, nii.l Kisln'iii's
Is: I -7:.'.
(i. Ilii.l, p. III.
80
[ii nplv ti) till' questions Hiihrnitti'd l)y tlic I'liitcd States I'isli-
t>ry (Joiiimissioiu'i- in 1871, wliidi iirc |)iiute(l on jiagi-s .'(, 4 nnd 5
of Kcport lor ISTl-V-', llic loliowini.' sujjgestivf aiisvi-r is ijiveto
<|iicsti 111 No. IS :
tjiic'stion.
No. IS. — •' Wliicli sex conus in Hr>l, and linw far advanced
i^ ilic ~|)i\\M in till' female on liist anivinj; .'"
Answer.
'• Maeken l."
" Moth come ill tojrether. 'I'liere is a s^aje over the eye. »"
tliit if ioiik^ verv dim in the Spring, and they will not bite." "1
.\i(ivi:.Mi:Nrs ok ■imik .m.m'Kkhki,
<i7 Liiivii/.i SaliJlii' ' lias ^isi'ii a di-Ncri|ili.in nl' tlir
I'lratie iihi\eiMriils nf llii' .Miiekeivl, as interpreted \'\ niiliiiary
oliseivers iin llie slinres of Southern New Knj,diind. and he
illiistriites liy ininierous eNiiinples the preeiiiious ehiiraeler of
ill.' Mack. Ill Fi-.lier\ IIS |iur^ii.'.l on the coasts of ihe I'nite.l
Slal.-.
■■ .\s iilreaily intiniat.' I, tin- .Maek.ivl is a ea|iriei.iiis an. I
sportive lish, Mild e.intiiiiiallv eliiiii^^iii!.^ its hiiiints iiiwl hiiKits.
When Hist seen upon the e.iiist in the Sprin;,'. it is thin and
]i.p.pr. Il .lilli IX .■s-entiallv fr.nii .nn' seas.ni l.i iiiinllier in si/e
ami i|U.arit\, I In.' \>-:\y it i^ fat an. I lari.'.'. aiel is s,ai;.;ht I'.ir
idiii.i-t .iitiivly ill th.' I!a\ < 'li.aleui> : aii.iii it is lean and
small. .lis.Tis that hiiv and tie- a.ljae.'iit wal.iN. an. I freipieiits
foieiii'ii Hanks, iir oiir own shores "
■ hiirilii.'- tho lir->t half ..f lli.. la-t (■.■ntiirv tli.T.' ar.' stiile-
iiimt- wliieli -how th.at a siiiLfle vessel, tishiiii,' in Miissiiehu-
-.'It- ll;i\,..ften t...ik ei;;hl llllll.lled liHlTels ill 11 sellsull. in
oiir own day it has hiippeiied on the siid.leii ii|i|ieHr(inee of ii
school after a lapse nf year-., that lan.lsmeii. women iiml ehil-
ilr.'ii iil'.an.l.iii.'d tli.'ir aee.i-.t.aiH'.l .•iiipl.>\ m.-nt- l.i lish with
pan~. l..i-k. Is. icay- aii.l pilehfoiks, and the like. an. I to pio\e
how Ir.ii- it is that necessity is the iii..lhei- of iiivi'iitioii."
■ S.I I.I.I .iiir lislHTinen. pr.ifcssiniially ei|iiippe.l. even to
th,. ,7. s.il, ,'iiid s:iii'-ir, sh r. iveall iiianv an (Acilini:' scne ]»■-
tw.'.'ii an. I ..If til.' cap.'- of Massaehii-..'tts within tin- last
tweiity-tive years. I'll. '11 11 I.SIl'J oil.' hundred ami lifty ves-
sels aiel hoals sailed fr..iii I II. nicest. t in one day. to li.ink seine
or ijart'. a- cin iiiii^tanco sleiiiM I'e.piiii-. tli.- mas- ..f lish that
appeaie.' iii:ir ill.. Iiarlior of tliat p nl ; in fs.'il, ..n.- hiin.lred
thoii-aiel liari.'ls wen- i.aii;;lit ill lifl'i'ii .la\>; in l^+.'i, lai'u'e
(|iiaiititi.- w.'iv -iciiiv.l fi.iiii wharves ami rocks, in hoats aiel
on laft-. ..II n.l- and ivilli-. hy .lipping' an.l sp|.:u-ini; ; in I.S+7.
■ a stor.' .•xec'dini;' lai;,'.' and I'al w.t.' -.•.•ii .-it -.-a. olf ('.ipe
('•id. will r.' Iiiiats e.iiil.l 11. it -af.lv fill. iw ami, in tie- alisi^iiei-
.if a e.in.-id.Talili^ pail nf tie \e— .•l-,-it ih.'liay ( 'lial.ui - iim-t
Were siiH'eled to i-.cap.' ; ill I .Sl-S a licet .il' six hllll.lreil vcss.'ls
ami li.ial-. caiii;ht twc'Ue ih.ai-an.l haiiels in twelve .lays, and
in IM-!itli.' ■.iicc.-.s iif a -mali.^r iiuiiili.'i nf m— .•!- th.iii^h
ll|i|cll le--. U.l> Vet sllllieient In lilri.^V.^ the losses (if olln-l'
ami iieii-.^ .li-l.iiit li-hiii;;' jiToiimU in tli.^ early jiart of that
seas.ili.' ■■'
'I'll.' Ihictiiatioii- ill lli'^ app'aiam f llii- li-li app.ar lo
l.i^ e.iiiilii.ili 1.1 all .Vlii.^l icaii water-. Hid the acciiillit- n'ivell of
-eh. ml- ill .Massachiisi'tts lia\. N.-w KiiL;laii.|, arc in aecm-d
with th.isi- related nf schools mi the ii.irlh-.a-t Atlantic shore
.if N.-" I..iiii.llaii.l.
I llii.l, |i. Ill
I. ' Ufii.it -III ill.' riiii.'iintl Ki'^li.Tit"' .if III.' .ViihTii'itn S».ii«," i'lx. ').ii'.
\Vii»liiiii;l..ii. IS.V.'. |.. :tr.l.
■J. I'll;;.. .■I.VJ.
Ml
(i.S. Mr. Siihinc j,'ivcs it (■(iiiipicliriiNivc tiiMi'. iliowin^r tlic
nnmlicr of Imiivls n( Muckcivl iiis|i.Tt(i| in Massiu-liilsptts,
N'l'W Hiiiii]sliii'i' iiiiil Miiinc liclwicii I.S04niiil IM.')-J. Hi'twci'ii
iHli) iiiid l.s'rj tile imiiiliiT uf liarivls siiluiiittiil to iiisjiirtion
tVoiii nil coiiiiliiis iiikI si'iiN Miiii'il I'roiii 40(),()(M) in \h:U to
M.OOOin IH+O. anil ii;;Hiii from .".(I.OOO in |,S41 to :):«.()()() in
l.s:.l.
'I'lii'sc aic iii'iriMons variations, anil sliow imw iiiijinlar
anil lia/nnloMs till' Imsiiicss of .Macki'iil HsIhtv has ln'i'ii ini-
ili'f till' oil! systi'ni of inanai;i'niint. ninl snlijiit lo tlir iiifiila-
tioiis inijiosi'i! Iiy si'|)iiiati' maiitinii' iiy;lrts.
'I'lii-sc ri'Miaikalili' iliH'iTi'nccs in cntcli nmliiiMr ilou n totln'
jHTsi'nt iliiy. mill aiv rniinn'iiitiMl ],\ ( ',i|ii Atwooil, as '/lyru in
snlisi'i|Ui'nt |iaiaL,'iii])lis.
Thf variation aninially takinj; jilari' in tin' ini|iiirtation of
Marki'i-i'l into tlir I'. S,, ni'i-rssiirily Hssimilati's in a nirasun- to
tlir yrars or i;iom|is of vi'ars alri'aily yiNrn.
'I'lnis in |.s:!() wlirn tlirri' wi'iv .•(()«.()()() jianvls ins|)rctiMi in
Ma»iiilin>rtts. only .-iiil wm^ iiii|i,iitiil. In I.S+I), wlu'n 2.'t4,-
72:i ucrr ins|icTlril. no l.s> (Iuim I .'tN. .•)():> urri' inil)ortiMl ; uiiil
in Im:>I, «1i, II :i:{i.:f|.'i miv inspiTtiil. lOi.fi.SH liarri'is wi'ii'
imiiorti'il. all of uliicli r; • from tlw liritisli Anii-rican I'rov-
ini-i's.
Ill IS.M tlir iiiiiiil.rr (if rniti'.l States lishrrmiii .■ini.loye,!
in llir Mai-kii-i'l Fislniy u err as follows : — ('■'
Niliiiliridf Mrii anil lioys. 'I'oiinayr. \'fsscls.
:t.!i!i:! .v.t.Ho 040
'I'lir followiiii;- talilc shows tlir tiiiinai,'r ciiiployiMl In tile
Marknvl Fishery of the I'. S. ilurin;; trieiniial perioils: — I--
l'"<:l'*^ .■>(l.(i4!l
i-MI Il,:!:.>l
\su.. . :''. 111.170
IH4.S 4:{,.-,.-,(i
l>*'>l .■)0..-):t!( 1^"
The siidilrii variation in the amoinit of toiniaj;i' iMn|)liiycil
in till' tishiry is very i^reat, ami fully imlicates its pnrarioiis
i-harai'ler iimli-r formrr tivaly stipulation^. Tin- rntrh of
I.S.'ii ilirt'rivil from the i-atrh of Is.M l,y no 1,-ss than i;!!..'iO!l
harivls. This vast iliHrrnirr with all its attendant evils, miijlit
liave I n much iliiuinisheil if perfect freeilom of action
aiuonu' tiNlicriueii hail c.xisteil in T. S. ami Dominion watt'i-s.
( 'ajjt. Atwooil einnneiates in his ■ Keniarks nn the Fisher-
ies of the ( 'oast of Massachusetts." puMishe.l in the Report of
the r. S, Fishery Commissioner, for I.S7I-72. '*■' the followiii;,'
years as noted for e.xtreine variations in catch.
l^'il (ircal catch, ;{.S.'),."i.")!l liarreK inspected.
iN-'il l.s:!!i (iradiial falliiii.' off.
\Xi'.\ -l,S44 Fell to 7').000 harrels in a vear.
I.N4I Onlv M).'M-2 harrels.
I!S41 IMil (lia'dual increase.
IISOI — 1,S71 -JOO.OOO liarnls.
I.S7I '■'' :J:i4.ooo
In Newfoundland the almndance of mackerel for nianv
years on the north-east Atlantic coast was so irreat that the
lish were not only used as manure, lail i;ave so much troulile
to the fisher 11, that their suliseipient diminution in nnmhers
was attriliutiMl hy the tishermcn to their heiiii; " cursed off' the
i'i)a.Ht."
I. I."i"iizii Siihini'. K.\. Il.ii'. ls,")L', |, .'liVJ.
•J. Il.i.l.
;!. Tlii.s liillVr- lr,.ni ilu- Iii..|iic'Uir ILiiiTnl'^ reliiin hv iiniul.v imiHi tens.
■I. IX'" 117.
.y It w.iiiM h.' ilillii'iilt to -how- hew niiirli of this c.itili wit- liiLfii in
flrili.ih .Vnicrii'iiii watt'fs,
.M>
(»!■ till' West <'iiii,st (if liclilllil tllr visits lit' till' miickrlil
lire alsii vifv III rtiiiii, " ' iiiiil, IikIimmI, a siiiiilftr imciTtwiiiU
U) tliiit iif till' licriiiij; I'vcrvwlirii' ii)i|ii'iirs tn lii'lmii,' tn tlir
iimcki'icl.
l>ii\iiMi>N ( 'aicii ill- Maimiu;!..
Hi'. Tile i|iiiiiititiis lit' Imirrls of iniii kiTcl rctiiiiUMl ii.s
c'liiiniit (III tile fdiiNts iif till' Allaiitic I'roviiucs uf tlu' hmiii-
iiiuii lUTonliiijf t(i tlic tJililcs coiitaiiUMl in tlir rvrpurt uf tlir
t 'iiiiiiiiissidiirr lit' Kisliciii's, aic j^iviMi in liilili' No. 1., wliicii
follows. Tiilili' No, II. (•oiitiiins tlir (iimiititii's caufflit, as
I'stiiiiiitcij liv ilir |)i|iiit\ of ilic Minister of Agriuultiiify'"
1
No. 1.
No. II.
Ytvii-H.
XlUIllflT «
( Hanvl. ..1 M.ic'k
tiinifd.
•re! IV N»'. '
f lUir.'l. ..f M-iiki-rel (...ll
liiilteil .IK riiiulit.
I!m;<i
.■>:i,()ll
:>iM->-2
I.s7()
:>i:2in
!):<,it72
I.H7I
iM)Mn
2+.-..(il2
IH7-2
ll!I.H.-)!l
l:2i>.l+:.
1 ,s7.S
i<io.(;i7
Hi.-t.liSl
I,s74
ll!l,7!».S
l(i+.^7!l
I.S7.-.
li>:t.!Hi(i
l-.>(i:fJt
|N7li
1(I4.:;.m;
Thr fl
Nn\.\ Snri'iA.
iwiiii; tfililc shows thr n^'Ti'i'iiti' ciitcli of iiiiicki'iTl
in Nova Scotian watn-s iliiiiiiL; tlii'V^ars IM.M. I.hiII. ami IH(1!»
to lN7<i, ilicliisiv !■.
\mr. H.in.l<. I'iili".
IH.'iI 'Mi.T.ii
i,H(ii (;:i,i:u)
iKiid 4<i..")7'>
l,s7() ,s.-i,2.')4
Ifs71 iiH.\y2
]s7-2 ll.'i.(::tl .-)()..•)()()
I,n7:! 1 + 1.(11).') l(),«+2
l,s74 I22.2.-1N .so.4(i()
1.h7:. u\:2:\r> 24,40()
IS7I1 7().'.i<i+ :w,H20
Till' siurciMlin;,' talili', sliowiny- the annual ictiini of mack-
>'ivl cauirht in racli Connty of Nova Scotia, ixliiliits tin' iia-
tniT of till' llnrtnatioiis on ili'tiniti- iiortioiis of the coast line.
1. ■• III 11 .Sm,i I'lsiiiuy," IIiilit«wortli, iMige 120.
•_'. T" the iiiiiiii'iir nl liftrri'ls rHuriii'il us taki'ii, (Iiitp iiiii-'l In- aiMi).l I he
nniiihei' of cans of niiii-kercl inttiiiifailure.l, wliiih iiveriiKf aiP.IIDO eai-li your,
iliirina till' <i»i'ii'*. iiml L'O.HOI' Uis. nf iimckerel returneil uiidur Ihiit ilfiioiiii-
lialinll.
83
4
; «
03 i^
2i
'/ 5 r 5 S 4
• _ V ■; tl .» •■« i ^ -' ,« t; L: ,1 r» •
-'■'£ ^ ^ Vi !•: r: ^ tf l-s i-
T — "t {: ir: 'r ^ .-f I"; —
?t ^ — — i r.
3 a :t :< J s !■ s .-< S
I! IS
Li
■u $
5 _ 2 ei ?i « ?i ?-, -
Z 9 * 1^ ; .w 5 1« ?J Q 2 y, ^
<
>■ J
>
"^ '•^
o
^. ^
Si;
-^-i J
5
s
>K '^
Fh
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1^
^ ;o
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— -^
5^ .,
^
'-^ -^
K
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y; .
a
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?5 i
•5 -J -r di rf ?i >6 r- r- US « I- ■'
•■— """W^ .lit* — t^i*^ 1^
r: ?i I- P: 5i — "
^. ii ?. ^ .-. y» * ■:: ^ r^ -c -3 n
« 0> 10 C r? r^ CI « 'X ^. « — 5 I ifi
w ?i 1* a» ri — .^ ?i 71 ^ r^
a i
' -c ri I - I ' :€ I "" 71 1- CO ~ ■-*;€-: —
• z-i o 1.- It I- -r Ti
— -. * « s> J-. 5 I'i C-. rt
Ti 5i —
:■= £ 9 £ ^ '/•
li|.= i|t|ll|t5i-l|l£ I*
iiiei«5i
KM'iiKIS 111 Mai KKIIKI. HmM NkWKiUNKI.AM), I'AKKX KIKi.M
IIKHIIAI. RkTI'MNH. "•'
y«it.
OaiktMarkml.
Ymr. 1 llirnl.
lMi4
1 .(IS.')
iN.'.i ' 1 tr.. IH 1.1 >1n.
IHI7
!t+l
IM.'ili j
INIS
1.1. vs
to Mil ii'tiinis.
l(l(i!l \
iNllt
7.S()
iH'iO
i,s7(>'-': ii)i!i
INil
7(HI
1H71'''' I.:i7+
1H22
!i2:«
1x72 •i"^
IH2:«
4:11 !
l.s7:t ■*"
IS24
:i:.-
1«74 10
l.s2:>
.-illO
IM7.-.
IS2(i
--.1
|M7li M
IS27
v.m
ls2!t
ti-il I.Kk
1X30
.'.tlO
isrjl
II ii;
ls:i2
11:1:.
l,s:<:<
14! 1
!«:»+
III! I'l'tiin .
lH:r>
l.s:Wi
7'.i
I.S.S7
imiii'.
1 ,s:iis
(■
isrlii
IIOIH .
IHK) 1
lliiUc clIllLlhl
1
ISV.'i
^'^■.lUll|>^ "MKN Mai kiiiii. AiTimArii nil; Cham'.
71, Till' lu'iiiiiU wlii'ii till' iimrki'ivl ii]i|iriiiirli tlif Atlimtir
rnil^t iif NnVIl Srotill .Mini tllr rilitnl Stillr>. illl.l tlic'dulf of
St. l.ilwii'Mi'i'. iilr 11^ t'lillnws :
I. IN NllVA SI nil AN WA I'l.llS.
;;,„i//, i„u-l of Snr„ Sn,li„. iMli tn 2.-,tli Miiy. '' ■ Ix.Vi .
•■ 'I'l,,. cliii.t' |iliii-i.^ t'nr iii'ttiii^- mill M'iiiiiii; uiiickcivl in tlir
sjirinj.' mv ihr 'I'li-ki't Islamls. tlir \vi>t -^iilr of ( 'ain' Siililr
,.ast su\r of St. .Miiriiiiivts liny. Littli' Mnrliour Wiiiti' lli'wl,
St. l'itii'>. in ('ii]ir Uii'tnii, Aiititrnnisli. iVc."
dlllf „l Cilll^n. K'nfi- liilnlliildills lirl.<n,. -\.»M. WiM'k ill
Mnv. vvitli tiini iiviT tlir I'.vi' ; ilisapiiiar iinl i>f NovimluT, at
till' Cansii Islaiiils.
ILdit'ir. .\,ir,i Sinii, I. —May l.'lli. witli Hliii .>v..r thr .•ye;
I'Mi-.apiii'ar niiililli' "r Nnvi'tiilu'V.
.S7. M.ny.irrf" l{o,i.,rrsf 0/ //.///yW.r- .May 1 .'.tli.'"' -" I"
„„.■ iii-lit till' i.iai-kiivl will -ti-ikr tin- stioivs fur i.vit oin-
hnii.liv?! Miili'> in rxtrnt. wiinv imt mi.. wa> mtii tlir ilay l.i-
fmv.- ••'
r,.,/.v/ ,,/ Cii^' Hntni, !.■>!, (ml Spi-iliL.'. Mmk.'ivl jilv
tak.-ii I'iiily in .Imn'. ~'
Mnifis liiisni. nniiii',' til.' |.ii'M-nt M',is,,n IH"7
inack.Tfl wi.|'.' taki'n in ni't-s in tiir liasin of Miiia>. ni'iir Hlo-
iniiioii Tliis is thr Hist tinii- witliin tlir ini'inory of men wlm
hiivi' tisiii'il nil til.' L'lomi'l ix'"!' I'l '''"I' *'•"■ tliirty y.ars.
l)riftin';s|m«n fi.iiiiinar tli.- ioa>l lilU' '"'low tlif Straits,
li'a.liii/iiito thr Mina- I'.asin. aii.l tin- liatcliiii;; of flu- .siiawn
1 Kioiu LSI? I'p IS5'.' ih.' .liita is "I'luii""! Ii''i"i iM>'> in ili.' Ainit'nilix M
•• I,,.,'l.ir.. ..11 .\>wl..ii.i.llrtii.l ,111.1 it- Ki-lii'iMi-." In- .M.illli.'vv II. Wrtrr.Mi. imli-
lisli...! ill .si. .l"hiiV, .N.'Wlniin.lliinil, in IM;i
•J. Anili'.'Wf Cinim-i'i'i' ..r Iln" llriti-li .N.nlli AmiTicnii T .l.ini.'s. K.v.
1> .1'. :llst f iiitf.. '.'nil .shsh.. \VHHliini,'t..n.
:t. t«:0 I" 1ST4 t'lul.ni- It.'tiirn-.
I r,iu|Ci.,%v.'ll.i|iMti'.lii,v I. in'iU'i.-^iiliin.'.
r,. \ i.i.. 1.111,- i-'i. I'l" '""I ■''"""-• •■'■ •'^- ''^ I'""- '•' ''■"'■ ^'■'"' '"'■ "*"■'""■''
(iiliiin. |8l',ri-i;i'.. I'Hrt IV
I!. l{,.v..l. Aml.i'.we. IV., .V S. I„-1, '.f N..I. Sri,- . tsiir.-HT,
7. Il'iil |«HP Til.
s. ltHi,'.i'l ..f (■«|,t.S,'..tl. Ii .v.. Isi'.'.l.
80
ill till' (livill K.I.In Mrin hinlilicloll, i, till' illtliHillrtioll 111' II
•(I'IiiidI lit' tish tlii'ic wliii'li will iiniluiliiv cuiitiiiin' fm iiiiiiiv
vi'iirs. mill liy |iri)trctii)ii ninv U' liiijfciy inrri'iisril. Nn ijniilit
II silllillir iMTlt llll.s iicclHTril lit llli' Mlllli' plllrf nftrll U'CiHI',
Mini, iinli'iil. all I'lMiinl tlif nmsl liiii'. 'I'lir lisli ruiiii' iiy:nili tn
■■liiiwii iii'iii till' |iliii'i's of tlii'ii' liiitli. Till' ■^tlllll^r Clin lilt-
iliil'l till' llniiliii;.' -pavMi iiliiiiit fill mill iii'iir. mnl wIu-ii'MT iIii'
liiilcliiii^ laki'H pliii'i' II iii'w si'l I is i'-.|iililislii'i|. mill iIh' uIiI
mil' will ilir iiiit if mil, |iii'm'| vnl li_v rililviiiy s|ih\mi nr l\v tin-
ilitiiiiliirtiiiii iif fii'xli s|iu\vii fiiiiii iiiiir nr ilistmit ■Hrlimils,
liiiiii;,'lil lp\ riiiniit.s. Till' Kci)j{in](liiciil iliNtrilnilinii uf tin'
lliiiitili;; s|iii\Mi iif tislii's is liki' tlic i;i'ii^'iii|iliiriil iliNtiililltinll
nf (111' >i'i'i|-< nf |llltll|<i liy williJM.
7i. II. IN INITKIi SIATKS \VA IKIIS
M,iss,i,%ii.iilln Hiii/}'! -V'lysl Mu\ sfciiiiil wi'fk in Miiy.
\'iiii'iiiiril .S'oio/i/.i- ' - ."itli to lOtli Miiy vi'iy iiliiiinlinit.
2Mtli Si'|i.. mill Ill-ill ciiiiirlit iilHiiit iiiiililli' uf ((ctiiliiT Ihij,"'
iiiiickrii'l, Tiny Mil' full of -|iii\vii, lipi' mill til to niii oiil
iilioiit llii' lOtli May. At Wooils Holi'. yoiiii;.' inacki'ivl in tin-
fall alioiit I inrlirs Inn;;.
H'l/.n/.* //(,/(•.*•'■' -Male ami fi'inali' coini' tn^titln r lii-.t ami
si'cnml wiM'k in May, with srali'ovi' tlir I'yi' ; alimit lOtli May
rijii' spawn iiiiis mil nf thi'iu,
Tlli Sl'VW.MMl Ml' M MKKIIKI.
7;t III III.' inhn.liictoiy cliaptiT to Mi. K. \V. II llnlils-
Woltli's ■ hi'i'p Si'll Fisiii'iy," till' iliscnVi'lirs of lllr NolWl'^iail
iialiir.'ilisi. Sais, ill ir'alioi: to tlir spawning; of markiTi'l aii'
ili'M'lilir.l at •iiiiiii' li'ii^rili iVi.iii wiitti'li rmiiiiiiniii'iitioiis iiil-
ilii'ssiil 111 Mr, llolilsworlli liy I'lofrssor Sars. 'I'liis alili' Nii-
f'lialist nl'taiiiiMl, in jsii.'), iiliimilmit I'viiliiici' that tlif nva of
thr iiiack.'ivl will' ili'M'Inpiil at tin' siiifaci' nf tln' si'ii, ami
alsn rliHi thi'ii' is >t I nasmi In lulii'vi' that thr act nf spawn-
in;,' t.'ikis place 111 ar to ihc surface itself. He tliis hs it may,
the lloatiny: of nnickerel spawn iliiiiiiL,' the ]ieiinil of its ile-
Vi'lnpliiellt is slirticielll to show tlllll the actlllll area where till'
spawn is ilcpnsiteil is of little nt. for its hatehiii'.'- is ile-
|ieiiileiit Upon eiirienis,
"<■. Acciinliii;; In .Mr. I li.l.lsuiii tli, in British seas " the
spawniiie season appears to siiry within certain limits, hut
.lime is ahmit the ;;eiieial time for it : iiml it has hecn alreinly
iiicntimii'il that mackerel ilo not ;,'n tn the erniiml. like the
licriin;,'s, for the purpose nf ilc|insitiiii,' their spawn, lnit sheil
it i|iiite at the surface, ami at varying; ilisUiiices from the laml.
Aceonliiie to mir oliservatinhs nn the DeMinshire coast, iiiack-
eiel reinaiii in shnals nr schnnls. until after they have s|iawiicil.
aiiil while thus cmi'.'ri';;-ateil tiny i| I \eiy reailily take a
liait ; liiil after this pmcess has taken place, towanls the niiil-
ille of .Inly, the shnals liecmiie ilispei-seil. ami the tish. iiisteail
of then iiiakiiii,' their way to ileep water, as ap|iears to he the
ei'Meia! haliit nf the lierrinLrs iiinler like circiiiiistances. ilraw
I .-arer the laml ami even enter the harlmiirs, wliere tliey aUnfil
excellent spmt with the Imnk ami line. .Mackerel i|n not lose
cmnlitimi so much as the lierriii;,'s hy the act of spawning;, ami
tliey soon recover after feeiliiiir voraciously on the vmiii;.'
s|)rats ami other small fry which alimiinl at that time near the
laml llalf-i^iowii mackerel, with tin ajipearanec of roc in
tlieiii. are mole nr less aluimlaiit mi the sea coast at the same
time as the lar;,'e mies, nr in some localities preceiliii^j, in
e c.xpcrieiicf
itlieis fnllowin;:, thein ; ami it must he within tin
if most
whu liiivt; I
iccll eiicM^feil 111 maokere
K,sli
mg
1, Reperl or tloinniissiiiiier of Kinli ami l''lHlu.i'i.'s, KSTI-7'-', iniKe rt-t.
2. lliiil |i. IIA, iil.sii iiii^'i'.-. i;4 Hiiil I'lS,
;:. llli. I |i, iM.
tliiit l")lli Imw Kiiil Miiiill Ml itiv fi-f<|iiciitly ciiiiKlit ill till'
Mlllir |iliicM. (irnl (111 llir Hiiliir <lll> ll •«..|.|ll'< i|llil.- rl.iir tllllt
l...tli kin.N riiiin.M iiiiik<' llwir ii|i|ir.«irli t<. tin' Inn. I for tin-
jimiiiisf of •.|iii\viiiin{ . in ruct. in tlir ^|«l^vll MmitH tln'ii' !« tm
ii|>imri'iit ii'iiwiii why lln' iiiiifkfifl hIihuM immh' in slion' at nil
Willi llml nlljrcl ; ■..ililr (itlhT hliltiVf IMII-t I"' Mill^llt f'lr thiw
|Mlii"linii NisJN llMil il ll|l|lrlll> likllv lIlMl Mil IllMllllllllit tllp-
]ily xl fiw"! in till' iiiiiiii iitliiiclii.il to lintli iil.l mill liiilt-:,iiiwn
HmIi, mill lliiit thry iii^tiiictivi'ly srrk il miu.ii;.' tlir iiiyriii'N nf
i.f "infiiri' '•wiimiiiiiir fry wliirli firi|iiflit tln' hIiimiI \vii«<t. W«
know lirtlr nf wlmi miiiiN kimU nf li'*)! fri'il 'Hi ; l>"il tlii'tv
(•nil ll.' liitl.' iliiiilii iliiit till' ••iiiirli fur f I it I'lii' I'f ll"' I'Hii-
lipal iiiii-i- nf ihrir iiiiniiitiiili> ; iiml I" tliin \vi' mv ilisiiiiMiil In
Idiik Coi mi i'X|ilmiiitii>'i nf llif vriiii'iiN "f llm-'' ^in'cii't
wliiili ]ii riiiilinilly \isil rmist^
Amiriliii^' III till' I'viiliiii iicili'.i liy tin' Hiiti-li Sm Ki-li-
iTJi-* Ciiiiiiiissiiiii in \hM. tin' .nni'kii.l ntt' 'riiii|iiiiy mi the
Miillli r..Mit i>r KiikImihI i|iiiwii in A|iiil oi l.>','innin^' nl' Miiy ;
III mill iii'iir lliinitpili'. in •Imii' mul .Inly . m Wykr Ki'nis. in
till' U'lrliniiii;,' III' ,liiii.' ' Mr llnliUwnrtlr " t si.lrrs tlmt
wliili- Ihr )ii'iiiiil ..ir >i>ii\vnin',' in Mrilinli \vnli'i> viirii-* williiii
tcll;lin liiiliN, yrt .llllli' i> illnnit llir irilimil lillli' fi'f il
Till' iiiirli of niiiikiivl MM llir Uritish ciMixt in si.nii-tiiiii'.H
■ •iiiiiniiiii>. mill fur fXf.MiU tlir liikr in Anii'iirmi Sfiis.
Tiir Liiii.liiii TiiiiiH. nf Mn_\ II. Ih7:! informs iis tlmt IHiO
lolls I.f iimrkiMvl, I'siiiiiiiti'il to wiM-li on.' |i"iiiiil ••iiili liii.l iv-
n-iitly liirii t.ikin in a sinj,'li' niv'lit. »l " Hsiiinj.' stiitioii on tin-
Hiitisli coiis..!^'
IN Till-; lilM.K iiK ST. I.WMll SI K.
DiiiiiiK tlir Miiiiiii.T ol IH.V.'. 11 M S. •• DevRHtation,"
Ciipt. ('ainpi)i'll, It N., ":i« iriiisiiiK in tln'(nilf "I i^t- l'i>«-
ii'iiii' fill- till' iniiKction 111 ill" l''i.«liiTii's. In liif l{r|u)tt on tin'
result- ol tlic -r,i-on- o;.cr,iliiiM». Ciilit. Cnniilu'li n-fcrs 'o tin-
s|muiiiiu' of ilii' .M.i.knrl, anil lo the >i/i' ol ilir vomn,' tisli at
« ciTiaiii portion ol (lie year. lifli'i rinij; to thf tisliiiin ^loiiinU
on till- north -\i .1 I'riin'r Kduinl Mam', thi» oili-'cr statfH
as lollows : —
•• riic .MackiMfl, a. the sia-ion advances, arc hotli more ini-
ninoiis .Mill ol hiicr (jiiiliiy, inilcpil the sprint; lisli arc vciy
|, .mil it -.Miiilil add ({really to the value of llie I'lsherie'* if
llic\ «'Te nol tak;Mi eailv.
.\,i!nre has proviilci! ihat al this, their spawniiii,' reason,
llii\ .111 not leadih take hait, l.iit fidiii seining and olhir meins
Hilopted l.y the .\iiir-iwins, il il had not heen checked, the lisli
would h.ive lieeii e.Mei niinalcd in a lew \e.irs, while the |)ro-
diiclion of the roast this ye.ir will, in all prohihility, c.nise a
jjreat incriMsc in I'litoir si'asoii>.
77(c W'tler ulrmdij aboiuulx ii-illi siikiU MtcktrnI , iilxiul
l/ini; iiir/iex liiiii); this, I am told, Ins not oecinreil hefore to
aii> exienr, and is imputed to the spawning fish during spring I *'
iiN rili; riHSTS iiK M.Vss.MlllSKTT.s.
Thne ye;.l^ siil.-eqieiilly to ('apt. Campbell's ohscrvations
on ihe north shore of I'rime Kdwaril Island, Capl. Nathaniel
E. At" nod oliM'ived Mackerel spawn on the coast of Massn-
chiisetls. .0111 ivatclieil their gro«ih.
Thr Mackerel appciicil on the coa>t ahoiir the tirst or second
week in M.iv.
I. >f,i l-'i-lu)i u--*'iiiiiniis--iitii.
•.I, ]!■>■]' Sim l''i»liini;.
:(, liii"t.'il hy .Mur«li. |- liNi " Till' K.otli ir- Iitii'il l.y IIUMiiiii .Vrtiiiii."
4, |{..|..it II I'aia I'aiiiiii"'!!. II. M. S- " Oi'tftstiiii in." Hiilifnx intli
Nin.. IN.VJ. .\ii|p. I. .\..vii Sc.itiiiii .l.iiinuls llniHf cif .\s«eiii Illy, 1*^3.
a, r. .•<. Ki>li (■.iuinii».'<iMii.T lii'|».it IH7i-L'. I '. '.".'■♦.
r
h7
Tliry •|iii«ii lM<rwiHi|i ihi' Infiitii'tli of \ln_v and tlic Kr»f
week ill .Iiiiii' A nimilli or thirty iI.ivm alter the liri^lit of the
B|iiiwiiim(, the wiiti'in of .MiH^-mhim'tli. Hhv, wliurc llio«' ob-
"(Mviliiiiiit \vri'i> iiiadc, nwni'Mii'il uith i>in,il| M.iikiTfl h'iltN tivi'
iIiiSn, or .ilioiit two tllr)llll1^ iil'lci llli' '•p.iu iiilii; li. Ill Ink' II |iliiir,
till' yoiillK M.irkfli'l Were •miih' I«m ill(|ii'>. ill li'Ii^lli.
I liei'i' i* liiit II rompiriilivfly <iiiiill i,ilf*i'v.it IicHvim-ii iIii-
]M>rioi!« «licii the .Miu'ki'ii'l »ji;i\mi on ilic AiLinric >cii-Iio,imI oI
Ni'vv hlimliiiiil III' N'oVii .S'liiiii, iiiiij til'' nlioiiM III I'riiiri' Kilwiinl
III. Mill, ill till' (iiilt ol Hi, l.iwi'tMii.'i', .mil ill ilii'< rc<;ii'rt ilii'
"piwiiinn •i':i"'i>ii iip|»iiiii(*h thoM' of tin' ^. IimoIs whi'li fii'i| ii'iil
till' !''.iiiii|i('i" ( ' iiii-i.
75. i'li'' l.ilc Mom. Jo«r|ili llowr, in -.i Hi|ioi' on • Siilili-
Miiiil.' ilili'il Ort. ^'Ut, IN^O, .iiiilioni'ii to tin- l.ii lit. (iovii-
mil' III NdVii Scofiii, " ' Npciikii of the coiiiillrHd •■• liooU of
M;irkni'l « liirll vi»iti'il tilt- coii-ls of ill il IhIiiiiiI, ||i' -liiys ; —
" I'lii' *>ii|iciintriiilriit iiii'miiiril iiic fli.it ,i fi« i|,iv« licfoii' llic
' niirinx' iini'i'ii, tlir M.i'kiii I rmwiliii ilic coikI in mi' |i nnm-
lii-rn tliiit tiny alnlll^l pii'iisiil i a li oilier upon llic sainU, .in I I
saw an iinlir iki'ii >irliool, rxic: diiijf nrar tlir landiii;,' |ilair fur .i
mile in IctiKtIl, nitliiii ^n>o^l x'iniiig ili>!.iii c, lii'siilvH otliurn at
vaiioiii. poiiitH, inilii'.iiiii}( ilii» picnen r, in ilio »iirniti.uliiii.( ■'Oi-.,
of iiirnliil.iliji' width. " The ti.nc n' \li. Hinvo'i. vi*il MiHtiic
(illl I.I I 111 .S'p,
( aiiMi, — " Fiiini ISl:,' 111 IS.JO ihr aliiiiidaiil r.idli lit .M.ii'k-
»*rt'l of the l.iij^i' kind hik ih'Vit kinmii to l.til I'iiis li'licry
I oiiiiiii'ii"('d ill SepU'iiiliCi and colli inniil ■inislaiitl) iiilii tlir
I. ml of ( K'toiicr, It w.iK a (oliiiiloii oiciii ri'iirc l.ir i srinr to
liaiil from 1(100 lo !.'»()() hinifis iit a linic, and liy dilli'ii'iit
si'iiirs many iiiore uioi' lianlid in a Ufck tlian roiil.l pii>.iildy
111! ciircil Tlir prii'i' ol Markcri'l ,il tll.it tinii' «a^ only
#ii.()0 ti) *4.ll() per Ikiii-iI." I
Ulsl'iiltV 111 ■|IIK(il.iil iKSIKK M.MKKMi;!. KlSIIKIlV.' '
7ii ■ .\^ I'.'iily a- Iti.'i.'t II roastwisi. iniilr in this li^li liiid
nininiiiiei'il, and in Inter year- it m.i'Iiis eoitaiii thai ^oiiir ttcie
s'lippi'd In f.Piei;,'!! Imiti: for \\r tilid thiil.ili inlti. tin' ivinoii-
.siriiiits iijfiiinst an m-.lrr passnl Ly tin' (Ii'Ih-imI ('oint I hat no
pi'iMiii should haul iishoir any inail 'H'I with any smt of int-
■ ir .I'iiies wliatMii'ViT. iiiiil that tin pel-soil sliiiidil ea'ili any.
I'Xei'pt fur use while fii'sli, liefmr ilie lirsi of .Inly, aiiiiniilly,
in rrfiiliilioii of the ti.ssertioii that inaekeiel will not " save
Will ill .May and .liiiie. sUite tlinl they have sliippnl iinii-keivl
eail;.dit ill llinse iiiolitli.s lieyniiil sea.iilid aid that th.y kepi as
Well .IS those eaiijflit in other niipiitlis. 'I'lier,' eaii -eaieely he
a d.ailil. tli( refine, that this tisli was to .■,ohie e\t.'iil .in luiiele
of tr.ide anioiiy; the early coloiii.sl.s ; and ue know tliat hef.uv
llir Uevoliitioiiai'V war. several ve.s.sils were employeil in this
lislury froiii the hailiniiis on the s eilh side of .Mas.saehilsetts
Bay: Init < lloiu'estei- ttsheinnn do not seem to have liiveii
iiiueii .vtteiilioii to it tili alioiit l^2l. 'or in the thiiie.'ii y.-ars
ilnliii diatrly pieeediiio that dale, we liml that, aei .n dllii; to
the iiLsjieelioii returns, tlie whole iinnilier paikeil here w.is
only 1171 haii'.ls. From this lime, h.iwevei. the InisiiKs, ra-
pidly iiierea-.eil ; the llsli heeanie so aliiiiidant in oiir wiiris
ih.il.in I.'s2,'>. a siiijjle ji^';,'er, eaiivinj,' ei:,'ht men. to.ik o\er
l:il)l) hairels, and in IN31 the whole eateh of llie lowii rose lo
Ip1I,7."iII hailels ; lilit lifter tile last named date iimekerel he;.'aii
to he seaire on olir own eoiist. tiiid the eatih deeliind so ra-
[liilly that, in l.S-K), it iimouiited to only s."s70 haiiels ; ami in
I, .^ppi'ii. '^4. NoTirSptftin .liuinml.",' 18,VJ,
1'. i'rizi' l-'.sMiy 111! Illl' lli.-liii'y ..f tin' ('..iiiity ..I ljiiy.«li.>r..iinli. Ixl'-
;t. I'liii till- HiutliiT- The Ki»l\i'iie,< .if lil.uiiuMl.T.
88
tl\iU ami till- torn tullnwiii):; \rai-s the totii aj,'<;if^'ati' taki'ii
liy (!1 HTNlcr Hslii'VMicii amnuiitcil to no iiioiv than (iti,,')+7
Imhti'Is. AlHuit tliis tiuif tin- ciitcipiisc of tlii' HsluTMicn IimI
tlicni to |iuisnc tlic niacktTfl into tlieii- ilistant rcti-cats in llic
(iulf of St. l,awifnn', anil for scvrial years nearly all the
vessels of tlie town enj;ft(;eil in this tisliery resoiii'il to that
ref,'ion. ami it liecanie th" chief sonivi' from « hieli tlie ileiuaml
for the tisli eo\ilil he supijlieil. \\ itli success wiilely \aryinj,'
from year to year, the mackerel tisiiery liii-s coiitiinii'il to !»•
pursued to the present tinie. Lute in the spring months tlie
tishermen stjirt to eieet the " scIkioIs ',' when lliey make thei:
tiist appearance in the waters south of New Knj;iaml. from
which they follow them to our own coast ami into the seas of
British .Vmerica ; hut it is a precarious lishciy, ami it is aj,'ieeil
that a i;oim1 ili'al clepenils ujioi luck . for there is <,ftcn a with-
ilirterence in the result of the masons work of ui'ii eipiallv
ililij;ent ami ei|ualiy skilieil in the husiness. Of late it has
hccome cu.itomaiy to take these tish hy seinine-. ami when the
net surrounds a •■ school " there is a chano', indeed, almost a
certainty, of a Lji'eat haul ; lnit it sometimes hap(iens to a lish*
in;; cn'W that no such cliame oi'cui-s for month--, and a hail
voyai;e for the \es-,e| and men i-, the unfortunate result, Thi'
cases of totjil or partial failure, however, are not suthcii'Utly
!-ii' ,,ius til create discourai;euient oi' to excite a])pri'hen-ioii
that (Iloucester will soon ceasi' to e^hihit that preponderance
ill this lisliiTy it has so loti^' enjoyed. It is true that the last
vear l.sT'i was ., lie of poor success. I m' in tlie |iivcediiiy the
.piantity of mackerel packe.l in this city wi- lI.s:M+ Uarivls.
of the net value prohahly of more .than "lie luilliM dollars,"
" Durinj^' the suiiniier nioulhs there .ue tw- ii.>i-ions of the
^[ackcrtd ih'el. one tishi '■; olf the shoics (,1 Massuliusctts and
M line, iuid the other ina.viM!» voyaijes to the Hay St. Lawrence.
The S,)iithcrii and Sluire fleets have practically ahandoiied the
old style of hook and line tishiiis. Hi'd are fitted with expciisi\>^
.seines and boats tor the capture of Mackerel on a wholesale
scala The success of this depaitniei' is sjieatiy duiieiKhrit on
the dexteritv with which a school of fish cjiii be surrounded
an captured, and the ciii|)lovmciit is an cxcitin;? one. Ihe
busi, 'ss is an uncertain one, as the mackerel is a capricious fish,
and !. u little cdculalion can he niado: of their movements.
Week- i.iv elapse without the discovery ot tin' fish schooliin;
on the surface vith the proper conditions for their capture. Im-
mense hauls, however are sometimes nnuk', more than can be
jiroperly dressed hy the crew of the " seiner," and if no other
vessel is in the viciiiily to accept a portjou of the catch, large
juantitics aic fre(pii'iilly thrown aw.iy through sheer inability
to handle them The seiuini,' lif .Mackerel occasions a i/reat
; destruction of immature tish, unfit for use, hut such is the pro-
lific chaiMctcr of ihi' Mackerel ihAt it has nevtr been clearly
dcmonstiated that this method ol tishini? has a tendency serious-
Iv to diniiuish tb.' supply I'lic cost of a mackerel vessel, fitted
for sea, is in the neigborhood of $7700 ; a !iUO f.itliom seine,
of a depth of .'JO i'lthoms, will cost $900 additional, and a seine
boat and liories gotH) more ; salt, bait, lines, etc., and the ne-
ccssarv (iroviiions for a five weeks' tiip make tlw total cost,
when ready for a (ishini; voyaije, .«!it;{;.'5. 'I'lii' Hay St. Law-
ii'iice Mackerel Fishery, once of considcralile propcntious. has
declined hugely of lite years. 'I'lie sejuiug of NLickciel is
'ounil impracticable in this lisbejy, owingto the rocky bottom
ill the w.itcis where it is followed, and the conseiliieiit destrnc-
lion ot seines.
The numhet of Gloucester vessels finding ei:
Till' Ki-liHiii- "t lii i-U'i-." I'r'pi-iiT Itiullier,-. l.sTii.
81)
jiloymiiit III il,r iii:icki-r( 1 fisliiiv in IST;") was ISO Ol tlu--i',
i».{ niailr Souiluiii tri?i,s, 117 (IsIk'i! oil shore, iiiul 58 viMlod
tlif It.iy Si. l,;iwicii(r. (ilH lares wctf' ir'ci'ivi'd, l:i:l I'loiii tin'
Soiitli, mi') troiii o'f >li(,ii-. ami (ill linin the Hiv."
< 'iiM I.I Sic INS.
77. It ii|i|)fiirs tV.jMi III.' Ini-,.v:.iihti ■.Intciiifiii- llmt Hie
niMrl<Mlvl cnlii,- .lilrcl (' 1 tlii'ir willti'l- IlHIU's In til" lll-cll-
Wllcli' tllr\ nci'i- linlli. t" s|lll\Hl ill (lie s)llillL.'. 'I'lll'V (iinir
with till' tilin cif li\ lii'iiiiitliiii .-itill in part lin'^M'iiiii;- (ucitlii'
r\.'. (Mill (lie |,iiitinll\ Mill.!. |iii,.r, unci ivl'ii.s,. tin- l.iiit The
lullliUll (11- llolM.' .il' l|ili;T,.lll M'l U .■\tcll.K t'uMII (llTClliiUl.'
I" <'il|ii' IliillniiH, itii.j (licy ,i|v tiikni \<\ I'liiii'd Stillc-
ti-lii riiirii s,,ulli .,f thr :!!)th imnillcl ,,1' hititiid,.. Tlii'ir iiiTind
•d il|l|)r(,lK'lllllj,' the shiilr [nr the |,urp.M,. i.l .s|,fl«llillu Miri. s
I'll thr Allll-IICMll Cdllsl uilh lllr llltitlldf, ill .ithlT \V..|-ds. \\iih
liic l.'iiipci'iiuir.-. rii,.\ .-li.AV llh'HK,-Ki- lii,i ill \ii-iiii;i :>tu'.
Noilh Cai-nlin;!, ill III,. M'as jiliniii, i 'a|.r IliiUi riis, mid I'm ili.-r
ii.'rlh IIS llic- |i'iii|j' nitiiiv advance Tlirv (•(inn- frniu tin'ir
winter hiiiii.s ,|ii,.,-i 1-1 •!„• ,.,,asi ami spawn in s|iall..\v wal.i
,«vii, rally ii.ar il„ sli,,i,.s ,,r il ntiient, of i.slands, in Sal,,.,-
1-laiid. ..II till, .-..asl ..r Nova S ia I he .Mui,'dali-li Islands, in
the <iiill' ,,f St. Lawrence, ( 'aiisn Island, in the Stniils.,f < 'iiiisn
riiey may also spuvvn in the ujien sen, l.iit the yimn^' fry. f^l-
IwwiiiH the law whicii -iii.le.s the V'.uiii, ..!' imisi .,peuies ul'
li-h, appi-uaeh the shuiv and sp,.|i,| the early p.iitinii ,if their
lives in nin-t;ii waters. Th.-y ..n,. ,•, vvaiiderin,;; tish in the
siininier iiiuiuhs, l.nt ih, |.. waiiderines nve limited t.i a eeitaiii
sea area aiMiiiid. and imt eNreiidiiiL,' very remule IVoin llieii
'•mil plare. I (uiiej to the lae| of theii sp.iu II ilnalin..; ..n ihe
siirfae.- during; th, peii,„| ,,f its ie.. ..|,,pii„.nt. the s.hi.nis ,,f
this lish aiv liaM.- tn sii.ld.ii .liminiitiiiii. ami during favnralile
seasuiis. lu ec|iially si|.|,|,n iiirie..!.,,. They are very iiiii.nrl
ant as a l.ait lor the deep sea lisheiy . and ar.. laiiivly n,,,! for
that piii|,.,se, ,\. a .•..iiini.ivlal !i~Ii,iley ha\.- always f..riiiei|
.■in inip..itaiii iiem in the I )i>iiiinioii eateh in Dominion waters,
an. I III s.iiiie -easoiis, as in I s7 I , the value of the aee-iveale
Cilteh approaehes that .if the eod.
'I'lie siippiised niiijriitioiis of the Miie','ri'l I'imiii warm soulh-
eiii wart'is 111 ciiolei se,|.; (luiiiii; ilie sa ici- months, like the
mylhie.il MMiulfriiiifs of the Ilcniiiits to Polar Scis dariiiu; the
winter season, or the cqiidlv fineilid ini!,'iafi(iiis of the Cod to
sp.iwniiii,' ijrniiiids on 'he Nnrwei;i,iii eoa-t, h.ive disappeared
heloie ihetn.,t of rii^iil einpiirv.
I h.it sehools ol this tish soineliines w.imlii lirhe\oii(| the
limits of their ciistoniary c-nle is ,ery proh.ihle. Siuh isolated
ro.iinlntrs are eommoii to all aiiim.ils witii u;""at powers of Inco-
motioii and ill the . ,is(. of ilir- .Mackerel, a constant ijentlc wind
prev,iilin^' foi sever.d days toi>olh;-r, m.iy dii\ethc food lliev are
followiiiij lar from their accilsloiiied lianiils. The s.mic isolated
ca^(\s ot ipp lent mlf^r.ition occur w'lh thi. Cod. Il leli.mce can
he pl,KT<l iipi n the .illcdjied Hndiiig of French hooks in fish f.\r
remov<'d from French tishiuu' stations 'I'hese are said to occur
on p.iits of the eo,isl ol Ne« loiiiidLind where I he |."ieiich do
not lisli, also oil till' .Nova .'scotia coiisi, and sometimes even as
I. II a- '^1. (ieor.u'o's Shoals. Hul they indicate merely the str.iv ■
ills'; a«ay after food ol ,t (om|)aialiv<'!y few individuals, hut i„i
r("t;nlar l,iw of mii-iation or movement Ihi' s.ime aeciilenl.d
disliihution oci-iiis in the moM iiients of liinU, and miv cn'iliiiue
lor several years, or cm'ii I'ecouie with some spti ies pciinaiienl,
I. Sconilior .H«ouiI>iie .\l.i. I...rcl— tireenl.ui.l i' iai.r Kan. m- '/'/nv
./,.,-. (till.
T
90
ii ii cliiiiiL'i' in till' ilistriburiiiii o( tlicir food Dcoiirs. Sliad li.ivc
Ih'Cm i;uii.'lit in lIcninL' nets in Nolle D.uiu' Itay, Ncwt'ouinl-
land, bill no oik- would receive tliis accident i>( niainini; as
prool" tlial tlie Shad was about to beeoi.v estalilishod on the
North Kast Athintie ocast ot' that Ishiiiil.
Mackerel catehini? is a special indiistiy and ie(inires sea-i^oiiitc
vessels The boat e<[uii)inent so common thioiii;hont British
Ameiiian waters is wbollv nusuited to the pursuit id ibc Mack-
erel which has been so largely carried on by United States Hsh-
ernien. lininense srhools of Mai keiel are frequently left mi-
niolested ill the ( init' and on the coasis of Newfoundland, in
conse(inence of the tishennen beini,' unprovided with suitable
vessels and fishini; gear. It is, however, a reserve for the tu-
tnre, which, at no distant dav, will be \ililized. If a fishini,'
telegiaidi system existed on thedulf and Newfoundland coasts,
similar to that which has been est.iblislied in Norway, exclusively
for fishini; purposes, the additional catch of Mackerel and Her-
ring, indeed of all kinds of fish, as well as b.iit. would jirobably
double itself within a very short period. If judiciously con-
trolled the telegraph would become of vast benetil to the fisher-
ies in nianv wavs.
91
I!i:i AiiiiN (iK I'iMi !•,, 'ri;.Mi'i.ii.\riui;.
Til.. Inl- Mi. I'.tI.'v'k vi,'H,«.M); Tl l.-..rviui..ii- of ili.' M^r.. TolMKi™!
S,ici,-iy ..r Sc.il.iihl. SI : Tln' HiM|iiii'ii';< nl' ili,. |liin-h (i.ivonmi.-iii. SJ ; |),f-
fiTi'iiOf lif>lwi;on llu. iiiariiii' i-liiiiaU- nf XortliiTii Kur.ipit iin.J N..r1h AiiiiMicii.
SH: A.liDimI Hiiyli.'l.l .mi I ho cliiimU. nf llic Striiiti- ..f Kelli- Nl.'. livUiryp
ill the Slmil-. Ciii.uiii Milltir's ,.lwi.rnili.iii-, ^ ; Ciiiiiiiin I'liiiniiii.^ ..Iih.-iiii-
liuiis. Vast nmiilii.r- n| ('...llUli Ij.'iil. f(piniiimi'Iin« Miiniij', ;r. S. N.) ,,1.-
•■"'i'™'i •**•''; Miiriim ttiiii|iiTiiliini in ilie (iill, Si5: l/.w tiMTi]vnilnris iin
liarik.s iiinl sli..iils, h; ; TiMiipumtun. ,if ilii> Smi iii .lifffii.m fl.^ptli-, -is ; |;f,
fivl^ ,,f wiiiiU. 8!t; Kfr.M-u- ,if Ciirivmy. Wl ; Th.^ Hull SIivmmi, IK ; T^iiii"-!-
ntiir.. ..ri SI. (iw.i-n,.'s Sh,,nN. ,.ir (:a|». Sal.l,., 1... n,i\>- Umk. lUy ..f liiii.l.v.
!»•-'; CjI(I wat.M- aiva ulT th.' ,',„iM ..f III.' riilt...| .siai..-, ii;t : .><ir Wvijli,-
Tli.pm«.,ii\ .|i.s,'ii|iii.,ii III' the Tli.Tiiml mijiliii f KiiM|».iin l'i>liiii^'
(ir.iiiM.l-, lit; .Maiiii.. I.iff.,11 lli,.(ireal llauk,, I'll., lat.. Mr. .lukos ..l.<..rv.r-
li..n«. KtlV.l .il 111.. ilMlf .sir,.aiii,!»7; .VliiiimI CI .n.'- .,ii (|„. H-r,.,i,)i lUnk
(■'i-iierii',- ; lti.|i..|i.|,.Mi.(! .if ilii.ir .-ii. •<•..<< ,.ii \viiii,.r tfiii|.i.mi)ir<'« '."K.-'rh..
Ki.luti.in ,.r 111,. Ijil.rii.l.ir Curr.-iit i, Kisli l.if,., W); |>r,if,.(.s.,r \..r.l.tii«ki il.r-i
..li«i.rvali..ii>. KKl; Til,. I,.,. Itrifl, III! ; Tlu' , i>.'..f llic •■.'<lime." 111:.'; |)H-
tiiliiiii..n..r ri«ii .na liy In' llrifl, l():i; Cmii-m. .,f ,.va .Irili, liM ; (i.irw.in
till. LaliiBiKif, liti; I, mill."! iii'.'a .<f ivji.l water< ..IT ilic .-.u"! ..f 111.- I'liit.-.!
Statf!" Miit...l I.. I. .1,1 w.Uki- li...li.,s, |(.M!. (■..ii.lusi.nk-..
.il'I'KMUV. III-. ( .iMiliy'- ilc..,.|i|ili,„l .f the Aritl.-- Curirllt..
.SO. S,-\,.|i iin.l iwi'iity y,.;vis ai;,i, llii-Iiib- .\lr r..rl..y i"ill...l
Mitiini .11 til ilii. z,,ii,.N,.r ,li.i)ilint wliicli th.' ll.Ti-iiiL: nii^lit U.
fi'iiiiil. 'I'll.- Hslii-niii'M." h,. <iiys. .siicakiiij.' of tli,. t'iuia.ni.-t
11,'rriii^f i,'r,)iliiil,s, ■iippcaivil t,, li.ivi- n.i i,|,.a tliat tin' li.i riiii,'
swiiii^at \ari"ii>il,.i,lli>l„.|,iu tin- -iiifai'.- iici-.mliii;,' t.. tli,. rtin.l,
till' liiliv an, I ill,. -iiiialii.M ,,f tli.ii f,,.„|. Th.-y all »isii,.,l Itli)
l|<>llt.^ llwir iirt.s ra.-it.'iii'il t,i a liii.iy-ii,|M.. -.iipjuiiU.,! ).\ ||,,.n-!
on tlu' siirfa.v: if ih.,. i-iiii ,,f tli., li-l, liap|i,.)i,.,l t,. U' 1m^],,w
ill.- .|.|iili ..(' tl... II, f, tliiA VMT,. .if ....iirs,' iiiK'..',! all.)i,',t.li,T ;
aii.i iiltli.iiiuli ill. IV may I.,- almii-laiic-,. ,,f H.-li. y,-t lln- fi.s|i,.i--
iiHii t'liiiii llir «ant ,if Un..\vl, ■,!;,',. ,,r skill, inii>( b,. frii|iiiiitly
niisiicci .ssfiil." ''•■
It will li|. si.-ii fiiJllni- i.ii thiit uiiiili aii.l iii|,-s ill til,. (;iilf
iif.St. Lauiviiii', in ill,. Hay ,,f Kiimly. ,n tin- Allatitii^ ,-na.st
of Nova Scotia, ami, in fact, in ,-\,rv Iiallnw s,>n, m.-iv iii;ii-p-
iiilly I'linii;,'!' the ti'Mi|KTafiir.' .,f tlir wat,,T. in ih,. n,.ii,'lilHiiir-
lii^iil iif, ami iiy.M- .shoals or l.ank.v Tills cUaii;.'.- in the
tt'iiipiiatmc is ivoc>iii|iaiiii',| l-y !i i'orns)>on(l)n;: c>luiiii,'f in tlic
ilistiiLiitiiiii iif til,- HiTiiii:.' f I. aini. consi'ijiicntly, in thi-
'li'pllis at «liii'li ill,. Il,.|iiiij.' will 1«. foiiiKJ.
.S|. Til,, ivi-iiii ..liN,.|-\atioiis ,,f til,. M,.t,'iin,l,ii,'i..al SiM'ii.t\-
of Sr,,tlaii,l, ivfi.iT,.,l I.I in th,. f,M,t-ii,it,. hav,. sli.iwii a i,'iiiark-
alili' ivlaliiiiisliip lK.tw,.in tli,' l,ical iiiovi'iiii'iits of tin- IfiTi-iiii;
mill Miiiations in tli,' t,'ni|i« ratiir.' of tin- s,a. Tin- r.sult.s of
oliMTvations niaili' ,liii-iiii.' I.s,"). ami IsT.'i show,., I that tli,'
tcinp,.ratiir.. ,if tli,' sea ,irt'tl asl r.iast of Scitlaml. fiiiin tin'
miilill,. ,.f .\iii.'ii-t to til,. cLis,. ,,r tl„. tisliiii^r „.a.s,,n, wiis con-
si, I,. lalily aiiil conliniioiisly hij^rh,.,- in l,s7.-, than ill \s7i-. an,l
that 111,, i-ati'h of H,.ninL,' wa^ contiiiiioii-.ly an, I r.,ii,si,i,.ralily
lowri- iliiriiiL; ls7."> than ilnrini;- In7+. "Tin- ti^h pr,.f,.r. ap-
paivntly. ~,i far as []i<- in,|iiiry lia> L;om.. lln' lowi-r to the
llii'llrr (I'lllpl'lUlllM'," I- '
I. Se,. I',.rl..y\ l!,.|„.it ,.n ih,. Ki..li.Ti,- ,.f NVw l!riinM\Kk, |p«j,,. ^.•l.
•-'. Vi,|„ an ariiil,' in .Valiiri' pnlitlt',1 W (•.nitiihiiMin f.i tlii> Naiiirsl Histu.'.V
..f llip llMiTiiii;.' All:;, '.'llh, IST«. Ms,.. Rpp.irt hv tlio f.iiiiinis.»i..ii,.r« of \h»
l''i-h,i'y l!..aril, S.'..i!nii.|, Is'.-i.
!tj
•Vuiitiiit; tVorji ;lif Sriilsiii'ii' .if Aiii: 2'), 1^7li NiiHim'
xtiitcs tliiit llif iv|i(iit ■•f till- Ki^li.iy Olticci ivLTiirils liir ti'iii-
|>i'mlinv of ilic M'ii ii> 'li'ti'iiiiiiii'il liy ilir sen tliciiiKiiiii'trr
fiinii-<liii| I.I ilif tislu iiiHii li\ ilii' Si'iitlUli Mcti'iiiDliiify Socii'ty.
Ill lijivi' III. 11 friHii ."),S t.i '>'■* .111 tln' I'liiist, iluriiii;' tin- w.tU
I Miliiii; All;;. Ilttli; lull mi lln' 2lsf, wlifii lii.' ints wciv --iiiil,
ll.L' liliiprlMtillc liiiil fiillcli 1.1 .'i."! , iill.l llii- \Vii> till' lir^l llij;lil
ill.' Iii'iriiii^s w.Tc cuiiiilil. AftiT thill .liUr tin' catcli wiis very
iiir^'r Til.' Iiciiinif^ well' fiiiiiul /o"' in Ihe iiels iliiiiiiLC 'li''
|ir.'Viil.'ii.M' ..f WMiiii ui'.'ifli.T li.tw.M'ii N.irtlniiiilii'rliiinl iiml
IVt.Tll.'lul.
"Till. M.itiiiir.ili'jjK'iilS.M'i.'ty 'f Si'..|lnri.l Iiiim' for |\v.i..i' tin.'.' yi'.'ii^ Ii.hI ilii-
.-ii|M'iri..iisii.>>s iri,,tlii' tii.ivt>iiiftilM .if the llui-riii^ .iiiilur <>)hh'1mI iiivi.r*lintili..ii,
mill in ill.' |.u-i yi'tir tin. ilei'i»-«f(i tlit.riii.iint'UirF. pr.ivi.l.'.l t.i tlif S.n'ii'ly '.y
:lii' Miiri|iii> .if Twwililnli.. it- l'ru>ii|.)iit, f.r l.-^liiiH tli.' |.'iii|ii'i'iitiii'i' iif 111"
"I'll, w.'re Hiiiiiii si'iil .1111 by tli.' Ki.ili.'iy II mlI t.i tlicii' ..ffl.'.'rs mil tli.' t.'iii-
I'.'iiitiiri' .il'tiiiiii"! nl ililT.'ii'iit (ii'n.i.U of ili.- InTntij.' Ililu'iy iMily n';;i>t.M..
"I till' wi'iiilii'i' wurc ki'pt nil. I 'illii'i- iiiirtii'iiliii'. liiriii«h.'.l l.i tin' Sii'i.'ty.
li.Mli liy 111.' .!i-.|rii't l''i»lu'ry (Hli.-i.rs iiii.| hy SiuiiiimI MI) .iiiiM, iv-iii.. r..ni-
iiiiOi.liM' .if tli.' " Viyiliiiil." Hilii'iy .•iiii<.'i'. KiMiii ill.' r.'jji.-li'i-. iiml lln' in-,
f.iririnli.iit iliiiH ^iipplit*.!, tin* I'.iU.iwiii^ f.>iiciii!>i..ii.>. huM' iii lit.- iiiniiiliiiu.
Ii.'cll ilrawu fiy llic ('..llliiiitloi' "I 111.' S.I1 ii'ty ;
." Kt'.ini ilii' .il.nurvuli >ii<. ..f llu' ciiu-li .1 li.'ii'iii;:^ iiii.l tli.* iHni)N.'iittui.' ..f
'* tllo nt'A. '.If tli.i i.itsi i'viUMt .if S'litliUiil. iluviii^ tlid tw.i MiaMiiis Ih74 ami
• JK'', It is si'i'ii (I.) Tii.il 111'' ti'iiiiit'i-Hliii-f iif ilii. M'U fi'.in tile 1111. Ml.' .1
AUXIi'it t.. till' I'l'.ie i.f llii' li'<UiiiK sHii'-.m \vii»i<iiitiiiii'm-'ly miil .'..iiM.li'iiilily
" liiiilirrjli l.*>7.> limn in IN74: iiii.l ('.'.i Tlnil limiHUli .1 liwiiun;-. wju- ...n"
■■ liiiii iii'.ly iiini . .in''i.|>T»lilv l..«t'r .liiniii,' l:>(''' tiniii .liiniii: tin.- .-«iiu' |.< rh.'.l
• I l.s:4
■ \iMlli.'i i.'siilt i- tlii-' II lli.'i.' Ill' 11 .li«tii.'t wh.'i'.'. Ii.iiii liny .■iiiH..,
' the tuni|>niit.ii<i.vf Ilir »mi ij l.iw.i- tlmn in surn.uiKliiiK .lisliiil^, in tliiil
•■ ili-iii.'t till' I'iitrli .if li.'i-i-iii^> i.-* Iit'rtviiT : ulnt .■-.hvt.rs.'ly. if tli.'ii' li.' ii .ii^-
• li'ii't wIh'I'-', fi'.'in Htiy '.'an:*!', till' tfiniii'iHliiri' I'f 111.' ".'it i*- Iii;;ln'r tlitui in
■ ■.iiriminiliiii; ili~irn'ti, in tlnil .littiirt lln' .nt. Ii ..I lixiriiiK ■■> it"-*, Ain.mu
" t!iH ciiti'L". wlii.-li lii-iii^ali..iit 11 K1.-41I iii'-i'uiiet' >>i il.'i-iviusL' ..f .-*.'H tt'iu|it'ra-
' I. Ill', till' I'liii'l till' i'l.>n.l...l i.r .'h'lir skii". in ii'-iM'*,'tive .Ii>tri.-t^. a.-.-i.v.liiii;
" i.s till". '.HI iliuinj; ilii» .liiy nr .luring tlii- nii;!ii. TIh'm' l.iriil Miriiiti'iii"
■' in III*. Iniiiiii'ititnrt* 111 111.' i*".! in tlii'ir iii'tiVtiii:^ "ii llu' i-iiirh "I li.-i 1 iii,^-
"I'U^L' liimii ^li.i^'ii liy till. viluMirvivtiiiiii liuth .if l''*74 lunl lN7.'i.
" ,Vn..i|i.'i iu.|i..itniil i^iiiil I^.|^.' tiiluii.iii'' 'il -.iirfiii'i' iiniiii'intni.' t.i l..it'
■ ■ t nil li'iii|i.'..ilnv.', mill tin' ri'liiunii- nf llir i|i'i'iii'>t |mrl- "I llir -I'li t" Uir
' )• -itii.ii- 'f tln' tistiiiig ^;r"iiii.l-. Il i." finin.l. f.ir in-nim 1'. Ilnil wli.'ii tin'
■■•>uilHri' li'iniH'i'iiliUH n liixli- liiKlii'r lliiiii liiwi'r ilnwn tin' li>.li. il uny In
' .it.i>^liL.,>iiiK.' lliK uiit.'« fur .l.i\^n in niirti 11 wity n*. i.. U'U.I i.> tin. mi)i)h.>i-
" 11. Ill Unit '1 ;;.i'i.| .l.-til .if liiiliu'i' niii\ i.ft.'ii uiIm' fi.ini 111.- ni't-^ 11 'I ;;..in}j
■■ .Iti']. i;ii.iii>:li. Till' U-li. prt'l'i'i'. ii|i|iiir.'iuly. mi fur a.- tli.' in.|niry lni> ni.ii.',
■'■ til.. l.'Wi'r t.i tlif liiuliiT ti'in|ii'riiti|i'|. Tin' lli'rriii^' l'..iiiniitt«' nii' ni.isi
• ih'.ii.- 111.- ..f nitiyiim ..lit till- hill' ..l in.|iiiiy iiit'. wi.Miti'r ili'tnil. if sniii.. ..I
i|h' li.^liiTUii.n I'tiiil.Ll.e iii(lii.-i-.| t.. liiUi. till' tr.inl.l.' .>f .'liiii'rviiiu tliii t.'iii-
;>-riiliirtj .'.f till' "i-'lt 111 till' -^illtii.i! ali'i iiN.i III III.' il.'iitli at wlil.'li til.' \\A\
■ ^liiki' tlif! 11. t-
" Til.' inll.i.'ii.'i' .if thiiii.li'r.'.t-ii'iii.'' wti^ I'linally s.'i'ii 11^ in fi.rni.'i y.'iit'-.
'•U llure in n tlUiniliir-stin'in nf siiini' iiiuunitnili. I'.vlfiiilinu uvrfr h Iiii'kh imi-
" li.'ii i.f tM'.'llHii.i. g.ii.il tiiki.s uni\ III! iniiili.' ..11 tliiii iliiy . Ii.ii .>ii tli>' f..ll.>\v-
" iu« <liiy f.'« if «ny liuli nri' .•huhIiI ..vit lliiU |M»rt ol tin' .'.iii.-t', iiiiliiu) iil llie
'' ttttrnn- ri-ti/r of' II liri/i /nut Iif Ihv xi'il. Hi ll til.' li-tl w.'r.' 1 .'tl.'lltlll;;
"lliitlinr. |I I
'.'Mtt.inu III iln-' '"luii'tiu"^.-. Lif lliu liiuu 'ivi'r wlii.'h tlif iii.|uuy lias i.v-
'■ ti'tnliiil. tin; I ^.ininitt.'i' \vl>li tlii'hi' ri'iiiiUe l.i Iiu riinni.lfiL'.' miiy h*. |ir..\i.-*-
"i'lniil Til.' ii"'nll> Hii'. lii.wi'V.'i', .if tin' cn'Mli'-t viilii... n it iiiiTnly iik iinli-
" .'iitinn til.' liii.". .if iiii|iiiiy t.i li.' fiilLiwi'il in fiirllii'i' I'ari'.finu "ii iliin l.ii'n"
" inv<!.'ttiKiili..n. bill iil.-'i II" iiiilii^tiini. in 's.hik! ru-.'.'^ ii.t ..Im.'ni.ily. tli.. nii-
•■ liiii' .ll til'' ri.Milts wlii.'li will nlliinitlt'ly li" .'-IiiIiIihIumI. i'i'miU-. wt.irii.
" >iii.i' tln'> I.ii.l .lir.nlly u. a kii .wlii.lj;.' .if ili» l...'ali/4ili'iii nf lli" Imrrini;,
■' .Til! .*vr\r !i« 11 i*tiiili* I" ill*, li-ii.'i'iii.'ii wlii'it. t.. Mil tln.jr ni't-. with in.*
" liliilieiil |.r"'iBl.ilily nf fii.'.'i'-- "
S'2. 'I'll.' I)lltrll ( Jiivi'iiiiin 111 lin\. L.tij; jiilisii..! a N.i'ii'~ .if
i'Ui|itii'ii'- H'l.'iliM; t'l ti'iii]iiintiii'.' ill r..iiti.ili.'ii will. lli. H.i'-
fi:i..r Ki-li.'i'ii's. ' ' .\iii.i1il; iIh' -pi'i'lnl i'iii)iiiri.'- ulii.'li llii'
11, i ll III.- '■'H'ti I*'.'" ii..li.'i"l I'.'il lli.ni'li'i '111.
B.nni nil. I n.1.1 ..I F.iii.ly liitii .Iw'i. w.il.'!
Ill, liiHl.v ill
lilt' .VlilLip.
B.nni nil. I n.1.1 ..I F.ili.ly liitii .Iw'l. w.il. r
• 'J. I.U'iiliiuiiil ("raft iiiitli'ii.l 111 ll.jBik ■ an. I Fu.lil.i-'i'n'i. |»i|ii'i.- nii "Tin'
.V.rw.'Kinn J..,'ijiiii> h'lilii'ini.i." ,S.i' al" . 1 1. .lur rl.-.m'- tian'<lati.iii, luitf.' !)!>
i.t 111.' K.'i' Tt 't til.' r S (• iiinii"i iiii'i -.I Ki.*l. ami KimIiovii-., tni' IS74-7'i.
03
Niii\vrL.'imi Niudiiill I . lioi . I< miii|>]»mI mit t'ur liiiii-rir. when
ciii|iloy('(l liy il (iuvi riiiiiiiit (if NiHWiiy in iiiM'.stiuad' llir
Mriiiii;,' Kislii riis. iiliscrviitii)iis cm tlic tcin|HTiitMic >•{ tin'
Si'M. mill inrlriiriiluMil-llI l'iillilili(PPI> L;rllrllllly t'iPlllIrd nil iiii-
|iipitiiiil piirt (if the |)liiii. A^ a ri'>iill of ilicsc ii-.i'micIii's,
liiusiriitcd ill ililt'cii'iit M'ii> mill Ky iiiili\ iihiiils nctiiiji' i|iliti'
illlll'|H'llllclltly, till' ivlilliilll 111' lllr llUI|lrlMtlllV ill' llitl'clCtit
/.lilies 111' till' -.III 111 till' innviiili'lll-- 111' lllr llrl lillL.' iiml ullicr
iiinviiii fiiniis. \ rrliciil (i-.\\i'll iis liiiii/unliil, ii|>|n'm In lie ivs-
lalili>lir.| li,-Milli| il iliiillit. *
^.'S. \Vr iMU>t liiai' III iiiliiil thai llir coiiililidiiN uinlrr
ullicll lliarillr lilr r\Ul- nil lllr l-iiast^ nf jiritisli Nnllll AlinT-
ica ilill'ir in .mr iiii|i<ii laiil |iaitiiiilai' tVniii tlic inrxailiii;;
fiiiiililiiiii'~ ill I III' Ma> of NiPitliiTii I'Jiiupi'. Here wr liiiM' an
Al-i'tic ciinriil 111 c-.iii>iili'r, in l'airo|ii- tlir iliiiiiiii^linl iII'itI^ of
till' ( iiilt' slivaiii. ( )iir iiMilliiiii -las all ainilinl Nrufnillnl-
lainl. ill lllr ( iiiir lit' Si. I,ii\\ iriicr aii<lii|i llir ciia^t-i lit' Nuva
Scotia, air iliillnl liy tlir imrailiii;,' l.iilii-ailnr curiviil. ' ami
tlir annual iiiraii triii|irialniv of tlir sriis on Itiitisli .Vmrrii'an
(■oa--l> i> \riy iiinrli lirlou tlir annual iiiraii on tlir .\llaiilii-
(•oa~l of lllr lliiti-li l^ir-., i.r ill lllr ( Jrnuaii oi-ran m on tlir
enacts of Noiuax. Tlir Noruryiaii lionU air kr|ii ii|irii all
till- yrar idiiml liy tln^ ( Jnlf .siirani. iiml icr is laivly srrn in
Uiitisli waters, luit icr on all our coa-ts iiot only |prrvails clnr-
illr- lllr ivillirr 111., Mills. Iilll lllr llortllrni 1 laVS air cloNcIv
srnlrd. Ilaiiillton iiilrt. on tlir Lalnailoi, take's rally in l>r-
I'rliiliri' anil I'riliailis fro/rll until •lllllr: llir ilrrji llll\^oll llir
noitli-riist coast of Nru foiiiiillaiiil air in\aili'il willi lairr icr
tirlil.-,. ullicll stretch -rawanls for many miles, and oflni liiii,'ei'
for iiioiith-- torrilirr. 'I'lir ^iiiallrr hays on all P>rili-.li .\iiicr-
ican coasts, iioitli of ('a|ie liirtun. and around tlir tiulf of .St.
Liiwieiicc, arc often frozen ovn and some of them rnuaiii
.sealed for many wnks. It is a rare occiirreiice for llir Nm-
Wi'trian hays to frerzr. yrl whrn this has occiirrecj, the ti.-.hn-
irs haVr llol lirrll illiuiiollNly airrclril.
N+ Admiral Haylield -•' called attention many yrais
sillcr to llir r\cr|itiollal climate of tile North Shore of the
Straits of lirljr Islr. uhrrraud ill lllr close viciiiity of which
the famous ("oil and llciriiir- Kishnirs havr so Iohl; had tlirir
~ral Haytirld uritiiii,' in \s:i-2. ^ay-- : ' I >u oiir arrival at
('haleaii Hay on the :.'."itli -lilly. wr found the earliest plants
just s|iriiirin'4' up. .11 id the ^ra-s only lieijiuninr' to L;ive a -hade
of Ltrrrll ill thr shrltrrrd -pots liilurrll lllr hills. Thr trill-
pciatiiri' of till' sell outside the hay wa< at .'i:; , and the air at
4:r fall, in the wannest )ieriod of the day. The tislieriiieii.
howrsrr rrportcd that il i- much more cold ahoui ('hateaii
Iia\, and tlu' ilnitli .side of thr Atlantic entrance of tin' Strait
* "Till' Sliiiiitiiiii (liiiiltf s(nli'> Hint Hell' Mm PreHilmi. of llninliui'^',
llir.'i'lrr 111' lllr lirnimn .Sc Wnitc, hiir liwii niviii^; iiliriilinM M llir .«niin'
liniiit." Ill vclnlioii Ui itic lii'i'i'iii^' lislii'ry us tliu^c wliicli jinvf •>i-i'U)iit^l iIih
.Mi'Ii'iumIiiuii'iiI Micit'ly of Scrtlaml. iiml lluil liy iiiiiilyii' nl' ill" |M>;-lMi.k>
111' till' lii(;tji'is i'iipii;i'il ill III" iNlu'i'v. Ill" liii- fiiiiii»lii"l tin- l^'i^lirry ('mii-
pniiy nf Kiiihili'ii Willi (•liili.imli' ri'imiis ii|iiiii llic iiilliit'iicH^ wliiih nlVrct lln>
li'ilii'iy. I'slii'i'iiilly ii|i 111 Ilii' iiillui'iici' •■I' wind" iiinl llic tt'iiiju'niliii'.' ot llii'
.•it'll. Ilfi-r Villi I''rt'('ili»ii liiis I'liiiii' In tilt' ciiiit-Iiisiuti thai ii.ii-tli-\vt'.^t wiiiils
arc till' lii'-l I'll' lai'1,'1' i-atelif.s. lunl ii.irlhfi'ly wiiul." lu'tlci' lliiiii soiillii'rly,
\Tt'.-tfi-l> lii'ilcr llitiM t>ii.4|i'vly : iil.iii. thai iiiuilcnilt'ly .-tr.iii;^ wiiiiN. »iitt1c(fiit
III nitllt' tilt' stirtai't' ul" tlic sfa.ui'i' ln'tti-r tliaii culiii wcutiit'i-, ami li^lit wiiiiU
Hlinii^t a." iiiit'avi'ialil" a-^ .still" la /es ; 11 iiiDliii^ nt' the sea Itciiit;, in hi-
ii|iiiiiuii til' i-rii.'iiih'rahlii iiiiprt-tiiiii't' to siici-ffi;* in lUhiti^;. I"'or tin- i('ni|ici'.f
tiiri' "f till' »t,'a, 111' ifKniils a ti'iii|ii'i'aliiic frmii .VI 10 ," ili-'Krc'i> nf l''iiliri'ii-
lii'il ns till) iniist fiiviimlili'. ami llial tlic chiuiws ot siici'i's» iliiniiiisli with
liiuhcr ul' I'lwi'i' li'iii|ii'iatiiii'.'. 1 l!i.'|iiat i'V tliH ('i.iiiiiiii--i'iiii'i- ul tlif I'i.-jlu'iy
lli'iii-il. Si'i'thiMil. )s7.-, I
I. .\|i|i. 1. I'hai'. V,
J. .sailing IMiwIiim,-. foi' t!a' (lull aii'l Itivi'i Si. I,a\vrciue.
94
nf I'li'lll' l-lr llmll it is filllhcT li. lilr .•M-»l Will i|. Mlnl M Ud tlinl
toys inr (if luiiii' tVci|in'nt iici-iinciicc'. t »m nwn i'\|iiTiriirc.
ii> fur i» it iriics. ciinlinus tlic tiiitli nf ilii> stiit''iiii'iit.'
Wood Uliiinl, lit tlic liiilf I'liM-aiKT tu llic Straits of H(li<'
Nil', is nlioiit ImlF n iiiilr fii>ni tln' mnin liiiul mi'l is iinti'il
fnc its tislii'iifs, liiit its i'\cr^)tiiiniil cliimiti' is sucli. owIiil; tntln'
l.,iliv,i.|iii' I 'iiii'.nt, tliat IJrtvtii'liI suiiiiiiiirizrs ii in tlic fiillnwiii-'
si'iiti'iii'i- : ''I'lii' lii'st iilfii I ciiii trivf of till' cliiiiMti' is liv slut-
ill',' tlic flirt tliiit, in tlif yi'nr Im:1:). tlu' t'lmmu'l lirtwci'ii
Wni"l Ishiini iiMil till' iiiiiiii wiis fnizm hcvoss iii/u'iii iiftii- tlic
\> intrr ici' hail liidki'ii i;|i uii lin'istli nf .liiiuv i'lu-Ui"! icr
•ivpiiaipi.il in till' Straits till tin iniilillr nf .lulv, nii'l iiuiiin--
Diis liir'is ,il! ilic yi'MT.
ill-: IN Till-: STRAITS OK BK.U.K ISMv
i.\r.i.K sin:wi\(; -niK datks umi;n •nii; m'k vns uk 1!i:i.i.i: isi.k
UK|!|.. i|.l;.\li 111' li i: IN lUIIKlll NT ^^AUS,
Til. SI' iili-nTvatiiins ivfi-r to tin- tinii' wlifii tlii' Straits were
siTU 111 111' clrar of tii'iil hi\ Init liavr no ii'latioii to licr^s,
wliii-li iiiiivihift ill iliiiiii^- I'vrrv inoiilli of lli.' yciir ■
'■' ISJT -Clrar of tiii.l iiT Aiiiil litli.
|S.-i,S-- .Ilinr lOtil.
IS.-)!) - ■■ ■• •• May I --'til.
IMIO -
iMil— Jilii.' Hh.
Ill l.S.'i:! Ailniiral Hayliclil coiintcil 200 lu'iVs ami lai-;,'<'
jiii'crs of icr ill tile Straits, ami lie coiisiili'i-s that tlu' Straits
iii'hi li" full nf ii'i'liory's iif <ii'ii fniisiiii di llif iji'ii r.'-'
Tills ( ) lii- r ■ oiuT foiinil till' Wi'sti'i'ii I'litr.inrc of tlic
SU'iit frir/.r ai loss in a caliii nit'lit. on .liinr iotli. < If course
it \va- niil\ II vfi\ tliiii covi riii;Lt of i<'i'. uliirli ilisaiiiicart'ij
soon aflii -iiiiiisc. It is io lu' otiscrvnl. liowcvi-r. that icc-
lii'ii.i's aro iiiU!li inoir niiiin rnii> iliniiii;' soim' srasoiis than in
others, (hio may travirsi' the Straits without soi'iiiL.' half a
ilozrii, at other times they may he in ^jri'iit i|iiantities.
Tile teiiiiieratiire of the water in the Straits, at the eastern
eiitraliee. Kctweeii helle Isli' ainl the l>al iiailor. is often at tlio
free/iiiL;- )iniut. Not iiiifrei |neiil ly there i> a stream of warm
surface water tlowinn eastwanl on the Newfouii'Uaml siile.'*'
t 'on.lilioiis of low marine teiii|ieivitiire iinvail even at miil-
siimmer on the northern cnjists .if Niwfniiiiillainl mimI in the
Straits nf I'.elie Isle, which are m-Mr even a|i|irnacheil in
till ileplli of winli'i- on the .\tlaiitic coasts of l'',uiii|ie. The
foiinwiim remarkalile sea tcm|ieratures. recorded liy t 'aptaiii
Miller, It N.. of H M. S. Siring, in I.s7:!. otl'er an illustration
of tlic'se cNtiviiie coiililinn> nf Miaiiiie climate whi( h inevail
on those coasts.
Till' temperatures rre.irded may he thus talmlateil, lait it
will he advisahle to liive the details ill full from ('a|il. Millers
repoit :
___ . ^
|ST3.
I'ein.uf .\iv T.Mii.nl Smi. Wild.
i.Miir|">n ll^rliiiv.
.luiie 21-tli. :iii. -M. I 'aim.
•ji, .-,:!. :;+. W. N, \V. Kivsh.
i7 li.s. :((!. W. Ii\ N. Striinu-.
2s;. 4:f. :iO. W N. W. Mod.
i'.<. '<\. I's.
:i(l. I 'aplill c.lllulll , hut lln ( 'nd.
1. IHfiT. .'"*. .''li, i;a. 'in tin' niithnity "t ('ii|iliiiii HiilliiiiliiH'. .Niitiluiil .Miinii-
ziiM', IsHl. 1' lio,
•_'. ■■ .Niiiiticnl .\lii«.i.!iii.-." ISCI. [i. .-ill.
:i iliivlii'I.l.
fl/5
",»I'II!I'()N.
■ Aniwd I |,. 1,1, ,|,nii- -.'Itli, sailed iit .">.:)0 ii. m., .Iinir
2."tli. A l.)v,.|v ,|iiy, ({iiiti' ciillii lip til 10 a. III. ; ii l.ii},'lit smi
nii.I clciir w.'iitli.T: tiMiipmitiii f s,ii :t-2 I'Mliiriilicit, nf nir
■'<(i' ; II j;ivnt (leal .if iiv al.oiit S|,..i ,| ,,v,t to tlir l,iil.ni-
'I'TmIioiv. in(.Mlilill;:l,,.,r,, t,, I!,, I |i„v . f,,ini,l Ml,. cnnstMnrki-l
ii|. I'.v iiii iiii|>,.ii. ,ral.li. Kiiirici ,,f J,.,.-, went di.wii tn Cap,-
NnniiMii 1111,1 f.iiMiil tlir Stntils .•,.iiip|,.ti.ly l,nnc,| l,y iiii im-
JmssMliI,. Willi ,,f ic,.; tiini,.! Imck t,, (,)iiii'p,,„ nl.uiit ' ID a ni..
ail .•asl.TJy win.) -\,nw^ up ,-l»iii!,'iiin- t.. ii s,,iiili,.||y : a ,l,.|is,.
f"- '"""1'^ '■"-'■ I" ll astwar.l, an, I i^radiially .■iiv,i,p,.,| |?,.|1,.
'-''■ '""I tlhtnp,,) (.)iiii|„,ii jsiaii.l, l,iit fi,itiiiiiit,.|y ,-aiii.. ii,,
riirtliiT.
•• 21I1I1. ,', t'lvsli l,iv,./,. r,,r p,|l| ,,f til,, day |V,„|, \V. N W, ;
i|.|. lia\,.|liiiL;- t.p tlir i.astuard in tli,' Stiails : at i 11 Iniipi.-
raliiiv lit' air 'i.'i . nf sra .'!(■
•'•.'7tli. Si ,ii^r 1,1,.,./,. pint of dav fmni W, N \V. : iiiii,.|i
ii.(. trav(.lliii|,r I,, til,. Liiliradoi- in tli.. Straits : iii,,iitli ..f liailiin.
''\ "I'ti'iii I (.,iiiipl,.t,.|y liarnd liy i,.,., triiipiTatiiiv of air at
llnoM lis', of >,.a 'Mi'.
■■ -'.Stli, Mod,.|iilr l,r,.,.z,. froiii W, N. W. part ,if ilav. hy
4 p. III. till, liarlioi- li,-(.aiii,.|ii.arly I'litiivly .|i.ns,.|y packi.,l with
ic,.. wi. w.'iv ..iitii-i.ly Miir,iinid..d iliifl,diii l.v tin- inontli.
III,. ii... for til,. MK.^t part l„.iiiL; inoiv I lian tliivc or four f|.,.t
oiit of «al,T. and tlir lar;,',.st pi,.,.,.s alioiit a ipiartir of an
anv : all oiitsi,!,. tli,. liHilior d,.|isi.ly packnl witli i,-,.. .\t
■•|..'!l» p. III., ti.iiipc.ratiii,. of ail- +:i', of s,.a :U)' ; rain in aflir-
iioon. with fo^.
■:J!ttli. Marlior d,-n,s,.|y parked with ii'r. ami as far ont-
^i'''' "■'^'■"llld lir >r,.ll fl- fhr drrk t . 11 1 pl'l lit 1 1 IV at llooll.
ail' ."14', sra L'S'. "
Ml. In I.SII7 Cnplain I'hinniio. I!. N,, who visjird ihr
Straits of H,.||.. jsl,. and thr north-i-astrni roast of Laluad.ir
in thr iiitrivst of th,. Nrwfoiindjand Kisli,.|-i..s, ,l,.s,.|il„.. a
r:r..at nnniliri- of i,.,.l„|.,rs j,, the Straits on t,hi. 4tli Aiiunst.
This yrar was i-rniaikahlr for th.. aluinilanc.. of lisli on thr
La lira. I. )!■ roast an. I th.. hir^r,. catch ,.arly ma. I., liy thr tishiiiL,'
llirt. whii'li, a.....ir.linr- t., ( 'aptain ( 'hii s ..stiiiiat... r-av.-
..mployiii..|it t.ialioiit riilllDI) ]ii.rs,Tii.s. chi.'tly from N'cwfonii.l-
laiiil. .\lioiit I 'ap.. Harrison the ratch was so laryv ami nirlv
that th.. tislh.rim.n had iis..i| all tli.-ir salt l.,.foir th.. .">tli .\ii-
!-'"■''•"' "'■ iiti.iiis -pickiiii,' lip" a srx.n fathom Lank
riosr to thr shoiv of ( )ri.a-.i.iiia 1 llarhoiir. on whirli tli.' .ap.-
liii w.T.. in aliiiii.lanc.. hut c.i.l w.ml.l not tak.. th.. hail. Th..
(■ap..|iii s..a.s.in was o\|.r. 'I'll.. |.o.| (.oiihl he M.,.n at thr hotlom
in s.aii.. plar.- likr a wall, hut woiil.l not hit.-. The .-oil and
eap.'liii hail airiv.'.l .'it ley ■rii-ki... near Imliaii Harhoiir, on thr
Mllh .Inn.-, hiit th.. lishin^- tl....| di.l not arriv,. until .liiK. In
iNTli thi. Ili'rl wnv ill ..ivn.ral a f..VtniL;hl l;it..r tiian th.. rish.
owiiie- to ir...
I.iriil. I '.aiiniaii.linr-. .\l,-\, Murray. I'.S. N.. foiiml th.' siii-
fa,.|- t..mp..raturi- of tli.' ' l-ahra.lor ( 'iii'r..|it." in .Iiih . .-ol.li.st
whi'i-.. th.' \\alrr was ,li...prst .'iml thr ..iinrnt ^troiir...,t, Thr
voyar-,. was ma.le in IStm. in thr iiioiith .if .Inly, to ol.s,.r\ r
th.' t.ital ..elip,s.. of th.' siin in th.' n.-iehhorh I of ( ap.- Chii.l-
l.-i-h.
<»ii Ih.' 1st Aiir'iist, ISCO. th.' K.\pr.liti.in f..iin.l thr snrfae,.
wat.r .if thr Straits of i!..ll.' Isl.- t.i hav,. a t..mp..iatiiri. .if
">•>- Kali., ami .Inriiir' th.. voyne.. to Eclipse Harhonr th,. t..|ii-
pi'iiitiir.. .if th.. s..a at th.. siiifae,. wa.s fr..i|ii..ntl\' .lown t.i
:ts= or :!!(= in the tni.l.jl,. of July.
I. .\ ni-it l>i llie aertli-wisl ciiiist .if l,iiliiiii|,i|., .liiviiiK ih,. natiiiDii „r IH117,
li.v II. .\l. .■.^. (Inniifl. (■.iiiiniiiii.|..i' W, I'liiaiiiiu. H. .\. .I.iiiiiial ..f tliu Kiivnl
<i..i'Wrii|ilik'iil S.i.'ii'ty, ISiiS.
0«
111 t\\' <liilt' nf Si, I,ii\mi'|h-i' Niiiiiliii NiiK-nii'li ii.lilinii-
jiivviiil an. I lull li-.> I'Vt.'iit mi tlir Alliiiitir miist .it'('M|ii'
Hivtiiii IhIiukI. In >iiiiiiiii'r. cspcciiillv mi luiiik-*. tin' liiii|»iii-
t'llr ot' lllc WMl.l. willlill till' llMllilll'il flllllnlll lilllil. nftl'll
lll".(ill.|> I.I lllhl .Vl'M IVIIlllill-4 111 ill.' flTI'/.ill^' |luilll lit' fiVsll
Wiiti'i. 'I'Im' -cm rliiiml''. ill wliirli lln' iiitiiiili' niiiilitiiili' •'(
ti-li lisc' Mini lhii\.' in Nmlli Anni icMU --rM-. liilliiiMccii liv llh'
I,;iKi)u|iir ( 'iirivul. is I'm iimiv srvriv lliiili iIm' iiiMiiiii' cliiiiiili'
.if N iillic'iii KiliM|H'. iiotwillislMiiiliiiy llic iliU'iMi'liii' ill JMli-
til<l<'.
'{"lie slllllMlrl- lllMrillc iMltllrnilMl III' .'l + .l , Wllii-ll I'lilliiW- thr
wlinlc Icliytli 111' till' riiM-t 111' Nurwiiy. iliii-- iml tmirli iIh' mi"'-!
siiiilli.'iii |iMil lit' Ni'W riiiiinlliiliil : mill iIh' -inniini isntliriiiial
of 'i'.!'. wliiiii >iiiki's till' smilli niii-t lit' livliiiiil. piivvs fur
siiiitii 111' NiiNM SciiliM Mini -liiki- llii' Aiiii'iicMii iumsI ih'MI-
l'iirtliiii<l. Till' wiiili-r isiitii.'iniii! of 'M' -ImiI- finiii tin'
Alinlililll r.ill>l Ml ('ll|lr Hlvtull Ulllllil. sWri'l'- |iM-t lllriil-l
ciuist of (iiiTiiliiiiil Mini liiiiilu-. till' iKiitlii Ml |iiirt iif li'i'-
iiiiiil. |iiii>iiiiii,' II iiiirlli-.'MstiTly ciiiiisiv 'I'lii' «iiiliT iMitliiTiiiiil
nt +1 ili'.^ln-,, wllirll illC'linli-. -until . if It- limit-. mII till' -I'll-
llliillli >r'itlMI|i|. |m— r- I'mI- 111 tllr -mllll I if NnMI SciiliM Mini
strike- till' I'liiti'il Sliilc- iii'Mi' ( 'niir t 'ml. ''■' Hmicc llir rli-
iiinlMl ciiinlitimi- iimirr wliicli Nmlli Aiiiriiriiii iiiiiiiiir lifr
tiinl- -ii-trimiicc ilitf'm- MiiiMzinyly frmn likr i dilimi- in
Niiilli rii I'liimiii', Mini wliilr uiir iiiMV III' iry-.-irili-il M- ifiii|ii'r-
Mtf. til" iilliiir is -iili-arctii-. ninl mi |iaits nf lln' I liilf niM-t. iln'
nurtli-i'iist niiist iif Ncwfiiiiinlliiiiil Mini tin- .\llMlitii- cum-I nf
till' l/llilMil'il- It i- Miclir ill wiiilri.
Tin' li-liili« si'M-mi- Mil' in iiiii-ri|n<iic'i' ii\ m-iil. \\ iiiti r
is till' >rr.'Mt lisliiiiv' ,-i'M-mi fur cml in Kinii|ii-, |iMrlicMilMrly in
NmWMV, Willi II-. sllllllliiM i- thr lisllill;;- -I'M-mi. Till' tillli'
will ani\.' with ir;;aril In tlir Iniiiiiu wlimi wiiitm- lisliinirs
will Ulki- i)la(i' tu Mil imiinn-i' iMinl mi Nunm Sciitiaii .slioifs,
fm- i; I- mily wiiliin tin- la-l fi'U \rMi- iIimI tlir lirrriiiL; liavr
li:. !i ili-i iiM'iv'i in ■villi -I iiinlir llir lami.' tliMl i-. iH'Mr ilir
-limi's mi mil cnM-t-.
'I'lir-i- ami ntliii- iii-laiici- iif In" l<ni|ii-iMniiv in rna-tal
wat.i|N. slniw tliMl -11 far frniii liriiiu invjinliriai In li-li lifi\
tlicy i.rciii- wln'iv lisli liMvi' fm ,-,nlurii- in'mi kimwii In l.r
must all. Ill laiit. ami iinli'icl it may Im -aiil lliat llinv i- iin
klliiWli Jiart nf till' wmlilllm l.iifntriis iMTjitiil wlimv tlii'
Cmlar.' -niiiinii'rniHainl cmistant in lln'ir a liiiinlain-i- .lining.' llic
silMiiin-r ami Miiliinilial -I'a-nii a- in tlm -trail- nf lii'llr l-li'
ami tin- ( 'na-l nf Smitln'rii Lalirinlnr. frmn Hi-llr l-lr nmtli-
wanl-. Till- nii'iiii iiimillil> ti'ni|irrMliirr nf iIh-i'm i-aii scan-r-
ly 111- -aiil In li-r niaiiN ilrLiri'i's iilinvc tin' firiv.iliu' iiniiit nf
fiT-li wall r iliiriiiL' til ■ -i.\ -iiniiinM- inmitlis nf tin- yivir. ami
y.t till- i-n,iniimriai lislir- almninl llniv, |iarlii-nlMily tin' t'nil
Mini till' ilirrin.L.'. Wlimi cmniiaivil with (iivi'iilainl -fm-
till' iiiii-; liMil an ii'i'-i'iivi'i'i'il ari'a tlir riiiii|>ari-nn fm' lln'
-Mini' .li',:;ii'i' nf latilu.l.' i- in Immh' nf ( iri'i'iilaml. Hilt this
|iiv alriic.' nf li.w ti'nipi'ratnii'-. I'miriiri'i'iitly with lln' aluiml-
aiii'c nf ti-h. nf I'i'iistaceaiis. a- wi'll a- nf h'— m- fmin- nf lifr.
-Imw linu cnmliiciM' In tlii'ir ili'\i'lii|inii'iil i- tin' InwiU'.-s nf
till' ti'iii|i('iatiiri's which iin-vail- in llin-r -I'a-. ami tlir lirn-
iiiini'in-i' uilh whirh tin' l,Mliiailnr t 'nil. 'lit i- invi'-li'ii M- a
li-li fnnil |irniliii'in.^ aii'a.
1. .S'.' Ill- r.l.'i'riHiiro rlmil nf iIih l.t.illnM'iu.ilx nf llii' .V.iilh .Mlaiilic ;
iil<.. •• Kiiiilii'i' Kiiiiuiiii'K rill ilL-Hiinii- Cii'i'uhitniii," liy Willium II. ('Hi'iHailer,
.M.n., I'. U.S. Cii'. .M.'iii. lll^l. ..f i-'niii.'.' i'l''. li'iy. <if"i. ••^■■■■■. .viimm.
1-71.
i)7
i-<^\v Ti:MiM;u.\Tri!i,s (,n hanks and siioai.s,
y^ '' '^ " l'"l"il'i'- .iinr I,, ,i,|,,„,s,. flial thr watcT.m
Hanks HM.|Sl,„Ml>s,,> li.tn, tv,.i„ tl... s|,.,r,. ,,.vs,.n,.sn
liitfli.T tiM,|„.nilinv llm.ill,,. Mim.im.linK •*'•"• O.-nrinllv its
''■l"l"""lllr i, ,,,„,i,|,.,nl.|y |,,^«. ,„„| ,1,1, |„„. „|,|,|i,., ,„,,'„„|y
I- liiuikr Imii „1„, icslmalin^' ,,.,1^ on ..ppmii.-liin- Inihl Miiil
iIh' VHimtiuii i> .siHTmlK in„„if,.>i on tlir Nmtli A linui
•■"<>M Witliin thr ilitlilrlMv ,.f tlir Ai.ti,. .•inivMl ,„• „„ „ niu'-
inw .strip ,is f„r .,,„tli ns < ;x],v ( ',„! ,„ ,.v,n Nrw \\,ik, Tli,.
1"M illnstiiilinii i. ,,f,.,,iii-.,. il„. (iiMii.i l!„iik> ,,r Nrwr.,„n,l-
liiii.l. Il,.iv I|iiim1,.,|,Ii C,,,,,,,! ,|„. siirfiic.. vvntrr ..f ll„. (iniM<l
lijink !r ,.,.,„, ,,1 Mi Kiili. U<wvv tliiin thr suifn, f ilir nri-l,
' '"^ -'•"• "ii'l -''!■"■ I''»l'. l-vv.r tlmn ll,,- (i„lf Si,v;i,n
Wlllili How. XniHi-rilslnly |,„., ,1,,. (I,,,,,, |in|,ks.
Wli.n tli,..,irv,.v ,,r,|„.(;,iir nf SI. Limiviir,. « (i. i„,m,I,.
son,, run yy. MIS. •!-,,, I,y Adniiml liayfirM. Dr. Krlly, who
Imil rliiirj;.' of ilir t<'ni|M'i'iihnv ol,s,.rMltioM>. siafs s.'iiirr,illv,
llinl ■ Wlinvvrr w,. Imil o.r.ision I,. ,,l,s,.r\ r tl„. I,.|„|„.n,liiiv
"'' "" '"'■•■'" "■'■'■ '"I'lks lin<l sllnaU, M«,IV tV.lMI tllr iiin.l, \\v
fonn.l it nlw.My. Irs, tlmn uliw il„. \vnl,'v u,.. ,|,.,.|, , Init in
fi|ipro,-iriiin- Innil IVoni tlic (vntrr of tlic (inlf, tlion-li wr ovti-
I riilly fonnd tlir snrt'iirc coMi.r, yet it wh.s n,,; inviiriiil.lv -o ;
iind in soiii,. ,.,|.|.s it was warmer mar tli^ Ian.!, tlian al a .lis-
laiicc from it '■'
<HS. Kxlrannlinary \ariali..ii> of l,.mp,ratnrr takr placr in
llarlionrs on Dominion ami Newfoiindlam! coasls. arisiiiir f,.,„„
'_'"''"♦'"'•' '■ til'' l-iil'ra.lor .-urivnt, uliicli is ..vcrvniHrc
tVIt to a -rratrr ,,r I, ,s ,|,-r,.,.. Tlir .S,,, l,.m|„nilMr i
Kiiro|iraii coasts rannot lif coiuparcl in |..,int of sn.M.ii ditrcr-
••iicrs and .•xir.-me cold, witli tlic ti'inpnatnrcs wliicli prevail
witli us. 'I'licsr rvmaikahlr variations arc s,, inl imalciv con-
nected Willi lisli life ami the moveiiirnts ,.f li.), that ijiey
nii'iit tile closi'st scrntinyand s|ii,l\
'I'lie e;reat ma.ss of til,' Water of llie (;idf of St. Lawivnce
lins a temperature of al»ait .'t:. deeives, ,,r tlnve .jeerees al.ove
''"' f' i'-iiii.; point of water ; it is always waiiner al IdOfalli-
.ims.airordin.,' to Dr Kelly, liian al .Ml fallcms, and in iliis
particular il dill'eis , -I, f|,,ni llie open .\ilanlic,
■nv\ii'i;n\rii;i; OP Till-: .s|.:\ w \,i\\i:u\:\t hki'th.s
nil-; (iii.h' OK sr. i.awhknc k.
('i)lil niid Wnnn Slrnlii.
HH. pr. Kelly '-> h:is shown ihiil the walcr of the (iulf of
St. Lawrence can lip dividod into ' strata' as rffjanls tcmpciatnre.
A zone of witcr of a certain dcu;ree of warmth is .supcriiiipo,sed
upon a zon<' of less and sometimes hijj[hcr lempcratnic. and these
zones are cup or saucer shaped, licinj,' disposed lowards the
deeper portions of tlic Gnlf, and sometinu-s (Dmiufjto the sur-
face at variahle distances from the coast. Dr. Kelly records the
somewhat remarkable ol.servation, lliat in tlie <h>eper portions of
the (iulf the water was found, ■• in every instance," warmer at
one hundred f.ithoms of depth than at Kfty fathoms. The speci-
fic gravity ol the deeper portion heiii^r always f,'reatcr at tiie
greater ilepths, " the saline contents of the strata thus jjiving
them a relative |)ositioii different, in some instances, from lliat
which they would occupy, if Ihcir specific i,'ravities were inliu-
enced by the tcmperafure alone."
1. lln till' l.'in|ii.nitiiri' of till' -iM-l'iii,' Will. T DViT ilu' liiinks ,m\ lu'iir llie
si|(ir(',><ef tlic (iiilf ,if St. jjiwriMiii'.
'1. 'Ill llie li'iiipcralurci (if the siirfiiPB wiili'i- evi'i- Ihc liaiiks, iin.l ii,.|ir llie
.ilinn'sef III,, (lull ef tile St. L«wrenc« : hy Williiia Kelly. .M.I), Tiiinsii,-
liiiiis of the [.ileraiy airl liisl.iriciil S.iciety ef t^ieliw, .May. I,s:!7. (■I'lit'st-
iilisi'i-vnliens \v,To iiiiuli' iliiriii),' Hie .\ilinimlly Sinvi'y of llie Ifiilf nf St.
I.iiwiciiee ill Isnn M.)
IIS
ll \h well ilc«i>rving ol' notice lliiil llii" <li»r<)ViTy of /niio« or
strut. I 111' Wilier liiiviii^ (lillcii'ht tcmpcrntiUL's nhoiild liiivc hpcii
nmdc in Doiiiiiiioi. wiitrrs mori' tliim forty vfiirs ngo, iinil lir.'
ri'cordiil in tlic 'I'liintmctionn of ii Litcriiry iiiiil Siicntitic Soiirlv iil
Unrlirc. It Im only vvitliiii till- last, few w-iirs tlmt llic liw lius
liecii found to cNt'.'nd to all si-as. Tlip wide .\tliiiitic on iippro-
acliiny; I lie American coast, shows the teniiieratiue strata in :i
m.irkcd liciinc, and llie discoyerv loiiiis one ot the very many
new and lieaiilifid laws which are the lesnlt of the "Cliallen-
jjer's" voyaije aroiinil the worUl. Or. Carpenter has discussed
the ' ( 'liailenifei's' oliservitions at length in the ])rocee(lin','s of
the Koy.il (ie(ii,Maphical Soiiety, ilN'li In llie iireliininaiv
repnr! ot Professor Wy\ iilc 'riionisoii, piiMislied in tliP procoed-
in)j[soflhe lloval Society, ( IHTfi), there are diai,'ranis sliowinj;
till- Clip sh.ipcd ari'anncment of the tcniperatnie strata in the
Atiaiiiic. In I'clerinanirs " Mitthcilnntten" for IH'd, two
laijjc nia|is showinjj; tiie siinuncr and winter isoiherinais over
the sill face of the .\tlaiitic, indicate roiii;hly the edges of tlu se
aailceis shaped strata, derived from a vast niimlier of surface
oliservations and having no relerence to temperatures at diU'crent
depths, yet strikingly coinciding with the siih siirfa.e results
a'laiiied liy llie • ( 'hallcnger' e\pediiioii, in general outline.
Hll. '{'he ill'ect of winds on the (o.islal waters is reniarkahle.
On the Lihradiir (tiulfi co.ist. Dr. Ivclly found the easterly sea
winds generally raised the tpinperature of the surface sim waters,
the wcsterlv winds cooled it ; and these ch.iiiges li.ive no relation
111 ilie Iriiipcraliire o( the « iniU, for ihc moist, easterly sea
winds are gene r.illv colilcr than ll' drv, and ol'leii, warm winds,
crossing from the land.
Minks iire mid licc.iuse thev o]ipos(. an iilislrm lion to the
tides and currents, which hriniis the rold sniislratum of water
to the snrfaie Winds, as will lie hereafter shown affect the
tcmpeiatiire hy mixing the waters and hy producing evaporation.
It is thus that warm, hut dry, l.ind liree/.cs cool the surfice of
the SI a, liy ev.iporatioii. In toe Straits of Mellc Isle flie water
is always rold, on accouiil of the I.ahraclor cuircnt which flows
through it, nearlv tilling the channel, liui if is colder on the
Lahrador side th.in nii th" Newfoundland sliore, because an
eddv current from the (iulf flows easterly, near ihit sliore, and
ice-heigs. coming round the north side of Helle Isle, and enler-
iiii; llic Snails, cillen pass oiil smilh of WcWc l>lc, lieiug cuiicd
liv this ciuienl from, instead of towards, rlic (iiilf.
'I'lic tiHipiiatiiie of the surface wiiter in the liays and
hailMii'^ 'tf llir (Iulf is rapidly and niiirkeilly atlccted l.y
winds. Ill .\u-u-t l)r. Kelly fniiiid the surface water of
l\rgn>lik;i llailiiii lliictiiale fnao -W to '>i' h'twecti tin- I.Hth
and 2.Stli of iha: nmnth, iieeiirdiiig a-- tlic winds weiv luoi,.
or li.vs fresh otf 1)11 the .>liiire.
tiff .Niiiiiiini nil the :!Ut August, llie surface wnlci wa-
."ll ihr ail 111 inu: ."ill'. Iiiil llu' nest ilay. owing to ii ehiingc in
ill" wind to llic iinrtliwar.l. the siiiface sank to :ilt\ the air
I'liig I'l
.\i III
plao'. in ]iiis.siiig ii
I .III the
2!tth .lime. l"s:l-_'. till- Iciiipeiiitiiic of the siiifnce was only
";!', thi' shoiil liiingiiig tin- cold ^.iilistiiitinii In tlm surface, it
lying in the cniiis.. nf llii' eiiireiit
The cH'ccl nf lid. sand winds in ding tlin water nn iind
near shoals li\ luiiiging ii|i the cold wiiter strntniu from
■.'ivati r dcplh^ i- Will kimwii. and in the hay of Kiindy the
low tciiipcialiiie is pindiiciil liy the luiNiiii; actinii nf the high
tides ,,f that H;\\.
'rhcse ohsi-rvatiiin^ liavi-a din el lieaiiiig iipnii 'lie elfcet
nf « illd- nil the .-aleh nf ^infllci. feeders, ivfelivd In ill the fnnt-
lliilr nil |my,. S'i, j||,t „- ill.' |ll' lill;,' IVlllttrks nil tllf
I'lllcl of li'iii|ii'nitinv sti'iitii itiv illiislmti'il liy tlic i.l.snvii-
tiniis cniiiliict,.,! In- till' iills|iiriH uf tlir M.tmi nlipt;icill S.i-
cii'tV nt' Scritliiiiil, ivtViiril fii (III |iiii;i. HI.
Ill iililMiiHi..|| ..f III.. ,ii||',.|v|ir,. ill ill, l..|ii|,.Tii|iiiv .if N.'li
wni.T liiki'ii fi..iii .lili'.iviii .l.'|,tliM ill til.' (iiilt, l)r, Ki'lly ill-
-tiiiii'.-- II s.Ti.-. ..f .ilis.iviitii.iK lift' till' Isliiit.j .if .\!iti<'..^ti .III
ill.. Inili Aii-ii-l, l^.■l|
T.'iii|i. .if ^111 t'lii'i' wiit.'i' .-,(,»
Al .l.'|iili ..)■ Ill I'liili.iiiis 4(1
•'"' ri>M ■*tnitiiiiii :tt..V
■'" .-tl
'"" wiinii siriitiiiii. , :\7
'S|i.'illii-i,'r(uili.., .|,.|.|',.ii,iii, i.'-iiliilly |'i..i,i 1, 021'.". I.. I,l):i7l)
nt ill.. .j|..'iit..>l .|..|.tli,
<»!!■ r.iiin .1,. Muiit^, ..II (||,. |:iili .Inn,., |.s:i-2;--.
Will.. I- Ml til.. >n|.fii,'.. (.;)= ^p „,. I 1)1!)
At .l..|iili.,f 10 i',.itli.,iiis. c.il.l strMtiiiii.i.. . .:17"'.V. . i.o:.:!
■-'•' wiiniislnitiiiii.i. .:i|) ■. I.O'.'K!
'■'" I'.'l.l stIHtlMll. .. , .M.'l ■ I.Oi'li
" !'"■ w.'iriii ■•InitMiii, . ,:i(i l.l):J7."i
.\t till' Slim.' |)lii('.', iitli .l'il\. |^;!|
'•''■"'I'. •!' -^"it'iic.' .-,7= , ,.,,,. ^,|., 1.017
At , I. .pill .,f :\ t'.'..| n.
!• fiiili.iiiis 40
■ I" :t,s ...
■ K'l* :i:. ... i.()27:i
'l'li...'(r..cl III' wiii.K is t.. Mii\ ill,, sinita ,if whI.t nn.l i.ipi.i.
.Iiir.. II iiiiil',.niiiiy ,.f i..iii|i,.i.atiir,' iis .l.'i'p ns tli.' inixiii.,' iic-
(•IMS. Ti.l.'N will mImi jii'.i.lii,',' till' sniiif ri'siilt, tliniij;li jii'rlmji.s
ill a mill..!, .j.'^rr.','. I.nt wli.ti li.l.'s lui.l \vil|,|.^ net tDfji'tlicr tlu'V
limy ri'iliiiT tln' ti'iii|i.'|.|iliiii. ..f n z..ii.. ..(' wiiI.t t.> ii c.iiisi.liT-
iil.lr .|..|.lli. ..^iii.i.ially ,,|| aii.i ill th,' ii.'i-.lil,..ii|.| I ,,|' l.iinks
nil. I >lii.ii|s.
Dr. K..||y rii|.tli..|. st,ai..> that ■ \vli..|i..\ ..|- w.- lia.l .u.i.iisi.iii
t<i iil.s..|.\.. til.. t..|u|...|.alMiv .if ill., viirfar.. .i\..i' l.aiiks an. I
sli. nils away fimii lli.. liiii.l. w.. f..iiii.l it always I. 'ss than wIuti'
till' wati'i' wa.s .l.'.'ji. hut ill a|.|ir.iai.|iiiin: laii.l fii.in tlir ci'iitrc
of till' (iiilf. tliDiiu'li vvi' 1,'i'iii'ially f.iiii.l ill.' siiifai-.. ....LI.t, vi't
it was lint invarial.ly s.., ami, in >..iii.. I'a.s.s, it was wjoimT
iii'iii th.. Ian. I than al a .lislam-.. fmm it.
On Ih.' 17lh .1.111.', l.S.ili, Dr. Kdly ro.iiistiTcd thi' lollowing
tcinpcnitiircs when hd'alruiil, mi a piiiiit I:,' miles simtli cast nf
Point (Ic,.* Moiit.s, in the cstiiaiy of the St. r.awii'n.'c :
'rcmpciiitm-c. Sp. ijravity.
Surface .■>! l.OKSO
.5 fathoms f n.r,
I(» " ,'i,S '.'.'.'
;iO " col(l strahim :j','.;) i .0!.'li 1
")<> " :i;t .'.\mm
•'^" " ;u i.o;.>(ii;
11" " 35 1.0^71
150 " ;)5 l.o;>-8
llelow the depth of 100 fathoms the temperature of the
ivater did not chanife, hut its specifie gravity .ontiniicd to in-
crease.
IIIO
ComimrinK lliis ''"I'l'" ""''i " »■''■'"' '"'''■' "' '•■iii|"'''"""'''"'
taken 1 1 til F«'l> , 1H7 I, in I.iit. liO •>*' Mnntli. it will lif wen thnt
I sdiiirwiinl similar noiii'K of iayoi'' of ""111 iiji't «aim wali'r oc-
cur in the ilrtp -(m wlicir til" li'ail rcconU inaiiv Imndrcil fii-
llioniH. (Clialli'ii^(iM, .1 lvl*a<i».)
'I'l'mprratiiri".
SM.ria.r ;i4.r)
1(1 l.iilioni!. :Jt
'M •■ :l:l''
;10 )■ •■ CoM Siiatiiiii ■{ .10
lt» I I M'i
:,() •• ■M.'.i
!()(» •• ••W
.'()() " •'■'■'i
It liny lie a^ki'd win. I practii-al ln'aiitiy liavr liic-^t' stiala
liMii|ii'ratiii(>s III) tlic ;,'rfiil Sisi KiHhcrii's. I'ln' answer laii only
he ailii|iiii(i'lv I'Xiiiisscil h\ n. c'S|irissi,in. 'an all-iiiiiiinlaiit
licaiiiiK ' I'lii'y "Icli'iiiiinc tlu' vortical posit inns in llic nca ol
/OIK'S 1)1 niiniiic anil inici.HCdpl life which form the hoiucc ol
the loDil (if the hi'^iier forms, ap to those of the tisll which lee-l
either directly or indirectly upon them. The Herring *"'''^ '""'
rise, with its food, so does the Mackerel, and the toll liait Used
hy the tishernien of the riiited St.iies, hi'.iifs the school* to the
surf ice friuii /ones wlicie lliey hiiv" liteii prolialil) let'din.!^
iM' restiiij;. These points will he lictlcr and iiioic fully illus-
trated in Mihscci'ieiit pariifjraphs
111 the ■ 1,1-1. liMiiir Clianni.l" 1.. t w.'.'ii tli.' N'ovtli •>( Scot-
land ii!\d .lie l-'iiiMc Islaii.ls, till tcnipir.itur.' .d' the water "Vei
a lai.- oait ot the lintlnni ranges tn two dc'.'rees nlevell Ml. .re,
I'rhif :\Z . tin fl zilli,' point of flesli water Dr. N\'. Ii'_
Caipeiiler oil I'liysiciil liiveslii,'ati.in> mi l«iiii.l tln' " N'nloroiis
in .\iii.'iist, In7."i. I'l" li'V, S.ic, V..1. NXV. \.i I7:t
\'.2Xi.
Tile .PCClllVMce ..f ^h.cl- ..I' W ali'l .if \ .■l\ • litf.'lvllt li'lllper-
Mtinvs .ivi'i-lyiiiu' .me ae it'ier, is w.'ll illu-trat.'.l in a jiaper hy
Dr. I '.•lI'lKMIter. pllhlishi-.i 111 the I'l". ll'S. <l.'Oi:. Soe.. .\uu'.
|.s7f .\ iiiixiiiL; of similar sheets ..ii the Lalnndnr. hy ciii-
iviit^ nil that sli.ial e.iasl. aii'l partieiilarly aiiionv: the InIiui.U
rapi.lly f Iuim's th.' t. iii|ieratitv.' so that in a e.ild ealiii after a
■>loini ill D.'c.'iiil.'r. ell the ciielitions f..r tli.> rapid f.innatioii
• •( .\iiidi.ir Ice are pivseiit. The sen on the slioals is iinifdrnily
e.i.ile.l. a cLmi- sky aii.l a 1,'ciitle north wiii.l assists the radia-
ti.in ..f li.al. an 1 ice s|iiculie finiii with ;,'reiit rapidity in the
Liliia lor ciiireiil, oft 'H iner.'as.' 1 ill lo:'a! iiiLoisity liy tides.
The causes which jfivi' rise to tli.' \arioiis >iii.ets of water ..J
.lill'eivnt ti'iiiper.iliires in flu- I'.ilar s.^as. are thus lirietly e\-
press..d l,y Dr. Carpenter: ■ It is iplite true that the surface
water is oft. Ml f.aiii.l t . !.• e.il.l.r than the stratum wideli iiii-
niedialely llieleliies it, the telllpelature of the former lieine- IV-
diiccl hy Ml.' ni.'ltiiiL:' of th.' iiv, whilst the c.iM.'r wat.'r cai-
tinii.'s t.i tlo.n in \iitur ..f it- inf./mr ^.(I'mil'i. Hut the
waiiii ,s"/i-surl'a(v slraliiin may ii..w he atliriiied with certainty
t.i 1..' iip.ai a l..-d .if glacial water, the lemperatiir.' ..f which
ha- l.'.n f.aiii.l ill -.en.- iiislanc.'s to.le-cn.l as l.iw as i'> .
1 lll,i rs .'I' 1 I lillKN ts.
.\.liiiiral CI. .Ill-, in th.' ■ /';/-/, ./■ 7V,',v-.\V,/.e,-," states, that
th.' curiviil- ai.' \.'iy sir.iie,' and irre;;uliir in the viciii'ty of
Ni^wfomiillaiid. and that whil.' the ciirient hetw n tlielirand
Hanks and N.'wfoiindlan.l i- i-.iiuiiiniily to the s.mth-wesl at
th.' rat.- of .a mile an li.air, v.-t tlii> i- not iii\ arial.l.-.
nil
'■><> A.ImiIIIiI I.MV.III.I. .piulr.l I,x A. I 111 il'.l I ( 'I, ,I|.'' , . l."..Til «•,
" ii"'"ril>-iii(li..>,,iillic..nsi„f N.'wt'i.iiii(||iiii,|,i»v..ryinvjrii-
'_"'■•"'"' "•''■' '• vi..l,.|it I,,.,,,. t|„, ,1,.,,,, t|„>„ „, „\|iH(„„,.„
fioiii it, MO ihut it Im-uimiiim nlmiMt iiii|iiiHHili|i' to imlicnli' willi
luvi'lsioii tlii'lr •lihrtioii ,m<\ inlliiii
U'itli ivyiir.l t.. will.!,. A.iiiornI Clou.' <hvh timl lli.iv mv
I'fW .■omiiiir, wli.T,. til,. >v,.„tl„.r is iiioiv cliiiiiui.iil.l. tlmn on
III.' roiists i|.iuaK.w of .Nrwioiiii.llim.l. Kivi|ii(.Titlv.lmiii-,'ilH.
Hiiiii- .luv tlw win.l will ii„ii<,. tl„. i.Miu,! of li„. .■oinp,.s,.
AftiT lllivill;,' l.lowil flV,|| fiolll tl ll^^l in I ll.' Illol iiiin;, it will
I'low witli till' sum,, foivi. in un o|i|i,Hit,. ,liiv,'ii Iiuiii;; lli,.
"'''''■' "• <l''ii''iiill,v. liowvv.T. u,.st..|lv wiinh (iivviiil.
OwiMi,' to tli,.)irl.i, .1 of (li,. ti,|,.s. il iinviits in fstimii,..
iiilit> 1111,1 liiiys, ami tlii-oii;;li isli.n.ls, m,. of u , |,|,.s .•Imr-
iiftir. mikI \,t\ fiv,|ii,iii!.v 111,, siirfiii'c ..iiiiviit off. is no iniiint-
lioii v\li,ii,M.|-,,f 111,, yvni'ial iiio\,.|ii,.nl of th,. wat..r,.v,'ii liv.'
fatlioiii l..|.,w, lii,|,.,.,|, «i(|„,i,t ..Mivliil ..i.snvalioM-., llii. >li-
iv,.ti,,n .if (il,. iin.l,.)' ciinvnis ..aiinot h,. >l,.|,riiiiii,..l, an. I nil
"n.iH|il.i.Mlniw,.,,iii.|iis|oiisf|..iiii siiifa,.,. iii,li,.at,i,.iisiiiv liaM..
lo iiiiii'li ,'ii'or.
In lool;iiii;f,,i- iMi \vlii,.l,ii,.c,.-,sMnK ,ii IN., si „.ason» follow
Mil' l.;iit, w,. must li,. .riii,l,.,| 1,^ il,,. iiM.l.r ,.iiir,.nN, whifli also
oiri.l,. aii.l iliivcl 111., l.iilaii.l tlms ,|, .(,..■, „i,„. ,|„, mimviiipiiIs
of tli(. lisli,
Ailiiiiial |!;ulirM instai ^ niaii.v i'\niii|)l,.- in tli,. (;iilf
ami rslimry of IIil St, Lawivm f' n lliin sii,, .rMniliiin ,.f
<'omiiiirat.iv,.|y li^'lit an. I warm w,il..|- m.,\ii,..r ,|,,uii t| ,tiian
■>v ivmaiiiin.,' staii.maiT. tli.. hm.I.t I'linvnt lnUin.,. aii.illh'r
• liiiclion.
Tliis, w,. know from ili,. ivi-,.|it ,,l,-.,.ivalion, l.y lli.. sciinii-
lie stair , if til,. Cliallrii;,',.!-. 111,. Valorous, i„i.| ,,i'|„.r ,,f II. M.
v,.ss,.|s, takoHjilai.,. on a ;rraml sfal,. in ih,. ,,|,<.|, ,,r,'aii, ami tli,.
(•as,, most inl-'ivstim; to Xi.wfoumllan.| is tliat of tlir warm,
lliin suporstratiMii movini; up an, I l,,war,ls Davis St rails. n,.ar
till, (iivriilan.l loiist. 'I'll,, ciiriviit has piol.nlilv .-iii inilu.-m-,.
upon 111,. iii,.v,.|m.nts of .s,.aN ,,n an.l l.,uar,|s ili,. ( ;i v,.|il,i,i,|
coast.
1!IK (H 1,1 STIIK.WI.
!M. Alllioii.^'ii f.M- all piailical and even llicoiWical piirpiw-s
il ir','lil l)(. ,oiisi,I,.r,.,l that tin- irivi,'iiliir ciirvf r,.pn.s,.i,iiiit; th,.
oni! h miliril I'.illmm lino of soinidiuyis embraced tlu- whole of
the availalil,. aiva in which .I,.,.p s,.a fishinjr U pradiscl in
Aiiicri.aii u,,i,.,s, yet il will !„> far moir Mitisfaclory lirsl to in-
dicate the appropiiat • dist.uic- of the (iidf ,Stre;,in from the
Ameiicaii c.,)ast noiih of th(. .iidli parallel of latitnd,., as deter-
mined l>y th,. (Tnited States (',)ust Siirv..y. North of the ;}t)tl,
paiallid the coarse of tlif! (Jnlf Sire.im accordini,' to the chart in
volume for ISlill of the U. S, Coast Survey, lies wholly ,)..lsi,le
or heyomi the 1(10 i;ith,>m line, Imt spins or olts,.ts ne.irly touch
that line on the parallel named, abreast or due east of C.ipc
lleiilopcn.
The distaneoof the "cold wall," a w,.|| doKne.! b.iiindary
lietwi.en the warm water of the (iulf Sti^am and the coM wiit,."r
lyinu; between it and the coast, ,s thus stated hv th,' Siiprrin-
temleiit of the U. .S. Coast Survey (A. li. Hache). " '
DlSIANCKOK (;oi,li W.M.I. FUOM SllOlit:, IN Mll.KS.
Mih.s.
Cap,. Ilattcras Section ;-,()
( '.ipt I lenry " (jr,
Cap,' May " " ' jo,-,
Sandy I look " ,> , ,)
I. I'liil,.,! Siiii,.< t\,;i>t .Siin,.v. Isiiii.
Hilt hclwicii till' " (did wall " ami tlic slioic llicrr air warm
li.iiiiU, aNo ail Dvciriow of the (iiill' Stmiiii, wliiili t^rcatly liiiiiis
llic area and voliiim' dI' the cold watiT. ''
South ol' New York, tin- coldness of the watei-s hctweiMi the
coast and the (iiilf Stieaiii is due to tlie snr;,;iiii; up of the ijieat
hed of nearly ice cold water which underlies the (iiilf Stream,
and there in no soiitli-wi'->terly moveiiu'iit ohseived 'I his is
fully explained hy Dr. Carpenter, in his '■ Kiirtlier eiKpiiries
into Oieaiiic circulation" — )> '■>'}', .lotir. Hoy. (ieoijr. Soc.
.lune. l.S7t.
riie edije ot the (iidf Stream soiilli-eist of Nova Scotia is
represented on the Admiralty chart at ahoiit I'll) i,'co miles dis-
tant from the coast. lOt) miles due sonth of Sahle Island, and
in its siiiniiicr extension sweepiiiy; over the eMrcme sonthern
cdi;e of the (ireat IVilili of Mewfo milland dmlni,' .\iii,'iist and
Scptcinlier. In all ci'ses, except where it touches the southern
end ol'tlii' (ireat Hiiik, it lies heyond the hnndred fathom line
id' suiMidinLjs. Its iioillii ilv s« ini; diiriui; the suinincr imnitlis
carries it a varialile distance heyoiid the limits assii;ne<l to it as a
siirtaco current, and prev.iiling southerly winds not iinlreiiuently
hriiu,' a surface film iieai to the coasts ol New En.nland, Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland, with the peculiar marine lile which
helonjj;s to the ualers of the (iulf Stream, lint hiuicalh this snr-
fai-c lilm there always rests ami Hows southerly and sonth-w cst-
erlv the cold waters of the Lahr.'dor ciirien:. '-'
l! is niM'dlcs> to stilt,, that the seas lyiiiy- to the north of
th'- (Iulf stii'am me partly siih-aivtie and ar.-tic in their ehar-
actiT. ami that the wliol.' of t' ■■ (iulf of St. I.iwivncc is iii-
chulvd within the limits nccupici. hy coM waters, the suinniei
^iirlace coastal lilm of warm w.il ■! hciii;;' \('i\- shallow and
unstalile. .Vs far swiith as N. \v N'.iik the c-old coastal waters
arc .l.oived from the arctic or Lahvador cuireiil. South of
Nrw Viii'U llic siiryilij;- iipwar.l of the cold glacial heil of ihr
(i'lif stream i> apparent. ' ' '
:iL'. (tic of lie- most important lishiuy eniniels for coil
wi;;iiii the wat.-is .itl' the e,,a>t <d' the I'liitcl Stales is Saint
(i ■ i:„'es' Brink and it' vicinity. I'rufessor N'eirill. spraUiiie- n(
till' Kaiiiia ohtaiiied hy divilifiie,' there, states that it is essen-
tially the sain.' as found W. th.' .le.'per imid.ly pact- of {]<,■
(Iulf of St. Liwrenec, i'l and tin- life imlicati's a tempei;,i.,ie
noi aliov.' 40". and ])iu'haps eonsideiahly lower." " ' h' 'he
• leepu- waters outside ■ if ( 'a.seo Bay, 1 "i to :10 miles sontlu- e.^t
fi 1111 Cape Kli/alieth, the hottoni tciM|ieiaiiiies witc found to
he i-eMiark iMy low. vavyiie,' from ."Ki' to I-!)' Fah., while the
sni-faee was usually helweeii .'i."i" and (i."> . or e\i n hi;;lier. In
the deep part of the (Iulf of Maine, styled hy I'rof. Veiiill. St.
(leiU'L'es (l.df. the water is ley eo'id. lint ■■ whethiT the nearly
iee-ciild water (llliii',' the de,']ier part- of the cold area can he
r.'i;ardeil a- constitiitine- a delinit" cnireiit or ott'-hont fiuin the
u'lvat arctic current, tl iw m^' southward alon^;- oiir coast in deep
wati r offshore, or whether it is a |ioilii)n of tin' "leat hoily of
1 I'd water til!, u' the ocean ha-in at "leat ileplhs. which is
hioii.dit into this partially closed hasin h\ the powerful tidiil
cuir ills is still uiii- u-tain. Bnl it is i.up.iriant to have estah-
lishi'd the fact tlial this hody of eidd water a|iiu-oaches so
closely to till coast iif Maine as in manifest itself most dis-
I I'uji' 171 f .s C.Hi-l .Sirvfy f^aa.
•_'. .<i'i' ■' Clialliinai'i" Olisi'i'viitiilis llulilav le Ili'iiimMn.
:(. r. :t.'i", |iiM. H'l.v. 111'.' Siii'.. .luiii'. tsTt. 111'. I'Miiii'iii.'r '111 111" ••Clml-
Ii'iiitit" Ti'miH'mtiirc (llisiu'Viiti-iirs,
1 Di-i'iluia:;- .'11 llu'l'iii-l ef N>'.v KimriiiHl. .\iiii'rii'iin .leiniiiil >il Si-ii'iicc.
IK-,,1
,. Ihi.l I'll;;' 1 I -ill' iiU.i |.iip' 4;is. \,.I. VI,. :!iil .Siii.-
tiiu-tly will, in ]2 m 1 :, ,„il,.s „f ('„,„. Hlizalirtli. l.ntli l.v its
In-lily iiivlic fMiiiiii .-iiKl iis |,-y triiip,.|-atinv, .'wn in midMiin
iii.'i-. Mdivov.t, tliciv can lie no doiilit Imt flmt tli.' (■iiii-!;.-^
mInii.Ntniv df tliis c.lil Kotloin-watii- with tli.^ warm smfncc-
wati'i-s, liv means of tin. stron;,' ti<l.-< an.l l..iiil wiml cinivnts
•■;ui.s,..s th.' ivmarkaMy low ti'm|icmtnic.s .>1«,.iv,m1 in tiir slial-
low watris of tiii's,. .lioivs, an.l rvm in tli,. small liays and
1|'1i1k.;ms alon- the cntiiv uastvrn and northern c-oast of New
Kni^land." I'l Tlie intlnenc f tlie l.aloa.lor Cnnvnt i^ felt
insliori' as far sontli as l.on.j- Island S,,nnd. in llir vieinily of
Ni'W Vork. In IS?:, i'rof. Verrill writes:^ "Our invest'iira-
tions sliow ennelnsively tliat there is a very <leei<l,Ml t1ow"of
<'old eurreiits thrnnuh Fishei's Island Sound "and Hlock Island
Sound into l,on- island Sound and alon- the d.-eper jmrf of
the lattei' for a ureat distancv. espeeialU towards the soiuheni
and deeper si<le. The iiiHuenee of this eohl eurreiit is very
iippari'nt as far west as \ew Haven, in tln' deeper parts of the
Sound. This cold water is douhtless derive.], ilireetly or indi-
rectly from the arctic current tliat How< s,,uthward aloiv.' oiir
Atlantii' coast ; hut its (lowing- into Lou.-- Island Sound mav he
due larifely to the intlueiice of the tidal currents nhHlilicd l,v
the local wind currents," f- 1
T!le following,' teiuperatures were (diserve.l hv I'rof.'ssor
Verrill off the coasts ,,f Xosa .Se,,tia. >howinu' the ureal dif-
fereiii-.' which <'xists lielwei'ii the wariu surface waters and the
<'old -uhstratuiu in which th.' iKittoin fi'edin-' fishes find their
food, such as the Cod, Haddock, Halihnt, \r.:
*^n-i\^„-'<:y\.\r ■■'■' Lat. 4.r.:2i»
lion. ti.')'.2l
l''l'''i +:. fathoms.
Ternprr.iture of hotlom :!.-,
^iiifacr ;i(j =
air 5H'
'•'■ ll'-'ve Hank |,„t, 4l>\.-.(;
Loll. 114"..") I
l''T'li +•■> fathoms.
Teiiiperatuiv of holioni :t(i =
surface Ill -
llax of Kini ly Ka-t of (iiand .Manaii.
'''•l"l' I()(i fathoms.
Temper;ihn-e of holiom :t7..') =
ft;}. The aica eiiihiaied vvifluM the liundrcd fathom line of
sonndin.ijs on the coasts of the Uiiitod States, cstimatiiifr (Vom
Cape llattcras towards Cape Sunle in Xova Scelia, docs uot
exceed 4."),(m() square miles, which is ahoiit h;df the entire area
of the Gidf of St. I,awreiice.
The area nl Nova Scotiau waters within tlu' hundred luihoin
line of s.mndinsjs is ahout 48,000 s(iu..re miles Ot the
(ireat Hank of Newfomiland. includiiiif the waters with'u 100
fithiun line. Ii0,()l)l) sipuire miles. I'he north-east coast of
Newfoundland and the Lahr.ulor as far as Naiii, .'.'O,0(tll square
miles. 'I'he (inlf of St. I.awicnce, (il), (»().) s,piare miles
These .'.reas tahidati'd ■.land ihiis :
S,|. .M.
.\i(M of rniled Stales coastal waters within hinidied
I'atlioni s( lUidinns jr, ^^^^^
Area of Nova Scotiau ci>ast;d waters within l(»l) la-
tliom soundings (,s ooo
1. I'liRP 4,T,S, vi.l. VI , Snl Soiifs- .Xm. J.air. of SiHunpo.
■-'. .\. !•;. VoiTill Ucsalts ,.r |(,.,.,.ni DnvlKuiK Kxpcliliohs „n the ('..n.-t of
.New Kn^jliuiil. .Viiicii.'iiii ,l»in-iiiil of .S-ii'hci'. lisT.^i, p. -Jol.
:(. ri'.'f, .\. !•;. V.^i-ill .\iiii'h.'iin .l.arnn! ..f .S'i.Mifi'. .Ian. IsT.'i, |,, 111.
104
Area ol (iiand I'.ank williiii llic >.\iiic liniilN (iO.dOD
Area of (iult ol' St. Law reiicc within the same limits. (iO.OOO
Aroa of Norlli-<Mst Ni>\vrouiiill.iii(l and l.ahrador, a>
fill- as Naiii, within 100 fitiiom soiin(hni;s .... !.'0,000
Area of Bay of Fnndy. part of tin- I'.stnary »f the St.
I.awrrncc, and other inlaiul niarinc waters williin
100 fithoni >.oun(Hnir> ll.'.OOO
'riilid arci of Mrili>h .American Spa Fisheiies
within the 100 lathoni line of soiiii(linp:s fil.'i.OOO
United --States waters 4'),000
!lf. .Sii \Vy\illi- ■rhnni|i>oii hiirtiy di'scrihi's tlie iirc-i'iit
i-nnililioii (if tlir ;^rrat ti.sliinj;- nioiiiids in Hnropc in liii,u:i's :)0N
and :!'.l!l.if the •■ I)e]ith,-. of the Sea." showiii.!;. wlieii (•(inipared
with the I'lMuiitiiiii wliicli invvail in tlie Noitli Anieriean Kisli-
in^- (Iroimds. tlir diU'civnees wiiieli exist in tlie marine eliniate
of tlie two areas, and tlie prohahle reason why llu' li-hini;
-easoiis are in a measure ri'VeiM-d.
The Norwe^fiaii " Winter Cnd" laui^hl on tin- l.ofoic^n
Hanks retires dnrim: the snnuner to the ed-v I'f the ' I'olar
|)ee|is," where cold wMt'i' iiivvail>. It is only in the Northern
part- of .N.irway. towards and hey 1 • V.pe North, that the
I 'od is taken to a larj,'e extent in spriii.n' and ~innnier. lii-ie
lie- (iidf Stream exerts a ndnimiim etli-et.
It is .-eareely neees>ar\ to -.ay that for .vt ry unit of water
whieh enters the Kasin of tlie North Atlantie, ami whieli is
not I vaiiorated. an eipiivalent must return. .\s eold water
enii gravitate into tie- .lerprr ]iarts of ih.- ocean from all direc-
tion--, it i.- only niider peculiar eir<-uinstan(-e- that an\ mo\e-
ment ha\ instill- eliaracler of a current i- indiu-ed ; th(-se (-ir-
ciim-tanee- oecnr, how. \ii. in the coiilined and conlra<-ted
conniinnication hetwceii the North .Vtlantie and the .\i-etie
Se,-1. HelW.-i-li (',i|ir FaleWell (ir.-eiilaiid and I 'ape North
Norway: tli.-r.- are only two channel-- of an> eoii-iileialile
depth, till- one \ery narrow aloiio the ea>l eoa-t of li-eland.
ami the otlii-r alniiLT the east coast o ' ( irccnlaiid. Tin- shallow-
part of till- sea is entirely oci-npicd. at all i-vetits diirine: -iini-
iner, hy tin- warm w.-iter of th.- ( iiilf sti-eam. eX(-ept at <ine
jioint. whei-e a lapid, cnrri-nt of cold water. \eiy ri'-tricled and
very -hiiljow, sweeps namd the south of Spir/.lierL;cn and llieii
dips uiid. 1- tile ( liilf -tream water al the iiorih. rii enti-anei- of
tie- llerman ()e.-an. 'I'lii> eo|.| How. at tir.-t a current, finally
a nieie indrailLdit. afi'ect,s y-rcatly the lempeialuie of the (ler-
man Ocean, hut it is entirely losi-, for tin- .slii,dit current
whi(-h is a-iain [irodin-ed hy the ^'n-at i-iHiti-iiction at the Straits
of Dovci , lia- a s;niiiir r t iiipei-atnre of 7'-'ie.. 4'i' 1 l''ah.,p
'j'hc path ol the eol 1 iiidr,iui,'tit Iroai Spit/hei-iji'U iii.iy he
re.idily traced un tie- map hy the depressions in the .-iirfaep
i-otheimal lilies, and, in di('il:;iii.i,', hv the ahiiiidanre of ^'ii;anti(.
aiiiphipodoiis and i-npodiius iriis'.ic'-ans and othci well known
.\ieti( animal liiriiis."
•- l-'rum its low iiiiiiii velocity, the Arctic- n turn (-iirriMit or
imh.oiijlit. must doulitle-s tend slightly in a noriher!\ direction,
and the hiiilicr spccilie ijravity of the cold water may proiiahly
cv'-n nioie powerlully Ic.iil it into the deepest ch.imicis ; or pos-
si'dv ih(- two causes niav eomhine, and in the course ol aijes, the
eiiriciits niav hollon out deep soiith-ac-lerlv u'riiovcs .Vt all
events; the nriiii .Arctic return currents are very visi'de on the
ihart fakiny; this (lireittiun, indic-ated hy marked de||cctious ol
the i-oih> imil lilies I'lie most nr.rked is the I.alirador current,
whirli pa--es doun inside the (iiilf Sdeaiii alon.i{ the coasts of
Cii-olina .Old N(-w ,Iei-e\. nic(-tlm,' it in the straiige, ahiiipt
■-ri.lil will." dipping 'iiiilei it a- it i.-.siic- lioiii llieliull, eoniini;
ion
to flic mirt'iir'c n-fain <m thf otlior side, and a portion of it aofnally
passing utrdiTtlio Gulf Stream, as a cold, coniiter-currL-iit, iiilo
the (iidf of Mexico,"
'I'lie mean temperature of the surface of the sea in the month
of July oft the Hehrides, in hit. .5S N, in the path of the (iidf
Stream, is l.T C, (55 '.4 Fall), while in the same latiludc, off
the coast of l.ihrador, in the course of the Lihrador current, it
is 4=5. C. (4()M) a difFerence 15 = .;! Fah." " '
.M.Mir.NK JJKK (IN TDK (illKAT H.WKS.
!),-). (',.i;;i.pi,.v .;}• incessant attacks appear, it is said, (o
have nmde lint slijrlit inipres.si,)ii np,,n the ninnlKi-s ni Mi
which lonu the staple of th,. \ewf..uiidlMiid F?aiil< ('(hI Fishery,
if this he true, we iiiav find the ivasmi in the extraor-
<linary fecundity of the co.l. in th.' ;,'re«t extent of its
feedin;,r oiouiid, and the suitahility of th.> marine clineUe to
Its hahits. Its iiinde (.f spawning- ami the uianiirr in wliich
the spawn is hatched are conducive to its preservation, not-
withstandinj; the destnii'timi to which (h,. dilferent sehonls (if
fish are suhjected l,y tle^ niethnds employed to tak.' annually
the larjfi'st po.ssihle ipiantity.
The soiMldiuf,' lead shows that the Imttoiii is eoniiiionlv
covered with shells, i- i and small Hsh al.oiind in the waters
eoverinjr the hanks, which arc ivLrarded as anion;,' the sources
of the fonil of the cod.
The late .Mr. ,luk,'s, in his ' Kxcursimis in Newfoniidlaiiil,"
notices th,. al.undant life ii, the N'ewf.Mindl;ind seas. He savs
■ .Myriad,- of Individuals, rcferahle to the j,'eniis Medusa
Held', and oth.rs (if the Acale]ihn', swai'ni in the seas around
Newlouiidland, and spaces, many .s(piare miles in extent, are
sometimes tilled with them, Doiilitle.ss tliere are c(U-r(-p(,nd-
niH- multitudes ,,f those microseopic aninialeuhe which form
the food of those animals, and the phosplcresccnce of the sea
points to tile sanic fact,"
As nii>,dit he 1 iiected, the marine life ,iii the dcliateal.lc
.irroiind, near the southern cdo-c ,.f (h,. Cnmd Hank, is eharac-
teiizcd l,y what was known so years since as a mixture of
supposed siili-tro[iieal and suli-aretic forms, .lukes savs:—
■■ I'l-ofessor Stuwitz informed me that on the southern pint of
the r.ank, and also to a certain extent (in the southern <'oasts
of Newfoundland, the shells and animals had a more tropical
eharaeter than would he .sujiposcd from the latitude, and from
the existence of (itlier animals of an arctic character, lie at-
trihuted this to the action of thefiulf stream, not mi much
from its raisin- the t. niperature of the sinroundiii',' \v,\ter as
from its current -wcepin.i;' the animals further north llian tliev
would otheiu i-e reach." (■'■!
!»(). On the coasts of the United .states, in the winter
months, the proximity of the (iiiM' .Stre.nn to the Atlantic sea-
hoard has the effect of elevatins; the temperature in the viciiiitv
of the ocean, the amount hcim;0= in Florida, ahont 4 '' in North
Carolina, and ahout M= or 1(1= in Massachusetts; in the summer
months the elfect is reversed, as shown hy the isothermals eiirv-
ing southwards ; this is due to the cold current ninnin^f south-
wards hctween the coast ami the (iulf Stream, and the depres-
sion produced would he still greater h.il for the cireumst.ince of
the prevalence of westerly winds, which carrv the heated
air seawards. The depressing eHect, however, in amount, is less
thiin one half that ujivcn for the opposite season." <*■>
1. ••Tllc llc|illis,if tlu' Sen."
K H, I., s,. H,.l|i^.s :„!,..,, ,suil,ni;Pi,,.cii„ns f,,; tl,„ |.;„,.i f„ii.i et N.nl'l
Ammm. |ml.|isl„.,l l,y Ch,,,!,.,, \Vi| |,-,; |,,,,„l,.aliall .si,,.,.t.
.'I. " Kxciiisi.iM.- ill N'l'Hli.iiiiclliiiiii." \el. II , |i. MM.
■t. SniiilK,. llian Cinlriliili' ii. \.,l, .\.\1,
I lll> fIfiM t ,,| llw ( lull' Sliciilll 1-- siimi-tilllC- Celt ill ;l iciiwiik-
iitilc mnniicr on llw miiiiIi sIuu,. ,,1 Now ri)iiiull.inil, iirol)al)ly
iirisiiif; from ,i i imtiiiiiiiiicr of sonlli-caslcily oi' smitlicily winds-
lionii\ epistle H'coiil- lliaf ,.;iilv in Janiiiiry, 184^', llic watiM' ill
fill' occiin Wiis so waiiii that sailors (Mijoycd hatliin;,' in it. Thi-
tlicrmumoli'i on siioio ua,: iVoiinciitly at zero aliniil llio time with
iliiilin,;,' X. am! S. W. wimU. li,,t the winter of 1S|;,> was ic-
niarkahlo for its i'\tiaonlinary i,'aics in January.
ItT. Admiral Clou,; states that the iinpoitaiK'r of t hi' [''itMicli
Hank Fi^helil^s is suhjcct to considciahli' f|i' tiiatioiis, and that
alter one or two iinsucci-ssfiil yrars the tlei't (liniini>h in iiiiiii-
l"'r~ : hut hf aUo says, writiiif,' ahoiit the year 1X()S. that since
the gieal losses on the East loast (Xewloundlaii<l ) which led to
the ahaiidoiinicnt of ahoiit two thirds of the stations there, the
hank (isliiMv appeals to h ive ifvived, hut not in proportion to
the dccliiir of the tishciy on the east coast of Newfoiiiidhmd."'
In ISlll the l''ui:\( II Hwk Fiki.t, inchidini; all those ves-
sels which '//■/'(/ III, ir Ji^h at S|. I'icne and Mi(|iielon, as well as
on the north-east coast ot Newfoundland and in France, ainounted
to VZ-l vessels, earryinij .{.S.^.i men. " ' In l(i'.' the nnmher of
ships fell to !>3, and of men to :.',.")IS : in ISO.! the nnmher ol
vessels sank to H7, and nf aieii to '.2,4.)l! ; Imt the winters of
I'^Hl-.'and 1,S()',' .i were se\ereiii the extreme in Ncwfonndl.md,
and this iiniisiial sevi'rity prohahly atlected part of thesiiijplyof
pelatfie or wanderiiij,' food which indirectly forms the source of
the food of Cod ; and secondly, the severity of winters may have
compidled the (ish to retin" from their ordinary wintering
fjronnds, to deeper and more distant areas on the slopes id' the
lianks, and the 100 fithoms line of soiiiiiliiiLjs which surround
Newfonndhiinl.
In this iise ihe moveinenis would lie similar to those which
have liceii recoi,Miized for many years in the North Sea. The
Silver Pits there, mentioned liy lloldsworth, are a i,'reat winter
resort (or Hsh diirin;; extreme sea:u)ns, and no doiilit there are
many deep and sheltered homes, — se.i \allcys or deep sea /ones,
— to tthieh tish retire duriiii; exceptionallv inclement periods.
its. \ eo.iiparis 111 !■ 'tween tin- niiiiihcr of \essels ini-
]iloycd hy the Fniich mi the (Ireiit Hanks and on the Fast
Coast durin:; a series of yeais, when eoni|>,'u'eil with what i^.
known .if the eharneler of the seasons diniii;L; the .same per-
i 1 1. throws some llllexp 'cted liifllt upon the ineteol'olouieal eon-
ditioM to which the c id lislleries of Xe wroUlldla lid are sllhject.
ami points t.) 11 eaiKe att'ei'tiiiLr the nioveiiieiits of tish of the
utmost iniportiiiiee. riifoitnnately. there is at ineseiit aviiil-
alile ilata only for the yeai-s |,S{;o to IMIT hotli inclusive, and
tile tahiilati'd results diirine tliis p-riod are as follows. Aluait
eie-hiy sloops or small vessels. I ielon'.:i Ml;' to St, I'ieriv and .Mi-
i|Ueloii. which also ri'sort to the B;iiiks. are not included in the
followiiiif eniiineiatioii.
I. I'll iif .1.' 'IVrrH .Vi'iiv.
I r,l.a.. .l.'T.-n.' .\,.uv..
lO'i
Hank
V«lr. ! No.
nrshlpi
Im;o l:!:f
iMil |L>i
lS(i;) 1 s7
!
I.S(i4 ' !)1
iMi.'i lo;)
iMii; \->s
I -Ml? I. -J?
■'; ( 'im.st Kisliiiijf.
X,. ..r M.-n. No.
lof Ships.
No. of .Mull
L'hiir.H'lt'r of W.iiliM'.
.•!.s7:f
lo.-
fil.Si) l,S.-).S-.->ll vii\- MVi
■i.sy.i l().-| (i,().-,,s is(i|.(;-j
-'.'ii^ 11--' !i..'>!):i i.s(;2-(i:; ■•
l'.4;!(l IK; .-,.4!):! „.„.s,„i c,,!,!, uTt iiiid
-'.714 .v. :»,ii,s
.•f,-Jli!l
••ii.ll
W ' '2.7 :<s
14 --'.DII.S
I'mm the foicijoiiij; talilc it will iippcir tiuit dminf? tho so--
veiv period, oxtendln;; (Vom l.SOl to 18(i,-J, the Fiencli Rnnk
Fishfiy declined and tlic Xoitl, K ,st Const Fislirrv iiwipascd
riipidlv. ISO;] was a period o( ijeneial depve.-isioii, botli on tlic
Hank and on llu- North Fist Coast, lint in l,Sti4 the Rink Fish-
<MV improved and the shore fishery deriined, and this eonlinned
to ISdS. as Car ,is ihe av.iilahle records yo.
'I'lIK l!Ki..\TI()N or TIIK L.VHUADdj; cl'lJKKNT To
I'ISII MKK.
!'■•• Ii. a paper ..ntilled ■■.N.Meson ill.. .NnrthiTH l.alira-
dor Kishinu Cronnds,' the writer liiis hrietlv rrlVi-r.d fn the
iinfdiliiitr supply of .-Vretie food liron-ht down l.y ic und ne-
cnnmhite.l ,,n the eontinnoiis riuiire of iSaiihs which .-Mend
froni Cape .\illil< to ( 'npe ('inidleiiih.
Il may he well t,, d.-erihr with soni.. detail th,. di.arai'trr
"t the .\rctie wiiters us food producers, for it is a p .piihir im-
pression thiit the cold of the Arctic Seas is Jirejudicial to life.
In triuli the .\refie watei-s and the i^reat currents flowing-
from them, ar.- in many jilaers a livini; mass, •, vast oc..,in o]'
!i\in.,'slin.o, and the all-p. lAadini: life whiid, exists there af-
fords the true solution of (he prol.leni which has so often pre-
sented itself to those ellj,^lL,'ed in the (ireat Fisheries, wllere
the food comes from which irivcs sustrnance to (he eoniitless
millions of Hsh which swan i tho l.alaador, on the coast of
.Newfoundland, and in D inion and I'liited States water.s,
or w herevor the Arctic current e.\erts an active indiience.
11)0, I'lofessor Nordenskiold rennnds us, in an accoinU of
•an K\|iedition toCreeidand in l.s7().' that Hudson atnli.ther
\vter,-in mariners of the Arctic S, as mention the variety of
colors characteri/.in.;' the w.atrr in certain parts of the i'olar
Sea, which are fre.piently .o sharply di-lin-nishrd that a ship
may sail with one side in l.lu,. w.'t.^r, and (le^ othrr in '^rev is!,-
H'reeu water,
1( was at first supposed that those colors were indicative
of ditfeivnt currents -the ./reen of the Arctic ami the l.lue of
Ih.' Culf Stream. Later, Seoivshy adiiined that the ph.^no-
iiiena arose from (he presence of iiunnneral.le orirantsnis in
the.v.-ater. Sidise.pieiUly, I)i-. jhown, durino- a vo'vaov made
l.y him as snri;eon in a whaler, eonlinned the ol,servatioii~,
and nioiv iveeiitly I'rof,.ssor Nordenskiold hiniself.
Thr soa wad'l- in (he llriohliorh I of Spitzllcl-ir.-M !'•• ;'•■-
1 .s.'v.MV wial.'i>, iiornniiay r. Iln liov. .lali^in .M.irteii: -1S4S 41) lS5;t-
.-.I. IM.-.S-.V.I, vtT.v sever,.; LSHl-ilJ, IS'!'.' i;:i, iiiii.n.r,„l,.atuilly Mover,.. '
■-'. .\.'|..a..(iiiK' t,i tho aiuliov „f •• Krosi ,in,l |.'ii-o.- ili,. s^^lllk.r,^ ..I lsi!:(
.111,1 I.SI14 woro roinarkalilo in tJr,.,u Hriliiiii iin,l Ciim.lii f.ir lli,.ir iinii»iiiil
wiiniilli: ill Ijiliniiloniii.l ,\invt.> Iliiii,| ihev w,.r,i iiiiiisimlly ,'.,l,|, wot ami
■ link. In .liilyiuiil .\ntfnsi, l.siil, niiin.v nl' lli» linrlienrs woiv fnizon nml
la.iH.v |.ii,-k i,-o roll,.] |., tlio li.niz.n .,|,|, ,sito f llivii.ilt,.n lnl..t ..|i Iho
lsi .\ii«ii-l, isiu
10.H
sitHm-, 11-. iiiiirkr.l li\ tu,. >liiii|ily ilisliiioiii^hrd coliils, ^rivcll
isli-;4i'c_v Mini liiii' imliLTi) liluc.
Ill l.lii' (livi'iilniid Sea tliiiT is wu:i r u itli n mmv ilcciili'il
tili.1,'1' of liniwii. Till' yivy-iir.Tii watiT is ■,'i'iicijillv ind witli
III till- iifi'/l'lhirlioDil ,,/ icr : tlic l.hu' wluTc till' wiitcr i^ five
IVoin icr ; till' luiiwii, !is I'lir lis I'lofi'ssdr Niiiilciiski'iM's ,<}<«,■{■■
yatioiis ff<i, cliicriy in ;liiil iiait of Davis' Straits whicli is silii-
Mtnl in tV.iMt of " Fisivcrnacs" i Lnts I\:V.\\ Lmiir. "lO'M') on
till' (iivciiliinl coiust,. o|i|i,niti' till' iiiomli nf Ihi'lson's Straits.
W lii'ii s|i,'ciini'ns 111' till' watiT ari' takrii up in an iincolori'il
Lrliiss, it ajiprar-. jii'ifi'ctly clfar and coloi'jiws, uov can tlic iiii-
assisti'il lyi' disciivci- any or;i,'anisins i,i airoiint for tlii' color,
lint if a line inscct-iu't lie towed lic'iiiiil tlic slnp. it will soon
lii'conic covcii'd witli ji film of jjivi'ii in tlic yivcii \v;iLcr. ami
witli a Hlni of lirnwn in tlic limwii water. Tlicsi. tilnis arc of
ory:anic origin. It is a li\ inj,' slime, ami wlii'rc it iilioniids
tiicie arc also to lie foiiinl swiirnis <.i minnt.c criistiiceiins
wliich fci il on the .slime, and in tlicir tiini I. mic tlic f I of
liiri,'cr animids.
Dr. lirowii sliows that the prescnc- of this slinic spread
over a Iniinlreil thunsiiiid si|narc miles, is a conilitiim iiccessniy
for the siilisistencc, not only of tl,.. swaniis of hirds that frc-
ijiient the Nortlicrn Seas, Imt of the !ini;v ninrine jniimjils
e\en np to the ifiant whale.
Diiriii',' the recent voya'^c of the ■ "'alorous" to Disco. Dr,
.1. (!wyn .letfrcy'.s, when hcl ween "JOO .■iml :)(»() miles cast of
Tape Fail well, caiiuhl with the towiiiy-iiet some lloatin^'
masses of pulpy, j.n'ci'ni.sh matter, whii-'i was fonnd to consist
of a \ast assemlila;;!' of |)iatonis, each indi\iilual liciiii;' alioiil
a tenth of an inch in leiiLttli. This Diatom was siil>sci|uciitlv
fouinl t<i luivi' a very wide ran^v. and to extend over sonic
ilm'isanil.s of sipiarc miles, rmfessor 'leoi^^v Dii'kie. F.L.S..
who dei*crilii'ii this or^-anisni, states that ■'the countless miil-
titililcs of this Diatom, anil of otlu'is of the siinie familv. ain!
the I'Xti'iit of the .sea over which ,hey extend, are points of
mm h int-.'rest, contrilmtine- directly as they do to ih" support
of v.irioii> siiiillcr marine animals, and these in turn to a
larger form , .'jlilinn' iilso to deposits lakiic,;- jilacc at \arioiis
ih'pths." '■■'
In Southern Sens the ■slime of tl eeaii" is eipialh
aliiimlaiit. On the ftli Felunary, \>\J:i. in Int. yl.iU south,
ion;,'. 71. •"ill east, Sir Wyville 'riiomsou foniiil this -slime" a
little to the iim'th of the Heard l.shinds. The tow-net.
uhiili was dra,i,'in;,' a few fathoms l.eluw the surface, came
up II 'arlv tilled with a pile, yellow y.-latinous mass, which
was foiin I to consist entirely of Diatoms ami of the
same species as were i'ounil at the liottom. .Sir Wyville
Thoiiison c.xprcssos surprise that the iliatoms on the siiifac.-
'li'l not ajipear to he in iar<.'i' nuinlicrs o\-er what he has leriiicrl
the diatom oi/.e, as in some other localities, wlnre he found
tlie:n near the surface and lieyoiiil or south of llie diatom ooze
li'll : hut he explains their a[)paren( aliseiice li\- si.iiinj^.- th.it
"t!i!, imiy perhajis he accoiinteil for hy our iml lia\iuLr struck
their /)(■'/ iif tlc/llll with the tow-llet, or it is p,l^■,illle, iVc."*
The "licit of depth' at wliich these miiiuie leit inliniti Iv
niini 'lolls orj;,inisnis live, appears to \.^i'y with chancres in the
pressure of the at iio.|ihere and the leiuperatnre. as well a.s
with i'han'.;es in tic- ciirr.'iits. lint the iiuriiids of minute
criistac'ans whicli fc'il oil the ' sliiue " rise .'lud tall with it-
N.iw they iii-iy li" at I he -.iirfac'. in an Icni, ii fathom lu'low,
a'nl in a ihiy the zom- of life mav lie ti\e fathoms lielow the
1 I'm. "I llli> I{o,v. .S.ie.. .Iiii..'. I.srr.. I'. 'J.T.
• ■■ \\ii-:i ,'■ K.'i'iMiiiii'i' liltli. I^<7I.
111,' MiilfKv, jm,| \viiliit (lir iiiiniiti-.TiistiKvimsdiwl tlir liosts
"f <'thvv 1,1,11 iuc ,iiiii„„k wliicli |„vy (.1, tl„N,.. HiMitr it is that
llif ■InTiiiin-l.aii,' III,, ■■||,a,.k,.|,.l |,„it," tl„. ■' ,v.l," "vi'll.nv"
"ii'l ■ I'liirk li,.,Tiiiy „„,„ ■• „f i|„, \,„-w,.-i,ui lisli,.n,'ii.i,, aiv
f.mii.l al vail,il.lr,l,.|,|,|,s,f,.ll,,winutl.eii-r.„Ml,ai,.|lli,i,l,.a,li,i-
iIk' Im' iiii,i,'imi| 11, iick, ■,■,.! t.xIKI'civMt z.iiics l,riow th.^ sm-iac..
nl' 111.. («M.„ii, ,ill ,,r wiiicj, i„ay Ik. cMapiis,.,! witliin a s,.,,iv
of fatliiaas. TUrsr facts aiv tli,. k,-y ti. liiyst.Tiiv uliirli hav
liilll.'ltd slinpilcl,.|| tlir MKivi'Mlc'iits i.i' th.'s,. lisji.
IJiit lliis "slii,,,. ,,f 111.. ,,ci.,ii, ■• ajijii'Mis t.i livi. iii..st.
al.mi.hiiitly in tli.. c.j.ji.st unl..i- ,m.l in i|,.. i,ri-l,l.,,i-li,M,.|
"f i'v, II, „v limy it 1,,. I,i-,,iij;|,i ,,„ I,, ,1,,, i,,il,i„,|,,r in
sii.'l, an iiiifaiJiim- stivaiii as iiLJiivi^tly t,, air,.nl an ,ii.ll,.ss
siil.|.ly ..I' I'.M,.! t.i tlu- c.i.l ,,n til.. I,al,r».|.,r l„inks ' Tli..
answ.T (., this ,|ii,.sti.,i, |,.,„|m „t ,„„•,. I., „ liiii.f ,|,.s,Ti|,ii,,n
..t' til.. ■■ ii'K-ii|ii|.t; wli.is,. ■■ wan.liTii,L,'s" a,-,-,.r,|iiin- ,,, D,.
U. r.n.wn, aiv in a mcasiin. f..ll,,w..l l.y ||i,. j.T..i,t • Ki'^^lit
\Vlial,l..ai.. Wlial..." 'Mal.i-na Mystic'tiis/ wliich f,,.,Is mih.ii
.l/.,//(.s,/, til.. J'/rrn/,,,,!,!. lui.l iiiiiii.T.)r.s ..tli.T small livii,.,'
f.iniis n..iiiisli,..| l,y til.' DiatiMiis colDrin./ tli.. N.a-tli.in S.as
in liUiT.. |iat|.|,..s. tli.aisaii.U ..f s^piaiv iiiiL's in ar.'a. Tli.-f
.l/-v/,r.„.. .V,,, ,,iv t.Ti,„..| ■\vlial,.'s tool.' ninl \vli..iv tli..
'*'•" saiv „„,si al.iin.lant il„.|v alsi, aiv tli.' oth.'i niinnt.'
civatinvs fcMliiij;- .m tli. ■in, an. I .iii tli.'s.. tl,.. luii;.. Rii;lit W'lial...
1)1'. I!r.>\vn, l,..r.,iv <|ii<it.'.| says, II- •• Tlw 'wiiali.'s K.„mI ' is
fnmi.l all .,v.T til.. Wiiii.l.rinn. ur..iiii,| ,,r i|„. .l/'/.s/.V. /,■. an. I in
all iir.il,aliility th.. aiiiiiial i;,...s n.iitl, in tlii. smmii.T in jiiir-
^"•'"1' f an instinct iiiii.lant.'.rin it t.) !;im.|) in tli.. viciiiitv
.if the fl.iiitiiii,' ic,. (icl.js (ii.iw nicltcil away in s,,ntli.Tii latj-
tn.l..s,iaii.l ai,'ainit y-n.'s w.'st for tli.' saiii.' |iiir)Mi-i., aii.l llnallv
.^...■s south at th.. a|i|ii-,,acli of \viiitvi---lHit wli.-r.., i,.. man
kn.iws." * » * « * ■ I l<n.,\v iiiilhiii-stian-vr than til,.
<Mii-i.Mis |„|,. I l,,-i\v iiiif,il,|,.,| : th,. Diat.im stainin- tli.. I.r.ia.l
fr../cii s.'a. ajruin sii|i|M,riin-- myiia.ls ,,{ living; l.i'iii-s whi.'h
iTow.l th.'iv t.i f.v.l ,ai it. ami th.^s,. a,',iiii siiiipoitiii^- tli.^
Iiiil;.' whiij.'."
'i lii'sc Diiit.iins, which swarm mi almiiil.iiilly in iioitli.'rii
seas, sink and rise with atniosphi'ii.' chanm's, and with them
the Mcdusic anil otlier liiiiiis fccdinj; on tliciii. 'I'lii'V iccniiiu-
lal.' iiri.lcr t|io wiiit.'i- iiv t.i a thick tiliii, which is tinii.'d up liy
tho prow of the whalers in June, and lliey are the food of the
shell iish which arc found in the deep y sheltered n.ioks on the
r.ahrador and (Jreeiiland coasts. |)r. liivwn siii;ir,.sts also
anmher odice which the sliim- fiiltils — if :l<^i^l^ in meltiiiL; the
ice in winter. 'I'lie intini: ■ hosts of tli"-e nii.'ro-copic forms
generate a certain aiiioiiMt of >e-ctalile l,e,it umler the ice .ind
honey-eoiiih its under surliiic.
The siiikinj; and risiiiir „f |i,|i at ditf'ereiit seasons ot l]\v year,
.111(1 iluiiiiur changes in the weather, and at ditferent perio.ls. in
search of lood, is a most (eitile and important siihje.t of
en(|iiiiy. It appears to h.' .•liaracleristic of many tish, anil
nntahly of the [lerring, and, at tvilain seasons, of the Cod and
Mackerel among edible fishes. The terms, snrlace feeders, and
gronnd feeders, are wholly inai)plicalile w' a a|)pli.'d to all
seasons of the year. The Norwegian fislici ,i knows ili,,t the
(;od has its zone or depth ill the sea at dilt'erent peri.als, and
sets his n ts or his hailed hook aeeordingly. This is a subject
about \vliicli we have much to leiirii in American waters
1. ••(In III,. .\,,|,„ nil,- Ilisc„l,,r,i|i.„i ,,r 111,, .\rcti.' Si'iLs," l.y lt..cl..i-
li.li.Mi lli-..«.i, IM,.S, 'IniiiMhl, .ii.< ..r ilir |l,,iaiiiciil S,i,i,.| v "t l'..liii.. I.s.17.
11(1
TiiK UK hKirr
nil. 'I'liis liii^ 1 II -.lalnl 111 lie mil' 111' i;iMl|ili--l ]ilirllil-
iiii'im oil till' fiicv rif till' i,'l(ilir It is so viisi, >ii iiiiifiinii. ami
sii iiiici'iisiiiir. Iliiit. willi till' i'\i'i'|itiiiii iif till' ( Iiilt'-sMi'iiiii rrmii
it> iiiitiiitiiiii 111 its cIum', iiutjiiii^ uii I'lirtli ciiii i'oiii|iiiii' with it.
( 'ouiiiij; tViiiii till' S|iil/licrjr,.ii Snis. ainl liuu'u'i'i^t tl'i' ciuist
■ if Hiist ( lii'iiiliiiiil, till' I'liliir ii'i'-lmli'iH'il ciiiTi'iil cii'i'iis smitli-
wi'sti'ily ])iist IctIihiiI, |iiiNl ( Jii'i'iiliiiiii, Mill! till' kiiiiwii Kiist
t'llllst, toWllliU ('m|1I' KlIIVWl'll, Its mil' .if |llii;,<l'i'ssiiill is
nli'iiit I'liiii mills .'I iliiy, tln' liri'injlli nl' tin ici' liiir.li'iii'ij
stiiiiiii Jiliniit '200 mill's, Afti'i' ('a|ii' Kaivwrll. tln' most
siiiitln'iii |mit lit" ( iri'i'iilaiiil. is ii'iirlii'il, tln' y;ianil |ii'iin'ssiiiii
nt' ii'i'-lii'r;;s iiinl iri'-lliii's turns sliiwly to llir wrst. tlii'ii in a
wiiji' ciiiM' til the iiurtli-wrst iiikI liiwjiiiis lljuis' Snails.
.\iil;iiii'Ii|!'i| liy aiiilitiniis I'l'iim Wr^ti'in ( lii'i'iilaml (•niiiin;,'
ilown Mallins Hay, tlir iiiii^lify stii'iim lii'M;ins In tiiiii In tlu'
wi'stwaiil ill till' life tci'iiiiiii; siiis uH' Kiski'inn's. iinil n|i-
|)iiiaclii's Fi-iiliislicr Hay ami llinlsiiirs Sirnits. Iliiv it iv-
ci'ivi's fri'sli iici'i'ssiiiiis lit' lii'ii,rs Mini tlocs, ilir iiniti'il aiiiiii's
ti'i'iiilini,' siuillii'ily, tlii'li siiiilli-i'iisti'rly tiiwaiils tin' Lalnailnr.
ami nil till' liaiiUs oti' lliis coast iMiintlcss tlioiisamls ;;roiniil,
liiinj,'iiiu: witli llii'iii tlii'ir - slime.' OiIuts ilril't mi past tlii'
Ni'wt'oiiiiillainl (■ i:isi until tliry arc Inst in tin' (lull' stri'iim.
lull jiaviiii; till' linttnm nf tlic iH'can with tin- ski'li'tmis ni"
till' Diatnms ihry liavc lunllyllt finlll the luiltll. Ui'Ccnt liiirii
aiitlinrity rniiliinis thr \ irw 111' this ciinis.' nf tin- imrtln'rii
ici' strraiii ailvalii-i'il mhiu' yrais siiu'i' iiy llavi's, ('nliliiiL;.
'■mil oth'Ts. .Vilmiial Iv I nniiiLri'r. of tin- P.'iiiish N.'ivy.
in a ii'<'i'iil ]ia|ii'i on " tin' .Xictic ('iiiiviit around
( iicriiland* adopts the yciicinllv ri' civt'd coiU'liisiDn that the
nirient Imiii thr oci-aii ainiiiid .Spit/heitjcii wliiih i ai rit's the
ici'ht'rjjs and lines, al'li'r it has jja.sscd alollii; thr rast roast of
(jieciiland, turns w■e^t^va^d and iioitliward around Capr I'.iic-
vn'W, irilliDiit ilrldililiiij mill hrniiili to the sniilli-irixliiinil
iiiifilli/ liiiriinls llir linnkt nf \iir/iiii iiil/diid. Tin' cnni'iit
.ilfi'l wards riiii> iioitlmaiil aliiliiT thi' sontli-wcst roast of (iii'ili-
laiid, until alionl latiliidi' (it dciiicrs north, and at tinu's cvi'ii
as (ar 'ip as (17 dcirii'i's. .M'icrwaids tiiiniiif; wcstwaid, it iiiiilcs
with the iiniciil coniint; Iroin HatHn's and IIikIsoh's Hays, riiii-
iiin^' to till' siinthwaid on flic wc'Strni side of D.'ivis' Straits,
aloiii; the co.is' of Lahra lor.
Ill:i. It is ihiis ih vt ihi' sliiiK' vvhii'h av ■oiiipinir . the irc-
hcigs and ice tlocs of the Arctic, aiTiiniiilatcs on the Hanks of
Noithcrn Lalirador, and renders the existence possihle there ot
all those forms of in nine life, — from the diatom lo the iiiiiiiilc
enistacean, — from the minute crustacean to the prawn and crali,
toifctliei wiih iiiolhiscoiis animal.s and staifisli in vast prolusion,
— which contriluile lo the support of the i;reit schools oj cod
which also (iiid their homes there.
Speakiin; ot the Kiiue Island Hanks. Dr. Cirpenter states "■'
that these hanks ahoiiiid with a ])articiilar kind of slartish, on
whirh the cod feed l.irijclv, as is known hy an exaniinaliun of
the contents ot their stom.ichs, Tlie slaiiish in their turn Iced
u|)on the (ili)lii!;eiin(c which cover the North .\tlantic sea hot-
loiu. as is known hv an examination of the contents of ///(■/;•
stoiiiachs, and the ( ilohifjeriinr are said to snp]iort theiiiselves
on the organic matter prosent in oceanic waters.
•Villi' .\ I'lijli'i'ti.in i.f pHiJcis Mil tliK .\i'.-tii' (ii'.iu'iiiiili.v ami l'".lliiii)|..;;.v. ic-
|irinli-il iiiiil ini'ni'iili'il til llii' ,\irtic Kxiii'ilili ai I'l IS?.''. Ii.v tin' rri'-iilcnt.
C.iiiii'il iiiKl Ki'llnw- "f till' liiyiii (li'iiwru|ili,i'iil S .,-ii'ty.
I. •• l-'iiiiln'r Kiii|iuiii'- ml ' nii'iinii' Clri'iilnliuii." IM" ll".v lii'.' S n'..
N... iv., I'STI. n. :)>'-i.
HI
DISTKIIil TKiN (.K |.'|s|| oV.A WITH TIIK ICK DlilKT
lO.t ll will .l„t ,.srlip,. IM.tic.. timl tllrsu i hil't wl,i,.|,
""W"* ""' "-li " "li'l III'' iriyiia.ls ..f MMMiit.' cm.stiin.un.s
iinM, also ,.„m- with ii ,.,„|(|sl, s,,„wii. Tl„. nrvoi-fmli.,.'
stiynn, „l l„,-s ,„„| (|n,.s sMilii,;: ■«• -m.hllv ]mM Hi., iimmmtoms
'•'"1 I'Hl.ks „„|,|„. (ir,.,.Ml«M,| n,nM. aii.l .•nmin;; witli s,.|,ii-
'"■'"'"'' •'"'■'■I' •" ''"• -^ 'icMii si,!.. ,,f Davis Stniits nii.l tlicii
'•"'"■ '-"I""'!,,:. ••MM sram.jy fail U,, ■„„,;„, inim,ii..ml.l(. nnl
"\a lo^rKli,., with th,. on^jinal .lialoni soiin f tlw f,,,,,! nf
voimK Hsh, ami ,.l' a,l,ilts, aff.T niiiKini.linnMs tniiisf,.n,m(i,,Ms.
Tin- .lisn,v,.n,.s ,,f th,. lat,. I'mf-ss,,!- Sais an,| of l'i„-
h'HMor (J. (). Sars, ..f ( 'hnstiani;,, Norway, Imv,. I,,.,.., known
lo|. s,.v,.inl yrais, ami tlM.y vv..|v lonn^'ht. im,U;- th.' i.olic,. nf
lhi. Kii;,'lisli n.a.linir I>iiMi(. in (Jiinth..i's Zoolo;,'i,.|il U,.,.,,i-,l for
'■''"■'*■ ''"' iMhiy... a.s ol,s,.rv,.,| l,v Sais, was",nii,.,.,| to Irav,.
III.. ..^'^'..n Ih.. Illth .lay. Th.. av,.raj;.. spr-.l of ih,. Ar.^tic
'■iinvMt on th,. ....ast .,f l.ahra.h.r is stat,.,l t,, l,r n knot an
li"Hi- ov.T thr inn.'r ran-,, of Manks, this .| |, if iminL.r-
iii|it,.,l, wo.iM ..ans.. t|„. H..atinjr Hisl, spawn (.. .Irifl :!,S I.
.u",>-Ta|ihi..al niil..s s.,tith-..ast..rly .hirini,' this |„.ri..,l ,,f its
•i'.v,l,>|.in,.nl. Hill it w,.iil,l also l„. s,ilii..,.t,.| to Ih,. ii,ll,i,.,i,.,.
"M,H-al <.|in,.nlsan,l win,|s, ji,.n..,. niiK.Ji of Mi,. ,,va w |,| l„.
■Iiiv,.ii in .liihivni ,lir,.,.ti„ns, 1,„| tli.. r..Miltini; ,lir....ti..n w,,iil,l
always I,.. so,.tli-..as|..rly on th.. l,al,ra,lor for tli.. -....at mass of
lli'.spawn, ami to .yivat.'r ..r l,.ss ,lisiMni.,.s from ij ri-inal
spawnin^r niva acc..r.liiif; I,, th,. str,.„i,.tli Mn,l ,liiv,.ti ,f iJ,,.
piwailiiijLr .•iiir,.iits an. I win, Is.
<',..l ,iv« app,.ar I,, lii„| t-li.. ,„/,/,../ ,.„,■/;„.,. „.,//,.,■ limst suit-
!iM.. for tli,.ir .l..v..|.,piii,.nt, for th,. spawn is .sh...l .Inriiii; th,.
••.>l,l,.st iii,inths ,,f th,. y..ar in th.,s,. wat,.rs wh..r.. i,... ,!,.," n,,t
pivvail t,, ..nsiiiv 111,. r,.,piisit.. .iv.^,;.v of .-oMih.ss. On ||„.
<...ast ,,f Nova S..olia in (»..toli,.r* On tl„. w,ll-kn,,wn
<!,.„i-..'.s liaiik. ,,ir N,.w |.;n-laii,l. in F..|,niaiy aii.l .Mai.-h.f
In N,,v,.iiil.,.| aii,| l)..,.,.iiil„.r in tli,. Hay of FiiilIv.; In \w^.
list an.l S,.pi,.,Ml,..r in th,. Straits of IVII,. |s|,.. 'ji', M„v aiwl
.Inn,. ,,n Ih,. S,.iitli,.rii N,.wf.)iin.|lan,l i-oasts .v... In N.irw,.-
-iaii wal,.rs in «int,.r. I'r.,l,al,|y. h,.w'..v..r, th,. s.-a.son „f ravU
l,>..al scho,.l is ,l,.t..riiiiii,.,l t,. a Kr..at,.r or l.'ss ,..xt,.iit l.y th..
• ■.il.l.'st ni..aii t..|iipi.ratiir,. of th,. siirfa.... wat,.r n.'ar its /„'//„7„/
,>i- h,iiii,. as I,,!).,' as II,. w ic,. ,|o,.s not iiit,.rf,.r,.. Hv.rv
•imp ,if siirfa..,. s,.a walj-r as it .■,,,)ls ,|,.sc,.|i,|s, an.l in th.. fail
.if th.. y..ar Ih,. siirfa.... wat..r is th.. \variii..st, th.. ....I.l..st
stnitiini l,..inLrat th,. l„,lt,.ni. This, as is w,.|| kn,.wn, is n..t
'I .I-'' "I'll l'i..sh wat,.r l.,.|,,w :i t,.iiip,.riitiir,. ,,f foriv
,1,.1,'r..,.^.
104. .'\c(.onh'n.i; l,i ih,. vi.-ws Ii.t,. pioscnti-.l. s.iiii,. .if tho
ov:i siippli...! hy th,. ...xl ,s,.|i„„|s, whos.. /Klhil,,! is the Toiske
Biiiik, ..ff .Siikk..|topp.-n, an.l hanks lyiiifr south of those rpl(>.
hi;,t..,l .-..(l gioiiii.ls on the (.oast of (Jrc-nland, float wiiji th.-
ico-ladeneil stream tonaid Ciimhcrlaml J^oiiikI an.l Frolilsher
Day, and is hutched on its jourm-y, the yoiiiii,' (ish fry lin.lini,'
a new home in mid ocean or .)m the w.stcin ..last of Davis
Straits. Some of the ova from th.. s.lmols d-sirihed hv D.ivis
on that coast, Hoat with the ice stream in the track Davis fol-
lowed towards the Lahrador. and is hatched, it may h.., iH.,ir
Cape {'hudleijrh. Some of the ova from the CapeChiidleigh
s< hools— ami these are numerous— float with tlie icebeif? stream
• H..V, T. .\nil,rHs,.-.. S,am. „liHerviili,ai» <ia tli,. l-'ishin^ (ir.mii.ls ,ii„|
l-'i-h ..r SI. .\1iir«,iivrs Hay, .\. S." Trans, .\. ,s. Inst. Xal. ,s,.i., |s.i(l.
I T. R Whili.iUi.s ('iiimiliiiM .Xalnmlisl, V.il. VII.
; ll.i,l.
^ Tl„. s|invviiliiH |,..,i.„is ,.| C.,,! in li.iiisl, A ri,.,iii vvatui-s, ,ir,. ,|,.,s,t,Ik.,1
Hi
iloiiy llic consf 111' I,;ilini(lcii' ^iiiil ari' liiilclicd mi llir Soiillioiii
I„il)iiiili)r. Siiiitlicni l.iiliraclor tisli •.upply ova « liiili U i allied
In till' Haiiic iiiil'ailiii^ irciMiciimlii'i'iMl iiicaiu purtly in!" llic
(iiill'aiiil pnrtiv nUinn t\w iinilli-riisr rniist of Ntnvt'niliitlluiiil tii-
wuiiU llif (iiaiiil Miiik<, anil »o im, at far at iri'lii'rijt liavrl, am'
cool till' Miiliii' water miniclently lor tlie |iiii|)er (Irvclopiiieiit of
the ovum It U neeillpiH to sav lli it llii proseiioe ot' ice in the
l.iihiiulor ciiireiit it the caii«e ot'tlie low temppiatnfc. Hut the
Mil lace water iliirmt; Aiiijiist will only liiivr the temperature ol ice
ill ilx iiiimediile viciiiilv Inside of the t»reaf line ol Her^i,
-tianiled on the liaiikt ol' the northern I.ahrador and within or
ju'.l lievmid the Ihlnnd IVinije, is a hioiid zone for hnndnilH ol
miles where neither tin tenipeialiire of the zone is reduced he
low what Wilt toiiiid liy the I'l.iled States Kilipse Kxpedition in
lf<t!(), nor is its salinitv and con>e(|nent •.peciKe ({riivity lessened
apprecialilv liv the inehini; nC the In ii;s on tlie inner iaiii;e (vt'
llaiik^.
lOi. It his lieeii ~liown liv S.irs (1|: t ( 'ml ova lloal in >e,i w.iler,
hnl sink in I'lcsii water, and the siulace lilm in the iniinediate
\iiiiiity of !ari{e masses of nieitinn ice would donlitless posM!>iS
less salinity and upecilic (gravity thin ihit ot iiiiilllnled sea water.
Hilt on the Laliiador there is a zone liet.veen the inner raiiije of
hanks and the main shore from twentv-tive to thirty miles in
hreadtli. in which all the conditions iiiiy he -aid to prevail loi-
tiie (loiitini; of the ova and it- liatchini; diiiini; the -lunt sum-
mer. " I
I'lie relations of the I.ahrador curriiit to the distrihntion of
ova, and cold water li-h do not stop lieie What is line of the
("ml is true also of all ti-li whose cva lloat and are hatched af
the Miiliice of the sea Hence, all tish found on the coast of
(ireenland. such as the Cod and Ilaliliiit, or the ( iadidie and the
rienroneciidii', will l>e siiliject to the -anie law, and their ilis-
trihiilion will he from north west to south-east, or rather, in the
direction of the Arciii' current
Klii. Siil.iiiariiM' hank- and -i-a l.nlloin- -inin- di-taiiec
fioiii thr c.ia-t line allict iiiiuiiir lifi- to a ile;.'!'!'!' fur
Or\ol|i| what olw Wnnld 111' lid I" cNprcl flcilll a -II-
piiliciHl i-xainiiialioii ..f []„■ ■.iilijii-l. I llu-tialicni- have
lieeli t;iveii of (l,,- iiilliimier of hank- iiml -hoiils in lniiiL;--
in;j cold wiitir iieaivr In the siirl'iier mid cieiitiiie- hy this
mentis M siiitalile feeding; y;riiiiiid for the cohl water lishes.
Practically, -ucli Hanks as ( iemir.'-' Shoal. .li'H'ivy- Hank. iVi'..
looiv or les- celelirated cn.| and lialilait L;imind- aie -nitahle
llleiis. in point of liiaiilie cliliiute. to these lisli. win iv thi-\
(illd the food wiiich -ilit- them hest lllld 11 teinpeiatille adapted
1.1 (heir iiatniv and hiil.it-. The iv-i-taii. ■ tlie-e Imiik- oiler
to ill.' -.iiilheily Ihiw ..f the l.ahr.i.l.a- iiinl.T ciirivnt . I.iiiies
tile c.iM v\at.i ii.'ai t.i III.' -iirfac.'. ( 'ii.l.'r I lu'-.' coiohiii.-.l iii-
Ihii'iiccs iiiiiny siil.-iiictic t'oriiis, which are the foo.l .if tin- c.mI.
thrive there, .veil far s.iiith of tli.- area wli.iv tin y aiv h.'-t
.l.-\.'lope.l. an. I lli.'M' hanks l.-ar tie- sain.' ivlati..ii I., ill.' -nr-
I'.inndiiii; -.si ar.'ii. \v illi i.'-ar.l ... .■.•il.'iiii f..iiii- of niariii.' lit'.',
as does tlie oiisi- ill ill.' .l.-ei'( ,o vni'i.ai- -|i.'('i.- of Ian. I ani-
mals. Hilt ih.' area .if these Iviinks .ill' tin' I ■iiilcd .Slat.'- i-
\.i\ liniil.'.l, and reduces th.' sniiiniei tisliiii^' e'loiiiids, us
th.' ti'iiip.'raliir.' rises, l.i, praeticilly . an in-ieiiilieaiil ll.l.l.
'I'll.' c.iii-lal wal.r- may 1..' ri.-li L.'y.ni.l .'Spi-.'—hni in
th.' \ari.'.l forms of niariii.' lif.', I.nt if th.'-.' hnnis ai.' iml
-nil.'. I to the Imliit.s of til.' c.i.l, or piesi'iit^'.l t.i this lish in a
teliiperatlire fnvolliulile to its .levelopniellt. when .l.'clili.' ill
I s,.i- \ ,|.- .Ill N.ii'llii'ni Ijil. I'll. 1.11 !''i-liiiin <ii'..iiii.I»,
Ill
lllllilliris lills iiiir.' M'l ill, il, |i|iii.rri.>^ |ii;i-| lie |n|Mi| imil ilcci-
'l''il- I'l xisliiic- ciC till' nil! nil Ijii' nIkiivs iif Ni'W Kll)flllMil.
ill ;.'ii'Ut aliiiiiiiiiiin' I'oiiiii'ilv, wlnii tln' n.iiiitrv was iinsctt|.i|,
in clIHilv llll.ll'l-tiMlcl. fur till' -rl In linil tllr rjci'll WIltiM of
St. dcol^c'^ iilllt' III IvtilV to ijlllilll,' (111- s Ill, I' IIHIIllllN. mill
llii'iv iiiv vi'iy |pri)liiilp|\ liiiiiH'iiJiis Mrlioiils llirif vi'f. nt WrII lis
ill lllllliy |illlls 111' lllr (Hlir i.f St, I.IIWIVIliT, nil ijlr i'iImv ,,|'
till' sixty riltliiilii Mill' iif Millliilili;;^. wliirli Imr lii'ViT I II
irniiliixlii'il li\ till' liiiMil 111' iiiiiM. Iiiit il" llii'V nil' iiiui iMiliJi'
tiny IIIV |)i'iii'licully III' iin viiliii', ( 'iiiisiil.'iin;; tlir iiiiiiiiii 1 ill
wliicli nid -.jiiiwii, if is Hut liki'ly that tin' i.vii t'liiiii s|.|i,h,1, in
iSt. (IfDi'j^c's Unit' wiiiiM iliili tiiwanls llir slmir Mini a-sisl in
iv|ii'ii|i!ili;,' ili'siiti'il wiiti'is. Ilii'y wiiiijil III' rni'iii'il willi llii'
riiiTi'iit am! ill till' ijii'i'i'tii.ii iif till' |iii'vailiiiy wimls, wiiii'li
iii'i' wcsti'ily III- nil' ^liniv, ,\> (ny as till' n.ij ami llir lii'i'i'iiii,'
iiri' rclati'ij tu tlir iji'i'psi'a tisliii i,'N. ainl lliry aii' ivally tlii'ir
lliailistjiy, till' mill walrr iiri'ii siiliti'inliiiL,' llir nuists nf tlir
I'liiti'il Slati's iiiiiy I'aiily I niisiili'ii'ii iis ijiiiti' iiisiitliiiiiit
111 sii|i|iiii't till' nilitilllli'il ill'; ill til wliii'll it is sliliji'cti'il.
APl'ENDI.X CIIAI'TKR V
'• " l.<'t Us iiiiw iliicii imr allciiiiiiii in tin. pnl n- (iiririits,
and I'spi.'ciaiiv to that iiiic wliiili licmi Spii/lici'ffcii |)i(,i'i'i'(ls tu
tlip sDUtli-wi'sf, aloiii; till' (i)ast iil' (iiiiMilaiiil, as fai' as ('a]io
Karcwcll It will lie pciccivrd that this ciu'reiit has refcivcd
an im|)ii|s(! Iiiiiii iho lime (if Kitatioii, and rises ahoiif (iiir toot,
towards tiio east coast of (M'cciilaiid, an ell'crt wliii-h howover
ceases as soon a^ it has passed the soutiiein jioinf of that eoiintiy.
As soon as the resistance which coinpellcd the ciirnnt to toilo'w
the line of the coast in proceediiif? to the soiilh-west disajipeais,
It can no lon^'er continue in the same course, hut takes a wes-
terly course towards Lahrador, partly in consecinence of the
r.italion of the earth, partly heeaiise the level of the ciinent is
then hii,dier tiian that of the waters of Davis' Straits. After
haviiia; advanced a little into the Strait the polar current eii-
coii, Iters the currents coming' from the north hy Hallin's Hay,
and joins them in their jirnitrrss to the snulh-easl aloni,' tiie
coast of j.ahrador, towards « hicii it slopes in virtue of the ro-
tation of the earth. Dill ini; this passai,'e, and nntil its arrival
in the neifjlihourhood of N'ewl'oiindjand, this current is stemined
liy llie lorce of rol.ilion, and oui,'ht, coiisenuently, to present a
shipe all alon,i; Davis' Strait and the east coast of .Ncwfoii :dl,ind
as far as the (iulf Striani. Duriiis; its course snuthward aloiiL;
this course, the ])olur current iseh'vated towards the l.ind hv the
earth's rotation, lint as soon as it has passed Cape Hace, this
resistance suddenly disappears, and the same phenomena is ri;-
produced as at Cape Farewell. 'J'lie current hends suddenly to
south-west, ami follows the coast as far as Florida, while' its
hreadth and the volume of the water conliuuc lo diiniiiish " "-i
1. ('iildiiin "Oil the Ijiws ..r ( iin''nls in
si'ii," ,Nai 1 hi-:, Dei'. lN7l.
■ilniiir.v I'liii'liiit- tiii'l ill Ihi'
115
"IIAI'TKH VI.
Hait ANt) liArr Kimikm.
'■"I"'''""' ' """. I"?: Til" IV-I„I, llHIlk n,.,.., Til.. M.MIMlnMM.Mll of
H'i»li. tirmn.ii.l Dry, IdS; Il„it f,,,. i|,„ |.v„i„.|i fl.Tt. lull; |„,,„„la ,.r
''""""I"' -^ '•''•""'•' t, llOlTliM WinlniiiM Hf lI'MiiuK ill irlnll,.!! 1.,
"""• "I • f^ I.v '" 111" Amcilr,,,, n,.,.t, IlL'; I,.., ,,f III., Il,.|rinn a. i,n
AiliclMof Tm.l,., li;)| Kir.rt ..ii Itiilish Ain.Mi.nn ri-li..n,.H. |I4; KIT.', t ..I'
an Al.iiiiiliint Sii|,|,l.v „l Itait ..n ih,. c ...nial MaiimN 11.^; C.ii^inirli.in
..I I." llniH.'s. lilt; UvliiKan.l D.'a.l Hail. Tli.. Sh.-jl ri,|i „f I'nii,.,! Sial,-*
'""I "'■'"'•li -^ "'■"" »at..|-, (• |,ai-,.,|, 117; |i,,„| |)„,| ,„ |.;,ir,,|„., Hn; In
''■'•li'M'l. Il'.l: Inlrisl, Wal.Ts, I'.M; In Ani...inin Wal.i ., I'.'l ; Halt ..,, ||,„
.N..wf...iii.llaM.| r.iHMs IL".- J Th.. Wli,.|k, I'JM, Taking nf S|,a«„iii« C,,.! «i|l,
Hail III K,n-,|„.„„ s,.„». |;M; Th.. Mkiiimn.. „- H;iil, r.'.-.; Tli.. Ciniv „. |l„it
I'-'ti, Tll,.C,l,.,|i„l„.,(l,|„i„-„|th,.c,.|,|i|,, |o;. (•„|,|i„S|„lH.nillK'. IW; \VilH..l'
" " "f "I" <'''l'l'ii. VJ'.I; Vnriall.h* in iji,. Ai.i».aiaiici. ,.f Capliii nn.l
K|iil.l.MillicC.„i»l». i;i(); K.„..l„f tl„.c„.|. |;)ii li„|,nrlaii,.,. „f (•,,i..lan.nnH
"■' " *""■'•" "f "•" '. '•''■-; "lli.T K..miH uf K„„.|, i;ill; .S.aiil >^ „f ih,.
('.Kliii AniLriraii WalLiH, i;i4i Ih.. (i j.,.\ (■,„! .Sji.al., |;U; Dann..^ ai..|
''""■''"' '■'< I llii'<l.)..i'K'..'..S|i,,aN, i;i(i; Th.. 'llij,.,.t .,f l)ill,.n.|it ri-li..|i....
in til.. fiiit...l Slat.-H, l;i: ; Th.. .M..|,ha.l..|i ln.lii.in-. in.*; Th,. lnl..i-.-l. .Si,l,.
-.i.m...|h.vil„. |-|iit,.,l.Siat...Hl.',-h..h,.», l;i!i;Tli,. .\laiiii..r in whi..|, Uw. f,
UfKillHl.. Ih.. Ki,h..ii,.» an. n,.,| In Caiinla an. I Ih.. Inili'.l .Sial,-, I Ml.
107. \Vlierov(.r ilei.p sim Mm,, fishing,' roniis a pioniiiuiit iii-
•liistry, it imi siiyiiiKamoni,' fisli(.|iiu.ii, tliaf 'no l.,iit ii„,i„s no
fiHli,'— in otlior vvoids that Nvitlu.iit an al)iiii(laiit supply ..f
auitable bait, it is iiop,.|,.ss to altc.mpt to pursue hcm fi>liiiii{ us
an inrlnstry. It appears almost incivdilil,. to tlmsc wlioso alien-
tion has not lu'en (liawn to the siihji.ct, that tht; tisheinicii on
th(. Atlantic const of Nova Sfotia siiould be conipdlcl ilMiin-
some seaaons, to go to the Magdalen Islands, in the (inll ,.t' St"
Lawrence, to get bait, none being at the lime attainable on iheir
own shores ; .slili more, that the people of the Mag<lalen Islands
slionld themselves be put to great straits to proeiire the neces-
sary bait, and have to search f.,r clams un the shores of seas
renown(.d for their al.iin(laii((. (if fish nf all hinds, ..ach in its
season.
Fertile same reason, naiiK.ly, tlie want of snitabh. bail, (he
American fishermen are acciistunied to make rcgiil.ir winter
voyages to Ni.wlbiimlland for Herring bait Indeed, the u'lcat
Cod fishery on the (ieorges' Ranks is in a measure depeiidaiil
upon Herring for bait procured either from New f„ini,||an.| m
more recently, from Nova ."^cotia and ili(. May of [''inidy. .\
description of the trade carried on by the United St.iles fisher-
men with Newfoundland in winter for Herring l)ait, wherewitli
to pursue their "Georges' Codtishery," is given in section ;V.',
Chapter III. Hiit the details there introduced faintly out-
line the intimate dependence which exi.sts between the sue. (.ss-
ful prosecution of the Codtishery by the fishermen of I lie Initeil
States, and the facility with which they can iirocure bait on lb..
British American coast. The quantity of liait rei|iiired for Cod
and Halibut fishing is eiKMnious. The catch of the French on
the (irand Hanks during the l.ist three years, compared with th(.
supply of bait they obtained from Newfoundland, enables us to
form some coiucption of the relation between bait and catch
as regards quantity, but it does not tell us anything about the
equally important feature in the indiisny which nlatcs to the
kind .if bait sup])lie(l.
llfi
los. Tlir Kivii.-li liiiiiU Klci'l ii>M'iiililiii,i.';it Si. I'imv, mid
Mii|iirlo'i. in IsTl- I'l l>'7li. I'^lli inclii>i\i'. innilc llif fdllciwiii';
ciitflu'S as stiitfd ill tlir Otiii-iiil K\|i(irtati(ilis nf the Cdloiiy for
tlid.f Vfiii-s. I' ' 'I'liis ildrs iidt I'viiiiiirclu'iiil tlu'ir Ncwrnuiiil-
liiiid sci-calli'd ■■ Fniicli Slinri'" calcli :
Y,.,r 1^74 kil..uiMimii.'. l/illlllilN.
Moriii- Scflic drv end! ."),7ll7.flH' ll.'),:t:>L'
Mnnir Vnl,. uivi'n-'"'! . . I l"--'N>'''^ 1>-.>(;.(I(H)
ChI Liver Oil Toils 1+0
(',,,1 U,„.s Hanvls ilOO
I,-.;;. liili»(cniiinin"«.
Moriic SitIic iiiiy fodi 4,:{.'i.,Uil
.M..nir V rtr l^riVOIl fodi 1 (),:{().■), I «+
Cod l.ivii- Oil Tons. . .
Cod K.us HaiTcls,
1h7(;. KilniinuiMiirs.
M.inir S,','i.' dry end: 2..")i;-2.(;()7
Moriic- \',Tti" i-ri'i'Ui ll,271.M">fi
Cod Livrr Oil Tolls. .
C,.,l Kui's Hanvls.
,s(l,(i2:l ' '■'
1n7,:W+
... 101
(^ulritiiN.
:. 1 .iyi
2().'),(i()(»
. . l.'Sl
. .in7i
'I'lii' wiiolr of till' Monic ViTtc or (iivi'ii Cod is x'lit diii'i-t
to h'tiiiiccaiid inadr, oiiiiaiuifacturcd.oisold tlii'iv. 'I"lu' Drird
Cud t,'(ics cliii'Hy to tlir Colonics.
Ill ISdi and I Sli4 till' fnllowinir tallies represent the eateli
a> ileleniiilied 1 ly exports :
,^s, i~;i. ,:i.i
Dried Cnd, . . |i).:ii7.:;N:i KHolt. !i.Nf'.i.,s7l Kiloe-.
( liven Cod , . . l.im+.:iS() Niindier. +.i;il4.(l(i:! Niiiiilier.
Cod I.iverOil.. ."i7i>,->!MI Kiloo^. 4ii+.:;.'.:! KiloL.'.
Cod h'oes -J.'i.'.Oi do. +u,:!77 do.
Diiriii'.'tlie y«'ar lMi+ there were e\port.'d from Newt'oiiiid-
hiiid to St. Pierre not less than 70.0IIO lianvls (,r lleirini.'s
ami Jil.ODO li(nr>li,-ads of Capliii f<ir li.M r. "
'I'lie tallies just driven, which arc those of ollicial returns,
ale c.NCccilillelv delusive. The dried Coil and the irivcll cod
ail' liotli yixcii in Uilo;,'raiiinie-. and the kilo;4-raniiMcs arc iv
duce.l to ,|iiintals, hilt with no reference to the fact, that
a i|uiiit^il of ificcn lish i^ a \eiy ditl'civiit tliiiij; to a iniin
tal of itricd lish. It would he a fair estimate to .tale that
at St. Pierre, coii-idciiiiL;- tin- mode of curing; fish adii|ited there,
■>M) Ihs. of ^'iveii tish :;,. .■.|iial to I 12 lliv of dried li-li.
Ileiiee. when ivdiieed ti a Uniform standard of dry tish,
and acccptinii tiie rate of •> ew t. and -.'S His., or 2.'>:2 Ihs. Kiviich
cured Ljiven tish, as ci|iial to one (|iiiiit;il dried tisii. the actual
Kiviicli ciilch oil St. Pierre and Mii|Ueloii in I n7 I. '7'i am! TH
wa- a- follow. ■
V....,
I.S7C
IH7.".. .
IH7li..
i^uinliils lliii'ilCoil.
. :JI.".,7'.iil
. . . Ii;ii..s(i7
. 1 i--i:M\:\
The dilfeiviii-e in the iiiode of luea-u rill-' -rceii and dry
tish in llieir relation one to tlie other, varies to a '^'ivat extent
ill diireiviit localities. The foll<iwiii,Lr arc a few illnslralioiis of
ihi. variation, from which it will he seen thai in irriieral a
,|uiiital of dried lish means ahoiit :»)(» Ihs. of .jiveii lish.
I. Olli -ini ll.iiiiiiieiil-. .Siiinl I'icni .
:i. rilt.v Kiliiiii-uiniiii'i l« (•.iiisiiliMcij H|iii\itli'iil I ic t^im.l.il. On.' Kile.
IS (Miniil tn •J.ntlii ll». iiviiiiilii|i.iis,
1. N,.wf,iii.ii|liin.| .liiiinnil ..f lli..C,iii.ei:. isi;r. I'. U:.. .Mr. Ilii.v wiii.l-
ri'ii'.rN i- uii .■\liiiii-liv iiM'l \iiliiiilil' I ii'Miiii-iil.
117
MKA inil:Ml;NI'S dl' KISII.
<.'iviit .!cr\(ii> lliirlini.i-. Nrwlniiii.lldinl) sdutli ccist. " ' mu'
i|\iiiiliil (hied Msli. I 12 ll,s,
<»iw tViPiii I lie knitV, -.i-'i I1.S.
< iiir i|uintiil s])lit and lyiii^,' in snlf, 'iSO His.
One liiurcl jiicklcd Hsli < f nuy kinil, HH) lt)s. to tlu' (|uinliil.
One liainl of lu'irimr I'lvsli froni tlif ml is I'liuiil to :!:;
t;alli)ns of fisli,
Af Cliiinnci ^N'.'wfnini(ll;inil in l.s.")7, tlir rule fur fivsli
ti>li w;is tlifii tliiit :!(),s ||,>. of fiv.sli lis], ffom tlir Unifr niiikc
one i|Mintal when clrv. '- '
I'l'ilry states tlic (|inntal to h,- 1 12 llis. of di v tisli. Wlicn
Hrst oan}j;lit, 1 1-2 -mall fisli an. I .-.O lai.;r si/..' arr ivckoiird to
tUr (piintal, 'tiulf of St. Lawivncv, ]s:,-2.> 2.'i2 ll.s. ynrn li-li
ii. ill.' l!a\- of ( 'lialciir, .-.altcil ainl drained, aiv oivrii to a riirrr
'" o ' "" I i2 His of nil Tcliantaliii' (i.>li.
<'n till' y,:>yii Si-otian coast tiir rnlr is as I'ollows: —
•27'> His. lai-j;-c ji-ivcn lisli makr om- .|uintal.
:!()() •• of nii'diiMii --izi'd lisli ■
•Mr, " of siiiiin ii>li
IIKIlill.M; IIAIT KISIIKIIY.
'Ill" Wintir and S|iiiny: llecvinj: [•"islicry on tlic south
mast of Nrwfiiiiiidland lia^ ion^' linii viL;iii(iii.-.ly |iiiisrciit,'d
for the pnrposr of suiiplyini,' tlii' Fri'iicli andl'iiitcd States
l''isliei-nien with iiait. and from recent arran.n-enients inaile to
store the tish in i,-,. it is rapidly incrcasin,tt. That it is a sni-
cidal industry as now jiinsued, ihcie can he Init Httle donlit
lint the fiioinnstaiKTs nndti' which it is |iro>rciited are peculiar
and furnish some niiti^atine; offsets to its eniiie eondemnatimi.
These will lie noticed elsewhere.
Thi' followin;,' tjdilc -i\en hy Mr. ihiyward v.Ioiiriial of
Council, IMUI,; shows the ]irolialile i|nantity of llerrini,'s and
Caplin e.\]iortcd from each District in lsii+ fm- Iiait for the
French :
l);ir. lliTliil-. Illi.l-. Cniiliii.
histrici of Si. Marv's
Little I'laeentia. . ."
I'laceiiiia
I.a .Manihe
Hurin
St. Lawrence
Lamaline
Fortune, (hand l!:iiik and ni'i^ldior-
iu',' idaces
Knelisli llarlior
Pass Island
Push Through
Ihll-^eo
Iianieaii Islands
"rohalileiinantity thrnwn o\ rrlmard
I'roli. (plan, export, to. St. I'eier s.
I.HMI
•"i.dOU
2' II I
l,o:!0
t.noii
12.000
ti2.ll()
.•!i;,;i70
10.0111)
10.01 III
I,.'i00
1.000
2.000
I ()(),()()()
:K),ooii
70.000
■JO.OOO
10.001)
10.000
I he Mieat variations in price received. ai-e draw lacks to
Irade. and lead to vei'v pivjudieial system. .\ franc, or twenty
(■cuts a liarrel, when the siijiply is aliiindant ; thirty francs, or
livi' dollai-s n harrel, duiint; portions of the season when the
sii|)]ily is scarce, j'jiormous waste resnlts from such an ir-
re;,'nlar market, which the i.instrnction of icehouses will, in a
measure h'ssen.
1. I''islier,v Uc|ieil, IS71, (.Ni'Wluiin.ll-iiiil,)
■J. Aiip. .I.iuninl of .\.iM.|iiM.v. .\i'« f.iiii.lluii.l. Is,-,;, |,n^|. ;«;;
118
Till' \iihiiitinn nt' tlif Kn'iicli ciitcli nn tli>' (iiiiml l>niiks
for till' ycai' l.S(!4 wiis as Fullows: -
i)ii.'.l Cod +,727,'.>+l Francs.
<iiivii('(i.| I,.M)2.I()()
■|'..tiil (i.2:«),()41
Tile ]iiic<' i>niil For lu'iriiiy: liait in liS(i4 vai'ii'il, as alii'iiily
sUitccl. From one Franc to thirty Friitics a Imrrcl. i'littin;; tlic
avcrajfc at 10 Francs ii liarrrl, tln' \alur oF (lie licrriiij;' l>ait
wonlii !«■ TOO.OOO Fv ni-. Tin' value oF 4(),()0() lii)!,'sliia(ls oF
caiicliii, at 10 Francs a )u:;;s1ii'hi1, woiilil r.nioiiiit to 400,000
Francs. Tliis j;ivcs, For the loi.u Cvi't oF hnit, 1,1()0,()()0 Francs,
lint tlic value oF the catfh was (i.2S0,04I Francs, lu nee the co.st
oF the hait an'ounted to alxmt one-si.vth oF the vahie oF the
catch. 'I'his. liowever. is a low estimate, For durini; the same
winter -Hi I'nited States vessi'ls took ■24,il(),S liarivls Fro/.eii
lierrini,'s From Kortune Hay. and the aveiaee price they oli-
taine<l in tlie States was 8"i ^,'old jier liarrel. In iMi.'i tw -nty-
twi) vessels carried 1:2.000 ha rre Is From Kortune liay. and the
averaf^<' price these sohl For was SiS e-(,l,| |)(,i- Imrrel : some car-
;,'oes sold For i*\i. I' '
In In.').') there were em]iloyeil in the ^o called ' Flench
Hait Trade" the Followine- inimhers oF vessels and iinn. lie-
t ween t 'ape Rjiy and Tre|iassy. — sonth shore. '- '
Schooners emrxiiii;' hait 40
Men KiO
Boats carryini,' hait ii.H4
Men ' 2,;!:;ii
<,hiantity oF hait siijipljefl to the Kreiu'h hy Hritish suh-
jects From Plnceiitia and Fortune l'>ay. ' ' '
Herrine; •">7.l-'iO harrels.
Capelin. (iO.OOOhoi.'sheads.
S(|ui.l .SO.OOO
110. KIsewhere is shown fClcipter III. I'a;,'e .Ml the
imporlaiiee oF tic Neui'mnidiand. New lliiuiswick and Nova
Scotia winter Heirine- hait trade to the I'nited Stales tisher-
meii For the ])rosecntion oF their ( 'od tisln^rii's on (ieor;^e's and
Le Have Hanks and on the Nova Scotian coast. Their snm-
mer lishei\' cm the (!ran I Hank is also almost exclusively de-
pendant iipnn hait piocured fresh in NewFonndlaiid. or stori'd
in ice For their use. Hiit the ri'al importance oF these Facil-
•ies For jirociiriiiL.' licit oidy -tan I out in their true relief when
ompared with what would hi' the enndition of aliiiirs if the
lishermeii oF the I'nited States did not enjoy these LiTcat
privili'i^'i'v
It has 1 n already stated that what is ■■ hait " durin;; one
portion oF the year is almost worthless durine- another por-
tion, 1 ause it is "out of season. The llerriui.' a|ipear to he
always in sea.son more or less, except, perhaps, durine' the
" school ine " I )F the ca|)eliii, that is duriiii,' that hrief pi'riod
when that li^h a]iproaches the shori' to spinvn. Hut the cape-
lin i^ not f.iuud siiuih of ( 'ape Hretnii. and iu the more sonth-
ei'Iy water> tln' herriie^ is always acceptali!e to the I'od. To
snpi)ly the |]lace of the heiriiif/-, a iar^fc hait indusliy exists in
till' I'luted Stati's, which has For its ohject the proeurin;,' oF
clams and menhaden For hait. the la,st named heiue chiefly
used foi' mackerel lishiry, tln' first named for cod auil halihnt.
When henine and mackerel cannot he jn-ocnred for hait,
I. Uf|iMi't "f .liiiii.'. s. lliiy«iiril. LiiiiiliM},' ,Siii'vi'.Viii', .'si. .1 ilin's, iif a vi»it
o 1 llie Itin'i'iiiii' Si'rvii'c |.i tln' ivc-ti'in pertieii ..t Ni'«f"iiiiuliiihl, willi Miri-
.1 IK stutislii'dl mill "tlii'r infeniiuti'in in n'Inlinii tn tlie Irmln iiml lUlu-riiw of
llii'KH hiciilitii'x. SI, .liilin's, IKPi,'). A|)|i>'>iilix .liiiiriiiii of tin' I'minril, IHiil'.
'J, l!i'|i"i't nf .l.iliii Ciiuiiiiiu. IS.'il). .\|)|x'ii<li.v .I'liii'Miil 'if .Vsii'iiihly. IN.IT.
;i. Ilii'l.
11!)
I'laiiis (M'lK .1 iT]iii,-i<i)n\v lnri,'i'ly usi'd, and so t'arlinok as 1840
not less tlian 4(),(H)0 Imslifls of clams were cstimatril to lie
fiiiisiiiiiiMl ill tliiii yi'iir ill till' |iri])ariitiiiii of salt Knit. In
\SW1. \j\vn\. V. ik' Hioca, in an arliclc |)ic']iar<Ml for tlii' Kicneli
(ioviiniiiciit. I'l statcil that many tlioiisands of liarvels of
clams arc salti^l down aiiiuially in Massacliiisctts for the iiso
ot the tishciiis on the hanks of Newfoinidland. Alonj,' the
coasts of Nova Scotia the I'nited States tishermeii jirocinc
clams fidiii the residents for hait, when lierrin;; or mackerel
eatinol lie procured ill the summer season. The annual rc-
])orts of ( 'aptaiii Fortin contain occasional notices of the
clams heiiij; ea^'eily .soii;^dit for Ky American and native tish-
ermen in the (!ulf wlicn other liait is not to lie jirocureil. In-
deed, so iii^'eiit is the demand for hait, and so entirely depcnd-
I'lit are till' cod and halilmt tisherii's ii|ion a sntticii'iit supply,
llidt ihe lisheries may lie said to lie altojfecher dependent upon
its Ih'Iiij; availalile, either naturally, or stored near al hand in a
fresh and siiitahle condition.
(I.) Kxnneis vimm iiii. ukimiu' ok Xai'iu.kiin Lkvciik, Kmj.
Iflii). I'tiinl SI. I'inre. Suimin'r tliliiiif,' I'.xci'lli'iit. luit liait lu'coiiiini;
sciiiw tiiwiinis .Inly, ciMilisliiii),' (lecrca.- I'll. I'erce L' '(insliint; ln'min nli-iut
•iillli if Miiy, with H fiiir jiclil ; l.iwiiriia the iiiiclclle i;l .Inly, li.iwniT. Imil
liiiliii^: > ,.ii.-iili'mli|y, ll.sliin^' eiiii.JwiiU'iilly feU iilV.
il.) Hi'jioil III till- (MiviTriitK'iil HfliiHiiiiT. •' hi C.ina.lit'iiiii.."
1870. (liispr mill Hiiiiiifeiitiirf.- • .\\X\\:>n\i\\ wipcliii ami .■'i| liil laili'il lUirill),'
llii' IKIiiii;,' wii.aiin, lierriiif; ami iiiarlicri'l, in tin- slinjie ef liait, wi'ic iiKntifnl
iMiiin;,'li 1.1 1'licuii" iliH lii-lit'i'iiii-n a si'ainn's ri'liirn luryiT lliiin any ilnrinu tlu'
jiait ti'ii yeaii.
IS";j. LitliKtilnf VirUiiiii. ~ M .\ala.-In|ii)in, Saiiii I'-iint, .Sainl .l.'lin"> Kiv.r,
Slaniiie, Tiiiiii'li'i- Uivrv, ami Sliililmkc. Ilm li-hini; was mil, h.i\\evur, su
KiiimI. .Siill. it cunnni In- saiil tlai ccil wa.i Ifss aljumhirl. Imt lail laileil.
IH7I. (I'lispe. -Duit, which hail bwn aluinilaiil at I'itcc until .\ni,'m*t, iin-
fiirtiiiritcly failt'il all at oni-i'. ami, with tlif want nl luiit, lUii (lisapiienri'ii.
Halt, which is I if |ii'iiniiiyini|iiiitancpin llii,'*liiiliinn, ami the greater uri'iiiallcr.
ahiiiidulici' iif which ilclciiniiics it.« cuci'csa, coiii|iiiw..^ iii.iilly all the tl.'ih
."iiiallcr than cml. Mivly in the «itriii^ herring; avc tiso(l,amt iluriiiK the
iinnilh III' ,luni'. ca|ii'lin ; later in llic scasun, fall hcninj; ami -'ini'l are the
hcHl hails. Smelts arc a U' I sninctimcs cniiilnycil ; ami when Uicsc fail, rc-
ciiiiri-c is hail In <'lains.
l.iiliiiiiUii: -Bait anil ciiil lailcil un the western part of Ihi- ilivisi.ni, hut
liiilh were aliiimlant .iii the const iif hahiaiUir, sn iiinch sn iliai it is inosumcil
I'liil hail t'i'i niiich III feci! iip,in, ami that this was tlui rcasnn wliy the lisli
liiil mil hiie.
IS7.">. On the c a^ts iif Newfiiiin'llaml iml Uihraihir, as well as en tlin.si!
iif .\nticiisii, wlierii the ice reiiiaiiicil iinlil the imnith nf June, 1 ail ke|it in
ilecp wati'r in eiiii.scijiiciice nf its hcin^; wanner than at the siirtace, ami ap-
pearcl i-nly in Aiacnst, aluiit; with the chI. when the water ^rcw wanner.
.iiitit-mti lnhrnil, ('<il-l)shiii^ this seas. m waiip.i.ir. Ki.sh aluimlant en iii^h
111! the lianUs iir 'tiiiil the Islnml. hiil hail was scarce. nwinK' tn cunstant liail
weatlier.
Ill IS'iT " there were no cod on the North Shore or on the
eoa--t of Lalirador, f(tiilf) owinj; to the scarcity of hail. I)i'.
iiii,' thiit se.ison a sort of disea.->e prevailed which destroyed
liiii! 11 siieli ipiaiitities that vessels and steaiiielN would iin'e'
wii.i lianks of them in a dead state."*-' The liait here al-
liideii hi is the cajielin and laiinee.
111. It has only within the last tea years heen asecitaincd
that the Herrini; lie under the land during the winter, prohably
from Cape S;il)le nil the way to the extremity of ('ape
Hrctoti. They can be ohtaiiied in waters of certain depth along
luiieli of the eoist if lookeil for. .\lready, .it many puiiits, ad-
vaiila^'c is taken of this haliit ol llie Heriiiii;, ,iiid hail is pro-
cured liir the sjiriiin fishery.
On the coast of Maine and up the Hay of Fiiiidy, as tar as
Point I.epreau, Herring Hslieiy is carried on during the winter
inontiis by means of gill nets. The nets are sunk to the bottom
1. Thi^ nrticlu lins heen tmii^lnted hiiiI re|irint»tl ia the lout Itcport of tho
I'. S. CiimiiiissiiiiiiM' iif Kisli uiiil {'"islnirics, l.ir 1S74-7.').
L'. Ki'piirtiif .\. Ijiv.iti. K>i|., ll.iniini .!! risli.'ry nlllccr, IS7.'i. ' Sli..als nf
ilcjiil ciiplin nr hiiince wi-re nu'i willi hy \.'s>.'l- -ailiiiy ..ii the ciisl."
!;.'('
in water vaivins^ Irom tilloni to tliiity laflioms. It is stalcil
tliat -ioiue m1i()o1» remain in shallow water nn the coast of Maine
thi()iit,'h()iil the suniincr, Ixit it is reinarkalilc that il'liiis Iw the
case ti) any cimsiderahle extent, that the Cud are not t'onnd there
in siieli aliiindance as to tfivc rise to a prodiulive lisherv. In-
deed, when it is known that the Herring aetiiallv winters
niider the land Iroin Kastporf in Maine to the east coast ot
Newt'onndland. in rornparativelv shallow water, it appears
curious that the ('od should not more generally he I'ouiid on the
outskirts of thi> schools. Teniperaturp, leading other lornis of
life, and among I hem young Herrings, into deeper water, which
form, as already stated elsewhere (page 4!M part of the
winter food of Cod, is prohahlv the tr.ie explanation of this
-ipaiiilion. The spawning season clevelops an odoiu', whiih is
doulillessthe attraction to the (axl. and serves as a scent, carried
lar and wide hy currents, which indicates the w hereuhouts of the
Herring schools. As far as the writer has oliscrved, tlie niove-
menls ol the Cod at certain seasons, are geneially against the
current, esi)ecially during the cuplin season in Newfounilland.
The current carries the odfHU' of the halt, and the Co<l follows
H]) the scent just .is land animals hunt tlu'ir prey in a similar
inauucr.
ll!.I. The lishermcn of the I'nited Slates procure an im-
mense (|uantity of halt lor summer fishing on the coasts of Nova
•^cotia, all the way from Cape Sahle to I,ouisbnig ami Ingouish.
-Vmoug other noted b.iit grounds where Herring, Mackerel and
sometimes dims are procured, may he mentioned Margaret's
I5ay I'rospect, ( ',ilch Harhoiir, I'ortcguese Cove, Dover, Shad
n ly, I^eavcr llarliour, Marie Joseph, Jeddore, Country
Harbour, .Arichat, .Str.iils of Canso, on to LWrdoi^e and I^ouis-
liurij, Ingouish and C.ipe (ieorge.
I'he .'straits of Canso are, however, not onlv a Lireat bait
station, but also a must iinporlant depot f)r the traiishipnient ot
fish, s,n lb. it it is very diffii'ult to arrive at my concliiMDUs as to
the uumltei- of fares taken by fi-hing crafts olf that \y.in of Nova
Scotia or Cape Hretoii Isl.ind, 'I'he same vessel mav tranship
ber caru^o several limes during the se.ison, the steamers taking
iliein on to I'niteil States I'oifs, or thev mav be forwarded by
irLTiilar .sailing vessels : indre 1, a svstematic transhipping bii.si-
ness has been carried on lor some vears, p.irtaking of the
lb uacter of a regular forw.irding bu-iness Siinilaily, at
several of the stations above named, the b.iit business is pursued
in a thorou'ihlv organised business w.iv. From all the details
.it comin.itcl it appears piob.ible that the ratio of b.iit to calcli is
about one to -.even, that is, to sav, the value of the bait con-
-■nmed on an .ivcrage '.■■ about one-seventh part of the catch with
re-pici to Cod and Halibut. In Europe, the purchase of Cod
roes for bail in the Sardine nut rishery reduces the protits of the
invriei> ol l.irge ti~liiiig eslalilishments one-half. I he Norwe-
giait barrels containing Coil roes contain aboir l.SII ll',>. :f roe.
and the annual export anioijnt« to V,()00,00l> lbs., vaiufd at
.i.tlUD.OOO liiiics
Ii:!. If the Herring aiv -o abundant mi the Coasts ul
Maine thr. lutibout tic y •■ar as hiis ivcently ln-en alleged, why
it tuny 111- iisked. do nut the I'niii'il States ti^-lienin'ii prcieiiie
Hi'ifing btiit fruin their own shores. The iiiiswer appinrs to
b' tbnt it pays better i i dispose of tile Herring thus eniight
a> fond, or in -oir..- iitbrr way. latbrr tlian iisf them as bait
fur the eaptiiiv of aiiothir kind of rmid. 'I'lic InUTinL' caught
.111 the ciiast of the I'liiled Stati s aiv loo \abiable In be il^ed
a- bait in eiinsii|Ui'iier of the ready iiiarkri wliieli r.xists for
1;>'1
tlh' t'lvsli (ir fiozcii lisli ill till' inbiml iPiMiutlieni citii"-, oi t'loiii
tl'c nil mill niiaiiii |)iiiilii(Ti| t'lDiii tliis Hsli." '
Hilt tlii- Nc\vfi)iiiiill!iii(| lii'irin;,'. clicniily ulitiiiiH'il, Imvc
siistniiiiMl Hi<'(! i^i's Wiiilci ('ml KisliiiN , 1111(1 tliis will iv-
cc'ivr II new iiiiprtus tV.iiii till' iMiw kimwii I'licility witli wliicli
lii'ii-iii;,' cnii 111' |)i-ipciirci| in Nnxn Scntir. TIm' ilijii'iiiliin f
tlic (iciii|ri.'s Wiiiti r Fislu r\ nil luiiiii;; is tlius ilisciilinl in
tllr " KislllTii'S of (lliiuccsti'i-, " I.S7(i.
■ iicsidi'S till' tisliiiy fill- liiililiiit, (!inli,'i''s Funk lllis iilsn
I'ontiil.iiti'il in iiiiutlii r wiiy iiii.l \<< .1 luiicli ^rrnitcr i-xtciit. tn
till' riTiiil )pi(is|ii'rity nf (iloiicistiT. Tlii' ^'iriit (iliiiniliilici' in
wliii'li ('(111 is siiinctiiiii's fdiind rccnlls tn mind tlic " |n stcriin.'"
nf (idSllllld's sllip with tllclll Mtt'('il|)c ( 'nd. mill lllc " sIIMIil;.'
lisli-Jiniid." wliiTr (')i|iL Smith fiiill|(l them sn )ilclltA-, llcfll'
MnnliiMrmi. 'I'liis iilnindiincc. imi.I the iiitrniliictinii of fifsli
liiTrin;^' tVdiii Xcwfniindliitid tn he iisi'd fnr Iriiit, indnci'il niir
lisliiiiiu'n to I'liirnjfc nctivcly in 11 winter fishery mi that lijiiik.
Till' success (if tile tri|i dejieiids miiinlv upnii wind and wcn-
tlior. Snmetillles the wlmle lleet Vetllin to pnit with .lie loss
nf fiihles and iiiiclinis and with nther (lMninj,'e mid without
tish tn cnliipensiite. ( )ften hitter IlK'k attends tlieiii. Mild ncca-
sinnally a few favnialile tiips in siioci ssinn yield a ^fiueiniis
hut still liMi'lly ;ide(|iiate reward fnr the risk, lahor and siill'ei--
'lij; of the emiilnymeiit."- ■■ The Fisheiies of ( !l(Hicester,' I is7(i.
It is thus that the heniiijf tisliei-y heuomes a iinweifiil in-
I. Ilr.iiiii.v(i iSenAl"-lis .MAMFAirniK ami I M;,
■• .11(111}; till- li ys iiikI (■..vi'.« I I the cMiriuc .•d-tciii imii.»i "I -Miiiiic ill
.l(iiic«|p(irl, Ciiilcr, Mii('l'ins|h(|'|. IVviy, IVin!>i'>>l.(', and .■llicr i.wii.h me luiin-
cnnit till ill wiiika r.ir the iiuiiiuftictiirc of oil fi tile licniiiu The si-ni|i
or vi'liisc t'edii lIic,-«(« \V(»rks i> used a> a I'ertiliZiT. lilt tr.iiii tile sniiill aiii< mil
t(i he .jlituiiicd at .iiiy < lie iidiiil. it is 11. .t »lii|.|iiMl [.• any I'Xtciil. At Trcal'^
l^!all(^ Ka-tii rl lliiili iir. Mc^sis, TrLiii, StH|(|cs \- I'o. aic, lii.«i-»ci-, (|iiil.'
laiwly cii^iMiiiMl in !'•(• Iicrriiit; ti<lu'ry, and in tlic iiiaiiuracniic ol n ll-li
;;uaii(i li-eiii ilic retiiM' "f llieir "11 «• iiks. and I'l'i'iii the siiiull lii'Viiiin wliicli
Hrc iimI iitiii/.M(l ill any morn iipillialilc inaiiiu'i', Tlifsc i,'ciitU'iiicii liavc 'ivi'ii
fiii;n^i'(l in tlii-( liii>iiii"'s f.^r tHciity-llvc or lliirty ydiis. and in llnit time
liavo Icarm-d I 1 lake advanlanc of all llndnati iih ;ind iiinkc the iiiei'l • I' it*
lips and (lowiia. When oil is dnll, tin- lu'rriii}; arc ,-iiiokf(l and |iii'| aiiM: for
till' market as food; and when liieir aliiindaiui' Inriiks down tin? iiiarkid, oil
ficncnilly "hoi's iipi" and in order to nd the advantage rcsnltint,' fro.i. hotli
lliese extremes, llie linsiiies^ is elmntxed to suit tile limes, "r liotli Iminelies
'ire followed to some evteni at llie same lime. The -craii. wliiidi is |ir"dn('e(l
ul the dill'ercnt oil w.irks ahonl Kaslimrt ami l.nhee. is inirelmsed I'liielly hy
ferlilizcr e.imiianies out of the Islale. considemlrle (|iiaiitities lieiiif,' In iiyht
liy the I'acilie (iiunei ('..iiiiwiny. Wncd's II. .le. Mass,, and llie llradiey reitil-
izer CoiniMiiy. That which is taken in Imlk as it comes fr. n 'he pic'-s iin-
ally hriiiiis SI2 i»'i' tin. and when dried more, and if |>ai ■(! ill larrels,
lirink's a still higher iirice, .Messrs, Treat, ."^tuples ,V; «'■•. maniiiacino' a llsli
iinano which has heen sent ahroad s.iiiie, and als 1 used hy oiir iiilniid laiin-
ci's to some extent, tliiii has ijiveni; lod «atisfai'lion. The ,si raii is tlr ronnhly
dried on elevated Hieks until neiiily ail llic wiilcr is e.vpellcd. It i- not al-
lowed lo remain ont ni>;lit" while hciin; . hied, »(»■ is it e.vp.wed ti fo(;s or
dews; so that it ciinlains not m.irc than L'li |i.'r cent, of water, and will sli.iw
\'2 percent of ammonia on analysis. This is mdiiiid and jiacked in hiiriel-'
and tlndsn ready sale. .Mr, Tieal. ihe senior iiiemi cr of the lirni, -ays ilixi
when first piittini,' their ll-li yuan 1 npon the markat he seiil si:iiiples i.i | al-
lies nt \V fs Hole, M.(ss,. to I'hilndelpliia and other jdaces f.r trial. From
the former place no reinriis as to ii, \aliie were ever leccived ; lull iiislciid
he re('eiveil W(n'(l : "We don'i waiil a maimfactnrcd iiiliile here. I ut will
piirelinse all the tish scrap yii have for sale." At rhi.adelphia and in (''.ii-
iiei'licnl Ihe article i;ave cxeellciil .salisfiicii..ii. and hiri;e orders were f.v-
wiirded for it. Amoiii; our own fariiKMs it has heen nMwiii}; in lavm- wher-
ever used, Harrelled. this ii,h niianu sells f.ir 8.'W J'cr ton. Mes-rs, Tr. at iV
To. lire also eiii;a,;eil in Ihe in iinira.'liirc of a iiianiire from rock weed, which
lifts (jiveii ;iiod -alisfaelion as 1 feiiilizcr for imtutoes. The r.ick weeil is
lirsl reduced hy steniii. then uroiinii, and diied hy the leldilion of 10 |ier
cent, of (|iiicklime. With some cf it a prlion of llsli scrap is also added.
l'"ri '111 llie fiicl that the herrinu are sailed hefoie the oil is e.\|n'essed, the
sciiii> will keep h.iioer with'. lit (icterioration, than will that of the menlniilen,
in which no salt has heen used. It is, in ('on.seipieiiee, hetter adapted lor
transportaloin in hulk or iilharrels. hein« iiiolfeiisive."- iTweltlh auniiil Ke-
port of the Secretary ' f Ihe .Maiin'' Hoard of Ai;ri.-iiltnr''. IK'o )
122
>tniiiu'iil ill II'— i--tiiiL; llir iiiiiiniliicliiriii;,' iihlii>nirs a-, wril iis
till' iH,'|-iriilliiii' 111' llh' rniti'il StiitrN, mill uilli iIh' will kiinuii
I'i'limiklllili' (IrVl'l! ,).llfllt wlliclllms tllUrll pIlH'r ill till' llli'll-
lifiiMiii iiiiliislry, it is liiit ri'iiMiiiiililr in Mi|i|insi' tluil now
lllr llrrriim' nil' Ml|i|iiisr(l tcl lie ill such Vllst alillllilllllcr nil
llir Niiv.'i Srotiiin slidivs illirill;^ till' willlrr sriisiill. llllil llir ni-
(•ii|>iltii)ll of till' sti-MIlil iisslirrs tile liniiiis lor liiUili;.' IIhm' tisli,
111! 1 lliiit> will 111' '^|iiii'ril liy till' I'litcrinisiii^'- citi/riis of tlio
riiilcii Slnti's til iilili/i' 111 llir iiliMiisi till' iiii'iiiis plm-i'il lit.
lliiir ili>iiiiviil liy lllr ll-lirry (•I;iiim'> nt' llir Wiishiii^flnii trriity.
It i» ^tilt(Ml that siiu'i- the n>ci'iit (U'cliiip in the llirriiij;
lishcrv ill Norway, Uiiitcd States vessels arc eniiafjcd in
takiiif? llcniiif^s cliiert tVoiii iIk^ Manilalni Islam's, ('aiiso,
llilitax, \t., Io Swedish I'oits, where they find a leady and In-
ci'ilivc in.iiket. This inii{lit ap])eiir to he an indu.stiy open to
Ihilish Aiiiei'icans to a gieatoi- ileijieo than to those who have
to come many hiiiidicds ol' miles to i;et their eari{nes. I?ut
whether owiiii; to ciiises iiitn «hiih il is not necessary to eii-
([iiiie, advaiitajie is taken ol the nppnrliiiiity, or the reverse, one
result is evident, namely, that the price ol lleiriiii{ halt, taken
on their nwn shores, to the Nova Seotia fishermen, is liahle to
heconie suddenly increased, anil may attcct iheir deep sea line
fisheries to a considerahle extent. Ir will also affect the deep
sei line fishery ol'the Americans on (ieorfies, I.e H.ivc and the
(iraiiil H.mks. in liki- proportion, lor they must have llcrrini;
li.iil to ]iiirsiie these fi'.lieiies with success The fish caic^ht in
those waters fetch a better pried than the smaller fish caiii;ht
inshore ot'thc Hanks, and while a small sized class offish would
cnst more ih.in thcv were Wurlh to catch with hcniii!; hail at a
ci'rtiiin price, the lari(e Hank fish, troiii the higher price they
{ .inimand, can hear the extra cost. The pursuit of the fishery
on the Hiiiks reiiuires a cl.iss of vessels which the Americans
possess ill aliiindanic. hat which are comparatively rare ainonsi;
the Xova Si'oli.ms, who iiio-t a])prii.iih, il in some caM's they do
not eiin.il, their enlcrpiising liv.ils.
The .Vnii'i'ii'aiis ciiiild imt elii;airi' i" thi^ trade ilircctly un-
less they I'liiiiycil tVcc iicci'ss to our coiislal waters. It is itii-
piis>ili|i' to t'lirscc the extent to wliieh this new cimuncree miiy
he developed, fur. altliiiileli. in the iipiiiimi of Siirs. the Nnr-
\vee;i»ii lleri'iiii.', whicli has censed to lie caui,'ht nii its iisiia!
i^roimd--, i-- iniilialiiy only l\iiii,'a little riiilhcr icianved finin
the enast. \el that very remuval may put il lieymiil ivaeh for
n dinary eniiiiin rcial piirpnsev.
114. It i> an inipnitaiit result nf a scientific eiiipiiry to
a.'<eertHin the extent of the uiiivenieiits nl' a class of aniniiils
whii'li have Middeiily disappeared finin accustonied haunts
anil ihinwn into hopeless euiifnsioii an eiioininiis in liistry upon
which hiimlreils of ihnusalids are ile|ieiiilaiil fur their daily
liiead, liut wliai imiiiediate relicM' does it mH'chiI if the dis-
covery estalilishes the fact that the small downward inove-
ineiit to deeper Water, or iiutward nioveliieiit to eipially iime-
cessilile wiiiti'iiiie or s]ia\viiinLr ^'iiiiiiids. has just placed them
li'Voml reach with the nrdinary ineaiis possessed liy lisherinen
for seeiirine- their acciistcniied fares '
If the wiiiteriiiir of the lleiiiiio under the laud in uater
III' a certain deplh all the way finiii the liay of l''unily to the
north-east eo.ist of Newfoiiiidlaiid, -.'Im's rise to a eieat trade
lietween these coasts all. I Kiiiope. in whai way will the Hiitish
Auiei'ieaii tislierineii henefit hy it '
.Suppose flint he t'ets nil eipial share of the catch and of
the carrvin^ trade, what li mies of his ( 'od-ti shine- industry f
W'e ha\e oul\' to turn to the results nf experience III lind a
123
s„it,,l,|,. »„,|. „„ ,|„„,,f „ ,„„.,.,„,^ „„^^^,,,^, I ^ ^^^^^.^^^_ 1^
"'""'''"■" •''"""f •""■ ^'""■ KM^^I-nnl C.mI Kisl„.,i,.s ,v-
jM ,„, NovH S,.„im„sl„Mvs. vviti, all its nm,„,,s ,.rt;.rt.s.
' •"• 'l'V|' '"'.VM «„,| i„,|,,,ts wl,i,l, f„,,„ so .■hamotrristi,. a fra-
'""• "t III" Nova Sc,,tia roasf. „„,1 „.|,i,.|, |,av,. )„.,.„, and still
«uv, ti„. pr.Hlurtiv.. nin-siTi,., of fisi,. w„„|,| I,,., |i|<,.
"l;'."; "'■'■'•i'lJ,' Ki-"Mn.l of tl, |,.|„,,t,.,| Hnv of ( 'Imlcii-.s,
winri, ,|,,.w Its oriijinal India,, „„,„„, • ThcSra of KisI, " IVoi,,
■t>"|.|miv„tlvii„.xl,a„sti s„|,|,li,..„f all ki,„ls of fisI, lif,..
"■t 111" |.ivs,.„t |,ov,.,tv of tl„. |„.a,| of .1,,. i!„v of Cl.alcns
I..' <:ontiu.st,.,| with its fon,,..,. ,,,,„i„.. ,v,.„|tl, a,'„i tl„. ,vl„lio„
"t tl..' ( o,l tisl„.,-i,.s to ll,.,Ti,„,r s,,:,u„i„. ^.,v„l„.|s I, .ro„„.s
■'•tllKin;;,'ly illiistiatcil.
"'I'liiMc Ims 1,1.,.,, ir,-,.,,! n.m|,h,i,it „f laf,, v..ais in the i.pp,.,-
I>n.r ot tl„. Mav „r Ch.l,.,,,., of ,|„. f,,lli„. off in tho rod fisi„.,v,
Mis su„l to 1,0 ,.v,My voa,- ,l..,„.aM„;., At CirK.ton, M.dnc,
^<nv K>,i„„o,„i, a,„l otln.,- pl;„.p, on ll,o CJa.p,. sl,o,v, tl.o (ishin-
e.tnbhshn„ ntN a,o .l..s,.,t,.,l aial jjoinf. ,„ ,.„i„. At th.'s,. pla.r'I
thm.wa.sfo,m,-,lvanal,u,„I,,„ts„pply„fH.|, ; l,„f ,|„. i„l,al,i-
tants „ovv l.un.jy ralrl, enoi.srh f„r thoi,- own .vUuvv sto,-...
'''"•* '''''•'•^' '^ ''!'«> ''•'If on tl„. New Miunswi.U sho.e Tin-
.s..nl,.„„.„f „( iVtil |{o h,.,- s,„„|s o„t al.ont .500 l,„,.s o„lv
whi.l, av,.,aj;,. a ratrl, of .10 ,p,i,„,,ls rarl,. ,l,„i„f, ,]„. soaso,,.
IUp Pockshavv o,nst svn.U out a f..H- hoals l,„f ,|,ev o,ilv (i,|.
o<.-cas,„„„i|v. Tho (;a,-a,,,„., a„d Shipp,,.,,,, l,o,„s f,.',-.l,r.,'dow„
the Hay take mo,,, than 100 ,p,i,„,,ls ,.:„.|, ,l„,i„. ,1,„ sraM,,,,
«,i,rha,oof l„.n(.,.fp,ali,y ti,„„ ,1,,,.,. t„k,.„ „fr ivtit |{,„|,i.|-
'' '"; '''''li"" "'■ 'I'" ''-'1 fish,.,v i„ th.. npp,.,- pa,t of tl,.. I!av is
att,,l,„i,.,l ,o tl„. w,„,|o st,„,.,i„„ of ,1„. p,..,p,,,. an.l natinal
'"'"" "' 'I"' n,d,_l„.,-,i„j, and ,ap,.|in_«hirh a,-,, take, i„ i,„.
m.-„s,. ,p,ant,t,os, „ot to,- i„„„,.,|i;.„. ,,,,i„j, „,■ f„,- ,.„,.i„., „,• fn,'
liait hilt fo,- .M\M,(,\,i ill,.; I, AM) I" (1)
Anotl,,.,- ill„s(,-.„io„ is Mlfonl,.,! |,v ,h,, Heiai,,;, (i,-.,,,,,,].
al.o„t tl„. Island of{;,-a,„i >[,,„,„, whi,.l, h.v,. I.r..„ „oli,.,.,l l,v
iIh- I. S. f;on„„issio,i,.|- of Fi.l, ;„„1 l.'i,|„.,.i,.s, .,s ill„>,,-.„i„;,
tin- 'elation l.etwe,.n tho Cod lisl„.,i..s .,,,1 H,.,,-!,,. .^y,,yninl
gionnds.
11.0. TIk. vessels in whiili tin; lishcanen of the United
.States pinsne the ,l,.ep s,-a hsheiy olf the coast of Xova Srotia
mnl the (i,a„d 15, nk., diiR.,. i„ ,„;,„^. p„.,i,.„|,,, ,■,,„„ ,|,^. |j,„|.
eralt o«„,m1 in g,.„o,al l,y Nova Seotians and Xe«fonn,llande,s,
I'hen- vess,ds are hng,. and well fonn.l in eve,-v pa.ticula,-. an.l
l.o,nTOto l;,'Otons hnnlen. T'„.y a,e .apa.ions ..„o„t;l, to
l).nnit th<.|n to lemain for seveial months at sea. I'ln-y fcii,
"" ii>Mi"ilHnt item in tin- .■omme,-,Mal marine of the eonni,T and
th.'ir m,,i„tenan,-e ami ineioas.. tend to footer all ihos,. ii,d„s.
tr.es whieh aie connected with sl,ip.l,„ildi„g and the employ-
"""I" '1<'I"''..1"'I ..|>.n, this inllnential Inanch of enterp.ise and
eomn„.|ce. The stir and laistle of ,nanv of their s.-apnit towns
owe tho .stimnlns they .-ereive from that Incative in.h.stty.
\et much (.fit d,.pen,ls „po„ the snpply of l,,,it the Hshermen
are cnahl,.,! to p,„d„ee on liritisl, Ame,ica„ sho,-es If l,y any
nnf.nseeii event this supply we,e s„d,l,„|y to hecnne i„ac,e>sil,|e,
an.l with it il„. means for taking the ('o,l the ll;,libiii and ihJ
Hake which forms the object of poisnit, a chink of a scions
chai-acter wonl.l he driven to their nieic.mfile marine. Fishio.r
on the .N'orihe,,, iianks and in Xorthern wate.-s is assn,e.l to
the F.sher.non of the Unit,.,! ,St„l,.s l,v the ample snpply ol l,.,it
generally p,ovi,Ied, which ,.„al,lcs them to follow a si.nilar win-
ter emi)louiient in their own sontheiai watcis. Hnt a entail-
ment of the one woidd .lisastionsly ellect the other in a com-.
I. rVrlc.y KhimvI u„ ,1„. s,.„ „i„| |;jv,.r l."i»li,.rit.« „f \uw llriiiHwiok, 1852
l','l
ini'icial senxc, lor in llic lull vp.ii< emplovnirnl of their wi'll
a|)|i(iiii'('il vpsHcK lii'< till' i;r(Mt prnlits of the ilrcj) sea fisli-
int; indiistrv as now piirsiidil Ijv tlicm
Till' |)ir|i Sia tisliiii;; Stilted of llii' I'niiiii luc Mas.sai'lniMi'tts.
Maitii' mill ( 'niiMicticiit. wIkisi' ca])!!:!! aii'l iiiiiiiin' an- larni'l.v
ilivictc'ij til till' ( '(111 aiid Mncki'ii'l. Altlinii^'ji tju' ii'tiinis iii-
'lifatiti;.' till' iiiiiiilirr of ,slii|)s ami timimjio i'ii'_'iii,'ril in tlio Hsli-
I'lirs niv- to iisi' till- laiii.'ilH>;c of thi' I. S. ( 'riisiiH ( 'oiiiiiiisMioni'i-
— " ilistii'ssiii^jy iiiaili'iniati' to tlir known facts of '' i' caMi'.'
Yi't, incoiiiplrti' as tln'v aii-. lliry supply iiiipoitaiii infoniiM-
tioii ri'spcctin;: tliis imliistiy. A total of SO.OOI) tons of sliip-
pirij;' I'mjiloyi'ii in till' pursuit of tlii' ('ml anil tlio MackiTi'l
aloni', is an I'xiiiliil "f tlir \alii'' of tlii' imliistfv. It is
vi-ry consiilcralily iiioii' than tlio lotjil t,onnaj:i' I'tnploycd hy
till' Ni'W fonnillaiiili'is in the pi'osi'iiition of their i-nornions ti.sli-
i-rii'.s. an<l it rrpri'si'nts nearly iluiilile the anmnnt of tonnaire
eniployeil in tile entire tishin;; iniliistry of the honiinion ^'f
I'anaila. Vet ii may lie truly saiil that the exiHtenct' tif a
lai';,'e portion of this ereal Heel of vi'ssels is ilepoiiilanl upon
faeilities for pnicuriiiL' I'heap bait on tlie mIuiits of toe liriti.sli
Anierii'an I'lovinees, It is only the coinliineil iniliistiies
involveil in ililt'.'ienl kiiul-. of deep sea lisliini; in Aiiieiiean
watei-s whieh eiiaMes the Imsiness now to li' prosecnleil with
siii'i'i'ss. The d'oi-Lje's B'llik < 'od tishin;; siici'i'i'ds the no) tliei'ii
Hi'irin^' tishinu', .MaekereliiiL; snt'eeeds the Hank ( 'ml lishiii;.''
waiiii watir lishini; far to the Soutli sncreeds the Mackenl
indii-tr\ . and it is only this eontimied eliain of ilitti'ieiit va
rieties of the siiiiic iiidiistiy whieh enalili's the whole to he
liniily knit together and result in a |irotitalile year, lint eii-
I'eeMi or destiny one of the links ill this cliain, and the sta-
liillity of the entile iiiaiiiie whose details are iriven lulow-
heeonies nt oiicr I'ln liin!,'ei'ed, Hilt it is the Herriu;: hail on
liritish Aiiii'iieaii shores wliirh i~ llie most iuipditant link in
this ehain ; let this he weakened hy any chance, and the re-
sult is iiievitahle. The Use of the Strand, however, assures its
iiiainteiiaiiee for sdnie years to I'niue.aiel the position to whieh
it has a powi'i'fiil tendency to re luce the No\,'i Seotiaii aii'l
Newfoundland Hshernieii, is to tliat of mere l.nil catches to
sujiport a foreign Heet. I'lit it has heeii already sliown 'Sec.
v; \\ ; xxi that the iinli-ciiminate taking' of hail is the cer-
tain precursor of the di cline and iiltiiiiati' ruin of the deep
sea Hshevv ; and this is a contineeiicy lo which we niiisl look
if tlie most s,iini:ent ettiivts are not made to]irotect the Ihriin;;
from undue spdilatioii
Shlti liii'lif shdiriiij/ ll,( Xdililnr tliiil '/'"K liili/l' (if IV,s.Sc/.« Oli-
nliii/iil III llir ('ml mill MilfLli; I /•''.s/ic/'o .s, nii Juiir
,i(), iHrr,.
Shitf-
Vi'^h'Im iilirtvc -ill toni) : VufwlH liitdfr ::i» tt'i ^. TOT.M,
No. 'I''iii>. V,i. Tons. .No. Td'ii.
■").4:(1.7(i ilHO -20.360.1;'.
I2.").53 24 !l(i2.li-i
2,f)J5.Hl iocs .^l,.'i!l.1.S«
>:!(:. T't lo.i 1 ..'■.:r>.47
1.232.71 IT.'i M.T.'iO.'.m
I.l.")ll.21 111! I,ir)9.21
24.12 :t '24.12
14H.2(I 211 l.linS.Sli
MilUM' ...
:i.'4
14.!i:)l.4.->
35(1
Nt'w llaiii|i-'liir('.
12
.>3ii..-.o:
12
MiH-*:u'iui-t't(s
s:iii
4s.s.is..-,:
2:!s
lihotlf! Islai.<l
1..
liiis.::;
S!l
i' nmwtiriii
7"
2,;^24.2.'.
lii:<
Uli
3
l'i'llll<\ l\,uii:l.. .
Cililnriiiii
.w
sdii.r.fi
12
T..I.I
I2.'.ii i;s.7():!.in ii2'.ii ii..")ii;i.."i2 21,'sh .su.-itiii.ns
1S6
riiiti'cl Statrs Tonimj,'!' ; N0,2()(i.(lls
lliiiiiinidii Toniuif,'!' ++,.S,Sl.()()
Ni\vt(iiiiiillari(| 'I"i)iiiui>{(' "•' (!1, .').■) 1.00
I lie followiiijr tiil)|p sliowH to what an impuitiiiit amount
the toiiiiafrc, cigagrd in the Deep Soa Cod atul Mackerel (islier-
ios may swell in n great maritime country, and how rapidly it
may derlinc with the decline of its fi^ll<•|■ies.
'lahlr ishowing fiie atnoniit of United States tonnnge engaged
during each Hllh yenr >in.e ISof) i„ ,he Cod and Maekeivl finh-
cries.
*®'"'- Tonnage.
^^■'■' 124,5r)2.5(!
"^•'" l«ii,704.iJ0
'^*''' 100,437.00
'^"O !»1,4.')<).99
'^'^' «0,:.'(I0 ()8
'I'o restore the tonnage of 187.0 to tlie condition it occupied
hut fifteen years previously, would lie to re'ore vitality and
elasticity to the .shiphuilding interest throughout the New Eng-
land States. Oiii. p„te„t aid j,, ,.f|oi.ti„g thi.s desirable
resuscitation is the Herring, which lias heen ascertained to lie
llnth'r llie land during the winter months off the shores of Nova
Scotia, eillicf for hait in the Cod and Halihitt fisheries or for
direct shipnient to Sweden
I'nN.sruiTIMiN- OK ir'K lliifSKS.
I Hi. The tir^t etfirt of th icession to use the strand
and take hait, was the eoiistiiietion of iee houses in New-
foumlJaiid to pivscrv,' thr iMraiis l,y which the fish are taken,
and the Msh theiusclvcs when caught. The instruiiu'iits na-
tnraljy eiupjuyi'd are the resident fisliciinen on the coast who
have thus heconie. ill many instaiii'cs, luere purveyors to their
nior.' fiirtMiiatr partners.
It must U,. I„,nii' in iniii,!, too. that tlie recent construction
of ice liouses for tile supply of llic A rican lishiiin- t|e,.t. ii<it
merely for the ])uipose of pivserving their tisii cm hoard,
hut for the st(nage of l.ait (ui shore, is leading to a sys-
tenuitie halt imiustry, which must tend to dimini.sh the siip-
|ily with great rapidity, and will ecmvert many of the liritish
American lishenueii into mere hait catchers.
( 'oniinander T. A. S. laittr.d, of H. M. gun vessel " Wood-
lark," under date 2:!id .Vugnst, lN7:t, reports as follows:
" At Tivpa.ssey, St. .Mary's and Murin H>liinghad been Very
.good up the date of my ariival, the caplin having nuide their
apiM^arance two .lays hefore; the averages at the latter place
have .■xceedeil th,' last few years hy fr<uu .SO to 40 per cent.,
hut this was aceoiiiite,! for in a great measure hy the erection
of an ice house in the place liy Mr. ( leoige Kiveker, an Anier-
eaii merchant at St. Pierre, which eiiahies the tishenuen to take
iee to sea to jire.serve thi'ir hait in, and iviuain out a week in-
stead of having to return for a fivsh supply as has hitherto
lieell the case."
Since I.s7.'f, ice houses for preserving liait have niultiplie.l
greatly at the instance of United States Hsheriiieti, who have,
as it were, created the ti-ade. What the eti'ect of all this will
he can he hest .seen after a l>ri<>f examination into the char-
acU-rof the food of the Cod, and of the <liHerent kinds of
hait used in different seas to ett'ect till' capture of the largest
.|uaiitity of this fish. It will then he seen that among alfthe
means hitherto adopted, none can compare in imtiortance with
I. This stnti'iiiont includes the senliiig ve.isels, which are not engRged in
the llshiirias prupcr. .\ veiy considemlih' ilrliicli.in iim.«l lii. made fr tlii.
liMIiilws of tuns slnti'd in Ihi' to.vt.
till' inlitin- wliicti (lie t'l' Iiiiii of till' strtiiiil "t'ciiii'H ill liikiii);
ami prciciA i'lv in ii'c llw Iwn fmiiis .if Imit iiiuMt lulvmitiii,'!''
nll^ ill llir ( .1.1 lisjlclA.
Arciinliiifj til till- sliiieiiiciil (.'ivcii liclow llir iii.iiilicr iif hips
iiiiidc" ill II uriisiiii dt'pi'iiilH iipiiii ilic iiiiiiiiifr iif iiiiirki'tiiit; tin"
titli, vvliftliiT froii 111- niii'il, hut in ritlii'i' ni«o tll<' aniDiiiil ot
l);iil riMinin-il will lie iiliiiiit tin- s.iint'. 'rilc Ps'imiitcd ciiit
1)1' tlic liaif, ice, suit, «,<■(• , i-. aliimf oni'-rinlit of tlii' wlinic iiiHt
III' till' vessel.
" Tlie ( ir.iiiil .Hill W'c'stirii liuik l''is|iiTv is pmsiii'il to a
Ult'l'i'l' <»• le-H I'Mi'iil (ItiiiML; I'veiv liiniilli nf tlie vi'.ir. Last
MMi filis liiisiness eiiiployeil 1".") ves>eU, ami t!)!> tares were
laiiiliil 'I'lie hi|siiies» in ly lie ilasseil in l»(i ilepnitllieiils, a
piiiliiiii (iC the HiNt iiiakiiii; slicni trips ami hiiiij^iiifr in their (aies
licsh, to supply the iVesli tisli (laile, ami the lesl ,t( the fleet
making l<iin{er tiips and dressinii and cnrini; llieir lish as they are
call-in. This hiisiness enipliiys the liest rl.iss of Hsliiiii^ vessels
kiiiiwn III the waters nf the roast. A nuideni " hanker." of
avrrai{e tonnage, costs ahoiit !^S,8()(). Smdi a vessel, in inned
with a I lew of twelve men and inakiiii; nine liips lo the Itaiiks,
heiin; at se.i -Mi riays, will reqniie an expense of $l(lij;( fur
trawl tje.ir, li!lH'.'+ for vessel's expense, ♦HSH for provisinniiiij,
and #ll;t') for ijeiier.d ili iriles, sneli iis iee. bait, silt, eti." ' '
llie storaije of li.iit in !• .• will frreatly improve the Hank
ti^lieiy, in tlie hiiiils of Uiiiled Stales fishermen, ,iiid th.'ti't that
small li^li, niidi'i '.i'2 imlns, are sold to the Newlonn.llanders,
is another ijreat ,ii|vanl.ii;i' in the modern modes of jimsei-n-
tiiifj this fishery, adotited In the .\ineri<'ans.
While the eiiastii! wateis .if tin' I'liit.'l .Slat"-. :!!.• in ti
ixvnl ni.'iisiiie niiliti.- 1, fr.iiii th.ir t.iiip.iatniv. f.ir tli.' main-
ti'llHlle.' .if theeiil.l Wilt.r li^li.s in e.imiiii'leiitl iiliiindiiliei' ihev
ar.' wdi.illy niipnrallel.' I rimn their i|.'ii;;rH))liieHl mitliii.', .ir.i-
;,'rapliieitl fe;itiiiis iiinl latiriiie elinmie, fr.nn (hi. sdinhi'in p.ir-
tnm 111 .\liiiiii' t.iwar.U ( 'li.'sa|i.'ak.' hay. fur the luitiinil L'r.iwth
ami iMlitii-iiil eiiltivati..ii ..f .litr.i.'iil sp.'ei.s .if sh.-ll fish It
is els.'wheri' sttileii that I'lLH Iniiils i)nalililies of .ili.' speei.'s of
shell fish is use I as ii liait I'.ir cod ; other sju'eies lire ii.sed
as f.io.l.
Till .lyst.M- iii.|ii>liv ill till' I 'nil. '.l Stilt. 's i-. -lat.-il far In
exeee.l in value lli.' ei.jiiliin.d iiidiisti i.'s nf all tin- .I.m p ~.ii
I' .lii'iies. and its Micat mainstay and snppnrl are the natnial
waters iif ( 'hesi'peuke Hay, Th.' shell fisli in th.' eol.l liritish
.Vim'rieaii waleis aiv oiiiip.ir.itively ntti'fly iiisi;;iiifii-aiit as a
e.imiiiereial |iriiliiet. and the restrietioiis in the Treaty ..f
Washin.'l'iii, limit in. f t!i.' t ikiii,' nf t,!i>' sli.dl fish (;. ih.' .-ili/.'iis
..f til.' ii.iti.iiiality whi'ii (hey aiv fmind, is eiitiivly niie sided
in il> efl'-el, ami ..f m. v.dii.' wlialeViT t.i liritish .Vineiieaii
fisheiiii. II, li;it of inmi.'iise valm- t.i the fisliiiiy; interest niaiiii-
faclnr.'s and enniMii'reial niiriiie nf th • i'nit'd Stat.s. Ills
trill' thai ill" t Wn iinln-trii's i-aii iml ;.'n nil wil h enntiiiiii'il cnm-
increial sii-'i- ■<< in th ■ s i iie w.iteis. for t'l • mariii.' eliiiiiite, orn-
>,'i'a|ihii' features and enii.st line favoialile fnr the one are iin-
siiited tn the nth.-r, l.iil it is just this whieli makes the r.'S-
tl'i.'linll.s 111' fi'eednlii nf aelinii witll Ii'l:'.'! id In slii-H Ijvli th.'
iii.iii' reinai'kahle. It is nf im iisr .'.iiir.'.liny In ih.' liritish
.Vni'M-ieaii the entire ami .'Xelnsive riL.dil In the ..\steis nn his
nv,n ena-sfs. fnr there are praetieally ii.in.' in a edini.ieri'ial
sense, ti 11. '.'il.- Th.' eiiast,s nf tin' I'llited (StJlte.s ale th.'
natural hnine of the ir.sler and in their nnriviilled |ii'oiluet-
iveiiess and value there, they are exclusively reserved liy the
Tivatv . f \\'a>liiii„'tnii fill the snie Use aiid a.lvaiita'Te of the
1. '• 'I'll.' Ii-li.'ii.'s..| III. ii,'i',-li'r,' l'r,..'li'r l!r 'th.
l'::itf.l Stii(."s tiHiii'i'iiH'M Mild citizni,. T],U U oi f i|i,'
Mtitfllllltiollf, l.v whil'll l.ll,. NJ.Ir „f llir tisli.rv .liin-.s nf tllr
TivHi.v is s,i ov..|-w..i>flit^..l, nii.l lik.. Hi., liiiiit.ilion in lli,.
IMllsllit ,.r till' nlllKllolllcnis ^|M.(i,., M.iltll r,f 111,. :li(tli |,||||lllrl,
II. iliiiws iis f,,i,.,. ||,„„ il iii.iiii,,,,.. ivsiiltin^f rnim iMiiiiiii'
t'lliiiitli'.
M. IVItrma, in a I'diiiiiMiniciitliin Id iIm' Frrmii (iovcni-
inciil liiiM (liawii spcrial nll.iili..n to llic (.noiiiKiim clrvcldpiMciit
anil iniiHirtaiicc ..I' tin' Sliril HnI, trail,., in it. i,,|,iti..ii 1.. Inn,!,
iiiaiuil.i(iiirf.i,, imil tlif rDiiinicixial iiiaiiiii'.
" ll wa, cMtimiitod. in IH.')!, tliat tin- pfcuniiiiv pintiis ,U..
nv,il lV,)iii 111,. hIlcIIs I'loin tin- vmious (.>>li'r ,M.ililis|iiii,.i,t. in
l!allinii>n' alone aiiuiiiiitci! l<i inoi,' llian *l'.'(i,()(M). Itcldir iji,.
war till. linK'pilN ,.C M, linnis, ,,t Vm,- II,,v,i,, ImuhlmI aininally
inor,. Ihaii WO.OOO liii^l„.|.s. Al tl.e pic^cMl linn, tlu'ii' air np-
«n llicoa.ts of ll„. Uiiii..,! Sial,., a Kicat iiiaiiN iiiiljs .inplnvid
ill lliis inaiuli nl inilnMiy. A l,ii>l„ 1 „t „v.t,.|- ^li,.|l li,i„. sells
al Iroin 1'.' Ii> 1:1 crMs "
111,' cllcrl pii.ilmcl iip,„i iiavijjalion liy iIk' dilluic ,if
(i.vsi,.|s i, v,.iv imp..il,inl. AiroKliiijr to llic inroiniati.in liir-
ni^lll•.l me, tl;,. i ! ,nt,iii,.ns of tli,. hay nl Ni'W V„i k and nf tliat
vicinity ..iiipjuv ..nc liniidiril v,.>,.U, mid iIh)m. oI UoMon .ind
''apt- Cud I'n.Mi liiiity-tivc t,. \\,ny. li,.(,>io llii! war, lie n.'
Imndicd iind liliy to two hnndicd M-liooncrs wi-rc cmpioMMl
dniinK MX iiionllis in t|„. year, citli.'i- in Inr.sp.n-tini,' oysipi'.s
for planlalions ov in siipplyinu: iIk' mere lianis „r F,,ir Haven
dnriiii,' llic winter "
Aoiiiii :
I lie oyster id' tlie ( 'lie>a|i|.nke. in i-nliseinieiK f tlie
hivoial.je eoiiditioiis in vvjiieli it lives is in its iiiitiiliil ei.nditi..n
Ml liir;.'e that, t'lir tlie niost pari, in does not need ciillnie. I.iit
ran . uter ilie iimrket iniinediatily. At Fair Kaveii, and at
Hllston, wliele, on ileeolinl ,,r tlie lliieklless o|' iee, it is impos-
sill!., til seeiire a supply in winter lliey are, during, tliat seasmi,
liroimlit I'roni Vir-inia in siillicieiit ipiaiitity tosiijiply the needs
III eoiiinieree. The sel tiers wliieli transpurt them maiiaj,'*'
their viiyaoes in smdi a inamier that the meivhiints die re.,'M.
larly supplied ; and the molliisks ohlinarily remain in ih.. hold
■ if the Vessels until tile ear.:,'!! is sold, liuwever eiild it may
lie they uill live for several days, provided tlie lialehwiiy is
II"' "I"' I limil the hour ot re val. They have heell
kliinvn to live in this w.iy lor ,i monih.
■ U nil ,-1 lew eseeptioiis. We may say that a lar-e pari oi'
the i-nllivaled oysters in the Northern .States eom,. from the
Chesapeake a-iid the month of the Delaware, wheiv the plant-
ers ean proeiire ihem al so low .a priee as t ike il untieees-
siiiy to lake pari in the loi'al fisheries. "
In releien.e to ih,. Chesapcik,- li.iy. Iron, whirh Hiilish
.Vnicric-an Kshcrmon are now exeliiiled. he .says: •'Chesa-
peake Hay, lioni whieh is jr.nheied ,, l.ujro proporlion of the
ovsiers lullivaled in .VnieriiM, is a ni,ii;iiitieeiil hasin in whirh
riovidene,; seems to have ae, ninnlated every neeessaiv eondiiion
for loiininir an adinirahle lo, .ditv for the Hslierv. Its entianeo,
helween Cajies Charles and Henry, opens Inmi the east to the
we.st ; hut the liay soon ehances in direitinn. and eMends iiuvMrd
the north for a distance of one imndre.l and fifty miles, wiih a
width of from twenty lo thiny miles in tlie southern pari, and
from ten to fifteen ' i the northern. It is aeee.ssihie to the lar-
gest vessels, A numlier of rivers empty into it, of whieh the
most imiiortant are the Folomar. the Kappahannoek, the York,
ami the .lames 'I'he anmnnt of Iresh water which Hows into
lliis hay daily from these streams, the smallest of whieh admits
the riitiiiK ol'rlK' ti(li>, midciN llir wali'i!. ofllic ('lii'«ii|MMiki' Ii'hh
siilt tliiiTi tlial ol' the iici'iin, 11 circuiiiMtaiici' wliii li we hiivc
iilrpady mentimieil in fivouriihlc to tlie niitiiriil piculiiiiion nhhr
iiynii'i'. riic ulioroK of till' tmy arc inilciitcil liy « niiillitiidr of
^{iiII'h, ciiTkd, miiall ImvH, itc, in wliicli all' iiumh'ioiih iBlamN.
Till' oxtciit of nIuiic is llnis greatly iiirrciiKcd mil iiiiiiimi'iiilili'
places of iiliclfcr atl'ordi'd for llir iniillipliiatioii of tUli and nu>l
limkH."
'I'lic (iiiaiitity of Htli f(iiMi-.liiMl tiy those tislii'iics in very
u;i('at ; and licforc tlic Wiii' llii' amiiial cstiniatc at Haltininri' was
four liiindrt'd thonHand liarirU of Malt lisli, |)iiiiii|ially liriiinn;
and chad." '
Kor an oniinu'iation ot tlic ciiorinoiis c|ii unity of fish taken
in tlip CHtnarirs of tlu' livciH fiowinjf into ClicHaprakf Hay, anil
lor a dosiTiplioii of the giniintii: " steam seines " ii«oil in theii
captuie, the vast waste of fish, the inefficiency of exi»tlnn regu-
lations to control the fisheries, and tlieir ^'ladiial decline, refer-
eiii-e can he had to tlw " lieporl of the I'riana Trip," piililished
in the Report of the I'liitcd States (lomniissioner of Fish and
Kisheiies for IH't'i'-").
lis. I,iviM.i AN,' l»i:\ii l!ur. I'.i lioi'i:.
I.l\ INIl IIAI'I'.
Bait limy he dividid into two classes, living' and dead.
Among the most imiDifant halts used liviiij; are, 1st. Sand
Kids; ^nd. Small fish, caiif<hl hy small sized hooks, which, hy
their mnveiiieiils and stru;»i,'les, heconie living hail for iarjicr
fish.
The livin).; sand-eel, as ,i hait, has liecii used at (iueriisey
tVciin time immemorial. It is found to lie a iiio^t Kiliiiij? bait
I ii- I'very kind of line fish. '
'I'ho use of liviiif; liiit does not appear to lie practised in
Mritish American waters. In Europe it is not unusual, in some
districts, to see small sized hooks provided with hait to catch
small fish, which, hy their strii<i;nlcs when aught form a stroni;
.iitriiclion to the lander cod ri'imiiig almut in the ucij^hhciur-
li loil. The artifice is a cruel one and not to he comineuiled.
Ill All HAIT.
Di'iid liait fur ("oil iiichidi - iiiaiiv kinds of lish aiel sjiell
li.h. Ill the iirdi'r of repute fur < 'od lishiiij,' ihi'y iim\ stand
M- nivi'ii lid'iw ill lvn.'|i'an . stiuiiitinu.
1. Herriii;,'s.
2. VVh. 'U
:(. Mil siK.
♦ l.iiiip.'ls Used !■> the Dutch. '-'1
in .irder, upcoi'l'rtiji to the facijilie^ I'm- pmeiii
Tlieli
tl
'illly:er Kel .SjiiiU.s, ('nil's, Miiekrivl
,ards. I'lai" Suiiill lladduck.s. Small
l,ily\viinii l'ii'('e> (if l)oLrlish. mid Sea
Alielii
Til i,iit;w .■• i.oli-wiinn nf the tishi-riiieii is prnlialil\
l!ii' .^ .llelid, A ri'iliciiht.
Tiie Heirinj; is the principiir '.-111 and the iim^l esteemeil.
At ('iilleiciiats Kl.OOO husliel .f mussels are used per aii-
11 1 HI for the Cod Fishery ; nif
' I'li.'Sftiieakfi Hay nlicimidsin fls'
..|.|S, IVll llllllll't. I'lltlisll. .Sllllll 111 I'l
Hill ulluT livr.s. I'lionnoii- «tiii);i< .n
;i,>illiils.
I. I<w|i Si'ii l'i-hiii(;.
' Kyewcilth hetweell I.S(H)
kinils— iiiiu'UiM'i'l, lii'rriii;;. pi'ich,
I'ty, \c'. Ill till' I'l'lniiinc, .iiiiiii's
l,i'ii, wiitliiiit,' li-i'in l.'iO 111 -Jno
Fi.-li.
' i''iiiiiiiis,..iiin. isi;;
"id -'MCI |.„„ „f Whrlk.. II . Tlu, Wllrlk iKlit I.MNincNM iMft
viry iiii|)ortJiiit. mil' lit HiitiMli (ishin;; poitM. ()ii nii ftvcmKc,
it in I'MlilimtjMl tllttl IiImIIII cijfllt tll<IIIHIlll<l |i<II|||||n Htrrlill^f nil'
nimiiiillv iiiii.l ti) till' li.slr .mi'ii nt tlir KNtiiiirv cf tin' 'niiiiiii'M
f(il Whi'lks to Miivc II.-. liilil t'.ir llic |)nj,rj;i'V llank ('nil KImIi-
ory. I"-'
Mr. William AmiirWM xtuti'H in IiIh |iii|i<t mi "'riii' Cnii iiiul
LiiiK l-'inliiiirNul' lit'liiiiil," ' ' iliat llic liiiiiii(,'lmil lo llie coil iiml
toisk «a« I'otiiid Id Ik- irri'sislilily attiuctive on thii wt-nt oiiaitl of
Irt'laiiil, from It) to 1;» inileii m-award and in from 50 to 75 fatli-
om». All tOHtinmny appcarH to nIiow tiiat at rtitain Hcasoiis,
wliicli ci.vcr a laij,'c pi.iliim of llir yi'ar, iii'niiiK in tlif moKt kill-
ingliait lot' cod, and llii' iiifercnci- u that tin; posscusiou of ox-
tonitivc winter and sumtnor hcrrinj^ grouniU in, ton H'oi'l extent,
a Kiiaranti'i' for tlir I'lijoyiiii'iil, if profKcd liy, of oxtcnNivc and
lucrativi' cod lihliinj; ^ioiiikIh.
k'KI.AM),
Hit 'I'lii- liait used liy tlio Irish tixlu>rmiii for the rod (i.th-
rry in Indand is stated I' I to huvo licun in IS.j.j, halihnt, or the
lltd^ar Fi»f{ar of Ictdaiid. 'I'ho catch with this hait wa» good.
SiiaiJH and iihikiicIn arc used liv the natives '"'•)
Nkiuvav.
In Norway, on the f.ofoten Hankx, lieriin^, capolin and
<'od roes are iisiiil Imi caix'jin i-- pielerred. i'' I
l:!(l. Mr. Alldli'W's rMllliiillltes Ihc foilDwill;,' as excellent
liait ill Irish waters :
The Clam- (iMya ari'iiariii).
HMilherees ' Keliniiue lillV ) - l^'l'niieM ilepll.Hsnln).
(.Myii tniiicata).
(KiiHiis ciirinatii.s).
(Fusils ilespectlls).
(lilieelniilii ilililatllliij.
nil liait i'i{iial to
lint 111 consiilers for Irish Sens
llenilli,'.
•Sprat.
.Miiekerel.
( 'limber.
SniiiMiiiuiK'i'.
121 .\mi:iiii'\\ \V,\ti;iis.
iMi.i' 111' sr. {..vwiii'iNTi:.
Ilellilly,
i ':i)ilin.
Si|iiii|,
S])iatt.
Mnekerel.
Laiince— (Sand Ljiunee. Sand Kels.)
('lain.
ATi.AN'rrc Coasts <n- Nii\ a SrnriA.
Ilerrin;,'.
Squill.
Mackerel,
liauiici — (Sand Laiinoi'. Sand Kels.")
1. Ill 184'2, 7000 hii»hol.'( uf Wliulks were ciiuaumeil in tlis Lonilim iimr-
kol ; in I.SilL', .•1T,0(KI liasliols, or ulioiit live liimw iia miiny. Tlii'y wi-ri' iiseil
imi-t fnr Imit, |iiirl fur fond.
•J. !''rnnk liacklnnil, loK-lmok of a Kiilioriiinn.
3. Iti'ii.l lii'foro ilio lioyiil Uuliliii .Soc'i.'ty, April 10, |.si;i, imlili<lii"l in lln-
<}iiarlt'rly .lournnl of Siicnci', lluliliii, Ort., lt*OI.
4. Iliiil.
.">. Consul. C'rowi', ISOIi.
(i. Consuliir Hcport.", 1»07.
l.'JO
liciiij,'-('|jiiii, Sninl Cliiiii — (Mvii ar.'imiin. liiiu'i'ly iisi'd liy
Aiiic'iii'iiii tislicrnun in the ( nd Kisliciy uiitlic Hanks (if Ncw-
toiiiKllniiil. Larp'ly iilsd on the Atlniitii- Coiusts of Ndv.iSco-
lia. wliitv il isstyli'd " Claiti-Hnit. " ami is cxli^nsivoly ('olicctcd
t'ni- tliat iiiir]MiM'. Ill It occiiis accordijii; to Packard, in
;dimidaiicr .m ilu- >uiitliiTii Laliiador,
Tlic Miiss,.|,
Hntll spi'cii's Mtil'ihiH iiliil'is, illld Mnilidlii iiiinl inl lis ) iwr
nliiindaiit en tlic Nova Scotia Coasts. Hut llicy a|i|H'iii-
to III' lai.jy iisi'il as liait.
Nl'WIulNDI.ANIi.
Hcrriii;;. cnjiclin, si|nid, laimcc and, to a small extent oti
the soiith coast, cod iMcs and sludl tisli.
Nr.wFniNui.AMi N'liKin IvAsr ('u.\st.
\'2'2. Alioiit flic year 177^ MoMsieiir ( 'a.ssini. accoidini,' to
Ansjiacli, '-■' visited Saint I'ieire and descrilied tlie caiielin
sclioojs wliicli then fiv(|Mented the sand lieaelies of that l-Jand,
Imt which are now in a manner exhausted.
Ansjiach trives the I'lpllmvini.' order for hail in ronce|ition
Hay.
I. Herrings arrive jjenerally alxnit the hej^iimin;; of May
and i-onlinne until the end of .Iniie,
'2. Lnnici' 111' sand-eel appi^ars in .Inm-.
'i. I 'a[ielin. June.
+. Sijuid, Kei^inniuL,' of .Xuirust. eontiini"s to the end
of the fishery.
■>. .Mackerel. Used for hail.
This author notices rhe fact of cod remaiTiini,' "in the
southeni and many other part.s of the Island durini; the whole
year," and he also mentions their heiuu;' taken throuLih the ice
durinir tlic winter months. ''
Tile viuid is LTener.dly siijijios.mI to follow the ca]),'lin. Iiul
this is not always the case. In the meteorolo;;ical notes, jinh-
lislieil !,y Mr. Henry ( 'lift, at llarlkiur ( Irace, in I.S72, the a]i-
|iearance of iartre i\umliei's i.f Mjuid. on the •_''Jnd .lune. in
< 'once|itiiin Hay, is noticed, and the remark added, ■ This ar-
rival of s(|uii|s liefiire the ca]>ilin not known for 7"> years nast."
TliK. WllKI.K.
1 2-"!. If is soniewhat reuiarkahle that the whelk, which is
-o ini|ioi-tant a liait for cod in llrilish seas, and so extensi\ely
em|ii"\ ed for that ]iur|iose. should not housed in \mi'rica to
any de:,a-ee cummensmate with its im|iortanee.
Till' \vhr\k ( till tvi II II III niiiliiliiiii I i>\ America is iileiilical
with the Hrit'.sh sp.'cies, hut as this shell varies considerahly
in form in hoth Kuro|iean and American seas, accordine- to its
fredine' eroiiii,! niistakes are likely to he made. It is not
common, accordin;; lo \'erril!, s.mth of ( 'ape ( 'od, exe.'jit on
the outer Islands aii'l . I" |. water, liut il is very almndant
on I he coast of Maine and n: thward to (Ireenland. It is
found in water varying fr^ u low tide lo a ileptl of ii.")(( fath-
oms or 2 101) feet, more than the thir 1 .' a mile, an I far helow
the deepest einl fishiuii ;,'rouiids kiiown. lii the Hay of Fiindy
i' is ah indant from ahive low .'. iter mark ti |!)0 f.athoms.' ' '
< In ihe .Vllantic coast of Nova Scotia it occurs aliun<lantly,
ai... yet. notwithstandiiij; the !ille;;ed scarcity 'if halt in cer-
tain siasons. this coiuiuon and ever lu'eseiit molliisk is not used
on the coast, althoiiirh it is the mainstay of the lon'j;li:n> Hsliei-
meii in the North Sea. It is m.is; ahundnnt. accordine; lo
I. ,1 H >.Viiliv. Itililo
i iu'lc '■'•'■'■'
.1 I'ih;h ilj
I Vc oil III li.|..,ii .1 r.s. r..iiiiiii-i.iiii.v Mf Ki-li iiMil Kisii.'ni's. Is7l-'j.
131
...•kanl. n ! ,„ H„. Stniifs nf l!,.||,. !.1„, „„! is fouml just !>.■-
low ou- wnt..,- .MMik, so tl,Mt it is in Mianv lomlities ,|uit,. a<-
ce,s.sil,|,.. ri„.,v „i,iv !„. |,iaclicnl nl,j,.,.ti,ms t.. tliri.' ns,.,
"\Vli..lks,"„r •■I!ii,.|<i,.s," „-<th..v ,.,v nillcl in Sn.tlnn.l
aiv rxt,.nsivL.|.v us,m1 as l.ait ,.„ tlio l,m- liiirs l,v tlir Ci.l
-Hinarks, on nccnint ,.f tli^r t.mjrl,„,.ss an.l tl... :,^,,m'i 1m,M tlh-v
.•<.Ms,.,|,i,.ntly -ivv to tlu. Look." <> ) Mr. Hohlswortl,'- ' .snvs
tliat niiisscLs. vvl,i..|. aiv an ..x<vll,.„t l.ait for almost all kinlls
..f Ml, Mn.huv inuvnrral ,is,. „i,|, Ion- linrs w..rk,.,l from
.s.nail l,oats, aiv n.,t fo„n,i to answ,.p for the smacks, prohal.lv
l..'cans.. tlu. smack works in ron-licr wat^r, ami tlic rapi,! ,lra<r
on tlic I.Mc washes the soft mussel hait di: \\ h,.,, ,,.,.,1 fron'i
a iH.at which is nn.lcr control, mnssci hait answcs well.
'I'll" Whrlksiiic i-rrscrvol alive in ha^'s ma.l.' ,.f nettin..,
an.l are kv^n nntil wantd. wh,.n the shells ar.. hrokcn .-uel the
annnals extract,'.!. The procnriny ,.f Whelk hnit is , r iilar
*'■'"''■■ "• "■''''• 'y -I'lall ■■•Mff. from I:.' to 1 .". tons nre'c ,n-
stantly en,|,loye,l. -> T!.,. hait is also „se.i at the Faroe
Nhuels for ( 'o,|-lishin;,'.
■ Th,- hait most in favor with the North Sea Co,] Fishcr-
"""'- •'"■' '""" l»i'J-'" Wli.'lk. l,„ton 1 ,v parts of the
coast Herrinesarel,y far the „„«, attractive/an,! a. certain
seasons th..only killine- hait forCo.l. Mn.s.sels ar.. perhaps more
commonly use,l as hait than anythini; c'lse for general line-
tishine," '■'
l-'l. Aeconlinu' to i),e experience ,,f li-hennen in Kuro-
pean seas, the takin- of spawning' co,| with hait is hv n..
"lean. nneoiMmo.r hnt it ,e,p,i,es .^.eneraliv tlie n.ost ki'llin-
liait. (he herrini,'.
Inevhh.neeohtaim.l hy the Ih.vaK 'ommission at dreen-
«ich. a witness state,!:-- If | „,.,• „. .s!,oot a lin,. witl,
h.icki,. iw!„.|ki hait at „he tin,,, -le- tish w,.r,. spavvnin- I
w,.u!,! n,)t catcl, many of tlami. hnt I ,.onl,l ir.'t a e,va( many
witli fr...s!, la.rrin-s. I tliink that a hm^ki,., on tli,. whole is
as ,:;,„„| a hait for a ..o,! .., ;, h.^rrin- wh,.n lh,.v ar,. not
spawnme." !'a^.. 1 l:?i (,)„. ;,u.7()|. : A-ain. at l',.rwick a
a w,tn,..ss statcl that as „ een,.ral nil,, lli, v ,h, not tish in
H,.|,rnary. Tli,. tisl, cm,, in slior,. t,) ,h.posit tlieir .pawn hut
they are som,.tim,s tak,.i. np hy th,. fish..rm,.n wlien th,v are
inslior,.."
I's,. is ma.le ,,f ,.o,| ,o,-s f,,r hail t,, a small ,.xt,.nt on t!i,.
s,mtl„.rn ,-oast of .N,.wf,,nn,llan.l. In th,. n,.ij,'hhonrl 1 of
<'ap,. Itay til.. Iish,.rm,.n som,.tim.-, ns,. tli,. r,.,. f,,r tliis pnr-
pose, hnt hn.| a .litticnlty in k,..pine. it ,,n tli,. h,,ok .\s the
attracti,,,, of all hait f,,: .o.l is pn.hahlv. in th,- first instan,.,.
■Ill-, to th,. sense „l sin,. II. which is ..vi,|,.ntlv th.. clii,.f i^iiia..
Ill ,h.,.p wa(,.r an.l ,li,riii- the nii^lit tiiii,., a m,.tli,>,| for ,.ncl,.s-
inu' c,"l spawn in .'i .mall lac- n,.f is siis,re-e.st,,.,!.
I1k1!UI\:| \s Mmc.
'-•''• '''i'-' '" ii'i|'"iunic,. ai le ,,11 kii.,ls,,f hait stan,!s
til,. Ihiriii- Its nniv.rsal appli.ati,,n f,,r this pnip,,s,. apii.-ars
(,, 1". ,.v,.rywli,r,.ackn,.wl,.,!-,..l. an,| (his fact al,ai,. points t,.
111.. a,lvant..e,. ,.f. an.l in ...me .as,., th,. ii,.,.,..sit v f,.,. pr...,.rs -
'""{■ ';>■ "',' '■'■i'-s"ii»j'l>- .•ins, th,. spawnin- er.annls ,.f this
hsh, t,.j;,.tli,.r with Its wint..r l,..i,i,.s. wh,.r,. lli.'.s,. ar,- fonn,: in
.s..cln,!,..! an.l Ian.! hick,., I hays
'• ''••'- ' " ' '"""b- ^'"♦'•'1 ill 111.. I'liit...! Kin. Mom an.!
in N.irway that if (!,.. Ii.h..rm, n w.r,. pr,,hil,it...l from takin.'
!i..r|.in;,' f,.r halt t!i,.y ...(ihl not mak,. a livin,'.
I. liw.'iit liivcrli'lii-at,. FiiiiiM o! Ijil.m l.a-.
1'. K..,'), N'H Kislijim.
:). Il.i.l.
4 .\|,|„.,i,liM„ ||,.|,,„., „f Cmini-.i ,.- .,|,i„.nn...] 1,. ..iMuir
ft,.u hi.slii.i.i,.,..if III., liiit,.,! KijiK.leni. '
v into 111,,
■
132
Mr. I'"iiicik Hucklaiid ntcis to llip siilijocr in lii» rrceiil ic-
|)i)iT nil the Kisliciii'x lit' Norfolk. I'-
'• .X liirge pioportioii of tlie.sc s|)iin<» lieriiii;^s are sold for
l)ait liy flic I.ow s!oft man to tlie Diitcli and FiiMirh fishcrini'n,
wliii como over to Lowestoft on jmriio-ie to liiv tliom. Iliesc
>priii'; heirinij-. are used by the Dutch ami I'nih limen to liait
till' loiii; lines to eatcli lialiliiit, tiirliols, etc."
'• The aiijiMnent of liie I,o^^(■sl^t't men was eoiic uded hv
the statenieiii that if the Lowestrli, Yiirinoiitii and (ieurnestown
nirn were pi evented fr.mi catehing sprint; ln'rrini; and rollins;
'lieni to the niitihnieii .onl rren-lnne:i, the Dulcli and French-
iiien would come in and catch the spring; herrins^s for thiiu-
x'lvcs. as somehow or other they must h.ive this class of fi'-h
to cnahic them to carry out their deep se.i tishery with success."
In the exh.iustive report of .V.vel \'ilhelin l.jungninn, ''' tlie
lulhoi lefcrs to the ..nportauce of the herring as hait, as well
is to the " lift repiMted saving ol the tishenncn. hcfore ([uolcd,
that they weihl not lie ahir to make a living if they could not
catch hen log '" "The l.irgri- portion of the deni.ind for hait
is siijiplied liy the huge heriing nets, fi<iiri which halt c.in
nsu.illy he ohlai-ed all through the winter. W hen the i^'icit
herring nets are hiid up, h.iit-herrings are oht, lined t'roni the
two-men's nets and from other small nets used for catching
.spring heriiiig "
The herriiit,' in many se.is is the most killing hait known, and
the ahniid.ince with whirh the lishernuMi are supplied with it de-
termines ill a greil measure their i.itch of cod and other deep
sea ti«li at certain seasons of tlii' vcar. If the supply of hait he
small or stinted, the catch is in proportion small. In hrlef, not
oid\ lilies the pri'sence of herring on the American const deter-
inini ihe piesencc of cod in many coaslal waters, hut the mea-
sure ol aciessihie hait of this description is an index, under or-
dinary conditions, of tiie catch of deep sea fish The French
li.ink I'isherv without lierriui,' h.iit would lie a constant tailnre,
.mil ill the pic-eni il.iv vihollv iiiiprai'li.ahlr a- a rmnmerciil en-
fcrpriM-.
I'nn (/'vi'iiN \s Maii'.
I'^'H. I. lent Kdw.u,'. CL.ippcll, K N.. writiie,' iii ISl.I,
de^ciihes tiieswaiin^ of Cipliu as so iiiiniero'i» .is to d.ii ken
tlie siiificc (if the sea, ami he also states that " ihe lie.irhes of
the I.ihrador ire l're((iiently covered with dead caplin." ''
Honnvcastle, in " Newfoundl.inil, in 18-1!'." nnlices the ex-
tiMiirdiiiarv alniuilaiu c i.f lile on tic (irand Iliiiks oil' the coast
of Newfoundland. lie >pcaks of the iiicredilile shoals of
l.aiince, ot lierriiig .mil ot daplin which "cause the seas to
liiiil and gliltci in their rapid paths, producing the effect of eur-
rents upon the hosmn of the trainpiil <Ieep." '* '
riiis aiiihiir stales (p. \iW) ) that he has "seen on the liinks.
the sea alive with this little creature, (the Laiince, Aiiiimliili's
fiilii'iDiis) pursued hv its voracious enemies and rushing to the
side nf llie -liip "
This " rushing to the side of thi' ship" is evidently an at-
tempt to escape to the supposed shore, out of the reach of its
P'lrsiii r, .ind is staled to he the c.iiise why the <'.iplin attempts
to le.ii'h the shore to spawn instead of spawning on the sloping
sainly hottom in from .> to 'i'l falhonis, which they do under
certain eireumstances as desciihed in another pl.ue.
I l!.'|iiirl "11 ihi' KislnM-ii-s ol .Vi.rlolk. l.'T.'i
■_'. ,si... til,. H.'iiiii iif ihi, I' s. r<<iniiii-<i iiii-r nl Kiili >iiii| PislnTii- fir
|S7,',.T(1
:!. Vuviiiii'Mf II M.S. It .
I III null I I v I.M III.
.11
liipii
ill t < .V."\f illll'llillMliKnl ill.
■II, K. .N., I. -MilMn. I SIM.
iiitlii'iai f in»l iif
t ■■ \,-«l IIiiimI ill Is-I-J," p. •J.-ill.
Aiispicli tliiis (Icscrihcs IIr- uppcaianco of ('oiiccplioii Hav
al)oiit tlic year 1818 :
" It is iinpossihic to conceive, miicli more to desciihc, the
splendid appeaiaiiee of ('(inception Hay, and its liaiboiiis on
snch a nif;ht, at the time of what is there eaih'd llie Capclin-
Sknll. Tlien its vast snrface is completely coveied with my-
riads of fislies of varions kinds and sizes, all actively onijaijed
cither in pnrsning or in avoiding; each other; the whales alter-
nately rising and plnni^ing, thiowin-,' into the air sponts ol
wntpr : the Cod-fish hoiniding above the waves, and rcflectinff
the light of the moon from their silvery siirface : the Capcliiis
hnrryint; away in immense sho.ils M seek a refuge on the shore,
where each retiring wave leaves countless midtitndes skipping
upon the sand, an easy |)rey to the women ,iiid children who
stand there with barrows and baskets ready to seize up;)n 'he
prccions and plentifnl booty ; wiiilc the lishermen in their skiffi-
with nets made for that puipose, are in<liistrioiislv emploved in
seeiirinsr a sufficient qnantitv of the valuable bait tor their
fishery "'"
Again, " These am.izini; ovcrHowings of (^■lpelills and Squids
on these coasts and at the liver-head of harbours, are sometimes
still greater in some ))laccs than in others, and particularly sd
when those shoals arrive nt an earlier period than usual, is it
their motions were accelerated bv the unusual number and
rapid pursuit of their voracious and famished <Miemies-"' i- ■
'riii: < 'r. rMiii;ii Oinuii o\- rili: Cai'I.in.
1:^7. Many wi-itn-s liav.' imtici'd the rmiarkubli' eiicuiubcr
oddurcif fresh ('ii|ilin. frc^h Smell, and the Launcr. 'I'he writer
bus (diserveil in Xewfoiindlaiid that the iidour of the Caplin,
when newly caught, is very ]>crecjilible. ainl ubi'ii lbi> tisber-
iiicii are eiigageil ill carrying baskiis di- sucks full nf this ll»h
to their "gardens' as luaniire. the eueuiubcr odour can !»•
jiereeivi'd at a eonsidenible distance. I''is!u'riueii sav that
they can suiell the ( 'aplin when thev coiue into the bavs be-
I'.iri' any have b.'cii taken. It is \cry pi-.ibablc that this eu-
euiuber (I lour is uinre strongly di vrloped in the Smelt and in
the Caplin during tlie spawning .seas(ui than at any <ilhcr
time; indeed it is doubtful whether it is eomiuon to ibeiu
nt all seasons of the year. If it shi)uld be deVi"lo| . d at the
spawning season only, wbiidi one from analogy w . ild sup-
])(ise to be the case, vvi' may discover in it the reason why the
Cod follow the Caplin in shore (luring the spawning se.-ison
'I'liey may be attraete(l by the encumber nihnir, aii'l guided by
it to the I'lace where the Caplin are to be found. It is nut
eiisy to understand why the < 'aplin --biiiiM appi'oach the shore
during certain seasons without being followeil by the ('od. or
that the Cod should be before the Caplin schools, or seyer.al
days after them, as is frei|ueiitly observed, 'riieii ae;iin. those
parts (if the coast of the(!ulf and the coasts of N'ewt'onnd-
land which are not exposed to drift ice duiiiiL; tli.' '•rin^'
months, are visited by schools of Codtlsli at a inindi i.irlier
|ieriod than other districts liable to an invasion of drift ice.
In the (lulf of St. Lawi'ellce the Cod banks of Nat.isbi|nan
ba\(' .always being distinguished by the early approach of
( 'od. 'rbis arises from the current there setting south-easterl\-
and keeping the ice oil' the coast in the \ icinity of the banks.
The direction of these currents are markeil (Ui the charts of the
(lulf. Tile s.aiue obsel\;itioll applies to >ome parts of the
north eastern coast of Newfoundland, where Cod are always
iibservi'(l, although geograiihieally fartlier north. t!\nn in more
I . I'auc ;is.-..
■:. I'li-c 40S.
l.'M
■-"Mllll'llstlTIl lli(','lliti("<. 'I'lir |"i-<ilicill nf tllr ici' ll]l]lclHx to
'li'lfiiiiiiic till. iiiiivTiiiriits nf tlii>- fisli III lliiir ;i|i]irii(lcli to thr
^lioir. mill it ijiu's lilt iilwiiVN follow till' <'ii|iliims is coiniiionly
.•lllryvil, lilit i-iiliirs ill snliirtilllrs lii't'olv, lllnl siinii'tillll'S llftcl'
tliJil lisli. iw limy lir -ri'ii liy (111 lAiiiMiiiiilioii of till' tnlilfs
^liiiw ill;,' till' si']iiiniti' lii'-if iii'iivals of ( 'ml hiuI ( 'ii|iliti.
l!.'8. Iiistaiii'cs iiro cniiiinon of viist nuiiihci's of Ciiplin Ik -
iiiff foiiiul (liMil <ir in a (lyiiis? state, wlieri" the scliools come in
sliDii' to spawn. 'I'lie saiidv liottoin ot tlir sloping liearh is
not iiiilrccnii'iitlv stiTwrd Hilli dead fisli, and dyi.iR (Japliii may
1)0 sron wandering,' aliont and spasniodically i^aspinj; in tlic wa-
ter iVoni wliicli millions of the species had alistrarled the oxygen
lUTessaiy for their exislcni'c.
The (Japliii spawn, as is well known, on sandy slo|)in;i
heaeiies, hut thev also spawn in waters of diU'erent depths when
the hottom is eomposcil of sand.
The fisherinen take Oaplin witli their cavlilu '"'Is in from
lifteen hi thirtv fatlioins, and prohalily also in waler of iniieli
L^realer (h'pth, the needed rendition heiiii; a sninolli sandy hol-
tiini. over wliirh the trio eiifjajjed in spawninj^ may ' run' toin h-
iiii; the hottom.
Ill the iieii;hhciiiiliood of liaecalieii Tickle. Mr. ,Iahe/, Tilley.
relates, that in hSiif the fisliermeii took Capliii for a month,
from the ord week in .lime to the ■Ivd week in .(uly, in water
vai\iiii,' from tilteeii to thirty fathoms, with the casliiijj; net.
Ill t!ii' '.!nd week of July, Capliii spawn was hroiight up from
the hottom in ^7 tathoms of water.
'ITe spawn is said hy fishernieii to reciiiiie ahout lil'iccn to
eij^hleeii days to arrive at nialiirity. 1 ' ' yniiiii; (ish leave the
eiijf after that jieriod, 'I'liey air ..M.'d ik ir tic- coast until
ahout the end of Deeemher, aecordins; to tlic seasi n, ..n I the
conieiits of till- stomachs of ■• .Murrs" ,ind •• I'ldfiiis," accordiii":
to Mr .l.die/ I'illey, aic often lull of youiii,' Capliii at that sea-
son
.\t the l''ishiit UI.iihU in \^1'>, the C.ipliii were taken in
deep w.iter .iliout tlie l.'Dlli .lime lieiore they " came in." '
The a|)pearance of schools ot Ciplin coiniiii,' in to ^p.iwii
III May, .Iiiiie or .Inly, according to the hilitude of the place,
h IS alw.ivs e.\cited astonishment at their iiiinihers, and often in
the pres- it d,iv in ( 'onci'plioii iJ.iy and some other iioled
spiwiiing grounds, remaikahle scemvs may he witnessed.
.\ii idea m.iv thus lie t'ormed of the extraordinary niimher ol
I'l V serving ,is food, which sw.irni even now in the New-
loiindland se.is. Nor i^ it, less easy to conceive how greatly
these inuiimeral.le hosts have eoiitrihiited to tiie drawing inshore
of the deep sea-tish First, the adult fish t'orining the attraction,
next the sp.iwii. then the young fry, and thus continuing to the
• ippioicli of winter. So great has hcen the importance attached
to the preservation of the Ciplin, that legal enactments hive
pissed tiie I, ".;is| itiire i.i N'ewl'o'indiand prohihilim; the use of
this tish as 111 mure, and the |iiihlic documents abound with re-
inoiisirinres against this palpahle ahuse of one of the most
import, lilt means for preserving the Newfoundland l'"islieries. '- '
1:.'!). Tilds are sometimes made througli ilie ice to catch
CO I ill the diU'crcnt havs of Newf'oiindland during tlie winter
season. In IHVi iitimero is tish were t.ikeii in .l.inuary ihroiigii
holes cut ill the ice at St M,irv"s H.iv. and in tlieii sliim.n'hs iiir
I. l-"i«liiMy li"|ial, IMiil. Ciiiil. Ki'sKiiic, |ii(;i' TH
•i Siv A|i|ii'iiiliv til .I'liiriml nf .\»si'nilily. IS.'i7. pini' .'t.'IT, ''1 ill. AK..
l'.Tl..y's U.-|"rii nil till' KialuTii's of Xi'W llriiiiswick. .\ls'i Ui'|iiirls liy Ciiiil.
r.'iiiii. iiml lit VII i'liis rislii'i., !!;H.'i'rs .if CiiMilii |ii-i'vi. Ills til (iiinl'iiiliiniiiiii'
iicl -iili.s-i|UiMilly ill llic Dlli'-inl l!i'|i 'lis 'it II aniai.iii fHlna-y ulliciTs.
E<g
135
(ligosfcl an.l i),iiii;,||y .liKosted aivVw -vero found. KNcuLoiv
iris slat. 'il tliat capliti are occnsii.nally soimi on flir Labrador
tliroiiK'hoiit 111,' winter wlioie crarks occur in tin- ice, and in the
Rapids of Kypokok Fiord, ahont tiirce miles aliove the Ilmison
lii.y Company's I'osI, ih.^ olii.er in charije, as «ell ,.s the men.
informed the writer that ,aph-M were 'seen there .hirin- ihr
winter. They prohahly spend .f eonsidc-rahle portion of lli.'
winter in 'he de,>p w afr oppoMU' Kvrokok, where Hftv fithoms
have heen ineasnred, and , om,. to the liapids, wi,'i,h never
hei-/.o, for air. 'I he same (hinand for air, or rather oxvgeM,
may a.rount for tli.ir heins,' tioli.ed in the cracks of tlie ice off
the coast o( I.ahrador. Ann)!!,;,' s,)i ,f the more iiitelii-eiil
fisliermen the impression prev.dls that selioois of caplin with
schoolsof cod uimer in the deeper portions of the -reat hivs
of Newfoun.lland an.l th.' F.ahrador, an.l that snch is the ca's,-
there appears to he little r.Mson to do.iht, hut in dilferent zones
ol wat.'r
Mr liennctl, " I writinir in ISTIi. says: " Our people much
<)ften,T .-..mplain th.ii .-aplin remain in' deep water, where the
Hsh .net -ori;...! «ilh ih.^m. tli.iu ,)f actual s.^arcity of the schools
ill It vi^it the .•oast.'"
lo(t The variations in the appearanie .)f snch fish as the
eaplin are ivniarkahle ; ami the s.|uid is also notal.K-
erratic in its movements. Since the v.'.ir l,S(i!), until \Hir,. not
only the shores of \..wfouii,llan,l, hut also the (irami liauks,
are sai.i to hav,. h,.eu f,.,.minu; with s.iui.!. Thev arriv,. on
the «-..st co.ist ahoul tl„. Isl .\n«ust. and .aiv then ahout (.)ur or
five Miches lou-. .,nd l,y ih.. lOfl, O.^vmher, wluui tlu- last arc
tak.i. in May .1,. N,„,l, iu Fortune ]!.,y thev are f.-om 1'-' to 1.5
inch.'s loiii;.
Ciiplin and s.pii.l were scarce throughout Newfoundlaml
and Lahra.lor in 1H7.5. Tlu'v were al|..-..d to liave heen ahun-
''•'I" "11 the slmres ,.f Nova Scotia and Cap,. lii..tou .lurl.i-
thi' sinii' yi'ar; — a v.u-y unusual ciiiumsta c
Most imrthern lislierni.ui have .vce/, th,. v iplin spawn and
witness,..! the yoiiti- fry in the suiiinier " Hllins " the .'ovi's.
I'r.ihahly m. Ii,;niaii .ye has ..<.,.« the m.uk.uad sp.iwn.
this operation takin- |ila,-,. in mid-water, anil the spawn
flo.iiinir inst..a,l „f. lik,. ,1,,,, of the .■apliu, a.lheiin- t..
s^ind. Hut many lishiuin.ii hav,. s,;'n the mack.uad //■// vport-
lui; in waters on the north si.le „f I'rim,. K.lwaril Island, I'l
■ih.mf th.. Ma-.lal.ui Islands, - i„ ,1,,. Hay ..f CliahMirs, '• an.l
iu Mass.i,-lius,.|is I!ay. ''" all h,un- haleluMl about ll„. sime per-
loil of tim.N y..t, Nvhil.. ti.|i,.riuen eut.a-tain no .louht aliont the
eaplin winterinj,' c.mparatively near their spawning -jrouuds,
yet they attribute to th.^ ma.ker.d e.vtra,)nlinary niigratious from'
the south to the north, similar t,) those .b-scrihi'd and ,lispi„ve,l
by Prof,.ss..r Rainl iu lelation In th,. h.uaiu-, the sliail, th,. ale-
wif,. ami th.. salmon. "
Si:iM\i,.
Duriii!;- whai th,. Fi..u,li term the, .aplin season, that is from
Ml., en.l .,f May to t|„. IDth ,.r loth of .\u,<jnst, the Kslierv on
the north east ....ast is .arrie.l ,m by means .>f enormous scin.'s
.'i3.t to .mi metres in lenj;lli, t.) '>H nii-ties in .lepfli. \Vitli
these imuiens,. ,.|u,'ines of destruction .\,lmiral Clone stal..s he
has seen thirty thousand |.odHsh taken .it a siush- haul. The
I. I'lii;..'*-.'. ,l,.in.|iHl ..f .\^«,.,i,hlv. Nrvvi ||„ii,|.
- ('a{il. Caaipli.'ll. |jai,',. Sil.
■T Mr. T,.iii (lltiijiil U,'|Mi-|. I.mis.
•I. .Mr. Wlijicnvpi (MllcinI Hi-pnrt. l.<7:l
."> .Mr. .\lwii...|, imnc .S(l.
!<■ I'liK' vvv., I!>.p.rl of (.•,jniiiussi„ii,.i. ol |.'i.|i an, I l'i..i|i(.ri,.>, IS7I-7L'.
Vilinir.il Clone icmirks ilmt this mcllicid of scininij is strongly
roii(lciiiMi'(l liv some iii'isons, wlin sii])])t)s(> tiial it destroys llie
sii.iwiiiiif; tisli, aiiil tli.il il is llie i iiise ol tlie diciiiie of
tlie lisii, wliieli li.is lUiiTiilested ilselt' for some yeais, even to tlie
extent ot' so far iiiiiiiiiii,' tiie fishery as to lead to u notai)l(< dim-
iiuilioii ill the iimiiliers eii;ia!^ed ill its pursuit, lie considers.
Iiowever, that it is dilliciih to see how this result ran arise from
seiniiiij, in ionse(|iience of the wonderful fecundity of the cod,
hut lie is disposed to assijrn to other causes, which have hitherto
eluded ohseivatioii, the conditions which drive the tisli during
one or two seasons Iroin certain shores. '' '
On these and many other inipoitant points heiring upon the
])rcservation of the Dominion Fisheiics, reference may he had to
the excellent and <-(iiiiprchensivc summaries which are to he
loiiiid ill the .\iinual Deports of Mr. W'hitchcr, the Dominiim
( 'oniniissioiier of Fisheries
Fll(»l> tiF Tlir: col).
'I'lii: ( Iri.!'' Ill- Sr. I,awhi;sck.
Mr J. V. Whiteaves, F. (i. S., uniimerales, in a Hepiut on
a deep sea dredLiiiii; expedition to the (iiilf of St. Lawrence,
addressed to ihr Minister of Marine and Fisheries, the lollow-
im; Interesting results ; —
•' I have examined the contents of the stomachs nf more
than oOO cod fishes, taken in ( iaspe Hay, in many phw s on the
north shore of the St Lawrence, near the Magdalen islands,
\i\ Ihe following li-t will give an idea of the food of this
iish, that whidi occurs most fre<pii>ntly hcing ]ilaced first. Of
course, ohjccts, such as sea anemones, which are entirely soil,
c.innol he readilv identiticd.
I. Oth( r Hsh, such is sand laiinces, capclin, &c. : I liave
loiind a small si>a-lamprev in a cod's stomach.
:,'. ("rahs, nl the genus ll\as mostly.
■ ). S(|iii(l, :it ccrlain seasons.
1 Hivalve shells, especially the lidlowing : (,'li/riiiirris
silioiiii, C'lrf/iiini Ixliiiiflioiiii, Seirii>'''< fi'rofiihniiliciis, } nl-
iliii iininlix and lliiiiihihi. and occasionally other species.
h. Biilile stars, very r.irely. generally ()/)/iiiijili<ilis nrii-
lr„la:'
■• (.'oil hanks, or as the < i.is pi ■ fishermen c.i II l hem '•reels." are
siilimaiiiie r.lev.itiiuis o( the hotlnin id the se,i. One of these
hanks (latwoeu ('apes (iaspe and Hon .Vmi I I examined in
lS(>'.). and w.is amazed at thr: extraordinary numhers of the
miiiNlr shell- 111 llie liiraminifcra liroiig''i up in the 'aiiil Iroiii
the hottoiM. It may he ili.it in some cases the ahnndance on the
hanks of these microscopic createres, upon which other marine
animals feed, may he the jnimary iiiise of the presence of cod
in such numhers at these places, Farther up the St. Lawrence,
opposite Klvii re dii Loup. Fiiiiripal I )awson iiifoinis me that
cod I'l I il largely m: shrimps "
'I'HI: .\ II. .\ si 11 ('i>.\s-|' nf NiiV.\ Si'iiTIV.
Dr. Hernard (iilpiii. oi I lalifax. stales that the stomach of
ihe end taken on the Xov.i Seolia hanks are usually filled with
herring, voung cod tish, Norway haddock small mackerel, var-
ious niollucks. the glycemeris, a large hlacl.- conuog and star
li-h<-. ' '
rrofessoi \'errill found llie stomachs of cod. taken Irinii the
rod ledges, olf Cape Kliz.iheth, Maine, (illed with crahs,
I I'iliili'ili' Tiirrii .Niave. |i. .•('••T
•-' Triiiwii'liais t Un' .\..\m Smiimi Insiiiiiti- nl .Viiiunil Si-nMii .■. ISi;.
l.'iT
sliriM,|),s, ai.il s„i,,ll,r s|„.cirs „| ,-nisl..,Ta,i,. will, ,„„.•,. ,„• Irs.
molltisca, holotliiumiis. i)|)liiiiii,iis <-tr. " '
I'n-m tills .-inmMslan.v i'n.f, \-,.,,i|| n,Mrl,„l,.s tint .1,,. <-..-l
I'iiiijjlit hfic CcimI cliicdy oil cnistiietMiiN.
^ i:tL>. Sir Wvvill,. Tlioiiisoii t,.||H IIS in i|„ii ino.i instnic-
tiv ami iMt,.|v,sti.,K w-.i-k, "Th.. IVptlis .,f tlw Sru." timl
flM.hmu,. |;.,nl<s h,l,(;i.i„Mu'. !• luv tV,.,|„..|.t,.,l .luiiiy- tl.,.
hsiini- s,.as,m i,v iim,,,, mus Ki^li,!, ,,„| f,„v,.„ Hsliin;, v-ssrU,
wl,Ms,.,.|,„.r |,„,„i, isil,,. c,,,!. Tl„.s,. l,MMks ,uv iiUmt. KiO
Mill... im,,|,.„„M „f S,.,.il„n,|. Tl„. (•„,! „|,„Mn.l ,.n tl,. l.anks
"'"' "'■" '•'■''••'^ "f '"'■y>' -ii-.''. Tl„. ,|..,,tl, „r u,,t,T vaiir. IVo,„
4- lo 100 f,-,tl„„„s. •■Tlic l,,,i,l<s su,,n„ „.i,i, ti„. , ,
iintti.. sinv (It/,/,;, ,//,,■;,■ /,■„,,,/;.,). u-m, ii„. n, „■«•,■,>■ lui.sin-
t.\ <;,/,,;.,,. „nr,;i:,;,sl, hu-fX,' .s,,i,|,.r ,.ivil„, s,.Vfnil slM^irs ,.f tlw
-.■IIIIW,',,/,,//,,,,. ,|,„| ,„„„_^. ,,f ,,,,, ^,^,||||^ ('/•,/,»/„„ sl,,.i,„|,,
S.. aiii].!,- a supply of tl,-ir Favorit,- r..,,,! ,■.■./-/;/./' ,or,.„„h tor
ll,r „hi,,„h,,n-r .iinl r..;rl/,,„-r „f //„ T, „ / „„',/ !;„,, ,.„ f/,,
/i<nil<i'." *
I'assiiio- to Davis' StraiU aii.l tl„. coast ,,f (Invnlati.l, Dr
Kol„.,-t 1 lown sial,.s that - tl„. iiivit.lnata .■: |)|s,... Hav lat.
"!'■ "'•'■ inii„.i-.,„s. „„,ll,is,-a. ,rl,l„n,|,.,,„al,, . ,„s(ac,.a, po'lvzoa.
Iiy.liozna,.v,-.. aiM.,ni,li,iM. i|„,,ij,.|, t,, ,i,,tl,ii,u- Ilk,, thr ,-xt.Mit
tl,.. low, ,• r,„„,s ol" animal lif,. swai'in oi, tl„. Hiskoll ( 'o.l
I'anks." +
Dr. S„|l„.,-lan.i; ..tat.'s rl,at ll,.- li„,iis ol' tl,- liisko'l |!ank
(VIM l«',|,.fii„.,| almost at all tiii„.s l,v tl.,. (■Inst..|-s aii.| -i-o„ps
of -mall i,vli,Tu-s tliat tak.^ -lonn.l np,,„ jt. an.l tliis'l.ank.
" \iUr oi|„.r |,,.,nk- of a -iinilar .■l,ara<.t,T, l„it loss oxti^tisiw on
''"• "•"'"' <•""-'■ i-^ '•>" liM,i,'ly fiTlilo in m^IiohU ,,f ( ',i,|iM, aii.l
llalil.iit wlii. b fivi|ii,.nt it In tl„. „,niitli. .,f \|ay. .liiiw. .Iiilv
ali'l .\ii>,'iist."
TI,is,i,.s,.ription of tl„. iivlni-s .,,1 tl„. Ifiskoll Co,! Hank
appli-s ,.Na,.tly f, tl„. I.anks ,,(r H„. ,.,.ast of NortlhTii Lala-a-
i|o|-.
l^i-i. Tlic lolldHlnt; ol,M.|v.,lioiis, ,„it of niaiiv that nii^flit
!»• inslaiiccl. apprar to show that tho ahsnici. of food is not the
(1,1, I <a,,s(. of f|,|. tom|)oiary ahsrncc ot roil (roiii ih,. N,.w.
loiindlan,! coasts (Iiiiinir .vitali, si^asons. Thpir a.hoiu Is by no
means .■otcn,p,ii:„v with that of the c aplln. |„ l,S(|.j tl„- s,,,,.
lily ol caplin was ahniiilanf on the South Sho,,., from 'ricpassy
to Ihc lt,ii-,.„ Islan.ls, hnf |i„. ,wl lisii"hail not followed the
halt in any nnmli.as i,, ,] „ast." (U 'pi,,, ^,.,,^„„ ,,,■ j>,,;-, ^^.,|_,
l..d,.w tl„. av,.!ai,',. in tl„. cxpo.-is of ,v .h tVoin \,.wfon„,l.
land. \o|- do the llsl, alw.iys laki^ tho .■.,pl,n wlici It Is will,-
in thi'ii- ,,Mch, foi- a.vorilinjr |„ ,1,,. si ucmiait i-f ( oiiimandiT
PnMon, of II M, S. Mr,l,„ |S,;-|, 1 ; ..,ho ood «,.,,■ lal.T
than ,is„al In niakhi^' ih: Ir appiMi,,,,,-,. in nanihois on tl,,. ,.„asi ;
fhotw.MMi H,,ttli- llaih.„ir ami Cape li.ii-iison, laln-idoi-., ■|'lu.
capliii w,T,> ahiinilaiit lor a week h,.foii. them, and when fiiv.t
tl„. ,-o.l (ish l„.,.,m.. ph-nllfol ,'ah.)ui i(-r!i .liilyMhrv s.M.,mMl
glultod with what the fishoimcMi call hoiniii,^.|).ilt, which is a
.sort of j.dly (i-h. full of Mack slimy matter, which .so iliscolors
tlio cod lish that eat it, and -Ivc ih,n, s,,,!, an olh-nsiv,. -mell,
that it makes them unfit to <>at f,csh. 'I'licir was a irrcat ipiaii-
tity of it aloiii,' th,- coast this year, am! the cod fish seem,',! to
t.dic it ill prele,i-,ii'e lo the lapliii,"'
1. \. !■:. \ciT,ll
l!.'M,lts ,,r li,.,.,.|,, ,|,iM|oii,^,^ ,,|| ,||,. ,.,,1^, ,,| >;„„, |,;|||^.
' ■•Till' l)i.|iil,.s 111' 11,,. .S|.,i." |),|.j,. ,;ii
' (ii'nl.iniiiil ,\lii)ja/i,ic I',.!,., 1,^7."..
; l'io,'f,.iliii^s „r tl„!(li'..l.>Kical.s.„i..iy— I,niicl..i,, l,S.-i;f.
I. Ui'iioil ol ('ii|iliiii, 11,1,1,1, li. X., II, Vi. s, P,,I,i,Im. isii,-).
)1. lii'iMi-i ..( r,aiii„i,i,,i,.,. |',.e«f,!i, I!. \., ,1,1.', |,;(j|. ||. \| s. .1/,,/,,,.
MS
At rcrtllill sen .nils of till' vrill. Hc|-|ill!,' if tllr lllltiltn! fooil
"f tllr CihI, im.l it i- ililliciilt 1(1 ciilcli lliis lisli (liiiiii;; tii(Hc
scllsulls witilllllN nlllir lillil, ■|"lll' lillVMJ ( 'nlllMlisHiolll'l'X 'lH(i;li
stJlli' ill tilc'il lv|i,i|l lllllt ( 'ml llll.j I, iilLf lillil lltiu'r Hsll livf lit
nTliiiii pi riniU 111' llic ynir iiliiii.^t lAcliisivi'lN nii llcniiii;'. ami
tlic\ c-;iii lir (•■ni'u'lit with i|ilti'"ilt\ Ky iiii\ .illi.| ilmii iliTriiir
liiiil.'
A stati'iiii'iil til till' -.111 tl'rrl will 111' ri'iiiiil iiMi l.'ttiT
I'liilidilii'i! ill tile MiTi'lliiiii'niis ( 'iinvsji.iinli'iiri' i|iii'_r'i' j.'l.'i uf
tile I'liiti'il Stiili's 1 'iiiiiiiiis^ioiii rs ic]i(ii-t. "I 'ml li\i' .111 ( 'ivilis.
Si'iillii|is. niiil tlic jcllii-i nil till' iHittmii. ami a siiiall tisli in tlic
t'niiii lit' II Sliiiiii|i, hut tViiiii t'liiir 111' live tiiiii's us liiryi'. jjarirc
( 'ml .'lit siiiall Kldiimli'is, .siiiall I'lillcick am! Iliikiv small ShI-
iiiiiii. Sea I'rn-li. ( 'iiiiiiiM's, mill a ^'rrat many tiiinifs fmimi at
llic liiittiim lit' tlir wiitrr. lint always iin-fcr tin' lli'iiiiii,'.
Siiiiii' I'lmn- in scluinls miil i at tlic Hi'iriiiy spawn. " At I'n-
tcrlirail. Sfotlaiiil. mil' witmss -'■' alicu'i'il tliiil mil' ss tlirv ;.'.•!
Urn illj; tlli-V Ciilllll lint iMtrll Col ill tllr willl'T srasoli.
I'l, ili'ssor '■'iTrill. in a " Krjiurl upon thr lim iti'liniti' Aiii-
iiiiils of Viiicyai'il Soiiiiil, ami thr iiiljiii-i'iit wiitci-s. wiili an
acc.iiint of tlic PliysicrtI I 'liaiartri's of tin. Idyioii," '■' ' I'liiiiin'-
iiitrs pai;!' "ilii till' didi'i-i'iit kiiiils of t'oo.l foiiml liy liiiii ami
otliiTs ill llir stiimacli of till' ('.III. ■-iii-li a-, iiiiilliisks, cinstii-
craiis. aiiiii'liils. stai-tislirs. \c. ■ 'I'licy swallow lai;.''' liivalvi-
shells, ati.l, aft. 'I- iliLTi'sliiiL;' thr coiiti'iits, spit out tli.' slii'lU.
wliii'h all' oft. '11 uiiiiiiuicil. 'I'luy aiv also vny fmiil .if
Sliiiiiips ami of ('rahs. wliirli tlirv fri'ipii'iiily swallow wlioi...
.■\.ii uliciiof laii:'.' si/,'. Thi- liiittli- sU^v■^i•i\n^s i Oplii n rn us/
ail' also miii'li ivlishi'il liy tliciii. 1 liavi' taki'ii lar;;c masses of
tllr I l/iliiii/ili"! I" •iri'h'iilii from tlii'ii' sloiiiai'lis oil tlir roasts of
M;iiiii' anil l.iihi.iilor ; iiiii! in snim. (■;i«rs llii' sloniach wmilil he
(lisiciulicl with the one kiiiil iiiiiiiixcil witli any ntlirr looil."
Uil. It appears I'liiiii the (•> pi'iiciicc of all ((iniitrics, « here
cold water fisheries are e.^teusivelv ciirie.l on, tli.it ilic licr-
riii^ anil the cajilin are essential to i oiitiiiiicil success. :uiii that
when those Init tisli ,iie nut I'ouinl in aliuiiil.iic c, there the .nil
fisheries will i,Miuliiallv ihvimllc into iiisii;iiitic;uiie lint the
cunveise pinpositioii is l)V iio iiieims true, iiiiiiielv, that when
the licrriiu; is foiiml thcie the cod lisheiies will he iiliiiiiilaiit
also, for on the coasts ot nortlierii Maine the lierrini^ is almii-
iliiiit. Net the col scarce. This prohahly arises fioni the tact
that the cod leipiirc in ihcir s,\,sun oilier four- of fund, which
the coastal w.iters of New I-',ni;liind dj not now produce, other-
wise there cuiiUl sc.rcelv he such a dearth of cod as is sl.Ucd to
exist. 'I'lu'se arc doiihlless the aiMdronious species which have
heen destinved in the manner descrilied in otiii'i.il p.ipers. It
iniist 1)|. home in mind, loo, that the cidd waiei sea .-iiea on the
loasts of New Lnyland are not sidlicieiil ly e\ti'nsi\e to admit of
rcciipi'i-aflon in the t.wp of a eoiistaiit drain. ll reipiircs the iii-
exhaiis.ihle and ceaseless su|)plies ot t'ood wliiii come throuyh
such favoridilv sitinted localities as the Str.iils of Belle Isle, the
(iilt of'C'aiiso Mild on tic south shore ot Newlouiiill.ind. to kecji
lip a pereiiiii.d supply when siihjecled to ce.iseless atlai.ks Two
and eve;, Iliree In. idled vears ol siicli attacks upon the schools of
c(«l fie(|iiiuiliiiif those tavoreil hieedini; and leeiliiii,' iirounds, have
not siicceedeil in imikiiii; much iinpips-i.m there, w hen the in-
cieasiiifj niimher of '.shernieii and the improved nature ol their
iiiipleiiients of destruclion are coiisideri'd. lim this p.merto
I. H.i|. .|! .1' III.' Kmv;.! (■ .mini"! iii.Ts .111 III.' |i.tiiU ii n! ili.' .\ri> !■.■-
iilill;! I-. Tl'.ovliili,' I'.ir ll.Tiil i, ..a llii- c ii-l ..t Sr lliui.l. IS.V!.
'2. .Sea KisIieriH.* (-.iiaii.js-si.iii.
;;. U.,|i rl ..r I', .s!. (•i.iniiiissi..i,..r "f l''i-li iiicl Pi-lwn.'s. ' I'lMf. s|, \-\
III. nil I |s:i-7_'. |.iiM,. \>'.ir,
ISSI
I
reiiiiit the di-nii, hiImcs (Voiii ii pcciilijrl*' t'.ivor.iUlp i{ri.i;r,ii)l,iMil
p.)Mtinn wlilcli hiiiii;, „,v» iiiid Inml I'loin (list, nil n ich in .iiie
foiiliiii.i'd tiiid iippiiiciiMy iiiidlniiuislicil siiciiiii. Hiil \\\y*v I'av-
ori'd R|H>t« otK-r no ex^.-wt.t' (i>i- adoplina ilic opli.ion th;ii oihcr
lo<iiliti<'H. Ics, (livnicd. !,liniil(l nor b,. liidilo to rapid .Icplc'ioii,
and wlicii once di'sliou'il. iiicapaldc, tVnni llio conditiiins .snr-
ronndiii'^' tlicm, nf rvcr a-taiii Ir.MdMiiii',' cnniiiicr iailv valuable.
It is shown (111 piifr 1;.'4 that a contiiiiicd and well linked
clia-ii (.)' ditlciciif kinds of imliisfrics iiloiic cnalilfs tli" I'liitcd
States Hsheiincii to piiisnp a piolilahle occupation ihroiiiiliout.
the xcar. If the cnoimoiis shell fish iiidiisii-v were not ildv and
Hllddenlv to decline, the eirect w,,.il(l iiniii. di.ili ly he iMl on the
deep sea li-hiny; indiistiy, hv the divei.sion to it ol nneniploved
eralt. hd.nr and capital; or il the menhaden iiuliistiy should
hIioh- a more sudden tallinif nif than is ^'enerally expected, the
etieel would he similar, lor its vast fleet iiiiist find employment ;
a simil.u lesidt would follow the decline of the iiislnne fresh
fish trade and the eiioriiinns estiiar and hav fresh fish trade
south of the .'iOth par.dlcl, as well as north (d' if The aiiure-
K«fe annual vine ,.f .dlihe Cniled .States fisheries on the .•\tlan-
tie (Miist does not f.dl short (,f forty three million dollars, of
which the annual valne of the deep sea fisheries does not reach
one-tiftl p,ui,the othei fonrtilths h-iir^'lhe income of s|,c)l fish,
ml and fish tjn.ino industries, and coastal fre-h fish indii-lries.
These dilleivnt fisheries are pursued with the ability and enerijy
which (liMie^'iiish the American people, and with the enleip.nse
and capiial ti;ey throH without siinf into a promising,' field of in-
dustry I'.ut t',,- end (d'all this i, clcarlv pointed out In the offi-
cers employcrl i,y (he fniled States and the several .Stat-s (iovern-
ineiits to examine into the causes of loc.d decline, which has for
niany yens been -^awr „„ -,,,,1 ;., ,,„„. hifcctiiii; the wludc coast.
The use of .uiitnitic seines. w(ul<ed by st(-am power, ,L,Mtherin<,'
evervthin- within ihcir vast embrace, can kvid to but one result'',
and that is (le|)lction. Simil.uly the use of hn.t;e purse seines,
tor tikinn' menh ideii and maclierel, olteii destroy million* more
l!nn can be utilized, and what is far «orse, take the spawning
ti.sh in the sprini;. ' ' I'onr years since a Doininhm officer '-' drew
the attention of the (iovernment to the us(^ of purse seines for
catching,' mackerel, and su.,'i,'esled the prohibilicm of the takiii';
of spawning fish. Tj, . employment of piir-e seines on such an
(■normons scale as is dcme by the .\inerican fishernnni is. to use
I'rofVss X Raird"
l.ikin>:
apt simile, before (]uoted, fpajje xiii
the lard out of the bucket with such huge scoops that there will
be so,M, none to fake.' liut the use of purse ..eines in takinir
mackerel In the sprinj; is doln:; a double Injury. \x this season
ol the year the sehools are "taklns; u|) their line of niarcli at sue
eessive epochs," I" accordini,' to teniperafnre, and approachinp
tlie coast to spawn It is the boast „f the .\ineriean fisherman
that he cm be-in in sprlii!,' in \'iri,'Inian waters and follow up
the .ipproachln.!,' srhocds all aioni; the coast to the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and the liay of ( ■haleur, and take « ill, his pnr.se seines
the fish aliont to spawn : and it was Professor Uaird's privllef<e
in IKT^ lo expose— iisliii; his own words—- all the evils follow-
ing in the train of sn( h thoughtless destruction, precisely wpiiva-
lent lo killing oil ,dl the maiure hens in a farm-yard heloie thev
1. SeH pnt'B HH far n imtiw of tlic Kr..;,i .I,.-,,,,,,!,,,, „f i,„„„„.iiv ni,icli.
i-'ivl liy llie .Seine.
■-'. .Mr. Wiiiiwivcs ••.N.acs.in ih„ .MHrni.- I'i«l„.,i...s,- |Mite in:i ; s,.,.siuiml
I'crpuis. \o. 4, IST.'I.
;t. Se,. 1-. S.C,.nnnissi„„,.,„f |.-isl, ai:.i l-'ishwi..-' .leseriplinn ..f til- s,ic-
(W.S1V,. spnu^r ,„nivl. nt 11,.. laMTin:;. s|,.„|, „|.„.if.. „„.l shI„,„„. paae \vv ■
H..pi.rt far Ifiyi-T;!. '
Ill>
ll.ivr l.iiil rlli'il 1'1,'if . Mill llnii i'\|)i'i tiiij; to li:ivr tlir stfiik inn-
tiniinl imlrlliiiti'K. " " As well liii^lit tin' Ciriiirr rxpn I In \irv\t
lip lii-- supply III' vlieiit yiMif l>y vi'iir, wliilc lii> ('(iii<iiiiiii'il nil lii-
i;raiii, ii'^nvimf iimii' fur hi'imI, iiml wi'lioiit llir p(i««iliility of
nl)tiilniiin it Ihmii uiiy oliirr sdiiicc," ( Vn\fi' XXX., Itcporf for
1H71.7:.'. I
l;l"». Tlir nrnilly ( iUI)r:iliil ( icni^cs' ('od ,iiiil ||,ililiiil
l''i>ln'rv it no I'M'i ption in tlic rule ul ilrpliiioii Ah h K«liiii'.{
ijroi.iiil, till' (ironjc's Slio.iU AM' liiit of yi'ilcriliv. It ilot-s
lint iMiiliriicr ill its history us a ImhIiu'ss (■illi'iprisf, n ijrciiirr
iiiiiiihri of ili'caili's tli.iii tin' roil lislirrii's of Iti Mr Nlc. ( ',111^0
.mil ilif (iiaiiii ItiiiK'i coinpri'lii'iiil of crntiiiii's lis
lir),'iliiiiiii{ ilatis Irom llir close of llio i;i>iii'i'atioii just ]iiis«(il
iway. It is not iiimii moii' tliaii lliiily or forty years olil, anil
ii. llic Iii8t few yrais o( its cxislcnri' liaiiliiit luriniil tlic rliirl
I'utrli "•' It in not iiii|Mnli,ili|i thai llir c ium' of ilic iiici'CHHin({
wcaltli of iral Hsli on (ieoiiji's ShoaN alter llie year ISIM iirosc
Iroin ilip ilestriiition of llic lialihiit, « hit li ijave tlie c'od a lielter
iliame. With ihe (U'cliilf of tlie halilinl the rod have iiincaseil.
Mill SI his the wiiifer Hsiiin:{ tieei. Ill lS|() tiiis lleel eoiii-
jiii-nl hill twenty-nine vessels ; in 187;( two hiiii(liiil anil (ilty
sail were eiiiiaijed in the hiisiness. hiit the returns eoinp.irecl
with those from the (iranil Itanks are very sinill. The avevai;e
vahl.'.lion ol the Heel now eiii,Mi,'eil in ihe ( ieor^e'r. winter lish-
ery is $il,U()(l. '•The trips hroiiijht in iliirin;{ llii' hest pot of
the season will aveia^'e ?>T,OI), ,i\v\ storks of from $1, ')()!) to
i<'i,0(IU are not nnlVeipieiii. while the (iiaiiil Hank Fishery,
comparatively a new hram h of Inisiness, ofieii (liseoinilN from
•iis.i.llIM) to ijil.tHMl on a single trip "
!•!(> 1 he (Jeoiife's Fishery is piirsiicl at fearful risks,
ipii;e V ) Ninety-three ve-sels anil ~0H lives lost in ■I'.i \ears,
in one isol.ileil hraie'li of li-hiiiL; iinlnstry, is a sail lint speakini;
leeoril. The loss of life anil properly on ( iooine's {''isiiin:;
ShoaN is upwards of one half of the entire loss of the li-liini;
indiisliv ol llir poil oi ( ilouceNlri' Ihe Shoals are ninel\ sea
miles Irom the nearest land. l''ehrii.ny, Mareh and April are
iheihiel lishin;; months, and at tin' host it is an industry pur-
snril under Lfieit djilirillir-. priv.ilions ^nd risks. '•'
1. •• l-'|.'li..;iiiini- M. ■Ill . rial aii-l II iii.l-il ...!(, ' (in .r;,'i' II. lV..rlrr, (ii.iiir.'s-
l.'i, ISTil.
■J. Mill jiii;;" Til,
:i. •• III iiti.illii'V |ilft'>., ia llii'-.. Intel's. inU'ii'-liiii,' jinriii' iliirs in r>'iiitirii t'l
Ihis ll-liMvy iiiiiy til' f'Uiii.l. nii'l mil mi; tin' slalisijcM ,.r ih,' liiisiiii.s< ||ii. nnii'l
will'hvi'll Willi jiaiiil'iil "iinti iiiK ii|iiiii llii' list i.l' \h wlm luive r'aiml in
it a w.iiery ijiioe, lunl itN 1 mi aaUii >\vii cii'l ; I'.ir im li'liii^s ,>vi.r ('.tini' fV'iiii
I III' iiiissiii.' til' Tp's lis|ii'i'iii"a. An leniMial uiist'iir.' ;;iviis ri- • l" f iiilul a|r
|iv''ln'ii-i<ins, mill iMUi.iii- fvii'ii Is m li nin' wmIi'Ii firiii llin liills in 111; ni/iii:j
-iispi'iisn f.iv llic ri'tiii'iiiii).' siiil ; Inn nrlhini,' (■oiiii's .savi- lln' iiniiiii "f llm "11
wliii'li stiiiiiilr tlii'ir rn.|in '111. Xniii' Inn llin !<ttnili's| linnvls nii) liniti' 1I1"
|".|i|s anil li..ril" ips "f sifli 111! i'in|iliiyMi"ii . nr nf Ilie 'liiiip'rinis Imwl-ll-li-
iiir <in liritinl (link: mnl llin iniaii'.iiiil I 's..|.>. »i|li mII llirir ~aii r ai.si'-
i|iii'iii'Hs. (""iistiliili' II seri 'lis lii'iiwlini'li iiji .11 Mi>' "lln'rwiai' liii|'|iy |ir i»|ii'iil\
.if llii' llsln'rii's "I (ll'Hiii'«ti'r." '• I'/if /■'la'ieuM 11/ (Jlmitflir."
•■ N .twillistmiiliii<; llni liiiw niiiiil.cr "f iiii'ii frmi llii» lnwii ((ilMuri'.stiT.
Mris^ .1 wli'i s*.r\fil ill lln' iiviiiy and iiiivy ilnriii;; Ilii' n-l I'liinM. Ilii' irss nf lilr
Iri'iii lilt' cnsieiltii's ..f war wnri' fur less tlinii tlie l-.s-t-s at sen fur llif snnn'
|n'iiiiil 111 liiiii'. Tlii'i'i' well- iwi liiiinlri"! ami I'lylily-lwn lives Inst In llie
II liiiii; l.ii.<iiii'.s,s I'liiii this |i nt limine lln; rmir years nf Ihe «i',r. while ihe
i..e..ri| "f ill s,. vvh.i liiiie I '1 kille.l. ..!■ .lii'il in ih • s,.v\ ii',., i^ h'ss ilniii
linlf tieit nilnilii'v. 1 1 thus iiiiiii'm" thai eiir tewii snlT.'Vi'il ni H'e fr .in tli.'
|ieril»i.f III ■■an ilmii the iiiviiKes ..f wnr it fin't wliii'li wmiiM linnlly I.e
Cl-eilill'll lliil 11. il Ihe .st;ltislil'.s preve ii "
»***•• «• ««»»•
••These perils have iinnli' ef (le.irjies a vast linviiil L;r.iiiiii|, wlwre tin.
limes nf the li.shennen are ni"Sml with the I'hnnciiii; li'hi, nr lie Innieil far
lii.iie:ith the sMinl.s i.f her lri"ii'lii'iiiii« sh' als, .\ viisl s.'piilrhn'. swuMnwini;
,111 iiiiiny n ymiiit; iiiiii' in the priile nf hU yniilli, iiiuny a niiililh.-ai;<''l Iniler,
npnii win sii I i'ms a InviiK,' family ■witl' ih'pi'inli'iit. ami iiniiiy mi atfe.l
line, will* .iiyiHiU of liiV, al Irnul, w>aili| Iniv iiilimiiil Iml 11 U\\ yeais
1 iiitii'V." *• h'itttivnhHii's \t '"tiitii till mill tii'iiii'il ttiHih "
Ill
W itii Hill li II icrord nf mhtow anil mifrrriiiK ub the
liiMldiy 1)1 lln" (iooiKrs Coil iiikI ll;ililiiit Fiilicrv jirpsi-nlii, it is
not Hiii'priHin); lliiil HtrriiiKiiiii cflmts xlionlil have been iiiaili* to
wciire nil t'qiiiil |mrtia<rHlii)) in tlir liKliing xiniitKU of llriiinh
Amrrica, with thrir IVccdiiiii fioiii iiniiHiial rixk, tlinir pioxiinity
III Kiilc iiai'liiiiiis anil an abiinilanic iil' hait alwavs on haiiil, it
niiMiiis are lakrn to Hrriire ami pn-Hoivr it. I'lii" I'xtnict* f^'wen
in the fooliiotcR painfully liiit rnillilully cxpiCHN the frrlinKH of
thoBp wlio liiivii anvlhinn Id iIo wiili the p(!rils ami liskn inteptii-
al)!(' tioin till' (lailv lilc iil tin- (iroiLji-'i Fislirnnrn.
Tin; iilUKiT iiK iilll-KllKNr llsllKHIKS IN IIIK I SIIKII s r A I KS.
i:i7
Tl
insliil iif tllosr llslli'lirs wlliill iltl'rct till' lillit
Miipply ill llii' I'liitiil Slati'N wiitiTs is nut Miiniirli an inijii^try
wliicli lias fill' ilN iiliji'ci till' pi'iii'iii'iii;; uf foml fur Imliir I'lili-
Miiiiplioii 111- I'Vpiiit. as an iii>l tu a'ji'ii'iiltiiii' ami iiiiiiiiifarturrs
vvlliillv lllK'niiiii'i'tnl ujlli till' I'lillili;,' nf a tislii'i'inail.
Ill lanyiiij; mit tliis .ilijiTt, tlir ('ml ami Markiii'l llslii'rirs
lus a sDiii'ci
.f fi
ail' of Irss iiiiiMii'taiiri' tliaii tin' Miiiliaili'ii
tlslli'l'N as II Sdlll
'I'r uf nil ami tisji i^'iiiiiiu, m tl
II.
lisll
is ill
fiini
rprinlai
slillrt'l' nf fl't'sll fniiil. tisll nil llllil ylllllln. lull as n||<
It Upon tlir ntlll'l'. till' ili'sti IH'linll nf till' ^llppli^
M
iishi'il liv Ihi' .Mi'iiliaili'ii mill tin
111
iij;. ili'sli
till
I'l'ssiliji' supply nf till' I'lass nf li^liis iinillisliiil by tlirlil.
Till' cnjil Wati'l' sra aii'll slililiinlill;; till' i-nasts nf llii
I
mil
Stairs is ipliti' illsllllil'iillt tn sllpl
Iv till' ili'iiiamls nf
till' ai'iiciiltiiiisl. till' niaiiiifartiii'rr ami tlii' li-'liciiiirii. ami
III
I'iat
mil tn till' I'll
wiitir rniiimi'ii'ial IisIu's, iIh' intriisis
till' tislniiiii'ii ail' siu'iilici'il In llmsi' nf iiinrr pnwcrfiil imlils-
trii's I'i'pri'si'iitril liy aj,'i'iriiltiin' ami inaiiiifai'tiiii
nil is I'ssi'iitial In iiiaiiy iiininifartiiriii;.' pinci'ssi
niaiiiiri' is iii'i'i'ssarv fnr Wnvii mil sniN, ami tl
Animal
artitii'ial
ii'si' ail' siiii-
pV till- rnastal wiitris nf tlir I'liiti'il stall's, tlii' Hsliiiii'
I'li
illlrli'sts Innkill^' tn llli' cnasld
llrls nf Hi'itisll Allll'lica in
lirnllp tlirm
Sl'llS ill till'
fill' till
siU'llllfr 11
f till
iiiii'iiial wi'a
til nf tl
■nililrls wliii'li Will' fni'iiii'i'ly SI) iiliiimlatit tln'ii'.
Till' iiitcnialiniial lri;isliitinii. wliirli is imw lu'iii;; riniriirii'il in
Ky till' Kiijjlisli ainl Nnrwi'Lriaii (luMTiiiiii'iits, I'm- tin' pintiT-
tinii nf till' Harp Si'al. is imt Lasnl iipmi a liiiiiiaiii' ■ I'lrvrii-
tinii nf ( 'rmlty tn Aiiiinals," imt npmi tlir wants nf tlii' Jiiti'
iiianiifactiii'i'is ulm aii' ili'pi'mlant iipnii aiiinial nil fnr tlir
I'lnryiiij,' mit nf mii' nf tin' pm I'ssi's iiivnUi'il in tlii'ir iniliisti'v.
Ill till' I'liiti'il Stall's till' liiiiilirivr atnl llir iiiaililfae'tiirri'
iniu iitiii;,'l\ iiiiliiili'il till' nun nf tlu' Ni'W l'ji;,'luni| ('ml
lisliiiiis ; till' niaiuifarlnii'i's nf arlilirial nnuiiii'r ami tisli
nil.'i ui'i' I'Xtriiiliii;^ this I'vil in a intaiiy iliHi'ii'iit ilii'i'i-tinii.
ami, in |iiii',\ nullifying; tlii' I'Hiiil- inailr tn ri'^tniT tin astal
\Vatl'|•^ In tllrir nl'itjinal wraith nf I'niil wali'l lisll.
.lust as till' liinilii'i'i'i lias ili'strnyi'il tlir anailrninniis spicii's,
with till' iHi'i't sn wi'll ilcsi'i'ilii'il liy llir I'liiti'il Statis ( 'niii-
inis-.iniii'i nf l''isl, ,'iml Kislii'iii s, sn ail' tin' tish ;;ininn' ainl iisli
nil uianiifarliiiris iiiriiliinj; tlii'iiisi'U rs. iint nlily at tlir r.xpi'llsi'
lit till' Mi'iiliailrii ami llrniiii;, Imt nf tln' ntlii'i' spi'riis whii'li
ili'pi'inl nil tlii'si' fnr foml, wlii'tlur in thr fmni nf tlwiuliilt tish
nr as spawn m- fry. Tlii' iinliistry is, as wi'ii', Imt nf yrstiiilay,
lirvi'ithi'li'ss, it lia-' ali'i'iiily rrai'linl i,'i;,'«iitir prnpnrtiniis. ami
I'liiplnys an aiiiniint nf capital ainl laliniir Urariiii; tm iiutmi-
siili'ialili' ratin tn that i'iii|iliiyi'il in tlii' ilii']) sea Hslu'iirs. Tlir
tiaili' is t'.xti'iiiliiij,' to fnn'ii,'ii cmintrii's ami exports nf tish
1,'naiin havi' alri'iuly lii'i'ii mmli' fnmi jinrts in Maiiii'. I'-' It can
lint 111' sniil that this has nn hrarin^' uimn thr \aliii' nf the
I, Iti'imrt nf tlio fl.iiiimi'sioiiiT "f .Xgi'ii'iillui'e, IST.'i,
II','
iimi('H«i((n made 111 tlic I'liilcil Sinfr-n nf tlic rii'cddtn of our
roimliil w.\|pi» iiiiil ihi- liljcrfy to ncriipy the utriiiiil to takr Hull
If it muki's till- I'liitt'd Slatot FMiiiin IiiduHlrv in Itrili'.li
Aiiii-i'iiiiii wiitrrs |)ii)lltiil)li', .mil iit tlio »imo tiiiii' in'ituili llic
IIkIi oil iinilfiiili ^iiiirio in.iiiiil'.ti'tiirorM to piir^iu' lui iMiiiiicntlv
ictiiMiicrulivr liiiiiiiii'iiH, ihf vidiir of tin' coiircHsiDii on thin
f^roiiiid .doiii' iiiiiNt III' I'lioriiioiin
Till' fiiiliiddiiix ■>' ''>■' ii>tri)diii:tii>ii of nonl oil, iiUIioiikIi it
i« II piodiiri of ilif KOii, licciiiiHt' till' crfiiliirr yicldiiiK it in not
tpiliiiirally a (i>li, shown thr iiii|ior(iiiir(> attached lo auiiual oil
Iroiii uhali'viM soun iMli'iivi'd, and inav lir iciijaidi'd an an inih'X
ol till' valui' astiKiii'd in the etliiient pioteition ol the tinh oil
induMtry.
I'lIK Ml'.MI \|)K\ ImiI SIHY.
I.'W. The followiim tahle hIiowh the eondili^.i of tlie nnn-
hailen Knh oil and tfiiano trade, I' ' i\» ri-preti'iited liv oni" Anso-
liatioii. naini'ly, •' Tlii' I'liilcil St,ite» Menhadrii Oil mil (iuiiMo
Amiiiiialion."
J ear. \'"]s\\ raiij{ht in harrels.
187.1 l,l<l.t,l(M»
IS74 l,i;H,<):i»
IHT.-) l,«77.7(n
Ton<< ol (iiiano in.iniifirliiii'd.
l.H7;l :((;,;.>!»!»
1874 ,')(),!»7iJ
187". .);j,«23
Oil made — in Kallont,
1S7;1 '.'.^JU.HOO
1M7I :(,.n.'.H;n
IHT'^i ;.',(i81.4Ht
1874. 187.-..
Fartoiirs (14 tid
.Mm employed :.'4.{8 ^>ti».!
SailiiiK Vessels M-i :!0l
.Steamers 2o ;!!•
Capilui iiivestiil ■ . .*',>,")()(),()(l() .«t',>,(i.")(l,(MI()
It is not the li^hermrii « l.i alone diiiiinisli the value of the
waters nt tlic Uniied States as food p; idiieers, it is the a|.nicul-
tiuist, the manilfartiirer, and thi" liiinherer If the supplies di-
reitiy or inilirei'tly alFordiil hy Rri:isii .\iiieriean eo.istal tisherit •
were suddenly annihilated, the elfeil of the enipiiries institii'id
under the direetion of the United States Cominissioner of Fish
anil Fisheries, wonh! lie at oiiee diverted a^'aiiist the Fish Oil
and Fish (iiiano in mufaitiiiers, as well as the liiniherini; and
other interests, which h.ive so diminish d the anadroneins spcrics ,
. mil destroyed the ( 'od Fisheries on the New Fitiijl mil ( oast.
\Vh;il with the rav.iifr^ of the liliie lish and the dein.iiiils of the
Industrial interests nanieil, the drain upon the United .'states
waters is far hevonil the natural resources of the limiteii area in
which the <'od, the Hake, the Halihiit and other deep sea fish
are sousjiit. Hence recourse must lie had to Hritish .Vnerican
waters, nr the open sea remote from the coasts ot tlie United
States, anil liait must lie ohtaineil to secure remunerative fares.
Without this hail, the Kshery would he commercialiv impossible,
with it, it liei onies not only icmiineralive luit permits those
s|)ecial tisheiies which have lish oil and lish guano as their
ohjec.t, to l;o on wilhonl that legisl.itive interference which would
otherwise he invoked hy a powerful iiileresi coiitcmplaliiig
impending ruin and discerning its cause
I. Ke|«irl ot till. (' >iTiiiiis>i.MiiT of \!;rii'iilliirc. I.S7.'). Sfi. al- i tin' Ki'-
|Mii. "f 111.- •• liiilf.l Slut.- M..|iliii l.'ii ml ail. I iliiiiii . \-s .ciiili.m. '
I4S
l.«» It «,,,.,.,„., (n„„ p,-,.r,.,lin« p,„„Kr«,.l„ rl.af the ,„.„,.
croiiH ititer..«f, which th.^ jr„i„,,| s,,„,.. i .
AVr<_n,„,e oC,h..H,h,.r,M,„. who,,. „hj,.,, i, „, „h,.,i„
„ ' "' '""■'•■"• ""' Mn,..o.l,.,.,iv.. .e« «rcu „.lj«oc„t
1 :,',:"";•:' " V":-"- ''"■■ oCh. a«.i,.ult,...., a„,I
' ••:,•"';''''';'•'' ''•"■iHc'li.u.im.l oil i,am.ro«Hi„.
o.Jho„ ~ ;""" '"' "'" '"'"'"•'■'•^ "'"' ■"-"'-"n..r, who«c
.7 '""''^*' '" ^' -•--i'l<--'.l.- -x-nr , i,.,nK.,io„ of
ttit! aiiailroiiioiii sp,., i,'s o( (ish
fi,h.!i"""'''T '!'":'■ '"' ""■ ^'"•" "-'' '""''""^ "•• •!"• »i"t«-'
Ar, T' ""■^""'l"""""'."hi..ha„M.h.,,.,l ,0 M,i,iKh
S, 7; ''^'"■'■""-•"■"' "■• • l.nvil..«,.,l ,.„joym,.n, hy Uni..Ml
Na..; hsi„„.,n..n n.ak,. rhnir ..„„„,.,■ ,i,i...,,. i„ ,„„,H.„,:,. „,,t.-rs.
I'o'til.l.,- a» a (cuMn-nial ..Mfcrpris...
/'V/M._| |,oH,. „,■ ,h,. S,a„.. whirh .all to, ;,„! to „>ai„.„in
";'";;:,'" ^'^""^ ''■•'•-' -i." «™i,.ai ,i....ii,u.. 01 ,1.., p..
""V " ■•";"""•'■'■'"' "'"iM.. wl,i,h is s„,,ain...l l,v ,h.. ,l,.,.p
>ca and (oastai Hshciios.
The oly.,.tan,l effort of „„. pa„ of .h. Mu;y .laus., ol
« i.-aty ot VVa.h,„KN„, „.,. to ,.,.,|.. ,„ ,1... Tnit..,! Statos
.-.■ pr-vloK.., ..,.,1 oppo,,,„.i,i.. whid. arc hos, (iteed to oxtond
1 '» s,u...o,nan,l s,Htai,.i„K I-ow.m m ,1... several i„,or..sts „a„„..l.
l«--ar.nnhodi,.d in .l„.n,„,.,.ssio„ ofth.- „s,. of th. stra„,l a„d
,'■■:•'">■""•"" '•■•I'" "-i.i|.at,n„i„,h,. straml fisiuMi,., •
alM. ,n t... ,.o„,...s.ion whirl, s,.,.,,.,.. ,h,. ..njov,„..„t of ,1,..
'-'sU (.sh..n,.s. and the ,...o„o„.i,.al proM-rutJon of ,hr de,,,
H-a h«h,.r„.H. with the mnans providr.! hy th,- ,.«o of thr s„and
;';;;,.;.!;'" ^"■■"""'^ i-^. '..K.'.in.,- wi,h hai, p,.o,.,„..d i„..oas,,,i
■''';",''"' ":^""/ ""■ -'--t ^..■.•i.i..dan.,|,.p,.„da„,
' '"';^'>'-a^t„r,l„.i,. „,,,,„ -1-1,,. rold uat,.,' s,.a
-;y'';'' -"'in.' n,,. I^,i,,,,| s,at,.s is al,o,..th,.r iMM,.H..i..n, to
: 'l;. tl„.,..,.„td....ps,.ai„d„s„.yw s, l„. snst,alm.d.
"" "-'"n;,;;.'oundt,.,C,„|,„„|i,.,,il.r. Halihnt and ir,.ni„..
"'■'; """ ':'"""' "'"' ''"■■'! i" '^nit..d st.,..s w„t,.,-s. ,„. i;'
"'"'■'■-'H I n,t,..l States ..oasts. Hnf as has „ .shown n„
7"^ "";-•■" -"Hn.lVi.ishA .iran coast, in,.,:;;.,:
Mo.av,an M,.ss,ona,y Station a, n,.|„„n to Cap,. Sal,!., in Xova
,":'"""•:!";'"""•■ ' ""• '^i^'-„l of N,.wfoMn,liand is on.. ,.o„.
t-- sh„,,,,.o,,,,df,,,.fod. ,.,.s ., to .;o it i. ,,„.
,"""/""'"' ■'"■'■|"i""-'<'-"oHl„.mpo,.,ionsofth..
'"'';''"''"'■ '• '^ '" "'i' "-^ Hshin,,. ^n„nn.l fm ||,,,in.r |,
■sals,M.,.ontinno„s strand lis|„.,.v. ,.x,.„p, ,vl„.„ tl„. sho,v is
s ...■p-t... a ..n,. this ontin. r.nst |i„,, ,W,i..h in l,.„;.tl, is „,o,v
'"■'",;'""'''" Ii^'""<-" "-•fossth.. Atlaxti.. l„.,w,,.„ \,.w-
'"""•"",'"' '•""I '-^-'n-'l. •••'.'•th,. p,„.pos..s„fa.t,■and■|ish-
'■.•.^• an.l tl„. p,„..,„.i„. of l,ai, i„ all its fo,.n,s dininj, dittVivnt
s..as..ns ,|„. ,.„ti,v „.n,,h of availahl,. n.ast lin,., M,av in-
'•lifl.will m.h.niations, and lh..s,. wiljsuvll its , ,v.Mt,. I.'.n.rth
t., r.,n.s,.|..ml,ly n,..,.. than ,|o„l,h. ,,h,. .listanc.lu.tw,,.,, M,di-
tax an.l San I'Vaniis..,,, o,- „„„•.. than ..,|„al .„ th,. spa.v whirh
s..paint,-s .\,.„- ^o,|< fici, (.■onstantin..pl...
It is shown also m
iif tl
I i)a^'..s 2! I to -A-l that tl
11' watiTs washing this (.oast I
II- LTlVatlT pnltiiill
in... .It' s
ntitc
n.lin;; it, is tin
spaw!,inir fr,,„„„| „f n,„ ,.,„| „,„, ,„, |,^_,^, .., .^ .^^ ^^1^^^ ^1
""" ' ■'' "♦■'' i^ 'li'- ■^I'Mwnin- LTinnnd of tl„. H.
lown
irrr^^z^
m
""• I'l'iniici- ill \vlii,.|, |i„. c,,,! hilH. mid thf FInl l-'isli trilu.
^p;!\vii. ill,. IV cm 1„. no .loiilit i!,;it tli,. Lnliimlcir ciinviit.
wliicli is pivxs,..! (Ill the ciiLsls of Noitliiin AliMTicti, l.v Mir
lofiiiinii nf thr .•nrtli, iiisiiiuat.'S it>ilf inu, , v • rv iiil,a iiihl luiv.
mill is fiii-litnl with til,. Hsli iivii ,.t' tlios,- s]),-,-i,.s wlms,. sjunvii
lliiMts.s,i|||„( iliii-iii;;(lirsrvfniis|)ii\viiin;;sciiMiiisii linii;,rsili>\vii
with its i-iiiiviit n cniitiniiiiiis stivani dt'iivii. imt milv fioni m--
■•'■ssilii,. tishiiiy; -inuiiils, hut m!s., finiii iiir-slinivs,.ii invas whm
It i* iii'Hv than lirnhahlr iiiiiiMTi.iis m^IiiuiIs . if tish spawn in
iillt-iclr watiTs,
Thp fishiTiiirn of thi- Uuitoil States atrcct lo consirhr the
nniinaiy iiictlio.ls of lino fisliins; a- h.>loni,'ini; to an ohsolotc
1' li-al, and (les( ivediy icliniiiiish.'d for thi> superior and nmn'
.■Ifcctiial (raw) or hiiltow. Professor Haird has well oxposrd
tile amazing folly of killing; thp spawniiisr fish, and the aliMiidiint
I. 'SI .nony introdiired in llu> chapter on " I'ho Cod " shows how
l.iri,'idy spawning lish ine taken liy the trawl or hnlti.w system.
It may lie an iminovcnicnt in (at(liin>> the Hsh. hut it ruins
the schools, wlicn used dinin^r ihcir spawniiiir season. It is like
the traps on tlie New England coast ; enorinoiis (pinntiti<'s ol
(isii are taken Uy these en-^ines of destruction, hnt these, joiiillv
with the harrins; of the rivers, have ruined the coil tlslieries-
It rcsenililes the use of purse seines lor lakiin; M.nker.'l
in the sprinjr All tlmf period „( ;lu- year they not only
encircle and destroy iiiniimerahle spawniiii; Hsh. Inil also
vast (piantitios of imiualiirc tish and reduce || e schools to
-ii<di an extent that a rapid dinrniition must follow. No
one can reliel aiciiinst the laws of nature withont injnrinsr
nature's gifts, and to destroy the hrceiling fish is surely ag.iinst
the laws ol iiMliirc .111(1 c.iiiiinon .-ense. hccaiise. for the sake of
lireseni giiii, it cut.. o(f future supply, 'rhe causes w';icli in
18 lO led the I nileil States (ioverninent to appoint "one pers(ni
of |)rov:(l scientific and practic.d acipiaintance with the lislies of
the coast, to he Commissi, )ner of ImsIi and iMslieiies," w-re siilll-
eieiitly stated in the picaiiilil, I,) the ••j,iint resoli:li,ni for the
lii,>teclion and preservation of the food-tishes of the coast of
the Cnited States," which hocamo law on tlie ilih Kehriiary,
IS' I. The preainhle stales: — " Whereas it is asserted tli.it llie>
most va'iialile food lisiies of the coast and the lakes of ihe
1 iiite('. Slates are rapidly diminishing in niiiiihers, to tlar p:ililic
injiiry, and so as mateiially to atlect the Interests of trade and
cominercc : — 'riierelore,"' \-c. 'I'lu: results of the eiKpiiry arc
staled ill the general siimii.ary of nsiilis given .in ii.igc wwiii.
(d' the Ke|-,iil of the ( 'ommissioiier of Fish and {•"islieries. Ii
will siilRi'C to give tv.-o of ihese coiiclilsioiis : —
I '' I he alley:cd ,'(>creasc in the niimher of food li^hes in
tin's,, waleis .V ithin the |).ist fe ..• years his liei-n full.' siili^taii-
li.itcd '■
II. •' Ihe .-iioic fishes have Iieeii dccre.isiiig dining ihe past
In (Mily years, gradually at first, lint much more alirn|)tly from
ahout the year lS(i.», the reduction liy the yea.r IHTl Ixiing so
gr.'.it as cntiiidy lo prevent any successful summer fishing witii
the hook and line, and leaving to the Iraps ami pound., the hiir-
den 'd siipplyiiiy the markets. This st.itcment appliirs also, Init
perhaps to ,i certain e\li nt, to the liliH.'-lish. I'he ilecreaM' in
their nnniheis Ijrsl ni.milested ils(.|f almi,; ten _\,-.ii, ago, and is
going on (inife rapidly until now."
\ iiiiide of lisliing may liecnmc ohsolete uheii it is super-
seded hy one that is liettei adajited to the end in \lev , hnt a
riiiiuiiis iiu'lhod i not a l"ttor method, althoi.gh it may secure
:eiiip.ir.ir\ giiii I lie n."!' of fre»li Iiimiiiil; hii' in place of
llj
f'"' '"""'':"'"" '-••"'■ "M,-,.si, I,,,..;,,.. i„ ,.,„,, „,.„„,„,
'■I.'m>, „aM .ini.mv,.m,.Mf in ll.,. ,ii,l,f ,|i,,,.,i„„
'•nne,h,h.so.n,lle,l...liv..,. ••„,„„. „i,.„|„.,,„, ,,„.,,
■N --0 I..-«..U. ,.s,.,l as WiMo,. ..,..1 .,,,1 h,,| r.l,„ ,h..M,
t:T;^ '*':''■■."''-''''''•'--''-■• ''air into W'
. We..,..o s w,„,.. .o, Hsl,.,,, ,H.u.lH,e.ins i„ F,.l,n,a,v b
"- the ,„..nl,.I..n l.ave ..„,„. ,.on> .h.i,. „,,„.., , ;, " ;;
1-p wato,- ort the coast. It is to Xewfoun.llanl and Ne
-u„.k , a, „H. U„i,e.l States ti.,,enncn a,. in,l...,„..r W
;:;:„;;;:,:"" '-- "-■"• '^-^<^-^ -- ^^^'-^ ^^i^'-''-;
-^ » .It J{„ti-I Vmcnn.n h.^heimcn ...v atle- 1-
I, 1 1 , ' "'•fl'i^ss lo lecaDtiilalc «li-.t
.s.-ea.^..., i,, ,.,.,,,, ,,,.,,,^,,,,,^
Milt i„ (lie spcial indii.st.v to «1,!<', I,,-,,,. i
,."i!:.;:::;';:;:::':::.;:i:;;™;:;^";;;r;''*'-"-"ii'-
iiultice to eoiir u( e w il •• ,■
Jnme, W \fl .'">lation f,„,„ ,|„. Re,,,,,, „,• m,.
^ -^ t P V !" r "'" "'"'"' '""^■''^^''' '-""■>• of .he laws
I- he,.n notahly so thn„.,hont the rnite.l States' •:
necessary laws eslaMuS bv V " ''"""'■"'"■"^-"""l'"'
s,rvc, the r, I .'"""' *•> ^"'venimrnts temlin- to ,„c-
'• I'iiw .■tiiii ii,.,„„.]
for IS7.T7,-,,
.1 III,. -f
•'^. '''iiiiMis,i,,ii,.r. ,,n.'i.|, ,„„| |..i,|,
iSfr al
INDEX.
Mlnnm. I)i-.. on ll.-m-in- S|, iwri.
IW
K,.,n„.r „„n,l„.r „„ ,|,„ S^^K,,^^,^:.:^"'; l\
llri'iit iiriii,.n.iiin! of .
^"""•''"'■•"•■^■- •'••"" «i«wnin„ofr;;ri;,M;u: •
Pllvt's IIhv
A.m,i,-.,,Mu-s,,..ei,.,„n.-i.i,. (N...f,„;,:„:„:: ,;:::;;,„'
Hi-pi'"ilcn.-n .pf, „n iiriiiKrnii|,i,..l
'•'"iiiiHiniratirjii wiih Hivi.is s
" "'■I'liiivil l,y othi-r S|„ ,.i,., '\^,.i
"■inliT piirsiiit ,,f, f"rl,i,l,l,.',i "t,',"
"'''''-I' •■Vinciii'nn Ki,sli,.n,i,Mi ,s
Si«i,.„ienls l,y I'nilVs.vui- |l„ir,l
ii'.s|.i'i'iin^r
An,lr,.«.,M. »•.,,,„ Uu- r..l „n.MA„^ ].iZriZ.f
li'planil |.„,
'""■'•■'■•' '"'"»•* f"i-'l'"f"i-n„.tiunu!;',„,il,;.Ui;."'
Atwuo,i,,.,p,..,,,,n,Hi„,,„,ui,,;,„f',h;:™H;nfM;,;.k-'''''
I'ri'l in r. S. wftt.Ms >(|
On ilack.Tel Si„uvninK n.ni Mark'.,',';' '
An»i«.H,, His <i-r,ipLor',ii;; "ti,,;,;,, sknir ,^;
Aw.H(s.a,h,sn,iL.;,.nt,,r,.o,,, .,,,,;,,,,,,,,, •,;;;;,■;■■'•'
' ''"'"I ■■^tul.'s •(,(;, Id,... II ,;,! ,;.
Ainw.n- ll„.l-„i,..,l SI,,,.,, „, „■ |,,.i,V,|; '
Aiiimra wiihin ||„. „io f,„|„,„| ||,„, „,.
■•""""liiii;^ -, 1,1,
"" '•"'■' w»l..,- on thiMMnsts „f the rniiH
Xnli's insnillpicni t,, support tlir ,•,,„.
,. '''""■'! 'Iriiin of ,...'.. ,,,„,.r|.,|,f,, .^ .^,^
''"'"''■■!■"" ii„nk.oir i-.s '^iv ![!!
"■'_i''I.IV.I..ssor.u„n,l,.s,,„wn (f,.o,„„.,,
Annul,] l(..,.,.r,| of Sri,,,, „„| |,„,,„.
,. ."^■'•'""■'l''J--<f-I"ot..|...v,i.,v,ii
><in...l(l„„.,„.,,,|.,„„i ^,,.,,„j ^.,^1^1^, ^^|.
'"-"'I""-'-"" till, Cnitwl sti,i,.s
l''isl,i',iiw
llix Kvlmn«tiv- li,.|„„t o„ i|„. |||„;"'
l''i.<l,
'"■'"''• i'<'>lr<'»M..l l.y, to (.■o„,inissi„ner
K. Ji siiiiw,.||. „f j,„ii„., r. s,
in ivi.Kion to tl„. ,l,.,.iii r e,,]'
,, ^^'^""'"^ 10, J!
iliw Mnli'incnt with rot,',,,-.! to th,'
CkI
I':\vn,|,li||i-„tiun of
i'iinni-iiit,.,| hy
I-', 11
llii' IVit„M|.li.
l>.
"•■"lollhinkih,. Ilnltiw ..hjiM'tion-
)lh||.
lfi»Con.l,.mn:,ti„nof th.. A,-t„f tiik- '
ill*,' f^l'iiNvniny Kisli
■^iiW»l ions with ivi;ni.,l lo h|.i,igi„:, '
l'"'l< 111.. I '0.1 to .v,,„. Kn«h„„'|
Shoivs, ,
"is l{..|,m,k.,o
II the ll..|-ii,ij;
47
Hi- H..ni.-,i-k.s on tl,e|.;,vh,.,i,t'i„',',",|'a
Kishiry
Ili.^ Hornaiks on tliu Dwli,,,' ,','i\'{,f. '"
■'>■"«• i:,i«laii,l (\„| I'isln^iie,. x^.
l'iini'i|ih.H hii,| down l,y ,]
ItelVivi,,.,. i.,|,i, Vi,.«,"![,,,p,^;j„'^','|''^
.Movi.|„,.„isof Coi-iaj,, |..i.,i|, |.,.
lli»Vi,.wswith l!..f..rfn,'i. to ihB tak-
iiiK'"f .Spawninx l''isli i;)ii, m
lli« Vicwa as Id th,. f,,i„o of tl,,. U,l
,„ , ., <■!'"» "'■ l'..'^. Coastal nsh,.ii,.s. u.,
'■ '"■ "''" ' • '^^ '■ mi,sioi„.r ol Kish «n,l V,.Ueno..)
' ■'■""■'; ;;f '•—!„,„,„,,„,.„ i,s„,..,,. ,,.„,'■'-
'■■'''"•"• ''"'"I'"" !'■ I) is,„"|.'i,i, '
l»""l' -Si'ii Ki<hH,-i..s l),.|„.n,|,,nt ,„i ,:
l'i-,.in.|i,.ial ri'snln IV,„„ ,ah, „f .•
'•i'''*l'l.vlos„.M„„,ii,„i,„„j„„„f "
VaiiHM with .s,.a-ioii of yp.,|. ^'
''•"''■'■• "f "' itroll,.,ri„kin7,',f ^'
'^twtof.,,ki„,of,,n,i„.|, v,,,,.,:!,;,;',.!,,;;,-:: ,.
"'' f "•■'•""« lo (ih„.,.,.st..,. Ki-l,..,-i,.. .
Iinportan,.,, of '_
lm|"«i.n,.eof, to'Ami;ri..,;nK;.he,™;^n In
•.'""'>;".v"f,,.,.,„,i,.Hf,„. fj,,nl; n,|„„i„, I,',
,"""""'"'•'""'■• I'.v th,. r„.,„.|, i,„„|, |,.|„.„ I,;,
"••n-in,,r. in .V..,vfo„n,||a,„|, |„.ir.. of ,,-
Vai'ios with til- S,.,,s.„i, '
'"■lii'*li-.vi"rnil,,ISiat,.s ,„
M. Lavoi,. on "**
l.ipMt. I'. ,1,. (lro..ft',„,"fhi,n ".; ''"
Oiliiirof. tiioliir,. t iC„| „■
-Volml Unit (iroiimls "
Kuioof Halt to ,.ftt,.|,' .'.'.■: ';''
'''•«-"ni.-iaii,nontofti,..s,,,,,,iyof,w:;;,M;;m,;, ■
•l">I.S. IVhin« Marin,. ,.,,
l.iviiiKiin.l l»™,|... '-'
l.ivi.iK I-"
i)..a.i ZZZZZZ' 'f
111 Kiirjiie. '-**
livlanJ ..'.!'!^'.!"^^ '^;'
Xorwnv '•'
... I'll)
Anicriiaii U'alers
I'-'i'im.u-,., v,;iL of ri;,;-,;,,;,,;, -,;-;--;-- _^;^ 1^^
sol. I at
Ii..iil<s, „ir V,.wf.,nn.lhuM, Manm,|',;Vo„ '^
l-wT..,::p..;...,> ,..,„„_ ';'-J
'^1.1.11 iim, of, off thu Coast, of th,: r;,i„;,rst„;..s.i;!.'.
Slfaitsof l!,.||,. M,, ,,.,
"nth, Cniwnls in th,. Kst,i,„y ,,| "
I, ,1 , , . ""'■'^'' ''""■i'"i Ml
"■"'•'''"■^"■■•"-'■•'•■"tin P,. „.,iv,.„„.. ,„ ',
l>iit,.s of t|,st ar,ival of CmI j,, ,1,,, o.j
l.rav..lCo,|,.„„staii,ly|„|,.e„l,itl,„ •"»
ln.po,.tan,.,.of,a, al',.,viinin|K,>|,in,,
stiiti.iii ...
iiistinf.„isi„.,i f..,-"tii,:"Kr,;;,t „,,;,,;. '^
.. |, ,, ,„ , ,. . ''"'" ''••"I'i''lifmn,ltl„.n, .. („;
IWl..fl)..,„h;.s,MVyvil|,. Thorns ,n on tl„. .. „„
Th,. .Vonv,.o|a„ Ki.h„,.„,„„.^ K\iu-n-
""■""'''' ' ■^-'-|^th^,'tta,l,|:,.,,,,.,,t:, u'oi'
,„ , '•f.""'™K-.tnwhi,.hth..yn.ini-„ ' }",
Mill,, hsh. th.. in,.,,.,,,,. „f ' '
I'. S. (• ,ininissio„p, of |,.i,i, „,„| i.'j,i,;.',i„;;,„^~ "J
It.H nivai;..s
A s,il„tit,ite.f„r th,. f aMm,.r,.i«rrjslu,;; s
'1^, «•••••" ""W.itnntl,i,.n,.,..i„i,„p,„.|,„„.„ ^
:;;;';;Vf,' •.■'"-"•"••n.i.ii.yof,h..Ma,.-.,.,.,.,,:::
'\-'"i>li;rv.l),in,ii,o,,,nu,„l,,.r,,f,,,,.,,,.,,,,^^^^^^
.>0. ,,| no:vt,« ,>,l,ra)r,i|| (,|
of .Vi.wfoun,llaii,l
.Vo. of h, nt> eiigftij,.,! in .^,
I' "Its f.ll,.rt of ,lin,i„„ti„„ of liai, ,.,„ln,.iny „„„„,;:„,
Itid'k.On IK'iriiiic.'^liawniiiif .....','.'".'.'.' '■ ^.1
Oil th,. hahiisof ,|„. ri,.riin',^r".'. "' ,'.',','
llis,.n,p,i,-ie,i„|.Haiio„ to finpH-afi,-,: in ,.o'n-
ln•<•llon with th.. Il,.,•,■in^, Ki,!,,,,.,,,, ,
"■"'">■-"•■• 11- ii.-ip,i,„ of uf„„„ ,„„„;,„„••'
Iliinks
148
Ilriti-li AiiiiMini. l"i-liiMn liiihi-tiy uf iv
" Kxli'iii 111' ('.iii!'l Line of (!, vi, 14;i
" I'oimhitiun uf vi
" Viiliii' iif Anriiml Calili uf Kisji of '•
■' liitliu'iu'i' III' ilif Kishiiiy liiiluMry iif. .. "
" l'iiii»l Pi-lii'iii's uf 14,'), vi
' " (.'luimii'iciul Murine of .. "
■■ (•liMMvatinn iif law in. I4.'i
Hriti>li Anii'iiciin dm^t washuil liy tliu l-alinuldv Curinnt.iii
" Charai'liM' iif till' Swilinril uf ,.iii., •'!
■' ('liaiactcr of tlii^ Wcallicr on tlic.v
I'rii't'li'>.-» \alnf uf vi
'■ Knorniiiiis lOxtcnt of . H.'t
CaiiKi' of llie vaUu' of \
Uiiii-li \iMiMiiMM l'Hlii'i'iiv~, (ii'ntml Ufview of iii. II
How jiursut'il, II Sluiie Ki>li-
cry . iii.. iv
Anniiiil value uf \i
('hHnii'ti'ristit'." of H, xiv
t'linijiart'il witli'llic I'niti-il
Sliilii.t coiuslal I'l. Ill
llivv atlVctHil liy thi'
Tivaty xiii., \vi
llriti-li Anii'iiiiiM l'i~!ii'riiii'n. .Niinilu'r en^a^i'il in llir
KislH'Hi's iii
Cliiirac'li'r nf wiii
L>i»ail\anta^e.<4 nnilcr whirli
Ihi-y lalmr in lieiny e\-
clnili'il fiMniwali'r^'.iiiili
nf thi-.'liitlipamlli'l
vii, viii, 8, !l
II. iw llii'ir Ciaslal I'l'lii'i-
ies may In' aiTirli'il liy
the Treaty of \V(U-<liinn-
ton xi.. xiii
How ll^liernien thoinrtelves
will liealTe.-li'il.w. I'-':.. Uf)
111 nil W. I', I)', iili-ernitioii. uii till' (»y.-ti'V fisln'rii-
.■f the I'nileil Slates I'.'T
llr i\vii. Dr., Ili> i|i-iTi;iti.in "f iiiii'Mseii|iii' life in the
Aretie Seas HIT
Oil ■• Wlialex' K oil." lull
On the Dial. . ins . if tin- Aretie Sea I"!!
Iliilli.w. .irTniwl, Destroys liraviil or Sjiawnint^ Kish.W;
|jar^;e nuiiihens uf S|iawiiiii^ Pi.-ii
taken uii the C list ■ f Xew-
fmiiiillanil with ..U'!l, :I0. 31
(.'ii|it. Taisley mi injiiriiiusetTeets uf.. HI
111 the Straits I if Uelle Isle HI
Mr. Aiiliyn IVaree mi the tal<iiiK' of
S|iawiiinn I' "1 liy iiieans uf liiil-
ti.ws .' ei)
Si'iuMiiii^ Kish tiiki'it li\ the l-'reinh
with, near Helle |sl,. ;tL'
S|iiiwiiiii^ Kisli taken with, '.v, -ii
Imileil with lleriiii^ in Mriti-h
waters I:il
111 Se.ittish wiilers 1:11
itilrklall I, v.. Oil Ilenillj Halt I.')-.'
On I rail ami Lih^ter Fislicries .vii., .'I
I iiu-i). .N'lteil tiir the aliiMiilaiiee t)f Miii-kerel 87
A ureal Bait slnli.ni lail
As a |ii'iHiiiiial Kish in^,' Slat imi i;is
faipeiiter. W. II.. !•' K. S„ Uolerreil t,i, (l,i,ii-ii I'e, . . i\
Ills iliseilssi. Ill nf the "I'ImI-
letiyer'.s" olisi-i'viiti'itis on
.SeaTemperatnie !),s
( Ml the teni|)ertttui,- III water
in the l.i){litiiinu t'iiiiiiie'l |<hi
On the ertn.^es whieli m-ea-
sion ilitTeri'nt sheets i.f
t em Herat II re .'•t rata in the
sea lot)
Mis leseriiitioimof the Kii-
roe Ishiml liaiiks I III
I aiiiiiiiij, .Mr., Uelerreil to ;16
I .ipliii. Niimlier iif, aii|ir.inehin;{ till) Shoru (I
l.iires the i:iiUii the Sh.ire Hi
Pnge.
ra|iliii, S|iawiiiii); .'t i'l ilii'|i wiitei '.'■!
.\ns|iaili's ile.seri|ilion uf tlie HdiooU of, inCon-
ee|iliun Hay 1X1
I'lii'iiinher inlunr of I,');)
Xiit always folluweil hy lloil |:i;i
(Quantities uf ileiul smiietinie.s seen I,'t4
S|iawiiiii){ hahitsiif Kit
Depth at whieli they spawn I.'H
Time reipiireil to mature spawn l,'t-(
I'-ry 'It
Impiirtanee 1 1 prexurviiiK \M
" Kuiiiiil ill the stiiinaelis uf Cud in winter ..,lH."i
N'ariiiliuns in the apiHiaranc of \'Xi
Chappell, l.ieiit., |{. .v., His ileseription of the Ciiplin
swiirms 1,'l'J
Ihi'siipeiike liay. Kiiurnimis (jiiaiilities uf I'Msli taken
from I'JT
■ lii'tereme tu |1 Report of the Tri-
iiiia Trip" respeetiii^ I'JS
('liiinni I. I'apl,, li. .N.. (hi the Ijilniiilur and the Straits
uf Itelle l-le l-jsliiiiKs !l,-.
Clam-. I'^eil as li:iit 111'. l»l
Cliiiiat". Kveepti 1 uf the Straits uf Belle isle >.»
Marine. IlilVereiiee hetween Knrupeaii ami
.N irtli .Viiieriraii . ... ,. lilt
lluw it illVeels the li;ihlt-uf lisll •J4. p;
Clum;, Ailiiiiiiil, On the I'lirieiits ulT .\ewfminil'aiiil....Hlii
On the .Seiiiiiif,' uf Cod Ki.sli l.'ii;
Cua-I Kishery. Detiiiitiiiii of iv
('handed into Deep .Sea Tishery xiv
(,'ua-tal I'isheiies, i;iTeet uf I'artii'ipation in viii
'low Destroyed ill the Initeil Stales, ,s. il
C a-t Line. Kvtent of. in I'nited ,Stute,su|ii'iieil liy Treaty
\\"asliiiiytoii vii
Kvteiil of, in British .\iiieriea du ■■
l.ein;th iiieaeh British I'ruviii"" nut eft'eeted
hy pii'-evistinn Treaty I fuutiiote).,., .. , vii
" How destriietion uf food on, elTeets Deep
Sea Kishery .xiii
Impurtaiiee uf (li'u;;iiiphie OnlliiMs of ,'t
Ol the lliiiiiinioii o.,'i
of the I'nited Stales ;',
" l.eii;;ili ol, in liiited States .North uf Cape
Ikitteras t;
Ol Biitish Ameriean l*ru\in('i's \i.ri
Charneti'r ot li, li
■' Knurmuns l,eiiutli of llritish .Vmerii'iin
II. vi,;t. U-'i. iU
Cua-Ial Wati-i's. .\rea Conceded liy Ciiiled .Stitti?s vii
.Area C.ineeded hy British .Vmerii'a... "
l;e|iletiun III .Sew Kiujland '•
Value of. south of Ulltli parallel, to V. S.
{•'isliermen "
I'lir.iidilen to British .Vinerieaii Kisliei-
nioii-. •■
Kelatiun uf Kislies to i.\
.N,'ii'ssity fur the I'lOservation of x
II iw Di pupiilaleil III the I'nited Slate> x
" How preseived in British .Vmeriea x
In Kehitiiin t . Bait x
'■ Kxhiiii-li 111 of, destiiiys Deep .Sea I'isli-
i'rie« outside xiii
" liesp iiisiliility uf the IVesenatini
of xiii, xiv
" Charaeter ul liritisli Ameriean . II
Cod, .Miivemeiii uf. fr.ini shore ,.., , ...., x
S|H'i'ilie (iinvitv of Kun of i xil
liillneiiee of Biin on Spawn nf x.i
Yearling, In^linel of xii
Induations uf D,'ii' 'a^e of xv, x\i
i'.dluwini; the Ca|iliH i'
Spaw!' on the whole .Vui-wi't;iaii C^unsl |;|
Stateiiieiii Willi regard tu it< .Mi^rntions I'J
It- .Spawjiiiiu' I'J
Spi'wiiiiii; uf the Ameriean funn of 1:1
Kvtrnor lin.iry Distriliiitioii ol the.., lo
The Seinmer ( lid. or ■ Ijodde" l."!
Di-tri''ulimi in Ameriean ami in Kiiiupean Waters, l.'i
'.VmterCiid l.'i
I
I
149
V„Kf.
. .. 'JJ
11-
...lan
....l.t!t
...133
134
134
134
134
134
i;t.-
...13.-.
.lin
13-2
k.'ii
r.'T
Tii-
1-JS
U'.l. Kill
!I3
mill
'.13
... -24. i«;
11II....IIH)
I3r,
iv
xiv
viii
till.-. S. '.I
vii
Teoteil
..vii
l),.,.i.
.\iii
l«f 3
. 'J. 3
.. 3
iiix'
....
. vi.i".
ii.li
n:'.. HI
.vii
r.s.
l,.-r-
i.x
X
tiilii-' . \
I .. ..\
X
I'i^li-
xiii
iiii.iii
Mil. \iv
II
\
XII
\ I
\!l
\V. \\ 1
t:
. i;i
[•I
^■I'litors.
I
IMrc.
('lllll'C nf .Muvi'llll'llt t.iWlllils Ihu C list .. Hi
M'lVi'ii;' lit frmii till' ('imut iliMi'rmiiicil liy wiilit nf
Kill"! xi
IniliKi'iious t" llie Sen Sten wlicm 'lif.v nre fniiinl,
B llHMll IIMl M,. •.•1..'17
SirnxMiiiil Mcivi'iiieiU." ii'voiwil in Kimi|ii' ami
.Smi'rii'ii Ill
.■^iiiiiiiHT Ihiiinlixif .Niirwi'Kiiiii 1"
ruiiil vvliieli liircH tlip ('ml tii ll\o Shure 10
.Miivi'iiipiiN nil thr l.al'niiliii' 'JO
in licliinilic Wiili'is 18
.S'iu«iii ill I'.iiMiP" iinil AniPiii'ii .17 tn ;!3
.•^piiwiiiii);.!! 24, 'Jli
lir.iwtli iif '27
>i\/A' cif YpiirliiiK' -7
Tvv.. iiimI TInv.. V,.iir .ilil C."l 27, 28
Wli.Mv till' .iM Ki.-li rciirvm llni l,iilimiliirt' .iiit... 'JS
I' .Imir DiTivcil I'r.ini llif Xaliii-f of tin' llntl.ini ... 'Js
Sinjiic'ily cif -JS
Kvi'l.'Mfo of S|iiiwninK u'.' '.'.mI Kmis M
rliiimi-l.Tof 28
Kflnliiin Imlwi'di Yuii'i^ iinii lii.i (.'liiiiiiclui' ot the
S.'»-< ,11 vii
Ni'i'cs^ily fur c .iitiMviTiiiif,' I'l'iiiiiu ()iiiii'..:i,H rus-
l»'i-liiiK' '-
AniiTH-aii. n " Ilonii' Ki.^li," 15
Tiiki'ii Willi til.' Iliiltiiw. cir Tniwl 21)
In till' .'^IniiUol' ll.4l<' Niii ■-'!)
ri'ri.jil '.f SpHwiiiii).' .Ill till" .Ni'wl'.iiiiiilliuul Cua^t-s
t'xt.'ii'li' .ivi'vci^jlit in-intii-. 30
Wli.'n Ink.M. .Spawniii;; .10
.'^niall si/". I I'i-h Spiuviiiiit; 30
l,iirH.--l ■■ •• •' 311
\V..i(,'llt ••< \Miio It ..'- 311
riiii-lil Willi liiili"«» ..!■ Tiaivld, ( iMiitlicv Ki.sli)
liii'^i'ly ill .V.'wr.aiii.llaiiil, all iii'.iiiii.l ll... I' 'ii>l, 30
TiiUi'ii l.y till' Hull nv< .11 till' .s .mil C.ia-I 3i
\\ riaiMMiliii 31
III Ihi' .siliuits i.r Hullo lali) U
.Spawning; I'isli takon from (\ipi' .'<pi'nr to Itolli'
Isl,. 32
Spawiiiiii,'. Kvi.liinr.. ^jiini lii'f.irc tin. U.uisn ..f
.V.s.s.'iiil.iy, .N'.'wf.ai'i.llaii.l. r.'lativi' t.i 3J
I'.liti.ju .if till. .K'l'.si'y Kiriiis ..f tliu ()ii.-.pi' (' .ast
ivlaiiii' t(i Spawniii){ 34
Wiiiliir Ki.shiiiK f.U'. Xcwf. .uii.llanil .'l.-i
Talile .if K'.-iilts .if Wint.T Ki^lliIlR lui- K
H.'ptli al wlii.'li lli..yan' IJiUijIit 3H
M..11II1S .liiiiiitf which llu'y .'Sp.iwii in llrili.^li
.ViiU'vifnii Waters 37
Kctiinis.if 3.S
(' .iM'liisions ii'-»|ioi'liiit{ tin. 3S
l)iir..ri.|it S;'hii.ila .if , 4;'
.•^.'.k ll.irrii.^! ••^pawniui; Gioiin.l.s .'.I
luvrt. .rat.. .Spawn Kalt'r.-. .'.I
.M .v.'iiii'iiis ..f 111.. .\ .rwi'Hian in .'snniiiii-r 7-'
D.'i'a.-i'.iial aii.l (ii'iii'iiil .St.iriali.iii ..f lis
liravi.l l''i'nial.'si'.msiaiitly laki'ii in the .'^Iniil.s i.f
ll..|li' I.sh. 211
liniii'l KtMiiali.s .• .h^Iaiitly taken tin tli*' s.mih
ami I'U t I'.iast .if .V'-wf i«i;.lhiii.l 'J'.l
liravi.l Knmali's taken .111 Ihii .Shire.s ..( the (iiilf
of St. Ijnvreiiee .'14
iirih'inal Sniir if tlio F.i.nl iif the Il'i
Ueseiipli.in nf llie Drift >if llie Ovii nf, hy the
Ijilira.l.ir Current Ill
Dili, wli.'p' there are .Slieil .,11 1
rav..riil.le (' imlilii.ns .111 tile X.jrlliern Ijilim.l.ir
f..r the llalehiiitfiif (;i)il Ova I III, IPJ
Di.peii.leiii'.' iif the I'reseiu'e ..f. 111! Unit Il'.i
.MIrieleil liy the ll.l.iiir of Spawiiiiiv; llnrrinn* ..I 211
.Move anaiii-l the Ciirienl. lollowiiin "."<e"iil." 120
K.irnier I'.visteiice of C.nl in .Miuiiilnni'e on the
I'oasI .if .New Kiislan.l 113
(iiii.le.l liy .'.'.■ent in IlinlinK F.i.i.l ...l,'13
Si'imriite .'.'.•I1....IS of, esistiiiK in iiniceusaililu nreiw.
.Vpproaeh .Slioren llrft flee from lee IS.*)
r..o.i of i!»t
C.i.l lions. The Lofolen Kinli Hues 17
('.ill li les. The f ii.lition of the Ron 20
Kxporlati.in of 2!)
Where olitiiine.l 30
Taki.n in jiilTerent iiiontha of iho Year 30
Kxiiorte.l fMiii .Vewf inmllHml ;*'
" St I'ierreamI .Miiiuel.in 31
" .Vova S|..itiii 31
laspe 34
Size of 30,33
Kr.ini thediilf of St. Lawrenee 33
Kiiormoiis (|niinlity of, exporteil from Xoi'-
way 43
I'seil as llait 131
Val f, to X.irway I'JO
(' 1.1 Kislierie*, D.i.'lim. of, on the .New Kn^laii.t (".iBSt.xv, 10
liele Ti'il to in (..'Iter a.l.lresse.l liy the
r.s. (■.iiiiiiiissionerof Ki-ili an. I Kish-
erii.s,loK.M.Slilhv..||.,.f Main.'.I'.S. Ill
F.iteiit of the .North .Viii.-ri.'an 14
Vain., of C.ina.lian 43,44
.Mr.'ct.'.l hy Destnielion of llerrini;
Spiwiiiiii; (in inn. Is 123
IM.I ami Celel.rate.l 140
(ie.irtte's. reeent 140
Cihl Wat.'rs. no llrili.»h .\merioftn Coa-t.s ix
liisnUii.ji.n.'y .if, ..IV the C.iasts of the
riiite.l States ix. 2. 4
.\rea ..f. olT the l'iiili..l Slate.. ."■
" " Hritisli .\nieriea .. 5
Iiiniitless area of. olT llritish .\ineriea ."i
Value of. in rehiiion toeertntn iire.laeioii'
llshes , li
liistillieifiii'y of. .Ill e uists lit New I'hijj-
himl to sipp.irt constant ilraiii of
Pish 13'*. 141
Co". I Water Seas, K.seiitial to the Coininereial l-'ishes .. I
CohliiiK'. Oi'.. On the .^reli.- ('iirreiit Il:i
(l.iiniiiei.-ial .Maviiie. II nniiii .n vi
Iiiip.irtiiiiee of si
riiile.1 Slates, Rest. .rail .11 ..f six
t'.inini.'r.ial I'ishes, lli'oa.l K.'lation of to T.'nipeiiilur.'. iv. I
II. .me of ,1
(■ ine"..si.iiis, K.'s|» in^ihilities inv.ilveil in xiv
.\.|vaiila);es a.'ernin..; !• Unite. I States. xix
of Ihe use .if the Stniml p.'.'i
" Mow th.'y will alTeit British .\nierieaii
l'iiheriii..ii xix., 14.1
,\.|vanlai;es in relati.in t.i .lilferent Imliistries 1 12
Cml.s, Kmliryo.« of xi
('rail Ki-h.'riiM, ll.iw piMleeteil nitiiiiilly 3
Cmw.., (■ .11*11' llis.|..srripli..n ..f Ihe l.'.-lail.l l''is]i,.ries, 1 ■!
N..nvi.Kiaii l-'i»h-
eries 113
I'lieiiniln'r, o.| .iir of the Cipliii ijiiriiiu .Spawning' time. I.'i3
" " " .Smelt an. I Laiiiiee 133
rr.hal.l.. p.irp .si. s,.rve.| hy I3-'I
Ciirri'iits. ('arrviiiii .\laek. rel Spawn •S.'i
.V.liiiiral l'l..uii .in lIHl
A.liiiiral l.avanil on Ihi.s.. of the South .shore
.if Xi.wfoiinillaml UU
I!.. lali .11 .if t.i the .Mov.-iiierts of Ki-h Iiil
Warm Ciirrenl np llivis Straits ..In;
The Ureal .Virlie or Spilzlierp'li lln
Tile l.ahra. lor. (Sei. Iialira.l.ir (.'iirrent.l
Cirry the 0,1, nir of Herrings, t'lpliii. ,S;e.,
when aliiiiil l.i Spawn I'Ji)
Davis, I!i< ile-.'ription of the('..l..f D.ivis Slrail.s Ill
•• Str.iits.Coil t'lshery of li)
.1. lv,Ti.inperaliire Strata ill th.. S..iiiherii O.'eaii.
iriiall.'iiuer olH..rvali.ins.l Iii.i
H.'.pS.a l-'isle-ry. Ili.liiiiii.in of iv
•• l!i.ks..r V
Value of, IK'peiiilonpe on Bait \i
" •• rrini'iples uuiilin^' th.' Operali.iii ..f
risherinen eiiwn,''"! in the I
l).',.p>.'a I'ishim;, liy K. W. II. Il.il.isw.irlli. T. I,. S..
.X'e.refi.ireil to 17. 2.'i
D.'j.tti .f ivat.'i ill whi.'h ('.111 art., taken 3ii
Herring S|iiiwn 48, IW
160
I'uKi'.
n.'i.tii iiuviii.h ii.'iiiii^ ivr.i c'j
DwIIni' i.f riiili'd Kliiliis UidKliil Ki.ilicries 10
•• ClH'l'.- l.f 10
IV.itli I'i'iiiillv, Atliirhcil ti liifriiiK>'iiii'iil nf Ijiwk if-
liilin^ 1" I'i'.lii'iiiT" 111' Kiirly
Tillies xvii
lli'iri'iim' Mf I'hIi, llii|>i<l afti'l' a iM'rtuiii I'.aiit xv
lli<Iii'aliiiii!< lit lli'ireaiii' C.I (,' ii| xvi
111', ri'i'. Krciicli, hVir ri'^iilittiiif; .Vvwduiiiillaiiil Ki»ln'r-
U's wii., xxi
l>.|l't>'il VVatiTs, III Ihy riiitcil Stall-!* Smu> -'
l>i>iiiinii>ii Si'iiH 'J
lHuloin-, III Nnilh.Tri ami S,.iiilir;ii Suuk !(« l(«l
liirkl.'. I'lMliwcr (f.. Oil 111.' Dial.iiiK i.f Ihe Xorlli.'i-n
(ll-Mlll HIS
l>i-i'a-.'».if I'Isli . Il'.i
I) iiiiiiliiii Si'i Kjitlit'i'it'» ill
C'lniiiu'nial Maiim' "f \\
" IiiiTi'a«' III' t.iiiiiii(;t' 111' \i
KMi'iit iif Si'ii-liuuril iif vi
foil I'i-lu'iii's I.-.
1) MiiMii.ii (iii\.'niiniiit, I'linlriil iiviT llii' l''l»lii'rii'» rxi'i-
(•i»i!il liy xiv, xvi
Si-i"iiili(' Kll<llliri•^-' Aiillinriwil
l.y XIX
Iti'.itoialii II "f liiipuiivil WaliTs
Im'hiiii liy '.'
liiilrli. (iiivoriniu'iil i.r, Kii(|iiiri'"< lti'lati\i' to Tc'iiijii'ia-
tuii' ill r'.iiiifCti.iii with tin' ."'.•a Fi^liiTii's. . if.'
Kiiil.ry.t*, liiijiDrtiince i.f a-i Snuri't-. of Ki^li Kh.mI ..xii
ri>li, I'p'sli, KM.iriiiiii|,< .Sujiply uf in liiili'.l Sim.'..
Marl.l■l^' vii
" Kii'sh. Sii|i|ilici| li WiwIiiUKUin .Maikel. ilmt-
ii.ii>.:l,) \ii
Spwies jiiir-iUMl uii Drilish Ameriniii 0.iaaU ix
Jiapiil Di'iMva.-.' iif xv
Ki(-h. iiii|i .rii'il int.. tliK I'niteil HtrtlM !l
Kiiliiii; lliiliii* I.f 1 1
\Vli..sH .spawn I|i.al9 U'l'.
a.||it'ri>« li llip II ittmii -''•
Aiiailr..in.'in S|.(.ciiv-- .if viii
^I't'k waiiii Stiata i.f Wai.'r ill tin' WinUT Si-a-
soii, (.silviT I'its, I In'.
F.ITi'il iif Tiiiii^-ratiiif uii tin.', i.f lliu tirniul
llaiiki , 1(17
.siiikini; iiinl Hi-ini; uf IO!t
Life, ill nlali' n t.i til.' Ijilira.l.iv Ciirri'iil 1"T
dva Kiii'iiilly 'li'-lril'iili'il liy tlie Ijil'iailnf Ciii'-
r.Mit with till' 111' Drift Ill
OilTi'iiMit .Mi'«Miit'ini!iit» I'f (irt'i-ii mill Dry 117
Di'-Haseii of ., 1 Mi
D.-1'ieasi. ,.f w
liiiini'i liiilii«try, inipurlaiici' nf 141. IfJ
Ki-lu'niii'n. liiiti'il .'<lali"'. f..riiii'r valiii- .if their iii'lii"
try iiiirtli "t the .'IHlli [.aiallel t ii
t'liit.'il .Stall'", visit Miiilhern walera in
winter I 111. inot' 4) \ii
" I'limlitiiii iif llritish Aiiierinili I2."i. xv
Fii-lie", Ut'latiiiii uf. ti tlio Coast Line ix
Home nf ix
'• WinteiiiiK jilaei! of ix
" .Siiiiii'.-eil .Mi^iratii.ti i.f (Vrlaiii mwicK i\
lntli;<t'ii'tiii t'. certain waters i\
L'u'ul .Siiiniiier \Van.leiiii^;s nf... ix
Hal. it... .f II
\V1
1.14.. s{.iiwn
ll.iatH..
I'l-liiim .SeiiS'iiis. Uriti-li l^lei, .N'orlh Sea, Athiiiti'
deean. linekall, .Niirwii
White Sen, Denmark
Th.
Ieelii:i.t .
(ii-.eiiliiii.| .Si'!i.i. Davi.'* .Strait-
ri-heli -. II.',
('■Ulst iv
Stiaml , IV
lAhaii»lt.in iif L icfti xiii
niiitiiati'iii of Herring KislleriBji. f.See llei-
riii«,) .
Dl■^ll■lll'li .11 of. liy .Man x
.\iiiiinit Value uf llriti.''li Aiiierienii xi
I'HItl'.
ri,-lii'i'ie", .Maniiitinle "f .NUrtli Aiiiurii'an I'.iil Fi'.lieiiin I.''!
Hi'iriiiK' ri'i.liii'i'il hy Cm! 116
risliinn. lle.-tiiiiti>e llocleii of, inirnueil hy Ainer-
ii-aiis xvi
l-'i-liiii^ lleai'.Siiperioi'ily of, viii|iliiyeil hy AiiiBricnnt, xvHi
Kisliint} Imliislry of Domiiiion iv
.Ninvfoiiiiillanil iv
" Cliuriiil.r .'f. ill lliitiili Aniericaii
Waters xiv
l'*i-liiii^ (iroiiiiil.-, ('.iniiiierciat Value of.. X
I'liieliialion iif the Horriii>t 48
" 111 N.irwi'i^iaii Waters (1!)
" III .Seotti>ll .Sein <i4
" In Loi'li l'"yne I'-"'
(If the .Miiekciel 8(1,81
" In the C.iti'h of .Mackerel in I'niteil Slates
Waters SI
Tooil of (■■i-h. Drift Willi the LulnaiLir Current I'l
h'lelU'li Derree ri'Kuhiliii); the Xewfoiinillallil Fisheries, xxi
llelileiirs IS
leelanil Coiltlshery .. 1!>
'• liiiiik Fisheries, lliietiiiili'ii ill HKl
" " Fleet, variations ill Niimhern uf IfXi
" " '• i|iuiiitily of lUit ri'ipiireil hy ..llii
Ciili'li on the Hanks ..f .Neuf.iiui.llainl ll'i
Fresh Fi-h T;aile in the L'niteil Sliitet !•
Fininuilc, Coil Fi-heiy of LI
(iailiihe. Floalin^ of the Spawi. of the. 2&
( !e. .rue'- Fishery, Iti-ks of »
•' l,o-s of Vessels an'l Lives enKa<;e.l III
the v., U»
'* liiiporliiiiee ..f tiT
Depeinlenee of nn llerriiiK Hail frMii
.Vewfiiiiinlhinil ..ILI. I'-'l
Charai'terol the Fishery nf, eumimieil
with that of Iheliranil Ihiiiks UH
lleoii;.'- ShimI-, 'riiiiperatiiie of the Water on I')-'
lielalion t.i .Marine Lite . H'-
'I'lie Sepulchre of the I'.S. Fi.<lierilii'ii...l Ml
(iill. Theoiloie. Kelene.l to if 'otn.ile) ix
(lilpii.. Ill-, li,. (Ill Ih.' C.'l -I
III' the Spnwiiiiia of the t'liil S4
l;"lelTei| to .V.t
(iMthe.Maekerel TD
(hi the Foo.l of the Cut l:t(i
(lloiiei'st"r Fisheries, Change ill! haraeler of. (lootiiotei xiv
KtTeet of Kiiilr..a.ls..ii. ( r..oln..te|..\iv
Value of ll.'iriii« Itail to .'ill
Varieties in the Fi-lieries of .Ml
(iloihe-ter Fisliiiiy Craft. Siiniinaiy of the year's W'.rk.. .s
(il..iii'.'"ler Fishenneii, A.lvanla>;es lliey enjoy in heiiin
al.le to lish South of the :i!llli
parallel f-
(i neiiiiu.'iit. Conti'il Kx.'i-ei.seil hy x, I'-'.'.
(ji'.ui.l Hank.-, liuii.leil hy tln'duli .Stieam, .'.
Atlrailioii of, to C.iilllsh I'.'
.Malilie Life oil Hl-"i
It .iiiiye.i-tle's Deseriptioii uf the Lite oii.l.'I'J
Fishery, e. .11. pared with the (ie..ine's Fish-
ery IJii
Fieneh Fis leiy on 11''
Aiilii|iiily ami Itii'hn.'ss of the Fishery
on .'. I 111
(ill!' .^Ii-.'aiii South ..f .New V'.rk i\
I'lllilleil f..r llie lives of III" ('..miileliiul
Fishes :•
.N'oilheni Siirfiice II iw of .
Ktt'eels ..f, ..II .Marine Life
Itelalioiis ..f. Ill theC m-l Lin.'of llie Inii-
•il Stales.
Heliiti '11 of, t'i .NoMi Si- .li.i aii.l .\e
.lUl'l-
laii.l ,
|-:tVe.-i ..L .111 .New- KiiHhmil Const.,
Sw-iiu of. in Siiiiinier
.10-'
..III'-'
(l.-easional i-ei-arkalile F.IVei-ts of, on II
shore
uf .Nrw-foiiiiill, 111.1.
nil'.
(iu!f of St. I.iwieiiee, SpriiiK Spawning Oi-iiiimls of tli'i
Herring' in
l/il
I'HRC.
ii'iii'" !•'■'
iir.
wi
;iiii», xviii
iv
iv
orii'iin
xiv
jt
..' 4«
'. u;i
'..'.. (U
ti."i
W). «1
I SllltLW
SI
I '''
sliM'icH, xxi
IS
'.".'.'. lit
"" KM
KHi
a l.y lit!
IHi
»
... I.-.
, \
|,^,i;;r'l 111
v.. H"'
. •'"
Unit fr'iii
11.-.. 1-M
,.,niil«'i'"'
unk^ ""
.n '"-
w:
iiiluiinwi"--""
i\
'""" -.'1
.............. :"
.V.I
'"' V.i
' " \:iii
(i,.iiiii.'ti'i \'*'
(r,.„iii.iti'>.Ai\
t.. •■••'
,.. ..(■ Ml
..,ii's \v..rk.. >^
,.v in 1i"iiiH
.',( til.' -.VMU
'. X, 1-'."'
1-J
" ' ' lii:.
ll„. l,il.'on.i:i-
I,.nl-tfl!'s l''l>ll-
14"
' Ill'
th.- Ki-lii'iy
Illl
.. i\
( ,.Miiiii'i<'i"'
'... IW
I lllr I'llit-
U'l
\,.wi'..iin'l-
,a'. 1"-
111-.'
,f, nil I'l"
,, . 11"
uli'l-uCllM
I'llKl'.
liiilf if .S|, l,inv>'('ii('i', .S|Ki\viilii),' III' .MiirUiTi'l ill Sfi
CoIcIbihI Wanii wiitBiSlriilii in.. 97
lliMlil.ii'k. FlonlinK i.f llii' S|iii\vn (if -Ti
llnliitsuf A-2
lliikliit, IIJM ■' Vipjiijji'ii" refprroil 1(1 I!'
Iliiiiiilliiii Inlet, I'liriiHl iif Kii'ziiii; nf VS
II..MH«(ii-tli, K. W. 1!., KHiTri-il t 17
Illl tlid S|iawiiiiin of Fi^lii'ii an
On tilt' SpiiwniMn "f the .Nliii'k-
('i'«l sri
lliililiiit. iiii (ii'..rKi''« Hunk 121
Di'stinctidn iif, fiiviimWo tn CVnl 140
Ilt'iiiiK, Fi'H.'dnvatiT, (ir .Vli'wifu viti
lliiriin. **(•«. Ciitcli 'if in Ddniiniini \Viiti>rs 68
.N'.'wfminilliiiMl ,'18
Vulnc (if t(i (itiiiiccHti'i- rJNlieries '>0
Sii|i|ii'S('(l ('iiiiM'n (if tlif Fliii'timtii'ii "f
.Niinvcyiiiii risln-iipK (i'2
Kxti'iit uf .N'iirw('«iiin lliirini' rislmrii's .. (i2
.Sirs' VicwK I'f tliB .Muvciiicnt.'" of t!3
Kliietiiiitidii iif in .Niuwcuinn Wiiters 83
.Niinilicr* cnunlil in Licli Kjiio liri
lli'liitiiin (if llcrrintj SjmwninK (iriiunils
tn t!(ii| KiMlicrie.-i t^'i
.Viitiinil llintciry uf US
llnliiti'.if (is
.\(ir»i'^;iiin Cntdi liniitcil to S|m\vninK. .. (ill
.\U»' (if when first Siiu\viiin'.j (ill
NilUdii nn till' Haltic 7(1
lliixlry (111 till' S|iu\vning of (iS
II lick (ill tile Ndrui'^ian (iO
Wiili'iiri'ii .111 till' liiiitic 70
I.Jiiii)!iiiHii (in till' Hiiltii' 71)
.*'*jir'( on III" Ndrwt^yiun.. 72
I'Ulicry, iininirtiini'i' df rri'-crviiii; fnuii
('iintiuniniitiiin "I
Kudil df till' Ydiiiif; 71
lii'lilli lit wliicli tlif.v niii.v Kccil III!
Ili'MTt dill S|iiiwniiin I'liici"' if Distiirlicil 71
Hclnri'indl, tdTi'iiiiicnitiiri' HI
.Mdvcnicnt.'' df, nuiili'il liy Tcniiii'iiiliin' ... !l'J
l''i'('il I'll Zdea... \ii
.MTi'ctiiiK till- Cdd Fisln'ricK x\i
.*^|'in\ niii;: (irdiind-'* of...... (»
.N't .MTecti'd liy tlu' Mine Tisli 7
l,lir('.'< tile (-'ml ti' tliu Slliirti 17
.Mnnni'r uf S|m\vnin^; '24
Tiiken fnnii ('dil's Sidiiiiicli-* in WiiitiT '.'I
KtTcrt df tliii Di'siructidn df the S|iiiwn nl,
(111 dtlier IImIi- '27
UiinK'H'if 48
liiHidrtiince (if, ft.1 f'ldil fur (I111I 48
lii>|iortiiiii'iMif, td till' Hritiili AinericHn
I'i^herie.i 48, 40
Wintcrinji (Jrdiiiiils uf 48, iW)
Minrrttdry .Mdvcnii'iit df 40, 4S
licniiirkalilelluliit.-'df YniinK 4!l
U'lieri' tliu S|inwiiini; winter 50
Wliero tile Ydiirj; Winter 50
.''^liiiwiiinv; df the ■">**
" •■ twd distinct pevidils .'ill
rr.ife.isdr lln.vley's Deseriptiui' uf the
Spawn (if .'d
Spring .Spawning; tirdiiiidH of, in the (iulf
df St. Ijiwreiiee 52
Spring SpKwniiif,' (irdiiinl.-* ardnnd Xew-
fdiindhiiiil 52
Aittiiinn S|iii\viiin^^ (irdiinil.-^ df, dii .Mian-
tic Cdast df .NdVa Seiiiia 52
Winter Tishery df. Xewldiindlaiid ."i3
at MdUlh df Hay df Kiiiidy 5:i
iin Cdiidts df .Nova S'litia 54
in Eiiniiio 54
IVridil.'* (if ajipniaeli to tlic Cuast df Xew-
fdiinilland • ,'i5
I'eridd.sdf approarli to the Straits of 1' '
I-'<le 511
Periods of apprimeli to the (iulf Coaxt of
.Vewfdiindlanil .57
rate
llerriiin, .S'n. Value df t'l I'liited Slii|e.> l''l,.herinen I2ii
Serap lill
Oil nianiifaelured fruii 1*2 1
lleiliiie df the I'ishiTy in .Norway, reiulls of . 122
Halt, pfdhalile IHm' in I'nee iif . 122
Hevi-ldpnieiit df the ('"inineree in I'22
lldw the Develupnieiit (if tie Herring Trade
will alTeet Hriti»h .\nierinin Fiflny
forl'ial VJ-2, 12;t
Former ahiindanee of in Day of Clialeur 12.'1
Vnxt iiii]idrtanie df, an a Killing Bait 131, l.'ls
lialt Fishery in .Newfdiirdland 117
l'rii'e.i of for llait 117— US
Value df ns llait ..,11«
Alwiiy.t ill ISea.-dii ai llait UN
Lie under the Ijiiid in Winter mi .Maine,
.Vova.i^edtia and .Veufoumlland (.'naitN ll!l
Caiitjht in .''nnkeii .Vets l'2!l
llevelop (Iddur ill Spawiiinf; wliicli lures the
CihI 120
lldiiie. Winter, df Anaili'diiidu.> Speeien viii
lldwe, lldii. .1., On .i^alile l.^land .Miiekeicl Fisheries 87
Huxley. I'ldlessdi-, Ilii the .Spawniin; I'f the Ilerrintj. • .'d
On the .Su|,|i,i.seil (iidwthdf lis
Iceland, (.'dd Fisheries 'if IS
lee, I'levails en .Nurth American Cda.sts diiiiiin the
Winter , m
In the Straits uf Belle Isle <M
lldw it affeets the Appmaeh uf Fish to the Shore.. 1.M3
lee Orifl, the HO
lci-lieii;s in the Straits df Belle Isle and on the Ijilna-
'|..r !I4, 115
Icc-h.iiise^, f.r StdHiyc df llait and Fish, itc I'J5
lniiin«er. A'lmiial, On the Spit/hei.,'cn Current I 111
Islands, Area Iif (".uistal Waters df iv
.letfries. III'. G.. On the Iliatoins taken liy the " Valdiir-
illis" IIM
.liikis. .Mr. On the Marine Life uf the Hanks uf Xew-
fdundland |ii5
Kelly. Hr., Mis oliservali'Uis on the Tempeniluie of
Sirala in the (Iulf of St. Ijiwience '.•7
Ijilini'liir. M'neiiii'iils .if the I'dd dU the '211
A«e df the Cid .Schddls dU the 2S
Where the Old Fish retir:' to i.n the ('. asis .if. 2'<
Adaplahility df Hie Island /.nne ..n tlic
Xdrlhern IjilniMlcir Inr the llcveldpiniiit
■if Cdd Ova IlL'
l.'il'iiidMi ('iincnl. Chaiaeleri.sties df ill
Features df t'diintry swe)il hy ilie. . . ;■(
.Marine Climate .if i\
Area effected liy, im Cdilsls df t i..
I'nited states i\
On the Cdusls .if British America. . . i\
The (ireat Stiireliduse (if Food ix
Its KITects on .Marine Life ii.'t
l.i.iil. Cdiuniandin^', Ale.v. .Murray.
I'. S. .\., (in the Temperature dt
the !I5
Admiral Baylleld nn the . . ... 04
I'.ffeet df (111 Xew Kliylalld Cu'-t , .1112
I'.ITecl (if as farSdUlli as Xew Vcrk. .Iii2
ruder the (iulf Stream Ili2
Hehitiiin df Fish Life td 107
llescriptidii of its Origin 1 In
Thefjieat llislrilmtiiiu Ahi'Iii uf Fish
Oui Ill
ll.s Uelatinn to the Geoyiaphieal IHs-
Iriliiitidii of all .Xorthern Fish
wli use Spawn lldal s 1 1 ■_'
Surp's up friiin heneatli the (Iulf
Stream lir.i
Felt as far us Iamik Islsml Sound in
iian-dW hands Iii.'l
Laws, IJ.'lalin^; td the I'rdteetinn (if the Fisheries hdw
dliserved in Canada and the
I'niled Slates w>
Landsman. Iiilluenre mi the Fisheries •_•
Ijinnce. The, On the (irau'l Banks \;\>
L'Kisliiti'in. Injurious KITeets uf Cnrtain 1,3
IK
liiti'i.'< of ('.III, ilii'ir iHM'ii'i'iiml p'Vi'rty (17
Liilmtors, KmlirjM" "f xi
" Dfilrirli.iu nf. I'ntjiiilicinl to Kii>herii)» xii
11. iw I'n.leileil Nntiirnlly 3
l,.ir..|,.n C.i.l KisliiTi.'" 43, OS
Sii|i|iii«',l »..|n H|iawiiiii(j (IrniiiHl iif Iho Nnrwo-
1,'iiin ('ill 1-'
Cid Ficlii'vin^ of l«7a l.-i
lOiiiiXinim iiri llu' lliillic ll"niti- . Tn
l.iiiiiliiTin^; Imliialrii'H, 11 .w IIk-.v nITi'. 1 lliu rM»'iii'^...\v, i
Smnll iiiltiii'iiie mi KNIm'i"« in
thinly ■.itllwlCmiitii.'".. . -'
lliiin.'m liillili'lici! KxeirlMMl liy. 'J
l.iii'i'. Ii>'liiiii<ii uf to ihii ('oniiut'iviitl KisliO!) \i
!■' nri'i.««ll)h' (I'll xi
l.nlti'ivl, T. A. S.. (' iiiiiriiiM'liT K N.. l!i'|i.irl.» ('.in»lrurl-
i'ln of li'i>-lloii4(>
fur till' piTsi'i'vii-
tiiiii uf Hail ill
IHT.'t l-Vl
.Miiiiii".t'iimini8<i>iii(rs of, l!i-|Mit un IIih strtc <if lli"
Ki-li.>rii'» nf Miiiii- In
.Maiuifiii'liirinn linlii'lrii'-', lliw llii'y utTi'i't llif l"i«liiT-
li'» viii. XV. Ill
.Miickcu'l, Kocil .III Z mil xii
Ciiiii.i fruiii llii-lr Winter IIiiiiica direct tn Itiii
t'..ii.«t W
III Viisiiiiiiii \ViitiT«. (r.iiil-iiiiliv) vii
WinliT lliiiiii'-i ill niitisli AiiiiMii-iin Si'ii*. . 7
Sii|i|ni»o.l Wumli'iingsiir .MiKMUimii'iif. in tin'
.^iimniiT i:i.\l.'IO. 4. I".'
Klciiitinj' uf tlic Spawn of iifl
.Mi.ti'oiiIii(;ii'iil C'.iiiilitioim nffpctiiin tliii
Spiiwii of , '.'7
KlTi>it 1/1 n fnvomlile Siiinimir u'l tlii> lliitcli-
iilK of -"
IHTtH't of n knowli'dce of (he .''pawniiiu llii-
l.iln (if tin Tlii'orics of .Mixmlinn 4
iiccniri'iii'i' l^f in Nowfoiinilliinil 77
" on till' Liilivinlor .77
Torpidity (if 'luring,' Wiivii'v 7«
'* ill KiiMiit'Un \Vji!i'i*n.... 7S
" L'n 111!' ('OI1..IS of .Vi'wf lunilliind .. ~>*
" NoviiScotlii 7S
.M. II. .In III liliiicliitTH on 78
Ur. (iilpiii on "!'
lidv. .I.iliii Aiiilir ifi'oii .. 7!'
.\l(iV"!ni<'nlM)f . f>il
Ij-riMiio .SiWiH- on Pti
Fliii'.niition in llic t'alnli of liy l'. 8. Ki«lii>r-
im»ii **l
Doiniiiion Ciiti'li of "2
Novn Scotiii Ciitili of 82, 83
.N'l'wfoiinillind Kvport.iof ''4
I'l'iioiN wli.'n llii.y .iipi'oRcli ttix Count ''t
Kir^t kilownapiicmiini'" ■>! in Hhiih .if Miniui «."i
.Mr. llol.Uwoi-th .„, tli.'Hp,iwniiii,'of AT
.•"piiwiiin;; in till' liiilf of f-'t liiwri-ncc .. NH
Uli til.' (' .ii«tM of ,\l:ls-IU'lmM-tt!i Ni
l.iirKi- (|niiiniliiM' I -t li.v Sl■inill^: ■"'''
.ViMiiliiTi'of Iniiimliri' I'i-li ili»ti'oy(>il by llio
!!.*(• of I'tirsf .^I'ine*... 8.^*
(■ •ii('lii-ioii with reforiMicc ti tlicir lluhits
iittd Distiih'iti m .. . 1*9
kelntion of to cprtain Zoiic< In tlio Sen .HW. !<'!•
Dftl'iis of Iho I'ni.fd Slut. » I inii«i,e i>ii-
^a;,"'i| in takiim.., ..125
Spawniii;,' of in varion^ Licalilics 1.1.1
Fry ill varioii* li'icalitii'.* i..."'
Kxti*n ir.liimry .Mi|»niti'in..uttril'iitod \o I't.*!
'riion„'litl',».i lli.ytriiclion of liy the ii«« if
Pnrii' S^iincfl . ..LVi
Miii'l I'lt'l I'ishBry, Viiiiali ms in llii'T'iiiiia;;!' eiiip! ..yi'il
hv the I'lilti'd ,S|iiti-.i in llh' 8!
V'tridtioiii* in .N'owfunailland WaliTN. 77
lli. oryof the (Jlimce-ler h7
.\ [ iwuri.iiK Finlwry t'l Uuitvl
."^taies FisliPi'ni. n 8S
I'ukc
.MaikiTi'l I'li-luTy. Ilivimonn of tliL' l'. .s. .Mackeriil Flml K«
Tho .if Hi>iiiiiH for t'apliiro 88
lli'Klini'livo ii-i. of Si'liii's in tlio 88
DiMtiiicliui of Ininiatiiiv Fl«Ii liy.... 88
I'liili'il NtatoM Fislicrnii.ii in thn 88
CliiirMi-lcr of till, liiilinlry Of"
.MoaxiiriMiicnl-iif FihIi. tlrccn ami Dry.dilTi'rent 117
Mi;;i'atioiH .il Fi-h. Di^iistr.iiM Hesultii iirlxini; IVoin
...iipp ifli'il 1
.><ii]ip.i«..i| Miniali.iii.'of tli(>('i"l .. I'J
" Mark-
i.ri.| \2
(If lliiil> <■ iiii)iari«d with thoi^e of
ci'ilain Fi*li 4!i
Miller, (apt. H. .\.. Ili» 'I'alile of Teniporaliircs in the
Slraitu of llell« Ule Hi
.Mill hell. .I.ihii. (In the llerrint; M
.Malm. A. \V. (hi the ll.iatini,' of the Spawn of rerlnin
Finliiw '.'.')
.M dine Life. Mow atTeete.l in .North Aineriean Waters .. ll.'l
(111 (iHorne'* llaiiUn lOL'
111 llietiiilf of .»i. Ijiwrence K'J
(111 ih.. ('nasi* of .Maine Ui:i
.Shows the I'alh of I'.ilar rurrcntu KM
(111 the (iiaii.l llnnkH of New foiimlland lO.'i
The late Mr. .Iiikiw on 105
l'rof«»s.ir .'<tiiwil/ on lOTi
.Men, Xiiinher eni.'ai;ed ill Iluiiinion ."fa Pi!iherii"« iii
Meiiliad lli...i-iiiitioii of the Menhaden Iiidii..<try 7:i
HeHtnielioii of hy I'lirMi .Si-imi* 711
•' .Nature," l^iiotel. (fool-iiole.) 1)1, II'.'
.Net*. .Slink to raleh llorrhiir ISO
Cod in Norway 4.1
.V..\vr.oiiii'.hiMil, N'iinihe|. ..f lloatii eii(;n({i'd in Hea Fi.^h-
erie< iv
.Viiiiiher of Men eiij^Riid in .Swi Fi..sli-
eri('« "
.*" lu' f r of \V.*(*eii* onpi^ed in Se". Fi*li-
pi'ieii... .. , •*
T.iiiiiaj;e of, imitaifed in the FiHherie". .. "
(' iiii|ilaiMl< i.f Xewfoiindl lUd Fisher-
imn re«peeiiiii< their FisliiiiK
deal' xviii
Charaelerof South 0(ia<t ;l.'i
lleniiiK Finlievy ."id t.i .Vi
(',..1 Fi.-hery...1.-).-J<>. •2-J.i'J,:tO..'ll.»L',:t.'-|,.')i'i
Winter Ilerriiik' Fishery .-i.'l
Wiiiter Unit Fishery M
Fliietiialioii in the Caleh of I'C
Kxpoii.s from H'J
Kn'irni.Mis Catch of Codllsli in 1H7I li"
C iiistriii.tj.iii of lee.l|..iisi.s in, fur Fisli-
iiii; Pi!rp.ise(* U'.'i
.NVw Knftinnd. li'iline if the C id Fisheries of .w
liilliienep of theSy.t.' f F.diieati.in of
on .New I'hi^laiid Fis|i(!riiieii xviii
New lliiiiiswiek. .Niiniliev of lloals enuaKOil in Si-n
Fi-lierieii iii
.Niiniher .if Menen}faK"d in Sea Fish-
eries '■
.N'unilier of Ve.vsels eii^ngod in S*a
Fisherio.s "
Tonnnue of, eiinan"d in Fisheries ...
.N° ii'.l. iiski.ild. I'r.'fe^i.ir. His de«eripti..ii . f .MiiT.iseo-
pi(! Life ill the .\felie
.Seas .107
Nova ■'.•.ilia. Niiinlier of H lalseiimiji.il in .Sea Fi-li,'rles. Hi
Mpii
•' Vessels " •• "
TeiinaKii "f eii;{a({ed in the Fislierles... iv
Fliieliuition inthe(Hteh of Herring in the
Waters of Ill
Sea^ons for Cid in 'Jl
Fish Rries n\p irti'.l fr iin ;) I
c.a«l Line of, (f mtnote.) vii.. i;
liehition of the Onlf Stream to .-.
Si«iwii'n« of the llerriiii; on the Ciia>l i of, ."i'J
Winter llerrin;; on the C.iiutts of... ."il
I'liiiii
i^iii
t^l.■l
I'nili
FluL't liH
S9
J (W
by.... 88
K
90
n-
frum
I
Cod .. I'J
Mttck-
12
nine of
41)
In tlio
04
M
r-iTlii!"
'.':>
raters... W
loa
lOJ
io:t
KM
llnncl in'-
105
10,-1
!.•< ill
slry <!'
■:<
ni, (iJ
. l'.".i
. i:!
■«i?ii Ki"li-
iv
«,.ii Kisli-
S,..'. t'Hli-
ilii'iif". .. "
I ris'iMM'-
KisliiiiK
xviii
;t.'.
.'i«l to .V>
ii.nJ, :t'i.ni'i
.-ill
Xi
tia
!;■>
Ki '■••'
u:>
XV
111 of
X\ ill
I ill S.'il
'\i
|,.,1 ill s*«
lp'iiu» •••
MiiTOSOO-
1"7
, l-M-ll.Tir*. Ml
lritiL;iii til"'
-I
'_[ M
vii.. ••
a.t . of, .Vi
.it
1-5.'J
fine.
N'iir.»i'i'l<'» foi' Fi»li Try. x
nnmiii|.liii' IViiliiionof till' (^onct l.iiii' ftfTi'dt
Kinli I'Vy .1
Kor Si'iiiiii-ii, jjf'il valiio of cxtmilt'O ('on»l
I. hill ami Ki"li"rii'K \i., vii
n.l.iiir, |Icii'1h|.,..| liy lleniiiKs iliiriiiH .S|iiiwiiiiiK' I'JD
Of llio I'lii'ii.iilii'i', >li'Vi'lo|ifil liy Ciipliii, .Hini li
iiml Lmiiu'c iliii'iii^ till' S|iiiwiiim; .Si'asoii. .|:i,'t
OiMirrapliii' iiiitliiit'4, iiii|iortaiii'i- of \iii
l)i'.»iTt c'luiraiiiT of oil till' l,»limiloi'. iii
l',llllllr» of 111!' I, .(folfll |4|u||,|.>< ill ivIlUi.iii
lo till' (' 111 KiHhcry llu'iv ,. 13
Kfaliiics of Ihu ('oust of ili,. liiilwl S|ati'».. l-.'il
Dysii'i', Kximoriliniii-y ilcvcloiuiii'iil • t ii, I iiitoM .«>iai„»
WatiTN mil
"VII, lliilti'il liy Iji'iniilorCiirrt'iil.... Ill,ix
tii'iii'ial Mow of, from .North to .South 12
Of till' t'o.l 211
UiMiiarkahhi rlmranlcriMiii's of tho Ova of tlii' Con, a"
.Micn.ji.l.' of 27
S|M>i'illi' (Iravily of •.>;
HiKlriliiil. il Willi till' Iru Krifl hy tlio Arcu niil
LahriiiliM- Ciirn'Tils Ill
l',ii-l.'y, Ciii.l., Oil 111,. Injurious KlT.'cl of thi- Iliiltow... ,11
I'l'Miii'. .Mr .^ii'i.Mi. On III!) >'\|)orlalioii of Cud Itocs
from .VowfoiiiiillBiid 2!t
Oil 111,, iiikiiio of .S|,iiHiiiiii, fill
liy Hiiliow.< 2'.l
ri.'ti'niiiiiiii. Dr.. l!,'IVrr,'d lo ',
lli< Ti'iii|i,'raliir» .Majw (17
T'-mpi'ialiivt' .Nliip-, ri'fi'rri'd to IIH
l'.oI,.y. Mr., II,'-,-ri|'lioii of Sjiawiiiii^ (!oi| in Ihilifa.v
Markol Illi
On till' I'i'hilioii of 111,. 11,'rriiiK lo Tpiiipfr-
aliiri' , ill
I'lt'iiroiiwliilii' I'loalini; of tlio Siiawn of tlio '.'.I
I'ollark, Ilahitsol I'J
I' iimlnlion, Ilniio of nlTi'itiM« Finhi'rlu.i \
Of iliirLTi'iil Mail's 4.-.
I'riiiiH' I'Mward l.-'Iaiid, .Viinilu'r of floats I'n^a^i'd in s^a
l''i»linrii's iii
.Nimilior of .MiMi oiiKaKcd in .*<••«
Kifhi'i'ii'.s ••
.Vumlit'r "I V(>ss«l« i-nKHKoil in
.Si'H Fi.^licrii'!' "
ToiMiBKi' of iintjaKi'il in I ho Fi-li-
cvio* iv
l'riii('i|ili'H |o '„■ olisi'rviid in nil DisciiniiionM relating' |o
Ih" Fi-h.'vii'K 11
I'lirs,' .Si'iii,..s, |lt'-iriii'livi> to Fish Mfn and injurious to
Fishi'i'ii'.s l.'lll
Suoni' li'il It'.'strii'lioiis of I.lil
Ih'.Htriii'lioii of iiiimiitiirc Mm-kfri'l and
.Mai'ki'ri'l in till' Siniwiiiiis Si'a«on hy. Kill
Viiirii.iii, K,'iiiiirKiiMo "r,'ttiiioriiliiri's of III,* Soa at ... li."i
l^ii'hi'C, .N'liiiiliiT ol I! nil" oii^iiH"'! ill S.'i I'i^liorios. ... iii
Jlon
" W's.sels " " *'
ToiinnK" of, iinHBKfil in Hi,' Fi>liorie9.. iv
Kiiilroads, KlTwl of, on Fi»li«rie.s (footnotn) \iv
llniii may dostroy C id Ova xii
lii';;iilalioi» for I'loli', linn Sliaiid Fi-^ln'rit-'s wiii
Ui'|H'oi.liii^' of Diiphti'l Waters hy llu' Ijihrndor Ciii-
i.,'i t 12
l!.«|iiinsiliility .Mtcndiufj C.in«ervalion of Coa.stal
Fishnrii's xiv
Hi'-loialioii ,if [)"pl,'toil ,ir lnip'iverl»lii'd Waters 2
Itisks of llio (iooi>,'i''s C'1,1 Fi>lii'ry v, 141
liooms, Fishing', in .Vi'wfonnillaiid, iiiiiiili«r of iv
Tm|iortiiiin' of ^ootl xvii
Ih'h'iihili'd hy fioverniiU'iit xvii
Oiiiho Fri'iii'lisliori'of Xinvfoundhunl.wii
.'*ir Thomas jhiry's Room at Ciiii^tt.. , .xvii
Sihini'. I, iron/o, On ili,» Ihn-liialioii of tli« Mackorrl
Cati-h 81 82
■Sirs, l'iiifc...sor (1. O , Kcforrcd lo, (foolnotp.) xii., \vi
On till' inlhic'iii'ii of tlio llprrini;
on I'oil Fishi'rii'.s xvi
I'm,,.,
■Sirs. I'r.ifi'ssor (I. o,, On th,, ,><|,nwiiiiu( Kruiinds of tli"
.Ni. r\v,'j<iiiii ('od in
(hi llio .S|iawniiu,'ol dilTi'ri'nt spi-
(•il's,,f Fish •.'.-,
On Ih" S|iawniii« of tli- Cod 2il
(In Ihi' Kitti' of liii'C,,,! !>il
On thf Miwnilory .Movi'nicnis of
till. Spa lli'i'riiii,' 4.M
On Ihe Y,ium{ Ili'rriiiK' Ml
liii|iovlaiiri' of his DisiMvorii's, , (HI
On till' ,\orw<'yian llt<:i'iiiK...72, 122
On till' Coil 70
Siiini'iliiy's ,>i|o|i ...vvii
Sale, if Hail l'if|ii.|ii-iiil x|
Salinity of ."-oa Wator at hiftt'iont llcptln 117
lloH- II affi'i'l- lliM 'I'l'iiiiH'ratuii' Strata . . Iim
" SrJlsiiian," (^iiol,.,! ii.j
.S'ori'shy, Dr., Ills ih'siriplion of .MicroKoopir I. if,' in
llii' .Vri'di' ,«His 11)7
.•^I'asons for Cod Kiiropc a'ld .\iiii'rica 1" to 2:1
.Si'ii'iililli' KiiowIciIkc, linportnnri' of in rt'lnli m to tlio
Fislinrii's \ix, t
llovv dirrrtoil ill vt'liilioii to tho
Fishcrii's .(
Si'ii, Wi'iilih iif I'unlrontiiio llriti,-li .\inoi'ii'an Coast
l/iiip 11
Si'a Fisliorics. Clinnii'tpr of Dominion iv
Of .Ni'wfoiiiiilliiinl Iv
Impoitiiiiri' of llritisli .\iiii'rii'nn vii
Siipposi'd in('xliaustililt!ohnrai'tor of roi-
tain i;ti
Si'.vwiiti-r, Varial'lo Salinity of, at lliffi'ivnt Ih'ptlis.. . ".17
Saliniiy of xii
Si'asoiis, Viiriiililily of. Fishini; for Cod -JO, 22. 2:1. X\
Of Spawning' .\.ljiis|,"l in the 'IVinpuratiiri',... ,'ts
.S'i'iiiin. Ih'striiclion of, to Mi'.iliniloii Srhools 711
Distriii'tioii of, to Miioio'ii'l .Schools, as ii.|.,l
hy i',S. Fi-slicriiii'ii .. ,ss
,r.';il Di-shiii'iioii ,if Fish hy ...l.'l!l
III III,' Spawning Si'ason 1;1|)
.V'liiiimI Cloui" on ]M
Shad viii
•■ Taki'U on the .Xortli F.ast (.'oast of Nowfoiindliiiid, '.Ml
"Sliippiim (iazi'lti'." (JU'li'd in rolation to llorrin^
Fi-hi'vii's i.i:t
shnio Fishi'rio-. I!ri(i-h .Xinoiiran Fislii'rics ioii.»isi
r .t'tly of... IV. .i\
.Niiiiihir of Mull and I! lats ('nt^iiui'd in
Doiiiinioii iii
.Nuinher of .M,ii ami Boats I'li^atrcil i'l
.Ncvvfoiindland iv
Halio of M,ni ami II uitx innjnKi'd in... iv
lii'asoii why Sh.irc Fi. .lorios aro piii-
sui'il in llritisli ..VnmricRn Wiitors. iv.. v
linporlanort of to llritisli .Viiii'iira.vi.. xiv
of fnilL'il Stains, south ot 3!l|li pnral-
li'l vii.. \iii
Di'plution ot Vnitfd Sintps x.. xiii., \v
Wi'altli of llritisli .\inp|i(an....x., xiii.. i>
Coiitr i of Iloinini on (iovi-rnnn'iit
ovi-r xiv
.\h.-onvo of I'oiilr'il of I'liiii'd Stnips
(iovpvnniiMil liVpr xiv.. ?;v, It.'i
KtTi'i't of .\,linissioii of V. S. Fisl oi-
nu'U to llrilish .Xmorii'mi.., xvi., 'J. H.'>
A'lvaiilaii," of llrilish .Vnipriran to th,'
Fnitpd Siati's xi\
KITppt of Coast Line on thp Valiio ..f . :!
Of I nilod Statps insnnii'ipiit Iomi|i-
porl llip Drai'i upon iIumii . 4. ."1, il, I41
.\ilvantiij;ps of ;'. llrilish .\n;pr-
iciiii to llip rniti'd Stalps Fislu'r-
nipii xvii., xlx., ,')l), IH. lL'4, i:t'i
slii'll Fish, Vast ahiindanpp of in I'nilpd .Stalps Wat"r.,
Siiilahilily if llio Marino Climatp and Const
l.liip for tho Dovflopnii'iil of i-.'ij
|)isp.irily hi'tnvi'ii ilip llistrihutiou of In
I'nilpd Stall's and llritisli .\'n''rii-aii
Wntprs I'.'i;
164
fl
w
Slii.ll Kl»li, KHfeit of DiM'linti uf ||B
Silii>r I'itK. ill tilt' Nuttli S.'H. wlntfr lliimeor Plih IM
Sliifii' FIkIi. Di'KtrMyw Cud CSmiiiii|!i xl(
Sliliif of the Oi-i'illl im
Siiii'll, ('iii'Uinlii'r (liloiir of iliiriiiK S|«wiiiii)( Hcii'oii .IX)
Siiillli, II II. A. .1., Mliii»ti-r of Mitrhif mill Klaliiii..,
Doiiilnioii of rmiHilH
SimiiiliiiK". IINI fullioiii Ciirvi' of .1
II 'iiii'U'iI III |>iirlA liy tlirlliiir Strpiini %
Suiitlu'rn Wiiii'm, liiiporutni'ti of in ri'lnlloti lo Kiah
Ufu
Rrllluli AiiiKrican Fii>hprini'iiilvl«rr<Hl
from
S|>i\vii of I'triiiMi KiaIii'a ItoRlx ill MKliiiv WMen ..ix., 'A 3)1
Driflwl by Ijilimil'ir I'lirri'iil , Ix
S<Tvciiii» K I I 1 otliiT Kixlii'it, (fuiit-nulu,) Ill
M. M. Sum iiml Muliii oil '2^
Tiiiii- i."|iliriMl for llati'liiilg that of tha Coll,
(8i)«Coii.) I'll
Of till' Cnpllii I.'M
(If till' lliTriiiK. (S.'.' Ili'iriiiit.) •'•I
(If Sliiiki'ii'l 111 llii.«iii of .^iliiiiii K'l
•*l'iuviiiiin of Fitic, ami their roliiti 'ii I'l C inntHl Wnliirn, 'JII
llow it (Vi'iirs SI
.\l. M. S«iii mill Miilm oil 'J.'i
or III.' Toil '.'(i
('oii(lii»ion 111 lli'latioii to 38
S|.|.nMiin;Si'i|..oii«of tli.'C'.l 1(1, 124
li.'^iiliil.'.l li,v 'r.'iii|>i'i'iitiiri> mill re.'... HI
I 111 111.' ('.■list', of .V,.\vf Iliiii.l,'.'!! |., ;!•.>
Ill til.' (f ilf .if SI. I.iiwri'iii'P ;i,t
III till' Struitw of lli'llo I«l(> 'Jli
I'i'lilioii .if tli.i .Icrs.'v Finns ..f tlio
(in»|io Ci ii.«l ill rvlnti n to S|iiiwii-
IiirChI .Ml
S|iii\viiiun (Iroiiii.l,*, (■ iiitrol .iver. e.xen'isi'il liy Doiiiiii-
iiiii (!ovi>iiiiii.'iit xiv
Dosiroyi'.l liy FlMliuniR'n xvi
of till' Ooiiiiiier.'iiil Fislios il
l'riiiii|ili"' wlil.li n.ivfni tlii' II
Sl'l.Tti 111 of II
Of lilt' C III. 'II 111.' .\orwi'j!iiiii (!oii.«t IS
On til.' Anii.rl.nii Cittst IS
Siiiwiiinj; Fi>li. Tiikiii^ of. I'ri'jii.liriul \\'\
Tiil'.'nliy lIultowH or TrawW .xvi
IjIWh »liiill (ioviTIl II
I'likiii I'll till' (..'.'lists ..f N'l'wroim.llHn.l
Willi Iliiltows '.Ml, III
Viwt Niiinlifrs tttkon with thf llul-
tort SI) til 82
KlTcct of tnkinR 37
I'. S. C iminissiouer . f Fish ntiil Ki»h-
mies .m 37
S|itiiif; Fishings. Can"!' of Fliirtiiiitinn of xii
Sijuiil. ill ('oni'i'|itioii Itiiy 133
.Mr. Koiiiy ('lifts, remarks on 130
Anspiiih .111 180
Stvnii'l Ki-^li.'ry. Dclliiilion ..f iv, T%-il
It.'yiilatiimiifor Coiitr.>llinK xviii
Hiiliiiilly of (' .ntrollinK. in I'liiti'il
Siiiii"» xviii
liiipoiliinri' of till? t'liieeosi.in of « half
liit.'ri'st ill xix
Sliaii.l. liiiporlHiiio of the I'se of xvii, I'-M
For (■ iiistrui'lioii of Iris llnisus ..12.")
Sliiwilz, l'rol.'.**r. On lli.' .\lariii.' I.ifi' of the Hanks of
.N.'wf.'unillaii.l Iii«
Siiluiniriiii' Hunks. How tlii'y iiffi'.'t .Miiriiio Lift' I I'J
'I'lilil.':- sliivviiiK niinilicr of Hiats aii'l .M.'U L'lijjime.l in
Doiiiiiiioii Fisheries iii
llo. .Ni'vvfuiiii.lliiii'l Fisheries iv
of Looses in (iluiicestiT Fisheries v
or leiiiilli o! eoiist lines vii, B
■ If Fresl. Fish iii.'>|i.!.'ti'.i in WashinKtuu Market !l
Of Flesh Fish iii-iKirte.l into the l'. S II
Shewing <|ui.iilily of O .1 eiiiiKlit in X. America 1">
or iiplir.iai-ii to the Lalira.lor C'last S(l
to the X. K, Const ..r .Wwfoun.llaiiil. •.'•-'
(iulf Coast of .lo .. -."J
Tuhles of iippriiaeli to theStiaitsof ilello Ute 'i3
Of Kxportsof Coil K.iea fr..m Nuwf.niniUauil... .11
St. I'l.'rr." aii.l .\li.|iiel.iii 31
Fr.'iii (iii»iw 84
of Ci.l Fish eaiiKhl In Xornay in 1873 -i;!
of the ll.'siilts .if Ciina.llaii Fi«li.'rlei« -t'l
of l'..piilation in Atlnntie States north uf IlOlh
I'aiHllel ir.
Of I'lipiihiti.in of llritinb Amerlrnn Mnrltiinu
I'rovlm'e. 'tn
Of iK'rio.l of approai li of the Coil to tho iihoruii
of Xi'wfoiiiiillaii.l t\f'
I'eri.i'l of approai'li to the Stralls of llelle Isle.., nii
Terio'l of Hp|iroa.li to 111.' (Iulf Const of Xew-
foiin.llan.l 67
Sh.iwiiii,' th.' i;. niini..n Catch ..f AH
.Sli..wliit; lar^e cati'li of Xewfoiiii.lhiii.l iW
Flu.'liialioii of the Cati'li of in Kntimry of St.
Inuieiu'e (Kl
At MiiKilahm Ishimls (Ml
111 .Nova .Si'iilinn Waters CI
or F,\port» of ll.■rrill^,' fr'ni Xi'wfoiin.lhiii.l (■•_'
Shettiii); variiitions of l.lll|ln^;.' .'iiiploye.l l.y tli.'
I'.S. Ilsheniii'ii ill the .Miiikeii'l Fishery SI
or ll.'iiiinlon (;aleli of .Miiekerel . 82
Of .\,iva.Se,,||ii ■' " 82,83
Of X"wfoiiii,lliiii| K,<p,irt .if 84
Of T.iiip.iMlur.' Simla In the fliilf of St. law-
renee Ill)
In till' Southern Ocean ..KKI
ofth.' Fi h Fl.'.'t ll:-liiii^"'ntli.i(iranil Hanks. 111!
Of (111. I'.S. r)i'.'pSei FishiiiK .Mailii.' ...VU
Sh.'win^ D.'i'liiie of V. S. Mm-k.T.'l 'roiinaijB I'J,'^
Of Fxporls Ironist. I'lerre ami Miipi.'loii ll'l
Of Kvp Ills or Uait from .S'.'wfouii.llainl in IHI14..I17
of Vessels all. 1 Men employ."! Ill Unit taking IIS
'I'.iiip.iai.ni', (iiiiiles the Approach of Coil to the
Coant l(i, 21
Di'l.'riiiiniw the MoVMnents uf the Sen
Herring ■(>>
lli'l'Tiniii.". theaniniint of Cateli (Ill
K.'lati m of Fi.-li t.i ill
Dillir.'iit Temperaliii'.' Il.'pths at which
Herrings iiiiiy he foiiml Ill
Oliservali'iis of Ihi' .Meti'i'l'-'loKii'"' So-
ciety of .S.'otlan.l on .. !>1
.Movements .if the Herring ^(iil.le.l hy... !>-'
Knipiiri.spiirsueil hy the Uiit.li (ioveiii-
iiieiil In reliition to, lis alfei'llii); Sea
Fisheries (IS
lliieck's F.ii.piiries in Itelati.in t.i flS
Mi'aii, 'f the llriti«li AiiH'ricaii Seas fl.l
of Wal.'r In the Slrnlts of Helle Islo 94
Cumliti III of low Murine in Nuwfouuil-
lami .Seas 9!"
of DilTereiit Strata or Zo'ies in the (iulf
of St. Lawrence 97
In Hays ami Ihirh.irs alTeete.l hy Wimls.. 9s
Kllect of Ti.les on the. ov.'r Hanks mul
Shoals 98
(Iff Aiitii'osli 99
OIT I'oiiitile M.ints-Estiiary of St. Ijiw-
r :e 99
KITi'cl, of Wimls on 99
I'lai'ticnl Hearing of, on the Soa Fisher-
ies KMI
Of the water on the (ieorge'H SlioaN UfJ
orr Cape Siilile lOS
Oil l.i'lliive Hank 103
In Hay of Fiimly la".
Oulsiileor Cnsco Hay KW
In the (iulf ol .Maine U)>
On IheC'iists of the rniteil States |l)."i
Of theSilv.T I'ils in Wint.'r lOi;
of Winter, how il AIT.'.'l.s the Fisheries
on ll. ' (Iraii.l Hanks HI"
'ri'l.';.;riijili, A.lvantUHes of System similar to that int;'o-
.liiceil int.) Xorway in Relation to the
Fisheries 90
168
I'llKO
'£»
Mill... 31
81
84
48
48
r aoth
-ir.
irltiiiKi
4S
ulioruit
5r.
I) lull'... .W
r New-
B7
Nl
', 88
I- of St.
IIO
'. fiO
]', (11
liiml fi-
ll l,y tho
iliery 81
85
'" 82, 83
I" 81
8t. I^iw-
1 OciMllI I""
ll,\ IlllllU:" III!
\H
iiniiK« '-•'*
..1,.» 11"
„1 in 18(11.. UT
I tllkilliS .11'^
•,„1 I,, lll«
Hi, -Ji
jl tlio Sen
1 ■"*
tell '"'
Ill
lit Wllil'll
Ill
l,,Hii'iil Sn-
!»l
i,.,ii..v ... •■•■■;
ll lioViMll-
<i;l
, (Ill
n,. i-i'i.. ■ "'
.Sewl'ilii'l-
!).■
11 llic (lillf
11"
l,y WilliU.. '•>**
lliiiiU^ i.iiil
(IS
' ' ll'.l
,if SI. Ui«'-
U',1
. Oil
S.ll I'islllT-
1(K1
Shoiil-. V-!
loa
lor.
iii"-
mi
uites l"''"'
lOr.
lie Kislieriiw
1H7
lintlmlint'-'-
li'ii til tlif
yo
I'liKr.
Tiiirly-Miilli I'uriillfl. Foriiicr viiliio uf n«lhrii'« N.^rlli
<'f, ill I'liitixl Hlnti-n wnlcn.. vil
I'ri'wnt value u( Klulieriim Hmith
.if vll
AilvnntRU^n iif tliii KNIiiiiK' .\i'i'n
.M.iiiili .if lli.i .'HMIi I'limllt'l
lfi>.ilii..li') vil, vlil
Tli.iiiiHnii, Sir U'., Ilin lliuKmni ..f tliu Ti'iii|wmluru
SliiiUi i.r lli.i AtlKnli(M)c(«ii.,. Il«
Mil D.'H.'rlpti'iii "I til" l'r.".i'iil C.iii-
ilitii'ii "t Kiir.i|wi«ii FialiiiiK
ilr..iiii.lH 1114
• III lilt' .Mii'MKc.i|ilc Iilfu of tho
S,.ulli,.rn S<'im 108
'riiiwl-1'li.lilnK, Sill. •.■■.» .if (fuiitlii'to) xvl
b|pii«iiiiiK KIkIi luki-n by, (lliilt.iw) .xvi
Ti'i'Uly i.f Wiu-lilUKI.iii vili
•• " KIT.'it nf ..II llritHi American
Ki^liornu'ii i.x
Kffuit .if on Dritiili Amurii'an
Kii'h.'ri.'* \i\
it.iliilivi' inlviintiiK."' iin.l .IimiiI-
viiiitii^.'H t.i I'liit.'il Stiit.iH mill
liiili»li Aniirii'iiii l''iKli.'riiK'n, \ii.,ll
ll.'^ti'iiiiuii." .if ill I'i'liitiiiii III .sjiiill
Ki'.li 12(1
Oiie-ni.lHil in ita Kffuctin relntiuii
tnSlllillKlHll 12tJ
Tiiiinii, Tii|i, H.liTi'li.v l.i fur viiliio nf Kinli I'roiltivl*
fnini (.'li"»,iii«iko Hay 128
liiiU'il .'^iiii.i, ('iiiiir.il iivnr Ki'.hi'riiw v.vuri'iati.l liy
Still. n (iiiv.'rniiit'nlii .if .xiv
(liiv.Tiinii'iil ('iiiiiiiiii>.'>iiiii of Eiii|uiry in-
tii till' •tllUi nf III.) I''i»ll.i|'iu!< .\i.\
l.iiiiil.'il .\i-.'ii.if Sl'ii Ki.li.'ii.'j. 2, (i.l, ll.'l
Kir.'.l nf tlui liiiiiitriil Area of Sen Kinli-
eries (17
Ari^a iif wiitiTS nfT, iiitliin tliu Kill
falhfini liim i.f S.ninilintc' IU3
l.iiiiil.'.l An'a nf the KisliiiiK llan'its off
lll« (,'iillMt iif 112
Ki.Hlii'iv .111 lliu (iraii.l Hniiki' ile|ii'ii.li'nt
npiiii llurriiif,' Unit prniuri'd Ir.uii
.Vi'ivfuun.llnii.l 118
Siiitiniirn nf till! Deep Hen Kisliing
Mnrini'nf 124
H.'.liii.' nf Miirki'rel T.mnaKu nf \'2!)
I'lsln'rii'.". .k'pt'ii.lftiit nhi' upon niii)tlic'r.,.I.'tll
A^i;n'(jiili> Aiiiiiiiil Vnlii ■ nf I'i-ImtIi'S nf.lilll
(irunt Vlllllu nf lilt' ('11111.1111 wuUti. nf
S.iiitli nf llu'.T.nii I'linillil.. vii. 12.1, 1,10
lt.'.|nir..'s liiii.i to recii|ii>nito i!\linii.>le.l
('nn.xtal ivaterx xi.x
Oiiin to xiv
Olinmctor of till! t'oii.«t liinu .'i
Cliura.iiT .if llif l'na.it Liiiu niiitnl to
Hhi'll-llsli iii.iii.siii.'M U'7. 128
A<lvnnta);("> tin' .Miiiiiic will );ain in llio
pi'iwi'.'iitinn nl llii' llcrriiin Trailn.,.122
I'oillisherii'M ill .Soa-s olT Jlrili^ii AiiH'ri.-an
(JiKHU" .'ntiriily ilnpi'ii.leiit ii|ion Unit
pi-.icuro.l lli.'ri', (S.'ii Hail.) .Sim.
" llerrinR,"
()Iij.;ct .if till) l.oailiiiK l-'islieries of llii'...l II
I'liili'il .siiili-i. I'i.ilu'niu'ii, (Jr.'at liiikn nml Lii.<.« nf l.ifn
aU.iii.liiif; IlioCnil Kisherios
ofr tliu (Aiaat of tliu Unituil
Slati'!. V, HO
Ailvaiitimi.'!4 tliuy pn.isi'ss in
lii'iii^; ttlilu to Kisli H mill
of t le Xltli I'aiallel ami in
the K.\fliiKiH' Kiijoyiii.'i.l
of the Sh.'ll KIsU In.liu-
trifs vii, viii, 12(i, 13i)
Distriii'tive Moilea of Fish-
ing xvi, 13!)
Ailvantngcs of the I'sy of llie
Cna,<lal Kislierii'n of Iliiti.sli
America xvii
I'liXii.
I'liili'il Slat.'- I'l-li.'r ii'i' II, A. (' ^"lal \V»t.'r« .liir-
illK llie rt'.'ll|i«'lalinll nl
llii'lr own K.vhaiiKlii.l Wii-
ti-ri. xl.t
Sii|K<i'inr K.Iu.'ali.in.if will
liiipniiaiii.' nf Il.rilMH Halt
to 124, lilt
Hiipi'rinr PinliInK (Imr uaeil
l.y .xvill
I'mcure Hall fnnii Kiffi-ri'iit
Stiiti.nK 111 X.ivaS.nila . .. P2()
I'rni'iin' lar^'i'ljiiaiilitii'i. from
Ni'W ili'iin»nick anil New-
i.iiiMilhinil Bil, 118
rliiini.'l''r "f lli.'ir V.'kkkIh , . I2H
lliM llli'.v nmkn llin lln.'p S,H
riKliiiiK liiilii>try prlllalili' l-'l
CniiililiniiK fnr rrolltal'lcdi'-
lUlutinn liy I-'II)
Kiii'ixy ami Aliilily nf I.11»
I) -tru.'lin' nil' nf s.'iii.'ii liy, IJllI
II. IV, .l|ip IKill^' lillllll lii.liis-
tiii'H ill til" I'liiti'il Slali'K
havi'iilT.- i.illhi' a
lii>i),'iiill.'aiil Idili.i till' ll.'.'p
Si'ii FitliiiiK' In.liiiiiy nf,
l.i'arM to otiii'i' Ki.'<liiiiK 1"-
ilii liiu.H 1,111
Valiin nf the llerriiift Trn.ln
to 118
How tli.>y ri>n«r.l Kisln'ry
Ijuv.i I».-.
llnw llii'y ri>i{aril DilTi'riiil
M.'tlln.innf KishlllK Ml
r .S. inlll. nl l''l~ll mill Ki^IhtI.)*, His Di'-l.Tipti III nf llln
K\haii>linii nf a I, i-
cal FiKlii-'ry, (fnot-
noli') ,\i, \iii
Hill (>ju.:lu»innA an 1 i
<h'ei'iMi«.)of(' i.ll'i-li-
I'rit'-'i on llio N.)w
Kn^hiuil Ciast w
Vaiii'il L'liaiai'tor an. I
(jri'at value of liin
H.'portf. ou till' l-'i-ili-
.'rii'!. xl\
Vii'ws with li.'K'ii'l I"
the llliii' Ki-.li 7
1.1'tt.r 1.1 tli.i Coiiiniis-
(•iniier nf the Slate
of .Maine in lelatinn
totlieCml fi-liiTi.'.-.. 10
I'liiii'ipli'i Kiiiin.'iati'.l
liy ill Ki'laliontnSea
Kish II
illiji'i'lii'ii Willi ri'nai''!
In'liiiltnw'or'Trawr
lishiiij; i)!! 'll'.l.. •'17
(.S.'.' Itaii'l, Pr ifi's-i'ir .^pi'iirer K.)
rnit.'il Stall'" fi-liiTii'i. Variety ami Kxteiit .if I.'V.I
lielatinn nl. In one another 141
Diffeient Iniere.st'* iiiiliseiveil
liy IIS
Vi'n-ill. I'lnfei." ir, Heferreil to (foiiltinl..), i\
(111 till' T.'niperatiiie nf the (iiilf of
Maine Iii2
On the Tenipemlnro of Water on
Hanks ami Slmnln olT the Cniu-it«
nf the I'nileil .Stiit.'s anil N'ova
Sl-ntill 1(1.1
iin till' .Marino Life. if nenrge'sShnal. In;!
Knihe Knnil nf theCo.l 1.18
Vessel", .Seiiilier nf •■ii^iiyei! in nniiiiiilon Sea Fisheries iii
.Vewfiiuii'llainl " ... iv
Vi'rkriiz.'ii, .Ml'., Keferreil M 1,1
Wallaee, A. li., on the ini^rations of llir.U ami l''ishe.s.tsi, '17
Viiielk, (lival value, if as U.iit 1211, 11.1
its Distriliiiii 12.1
SMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
12,8
ll|M
12,2
I.I
us
IIIIIM
IM ^
ii4o 11 2.0
1.8
/
o
iLo
■"-'''^^^i?..
V
^
^t ^<i
w-
m< 4u,
(Pr
m^
y.
1.25
1.4
1.6
-* 6"
►
p;^
<^
7i
c^.
<rA
a: .>'
<p5
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c™^
/A
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
A
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o
6^
<^
'<^
<?)
^7
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY, 14580
(716) 872-4503
t' c^,
Q>-
w,
15()
Pan...
Wliitlmivcs, ,1. K.. IMniwl |(. Xi
Kxiriicb fnim tlii' Offlri»l Ke|Kirt of... 42
On lliii l''.iiiil iif llioCiul 13(1
ni'fcrii'il til ri'^nriUng Xliu'kerel
S|m\viiinK I Hit
Wiiiil,-, Kflfi'i-1 lit nil Ciiiistiil rt'iilnrs !>S
Ktli'it of DM till' TeiiiiMimtiirii nf tlii' Wnter dvit
Hanks mill Sh.iiil.s !'S
WiiiliM- Fisliiim fniCid in .Vwf.iiiiKlliunl ^r)
In (."iiiw nvot'iii 37
I'lidi'.
In Norwny 4.'!
Winteis. C'nlil, II.iw they affect the Hank Pi»h«rie.< 107
Wiili'Kivn nn the lliiltie llorrinf! 7(1
WhitchtT, !■'. W,, I).;niiniiin {luininiiwidnor of Fisheries,
Ills cnniiMThenaive Siiinnmries nf I)ii-
niinioii Kislii'i'ii'.-* ri'ferroil to l.'i(i
Wrei'k Ust ot (ilmicu.tter, Mrsd v
Ziieii, .N'umlier.s piocluceil liy Cnvhs Hnrl I/jlisteps xii
Ziini's. DifTiTi'iit ill (he Sen .vii
45.
41 i.
17,
4.S.
"iS. .1
SO. \
(id. .'
(11. .(
(f2. I
(!3. •■
(!4. li
(.'(>.
157
Page.
43
les Ut7
711
(licries,
of 1)..-
13il
V
xii
xii
AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO.
I
II.
I -J.
i;t.
14.
1.-).
ir,.
18.
III.
•JO.
L'l.
• I.I
■2X
•-M.
■-'8.
II'.I.
•M.
■■u.
.I'-'.
3:t,
:)4.
:iii.
■■(7.
M.
.•«i,
411.
41.
I-'.
i:t.
II.
i."i.
!■■..
17.
I'ruli'-Hiiv Siii'iii'ur K liiiinl Kciini't.s of llio I'nitiMl .Stati'.x Cmnniis.sionei' iif l''i.ili iiml Fi.shcrii'!'. Vol. I., I87l-'J; Vol. II.
1872-7:1; Vol. 111., 187;K4, 1.^74-75.
" " .\nniml Ri'ponl of Scicnco nml Inilustry. 187.'>.
Ciiimillnn .SHsnion-l I'iiihms |iri'vii.ii» lo CoiifederatKin.
Hon. IVliT Miti-lu'll, .M. I', .\iiriciiil lloport.s of tli« Dominion Ministcv of Murine iiml I'ishi-rifs, ^'^|■.!l-7.'l.
lion. .Vlln'ii .•<niitli, .M. I', .\nrniiil 1!h|ioiI^ of Ihi' Dominion Ministev of .Miiri mil l-'isliorieri, 1874-77.
Williiuii Sniilli. K^'l|. .\nMnnl Itoii.'its . f tin' lli'iiuly MinisliT of Jliirine ami Ki.«herii's.
W. I''. Wliiiihoi', Ksi| '.\]inn>il Ui'|iorts of tlio Dominion Commissioner of Fi.slieiit'*.
Fortin, Dr., M. I'. I'. Ai.'miil Iti'iioit on tlm Fishi'ries, 18'i(i to 18(i7.
M. t'oftt! Kt'|iort for the or^tini/iition of Fi^lieri«8 iin rH^artls the inoronse of tile Nftviil V\ir(:e of Fiftni'e, 1871.
M. Ancet.- I{<'|iori rpnclored in the name of the Comniission for the Kminiry into the Law reliitiuK to the (ireiit .■<eii Fi»h-
erie" (hViinep).
W. li. ('iir|ienli'r, M. 1>., I'. 1!., Fits,, ,>co. 1. '■ I'lirther Kni|iiiriei< on Oreiinii' Cireiilaliin." :!. Sinnmary of lieienl illi-
servnlion.i on Oecan Temiieratnri' ninili' ill II. M. .'<. " ( hallenKe'" anil
I'. .'<. .*<. "Tii.^L'arora." .'i. On I'hy.'^ieal lnve.«ti(,'alion.i on liounl the
' Valorous." 4. On the Tiim|ieraliirB ami .-Vniinal Life of the Deep .Sen.
I'. Ilerliert t'ariientei-, li. .\. Heport on the I'hyxienl Investigations carrieil on in II. .M.S. ■■ Valorous" ihirinn her reiiirn voy-
age from Diseo Islnml in .Annnst, 187.'i. I'roe. of the Hoyal Pioeiety. 18711.
Its of a cmise in II. )"
.Soeietv, 18711.
age from Diseo Islnml in .August, 187.'i. Proe. of the Hoyal P<oeiety. 18711.
. (iwyn .lelfreys. L.L.D., F.lt.S. liesults of a cmise in II. M. .S. " Valorous" to Davi.s Straits in lS7."i. IVoe. of the Uoyal
,■..•1.
.M.
t'i'i.
M.
.•.7.
M.
Tiil.
(III.
ilL
lia.
ii:i.
Ii4.
ii,"i.
(ill.
t!7.
I'rnfessor C. Wyville Tliomsiin, L-UD., F.R .S , Sc— "The Deiithsof the Sea;" "Challenger Soinnlings in the Southern Sea:"
•' Challenger" K.vpeilition I'ajiers puhlislieil in ■' .Valiire."
Theodore flill Catalogue of the Fislie.s of the Knst Coast of .North America.
A. li. liaehe I'nileil Slates Coast Survey, LSilll.
F. llneklaiiil Kep uts on the I'rali and L ilwter Fisheries of Knghiud ami Wales, 1S77.
i£eport on the Fisheries of .Norfolk, 1873.
I'rofe^sor (i. (1. .Sars. Indlieretninger til Departnientet for det Indre fra Canil. (1. (). Sars : om Je af ham i Anrene 18114—
ISi'ilt an^tillede piaktisk-videnskahelige undersogel.ser angaaede Torskesllskereit i Lofoten. (Ile-
|i iris to the Home Department liy Candidate (i. O. Sars, on the practical and seieutilic investiga-
tions respecting the Cod lisheries'in the L ifoteu, for I8(i4-(i!l.) Christiima, |8(;!l. i Idem for 1870-
7;il. Christiana. 1874. Translated for the writer liy .Mr. Anton The idor V. rkriizen.
I'r ifess.n (1. o, Sars. The X irwegian Xortli Sea Kvpediliou of 187(i. (" .Nature," 1877.)
Anspach's History of .Newfoundland, 1810.
.lourniUof the .Vssemlily of .Newfouudlaml, 1848 to IS7."i.
.lourniils of the C nincil.' .Newfoundlund, ISi'i.l lo 1,'^7.">.
W. II. Veiiiiiug, ln«pectiir of Fisheries, -lieport on I'lsherie) [lursiieil l.y Americans in C.inadiau waters, L'Slh Oi toiler, IST3.
Keports oil the Sea Fisheries of the I'nited Kingdom.
I'ilote de Terre-.Neuve. Admiral Clone.
.\le.\ander ScMultz. Account of the Fisheries and Seal Hunting in tic White Sea, the .\ivtic tJcean and the Caspian Sea.
.loiirnals of the Dresden (ieogniphical Society. lH7.'i-74.
Dr. .V. I'etermanu. Dei (filfslroin ini S immer (.lull) iiii Winter i,iaiiii;ir) iind Staiidpunkt der Therm. niietrisclien Kennt-
niss lies nordatlaiiti^eheii Oceans uiid Landgeliieles ini .Tahre, I.S7II. Von A. relerniann.
.1. Math, .lone.s, E,si|., F. L. S. -Transactions .Nova Sc.itian Institute Xatnrttl .Sience.
Admiralty Charts.
,1. C. Taclie. Tallies iirepared hy the Deputy Miui'ter of Agriciiltiir,', showing the statistics of catch, I,s7ii.
K. W. Iliildsworth, F. L. S., F. Z. S. - Deep .Sea tlshing and Fishi ig Boats.
Kongerigel Xorges Storthings F.irlmndlinger— (.Norwegian I'arliamentarv D icnnieiits.) (.Selections translated fir the
writer, hy W. Svenkriid.l
lieiH.rt on the Fi-heries of Nova .So itia, hy Thomas F. Knight, 1.8(17.
Vice-Consul Crowe Report on the Fisheries, Trade, and (ieneral l-Valnres of Iceland, 18(l."i-|.S(lil.
Capl. I'. A. Scott. H. X,, C imiiiaMilerof the Druid, Report of.
Dr. licriiard iiil|iiii Traiisuetioiis of th > X.iv.i Scotian liistitnleof .Natural Science, I*',:!, ISim-Oc,, PSiiC-i;;, l,s7.'i.
Capt. .Miller. U. X., II. .M.S. -Sirius," Fisi erv Kep.irl, 1873.
C.ipl. Frskiiie, I!. X.. II. M.S. •• lOclipse." Rep.irl. |87;i. |.'^7."i.
Dr. Sutherland (^cirlerly .I..urnal of the (leolot;ical Society, LS53,
Revenue Ollicers Report.' 1 8,-i7, ( Xewroiindland).
Capl. llrown. li. X., II. .M. S. " Danae," 1871,
.1. O. Fiaser— otllcial Reliirns.
Cupt. I'ai~lcy. R. X., II. .M. S. ■• Xi die" -Report on the Fislieries of X.'wf.iimdland and Lahrador.
The Fi.sherinan's .Memorial and Record Hook liy George H. I'roctor, (iloncester, .Ma.«s., 187.'i.
The Fisheries of (Iloncester From llie lir~l catc'h of tlie Kiiylish in lli'.'3 to the (.'entennial Year, 1870. (Iloncester: I'roctor
Hrotheis. I'lililishers. 1.^7(i.
.\l. Lamhert de ll.iilieii. Rec illections of Lahrador Life. London, 18111.
.Napoleon Ijivoie. Annual Reports on the Fisheries, ISiV.i to 1870.
M. H. I'erley.— Report on the Sea and River Fish. uies of .New Brunswick, LS.'>2 ; Rep irt on the Fi.sheries of tile li.iy of
Fnndy.
Rev. .lolin .Vnilirose. Sune Ohservations on the Fishing (iroiinds ami Fish if St. .Mirgaret's Biy, X. S. ; Trans. .N. S. Inst.
of .Nat. Science, |,8c,.-|-C,(i, l,8(i(i-(17
.1. F. Whiteaves. F. (i. S. Report on Deep Sea Dredging in the Ciilf of St. Ijiwreiice, 187-'.
.Newfouiidland .\uniuil Fishery Reports.
British Fishery Commission, lS(>4-0.'i.
Report of Royal C.iinmissioii, 180,'i.
X. R. Wallace. " (ieographical Distriliution of .\nimal.s," London, 1870.
John Milchell. -The Herring."
(f R. Beiinet. Newfoundland .lonrnal of Assemlilv.
Capl. Iloskins, R. X,. II. M. S. l-:rli/>.ie. Rep ut for"l87'.'.
II. W. .lohnslon. Rei<orts ,111 Xova .Scoliaii Fisheries.
Matthew II. Warren. — Leciiire on .Newlouudland and its Fisheries, IS.Vt.
Vice Consul, SI. .lohii. Cm-iihir Reports. 1871.
\. I. Il.ieck. (hi the .Norwegian Herring Fisheries.
A\el Vilhelm Ljungman. On the haliits .d the Herring. Rep irt I'. S. (^nninissi.iner of Fish and Fisheries, for ls74-7.'i.
Illalman Videuren. On the Baltic Herring. Rep.irt I'. S. Commissioner of Fish ami Fisheries, 1874-7.").
"Xature." D.'cemher 10th. 1874. Deieniher, 1871 ; .March, 1877.
Re|i irl of the Maine Board of .Vgricnltnre, l87.V7(i.
Lorenzo Sahine. -Report on the I'riiieipiil Fisheries of the .Vinerican Seas, Washingt in. ISilJ.
.\ndrews. Conimerce of the British .N.ntli .Vmericaii C iluiiies. Kx. D ic , .'ilsl (-' nig., '.'ud Sess., Washingt ui.
Marsh.— The Earth, ns niodilled hy Human action.
158
iw.
(111.
70.
71.
7--'.
7.-!.
74.
7S.
7".l.
80,
81.
8-2.
.s:!.
8(1.
H7.
M.
8'.».
ill),
ill.
'.II.
ii.'i.
iiii.
117.
".111.
100.
101.
10.'.
Cal.l.Ciiiiii.lii'll. 11. .M, .s. IhiiiMiilUm. \U-\m\ i'I. llnlifiix, lOtli .NuviiituT. lH.'i'J.
X.ivii Si-oliiin .liinninl.< i'f llic llouso c.f .\»»iMnlil.v, IMS. el ul.
KiMiurt iif till' lns|Kvlnrs of Ivish l''i»lii>ni's for lS7.'i
Till' .Nortlii'iii l.iiliiailiiT h'iMliiiiK' (ir.iiiiiils. .\.ivmiilnT lK7fi. H.v tlH' .\iilliur.
Siiilint; l)ii-i'iMi..iis f,.r Ilic (liiK iiiul Kivi'v SI. I.iiwn-iiro.
Ciipl. liiilliiiitiiic, K. .\. Niiiitiral Mnnazini'.
.Simtii'iil MiiHiizmi'.
.V.lmiml Itiivll.'hl. It. \ •■ The (liilf ..f 8t. Uwifiuw. , , , „ ,,, , ,u . ,«,.«
Coininuii'lcr W. CliiniiiM., K. .N.. II. W. S. r;,mHf/.-.IoiiriiHl ..I tin' ll.iyal (itionmiiliioiil Si.cioty, |SI>S.
Illumliu'ri'. .Mons, 11. ,1c hi.—" I-a I'mIic i>t lu.i I'.iitsniis." I'aiis. INIIH.
Toiiuc, 1'. '■ WancU^iiiiK Tlu.iiK'ht.^." (Xewfcuiullnncl.) Uiiiilnii, lS4ri.
roitlfj-, Ki'V. Clmvh's — lliHi.ii'y "f Xiiwf.Miiullaiiil.
Carlwrinlit ."^ixti'eii Year,'* mi Ihi' I'liaci I'f l.alnwh'r. Luiiilun, 17H7.
.\oi-(lcnski.>M, IV..tcs.s,.r. .VtimiiU of an r.\|«',lilU.ii I'l (iiwnlaii.l, 1H70
U.M11. CmiiiLaiuUiit;, .M.'X. Miiiray, V. S. N.-^Kqinl nM th,' hahnnlnr hHip.-.. hxp.Mlition, 18 ,0.
William KcPv. M. I). On Ih.' (..inpcvatiire nf lhi. miHaci' wati'i- nvor Imiik^. ami m-ar Ihc |<lioi-,. of H" «'»lt "' '^t
v.'iicf Traiisai'lioi-K nf the Uitoiarv ami llishirical Soi'iuty iiT liuchfc. May. IW7.
I'lof \ !■ Voriill -U, suits ,if ivc-nt MTOlt,'ini!c.v|KMlilioMs olT tluMMiiist nf Nuw Kiinlanil. Ainorinin .I.iiiriml of hci.Mi.'
l.ST.l, ami .laimiiry. IH7.'l. Si-c alsn Ki^poi-ts of the U. S. Commi.ssionor of l''i!<h mid I'lslioncs.
C/iiiZ/rt/i/ir olMi'i-vation.-, Ilalifa.v to Itenniiila.
Sir ('. \V. Thomson.— IVpths of the sea.
I'rofe.ssor Jukes. Kxi-iirsioiis in Xinvloiinillanil. vol. II. _
•Iiimes V. linr.iy, I-' li. (1. S. RailinK ilirectioim for the Islanil of Newfounillninl.
SiiiiliiM ■liau ("oiilnhulions, vol X.Xl.
Profess.. I- tioorKc Dickie. Royal fSociety, .liuic, 187(i.
liohert llrowu. V. L. .S. On the nature of the dise .lorali.
KdinhuvKh. lf*l'i>.
.lames S. Iliiywur.l, Ijimliun Surveyor. St. .lohii's, XeWfouudland
Law-
iif the .\relie .Sens. Transaetions of the Il.ptanieal Society of
Uepo't of a visit on the Heveiine Sorvici' to the western
portion of .Newfiainilland.with various atalistieal and
other inforiimlion in relation to the trade and llsher-
ies of tlio.so loealilio.s, St. .loliii, 18(15. .\ppoiidix to
Journal of the ('mineil. Xewfoumllaml, IWiG.
iidrews. On the Cod and Lin^ llsluiries of Ireland. Quarterly .louriial of Science, Oct., 18(il.
lieiit. I'.d. Chappel. 1!, X. Voyage of II. M. S. " Kosewood" to Xewfoiindland and Soutlieru Uil
lonnycaKtle Newfiiuiidhmd in 184'.>. . , . ,
. Collection of Papers on the Arctic (le iKiaphy and hthnolo;;y, n^pnuled and presented to ilie
hy the Prosiilent. lloniieil ami Kellow.s of the Koyal (luograpliieal Society.
irador, 1818.
,\rclic K.xpedilion of 187.'i,
I'rof. CiddiiiK'. On the laws of Currents.
Census liep .rt, Ni'wfonmlhiiid, 1874.
Census Iteport, Canada, 1870.
Ilaklut. Vnyiiites.
Xotiee sur les oli.scrvatioiis iiiot«orcdof;iiincs faiies snr la eote
senr (inntier, 1870. , ,, . .■
onde notice sur les ,diservatioiis mete irolo«i(pies faiies sur In eote iln Lahrador, par des Missionnires Slorave
Lu I'rofesseiir (iaiitier, 1870.
du Lahrador par des .Missionnires Mornves. Par M. I.e Prof.'
See.
Par M
189
llllf c.f St. 1.UW-
urnal of Scii'iico,
Kislu'ries.
laniciil Siiciety "f
Cl' til tlio WOstlTll
119 atiilistioil iiikI
t tradu and llsliui-
15. Apiioiidi.v to
11(1, 18tiG.
18.
pi'.lition (if l.S7ri,
I'liiM. I.e rnifcs-
Miiruvi-.s. I'm- M
VII,
vii.
viii.
i.v.
.\.
.V.
\.
xi.
viii.
.w.
xi.\.
.*i.
li.
II.
IL'.
14.
U.
■■UK
■211.
."Hi.
8.S.
ti5.
«7.
117.
07.
iW.
!H!.
»!l.
!»!•.
I()0.
nil.
104.
104.
KM.
lOli.
MM.
108.
120.
I •-••-•.
v.';i.
IJ.'l.
IM.
140.
141.
14,).
144.
ERRATA.
I'llKC.
I" lilies
i 2 "
10 ••
!l "
25 ••
12 ..
,12 "
10 "
l.i ••
2,1 ••
24 "
21
111
23
.■12
14
14
14
27
<i
IT
Ml
2tl
8
10
fmin t,i|. K,,r ;; [-"i W Stat.;s mmy," roa.l •■ I'liiicd state. Ki,|,i„«."
•or (ilMKK) tons, rend •• rm,()(iy t,,,,,;. ^
Kw "(U',)" read "(l.'i.i"
K(i|. '• (2H,)" rend '■ i.x.wiii.)"
F(ir •• (Iti,)" ivHd read •• ( l!).i-
fmni Kittdiii K(ir •• cliaii. i., ii.," read •• cliaii. ii."
iKiiiitdp hor" involve," read -involve.!"
Kor"(l(i,)"read "(l!!.)"
f,. "i ., '''"'■ ;,''^l''";"- '*•• '^'"'1' ii." read ••.\poen.i.,(.|ia|). ii"
froii. liotKim p,,r ••.\p,K.„,li.x i., ..i,„|, i.." read ••.\,,,„', , ! \ ,|,a„ ii •
fKin, top K„r • .Apjiendix iy., eln.p. ,i.," ,.,,,,1 •..\,,|!endi.v i , • ha i " '■
liiec.iiuH line, IS so intiiiiale."
hor ■' diireieiiee on." i-,,,,,! ■• difforence in "
', ,, ''"'',','""'l,i-"ii in.i.Kt,",,.,i,| ..mi,! ii, „,„^,..
''■" """"' ••".•■ " III " limille-.s." ivad •' is a li-mll,.ss "
" tord.s, ' read " tiords."
'■kikI." rend '•iiiij'."
'■ printed is in," rend " printed in."
••r. W. Whitheaves," rend ",1. |.'. Wliiihcnves "
" I7III IM!l2,"r,.i.,l o 17,!i |7s|m-
•• I'nifessor 8«r- nre „iir," rend •■ Professor .Snrs are of our '
l'(ir''towliicl, ,1 ,,..," ,.«,(! •■tottiiieli tlielish IS."
' indiKeiioiis (,., n n>ven .■^en men, benr to
from top Kor
Kor
For
Koi
Kor
For
trttiii holtuni
from tu|i For •• long lin,.," read 'ininii liii,'.."
For " loMK line.' rend •■ hand line."
", ., ''"'■ "i^' to KHI fathoms," rend ".SO to LSII fnlhoiiis "
from hottom For •• .Valional," r(.ad " Xautieal " '""""i-
Iniiii t.ip F.,r ■•(•(puill.v e.s.sential." read •■ es,.<entinl."
' I' iir "(lisposnl,"ivad ■• dispersal."
fror,. hollom Kor-of the British," read •• off the liriiisli "
for '• to imiiiral." read '■ (he naliirnl."
tor " never ever," read " rnrely."
■• for 82',"r('a,l"!'^'" "' '''" """""' "' ""' '''■'■""l^" ■■"•■'I
'■ for !)2,'rend ',!;(.'
Iidttoni for " M lie upon," read •• to lie upon."
-for " appropriate," read ■■appr,,.\iinnle "
—for "Cape .North." read ".North Cape"
!'. I'"' "V. '"'■ <■'•'''• ' '■'"III." rend "7= C. ( i;
-for ".Northorly," rend "Westerly"
top-for "t.eet iii,!iidi„f,,"read "Heel not ■inidndiiiH."
.. " , . ,"'■■ 1 ■ ''"'y." ■''''Ti>'.v'-." lead " Dr. T. (hvyn .lellrey
— Iiir toa larK'er, ' read "loalaive." "
-for " 18(1 Ihs.," read "28.lll,s"
liottoni for ■ relieve," read "relief."
to|i for ".5lK)."ren(l " ,-,ii."
" for "1877," read " 187."i."
for " K.vrokok," read " Kypokok."
hottom for ".Mollui-ks," read' " MoUusks "
top for ••»7.00," read ■•8700."
hottom for " as were," " read iis it were."
" for "interest," read " iiiterost.s."
top -for "all that period." rend "at thai period.-
12
<i
41 lines fr.im lo|
.') "
1
4
8
18
.•)!
18
II
17
2H
•17
So
14
21
Hi
8
(i
2ti
7
27
24
di»( (Is to the free/.inn."
1 Fall.)"
un
M'l'KMHX TO ( JIAI'TKK II. -,C..„,i„,.,,|.,
VI. — (("(iiiliniii'd.) l.tMu ivriv. (< I
iVilVA NcdTM.
S'~-;';*::';~ ~ ■ - '- ■• • ^ • ■■ „,„ , ,
l-aiid area .
l> , I , ■ , I ;f,.'t8a,(iO;) acr..,s
'"'"''""""*""■'" I "^'1 .,,.„, "■■. -'M.!)(,!;s,,„„V
l\';,l, I) . ■ • ■ )>/,hO(). '
^ "'" '"^'■"^"•^•^7". V„l. l.pX.X.. |„„,„|„,, .)
.\kh Hkii.vsuick.
"■" ■ss:::::::;: tt ""■'■" ' - ■■ *" ■ •
, , 02,.^7O •'
I'Hiiil .irca
l'i>|)iilal]i)ii (loial) |s7l
17.il93,410 acres.
iir s(|uai'r miles, 27 177
'*"'•■" ii>" t'en^lls |s7l, v,,i 1 „ vy |,.„ , .
1 ' . ' "I- I. p. .\ A. iritniiliiciKMi.
uJ:z:'' "' '■'■ ""• ^•- ' •'■ •'• '-.e ,,.. M„„K ,„ A,„ie.,s,i i. ..,„ .
"■• ""■''-"•'■"^' '> h,'M\hun\ l„ l,e,„ll,„„l, i. e,.„.p„te,l
Area i,.rnl„nal,)C(Jii,.Ur(lin,|.,Ml ■ I i • ' i . i.b.iii ^,p,.,l,.
II I , f"", '''"'" '"I'l iiil'Hnl will,. rsi •. ..,)iiii,iii,.ii -.1
"e(li„.| iiilaiul «a(ei> . " """l-'H"! .il I2.i.7 17.1)0 a,T.-.
, . ;i,7L'.s.i7(!' •■ ■
'•aim are.-i
'"■'"'""""('-"•■'') 1^71 ^I_^^.^^ oi aren, | s7.5''!nnile.s:
'^'"'" "'''■'''' •''■'''^''<-'\""l.' I. i..'-\\.'lM,,-,„l,„.,i,m
-"-VJ-'f r'" '""■""■■ ' ' ' "" "'^ "' -■ -- ":
:'f-iH^n3:S~^^^^^ ■■""-
■^^■^;i2,:-^,sf5S!:T;„ £■:,::::;;::::: " -- ^-
^'ll- TIIK I)||||,|.;i Ks,
'I"' ''I'eiieli lislii.riiii.ii ,il'.S(. I'i.r, \1,.,„ ,1
NtaII-SIICs .il- .\l:\VK(IU.MM.AMI IN ICIKj. lU
i{<'si<li'iits
Fishermen ^;l);^
1(128
I'otnl I'lipiilaliiiii
"7 , 220,70(1
teiisiis of Chnmid, Vul. IV, p. 3b.
lee
I
n. Stall' cil' till' \c'« roimilliind riHlien IVoiii 109iM<i 1792, tiikcii from I lie Returns (if Hie Admirols wlio comnmiKli'
ciii timt stntioii : " '
AVBIIAOE OF YuKUa KllOM 1099 TO 1792.
A
Au'Mtli'of Yi'iin. |No.urNI>l|,..|
"'■'P- llw%hrp
M„ „i ii~.i. tj"llil«l» of ri»h (JiilTilaN lit KWi
no. «l IHWUI. „.a.i- «.■.!...■ ».. ...^.1...
If.l)!l. 17IMI, ITllI,
ni-t, 1715, Kill,
174!i, 1750, Kiil,
1704, f), fi, 7, H, 9, 1
1770,1,2,3,4, I
1784, -., li, 7, S, !l,
I7IIII, I. i.
l!'2 7.1191 4,02C ; 1,314
101 !),19.S 2,1 1!» I !l>2
2«S 33,.-|12 4, Ids I,37ii
i
."ilO 40,091 . .^iSo J 2,103
4HI1 ^8,!i.-)0 4.422 ^',25.^
parrit'il to iimrkct.
216,320 ' 164.370
97,W0 j 102.303
432.:J18 422,116
626,27(1
637,i).V)
524,21)6
622.1118
1. ApiH'nilix .N... H, (III. .Vi'wfuinilliUKi lfi'|H.rt, ITW.
M'r.vnsTK'8 of Fisiikhik.s, I70;i to 179.5.
'•. Ill 170:( llu' i)()|uiliitii>ii lit' NinvfiMindlimil romistoil iiltof;ollii-r nl 13,1 12 iiilmliiliiuts, iiifUidiiif; wonifii mid cliil-
dri'ii. |)iiriiiji llml ^■■U'iiiii tluTr «i'r.' iiiri.lr 380,274 i|iiiiiliiU ul' mil li>li, 094 licri'rs iit' ^-iiliniin, iiiid I,')!I8 Ion.- ul' 'rriiiii
nil. or llir iMiinlii'r i)t' rod ti^li aluni' ^liili'd, 23,5,914 had liri"i i'aii(,'lil and iMirrd In llio ii'<iili'iil iiilialiilaiiN of tlii' l.s-
liiiid, (Aii.spaih, payi' ISO,)
Till' iiu'11'iiM' ill till' lisli I'iilrli iluriiif; llii' follo\iiiii; vi'iirs was ri'iimrkalili', .iiiil is thus slaliid hy .Aiispuch ; —
Vi'ar. (Quintals K.i|ioi'ti'il.
I 703 ;M8,294
1704 47(1,118
1 70.5 493,654
Colli nisli'ii willi Ihi' I'Aporls li'ii vi'ar- hilor, '' Ihosi' i'\|Mprts iN'iiij^ to l'ori'ii,'M I'ountries cxcliisivi' of Hrilaiii, llii>
proKn'ss i- sloady.
Vi'iu.
(jiiiiitHls Kxp'ii'teil,
Yeiir.
Uuiiilals K.vpnTtt'il,
1701 470,118
1784 4ii7,8-^4
1705 493,0.54
1785 .591,270
179.5 500,0110
Inii Miirx:. ts ash Kisiikiiiks, iiiom IOJIOto 1792.
c. The avonigi' miinliiT of iiilialiitaii's of N'i'wfoiiiullaMd riiniiiiiiiif; in Ihi' I'lmiitrv in ihi' wiiili r liptwocii
1792 was as follows : — " '
1 00!) and
Yi'iirs.
.N'o. of Inhaliitiints.
1099 — 1701 3,!>06
1714—1716 3,501
1749—1751 5,855
1704-1774 12,340
1784 — 1792 15,2.53
In 17>7to K"*!), iiii'liisivo, tho followiii;; i|iiantilii's of cod fish wito iiiivde by the British in Ncwfoiiiidland, fully
oni'-lmlf lii'iiif; iimdi' liy I hi' inhaliitants, llu' n'liiaiiidiT hy the fishing ships.
Y IT.
No. of ({iihitalfi.
1787 732,015
17S8 948,970
17S9 771,.509
Till' folliiwiii;.- miinhi'i' of pi'oplc winti'ri'd on llie Uland ; —
Yt«r. No- of People.
1757 18,162
1788 18,209
1789 19,HtO
Till' No. of Kish Stall's in 1792 ainonnlod to 2,350, '■'
spnili;
I. Aiispiu'li jiage '281 ami i'-'.').
I. .\iii«nill\ -No. r>. (II.) Xuwfc'iiiiillaiiil lii'iiuii, I7M.
•i. Till', limy III' 11 pniili.'i'- i'rrnf,Miiil llif ti'iic No. wuiil.l he I ;r>il; lli.' N'u, in ITI'fl wai 1,,'m, ami in 1,91 ;,38fl.
(ho coiMiimiiili'
ttoiiii'ii niul chil-
is loll-- (if Ti'iiiii
ilaiiN lit' till- Is-
■1' Hrilaiii. I 111
s KvinTTti'il.
J3.(io4
•1,27li
10,000
trtccn lfii»!) 1111(1
t(Miii(il:iii(l. I'lillv
*""""""'*•'*"■-'"'■>• miiWiKl,,,,™..,..
1784.
1785.
1786.
I7H7.
\',H».
1781).
I7:)0.
iri'l.
IX1I2.
■>II.!H2
7;i:.'.olS
1MH,!»70
771.00!)
(I4l>,()!)a
M.i.li. I.J' Irilii,i,n,,„|,^
l.'Hl.'..-|7tl
.'MI.Ml'ii
•»57.1o:)
.'l.'ll»,2(io
•'101.'.!) 7-1
-'2!».770
^liJo.liiio
•'• <''|i<.U..lMM.(,ii |{ V , , , ""'" * ^''^" '^' '■»'■ Vkau 1«20. "^
'I'lmniic'i'. .
-Men. ... ';;■•• •
Moilts. .
-Mon ;
WIllllcM
Nvil-i
'\\n\H i,r ,s,.,,| Oil"
I'lOI-C'S of .Slljllioil
Qiiiiidils of C'cmI, .
""''"^"■"'-^'' <'"P.'<W, s,i,„,„i„,,
I.AIIIUIIOK C'aiCI,. I.S20.
(!)
■J.KII)
. 1)7!)
. 152
1
li.lOo
■ii;
i;m..-.8o
>;-o.is .,,, ' •■•^"^'""- '■■■' -',„.,„ ,.„.
nii!o(i,s,,,(..,sF,sii,,,,,,,,,,..
»l-llls|| l''isli,.,-ii„.,i,.
''in'IciI S|„t,.,s f„|,.|,
"I'llisli (',,(,.1,
O.8.S0
1.305
.•>0,00li,,||i,|,,,|
iSLriNi
■ ;^.&i^'?----::. :: ■:::
"'•' ■^""'" ""'' ^•■»- Hniiis»i,.|< iM.OdO
T„„.i.... i::!;"':;;
spmi^!""'"""'"' ''"•'-"'-"- 'mm n;,ooo i.rH.oo;,s.:.i ■■.;;■;■, '^''^"o
"" ""'^"-' ■'■"-.• 'H.«i..„fl„ of .i ,,„,
m;\\ KOI .\i)i,\x,,
f. KMii.iaii oil) usiiKin.
'•^-^ll'lltMllf Fi,l,il,(J,|i,„„|,,
106,952
iii.noo
210.000
■l!)3,65.t
769,877
691,276
<!81,42l
600.000
4.';3,3;i7
,,„.',■ ,,''''iy'»'<'''"»fnal, ko|,t,,„ i,„,,,,i I, „ ^ ,, — -_ 3«2,000
» -■« .*., .. ;.::;,:::::,::;::;;;;::; ;• »
Voar. (4 )
1716.
1724.
1732.
176;t.
1774.
1785.
1 790.
1795.
1799.
1800.
164
Vriir.
IHOI.
iHor).
1H07.
1M08.
ISO'.I.
IMIO.
1811.
18IL'.
l-'Ut.
\HU.
1815.
Year. !»■'
18L'll
I yj2
I J<:.'ii
1^SL'5
ISU
183:t
l8:u
1 MSt
18:»ti
ists
1 M«»
ls4t»
1-41
1 >VJ
l8-i:t
1x41
1 sii>
latc.
1S47
1S4S
1M!>
18.')i'
IS.-il
1 8."r2
18i'>:t
1S54
1S.V>
1^5(!
1 857
1 S.")S
IH.V.t
l,«i;n
1861
I.sfi2
l«6:5
l.S(i4
18(i6
1800
1H(!7
I8U8
!?()!>
1870
1871
1872
187:»
1871
1S75
i87<;
liiiiil (liiriiiy 111"' yours I8it4 to 181:) incliiMivc.
No. (ii i;>iiiitul».
(id 1, '277
(i2:),r)io
772,'<(i'.l
074,«lii
f)7r>,ia-'
810, ■2l»
H.>^»,474
ll'2;!,fil(i
711,o.'>S»
8!n,:too
!i4 7.7112
l(i8(!,20r.
NBWFOITNDI.AM).
Iv\|lnl'tll (JUillllll.H h1 n^'l.
'l\ins
„( ('nil Oil— CrmlBJNii
nnd ItetliU'il. i
i.r {Jiiiiiliils (ii II Tun
iif Oil.
imi.160
>'81,47<i
.so 1,7 II
in:uiii
',»l!-i.!) t'2
01 '.1, 177
(is;j,.-;:!0
074,08-
71-'..-.-8
800.:!54
724,.")l-"i
Hii."),;i77
in ."1.711")
l,(Miy.725
1,(11 17. ItSO
0.'t2,2ii-
852.1112
1,1 II II I, -iM,')
>;!i,iio.")
s';7,o7:t
;)uii.:ii;ii
1,1 7."). 107
1.1180,1-2
l.iil7,l.V-'
07i'.O21
'.122,71s
771,117
l,107.:t-8
I.L'0-.:i34
l.:ili2.322
l,ii;!H.iis!i
1.122 244
I.:i7ii.8ii4
l.224.:t2n
1.241.740
I,iil2.:i2l
l,oi:t,n:!7
sm.M.'iii
l.dOO.'il.l
l.l.")9.78ii
l,|(i4.;):i.i
l,;i2S.720
1.221.1."iii
l.:io<i.2('5
1,01111.724
i,i:t(i,2:«5
4,:c,i
4..50;")
;i.3l-
:i.S7.s
2,o:t!i
2,211
4,4.'),')
4,084
4.o:!5
.->.!J51
4,:t.-.l
4,27.')
;{,l(il
:i,o70
2r)H
;t02
SOfl
347
4.5S
•JO'.I
247
28S
2:i0
27 s
32 I
.^Oil
liliS
Mild wiiiliM'.
Milil wiiiti'i'
^|)l'IIli; >i'ViM't'.
Vcrv M'vi'iv \v iiitcrt
I.
,„„i,> l.iirU iMlii-.. lor Trail... \VI,Mi.i.ll. -Mill .liiii.;. IM7
Ii. Thv liiitii Irnn IHJII t.i i8."i;'. ui'i' fi"iii I'l-iHi-v > 111*''
.)l N,wl..iiiiilliinil. siili.,.i|iiiMill.v Irmii ilHoiiiUtiiti'ini-nti.
; ^[H'lMi; ^I'ViTt'.
Ill sliilcniciits.
ins
STATlSTM-s or KKDNCII M.;\V|-()ITM)|, \ M) MsilKUiKH.
' ■«"'"i""-;s-«:;;i;3::iHl:^ »
Nmiil),.r..f ,SI(.n|N ..niiuKnl .<ii ih,. |t;„ili« WslwrU-i o.»
>llinliiM' «r Men ™
NmiiiUt III- Sl.inps ,.|iKiiK...l ill iho (iiilC ■(UhpHo," .'.'.V.V. ■ "??
^nnllll^ nl .llrn ">
\unil».|-nr,nmllor vn«M'l«, lHiat». (.•inl.iiriMlicins)'!"! . If.l
.NniiiU'r 111' Men "•"
>'l""|is (T.iiiilj ^'5'*
Mi'M, •• ."..,'.■■.'.'■■■■.'.' ""
Diiiiiii, •• "T't
M •• :ir)0
■■ 7ftu
Id till) Ih-
I'lliUHK. (I., '"^l^^l.l.^ l-II, \M) H, (-llsillM! ox niK H.WKfS .\.\I) OIT ,ST.
JsiiV.
INIi8
ISIiH
JsTii.
IS7I
IN7U.
I ST.'!,.
I«7I.
N'l). \'('<sel!i.
So. .M,.„.
«(lt
717m
774
O^fll'
S()(|
IMS2
8:i;t
«;i'J7
till,')
."L'Drt
^fi.-.
"1(12(1
H!»ll
(lO.'lli
>47
■)<!il
'/. MI'MOHWDIM ,s|||;\\ |\G MMMKK OF VlOSSKIs \vi> \irv , >> .,-,^,
Vmsm.N.
'roima^c.
I I)l.-|.1M- ....
l'riiii'i|)iily ■ l''ci'Hiii|>. ..
.s(|uiirc [.St \';ilorv.
I'itffji'il ( (ii-,iiivill|. ..
vcs.seJM. j St. .MhIo ...
•M.Mi. T..tal Ve.ss,.N.lT„Ult,...n,iK,..i Total iiivii.
^'I. I'lcnv, acliixini'r.s ..
liKciil linats, iiDi (li.cli,.(l
IST.T
',>i''IM'''
I'IM'IIMip •.
.St. Vaici'v . ..
• iiviiiviiji'
M. .Mtij,,
St. 1'ionv--Sc|i(ioii(M
l/iifiil liiml.s
>
1277
157
■21
■Iiih;
4:)4
1
>;io
H(\
i 11
(i.")8:'
11(75
;<;t
4fil..'
841
i
;::(!»
3S
IT);-.
r)27()
1711
(iul
1065
1284
!»
1 l.il
17.')
•J2
SlSi)
44!l
•,i
(140
till
4:«
0771!
, lil.'Ki
•At)
4;"i74
iU!t
Iii7
i>s-j:,
2115 1
r»!)o
I34(>
1:H()
865
ad,552
aH2()
IS71.
llii'PIH'
I'Vi-ui'ii) ,
St. Vnjprv
nraiivilin -
.^1. .M.il
Ill
111
•J
41
4u
'■^t. I'iorrc Scliooiiors,
Ixii'al JKiats
IS!
5.-.1
lolli
46(17
.■t84
(ifiilli
4171
S!l9
20,086
603<;
192
3!I9
4(1
Kill
742
.i!»!l4
loK7
20.i|
12o«
847
2J4,9C5
5(521
'■ "-P"H on.l„.X.wf„umlluu,h.,„l Ul.™.!,,,- K„h..,i.., ,S7A; l,y (;ai„„ii, K,.u,„., ,;, x.
Tlic liillm\iiii; lillili' hIiiih- IIik iiiiiilil inn cil'llii' I'mnli iiml I'liuli-li N'lm rinniilhiiiil ( 'oilli^liorv in I7'IA i —
N.i i.f.iii|H ;i;ut
men I I.HW
tuiinnKi' Id.'HA
IxmlH I.Tll.'i
" -.Mni". .. (117
t^iiinl.il- ol'tMi riin«lil I>«H,TIM>
IIIi.Ih. i,|' oil (i.^lo
Siiip'N Iiiii
rnni nf oil I.TiiO
Tivn-i-H III' naliniin
Si-ii Ciivvs / .Miiili'lmnn IkIiiiiiI)
riinoiirnil
\iiliii' III' "ivil nil liikcii lust wihliM' ..••
■.n.i<U[
I.S'i.'l
.•iVl'.i'il'J
I ,{)(»:.
•j,:tM;
I.IT2
I.IMMI
I •.•:>
i'.'i.iiiii
Till' ili«i'r'|iiiii'\- lii'tvM'i'n till' iiiinili T nl' men ('Mi|)l<>ytMl liy llin KiiKlinli im riiin|iiiriMl wiili lln' I'mii li is uxpliiinnl liv
Oiivi'i'ii'ir I'ttlisiir I I itris" iVmn Mi.' I'lnjilns iin'ii' >il' Ii.'i7(l inliiiliilunl <. wliirli iin' im liiilcil in llu' u'l'H "i':il cniiin'nUiiii.
ANNl'AL \ AMI", i)V I'lIK KISIIKUI KS ()(." DIKKKUKN I" COIINTIUKS.
AodllKOATK VAI.l'K OK KlIKNCII KlillK.HIKH
rniiici'. 1M7I 70.00(MMl(l Fnini*
|M"2 7l,0'Mi,0(m
'I'll.' !•• riicli Nii«liiiii,.lluiiil fUln-niM pmiliii'i'il lO.fttHMiOO I'rani'ii In ls72 lUiil 8,;tiHI.00.» fi,inrs in |s71. ■I'Im' Kicnili
lo'liiiicl (islirric- I'l, 1(1(1,0110 ('r:uii'» ill I S72. mill ,'i,.'sl.OilO Imncx in IN/I. In iiii iirticlo on " Lim I'l'clii'iii'H ili- 'riMni-
Ni'iivi'," ill ilii' lii-viic ili'K Di'ii.x Miimli's r<ir Ih7I ( Nnv.l, it very ililli'i'unt ulait'iiu'iii in initili!. TIik [''umicIi lislii'i'ii><< oI'
St. I'iiTrr unil Mi(|iii'liin (.K/r//ii- Willi till' Kiciieli lislicrii'H nn iIiIh kiwiIIi'iI l''ii'iirli >liiiri', an' lln.'ri' stiili'il In ('ni|iliiy
',1,000 sailiirs, ami ti liiiiij{ .siiinii l"> In "JO inilli iim fiaiii'S I'l I''i'iilivli I'liiiiiiivrci'.
Fill Mil I'lsiii in lis riiK Ni wnii mh, \mi Ciiaht.
1N7I. I'roilii.'t S,.100,000
Niiniliitr (il vi'hkiiIh uii)iii{i;i'il Iliil
1S72. I'loiliii;' iif N,'Alniiii(llaii(| KisliiTV lO'iOfl.OOn
NiiMiliiT nl vi'ssi'ls cuy iiticl ,. ' 1><7
I. ('iiiiiisii I'Ai'ounii I Hum Si- I'liiiiii; vsn Mii^i ki.un '-'
l^iliiMl- .Irl.'.l l-i.h. Nn. 1.1 unmi F;-l'
23:i,2'JI M)n,7l\. N'liinlx'i' nlli.li.
I .s."iH
1 H.V.I
I Mill I
\Hi\\
I hi;-.'
IKi;:!
1H(;.|
20fi.0'>0
iii,"..;i.".'.i
a(i('i,.'i4.')
I i")2..'i«;t
i!)(i.y'J7
','20',i.o7ii.
1.-2HO.S72.
1,01 l,-JO.'>
l,oii|,;!HO.
!i,2.'tl,'.'"i.'l. Kilnijiainnii'.
I.Ci'.M.tMi;!.
.V.im//..-"/' (Jrii/I .i,//</.M/,./ni III, /■',«/„',•;, sfl'Slil )
'.mv(|iiari'-n(.i.i'il vmshi'I"..,
'>~'.) small ciiili mill linaU
2.712 iiii'ii
1,011 '•
■I'ntal 7,28S
,ST.\T|STI(S (IC Tin; l.dliirKN I'islll'.lflKS |'()|{ Till'; VKAlt IMTO TO ls7.t INCI.rsi Vl",
Veir.
I'i-
h.
^l
I.I III 1
,\\>'l .
Vi
'I.I in
li.i.-.
Niinilirr.
I'rii'i' piT I'.'d.
({iiiinlity.
1
I'liri'.
(Jiinntlly.
1
I'ricd.
.Mlllinll..
Sp. ilnl.
UaiTi'ls.
Np. dill.
Kanvls.
S|i. il.il.
1870
|2:»
Ci
:!ii,(i(io
fi
2ii,iiOO
!1
1H71
1!)
7
22.000
li U,
iii,oon
7
1872
l.s
(i 1-.-.
21.000
1
-, :(-.■)
22.000
(! 1-5
1873
22i
7
"lO.liOO
1
(i
.•(1.000
,s
(I I Hi'Viu' .Miirili 1 (■.il.iiiiiil,-, KS7-I.
(-1 .Vi'wr.iiinillancl.ioiiriml ..f llii' Ciiiiuil, ISiKi.
I") Ci
ri.% : -■
I it u.\|iliiiiiril liy
'iiiiiii'i'iili'iii.
"1 . 'I'lii' Kfcni'li
•Ill'I'il'H ill- 'I'l'l'll'-
I:iIimI to ('iii|>li>y
rsivK
K.x's.
I'ricti.
~8|). 1I..I.
I)
7
(; 1-5
s
HIT
rli::;;'"'"""" """'• ' ' , , •„.„ „„
I ill 111.' (Iilii.rv I'lirlhc
DICr.MLS OK SU\miAU\S nsilKINKS.
,. , ,, , S|u)ci.i UnllHln.
' ncl ll«|ic|-rs .1 -, ■ «
<• <,„.s UHll.fiLVO
Mv.TOii ; i"'-"'"!
"•■'•"•'f: '■■'^iii'i'v ;v;:;.:;::. , ;j:;-!!;i;
N.ini.Mi ■• i»i>:.\r,<,
l,.,l«(,.r ■• •'"•■"""
i:i(!,S48
Tolii
.1' ,1ft.
<K)0,a)!t
Sii,r,(i4
l«r),,s(M
n.ii'j
n.m:i
••tii.4l(t
I.Ofi.'i
•"^liiirk KishiTy
'iViilriis "
.s,.„l
^'I,«!i2,22lt
1' 1.71 it
-'l.ori.(
3t'il,iiii(|
■lOUAOH
!t(),!i7!t
i"l,2S;i,2(l8
''™'-'- ''■■: '^^..::::!::::Lu:;r' •— "-'m..,,, h,.H7n,.,j^ij:i;7:-;--,;;-;;}7
.»o,. ,:.oS'r:: ;';r' """ "^ ' ''" '•' > ^^ '-■«"" "r ,,. .,:.„„. ,,„. „.„.„.;.. ,;, ,„„^.
HWTl'SKI) IN T„K I-OL-OTKN KIsukky.
I"'
CAl'K nUKTON ISJ>Ax\|)
■"-™"™" "■■'■" • '-' " '•' ""■ " • '■'• ■ '■•." ""■ ,... .„„ „H«, ,..„
V-pnml I?,iy, ,„..„. (;.,|„, j^-,,,.,,, |),vk vesaols. SlialloiM
nr"Kai,isli H„y ,.|„| Oove '.'.'r."V! V" 30 '
I^Ii'.nanMi Isluiids
I'"it DaiiplHi, „„ St. Aniio's .
'.iilran.o „f Great Urusd'Or.
I I'lit Hias d'Or _
S|i,-iiiisli Hivi!f nr .Sy.iiM.y .... .
Iiiiliaii hayiir l.iiifjan ....... |
Srall.iric isliiiid...? * . ] '
•^laiii a Dion
'•"lilllllH'.S '
I-i)uisliin a
100
20
('• <''MiM/iiir licji.iit.
•MO
245
no
•i.-s
(ill
50
200
190
80
300
I(i8
(iiili.ii\i» liny
Koindio
Si. lO-piii Kliiiiil
(TiHiule l{ivi(M'('
I,'.\i(lnise. . ..
St I'uii.vs
K-li ill' (irat Isio Miidaiuo
liiviM' iiiiil Bay of liilmliiiants
l)ill';'l'('lll |li;u-l'S ill lllli(illl ,lt (.'aliso.
KM)
100
100
I'Ji) ileckuil V(!88i)ls Hi 8 men mn li
I,.')')') Slinlln|w al Ci iiicii cacli . . . .
.-.0
.')0
(I.I
(!0
14
100
i.;i.-).'i
,"),8(W
i),;i;ic.
'I'uial l^,i:w
"2(! iluvkuii vi'8-fls lit 700 (|iiiiilaU ... .iOS.-.HIO
l,."i.').') slialliips at .lOO (|iiiiit lis .Ilifi.JOO
■I'uial.
.'.•7 1,700 i|iiii.|als
Tliis was tlir amount of lisli aaiiiiallv i'\|i.irt('il rriiiii Ci|ie Breton.
l'I.SIli:i{V .sI'XTI.srU'S Oj' ( AN.so.
Ill l;i!0 1'. Mas.aiiMii' !•■ lati's lliat lint I'm' tin' (l('|iivilatniiis iil' lli.' Iinliaiis, .'ii.iir I ijiilnials ul ni.lli.ji \\o:il.l li,i\i'
Iwcii fxportL'il Inaii (Jaiiso in llial yi'ir ; ami in 17:.'.') (r.in'riioi- .\rnisiroiii; writi's llial lln' Ciiisu lislicry is "uiu' iil llio
(.'R'ali'sl ill tlir uiii'ld." Spcakiiii; ot'CliiMlalinolo in 1740, Coi'inviillis ui-itcs lliaV tin' hurlvinr is "rnll ol' fisli urall kinds,"
iiiid ill ilio sum:' v.'ar In' sta us tliit ( 'lu'liiicl.ii, ill rcspoL't of tidiiiijf, iias tin- ad\aii:a^o of all llii' Mariliini- ('olonics. In
n.'iO C'ori'wallis 111)1 ii't'd ilio i;c>iiiTal liiilinv ol' llio lislici-i^'s, Imt (.writiii;; t'.'om llalil'.ix) ho says tlii' piMiliico of llio
lislicry is Onl l'.'),iinO ,|iiiiitals, instead of HH.OiiO, a- In' cNiu^'lod.
Ill llir MMi- 17(0, a.'iMi-dini; lo .-i i'.>|Mprt 'Ciit to (In- l,[ir.U C.iiiiiiii-sjon"r- of Tridi' hy (' i|)l. Smiili, ,.f II. M.S.
'• Kllliani,"' till' ^nanWiip of Ca-.siMii, -IS ^rhooii'Ts aiul :)0,'J c'lialoup ucro c.iii|il.iyi'd in lln' !■ .d lislii'i'i.'s .if Ciiir lii'rion,
at the followiii;^ iilaci's : -
liiiintnls.
At I.Mii-li..iiri,', !_' ~.-li.p.."ors, uliicli caii^lil •>5:mn
•_'ll I i-li."'.i..| >,
Niiiaiiiilir, .')i
S.-alarn'. si-lionni'i's,
IS ,rli:.loiips.
Hal.UH'. ao
l.oi'aiiil)i-i', 12
Foiircliii, 1','
St, i;>piit, L':t •■
Isle Mirlianx f) "
IVtit do (irat, \H •'
l/liiilii'iiiR', II •■
.10.11110
l.'i.ooo
:i.i,oo
.|,.'illO
ti.doo
I'.IOO
.'iToo
(i.ooo
l.-.'.'iO
■l..')(IO
;!.,'')Oo
,lal.
Niiin'i •!• '.f li-lii
, 1 1 7,O.')0
...•211.")
CAI'l'. liKlM'ON ISI,.' M).
'• It lias liccii ascTi.iiiic'd that finm dit! |i!)rli.iii tif [Ids Isl.md widiin tin' .Slrait of (_' ins i i!n' l.illo.viiiL- ipi inlili.'- of
tisli w. rr I'xp.iiIiMl in llii' yi'.ii I "-.'lO ; —
Cidlisl,
lli'ifiii'.;^
Spring' .Mai'k'Mi'l
Kail Maik.ivl...
•J.S./)70 i|iiiiilals.
S,7.'iii liari-ida.
.'il.r.iio
7,(i70
•• No ii'ti|-iis can I'l' ,niici|icd Iroiii -li.' Norilicrn .■ind W.sto.ii p.iiiious ot this Island, llir iMi i-in^lil m-ar H'lliell lii'-
iiii; sjiMiioa Iv t'anii'd diirci lo inaiki'i Iroin lln' li-liin;," yroiinds liv tin; lisln'rainn tlii'nisi'lvi's, willionl irliTonitfi to any
riisioin Ilousi'. li has lii'i'ii a-i-'-rlaini'd. Iiowt'vi'r, on •;.) h| anlliorily, th.il tl: ipianlity of hiniings and mack 'I'd caii;;lit
and I'liicd at Caclicaiiip (the West. nil I'Xiremiiy ol Capn lircton), daring tlnis-i-oii ot l"i.')l, was mil. less than 100 OJO
harrelK." (4 J
TAIU.I': SIIOWIM. I'lIK I.'KI.AI ION Hi; I'W ICICN TlIF, VIi;i,|) Ol' Oil, AND rilK CAICII OK COD
AS INDI('AIIN(; I'lIK CONDI I'loN OK I'llh: I.IVKU OK TIIK KISII AND I'lIK VAHIVl'ION IN
Tin
: si;i*i'i,\ oi- FOOD Di'iiiNi; di;ki;i!KNI' \ kaks
111 1 s'lli 11 n'ipiircd :i 111 (|ui!il:;ls .n pi-o.lai-c i
lH,-)7 ■• ^-sil
l-'.-iS
l-.-iii •■ L'.')7
iMid 2!lli
ISlil 'M]
Fmii! Brown's llf^lmy of I'apc lirctiiii.
Xovti Scoliii lit'cutiii'iits.
A llisti.iy of the Island of t'lpe llivlnii, l.y Kiclnii-l lir.iwii, R (i S.
Andi''w's Itep .11 oiiC.il.iiiial and Lilie 'I'r.nlu, Washiiiijloii, l.sftl.
, IN
Ion ■
I'-. 1!
NKU
f Cod
u. s.,
I.iu
1. .nl
NDI.AND.
•r Oil,
,n, ISC'.).
(
(
(1)
r.'i
(■■li
1 D
..■ill
:(,H
'(III
iiiii
i|iiii tals
>.lll<ll \\u:lM llMVc
•I'V is "iilli' 111 till'
tisli .,rall kiiKls"
mi- t'dlonii':!. In
I' iir.iiliico (if till'
ill,, .,f II. M. N.
.if Cipi' UlTlOll,
ill:; l{ll llllilil'^ ot
III lli-:ll' wliicli lie-
I iclc'i'cmre til any
mack 'I'd raiii:iit
(!S3 tliaii lOOIIJU
, K'll OF (M)|)
kAUlAl'ION IN
100
'^'i: " '■'■'l""-'''l ;"- 'I'lii't'l- 111 pri.ll i„. („„ „fC,„| l,iv,.r Oil
""'" " :i:t;) " .1 „
'■'C^ " l.)! •• •< .,
i.s(m
I .SCO
I««7 "
13(!8 •• L'25
1809 •• 248
1870 " 2^0 " .. „
Jsvi •• 2;tr) •• I. ..
l-'^-t •■ 320
I«r4 •■ 517
187.-. •• 370
----;'sr^:;rL;;^i-s!i^:;ifasH:;: ::,::;r:; '
IN XOinVAV.
.1... i^t^!!:;^:£'Zr:!!::'' '"' •■"'" -- -"' '-i ' "• "- N"-.,ia,. .-i.,, „,.. ,.„„.,. ,„„.,„, ,,..^.„
IHoJIl" "" ^'•"^" "•"'""- "- ^' >^"--'« -I '.niv..,. an,, .., ,„■ ,H, ... ,„. ,„.„. .,,. ,. ^,^„„
^™" N'-l lis!,,,, a lianvl i.n.ive,.. No. of ,i.|, m, ,,„,,,,,„■ „„„
I>*70 .
I«7I a', ....1150
1872 --'; ilS7
187;! !,-' 818
'"' 714
Aivonliii},' as nioi-.. fisli uoiv ivoniivil to inaKo ■, 1,.,,.,.^ ,i i;, ,. i
''•"•'•••I "' '••"•• H,„. a„,I live,- „|ip..a,. o 1„. n a • I ■ i . hIo "' "/" " '^'''''' '"""'"'^ '•"';'"'•'"' *" ">^'l<" ■■>
""■ '"'!'— •"•"- lisii .....ii, ,.. ..oM„.„ Ma,,,.: i;:';:i^,;:t .,a;::,;T;r,^:t;;! li^n?.'^' '""•' ••"'"''""' ''^^
™- ^^^^i^^^ry^ OF Tl.F HAKTIFS KOTATION ON tIIK FAH.Al.OR riHUFNT
'i-rr. Ila„ ,.1,..,.,, anil a half n.il,. iL-i,,. ,h, ,,:,:." w;:^'';;: ;;; '^ """;"'■;, "" "'\' '^"i';'-'" '•<• ''-is i, IS a lit. I,.
:. piooeiif artillen- «i,li ihirUa.,, po,.„.|s of n 1, V l' '' j ; :';;,"'""" '"'" ""'«l"",« -'" 1""mii1s aiul projc.lcl f, ,
"i"M"S Iron, norll, to sonll, i„ il,,'. nortl.orn hoiais 1 .,•• , , n . , ''"-■ '""''''■"■' "'"'"'" '" ■"•ivor .„• in' i,|,, ,„«„,.
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WUKCCS OF F,S,nx,i VKSSKLS ON .miT.Sir-AMKHrCAN S.IOHKS FKOM ,.„ TO ,870.
N'ationnlitv. .. ,
., ,. " ^"' 111 VI'SScIs lo,St.
y anailian .
A„,iTii'ftn ;■'
Hritiah .'.'.'."..".' ,.'.'.'.'.".""'.7. ' ,
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Avoni(,'e Icinngo of the vessels lost
— liO Inns.
0)- I'oneular Kiiiiort.
(a.) Reclus. "The I'iiitli."