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rxEOLoai(;AL survey of (^anada 
 
 (i. M. DAWSOX, C. I.U., LL.D., F.ll.S., Dikectou 
 
 REPORT 
 
 UN TIIK 
 
 (1E(IL!)(;V OF A I'OliTKIN OF llIF LAUIiEYllAN AREA 
 
 I. vim; to TIIK 
 
 NOIITll (IF THE ISLAM) OF ^I(INTI!E.\L 
 
 HY 
 
 FKANK D. ADA.MS, Ph.D., F.Ci.S., F.R.8.C. 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 THINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN'S MO&'x 
 
 EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
 
 1896 
 
To(iEouiiK .M. Dawson, C.M.G.. LL.D., F.R.S., 
 
 Director nf ihr (liDlixjicol Survey oj ('aniida. 
 
 Sin, — I beg herewith to sdlnnit to you a l^cport upon the (ic()h)f{y 
 and Hconomio Rcsourcfs of that portion of the Laurentian region 
 lying to the north of the fsland of Montreal, together with a geologi- 
 cal nia[) of the same. 
 
 fn the spring of iSSo T was instructed by Dr. .\. U. C. Selwyn, 
 then J)ireetor of the Survey, to undertake a detailed geological 
 e.xainination of this district, with a \iew to ascertaining the true 
 character and relations of the great masses of anorthosi.e whieli oeeui' 
 in it and which had been supposed by Sir William F^ogan to constitute 
 an upper member of the Laurentian system. These rocks, which are 
 also very e.xt'nsively developed in several other parts of the Lauren- 
 tian, had attracted nu'ch attention on account of the lai'ge deposits of 
 iron ore which they cor, in, but theii- true relation it was beliesed 
 could best be ascertained in this district, which is for '^'le most ])ai't 
 comparatively easy of access, while forming as it does an eastward 
 continuation of the (!ren\ille disti'ict, pre\iously mapped by Sir 
 William T.'igan, it also promised to atlbrd important additions to our 
 knowledge of t\w, Laurentian system as a whole. These expectations 
 have, it is hoped, bec-n in a measure realized. 
 
 Tiie field work was carried out during portions of the summers of 
 1885, 1887. ISSS an I 1S8!), and was completed in 1891 after the 
 severance of my connection with tlu^ (leological Survey, to accept the 
 Logan Pi'otessiirship of (Jeology in Mcdill I'ldversity. 
 
 The south-western corner of the area 1 h • .e not studied, as no 
 anorthosites occur there, and that portion of the sheet was carefully 
 examined by Logan, being embiaced in his map of the Grenville 
 district, which appears in the Atlas accomj)anying the " (ieology of 
 Cantada," and published in l<^t')-"j. It has also (]uite recently been re- 
 examined by J^r. KU.'i, to whom 1 am indebted for information con- 
 cerning the disti'ibution of the crystalline limestones in this jiortion 
 of the area. 
 
 Tli(^ nor-th west and south-west sheets of the "Eastern Townships" 
 map, issued by the Geological Survey, and the Sectional .Map of the 
 Province of (Quebec, published in 18SI4 by the Crown Lands Depiart- 
 ment of the province, have been taken as a basis for the topogi'ajihy 
 of the accompmying map. It has, however, been corrected and 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 lh:|,lt; 
 
4 J 
 
 yl'EllKf. 
 
 su|ij))'nioiitP(l by the more rewiit government survej'S, as well ns by 
 extt'iisivc surv»'ys of my own. The issue of Ji so|i(iriit(' miip to ui-coni- 
 pany the present report, is necessitated by tlie faet that the; area 
 described is unfortunately situated at the meeting of four slufits uf 
 the geological map of the Province of (^uel)ec, now in courst* of pre- 
 oaration, two of wliich sheets cannot be comjtleted for publication for 
 some years yet. 
 
 The p(!trogiaph'cal work in connection with tlie Report has been 
 cari'ied out in part at the rnivcrsity ()f Ifeidclberg and in part in tlie 
 peti'ographical laboratory of Met i ill Tniversity. 
 
 Previous to the cummcnctMumt of my surve}', a I'crlain amount of 
 wurk had been (lone in tliis district, by vai'ious iiicnilMTs of tJie 
 (Jeological Survey, at different times. Siiort \isits to cer'tain parts of 
 it had been made by Sir William Ijogan, Dr. .Sterry Hunt and Mr. 
 Joliii Lowe, a number of localities being referi-;(l to liy them in th(! 
 early repoi'ts of ihc Survey. In the summer of If^XO, Mr. I!, (r. 
 McConneil mapped an area of considei'able size lying to the southern 
 portion of the counties of licrthicr, Maskinongc and St. .Maurice, a 
 small portion of which is included in the present map. ]\li'. 11. (!. 
 Vennor and .Mr. Lewis II. < )rd als.) exjiniined portions of tla^ district in 
 I87'.l-S(). A siiort statement conc(;rning the wt)rk of these three 
 gentlemen is contained in the Sunnnary Report of the Operations of 
 the (ieoiogical Corps, by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, b^79 80, pp. ;?-5. 
 
 .My warmest thanls ai'c due to Prof. Ro.senbuseh of Heitlelberg for 
 aid and advice on many jjoints connected witii the ]>etrography of this 
 district ; also to Pi'of. C'ai'lyle, formerly of .Met Sill University', now- 
 Provincial Mineralogist for Jiritish Columbia, who ably assisted me 
 during the seasons of 1885 and 1887, as w il as to .Mr. Walter C. 
 Adams, B.A.Sc, Mi-. Nevil Norton Kvans, M.A.Sc, and Dr. H. J. 
 Harrington, for chemical analyses of rocks, and to Mr. (1. H. (iarden, 
 C.E., and several other gentlemen who have assisted me in vaiious 
 ways. 
 
 I have the honoui- to be, sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 FRANK D. ADAMS. 
 
 MoNTRK.M,, 2.")th June, 1896. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
TxVBLE OF CONTEN" 
 
 I'Ai.K. 
 
 PhjlKic'il Fiiitiin" 
 
 Archditn fr'ro/"(/.//— ("imeral Statrmciit 
 
 Tlir Liiiirrntiiin (•nciinKn anil tluir An^m-i'ili'l ItackK 
 
 StratitiViipl''''''' Uclivtioiis 
 
 (!iviivillcScni.s 
 
 Kunilaiiii'iitiil ( iiii'iss 
 
 A (-ill liiti'U>iciiis, 
 
 l'ctri>j,'i-;i|iliy 
 
 (illi'isscs nf IjJIifnus (.iriKIll ■.':■" 
 
 ( ilieisscM, riiiiifstoiK's, (^iiart/.ites, .Vc, of Ai|U(mm< Oritriii... , 
 
 Ciicissi.,. itc, iif Di'ulitfulOiiKin 
 
 Tic A iKirllimtilin 
 
 Tlif Miiriti Aiiiirtliiisiti' 
 
 Stratij,'irililiii-'iil Hi'liitioiLs 
 
 l'ifiiiKr:i|ili.v ami Stnictiiii' 
 
 ( HliiT AiiiPilliositi' Massos 
 
 LaUrtifUl Al'fa 
 
 St. .ItTuiiif Area 
 
 Kildari' Am'Ms.. 
 
 Catlicavt Areas 
 
 I'dllt (les Dalles Aiea 
 
 St. .lean <le Miitlia Area 
 
 ]?)anilim .Vieas 
 
 JV„/r.v on Ih, Aiiortliosil,^ ocnirriiiil in ntlitr /.mts (if Ctinailn anil 
 
 Coil iitriiK 
 
 I'liM-Ari'liii ti n D/ikis 
 
 Economic (liolniiii 
 
 Siinnmirii of Archaan (•'iiiloil.n 
 
 Appriiilij- I.—Litiratnrc rvliitimj to thi' Anorthoxiti i^ of Cimtiln 
 
 A/iiiinili.!- If. rill .Si,ii!tinii of Titanifci-oiiK Iron Orm 
 
 Fonimi 
 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 28 
 2!l 
 31 
 
 ;w 
 (■>: 
 
 H") 
 85 
 ill 
 1H> 
 117 
 118 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 12(> 
 
 YA\ 
 134 
 13!1 
 
 i5r> 
 
 157 
 101 
 
Xf»TK. — Till' Ki'at'iii(/x ijh'i'ii ill thin ripiir) nt'f nil rifrrml tn ihi- Irn 
 nifri'lidii. 
 
 • 
 
HKPOTJT 
 
 cEoLiiiiV IIP A riiiiTiii\ III' ii: \M\'.m\ \m 
 
 I. vim; Til Tllh 
 
 xoirni OF Tin: island of moxtiikai:. 
 
 PlIY.SlCAI. FEATt'REH, 
 
 Tlio cunt incut lit' Nuiih .America, as is wi.'ll known, has licon^'radii- 
 ally Imilt up Ijy the ace u in u hit ion of sediiiu'iits, about certain very 
 ancient land areas which now t'oim the skeleton of the continent and 
 ai'c termed its Protaxcs. Of these hy far tlic lai-^cst and must im- 
 portant is the ;^rcat Northern Protaxis, which forms the iiilly and 
 mountainous country bounding the plains of central Canada on the 
 north, its southerly limit extendin;^ from Lake Superior in a nor 'i- 
 eastcrl}' direction to the coast of [ial)radcir, while in a north westerly 
 direction from that lake it runs nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea. 
 
 This ^'reat core or' nucleus of the American continent, lying almost 
 entirely within the Dominion of Canada and enibracing as exposed an 
 area _of some 2,OUl,2oO stjuai'c miles,* ccjnstitutes what the dis- 
 tin^'uished Austrian geologist Suess, has termed "The Canadian 
 Shield " or " l>oss,"of the earth's crust, as well as the more mountain- 
 ous stretch of counti'V al','ig the Labrador coast, and is composed ex- 
 clusively of veiy ancient crystalline rocks. 
 
 The district covered by the j)i'cscnt B -port forms a portion of this 
 Protaxis, being situated at its southern edge, which here runs nearly 
 parallel to the course of the Hiver St. Lawience and is about twenty 
 miles noi'th uf the Island of Montreal, as shown in the accompanying 
 maj), which comprises an area of ,'V2">S s(|uai'e miles, s'tuated in the 
 counties of Argenteuil, Terrebonne, Montcalm, Joliette, L Assumption, 
 l>erthier and Maskinongi', in the province of QueV)ec. 
 
 Niiitliiiii 
 l'rntii\i-'. 
 
 *This does not inchick' tliH outlyiiij,' hihI M'|niriite(l Archieim areas, occurring in 
 Xi'wf(iiiiiflliiii(l, aiiil in tlif .States of New York and MiclilKun, and i' lia.-<ed on the 
 .>*upiMPsition Miat the limits assigned to the nucleus in the ini|)erfectly exphned re(rioi|s 
 of tlie far north liy l)r. (•. M. Dawson are correct. Set (J. M. Dawson, Notes to 
 acconipany a t ii'olotfical Map of the Northern Portion uf the Dominion (if ' 'anada, 
 .Vniuial Report, <ieol. .Siirv. Can., vol. II. (N.S.I, ISSli. 
 
 ( 
 
' 
 
 Anin-ct t)f it* 
 
 ElfViitioii'ii 
 [iliiteiui. 
 
 'rrfinliliM>,' 
 .Moiintnin. 
 
 S .1 gl'KHEC. 
 
 Til till' iispt'ct of its rclii'f, till* tlistrict oiuhniciMl \>\ tlit- lu'c-otiipaiiyiii^ 
 iiiii|i pD'Mciits a well iiiiii'krd iliNi.sioii iiitii a i;i'cat plHiii wliicli strrti'he.t 
 iioroHH its suuthorn purtion, occupyin;^ the Millny of tin- St. L/iwrenoe, 
 iiriil wliicli is uiKlcrliiin liy I'liln'ozDii- stratii of CiiiiihioSiluriiiii n'^v, 
 aivl a liillv nr iiiiiiiDtiiiiinus district cninpiiscd of Airliii'iiii rucks to 
 tlio north. 
 
 From tilt) St. Lawronce tlie plain gradually risps to tlie north- ■t'st, 
 attaininj,' in th« pro-sciit area nt itH northern limit, a lusight of about .'WO 
 feci above the St. Lawrence iit Montreal. It is usually covered with 
 a heavy mantle of drift, so that over laij{e areas no e.xposures can be 
 fdiind. and is well watered, fertile and thickly sett!'>;d by an industriou.s 
 and thriv in;; agricultural population. 
 
 Uisiii;; abruptly from this plain, the .Vrcha-an appears as a line of 
 hills, sticlchiiij,' across the country and forming a very well marked 
 topographic feature. These hills are distinctly visible from " Mount 
 Hoyal," on the slopes of which lies the city of Montreal in thecKtreme 
 south-east coi'iier of the sheet, ua one looks to the north on a dear day. 
 
 The appearance which they present when seen from the plain at a 
 distance of a few miles is shown in the accompanying sketch, taken 
 from near the southern corner of the township of Bi'aiulon ( Plate II). 
 
 These hills really constitute the edge or southerly limit of a great 
 uneven plateau, which, however, like the plain, rises gradually to the 
 north-west. 
 
 Roughly speaking it may be said that, if a line he drawn across 
 the plateau, parallel to the northern edg(> of the plains, and about 
 half way between the plain and the north-west corner of the sheet, 
 the district to the south of this line would have an average elevation 
 of about 1000 feet, while to the north of it the country frecpicntly 
 attains an elevation of l.JOU feet, or to the cxtrtMiic north-west, of I'.'OO 
 feet. Isolated hills rise still higher, as, for instance. Trembling Moun- 
 tain (I'late II.), which is probably the highest point in the district, 
 and which attains a height of 2.^80 feet above sea level. Logan in IS.'i.S 
 measured trigonometrically the height of Trembling Mountain above 
 Trembling Liike and found it to be 17L"5 feet. A barometic determi- 
 nation by Dr. Ells and myself gave the height as 1720 feet Logan's 
 estimate of th«> total height of this mountain as "about 2061 feet 
 above Lake St. Peter," is, however, too low, as the railway at Chute 
 aux Irotjuois is 726 feet above Montreal and Trembling Lake is 90 
 feet below Chute aux Iroquois. 
 
 The hills about Ste. Agricole also, on a moderate computation, must 
 attain a height of 2100 feet, the central portion of the township of 
 
(iKOI.iHiK .\i. Si liVK\ in <'an.Mi.\. 
 
 Voi,. vm.. I'Ain .r. 
 
 i 
 
 -SKi.r— -^- " .1.— " 
 
 M 
 
 
 i^t!^P^iN 
 
 S*- 
 
 
 
 i^-. J» 
 
 ••TS^H^T 
 
 
 .tui'J- 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 
 
 L-uf 
 
 I I . «._/.. 
 
 1 / 
 
 )'^... 
 
 1 1 
 
 hr . r 
 
 
 I'lii. 1.— Lacukntian Hiur.M, koumimi 'iiik v.uv.y. ok tmk noiiIMKhn I'iidiaxim, nkak soi tiikkn 
 
 COUXKU OK THE 'I'oWN.SIIll' 01' iSUAMKW. 
 
 
 -<v%_-_-. 
 
 ^*/S vg^*fa*^ itgftff-r^--r - 
 
 ' ■«3P' 
 
 =---*— ~ ZE:^ 
 
 Fig. 2.— Tkembmno Mountain, as seen fhoji soith-wkst side of Trembling Lake. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
♦o*""-] PHYSICAL KKATIKKN. 9 .1 
 
 ArrliJiiiihault, ii» wliidi tliis pliicc is situatt^il, hciiii; occujiicd l>y tlie 
 " Montfigiu" Noire, " wiiicli is so fuj^ijeil that in liiyitig nut tht' tuwn- 
 sliip, it WHS left entirely unsurveyed. 
 
 This Aioli.i'ah plateau has a reiiiatkal)li' inainmillatetl or undulating 
 surface, the (le|>ressioiis being gfuerally filled in with di'ift, torniing 
 extensive flats which ai'e studded with numerous lakes, great and 
 small, tilled with clear water and t'oi'ming one of the most diaracter- 
 istic features of the (•(nmtry. IJounded, ice woin hnsses or hills, 
 protrude through the drift in every diiection. These seldom rise to a 
 height of moi'c than tliri'e or four luindri'd feet above tin- average level 
 of the country, and jiresent, especially wliere the district lias ^been 
 traxcrsed by forest tires, great faces or whnje summits of bare lock. 
 The lakes are drained by several rivers tril)Utaiy to the t?t. Lawrence, 
 that run through dri'.'trd valleys of wliich the sides are usually 
 l)eautifully terraced. 
 
 The landscape in this Laurentian country is of a \ fry jnnuDunccd ( ■imiMctiT nf 
 typi", whicli, whili' lacking on cnie iiand the gi'andeur and sublimity of '" 
 the uieat mountain regions t)f the \\ orld, and on thi' other, the trantjuil 
 b<'auty ipf well cultivated lowlands, has a certain rugged beauty of its 
 own, and when clothed with the autumn foliage, a remarkable bril- 
 liance. Although the slopes of the hills are <jften cultivateil. it is 
 principally the deprrs^ions and river vallevs that atlord land capable 
 of settlement and suitable for agricultural jjui'poses. The settlemi'iits 
 therefore are, and must of necessity alway.s be, more scattered than 
 those on the plain, and the land although jirodueing excellent crops in 
 many phu'cs, is gent 'ally sandy and less fertile than that of the plains. 
 The country, however, now supports a harcly and contented population 
 of farmer^, which, except in the south-west corner of the district is 
 almost exclusively of French extraction, and settlements are, \<'ar by 
 year, extending further back into the hitherto unreclaimed forests of 
 the north. 
 
 The following is a list of the heights of some of the moit- inijiortant ||,.i^iit>nf 
 
 points in the area. These, with the exceiJtion of that of Treml>ling "ii,l"'''i"'t 
 
 ... . . |iiinits. 
 
 Mountain, before referred to, have been determined l)y instrumental 
 
 levelling, carried out in coniu'ction with the construction of the 
 
 t'anadian Pacific, the Montreal and Western, and the Great Northern 
 
 railways. The datum line adopted is that of the Canadian I'aeitic 
 
 Itiiilway. which is 19 feet above the old lock-sill at the entrance of 
 
 the Lachine Canal in ^Montreal Harbour. This datum line is .^O-Gl 
 
 leet above Steekels mean level of the (nilf of St. Lawrence. In the 
 
 tollowing table this correction has Ixm'Ii ajiplietl, .'il feet being added in 
 
 • ach case to the height of the point as gi\en by the railways. 
 
n 
 
 10 
 
 ^;^'K1!K(;. 
 
 Altitndi' of various I'o'nitx on tlir lines of t/ie Cdnadidn I'dfifir, the 
 Montreal ami Wrsti-ni, and the drent Northern Raihriiijs ahore 
 Steckel's mean hrel of tite Ocian in, the. Gulf of St. Lan-renee : — 
 
 (irt'iixillc 
 
 Laoliute 
 
 Hte. Thi'iTse 
 
 St. .I('Tuiiie 
 
 iSliawhridgo 
 
 Mdiitt'ort Junction 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 Stc. AdMi' 
 
 Ste. .MiU''U('i'it(' 
 
 ^Deej. Wwk Cut (.M. .V W. K. I{.) 
 
 LilC iil l''()U!'iil(' 
 
 Stc. A^'iulie li.'i:3 
 
 .Summit near St. I'auslin 
 
 St. Faustin 
 
 St. Jovite 
 
 Lai<e Sam (surfai-e) 
 
 Clmto aux Iro(|Uois (rail level) 
 
 Three Sisters" liapids (low water) 
 
 TrembliuLj Mountain. 
 
 Ste. Sopliie 
 
 New (Jjasnuw 
 
 Bank of liixcr < >u ireau, 300 feet atjove tlie 
 
 hridge — McLaren's Mills, (iiande Ligne. 2li(I 
 
 •221 
 
 feet 
 
 241 
 
 
 12(; 
 
 
 :U4 
 
 
 (JO.") 
 
 
 531 
 
 
 ."(35 
 
 
 (i'U 
 
 
 911 
 
 
 1031 
 
 
 1014 
 
 
 1243 
 
 
 140t; 
 
 
 12(il 
 
 
 711 
 
 
 7r)0 
 
 
 757 
 
 
 728 
 
 
 23S0 
 
 
 274 
 
 
 3C,7 
 
 
 Alien. KAN ClOOLOl^V. 
 
 (it'llellll 
 Htatcilli'llt. 
 
 liKNKliAI- STAri;Mi:NT. 
 
 Tliat portion of the aiea occupied by the .Vrcha'an. is undeilain for 
 the most part by a seri(;s of gneisses, pi'esenting great variations in both 
 structure and cumixxition, and with wliicii are associated crystalline 
 limestones, (|uai'tzite.s, kc. These belong to the Grenrille Series of Sii- 
 Wiliiau) Logan,* and are of Lauientian age. In certain parts of the 
 area, however, there aie great sti'etches of orthociasc-gn. iss mucii more 
 uniform in cliai'actei- and without limestones and quartzites. These are 
 referable, in sime cases at least, to the Fn ndamintal tr'neiss of Logan, 
 which was by i.Mu believed to underlie the (irenville series and to form 
 the bas;d member of the Laurentian system. 
 
 *(;(.'(il(.gy of Canada, INC.:!, |i. S,'{!l. 
 
«DAM«. ] AHCII.KAN (iKOKXiY — GENEUAL STATKMENT. 11 I 
 
 JJri'akiiii; thi'ou<;!i these i,'iieiss('s and in some cases interlianded or 
 iiiterstratitieil witli tlieni, are sevei'al aiiortliosite nms-ses, by far 
 the largest of these being that which for purposes of convenience may 
 be termed the Moiin anorthosite, and which comprises an area of 990 
 s(|U.ire miles. Two impoi'tant intiusions of acid rouks, one of granite 
 and tilt' othei' of syenite also occur in the district. 
 
 Ill the presi nt report the anorthosites are shown to hr intrusions, 
 and are .separated from the Laurentian proper. The name Laureniian 
 is therefore made to embrace the Fundamental Gneiss, whicli, althougii, 
 so far as can be ascertainefi at presnt, essentially igneous in origin, 
 may possibly contain some sedimei. ry material, and the (irenvilli' 
 Series, which is composed of altered sediments associatt-d w ith much 
 injected igneous nuitter. 
 
 TiiK Lauukntian Gneisses and tiikih Assoc'iatko Hocks. 
 
 .STI!ATIi;i!Al'llirAL KEI-.VTIONS. 
 
 (i rriirilli' St'i'lt's. 
 
 The rocks composing the Laurentian in this portion of the Prota.xis, 
 usually possess a more or less distinct arrangement in the tV)i'ni of liands, 
 layers or beds whic'n alternate with one another. That a purely 
 objective attitude may be preserved the term band rather than bed 
 will be employed, the latter term being usually associated with the 
 idea of a sedimentary origin which in the present case should not thus 
 be taken for granted. 
 
 This banding is fre(juently replaced by a foliatii)n caused by the Hini'lin^rni tin 
 parallel arrangement of the individual grains of the se\eral constituents 
 of the rock, witliout any distinct arrangement of these latter in band-<. 
 In any district where banding and foliation occur together they usually 
 coincide in direction, and are often found in the sa.ne rock. 
 
 In the eastern portion of the area, in the townships of .loliette, 
 Hrandon, Peterborough and Chapleau, as well as in the country to the 
 north of these townships, these Laurentian rocks lie Hat or nearly so. 
 I'\irther west, as shown in the sections accom[ianying the map, a series 
 of low undulations appear, while in the western portion of the area 
 they are thrown into a series of sharp folds with nearly vertical dips, 
 the strike varying in dift'eient jilaces from north-east to north-west. 
 The eastern area of llat-lvinif ''iieisses, with occasional int( rcalated ,., , , • 
 bands of crystalline limestone and (puirtzite, extends far beyoiul the ^riieisses. 
 limits of the map to the north-east, occupying in this direction a very 
 large district traversed by the River ^lattawin, the Hivit're du Louji 
 
QUKHKC. 
 
 and ntlicr Miiallcr streair'', whicli cut their way down these nearly 
 hori/.oiitul rocks, and aloni; whose banks, from time to tiine, as well aa 
 in the ('litis hoi'dei-inii many of the lit tic lakes draineil hy these sti'eams, 
 j^ood sections, often represeiitint; a vertical tliickness of from two to 
 three hundred feet, are obtained. ( )n the more level surface of the 
 country on the other hand, the rocks exposed are of course compara- 
 tively iinifoi'ni in chaiMcter. Over this tract of i.-ountry, embr'/H-ing 
 an iirea of at least T-'iO sipiaie miles, the f,'neisses often lie (piite Hat, 
 while low dips seldom exceeding ^U everywhere prevail. In several 
 localities the direction of ilip varies rapidly from place to place, low 
 undulations in the tiat gneisses being observed, running now in one 
 direction and now in another. The whole area gives the impression 
 of a comparatively thin crust, which has rested upon or has been su.s- 
 tained by an .inderlying molten or fluid mass. 
 
 -'r-W;:^::!Ir;is<%'v^<^.-^'#^ 
 
 (ilMllitc 
 luitliolite. 
 
 Kiffiirc 1. Hori/niital ( oiciss, near f'nlar l!a|ji(ls. liivii' M.-ittauiii. '^uc. 
 
 That this in all probability was reallj- the case, is shown by the 
 appeai'ance from under the gneisses, in the southern part of this dis- 
 trict, of a great area of granite, a portion of which is seen in the 
 north-east corner of the map. This would seem to represent a very 
 extensive batholitic mass of granite underlying the district in question 
 at no very great depth beneath the surface, and here partially exposed 
 by erosion. 
 
""'"•• " — 
 

 /^ 
 
 _ H 
 
 - y. 
 
 
 '■^ r. 
 
 ■X v: 
 
 — x 
 
 /', — 
 
 ■" 7- 
 
 — y. 
 
 I 
 
»D**"- ] STliAlli.H.M'lllCAI. I.'KI.AIIONS. I .'l .1 
 
 l'"igii el. rt'jircsciits (I sketch, sliowiiif; a clifTonlifsc iieiirly liori/niitiil 
 gneisses just lielnw the C'ediir IJiipids, ni\ tlie lli\ef .Mattiiwin, iilxnit 
 L'O niili's lieyoiid the in >I'I hem U''iii nt' I lie aecuiiijiiiiiyin:, iiia|). 
 
 Fhite III. is 11 photngiMjili ut' a nthei'cliil, i di.'-istirig in this ease of 
 wliite giirnetit'eriius i|iiiirt/it", interhiindod with garnet it'ee'niis siili 
 niiinite gnei ses, within tiie limits of the ina|p, about '_' miles north 
 west ot' St. Jean de .M itha. 
 
 Jn tile are endiraeed Wy the ma)), linieslones iia\e nut lieen t'ouiid 
 
 in the Liiurentian to the Pdst of Ste. Kinilie or Ste. I'eatrix. luit in 'he 
 
 exteusitin of tlii-> distiiet to the nortii l)evoii(i tlie limits of the nia|i, 
 
 hands of er.stalline limestone ha\(' been found at a ninnl>>i' of wicle|\ 
 
 separated points in tin- liat-lyiin,' gneisses along the ItiNcr .Mattawin 
 
 and aliout I lie head-waters of the liivierffdu Tjoup. At one locality 
 
 t' ree miles nortli-west of the Laeroix Hapiils. on thc> Mattawin l!i\er, 
 
 reddish and grayish gneisses with intersti'atitied (piari/ites occur in 
 
 horizontal layers. .. iui hands of white crystalline limestone, in some 
 
 places (ptite pure and elsewhere holding grains of serpentine and scales 
 
 of mica. .\t one place, in a eliii' hy the side of a lake. se\ eral limestone 
 
 bands were obseived, one above the other in the same e.xposui'e. 'J'hree ''rystiilliiif 
 ,. , 111-1 !• I 1' 1 • 1 i' ■ 1 > liinistiiiii-s. 
 
 or these had t hicknesses (jt three, tour and eight feet, respecti\ely. At 
 
 another point half a mile distant, two bands of limestone were seen in 
 
 a similar ex] c)>ur»', the upper being six feet thick, while the lower was 
 
 exposed for a thickness of twenty feet, the lower limit no*: being seen. 
 
 These bands could be traced horizontally in the face of tin,' dill' for a 
 
 distance of half a mile. 
 
 Between .Ste. Mmilie. .Ste. I'.eatrix and Kadstock on the ( ,ist ami the 
 Mnrin anorthosite on the west, the Laurentian is thrown into a series 
 of folds, which toward the south are overturned, and in this district 
 crystalline limestone is exposed at a number of points. Most of the 
 exposures, however, seem to be ])arts of a single band rejieatedly 
 brought up by the folding, and coinciding' in strikewith the ^uiiounding 
 gneiss. (.See the sections accompanying the map). Some large bands of 
 anorthosite also occur in this district. Toward its .southern limit along 
 the edge of the Pal;eozoic, in the townships of Uawdon and Kildare, Stiik.Mf 
 the gneiss strikes nearly northand-south, but going north along the J^niiini-ins to 
 
 eastern limit of the florin anorthosite, the strike ^cradnallv turns more 'unntliusiti- 
 
 " ' l»niii(larv. 
 
 and more to the west ; the gneiss wi'apping itself around the anortho- 
 site mass, until at Lac des lies it strikes N. 75 W. 
 
 In the great lilock of gneiss which extends into the anorthosite from 
 the north, and in which lie the valleys of Lake Archamb,.ult, Lake 
 Ouareau and a number of smaller sheets of water, a similar ■ incidence 
 
1 I .1 Ql'KUKC. 
 
 Ix'twccti tlie stiiki' of llio ^^neis;; and tin- (iiiiu'tion of tlic iiMorthusitt> 
 lioiiiKloiy is obscfvtMl. NorLli-fsast of \ji\\n' Croolic and on tlm noitli- 
 eiist arm of ^.ak») Ouu.'eau the strike avcraf^es al»out N. :.'0 !•<., while 
 on the wPHt side of F^ake Onm-eau nortii of St. bonat and almut Lake 
 Lafronay, whii-h is situated al)Out tlie middle of tiie tijwnsiiip of 
 Lussier, it averages about \. 5") W. This strike to the east of north 
 is confiMed to tlie immediate westerly mar<(' . of tlie anortliosite, as on 
 the nortli-west of Liil<c Crocln' it has already veered around to tlie 
 west again. 
 
 Di'iciiiii'ii'^ The intluenrc of the strike of the gneiss on the shape and position 
 
 .st'i'tiiiiii"! "^ '''^ lakes anil on the course of the .streanus is al.so very marked in 
 
 this di8lri<t, heing especially well seen as (h-termining the couise of 
 
 the Kixer I/Assoniption and the shape of Lac dcs lies, l^ake Croche, 
 
 Lake Lafronay and l^ake l'eml)ina. .\lso in the forking of Lake 
 
 < )uareau, coriesponding to a cliangi' of strike, in the cour.-t^ f>'i tlie l{i\ er 
 
 < >ii;irra 11 between Lake .\rcliuiiib.iult mid L.'ikc < iiiarcaii and in the 
 posit i m of r^akc .Arcliaiiibault itself. 
 
 In till' north-west coriici'of the map the strike of tin- gneiss continues 
 til follow the outline of the Morin aiiortl.osite mass, being N. '20 E,. 
 on the Devil's River, just north of the anortliosite contact, and N. T)^ 
 W. ill (!X|iipsui('s about two miles from I lie foik-^ of the river, further 
 south ill the 'owiishi]) <if ( Iriindison. 
 
 i"'urtlier south in the townshi]) of Wolfe, the gneiss is more masive, 
 so that i is ditlicult to ascertain the strike, but at l^ac Gauthier, on 
 the line between (xrandison and Wolfe, it is N. '20 E., still following 
 the line of contact. ( )\'er the greater poitimi of tln' Aii.,iiieiitation of 
 .M ille Tsles, further south, there is :i general iiort h-easierly strike, which, 
 however, ill tli(> vicinity of tiie Lakelield anortliosite mass, \-eers around 
 to the north west, following the course of the mass in iiuestion. 
 
 Jietween St. .J(''r<>me and New tilasgnw the strike, wliit'h is at tlrst 
 north-easterly, swings around to the north as the latter place is 
 apiiroached, while to the east of New ( Jlasgow, a wedge of gneiss strik- 
 ing to the north runs uj) into the ^loi'in anortliosite for a distance of 
 fifteen miles, splitting it in two just before it disappears beneath the 
 Paheo/.oic strata of the plains. 
 
 1'""li:ttinii Xi, certain parts of the Morin anorthosite mass, as will be e.\- 
 
 |.ii-^-uri'. plained, a foliation has also been indui-ed by pressure in the anorthosite 
 
 itself, which can be shown to have been originally a coarse-grained 
 massive rock. This foliation also runs jiarallel to the limits of the 
 mtass, except along its southern boundary about St. Sauveur, where the 
 anorthosite cuts across the gneisses and limestones of the (Irenville 
 
sriM llOltAi'lIICAL UKLATIONM. 
 
 IT) .r 
 
 sories, the Htrikt; of the foliation IxMiig cotitinuouH aci'uNH the Ixtuixiury 
 fioin th«' Kiifiss into tiio aiKtrthoHite, 
 
 It thus hei'Dines evident that, with tiie oiiooxo'ption just nn'iitioiK'd, 
 the foliation of tho gneiss runs around the ii nrthosite mass, following 
 tin? winil'nijs of the huundary, and that it is not (Mtin-ly an orii,'injd 
 structure, in consciiufnce of which tiie anorlhosilc mass look its present 
 outline, hut it is in part at least secomlary, having been caused hy I In- 
 great pressure to which hoth rocks have been subjected sul)se([uent to 
 th(! intrusion of the anorthositc mass, which pressure has induced a 
 certain amount of motion in iioth rock'-. This motion has i)ccn accom- 
 pani(!(l by a certain stretching, dragging, or Mowing of the gneissic 
 series along the edge of the anorthosite, as seen especi dly well in thtf 
 al)ru})t I'hangc in strike of the gneisses along the innnediatc niargin of 
 the anorthosite nuiss about LakeCrocho and to tin- north-east of l-ake 
 Ouareau. 
 
 That a stret<liing of the gneissic sericss has tiiken place is also cleai ly 
 proved in many places where the ordinary (juart/ose orthoolase-gneiss 
 alternates with bands of dark pyroxene-granulite or amphibolite. Tn 
 such cases the dark bands are oftiMi seen to have been pulled apart, tins 
 disconnected pieccis being ari'anged in lines following the strike of the 
 rock, and can be plainly sccmi l)y the fad that liie ends of adjacent 
 pieces match one anoth('r, to have originally foi'Uied parts of the same 
 band. The accompanying sketch taken fr'nii an exposurr; on the ('y])ress 
 liivei", a short distance beyond the noitherly limit of the map, shows 
 t iiis excellently. Here there are large expciSuros of (inc-grained reddish 
 i|uartz(irth()clase-gnciss, with bands of a dark pyroxonc-amiihibolite, 
 the whole scries being much stretched owing to a great, cui've or sweep 
 in the strike of the gnei.sses of this district, whereby they are bent 
 lip.ck u))i)n themselves. By this stretching the amphibolite bands have 
 l)een torn apart as seen in l*'ignre 2, while the quartz orthoclase-gneiss 
 posses-ing a certain degree of phisticity, not only stretches, but tills up 
 the spaces between the disconnect' <1 fragments of the ampiiibolitc bands. 
 
 •Sill I el 
 till' K>>i 
 
 Kl'lics. 
 
 iii^ iif 
 is.«ic 
 
 Kiguri'2.- l?anfls ef l'vi(ixciii'-.Viii|iiiiliiilitc in '^';' utz-<)i'tlio(:I,ast'-(!ii(iss, torn iiimrt 
 hy the strctcliilif; (if till .sciics. ('yprcss Hivir. Scale, 1 iiicli to two feet. 
 
 The same phenomenon has been observed in hundreds of cases, not 
 oidy in the areaat present under consideration, but elsewhere in widely 
 separated ]iarts of the Laurentian. Tf the pressure is so intense that 
 any mendjer of the series is torn aj)art, it is always the basic rock which 
 
k; .1 
 
 VUKIIKC. 
 
 f '^ 
 
 I I'Mi'iii^' ,'i|>iiri 
 
 l'\nil|j< 
 
 sliuws itsclt' tit Ik- tlir li'ss plilHtir, wliilr tlir lii;,'lilv <|lliirt/(iso rockn 
 iiccoiiiiiMMlntr tliciiisolvt's III llif HtriiJ!! I»y |>lii.xtif iiHiMiiifiits, Siiiiio- 
 timrs, liowi'vcr, tliOMH liiisii- nicks tliriiiscl\c>' .siill'tM' ii vvvy ctnisidfr- 
 alili' uiiKiuiil of !>tri>ti'liiii;{ Ix't'drc tlu>y lifiik. 'I'IiIh Ntrott'liiii;; ciiti liit 
 (iliscrvcd ni'ciisidiiiilly in tlif nearly llat j»iifMMS('s of dm (•astern part of 
 t lie (list fid eiiilirai'eil liy tlie nia|>, tlie fra;,'iiieiits here iiiu\ iii^r apm-t in a 
 liori/iiiital (lireetiuii as from a huri/oMtal (lisrupt ini; foree, such as ini;{ht 
 lie exercised if the ;>iteisM's had lieen sti'et.ched ovei" the underlyiii!,' 
 ;,'ranite liatholite, either by a <lown\vai(l jiressure due to a j{real weijuht 
 lit' ii\eil\ iiiii loi-k. since leninxed, nr Wy an ii|iwaid fur'co oxerteil hy the 
 rise of the i;i'aiiilr iiia<4ina. 
 
 Til the folded poll ion of the district furthei- to the sout' west, this 
 tearing' apait of the basic hands heconies more maiked and very strik- 
 int; and seems to lie the insai-iahle I'uie whenever rocks of this chai'- 
 acler arc associated with ipiart/ose ;,'neisses an<l the \\|iiile series is 
 Went or tAvisled. 
 
 The same phciionienon is very well seen in the lase of the thirj 
 hands of gneiss, so frei|iiently found iiiterslial ilicd with the lime- 
 stone hands. I lere the liniestiine nn Icr ihe iiilluence of piessuic is 
 the more jilast ic of the two rocks, and the L;neiss, also plastic to a 
 h'sser extent, is heni iiito iiiriously complicated f.iniis, lail when the 
 movements lieciime too i,M'eat is torn apart into cur\ cd and crumpled 
 fragments, which, st;nidini,' out from the weathered siiiface, ;;i\e tin' 
 nwk a very reinai'kahle and characlecislic appearance. 
 
 It may appear soiiicwlial rcni:irk,d)le, in view of t he fuldin^ to which 
 these rocks iiave lieen sulijeited, that faults aie not more numerous. 
 Tiiey seem, however, to he rare, although in such areas of cnntorted 
 crystallini' rocks, their existence is not, easily detcrminetl. ()nlvlwo 
 were noteil, althouuli the existence of others was cunjectured. The 
 lirsl of these is at. the dam on the Kiver ( luat'cau. where it llows out. 
 of Lake <)uareau. Here, two masses of rt'd orthoclase-i,'neiss, with 
 inteistratilied (piart/.ite hands, come to>;etlier, one set stiikim^ N. 10 
 W. and tin? other N. 40 K., hoth havini.; a liifj;!' south dip. Thi.H it 
 will he noted is a portion of the area where the compression of tlui 
 Hn( iss must have lieen especially .sevei-e, the ordinaiy north-westeily 
 strike of the country-rock lieinj^ cliiin;;ed to a north-easteily strike 
 along the margin of the anorthosite nia.ss. Tlie s(>i;ond fault which 
 was noted is on the road between New (-llasgow and St. Calixte (hi 
 Kilkenny, about six miles in a straight line from i\\o former place, ami 
 at the contact between the gneiss and the anorthosite, whei'e a fault 
 probably occupies the bed fif the Jlivtsr Achigan, one conspicuous 
 band of gabliro running up to the rivei- and there disappearing. 
 
Mil M n.ii M'liii M. 1(11, VI inNri. 
 
 17 J 
 
 Thfl t'lU'l I lull lllr-C Icll'ks IlIlM* ImTII t'uldl'll I'IIIIh'I' IIiiIII t'llllllfll, iIiU'S I ',.|ii||t|ii|l» llf 
 
 nut 8tM<iii Ml i«)iiiiir.>alilf wlii'n it is ri'iiu'iiilM rid llml tlir iiinxfiiu'iils to '"' "'**' 
 wliiili tliKV were Niiliji'dnl wcii* lumi^ilit iilitiul wlicn tlii' itirkn wjm'c 
 dt'cply liiirii-d iiiid lictu'c licat ilv liiiidt>d. Ilciiii liiis hIiuwii t'oldiii^ 
 riitlici' tliiiM t'liiiltiii^ to hf till' ri-siilt. lit' siR'li riiiHlitini N in tin* AI|im. 
 
 Till' t'lli't lllill till' rucks, ulini swIiiiMli'd In llii'>-r IIH i\ rihrllts, \\ rvr ill 
 
 a id),;lily iiuati'd niiidiliuii, an will lio slmwii in iii'iitiii;; ut' tlic aiiiirtlio 
 Hitr-i, [inilialily runt rilniti'd In tin' sainc result. 
 
 Tilt' alli'inat idii ii(' the v .iiioiis Narii'tics ut' urlliiii-last' ;.'ni'isH with mm 
 aniitluM' i^ I'spci'ialU vvkII <lis|ilayi'il in the tiiwnslii|i ut' litandiin w Ihto 
 also tlii'ii' art' vrry nunicniii^ and lit'a\ v IuiiuIm ot' |i\ riiM'iii' i,'rtiniilite, 
 as wi'il as si'vri'td liamU of aniirtlmsitr (p. I Jti .1) ciinfiu'inin^ In tlin 
 iirncral siriki'. Tlii' i(iwn.s|ii|i. lliiTt'tnrc, merits a sliiirt, s|ii>('ial 
 di'sri'ipiiiin. 
 
 Till' lirst li'ti ran;,'i's an' t'nr llir nmsl part rli'ari'd and si'ttii'd, 
 while till' lasiit, two ranuus are still lar;;ely iindi'r t'ureHl, the 
 ciMintry risin;; to the imrtli and lieiiiy llieie innre iiiL,'>,'eil. I'li- 
 fiii'tiinately inueli ut' the suiilh eastern part is heavily drit'tecj 
 su that iiM'i' eiinsidi)l'al)li' areas iiu expusnies ean lie seen, A 
 strikin;,' t'eatiire ut' the easlfu jiait ut' llin luwnsliip is the lioauti- 
 till si retell ut' water knuw n .is L.ike Ma.skinun;'/', with its extonsivo 
 \alley ut' Hat drit'l exlendini,' iiurlhwaril tliriin;;li the Sth and 0th 
 ran.ui's and indicating' a iiiiieh ^jreater i<\tensiun ut' the lake in this 
 ilireetiun in pust.-^laeial times. Lac Curlieaii and Lac Nuir have also, 
 lis Keen in the pieseiice ut' .similar drifted valleys, liccn uiiich larjjer 
 sheets ut' wiilei in t'uinier limes. The tuwnship is travei-sed hy niimer- 
 iius ruids which all'urd means uf access tu ahnust »i\ery jiart ut' it, ami 
 owiii^' III the way in which it is laid mit, the raiijies riinnini; iiurtli-eaHt 
 and suuth west, w hiie the rucks strike nurlhwesl, I he ruads rwnniim 
 lietween the raiiyi's allurd a series ut' lines ut' secliun direct ly acruss 
 the slrike. 
 
 In ^euliiuieal structure the t.uwnship may lie dixided intu twu parts, T^un-lup ut 
 
 ' Ik' I ' ■ . I 
 
 line I'unsistiiiLt ot' the nurtli-wost twu-thirds and the other of the south- 
 ejist portiuii cuiiiprisiiii,' the reinainini,' une-third. 'i'lie nurth west 
 purtiiiii is oecii|)ied liy a llat synciine. the rocks striking north-west, 
 those of the eastern half of t'^e township dipping' at low anj^les, 
 avera^inj; ahoiit !.'"», to the south-west, while those in the western half 
 di|i tu tlic iiiirth-east. at aniiles of ahuiit ITi (see accuiiipaiiyin^ seetiun, 
 l'"i;j;. ;{. ) In the two upper ranj^es, the strata over coiisideriilile areas 
 are ipiite fiat, and no di|) exeeedinj; 15 was anywhere observed. In 
 addition to thi\ regular north-east and south west dips aliuve mentioned. 
 
\s ., 
 
 i^'KliKr 
 
 X 
 
 ■ 
 
 •J 
 
 -iJ 
 
 
 5 
 
 It 
 4> 
 
 n 
 
<0«MI. 
 
 HTKATIliKAFIIHM. IIKr.ATIONH. 
 
 I'.> 
 
 s\'\g\\t uiiilulutii)iis iii tlif striUii in tin- liiiiciimi nt ilic .^irikt! iin- <iiU'i\ 
 Hfoti, MM that in iMoliitod Hxposurns tlips lo tlu* iiurtli wuHt or Moutli-eiiHt 
 ciiti iHX'HHionullv III' iilisi'fvi'd. 
 
 Till' 1 kn ncL'ii|)\ iiiK lliin HVinliin' inti^iist iit' i.'in'iHN«'s ill yn'iil |{«>cki*iii .upy- 
 
 N.iiii'ly, tint' ytuiiK'd j.'ia(iiiliti'.s ami li'iit'mn'isHM?*, iiii^{i'ri jiiu'isM's, '"f "V"' '"" • 
 '. /ti'iii'titVt'iiiis ^iH'issi's (if viiriniH kimli, with nci'iiHional silliiniriiUi'- 
 uhiiIhws, Also lu'iiN \ liiiinis lit' |iyriixriii>^i'aiiiiliti' and pynixi'iio- 
 aiiipliiliiiliti', with liaiid>^ nt' <|iiai't/iti' and thi'ci' liaiuls ut' ahurilmsiti'. 
 '. M'i'tiiiii aci'iiss till' tiiwiiship aluii;.' llir liiir tn'twcfii imiiui'h \' 11 1 and 
 iX. II distaii"c lit' I'iiflit iiiiU.'s, is seen in I'iuuri' '\, and di'taiifd pt'tru- 
 yniphical di'sciijitiittisnt" tlip several cm-ks an- ifiv«in nn pa^cs W .1, 7<> .1. 
 I lii'-i> various I'm-ks Iium- i he tmni <>t distinct hands which arc usually 
 sharply di't'incd. No linicstniic nccurs in this township. The I'ocks. as 
 f'lir iiisti'.ncc Ljianulitc and pyrcixciif i,'fariuliti', nflcn ali'Miatc in liarids 
 iiiiicli toil thin III he sc|iai'atcly niiippcil, and tlic individual inasst's, 
 I'M'ii it' ut iarj^e size, tVcipicni ly jiincii nul "f alhr I heir cliara'tci in 
 the iliieciinii of the strike, and thi drifted charactci' of the liasin of 
 Lake Maskiiioimi- I'l lulers it iinpiiwihlc loasceii in whether the srvci'al 
 ;,'roiips of rocks reciiurii/ed in ilie western half of the section leappear 
 in ii'iiiilar older to the ea^i i,\' the ^vncjinal axis. The anort hosile.s, 
 however, were nowhere ohser\ed on t iiis side, v hich indicates that they 
 are not inlerstiatilied layisrs but rather si|uee/ed out intrusive niass(?s 
 and the j'xposures which are .seen on the eastern .lalf of the section 
 indicate timt the rocks jieie present fewer \aiieties. It is prohahle. 
 however, that tlu^ fact tiiat ecrlaiii well-delined iiands which ap|iear in 
 the western half of the section do not rea|ppear to the east of the 
 synclinal a.xis is due to the series heinjf e.ssentially a rolled out complex 
 of iyncous masses. 
 
 The exact thickness of the "strata " represented in tiiis norliiweat 
 portion of the township is not known, hut, as has heen inentioiied, the 
 I'ountry rjradualiy rises to the north, and it was ascertained hy direct 
 measurement (anerriid), that starting from the (jjIl;*' of the drift tilled 
 basin of Lake .Maskinonj,'!', at lot (J on the concession line between 
 ranges IX. and X., and lioing north to a point about the middle of lot 
 1 of ranj;e XTI., the ascent is made over HIO feet of nearly horizontal 
 strata: if the averaj;e dip of these be taken at !•') this alone would 
 represent a thickness of oi'ii feet. 
 
 The evidence here, as in other |>arts of the area where the gneis.ses 
 
 are approximately horizontal, goes to show that although the bands 
 
 are not tlexed and I'ontorted they have been subject to great vertical 
 
 compression. The various rocks are quite as highly crystalline as in 
 
 2\ 
 
 
'20 .1 
 
 <;ri:iiKc 
 
 the more contorted districts, the anorthosites show evidence of veiy 
 yrent cfusliiii^' sinre they wert injected, and tiic i;nt'isses tiiemselves 
 under the inicrnscoiie sliow very inaiki'ii cataclfistic slnu'ture. 
 
 (iiiiiiito iiifts? 'I'lie south-east poition of tlie t()\viishi|i is tuiite d'fl'ei'ciit in strueture 
 At the extreme sfiuth-east cornel' is a small area occupied by a portion 
 of tlie <,'reat j(ranite mass wiiicii occurs along the eastern side of the 
 sheet. It is coarse in i,'rain and soiuctimespossei-ses an indistinct folia- 
 tion. 
 
 Liiniiinn this j^'ranite on tin; west is a band of tliie-^iained granite 
 about a mile and a half wide. it is (|uart/ose and reddish in coloui', 
 almost free from mica oi' other iron-magnesia silicates, and nearly 
 unifoi'm in grain and composition. 
 
 In many places one can observe little local irregularities in grain 
 such as are often seen in granite apophyses, and it frcijuently holds 
 large ortlioclase phenocr^'sts like the coarse granite to the caNt. In 
 many jilaces an imlistinct foliation can be seen, and it often holds 
 little strings and sometimes apparent fragments of white (juartzite and 
 of a dark basic rock, usually coinciding in direction with the indistinct 
 foliation above mentioned, which is aln)ut N. o W. and parallel 
 to the limit of the coarse-grained granite. 'J'his line-grained granite 
 is apparently a contact phase of the coarse granite, the transition, 
 however, lieing very rapid, since on lot 1 of range TIL the two can be 
 seen within a few yaids ot one another. An actual contact or passage 
 between them was nowhere observed. The western limit of this fine- 
 grained granite, on the line between ranges I. and II., is about the east 
 half of lot 8. Tt) the west of this th(> tine-grained gi'anite is succ(>eded 
 in the following lot by a well-banded grayish gneiss, striking N. lO 
 W. and dip))ing to the east at an angle of i>^> . in this area are many 
 dykes, veins oi- bands of granite, ofte.i very coarsely grained as is so 
 generally the case in pegmatite apophyses, sometimes running parallel 
 to the banding of the gneiss ami else.vhere across it and anastomosing 
 with one a!iother. 'J'his gneiss is exposi-d at frec[uent intervals along 
 the road for a di. tance of lather over three miles from the fine-grained 
 granite, but is usually reddish in colour and holds bands of (juartzose 
 and hoi'nblendic gneiss, fre(iuently bi'oken u]) into fragments, which, 
 although in many cases evidently ha\ ing formed parts of the same 
 band, now lie in the reddish gneiss jjcparated from one another. 
 This reddish gneiss in many places respnd)les the tine-grained granite 
 and is almost free from iron-magnesia minerals. The strike of the 
 gneiss varies very much in ditierent places, and even in the same 
 exposure. It, however, always dips in an easterly direction oi- towards 
 
*t>*"^ ] STHATIi.H AIMIICAL IIEI.ATIOXS. 21 J 
 
 tlie gniiiito, ;irul jilways at very liij.'li uii^^lcs (if from fj") u> xui'tioal. 
 From the last exposui'c of the gneiss on lot 17 to the western limit (jf 
 the township, there lU'e nn other exposures, the country hcing heavily 
 drifted. 
 
 In the soutli-east corner of tiio townshi]). therefore, we have the 
 edge of a great mass of granite llanked by a hand of iniieii litiei' grained 
 granite, and heyoiid this a series of highly tilted gneisses, whicli have 
 been much disturlieil, and penet rated 1)V granite veins or dykes 
 ap|iar(Mitly ajiophyses frctni the main mass, the series iieing entirely 
 dillerent both in character aiul attitude from the weil-ltanded gnei sea 
 of th(! Mat syncline oecupyin',f the north-western portitm of the town- 
 shi]). Between these two area-- the township is under liea\ \- drift, so 
 that the actual relation nf the two sets of gneisses to one another is 
 oi)scured. It would seem, iiowever, that they must be separated liy 
 h line stratigrapidea! break, either a fault or an unconfornnty. It may 
 1)< noted tliat ii a liui' be drawn from the must west riy exposure of 
 the <j south-eastern gneisses, on lot 17, to the northern j)oint of Lake 
 Maskinongt', it will divide the tw(j series from one another, and such 
 a line would also run nearly parallel to the limits of the granite mass. 
 
 The northwestern gneisses l)eiong to ijie (ireiiville series: wliether 
 the south-eastern gneisses shoidd be referretl to tiie •■fundamental 
 gneiss'' or not is uncertain. 
 
 -Among the '..lost im]M)rtant constituents of the (Ireiixille series, not 
 so much on acinunt of their xohime as owing to their economic value 
 antl the genetic eonsideiat ions attached to tliein, as well as to the aid 
 which they atl'ord in working out the .--tratigrajilncal relations of the 
 .series, are the crystalline limeston s. The existence of bands of 
 crystalline limestone in tlie flat-lying gneisses, I eyond the north-east- 
 ern linut of the map, has already been referred to. Ijut within the area 
 emb'acixl i»y the ma]i. although not observed in the nearly liori/.ontal 
 gneisses of llie no'-ti istern ilistrict. crystalline limestone is repeat- 
 e(lly exjjosed elsewhere, as will be seen by consulting th(» maj), being 
 brought uji by the folding of the uncisses in the more contorted parts 
 of the area. 
 
 The south-western portion -f the area embra 'ed by the maji, 
 as has already been mentioni'il. was included in a "Map .Showing 
 the r)istribution of th(> l.aiuentian Hocks in Parts of the Coun- 
 ties of Ottawa, Terrebonne, Argenteuil and Two M(juntains, " by Sir 
 Wili.'im Logan, published in the Atlas accompanying the "Geology 
 of Canada, " which appeared in ISf)."). In the map accompanying the 
 present Hi poit. the distribution of the limestones in Montcalm. 
 
 ( 'rystalline 
 linifstuiu'.s. 
 
 Ill Sdlltll-Wl 
 
 lMiitiiiiii)f 
 iui-a. 
 
i^lKltl.C. 
 
 ( 'i-y>talliiii' 
 liiiii-^toiii- (if 
 'rii'iiililiiitr 
 I,;ik.'. 
 
 ( 'ivsialliiir 
 liiiirstiinc lii'i 
 
 St. ■Il'l-nllic. 
 
 Mdi'iii, tilt' Augmentation of .Millc fslcs, anil in the district to tlif 
 soutli-wcst lias been taken t'roin this map. In the area worked out 
 by Logan, which, howe.,c, lay pi'incipally beyoml the western limit.s 
 of the present map, he believed that the existenee of eitlu'i- three or 
 *' ill' di.stinct limestone bands of e(-iisiflerable si/e, at widely s(?parateil 
 horizons, eould be e,stablishe(l with tolerable certainty. I)i'. I']l Is, how- 
 ever, who has recently re-exiimined this district, and whose report will 
 appeal' shortly, doubts the correctness of these views, and believes that 
 the limestones are concentrated towards the summit of the .series. 
 The character and distribution of the limestones in this portion of the 
 area being described in tiie icporlsof Logan ami I'llls, need not here 
 be further referred to. 
 
 In the iiorth-w'st corner of the area, tiie Laurentian is represented 
 by reddish and gray gneisses, often rich in (|Uart7. and well foliated, 
 which on the Uevil's iliver are t)ccasionally garnet iferous and associ- 
 ated with (piartzites. This district is a good deal drift-covered, aini no 
 crystalline limestone was observed in place, iiut a large angular lilock 
 of tills rock found by the side of the Devil's Kiver, about the northern 
 limit of the map, indicates that bands of this rock do occur here 
 associated with the gneiss. 
 
 A heavy band of limestone runs througii Tr"nibling Lake, which 
 lies immediately west of Trembling Mountain, being exposed on tiie 
 islands in the lake as well as at its outlet. Crystalline limestone is 
 also expo.sed at several jioints in the vicinity of St. Jovite, in the 
 township of De Sahiberi'\, but the iieavy drift which mantles this 
 portion of the country renders it iiiipo.ssil)le to ascertain the extent 
 and distribution of the rock. 
 
 In that portion of the district to the east of the Morin anorthosite, 
 it was also believed at Hrst that some live or six dill'erent baiuls of 
 limestone! existed, but the result of a detailed stuily goes to show that 
 the three principal bands at least are jirobably repetitions of one and 
 the same horizon, being related to one another as shown in the section.-; 
 accompanying the map. 
 
 The course of the several lines of outcrop of these eastcn'n limestones 
 may be biietly indicated. 
 
 There is tirs^ a small and comparati\ely unimportant occurrence on 
 the west side of the Nortli River, near St. Jerome. Exposures of the 
 limestone are seen crossing the road, and blocks of it may be found at 
 intervals in the fields to the south of the road. Logan states that it 
 can be traced for about a mile and a half, running in a direction 
 
AMiia. ] 
 
 STRATH ; HA I'l IK A I, UKI.AIIONH. 
 
 •.\ .1 
 
 N. \- I']. Altliougli tlie siirrouiidinj^ I'omitry was o.-irct'iilly exaininul, 
 iiK lutiial exposures of this limestgne niulil he found, except tliose 
 alxive-nuMitioned. In tlie dircotion of its strike to tlie south, it would 
 ( russ tlie Noi'th Kiver find 1)(> covcriMl up hy the Cmnhro Siluriau I'ocks 
 within the next half mile. It ddcs not !ij)piai- on the lianks of the 
 I'iver, h(i\v('\ IT, neithei' ennld .•iny (•ontinuation of it lie found to the 
 noi'th. 
 
 A iiiori' import lilt occiirrciH'c of limestone, altliouuh still coinpara- 
 
 lively thill and iiiiiiure, is found a .'^hort distanci^ to the west of tli;^ 
 I ^ • 
 
 \illa^^; of New (!lasi;ow, hein^ exposed in the hed of the Ki\er Jordan 
 and near the ( 'ainbro-Silurian contact. From this point it can be traced 
 ill a direction a little fuist of noi'th, skirtinj; along the e(lg<' of the great 
 anoi'thosile arm, as far as range III. of Kilkenny, a distance of ahout 
 six mile-', where it is lost sight of. 
 
 An isolate*' -'xjiosurc^ of a pure white crystalline limestone occurs 
 on lot 10, range \'ll., of Kilkenny, w htM'e it forms a low ridge about a 
 hundred yards wide. This, however, is probably distinct from the New 
 (ilasgow band, which, if it holds its course as abo\e described, would 
 be cut oti' by the aiiorthosite a short distance to tlu^ north of tht; point 
 where it is last exposed. It certainly is cut off by the aiiorthosite 
 t'\entually, for the latter on the north passes across tlu; strike of 
 the gneissic series. What may be a continuation of this same 
 limestone band, howevei', appears on the other side of the aiiortho- 
 site mass, at Lake ( )uareau. The most iiorilu'rly point jit which the 
 limestone is here exposed, is a slight elevation rising aboxc the drift 
 on the Co'.ture Road, on lot 20, range fl., of Lussier. I'oUowing the 
 ]ire\'ailing strike, it appears again to the south-east, in Lake Ouareau, 
 forming a series of little islands, wliicli lie along the west shore of tlu^ 
 lake. On one ot these, which i> composed exclusi\('ly of wiiite crystal- 
 line limestone, with many little inclusions of gneiss produced by the 
 tearing apart of narrow bands in the manniM- already describeil, tht^ 
 strike is about N. TT) W., and the liiiK'stoiu^ is exposed for a width of 
 ■J75 yards across the strike. This is not the whole width of the band 
 as the exposure is bounded by the waters of the lake on either side. 
 Tht! band then apjiears on the east shore of the lake, near its southern 
 extremity, where it has a width of about L'OO yartls. The southern 
 portion of the lake is, in fact, exca\ated in a band of limestone, iiitci- 
 stratiiiod with white quartzite and certain gneisses which are a':...ost' 
 invariably found associated with the limestones, which band, being 
 very near tiie bonier of the aiiorthosite mass is, at many places all 
 about the lake, iinaded by and mixed up with aiiorthosite, which is 
 
 Ni'ikr New 
 
 At bakf 
 ( hiiii'fau. 
 
 i 
 
1 
 
 L'4 .1 
 
 VI KliKr. 
 
 ot'tfii iiitriiil('(| piiiiillfl til ilic t'lilijitiiiii (it' I 1m' i;ii('i>s, iiiul "it'ti'ii has a 
 iMiiio or less distiiu'l t'oliiitinn iU'iiiiiip.iiiiiMl liy cxcflltfiit citaclastic 
 struL'turo (st'ctiiiii ;i70). Tlic t'.-u-l tlml it Wiis possible in [iiiiiit diit 
 the I'xisttMice ot' liiiKistuHL' in this rciiintc distrirt was dt' ciuisiih'r'dhle 
 iiiipi)rtjini'(* to tilt' settlers thtTf, who had heen oliliu'eii pi('\ ioiisly ti 
 haul ail their lime 'rum St. .Icri'iiiie, a distaiK'f ni t'ortv miles nver' 
 riiu^'li riiails, 
 
 Tiie strike, wliorcver this can he observed, indicates a sharp hending 
 of the strata haeU upon themscilvos at the southern jiortion of tlie 
 lake, eorresjiondim; to till- outline ot' the lake. The t'oiiatiou is proli- 
 ahly lar::ely a sci-ondary one, iniluif(l hy pressure, as siio\\ n hy ll'e 
 fact that it is sha?'e(i hy the intruded anorthusite. The linie^toiie 
 with its associated gneisses is lindted on three sides hy the .iiicirtho- 
 site, and here aj^ain is evidently cut oil' hy it. 
 
 f, . ,,- A. Jcond limestone hand occui-rini,' to the east ot the .Morin aiioi'- 
 
 liiiii'st..MC' ill tliosite, is seen in the hed ot' the Black River, on the line lietween 
 C'atlir;irt. i-iii 1 1 \- .• 1 1 • .■ 1 1 1 1 -I 
 
 I'an^es \ Ml. anil I .\ . ot the lownslnji ot iiawiion : llirn in lar^e 
 
 exposures on raniies l.\.. .\. ami .\ I . of the same township, crossiny 
 
 into iani;e> ill. and 1 \'. ot the .\u:,'inentation of Kildare, on the 
 
 western rorner nf ihal lownship, (J.iiiii; still further north, it is seen 
 
 on lui II of r.-inui' 1\. of ('athrarl. rrus^mu raiiLCe \' I 1 . of ('.ithiMi't 
 
 and runnini,' under a little lake on iaii.;i' \ III., appears ai;ain near 
 
 St. Come, and is then e.\|)ose(l on lois '27 and 'JS of the last iiiiu'e 
 
 of the township of t'atlicarl. To the nrnth of ihi-, point the country 
 
 is unsettled, ami civeied with a dcn-e growth of forest, mi that the 
 
 cont inuous I racing' out of a suiall hand of limestono is inipossihle. 
 
 t'lintinuiiiL,' mi the ^ame strike, however, jimesione was ohserscdnn 
 
 the front of lot L'l*' of r.'intro II. of ('artier, on the line heiween 1 1. and 
 
 111. nf Carlier, a No .liiiiul lot L'S, and then at two points on two little 
 
 lakes lyini; a shori distance to the east of Lie des llets on tin' stream 
 
 issuing from that lake, r.imestone was also oliserved [jrotrutling thr(ju;ih 
 
 thi> drift hy the-horeof the l!i\ er L'.\-^ompt ion, ahnut four nnles from 
 
 Lake L Assom|itiiin. It is here e.\po-ril for a width of tifteen feet across 
 
 the strike, hut the limit of the hand is seen only on one side, the 
 
 water concealinji its contact with the gneisses on the other. 'l"he 
 
 petrogi-aphical charactei' of this limestone is described on iiage (Ki ,i. 
 
 1'his occurrenre, however, is not on the same strike and may iml 
 
 Ifclong to the hand ahove descrihed. 
 
 It »vas inipossihle to follow this hand with certainty in its southerly 
 e.xtension. This is owiiiii lt> the fact that the southern part of the town- 
 ship of liawdon is heavily drift-covered, coniparatixcly little rock being 
 
 I I 
 
STHATICItAI'IlirAI, IlKI.ATIONs 
 
 •Jii ,1 
 
 fxposcd. Me. Ciilylf cirtitully t'Xiimiiied tlif Itivcr ( (n.iri'iiii, t'loiii 
 Uawddii to tlic ('aiiil)ro-Siluriiui tDiitii't, und was iiiml)lf to tind any 
 liiiii'stoic. AliuM' tlic villa;,'!', tlio ri\tM- itiiis t'lrmmli diit't, until llu' 
 exposure ot' aimrtlKJsite at tiie Ujiper l)i'i(ii,'e is readied. Small ex- 
 posures of llie liinestoiie were, howe\er, t'oiiiid pfoti'udiiiii tiiroiii;ii tlie 
 diif't, on rariye l\', <il' llawdon, about lot Hi, wlueli may possibly mark 
 a continuation of llie band in tliis direction, but if so, tbe limestone 
 band is ui'catly diminislied in si/e to the south. 
 
 This liand, which may be called the Mawdon l)and, is most exten- Kawdnii 
 sivelv esposed on raiiLre l.\. of Kawdon, and in tiie vicinity of St. '""'• 
 ( 'omc. .\t t'e foiniiT loi'ality, se\eral years a:,'o, it was extensivel\- 
 liurned for lime, and at the latter place it is now beini; burned at two 
 difTereni points, 
 
 A noteworthy fact in connoction with this limestoiu^ band, is that 
 it occupies the summit of an anticline, tiie dij) beini; from it on either 
 side. 
 
 A third li:ind is sec in considerable exposures aliout a mile and a 
 h.df west of St, .\lpii(i I , on raiiiic 1. of Cathcart, wheic it is burned 
 for lime, and to the south on the adjoiniiii; ran;;e of the .Vu^MntMitation 
 of Kililare. It is then seen tmai' the I'oad, I'bout lot .'iS of rangt; \'I, 
 of Cathcart. and then at a numiiei' of places lyin^' in a dii'cction west 
 of north from the last exposure and runniiiLt through ranges \'il., 
 \'III. and l.\. of the same township, it parses into the forest co\-ei'ed 
 township of Tracy. 
 
 'I'he fourth band is thin and impuic. A few exposures about a mile 
 to the south-west of St. Amb|•oi.^e de Kildare may piciliablv be referred 
 to it, but it i-- well exposed tirst. on rani,'e \' II . of Kildar, near the 
 cheese factoi'y, then about the rear if this township, then in the \illaL,'c 
 of Ste. Beatrix, and a^ain about a mile fui'ther north, at the bend of 
 tlin IJiver L'.\ssompt ion. Then in the Seii^iuoiy of the D'Ailleboui, 
 about three miles south of Ste. I'",inilie. and au'.ain on tin' .Mattawin 
 road, about the line lietv.'een rani^es 111. and l\ . of .loliette. 
 
 A lifth band, still fmther to the east, is exposed on lot 2, of ran;.'p ' \-filliiii' 
 
 \'II. of Ivildare, and is then covei-ed with drift until it reauncirs nir-itniii' m 
 
 ., , , , . , • . ., . ., Kil'lii'v. 
 
 about thri'e miles tuitlKM- iiortii, in I > Argenteuil, at a point one mile 
 
 east of the town-line of Kildare, 
 
 These se\eial bands, to^etlier with those described in the south- o,!,,.,, 
 eastern portion of the area by Sir William l.o^an, enil)iace all the i"<iiriiiiiis. 
 limestones wiiich occur in it, with the <'xception of four small isolated 
 occurrences. The tirst of these has been alreadv mentioned, and is 
 
situatfil on lot Id of riiii;,'c \'ll. ot' Kilkfiiiiy. 'I'lu' sci'oiul was foiuul 
 on lot '2'2 of range l.\, of Hawdon. It is alxnit twenty feet wide, and 
 is associated with a liand of rieaily jmre, i-oarsely-gi-unulur, pyroxene 
 rock, wliii'li is desci'ihed on |>aj,'(! S5 .1. Its mode uf ot-ciii'ience is 
 that of a lentieulai" mass. 'J'he thinl is on lot JO of i'aiii,'e \'. of 
 HawdoM. 'I'.ie foufth ocenrience is found near tile line hetween lots 
 ^> and '.t of raiiirt' \'I. of Catlicart. This has heen (i|iened as a inai'iile 
 (|iiari'y, and partakes rather of the nature of a vein deposit. It is 
 descrihed on ]>age \'i2 .1, in tlie section treating of tiie Iv'onoinic 
 (ieoloj;y of tile district. 
 
 ( 'niitniiiit.\ nf Tiie (iiiestion as to wlietlier the Laurent iaii limestones form ccui- 
 tinuims liands or aiH' merely a series of dist-onnecled lenticular masses 
 has been fretpieiitly discussed. Tlieir softness and tlie (uisc with 
 which tiiey are eroded makes tliese limestones aj)p('ar less continuous 
 than they really are, for glacial and pre -glacial decay aiul erosion acted 
 far more vigorously on tiie limestone hands and the strata immediately 
 associated with tlieni tlian on the liarder gneiss of the series, and as 
 a result the former almost invariahly occupy depressions, and very 
 freipiently river-valleys or lake beds. In such places, of eourse, the 
 drift is thickest and most persistent. Wlien, tlierefore, the strata 
 uniierlying such a drifted area are contorted ami only protrude at 
 intervals through the gneiss, or e\-en when they are not contorted ijut 
 cxjiosed only at consideral)le intervals, it lu'coiiies a matter of great 
 ditKculty t > decide whether the occurrences of limestone fui'in a 
 continuous band of limestone or a series of ilisconnected patches. It 
 iiecomes, liowever, necessary in this connection to define what is meant 
 by the tt'iin •'limestone band.'" I'ure crystalline limestone or marble, 
 ten, twenty to sometimes 100 oi' more feet in thickness, is often found, 
 bu'. in the majority of cases the bands consist of the limestone inter- 
 stratitied with many thin bands of gneiss. This was ti'ue of all the 
 limcstiine bands ilescribed liy !Sir William Logan m the "Geology of 
 Canada." the gneiss often constituting half or more than half of the 
 whole thickne.ss. When Ijy squeezing or stretching these gneiss bands 
 have bren torn apart or pulled out into fragments, the gneiss and 
 limestone become irregularly mingled together : suljordinate masses of 
 limestone may disappear along the strike and gneiss may come in, to 
 be succeeded again by limestones. The limestone also being very 
 plastic under pressure, the relative amounts of the two rocks may 
 vary in different parts of the Ijand. 
 
 The band as a whole may thus be continuous for a long distance, 
 while its individual component mas.ses may and do thin out, disappear, 
 
HTKATIi iUA I'll 1< A I. It KI.ATIONM. 
 
 U .1 
 
 iind ln'fotn" sufCfM'dcd l)y otlicfs. ft is tlitis Ity mi moms uiicninnioii 
 to liiid ;i liincstonc Itiiii'l wliich, ut one piirt of its cours»', is ri'iiri'scntcd 
 hy a lliit'U (lc\(lo|iin('iit of nearly pure liinestone, further on represented 
 by a nuniWer of tliin layers of limestone interslratiticd witli l)unds of 
 gneiss. A liiiii'stont- l)and llius hccomfs u certain linii/.on inoii' or less 
 tl'.ifk in wliicli iiiiii-slone is alxindani, while it is aWseiit from the r<jcks 
 (III citlier side. 
 
 Acceptin<; the teiiii " limestone hand" in this sense, investi^'ations 
 in this area j{o to show that whi'n the country is favourahlc for study, 
 limestone bands arc found to lie continuous for Ion;; distances following 
 llio strike of the associated rocks, and tliat they are at least as conti- 
 nuous as the bands of any other kind of roi.-k makin;,' up the series. I>ut, 
 as before mentioned, tlieir very iiatuii' causes them to be more easily 
 iiidden oi- di'ift coveit'd, than the bamis of the harder associated rocks, 
 and they are thus sometimes apparently less continuous than these. 
 
 There is reason to believe that the limestone bamls sometimes act as MuviiMint.-. 
 lines of least resistance aloni,' which motion is especially pronouncefl ij,,i..*tiini' 
 under the ditlerential stra'ns incident to folding. An excellent ex- ''•"i'''*- 
 aiiipit' of this, on a small scale, was seen in an exposurt; alxiut one mile 
 soutii-east of a jiuint two miles below the Ox-bow Kapids, on the 
 River Mattawin, in the region of llat-lying giuusses beyond the nortli- 
 erii limit of the map. Here the gneiss is usually medium in grain ami 
 is ti> all aj)pearance as well bedded as any sedimentary series. iSeveral 
 little bands of crystalline limestone, from a few inchtjs to two ftsel in 
 thickness, together with a few small bands of (juartzite, are interstrati- 
 fied with the gneiss. An excellent section is presented in tlie cliff by 
 the side of a little brook, anil the effects of a thrust in a direction 
 pai-allel to the bediling, consecpient on the stretching to which the 
 rocks in this district have been subjected, is well displayed. The 
 upp'^r beds can be plainly seen to have moved for a few feet ovci' the 
 lower beds, along the plane of a thin limestijne band, which, with its 
 interst ratified gneiss layers, is quite undisturbed in the northern end 
 of the section, while further south it has been broken otl', folded on 
 itself, and puckered up in a most complicated manner by the lujti- 
 zontal motion. 
 
 The thickest body of limestone exposed in the area is probably that Thickest IhkIv 
 
 1 • 1 1 • T 1 11 1 • 11 ' • 1 1 "f liliitstuiie. 
 
 on the islands of Lake ( Juareau, which, as al)ove mentioned, has a width 
 '275 yards across the strike, with neither wall seen. The largest 
 occurrence of })ure limestone, unmixed with gneiss, uncontorted and 
 dipping regularly, so that its true thickness can be ascertained, is a 
 portion of the Hawdon band, on lots 27 and 2S of range X. of K;iw- 
 
lis .; 
 
 (ilKIIKC. 
 
 (loll, in the valley of ii hi'iinch r)f tlit- Hivcr Hou;,'^. Ifills of mu'iss 
 iis(' on uitluT sido of th<< river at this point, IIkjso to the west also 
 holding some limestone, antl between them is a nearly level interval 
 throu<{h whieh the ii\(M- runs. This strip or interval is L''-'') yards 
 wide, and is in all prohabilitv entii-ely oceupied l>y tht" limestone 
 ban I, svhieli, in that ease, would here be about double its ordinary 
 thiekness, as it is l)ent batk on itself, oe(U|iyinf,', as it does, the 
 suintiiit of an anticline (see Section No. I, on the ma|(). ()\er the 
 greatei' part of the tlat s alley-bottom, however-, the underlying rock 
 is concealed by drift, but on tlu^ east of the rivei- coarsely crystalline 
 limestone, for the most part neai'ly pure but in some plac -s rich in 
 serpentine, lying in legular beds or band.s striking N. -0 W and 
 dipjiing to the east, at an angle of about (iO , is e.\|io.sed for a width of 
 I't") feet across tht,' strike. This would give as a minimum an actual 
 thit'kness of limestone unmi.Kcd with gneiss of l.'M f(H't, while the 
 thickness is probably much greater. 
 
 The pctrogriipliical character of this limestone is described on iiagcti.").!. 
 
 Fiiiiiliinii'iitiil 
 
 gUfJKH. 
 
 I'll mill III' iitiil (liiiixn. 
 
 Trembling Mountain (Plate II.), which was taken by Sir William 
 Logan a.T the typical development of the Fundamental (ineiss, is 
 composed of a fine-grained, p.ile red, ori hnclasi'-gnciss. with a foliation 
 wliicli is generally distinct and with occasional bands diHering slightly 
 in character or coar.seness of grain. It contains a very few thin bands 
 of a neai'ly black pyroxene-amphiboli e. The petro^raphical ct .racterof 
 these rocks will be considered in detail on pages [i .1, 77 .1, where it will 
 be .shown that the gneiss is really a crushed or granulated grfinite. The 
 mountain is Hanked on the south-west by the limestones and their 
 associated sedimcntaiv gneisses, of the (Irenville series, occupying the 
 greater ]i!ut ot' the bed of Trembling Lake, and described on Jiage 4',(,i. 
 
 In tlic south western portion of the map, to the wosc of the gi-eat 
 Moiiii anoi'thosite, considerable masses of more or less indistinctly 
 foliated gnsiss, without banding and often jxissing into augeii-gneiss, 
 are seen. These are also in great jiart crushed igneous rocks, and may 
 be intrusive, but on account of the folding and s(|ueezing to which the 
 district has been subjected, it is ditKcult to separate them from the 
 limestone-bearing seiies. 
 
 Along the southern portion of the township of Brandon also, as has 
 been nientiniieil, there occurs ii somewhat similar set of gneisses quite 
 distinct in character and attitude from those in the northern portion 
 of the .same township (p. 20 j.) 
 
ADAM*.] 8Tlt.\lli.UAI'll|r\|, HKLATloNH. l"J .1 
 
 Wliothor all thc^o K"''iHSOH tciilly foiin a iiortioii of a tlooi' fni wiiidi 
 the <Jr<'jivill(' .sciics was (lupdsihMJ, siiirr Inniijilit up l»y t'oldinji ami 
 erosion, and thus entitled to the appellatinii " t'lindametitui j,'ni'iss," or 
 whether they are intrusive masses, foliated by the pres-ure to whieh 
 llic wliolc reyion has been submitted, ciuiiiot ln' determined. 
 
 A'ii/ / iifrnniiiiiK. 
 
 Two lai'go and impoi'tant intrusicins of aeid plutonie rock breaU Iiitiii>iw 
 
 1 11 • 1 .1 II 1-1 svi 'liti'. 
 
 tlirouyli tiie gneisses, one m the soutli-westeiii and tlie oilier in tlie 
 north-eastern eornei' of the ai'ea. The former, which was examined 
 many years ago by Sir William f.ogan, is icff-i red to by him as fol- 
 lows : — ''Ttiis mass of intrusive syenite occupies an area of about 
 thirty-six si|uare miles in tin- townships of (irenville, Chatham and 
 Wentwoi'th. Tn its lithological charactei' the rock is very unifomi, 
 being composed for the most part of oi'tlmclase, either of some tinge 
 of tlesh-red oi' a <lull white with black hornblende and a rather sparing 
 tiuantity of grayish viti-eous ( I uart/. The red tinge pre\ails niorc mi 
 the west side, the whit ■ on the (^ast. Tn tlie spur which inns into 
 Wentworth, mica is occasionally found accompanying tlie hornblende. 
 The rock is rathei* coarse-grained in the main i ody, but dykes of it are 
 sometimes observed cutting tiie limestoiu! and jiiieiss, in which tiic 
 grain is finer. Tlie.se have not been traced as yet to any great dis- 
 tanci' from the nucleus."* 
 
 The LTi-anite occurring in the north-east corner' of the maji occu|)ies a 
 much larger area, but the mass lies foi' the most part outside the limits 
 of the sheet. It is very coarse in grain, red in col'iur. and usually con- 
 tains but little (|uartz and iron-magnesia constituents. The orthoclase 
 usually occurs in very large individuals giving a porjihyritic appearance 
 to the I'ock. while in certain ]iarts of tiie area, and cs]ieciallv towards 
 tilt" outer limits of the mass, the rock takes the foi'in of a well detiiit'd 
 augen-gneiss. This variety is well seen about St. Dida-e, where a 
 niicroscoiiical examination shows that some of the augen are i^'agioclast; 
 aiul that the iron-magnesia constituent is biotite (section .'io?). The 
 felspar augen, both in the miissive and gneissic varieties, usually have 
 an apjiro-Kimation to a good crystalline form. 
 
 The relation of this granite to the <'nei.ssic series in the township of (iiiinitc of 
 Brandon, has already been described (ji. 20 .i). ^Ir. \\. G. Mt'Connel' 
 who ma))pe(l a jiortion of it in 1 SSO, refers to it as cutting ofl' tiie 
 gneissic series at one point where tlu» direct contact could b(^ seen.t 
 
 * (ii'ology of Ciiiuulii, 1S63, ].. :«i. 
 
 t Hiport of Progress, (ioul. Siirv. fan., 1,S7',I ,S0, p. o. 
 
 f 
 
.'W .1 i/t KllK«'. 
 
 Ill ilii' (iisirict siiutli-t'iisl ot' Si, |>i(|in'f, llit- ;{i'iiiiitf uUn ii|)|i«'iirs to 
 Iticiik tlii<iiii,'li till' ;,'iiciHs. All rxiiinimitidii of llml ilinliict slinws that 
 at till* jiinrtiiiii tlii'i't' is a /.iiiii> ut' nicks wliii'li Iihm' Iiccii iiunli mislu'il 
 hikI twisted mill wliirji siinw iin (li.stiiict strikt', while the strike nf thn 
 ;;iieiss liey >ll(l this /niie t'ollows (he line of ciinttict, the gneiss, hnweveri 
 liiu in;,' lH'eini|i|iiireiit ly siiliiiiitled lu ;,'ieiit pi'essiire, as it' shoved ii;,'iiiiist 
 the iiiimite and forced or driij,'v,'ed aioni,' its ed;,'e. The yriinite lieyond 
 the eastern limit of t.lic slient is cut liy u siiiall area of anort.liosile, so 
 that if the anorthosite iiitriisiotiH within the nia|i are of the same au'e, 
 the yranito was intruded liefore them. 
 
 < >n iIk' Ul>lurne(l cdi,'i'S of these dee|i|y eroded Archa'ail i'orks, with 
 
 their anortho-iite and i,'raiiite intrusions, ilic I'oisilam sandstone anil 
 sueccediiij; Camhro-Silurian rocks repose in llat iindislurlied lieds. At 
 some points aloiiy the ed^e of the I'rotaxis, as a' St. Canute, to the 
 west of St. .It'ii'iine, and on tlie liiver L .\ssonipt ion, the I'ots.lam sand- 
 stone is oiiser\rd resting' on the gneiss, while elsewheic t he st rata in 
 closest proximity to the !,'iieiss consists of ,i maynesian limestone, 
 [irol)al)ly ( alciferoiis in ane, as to the south of St. .It'roiiie, ov of a 
 highly fossiliferous limestone of Trenton aye, as iMstween New (Jlasj{ow 
 ami Sle. .1 ulifiine. 
 
 riihcii/.ciic All outlier of iliosr j'ala'o/ojc rocks, almost circular in form and 
 
 ahout two miles in diimetei, occiir.s iiliout nine niile.s north of the edge 
 of the I'rotaxis. on ranges III. and W . of the to\\ nsliip of .Miercnunliie, 
 show ing that the Paheozoic covering oiicts e.xtendi.'d at least as far nort h 
 as thi.s. 
 
 These strata co\i'r up the gneisses, aiKut liositcs and granites alike, 
 and are evidently of miuh more recent age, being separated from the 
 Laurentian and its associates hy a long inter\al <»ccn]iied in the up- 
 heaval and erosion of the Lau'entian area. 
 
 llo«' long before I'pper Ca'i ' 'an time this folding and erosicui 
 took place caniuit lie di'termin" .rom a study of this area, hut further 
 west along the edge of the I'rotaxis in the Lake Superior district, we 
 find that the Keweeiiawan and .\nimikie series also repose in Hat 
 uiulisturhed iieds on the eroded remnants of a series of crystalline 
 rocks which have the petrographical cliarac ler of the fundamental 
 gneiss. This makes it at least very probable that in this eastern area 
 also, the erosion took jilace in pre-Cainbrian tirpes. 
 
 I'rc-Caii.liriiiii Tt is a very remarkable fact that the roclie moutonnce character 
 
 '''''""""• possessed liy the eroded Laurentian rocks and which is usually attributed 
 
 to the glaciation undergone by them in the Pleistocene, was really 
 
HKIKOOHAI'IIN III nil; l,\t KKMIA.N. 
 
 :U .1 
 
 impifisril ii|M)n llii'in in tin- first iiiHtiitirt' in tlicsc prf ( 'umliiiiiii tiiiH's, 
 tor nil iilithK till- i'(i^(> of till' Miu'liMis from Likii Su|HMiiir to tlic Siii;u<'Miiy, 
 till- I'lilii'ii/.iiif stratit, ot'ti'M ill littlo pa'clics, ran lii> situ tn ii\)>rlii- ami 
 ciiM-r lip 11 iiiaiiiiiiillali-il ami riirlKMiiciuliinm'i'siii tiu'c sliow im,' iin ir.ni"* 
 lit' ili-i'ay ami similar til iliat i'\|iiisim| ii\<>r tin- iiim'uM'I'i-iI part of tin- 
 iii'i'a. 'I'lii* I'oiiclimioii tliiTpforo HcniiiH iiifvitalil)' that nut only wi-n* 
 llii'sc l<aiir(MitiaM iiirksHliaiply t'olili-il and siihjiTtoil tiii>niiriiioiis«>rosiiiii, 
 l)Ut til it tlii'y liail yivi'ii to llii'iii in pre Camliiiaii limes their ptiMilinr 
 
 hi.miliorky I'oiitniirs so sll;,';,'cstiM' ot" ire artion* Till' Jirc l'al:i'o/oic- 
 
 surt'aci' of till' fiimlaini'nlal gneiss of Scothind, a-i Sir Arcliilmlil (oMkin 
 has slidwn, also pri'si-nts the same limntnoiky ehiirMi'tcr.t 
 
 I'KTHIm.I; M'llV. 
 
 The l<aurenl ian of t his area eoiisists of iiidioclase^'iieiss in almost 
 eii'liess \ariety, alternal inj^ or intfrstratilied with pyroxeno-^^neisses, 
 iniipliilMiJiies, crystalline limestones, (|iiarl/iles, i;arne| rorks, ete., whieh 
 also present a threat \ariety of forms ami are eonneeted liy many 
 tiansitiomil memliers. 'I'hus hands of ipiart/ite, wliile nsually forming' 
 well ilctined stratii;raphical units, freipmiitly hold more or less ortlio- 
 •ciase, and tiiiis pass into i|ii;irl/.ose jjiuMsscs, or erystMliiiie liniestones 
 in eertaiii plaees heeome very iin|iure o\vin;j to the |)resi!nee of \iiiicnis 
 silicuti's, and miijht thus he classed as calcareous ;;neisses, and so on. 
 
 The oilhorlase-;;neisses preponderate lai'Ljely ami mi^hl, if the 
 ciystalline scliists were classified in the same detail as intrusive masses, 
 he separated into a mimlier of pet roj{rapliical species, each with its 
 distiiiutivf; name, representing the min(M'aloj,'ical eipiivalents. not only 
 of the granites and syenites, hut also of all the various transit ional 
 tVtrnis standing' lietween tin se and the i,'al)liros and diorites, which 
 latter lind tiieir ((luivuletits in t he 1 1 iie planiocliise-f(neisses and am 
 phiholites. The one essetitial character of the ;,'neisse,s is the possession 
 of a certain liandini,' or foliation, which on one hand may an.', often is 
 as well jironounced as the lamination in any .sedimentary rock or, on 
 the other liand, may be so indistinct that its existence can only he 
 detected hy the examination of larifc weathered surfaces. 
 
 It is not, however, advisable in all eases to attempt to separate, 
 classify and map these numerous varieties of j,'neiss, tiwin^ to the fact 
 tliat they occur in smaller masses and are much mor'! intimately asso- 
 ciated with one another than is the case with their intrusive eiiuivalents. 
 
 Ilithorl 
 ).'iiil-«. 
 
 .Mineral 
 Mirii'tiif 
 
 * A. C. Lnwsoii.-Note.s on the iire-Palii'iizDio Murfiiceof ttit- Archiuaii Terrani-s of 
 C'anndii Hull, (ii'ol. Sec. .Viii., vol. T., IH'.lll. 
 
 1 A Krugiiicut of l*iiiii"Viil Kiiroiif Niitiire, Aii(,'. 2t'>, is.s,s. 
 
3l» r 
 
 (/(;kmki\ 
 
 KlH'liK <<l tll> 
 
 Ijiiiii'i'iitiiiii. 
 
 Till' ilu<«Hitic/itii»(i <i|' tlu'so (^iiciMHCH in t'lirtlici' tiiiii|(lifiiti'(l \>\ tin" fuel 
 tli/it fiicli iiiiiii'niliii,'ii-(il \arii>ly iiiiiy pri<Mi>tit ^ti'iit. iiml iiii|>Mriiiril 
 ilivciNififs lit' HliiHtiiii' in (lill'i-ii'iit pliifi'it. 
 
 h'torii ii iiiiti<-iMlii<.'iriil >t.iii(l|iiijii(, till* I'oi-k-^ of tin- LiiiiriMitiiiii in 
 this i't'){iiin tiiiglii Im> tii'i'iui^i* i iii llit* tnliuwiiij; rliiHxu.s ; 
 
 ( Jt!l'lJ«*<l*« 
 
 ' .'unit/. • )ithiiclii»i' t JiifixM (( iniMiiliti' ill |iitrt I j t inmiti'i iiifihi.. nr w Inn |"Mir 
 <^iiti't/.'()i'tliii('|iini' Hiiititi'tiiii'iKH. Ill i|imr(/, nr frti' ficmi tliitt 
 
 */iirii't/.-Ortliiicliii>i'-niinili|i'ii(li>'l>ii«<iH>. 
 
 I' 
 
 nillalitlll'llt Syt'llltl'-) illl I" 
 
 I I 
 
 < )itliii(|ii«r|'lin{lMiln-'' 1 1 Ml II I ill nilr tiniiHK. Syi'iiitii' Oiiiriti'linfinM. 
 
 Oi tliMilii,! I'lin:ii«l:i»f l'\ I'liM n'-( •ii''i»H. SvdiifH' < Jitlilin t iiii'ii" j I'vihmhi' 
 riii^'iocljini' I'niiimih' IIiii'iiIiIi'IhIi' I iiii'lHH. liiililihi l)|iiriti''l ilii'iMrt . tfiiiniiliti' 
 
 I'lllKi'flllM' I'MmMIH' t ilicix". ( i:''lll|li ( illfJBII, I ill|ij|l't, 
 
 l'l»KiiKliiK»'l|iiriililiiic|i' ( liiii-., I »iiii ill' ( iiiii"- i Ani|iliil"i|itr in imrt i. 
 liiinii't Silliiiiaiiili' <iMi'i-.<. I \n Miiin r:iln^'i('iil I'ljiiiMili'iit 
 
 U|ll|ii(||lr.|.Si:l|pcilitl' l'\ liiMIll- I lMli>., \f. I ill tllf i^ll I" "fill'' 
 
 l^iini't/itc. 
 
 I iMIIllt ItmU, 
 I'yi-iPM'lll' l!nll<. 
 
 ( 'ryhliilliin Linn ■.tmii'. 
 
 The j,'i,eissoH, aspeciiilly in tin- hiisic viirii'tit's, jiro nftcii ricli 
 in ;.'arn<?ts. pink <if I'i'd in cdlmir, and t'r('i|uently of luiu''' ■'<iz»'. 
 Sufii ^{iii'nct it'fi'iiiis ynoisses aro an inipurtnnt clciufnl in many parts 
 of tlie scrii's. and especially in tin' xii-inity of tin' linicstoni' hands. 
 Many of thn playicxdast'-fiyroxiMU'-gnciMsos ari' of cnui'se closely ndated 
 to the foliated anorthosites. .Muscovite is seldom or never found, while 
 in the [)yro.\ene-!,'n('issi's, rhomhie as well as nionuclinic pyi'oxenes 
 fri'(|U('ntly occui'. In addition to the certain eon.stituents of the 
 gneisses, as given in the ahove table, accessafy constituents art; 
 fre(|uently pi'ei . nt, although these are neithei- al»uiidant rioi- nninerf)U8. 
 
 Oi tlu.'se acccessar\ nstituents the most important^ are, magnetite, 
 
 ilmenite, pyrite, apatite, zircon, rutile, graphite, tourmaline, ortiiite, 
 nionazite and spinel. In some parts of the distiict tiio gneiss over 
 large areas is very uniform and regular in sti'ucture and composition. 
 Tiiis is ('specially true in those areas which may b(! referred to the 
 lowei" or fundamental gneiss. Elsewhere, thei-e is a great variation in 
 composition and chai'actcr in ditVcrent bands within comparatively 
 limit(!d areas. This is particularly marked in the vicinity of the 
 limestone Ijands, where the gneisses arc usually garnetiferous and 
 morf freiiuently contain sillinianite, graphite, rutile, pyrite antl otlier 
 accessary minerals. 
 
 '<^ 
 
1 
 
 l>KTI(0<tl(AI'IIY UK rilK LAt'KKNTIAN. 
 
 n.J .1 
 
 A |wt'iili:ir, v«'iy niMty-w<>atlM*rinK KtiiMMM usuiilly, nitluT thu- -^niiiifd Ku.rv 
 iiml oft«'ii iMuirlv white mi tin- fnsli t'nictun', Hcldoin KciufH I'xcopt in ** "'•'"'''">' 
 iiNHuciatiiiii witli tin' liiiii'slonf IuiihIm, iind it \n tii*> (■xi'<>|itii)ii tu lind 
 (■ryxtiillirii- liiiu'.Nttuif uiui<'iH)tii|iiiniiMl i)y tiiis ^ni'isN. It oci-uih not ntily 
 ill iniiiiy I'lirtN of tlii< iircii iit iircwnt uiulur iliMcuHHion, liut in i>\i>ry 
 otimr piirt ot Caiiiuiii ami iIim I'liitcd Htiit«'H wh<>r« tho (liciiVilli' Ncrii's 
 willi its ('liiii'ai'tri'i.>ttir liiiifsluhcs \h t'luind. It i>t i'M|n'ciaIly well di'Sfl- 
 i)|»'d ill ci'iitiiil Uiitaric»* and ali'.iit I'ort Jlenry in tin- fStatf. nt' New 
 York. 
 
 'I'iir <|iiai't/',it«, oftun garnctiti itiuN, also ooriiis, c'liit;lly in iiHHuciatii*ii 
 witli (III- liiiicMtones. 
 
 A iiotict'ahio tVatuit- in tlinse Laiiri'iitiiin ^nuiHHrs wliii-ii lia\i' ijiiart/ 
 and (ti'tlidi'lasf! as tiir cliiot' ciiMstituciit.s, is the small propui'tiun nt' imn- 
 ina;;nfsia iiiincials which they tMtntaiii, It is rare to Iind Mich a i;n(iss 
 rich ill these iroMHtituents, and scry t'ie(|ueMtly they are entir.ly uiiNeiil. 
 I )h the w hule. Iiiiriilileiide is niiir(> ciiiiiinon than l)iiitite. 
 
 The cuiniii nt' the nrdiiiary gneiss mi a t'resli tract lire is reddish nr 
 grayish. Tiio nimo l)iisi(; varieties are dark gray (»r «veii brown in 
 colour, while in the ai'id gneisses, reddish and light gray tints prevail. 
 The i;neis,ses weather white, gray, reddish, or lirowti. according toth.-ir 
 I'oiiiposilimi. 'i'hey are occasionally \eiy coarHi'-grained, especially in 
 the case of the .uigen gneisses, which sonietiines hold masses of' t'el- 
 s]i ir, an inch or more in diameter. They are generally howescr medium 
 in :.'ruin, ot'li'ii line grained, lni( seldom so line that, tlus chiet' const itii- 
 cuts cannot Ih^ distinguished l>y tiie unaided oye, especially when 
 the weathered surface i.s e.\;imin(Ml. 
 
 As has l>een stated abov*), tlie distinctive ciiaraoteristic of all these Kdlini 
 
 gneisses is the jiosscssion of a more or less deciih-d fuliation or Imnded 
 structure. \\y foliation is understood a laminated structure. pidduce(| 
 in a Kick liy the parall.»l arrangement of certain or all of its constitu- 
 ent minerals. Thus a granite would become foliated if all the littlt; 
 biotite individuals were caused to assume a p.irailel position, and the 
 foliation would l)ec(ime still nioiv- pronounced if the other conslil ueiils 
 were also arranged in parallel strings. I5y banding is understood the 
 alternation in the form of bands, of gneisses diB'ering more or leas in 
 composition or stiticlure, which gneisses m.iy or may not bi; foliated as 
 well. The origin of this foliated or banded stiiicture in tin? case of 
 the Archa-an isoneof the mosr dillicult problems presented in thestudy 
 of these ancient rocks. It was formerly supposed to represent the 
 
 ■ !•'. I). .Vilivnis, -Rt'iKirt on the (i<M)l(i^y i)f ii port ion of Central Ontario, AnMual 
 Hcpoit, (!fol. Surv. r.m., Vol. VI. (X..S.), I,s<t2-!l.'{. 
 .'3 
 
 liiimlii 
 
 It'' 
 
I i 
 
 .'il .1 (/I KIIKC. • 
 
 i'fin)iiri> (if ill) oiiLfimil l^'ddini,', iluc to scMliiiiDiitiitiitii, lni(, now almost 
 (ilililiT.it.cd, (lie niiciss tliiis lii'iii!,' <'nin|iii!!il)lc tu cci'lfiiii indistiiiclly 
 tiiljatcd I'dcks found in cinilari /.imcs nliniil ^rcii' ri'ii|il/iv(' iiiasHcs of 
 ^^iMiiili'. In ii'icnt years. Imw cv ci', llii' study li\' iiiiiii\' alilc iii\ (•st,i;,'a- 
 tors' (if I he clli'cl.s |ii(idu('('d in locks u iicii (i('('|ii v lniriccl in t lie cmiM h's 
 lisdiiKiii. ciM-isI and .siilijcclcd III ;;i'cal. iircssiirc dui'inj^ IIki |if(ii'css of iiiouiitain 
 inakinn, liaxc clearly slmw II thai |ierfiicl ly foliated rocks may he and 
 are produced fnmi iiiassixc ii;ne(iiis rocks, hy sucii luocesscs, so that 
 the exisleiice of a foliated struct lire in ;i. rock can no liin;j,cr lie rei^arded 
 as evidence nf sediiiienl ary oriu'in. Anv rock when siilijected tddefni' 
 Illation under the intluence nf |iressui'e. will tend to assume a tnlialed 
 cl 1,1 racier. If t hesemov eineiits jia \ e lieen \-ery |ironoiinced, I he tot i.i I ion 
 will lie ciii'res|ion(lin^dy distinct ; while, if tlii^ |iressui(' has acted on a 
 ("omiilicateil series of rocks of discrsc cliaracler, as for instance iiiiieiais 
 and s(Mliiueiit;iry rocks |ieiietrali'd liy Inter ml riisions, or on a i,'reat liody 
 of ii^neoiis rock which has inidel u'diie iii;i!,'mat,ic dill'erent iai ion, a jielro 
 i;ra|iliical series composed of alternating; Wands of Nciy dillerent 
 varielif's of j^iici.ssic rocks may result. 
 
 TIk! j,'reat ii-reifularitics in coinposition which of recent years iiav(? 
 Iteoii shown to exist in many larj,'e eru|ilive masses, make I Ik; intimate 
 assiici.il idii (if diirerent, varieties of j^neiss, and their passaj^e into one 
 anotluM', much more intellii,dlil(' than formerlv. since such associations 
 and i;radual transitions W(iul(l (■(U'tainlv lie presented in any ;,'iiei sic 
 series foiiiKul liy the sipice/.iuL; or st retching of diHerentialed masses of 
 
 .Miin'l this kind. Thus, in several dist rids of ancient crystalline rocks which 
 
 in recent years lia\(^ heeii made tlii- sulijecl of very careful study, as for 
 instance the Ljranulite rei,'ioii of Saxony and the s',,utli(U'ii |i(irtion of 
 tlu! (irand l)ueliy of l!adeii. a ijrcNit \M!it,'ht of evidence has lie('ii 
 accumul.ited which i^oes to show that certain rocks which li::\(' lieen 
 
 (!nislic(l classed as A rcha'an f^nciisses f)r schists are altiM'od .sedimentary roeks, 
 
 'vhile other i;iieisses in the samo districts can lie shown to lie squeezed 
 or crushed rock's of igneous ( -iijin. 
 
 The separation and reco,i;nilioii of theses two classes of rocks will 
 prolialily l)econi(> more (>asy and certain as investigation advances, hut 
 it remaiiiH to lie ascortaiiied whet her it will lie pussihle eventually to 
 liriiiL;' all ;oieiss<s under one or other of these two heads. 
 
 meks 
 
 * A. Ilciin.- ( icelnjiii' del' llii(li:ilpcn zuiMhiu iiriiss iiMil liliciii.-Heitriigc zur 
 (!c..l. KiU't.'ijcr ,S,.|i\v ■!/. vol. X.W. HiTii. ISUI. 
 
 ( '. Siliniidl. llcitniKc /ur Kiiiiituiss (ii-r iniflicli'iKlcii ( Icstciiw. III. 
 
 I'l. .Milch. I'citiiigc zur Kiiiiitni.ss (li's \'crnu':ui(i. Kr.itcrTlicil. Iici|izij,'. IW'.t'J, 
 iiml iiiaiiv nllicrs. 
 
n.l lini.KAI'in dl' THK LAI' IIKM IAN. 
 
 :!.j .1 
 
 
 Tlic critiTid t'df tlic (I ■li'i'miiiat ion nt' ;,'iii'issi's wliicli consist of din im tor 
 
 III' I I I I I I ill"'! iiiini;i- 
 
 nicl iinorj)lH»K(Ml .s(>ilinicnts iiic not as y<'t (noronylily workcil mil, Itnt d,,,, 
 till' I'nilouini; arc llncc lines of c\'i(l(Micc liy wiiicli il wmild sccni (lial 
 such rocks may lie rccn^ni/cd : - 
 
 /. Till I r ( 'III infill ('iiiiiiiD'iil mil. Modern invest illation '^ucs to sliow |i^, .ii,,,,,!,..,] 
 more iind more clearly lliat in tlieir <'oni|iiisit ion iiiiieoiis rocks do not. ieiii|pi.~iiinii. 
 |ircs(^nl and exiianst all jios'-ihle conii)inat ions of silica uilli the 
 <'oinmon hases |>rcsenl in ihem. (lertain comliirjal ions of silica and 
 l)as(!S are lound in ij.'neoiis rocks; others are .lot. li,Mieons ro ks, 
 fiiithcrmoic, do not commoidy occur indiscriminately fisvociuled with 
 one aiiotlier, hut, are t'omul in certain fandly <,MdU|>s, const it iil in;; wliat 
 are knouii as "|)ei I'oi^ijiphical |iro\ inci-s. " !f tiierefore, cci'tiiin i^'iieissos 
 formiuL,' tliick, well delined iiands in an\' distric' of crystalline rocks, 
 ha\e a com|io-.ii ion whidi is nol. that of any igneous rock i)Ul which 
 is identical with that, of ll;e ordinary sedim"nl laid down in the. 
 present seas, t.ius is a stioni;- argument, in favour of the scdinicnlai'v 
 oriLtin of the Lrnciss in c|uestion. In the case of i;r.'ini'i ■ rocks undei' 
 yoin;,' atmos|ihcric disint' ^ral ion, I lie chemical jirocesscs at work 
 con--ist chielly of the paiiial renio\al of the .dkalies witli aciMlain 
 amount of t he silica and a |iorlion of liii' lime, tiie rock at the same 
 lime takiiiL;- U|i a ciMtain amount of water. If the rijck hecoines 
 thorouylily (let'om|ioscd, as in the case of tiie decom|iosed ^^ranite.s 
 from wliich china clay, a material almost free from alkali, is ohtaiiied 
 (out in thi'!,'reat niajcuity of cas(vs the decom|iosit ion is not so com 
 |ileii'), the ])artial decom|io>il ion ser\cs to disinleu'iate the rock, 
 which, falliiii;' to a loose, earthy mas-i, inay then he waslied away, aiul 
 cMMil ually dcjiosiled as sedinient. If tiie chemical action liis l)een 
 hut slin! ', an arkose may in this wa\ he pioducini whi<'li will dill'er 
 hut little from the, original ijranitc. If, on Ihe other hand, the 
 <|cconiposition, allhoU!,'h icitcomplcle, is wdl adx .iiiced, a tine mixture 
 of sand and clay will result, wiiicli will h(^ <listiin-t.ly dilleroiit in uom- 
 |iositioii from the original ni-anitc. 
 
 This mixture, sjieakini,' ;,'ener.dly, will he liciicr in alumina and 
 lioorer in alkalis than the ^^ranite, and will contain ]iroport innately 
 more iiia;,'nesia and less lime th.aii the orii,'inal rock ; and, althou,t;li 
 i,n'iuii'ies dillerin;; in composition noct's.sariiy yiold products having; 
 corro.spondin;, xiillert^nce.s, yi^X wiien tliesti chemical clian;,'es iiave ;foiio 
 beyond iiceftain point, a decomposition procluct if^sults which imsse.s.se.s 
 a composition distinctly ditrercnt from tliat of any i^^neous rock, and 
 the mo.st intens(f hakini; or re crystallization cannot a^^ain produce a 
 ,i,'ranite from it. If, therefore, giiein.se.s wcsre produced i)y tiie nieta- 
 3.1 
 
;ii; .1 
 
 i/l'ICIIKC. 
 
 I'lV rcsi'in- 
 lilaiici- til L'l 
 
 
 in(ii'|iliisiii ot sucli ^^I'iiiiitii.' (Iccouipositioii iiioducts, it luii^lit iiui, lu> 
 possible, t'roin their oonift sitioii, to iBcogiiize tliem as jilteied swlinieiits 
 ill nil (ir pcrlifips even in llic iii.i jority uf cases, liiit in ccrlain iiistuiuTs 
 il would lie possible. 
 
 'I'lioii HLfuin, tile coinpositioii of ci'iMaiii other ro(^k's, such as (iuai'(".ites 
 and ciystalliiie liiiiestoiios, mark them as of aciunous orij^in. Suuli 
 rocks, if their mo(l(! of occurrence jirechides the jiDssibility of their 
 bciiiii of the n.itiire of \('iii (hiposits or residual jiroducts, must, be 
 altered sediments, as sediiiientat ion is tlw; only other process with 
 which we arc; aciiuaiiited by which such nc-ks are produced. 
 
 Again, the presence of free carbon in tlu; form of graphite; or any 
 grajihitie mineral, disseminated through a gneiss or schist, points to a 
 sedimentary origin, as such suiistances do not occur in igneous rocks. 
 
 If several of these indications of a sedimentary origin arc; combined 
 in the same series of roi-ks, as, for instance, if liands of liint;st(iiie are 
 found interstratified with bands of (|uartzit(! and with a gneiss ha\ing 
 the composition of a shal(\ some or all of the bands holding graphite, 
 the evidence of a sedimentary origin becomes pro]ioi'iionately stronger. 
 
 ..■'. yVc Jii si'iiihlx Iter iij nur.li (I'nt'lssrs In tlir Mi la niiirplidsiil Jui<-ks nf 
 
 ( 'iiiilitri Zo;(f'.s'.— Undoubted sedimentary rocks, such s shales or slat(;s, 
 arc; in many cases invaded by great bodi(;s of molten granite, which 
 bring about c(;rtain alterations in these; sechmentary rocks, which 
 alterations consist essentially of a re-crystallization of the sediment. 
 This re crystdlization becomes progressively more comi)l(;te as the con- 
 tact with the granite is apfiroai.'lied, until imnu;diately along the 
 CDiitact a so-call(;(l liornstoni; is jii'oduceci. This hornstone, as the 
 jinme im|)li(;s, is usually line in grain, but in other cases, as in the 
 Granulite region of Saxony, the most altei-ed )M)rlioii of the; shale is 
 re|)res(Mited by a coarsely crystalline rock resembling u gneiss through 
 which th(;re runs an imm(;n:o number of litth; strings and streaks of 
 tlie granite. These products of intense inefcaiiiorphism, although con 
 sisting essentially of <]uartz, biotite, muscovite, felsjiar and other 
 minerals found in granite rocks, have these minerals arranged in 
 ([uite a ditl'erent manner, giving rise, especially in the case; of the 
 finer grained varieties, to what is known as a hornstone structure ; 
 while certain olh(;r minerals not found in granitic rocks but character- 
 istic of these contact zones also occur in them. Tf, therefore, in any 
 gneissic series, certain rocks are found which present the spotted and 
 other structures of the less altered portions of contact zones, or the 
 hornstone structure of the more altered portions, with or without a 
 swarm of little strings or str(;aks of granitic material passing through 
 
I'KTKOOIi.M'IM OKTIIK LAlIf KNTI.W 
 
 .•(7 .t 
 
 tliL'iii, the evidence fit,';iiii points to lln-ir l)cinj^ altered sediments. 
 Such rocks liiive lieen fouiul extensively developed in certain Archiean 
 districts, wiicre tliese liave l)een carefully examined, as, for instance, 
 in tlie r.iack Foi'ost.* 
 
 ■1. Till Siirrivii/ III xiir/i (r'nelnMr.i n/' Siriirtii t'l'n purnfinr to Si'ili- 
 iiii'nldri/ Ji(ir.k:<. — irndouljtedly sedimentary products, a.s, for instance, 
 roundetl, water-worn pebbles, or angular clastic (juart/. j,'rains, when 
 reco<{ni/ed in any crystalline rock, also determine it. to have been of 
 sedimentary oiii,'in. In this way, certain rf)cks in Norway and Saxony 
 formerly classed as Archa'an crystalline sclusts have l>e(Mi rec(j<^ui/.ed 
 as alterf^fl conglomerates. Clasti(; quartz j^rains arc in some cases 
 rendered possible of recognition by the fact that in the processes of 
 alteration secondary silica is d(!positi'd aixmt them, and in tliis way the 
 form of the original ^^rain marked by its coating of iron oxide or other 
 adherinii impurity, is preserved and can be recoj^nized, notwithstand- 
 ini; the complete altei'ation iiiid crystallization of th(; rock. This 
 process is especially wtill >ecn in tin; case of sandstoni's chatij^inff into 
 (|uartzites, but. can also Iks recognized in the inetamorjiiiism of cei'tain 
 aikoses into felspathic (piartzites, wlii(;ii in compositi<»n would be 
 identical with the more acid gneisses of the .\r(;h;can. 
 
 Ap[)lying these tests in the district at present under consideration, 
 it has lu'en found possible to |)lace in one class certain locks whicii all 
 lines of evidence indicate as of sedimentary origin. To these belong 
 the crystalline limestones, tlie quartzites, and certain associated gneisses 
 usually containing silliinanite, garnet, and graphite. 
 
 ,\notlier class can be recognized as consisting of rocks of igneous 
 origin which have been stjueezed or crushed. To this class, in aridition 
 to the anorthosites which are treated by theinselvtjs undei' anotlicM' 
 heading, are a wliole series of quartzose orthociase-gnei.sses, usually 
 poor in iron-magne.sia con.stitucnts, and possessing a variety of struc- 
 tures. 
 
 .\ third class consists of r(jcks whose oi'igin is as y(t doubtful. This 
 is due in part to the fact that, it has been impossible to subject them 
 to an exhaustive examination, including chemical analysis. Possibly, 
 however, their origin coidd not in many cases be ascertained even if 
 such an exi'Miiiai ion were m:ide. This class includes a considerable 
 jiroportion of the ordinary orthoclase-gneisses of the district, as well as 
 most of the pyroxene-gneisses and amphibolites. 
 
 PiV >ni\iviil 
 llf lll-i),'ill.ll 
 sti-iictiiri-. 
 
 (loul.tflll 
 
 cii'i;,'iii. 
 
 <M.(il llf isclii' ,S|ii'ci]ilkart<- lies (l|•()s^llt•rz()t{tlnllll.s IJiuli'ii — Krliiiit'iuii;;i'i] zu l')l:itt 
 (liMivriiiliacli Mill .\. Siiiii-r -Hfiili'llicrj,', 1S!I4, pu};i' S. 
 
In the t'ollowiiifi pa^iPs tlust) tlirec classes ot' rocks will hu uoiisidei'fcl 
 s('iia?ately, liegiiminj^ with the gneisses i»t" igneous origin. 
 
 Instead of endeavouring to tlescrihe every nirnil)i'i' nt' the large suite 
 of specimens wliieh has been studied microscopically in the course of 
 this investigation, \\hieh would entail the presentat i"ii anil repetition 
 of an immense mass of petrographieal detail, a numlier uf typical occur- 
 I'ences from t^ach class will be selected for description, as it is believed 
 in this way a knowledge uf the petrography of the district may be more 
 cleai'ly conveyeil. 
 
 C'hitin I. (iiii'i.s.siK of Iijiiiiiiix Orxjiti. 
 
 In these gneisses, orthoclase felsjiar preponderates largely, whiih is 
 itself evidence against a sedimentary origin. (.Quartz is almost always 
 present, though frei|uently in small amount. \t» presence and proj)or- 
 tion can be best ascertained in the field, by an examination of the 
 weathered surface of the rock, on wh'ih tiie contrast of the ([uart/ and 
 orthoclase is much more marked than un a fresh fracture. I'hese two 
 minerals frc(|uently make up almost the entire rock ((|uart/-orlhoclase- 
 gneis.ses), i)at they are usually associated with small ipiantities of iiiotite 
 and hornblende, oceuiring either separattdy or togethei-. (uaphite, 
 whicli is abundant in rocks of class '1, is never found in these gneisses. 
 Three structural varieties are especially woithy of mention : (a) 
 Augen-gneiss ; {h) (Ordinary granulated gneiss ; (<■) Leaf-gneiss. 
 
 These are connected l)y transitional forms. 
 
 Aiigen-friteisg (Quartz-Orlhoclaso-lloniUend<'-G ih'isk) — 'fmriis/il/i uf 
 llratidoii, Lofx ]>! and 17, IIhikji' IX. (Sicliini .')■')■'>). 
 
 .\ui,'iiij;niiss. The rock is of a reddish colour and i|uite uniform in cliar/icier nver 
 larg(> e.\j)osuies. In hand s[iecimens, it shows a distinct foliation 
 caused by the presence of slightly undulating but nearly parallel nar- 
 row black lines of horjiblende, alternating with thicker stivaks and 
 layers of reddish ortlioclase. 
 
 Tliese minerals occur for the most part in the form of tine grains, 
 but in this finely granular mass cores or remnants of large individuals 
 of hornbleiuh' and orthoclase respectively are abundant, from tht^ 
 granulation of which the liner grained portion of the roc-k has been 
 produced. The.se cores have not a good crystalline form, but are 
 rounded, lenticular, or teai'-shaped, with trails of the gi'anulated 
 material running off" from them in the diiection of th(» foliation on 
 either side, the foliation curving around them. The orthoclase cores 
 
1 
 
 I'ETHOiai Al'IIV OK llli: I.AlliKNTIAN. 
 
 •M .1 
 
 are often large, SDiiietiuifs over an inoli in diaiufter, tVeiiuently pro- 
 seiitinj; curved nv twisted faces, iind can l)e seen to he in tiic vciy act 
 of hicakiiij,' ii|i inti> smaller frai;nients. Tin- liornl)len(le renuiarit.s are 
 idtMitieal in sliapi' witli tlmse of tlie ortlioelase, l)ut are m' 'Uer in size. 
 
 Under- tlie niiei'osi'ope the rook is seen to ho conipo. . .-.sentially •>f 
 orthoclase, quart/ and hurnhlende. As aeuc^ssary minerals, hiotite, 
 diallage, apatite, /iicon and inm ore ai'e present ill very small amount. 
 Orthoelase prepundeiates lar^^ely, partly as large augen ami partly 
 as ,i,'ranulated niatiuial. The augen show an uneven extinetioni 
 although this is not .always ■. ery pronounced, and hetween crossed 
 iiicola show ii tiiiely mot tied or spotted structure due to a tine minct- 
 pertliitie inter'growth. 'I'liev have an irregular ohiong, often more or 
 less roundeil shape, and lie with their longer axis in tht; direction of 
 the foliation of the rock, or more or less inclined to it. When con- 
 siderably magnilied they can be seen to possess a finely seri'ated edge 
 as if jagged from the breaking away of litth* fragments. The augen 
 can, in fact, be observed in tins very act of breaking down into the 
 linely granular material which suri'ounds them by a process of 
 peripheral granulation, as described in the case of the anortliosites. 
 The grountlmass, so to speak, in which tiiese oi'thoclase augen ai'e 
 einliedded, consists pi'incipally of small grains of the same mineral. 
 Tliese generally show the same mottled appearance as the augen, 
 and difl'er but little from one another in si/e. The larger ones often 
 exhibit an uneven extinction and can fre(|uently be seen to be in the 
 act of breaking up into smaller grains. All these smaller orthoelase 
 grains lire very irregulai' in shape. In one of the sections a very few 
 small grains of plagioclase were present. Tiie (juartz ociuirs cliielly in 
 more or less elongated grains. These are often greatly elongated, 
 forming the "leaves" of cpiartz so abundant in the "leaf-gneiss.' 
 These are distributed through the granulated orthoclase lying in the 
 direction of. ami in fact in pait causing,-the foliation of the rock. 
 These giains have an almost uniform extinction, and are not broken 
 or granulated, even if they are many times as long as they are wide. 
 On very careful examination, howe\er, they can usuall}' he seen to 
 exhibit a slightly une\cn (>.\tinction suggestive, as will be shown in 
 describing the "leaf gneisses ' of a smearing of the mineral out in 
 one plane. They sometimes fork at the extremities or at the sides. 
 These ((uartz individuals can often be ob.served sweeping around the 
 partially gr.inulated augen of orthoclase in long curved grains or 
 lines of grains. 
 
 The iiornblende, which is green in colour and is present in com- 
 paratively small amount, occurs as strings of \erv irregular-shapeil 
 
 I ilMjiilllttrd 
 
 stnic'tiM-e. 
 
4U .1 . (/n;iiK<'. 
 
 ffiains, ivHultin;,' from the granulation <<( l,ii;ft! individuals the cores or 
 I't-nmants of wliich remain as small auj,'('n. A !;rain or two of hiotitc 
 i^ occasionally ass(jciatwl with tli(! Iiornlilcnde. [n one slide a sin;,'le 
 grain of diallage was present, but in all the slides there are a few 
 grains of a yellowisli aggregate, which is a|>|iaiently a decomposition 
 product of diallage. K\en if this h(* the tine explanation <if their 
 oi'igin, the diallage would he very subordinate to the horid)lende in 
 amount. There is no evidence that the latter has been derived from 
 tlie former. .\ few small irregular-shaped individuals of apatite, and 
 small zircon prisms, as well as a small amount of magnetite occurring 
 in elongated grains or long narrow strings like the (piart/, completi- 
 the list of constituents. 
 
 •^''"''■■'' This jiugen-gneiss occui's as a very irregularshaiieil mass, in the 
 
 townshij) of lirandon, intercalated in the gneissie .series, with the 
 strike of which its foliation coincides. (Fig. .'5.) It forms large 
 roche moutonm'e e.viiosures, \ery uniform in chaiact(»r. and is suc- 
 ceeded to the east by a large dc'velopment of nearly black {lyro.xene 
 granulite. Augen-gneiss, identical in character, was found in about a 
 dozen different localities in the >anie township, in long narrow masses 
 running parallel to the strike of the series. Augen-gneiss, clo.sely 
 related in character, occurs abundantly in many other parts of tlii' 
 area. It is fouiul, for instance, in large exposures at a number of 
 places along the southern edge of the area, between New Glasgow and 
 St. Jerome, and between the latter place and St. Canute, also to the 
 north of this district towards Shawbridge and St. Sauveur, as well as 
 in the extrenie noithwest corner of the ai'oa, on the l)e\irs I'iver, 
 the River Maca/;!, and about the laki's lying to the north of Trembling 
 Lake. 
 
 Oiiu'iii. With regai'd to the origin of this augen-gneiss, there can be no 
 
 doubt but that it is produced by the scjueezing of a coar.se-grained, 
 in some places perhaps porphyi'itic, granite. In the case of the 
 Brandon lock, this granite was a basic hornblende variety, probal)ly 
 with large porphyritically developed orthoclase crystal.s, similar in 
 structur«> to the great granite mass on the east side of the township 
 of ilrandon, well seen about St. J )idace, a mass which at many parts 
 of its periphery is developed as an augt-n-gneiss, closely resembling the 
 one in (piestion. In other cases the original granite has been more 
 acid in character and of the nature of a pegmatite, as in the township 
 (if Wolfe, wliere the line between ranges VI IT. and IX. is crossed Ijy 
 the line between lots 34 and 35. Here, the e.xtremely contorted 
 gneiss is cut by a number of pegmatite veins, having a distinct augen- 
 
ABAMI. 
 
 1 
 
 PKIlfOCItAI'lfV OF TIIK I.AIMIKNTI.W. 
 
 n 
 
 gneiss structure. (8efti(jn •"•G7.) In in.iny utiicr |i;iits of' tlio fiaiiivn 
 liaii. l)otl» in this distrii-t find in ('ontril Ontiuio, peniimtitt' dykes 
 liavf liceii ohscrvod cuttint; acioss tlie jj;neissiu strata, in which dyki ^ 
 an aujifii-giiciss sti'iiclura has Ix'on dtH't'lopod, which are in fact 
 augen-gneisHes in coi'tain phices, (if tJirnunhoiit tlicir whoh- mass. The - 
 
 foliation of this augcn-jineiss, moreover, coincides witli that of the 
 surroundinu i^neisses, Imt is ([uite iiidepcMdent of the fiii'cction of the 
 dyke. 
 
 A LToiid example seh'cied tVom many simihu' nn's is seen on lot 17 l'''k'iiiiitiii' 
 ' , ■ , • irnsli.il til 
 
 il IS sliowii in ih 
 
 of nmjie 
 llifure: — 
 
 NT. of Brandon, 
 
 accompanying murfii-Kin is». 
 
 Kigui'i- 1. l'i-;,'inMliti' ilyl<i'> ciiliviTtcil Ijy liressuii' intn .\uj,'i-li < Iiii'iss, llii' fnliiitiiili 
 of wliich iiiiiK'iilis with till' fiiliiitinii .•md liiinilim; nf the (^iieissfw tlii'imgli 
 wliich tlii'V cut. 'I'liis i\|icisuii' is S fict ill width. lH:iiij.'(' VI., I,iit 17, 
 'I'liwiishiii (if linmiliin. ) 
 
 At this locality there is a .series of large roche moutonnee exposures 
 made up (if an alternation of fine-grained, reddish, orthoclase-gneiss, 
 coar.se augen-gn(,'iss, dark pyroxene granulite, and vitreous i|ii,'ir/.tite, 
 the whole dipping to the east at a low angle. Although the several 
 rocks seem at the first glance to succeed one another in pretty legular 
 hands, careful examination shows that in certain places the augen- 
 gneiss cuts across the other hands, as shown in the figure, the foliation 
 in the transverse arm running parallel to the regular foliation and 
 handing of the whole exposure, but not coinciding with the direction 
 (if the arm itself. In the thinner apophyses the granulation is more 
 advanccfl and the augen less abundant tiian in the heavier bands from 
 which it proceeds. 
 
 I''it(iirc ."i. llyUi' nf l'it,'iiiatiti' (.TU.-iheil to .Viijrcii-Oiiriss, thi' foliatinii of uhicli cniii- 
 rides uitli th.it nf the Aiiiirthdsite thidiigh whiuh it cuts, (Haiij^i' VIII., 
 Lilt I'.t. 'i"ii\viislii|i uf Braiidnn.) 
 
 Figure ") shows a similar case where a pegmatite dyke crushed to an 
 augen-gneiss cuts obliquely across the foliation of the anorthosite in 
 the township of IJrandon. 
 
i- J 1^1 KIIKC. 
 
 It is tliiis (nult!iit tluit ill theso cases, mid |irul).il)iy in lln' cuscs ot' 
 all llif au;,'('ii-giuMsses, we have to do with yrmiitii' iiilnisidiis into 
 eaiiifi' nicks, whii'li intriisiuns certainly date t'niin a time lu't'ctie 
 the de\el(i|)i leiit of tlic foliation of t-lie j^noissos, or at least liefoic the 
 folialin;^ forces had leascsd to act. 
 
 'riciiiiiiiiii,' 
 
 Miniiitiiiii 
 
 lilll'iss. 
 
 Stnictiiif 
 
 (I'mniildti'd d'lieins (Qnnrlz-(hlli()rlaiir.-lft>vnhli')iih'-(invin8) — Ti'niihl niij 
 Miiii iittt'ni, 7'ii/niK/il/i of Jiihj ( S'i'rfiiiiis .TJS, n.iO, .'t.lS, ■')-i-'f). 
 
 This nioiintaiii, wliich, as is well known, is the highest poino in tiie 
 whol(! liMurentiaii range; of this part of Canada, rises •J.'JSQ feeb 
 uliove sea-leve! and 1720 feet above the waters of 'rrenihling i^ake, 
 wliich lie aloi.g its foot. ( Plate II.) It is sculptured out of a great 
 mass uf gneiss, uniform in character frnm liase to summit, and has an 
 espfv'ial ihtei'(vst in that it was cited hy Sir William Logan as the 
 typical occurrence! of the l''iindamcntal (ineiss, whicii he believed to lie 
 at th(! base of I lie whole Liinrentian system. 
 
 This gneiss is rather' line in grairr, and has a distinct though not 
 very striking foliatiorr, rnai'k(!(l by the pr'csencr^ of a scr'ies of thin, 
 intei'i'upted black lines, seen on sui'faces brokttn at right angles to the 
 foliation. On large woathei'ed sui'faces a slight vai'iation in size of 
 grain can occasionally be seen in thin bands par'allel to the foliation, 
 and at long intervals, thin bands of a black pyro.xenic nmphibolite ans 
 met with. Tlrt^ gneiss hsis a pale icddisli colour' when fr'esh, and 
 weathers i)r'o\vnish-gi'ay. 
 
 Under' the microscope it is seen to be coiiiposiHl essentially of ortho- 
 clase, (|uart/ anil hor'nblende, the tir'st-mentioned min(>r'al [)i'c|)oiider- 
 ating largely. As accessary constituents, magnetite, probably con- 
 taining a certain amount of titaruum as in one case it was observed 
 associated with a substance resembling leucoxene, and in some slid(!s a 
 few grains of plagiociase and biotite, are found. A few little zir'cons 
 and a few irregular gi'ains of a nrineral jir'obai)ly apatite are al'/ays 
 pi'eserit, and in one of the specimens a not inconsidcr'able (juantity of 
 a rhombic pyi'oxeuie was associated with the hornblende in little 
 irr-egular gr'ains, withoirt howevfU' aficjrding any evidence of having 
 been derived fr'orn this latter nrineral. 
 
 The structure of the r'ock is remarkable. (Plate I\'., Fig. 1.) iS(j 
 more typical example of a cataclastic or- " mortel " structure could be 
 found. Lai'ge, very irregrilar'-shaped, often more )r less r'ounded indivi- 
 duals of orthoclase, presenting a lii)rous a{)pearance, due to a very iine, 
 microperthitic intergrowth and showing excelli'nt strain-shadows, lie 
 
(iKOI.niilCAl. SlIIVKY OK CaNAHA. 
 
 Vol.. \iii.. I'AHT .r. 
 
 Ki.:. 1. 
 
 I'-k;. L'. 
 
 Kic. :<. 
 
 I'K^ I. 
 
 PLATK IV. 
 
 Kl(i. 1. " l'"lNI>AMKNTAI,(iNKISS,"'riiKMlll.lN(; MolNTAIN 1 1( irlllilMl.li', < >lt ll( K'Ihs.' :lll( I < ,>lliirtz. :< 10. 
 I'li:. 2. LkAI' (iNKIS.S, :U MII.KS NoEn'll-KAST OK ST. .TKUoMK ( )lt Ik iclllsi^ 1111(1 (^l:ilt/,. V HI. 
 
 I'k;. li. (iAKNKTiKKHor.H SiM,iJiAN-rrK-(JNKiH.H, I Mii.K w K.ST OF St. .Ikan ok Matiia (iallMt, Sllll- 
 iiiiiiiilf, (iimrtz, Ortiiocliisf iiiul i'yrite. X 1<>. 
 
 Fl(i. 4.-S1I-LI.MANITK CIIVSTAI.S IN (JNKI.S.S KlioM UK.ST SllOltK OK TitK.MIll.l.M: LaKK. 
 
1 
 
 I'KTHfMiHAl'IIV (IF Tin; I, AlltKM IAN. 
 
 \:\ .1 
 
 iiiil)i>(l(lc(l ill II very liucly ^ralluluttMl iiiiiss, iiitikinx up thu ;ireali>r purl 
 lit' tlic nii'k, <'iiiiip(i.H(><l iilsi) ut' iii'tlioc-liiMc, ami wlii^.i can ))u pliiinly 
 st't'ii t(i liiiNc liriMi il I'ivt'il t'liiiii ||m> lirciikiiiL; diiwii ut' the liu'^'ci' m tlin- 
 rlast's, tlie prtic'CNs lu'iiigiirtiiiilly 111 scrMMl iiiiill its Mtii^^cH in tlif-'t'i'tioiiH. 
 The priiei'HN coiisistH piiitly in puiipliuiul f^mnulatioii ami partly in tlie 
 suhdivision of tlio luinci indiv iiliiiil.s into .siiiallcr ones, liy tli«) devi'lop- 
 iiifiit of liiii's of tliis lii'iikoii iii!it*>i'iii.l ui-t'oss tlii'iii ill tlir diiiTlinii of 
 greatest st ri-ss. 
 
 Till) i(uarl/., t;lu) larf^cr iiuli\ iiUial.s of wliich finiuciilly riihliiiii liitli! 
 lows of tlic iiiinut*' dark imiiisions ofi*>n ,s<*eii in tlic (|iiart/<if giiiiiit«>, 
 though pi'(>s(!nt ill Minitili'r' itimMitit, prcsoiits tlin Ma'm> pliiMioiiiena. 
 Tlii.s is idso triU! of tlic iioniltli'ml*', the lui;,'t! individuals of wliirli arc 
 for tilt! most part liroki-ii int<i frajt(iii('iits wliirli arc arraiig«'d in 
 nultily parallel lines, formiii;? the intcrruplcd l>la(k lines above 
 im-ntioiii'd as marking; the foliation of llu^ rock. The ori<^'iu of the 
 j;;iieissic structure in the case of this rock ai'inits of no (|iicstioii. Ii is 
 not an originc.l structure, nor a survival of hi'ddin;; indicating' a sedi- 
 mentary ori;f.ii, hut it has been priMluced by niovements in the rock 
 brought^ about by crushing, the orif{inal rock ha\ in;; liecii a hiirnblenile 
 granite. 
 
 In order to ascertain whether the ciieinical composition of this rock c 
 Would bear out the conclusions derived from its s: udy in the licld " 
 and under the microscope, an analysis of it was made for me by Mr. 
 Walter C. Adams, Ji.A.Sc. The results of this analysis are yiven 
 below uiuhir I., while under II. the results of the analysis of a granite 
 from the Carlingford district, in Ireland, by Ilaughton, are presented 
 for purposes of comparison : — 
 
 I. ir. 
 
 • !nKI>s. (lllANTIK. 
 
 'rri'iiiiiliiii,' Mt. ( ^ll•lill^,'flllll. 
 
 I 
 
 lii'iiiiral 
 
 ||ll|«>^it||lll. 
 
 Siliciv 
 
 Aliiiniim 
 
 tj!l 24 
 
 14 s.*) 
 
 2 (12 
 
 •45 
 
 2 10 
 
 •07 
 
 430 
 
 4-33 
 
 ■70 
 
 7<» IS 
 
 14 24 
 
 3 72 
 
 MaiiKiiimus ()• -^ 
 
 r^iiin' . . 
 
 1 48 
 
 -MiiKneBia 
 
 SlHhl 
 
 40 
 .St'ifi 
 4 2ti 
 
 LoMs on itfnitioii 
 
 \ m 
 
 Total alkalies 
 
 ll!l .fiO 
 
 •Ills."? 
 7 !I2 
 
 The composition is that of a typical granite, and is entirely ditlerent 
 from that of the gneisses of Class II., of which the analyses are discussed 
 
44 J 
 
 <^( KIIKC. 
 
 oil |lll^l•H .*)!) ,1 to ))| ,1. Tlu- |iniiits lit' ilistiiu'tiuii, iind llumc wliicli murk 
 it as of i)(tioiiUM origin, iiro liiul> HJIicii coiii))iti«>(l witli low iiliitiiinii, iiixl 
 \\\'^\\ |i(>r('f>iitii^c of alkalicM. Thf liini> aiNo, as in usually tlic caNc in 
 ^lauiti's, is ill txim'sh of the ina^iii'siii. 
 
 I'"<)f a (ics(ri|ptioii of flic hands or stratiform masses of pyroxt'iip- 
 aiii|tiiilM)lili' wliiili art' iiiU'rcalatcd iti ihis giutisM, s«>i* {lagf 77 .i. 
 
 Lfuf-(iiifiHH - ((Jiiiirt\-Oi'thi>nani'-(ini'iHH) — 3A nimH Xoi'tli-i'ttxl of Si, 
 •Ji'i'i'nnf (Si'i-flotiM •'.<{, mi-')). 
 
 r..nf ^'ii.i>-. As a typical locality for this important and inter»'Htinj( varinty of 
 
 LCnoiss, ci'itain larj^c exposures protrndin;.' tlirouiih the drift near the 
 southern edj{e of the prolaxis, and altont .'U miles from St. .Ii'rome, hy 
 the side of the (Jreat Nortln-rn llailway Iwtween this phici> and New 
 (ilasifow, may he taken. 
 
 The rock is pink in (oloiir, line in i,'riiin, excellently foliated, and 
 practically free fioni all iron nia;{nesia constitut>nts.' Tn the hand 
 specimen it appears to consist of very thin alternate layers of (piartz 
 and oi'thoclase. The ([uartz, however, can s<'are<!ly he said to occur in 
 layers, hut rather in Ion;,' narrow leaves, presenting' the appearance of 
 layers, when the specimen is hioken at right angles to the foliation 
 ill one direction, hut ap|Hunin^ as much shorter layers or diishcswhen 
 the rock is hroken in the other direction, at riglit an;,'les to the 
 foliation. When, on the other hand, the rock is hroken in a direction 
 |iarallel to the foliation, the ipiart/. presents the apfiearam-e of havinj^ 
 heen .smear(>d over the felspar surface, in Ion;;, narrow streaks, very 
 much as hutter might be thinly spread on hread. 
 
 I 'nder the microscope, in a section cut at right angles to the foliaticm 
 th.e rock (Plate l\'.. Fig 2) is seen to he compo.sed of a uniform 
 mosaic of felspar grains, through \<'hicli the nuartz runs in nar- 
 row, sharply defined hands. These (piait/. haiuls in polarized light 
 resolve themselves into .a series of individuals, (>ach having a long 
 rectangular section, and placed end to end, the bands being remarkably 
 stnictiiii'. uniform in width and sharply dt^tir d against the felspar mosaic on 
 either side. The (|uait/. individuals are sometimes as much as ten 
 times as long as they are wide, and y(!t hav(^ an almost absolutely even 
 extinction. The orthoclase which constitutes the greater part of the 
 rock, forms, as has been mentioned, a mosaic of much smaller grains, 
 showing, as a general rule, between crossed nicols the wavy lines, due 
 to fine microperthitic intergrowths, so often seen in gneisses. These 
 grains tit into one another along veiy serrated boundaries : they do 
 
rKTi((M.iiArin ur iiii: i,\i iikmian. 
 
 i:. 
 
 nul mIkiw iiiiy vrry |ii'<iiHtuiictt(l Htmiii-Hliiulows, tn-itlu'i- tin' llicri* iiiiy 
 iiu^eii or I't'iiiiii'iils of liir^cr ^riiiiiH to b<* Ntti'ii, Smallci' iintl liir^cr 
 ^niiiiM ai'o |ii')'sriit, l)ut (lifi't) is no distiin't cn jdi-iu'i' ot' the lai'^iH' 
 lirnikiii^ up into llii< nniiillor. A Kiuin oitwoot' {tiii^io' lanit is stM-n in 
 i-iirU Hliiic, as wi>ll HH one or two vi>ry small il(>('oni|io.si>(l rfinnants nt' 
 whitl may Iuim- <>ri>{inally Ikxmi niiiiiili' mica scaluH. 
 
 The Mtruoturt' siij(K»*stH u <'ompl«tflv jiianuliitcd rock, in wliiili tin* •'"mi'l'i'- 
 
 ... , , ,«• "i • II 1 k'tHIMlllltlilll. 
 
 granulation has, prriiaps, hi'ct! ••Ilfi'tcd ui part, at It-ast, Ity re-crystal- 
 li/.ation. 
 
 (incissoH present ill!,' tliis leaf structurt' with its accompaMvin;,' niicio l)i>tiiliiiti>u 
 scdpic i.'hiii-acicis arc al>unilahi and ocmii' in many widely st'parat«'d " '""'"■"*"■ 
 |iarts (if th<! aii-a cud)raco(l in tliis report. Tliey aro fur inatance, very 
 exteiisisely dnvt'lopetl in the last i'an;;e ot" the township of Curtieri 
 licin^' excellently exposiired on the shoi-es and islands of the typical 
 III tic l/uiicntian lakes wliicili lie between tiie two l»i';iiiflu!s df the 
 liivcr L'.Vs.soujptioii. nne of which runs out of Lac dcs lids, and the 
 other out of Lake IjWssoniption. Several of tliesi' lakes are rockliasins 
 which have heen excavated out of this ;,'neiss. The yneiss from this 
 locality (section ."M'**), closely resendiles that above (h-scrilied, (dthoii;.'h 
 the ipiart/ leaves are not so shai'p and rej^ulai', and plai,'ioclusc. in 
 clear, hrijilitly polarizing gi-.'iins, is more abundant. There are also a 
 nuiid)('r of little scales of bi<itite scattered throii^^h the T'ock as well as 
 a few very small isotropic led ttarnets. As befoi-e, the appearance 
 under' the microscope is sui,'j,'estise of ;franulaliori with at least partial 
 re-crystal ii/.ation, aithouyh no absolute^ proof of this can lie ()bl,iined. 
 At many places in the township of i'randon also leaf-;;neiss occurs 
 inlei'banded with pyi-oxene-Hranulit(t, (piartzite, itc., consistin.L;: as 
 iicfore of (piurt/ and orllioclase, .ron niai,'.icsia c<instit iicnts bciny; 
 absent or i-epi'csented by a few ;j;rains of ii'on ore. One of these 
 localities is lot \'-\ of i'an,i,'e V]. (section t')i^5), by the side of the road 
 which crosses this lot, where the gneiss is interbanded with pyroxenc- 
 ;,'rahulite and often cut bv iirei;ul;ir sh;ipcd nias.s<'s of au^ien-gneiss, 
 ruiiidnii; now with and now across t he direction of foliation asalioM' 
 described. 
 
 On lots 18 of r!ini,'e V. and L'j of ranije I\. (section .'iTft), of the 
 same township, this same varifsty of gntMss is also well exposed, tiie 
 latter locality being at the we.sterly contact of the most eastwardly of 
 the anorthosite masses which occur in this township. In the very tine- 
 grained fels]i!ii' gi'oundniass of these rocks, howe\er, occasifmal larger 
 gi'ains of orthoclase can be se(Mi which are much twisted, show a ver}' 
 uneven extinction, md can in some cases be seen to be undergoing a 
 
u; 
 
 (Jl'UHKC. 
 
 process of pei'lplioi-iil ^'laiiuLitidii, ,i,'iviii;,' rise tn sniallcr ijiiiiii>^ like tlinsc 
 of tlie <{rouii(liiuis.s. In the locU trum tlic latlci- locality also, sections 
 show (listiiictly tlial fi iiKixciiiciit in tiic (lirtH'tiun of tlic fnliutinn has 
 taken ])lac(' in llii; felspar mosaic, (iiii i..^ or subse<|Ut'iit to its foiiiiation. 
 
 Transifioiia/ Fnrms. 
 
 'rr.iM~ini)n:il 
 
 Til'- •<tiucturr 
 (Mii<in. 
 
 lii'twccn anLtcn-Ljriciss ami Icaf^iuuss all pnssihU' iiitcriiicdiate 
 varieties arc t'lniml in \aiious parts of tlic area. Su^n intcrnipdiate 
 forms |ircst'nt leaves or thin layisrs of ([Uartz aitcrnatini,' witli layers 
 of linely <j(ranuiai- orthoclase, in which the au,i;eii nr rcmnatits of large 
 "I'thoclase individuals are more or loss abundant. When these augen 
 are large and abundant the rock approaches an augen-gneiss nn one 
 hand ; when the graiudating process has so far advanced that they 
 ha\e bcconu> gi-eatly reduced in nunilier and si/e, or have almost 
 disai)}ieared, the rock passes gradually over into a leaf-gneiss on the 
 other. (lueisses are rjften found which would be classed as leaf- 
 gneiss l)ut which on careful (examination show a few minute twisted 
 remnants of orthoclase augen, here and there, indicating the true 
 character of the I'ock. 
 
 'J'he great granite mais tjccupying the eastern side of the townsliij) of 
 Braiidon, along its norllicrn limits assumes llrst the form of an augen- 
 gneiss, and then passes over into such a leaf-gneiss (section ()60), w hich, 
 however, is jioor in fiuai'tz, the transition being excellently scimi on the 
 shrtres of Lake Sacacomie, which lies just l>eyond the eastern limits 
 of the maj). Many similar cases of pegmatites passing into augen- 
 gneiss and then into leaf-gneiss have been observed, and even when 
 (he transition cannot be seen, transitional forms are so coiinnon as to 
 render the conclusion inevitable that many at least if not all the typical 
 leaf-gneisses have been derived from the crushing or foliation of coarse 
 granite rocks, having passed through the intermediatt^ stage of augen- 
 gneiss. In a similar manner those forms of leaf -gneiss in which the 
 (juartz individuals are smaller, occurring in the form of little dashes or 
 scales rather than leaves, have probably been formed from finer grained 
 rocks of similar character, passing through an intermediate stage such 
 as that described in the Trembling Mountain gneiss, which, after all, 
 is a species of microscopic augen-gneiss. In the movements which 
 lave taken place in these rocks, resulting in the development of a 
 foliated structure, the processes at work are, it is believed, chiefly 
 mechanical. 
 
 In certain districts which have been made the subjects of careful 
 study elsewhere, structures resembling closely those above descril)ed 
 
ABAM*. 
 
 ] 
 
 I'KTHOGHAIMIY OK Tlir, I.AlliKN'TIAN. 
 
 47 .t 
 
 have been tlioujj;lit to hfi\(; \>i'cn produced by tln' ln'cikiii;,' down and 
 re-crystallizfition of the ofijiiiifi' -iistituents. Tliis does not seem to 
 be true in tliesc rjiiufentian i;.ieissc>< — t'or in the ease of the felspar 
 and hornblende the granulated material is exactly thi- same to all 
 appearanees as the larger augen. Hven when the latter consist of 
 microperthite the granulat(Ml nuiterial has also the sjinic character, 
 which would hardly 1)(.' expected if a re-crystallizati')n had taken place. 
 Sericite and the various other minerals so often produced during the 
 re-crystallization of rocks under the influence of pressure are also 
 absent. 
 
 Thf effect of the pressure on the quartz is especially remarkable, for, 
 as has been stated, the individuals of this mineral are not granulated 
 or broken up into smaller grains, but take upon themsdvi's the foim 
 of thin leaves oi- laths, often eight or ton tiuu's as long as they are , 
 wide, and in the case of the augen-gneiss often following curved courses'. 
 
 These leaves do not sliow, as a general rule, the intense strain- 
 shadows often observed in the felspar augen, but almost always s'i:ow 
 evidences of strain at inter\als along the length of the leaf, dividing 
 the latter in this way into certain ill-delined areas with slightly 
 dift'erent orientation. The leaves also, as has been stated, can be 
 observed to bend around large orthoclase I'emnants and sometini'^s 
 to fork at tiieii' extrenuties. A very long lath of quartz wi'l a", 
 in some instances break across, giving several elongated fragments 
 arranged in a line. 
 
 That these phenomena a:e the result of a purely mechanical rolling |^ii<,. timt uf 
 
 out of <iuartz individuals cannot be positively asserted, but they are 'H'^i'Jz 
 
 I I -^ ^ J |iiii|iliyi',\ iit 
 
 to all appearance so produced. There is no evidence of any breaking rii.il- 
 with a restoration of contiimity by the deposition of secondary (puirtz. 
 The proce.ss therefore appears to hi' quite different from that described 
 by Lehmann in the Sax(Ui granulites* but is identical with that seen 
 in the .s<jueezed dykes of ([uartz-porphyry at Thai, near Eisenach, 
 in Tliuringia,f and elsewhere. These dykes, which cut through a 
 series of mica-schists, have had a well marked foliation induced in 
 them ])arallel to that of the country-rock but often transverse to 
 their own length. The phenocrysts consist of orthoclase, plagioclase 
 and (piartz, which are arranged in the groundmass with their longer 
 axes in the direction of the foliation. The felspars and especially 
 the plagioclases have broken into fragments under the pi-essure to 
 
 * Entstnlnnig der altioystalliiieii .Schiefer Gesteiiic, S. 2.50. 
 
 I l''nttcn'r.— ])ii' (Jaiipfri'iiiiite von (irossncliseii \\. d. (^>uiirt/.iihorpliyre ven Thai 
 iiii 'I'hmiiigeii. (luaug Diss. Heidelberg, IHilO.) 
 
4K .1 
 
 IVI'KIIKC, 
 
 I'ln^tio 
 ilcforinaliiii 
 111 (lUilll/.. 
 
 whicli tlic idck liii> licfii siil)i('i't(>(l, wliicli tVa^niients lU'i' iirnmi^cd 
 ill lines ill tlic direct ion of tins foliation rescnihlinu; in tliii' respect 
 the lieleiiinite fragments in tiio IJiindner Sehiefcr of tiie Al|is. The 
 s)iaces between the broken frajfinenls are tilled not with tlie ,1,'idiindniass 
 S(|ueeze(i into tlie cavity Init with f,'rains of (|iiart/ and s<iiiiet.iines 
 felspar, eoaiser in i;rain *han the L;roiiiidiiiass, and vdiirli alllioiiuli 
 proliably secondary is not derived from the broken ])hiMioei'ysts, since 
 it can be M'on that the several jiortions of these if brou<,'lii toi;ether 
 would tit closely into one another. 
 
 TIk^ (|uait/, phenocrysts, on the other liai id, are drawn out into > iifai - 
 like foini-^, often eiicht tinus as lonjj; as they are wide. l liese are not 
 broken or liianulatod but are sharply tleiined against the ^ro indinass 
 and soinet lines have a curved form. Occasionally little elonj,'ated 
 string;-; resembling,' the i.'foiiiidiiiass are seen within the i|uait/. jiheno- 
 crysts. which were in all probability inclusions of the liioiindnia^s in the 
 orifjinal pluuiocrysts that became rolhul out with the ]ilienocrysts 
 themselves. All these elonj^aled <|iiarl/. phenocrysts present remarkable 
 I'.xlinction phenomena. I'lacli individual extin^^uishes nearly simul- 
 taneously over its whole surface, but when carefully examined is seen 
 to di\ide up into a number of little lields extinguisliin<^ in succession, 
 not howe\('r sharply .separated but nieri,'in,i;' into one another so that 
 the shadow sweeps over the, iii^ld with a peculiar twinkliiii^ etlecl. 
 
 This appearance is identical with that seen in tiie ipiaitz of many 
 gneisses. There is no evidence of breaking and re cementing, as 
 there is no int rruption in optical continuity in the in(li\ idiial as there 
 must be if this had taken jilace. Tlu^ jihenomeiion is probablv the 
 same as that exhibiteil in tiie plastic deformation of ice crystals 
 recently studied by .Miigge.* It is thus e\ident that under certain 
 conditions when felsjiar is crushed or granulated. i|iiartz undergoes a 
 rolling out or elongation without breaking, molecular nioveiih iits taking 
 placi? in some peculiar way, which result in an entire change in form 
 while the individual still retains an ajiproximately uniform extinction. 
 In this way, in tl.e Laurentian .system, granitic rocks became gneisses. 
 It is extremely rare in these rocks to liiid (piart/. grains which have 
 been broken or granulated, anil although as in\ estigation jiroceeds it 
 may be found that the granulation of the felspar and bisilicates is in 
 part a chemical process, the evidence at present available tends to the 
 belief that, as in the cascMif the anorthosites, to be referi'ed to later on, 
 the process is cliietl v mechanical. In other i ocks of tiiis system, how- 
 
 * Ui'Iht (lie I'liisticitiit dcr Kiskry«talU'. Xciies ■Tiilul)\icii fur Miiieralet^ic itc. 
 5, II. ;<, |). 212. 
 
1 
 
 I'KTItixJfAI'IIV op Till-. LAUHKNTIAN. 
 
 49 ,1 
 
 ev(?r, ;is well as in otliei' districts of ci'yst.'vlliiK' Kcliists, re-LTysliillization 
 and chemical re-anangenient have undoubtudiy j)lay(^d a chief part. 
 
 C/ksh II. —G'ni'ixsc.i, Liiiii'ufoiins, (Juart-.tles, ((v., oj Sfdhnentufi/ Origin. 
 
 Anotlicr nhissof f;neisae.s, (jiiite different in compoHition and structure 
 fi'om those above described, occurs abundantly in many widely se]iarated 
 parts of the area at present under discussion, as well as in all other 
 parts of Canada where the Grenville series is found. Intiinately asso- 
 ciated with these gneisses are othei' rocks whose conipositiou also makes 
 it iiii|iossiblti to class them witli rocks of iLfneous orif;iii : these ai'e 
 the crystalline limestones and (|uart/ites which form .such a prominent 
 petrographical feature of the Orenville series. 
 
 The criteria by whicii 'gneisses having a sedimentary origin may in 
 many cases be r(>cognized have ah'eady bi'en indicated, and the very 
 fact that the rocks just mentioned and included in the present class 
 are almost invari.ably closely associated with one another, is in itself 
 additional e\.Hlence of their common sedimentary origin. 
 
 The gneisses of ihis class, wliile under the mici'oscope still seen to 
 C( .ain a certain amount of (|uartz and oi'thoclase, ai'e made up \ei'y 
 largelv of garnet and siiiimanite, which are their most important- con- 
 stituents. These and other differences in their composition are aceom- 
 panieil by diHei'fMicos in structurt; as svell. One set of tliesc; rocks is 
 characterized by a rapid disintegration when exposed to the weather, 
 giving rise to a sand-like product vei-y rusty in colour ami which is 
 \(My characteristic. A second set are vei'y similar in composition, but 
 do not weather in tlu same i-usty manner. 
 
 As typical of these rusty-weathering gneisses, the following occur- 
 rence may be taken : — 
 
 Kdiks I if 
 sfdiiiiciitiiry 
 
 I illfisSCS. 
 
 (larneti/froiis KyilfliiKini/i'-d'iii'i.s.i — Alton/ one mile ive.st of the Clinrcli of 
 St. Jean de Matha, Seii/niory of De Rdinsay. (Sections 6^8, (l^'J). 
 
 This gneiss occurs in thick bands, intersti'atified with and overlain by st. .Iiim >\i 
 the white garnetiferous (|uartzite described on page (JlJ.i, the whole 
 lying very nearly horizontal. The gneiss weathers exceedingly rusty, 
 but on the fre.sh surface is seen to be fine in giain and dark-gray in 
 colour, small garnets and graphite scales being readily recognized in it. 
 It is more uniform in chai'acter than is usual in gneisses, the strike 
 4 
 
so .1 
 
 ({VKUKV. 
 
 Silliiiitiiiili'. 
 
 : i 
 
 I'viitc mill 
 t,Ma|iliiti\ 
 
 beiiiy luarkod l)y bands soinewliat richer or poorer in ;,'iirn('t, or by 
 other slight tliiferences in composition. 
 
 ruder the niici'oseopo tlic rock is seen to consist of f;aniet, siUiniiiiiite 
 and i|uart/. in lar^'e amount, witii some ortiioclase and iron pyritc, and 
 a lilth; l)iotit(', riitile and j^'rapiiitc. (Plate IV., Vi<i. M.) 
 
 '{"lie garnet indiviiluals, which are usually large, an^ more or less 
 rounded in form, but frequently elongated in the direction <(f the 
 foliation, and, as is usually the case in these Laurentian gneisses, are 
 perfectly isotrc . They fr<'(iU(Mitly hold inclusions of (|uart/, silli- 
 manitt' and rutilc, and present the appeai'ance of having grown in the 
 I'oek and inclosed these other older constituents. 
 
 The sillimanite occurs in colourless elongated prisms from O'l to •-"> 
 millimetres in diameter, tiir longest individuals being somewhat ovei- 
 1-1 millimetres in length, and often slightly curved, apparently by 
 pressure. It has a rather high index of icfraction, as well as a rather 
 high double refraction. The longituilinal sections show the cleavage 
 parallel to the macropinacoid as a series of tine lines parallel to the 
 longei' axis, except when cut parallel to this face. They also show the 
 transverse cracks usually seen in long and slender prisms. When 
 tested by means of the (juaitz wedge it is found that c = c. Terminal 
 faces cannot be recognized. In transverse sections the prisms are seen 
 to have the nearly square cross section of the prism ooP;;. The cleav- 
 age crosses these sections diagonally, and in the direction of this 
 cleavage lies the plane of the oj)tic axes, the axial angle being small. 
 These properties serve to identify the niincral and to distinguish it 
 from wollastonite or andalusite, which in certain respects it resembles. 
 (Plate IV., Fig. 1.) 
 
 The quartz, which is uniaxial and positive, contains, as is very 
 freijuentiy the case in these gneisses, many minute straight hair-like 
 inclusions, which are dark in colour. In the great majority of cases, 
 it shows a more or less pronounced uneven extinction, and the grains 
 are often long and narrow, the longer axes lying in the direction of 
 the foliation. 
 
 The orthoclase possesses the usual characters, and between crossed 
 nicols sometimes has the faintly iibrous appearance often seen in the 
 orthoclase of gneisses, the larger grains showing strain-shadows as in 
 the case of the quartz. The biotite occurs in very small amount, and 
 in small individuals of a deep brown colour, here and there slightly 
 twisted. The rutile appears as a few irregular-shaped, nearly opaque, 
 little grains. Tlie pyrite, the presence of which gives rise to 
 
■J 
 
 Fi:TKO(il!AI'IIV or TIIK I.AUUKNTIAN. 
 
 r.i .1 
 
 till' rusty woathering of tin- rock, and which occurs in cciiisidei'ahlc 
 amount, is in tlie form of little irregular-.shaped stiings and masses 
 scattered tiii'ough the rock. It frecjucntly occupies littlc! cracks 
 ivinning thrijuu'h the various otii(;r minerals or surrounding them. It 
 sometimes occurs well crystalli/etl, liut is often very tinc-gi'ained and 
 in 111 tie masses having a concentric banded structure like th it seen in 
 agate, the mineral having evidently been depositiMl in little ca\ilies sub- 
 sequent to the crystallization of the rock and being fi'ciiuently related 
 to the grajihite in such a way as to suggest that the pyrile had been 
 deposited owing to a I'educing action on the jiart of the carbon. The 
 graphite, which in the hand .specimens seems to be somewhat abun- 
 dant, is seen in the thin scctif)ns to occur in tlie foi'in of small elongated 
 individuals, black and (putc! opaipie. 
 
 A study of thi^ thin sections also shows tlit; rock to be (piite ditl'er- 
 ent fi'om the ([uartz-orthoclase-gneisses already described, not 'inly 
 in mineralogical composition but also in structure. The elongated 
 individuals of sillinianitc, ipiaitz, etc., lying in one direction, mai'k tlie 
 foliation of the rork, though this is not vitv jironounced. 
 
 No evidence (jf granulation, howe\('r, is to be seen, the jiressure 
 which granulated the gneisses of the last class, having, to all aj^jiear- 
 ances, crystallized these /// slfn, the constituents being, in the nomen- 
 clature of Milch, "eleutheromoriihic.'* The uneven extinction of the 
 sillimanite, ijuartz, and oithoclase would, howevcM', seem to indicate that 
 the rock had been subjected to some pressui'C since their dexelopment; 
 Imt on tin; otlici' hand, the garnet, which was developed later being 
 quite isotropic, would seem to have been prcjduced during the final 
 compi-ession of tlu; rock. 
 
 Another locality a^ ./Inch a gneiss almost identical in character occurs (iarm-t. 
 is in the front of lot 4 of range; X. of the township of Brandon, (Section 
 (iSO). Where the road crosses this lot thei'e are large exposures 
 of gneiss consisting of an alternation of small bands of augen-gneiss 
 and leaf gneiss holding little augen, with other rocks of the nature 
 of amphibolite or pyroxene-granulites often holding (juartz ; as well as 
 with a few bands of this rusty garnetiferous sillimanite-gneiss and 
 some calcareous gneiss or very impure limestone. Hoth the augen- 
 gneiss and the amphibolite-gneiss occasionally hold garnet". Tlie 
 rusty-weathering gneiss is seen under the microscope to be compo.sed 
 essentially of garnet, sillimanite, orthocla.se and cpiartz, with pyrite, 
 rutile and biotite in very subordinate amount. The garnet, as before. 
 
 Nil iviilciicf 
 of jriaimlii- 
 
 tinii. 
 
 * Hi'itriijjc zur liclii-c vmi dcr RfgicmiilniftHiniiriiiiosc Xeucs .lalirlmcli fiir 
 .MiiuTiiioKii', IX Hriliijfi' Biuid. S. 107. 
 4.1 
 
;)2 .? yuKHRC. 
 
 is in the foi'iii of ii'r('j,'ul;ii--sliape(l masses, hu\ inj,' a sponge-like char- 
 acter owiTif,' to the numerous inclusions of l)iotite, felspar, sillimanite 
 and rutile which it contains, it is as in the rock last (lescril)e(I iiuito 
 isotropic. The pyrite occurs tillin;,' httle cracks and was apparently 
 inliltrated after the crystallization of the rock. No graphite is to be 
 seen in the specimen, or slide. This rock, Mke tiiat from near St. 
 Jean de Matha, sIk.iws no t>videnco of cataclastic .structure, hut 
 has apparently resulted from an entii'e re-crystallization /// xiln under 
 pressuie. The same is true of the ([uartzo.se garnetiferous gneiss inter. 
 .landed with tiiis rusty gneiss. 
 
 TiuM'e can lie no douht in the case of these exposni'es, that theaug»'n- 
 gneiss aiid the leaf gneiss jiroduccMl from it, are of igneous origin. 
 
 Two other occurrences of this peculiar rusty-weatliering giu'iss may 
 also be referred to: in these, iiowever, the ortlioclase iias a graiuilated 
 a])])earaiu'e, although no absolute ]ii'oof of its cataclastic origin can be 
 obtained. 
 
 <i'an>ii i/irinis SiHiniitnili-dneinK — Ritnil lirlinrn flu- '/'oirus/ii/in/' Kilddn; 
 <(u<l I.nkf Riicher — Scignuiri/ of D'Aryciiti'nil. (Src/laii .10.'. j 
 
 KI1(1mic. At this locality there are a series of expostu'es repi'esenting a very 
 
 considerable thickness of strata nuide up of an altei-nation of grayish 
 quartzose gneiss, with thick bands of white garnetiferous ([uartzite and 
 t)f tliis rusty-weathering gneiss. There is also in one place a band of 
 white crystalline limestone, holding grains of dark-green serpentine. 
 This is exposed for a width of twenty feet, and occurs intersti-atifi(Hl be- 
 tween a band of white ([uartzite and one of the rusty giuMss. All these 
 rocks frequently hold a little graphite. The lusty-weathering gneiss as 
 before consists of garnet, ortlioclase, ([uartz and sillimanite with pyrite 
 and a little ruti e and gi-aphite. The conti'ast between the ver\- rusty 
 weatliei-ed surface of this gneiss and the pale-gray almost whitt- colour 
 of its surface on a fresh fracture is very striking. 
 
 Garnetiferous SiUiitianite-Gneim^ — l^oioinhip of Klfdnre, near the line 
 hetiveen Banf/es XI. iDid XII. (Seetion 4J0.) 
 
 This locality is just to tlu^ west of Lake Franc^-ais, and on a con- 
 tinuation of the s.ame section as that in which the last-mentioned rock 
 occurs, but about three miles further west. It is the first exposure on 
 
 
-..1 
 
 l'i;iHu(i|(AI'||V OK TIIK LAl-HKNTrAN. 
 
 n.-J .1 
 
 tlie road, to the west of the uiior'tliositc haiid wliicli jiasscs iindor tlin 
 lake. Tli(^ rock I'onsists essentially of i,'arii('t, silliincnite, (|uai-t/. and 
 oi'' lioclase, the i,'aiiicl often inelosiiii; tlie siliinianite. it is almost 
 identical in char-actei' with (lie rusty-weathering gneiss of tlio otlier 
 localities deseriWcd al)o\-e. 
 
 As exanipio of the second set of these rocks iM^fort^ mentioned, 
 which, while vry sinular to those just described, do not contain 
 pyrite, and c<inse(iuently are not distinguished in the Held by the 
 rusty sand-like disintegration product, the following may be 
 selected ; — 
 
 Unrnrl il'ifdiix Sill iiniinilr (1 III ix^ — > mi/rn imr/fiin n/ of St. Jiita ile 
 Mulliii—Sf'.iyiiiiirii nf Di' Ridnxaii. (Sn-tioit oOS.) 
 
 This rock occurs three miles in a straight line north-west of St. Nnrtliwest of 
 .1(1111 lie .Matha. ai, the bi'idge where the road from this place to Ste. Matlni. 
 Kinilie (TOSS'S the {'.lack l{iver. The gneisses here lie practically 
 hdri/.ontai. 'J'hc rock is red in colour, and highly garnetiferous. 
 
 I'lider the nucroscope the rock is seen to lie composed of garnet, 
 sillimanite, (piartz antl orthoclase, with smaller amounts of rutile, 
 serpentine, i)yrite, graphite and biotite The general characters of 
 these minei'als are the same as those which they present in the rocks 
 of the last set just described. 
 
 Tlu^ garnet is perfectly isotropic. The sillimanite is pr'esent in 
 considerable amount, in prisms whose long axes lie parallel to the 
 foliation of the rock. The (|uartz contains a great abundance of 
 minute, black, hair-like inclusions, quite straight and arranged in 
 several intersecting^ series. The orthoclase has a distinctly fibrous 
 appearance, (jwing, in part at least, to the pi'esence of little, rod-like 
 inclusions, some black and neai-l\' opaipie, others transparent and 
 nearly colourless. The rutile is present in deep brown, nearly opaijue 
 grains, sometimes having a tolerably good ])rismatic form, but gener- 
 ally more or less rounded. The sei'pentine occurs in a few large 
 grains derived from the alteration of some mineral, which has now 
 entirely disappeared. Graphil,e is scattered through the rock in 
 numerous little Hakes. The biotite occurs in very small amount, 
 often inclosed in the gai-net. ( )nly a very few small grains of pyrite 
 are present. 
 
 The rock, as has been stated, is very highly garnetiferous, the 
 garnet occurring in lumps of a pink colour, making up a large 
 
">4 .1 liUEllEf. 
 
 pari of tlic rock, tlio otlusr coiistifcueiits ,ii tin; rock hciiii,' mucli 
 more flue in ;{riiiii und llosvini,' louiul tlio lfirj,'t* j,'ai'net hiiups, tlius 
 ),'ivin^ r'ise t(» an iiulistinct t'oliatioii in tlio direction of the motion. 
 Tiie structure, howtncr, is (;uitc liiU'ei'ent from tliat of auycn- i.r U^af- 
 f^neiss, foi' the study of tiie tiiin sections alloids ito indication of 
 granuhition. The laij,'e garnet iump.s crystallized in >///' and aie 
 uncrushed. They are not remnants of lai'g(!i' masses which have 
 escaj)ed complete granulation. The sillimanite apjjcars to be some- 
 what broken in places, but this is not certain, ami a study of the 
 thin sections prove.s that at least some, if not all, the constituents of 
 the rock have been produced by a process of re-crystalli/ation. 
 
 Si//iiiiniiif('-(iiielxs. — W>'st n/torc of TreniliruKj Lnh'. (SfCtioH ■'>'■> I.) 
 
 Treiiililiiiif The geology of Trembling Lake, which large sheet of water lies aear 
 
 ill (• Kiici^s j.jjg north-west corner of the accompanying map, is of especial interest. 
 Along the eastern shore of the lake rises Tiembling Mountain, the 
 highest point in this part oi the Dominion, and which, as already 
 stated, is cited by Logan as the typical occurrence of his fundamental 
 gneiss. The gneiss com[)Osing Trembling Mountain is very uniform in 
 character and, as has been shown on iiaye 4.'5 .1, consists of a yreat mass 
 of s(|uee/ed igneous rock. Kunning uj) tiirough the lake, and exposed 
 at its southern extremity, as well as on the islands in the lake, is a 
 heavy banil of white crystalline limestone. Associated with this, and 
 well expo-<ed on the shores of the southern portion of the lake, 
 espi'cially on the western side, are garnetiferous and sillimanite gneisses 
 in considerable variety. On the eastern side these form a narrow 
 border, in some places grapliitic and holding interstratitied bands of 
 quartzite, which is succeeded by the Tiembling Mountain gneiss a 
 sluiit distance inland. At the north-western end of tiie lake coarse 
 granite-gneiss, with scarcely perceptible foliation and no banding, 
 comes in. 
 
 One variety of the gneiss, occurring on the west shore of the lake 
 and ab(nit a (juarter t)f the way up the lake from the southern extremity, 
 was selected for examination. 
 
 The rock, which weathers sonriewhat rusty, is fine-grained and dark 
 purplish-gray in colour on fresh fracture, looking somewhat like a line 
 mixture of pepper and salt. It consists essentially of orthoclase and 
 quartz with a large amount of biotite in little flakes. Running 
 through the rock are little interrupted wavy streaks, white in colour, 
 and apparently parts of what were once continuous little bands. These 
 
ADAMI. 1 
 
 I'KTIIKI.IIAIMIY 111' Tin; LAURKNTIAN. fiS .1 
 
 foiisist t'sscrUially f)f .sillimaMili' iti iiiinutf luiculiircrystiils ( I'lalo I\'., 
 Kig, I) anil, liii .iif{ a nidfly parallel liiri^ition, j^ivo tn tlic rock, which 
 is otlii'iwist' iniisHive, an indistinctly foliated uppoanvnce. 
 
 .■^ 
 
 
 '^-■^. :• W:;-' --^-5--- >?--? 
 
 Ki^'Uii' il. SiIliiimiilti-( iiniNS, west slioro nf 'riiiuliliiiK liiikc\ Silliiii;inilf, l^»ii:irtz, 
 (»itli(nliii''. hi'ititf anil I'yiitf. ■. ;J8. 
 
 Till' accoiiipaiiyirif,' limirc (No. <i) shows the appearancf of the rock 
 under the inicroscope, iiortions of two bands rich in sillimanite with 
 an interveniiif^ Ijand rich in hiotite being shown. Ah accessary constitu- 
 ents present in small amuunt, the rock contains garnet, titaniferous iron 
 ore, a few grains of pyrite and of a iniiiei'al which has the characters of 
 alianite, [)leochioic in pale iirownish and ureen tints and ileeper in 
 colour ill the interior of the grain. The.se constituents ire bounded by 
 well defined, sharp lines; tiierc is no granulation, and no twisting of 
 the plains. The rock has the appearance nf having been entirely re- 
 I'rystalli/cd, and resembles certain altered rocks found in tiie contact 
 zones about great granite masses. 
 
 Il liears as strong a resemlilance to a metamorphosed sediment on H' -'iuIiImikc 
 
 111 1 • -1. I 1- Ai -1 • ^" iilt''i'''l 
 
 line hand as the rock nt I renibbng Mountain does to an igneous mass scdiiM.ntary 
 
 on the other— resemblances which in each ca^c are emphasizi'd by the '■"^''''• 
 
 cliiMiiical coin])osition of the rock. 
 
 itanieflJ'eroHK Silliiiiaiiili-<Ttii'is!<. — Daririn'.-> Fidls ou Rwir Oiiareaii, 
 ii'tar Vilhigi' nf Roiixlm, Tinrnxliip nf Jian-dait. ( ^nctumx 1137, 
 e.iS.) 
 
 At Darwin's Falls, which are about a quarter of a mile below the 
 lower bridge at llawdun, the ri\er cuts its way through a gorge of 
 Laurentian rocks which are well banded and dip to the west at a high 
 
51) .1 
 
 yl'KHKC. 
 
 iiiij,'lr, till' iU lit lull" iMsing nearly viTlicul. Tlir i^Hfiss in in nmsl pliici's 
 lii^lily ^arni'tit'i'i'iitiM, tlir pink ;;iu'ni-t.s<ircui'r'in;{ in iuiii|iH .sniMolinii's us 
 iniicli as nil ini'li in (liiiiiicliT, anil is inti-i'Ntrat iliiMJ with lianils <>t' white 
 i|uai'l/ite (descrilied mi \>^m^' til.' ,i), some iit' wliicli are lii^lily ^Mnielit'ei'- 
 DUs, while (illieiN ui'ct nearly free from yarnet. There are .ilsii liaiitisnf 
 felspatliie (|iiartzit,e. Tlie liiiiids of these Nations rocks, wli ili hiive ;ill 
 the a])|ieiiraiii'e of lietis, are from u few inches to sexcriil fret in 
 thickness. 
 
 |).ii'\\ iM'-l'all'- In one place a lit tie string; of i rystnlline liinest.one aliout an inch 
 wiile was foniiil, Init no lar;^er lianil could lie discovered : t.o the iioi th, 
 liowcver, neiirly on thesirikeof thesooxposiires, a heavy hand of crystal 
 line limestone appears, whieh may possihly cross the river just, aliove 
 the villa;;e, where the hanks ari^ heavily driflcovered. 'i'his locality 
 has already hecn referred to in desci-iliin;; the (list rihiit ion of the lime 
 stone hands on pane l'o.i. 'I'iic microscopic ehariicler of the ipiart/ile 
 intci'liaiidcd with the gneiss, is descrilied on pai,'c •ill .1. 
 
 Tliu gneiss contains iiiiieh pirnut and sillimunite, Init dill'cis from t!ie 
 •gneisses of the class hel'ore descrilied, in that it is much nioii' highly 
 iiuartzose. 
 
 The garnelr occurs in iiumenius irrej,'iilar shaped f,'rains with the 
 jiecidiar arm-like extensions running; out into t.ho weli of the rock in all 
 directions and inclosin<^ indivi(hials of t he oi her const ituenls. ( )rt lio 
 clase, ipiart/, siilimanite, liiotiti^ riitile and iron ore ha\e lieen observed 
 thus inclosed in the i^arnet, so that, the latter mineral would appear to 
 
 (iftlMlt will 
 illl-lll-.inll><. 
 
 I'"ij,nii'f 7. ' i:uiic'l licildiii^r iiirliisiiiiis of nlliii' (■(iiislilucnts ul' I In- rurU ( ianicl it'iieu-s 
 Sillliii:uiitc-( ini'U.s IliU'W ill's I''>iIIn. iii';i|' {{mucIuii. 
 
 ha\e heen developed later than any of the other constituents of the 
 rock. This peculiar mode of j^'r-owth on the part of the <,'aiiiet is seen 
 almost invariably in the garnet iferous gneiss of the Laurentian, as well 
 as in the highly altered sedimentary strata folded into the Alps 
 
 i 
 
I'KTIIIHIK AI'IIN (IK nil; l,\l lilSIIXN. 
 
 r.7 .1 
 
 ( hiiiuliii'i Srliii't'i-i) mill i'|ni*wIi<M'c, /mil lias iilmtily Imtii luiti'il hm 
 II Tuniii;,' ill sonic nC tin- iiirkn ilfHorilu'd hImivi'. 'I'Iic iiiini'i'iil iippeiirs 
 In mill lu iU siilistiinci- in nil (lircrtiniis in wliirli iimtrriiil wliirli will 
 yii-lil ;;)ii'ncl fiiii 1)1' I't'iiclii-il, anil I'Vfii si'i'in.s In Im- ik.sNiinihitiii" 
 iir in siinir way f^iUtiii;; riii of ;;niiiis nt' tlii> iiiost ilivciHi* mincnili 
 wliii'li it liiis inolusiMl, ininiiif ini'^nilnrly luiiiiili'il ri'iiniinls of nuiny 
 iif llii'Hi' iiliiiii' miiHiiiiiiL; in llir inlrriir nf tin- l,'''ii'ii<'I' iiiili\ idii'ils, wliil:> 
 till* |ii-i'i|ilii'i'iil |Mirli(iiis , III' ot'li'ii still t'lill lit' inrliisiiin^. ilnw lliis is 
 iii-i-uiii|iliNlii>il it must III' li't'i t'lir t'liliirr invi-sliwntiiiii In ili'ciilr, t'nr, in 
 t III- iiianiii'i' in vNliii'li llirsr ;^r;ii'ni'ls iinil iil lirr iiiini'tals iIi'm>Iii|iimI l<y 
 
 nii'l:iinur|iliii' pn ssrs ^rnw in snliil nu'ks, llii'ii- is iniii'li wliii-li is as 
 
 yt't iiiyslrriiiiis iind nut liy any iiumiis tlinniuulilv iiiiilri>liiinl. 'I'lii' 
 pirnot tilled willi incliisiDiiH, in its want nt' iniiiiniiils ut'irii i'i-s)-nilili>s 
 a spoiip', III' a ^'ical AiiMilia wliiisi- sillistancr is liairly siillirii'iil to 
 iiii'liisi' till' inisfi'llaiifoiis cnlli'i'tions nt' nlijii'ts mi wliii'li it is t'l'i'din;,'. 
 In ailditiun tn tlie ;^ai'ni'ts and i|iiai't/, nrllioclasr and sillinianitf arn 
 aliiiiidanl, w liili- liiniitrf, nililt', iron oif, pyrili-, and /.iiri)n(?) arc present 
 in small aiiiniiiit, all llirsi- niiiirrai^ pi rsnil iiiu' (lie iiciinial I'liaracli-rs 
 lit' I 111' si'\ I'lal species. 
 
 'I'lii' I'lii'k lias an indistinct t'liliatinn. due in part In I lie arran^eiiu'iil 
 of tlie xarious minerals svitli tlicir lon<;er axes in one plane, and in part 
 to a certain variation in relative aliiindaiire ot' tlic diU'ercnt minerals in 
 dillcrent planes, 'iMii^ ipiart/ and ortlioclase show cireclH if prossiirc, 
 lull iici iindiMililcd '^laniilat ion or iliNtaiil cataclastic slriietiirc is 
 seen in tlid slides, neither arc there any aii^'cn. The garnet and 
 sillimanitc arc certainly due U> re crystalli/ation, and the eviilcneo f,'oes 
 to show that the rock as a whole lias resulted from this process. It 
 has. however, since re-cryslallizatioii, been sulijcctcd to a cci''aiii aiiiouiit 
 of pressure, for althou;;h in some cases the ipiart/. and orthiu'lase 
 show slii;ht e\idenccs of pressiii'c this has not aH'cctcd the j^arnct 
 at all. 
 
 Clieiiiii'ill ('oiiiftdsifloii III' ihr fi'iirlssrs iif Cliiss II. 
 
 Ill ordoi- to asceitain whether the j^neisscs of Class I I., which dillcr Clicinical 
 so distinctly in mineraloi'ical composition and structur« from those f' '.'.";' """"V" "' 
 of ('lass 1,, present diU'erences in the chemical composition of the rock CIiij's II. 
 as a whole, three of the most typical "gneisses of the class were selected 
 from those duscrihcul and were analyzed. 'i'he results of these 
 analyses are given bcilow. No. 111. was made for me hy Mr. Nevil 
 Norton Kvans, of McGill University, and Nos. IV. and VII. hy lMr>. 
 
.").<< ,t 
 
 gUKIIKC. 
 
 Will tor C AdiiiiiM, H.A.Sf. 'I'k hotli jj[uiitleiiit'ii 1 iloNin; t<i nckiiow 
 [••il^t> my ^itmt in(lf>l)ti'(lii«'NH. 
 
 
 III. IV. ' V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. ' Vttl. 
 
 
 UNKIMM. liNKlNM. HllAIK. 
 
 Sl.ATK. 
 
 U.NKIHM. 
 
 Sl.ATK. 
 
 
 St, .linn Tri'itihliiikf ..' , 
 ■ l-.M, l,uk.., ^^"'"*' 
 
 M-l- 
 Uiiiriii'. 
 
 Kituiliiii. 
 
 'rill/I'll. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 hitt'i'i'i'iit ill 
 <'iiiii|iiislciiiii 
 friiiM iitiv 
 
 Silica. 
 
 'ritJiiiii' cixi(|(«, , , . 
 
 .Vliiiiiiiiii 
 
 F ■ iixiilc 
 
 !■ icniM n\i(|(> 
 Kiirir »ul|i|iiili' 
 MiiiiKitii'>UN ii.xidc. 
 
 Ifiiin" 
 
 .MiiKiii-Hia 
 
 Soda 
 
 I'lltllMHH 
 
 1,1 1-" nil i);iiiti<iii . 
 
 'I'lital iilkulii'H 
 
 WmI. 
 
 m INI 
 
 1 (HI 
 10 73 
 
 4 IWI 
 
 4 :<3 
 
 truof. 
 
 H6 
 
 1 HI 
 
 •7» 
 
 'J 51) 
 
 1H2* 
 
 IM)'65 
 321> 
 
 r>7 fMi 
 
 IK) T))) 
 
 "7 h:» 
 
 (14 21) 
 ill SO ' 
 4 23 ,. 
 
 74 ^l 7!>l)7 
 
 8 «H 
 !l tl4 
 
 HC.2 
 
 11 !):< 
 
 trill c. 
 I Hi 
 
 ;«")(■. 
 
 (ill 
 
 ■) 7-.' 
 
 \ M 
 IIMI 77 
 
 ti :« 
 
 tract'. 
 1 !•-> 
 •.' '2» 
 •J •Jii 
 
 :t iH 
 :i :mi 
 
 Hill IKS 
 
 ."1 . :t,s 
 
 7:1 
 
 ;i 111 
 
 :t (17 
 
 ;i 'j(i 
 
 a 42 
 
 !)!l (l.''i 
 
 (i ;;» 
 
 ■ V) I 
 
 1 07 7(i 
 
 1 87 i 1 .Vi 
 
 42 •(■.4 
 
 ((.•| 1 2' 30 
 
 1 (16 
 
 !l!l (IH 
 
 r:(7 
 
 Kill It 
 
 ■J !l| 
 
 III. ( iiii'ins fi'iiiii aliiiiit 
 
 i,r St, .iciiii lie .Mittiii 
 
 .V tiii'-K'iaiiii il 
 
 gai'iictilriiiiiN '■illiiiiiuiiti');iiciH.s, ciiiitaiiiiiit; iiiiiili ipiart/ ami nitliociaNC. 
 ( iraitliilc anil |ijritc aic alsu pri nciit, the latter ciiu»iiij{ the jfiici.sH to wiatlur 
 t<i a very rusty colmir. It ncciirx in thick luiiiilb intcrstratiHcd witii wliiti' 
 Xuriictifi'riiii.H i|iiartzitc, the whnlf' lyiiiif neiiily Hat. (Sie pa^'e IH .i). 
 
 I\'. (iiieiuM finiii the wi'Ht Khiirf iif 'rieiiihlinn Lake. .V tine ^;^aillell ihiik (,'ray 
 KneiH.-i. i'iiiii|iiise(l iif ((iiart/. ami iirtlii'chiMe, with iiiiich liintite ami nilli- 
 iiianite. Il iicciirs near a liaiul of crystalline liinestone uhiili oiiii|iiiH the 
 
 lied (if 'i'lenililinj; Lake. (.See patfe .") I .1). 
 
 \'. .An .iidinaiy rootinjf Mlate fimii W'ldes. .\tialvM'il liy 'I'. Steny Muni. 
 Il'hil. .MaK-, lH.->4, p. 2:t7.| 
 
 \' I. .V .similar niolinjf slate of ( 'anilniaii iijje finiii tlie lai^c ipiarries in the 'rnwii- 
 ship of .Melliiiunie, ill the southern |Mirtioii of the province of \iiieliee. 
 .\iialysed liy T. Sterry Hunt, ((ieoloj^y of Canada, lH('i3, p. (iOt). I 
 
 \ll. liiieiss from Marwiirs Kalis, near the village of {{awdoii, province nf i^iue 
 liee. It is a liit;hly ipiartzose tfariietiferoiis nipiss, and occurs in well detilied 
 liands inteistratitied with ipiartzite, which is often highly j;ariietiferoiis, the 
 liamlH lieiiij; from a few inches to several feet in thickness. (Sec patfe .'"ti .1 I. 
 
 \'II1. lied slate from near Tinzeii, in the district north of the Mntfadiiie, Switzer- 
 land. Mijfhly siliceous, containiiiK !''12 per cent of silica as ((nartz. (V'oiii 
 liath,/,. I), (i. (i., \H:>7, p. 242.) 
 
 Il will he seen, (111 fonipdiing the aiuily.ses of tliMse tlirco gneisses 
 
 III., I \ . iiiid \' II.) with the iinaly.sis of thoTieiiiliiiiig Mountiiiii gntiiss, 
 
 i^'iieoiis rock, (/iveii (in page 4.'5 .1, tliat they are (piiti^ dillerent in coinimsition. 
 
 They are, in fact, (|uite dill'eient in composition from any igneous 
 
 rock. Oil the other hand, the high content in alumina (in III. and 
 
 I!- 
 
 '■^a , 
 
I'KTHOriUAI'IIV OK TIIK I.AIKKNTIAN. 
 
 r)9 J 
 
 I\'.), tlif low |M«ireiitay«! ut" alkiilifn, iiiul llu'j^rciit propoiKlcraiii-tMif 
 iiiu;;iii>^iii over liiiit', (■hariK^teristic of hIihIhh iitui hIiiIon, will lio notcrl. 
 'I'Imi rciekM tliUM pruHurit r^'cinical ovidenci' if liavin;^ un<lfiKiiiH! a 
 Inai'liinK process. (Sec |)a;;<' .'{'» .1.) 
 
 Tlif lii^li |>*T(-ciita^it of aluMiiiia with low alkalies is (liii> to the 
 
 |ii'nsuiic(! of HilliiiiaMitc, a iiiitici'al vi-ry i'(»iiiiin>ii in tlif ciystallitie 
 
 schistH, but sfUloiM or iixvfr found in larj^tt amount in unallt'rtd 
 igneous rucks. 
 
 The iiiarktul (iitl«!r<>ncR in conipoHition lictwecn ^'ranites and shalus ('i>iii|Kmitii>ii 
 or slates IS uistmcl ly seen on coriparinj^ tho analyses ot a series 01 ^|||,|,.^ 
 ;;ranitcs with those )f a series of slatis, as, for instance, those ),'ivun 
 in Kotli's "(iesttins Analy/.en." 'I'he latter ai'e seen to be on an 
 average consich-rably higher in alumina and much lower ii: ilkalies* 
 while at the same time they are lower in silica, which has been 
 separatiHl both as sand and in condtination with the alkalies which 
 have gone into solution, and in must cases <'oiitairi more maf^iiesia 
 than lime instead of more lime than nui;;tiesia, as is usual in graniti^a. 
 
 The averaj^e percentage of alkalies in the thirty-seven analyses of 
 j^rarutes from various parts of the world given by l{oth in his woik 
 abov(> mentioned is 7 .'5') per cent, while twenty three prindtive clay- 
 slates (I'rthorischiefer) contain on a* averaj,'*^ otdy I • "(J per cent and 
 twentylivt? slates of Siiiii'ian a;;e 4 Hi' per (M-nt of alkalies. The slates 
 thus contain on an averaj^e aii(tut two-thirds of the amount of alkali 
 present in the average granite. 
 
 The changes which a granite undergoes when it is decomposed by the Mtficts ,,( 
 
 .• ,• ^, .11 1 II I 1 , , 1 II .1 lIcCOIIllMl.HitiiPll 
 
 action 01 the weather havt! iieeii well brought out liy an e.\<'ellent study ,,f .rniiiitcM. 
 
 of the ch(;mit-al composition of the fresh and th(^ (hfcomposed granite 
 
 of the district <if Columbia, by Prof. Merrill, in which tin; decomposed 
 
 rock was found to lia\e lost 2") 21 per cent of lime, •JStil' per cent of 
 
 soda, 31 '98 pt'i' cent of potassa 'ind 14 89 per cent of silica, but only 
 
 IV'J.'J percent of alumina, and 1'49 per cc>nt of magnesia.* A result 
 
 whii'h, .so far as this alkalies are concerned, ag>ee-' very closely with 
 
 the average less indicated in the case of the forty-eight slates referrefl 
 
 to above. 
 
 A typical slate is thus distinctly different in chemical composition 
 from an ordinary granite, although sediments having an intermediate 
 composition are frequently produced by the disintegration of granite 
 
 * Hcfirnd to in ;i |i:ipiT ciititliil llisiiitf^'ratioii iind Dcconipiisitioii (if l)inlpiise 
 at Merlfunl, Mass., Bull. (um,1. .Sue. of Ain'Jiiea, l8'Jti, p. 3.J7, 
 

 Analy- 
 slati's. 
 
 AiMimiit of 
 
 CIU'ImiH 
 
 ]>re»ont. 
 
 •U) ,1 QUKHKC. 
 
 witliDUt Cdinplcte deciiy, f^iviiii; list' to siii'li rucks ;!•< iirUit.sc, j^niuwacke 
 tVlsjiiitliio siiiulstoiifs iiiiil so (HI. 
 
 Tlic slnniijlv mirkcd rest 'inlil.ii ice in ctmiiidsitioii to slates nri the jiart 
 of till' j,MU!isscs from St. Jean (!•• .Matlia ami 'ri(!iiil»liii<,' Lake is seen 
 wluMi tiicir aiialvso.s ai'e coinpared witli tlioso of tlu' two slates N'os. \'. 
 and \ 1. Tiicy lia\(\ in fact, tlio composition of ordinary rootini,' slate. 
 
 No. \' I I , w lii<'li is a ^ncissso liii,'idy (|uarl/ns(' i hat it mii^'iit almost be 
 Icrmi'd an im|iur(' i|iiart/it<', also lias a i'oiii|iosilion dilVcrini;' from that 
 of any ij;iKH)iis rock, lail one wliicii is idcnticid with many siliicoiis 
 skill's. No. N'lil. is the analysis of such a slalc from the I'aiiiadino 
 district in Swit/.tM'land, and is, as will he seen, almost identical with 
 No. \ II. Siliceous li.inds from some of the Canadian slate (|uarries, 
 also Iiave a similar composition. The alumina in this case is low on 
 account of the preponderaiu'e of (|Uartz, which also lowers the alkalies, 
 'i'lie niat^nesia, as before, preponderates over the lime. No. \' 1 1 1 . lost 
 1 '••_' per cent on iynitiuii Iicfore analysis, and these ti;.,'ures do not, 
 therefore, ap|iear in tin; analysis as !;iv«>n al)ov(>. 
 
 That there is nothing' remarkahle in the interstratilieation of hands 
 of j^iieiss dill'erini,' greatly in composition in the sam*^ series of 
 ex|)osuri!s as at jtarwin's Falls, supposing them to he highly altered 
 sediments, is well shown hy the following analys"s of two varieties of 
 slate taken from dillerent bands in the same (piarry, in rocks of < am 
 brian age, at the Danville Slate (Quarry, in the jirovince of (|>uebec, 
 south of the St. Lawrence. They were made by Dr. J. li. Harrington, 
 and have not hitherto been published. 
 
 IX. X. 
 
 Sl.AIK. Sl.ATK. 
 
 Danville. jlMinill.'. 
 
 Silica Tki ■ 7.") (17 S.'i 
 
 .Mniiiiiia 17 S7 !• lu 
 
 l'"rrnms(i\i(lc 11(17 11 II 
 
 Miiiit,'aiiciu> (ixidf ^c '711 
 
 Lime Ill Its 
 
 Magnesia .") SI :i '_'.'{ 
 
 Siidii 11'.^ ISO 
 
 P()tiiM.'<n i;!t7 -li 
 
 Loss on ifjiiitiiin r)'2(! i'ttH 
 
 !i:i (l!( II'.ISS 
 
 Total alkali-s IdH L":3I 
 
 The amount of cai-bon present was di^terinined in No. IN. and found 
 to bo -lit) per cent ; all the iron was found to be present in the ferrous 
 state. These two slates, as will be seen, contain the proper relative 
 
»n 
 
 I'lniitHilf Al'IIV i>r IlIK I.AllfKNTIAN. 
 
 CI .1 
 
 ]ii'n|i(irtiiiii (pf I'niistitiicnts t'or llic t'ipriii.itiuii of i,'m'isscs like tlii-so just 
 (Icscrilifd. N(i. I.\. iiMLtlit, it' siil)iiiitt('(l to t lie prnpcr condil ions for 
 its m('t;iiiiii!|)li(isis, prddiici' ,i L;iiciss siiiiilai', in ii i,'('n('r;il way, to tliiil. 
 t'lDiii 'rii'inlilini,' liukc, Imt poorer in silliinuiiitc, wliilc No. X. would 
 crvstalli/o into a ;,'iiciss like lliat tVom Dai'wiii'.s I'^alls (No. \' 1 [.), l)ut 
 less (puirt/osc. 
 
 In tlusHP unoissos wliioli lia\i' hfcii classed as of sedimentary oiii;in, 
 we lia\e tlieiclure I'oi'ks wliieli lia\f tlic elieuiieai eoniposil ion ot' shales 
 or slates, a luini'i'alo^ical eoniposition (iiiitc dill'erenl from tliat of tlm 
 gniiisses of Class 1., and a strnetiiro wldeli shows that, they have 
 been i>r()iluct'd essentially hy .t process of recrystalli/ation. 'I'hese 
 facts, it is lpelie\('d, taken together, estalilish the li^hi of these rocks 
 to lie considered as altered sediments. The ellects prodtu'ed liy the 
 dynamic metamorphism are alonj^ the same lines as those oip.ser-ved by 
 lleim in the Alps, the same forc(^ wliich crushes the hii^dily ciystalliiie 
 roclc-i into liiicly granular scidsts, re cryst.dli/es the scdinienl.ny rocks, 
 often developinji large indixiduals of various new minerals in tiiem. 
 Ft- is nt)t, howevei". claimed that all granulate<l rocks in the l^aureu- 
 tian are of igneous origin oi' ih.ii all re-crystal'i/.ed gneisses are altered 
 sediments.* If ;ii>y arkoses oi' coarse felspathic saiidstoiu's weri' 
 deposited with the shales, those being very similar to graidte in 
 character would probab'y ii(> altered by cr'ushing ai\(' granulation to 
 gneisses almo.. , identical in appearance. ;ind under the micros<"ope v\ itii 
 those piMduccd fi'om grn idles ; fill her si iidy mav inili'ed show this to !>(> 
 llie origin of some of the ([uart/.ose ort hoclase-gni'isses associated with 
 the garnet iferous sillimatdte gneisses above described. it is also pos- 
 siblf^ that certain igiu' lus rocks have undergone a complete re-crys- 
 tallization during metamorphism. It is desired in the present con- 
 tribution to our knowledge of these rocks merely to show that certain 
 of these gneisses hav(> had a sedimtMitary origin, and that certain 
 others can be recognized as altered igneous rocks, while \ery many still 
 remain '.vlios,- origin is, as yet, undetermined. 
 
 IHstiiict' from the little strings and veins of ipiartz which are often 
 found cut ting the rocks of this as of all oi her great- disi ricts of cry.s- 
 talline strata, are the well dellned and often very thick baiuls of (piart/.- 
 it(^ which occur regidarly interbanded or int«>rst ratified with thc^gncMss 
 and ci'ystalline limestones of the district. Of thesis the following iJireo 
 occurrences may be selected as typical : — • 
 
 .Ml 
 
 llltc 
 Mill 
 
 K'r.Miii 
 
 (1 InrUs 
 
 <,>uaiizitf>.'<. 
 
 *Sp»»C'. tl. Miiij'tli, .Ir., Mct!iiii(ii'|iliism of a (talilini iicciirrin^' in St. L:iwn'ii<'c 
 Cnmily, N.Y. ,\iu. .lour. Sci., April. IHlKi, p. 281). 
 
,,, M, 
 
 (i<(rii''fij'i'r(»i8 Quartzi/i' — A' out oii'- ini/i' /rrsf of tin- Chinrli of St. Ji'nn 
 (If Miitliii, Sfupiiory of l)i- Jiiiinsui/. (Scclians .7/./, liHI ). 
 
 tiarnctifiiuus Tliis rock orcurs iiitersti'atilied with and (iNcilyiiiLC 'lie j,'firnotit"ei'ous 
 'i'""'^"''- silliiiiiuiit('-i;iH'iss described on page \\) .i, t'oniiinj,' gr'eiit. oxposuros 
 oxtcndiiii,' oil' to ilie iiortli-wcst. Oiu^ gi-eat elitl' of these rock.s, inter- 
 stratiHt'd with garnetit'erous fjuartzose gneiss, is represented in the 
 photograph icprochicod in Plate; III. 'I'lic lieds, as will he seen in the 
 pliotograph, arc pi'actically horizontal. 
 
 Thf (|uartzite is of medium giain and brownish-gray coloui", and 
 holds numerous garnets, often as niuc-h as an inch in diameter. Hands 
 richer or poorer in garnet oi' showing othei sligiit ditFerences in char- 
 acter alternate with one another. I'nder tiie microscope the I'ock is 
 seen to consist es.sentially of ipiartz and garnet. Sillimaiute is jiresent 
 in considerable amount with accessary orthoclase, plagiociase, biotite, 
 and rutile. The iiulistinct foliation of the rock is caused by the 
 arrangement of the \ a rious constituents witii tlu'ir long a.xes in one 
 direction. 
 
 S,. .i,.„ii (1, The (juartz consists of larger grains with streams of little ones run- 
 
 '*'''*''''■ iiing between them, almost every large grain showing well marked 
 
 strain shadows. It presents the appearance of ha\ ing l)een crushed 
 or granulated, the lirokiMi material often swiicping in cur\es around 
 the large girnets. The garnets are isoti'opic and hold many inclusions 
 of (piartz, sillimaiute, and rutile. The sillimanite occurs in tlie long 
 and sl(Mider individuals, with parallel extinction and small axial angle 
 already described from the associated gneisses. The rutile is brown in 
 coloui', a single (dongated individual often penetrating several grains 
 of ((iiartz. 'i'lie felspars and biotite do not <iccur in all sections. 
 
 Although no augen of (|uartz are seen, for this mineral, as has been 
 shown, does not usually develop augen on crushing — tht.' rock presents 
 the appearance of having been greatly crushed. 
 
 Qiiart'^ilr — Daririn'ii Falln, mar fh<- VU/iu/i' of Rmrdon, Toicnslilp of 
 Rnifdon. (Sections (i-l-i, 6-io.) 
 
 Iiiirwiii'-' 'Y\\e rock occurs in beds or bands, from a few inches to several feet 
 
 ''"""^- in thickness, regularly interstratitied with the; garnetiferous sillimanite- 
 
 gneiss described on page ;")() ,1. Some of the bands are highly garnetif- 
 erous, others are free from garnet, while others again contain a con- 
 sideral)le amount of felspar. Under the microscope the rock closely 
 resembles that just described from west of St. Jean de Alatlia. It 
 
I'lrruoiiHAi'iiv ok tiii". lauhentian. 
 
 iV.] ,1 
 
 consists of (jiiai'tz, witli sinuU (lUiuitities of oithoolase and f^arnot and 
 accessary hiotitc, I'Utilc, /ircon, ilincniti', loucoxcnt; and jiyiitc. Tlie 
 I'ock is socii 1(( lie foliated t)\\iiii,' t(( tiu- presence of a few littli; lines of 
 felspar grains luniiinfj; tlirougli i( in one diiu^ction, and it may be con- 
 siderc'd as a \ery (|uart/ose \aiiety of tiie associated gneiss aliove 
 referred to. 
 
 Tlie i|iiart/. consists of lai'ger grains, surrounding wliiciiand running 
 into iheni in iriTgular hays and arms, are areas consisting of mucli 
 smaller i[uai'tz grains. The large grains !-how strongly marked pi'essu re 
 phenomena when examined hetween crossed nicols, being divided into 
 areas diflering slight Iv in oi'ientation, although the continuity of the 
 grains is |ireserved. It contains greiit numbers of minute black hair- 
 like and dust-like bodies, the former (|uite .straight, which traverse the 
 rock iii somewhat wavy lines and in a diret'tion nearly at right angles 
 to till' foliation, passing from on(; grain into anothiM' without deviating 
 from their course, and were evidently dcNclojicd after the rock had its 
 present texture. TIk; ortlioclase is pi-esent in small amount, and 
 frc(]uently shows strain shadows. Its a|i)>eai'ance suggests granulation, 
 although tlic're arc; no augen r(imaining to prove this. The garnet is 
 present in the form of more or less rounded grains, often somewhat 
 elongated in tlu^ direction of the foliation. It is isotropic, and as usual 
 holds a few inclusions consisting of the other minerals of the rock. 
 The other constituents possess the usmd characters. On the whole the 
 e\idenci', while not conclusive, goes to show that the rock has unrlergone 
 a granulation previous to tlie crystallization of the garnet, or in which 
 the garnet was not broken. Professor liosenbusch ludieves that in 
 some of these Uawdon (|uart/.ites original clastic ipiart/ grains with 
 enlai'gements cUie to the deposition of secondary silica can be detected. 
 
 (}ii(trtr:ite — /'o;', d<' Dal/is, Hirer L'Assiiiiipl'i(ni (Srrtin)i GUT). 
 
 This locality is rather over a mile to the east of Ste. Beatrix. The 
 roi'k occurs interstratified with several vai'ieties of gneiss, some of 
 them iiolding I'a.spberr^-red garnets as much as two inches in diameter. 
 It is com})osed almost exclusively of (puirt/ in elongated grains, giving 
 a foliation to the rock. A few grains of garnet and a few scales of 
 graphite can be detected by the unaided eye. While under the micro- 
 sco]i(>, oi'thoclase, sillimanite, rutile and zircon are seen to be present 
 in small amount as ai-cessary constituents. The weathered surface 
 exhiliits numerous scolithus-like holes, which, however, are not con 
 tinuous for any considerable distance, and are found on examination 
 to be due to the weathering out of garnets. The tlattened quart/ 
 
 I'nnt >h 
 Dall.-. 
 
(M ,1 
 
 VIKHKC 
 
 ('r\ -t:illilii' 
 
 lill|i>tiiM('. 
 
 grains lifiN'f us n j,'ciitM'iil I'nln an cxtiiu'lioii making an angle ni lU to 
 45 with tlicir long axes, and contain tiic same dark inclusions 
 descrilied in tlic ciuart/ito from Darwin's FalN, similarly arranged. 
 Tlio grains cdmc togctiioi' along ii'rcgular serrated lines and show a 
 marked uneven extinction, although little or nothing in the way of 
 actual granulation can lie detected. 
 
 The petrography of tin; Laurentian limestones, so far as these! can 
 be studiefl macro.scopieally, has heen exhaustively treated by Sterry 
 Hunt ill his llcport mi tiic Lanreiiliaii Tjimcstoncs of North Amei'ica.* 
 The limestones of the district at present under <'onsiderat ion diil'ei' in 
 no way from those of othi-i" i^aurenlian districts desci'ilied in the 
 report in (piestion. They are usually comparatively pure ami only a 
 few of the tifly-foui- minerals described by Hunt as occurring in the 
 Lain'entian limestones ha\(( iieen I'ceogni/.ed in them. < )f these 
 graphiic, mica, jiyroxeni', serpentine and (piai't/. are m<ist fiecpiently 
 seen. They are usually rather coarse in gr.iin, never \(!ry fine-grained 
 oi- comiiact- and wiiere expused lo the weather disintegrate iiilo masses 
 of calcite grains resembling coarse white salt in apjiefi ranee, or else ai'e 
 di.sselved away by the lain lea\ ing smooth undulating surfatt's. ('on- 
 sideraLle (puintities of the disintegrated limestone occurs nn some of 
 the islands in Trembling Lake. .\ltliougli white or nearly white 
 on a frosh fractui'c, these limestones. Iik(^ those of other jiarts 
 of the Laurentian. often weather black, iipparently owing to the 
 growtli upon exposed surfaces of a very minute black lichen. 
 
 I'lffci't (if Thv linu!slone usually jhisscss a more or less distinct banding dutj lo 
 
 wiiitlienng ^j^^, pj-esence in varying quantities of (jne or more of the accessary 
 minerals present, and are, as has been before mentioned, usually asso- 
 ciated or intei'stratiliiMl with bands of rusty-weathering garnetiferous 
 or sillimanite-gn'iss liaving the composition of ordinai'v argillaceous 
 sediments, or with bands of ((uartzite. 
 
 Assdciatod Serpentine is not usually abundant in tlu; limestones of this area, 
 
 sedimrMtiuy .^^^j ,^,, ^^..^^^ ,,f Eo/oon has been found. 
 
 gneisses. 
 
 The limestone from two localities was submitted to microscopical 
 examination. 
 
 *ReiH)rt(if I'l'cifjicss, ( ieol. Sur\ . ( 'an,, lSti;t-(i(l, rciniiitcd in tin' l\i'|iiirl el the 
 Ht'geiits of the I'niMTsity (in the New N'lirl; State ( 'iiliincl of Natural lli^tcny for 
 ISCiT, Aiipi'iuli.x K. 
 
 I, I 
 
 < i 
 
PKTHOCUAl'llV UK TIIK I.AtJIiKNTIAN. 
 
 (i.l .1 
 
 Ci'i/»tii//!iir I/iniestoiie — TiiiriiKhi/i "/' Rtiii-ilnn. Riiii;/'' A'., A"/x .'7 am/ 
 JS ( ni(ir /i.ine-fk'ihi )- (Sri/iims (i.l.', I'l-Ul). 
 
 Those oxpoHUrcs iifc aiiioii;,' tlio largest in tin- wliolr arci and l:a\i' K.iuilon. 
 already hci'ti I'ct'iMTcil to on page 27 .'. Tiic rofU is well handed, some 
 l»ands consisting of a white and ahnost \n\vv limestone eontaininu' oidy 
 u few scales of mica, while other hands are tilled with grains of dark- 
 green serpentine. Tn sonii; of these serpentinnus Imnds the scrprntine 
 is pre.scnt in the; form of large lumps, and on lacaUing open a niunliei' 
 of these some were found to I'ontain roundel cores of white jiyro.Nene. 
 These cores are nvidily d(>taehed from the inclosing ser[)entiiie hy th(! 
 (ail of a hammer and fail out !ea\ini' hcmisplier'cai depressions. Thev ^;''l"iitiMi' 
 are precisely lik(( those descrihed hy .Merrill* in the sei'pent ine nf |,yr..\(Mi'. 
 .Montville, Xtnv .Jersey, and clearly show tiiat the serpentine in the 
 limcsstoiKi has originated from the alteration of grains and lumps of 
 pyroxene originally present in it. Tlu^ vexed (piestion of the origin of 
 the Laui'cntian sei'pcntines is, therefore, so far as this occurrence is 
 concerned, clearly answered. 
 
 Under the mici'oscopi! (I'late V'., I'ig. 1) the rock is seen to consist 
 of calcite, with serpentine in I'ounded grains, vai'ying in amount in the 
 dilVerent sections, and a few sc-ales of miia. 'i'he calcite forms a 
 mosaic of grains of uniform size, having sharp well defined boundai'it s, 
 with no intervening lines of smaller grains oi' other evidences of granu- 
 lation. Ft ])resents the usual oj)tical characters of the sp(U'ie>, with 
 the ihoudiuhedral ilea\ ag(! and often the t.wininng according to — \ 
 W. 'I'he grains possess a unitV)rm extinction. The serpentine is \irv 
 pale green, ahnost colourless, in the sections, and occurs in i-ounded 
 foi'ms showing aggr( gate polarization. M contains, howcn'er, no cores 
 of ])yroxene, the alteration heing compiv .,' in tiu^ case of these small 
 gi'ains. The serpentine is sharply hounded against the calcite, hut the 
 serpentine grains do not possc'ss crystalline outlines, their Ijorders heing 
 always cur'\ed and their outline sometini(>s nearly circular. A serpen MiiidM'upic 
 tine grain is often completely inclosed in a, single calcite individual, '''''"'•'^'f''- 
 In No. ().'i'2, the. serpentini^ grains are for the most part small and an' 
 arranged in the form of little rings eniliedded in the Cidcite and tilled 
 with grains of the same udnei'al. These evidently result from tlie 
 alteration of groujis of pyro.xene giains similar to those descriiied 
 below in the limestone fi'om the River L'Assomption. The mica, which 
 does not ai)pear in all the sections and is never abundant, occurs in 
 rather large le ives, winch are almost colourless, the light passing 
 
 *l'i'0('cc(liiigs of the Unitt'd Stati'S Xutiniml .Museiiin, ISSS, p. 105. 
 5 
 
OC) .1 QUKHEr. 
 
 tlirouj^li jmiallt'l In tlic tlcavaj^e liuvinjj a t'aitil hrowii tint It is 
 uniaxial and iiegativt* and jxilari/cs in lirilliaiit folours, rt'Honililini^ 
 closely the lileai'lied hiotitcs often seen in altt-rcd roLks. 'I'he extinc- 
 tion is occasinnally slif»litly uneven. ()ii(^ strikin;; fact in connection 
 with the sections is that some of t\n' calciti^ j^rains are clear and ((uito 
 transpari'ut while others are soniewiiat turhid owing to the presen<'e of 
 ' very minute dust-like inclusions. The sanm calcite individual is (>ven 
 
 in some casi>s clear' in some parts and more or less turhid in others. 
 This tui'hidity, wluui studicnl in connection with that exhihited !)y the 
 calcite of comparatively unaltered limestones, such as certain ImmIs of 
 the Trenton, in which it is clearly setni to he dei'ived from fragments 
 of crinoids and oth(!r fossils ahout which clear calciie has heen deposit(!d 
 in oj)tii'al continuity, the outlines of the fossil fragments licing 
 frecjuently hy no means siiarp, is very suggestive of the derivation of 
 this limestont^ from fossil fragments also Against this supposition is 
 the fact that the clrai-ness or tui'hidity i.s usu;illy conilned to the 
 special grain whicli exhihits it, instead of the grain possessing a turhid 
 core with a clear margin, hut it is nevertheless a plu-nomenon which 
 merits a mucli niori^ extended study tlian it has been possihle to give it 
 at this time. 
 
 Grysta/fiiii' Linn'Monc, Kivr L'AKsoiitjitinn, nlinn/ .'f niilis from Lakr 
 L'Assomption, (^Sfcfion (i.'t'i.) 
 
 \l[y,.,. This occurrence which is exposed hy the aide of the River L'Assomp- 
 
 ti A.ss(iiii|iiiijn tioii |,,.,i|. till' iiortlieni limit of the map has already heen referred to 
 on page "J -i .1. Under the microscope it closely resembles the limestone! 
 just described atid consists of calcite in large grains showing no 
 evidence of breaking, twisting or granulation, with a little )>yroxene, 
 serpentini' and mica. While in places soniewiiat turljid, the calcite 
 shows but little of that suggestive arrangement of the turbidity 
 referred to in the case of the Kawdon rock. The pyroxene, w hich is 
 colourless in the thin sections and ])ale gicen in the si^'ciniens, is 
 arranged in little irre.ular groups or strings of small grains, much 
 smaller than the calcite grains and which occasionally show crystalline 
 outlines but are usually rounded in form. Thes(> gi'oups ai-e often 
 completely inch^sed in a single; calcite individual. Tiie pyroxene is 
 biaxial, and shows tiu; usual cleavages, and inclined extinction and is 
 fre(|uently partially alteied to serpentine. 
 
 i 
 I 
 
I'KTIidiiUAI'IIV OF IIIK LALIiKNTIAX. 
 
 G7 .1 
 
 Clnnn III. — (ineisHnx, d'c, of donhlfnl oriijiii. 
 
 Til aililitinii to the yiiPisses, etc., of fliissus T. ami TT., whose oi'i"'iii fliici.iMi'x of 
 ciiii 1)0 (li'tci'iiiiiied witli a liijj;h (legrt'c of prol)al)ility, tlicre is ii tliircl ,„.i^,|„. 
 chiss, eoiiiprisiii^ a large proportion of all tlio }»n('iss(>s of the area whose 
 origin is (loul)tful. Some of these resenihli' nioif or less closely the 
 roi'ks of class I., while others hear a marked resemhlaiice tt) those 
 of cla s II. Chemical analysis would in the case of many of tlu^se 
 gneisses, i<:c., throw much light on the iiuestion of the origin of the 
 ruck. 
 
 A few of these rocks, representative of extended and widespread 
 occurrences in various parts of the area, have been selected for 
 descrij)tiipii. 
 
 (Jii(irt::()rtlioclnsH-Bioiite-Gneisx, — Toirns/iip of KiUian', front of lianye 
 
 Vir. (Srcfion Xo. .AT.'.; 
 
 This is a 1,'neiss, gray in colour weathering white, which possesses 
 a distinct foliation and occurs interstratilied or interbanded with 
 red<lish orthoclas(>-gn(!iss, often in thin layei's, forming large ((X])osures 
 where the road, running south-west from St. Amhroise de Kiklare, 
 cros.ses range VII. It is a very connnon variety of gneiss, occurring 
 extensively in many parts of the area emhrjiccd by the present r(!port. 
 
 Under the micrcscope, the rock is seen to consist chiefly of quart/ Ki|,i,,i(.. 
 and orthticlasp. Biotitc^ in small amount and a few grains of pla- 
 gioclase are also present in each section. The ortiiodase, which is 
 present in large amount, is in the form of large grains separated by 
 little strings or streams of smaller grains of ortlnH'lasc;, all of which, 
 instea<l of coming together along straight lines, lia\i! a crenulated 
 outline. The large grains almost invariably show strain shadows, 
 and the paiallel position of the lines of smaller grains, is one of the 
 elements which gives rise to the foliation of the rock. The (|uartz, 
 in its mode of occurrence strongly resembles that described in the 
 leaf-gneiss and in .some augen-gneisses of class I., having tor the most 
 part the form of long and narrow leaves or laths much largei' than 
 the felspar grains, and whose position being parallel to that of 
 the strings of small orthoclase gi-ains above mentioned also serves to 
 mark the f(jliation of the rock. These ijuartz lath--, although running 
 through the granulated orthoclase, sliow no signs of granulation, but 
 consist of single individuals, occasionally broken across but showing 
 no signs of pressure other than a slightly uneven extinction. Some of 
 5 A 
 
th«'in arc as iiiucli as sixteen times as Imi^ as tliey arc witie, and '-weep 
 in curves around tln^ lai'j^cr t'clspais, \vliilf( otiicr.s consist iiii,' of single 
 individuals iiave euiiously iircgular and e\en t'orlied outlines. Tlie 
 leaves or latlis are not elongated paiiiUel to the vertical axis, their 
 extinction ;,'»MU'rally making an anj^le of aliout 30 or 10 with the 
 direction of their ;,'reatest hn^th. The hiotite occurs in the forms 
 of small leaves, usually assot-iatt^d with the felspur, hut sometinu's 
 embedded in tlie clear quartz laths, and arrani,'ed parallel to the 
 foliation, it is the only iroii-mai,'n(?sia constituent piesiMit, with the 
 exception of a little chlorite which in places results from its decom- 
 position. 
 
 .Mliii^iimc 'I'lie rock is thus a species of miniature aui;en "gneiss, and has evi- 
 
 imK'iii |,'ii(i»s. (jg,^(_ly pt-sulted from movements in a rock ha\ini,' tiic niincralo-ical 
 composition of a fjranito or arkose. 
 
 (tarnetifiriiua (,hinr/: ()r/li(ir/t(sr-/}i<if!fe-Gnrinn — Tuiciixhiji nj' llriiiidmi, 
 Jiavgr X., L<>l .',. (Sicliini '!>!.'.) 
 
 |.,,.,,i,l,,ii The rock is rather line Lcrained and yiay in colour, containing' num- 
 
 erous roundccl piidi L;aiiiets up to a pea in si/.e, pretty uniformly 
 si-atter'cd tlirou;,'h it. I'ndci' the micro.scope, it is seen to lie composed 
 essentially of t|uartz, orthuclase, liiotite and garnet, the hiotite l)eing 
 ■ subordinate in amount, with plagioclase, sphene, item ore and |iyriteas 
 
 accessary constituents. The fo'iation is due to th(^ parallel airanL,'e- 
 nient of the littler biotite leaves and to the existence of little strint^s 
 of quart/, running through the loek in a direction paiallel to these. 
 
 '{'Ill' (juai't/. has the form of ii'regular siiajied iiidi\ iduals, often in 
 
 leaves, ninr<! or less curved and running uitii the foliation. These 
 
 leaves .sometimes consist of a single individual, sometimes of several 
 
 I indi%iduals, but never (jf granulated material. Some small gr.dns of 
 
 * quartz an; also seen embedded in the felspai'. TIh; orthoclase, whicli 
 
 is abundant, never exhibits more |ir(inounced e\idence of pre.s.sure than 
 a slightly uneven extinction, even this is often absent, and the extinc- 
 tion is ([uite uniform. Xo evidence of gi'anulation is seen, the st'\eral 
 individuals coming together as in a mosaic, suggestive of re-crystalliza- 
 tion. The biotite is in little leaves or rather large bunches. It does 
 not s'veep around the garnets, as is so often the case in similar rocks, 
 but is often inclosed in grains of this mineral, which is evidently 
 younger. Tt is deep brown in colour and prcitty uniformly distributed 
 throughout the rock. 
 
 MictoHcopiciil The garnet, which is rather abundant, occurs in grains which are 
 cli:iriict<T. usually rounded, but sometimes sub-angular, and is (juite isotropic. 
 
 
l'KTIt()(iK.\l'llV OF THK I.Al UEM IAN. 
 
 1)1) .1 
 
 Tt liolfl>* iiiclusioiis not only of tlin liiotit*", i)Ut also of oitliocIdHO, 
 (|Uiirt/, s|(lii'iu' anil otlHT constituents, and jn'cscnts tiic upptsarance of 
 liaviny; yrown arijund an<l inolosod llirni. Tlie planioclasH is pn-si'nt 
 in small umount, the twin lines not lu'ing bent or t\vistf(l. Thf rock 
 .shows no calaclastii; stt'uctiire or other niai'ked «;\idenc(! of pressure, 
 •'itiier in tlio hand spooinien or in the section, with the exception of a 
 small eye of felspar associated with some a)iparently gr.inulatcd 
 material, indistinctly seen in the hand specimen, and which seems to 
 he connected with a little j)e;,Mnatite vein running parallel to the 
 foliation. 
 
 Associated with this ;Ltn('iss in the same; series of e.\posures, which 
 occur aloii.; the i-oad lietwecn ranges IX. and X., are a variety of 
 otlitr gneisses iuid iiilied rocks, interhanded with ont! anothei' and 
 lyini^ nearly llat. Some of these yneissos are hij;hly cpiartzose, others 
 arc more basic, having the composition of a garnet iferous hoi'nblenchf- 
 gneiss. Some arc the typical garnt^tifei'ctus siliinianite gneisses (Section 
 G80) de.scribrdoii p;igc ."il .1. ( )tlM!rs again resemble umphiboliies, 
 while a few thin bands of a calcareous gneiss or vt^-y impure limestone, 
 as well as a few of (pnrtzite, art; also present. 
 
 These rocks, like that of section (ir)2, whil(» free from cataciastic 
 structure and presenting an apjiearance suggestive of a highly altered 
 .sedimentary series, have nevertheless been sul)mitted to gr(!at prtissiu'e, 
 and have been I'olled out like a jilasti,' mass, for .•issociated ;uid 
 intercalated with them ai'e many small bands of aii<;eii-i'neiss, anil leaf- 
 gneiss occasionally holding little augen, winch Ix^long to the tirst class 
 of gneisses already descrilMHl and which aie undoubtedly s(|uec/,cd and 
 cruslied, jjossibly intrusive, granites. 
 
 (liiriiitiliratix l[(iiuil>lc)idp.(i iii'iK'i — 'J'oinis/ii/) nj' lidifihni, RuiKfr V/., 
 
 Lilt ,i.i,. (Sertiuii 4. UK) 
 
 .\Hsi)ciiiti'il 
 li)ul<s. 
 
 This gneiss, which is dark in colour and contains an abundance' of CMinitifciiMiw 
 rounded i)ink garnets scattered through it, occurs in large exposures ^''"'"■''' 
 interstiatifled or interbanded with a .scries of ])yritiferous gneisses rich 
 in garnet aijd often holding graphite, which, having been suppo.sed to 
 contain gold, are referred to in the section treating of Kconomic 
 Geology, on page 1 b'^ .1. 
 
 Under the microscope, the I'oek is f-een to consist essentially of IJuudnn. 
 hornblende, garnet, orthoclasc and plagiocla.se, witii accessary pyroxene, 
 biotite, pyrite, iron ore and ajiatite. 
 
Hi ► 
 
 70 .1 guEHKc. 
 
 The h()rnl)loii(le, wliich with tho gariu't iiiakeH u|) most ot' tlic tock, 
 in brown in uulour and pleiti'liroic in liruwii iinti yollovv tiniH. Tht> 
 garnet is quite iHotiopio and holds iiu-liisiinsot' tho hornlilt'iidc, pla^'iit- 
 clasp, pyroxene*, pyrite, iron ore and apatite. Tiie orthodast uid 
 phi;{io<'lase ai'e present in alxiut eipial amount, and taken together ari* 
 present in al)out the name proportion as the hornbiendr. The pale- 
 green pyroxene ooeurs in small ([uantities assueiated with the hoi'ti- 
 blende, and is in part nionoelinie and apparently in jwiit ilionibie. 
 The rhombic i)yroxent! is partially altered to serpi-nline. 
 
 Tile t'elsjiar individuals are smaller than tlio>c (jf most of the other 
 constituent), and often form a mosaic showing no vrry |ironounied 
 pressure effects, i)ut elst^whei'e occui- as lines of smaller grains aliout 
 and bfftween larger ones, in a way suggestive of granulation, actual 
 ' augeii," hi>wever, are not seen. It is dilhrult to dctcniiiiie wlnjther 
 the hornblende and pyroxene have been produced by re-crystallization 
 or not : they certainly have not undergone much granulation, while the 
 garnet which makes up a large part of the rock is cntainly a pi'oduct 
 of re-crystalli/ation. The compurati\e absence of pres.suif eft'cL-ts, in 
 the case of the iron magnesia constituents, as compared with tin" 
 felspars, may indicate that the former in their present form originated 
 ^ din'ing the pressure, or that duiing the moNcuu^nts induced by the 
 
 pressure, the felspars gave way more readily, allowing the movements 
 to be effected chietly through their disruption, (ineisses containing 
 such a large proportion of hornblende are not connnou in the Laiiit-n- 
 tian of this area. 
 
 (Jiiarlz-Ortliofhise-Gui'ixx ( (irdnuliti') — Toivnuhip >>/ /liKiirfnii, 
 ll<iii<l- 17//., L»f ..'J. (Section 074.) 
 
 (;,.,,„jt,. Another variety of gneiss which is very common in this region, anil 
 
 which is seen in many parts of the township of Ibandon and else- 
 where, rescmbl(!S in many respects certain of the Saxon gianulites, being 
 reddish, finegrained and nearly free from iron-magnesia constituents. 
 It is, however, as a general rule, free from garnet, which is so char- 
 acteristic as an accessary constituent to the Saxon gianulites. The 
 minute structure is different from, but perhaps related to, that of the 
 
 Hnmiliiii. gneiss of Trembling Mountain described on page \2 .1. As a typical 
 locality, lot •2"2 of range \'l 1 1, of Brandon, may be .selected. 
 
 The rock here occurs in bed like mas.ses interstratified with thin 
 bands of quart/.ite and with some thick bands of the pyroxene- 
 amphibolitc described on ))age 73 ,t. The exposuies avo large and the 
 beds or bands lie nearly Hat. The rock is tine in grain and of a pale 
 
 it 
 
 t 
 
I'KTIUMIKAI'IIV or TUB I-AI'KKNTIAN. 
 
 1 ,1 
 
 n-dilinli (II' piiikisli folmir. It Iiiih h miiiiowlDit indiHtiiict fdliiitimi ami 
 is iiiiit'iii'iri ill cliiii'iicti'i' ovt'i' liir;;!' <>x|HiMurt'.s. 
 
 I'ikIi'I' (III! iiiici'dsciipc it is t'oiiiid to consist, t'nr tlit* moHt piirt, <>t' 
 inieropt'itliitt', llif individuals of wliieli luc Hdiimtiiiu's sct'ii to he twisted, 
 hut iKit in II very iniirkod niiinner. Quai tz, snnietimt's in loaf-like forms, 
 is present in smaller uiiiount and shows similar though less marked 
 evidenees of pit^ssuro. A few grains of hliuk iron ore, ]irol)ahly 
 magnetite, a small amount of a ehloritiedieoniposition (iruduet derived 
 fnmi some hisilicate whii-li has entirely disappeareil, with a few little 
 colourless rounded grains of /ircon or jiossihly monazite, aie tin' oidy 
 other constituents of the rock. The minute structure dill'ers from 
 that of the 'I'remhiing Mountain rock in heing tine in grain throughout, 
 till' larger individuals doscriln'd in that rock being absent. It '''"'"> ''ly n 
 rt'seml)les, 111 tact, the tine grouiidmass oi tlie Irembling Mountain j;niiiitc. 
 rock, consisting of minute angular atid more or less rounded fragments 
 indiscriminat<'ly mixed together. 
 
 From a study of tlio sections, no decided proof can l)e obtained that 
 this is catactlastic .structure, but it is Just the structure which would be 
 produced if the process of granulation, descril)ed in the case of the 
 Trembling Mountain gneiss as in progress, wei'c completed, the original 
 structure 1 eing entirely destroyed. If the banded character of the 
 locks of the district has been produced by a process of stretching or 
 rolling out, the movements and concomitant granulation must have 
 been v(>ry much more intense than was necessary to produce merely 
 an indistinct foliation as in the Trenibliiig Mountain rock ; or the 
 original rock may have been finer in grain. The evidence of pre.ssure 
 in the case of the orthoclase would, as has been shown in the case of 
 the Trembling .^^ountain rock, be less marked in the finely granulated 
 matt-rial than in the larger remnants, if any remained. 
 
 Tlieicfoie, altlinugh the rock may ha\f betMi produced in sonic other 
 manner, its minute structure is just such as would be caused by the 
 intense crushing of a, granite rock, and Professor itosenbusch bcjicses 
 it to be merely a crushed granite. 
 
 Another class of rocks found associat(!(l with the oi'thojlase-''neisses I'vnpxciif-'' 
 ill all parts of the area, but very abundantly in tin- township of py,.,,x,'.jle. 
 lirandon and the adjacent paits of the eastern portion of the area, ^'iinuilites. 
 are pyroxene-gneisses and pyroxene-granulites. 
 
 The.se rocks ditl'er from the orthoclase-gneiss in colour, being usually 
 yellowish, brownish or black on the fresh fracture. Although usually 
 indistinctly foliated, they are frequently nearly massive and uniform 
 
(2 .1 (^UKIIKC. 
 
 ill ••hariu't«>r dvcr liii'^ft' ('xp<wiir««s, in this wiiy (lilVi'iiiii; finm ilic iisiiul 
 run i)t' the iiHsociiil I'll iiriil ;^iici.Nsrs, 'I'liiMr ciiiistilui-iit iiiiiiKi'ulM caiiiinl 
 iw II ^I'lit'i'iil rule Im' tictoi'iniiK'il tVoiii tlx* Ntmly <>f ii liiiiul Npt'cinii'ii, 
 h'.it iiiiiiri' tlif iiii('riiscii|j(> tlif I'lickH all' t'ouiid to liuvr ii coiiipositinii 
 wliii'li viiriud but littlr. 
 
 Kliniiiiih mill I'yrnxi-iii' iH<ilvvivy.H prexoiit us an (>HNi-iitiiil constituinit, imtli iluiinlii<' 
 
 IlloIUKlillir , ... . . ,, • . .1 ■ I I I I 
 
 iivrnxcncii. '''"' HKiMiHlinii' \ain'tn'.s usually iiw-urniiK tnf^otlifr. Il(»riil)ltiitlt', 
 Usually gict'ii l)ut .soiiiotimcs liiown in coldur, is Nuiiiftiincs Imt Ity iiu 
 iiiciiiis always present, iiiotite when present at all is very siilionliii.ile 
 in ainiiuiit. IMaKioclase is usually the predDiiiinatinK fels|)ai', Imt 
 niilioeliise is very often present as well, ami is sninetiines as abundant 
 as the plagioelase. .Mai^netite, apatite and a few other aeeessary con 
 stituents oeeur in small aniuiint. 
 
 riinnictiTi>f Tliese rucUs ure very seldom coarsen in j,'rain, beiiiii ,i;enerally rather 
 
 ""' ''"'''^''- tine-i,'i'ained to neai'ly compact. They may beseparate(l into two classes 
 
 which, however, have no sharp dividing; lin(> and pass into one another 
 by imperceptible ;;r.idations. Oiks class would embrace the coarsi-r 
 ^ruined varieties, which are usually somewhat |Miorer in the iron 
 magnesia constituents and occur in hirye bodies, and which may be 
 ealleil pyroxene-ijneisses. The oilier class comprises the line-t^rained 
 and nearly black varieties, which occui' \ei'y freiiuently interbanded 
 with ;,'ranulite and other forms of orthoclasi; i;neiss, in all parts of the 
 area, and which fi'om their icsemblance in character and mode of occur 
 rence to the '• t rap-j,'ranuliles " or " pyioxene yianulites " of the Saxon 
 i^ranuiit.' gebirge in.'iy be lallcd pyroxene ^ranulites. 
 
 Quite (lintiiict This latter name has certain disadvantages,* amonu others the fact 
 ^,'i;.'"i',iy|,'"''''' that the rock bears no resemblance to true j;ranulite, but as ihc name 
 already has a status in petro^irapliical nomenclature from the thoronuh 
 description which has been i,'iven of the peti(»;,'rapliicul character and 
 mode of occurrence of the ruck in the Saxon j^ranulito ;,'ebir{5e, as well 
 as owiny; to the circuinstance that csvery othiM' name already in use 
 aiul which !nii,'l)t be apjilied is attiMided with ei|ually great objections, 
 it will here be eniiiloyed to designate the rocks in ([uestion. These 
 pyroxenejii'unulites when tlicy become rich in lioinblende and jiuor in 
 ortlioclase might be ternieil jiyroxene-amphibolites. 
 
 As typical examples of these pyroxene granulites and pyroxene 
 amphiboiites the follow in;,' rocks may be taken. 
 
 * See Zirkel, L(liil)iii.'li dir IN •tr"K''"I '''••'' ^"l- ' ' '•. I'. 2.">1. 
 
 L 
 
*M«« 
 
 PETMOCiltAfllV OKTIIK I.Al'RENTIAX. 
 
 ::\ .1 
 
 /'i/riin-ii'--Aiii/i/illii>/if> /{itnif VIII. f l.ot J.', 7'niiiinhi/> <;/ liiumlon. 
 
 (Sni'llitn i'lt^/.) 
 
 Ill till- liiiml s|ii'eiin(>ii, tli<> riu-k is mitii to In- I'litlirr lliir in gi'iiin, |'yri>x)>iii- 
 Mfiirly liliick in oolotir, imd to piwscsH an iiuliHtiiu't t'tiliiitiim, with occa- ""ilp,','„|'|',,,|'' 
 siiiiiiil iini'i-iiw liiiiiils ill wlii<'li mil' nv otlii'i' ciitistitiifiit |ircil(iniiiiiit(>8. 
 
 It ncfufs ill tliick liiiiiiis iiitei'liaiidi'il ur inti'istriititied with tin- 
 Ktiiiiulitt' lifscrilii'd on paj;!' "(J.i. 
 
 I 'ndcr llio niioroscn|i('. llii' rock is t'oiiiid to consist csscnliidly of liorii 
 iilcndc, |iyr(ixi'iu' and |ilii;,'ioclii,sc t'clspar, with ii siiiidi iiinount of" 
 oftlioclaMo fclsjiar and a little magnetite, a|iatitt', and prolialily a t'cw 
 ;,'i'ains of i|iiai't/. Tin- liornlili'iidc is deep lii'o.vn in colour and stron;;ly 
 liliMiciiroic, and is present in larf,'o ainouiit. There is no evidenc(> that 
 if has lieen derived from the pyroxene and it ofUMi occurs in coiiipar- 
 ati\ely lai^e individuals. 'I'lie pyroxene, which is also present in larjje 
 uiiioiint. is in purl liypersthene, sliowin;,' the usual pleochroisni in yellow, 
 red and j;reeii tints and a ]iaraIlol tvNtini'tinn. Some monoclinic pyrox- 
 ene is also present. None of th institiients have e\en an approxi- 
 mately idioniorphic developiiicnt. .\il are in irregular shaped i,'iains. 
 
 The foliation, w hirh is p.iraliel to t he liandiiii,', is indistinctly seen in Mirin-CHpical 
 
 1 I • . • 1 I • II 111 II • chiii'iirti'r. 
 
 tlie tiiin sections, liut there is a (le\eli)pmeiit all thrnui,'!i the sections 
 
 of tfranulated material in little strini,'s or streak> running,' in one direc- 
 tion. This is coiiipos»'d largely of plagioclase, hut lioinlileiide and 
 pyroxene are also seen in a granulated condition, mixed with the pla- 
 gioclase. .\Imost every one of the larger grains of plagioclase shows 
 the ellects of intense pressure, in well marked strain shadows, twisting 
 of twin lamellie and breaking into smaller grains. It is a fact of 
 interest that, in this as in many similar cases, the hornhlende and 
 pyroxene, although in places granulated, do not when in large grains 
 show uneven extinction, while what in ordinary light .ippear to bo 
 grains of plagioi-lasc of similar size, invariably, when examined bi-tween 
 I'rosseil nicols, are seen to be crushed aggregate of .small plagioclase 
 grains. 
 
 The examination of this rock under tiie microscope makes it certain 
 that whatever the origin of the banding may be. the foliated structure 
 is not orii,'inal, but has iieen produced by niovemeiits in the rock which 
 were accompanied by a granulation of its constituents. 'J'lie hornblende 
 may possibly be a seconilary product. 
 
f 
 
 74 .r 
 
 yUEllKC. 
 
 ( 'liciiiicitl 
 cciniliiiHitidii 
 
 1 yroxcnc- 
 
 IJriiiulwii. 
 
 tv 
 
 A specimen of the ruck iiuiilysed for nie by Mr. Walter C. Aclains, 
 B.A.Sc, was found to liave the loUowing composition :— 
 
 \I. 
 
 Pyi'o.a'ue-Aii jj/diin/itc — Toiciix/ilp of Brandon. 
 
 SiIkm 
 
 Aluiiiiiiii ....... 
 
 Ferric oxide* 
 
 Mimgiinnus (ixiflc 
 
 Linn- 
 
 .Ma^'iiisia 
 
 Sudii 
 
 I'dtiissa 
 
 IJ(l^iS (111 ij^'llitMlll. 
 
 Vr 
 
 cent 
 
 4'.l 
 
 7<i 
 
 17 
 
 •53 
 
 10 (i2 
 
 
 3(! 
 
 10 
 
 'u 
 
 7 
 
 !M! 
 
 ;{ 
 
 ilf) 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 •34 
 
 100 ".tit 
 
 It is tlui.s identical in composition witii many galjhro.s and diabases. 
 
 This ri cli passes over on lot 19 of range V^II.intoap roxene-gianulite 
 (section oGl) free from hornblende, and consisting of pyro.xene, plagio- 
 clase and orthoclase, with a considei'able amount of iron ore scattered 
 through the rock, and usuaUy associated with tlie pyro.xene. It 
 is nearly massive, a foliation being merely indicated by the presence 
 of a few parallel strings somewhat coarser in grain than the rest of the 
 rock. In this rock also the constituents show evidence of much twist- 
 ing and pre.sent an uneven extinction. The felspar has undergone a 
 certain amount of granulation. The sections show that the rock has 
 been subjected to a certain amount of motion as a result of pressure ; 
 but >-.'hether this motion lias been very great, cannot be decided from 
 their study alone. 
 
 l'yro.ii.ni<'-(ir(inulUe — Iinu<ji- VI., Li<i J->, Toivnship of lirc.ndon. 
 
 (Sei-/!,.n as.',.) 
 
 Occurs interstratitietl with granulite, the whole being cut transversely 
 by pegmatite masses which have been crushed to an augen-gneiss, the 
 foliatic . of ■••hicli coincides with the banding of the series (.see Figs. 4 
 'ind ")). 
 
 The rock has an indistinct foliation wlion seen in large exposures, 
 but no foliation can be noticed in hand specir.ie is. It is dark in colour 
 and rather fine-grained. 
 
 "All the iron in calculated as fe'i-ic oxide. 
 
(!k<>i.<hm('A1. SriivKv iw Canaha. 
 
 Vol.. Vm., I'AUT .1. 
 
 l''i(, 
 
 Kio, •_'. 
 
 Vu:. ;i. 
 
 K i;. 4. 
 
 l'I,A'rK \'. 
 
 Vu:. 1.--PVK0.\KNK(;UANII.I'IK, UAMiK VI.. LOT l.S, TOU NSIIII' OK T.lt AM 'ON I'lilKio.lils,., I'vioxcll.' 
 
 mill I nil I Ore. X 2'X 
 
 Fic. 2.— Pyhoxknk-ami'iiihoi.itk. Tuicmhlim; Mountain- HouiMnKt.', '.'vioxcnc, l'I:i(rii";l:isi' inid 
 InniOiv. :■; 2!>. 
 
 Kui. 3.— I'YKoxKNiXiNKiss, St. .7 KAN UK M.vi'HA -ryroxcno, Kflspiir and Inm Oic X :W. 
 
 Fig. 4.-Skki>kntinki,imk«tone, hangk X., lot 27, town.shu' ok RAWDON-Calcitt- (in iilac.s 
 twiiiui ''iKi Serpentine. X 11. 
 
jj,L. 
 
*D'"*-] I'ETHOr.RAPUY OF Till: LAIIHKNTIAN. 75 .1 
 
 Tt is composed of pyroxene, wliicli is for tlio most part uiigite, pale- 
 ^I'ecn in cc'our anil with liarcly perceptible pleocliroism, together with 
 ])liigluclaso and a good deal of iron ore. There are also a very few 
 grains of pyrite. The rock contains no hoinhlende, hiotite or ortho- 
 clase. The structure is allotriomoi'phie, and although the felspar show.i 
 faint indications of strain the pyro.xeue is never granulated, and the 
 rock looks as if it had been crystallized ///, situ (Plate V,, Kig. 1). 
 
 The ^raiiulite (Section 685), which is interstratitied with it does not 
 form continuous bands, but thins away when followed along the strike. 
 Tt is conij)i).sed of (juurt/. and orthoclasc, and has an appearance which 
 is higldy suggestive of extensi\e gi'anulation, foi' ivlthough all the grains 
 aiH! small, there are often smaller ones which appear to have been 
 formed by the breaking down of the larger, and in a few places 
 the peripheral gi'anulation of the orthoc!as(* could lie observed. That 
 both rocks must have undergone a decided rolling out under pressure, 
 in tlie direction of the Ijand.s, is proved by the conversion of the inclosed 
 pegmatite veins into an augengneiss with a foliation in this direction. 
 
 J'i/roxen<:-(iraiiuHf'; — liaugi VIII., Lut /,.', Tunufihip nf Brandon, 
 
 (Si'ctiini (iS-'i ), 
 
 TVirnis a large mass which is the northerly continuation of the 
 occurrence last described. It shows, however, distinct diffei'ences in 
 mineralogical character, proving that the rocks of this class vary .some- 
 what in their natuie from place to place, even in tlie same masses. 
 The augen-jjneiss and granulite are her(^ absent. 
 
 o 
 
 The pyro.xene is pale-green in colour as before, but most of it is 
 ihombic in character, with strong pleocliroism in reddish and greenish 
 tints and parallel extinction. An untwinned felspar which is prob- 
 ably orthoclase is also present, and is more abundant than the plagio- 
 clase. Ve?'y small amounts of horid)l(.'nde, l)iotite, pyrite and zircon 
 are also found, as well as a eonsidei'able amount of apatite in rather 
 large individuals. Iron ore occurs in rather large amount, often partly 
 inclosing the pyro.xene, as is frequent in these rocks. The appearance 
 of the rock under the microscope, is suggestive of granulation. 
 
 l'i/ro.i'inf-(t'r<iiiii/ife — Eaiiy VIJ L, LoIk '■> <(n>/ in, Tmriixli'ii) I'f Bran- 
 
 ihiti (Si'i'liiiH o'tfi). 
 
 This I'ock forms large exposures about one mile to the east of theo,!,,.,. 
 
 occurrence last described. The rock is hei'c line grained, very uniform I'.vnix'iic- 
 
 ,,.,.. ^'nunilit.s 
 and nearly massive. It is never banded, and in places no foliation finniliiainlnn. 
 
r 
 
 70 .1 (/UKIIKC. 
 
 can be deteotctl. Between tliese exposures and those last described 
 the pyroxene i,'ranuiite is associated with uranulite plaiidy derivt^d 
 from a granite by erusliing, as it freipiently contains reuinants or angen 
 of as yet iincnished ortliochise. 'i'hc roci< is composed of rIionil)ic 
 jiyroxene and pla^ioclase with some orthoclase (untwinned), but also 
 contains nuicli liornl)lende and l)iotite. A small amount of augite may 
 also be present. Ii'on ore, pyritc and apatite are accessary consti- 
 tuents. The liornblendo, which is green in olour, is about cijital to 
 tli(! pyroxene in amount, and the biotite to about one-lialf the amount 
 of either. All threi' niinei'als are intinnitely associated. There is no 
 evidence tliat the hornblende or mica are secondary, although the 
 mode of occurrence of the latter suggests that seen in certain contact 
 rocks such as hornstones. The plagioclase is bi-oken and twisted in 
 places and the rock looks like a graniUated one, but if so there are no 
 large remnants left. 
 
 Pi/fd.ii'Di'-d ramiliti' — liaiiye IX, Lot Vi. Toirnshiii of Briiudoii, 
 
 (Ser/imi i;sj). 
 
 OtliiT This rock, wliicli in l!ie field closely resenibles the last two, oi'cui's 
 
 pynixriic ratiu'idvcr .i mile to tiie west of No. G8;i, which it closelv resembleS 
 
 fr.iijil'.i-.iuiii'n. jilsii ill composition and niiiToscopicil character, and from which it 
 
 is separated by bands of granulite and other xai'ieties of gneiss. It 
 
 contains large intercalated masses of :iugen gneiss, whose foliation 
 
 coincides in direction with the banding of the whole series. 
 
 The ))yroxene is ciiietly ihomliic, but nionoclinic pyroxene i-; also ]>re- 
 sent. iloih minerals are p ile-gieen in colour, and can be distinguisbe(l 
 oidy by their <iptical properties. The rhombic pyroxene (probably 
 hypei'sthene) shows I Ik regular pyi'oxene cleavages with parallel extrac- 
 tion in sectiuns j)arallel t > the vertical axis. Prismatic sections ex- 
 hibiting the cleavage jiarallel to otl^^, when examined in con\-ei'gent 
 light show this to be the plane of the optic axes. The mineral is dis- 
 tinctly trichroic. n = red, 1) =r yellow, f = green. The nionoclinic 
 pyroxene is not pieoclndic. has a higher double refraction and shows 
 an inclined extinction. 
 
 The jilagioclase and an untwinned felspar, probably orthoclas", are 
 present in about e(|ual amount. Hiotite and green hornblende occur 
 in veiy small ipiantity, associated with the pyroxenes. A few gra-ns 
 of pyrite ami apatite are present in each section, as well as some iron 
 ore, whicii usually inclo.ses grains of pyroxene — a peculiar mode of 
 occurrence often found. howe\('r, in these rocks. (See page 7'.> .i.) 
 
PETUOi;i(APIIY UK TIIK LAL'KKNI I.W. 
 
 I t .1 
 
 None of the constituents have j,'ood ci-ystallino form. Tlic foliation 
 is produced by the arranj^einent of tlie pyroxene grains with their 
 longiT axes in one dii'ection. Ahnost every ;<rain of felspar shows 
 sti'ain-sliadows or fi'act urcs. It is dilVicult to say wlietherthe peculiar 
 granular character of the rock has been produceil by movements or not. 
 The pyroxene does not show any evidence of granulation although it 
 occasionally shows sti-ain-shadows. Under a low power, houM'scr, the 
 sections exhibit an appearance of extensive granulation and suggestive 
 of the possiijility of the I'ock having been defoiineil by the granulation 
 of the f<!lspar with a certain movement of the pyroxene individuals 
 through th»! granulated mass. 
 
 Separated from tlie pyroxenegranulite on the east liy a ir^ass of vei'y 
 rusty-weathei'ing gneiss, and associative! with granulite proper, is an- 
 other rock resembling the oik; hen^ described in appearance, but which 
 is, in places, I'ich in garnet. A section (No, tiHG) of \\u' garnetifeious 
 variety, ho\\e\er, showed tlw rock to be comjiosed essentially (jf red 
 garnet and dark gi'een hornblende with some pyroxene. Th(!gainet is 
 quite isotropic and felspar is absent. 
 
 < tiin'iii I'f 
 stniotu''!'. 
 
 I'ljrd.ri'iii-Ainiiliiliiil iti' - Ti'i'iiilil I iiij Mull iilm II. (Si'i-fmn 'i-Ui.^ 
 
 Tn describing tlu; ;;eology of Trembling Mountain (see pai,^^ I'i.i) it Pviummc 
 
 was mentioned that t lie existenc(M)f thin bands or stratifoi'm masses of ;iiii|iliili|'litc'. 
 
 I iiiiiiiliii^' 
 a black pyroxene-iimphibolite at long intervals interrupted the uni- MdUMtnin. 
 
 forniity of this great mountain-mass of granulated gneiss. 
 
 This pyroxene-amphibolite is identical in character with some 
 of th(^ pyroxene gnmulites just described. It consists essentially of 
 hornbleiule, pyroxene and ])la!j;ioclase, \\ itli very small amounts 
 of iron ore, apatite and biotite as accessary constituents. The lioi'n- 
 blendcv is gi'een or sometimes brownish-green in colour and strongly 
 plencliroic, as in the associated gneiss. The pyioxene, which is chiefly 
 rhombic in crystalli/ation, is not (piite so abumlant as the hornblende. 
 The plagioelase is present in lari^t^ amo\int and in well twinned i^rains. 
 There is no evidence that the hornlilende has been derived from the 
 pyroxen(\ 
 
 A'though in the hand specimens the rock looks more massive than Micnscdijiral 
 the associated gneiss, when examiiu-d in thin sections under the micro- ilim-ictiT. 
 scope it is seen to possess a distinctly foliated structure (Plate V., 
 Fig. 2). None of the constituents have any approximation to an idio- 
 morphic form, the rocks consisting of a mosaic of irrenular-shaped 
 grains. The felspar gi'ain-, while irregular in shape are about ecpial 
 
If^ J QUEHEC. 
 
 In (ill (liinonsions, and form a sort of i^roundniass, in which the horn- 
 hiencli! and ]iyro.\tMie, wliich have a tcndi^ncy lo assuniL' olon^^atcd forms, 
 are distributrd as irri'f,'idar, discontinuous, anastomosing strings. 
 
 Tins Kick, although, from its existence in tiic foliatiMl gneiss shown 
 to have licfii suhmitted to enormous pressure and probably scjueozed 
 out by this into its pi'cscnt band-like form, all'ords no absolute proof of 
 the granulatit)n so well seen in the gneiss which incloses it. The 
 felspar grains, tiovertheless, may have been produced by granulaticm. 
 The bisilicates often occur in little granules like those seen in the 
 granulated anorthosites, although they usually assume thr> I'ather 
 elongated foi'ms, abov<> referred to. It is in fact in ail probability a 
 granulated rock, although the absence of large remnants makes proof 
 of this impossible. 
 
 It is probable that these occasional interrupted bands or ehmgated 
 masses of pyroxene-amphibolito in the crushed granite represent basic 
 secretions in the original rock, such as are found in granites in all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 Pi/ro.rcni'-fr'nelss — St. Jimi <1i- Mdtltn, tuar llf c/uircli. {Si'fflon >3/)S.) 
 
 l'\riix<iii- The rock is dark-gray in colour and while distinctly foliated has a 
 
 St" h^ i!.. pretty uniform character over large exposures. In the thin sections 
 Miulia. it is .seen to consist essentially of ])yroxene, felspar and iron ore. 
 
 Biotit(> and hornblende are present, but in very subordinate amount, 
 
 togetlier with a few gi'ains of ])yrite and apatite. 
 
 The pyroxene is in part hypersthene and in part augite, the relative 
 propoi'tion of the two vai'ying in difiereut st^ctions, but the hypersthene 
 on t!it> whole jireponderating. The iiypersthene shows tlie usual tri- 
 cliroisni in reddish, gi'eenish and yellowish tints anfl is free from all 
 schillerization inclusions. The augite closely resembles the hypersthene 
 in appearance, but has an inclined extinction and is not pl(!ochroic. 
 The two pyroxenes are intimatc^ly associated. 
 
 T\v(i f(ls|Kii>. Two felspars ai'(( present in about erpial amount. One is a well 
 twinned plagioclase, presenting \\u' usual characters; the other is an 
 untwinned fels])ar, which is frecpiently observed in these rocks and 
 which is in all probability orthoclase, its most noticeable characteristic 
 bei!ig thd app(;arance of pale hlui.sh and bnjwnish tints resjiectively, 
 when between crossed nicols the section is turned, slightly on either 
 side from the direction of maxinunn extinction. The phenomenon 
 appeal's to result from a slight dispersion of the bisectrices. 
 
 1* 
 
I'KTUOOl^VPIIY OK TIIK LAIHKNTI AN. 
 
 79 .1 
 
 'i'hf iron ore, wliii'li is, iit'lcr tlie pjroxoncs uiul t'cispiii's, the most Intertfiowtl 
 ulniiulant oonstituent, is Itlack and opiKiue, unci wlicii examined Ijy "'"'"'i "'■'■" 
 rcllceted lii^lit often |iiM'scnts fc^rtain l)aii(ls and spots dilVfiini; sli>,'litly 
 in lustri! troni tlip rest, ot' tlic j^rain, wliich imlioatcs tlic intt!rf,'rosvth of 
 two sorts of iron oro prolmbly difl'ering in content of titanium, as 
 deserilifd in tlio case of the Morin anorthositp. Its mode of occur- 
 rence, liowt'vef, is veiy peculiar, licinj,' found in het^cen tiic liisilir'atos 
 generally in long, narrow grains, and often nearly or conipUUeiy sur- 
 rounding tlio latter (see Plate V., Fig. 3). Tt was in one case observed 
 to liave the form t)f a nairow hand cutting across a pyr(»xene grain and 
 continuous with ;i mass of iron ore on either side. It w.i.-, e\idently 
 furnuHl after the bisilicates had crystaili/ed. The same phenomenon 
 was observed in the case of certain anorthosites very rich in iron ore 
 
 (see page 100 .r). Distinct evidence of crushing, in the existence of''""",',',' , 
 
 . . . . ■" crystnllizcd 
 
 RUgen or marUed twisting of constituents, is al)sent, l)ut the rock l:iiir tlmii 
 
 nevertheless looks as if it might ha\o undergone a tlujrough '.ranula- ' ^' ""' ''"' 
 
 tion. Traces of this are, as usual, much more marked in tlu felspars 
 
 than in the pyroxenes. 
 
 A pyroxene-gneiss (Section .'50.')), almost identical witli that just 
 deseri bed. forms largo exposui'es in lot lH of range X 1. of the town- 
 ship of lirandon, between the Lac Corbeau and the second anorthosito 
 batui. 
 
 Pi/ro.fiii<'fjr)ii'iiis — S>'i'/ni(>ri/ of D' AiUdiont, <ihont oic mili; X.E. o 
 JiniKje III. of thi' Toinis/ii/> of Cathcarl. (iii'ctlo)L ,'9',l.) 
 
 D'Aillrlimit. 
 
 This rock was chosen as a typical representative, not only of large Pmoxcik- 
 exposures in the imnu'diate ilistiict, but of the basic gneiss, intimately 
 associated and interbande 1 with the red (piartzose orthoclase gneiss, in 
 very many widely separated parts of the area coveied by this report. 
 The rock is bluish on the fresh fracture, but weathers gray, and has 
 an indistinct foliation coinciding witli that of the associated (piartz- 
 ose orthoclase gneiss. 
 
 I'nder the microscope it is found to consist essentially of pyroxene 
 and jiLigioclase. A considerable amount of untwinned felspar, some 
 of it probably or-thoclase, is also present, as well as a little hornlilende, 
 biotite, iron ore, pyrite, apatite and calcite. The pyroxene is for the 
 most part hypersthene, identical with that in the I'ock last described. 
 The hornblende, which is green in lolour, is appai-ently dcM'ived, in 
 part at least, from the alteration of this pyroxene. The iron ore, as 
 before, is often fountl partially inclosing the pyroxene. The occa- 
 sional presence of leucoxene as an alteration product indicates tiiat it 
 
fi*' 
 
 80 J i^UEHKC. , 
 
 is a titfinifci'dUM varii'ty. I'ln^ calcitc is secondary, fii iidditiun ti> 
 the pla^^ioclase, present in;^ tlie nr'diiiary eharaeters as seen in those 
 gneisses, tliere are a iunnl)er i(t' indivithials which are very clear and 
 polarize ln'iglitly, re-i('nil)lini,' the secondary phifjiochiso nt'ien descl- 
 oped in crushed rocks. 
 
 KvidciiciMjf -\s ill tlie case ot' tiie pyriixene-i^neiss just dnserihed fnnii St. .roan 
 
 Knimilutii.n. ,j,, ^^in,i,,,^ aithoiijili tiii-re is no uhsohite proof of ,i,'ranuiatioii, it is 
 ahiioat certain lliat tlie ruck has hcen suhjcctcMl lo tliis process; strings 
 of Hn(! grains are everywlicrc seen in and abont the larger grains, aial 
 the appearance is that of a granulated nick, Ifere again the evidence 
 is principally seen in the f(,'lsjiars. 
 
 I'.vriixciK- I'yroxcMie-giicisses identical in character with those just descrilied, as 
 
 in SairiiiMiav '^'^** heen iiieiit iniied, are very aiiundant in the area embraced by the 
 region. accompanying map. luit especially in tliat part of it lying to the east 
 
 of the Morin anoithosite. They are also found widely distribiiterl in 
 tli(! liaurcntian elsewhere, as, for instance, in the Saguenay district. 
 They dith r from the associated acid gneisses not only in com|iositiun 
 Vnit in lia\iiig a dnrker colour (never red like the orthoclase gneisses), 
 a more unifonn i-haracter, and more massive a}>pearance. They never 
 contain <|uartz. 
 
 ( "(11111111)11 in These pyi'oxene-gneijses and pyroxene-granuiites, formerly thoiiylit 
 
 Vi'cli'i'in '''* '^'' very uncommon rocks, lia\(> in recent years l)o(>ii (l(>scriboil from 
 
 a great number of localities in mII parts of the world, and will probably 
 be found to be one of the constant elements of tlu! lower .\rc!ne;'ii 
 wherever that is extensively developed. .V brief review of these 
 various occurrences, with full references to their literature, is given 
 in a recent paper hy Professor Juild.* 
 
 Origin of The oi'igiii of these rocks is a fjuestion contcrning which, even 
 
 ill the localities where they have been most tiioroughly investigated, 
 there have been great diversities of opinion. in the district in which 
 pyroxene granulites were originally describtul, for instance, the gianu- 
 lite region of Sa.xony, Niniman believed them to be eruptive, Stel/ner 
 and others consider them to be inetamorphic products, while Lcliinann, 
 who has made a more lecciii and very thorough study of them, con- 
 siders tiie i|uestioii of their origin as still an open one. The mode of 
 occurrence of the pyroxene-granulite in .Saxony and tlie intimate rela- 
 
 pyroxcno. 
 
 "The Rubies of I'nrma and .\ssoci.atefl Minerals, tlieir mode of ncciirrence, origin 
 and nu'taiiioriilioses. Phil. Tra s., ISOli, \>. 1!I2. 
 
 ,41.so .\. Laeroix Contrilnitioiis .-i I'etude des ( Jneiss a I'yioxeiut I5nll. Soc. Min., 
 France, xVinil, ISS'.I. 
 
 -..t- 
 
AM . 1 
 
 i'i:iuo(,i( Ai'in or Till', i.m iuati.w. 
 
 81 .1 
 
 tiuii wliich it liciii's to tlic iini'iiiiil ;,'i'aiiiilili', llir two rocks liciii^ coii- 
 uncted l)y a coin|)ii't(> sciies ot" iiitormediate viiri«ti(^s, points very 
 stroMj^Iy, ill tin- ciiso of tho Saxon ofcurr«?nces, to tin; oi'i;;iiiation of 
 hotli corks ill tluMlilVciciitiatioii of an orii,'itial i^'iicoiis niiiyjina. 'I li« chief 
 (iilliciilly ill coiisidciinf^ tlic pyroxene j,'raiuiliti's of Saxony as ilit- 
 fereiitiiitioii pidiliirts fi'oiM tile siiiiK^ ma'^'iiia tliat jfiive rise to the 
 iiiiiiiial i,'r:iiiiilite, is llio fact that they ar« practically massive and 
 
 have 1 II considered to show no evidence of crtishiii};, wliije the 
 
 acconipanyiiii; ;,'iaiiiilite is seen to iiase \nH'n eruslied and jjraniilaled 
 ill a \ery marked inaiiiier. 
 
 The pyioxene-fji'anulites of the district embraced in tin: present 
 Ueport, dill'er from tliosc of Saxony chielly in heiiij; a little coarser in 
 j^rain and in possessinit, as a tteiieral rule, a more or less indistinct 
 si'histose structure. (Jariiet also is a less freipuMit constituent. 
 
 That these Canadian rocks, whattiver l)e their ori;,'iii, ha\e Keen 
 "greatly compre.ssed and rolled out like plastic masses (althoiit;h 
 no coiiclusi\(' evidence! of the fact can \n^ s(>en in the minuie struc- 
 ture of the rock) is placeil lieyond a doubt by the presence in them 
 of sliaijjly folded, crushed and foliated masses of peymatiti! converted 
 into auf^en-Kiieiss aii<l leaf-yneiss })y the jiressure, the foliation running 
 in one ])laiie throui^h the whole body of the rock and hein^ c|uite 
 iiidepeiulent of the position of the pei,Mnatite iiia.sses. That the 
 pres(!;it attitude of the rocks was not their original one, is also plainly 
 sliown in Figure 8, where a dark-coloured pyroxene-gneiss, containing 
 a good deal of (juart/, is seen to lie as a series of sharp folds in a mass 
 of leaf-gneiss. Tlu! axis of these folds is now the strike of the rock, 
 but it is evident that the pyroyene-gneiss originally fo-med a band, 
 dyke or arm in tho lighter coloured ([uartzo.se orthocla.se rock, running 
 
 
 .i-> and 
 itiw. 
 
 N.i\<in 
 Mcciirn 
 
 1101 'H. 
 
 iiiarili 
 
 •'I \"%- 
 
 MKISSCM. 
 
 I'"ii,'urc S. T>iirl< I'viiiM-iic-tinciss fuldrd in ii mass < if Li'aftiiii'iss, ltimi>c \'IF[., Lnt 
 IS, 'rduiiship (il I'l-Miidciii. Scale M fci-t to 1 iiii'li. 
 
 in a direction highly inclined or pos.sibly at right angles to the pre- 
 sent strike. This is by no means an isolated case or confined to this 
 locality ; the same phenomenon can be observed in very many places 
 in this as well as in other Laurentian areas in various parts of the 
 Dominion, and when the folds are longer and more compressed their 
 G 
 
f\[' 
 
 I 
 
 I K'2 .1 tfVKHKr. 
 
 rcsemliliiiuc to iiitiT.slr.itiru.'d l)iiiul.s, cspuciiilly in sinall I'xposuit'.s, is 
 much iiiuri^ iiiai'kt'd. 
 
 Mil ros(i.|.i(;il Tim inuTosi'opif sti-uctuii' >>( tin- |)yn)xoiie-graiiulit«;H, uh a iilas.s, is 
 
 I liiii;ii'ti I' .... ., , , III- I I • I 
 
 iinlilM iliat oi ijiiitc (hstiiict troiii tliat. (it the iindduntRd igneou.s iookh having tlio 
 *''''"• .saint' iniiK^falii^iical L-omjicisition (the ^jalihros), lint aftoi' thi; study <it' a 
 
 larj,'(' nunilxT of st'ctinns dt' these nick.s tVdni vai'inus parts ot' ('anada, 
 as well as tVnni the Sa.xcin f^ranulitc region, I am unalile td see that 
 their Htruclure piecludes them from heing considered ns j,'ianulated 
 rocks, altiidui,'ii no direct ovidenctMif ci'ushin;,' may lii'atldrded liy ihem. 
 The indications dt' granulation in the ca^e df the L'anaijian I'ocks havt- 
 already liei'n ret'erred to in the descrijitidii ot' the sect idus. 
 
 Much li^ht ini;;lit lie thidwn on tho oriyin of these peculiar rocks 
 liy a thorough study dt' their cliemi(;al composition, with a view to 
 ascertaining whether' they all, like the pyroxene amphiliolite from 
 Mrandon (No. 571), haxc the ciimpusition ut' i,'alihri»s and dialiases, or 
 whether .some of them have a composition rlitlerent from llial of 
 Igneous rocks. 
 
 At present the origin of these Canadian occurrences must remain a 
 matter of doubt, although the argument in favour of a metamorphic 
 oi'igin in the case of the Saxdii rocks, fi'oni alleged absence of granu- 
 lation and other pressure phenomtina, does not, as has been shown, 
 apply with etpial force to the pyroxenc-granulites of Canada. 
 
 ()r//iiir/asi-Sc<iji(>lllitJ'i/ro.rpne-Giifii's — Toiriinhij) of lunnlini, limtye 
 vil., Lot 20. ( Sections 507, H-iO.) 
 
 SciiiMilitc This gneiss, which weathers to an exceedingly rusty colour, occurs 
 
 K'""''"-"' in bands interstivitilietl with a grayish-weathering, garnetiferous gn(Mss, 
 
 traversed by many little veins of quartz. Across the road on tlu! 
 same lot is the band of garnet rock described on l)age S4 .i. It is fine- 
 grained, greenish-white in colour, and on a fresh fracture presents a 
 linely-speckled apjiearance. As has been mentioneti, it weathers very 
 rusty and disintegrates so readily that it is ditiicult to obtain speci- 
 mens which are really fresh. It has a very indistinct foliation. 
 
 Uiiwili.ii. Under the micro.scope, it is seen to be composed essentially of ortho- 
 
 clase, })yroxene and scapolite, with accessarj- pyrite, pyrrhotite, graph- 
 ite and sphene. The pyroxene, which is vciy pale green in colour, 
 has the characters of nial.nolite. The scapolite is colourless, uniaxial 
 and negative, with cleavages crossing at right angles on basal section, 
 and parallel extinction xn sections in the plane of the vertical axis. 
 The sulphur, if calculated as pyrite, would show the presence of nearly 
 
 M 
 
HKTIHMJK.M'IIV >>*■ TIIK I.M IIKNTIAN. 
 
 f<:\ .1 
 
 four and h liiilf por <ont of timt inincial, Itiif, altlioui,'Ii mucli |(yiitfl is 
 pnisriit, tlitTc is II pMxl (l(')il of Ityi'i'liolilc lUt'sciit iis well, tlirtwo 
 iniiuM-alH Itoiiig ititiiiiivtnly axHociatud. Tli«>He two iiiinemls alinnHt 
 certainly represent a later iinpreynatioii, occurriiij;, as tliey <lo. in little 
 irrofjiilar shaped masses, with minutely lianded struitnre pur/illel to 
 ile-ir sides, as if tillinj,' ea\ ities, Tliey ar(( sometimes decuniposid to 
 lia-matite, the pseudomorphs in'ln^^ often reinarkahlf in that, they 
 consiHt of a sinj^lo in(li\ idual. The feiriu hyrh'ate which stains the 
 weathered siirfaee uf the i-oek is also derived from their decoinposit ion. 
 
 Tile graphite oecurs as little Hakes, and is often intimately a»Ho- MiiidMnpiiMl 
 eiateil with the pyrite, su;;t;estiii^ some j^eni^tie connection in the (jase ''""'"'••'■'■ 
 uf tiie two minei'als ; as, for instance, the formation of llie sulphides 
 from the reduction of irnnl)eariiij{ solutions through the agi^icy of 
 organic matter, a portion of which still remains as graphite*. The 
 spheni', whicii is sectn in evei'y slide, is pale l)rownish in colour, and 
 occurs in moi'' or less e!ongat(Ml grains lying in the direction of the 
 foliation. It has tlu^ usual high inde.x of refraction and high douhle 
 refraction, with an e.xtinction generall}' inclined at a small angle to 
 the longer axis of the grain, and is often twinnerl. The rock pre- 
 sents the appearance of having heen produced hy a coiii[)let(! crystalli- 
 zation or r(!-crystallization of the \arious constituents ('/* si/n, the 
 grains of felspar having shai'p polygonal out-lines, and th<! individuals 
 of the several mitierals fitting together like the pieces of a mosaic, no 
 signs of granulation lieinu' visible. 
 
 A specimen of this gneiss was analy.sed by Mr. Waltei' C. Adams, cii.niK.il 
 B.A.Sc, and was found to have the following ct>mposition : — (•Miii|«i--it 
 
 A //. ()rlliiifbifieScapolUe-Pyrii.i'''W-(i neias — Tdirnship n/' llairdon, 
 
 Jiangr VII., Lot .in. 
 
 'h 
 
 i 
 
 Ver cent. 
 
 .Silicii .")4S!I 
 
 'ritiiiiic oxiclf 1 (ii; 
 
 Aliiiiiiiiii i;( tl7 
 
 l''iMric oxide 1 :(."> 
 
 I''i'i lie siil|)lii(lc I 4;( 
 
 .M;ili;,':iiiiiMs ii\i<lc ■CiL' 
 
 Lime 5(13 
 
 .MiiKiiesiii 4 7e 
 
 Soda 1 '.t."i 
 
 I'ota.s.^n S ;U 
 
 Wiiter 1111(1 ^;i:i|iliite (liy dittVfeiK-e) . •_''7fi 
 
 'rot:'I ;dk dii's. 
 
 t(MI 01) 
 . 10 L".l 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 

 «< 
 
 .0^. \t: 
 
 IM * GE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3; 
 
 /. 
 
 .J^^, 
 
 V. 
 
 
 :/ 
 
 5r /^^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 "^■- 1 22 
 ^ 1^ IIIII2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /a 
 
 OM. 
 
 /a 
 
 ■<?}y 
 
 o>^ > 
 
 
 
 
 C;% 
 
 >^ 
 
 A^ 
 
 ^9> 
 
 V 
 
 ■^ 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^ 
 
I 
 
 Ij 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 tl 
 
 
 m 
 
 < Javnct idik 
 
 St .1 
 
 yUKHKO. 
 
 This gneiss, as will bo snpii, ditTers oiitiroly in composition from any 
 of those of \vlii<li the; analyses havo already been given. The low 
 content of alumina, ctJiiiljined with low silica, the high alkalies and 
 the iu'eponderance of lime over mcgnesia, mark it oil" as ijuite distinct 
 from the slates and sedimentary gneisses before considered. ff it 
 be an altered .sediment, it is one which has auffered very little leaching 
 during deposition, and must iiav»! been of the nature of a tuH'aceous 
 deposit, or one formed from the rapid disintegi'ation of an igneous 
 rock having the composition of a basic trachyte or syenite. Tt is, 
 tiierefore, a rock which, so far as its composition is concerned, might 
 be eithei" an altered sediment or an altered igneous rock ; and it is 
 impossible, consecjuently, to draw from its chemical composition any 
 definite conclusions as to its origin. The graphite, however, points 
 to a sedimentary origin. 
 
 Specimens of another band of gnei,ss (Section IWb) similar in general 
 ajjpearance to that just described, and occurring near it, were found 
 ujion microscopic examination to differ from it in holding a consider- 
 al)le amount of garnet and plagioclase, as well as .some (juartz, but no 
 scapolite. The pyroxeiie h very pale brown in colour, and the garnet, 
 which as usual ii\ the Laurentian gneisses is (juite isotropic, holds as 
 inclusions grains of the various other constituents of the i-ock. 
 
 Intimately a.ssociatjd with the garnetiferous gneisses, and probably 
 representing an f xtremely garnetiferous variety of them, are the bands 
 of garnet rock described from two localities under the heading of 
 Economic Geology (p. 150 .7.) 
 
 At the first of these localities — the rear of lot 20 of Range VII. of 
 the township of Kawdon — several bands of the garnet rock are found, 
 the widest being about two feet thick. They occur inteivstratified with 
 fine-grai!ied garnetiferous gneiss and white quartzite. In some parts 
 of the bed the garnet rock is almost pure, while in others it is seen 
 to contain a little ((uartz, biotite or felspar. The purer portions 
 (Sections 440, G54) when examined under the microscope are seen to 
 consist almost exclusively of pink garnet. Some iron ore, with a little 
 biotite, and in one section a grain of green spinel, are the only other 
 constituents. The garnet occurs in very large individuals, which are 
 isotropic and almost free from inclusions, >vitli i lie exception of a few 
 grains of biotite. The iron ore is black and opaque and occurs chieHy 
 in the foim of large angular grains. The surfaces of the garnet grains 
 are r-^'ten stained with a little ferric hydrate. Tha biotite and iron ore 
 are inclosed in the garnet and have the appearance of having origin- 
 ated contemporaneously with it. In some sections (No. 654) a little 
 plagioclase is present. 
 
 L 
 
■1 
 
 TiiK Moiiiv AVoinirosiTi;. 
 
 85 .r 
 
 On lot -2, of niii;,'(> IX., of tlio township of liawdon, a lifuvy band 
 of "granular hi'own pyi'oxciic fock oocui's, associated with nai'fictitVi'ous 
 nra|ihil-i(: giioi.-s and cry.stalhnc iiniost-oiK!. ( hvin;^ to the fact tliat tiio 
 exposures are not continuous, it is impossible to ascertain the precise 
 width of ihc band, but it is probably about twenty feet wide. 
 
 Under the microscope (Section .'{0(5) the rock is seen to be made 
 uj) almost exclusively of a pyroxene, very pale pinkish brown in 
 thin sections. The cleavage is imj)erfect and the mineral shows a 
 \-ery faint pleochroism, and in sections at right angles to an optic 
 axis is seen to be biaxia'., the axial angle bciing large. With this 
 jiyroxene is associatetl a colourless uniaxial and negatixe mineral, 
 probably a scapolite, and a very few grains of pyrrhotite. 
 
 An amdysis of the pyroxene gave the following results ; — 
 
 I'yi'iixcne 
 rock, 
 
 XIII. — Vijroxene — Rairdoti, Range IX., Lot i.i. 
 
 I'lT cent. 
 
 Silica 411 lISli 
 
 Alnuiiiia ,s:{ss 
 
 Kciidiis oxide 4'l!ll 
 
 .MiiiiKaii'Ui.s oxidi' uiidi't. 
 
 I.iiiic :iri 37(1 
 
 Miigiu'sia 
 
 . 12 72;i 
 ICHC.'W 
 
 TiiK AxonTiiosrrKs. 
 
 TIIK MOIUN ANOUTIIOHITIv 
 
 Striitiijraphical Relations. 
 
 As shown in the accompanying map, there is, in the region under cf)n- 
 sideration, one large area of anorthosite, constituting its chief geologi- 
 cal feature, and several smaller occurrences of the same rock <[uite 
 subordinate in extent. This Inrge area will be referred to as the 
 Morin anorthosite mass, from the township of ]\Iorin, which for the 
 most part lies within it, while the smaller areas will be distinguished 
 by similrvr local names, as the LakeKeld area, the St. Jerome area and 
 so on. 
 
 The Morin area consists of an almost circular mass of anorthosite, 
 from the south-western side of which the-e proceeds a long arm-like 
 extension. The mass has a diameter of about .37 miles, and, with the 
 arm-like extension just mentioned, an area of 990 square miles. It 
 is surrounded on all sides by the gneisses and associated rocks of 
 
 Moiiii 
 
 anoitliiisitc. 
 
 Size. 
 
 ■ - "■'*- 
 
m 
 
 .1 
 
 ^1 
 
 86 J QUEUEC. 
 
 Liiurentian age, with the exception of the extremity of thu arm, wliicli 
 extending nmcli farther to tlie soutli than the rest of tlic area, runs 
 iindi'rneatli and becomes covered up hy much more recent strata of 
 
 V Cambro Silurian age (Potsdam and Calciferous) l)ounding the protaxis 
 
 in this direction. The limits of the mass have been carefully traced out 
 l)y myself, except where it crosses the t()wnshij)sof Howaid md Mont- 
 calm, where the boundary hadalieady been determined by 8ir William 
 Logan (See Atlas accompanying Geology of Canada, lyCTj), and in the 
 soathern part of Wolfe, where it had been traced out by ]Mr. Vennor. 
 Along this portion of its course the boundary is a well mai'ked topo- 
 graphic feature, ihe anorthosite rising as a cliU'or abrupt line of hills 
 
 I'xmiikIuucs. from the rolling country underlain by the Grenville series. (See 
 Plate I.) The exact course of the boundary acro..s ihe very wild, 
 unsurveycd and unsettled township lying to the no''ch-west ■ >f the 
 township of Lussier is uncertain. Its direction as li-id down on the 
 map, however, must be a near approximation to the correct one, as 
 the country immediately to the north of it has been examined and 
 found to be underlain entirely by gneiss. 
 
 ciiiina'tir lit The C(iuntry underlain by tliis anorthosite, leaving out of con- 
 ^.,,111,,,,^.^ ' sideration the arm-like extension above mentioned, is very hilly, the 
 hills seldom rising to such height as to be properly designated as moun- 
 tains, and while often rugged and precipitous still preserving the 
 smooth flowing contours seen everywhere in the Laurentian in this 
 part of Canada. Between these liills are valleys or plains, generally 
 of no great size, occupied by drift, which valleys as well as the hill 
 sides are year by year being cleared of their forest growth and con- 
 verted ir*^o farms supporting a hardy population. 
 
 Scattered through these valleys are a great number of lakes, some 
 of considerable size, where the North River and other streams take 
 their rise, the waters of which eventually find their way inn the Ottawa 
 or St. Lawrence. 
 
 The highest hills in the area are those about Duck Lake in the 
 township of Cartiei-, and those in the district about the Montague Noire 
 in the township of Archambault. On the whole, this anorthosite area 
 is rather more rugged than that underlain by the surrounding gneiss. 
 
 Aiinlikf As has been shown on page 13 .i, and as will be seen by consulting 
 
 iiiiiirthusitf. t''6 map, the gneissic series through which this anorthosite has been 
 intruded, is, so to speak, closely wrapped around the anorthosite mass, 
 its strike for the most part following the sinuosities and curves of the 
 contact : the most notable exception to this being along a jjortion of 
 the southern oundary. Its foliation is thus evidently, in part at 
 
•] 
 
 THE MORIX ANOKTIIOHITh. 
 
 87 .1 
 
 illtilCt 
 
 lll.-l'. 
 
 least, a secomlary structure, induced subsequent to the intrusion of 
 the anorthosite by j,'reat pressure, which pressure lias affected the 
 anorthosite as well — for tii(^ anorthosite, especially near the (-(tntact on 
 the east(!rn side, possesses a distinct foliati(<.i coinciding in dirtx'ticjn 
 with that of the gneiss. The arm-like extension of the anorthosite 
 througli the gneiss to the south-east becomes somewhat wider as the 
 plains unfl(M'lain l)y the Pala'o/oic ai'o approaclicd, being divided longi- 
 tudinally by a wedge of gneiss which runs into it from the south, and 
 which with the anorthosite becomes covered u\t by the overlying 
 Paheozoic rocks. Tiie anorthosite of this arm, like the gneiss itself, 
 dips to the west, bfiing therefore on the western sid(^ overlain by 
 gnenss. The angle oi' .iij), however, varies much in dillei'ent i)laces. 
 
 Although in many parts of the circumference of the area, theC 
 anorthosite comes against the gneiss without producing any pei'ceptible 
 alteration, yet in some places, and especially between Shawbridge and 
 Chei'tsey, a dark heavy rather massive rock, rich in bisilicates and often 
 holding a little (juart/. and some untwinned felspar, bordeis tlie area 
 and may possibly be a contact pi'oduct of some kind. The boundary of 
 the typical anorthosite against this intervening rock is usually pretty 
 sharp, while the latter passes over graflually into the gneiss of the 
 district. It is, however, ditlicult to decide whether this rock is to 
 be consider(!fl as a peculiar and abnormal (possibly altered) variety of 
 gneiss, or as a contact phase of the anorthosite. What is apparently 
 the same rock, or a very similar one, occurs largely developed at the 
 north-west cortier of the area, between the typical anorthosite and 
 t!ie gneiss. iStratigraphical as well as microscopical evidence inilicates 
 that here it is a peculiar variety of gabbro, nearly or (juito massive, 
 but sometimes showing a schlieren structure. This breaks through 
 the gneiss, but is apparently continuous with the rest of the anor- 
 thosite mass. Continuous exposures fi'om one rock into the other, 
 enabling the relations t<") be determined, have, however, nowhere Vjeen 
 found, but the evidence goes to show that this gabbro forms part of 
 the anorthosite area and is not a separate intrusion, although the 
 transition is rather abrupt. 
 
 At a number of places near the ^imits of the area, especially about (im-iss 
 the dividing line between the rear ranges of Wexrord and Chertsey, "" "•'"""^* 
 near the road to St. Donat, very large masses of orthoclase gneiss occur 
 inclosed in the anorthosite, and afford additional proof, if any be required, 
 of the intrusive character of the latter. Tho^^e occurring about the line 
 between Wexford and Chertsey, lie approximately in the direction of 
 the prolongation of the strike of the great tongue of gneiss which runs 
 
88 
 
 (iUKIlKC. 
 
 ! i 
 
 I'f^'iimtilc 
 
 vi'iiis. 
 
 Hir Williaii 
 Loffaii's 
 
 view s. 
 
 up hotweeii tho main iniiss of the iiiiortliositc and tlie iirin-likf pro- 
 trusion from it, ikiid [iroliabiy I'cprt'scnt ii former extension of tin; gneiss 
 in tiiis (iireclion, sliattored and inviuled by the anorthosite. 
 
 Simihir inclusions of gneiss are also seen near ihe margin of the 
 jMorin area in tlu; rear of the township of Doncaster, Ix'ing exposed on 
 the road running south from Lake Arehanihault to Ste. Lucie, and 
 along the lii\er Ouai-eau where it crosses range \'ITT. of Chilton. 
 
 A very large mass of gneiss, some live miles long and two nules 
 wide, is also inclosed by the anorthosite near tho east side-line of tho 
 township of Chertsey. 
 
 The anorthosite is in many places penetrated Vjy coarse; pegmatite 
 veins. The.se are especially abundant near tlie edge of the area, cut- 
 ting bf)t'i gneiss and aiiorlhosite, so much so, that an apjiroach to 
 the boundary may often be sui'mised from their appeai'ance in largo 
 numbers. These pegmatite veins, however, are by no means restricted 
 to the margins of the area but are abunthmt in places near its centre. 
 They arc composed of (piart/ and orthoelase, often with a little ii'on 
 ore, and are thus (|uit(! iliirer(;nt from and apparently uninlhienced 
 by, the composition of the anorthosite through which they cut. A 
 n'iniber of other occurrences in the township of Wexford, which ai-o 
 probably of tho same nature, W(;re found to hold the same bisilicates 
 as tho anorthosite. None of the rai'cr minerals freijuently found in 
 such veins were obsei'ved, except one which occurs in the thin sections 
 of a single specimen, and which resembles allanite 
 
 In the township of Wexford, along thi road which runs south-west 
 from Lac des lies between ranges YITT. and IX., there is a great body 
 of highly (juartzose i-ock, much of it an almost pure (|uart/ite, inclosed 
 in the anorthosite. It extends along the road for about two miles, 
 varying consideiably in width, but near the lake being over a quarter 
 of a mile widt;. This miiss may be an inclusion of gneiss, such as 
 those referred to above, l)u\. much of the i|uart/ito has an appearance 
 suggestive rather of vein origin (Section VM). 
 
 l>oth the anorthosite and the gneiss ii,re cut by numerous dykes of 
 diabase and augite porphyrite. 
 
 In order to understand why Logan, and other good observers follow- 
 ing him, regarded these anorthosites as constituting a distinct overlying 
 series, a brief review of the grounds on which he based this view may 
 here be presented. 
 
 < )n working out the geological structure of the (IrenvilV; district, 
 which district lies innnediately to the west of that embraced in the pre- 
 
] 
 
 TIIF. MOKIN WOUTIIOSITK. 
 
 89 J 
 
 sent rcpo.'t, tlio two oveilfippinj^ .soiiinwlifit, lj<i;i;an rccof^iiized three 
 |iriiK'i|)fil Ixviids of I'l-ystiilliiio liincsloMc wliicli ho railed thn 'l'i-(!mhliiig 
 l>akc liiiiid, the (JriHMi Lakf hand, and llic (!i'<'n\ iilc hand I'^spcftisely- 
 Th<! hin<!stoiie ahove mentioned aa ahutting against the anortliosite at 
 St. Sauveur, was hehevcd to ho a portion of the Ciieen l^ako l)an(i, Sir 
 William referring ti tlie hand as having l)0('n '• interrupt(Ml " hy tlio 
 Mo?in anorthitsite. Further tn the ncjrtli, in the township of DeSalfi- 
 herry, lie found that two of the limestone han<ls again came in con- 
 tact with this anorthosito mass, one of them lioing this sanu^ Gioen 
 Lake hand and th«? other tiio Trend)ling Lakt^ hand. Sir William 
 refers to this ocourrente as follows (Ooology of Canada, iSGii, p. S.'iS) •' 
 " The higher of the two hands * * * is interrupted hy a mass of 
 anoi'thosite or lahradorite rock whieh ajiparontly covcu-s it up. A 
 similar ])hcnoriienon appears to oeeur in Morin (St. Sauveur), where 
 the limit of the lahradoritO I'ock * * * innnediately Hanks the 
 limestone hand on the north," and goes on to ly : " If, on exploration 
 to the eastward of the Trembling Mountain, it sIkjuKI he farther 
 aseertained that the two inferioi- limestone hands of the (irenville series 
 ilisa])])ear on reaching the margin of the anoi'thosite, it may l)e eo)isi- 
 dered as conclusive evidence of the existemc in the Laurentian system 
 of two innnense sedimentar}' formations, the one siiperinipo.sed uncon- 
 formahly on the oilier, with pruhahly a great dillerence in time 
 hotween them." 
 
 A careful examination of this district in company with Dr. Klls, of 
 the (ieologiciil Surv(;y, lias since shown, however, that one of the sup- 
 posed intcMi'uptions really is not seen, the anoi'thosiU; mass mapped (//i 
 the lirst range of tin; township of Graiidison, and whieh was probably 
 reported to Sir \Villiam hy one of his assistants, liaving no existence, 
 and that the drift is so lieavy in this region that oven if the other 
 limestone hantls did come against the anorthosit(> the contact could not 
 b(! observed. A careful examination of the contact on the south-west 
 corner of the area in the ncighhourho id of the; village of St. Sau\eur, 
 leaves little doubt that the limestone is leally cut oft' by the anoi'- 
 thosite at this ]ioint. The limestone underlies a [ilaiii, protruding 
 here and there in large exposures through the drift, whilst the anor- 
 tliosite rises from this plain as a steep wall or c'ifV. The limestone is 
 exposed 200 yards from the foot of the anorthosite wall, but the drift 
 covering then l)ecomes so thick that the character of the contact itself 
 cannot be determined, lioth U. the east and to the west the associated 
 giieisf is cut ofl' in a similar manner. 
 
 IjIii 
 ail' 
 til.' 
 siti 
 ."^.11 
 
 llstlltll'S 
 
 cur iitf liy 
 
 illKIVtlld- 
 
 at St. 
 
 ,VI11'. 
 
 
 lijl 
 
 m 
 
 if! 
 
 On the north-east side of the anorthosite area there was found, more- ,\t T,iikf 
 over, another limestone band which runs through Lake Ouareau, and ""•"••'"'• 
 
00 .1 
 
 vii;ni;<'. 
 
 Sl'clinlli. 
 St. .li'iVi 
 
 fl- 
 
 nil' t(i 
 
 ISJfllW. 
 
 t'ltniis in it a niiinbcr ot' small isliinds. It is also well oxposi-d on the 
 south sliorr? of this sheet of water. This iied disiippears at the ed>,'e of 
 th(! anorthosite a .«hoit distance fi'niii the south end of the iakt,-. and ni) 
 further ti .fes of it are seen until what is probably its continuation 
 appears aj^ain interstratified with the fjneiss at th« south-east corner of 
 the anorthosite area. 
 
 In order to understand why Lo<,'an rei,'ar(l(Ml the anorthosites as 
 belonj,'in<{ to a sedJmtMitary series, a tact must l>i' borne in mind 
 which will be referred to at greater length in consideiing tlu; structure 
 of these rocks, namely, that in places the anorthosite shows a more 
 or less distinctly foliated structure, which structure was believed in 
 accordance! with tht; views generally accepted at that time to re|)r('sent 
 a |>arti,"lly obliterated bedding. 
 
 This is especially ti'ue of the anorthosite neai" its contact wilhtln^ 
 gneiss and is especially well marked in the long ai-m-like protrusion 
 from the south-easii corner of the area, which, as above mentioned, 
 runs into tin- gneiss in the; direction of its foliation, and finally, with it, 
 becomes covered up by the oveilying I'aheo/.oic to the south. There 
 is, moreover, at St. Jerome a smaller isolated area of n more or less 
 foliated anorthosite intercalated in the gneiss, and this was supposed by 
 Logan, wht from lack of time was unal)le to examine the whole area 
 cai'efuliy, to form part of the great .Moi'in nn'ii, which ri^aiiy terminates 
 many miles to the north. Starting from a point to the west of St. 
 Jerome and gohig in an easterly direction across the strike of the 
 rocks to New (ilasgctw, he passed from gneiss over the St. .It'rome 
 anorthosite and then over a series of gneisses interNtratifie-l with 
 (juartzites and a band of crystalline limestone to tli(i arm-'ike pro- 
 trusion of the Morin anorthosite referred to above, which has a folia- 
 tion parallel to the strike of the gneiss, and over it to gneiss once 
 more. .Misled l)y this si^ction, which is here a most deceptive one, he 
 concluded that the whole consisted of a great sedimentary series of 
 anorthosites with interstratified i|uartzites limestones and gneisses, 
 which series formed the soutluM-ly development of the an<»i'thosites 
 that he had observed interrupting the Grenville series in DeSalaberry 
 and the other townships to the north. Accordingly, in Section 
 No. G of the Atlas accompanying the (ieology of Canada, this "Upjjer 
 Laurentian " is made to include the limestone at St. Jc'-rome and 
 to underlie the whole stretch of country from the sui)])osed contact 
 with the Grenville series at the River (lagnon to the west of St. 
 Jerome, south-eastward to the state of Vermont, although for the most 
 part covered by newei- strata. Instead ov this we really ha\o the 
 
Till': MOHIN ANOKTIIOHITi;. 
 
 'M 
 
 (irenvillt! soricH with ('crtiiin iircfis of tlii^ t'liiKliiinciital ;,'iit'iss, ckii- I."umii'« 
 tiiiuous tlirmij^liout tlic wlioltj district ••iiiWnit;' d Ity tlic 11111}) lu'cum- |,. ,„.,.„ti,i„ •• 
 
 jmnyiii;,' the presoiit lleport, except wliore it is interrupted hy intrusive ["J",' ^"" 
 
 niasst'8 of aiKirthosito. 'I'he foliation of tho anorthctsitc, thi'icfure, 
 l)t'inf{ now recofiiii/tid as a distinctiy <lynainic phciioincnoii, and iIkmi' 
 hcin;; no ovidfiut' of Jiiiy scries of f^iK^isses cxcfpt the (iifiiville series 
 and tlic fundamental yneiss in tlio district, this " Tpp'-r Lauventian ' 
 series of Ijo;;aii passes out of existenee. 
 
 I'fiJrographi/ i>J' lli'' Mori 11 A inirl/inst/r. 
 
 '\'\w earlier ;,'('oh)ij;ists who hist expUired tlie ;,'reat stretciies of I'riniifiniili.v 
 Lanreiitian roci<s iiiuh^rlyiiif; various j)arts of the J)oiiiinion, in many ',',„„■► [!,Jit,. 
 widely separated dis^iiets met with enormous masses of a rock dilleriiig 
 entirely from the eoiiiinon orthoelase rocks which make up the ijii'ater 
 part of the Laurentian system. j'his rock was oomjiosed principally 
 and sometimes exclusively of [il ii^ioclase felspar, but often varied con- 
 siderably in structure! from placid to place, beiny sometimes massive, 
 sometimes schistose, sometimes coarse and sometimes line in grain. 
 
 These I'ocks they called anorlliositc. in the (Jeology of Caniula. 'I'lir iiaiiu' 
 (p. '22f St(M'ry Hunt refiirsto the rock in the following words: '"Since ' 
 all these varying triclinic f(!lspars are anorthic in crystallization, 
 and approacli more or less to anorthite in their composition, I)elesse 
 thus proposed to designate them by the common name of anorthose, as 
 distii'guished from orthose or orthoelase, and the rocks characterized 
 by their presence as anorlhosite. In accordance! with tliis we have 
 adopted the generic namc! of anorthosite foi- these rocks." 
 
 This term anorthosite has often been misunderstood, having i)een 
 confused with anoithile and supposed to designate a rock consisting of 
 anorthite, a felsj)ar which rarely occurs in these rocks. The word 
 " anoithose '' sugge-ted by Delesse, is synonyiiKjus with tlie word pla- 
 giocla.se, which has now suj)j)lanted it in common usag', and con- 
 seepiently the term anorthosite simjily means "plagioclase rock," a 
 designation which serves both to define its composition and to emphasize 
 the dilference })etween these anorthosit(;s and the predoiriiiating ortho- 
 elase rocks of the I'est of the Laurentian region. 
 
 The place of this anorthosite is in the family of the gabbros, where ( 
 '■' occupies a jxisition at one extremity of the series corresnonding to '' 
 that of the pyroxenites at the other extremity. An ordinary gabbro 
 when it becomes very rich in felsj)ar passes into an anorthosite ; when, 
 on the other hand, the felspar decreases in amount, so that the 
 
 l>III|HISltl>l|l 
 
 f aniirtlid- 
 it.'. 
 
!••_' ,1 
 
 yUKHKC. 
 
 I 
 
 nm> 
 
 Aliiiip't iPiiii- 
 
 MiiuTiils 
 cici'iu'riiiu ill 
 M..iiii 
 niiiirtlinsitc. 
 
 hi^riiicias 
 
 pyroxeni' prt'domiiiateH liugcly, a pyioxenito results, wliile if in the 
 cose of (111 (>li\ ini' nalihro tiie pyroxene docrease.s in anuuint, leaving 
 pliigioclase and olivine as the essential constitueiits. a troi'tolite results. 
 
 Hunt has cstiniati'd that thrce-iiuartcrs of tin- anortiiositcs of Canada 
 do not contain over i'lvo per cent of minerals other than plagioclase. 
 
 This anorthosilc, wiiich occurs not only in Canada, Wut in Norway, 
 Russia and other countries, constitutes a well defined loak type, and one 
 which, not onlv on account of its peculiar composition, hut also owing 
 to the enoi'MH.us size of tlu^ masses in which it occui-s and the con- 
 stancy of its character, occupies an impoi'tant position in the petro- 
 giaphical series. 
 
 The anorthosite of this florin area exhiliits a j^reat variation in 
 structure and colour and in certain places even a consideraiile variation 
 in composition, Imt is in niinei'alo^'ical composition a gaijliro or norite 
 free from oli\ine and veiy rich in plagioclase. Hand specimens from 
 about (ifty ditlerent places in the area have been sliced and 
 microscopically i xan\ined, and the following description of these rocks 
 is l)ased on the results thus obtained. Tiie number of minerals which 
 the rock contains is not large, the variations in composition resulting 
 principally from tlieir irregular distribution. The following minerals 
 have been ob.served in the rock : — 
 
 Plagioclase ^luscovite and Paragonite Epidote 
 
 Augito Bastite Zoisite 
 
 Hypersthcne Chlorite Gainet 
 
 Ilmenite (juartz Zircon 
 
 Orthoclase ^fagnetite ' .Spinel 
 
 Hornblende Apatite 
 
 Biotite Calcite 
 
 Of these plagioclase, augite, hypersthene and ilmenite are by far the 
 most important. 
 
 As above mentioned. Hunt adopted the name anorthosite for these 
 rocks on account of the great preponderance in them of plagioclase 
 or anorthose. He considered the type which contains only felspar 
 as the true anorthosite and estimated that three-fourths of the anor- 
 thosites in the Dominion did not contain over five per cent of other 
 minerals.* 
 
 Like the other constituents of the rock, the plagioclase is ijuite fresh, 
 showing but very rarely any traces of decomposition, and when it is 
 not granulated (that is protoclastic or cattdastic in structure) presents 
 
 *T. Sterry Hunt — On Norite or Labrndorite Ruck, Am. .hmrn. .Sc, Nov., 18()!l. 
 
TIIK MOHIN ANOHTIInHlTK. 
 
 ;t;l J 
 
 ill liiiiid s|i('ciiii('iis, iiliiiost witliniit ('xcei>tii)ii, a dnrk violet, \n\\ miirc 
 rarely n reddisli <'(il(tur. This lolmir is still plainly visihli' in thin scetions, 
 altli(»uj,'h naturally much fainter, and is seen Ui lir caused liy llu' 
 presenre nf an iniiiieiis.- i|iiiintity of iiiiiuite n|iai|ii(' lilack rods and 
 extremely Niiiall oj)ac|Ue dark points, wliicli yive I lie mineral in thin 
 sections a peeuliar turhid apjioaramc Tin' latter prol)alily represent 
 in part cross sections of the rods_ hut arc more usually round or 
 sli;^htly elon^'atcd individuals of the same siihstance as the rods and 
 occurring,' with I'mmii. \'o;,'elsan;j;''' csti- lated, in conniu-tion with his 
 studies of the anorthosite of Labrador, that these inclusions amount 
 to from one to three per cent of the volume of the mineral, and 
 yoes so far as to say: "Le nomhre des microlites cojitenus dans MiimU' 
 
 1 1 - • ■ Mil.. . ■ . II lM.jlllMi.1.,. 
 
 un volume dctermnie est suseeptilile d ctre apprccie avec plus de 
 prt'cision ; les resultats toutefois s'ecarteront heaucoup enti'e eux, 
 suivant I'lrhantillon (lu'on uura choisi et lo point dans lecpid on 
 Taura exainim'. Dans h' lahradorite violet fijj;ur(' le nomhre de mic'r<i- 
 litcs s't'leve au minimum a 1(),000 ]iar inillimetre cube; mais pour 
 autres varit'tt's jaunes et j^iis fonci'es le cahiil m'a d(»niu'' un noinhro 
 au moins dix fois plus oonsidt'-rahle de sorte qu'il y avait iei, dans 
 I'espace liorm- d'un centimetre cube plus de cent millions de petits 
 cristaux etrangers." The lar^'er rods are surrounded hy a /one of 
 clear felspar. Some inclusions are transparent, and have a reddish- 
 brown colour re.semblini; hamatite ; these a|)p"ar in small scales which 
 often show a somewhat distorted hexaiional outline. <^l»jects which 
 closely resemble the above mentioned rods arc often seen, when very 
 hi^'hly migiiifierl, to be cavities, partly filled up by the dark material 
 of the rods. These inclusions are pretty uniformly scattei-ed t' 'ough 
 the felspar individuals, and not confined to certain places, nor ])re- 
 sent more abundantly in some places than in others, as is the case 
 with the gabl)ros described by Williamsf oi" by .ludd.J Minute 
 fluid inclusions may often bt; observetl arranged in »ows; in these 
 there appears now and then a moving bubljle. In one or two cases 
 small cubes were ]jerc(Mved in them, and in one case it was thought 
 that a double bubble could be recognized. In two or three localities 
 the otherwise normal felspar contained but few of these inclusicms, 
 and consequently was almost white in colour. The nature and origin 
 of these dark inclusions, which occur so freipiently in the felspar and 
 
 * \'ii>rt'lsan(; .Vrchivcs Nt'TrliiiuIiiiKe, T. 111., ISIIS. 
 
 t(!. H. Williiiius -Galilii'd and associated Honiljleudc Hocks in tlic nt'lfflilMmrliuod 
 of Haltiinorc, Md.--15iill. V . S. (Jeol. .Siirv. 28, i>. 21. 
 
 + .J. Ju(i<l"(ialil)ios, Doliritcs and l^asaks of Tertiary age in Scotland and 
 Ireland— C^ J. ti. S., 18HC, p. S2. 
 
MW 
 
 m\ 
 
 m 
 
 [)[ .1 
 
 gt'KIIKC. 
 
 Thiir 
 
 clmriuli r. 
 
 I'rohiilily 
 titiiiiifi'i'iiiiii. 
 ii'iiii III)'. 
 
 otlior const ituonts of tin- niilddo, in the most widely si'p.iiiitiMl loculi 
 ti»'H of till! k'*''"'. Iiiivi' Ihmm fi<'i|ui'iitly (liH(;uMs»Mi. 
 
 The inclusions uro so uiinuto that tlicy cannot l)<> isolaliMJ iintl 
 
 (■liiMiiically I'xaniincd. Tlicii' foini is not (lotincii with siitliciont .sharp 
 
 nes.s and constancy to onaliic tlicir ctystallo;itaj)lii(! character to he 
 
 iletei'mined. .Some invest i;;atois have iiuleavoiiied to yain some 
 
 infoinmtion as to the nature of these minute bodies l»y oliservin;^ their 
 
 I'luf. .Iiicl.l . denoi'tment wiien ticated with concentrated acids, hut tliP results )h. 
 
 exiimuHitidii. . , ,. r 1 1 . 1 1 1 • 1 
 
 tamed aro cniitnidiclory. .Kidd (1. c. ) touiul that they resist concentrated 
 
 hydrochloi'ic acid. \'oi;elsan}{ (1. c. ) tre.itcd a small piece of felspar 
 from I'aid's Island, Lahradiir, which contained them, with hot hydro- 
 chloric acid for t'oiir days. He found that tlio acid had stron;,dy 
 attackiMJ the felspar, hut could perceive tio alteration in the needles, 
 except that they had hecoine slifihtly palei'. I lai,f;,'»%* however, found 
 tliat in the same rock from I^ahrador all the liniwn scales were dis- 
 solved when treated with the acid for a time too short to efl'ect a 
 deconi|)<'sition of the felspar. lie iionsidered that they were prtt 
 l)al)Iy gdtidte. 
 
 They are evidently some iron compound, and the jicculiar colour of 
 the transpa.ront individuals, taken in connection with the tact that, as 
 will he s! iwn under certain conditions, they unitt? to fortn small 
 masses of titainc iron, leads to the helief that the view of Professor 
 Rosenbusch is correct, namely, that they consist principally of titanic 
 iron ore or ilmenite. The transparent ones have the form of the 
 mineral known as mii-aceous titanic ii'on ore, which Lattermannf 
 found interj^rown with mafj;netite in the ii(!|)heliiut(! or the Katzen- 
 buckel. The peculiar colour of this mineral, moreover, le.sendjles 
 perfectly that of these inclusions. The diverse results which the 
 several investigators have obtained in the matter of the solubility 
 of these inclusions may perhaps he explained h)- the titaniferous 
 iron ore in some hand specimens being richer in titanic acid than in 
 that of others. 
 
 In this connectio'i it must be mentioned that titanic iron ore i.; " 
 mineral which is constantly found in these anorthosites in Canada, 
 often in enormous (juantities, so that it is considered as particularly 
 characteristic of them, while in the Laurentian proper the iron ores, 
 in the greater number of cases, contain no titanic acid. Lacroix, J 
 
 * HiigKc Miinpskopiclii' ITnteisiichniiK iihcr (laliliii) iiiul vcrwandte Gettteiiie, Kiel, 
 1S71,.S. 4(i. 
 
 t Liitteniiuiiii in Hosfiilmscli Miws. (ii'st, ji. 7H(I. 
 
 JLacroix— C()iitril)utiuiis ii IVtiule des gneiss ,a Pyroxene, )). 141 liuil. Sdc. Min. 
 France, A|.ril. 1H;«(. 
 
MtM*. 
 
 1 
 
 TIIK VOHIV ANOHTIIOHITK. 
 
 «j:. .1 
 
 will) liiiH iii\<vsti^iitt>(l sitiiirwliiit siiiiiliir iriulii.siutiH in cnrtiiin Nor 
 wc^fiiiii niiblnoM, wliicli, linwevnr, iirt». ddulilf ift'niftiiiK, tliinks thiit 
 tli<\\ aif pvroxfiif, I'spcuiiilly us tlu-y t'riM|uc'iilly .ippnar to lie ^loiipod 
 tii^ctlicr, t'oi'iniiig lar/^er ^{niiii.s wliicli iiiiiy li*> (Irli'iiniiifd ii.s lii'loii^ing 
 to tliis NpecioH : "Ltm K>'iiiii>* *'ii (piestion seiiilil«>iit iivoir iittiro a eux 
 UtH particiili's pyroxt''ni([ues t'li suspt'tision dans It' tVldspatli ot los 
 avoir incorpori'tis a Icur masse." It is (|uit»' puNsii)lt' that these inclu- 
 sions so ot'teii found in ^'alihros and allied rocks, oonsist ot'the Ir'avicr 
 minerals of the rook, in somo ca^Hs pyroxene and in others iror< ore, 
 which were llriely disseminated throuj^'h the ma^ma while the rock « as 
 crystal I i/in^'. or which, perhaps, separated, hut as llu) several constitu- 
 ents cr\'stalli/.cd. My hest thanks are due to Professor .1 udd for a small 
 collection of thin sections of typical j^aliliros and peridotites from tlie 
 north of Scotland, which he has described and on which h(> has princi- 
 pally established his theory of "schilh-.risatio.i.' An examination of 
 these rovealod tln^ fact that nowhere in them are the inclusions in the 
 planioclas(! so numerous and well defined as in the Canadian anortlio- 
 sites. The pet'uliar arran>;ement of these inclusions in the Scottish 
 rocks alon;,' cracks, tissurt-s, Ac, which Professor Judd has doscril)«!d, 
 and • lich especially supports his theory of their secondary orii{in, is 
 not t.bserved in these Canadian rocks. Their inclusions are on the 
 contrary distributed thickly and pretty uniformly lhrouj;h the whoh^ 
 felspai' individu'd, ^'enerally indeed throu;iiiout the felspar of the 
 whole rock. They disappear, as abo\(! mentioned, oidy when it l.«,s 
 been ;,'ranulated. This remarkable fact will be referred to n;,'ain. 
 
 'I'he uidtorin distribution of these inclusions does not prove that 
 they are not schillerization products, for if the rock were com- 
 pletol) schillerized the.se products might be quitts evenly disti'ibute<l in 
 it. Only in a fe>v ])laces in this li^rin area does the plagioclaso 
 exhibit that play of colours which is pi'oduced by these inclusions in 
 the felspar from Labrador and elsewhere. 
 
 The plagioclas(' is almost invariably excellently twinned, according 
 to both the a'.bite and periclint; laws, the two sets of twin lamelhe 
 crossing one another at right angles in the thin sections. This twinning 
 is apparently sometimes secondary and protluced by i)ressuie, as for 
 instance when the lamelhe appear along a certain line or crack, nv 
 when they appear in places where the plagioclase individual is twisted. 
 
 In meat cases, however, they are of piimaiy origin. Fre(piently in 
 the sections there are a few untwinnecl individuals of plagioclase which 
 are probably cut j)arallel to oo P S (010). But in certain hand- 
 specimens there is a considerable percentage of untwinned felspar, 
 
 ScliilliiiKi 
 ticiii. 
 
 I Wllllllll^.' 
 
 Illll(,''">^l"-'"t'- 
 
■Irf 
 
 
 9G ,( 
 
 QUKUEC. 
 
 I 1 
 
 i 
 
 df 
 
 ( ■iim|"isitiii 
 
 of till- 
 
 plH^fiocliiM'. 
 
 rosombliiij^ in iill utlicr resppclH tlit^ ]ilfi;,'i()clii.s(i wliicli sliows a well de- 
 Huod l.win .sti'iu'turc. In unlcr to (li'tcrinis ■ whether in these castss two 
 felspars won; ic-ally j)rcsent, s»)parutions by nieaiiH of heavy solutions 
 were made, on iniiieiial from three hand snecimens from different local- 
 ities, in tlu! thin st^etioi.s of whi<:h these untwinned fe'spars oeeurred 
 ineonsiderable |uaiitity. Sint'e, however, in a solution ha\inj{a sptjeitic 
 gravity of 2 67 all the constituents sank, these untwinned individuals 
 cannot he mr)r(! acid than lahradorite, to which variety the remaining 
 felspar likewise belongs. Similar occurrences of uiitwinned plagio- 
 claso have been ofte:i observed. Hawes*, who investigated sonie of 
 them, gives an analysi.sf of an ordinary specimen of typical labradorite 
 of St. Paul's Island and adds : "Some of the anorthosites described by 
 T. Sterry Hunt in the (Jeology of Canada, 1S().'{, were proved by his 
 analyses to be composed of pure labradorite, and sonu; sections of the 
 same which he submitted me for examination were found to be com- 
 posed of a multitude of small grains, none of which were twinned.' 
 
 An examination was made of the well twinned plagioclase from two 
 other localities. The first was a hand specimen of a tyj)ical anorthosite 
 which is found live miles north-west of Ste. Adcle in the Morin dis- 
 trict. Its siKicific gravitj' was betwet-r ^•(i.'j and '2'C>7, and it had, 
 therefore, also the composition of an acid labradorite, a fact confirmed 
 by the values of the extinction-angle measured on a small fragment 
 separated by means of Thoulct's solution. The second was from the 
 village of Ste. Adcle itself, which lies at the corner of the Morin area. 
 litre the anorthosite is porphyritically df^veloped with large j)lagioclase 
 crystals which are sometimes as much as four inches long. Thes.o had 
 the following (extinction angUss : on oc 1* c« (010) 24^' to 20 , on P 
 (001)^=0. An aiuilysis of the bluish opalescent plagioclase from the 
 Morin district will bo found in the table of analyses given on page 1 30 .i ; 
 here again the felspar is a labrcadorite. 
 
 The plagioclase of the anorthosite from these six different localities 
 is, therefore, in all cases labradorite, and there is every reason to 
 believe that the felspar througliout the whole ai'ea belongs to this 
 variety. Although it is generally (juite fresh, yet a partial decomposi- 
 tion was observed in one or two cases, where it is altered to a mixture 
 of calcite, epidote and zoisite, as mentioned in the description of 
 these minerals. A peculiar variety of the rock, having a saussuritic 
 habitus, was observed at New (ilasgow. This is an entirely local 
 
 * Hawcs- On the (leteniiiiiiitioii uf Fflspiir in tliin Sii-tions (if Koeks. I'ldc. Nat 
 Mus., WiiHliint,'t(in, IHSl, ]>. VM. 
 t See table of analyses, p. 130.1. 
 
 i 
 i 
 I 
 
•] 
 
 TIIK MORIX ANORTIIOSITE. 
 
 97 ,1 
 
 occurrence connected with the small zones of disturbance whicli here 
 run through the anorthosite. Tii thin sections of this rock, which is 
 almost entirely composed of plagioclase, mixed only with a few small 
 gr'aiiis of iron ore, the [)lagioolase is seen to have undergone a j)eouliar 
 alteration. The alteration product is a mineral usually having a 
 (ibious structure, and occurs in the plagiochise in little spots. It lias 
 the optical chai'aeter of a bastite or psoudophite, and the decomposed 
 felspar resend)les, tiierefore, to a certain (extent that of VValdheim 
 in Saxony, described as pyknotrope by Hreithaupt. In another hand 
 specimen of the same rock from New Glasgow, the felspar is changed 
 into a colourless mineral which forms small feather-like clusters. It 
 shows magnilicent polari/ation-eolours and has a distinct cleavage to 
 which the extinction is parallel. The mineral po.ssesses the optica! 
 properties of muscovite but may be prrngonite, whicli cannot be dis- 
 tinguished from muscovite under the microseofie, and is a more pr(>bal)le 
 alteration product of plagioclase. 
 
 The augite is, with a few exceptions, generally present in much 
 smaller quantity than the plagioclase, but is next to it the most 
 abuMilant constituent. Rhombic pyroxene is present, however, in 
 nearly, if not (|uit<! ecjual amount. The augite occurs in ii'regularly 
 shaped griiins of a liglit-green colour, which are either non-pleochroic 
 or exhibit a scarcely perceptible picocliroism in greenish tints. In 
 sections which are nearly parallel to the base, the typical chiavages 
 characteristic of pyroxene are seen cutting each other almost at right 
 angles. They are often intersected by a third more perfect f ieavage 
 which is parallel to oo P oi (lt)0) as shown by its position relative 
 to the plane of the optical axes. In the prismatic zone the mineral 
 shows an extinction-angle from to 45°. 
 
 In many sections of the pyroxene, there are bi'ownish-black tables 
 or small black rods which resemble very much the inclusions in the 
 plagioclase, above desci'ibed. Where these occur they an; freiiuentlv 
 parallel to c» P O) (100) ; in other cases instead of being scattered 
 throughout the whole individual they are confined to certain spots. 
 The augite can often be observed to have grown around grains of 
 iron ore. It is generally quite fresh, but in many hand specimens is 
 decomposed. Toe products of decomposi«:ion consist sometimes of a 
 finely granular mixture of chlorite, and a rhombohedral carbonate 
 with occasional quartz grains, the whole constituting a gray almost 
 opa(|Ue mass. In other specimens, the augite is changed into a yel- 
 lowish bastite, which then tills .up not only the space originally occu- 
 pied by the augite, but also penetrates into the small fissures of the 
 
 Alifiiition 
 
 I null net. 
 
 Augiti 
 
 !'!• 
 
 -* 
 
I 
 
 its ,) 
 
 yUEHEC. 
 
 1 i 
 
 f 
 
 ■ 
 
 * 
 
 Klumiliic 
 
 )lVIOXl'lll'. 
 
 riypcr.-itlic 
 
 li 
 ill 
 
 rock and forms thread-like veins and scales even in the felspar grains. 
 In some specimens a^rain it is converted into a mineral resemhiing 
 sorpentino. When both pyroxenes occur to^fctiier in the rock, the 
 augite is generally intimately associate 1 with tlie rhombic pyroxene. 
 
 The rhombic pyi'oxono, which occurs so often in association with the 
 augite, does not essentially difler from the latter as far as can lie ascer- 
 tained from its thin sections, either in index of refraction, in double 
 refraction or in colour. It is however strongly pleochroic with the 
 following colours ; 
 
 ^ = red, I) - yellowish green, c = green. 
 
 The absorption is a > I) > T, the difference between a and I) being 
 very sr:till. 
 
 Its rhombic character, was established by the following observations 
 in the case of a hand specimen from the township of Chilton, in which 
 the mineral occurred in fresh condition and in larger quantity than 
 usual. Sections parallel to the base showed the two cleavages of the. 
 prism which intersected almost at right angles, as well as a third more 
 perfect set of cleavages, to which small black rods were often parallel. 
 Since the direction of the extinction was also parallel to this latter 
 cleavage, it nmst be in the direction of a pinacoid. In convergent light, 
 there was seen on the basal section a bisectrix, but not an optic axis as 
 n the case of a monoclinic pyroxene. When a section in which an optic 
 axis appears was examined, the above-mentioned pinacoidal cleavage 
 was found to be parallel to the plane of the optic axes. The pinacoid in 
 question was therefore oo P d5, that is to say it cuts off the acute 
 prismatic angle as oo P 5b does in the case of diallage. In sections 
 which showed an optic axis and only one set of cleavages to which the 
 snuill rods lay parallel, the cleavage was seen to be parallel to the plane 
 of the optic axes. 
 
 In all sections which contain the mineral, many grains are found 
 which show only one good cleavage to which the extinction is parallel. 
 
 In general it is like the augite quite fresh, in a few sections it 
 .appears, however, changed into bastite, and in a few others into a 
 serpentine-like mineral. It sometimes contains the dark scales and 
 rods so often found in hypersthene, but very often these are entirely 
 absent. It is indeed a remarkable fact that in these Canadian rocks, 
 the iron-magnesia minerals contain but a lew of these inclusions, 
 while the associated felspar is filled with them, the exact opposite 
 being true in the case of the gabbros and associated rocks of the 
 Scottish Highlands, which have been described by Prof. Judd. 
 
 n 
 

 '1 
 
 Tin: MoniN anouthositk. 
 
 !t9 .1 
 
 Hornblende doos not occur in the anorthosite of Morin except in ii Horiililiiulf 
 few places near the contact with the gneiss. In these cases it is always 
 found in intimate asso^'iaiion with the pyroxenes, in the form of ii'rcfjju- 
 larly defined grains generally al)OUt (he border of the granulated masses 
 of the pyroxene. It occurs as a general ruh; only in very small quantity. 
 It is usually green in colour, but is often brown. It s ws the cleav- 
 ages, the small extinction angle, and the characteristic picochroism of 
 the species. In a liuud specimen from the neighboui'hofjti of the con- 
 tact on Lake I'Achigan, the maximum extinctionaiigle was found to 
 be 15° and the following pleochroism was obser\e(l : - 
 
 a = greenish yellow, () = yellowish green, C -giecn. 
 The absorption was (> b > Cl- 
 in another hand specimen, (|uite close to the contact, about six 
 miles north of Nevv (Jlasgow, a brown hornblende was likewise found 
 in small amount. Tiie extinction-angle was IS , with the following 
 pleoc u'oism : 
 
 a = light brownish yellow, t) :-- deep brown, r=^deep brown, with the 
 absorption as before, f > tl > il. 
 
 It al.so occurs in the peculiar rock which has be(^n referretl to above 
 as a gal>bro, which was found in a number of places between the true 
 anorthosite and the gneiss. 
 
 Biotite never occurs in large amount, but is present rather Biotite. 
 frequently in very small anount as an accessary constituent. It is 
 usually found with the iron ore or with the hypersthene, and shows 
 characteristic brctwn colour, strong pleochroism and parallel extinction. 
 
 The occurrence of muscovite or paragonite has been referred to in jn„s(..a\ite «r 
 describing the plagioclase. pai-.agdiiitf 
 
 Chlorite occurs occasionally in small quantity as a decomposition chlurite. 
 product of pyroxene or biotite. 
 
 It is doubtful whether quartz ever occurs in the anorthosite as Quartz. 
 a primary constituent. It occurs, however, in small amount in the 
 form of little grains scattered through the anorthosite on lot 36 of 
 range VI. of the township of Wolfe, near the contact of the anorthosite 
 with the surrounding gneiss. Again on the west side of the Achigan 
 River, near New Glasgow, it is occasionally found in the anorthosite, 
 and has the appearance of a primary constituent. Here again, how- 
 ever, the occurrence is near the contact with the gneiss, and it is 
 certain that some secondary quartz is ^iresent as a decomposition pro 
 
 ii; 
 
 il^ 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 mAit i 
 
nm 
 
 1 
 
 I ' '■ J! 
 
 Iliiioiiitc and 
 niiijfiiititf. 
 
 100 .1 
 
 yUKIlKC. 
 
 duct of the pyroxene, so tliat the ({uartz which has tho appeuranee of 
 a })iiinary constituent may also be of secondary orij^in. 
 
 In the galjliro which occurs asaljove statetl in many places bctweiMi 
 the typical aiiorthosite and the gneiss, quart/ is quite fre<|uent. Hut 
 in this rock nia:iy facts point to the secondary origin of the quartz. It 
 often o(;curs, for instance, in more or it^ss sharply defined veitis, made 
 up of large iniiividuals. Wlien it (icciirs in the form of separate 
 irregular grains, thnse extinguish uniformly, although they are often 
 more or less fissured, but they are by no means so much broken as 
 might lie expected if they were primary inL,'redients in vi(?w of the 
 extremely bioken condition <if the fplspar arul the other constituents 
 of the rock. 
 
 In neiii'ly every section of anorthosite, some irregularly shaped grains 
 of an opuqut! black iron ore are seen. These are usually few in number. 
 The quantity of iron ore is consideraiile only in a few places, and as in 
 these the percentage of i)yroxeno in leases in the same proportion, the 
 rock here assumes a vtuy dark coloi so that it is often taken for an 
 iron ore. Tiiese portions of the anon -^ite rich in iron ores are only 
 few and local, and they pass over into the normal gabbro of the urea, 
 which, as above; mentioned, is very poor in iron ore. 
 
 If these iron ore grains are examined by reflected light, they are found 
 to be black, and in a few cases they can be seen to lie partly changc'd 
 into a gray d<icomposition j)rodu':t, evidently a varit^ty of leucoxene. 
 This circumstance proves that the mineral contains titanic acid in con- 
 siderable amount. 
 
 In three hand specimens from widely separated parts of the area, an 
 intermingling of two iron ores was distinctly seen. In that from the 
 township of Wexford, lot 7, i-ange I., one of the above-mentioned locali- 
 ties where the anorthosite is rich in iron ore (.S(;ction No. ;51)8), careful 
 observation in rellected li.;ht showed the iron ore to occur partly as a 
 bluish-black coarse-gi'ained variety, and partly as a brownish black 
 finely gianular variety, both beifig irregularly intermingled and dis- 
 tinguishable only by reflected light. 
 
 When the section was treated for about half an hour on a water-bath 
 with warm concentrated hydrochloric acid, the coarsely granular 
 variety was entirely dissolved and the acid became strongly coloured 
 with iron, while the finely granular variety was apparently not at all 
 affected. There is here evidently an intergrowth of magnetite with 
 ilmenite or at least with a titaniferous iron ore. 
 
1 
 
 TIIK MORIN ANORTIIOSITE. 
 
 101 .1 
 
 In anothor hand s])0(itnen (from thonoirrhhourhood dt" Lak(> nuamau) 
 
 a similar interfi;niwth wasolworvcd ; tliograinH had a l)andi'd appoat'ant'e 
 
 ill reflected liglit, one variety crossing tlie f)ther in a single or double 
 
 set of interrupted hands. When the section was treated with cold 
 
 concentrated hydrochloric acid for 48 hours, no eHect was jnoduced • 
 
 hut when treated with warm concentrated acid in a water-l>ulh, one 
 
 variety of iron ore was dissolved as before, while the other again 
 
 remained undissolved. In this case the intergrowth is prohal)ly 
 
 parallel to the face of an octahedron or rliomhohedron. A similar riitirt|ri(>\vtli 
 
 II 1 1 -1 I ■ I • . 1 /-. 1 11 i< of 'litfi'icnt 
 
 mtergrowtii has ht^en d(^scril)ed in the iron ore ot the Carrock I'ell iron ores, 
 
 gabltro, and in the nephelinite of the Katzenbuckel,* except that in 
 
 the latter case, the titanic iron ore occurs in the form of micaceous 
 
 titanic iron ore, not as the coarse and opaque variety found in the 
 
 aiiovo-mentioned rocks. 
 
 It has been the in\ ariable experience in Canada, that the large iron 
 ore deposits coiiiinori in these anorthosite rocks, contain so much titanic 
 acid, that it has been impossible liith.M'to to work tliem profitably. 
 Recent experiments, howev(;r, lead to the hope that in the future some 
 of them at least may be snielteil with profit. (Appendix M.) In 
 order to determine whether the iron ore which is disseminated in small 
 grains througliout the whole rock was also rich in titanic acid, the 
 iron ore of three liand sjiecimens of the anorthosite from difleient parts 
 of the area was separated and tested. In ev(!ry case the mineral was 
 but faintly magnetic and gave a strong titanic acid reaction. 
 
 Two specimens of iron ore from the [)eginatite veins, which cut Titaniuii] in 
 through the anorthosite and the gneiss at the contact of the two form- !,7,',',rtho!iito 
 ations. west of St. Faustin, and therefore do not belong to the anortho- 
 site, showed strong magnetism and gave only a faint reaction for titanic 
 acid. The iron ore bed, a short distance west of St. J«hV»me, in the 
 orthodase gneiss, also consists of magnetite and contains no titanic acid. 
 We therefore find that the.se investigations confirm the conclusion that 
 the iron ore <if the anorth(»site is very rich in titanic acid, while the iron 
 ore of the Laurentian gneiss generally contains no notable quantity 
 of this substance. 
 
 a, 
 
 In the variety of anorthosite very rich in iron ore from lot 7, range j 
 
 ron ores ot 
 
 I., of Wexfoixl, the evidence obtained from the thin sectitjns, shows K"<^''jf' ^ 
 
 usually fret' 
 
 that the iron ore crystallized later than the pyroxene, as it can be from ' 
 observed frecjuently completely inclosing individuals of this mineral. 
 The same fact wtus noted in the case of the pyroxene granulites. (See 
 page 79 j). 
 
 * Ijattcrniaii. in Roscnliuscli, I'liysiotfnipliii" der Massij^en (ipstcint', ]i. "SO. 
 
 n 
 
 
i i 
 i 
 
 
 
 ), 1: 
 
 Pyritf. 
 
 Aiuititc. 
 
 Calciti'. 
 
 Kpiiliitc. 
 
 (lariict. 
 
 Zircon. 
 
 102 .1 
 
 (iVKUKC. 
 
 A few small grains ot' pyrito often occur in the thin sections of the 
 anorthosite. They are generally found associated witli the iron ore. 
 
 Apatite is seldom observed in the anorthosite. When it does occur 
 it is in the form of more or less rounded grains. Tt is more frecjucntly 
 found in the varieties rich in iron ore in tlu' township of Wexford 
 and other localities, than in the normal anorthosite. 
 
 Calcite was found in but two hand specimens. One of these was 
 fresh, and contained a small amount of calcite which might pos- 
 sibly be a primary constituent. Tlie other was from New (Jlasgow, 
 and in this the calcite appears together with zoisite, epidote, etc., as a 
 decomposition product of the plngioclase. 
 
 The only locality where epidote occurs is also near the village of 
 New (llasgow. It is found in several sections of the anoi'tlutsite from 
 this place, along with chlorite and (juartz, as a product of the alteration 
 of the pyroxene, and as above mentioned with calcite and zoisite as a 
 product of alteration of the plagioclase. In one or two places it 
 also occurs in small bands, cutting diagonally across the anorthosite, 
 following the line of small faults. The epidote is everywhere secon- 
 dary. 
 
 Garnet does not occur as a constituent of the normal anorthosite, but 
 is often found near its contact with the surrounding gneiss. It has a 
 pinkish colour, and is seen under the microscope in small irregular 
 masses, which are often mixed with or completely surround the 
 grains of iron ore. In the sections of the variety of anorthosite rich 
 in iron ore from the township of We.xford, lot 7, range T. (and from 
 other places above mentioned), a pale-pink garnet occurs forming 
 a small zone of uniform breadth around every grain of iron ore or 
 pyroxene where these would otherwise come in contact with the plagio- 
 clase. Between the pyroxene and the iron ore there is however no 
 garnet. It is quite isotropic and has gicwn out from the iron ore or 
 pyroxene into the felspar, against which it is bounded by sharp crys- 
 talline outlines. These zones of garnet are analogous to the zones of 
 actinolite and hypersthene around the olivine of the anorthosite from 
 the Saguenay liiver, and those which have also been described in 
 olivine gabbros of many other localities. 
 
 Zircon is not f< md in the normal anorthosite, but it occasionally 
 occurs in this rock near its contact with the gneiss. It is seen 
 only in small quantity, and especially in the peculiar contact variety 
 which occurs, as above mentioned, in some places between the anortho- 
 site and the gneiss. It was observed in this in many localities. 1 1 
 
] 
 
 TUB MOKIN ANURTHUSITE. 
 
 103 J 
 
 1 \.-i th> forip (if small Htdiit prisnis, always with nuire or less rounded 
 edjjes, which an; chaiiictcii/.cd \iy a parallel oxtiiiction, high rt'fraetive 
 index and strong double refraction. 
 
 Spinel wan obsnrved in a single hand spo.inien, in the form of small Spinel, 
 rounded isotiopio grains, deep green in colour, occurring as inclusions 
 in jjlagioeittse and pyroxene. 
 
 2'he Strnrfinr //" f/n; Mor'ni Anorfhosite, 
 
 Tiie maerosi^opio structure of these anorthosites, as well as that of most stnitturi.' ot 
 of the crystalline rocks forming the Laurentian system, is best studied ^'"''" 
 •m the great glaciat(^d surfaces of the roches moutcnm-es, which 
 protrude through the drift in all directions. ' )n a freshly fractured 
 surface, or even on a smoothly gli'.ciateil surface which has been jiro- 
 tected from the weather, comparatively little of the structure may be 
 seen ; but when the glaciated surface has been exposed, during the 
 interval which has elapsed sinc(^ the disappearance of the ice, to the 
 etching action of the weather and the dilute solution of carbonic acid 
 known as rain water, the sti'ucture of the rock is brought out in a 
 wonderfully clear and striking manner, just as the structure of wrought 
 iron oi\of vaiious alloys is brought out by the treatment of their pol- 
 ished surfaces with the stpfinger acids. Such weathered surfaces, 
 moreover, being many scjuaie yards in extent, enable the structure of 
 considerable masses of the rock to be determined and the relations of 
 different structures to one another to be clearly seen. 
 
 If any large weathered surface of the aiiorthosite, such as is found dlatiatt'd 
 in the roches moutonnt'es anywhere within the Morin area, bci '■*'" '"^^''*" 
 examined (leaving out of consideration for the present the arm-like 
 extension and that part of the uuvin area adjoining it), it will be 
 noticed that the rock, which is coarse-grained and of a deep violet 
 colour, has not that regularity of sti'Ucture which we see in a typical 
 granite, but presents a more or less irregular structure. This irregu- 
 larity is sometimes scarcely noticeable, but is at other times striking, 
 and is due to the presence of the bisilicates and iron ore in larger 
 amount in some parts of the rock than in other parts. The portions 
 richer in bisilicates may take the form of large irregular-shaped 
 patches occurring at intervals through the rock, or of many small 
 l)atches occurring abundantly in certain parts of the rock which else- 
 where is nearly free from them. In some cases these are arranged 
 so as to form irregular wavy streaks instead of patches, which 
 sometimes tfike a rudely parallel direction, giving a sort of 
 strike to the rock, but which in other places are quite irregular in 
 
 [iri'^uliir 
 structure 
 
 \)l 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 i : 
 
 ^iif.1 
 
fill 
 
 [|il- 
 
 |j;;i 
 
 
 V'ni'iiitiiiii ill 
 
 I'cllltiM' 
 
 ivinouiit (if 
 constitnciits 
 
 104 J 
 
 QU'iSIIRr. 
 
 iiiTHiigeiuent. I^ntwren tli"so palilK's nr streaks ricli in l)i.;ilicatcs, 
 and ratluM' badly (l'liii«'fl af^aiiist tlu'iii, aro jiortioris < i the rttcU wliii-li 
 are vtsry jionr in <>v nftcn (Hiit(! froo t'roni liisiiifatt's. 'J'lu' stiuctuiu is 
 well rei)n'sfnl('(l in Plate VI., which is a photn^jrapii i»f a large 
 anorthosit*' houldci' on lot o of the ninth rani,'e ot" t'lit-r* >ey. Here 
 the iron ore and liisiliratcs arc a;;;;re,i,'ati'(I to^ctliei' in ii r(';,'ular sluiped 
 more or less rounded portions of the rock, wliile the remainder of the 
 rock is almost absolutely free from irou-niajjiiesia constituents. Of 
 these portions containing' the hisilicates and iron ore, these constituents 
 form about one-third of the rock, the rest beini; pl;i;;ioclaHe. fiartte 
 individuals of pla;,'ioclase, irregular in shape and which will be referred 
 to aj,'ain, occur quite abundantly in the parts of the rock free from 
 hisilicates, hut are very rarely found in the patches containing the 
 hisilicates. With the exception of the lari,'cr iiniix iduals of pla^'io- 
 clase, the rock is uniform in grain throu;,'hout. The portions contain- 
 ing the hisilicates weather more readily than the rt'st i>f the rock, and 
 thus leave hollows on the weathered surfaces, while when the j)atches 
 are elonf^ated. as is usually the case, irrej^ula?' sausajje-sliapcd cavities 
 result. Jn the occurrence reiiresented on I'late \'I. it will be noticed 
 that one of the nuisses rich in hisilicates and much larger than the 
 others, forms a rude band across the lower portion of the bouldei'. In 
 such ca.ses, the bisilicate individuals arc aiianired with their larger 
 axes in a direction rude'v puiiillel to the band. 
 
 Often in connection with this irregularity in the i-elative proportion 
 of the several constituents present in the rock, but often (piite inde- 
 j)endent of it, there is a rapid and frequently abrupt variation in size of 
 grain from jilace to place, ceitain spots or streaks being, as before, tinei' 
 or coarsei' than the mass < f the rock. More or less well pi'onounced 
 irregularities, due to one or both of the causes above mentioned, are 
 met with in all the anorthosite areas of Canada which have been 
 examined, but are not peculiar to them, being found in gabbros and 
 allied basic plutonic rocks in various other parts of the world. Thus 
 Dr. George H. Williams in Ins paper entitled The Gabbros and Asso- 
 ciated Hornblende Rocks occurring in the neighbourhood of Baltimore, 
 Md., says on page 20 : ''The most striking feature in the texture of 
 the unaltered gabbi'o is the repeated and abrupt change in the coarse- 
 ness of the grain which is seen at some localities. It was undoubtedly 
 caused by some irregularity in the cooling of the original magma from 
 a molten state, for which it is now ditiicult to find a satistactory 
 explanation, The coarsest grained varieties of the lialtimore gabbro 
 occur in the neighbourhood of Wetheredville and there these sudden 
 changes in texture are most apparent, frregular patches of the coarsest 
 
y. 
 
 '<A 
 
 H 
 T. 
 
 'A 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 a: 
 
 - a; 
 
 
 y. r- 
 
 z y 
 
 h2 
 
 < H 
 - 3i 
 
 '/: .1) 
 
 ■f. 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 a; 
 o 
 >', 
 <1 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 fljl 
 
 I M 
 
 *!; 
 
i 
 
 iill 
 
 
TIIK MORIN ANOHTIIOHlTK. 
 
 lOS J 
 
 uiiulM lie i'iiilM>(l(|«(i ill tlKme of the tinest gniiti witliout any rt'^iiiil to 
 ordur. In other cuhi'h u nioii' or Uihh pronouiiciMl IhukIihI Htrueturu is 
 prodiu'tMl Ity nil iiltcriitioM ot' liiy<irs of liirt'crfiit j,'niiii or l)y sticli us 
 hiiv<> oii(> oiiiistilueiit (icvi'lopfil tiioro al>uii(luiitly than the otlicrs 
 Hucli hands, aif not, however, |iai'aMel, hut vary eonNiderahly in diree- 
 tion and nhow a tttiiduiicy to incrjifo into one anotiier as tllou^h they 
 had boon produced hy a motion in a n<|iiid or piiiHtic inasH. "* 
 
 Similar coarse-grained patches art* soinetim«>s seen in the pihhr<i 
 diorite (|narried at Knhleii^'iniid, near I"'l)crstadt, in llessen, in a rock 
 whicli is otherwise pcrt'cctiy massive and pretty regular in grain. Other 
 Kiniilar cases might he cited. 
 
 One of the most reiimrkahle occurrences, and one especially note- 
 worthy us showing how a transition takers place from a perfectly normal 
 and massive rock, throu;jh one in wiii<'ii these irregular coarse-i^rained 
 patches are developed, into one showing an imperfect l)anding such as 
 is sometimes sc^en in anortliosite, was oliserved in the great Saguciiay 
 anorthosite urea, along the course of the Kiver Sl.ipshaw, which runs 
 into tiie Saguenay from the nortii about seven miles above the 
 town of Chicoutimi. Along the stream there are ut fre(|uent intervals 
 immense smooth roche mnutonin'e exposures of anorthosite, etched 
 by the weather and burnt clear of all vegetation by forest fires, thus 
 presenting excellent surfaces for the study of the rock. The series 
 of exposures in question is bounded on tlu^ nortli by a great dyke of 
 gabbro, about u half u mill' wide, which cuts across the anorthosite, and 
 extends down the Shipshaw a distance of ciight miles in a straight 
 line to a puint three miles from its union with the Uiver Saguenay. 
 
 At the first-mentioned point the rock is course-grained, absolutely 
 massive over large expo.sures and regular in grain. This continues for 
 about hjiif a mile, when ill defined i)ati'li((s which are very coarse in 
 grain ai)pear in the rock. In the coarse-grained portions thn indivi- 
 duals composing the rock measure an inch or even mqre across, while 
 in the mass of the rock they are much smaller. Both show a well 
 nia. ked ophitic or diabase structure, in which the plugioclase occurs in 
 lath-shaped individuals, the augite filling in the intervening spaces, a 
 structure which is occusionally seen, but is very unusual, in the anor- 
 thosite. This continues for rather over four mile.s, with in places a 
 further irregularity due to a great variation in the amcjunt of the 
 several constituents present in different parts of the rock, the rock 
 over considerable exposures being all plagioclase, while elsewhere it is 
 
 Siiiiiliir 
 i'IhihIhtc, 
 
 l{iur 
 Slli|l^<lln^^•. 
 
 Chan«f in 
 stnictiire. 
 
 • A- 
 
 »G. H. Williiuus, Bulletin No. 2«. I'. «. (ieol. Survey. 
 
Ill 
 
 l()(l ,1 
 
 i 
 
 nm 
 
 Stri'iikfil '<r 
 
 ImIIhIi'iI IMcki 
 
 
 t iniiiiihitiiiii 
 
 lnIlstitlH'Ilt!-. 
 
 f 
 
 rirli ill iliiilliix)', wliic'li sniuoliiiu^i occurs in iiuiMst'x iim imioli hh h tool 
 and II liiilf ill (liniiii'tt r. I^iirKu inn»Nt>M nl' iilinost \mrt> pliij^iooliisi' or 
 «liitllii)(i* .""•< tliUH fotiiid in thn rock. 
 
 After an ,>tiMViil of a niiU-, wlitTf llic rork is <'oiir»'ali'<l, iImtp Ih 
 aiiotlitM' H<>i'it<» of <'X|>o.sui')'s, cxtciuliiiK over a iiiilo aloii;; tli<> river, in 
 wliicli, HH lM«fort>, the ophitic Htructur«< in well devolopetl, hut in which 
 the rock is irrcguhirly streuked or handed owin^ to the fact that the 
 want of unit'oriiiily in ^raiii and 'oiii{ujsitioii, de.srrihed ahove, in n<» 
 lonj^er disphiyed in the .-shape of irie^iihir patclies, thone ha\ ing hoen 
 puUed out into long wavy Htreakn, Httiiilnr to thoHO descrihed alK)VO hy 
 l>r. Willianis. Further down the river these iitreakH begin to iiMsuine 
 a rudely parallel direction, giving ilm rock a deleriniiialtle strikei 
 while the ophitic structure gradually disappears. A ••a.se is thus pre- 
 Hented, where an uiidoubteti.y eruptive rock, <|uite massive and with 
 well pronounced ophitic structure, gradually passes over into one which 
 is handed, the hands lieing inirked hy great \ariatiotis in si/e of grain 
 ami in relative pioportioiis if constituents ; and it thus hecoines 
 evident, that the rude binding vhich is a common structure in certain 
 anorthosite areius, and which was formerly supposed to represent a 
 more or less ohliterate<l stiatitiJaiuii, is really a structui'e develofied 
 hy movements in a truly igiu^ous and massive rock. 
 
 '• Hut another structure is ah.;) presented hy the anortho.sites. When 
 any of the anorthosites in the area embraced by the pre.sent report are 
 carefully examined, this streaked or irrc;;ularly handed structure is 
 seen to be accunipanied in most, if not in all cases, by a peculiar break- 
 ing or granulation oi the con.stituenl minerals of the rock. This is 
 often beautifully displaced hy the large weathered surfaces. Tin- 
 accompanying sketch (Figure !)), taken fnun an exposure in the Moiin 
 area near Ste. .Marguerite, shows the ap|iearance presented in oik; of 
 these cases. Mere the biiiidin!.^ i:; distinct, but in many parts of the 
 area, even where no banding is seen, the rock presents this peculiar 
 brecciated structure, fragi lents of plagiodase and of other constituents 
 of the rock being imbe(l( ed in a species of grouiuhnass inude up of 
 smaller grains. .\s plagid 'lase in most cases preponderates almost to 
 the exclusion of the other constituents, the fragnients are usually of 
 this mineial, .md, although oc<asionally showing an approximation to 
 gootl crystalline form, thc^y lie almost invaiiably (juite irregular in 
 shajie, often pos.sessing absoK'tely tattered outlines. The groundmass 
 of smaller grains also consist < of plagiodase. In some places the.se 
 fragments constitute the grei ter part of the rock ; elsewhere they 
 are pre.sent very sparingly and the groundmass preponderates. The 
 ^arger individuals can, moreover, be frequently seen in the very act of 
 
 ]L 
 
< i 
 
 «MM. 
 
 TICK MOKIN ANORTIIONITK. 
 
 107 J 
 
 broakin^ up, the several fra)(inentii linvin^ Hhift«(l their poHition but 
 very Hlif{htly ; and in aueh caNeM it in often evident that the ItrenkiitM iH 
 not of tlie uaturit of a sitnpli- cruNhiii^', for from thf saiiiK itKJividiial 
 pi«-i;cs will Im- found hrt>nkin|i{ off in various directions i|uil(! at 
 haphazard. 
 
 \ *• ' ' ^ *\ • • ^^, • ' • • ^ ^ ' 
 
 -h 
 
 V* * 
 
 t 
 
 .♦ • V^. 
 
 • ' »■ ■if-'-''''- ■"•-•■ 
 
 ^ ir- . -* ^.,<# ^« ri, r* ' Tip' 
 
 %j 
 
 Figure il. AnnrthoNitc showing a lirwciiytt'd Htnictiin-, tnai' Str, .MivrKiii-ritf, T<>wii. 
 Mlii|i (if Wi'xforil. Kraniiu'iits of I'lii^jidiliiif ami lly|»i'Mtlit'iii' In ,i uniiiiuliiiaKM 
 of till' muiv iniiu-TalM in ii tjrannliiti'd uoiulitioii. Tlu' Mki-tcli rcpri'di'iits a width 
 of U feet. 
 
 When examined uiidi-i- the microscope in thin sections, hardly a .MicriiH(o|,ical 
 specimen of any coarse-grained vai'ioty can lie obtained from any part ''"'""'^^^'''• 
 of the area wJiich does not show at least traces of this clastic or 
 j,'ranulat"d structure ; and if a series of specimens is studied, every 
 step can be traced in the passage from the massive rock, showing the 
 merest traces of this structure through intermediate breccia like stages, 
 to anorthosite consisting entirely of broken grains, perhaps with mere 
 remnants of the original larg, individuals. The three accompanying 
 mior •-|)hotographs illustrate successive stages in this granulation. 
 (Plate Vir.) They are tak(*n from three thin sections of anorthosite 
 from different parts of the Morin aiea, photographed in polarized 
 light between crossed nicols and equally magnified, the enlargement 
 in each case being 22 diameters. 
 
 (A.) This section, from the large exposures about five miles north- I'liotograjihs 
 west of the village of Ste. Adele, in the township of Morin, before mictions of 
 
 aliortliosit*!. 
 
 \ 
 
 '..{ 
 
108 J 
 
 yUEllEC. 
 
 il i m 
 
 Sliiiw stajfc: 
 of f;ninnlii- 
 tiiiii. 
 
 referred to (p. HG .1), represents the massive imorthosite, showing 
 only the merest traces of j;riinulation on the left of the field. The 
 size nnd shape of the constituent individuals of pla^ioelase and their 
 polysynthetic twinning are well seen. The rock is comi)Osed almost 
 exclusively of this mineral, the individuals of which are neither bent 
 nor twister], and no strain shadows are to be ohscirved. 
 
 (Ji.) In this section, which was prepared from a specimen collected 
 about three and a half miles noith-east of White Lake, in the front of 
 the township of Chilton, a distinct breaking or granulati(m of the 
 pla;j;ioclas(' can be observed, especially in the lower portion of the 
 slide, while the same process can ln^ elsewhere seen, though less well 
 marked. The large pl.agiocla^e individuals no longer meet along 
 clear well defined boundary lines, but are irregular in shape, cracked, 
 and separated from one another by a mosaic of broken grains. Strain- 
 '•hadows, twisted twin lamellic and other evidences of jiressure are 
 well shown. The rock shows no distinct foliation or banding. 
 
 (C.) The third .section shows the appearance presented by a highly 
 granulated variety of the anorthosite under the microscope. This 
 specimen was obtained fr'om the arm-like extension of the anorthosite 
 mass before mentiotied, near its western contact with the gneiss, on 
 range XI. of the township of Rawdon. In this .section, about one- 
 half of the field is occupied by broken grains of plagioclase, while in 
 the middle is a large plagioclase individual in process of (h^struction. 
 A line of granulated material is being developed in a longitudinal 
 direction through the large crystal, making, as is usual, an angle of 
 about 20 with the lines of twinning, and which would, if continued, 
 cut it in two : while about its edge little fragments of the plagioclase 
 can be seen in the very act of breaking oil" — first a strain-shadow 
 (excellently seen on the upper edge of the large individual) appearing, 
 then a curved crack extending in from the edge of the crystal, and 
 finally the breaking away of a small piece of the mineral, leaving 
 an irregular indentation. The appearance is precisely that which the 
 mineral would present if by means of a pair of small pincers little 
 pieces were being broken off the edge. The strain having been re- 
 lieved by fracture, all evidence of pressure disappears in the broken 
 grain. And if a thin section were composed of broken grains alone, it 
 would in most cases be impossible to determine that these had resulted 
 from the breaking down of larger individuals. This rock is ex- 
 cellently foliated, owing to the finely granulated material, resulting 
 from the breaking up of each large individual, arranging itself in the 
 shape of a very flat lens about the crystal remnaiit from which it 
 
(ii;i>l.iHil' M. Si ll\ KV i>K CWAIIA. 
 
 v.. I.. N'lll., I'MiT .1. 
 
 i 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 % 
 
 FKU HK A. 
 
 Fliil UK 15 
 
 Fl(il UK (' 
 
 'I MK VII.- MICKOl'HOTOCHAPHS, SllOWINd TllK I'HOCHESSI VK (iKANTLATlON OF 
 
 TiiK ^^()Hl^' anorthositk indfr thk ixFrA^KXCK of J-HHSSIUK. X -'2. 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 .ill 
 
 m 
 
 
 -^~ 
 

I* 
 
 THE MOHIN AN0KTH081TE. 
 
 109 .1 
 
 was derived, which lens, of course, lies in ii plane at light anj,des to 
 
 the pressure, and in section appears as a long slender tail of broken 
 
 grains extending from the remnant in either direction. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 * 
 
 The pyroxenes, rhombic or monoclinic, when present in the lock, 
 undergo a precisely similar process of granulation with the formation 
 of similar tails of broken grains. 
 
 FiKuii' 1(1. 
 
 jmetimeK large individuals can be observed which have broken into 
 two or more pieces during the process of granulation, the lens of 
 broken grains thus inclosing several fragments more or less separated 
 from one another, which from their respective outlines can be seen to 
 have been originally one. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 A vei'y remarkable fact in this connection, which has already been |'i;,tri,,eiase 
 briefly i-efcrred to in describing the mineralogical composition of the climi^ris colour 
 anortlioaitc, is that the large crystal fragments of plagioclase have a jfiaimlatcil. 
 deep violet colour, while the granulated plagioclase is white. This 
 contrast is excellently seen eit ler on the weathered surface (Plate 
 VIII.) or when a thin section is placed on a sheet of white paper, and 
 is due to the fact that the minute dark-coloured or 1 lack inclusions, 
 which abound in the large individuals, are absent in the broken 
 material. They seem to have aggregated themselves together into 
 little grains of titanic iron ore, which occur in the granulated plagio- 
 clase, but which on the other hand are absent in the large individuals. 
 So distinctive is this contrast of colour, that when a thin section con- 
 taining plagioclase in both forms is placed under the microscope, it is 
 po'isible at once to predict from the colour alone, just what portions 
 will show granulation and what portions will not, before the actual 
 structure has been revealed by the agency of polarized light. This 
 might seem at first sight to indicate a recrystallization in the case of 
 the granulated portions of the plagioclase, but the facts do not seem 
 to support this supposition. The felspar, during the process of granu- 
 lation, does not at any rate alter in composition, but merely breaks, 
 and t'.rough the loss of the dark inclusions becomes lighter in colour. 
 
 No investigations -learing on this particular point have been made 
 on the anorthositf; of the Morin area, but the fa t has been established 
 
 
 'I 
 
 ii 1] 
 
 > ■ 
 
 ill 
 
u; I . 
 
 110 .1 
 
 i^iKiiior. 
 
 |ilii'.;iuclasi 
 w llcll 
 
 gniiiuluti^il 
 
 Nil cliiiiit?!' ill by the study of precisely similar anortiiosites fmiii several otliec aieas. 
 
 ,,f ,1,,. im' Thus it was t'ouiul in the ease of the anorthosite of .Mount Williiiius, 
 oil the Kivor Slupsliaw, in tlie Sa.ifueniiy urea, that the laif^e <hiri<- 
 eoloiired iiiiiiviihials and tlie while granulated plaj.'iocla'^e, weie l)otii 
 lahradorite, ditl'ering in .s[)ecific gravity liy only Olf), tlie dark f(>lspar 
 being naturally a trith' heavier on account of the inclusions. Again, 
 in analyses X F \'., X \\. X \'L (see p. 1 ."50 .i") are given the results of an 
 examination by Dr. Sterry Hunt, of the laige plagioclase individuals 
 and the linely granulated base of an aaoi'thosite from the Chateau 
 Richer area. IJoth are in this case more acid, aj)proaching andesine 
 in composition ; but here again in c()m])nsition the are identical. 
 The same circumstance has been coniirmed by Leeds in the case of 
 the anorthosite of l']sse.\ County, New Yf)i'k, and by Sachsse in a 
 fla.sergabbro fiom Kosswein in Saxony*, although in these two latter 
 cases the material analyzed was not <]uite fiure. 
 
 Freiiuently, a,o has been stated, the production of the granulatcfi 
 material from the large individuals can be actually obsei'ved ; and in 
 such cases it can be seen that .so .soon as the fi-agnient is separated from 
 the large individual its colour disajtpears. The granulation, it would 
 ■■ijipear, in some way gives freer play to the forces whicli bring about 
 the concentration of the material of the dark inclusions. When the 
 anorthosite is composed entirely of the finely granular material, if it be 
 almost entirely plagioclase as is usually the case, the rock can hardly 
 be distinguished, especially on the weathered surface, from a white 
 crystalline limestone. 
 
 Wliitf 
 mioitliositt' 
 
 ( Ollliullltcfl 
 
 viiriftics on 
 siilcs of 
 iiitnisioii. 
 
 This peculiar variety of white granular anorthosite, with comparatively 
 few of the large individuals remaining, is also largely developed in the 
 Saguenay and other of the anorthosite areas in the province of Quebec, 
 and is desciibcd from the area in E.ssex County, New York, by Leeds, 
 and from Laljrador, by Vogelsang, as well as by other observers, it 
 being found apparently to some extent, in most of the localities where 
 anorthosite is largely developed. 
 
 In the Morin anorthosite, and the same is true of the Saguenay area, 
 the most granulated varieties are found near the sides of the ir>trusion, 
 especially on the east side, as if the pressure had been exerted from 
 that direction, but more or less distinct evidences of granulation can be 
 seen thi"ough(jut the entire area. The white granulated anorthosite 
 forms the greater part of the arm-like extension of the Morin mass, 
 
 * Ueber den FeldHpathgemengtheil des Fl.asergabbrns voii Rossweiii i. S. — Her. d. 
 iiaturf. Ges. i. Leipzig, 1883. 
 
 , 
 
^ 
 
 ( Jkiii,()i;i(AI. Si uvkv i>i' Canaha. 
 
 \lll.. I'MiT .1. 
 
 !!i 
 
 ,1 
 ti 
 
 i 
 
 :,. 
 
 "i 
 
 4 
 
 '■)l' 
 
 I- 
 
 'in 
 
 Plate V1I1.-(!RANULATK1) ANOHTFIOSTTK, WITH INTLIDKI) HK.MXANTS OK THE 
 OHICTXAL ROCK, RIVIKRK MX SAHLES, TOWXSHIl' OF JoXi^l'l KRK, <iVK. 
 
 (UKDlf'Kli ONK-llAl.l'.) 
 

] 
 
 tllK MOHIV ANoH'liloslTK. 
 
 Ill •> 
 
 jii'otrudinj; tlirougli the drift in all directions in the form of hundred 
 of smooth white luimiiiocks j^iviii^ a slrikiiiL,' appeiifance to the iiind.s- 
 cupe, as for instanee, about the villajje of New <ilasj;ow; and this 
 di.stiift hein^' easily accessible by roads and railways, the stiucture and 
 character of the rock can here be studied with comparative ease. 
 Further, it can be observed that everywhere in this arm-like extension 
 and in almost all its occurrences elsewhere, this white ;,'ranulated 
 anorthosite is more or less distinctly foliattnl, owing to the arrange- 
 ment of the bisilicates and iron ores in more or less distinctly piikiillel 
 lines oi- streaks. It is often (|uite evident that these are nothing 
 more than the rounded j)atches, rid. in bisilicates, described on 
 p. 101 .1, as occurring in the massive anorthosite and represented in 
 Plate VI., which, owing to a movement in therock, have been drawn 
 out in one direction. The iri'cgularshaped patches, differing greatly 
 in size of grain, described as occuri'ing in the massive rock, are also 
 here rei)resented by elongated streaks of similar character. This 
 foliation is best seen where bisilicates and iion ore are comi)aratively 
 abunflant. When, as is sometimes the case, .he rock is almost free 
 fi'om these constituents and all the plagioclase fragments have been 
 destroyed, it assumes a nearly uniform granular character, and no 
 trace of foliation can be observed. The foliation, however, is usually 
 distinctly seen, and in the arm-like extension runs parallel to the 
 direction of the ai'ui itself, that is to the strike of the gneiss, which 
 it penetrates. Along the western border of the arm, the strike is 
 exceedingly regular and remarkably well developed, as at New (Jlas- 
 gow, but is especially well .seen along the same contact further noi'th ,, ,. , 
 on range XI. of the township of Rawdon, on the road between the iuinrthositi-. 
 villages of Chertsey and Kawdon. Here the rock is seen to have a 
 remarkably regular schistose structure, due to the alternation of thin 
 layers of pure plagioclase with still thinner ones of pyroxene. The 
 pyroxene bands might more properly be called leaves, as they are very 
 thin, being frequently represented by mere parallel lines in transverse 
 sections. When examined under t.ie microscope, in thin sections or 
 weathered surfaces, l^oth they and the plagioclase layers are found to 
 contain small cores or renmants of large individuals with trails of 
 grains extending from them in either direction as before de.scribed. 
 These give rise to the perfect foliation and the progre.ss of the 
 granulation is seen in a most astonishingly perfect manner, the cores 
 being in the very act of breaking up (Plate VII.). These cores 
 can occasionally be seen to l)e the remnants of very large individuals, 
 which have sheared almost in the direction of the foliation. They 
 are thus often long and narrow, some having been observed as much 
 as twelve times as long as they are wide. 
 
r 
 
 I I: 
 
 yUKHEC. 
 
 Oi'iKiti of I III* (|ii<<sti<>ii of thr (irij^in of tlic si'Nci'iil Nlructun's descrilxMl tioxt 
 
 "ivi'ial , , , . 11-11 
 
 Mtructmis. pn'Sfiits itsclt. I Mi'io is {'.wry inison to l)elie\e tliiit thoai' slnictui-es 
 
 which hiivo been doHcrihecl as oecuiTing in the niftSNJve anorthosite, 
 inimely the irrej^ular't}' in size of j^raiii and the nmrc m h'ss iiicguhir 
 (listriliution of the several coiistituentH throiijrh tht^ rock, uie original 
 structures I'l-oduced liefoi'e or duriny its soliditication. These irreyu- 
 larities, £ie(|uently seen in intrusive rocks, are certainly not the results 
 of presaure : and the circumstance that the streaks or irregular bands, 
 when present in the <itherwise nuissive rock, jihsumk? no detinile dir»!C- 
 tion, but twist about as if owing to the movements in the rock while 
 in a pasty con<iition, indicates that they have be«Mi prtwiuced by move- 
 ments before tiie rock. became solid. The uneijual distribution of the 
 constituent minerals in the rock, nuist ha\e resulted either from irrej»- 
 ulai'ities in the c()mposition of the orij,'inal miiymu. or from processes of 
 segregation at work in the magma during cooling and crystallization. 
 The irregularities in the size of grain nuiy be due to differences in the 
 rate of cooling, difl'ei'ences in amount of mineralizei- i)resent, or to other 
 causes with which we are at pi'osent uniiciiuaintcd. The angular 
 character of certain of the coarsegrained jiortions of the rock which 
 are found end)ed(led in the unoi'thosite of normal grain, would seem to 
 indicate that these hail ci-ystallized whei-e circumstances were favour- 
 able to the development of coarseness of grain, and had been subse- 
 quently broken wp and imbeiUled in a portion of the magma which 
 crystallized in more tine-grained foini. 
 
 Movements On the other hand, the granulation of the coarsely crystalline nias- 
 
 ""I'TT" 1'* '" sive anorthosite, usually with the concomitant development of a more 
 oi' less distinctly foliated or schistose structure in the way described, 
 is undoubtedly due to movements in the rock, resulting from pressure 
 which acted subsequent to its solidification, for, as hiis been shown, the 
 granulation begins to make its ap|)earance in the massive crystalline 
 I'ock itself. Under the inlUience of pressure, the massive rock gi'adu- 
 ally gave way, and, in the movements which resulted, attrition gave 
 rise to granulation. Moreover, wherever these movements continued 
 longest this granulation became most complete, until tinally the last 
 remnants of the largei- individuals disappeared, and in the ca.se of a 
 pure anorthcsite, a more or less evenly granular rock resulted. In the 
 anorthosite, however, the remnants of larger individuals are seldom oi- 
 never entirely ab.sent, and in the great majority of cases the amount 
 of interstitial material is quite snuill. Even when the granulation 
 was most complete, the rock did not crun\ble into an incoherent powder, 
 but remained as hard and tough iis ever, the grains, being unable to 
 separate from one another on account of the great pressure to which 
 
 I If; 
 
 m 
 
TIIK MOIMN ASOHTHOSITR. 
 
 Ii:( 
 
 tliHy were subjectod, rolled over one another, rt'iniiining alwiiys within 
 the M|)h<'re of cohesion. 
 
 In thin way, any portions of the orijfinally massive rock ilifTerin;,' in 
 yrain oi' composition from the rest, wniiM he I'dpi-osented l»y hands, 
 stfcaks or cvi^n lines in the resultin;^ j,'ranulate<l anorthosito ; very 
 coar-se-^rained portions heing represented hy hands or streaks contain- 
 ing,' iaijfe pla;;ioclase remnants, tine-jj;rained portions heing repiesented 
 hy liunds or streaks where these are v(»ry small or even ahsent, while 
 coirespondin;; d i lie re i ices would appear in the casu of areas dill'ering 
 ill min(!ralo;;ical composition. 
 
 These foliated or schistose anorthosites then, w ere pioduced hy move 
 inent in a massive ij^neous i-ock, and are not altered sediments, the 
 sti'iiclnre which they present heinj,', as has heen shown, a cataclastic 
 structure. 
 
 lUit although this f^raiiulation and its accompanying; pluMiomena are 
 certainly the results of pressure to which the inck has iieen suhjected, 
 the ert'ects of this pressure are in certain respects quite different from 
 those usually ohserved. As a general rule, in the case of schistose 
 structures produceil by shearing, of which so many excellent exanij)les 
 liave been descrii)ed by Lehmann and others, the breaking up of the 
 constituents takes place principally along certain definite lines. Along 
 these lines or bands, which are sometimes (juite wide but which at 
 other times sink to almost mici-oscopir dimensions, the rock is reduced 
 to a comminuted state, forming, if not subse(|uently compacted, the 
 so-culled "rutachmehl" of Heim. Between these shearing planes 
 the rock presents comparatively little evidence of pressure. Wheie, 
 moreovei, great movements accompany dynamic action, and es[)ecially 
 along lines of motion, oi' if these be not piesent, then throughout 
 the whole rock, certain peculiar alterations in the minerals constitut- 
 ing the rock are found. Of these may be especiallj' mentioned the 
 alteration of pyroxene to hornblende, and of plagioclase into a mixture 
 of /oisite, albite and other minei'^ils known by the name of saussurite. 
 
 So far as can be ascertained, no undoubted occuri'ence of a sheared 
 gp.bbro or allied rock has been recorded, wheie hornblende either com- 
 pact or in the form of uralite and saussurite have not been formed. 
 In a paper on the sheared gabbros (tf the Lizard in Cornwall,* in 
 which a perfect foliation has Ijcen induced by pressure, giving rise to 
 rocks closely resembling the foliated anorthosites of the Morin area, 
 except that the mineralogical changes above mentioned have taken 
 
 *(Jei)li>gicul MagHzint', November, 1S8(>. 
 
 8 
 
 Sclli^lllHI' 
 IIIIOI'tlllMitOH 
 IK It lll(fl'l'<| 
 
 si'<liiiifnt«. 
 
 !!i 
 
 I 
 
114 .r 
 
 (jUKIIKC. 
 
 I'lK'uliui'itii'i 
 
 ill ntl'ilC'tllli' 
 );riiiiiiliiti'<l 
 
 Jtllol lll<>'<it< ^ 
 
 , 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 |)lar(', Tt'iill HiivN "tlii-re \h do rPiiHoii to Iwliovi* tliiil foliiitinn of llic 
 kind I'cffircd to in this coaimuniciitiun can tukc< |jiuc'u witliout luolf- 
 I'liiar If iiiran;{('rn<nit." 
 
 On tlio other hand, the nnorthositeN poHHesHing thiu cutauhiHtic Htruo* 
 tun- present tlie t'ollowinf{ peouHarities : — 
 
 1. The catai'lastie Htructuro is not developed alon;,' certain lines, 
 liiit may Ih- (thserved more or less distinctly througliout the rock, l)ein){, 
 however, most marked towards the sides of the area, and especially 
 toward the eastern side. 
 
 li. NV'hcrc it occurs there is neither saiissurite nor uralite. Mow- 
 ever ^^I'anular the plugiodasi! may he, no trac(! of saussiii'itt' can he 
 seen. In like manner, no uralite is detected, even thoiij^h the granu- 
 lation of the pyroxene is so far advanced that only the smallest 
 remnants of the original individuals remain. Now and then some 
 small j^rains of compact horidjlende occur with the jiyroxene in the 
 neif,'hl)ourh<»od of the contact with the gneiss, exactly as in nuiny 
 normal gahhros. Ihit even these are l)y no means invariahly present ; 
 the finely foliated I'oek, consisting of alternate layers of unaltered 
 pyroxene and jjlagioclase, while remnants of the large individuals of 
 both constituents, from which the granulated portion has originated, 
 are still seen. The <mly {)lace in which saussurite occurs is, as before 
 mentioned, near Nc^w (Uasgow. Tt forms hei'c, like epidote, strings 
 and vtnns which have no relation with the foliation of the rocks, hut 
 represent small crushed zones, which have originated at another much 
 later period. The.se very occurrences show most distinctly how difTer- 
 ent the products of the normal dynamic agencies are from the struc- 
 ture now under consideiation. 
 
 3. In the main portion of the area, the gianul is not accompanied 
 
 by foliation, and in the large weathered surfaci.i plagiocla.se individuals 
 can be observed which are in the act of breaking in every possible 
 direction. Tn the arm-like extension from the south-east part of 
 the area, where the rock, as already mentioned, is often distinctly 
 foliated, this foliated structure uiiginated, as shown by a careful 
 study, from the movement in one direction, of a mass whose iron- 
 magnesia constituents were irregularly distributed, being especially 
 concentrated in some places. (Plate VI.) The more or less rounded 
 spots where the iron-magnesia constituents are abundant, became 
 pulled out into irregular, ill-detined streaks, and parallel to these run 
 portions of the rock, which still contain in large numbers fragments 
 of plagioclase individuals. 
 
'I: 
 
 '1 
 
 THE MO«tN ANORTMOHITK. 
 
 nr. t 
 
 Thene plicrionicriii liiiv«> hfcti tiiiiHcd l)y inovniiuMitH in tli(> ruck. < '.iniliiioii. 
 
 TheHe niiivonxmtH probiihly took pUce urulur tlip t'ollowiii^ coiulitioiiH : — niiivinii'iitv 
 
 tiHik pliii'i', 
 1. Wlicri tin- lock WHS Htill MO fur Ihmk'iiIIi the Miirtivcc of tlio earth 
 iiiul so wt'ij,'lili'(l down l»y tlic o\iM-l_virij^ rocks lliut lirciikiiii; mul Kliciif- 
 inu with tlic moM-iiu'iit ot' the result iiiir iniis.scs wiis imiiossihh'. 'l'|,(, NS Inl'^ 'I" i^lv 
 iiltcnitious ill tho chiirucler of the niivss were pmhiihly induced very 
 slowly, the coiistitURiitH becaine ^riinuliite<l and tho Hinall broken parts 
 ino\ed one over iiiiother, The ;rranul:itioti jiruyressed witli the duration 
 and i'lteiisity of tliis iiio\eiiient up to a certain point. Such amotion 
 would present certain ie.seiiii)lan<es to that of a vcM-y toujjh |)asty niaHH. 
 
 1'. While the lock was still very hot and perhaps even near its 
 inoltiiiK fioint. Tlii.s would explain why the pymxene, which, acccud 
 ing to the experinient.s of Fouipn'' and Michel Li'-vy, repre.sents the 
 stable form of the molecule at a hi<{h tiMiiperature, is not chani,'(>d into 
 ainpliiiM>!e, which represents the more stable fcv-.i at a low temperature, \\ ||j|,. ^..,.y 
 as is usually the case in crushed and pul\cri/.ed rocks. It is perhapB ''"' 
 owinj{ to the .same causf; that no saussurite is formed ; still, th(3 condi 
 tions necessary to the formation of these minerals are so little under 
 Htood that opinions on this point cannot Ix' ventur.'d U|)on as yet. 
 
 A clastic structure in many respects .similar to that ubtjve described, 
 in wliifh plagiocla.se grain.s are twi,ste(i and broken or even suffer 
 periplu^ral granulation, occurs in certain specimens of the theralite of 
 the Montreal ATountain, whidi also ])re.sent a streaked appearance 
 marked by variations in size of grain. Jlere it must also \tv regarded 
 as evidence of motion, but of motion which in all |)robability t(K)k 
 place before the comj)Iete sojiditication of the rock, being an instance 
 of what l^n'igger has termed " protoclastic structure," foi' the field 
 relations of this old volcanic plug show tliat it has not been submitted 
 to any great pressure since the mass solidified. This structure, how- 
 ever, i.s only developed very locally in the rock, and in many .sections 
 no trace of it can be found ; ne\ertheless its occurrence here is of 
 interest showing as it tloes that the mere detection of such a structui'e |'i(,t(i(lii>tii> 
 here and there in an igneous rock is not indubitable proof that the ■*"■'"''"'" 
 rock has been submitted to great pressure and has been crushed. 
 
 It would thus seem that the clastic structure described as f)ccur- 
 ring in these anorthosites occupies, in a way, a position intermediate 
 between the protoclast.ic structure of Brogger and the cataclastic 
 structure commonly observed in sheared rocks. 
 
 In the Morin area, then, we have a great intrusive mass of anortho- Rksihih'. 
 site, or gabbro very rich in plagioclase, breaking through the Laur- 
 8A 
 
 III 
 
IKi .1 
 
 Vl'KIIKl'. 
 
 Aiii'i tliimiii' 
 
 |Nt?».Hl'hr«nl It.-* 
 
 c'liinuctii> in 
 I 'iiiiil'i inn 
 tinn'». 
 
 «iitiiiei, I'UttitiK offMuroexMivo hori/iitiM. iiiclii<liiiu |i"rti<in«< of thr» KtH'inn, 
 MiMxIin^ an upopliyHiM inti> it, iiiiii iti mmih' places ImmiiiiIi*(I hy ii /.nw nt 
 rock wliii li cxIiiliitH iniiny cliiinictcciMlics ot' h cotitin'l prnilui't. Thin 
 tnitHH in iiiimt pliicHM MliDwn irn-^ulai'ilii'M in Mi/.ft of ^niiii iiini in smnc 
 pliicHH II Mit'cukcd or iri'c^iiliii'ly liitndi-ii siriictiirc, wliilit in unc piirt of I lie 
 iil)ovi> inentioncil iipopliyNis it in well tolinleil, uliiili t'oliiiteil strnciiire 
 there {m reiisoii to IhiUhvc iH n Heooridai y one. It certitinly does not 
 leprosent ii piirtiiilly ohlitfli'iitnd lietldiiiK as the euiliei' olmerveiN seem 
 to have lielieved, while the other Hiipposed e\ idence.s ot' the existence 
 of a yi'eat overlyirij; sedimentary series, of which it was supposed to 
 form part, are also want in;{ ; the gneiss and limestone with which it 
 waH tliou^ht to lie interslratilied, riMilly helon^in^ t<> the (irenville 
 M«ri«N, while the appaient interNtratitiuation of the anorthosite is due 
 to int-iision. 
 
 The whole ih furthermore unconformalily o\erIain hy Mat nnalttned 
 strata of I'olsdam unit ('alciferous ap', and thus possftssed in Canilirian 
 times the characters wliich it now presents, while the nature of the 
 anorthosite and its relation to the Laurentian, lead uk to suppose that 
 it is much nearer in <„no to the latter than to the oveilyin;; ("ainhro-Silii- 
 rian prol)al)ly not much more recet»t than the (ireriville sei-ies itself, 
 
 
 3':i 
 
 Otiicl' 
 
 !incpillici«iti' 
 iim»w>. 
 
 Otiikh An'oktiiohite Mahhk.s. 
 •Sfi'tifu/rapfiintl RilntioiiH (iiid I'ftrogrnphji. 
 
 Tn addition to the Morin anorthosite, there are in tin- district 
 einl)raced by the present lojiort twelve other occurrences of anorthosite 
 lying to the south and east of the Morin area and much smaller in si/e. 
 
 These are - commencing the enumeration from the west: — 
 
 (1.) The IvikefieUi area — an area lying to the east of tlie village of 
 Laketield, situated partly in the Gore of the town.ship of Chatham anfl 
 partly in the parish of St. Colund)an. 
 
 (2.) The Ht. Jerome area, on which is situated the town of that 
 name. 
 
 (H.) Three elongated and approximately parallel areas in the town 
 ship of Kildaie and its Augmentation. 
 
 ( \.) Two rather larger areas on the east side of tlie township of 
 Cathcart. 
 
 (5.) Two occurrences, much smaller than the rest — one by the side 
 of the lliver LAssomption near the Pont des Dalles and to the east of 
 
 ll 
 
-7T 
 
 *•«■«. 
 
 OTIIKH ANOMTUOHITK MANHKn. 
 
 ii: 
 
 till- villagn of Hte. lieatrix, the nthnr a Hhort diittHnce to thn whhI of 
 tlu* villii)(f* of St, •Innn do Miithii. 
 
 (iS.) Tlii'fi) Imiiils of iiiiortlioNito irttorciiliitmi in <he ti«<ai'ly hori/.oiitiil 
 XnniHHeH uf tli«> townHliip of Hnindon. 
 
 'I'heMfl aiiortlioNit*' iiiiim>«s hic from onn hurulriHl to si'v<>nil IiuikIdhI 
 ^iiixIn in width, tin* ;<i<'iit»'s( l«n>;tli of any on<> ar«'a Iti-inj,' alioul scvon 
 niiii'.s. Thi'y niii parallel to tlm strike of tlic j^nciss, in wliiih they 
 art) inli'rt'alattMJ, and ar«> usually woll dotiniMl a^ainsl it, I lie inoHt 
 notaiilc fxcoption Ix'inK th«* St. Jorrtino occurrent-o, Tlu! ynfiss, how 
 «'\('r, sonu'tinip *pp<'arH to hr more liiiHiu neur tho contact. 
 
 Tlu' anorthosite vari«'H sotncwhat in t'hara<'tpr in tlin diHorent areaH. 
 It is usually coarsi-ly I'rystaliino. fn'(|m'ntly showing a j^rt'iit variati*»n 
 in size of ;;rain an<l rcscnihliii)^ that of thi' Morin area, hut it is per- 
 haps on the whole richer iti irunniaf^nesia con^tituetits, atid often con- 
 tains minerals such as hornhlende, hiotite and in one case scapolite, 
 which occur very sparinjjly, or ai'e «Mitirely wanting, in the .Morin 
 anorthosile. The anorthosite of tliose Htneral areas idso fre(|ueiitly 
 contains garnet near its contact witli the gneiss. It frecpiently 
 exhihits in an eminent degree the granulated structure de.scrih'>d in 
 the .Morin anorthosite, and has a more or less well iiuirked arrii'ige- 
 ment of the constituent minerals parallel to the longer axis of the 
 areaH. 
 
 As the several areas piesent certain differences, they will be con 
 sidered separately. 
 
 TliH Lnkejield Arfit. 
 
 This is four and a half miles long and about a mile wide. The aiior 'ii,,. j.^,!,,.),, 
 thosite of the peripheral portions is Hne grained, foliated, very poor in iniortlhwit.. 
 Itisilicates and weathers whitt;. In the inner part of the area it is 
 more massive and ;ippoars on the whole to be rathei' richtsr in iron- 
 magnesia mineraLs, which vary in amount from place to place, often 
 giving to the rock an irregularly banded structure. It is crossed, a^ 
 shown on the map, by two roads, while a third passes immediately to 
 the north of it. 
 
 In this area a rapid change in strike is observable, the anorthosite 
 and its accompanying gnei.ss in the southern part striking, on an average, 
 N. 45 W., while all about the northern extremity both rocks strike 
 N. 20-50 E. 
 
 4 
 
 ( 
 I 
 
 Mi 
 
US .1 
 
 gUKHKC, 
 
 A thin scctiim from a spciMTimii collci-tcd neiii- tlir ("nstcrn aid*; of 
 tlu! area, im tin- must, sdutlici'ly of llic roads ahovci iiK'iilioiicd, sliows 
 the roik at- this point to Itc a typical anor'tliositc, tlm pla;<ioil)i,s(' pri- 
 pondcralinfi very lar^^cly, whilr thu ironinaj^iifsia constituents ai(! 
 represented eliieily i)y auj^itc, in addition to whicli tlierearo very Hniall 
 ijuantities of ({I'een hornliiende and brown liiotite. I^ess than a mile 
 soutli of tht southern edi^e of this area, at the vc-ry eilgcs of tlit^ 
 liiiiitentian esi;arpinenl, a diabase dyke cuts tlirou:^'h the i,'neiss which 
 is here tin' country rock. Th(^ dialiase, however, contiiins a j^reat 
 luunher of anj^ular fraj^nients (>f •vliit(^ anorthosite, wiiich in many 
 places are so abundant that- tJn^y make up the greater' part of the 
 dyke. Under the microscope this anorthosite i.s seen to be a rnther tine- 
 ;;raine(l variety composed almost extdusivc^ly of pl;ij,noclase, with a few 
 ^^rains of iron ore. 'I'he plaj^ioclase, is however, largely altered 
 into mica, tlie little micra scales beinj; arran<^ed princi|ially in two 
 directions parallel to the cleavage of the fe!s{)ar (Section 4ir>). 'I'hese 
 fragments, wliich were brought up by tlui molten diabase, probably 
 mark an interground e.xtension of the Laketield area to the south. 
 
 y/ir Sf. ilin'inii' Ann. 
 
 m 
 
 'nicsi. 
 
 .Ill'nlni' 
 
 sill'. 
 
 < )nly a portion of his area, situated, as it is, innnediately ;it the 
 edge of tlie Laurentian n^gion, is t^.xposed to view. The -out hern part 
 of it is covcu'ed up by the Hat lying l'al:eo/oic si rat.a, which come in a 
 short distance to the south of t.he town. What proportion of the 
 whole mass is represented by (hat, portion exposed to \iew, it is 
 impossible to Hay. It- tlillers considei'al)ly fr'om the other arcjis. not- 
 oidy in the fnct- that, the anoi'thositt* composing it is not so typical in 
 chai-acter, but also in that tlieici inler'vcuK^s between it and the gntuss 
 a zone of rocks of intermediate character. 
 
 ||HJH 
 
 The anortliosite, or gabl)ro, as it should moi'e propei-b, be cidled, is 
 best .seen in the large exposures on either side of the I,', .diaii Pacific 
 railway track a few hundred yards south of th<! riiilway st.al-ion at 
 .St. .)t''r(in" , These are situated about the middle of tlie ai-ea as 
 exp(JS(!d, and towards its southern linut, and prol)ably present the 
 anorthosite in its most typical dev«(lop'in<Mit. freest from contact 
 effi'cts, and nearest to the actmil eiiiitre of vhe mass. 
 
 Here the rock is finegrained, usually foliated in structure, and 
 weathers l)rownish-gi'ay. In some places it possesses a more oi- less 
 distinctly banded stru(?ture, due to the alternation of portions rather 
 ricli in bisilioates with others consisting almost entirely of plag'oclase. 
 Individuals of dark-coloured plagiodase, usually small in size, but 
 
 ■*|:: 
 
 
iillIKU WOHTIIOSITT. MAHSES. 
 
 11!) J 
 
 Legend 
 Cambro-SiUiriim 
 
 PiitiMini Siind.'^loiie 
 
 Laiircntiuii 
 fjVjJj CrfilulUiir l.iiiiritcne 
 
 IMl 
 
 (I II mi 
 
 [TTTT Til >'" 
 
 bout Anortfujite 
 
 . I Anvrthosite 
 
 / 
 / StriJtf uiulPif) 
 
 • Dykf 
 
 I/rtiiMiforphvtb htlh»jittphr Ar ^ A! Ai futrt/. 
 
 PLAN 
 
 Vu-liiity ol'S'. .leroinc 
 
 Tern bonne County. Que. 
 
 Scale 
 
 Chuins I 
 
 80 
 
 ■^ Mile 
 
 h'liajni'. 1 1. 
 
w 
 
 wmia 
 
 120 .1 
 
 QUEIIKC. 
 
 Mier()sc()|iifiil 
 cliaijutiT. 
 
 Catiicl:i>tic 
 
 structure. 
 
 Hoinetimes as much as six Inches in length, are abundant in places. 
 They aie frequently seen to be curved or twisted, and are usually 
 without good crystiiiiine outlines. 
 
 Under the microscope, the rook is seen to be composed essentially 
 of plagiocla.se and pyroxene, the former preponderating largely, with 
 hornblende, biotite, garnet, iron ore and pyrite as acce-aary constitu- 
 ents, and with a few grains of cjuartz, calcite, chlorite and apatite. 
 The pyroxene is light-green in colour, und is for the most part augite, 
 which is often decomposed to calcite and chlorite. 8ome of it how- 
 ever, is triohroic, in red, yellow and green tints, and is probably 
 hypersthene. The hornblende, which is green in colour, and the 
 biotite ire present in but very small amounts. The garnft is pink 
 and perfectly isotropic; it is often well crystallized, and usually 
 has some approximation to good crystalline form. It is generally 
 associated with the iron ore, but often occurs in little strings through 
 the rocks. The iron ore is black and opaque, and is often present in 
 considerable amount. As in certain parts of the Moiin anorthosite, 
 there are probably two kinds of iron ore associated with one another, 
 one rich in titanium and one poor in, or free from, that element. A 
 portion of it is titanic iron ore, for leucoxene often appears as a 
 decomposition prixluct. The calcite is always present as a decom- 
 position product, and the qufirtz, which is found in very small 
 amount, is associated with the bisilicates, and may also be secondary. 
 
 Little strings an inch or less in thickness, consisting of quartz and 
 orthoclase felspar, and which run through the rock sometimes par- 
 allel to the stratification and sometimes across it, are rather abundant 
 in places, and are evidently distinct from the anorthosite and of later 
 origin. 
 
 The rock in its present form probably represents an advanced stage 
 of granulatif>n, for although but little is seen in the way of twisted 
 grains and strain-shadows, these, as has been shown in describing the 
 ]\Iorin anorthosite, are not distinct when the granulation is complete. 
 The large remnants of plagioclase, on the other hand, which occur 
 abundantly in many places, in view of the light thrown on their origin 
 by the study of the Morin anorthosite, point very strongly to an 
 advanced stage of crushing. 
 
 At the bridge over the North River at St. Jerome, at the western 
 edge of the area, as well as at a point about a mile and a (juarter north 
 of the above-mentioned exposures and near the northern end of the 
 area, the same anorthosite is well exposed. At the latter place, how- 
 
 Ki 
 
t.TIIKK ANOKTIIOSl'i'K MASMES. 
 
 121 ,1 
 
 .ever, an exce«'clin<^ly well marked catiiclastic structure is seen when 
 the I'ock is examined under the microscope, the lai-ge individuals of 
 plagioi'lase being twisted in a marked manner, broken apart, and 
 embedded in a mass of granulated material derived from them. 
 
 This anortliosite mass is surrounfltnl l)y a zone of rocks of varied 
 character, many of which strongly resemble the anortliosite in a[)pear- 
 anee but which a'e (juite different in composition. They are well 
 exposed back from the North River to the west of 8t. Jerome, and 
 by the side of the river to the north of the town. 
 
 Thi.s zone includes a large amount of ordinary orthoelase gneiss, and 
 in it occui's the band of crystalline lim<!stone to the south-west of the 
 village, but it consists chiefly of rocks whicii in addition to augite and 
 f)lagioclase contain variable amounts of hornblende, orthoelase and 
 quartz, and which are thus intermediate in character between the 
 gneiss and the anorthosite, some of the many varieties represented 
 appi'oaching more nearly to gneiss and others more nearly to the 
 anortliosite in character and composition. It is thus a matter of great 
 difficulty to trace upon a ma}) tin exact limits of this zone. In the 
 map (Fig. 11), however, thi.; has been done as accurately as possible, 
 with the aid of a niicroscopal examination of the locks frtmi a num- 
 ber of points, which served to determine the actual character of such 
 specimens. 
 
 This zone surrounding the anorthosite probably represents a peculiar r.oidi i fatii > 
 Vtorder facies of the latter, which, in many places, has been intruded" 
 into the gneiss parallel to its foliation, giving an appearance of inter- 
 stratification, while movements induced by pressure sub.sequent to the 
 intrusion, have served to render this appearance more pronounced. 
 Like the anorthosite, the I'ocks of this zone frequently present evidence 
 of a more or less complete granulation, while the appearance of a certain 
 amoiint of quartz in the anorthosite near its contact with the gneiss, is 
 a phenomenon observed in several of the other anorthosite bands 
 described below. 
 
 About eight miles to the north-e^^c of St. Jerome, cutting theMorin XcwCho^'nw 
 anortliosito close to its western contact at New (Jlasgow, and running ^" "' 
 north for nbout six mdes in a direction very nearly parallel to that of 
 the limestone band in tht gneiss just west of the contact, is a band of 
 peculiar gabbi^, nearly black in colour, which protrudes througli the 
 drift in a ser'. ■. of great roche moutonnee bosses, contrasting in a 
 marked manner with the white anorthosite through which it cuts. 
 The band is narrow, and immediately to the north of New Glasgow 
 
 ,, .,j . 
 
 . ■ 1 
 
 t; 
 
 
l-2'2 .1 
 
 VUKHKC. 
 
 \f' i: 
 
 I 
 
 i1. 
 
 f fi M 
 
 
 Kildai'i- 
 llllnI•t[l()sitt■^ 
 
 sends out an arm about a quarter of a mile lonj; from its eastern Nide, 
 which cuts across the foliation of the anorthosite. To the north this 
 gabbro disappears on reaching tlie Heauport Kivei', being exposed be- 
 tween the gneiss and anorthosite, and apparently cut oti' by a fault. 
 It is seen again about a mile in a north-easterly direction from the 
 point where it disappears, by the side of the road running from St. 
 Calixte to St. Jiin, and is then lost. Under the microscope the rock 
 presents an extremely well marked cataclastic structure, the constit- 
 uent miiirrals having been completely granulated uiidc the great 
 pressure vO which they have been subjected. 
 
 Ar<!as in till' Tan-tiship of KUdare and its Aiiginentftfuiii. 
 
 These areas, three in number, are long and narrow, I'unning with 
 the sti ,ke of the gneiss, and might be refeired to as bands. They are 
 parallel to one another in position, and two westerly bands averaging a 
 little over a (juarter of a mile in width, while the most easterly is 
 somewhat wider, being on an average rather over half a mile wide. 
 They have lengths of six, five and seven n)iles respectively. Although 
 in places covered with drift, they are generally well exposed, and being 
 crossed by a number of roads are easily accessible. The three l)aiids 
 resemble one another closely in petrograpliical character. The rock 
 is on the whole richer in bisilicates than the iForin anorthosite, 
 approaching more nearly a normal gabbio or norite in composition. 
 A specimen from the most westerly band, collected on lot \ of range 
 I. of the Augmentation of Kildare, proved when examined micro- 
 scopically to be a typical noi-ite, being made up of plagioclase and 
 pyroxene in about etjual amount. The latter is chieHy hypersthene, 
 though a cei'tuin amount of augite is also present as well as a very 
 small amount of biotite. Under the microscope the rock shows a 
 very distinct granulation. Towai-d the middle of each l)and it 
 is coarsely crystalline and sometimes shows but little foliation : usually, 
 however, in this position, a more or less distinct foliation, parallel to 
 the length of the band and conforming to the sti'ike of the surrounding 
 gnei.ss, is to be observed. This is sometimes accomjianied by an indis- 
 tinct banding of fine and coarser grained portions of the rock coincid- 
 ing in direction with the foliation, and identical in character with the 
 banding described in the Morin area. 
 
 At their borders the bands become finer in grain, distinctly foliated 
 and richer in l>isilicates. Tlie finer grained character of the marginal 
 portions may. however, l)e due, not to more rapid cooling, but to 
 more intense granulation. Garnet is very frequently .seen. (Quartz 
 
 r 1 i 
 
OTHER ANORTHOSITK MASSK8. 
 
 lL>:{ .1 
 
 also makes its appeai-ance near the contact, and the rock having thus 
 altered its character considiiiahly, it is often difficult to determine its 
 exact limits against the gneiss where the latter has been shattered 
 and penetrated by the gabbro in a direction parallel to the strike. 
 
 It is especially difficult to determine the exact position of the Hiwic 
 extremities of the s»!V(Tal bands, these not only consisting of basic'' ** "'' 
 developments of the rock, but running into t!ie gneiss for long dis- 
 tances parallel to its foliation. Such basic rocks composed essentially 
 of hyjiersthene, hornblende, phigioclase, and probably some orthoclase, 
 and which may be a contact facies of the gabbro, occurring intimately 
 associated with the ordinary orthoclase^ gneiss, are fountl as much as 
 two miles to the south of the limit of the most westerly of the three 
 gabbro areas as represented on the map. In the most easterly of the 
 three bands also, no exposui'es are seen on the line between ranges 
 VI. and VIII. of Kildare, the country being drift-covered, but to the 
 south of the road there are large exposures of certain basic rocks in line 
 with the strike of this area, which are supposed to belong to the 
 gabbro, and the area has accordingly been represented on the map as 
 extending southwai-d as far as range VI. 
 
 Arf'((K ill fill' Toirnship nf CHthcnrl. 
 
 On the eastern side of this township are two areas of the anortho- 
 site separated by a narrow band ttf gneiss. They extend southward a ' 
 short distance into the Seigniory of D'Aillebout, but how far they 
 extend to the north-west beyond the ninth range of Cathcart has not 
 been determined, the country in that direction being covered with 
 heavy forest and very difficult of access. Judging from the dimen- 
 sions of the areas, as measured on the two loads which cross them 
 transversely, as well as from the position of their .southern limits and 
 the shape of the other areas on the same sti'ike further to the south, 
 the northern limits assigned to them on the map are believed to l)e 
 substantially correct. 
 
 The rocks constituting these areas are well exposed on the two roads 
 above mentioned, which roiids run approximately on the lines between 
 ranges V^I. and VII., and VIII. and IX., respectively, as well as on a 
 road connecting the.se two and running through the western anortlio- 
 sile area in the direction of its longer axis. The gneiss band separat- 
 ing the two areas, as exposed on the more northerly of the two roads, 
 consists of a finely foliated quartzose orthoclase-gnei.ss, with some 
 bands of quart/ite, while on the southerly road it takes the form of a 
 coarse-grained basic gneiss, often resemljling augen-gneiss in structure 
 
 ('utlii'iirt 
 iiliortliosittj: 
 
 \m\ 
 
I 
 
 I ' 
 
 !'■' 
 
 i : 
 
 H 
 
 ! 
 
 
 ViiriMtiiiii ill 
 «{■/.»' Ill ^niiii. 
 
 I'cillt fits 
 
 Dalles 
 
 anorthositf. 
 
 lL'4 .1 
 
 yUKIIKC. 
 
 ami froquontlj' liolrliiif; pyroxene and some plagioclaso as well as inter- 
 calated masses of the anorthusite. 
 
 The anorthosite varies coiisiderahiy in character from place to place, 
 and is most typically developed in the western area. Here it is often 
 very coarsely j^rained, almost massive, and shows the great variation 
 in size of ;{rain even in different parts of the same exposure, described 
 in thf^ Morin area. Tn other parts of the area, it shows the indistinct 
 handing, so common in anorthosites, and often a moie or less pro- 
 nounced foliation. The proportion of bisilicates varies considerably ; 
 hypersthene and titanic iron ore are readily recognized on the 
 weathered surface and in certain places many large broken individuals 
 of piagioclase are also seen. 
 
 The anorthosite thus strongly resendjles that of the Morin area, 
 though probably on the average richer in bisilicates and thus approach- 
 ing more nearly in composition to an ordinary gal)bro. It is, however, 
 in the case»of the easterly band more intern)ixed with the surrounding 
 gneiss, the two rocks being in some places apparently interbanded, 
 owing to the intrusion of the anorthosite into the shattered gneiss 
 about the contact, and the development of a more or less distinctly 
 foliated or banded structure in the whole by subsequent squeezing. 
 
 Specimens of this rock which were examined microscopically, resem- 
 bled very closely that of the anorthosite bands in the township of 
 Brandon, described later on. Hypersthene is the chief iron-magnesia 
 constituent, a few grains of augite and biotite being also present. 
 Piagioclase is the must abundant constituent. 
 
 The rock in a great majority of cases is in an advanced state of 
 granulation, the whole process being exhibited in a striking manner 
 by the thin sections, 
 
 Area near l^oiit de-s Dalles on the River U Axminption. 
 
 This comparatively small occurrence is situated on the River L'As- 
 somption at a point rather over one mile in a straight line east of the 
 village of Ste. Beatrix. It is well exposed about a quarter of a mile 
 west of the Pont des Dalles on a road which runs close to the river, 
 but is still better seen where the river cuts through the mass in a high 
 cliflF on the south bank. The rock is coarsely crystalline and shows the 
 usual variation in size of grain with here and there large masses of 
 augite and hypersthene, and an indistinct parallel arrangement of the 
 constituents in the direction of the prevailing strike of the surrounding 
 gneiss. 
 
 m 
 
OTIIKU ANOHTIIOSII'K MASSKs. 
 
 125 .1 
 
 When .'xaniiiu-d ..„ the face of th.' clifF al.ove referred t.., the rcuk 
 oflen prestMits an approximately horizontal foliation. l)y apparently fol- 
 lowing lines of motion. A sp.-cin.en ..f this hori/onial foliated variety 
 which was collected and examined microscopically, was found to present 
 a feature of interest in the pnvsence of a larye amount of scapolite, a 
 mineral which has not heen found in any .if the other Cani.diaii unor 
 thosites. The iron-maj,'nesiM constituents were found to he represented 
 l.y auj,Mte and hypersthene in large amount, with a ^ood deal of hiotite 
 and a little hond)len<le. Th." non-ferru-inous constituents consist of 
 pla-i.K-lase and scap,,lite, which are l.oth pn-s.-nt in abundance. Iron 
 ore and pyrite, present in very small amount, complete the list of con- 
 stituents. The scapolite is uiuaxial and negative, polarizes in brilliant 
 colours and preset.ts the usual prismatic cleava;,'es with parallel extinc- 
 tion. The au;,'ite and pla;,'ioclase present the appearance of havin;,r 
 been subjected to a process of -ranulation. but the j^rains do not show 
 ^'train-shadows or twiste.l lamelhe. This, as has been shown, i.s usually 
 the ca.se in the i.l:.j;ioclase of thoroughly granulated anorthosite. The 
 biotite does not show such .listinct evidence <,f granulation, while the 
 scapolite occurs in large, clear, unbroken grains with uniform extinc- 
 tion, which like the other constituents run in strings, sometimes in the 
 plagioclase but usually between the plagioclase and the bisilicates. Tt 
 IS possible that the biotite may be a secmdary mineral, and it is highly 
 probable that the scapolite is an alteration product of the plagitjcLe, 
 as in the case of the "spotted gabbro ' of Norway and certain allie.l 
 rocks in Canada and elsewhere * 
 
 I 
 
 Annrtlu.sitr near St. Jean d>' Mathn — '■Seigniory of De Rnmfi.nj. 
 
 About half a mile south-west of the village of St. .lean de Matha, on 
 the road running toward the Hiver L'Assomption, large exposures of 
 garnetiferous quartzose gneiss are succeeded by others of anorthosite. 
 The latter rock is exposed for a width of about one hundred yards 
 along the road and is succeeded by drift. It shows considerable 
 variation in si/e of grain, weathers white, and is without foliation. 
 
 When examined under the microscope, it is found to be a typical 
 anorthosite i-omposed almost entirely of plagioclase. The iron-magnesia 
 con,stituent is augite. Hiotite and apatite, both in very small quanti- 
 
 Sc:i|«Flitf, 
 
 .St. .Ifiiii (!.• 
 
 MatliH 
 
 aiKiitlicisiti- 
 
 " Miohcl Levy- Sur une roche a .sphene, aini.hilwle et wernerite griiimlitiiiue de 
 Banile-Xorvi'gp. Bull. Hoc. Min. Kniiicc No. 3, 1.S7S. 
 
 -Vlioliel Lcvy-Sur le giMement cle lami.hilK.lit.. ii wvini'iitc gnmuliti(iu.! d'Oede- 
 yraard pres Bainlc-Norv.'.ge. Bull. Hoc. Miu. France. .\u. .-,, 1S7S. 
 
 V. I). Adam.-, On sonif Canadian Kocks containing Hcapolitc. Can K.c of 
 SoiencH. Oct., 1888. 
 
T-^ 
 
 12C. .1 
 
 QUKIIKC. 
 
 ties, with a littlo titaiiiferous iron ore and pyrite complete the Hat of 
 constituents. Tiie rock ha.s undergone a certain amount of ffranuiation. 
 
 Anorth<iMiti> Jiandx in thf Toirnxhij) of linindon. 
 
 Aiii>rtliiiHit< 
 in Itniiiilwii 
 
 m 
 
 
 Th 
 
 In the western half of this township there are three important areas 
 )t' iiiKirthoHite, which occur interbanded witli the nearly horizoiif;d 
 f^nt'ihscs of this disti-ict. The most easterly of tlies(% which is also the 
 smallest, forms a hill on lot 14, raii;;e I\., hy the side of the road 
 which crosses near the front of the lot. ft disappears beneath the 
 drift to the south of the road, and is not mot. with on the concession 
 roads further south, nor is it again seen to the north, the township 
 along its strike in that direction being so heavily maiitli-d with drift 
 that \ery few exposures are met with. The associated gneisses strike 
 N. '2'i W. and dip at low angles to the east, the gneiss innnediately 
 to the east of the anorthositc being .i basic variety poor in (juartz, 
 while that to the west is rather fine in grain iind highly ijuart/ose. 
 Tlu. anorlluisite has tht; appearance of an intcrbandcd or interstratilied 
 mass, an appeai-ance probably due to the rolling out of the whole com- 
 plex under the great pressure to which it has been subjected. The 
 rock is in some places massive, but elsewhere s1k>ws gi'eat irregularities 
 ill size of grain, or is distinctly foliated, with strings of bisilicates 
 arranged in a dii-ection rudely parallel to the longer axis of the band 
 and to the strike of the adjacent gneiss. On wejithered surfaces large 
 li:m(l>. crystals of plagioclase, much cracked and broken, can occasionally be 
 seen, but the rock usually presents the apjiearance of having been sub- 
 jected to such prolonged movements that the large plagioclase indi- 
 viiluals have been entirely destroyed. 
 
 Like most of the small anorthosite bands described in this Report, 
 these from the township <jf Brandon are usually richer in bisilicates 
 than a true anorthosite should be, and resemble in this respect certain 
 varieties of anorthosite rich in bisilicates which occur in the eastern 
 portion of the Morin area. 
 
 The central of these three anorthosite bamls in Brandon, seldom 
 attaining and never exceeding a width of half a mile, runs through 
 the township in a north-westerly direction, conforming to the strike 
 of the gneiss, fn)m lot 19 of range V. to lot 17 on the front of range 
 XII., a distance of six and a half miles. It pinches out on range 
 v., being bounded by almost continuous exposures of gneiss to the 
 south, while on range XIT., where but small exposures are seen, it 
 disappears undei' the drift about Lake Mattabon. It closely re- 
 sembles, both in stratigraphical relations and petrographical charac- 
 
i 
 
 llillii 
 
 HIP 
 
 & 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Si: 
 
 aa 
 
 w . • 
 
 r as 
 
 3:^ 
 
 ii 
 
 /.^ 
 
 T. < 
 
 ►J as 
 wo 
 
 .- < 
 
 ■r. -^ 
 
 ■ < 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 'A 
 I 
 
 lyiiiL^ 
 
OTIIKH ANMltTIIOMriK >l ASMK8. 
 
 1J7 .1 
 
 ter, tli»' niort' nantcrly liuixl iilmvo di-NorilM'd, like it l)«'ing iippiin'iitly 
 int<>rl*nii(l«'(t with tlin j^iwiss, the wliolo sfiit's as lict'fti'f ilippin^ to tin- 
 1'ii.Ht at a l<i\v an;{li'. At tiic nititai^t near Lake Mattalinii, i-lniigatnl 
 t'niKiiH'ntM (if tlic anurtliimitt' or j^aliliro were ohHorved iit th« grM'JHH, 
 having Imm'ii appariMitiy (h'tadird t'roin tlic iiiaiti iiiuhh by tht* inove- 
 iiu'Mts whicli induced thti foliation. 'I'hc rock is < oarsfj^i-aincd, and 
 a.s hct'orf the proportion ot' iiisilicntcs, chielly hypcr'sthcnc, is rather 
 huj^e, and the rock uliould ho termed a iiorite rather tlian an anorthu- 
 Hite, Toward tho middle of tlie hand the tendency of the constituents 
 tu arrange themselves in Htiings or hands is very ohscure, and the 
 rock is almost nuissive. It is fre(|uently veiy irregular in grain, 
 diH|)laying coarser or linei' grained putehes, tho former often contain- 
 ing masses of hypersthene, sometimes mt-asuring from ti\i' to six 
 inches across. The usual irregular shaped remnants of lai'ge plu-io- 
 clase individuals in<li<'ate that the rock has sulVercil an intense granu- 
 lation. Toward the side of the hand, a parallel arrangement of the 
 hypersthene masses usually ri.ikes its appearance, coinciding in direc- 
 tion with that of the adjacent gneiss. (Plate IX.) 
 
 The HKWt we.storly of the three hands, is first .seen aliout the middle Wt'^itilv 
 of loi. 2l' of range III., in the line of hills which forms the noi'lhcrn 
 boundary of the diift plain occupying the southern coiner of the 
 townsiiip. It, then runs in a north-w«!sterly direction to the side-line 
 of tlie township, which it meets on lot '2'2 of range \^., where it 
 attains a width of about a third of a mile, appearing in large expo- 
 sures, and is tianked on either side by gneiss. It was not observeil, 
 however, beyond the limits of tin- township, the country in the line (jf 
 its strike in that direction 'veing again drift-iovered. In character and 
 composition it i.s identical with the other two bands just referi'cd 
 to, under the microscope thin sections of the anorthosite composing 
 the several bands resembling one another so closely that they cannot 
 be distinguished apart. The iron-magne a constituent is pyroxene, 
 occurring in the foliated specimens as lotig strings of grains marking 
 the foliation of tho rock. It is for the most part a rhombic pyroxene 
 (h3'persthene), with strong trichroism in reddish, greenish and yellow- Microscopit'iil 
 ish tints, but in most cases a ceitain amount of monoclinic pyroxene, 
 intimately Jissociated with the hypersthene and resembling it in 
 appearance, but having an inclined extinction and no pleochroism, is 
 also present. In eveiy slide, a small amount of biotite and a few 
 grains of iron ore are found. The felspatliic constituent of the rock 
 is essentially plagioclase, well twinned, and presenting the usual 
 characteristics. An untwinned felspar is also present, usually in 
 comparatively small amount, with rather strong dispersion of the 
 
Nil rviilincc 
 1 if lutacltiKtic 
 MtiiU'tiirc 
 when 
 K'niiiiilutidii i" 
 
 cullllilctl-. 
 
 \'2H .1 
 
 Vl'KliKC. 
 
 ))iMrcti'ici<8, ^ivin^ rittf in piilr liluinli iiiid biowiiiHli lintN i'(tM|i«*('tivi-ly 
 on <>ithor Nitle ot' th« liii*> of iiuixiiiiiiiii )>\tiii(tiiir). 'I'liiN may li«« 
 ni'thocliiMH. A tew grains of pyrite and a few morn or I»'i*h rouiuli'il 
 inilividualH of apatit*- aic tln' only utiii'i' i-onMtitU(>ritN found in thm<> 
 
 lOclvM. 
 
 Tilt" thin sections also aflord iiidnliitabli' i'\ idciu'f that tht'-ii' 
 rocks have suflV'red yicat inlfinal niovfiiicnts. Tlu' larj^c j^rains ot 
 felspar fan he seen lu liavc hci-n twistt'd and fractured, and ai'i' 
 often clearly seen to Im in the very act of lireakin;^ up into smaller 
 ;;rains. The same is true, thou;,'Ii less noticeahly so, in the case of 
 the pyroxene, j,'ivinj; rise to a mosaic of Ltrairis of various sizes and 
 8hapeH, which grains are .^een to have moved ovei' and around one 
 another, hut in one j)lane, that, namely, of the foliation of the riM-k, 
 which foliation in fact results from this movement. All the evidence 
 goeK to show that this ;;ranulation of the rock is a purely mechanicid 
 process. The pyroxenes are (piite unaltered, and there is no evidence 
 of any re-crystallization or alteration in the case of the felspui'. The 
 resulti'i;; foliated roi'k dilTcrs from the original ina.ssive one onlv in 
 being tine in grain and in the possession of a foliated strut^ture, due to 
 the granulation as above described. 
 
 Another fact befoie referred to in connection with the Morin 
 unorth(»site, and exemplified by all these granulated rocks — ordinary 
 gneiss as well as anorthosites — is that in tho.se portions of the 
 .sections where the granulation is complete, but little in the way of 
 (•(mclusive evidence of any granulation coidd be obtained were these to 
 be studied alone. In such cases mosaics of little angular grains are 
 seen, each individual of which has an even or almost even extinction. 
 That this must I '^' realized when a large giviin in process of breaking 
 
 up is studied ■ microscope ; for the strain to which such a grain 
 
 is subject to cause it to become resolved into a nundier of 
 
 optical unded by strain-shadows, but within such areas little 
 
 oi- no St. IS developed, so th.at when the next step is reached and the 
 large grain actually breaks along the lines of maximum strain th' result- 
 ing grains, representing the areas in ([uestion, never show more than 
 very faint strain-shadows while most of them, the strain being relieved, 
 have a uniform extinction. A mosaic thus results, which while jini 
 iluced by intense granulation beai's, when studied aj)art fnjin its sur- 
 roundings, little or no evidence of its origin, and might be considered 
 to have originated in other ways. It thus becomes evident that if the 
 whole rock had reached the final stage of granulation, which stage 
 would be reached much .sooner in the ca.se of rocks fine in grain than 
 
 t||^: 
 
1 
 
 OTMKK ANDHTIIimlTK MAHHKH. 
 
 •-'9 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ill those ('iiiii|M)Nfil lit laiKi- individiiaU, liut little coiicltiMivt* cvidt'tico 
 HM to its triiu origin nii^lit be ohtiiiiied frniii u stiuly of tliiii sectioiiH. 
 The vory thorou^liiieHH of thi< Ki''^"^>l'^ti*"> would iiiuHk itH exiNtenoe, 
 and it iiii^ht Im- concluded ihut the rock hiwl crvstftllized in its prenent 
 furin. 'i'liis fact is an iiii|ioi'tiiiit one to liear in mind when studying 
 roekH such as those at present under consideration. In this process of 
 griinuhition, the pyroxenes while presenting all the phenomena nhovo 
 refeiied to, uHUidly retain their form inuoh l)etter than the felspars. 
 
 The examination of the sections shows, furthermore, that the move- k,,,.^ civh- 
 nionts in ciurstion must have taken place when the rock, if not com "'"i"" «'"'• 
 pletelv crystalline, was almost so. All the minerals are granulated 'ivciini'd, 
 and nast, therefore, have been crystallized out before the movement 
 took pirce, and if any residual iiiaf.;ma whatever was present when the • 
 
 movement look place, no sign of it can now ho detected. 
 
 ( )ccasionally in a section a little liii(> of fiiulting or shearing can l>e 
 oliservod tra\ersing the foliation ol)lii|uely ami apparently developed 
 at a later date. Along such lines the granulation is exceedingly Hne, 
 ilin'oring in a marked manner from that of the rest of the rock and lieing 
 ill miiny cases accompanied hy the ilevelopment of calcite in large 
 amount, thus showing that the condilions under which the original 
 granulation took place were quite diH'erent from those under which the 
 faulting originated. ' 
 
 A table of analyses of anortho.sites and of certain of tlie.r constituent 
 mineri ' * is subjoined ; — 
 
130 .1 
 
 QUKnKC. 
 
 fi 
 
 lirtlvHeH of 
 
 ilVM 
 
 ■th( 
 
 unorthoHitt's. 
 
 of 
 
 00 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 Eh 
 Pi 
 
 O 
 
 <: 
 
 95 
 
 H 
 
 to 
 ia 
 
 
 I 11 ; •— •» '4 •»■ 5 »t ^ i s * 
 
 ^ i?5 I- is X I.-, ip ^1 S: t- \- 
 
 > 13!?. = - --• = --=?:*' 
 
 S 22 S2g 9 
 
 "^SSi 
 
 j_, ..... 1 -H 2 
 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 , 5r Iv^Sf! 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 7. 
 
 fi 
 
 ! £— C-r = 1 5 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 p" 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 ■% 
 
 ?i 
 
 Sf^ j^fe2¥?J !|? 
 
 >• 
 
 z 
 
 ?. 
 
 I Ci-H C '^ c ! 
 *j ^ *- 1 c 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 f-1 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 Haf-,^? IW 
 
 .■? 
 
 fi ' 
 
 = l£ l'^-= ' is 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 91M 
 
 X 
 
 m "i 00 « 1- Tl « r: 
 
 71 I ? ?> i ?' 7^ ?' ?i 
 
 lO Tl *J ^H 
 
 t- ^ T- fi 
 X. i h b b 
 
 ? , ■?> '?5 i f> = '.- T 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 f. i f Ic 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 Is M 
 
 i' 
 
 O : -jC S t- 
 
 X 
 
 1'" 
 
 ■f-i- 
 
 r- ~ Z 
 
 *• *i 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 y. 
 
 ,"S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c S 2 ?^- 
 
 S 
 
 X 
 
 =5 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T- , , •?• Sr 
 
 Tl Tl 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 ■y. 
 X 
 
 ""^ 
 
 fi o 2 H ?i I 2 i' — 
 
 10 Tl ^ Tl 
 
 S 5 '- 
 
 5; CT IT 
 
 c © o --r o ■-: -c - I I- 1 - 
 
 i^ X p c Tl ■^ 1^ ^ I iT tr 
 
 oc I ■'" 1^ : i -x o o .^ i ' ' 
 
 '^ Tl 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 13 I lO Tl I ^ -p e 
 
 O Tl T-l 
 
 s 
 
 •i I I - c I i i o ih 
 
 I- 
 
 w. Tl 
 
 
 1— J 
 
 Si? 
 
 i^ 
 
 ss 
 
 OC 
 
 
 1— 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ 
 
 — 
 
 1 - 
 
 -M -V 1 
 
 a 
 
 ■X 
 
 ' — 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 "— ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 si^'f: 
 
 T; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?? = 
 
 3 
 
 I—" 
 
 51? 
 
 
 > 
 X 
 X 
 
 s- 
 
 
 I— ( 
 
 Tl 
 
 •' 
 
 
 - 
 
 C^ 
 
 cc H "^ ►>- f*" ''• O ''. ''i -^ 31 
 
 X r- ■^ — fi- 1^ i.) <• z'; '— S 
 
 •T. 
 
"» 
 
 XIV. \ XV. 
 
 Wl. 
 
 W'll. .V will. 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 XXIII. 
 XX l\. 
 
 xx\-. 
 
 XX \ I. 
 
 XXVII. 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 XXX II I. 
 
 XXX l\. 
 
 XXX \. 
 
 XXX\ I. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 OTIIKK .\ NORTH OSITK MASSKS. 
 
 LSI .1 
 
 Lai'tf fiiiK"i''"t'^ "f I't'ddiNli plii^fiiioliisc : mi tlif imortlKwitf of XiiV'.s tn 
 
 Cluitnui HicliiT. (T. S. Hunt, (icoldK.v cf Ciiiiii<la, IHC.;!). "'''''• 
 
 KiiicKriiiiicil |iliijri(icla»<' Krouiulinass, in whicli tin- fiiriiur atf 
 
 itiil)c(l(U'(l. (Hiiilnii.) 
 
 llyixT.stlifiic from tht' saiiie uck. {Ihitlcin.) 
 
 Iliiiinitf from tiic xamc iiKik, with 4 ".t p.o. of iimolublp matter, 
 
 (|iiartz, etc. {Ihiiliin.) 
 
 I'luisli jilaj^ioclaNc in larjrc frat;iiii'iits froiii aiiotlicr liiind .spfoiiinii 
 
 of the (,'liatcaii Kiclicr aiiurtlionitc offurriiig iiiil)f(lili'(i in a Hue 
 
 granular ^ruun(lma.iH of lOa^ioclaMe. (Iliidcm.) 
 
 Similar plaicioclasc from an anortliosite iMiiildi'r from the ni'igli- 
 
 lioiniii^f |iarisli of St. .loaoliim. {Ihidim.) 
 
 Vrvy tine -^jraincd, almcwt white anorthosite, from Itawdon (Moriti 
 
 area). {Iliii'.iiii.) 
 
 Hliie opalescent plagioclivse from the .NK)riu anortho.site. 
 
 Ul'iilim.) 
 
 Bluish opalescent plagioelase from the summit of .Mount Marcy 
 
 in the State of New York, I'.S.A. (A. K. Leeds, ISth Ann. 
 
 Kep. New York State .Museum of Natmal History, IS'li.) 
 
 Very Hne};raineil yellowish anorthosite from the State of New 
 
 N'.ak, r.S.A. {Uiiilnii.) 
 
 Hyper.sthene from the anorthosite of Mnuut .Mari v in the State 
 
 of New York, tr.S.A. {Ihidmi.) 
 
 I )iallage from anorthosite, N(!w \'ork State, I'.S.A. ilhiili iii.) 
 
 Lalirador felspai', Paul's Island. Labrador. (( i. 'I'scherMiak, in 
 
 l!anuni'lsberj;'.s .Mineraleheiniel. 
 
 I ialirador felspar, I'aul's Island, Labrador. [Iliiih in.] 
 
 f'lafjioclase from a tine-j^rained, whiti.sli anorthosite from Labrador 
 
 (granular groundmass). (H. VogelsiUig, .\rc ives Neerlandaises, 
 
 T. III., 18(iS). 
 
 liluish-gray untwiuned hil)radoriie, I'aul's Island. Labra<lor. ((1. 
 
 Hawes, I'roe. Nat. .Mus., Washington, ISSl). 
 
 L.'ilirador rock. Tile cliief roekof tiie vicinity of Nain, Laliradoi' 
 
 (.\. Wielimann, /. d. 1). (i. (i., IS,S4). 
 
 Labradorite, Paul'.s Island. With traces of Li^O and SrO ; v. I'.i 
 
 Inst on ignition. (Jannasch, N( ue.s .lahrb. fiir Min., 18)<4. 
 
 II., 4HK 
 
 Lal)radorite, Paul's Island. 'I'lie part solulile in HOI. With 
 
 traces <if Li,,() and SrO. (Ihiihi,,. p. AX) 
 
 Lalirailorite, Paul's Island. Tiie part insoluble in H('l. {flu'iliin, 
 
 p. 4«.) 
 
 Lidiradorite, Paul's Island. Witli traces of Li.^O. ( Ber. Deutsch. 
 
 Ciiem. Ces., IH'.ll, XXIV., 2"T. ) 
 
 I/aliradoiite, Paul's Island. With traces of Li,,(). (Iliitli i,i.) 
 
 NOTKS 0.\ THK AXORTHOSITES (iCCUKHINt; IN oTUKlt I'.VliTS OF CaNAI).\ 
 ANIJ IN FOUEION COUNTKIES, 
 
 In iulditiou to the aiioitliosites de.scril)ed in tlie present Report, fi Anortliosites 
 
 number of other similar occurrences, some of them of much greater ';l'<''"heie in 
 
 ' " Canada. 
 
 extent, occur in other parts of Canada. A noteworthy fact in con- 
 
 nootion with these anorthosites is that they are distributed along the 
 
 H 
 
H.J 
 
 !l) 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 :^i ;.-* 
 
 ■IP I 
 
 Ki'ltitioii t<i 
 Ari'liii-iiii I'll 
 taxis. 
 
 Aniirtliiisitiv 
 ill \iii\v,'n' 
 
 13: 
 
 i^UKllKC. 
 
 southerly and wistcrly limits of tlio iimiii Arehii'an protaxis honlt'iinii 
 the great ocean l)asin in which the Cambrian roeivs were deposited 
 later on, sliowinf^ that in these ancient times the eruptive rocks 
 aj)parently followed the same law tHat now obtains in the distribution 
 of volcanoes : namely, that they occur along the l)oi-ders of the con- 
 tinents as belts around great oceanic depressions. Hy far the largest 
 of these is the great anoithosite area about the upper watei-s of the 
 River Saguenay, which is known to occupy not less than oSOO scpuire 
 miles, and which may stretch across the headwaters of the River 
 heteiamites and connect with the area lying about the headwaters of 
 the Moisie, in which case the area of the mass will be probably double 
 that just given. Over this great area, the rock consists almost entirely 
 (if plagioclase. 
 
 The other areas which lie chielly along the north shore of the River 
 and Gulf of St. Lawrence are described in my paper entitled '' Ueber 
 das Norian oder (Jbi'r Laurentian von Canada," and in other papers to 
 which references are given in Appendix F. 
 
 The largest developments of anorthosite with wiiich we are 
 acquainted outside of Canada, excepting those of Minnesota and the 
 State of New York, described by Ennrions, Kemp, Lawson and others, 
 are probably found in Norway. 
 
 The rock ealle(l by the Norwegian geologists Labrador i-ock, as well 
 as some of Esmark's norites and many of the so-called galjbros of 
 that country, are anorthosites. 
 
 These rocks have been described by Ivjerulf,* i{eu8ch,f and others. 
 They form enormous mountain-masses, and are, as in Canada, .some- 
 times violet or brown in colour, and sometimes as white as marble. 
 They are sometimes massive and sometimes banded or foliated. Many 
 of them in hand specimens can not be distinguished from the corres- 
 ponding varieties of Canadian anorthosite. 
 
 They are intrusive rocks, and generally break through the gneiss. 
 Hut in Laerdal and Vos-Kirchspeil, according to Kjerulf, they cut 
 through beds of Primordial age, and are therefore jirobably somewhat 
 more recent tl'"n the Canadian anorthosites. An accurate comparison 
 of the rocks cannot yet be made since the Norwegian occurrences 
 have not as yet been investigated in detail. But so far as we know 
 at present, the rocks of the two countries are identical. 
 
 *Kjerulf, Die (!»M)Iogie dcs siull. niid iiiittlCTcn Norwegeii, j). 2(il. 
 tKenscli, Die fossilien fulirciiilcn krystiill. Schicfer von IJcrffen, p. H4. 
 
'1 
 
 NOTES MN KOKEKJN ANOKTIIOSITKS. 
 
 1:53 .1 
 
 
 Til soutliein Hussiii. near Kamenoi-IirfKl, in tlic ( ■overnnient ot AMiprtli<i«itt'> 
 
 ... , . , , . , 1. ^r 11 . ill KiisMiu. 
 
 I\ii\v, iiiid 111 many other places m the governments 01 V dlhynia 
 I'odolieii and ('lierson, larj^e areas of aiiortliosito also occur. In tliese 
 tlie labradorite prtHloininates almost to tiie entire exclusifin of other 
 constituents. The rock occurs in some places in a coarsely 
 <,'runulai' form, which is dark violet or almost black in colour, 
 and elsewhere as a porphyritic variety with large dark-coloured 
 individuals of plagiochise in a light-gray grouiidmass. These varieties 
 are said to pass into one another. Where the coarsely granular variety 
 contains pyroxene, it siiows ophitical structure like that observed in 
 some parts of the Sagueiiay area. According to the description 'if 
 these rocks by several authors,* they must resemble in a remiirkable 
 manner the auorthosites describetl in this paper, and also exhibit the 
 same varieties. They are found in the great district of granitic rocks 
 which occupy this portion of the Russian Empire, whicli rocks, where 
 they occur in the Government of Volhynia are I'lassitied by Ossowski as 
 Laurentian. The magniticent pillars of labradorite in the Church of 
 Our Sa\iour in Moscow, are from ;iuarries in tlu'se rdcks. 
 
 Another occurrence of anorthosite of purtioular interest is found in AmntlKisit.'; 
 Egypt. Sir William Dr ;on. while on a visit to that country in the '" '''>-'.^'I'^- 
 year ISS.S, ob.served a rock that resembles (;xactly the banded variety 
 of the Morin anorthosite, and which had been n.sed for a magniticent 
 statue of Kephren, the builder of the second pyramid. This statue 
 now stands in thcdizeh Museum, with a few other fragments of statues 
 of the same material. Through the kindness nf the curator of the 
 Museum, Sir William obtained a few small pieces of the rock for ex- 
 amination. In the hand-specimen the rock cannot be distinguished 
 from the granular anorthosite which is found in the neighbourhood of 
 New Gla.sgow in the .Morin area. It is fresh, t bright gray in colour 
 and almost entirely composed of plagioclase, with a little hornblende, ^ 
 which mineral is occasionally intergrown with pyroxene. It is the 
 foliated variety of the anorthosite, and the dark lines which are caused 
 i)y the presence of hornbltnide can plainly lie distinguished in the 
 statue, especially on the right side. Sir William did not find the rock 
 in place, but Newbold appears to have found it among the very 
 
 *Sclirauf, Studien an tier MineriilsiK>cieH Labrivdorit. SitzuiigsbtT Wiener Akad. 
 18(i!), |i. !t%. -W. Tiirrii.sfiiko, ('l)erdeii Laliradoifcls mhi KiiinciKii Riod. Alilmndl. 
 (1, Naturw. (les. in [\its\v. 188(). \>. 1-28. — M. K. Dc Clirimstcluitt'. Notes iKiiir .s(v\ ii' 
 u I'l'tude litliologi(iuo de la Volhynia. Bull, t'lic. Mill. Kriiuc. IX., [i. 251 (containing 
 further references). 
 
 "*! Dawson, Notes on l^seful jiiul Oriianieiital Stones of Aneieiit Kgypt.— Trans. 
 Victoria Fiistitute, Loiwloii. 18(11. 
 
ii 
 
 1:54 .1 
 
 qUEIIEC. 
 
 I'djit-Ali'lia'aii 
 
 iincient rocks wliicli t'nini the mountainous country to the east of ilif 
 Nile, where it appeius to liiiv(? the same geognostical relations as in 
 Canada. It was prohably priz<'<l by the E<(yptian sculptois for the 
 reason that it posscsst?s a ])leasing colour, siiiiilur to niarhle, while at 
 thi' same time taking a better polish and being considerably haider. 
 
 These anorthosites, therefoit;, are found in ti\e of thi^ countries 
 where the Archsean has an extensive development: in Canada, in the 
 United States, in Norway, in Russia and in Hgypt. They are found 
 in enormous uiasses in the first four ci tries, and their extent is imt 
 yet known in the last mentioned. To these occurrences otheis will 
 probably be added as the Aicha'ftii of other parts of the woi-ld is care- 
 fully studied. 
 
 Post-Akoii.k.w Dvkks. 
 
 Here and there throughout the area, but especially in its southern pm- 
 tion, dykes of fine-grained black rock, allied to diabase in composition, 
 occur cutting a(!ross both the gneisses and anorthosites. As these have 
 not been observed traversing the Palicozic strata of the ])lains they are 
 probably pre-Potsdam in age. 
 
 In mode of occuri-ence they present the characters commonly seen 
 in trap dykes. The walls are well defined and approximately parallel 
 to one another, their attitude being nearly vertical. They frei|uently 
 liold fragments <jf the country-rock, ca\ight up by the dyke-rock while 
 yet in a molten condition, and can occasionally be observed to send ott' 
 lateral apophyses into the surrounding rock. The dykes can frequently 
 1)6 seen to be much finer in grain toward the margins of the dykes, 
 indic.'iting that the counti-y-rock was ccunparatively cold at the time 
 of their intrusion. I'here is no evidence whatever' to show that these 
 dykes have been .subjected to the folding and deforming forces which 
 have so profoundly afi'ected the Archican rocks of the region. They 
 have been practically undisturbed since the time of their solidification. 
 
 The prevailing course of the dykes is appi'oximately east and-west, 
 but many of them run in directions almost at right angles to this. 
 
 They diflFer greatly in width, ranging from five or six feet to over 
 .'500 feet — several over 100 feet wide having been ob.served— and are 
 usually traversed by several sets of well marked joint plains. 
 
 The rock is black on fresh fracture and usually weathers brownish. 
 
 In the south-west corner of the district, .Sir William Logan no||ed 
 the occurience of black dykes in a nun[)ber of localities, and considered 
 
 , 
 
"^ 
 
 F08T-.\liril.KA\ DYKES. 
 
 l.'J-) .1 
 
 thoiii to \»' portions of three large dykes runiung across the country 
 in an approximately east-anil- west direction, ail of wliich were 
 interrupted by the syenite intrusion mentioned on page 2!) .1. 
 
 Tin- most nortlit'riy of these dykes was traced by Sir William Logan |»yl<.> ndHil 
 as far east as lot (i of range N'T. of Chatham (jore, and what is in all ^^ ''">-'»'' 
 prol)al)ility itscoMtinuation w;is found 011 the lino sojiaratiiii,' St. ('olum- 
 han from tlic Augmeiit-utioii of .Millc Tsles, near t\n' nortli-west corner 
 of the former. It crosses the load at this pcnut, and has a width of J^OO 
 feet. On the same course furthei' east, what is probably the same dyke 
 is exposed at the foot of the falls on the North lliver, at the pulp mill, 
 about three miles abovt? St. .It-rome. It is exposed for a width of lOo 
 feet, but only one wall is seen. The course of this wall is east-and- ^'' ' ''"""'• 
 west. Further east still, a short distance north of Ste. Soi)hie, a whole 
 s(!ries of f)arallel dykes, thirteen in number, and au;i:regatint; ()!• feci in 
 thickness, is seen within a distance of 200 yards. Tiiese also strike 
 east-and-west. They possess a How structure in some cases, and hold 
 fragmcmts of gneiss and (|uartzite as well as some of white anorthosite, 
 indicating an extension of the arm of the Morin .uiorthosite under 
 this locality, as might be exjiected. 
 
 Although it is quite possible ihat these several (jccurrences do not 
 represent one contiimous crack or fissure, they evidently nuuk the same 
 line of weaknes.s, which may be represented l)y a series of shorter 
 pai'allel fissures approximately in the same line, as is often seen in the 
 case in such dykes. Tlu; line of weikness has been now traced in a 
 direction almost parallel to the edge of the jirotaxis, fron. the eastern 
 side of the seigniory of Petite Nation, a distu' ^^e of fiftj'-tive miles, and 
 in all probability continues still further to the west. The other dykes 
 i'eprcsi;nted on the map in the disti'ict between St. Jerome and Ste. 
 Sophie are much smaller in size. 
 
 One of the two more .southerly dykes traced out by Sir William 
 Logan, may find its eastward continuation in a dyke exposed at the 
 immediate edge of the protaxis to the south of the Laketiekl anorthosite 
 and running N. 50 E. This dyke is filled with angular fragments of 
 white anorthosite (although that rock does not occur in the immediate 
 vicinity) which fragments must have been derived from an underground 
 extension of the Laketield anorthosite in this direction. 
 
 Two other important dykes occur further north, cutting the Morin Dvk,.^ cutting 
 anorthosite. The first of these is exposed on lot 1(3 of range ^'T1. ■iii'iitlm-'ite. 
 of the township of llawdon. It is seventy-live feet wide, and runs 
 N. 47' W., having been followed for a distance of a mile and a half. 
 
 
1.S6 .1 
 
 yUKUEC. 
 
 li'ln'^ 
 
 iu . 
 
 \l 
 
 *? 
 
 St. fjiii (IvUi 
 
 hialiiisc. 
 
 Tlie othiT occuis on the tliiid, t'ouitli and lifth ranges ut' tli« township 
 of Chilton, ami runs parallel to the Itivoi" Ouareau, near its eustcin 
 bank, for a (listanoc of about two ami a half miles, havinj,' a width of 
 120 feet. 
 
 Another .smaller dyke, ten feet wide and running N. H7 W., is 
 exposed on tiie first range of the Augmentation of Kildare, near the 
 line between lots I and •") on the road. 
 
 A numlier of other smaller dyk(?s which were ol)Hi!rved do not here 
 merit especial mention, with the exception of one which is (juite 
 different from those already referred to both in composition and motle 
 of oe(.'urrenee. This is found on th(! plains about one mile from St. F^in, 
 being e.xposed in the I'cd of tlie LitI le River. The exposures, however, 
 are not very good, .so that the precise relations of the rock cannot be 
 determined. It cuts theChazy limestone apparently in the form of an 
 interealated sheet, eonverling it info a highly crystalline red marl)le, 
 which has here been (|uarried. The rivci' is paved with this trap for a 
 distance of about fifty yards, a thickness of about ten feet of the tiaji 
 appearing in a cascade which occurs at this j)oinf. The marble is 
 referred to on page 15:i ,i, in the section treating of economic geology. 
 
 The great dykes traced out by Sir William Logan in the south-east 
 corner of the area are referred to by him as df)lerites,* and would be 
 classed as diabases in the modern petrographical system. The St. 
 Columban dyke when examined microscopically (Section 361) is seen 
 to possess a typical diaba,se or ophitic structure consisting essentially 
 of plagioclase and augite, the former running in lath-shaped individuals 
 througli the latter. A .small amount of green hornblende, which may 
 be either primary or secondary, and a small quantity of iron ore are 
 present as accessary constituents. The rock also contains another 
 mineral which is not commonly found in fresh diabases, namely, 
 quartz, wliich occurs in considerable amount in micropegmatitic inter- 
 growths with felspar, in the little corners between the other con- 
 stituents. The supposed continuation of the dyke crossing the North 
 River above St. Jerome (Sections 273, 342) is almost identical in 
 character and composition, the hornblende, however, being replaced by 
 a small amount of biotite. The augite, which is of the common variety 
 usually found in rocks of this class, often occurs in long narrow forms 
 of irregular shape, and is twinned according to both the base and the 
 orthopinacoid, and with it a lighter coloured malacolite is frequently 
 associated in parallel intergrowths, as in the Konga diabase of Sweden 
 
 * Geology of Canada, 1803, p. 38. 
 
 l\ I li:i 
 
^>l 
 
 I'OST-AHCil.KAN UVKES. 
 
 i;{; 
 
 <^uiirtz in Hinall amount, in clear grains or micropegmatite intergrowths, 
 
 is |iio8t'nt as bet'nit'. 
 
 'I'he dyko (Si-ctioii .'J.'iS) occuiiing at tin' edgti of tlin Liiurcntian 
 |in>taxis to tlie south of tlio Lakcfinld anortliositc, and wliicli may 
 represent an oasteriy continuation of another of Sir William liOgan's 
 dykes, is also a diahase of the s. -.e type, consisting of plagioclase, 
 augite and iron ore, with a very little hiotite, and the same micro- 
 pegmatite inteigrowth of (juartz and felspar in the corners between 
 the other constituents. It is, however, much decom[iosed. 
 
 This quartz diabase with typical ophitic structure, occasionally hold- '■iiiiirr/- 
 ing nialacoiite, is apparently the normal rock ot the great east and 
 west dykes of the district. The ([uartz occurs in micropegmatitic 
 intecgi'Dwths with the plagioclase and is in all probability priniiiry, as 
 it is found in the rock even where it is perfectly fresh. It belongs to 
 the Konga type of this rock described by Tornebohm in Sweden. 
 
 Some of the smaller dykes in the district about Ste. Sophie and New Au^'it.- 
 (lliisgciw, which closely resemble these diaba.ses in ap|)ear'ance, and ' ' ■ 
 proiiably have essentially the same chemical composition, posst;ss a 
 miimtely porphyritic character, ))henocrysts of plagioclase and augite 
 being imbedded in a tine groundraass composed of the same minerals 
 witii iron ore and a little biotite. This groundmass probably cooled as 
 glass, and has since taken on a crystalline character thi'ough a process 
 of devitrification. They belong to the spilite type of the augite por- 
 phyrites, and in one oi* two instances show an amygdaloidal structure. 
 One of these dykes, twenty-five feet wide, was obsei-ved on the road 
 about one mile north-west of Ste. Sophie, and another forty feet wide 
 in the bed of the River Achigan on lot Ifi of range IV. of Kilkenny. 
 The two dykes above mentioned as cutting the Morin anorthosite, 
 one on lot 10 of range VII. of the township of Rawdon (Sections 020, 
 427), and the other on the third, fourth and fifth ranges of Chilton 
 (Section 364), are identical with one another in all respects, and 
 as they have almost the same course were probably intruded at the 
 same time. Although having the same general composition, they 
 are distinctly different in structure from both the quartz diabase and 
 augite porphyrite above described. The rock is of medium grain, 
 becoming fine-grained at the margins, and is black in colour but 
 weathers brown. Under the microscope, the Rawdon rock is seen Dylo' in 
 to consist of large phenocrysts of well twinned plagioclase, having |„',^)ji'm'' 
 perfect crystalline forms and filled with minute dark dust-like inclu- iiiifioptj,'- 
 
 • ... .11 P Uliltlti . 
 
 sions, giving it a dark colour, with large phenocrysts of pyroxene, 
 also having a good crystalline form, embedded in a species of ground- 
 

 1 ! 
 I] 
 
 11 
 
 <0'Mii<>|iliyi 
 stnu'tuvc. 
 
 i;{.s .1 
 
 m'KHKC. 
 
 miisH cotnposj'd of ii most Ixiiiiitiful iniiTojK>;;iiiatitic or ifi'iuiophyric 
 iiitergruwtli of (|uai't/ ami pla^ioclaso. Tliis lattci' plnj^ioclasi' is t'lvo 
 from dust iruilusiims, the ;,'raiiopliyric intergrowth l)eing thus colour- 
 Uiss. A Hiiiall amount of liorubleiule and biotile as well as a coiisid- 
 eraWle amount of imn ore and apatite, t\w lattt-r in iar;,'(' and well 
 formed elonpited lifxaj;;onal prisms, aru also prtisent in tlie rui-i<. 
 
 The plaj;io('las(" oflt>n ocrurs in beautiful I'avpno twins, and a careful 
 examination of the scictions, combined with the tn ideme obtained from 
 a crystallo^'raj)luc oxamiimtion of the pulverized rock after separation 
 by heavy solutions, shows tiiat two jtyroxenes occur intimately inter- 
 yrown with one another, one a monoelinii' auijite of the ordinary type 
 found in diabases, and the other a rhombie pyroxene havinij; the 
 parallel extinction, pleochroism and other optical propertie." character- 
 istic of hyperstheno. 
 
 The granophyie constitutes a very considerable pioportion of the 
 whole rock, and makes the sections bfuiutiful objects when examined 
 between crossed nicols in polai'i/ed lif;ht. The intergrowth of the 
 quartz and plagioclase is in some places vei'y tine but elsewhere rather 
 coarse, and tlie polysynthetic twinning of the [)la;{ioclase in it can be 
 phiinly seen. 'J'he granophyre can often be seen to have started its 
 growth outward from phenocryst-* of dark plagioclase or of augite, as 
 shown in Plate X. reproduced from a micro-photograph of a thin section 
 of the dyke, showing the granophyre growing a})out a crystal of plagio- 
 clase. The hexagonal crystal included in the plagioclase phenocryst is 
 apatite, while the augite with goo<l ciystal form is seen on the right. 
 It is doul)tful whether any rot_k of this character hitherto dt^scribed 
 contains so large a proportion of granophyre. The rock is neither a 
 diabase nor a gabbro, having neither the ojihitic structure of the 
 former nor the hypidiomoi'phic granular structure of the latter. The 
 structure is I'ather a porphyritic one and exactly like that sometimes 
 seen in the Konga occurrence before referred to. The constituents of 
 the rock have sejiarated out in the following orfler : — Apatite and iron 
 ore, augite, plagioclase — the series concluding with the simultaneous 
 crystallization of the (juartz and plagioclase of the granophyre, which, 
 has all the characters of a primary structure. The rock contains 
 49'6r) per cent of silica. 
 
 This micro-pegmatitic or granophyric intergrowth of quartz and 
 felspar will probably be found to be very widespread in its occurrence 
 in the dykes cutting the Archa'an in Canada, as it is known also in 
 diabases of the township of Temi)leton, in tlie county of Ottawa, in 
 
 W^' 
 
 itr ! 
 
liKnl.Oiirc.VI. SlIlVKY OK CWADA, 
 
 Vol.. VIII., P.vin .1. 
 
 Pi.ATK X.-ORANOPHYRIC INTKHCHOWI'H <»!•' i^'AKT/ AND I'l.AOIOCL ASK 
 
 AHOIT A I'HENOCRYST OK PLACIOCLASK DYKE ON KAN(iK VII., 
 
 LOT HI, TOWNSHIl' OF UAWDON. • IW. 
 
 ■ n 
 
 fi 
 
ill! 
 
KCONOMK- fiKOI.OiiV. 
 
 l;l«» ,1 
 
 tliB provinci) of <Vu6'"'*'. whiU* Dr. Iwiwsori di'soribiis it iih tn'curriiiiK 
 ahuntliiiilly in the dykcM of thf llainy Liik«^ district to the wext of 
 L<ik«! Su|)t'rior.* 
 
 Tho dykt; rit>ai' 8t. Liti which, iinlikt' the othei'8, is found cutting; hvloiKiu 
 rocks of ('amhro-Siluiiim a;,'!-, is also fniiiely ilitlereiit in coin|io.silion. ' '' 
 Its original tharacter 'amiot he deteiiiiiiied, as the rock is exceetliiigly 
 decomposed, but it probably belongs to the class of iiepholinR or nu'lilit«i 
 dyke-rooks like those found associated with the nephelinn syenites 
 about Montreal and elsewhere. I lydi'ochloric acid dissolves aliout 
 twenty-live per cent of the pulverized lock, which ell'erve.sces freely. 
 I'nder tlie microscope (Section .'J8J)), nearly eol(»urle,ss augite, with 
 rhomltic pyroxene for the most part altered to a mixture of bastite 
 and iron oxide, and biotite in lai'ge crystals bleached ni-arly white, 
 can l»e rtH'ogni/.ed. Also in the gioiindmass is a colourhiss mineral, 
 uniaxial and negative and readily attai^hed by acids, which is probably 
 neplu^line. .\ mineral which is probably perowskito is also [)resent, 
 as well as a large ([uantity of light yellow garnet, often having good 
 crystalline form, together with nmeli calcite or other ihombohedial 
 carbonates, the products of decomposition. 
 
 While therefore the dykes occurring in the area are not \ my numer- 
 ous, their study brings out a number of {.oints of considerable interest. 
 
 KCONUMIC (iKOLOOV. 
 
 Minerals and rocks of considerable economic value occur at a num- 
 ber of points in the art.-a cnnbraced by this report. 
 
 Till' following oci'urrences are refi>rred to. eithei- on account of their 
 actual economic importance, or because they have been supposed to lie of 
 value and have attracted, or are likely to attract, more or less attention. 
 Those dej)osits situated in the county of Argenteuil, to the south- 
 west of the Moriii anorthosite area, are not hen; I'cferred to, as they 
 have been examined by J)r. W. W. VAh, and will be described l>y him 
 in a forthcoming report. 
 
 Iran Ore war St. Jerunu, (Jvimly i>j Ti:rrilionii' . 
 
 Two and a half miles south-west of St. Jerome, on the road which 
 toilows the n<jrtliern bank ot the JSortii Kiver, tliere is a deposit ot st. .Iin'mic. 
 magnetic iron ore. This occurs as several thin bands interst rati tied 
 
 •Report 1(11 *tie GhoIor.v iif tlic.Haiiiy L.ikc Rcyiun. Aiinuiil F{iiM>it, iJeol. Siirv. 
 Can., Vol. in. (N S.), 1.. l.-x; I'. 
 
 -lf,\ 
 
no 
 
 ViKitKr. 
 
 Analvi'i- 
 
 witli a (lark linrnhl<tii(it> rook and witli tho rod ortlinolai^fBtlM of this 
 piirt lit' tli«> iir<!ii, tli<> wliol<< dipping towiird th<> riv<tr nt a vory h'm\\ 
 un;il«'. At iIm- tiiuf of my visit, in iSHCi, tlm oic hiid Imth rxpost'd by 
 the removal olf tli<> drilft at a numliur of pointH ldon^ itH Ntrike, and n 
 Nmiill optMiin^ hiul lii'tMi mui(Ii> at one place. StiliHi>i|iicntly, from 
 ( (ititl>i'i', JH'.tl, until Miircli, IN'.CJ, it wiis workf'd l>y the ('aniida Inm 
 l''iiriiaoe ('o., during which timi* uhoiit M)'i tons of on* was taken out 
 and shippt'd to tlie company n furnace at lladrior, and there Ninelted. 
 Till* following infoirnjition haH lioen kindly supplii>d to mo hy Mr. 
 Arthur Culc, M. A. Sc Ho wiih oi^'ii;{('d in <'atryin;? out the woi'k : — 
 
 *' M«mt of the ore was taken oul of a pit which, when abandone<i, 
 waH ahout .'IT) f«!ot deop, 10 feet hroad and i "J feet ion),'. The ore-lied 
 \arieil fiom twii and a half to three feet in width, and waw for the 
 most part fro«' from j,'an;,'Uo. At a depth of '\^t feet the bed narrowed 
 down to a few inches, and waH then entirely loHt. A drift was driven 
 fi'iiiii the west end of the pit aloni; the lied for aliout 10 feet, the 
 tloor of the ilrift boinj; about 1"> feet from th«' Nurface, 
 
 "Work was then discontinued, but waH resumed in Auj^ust, 1>0'_', 
 but this time at a p<iint about lOU y.inis further west alonj; the outcrop 
 of the bod. The ore here was in beds varying from a foot to a foot 
 and a half in width. These beds often widened, but then they would 
 separate into two beds with an intervening bed of rock. 
 
 ''In some places tho walls of the bods were very clearly defined, 
 while in others the ore gi'adually t'lifled away into tho surrounding 
 rock. About oO tons was taken out, of this opening, about Leti 
 feet deep ami thirty feet long. 
 
 "Work was linally discontinued early in Soptomber, as it was found 
 that too much rock was being handled." 
 
 A sample of the oi'e was analysed by me and was found to have 
 the following cfimposition : — 
 
 I'l'i- I'liit. 
 
 Ferric uxidc . ,V.lll.')!l 
 
 KciiiiiiM nxidf 2l>S07 
 
 Titanic aciil . . none. 
 
 I'hii.-.plHiric acid Oir) 
 
 Suliiliur.. (Xll 
 
 I iisolultlc matter !l S!t7 
 
 Metallic iron 02 101 
 
 PhosphornK 007 
 
 Sulphur «HI1 
 
] 
 
 KCONOMtr ilKOt.U(IY. 
 
 u\ 
 
 ThiH iitiiilyNiH hriiiKH out in i\ Htriking niaiuier i\w diHtiiic jdii Imv 
 twnoii tlin iron dvvh of thv. ortliurliiNc-^ittMHN ntid tli(iH)> of tlic aiioi'tlio- 
 nitr, tli(> foniMT Ixmk^ iiNinilly !':'•■•• t'roin titaiiiiiin, wliili' tin* liittcr is 
 rich in tliis <ii>l*'ti>t'i(iii.s coMHtitiifnl. This nrt>, ulthoti^h no uvnr tii)> 
 iinorthoHitP, is i|uit»' t'm' from titanium, whih^ thi» simihir urcs in the 
 rit'i^hlKiuriii;,' unorthoHitf ari'as I'ontiiin a lar^o |i«'ro(>nta>;f ut' this 
 cli'mmt. 
 
 MoHt of the other iron ores of this area, with tho exception of the 
 lioj{ ores, wiiich hclonfj to i\u' superficial tlejvisits, unfrtrtuiiately occur 
 ill or associatcil witii tiio Moriit aiiorthositc mass, ami arc, llicictui)', 
 highly titanift'iouH. To these belong the following «leposits : — 
 
 Tiiirnxhip i>J liiiirtlun — Ritiiye II., I.nl .'. 
 
 ThiH (lepoHit Ih near tlie village of Ste. .rulicnne, and although it has |{i,wi 
 never hccii worked lias attr«ctc«l a ;;o()d deal it attention. It occurs 
 in the Moi'in anorthusitc, near the eastern edge ot' the arm-like exten- 
 sion before referred to. Tlu' ore is found in a foliated white-weather- 
 ing variety of the aiiortliosite rather rich in bisilicates. with a strike 
 varying from N. H W. to N. iT) W. and a nearly vertical dip- 
 Several black dykes, a})parently of diabase, occur in the vicinity. 
 The ore varies a great deal in character, being much purer in .some 
 places than others, and often occurs in tho form of bands, from a few 
 inches to several feet in width, generally conformable, or nearlv .so, to 
 the foliation of the anorthosite, but in a few casi's cutting across it. 
 lioth the anorthosite and iron ore are much twisted and faulted, and 
 it is ditllcult to deteriniiu' whether the ore has been tfiiipted through 
 the anorthosite oi- whether the cases where it cuts across the aiiortho 
 site arc to be attributed to faulting. It, however, has a general trend 
 in the direction of the strike of the anorthosite, the principal mass 
 being exposed for about 200 feet at right angles to this direction. Tha 
 " ore " app«Nirs to be in reality a variety of the anorthosite, and in 
 most places too poor in iron to constitute an ore in the proper sense of 
 the term. 
 
 It is also highly titaniferous and contains iron-pyrites as a fieijueni 
 constituent. A .specimen collected by me and assayed by Dr. Hoflinaiin 
 was found to contain : — 
 
 Mt'tftllic iron . . 41.' 2!) per cent. 
 
 Titiuiie iieid Larffe iuiiuuiit. 
 
tm t 
 
 142 .1 
 
 yUKHEC. 
 
 Two .samples examined l)y Dr. 15. .1. Jlarrinf;ton*, formerly Chemist, 
 tu the Geoloyical Survey, gave the follow ing results : — 
 
 Motallic- iit)!! 
 Titanic acid . 
 
 I. 
 
 IT. 
 
 ;<8 27 per cnit. 
 
 Hi 71 |M T (flit. 
 
 :«(•.; ., 
 
 Xi M " 
 
 wiiile a third spet'iineii, in which the iron was not determined, was 
 found to contain : 
 
 Titnnif acid. 
 
 :^r> m i«t cent. 
 
 'ToH-iisliij) (if Wi'.rf'ord — lidiiyc /., Ao/ 7. 
 
 WtxfiMcl. On this lot a small openinji; has been made in a dai'k-colouicd, heavy 
 
 massive rock containing a crtain amount of iron ore. Tlu; Held relations 
 indicate that this is mi;rely a local variety of the Morin anorthosite, 
 exceptionally I'ich in the daiker' coloured constituents of the rock, and 
 a niici'osco|)ic examination proves this to l)e the case. 
 
 When tiiin sections ai'c examined, the rock is seen to he composed 
 essentially of a dark-coloured jiyroxene, with plagiocjase and iron ore. 
 A not inconsiderable amount of apatite, with a few grains of pyrite, 
 garnet and biotite, are also present. The proportion of iron ore is com- 
 l)ai'ati\ely small, this mineral being entirely absent from some thin 
 sections, 
 
 A specimen collected to represent the richest portion of the mass 
 was examined by Dr. ilotlmann, with the following result :- 
 
 • A[ctallic iiun 20-27 per cent. 
 
 Insdlulilc icsi<luc .")8'.")S II 
 
 Titanic aciil I )ccii'ic(i reaction. 
 
 Not \ery far fi'oin this locality, a remarkable ca.se of local magnetic 
 variation was observed in surveying flui road lietween Ste. Adcle and 
 St. Sauveur, \Siiere it runs on the siile-line Ijctween the township of 
 Abercrombie and the Augmentation of .Mille Isles, on range X. of the 
 former township, and thus near the margin of the Morin anorthosite. 
 At one point on the road the needle sull'ers a detlection of 4t in 
 a distance of 200 yards, returning again, furtiier on, to its normal 
 position. 'I'iic road runs up a drifted valley and there are no rock 
 exposures on it, the nearest exposures to the position of maxiumm 
 detlection being 4;5G yards to tiie south-west and 70 yards to tlie 
 noith-east respectively, the rocks iu both cases being the ordinary 
 
 Kcpnvtiif I'lii^'icss, (JiMil, .*^ln•v. Can., IS7li-77, |i. 47."). 
 
 iiiiyi' 
 
KCONO.VIC (iKOI.OfiV, 
 
 14;5 .1 
 
 anorthosite of the district. Whether thfi viiriatioii is cjiused by a 
 body of iron oi'o, and if so the position of the latter, can only be deter 
 mined by a nia<;netic survey of the locality. 
 
 7'oifiis/tlp iij ('lirrtHcij — Rangi' VIII., Lois 'i and H. 
 
 'i'his deposit is also situated in the Morin anoithosite area, near its ciicitscy. 
 edj^e. It is, as in the ease of the occurreni^e above mentioned, a vai'iety 
 of the anorthosite rich in iron. The anorthosite at this locality is 
 rudely banded, some of the bands being poor in iron ore while others 
 consist of a nearly pure ore. Largo exposures which are very rich in 
 ore occur ail over the southern part of lot G. The ore, altiiough it 
 has not Ijeeu e.xamined chemically, is in all probability, like the other 
 iron ores occurring in the anorthosite, rich in titanic acid. 
 
 Ttiiniship (if' ClurtKi-jj — Ritiiije /., Lnt 'j. 
 
 This deposit t)ceurs in anorthosite which is associated with (|uartzose 
 gneiss at the edge of the Morin area. Although containing a good 
 deal of disseminated u'on ore and locally considered to be of value, in no 
 part of the deposit was the ore found to Ije sulliciently concentrated to 
 be of economic importance. 
 
 Toirniihi}) iif Kilkenny — lixni/' I'll., Lot 7. 
 
 This doj)osil is an impure ochre or limonite, occurring near the edge Kilkiimv. 
 of the Morin anorthosite and apparently dei'ived from the alteration 
 of iron-pyrites, which occur as an iitipregiiation in a band of anoithosite 
 intei'colated in the gneiss near ttu! limits of the main area. The band 
 of rock through which this limonite is distributed has a considerable 
 width, but could not be exai;iiiied e\ery where at the time of my \isit, 
 t)wing to the fact that the forest coveiing the hill was on (ire. No 
 mass of tlu^ iron ore over (jiie foot in thittkness could be found, and the 
 deposit, I should judge, is valueless as a scmrce of iron. 
 
 A specinuMi of the limonite collected by me was examined by l)r. 
 Hoffmann, and was found to contain : — 
 
 ^^etallil• irnii 
 
 Iiisiilulilc matter 
 
 .■_'.)'7:i |)i'i' I'int. 
 . Liirgi' iunniint. 
 
 It also contained a considerable amount of manganese, but no 
 titanium. 
 
Ill 
 
 (iUKHKC. 
 
 11=' 
 
 KIMmp 
 
 Hii;,' ore ill 
 .l(ilii-tt<'. 
 
 7'oiriis/iip iif /{Ifdttrc -h'ini(/r J\'.. Lul II. 
 
 Oil t.liis Int. a ilcptisit (if hi)^ iniii oi'i! wus (^xjiiisihI in ili^;^iiij^ ii iliaiii. 
 
 A trciieli tlirci^ t'eol. deep was cut, tliniugh tlic iron ore without 
 rcacliiii^ till' li<il.li(iiM of tJic (i(>|iii.sil, and it. was cxposi'd in llic ilraiii 
 for a distances of aiiout tliii'ty fccti. 'I'lic di^posit is probably of < on- 
 sid(Mai)l(i size and tlio oro is similar in cliaract.cr to that so extensively 
 svorkiMl and smelted further east in the district of Three IJivers. 
 
 A lar;;e deposit of iio<{ ore also occurs on the lini^ of the Canadian 
 Pacific Kailway ln'tween .loliette and St. (iaiiriel de Itrandon, in the 
 County of .foliette. This has been examined by Mr. ( liroiix.* TIh! 
 Canadian Iron l^'iirnace Co. has \vork(!(l this deposit .iiid expected lo 
 take out about l'OO car loads in I'^Dl. 
 
 Thia company has al.so worked a deposit on ran^'es 1 1 1. ami l\'. of 
 the township of .Tolielte. That, on rani,'e 111. is considered tu lie one 
 of the lH^st hitherto opmie 1 uji liy the conipaiiy. Jt \aries from Iweivtr 
 to eij.;hteen inches in thickness and is about thn^; chains wide bv li\-e 
 loni;. 
 
 All throuj^h the .loliette district, at. intervals from tlu; Laurentiaiis 
 to the St. Lawreiure, d(>posits of boj^ ore hav(> been discovered, and 
 more or less has been takiiii out at a ^reat many ditl'erent points. The 
 (juality and richness of the ore is found to vary greatly from jilace to 
 place. The Canada lion l<\irnace Co. received from this district 
 during the years l.S'.Ci, KS".) I and \WT) about, CiOOO tons of this ore. 
 
 The occurrence of bog iron ore at other points in the drift of the 
 south-castisrn portion of the area is r(>f(>ried t.o in i\\v (ieolo^y of 
 Canada (ISti;!), |i. OSfi, as follows: — 
 
 "Within four or live miles of th(^ viilagi; of Industry (•loliette), 
 tliere are several places in which bog iron ohm.s im^t with. OncMif these 
 is partly in the township of Kildare, and jiartly in the ,\ugin(>ntation 
 of the seigniories of Lanoraie and l)a,utraye, coiii]irising a supcM-ficics of 
 about nine scpiare miles ; audit exhibits patches of ore in so many of 
 the parts which have been cleared of forest, as to lead to the hope that 
 it may become profitable. Amfing otluM- localities in tliis region, the on? 
 is found on the line between the first, and second ranges of Kildare, 
 
 *Siiiiiiiiaiy Ki'|«iil i>l' till' Oiiciiitidiis '.f till- < ifnlcijfii!;i| Siu\cy for the yiar IM'.ll, 
 p. 43 a. , ' 
 
 Silimiiaiy {{cpurt uf Uic OiMiations nf llii' ( iculoi^u^nl Survey fur tlic ycitr l.HH:.', 
 1 1. 4» A. 
 
:!i| 
 
 KtuNoMic (;i;(»i,iMiv. 
 
 1 I'. .1 
 
 (III tlif suvciitli Mild ci^'litli liils ; iiiitl mi (li(> scxcntli lut, cm ihc 
 I'oad Ix'twccii till' t'durtli ami tit'lh iiiiii,'t's. <)llM'r lociilif ics where llie 
 cue WHS (ihserved were in (Nile Ste. I'liiielie and ('cilcSte. Iiosc; luil 
 lliese |HiitiiiiiM Ihmiil; still in |)ai'l comtciI witJi wood, it is ditliciill t > 
 deteriiiiiii! tlie extent of the ore, alliimif^h i( appears to lie con^idei- 
 alile. l''mi.h(M' to I he east, tiiis ore was also met with l.etweeii the 
 rivers Ste. Marie iind Acliii,'aii and ;il the Sei;,'nic)r\ ol' liachen.iye, 
 
 A dejiosit of ii'nn cichi-e, of a dark yellow colour, was ohservod on Oclni'. 
 the road lietween ranges II. .'iml III. of the lownshiji of Kildare, 
 ahoiit. tlOO yards north east, of the point, where (he road from the 
 villaj,'!' of S(,. Aiiiliroise cle Kildare erossi's this raiii,'e-iiiie. It 
 oeeiirs in the sandy drift, which covers this distriiit, and was exposed 
 in .111 exca\ at ion alioiil three feet deep. Kor a foot, from the surface 
 the ochre is impure, Iteim,' mixed wilii a i^'ood deal of sand, hut liejow 
 this, as far as exposed, it was of a purer characlcr. 
 t,;,/,/. — 
 
 .\l inteiMils duriti;^ the past thirty years or more, locations ""M- 
 lia\f iicen taken ii|) at \arioiis points in this (list rici and worked tor 
 ijold. These, wliic'h are situated principally in llie township:; cif 
 C'hei'i.scv and Kildare, were xisilcd and examined. None of ilic^in 
 were promisin;; in a|ipearanoe, hut with a. view of clclcrmininu con- 
 clusively th(» presence or ali.sence of i,'old, a nuinhcr cjf circfuily 
 selected speeimens from s(>vefal of them were collected .ind haniled to 
 l>r. Iloirmaiin to assay. They were found to lie unit'oriniy Iimii c>n. 
 As these deposits, however. lia\(' .ittraeted much attention in the 
 locality, and are still r'efei'ied to .is "Lr^ld mines," a few short notes 
 coticerniiii,' them may ho of \alue. 
 
 The lirst j,' roup of liic'se I xaiions is in the lounsliiji of Kild;iic>, at 
 or ne;ir (he coiil,;ic-l of the Morin .•iiioit hosile with the Laiircnl i.iii 
 f^iieis-^, which latter here runs up as a toni,'Uc into the anoit hosiic., 
 .and is surrounded on three sides Ity th(datter. llie following tour 
 occiirri iiccs IicIoiil; to it.; - 
 
 T<iii-iislii fi (if Chi rlsii/ /i'liiii/i /!'., /,<-/ //. 
 The county rock is anordiosile, wliicji here proliiidcs ihrouLcli the ( h, pt^.y, 
 drift as a knoll. This anorthosite is travtn'sed hy small (|U;irt/ veins, 
 and liotli the anorthosite and the tpiart/. veins in places ccuitaiii ,i 
 consid(M'alile amount of pyritc^ f^ivinj; to the wcathi'red surface of the 
 rock a very rusty ajipe.irance. .\ Ljood deal of wiu'k was done here 
 aliout forty years a;^(> hy a local c()in|>any, and the loc'atimi was then 
 ah.'indoned. Two sets of specimens selected, oii" to represent the 
 10 
 
 •1 .'- 
 
 k 
 
Kil.hir.'. 
 
 UG .1 
 
 I^UKIIKC. 
 
 IP' 
 
 inoro pyritit'erous aiul tlic oliur 1'..^. laoic (,ii.ii l/osc portimis of the 
 (Ifjxisit, Wfif, when assayed, found to contain neitlitT yuld nor silver. 
 
 Toivuxhiji of ('lii'rtxi'jj — lidiKjr r., fjiit /■'. 
 
 The country rork is line-graiiu'd anorthosite, in which theie aic a 
 great numhci' of hands and strings of a coarse-grained anorthosite, 
 vai'ying from an inch to two feet in width, .'ind containing in many 
 places disseminated iron pyrites. This latter constitulcs the "ore.'' 
 The location was worked for tiu'ee years, aiioul, thirty years ayo, and 
 some eleven thousantl dol!ar.s are stated to have heen expended. The 
 principal .voiking consists of a shaft ."lO feet deep. A certain amount 
 of surface woi-k was al-o done on the face of a clitl' of the anorthosite. 
 
 The rock, having been raised, was carted a distance of aliout a 
 mile to the bank of the River Ouareau, where it was treated in a mill 
 erected at that point. This, at tlie time of my visit, was fast going to 
 decay. It contained a battt-ry of five stamps as well as ten amalga- 
 mating pans. Some gold is stated to have been obtained, although 
 the quantity was insuUicient to pay expenses. A series of specimens 
 were collected from the viuious parts of the exjiosure worked, with a 
 view to representing an avei'age of the "ore" which could with care 
 be obtained. These were assayed by \)v. HoU'mann, and were found to 
 contain neither gold nor silver. 
 
 J\)tr))s/il/) ('/' C'/ii'r/s('i/-—/iaii!/' V., Lot 7. 
 
 ( hi tlie south-western poi-tion of this lot there is a clifl'of bluish 
 gray (piartzite with interstratified iiands of white (piart/.ite, l)(>th rocks 
 C(.ntaining in places a little pyrite. This rock has not been assayed, 
 but is very lean in appearance. 
 
 . Toifnahip iij Cli'i'txiy N<(ii</e V II., Lot ',). 
 
 Near ^\\o northern end of the lot the anorthosite is ti'aversed by 
 many veins of whiter and bluish (piart/, the largest st^en being three 
 feet in width. One of these veins has been o[)ened up bul there are 
 no indications of the presence of gold to wai'rant further expenditure. 
 
 Toiciin/iij) (if l\ilditv<' — RaiKjc, IX., Lot 0. 
 
 On this lot a pit 2.") feet deep was sunk about thirty years ago. 
 
 The rock work;d for gold consists of white and grayish ([uartz, ( ccur- 
 ring as veins in the red and gray gneiss of the district, and conform- 
 
ErONOMIC (iKOI,0(;V. 
 
 It- .1 
 
 iiig in 11 jieiieral way to the direction of their foliation. Thcte f<oiin'- 
 limcs attain a width of two feet but present no indication of the pre- 
 sence of any precious metal. 
 
 Ain/ini'iitaliiin. iif Ki/dare — liatuje IV., Lot ■'>. 
 
 The I'oi'k here consists of a more or less impure crystalline^ limestone Ainfiin'iitn- 
 assoriated with a gray ([uartzose gneiss. iJoth contain in places little Ki'iil'iri' 
 specks of pyrite or i)yrrhotite. A good deal of work has hesn carried 
 on .it diilcieiit times. This was commenced by ]\Ir. Dupuis, of 
 .loliette, wild many ytNirs ago foinicd a company and put u]) a hatt( ly 
 of ii\(' stamps, with amalgamators and other appliances, lie worked 
 the pyiitiferous gneiss and states that he obtained gold from it but 
 not in paying (juantities. 
 
 At tin- time of my visit in 1888, operations had been resumed and were 
 being cariii'd on by a small lo a! company. TIk^ workings consisted of 
 a shaft about L''» feet deej) and two short tunnels, the second of these, 
 in a band of crystalline limestone tliinked on either side by gneiss. 
 Three .sets of .sjtecimens were collected for assay ; the first being some 
 of the gneiss originally worked by .Mr. Dupuis; the second from the 
 roof near the entrance to the second tunnel al)ove mentioned, from a 
 spot from wiiich samples assayed in Chicago were stated to iiave yielded 
 $160 of gold to the ton ; the third from the east wall of the same 
 tunnel at its end. 
 
 These three .sets of specimens we;e separately assayed by Dr. HofiF- 
 manii, and were f(jund to contain neither gold nor silver. 
 
 Tiie rocks worked at tliis locality are not such as either from their 
 character oi- mode of occurrence might be supposed to contain gold in 
 paying quantities, and the result of the assays as given above shows 
 the corrtH'tness of these negative indications. 
 
 TownMp of Kairdim — RdiKjn VII., Lot J7. 
 
 A small excavation has here been made in rusty-weathering garneti- Hawdim. 
 ferous gneiss, which in some cases is micaceous and holds small strings 
 of pyrite. The rock was stated to have been assayed and to have 
 yielded gold in varying proportions. 
 
 Specimens collected, however, were assayed by Dr. Holi'mann, and 
 found to contain neither gold nor silver. 
 
\i6 .1 
 
 VUKHEC. 
 
 Ti>irtiMltl/i iif /iitirifmi Rinifff I'/., l.nt 2.^. 
 
 A hiinilar rusty- weatlierinj;; garnetiferous gneiss oftPii liolding a 
 little grajjliite and some pyrito. Tlie latter iiiineral is sometimes 
 present in eonsiderable amount. A series of specimens representing 
 the average of a band (»f this rock about six feet in width were col- 
 lected, but were found by Dr. Mf)IVmann, as before, to contain neitlier 
 gold nor silver. 
 
 Tiiirushij) iij Calhcai'l' Raiujf I'., Lu). S. 
 
 Cathciirt. A gneiss, white on the fresh fracture, i)i:t for the most part so 
 
 decomposed that excavations for foundations and other purposeH 
 several feet in depth have been chopped in it by means of an axe. 
 The decomposed lock looks tike a hard ochre and contains in j)hices 
 dissemiiiate(i graphite. It was found b\ Dr. HoH'mann to contain 
 neither gold nor silver. 
 
 " Iai Barrii'i'i' "-- Toirnshiii nf Ci>iircel/fs. 
 
 L:i l^arricii-. Near the south corner of the townslii]) of Courcelles, on the ,Mat- 
 
 tawin road, a few hundred y irds noith of the line between Tracy and 
 Courcelles, there is another "gold mine " at a place called " La Uar- 
 riere." A good deal of work has been done here by the " Compagnie 
 des mines d'oi- de Miittawin."' .\ small <|iiart/. \ein from si.\ to eii.'ht 
 inches wide and holding a little ]iyri'hotite was first worked, but sub- 
 sequently a trench was excavated down the face of the gneiss cliff, in 
 which the above-mentioned vein occurred, but without follf)wiiig any 
 well defined vein. The gneiss is gray or sometimes white, often 
 garnetiferous, and sometimes holds a little j)yrrliotite and pyrite. It 
 is stated that some specimens fiom this locality, a.ssayrd in the United 
 States, have been returned as containing gold to t!c value of •'^4.34 to 
 the ton. Others hokling less gold are stated to have contained 
 several ounces of silver to the ton. Samples collected l)y Mr. (iiroux 
 at the mine, and others of the tjuartz assayed in the United States and 
 returned as containing considerable quantities of both gold and silver, 
 were assayed by Dr. Hoffmann in the laboratory of the Survey and 
 were found to contain only a trace of gold and no silver.* 
 
 Oriiji/i iffi. — 
 
 <;i;ii)liiti\ This mineral often occurs in considerable amount, in the rusty- 
 
 weathering gneiss of certain parts of the area, especially in the eastern 
 
 *Snmiiiiii'y H.i«irt of tlif Opciatiniis nf the (Jenlogiciil Survey for 1.S!i1, ]>. 4.'< A. 
 
w 
 
 KCONOMH' <iEOI,()iiV. 
 
 149 .1 
 
 |M)iii()ii of tlif l()\vii.slii|> (tf Hiiwdon, N.N.K. <if tin- villajje of lliiwdoii, 
 (iml oti the continuation of tlio strike of theHe rocks to tlic riortli in 
 the township of Catiiciirt, lis well iis still fuilhcr norlii on ilif JJiver 
 Assumption. At non(! of thtj hx-uliticss in thi.s part of llio aica, how- 
 ever, was the ;,'raphite found in sutHcicnt abun(hince to make the 
 deposit of economic importance, thtiugli the geoloj^ical conditions are 
 such as to rcndci' the (iiscovery of valuable deposits of graphite in this 
 district hi^^hly |)rol)aljle. 
 
 On the western side of the area, i^rapliitic gneiss was observed on 
 the Devil's Hiver, in the western corner of th»i township of Archam- 
 bault, while extensive deposits of graphite are known in the extreme 
 south-west portion of the area embraced by the accompanying map, in 
 (irenviile and the atljacent to\vnshi{)s. These latter are n^fer'ied to in 
 previous re|)orts of the (lohjgical Survey (See (Jeology of Canada, 1 fOVA, 
 p. 794), but were not visited by me since, as has been mentioncid, ihe 
 survey of this corner of tlu; area was carried out by l)r. I'^lls. I'^mther 
 reference to them will be found in his re[)oi't. 
 
 Apatite. — 
 
 Deposits of this mineral are also known to exist in the south-western Aiiatite. 
 cornel- of the area, and will be referred to in Dr. EUs's report. The 
 only occurrence of ajiatitc known in the remaining portion of the area 
 is that on range I., lot ."i."}, of the township of Cartier. Hcmc two 
 openings, each about eight feet deep, have been made, f)n a coarse- 
 grained granite vein six feet ' ide, cutting grayish garnetiferous gneiss. 
 This vein consists essentially of (juartz. white to dark-brown in colour, 
 with while orthoclase, biotite and nmscovite, the largest crystals of the 
 latter being four inches in diameter. Apatite, tourmaline and garnet 
 occur in smaller amount. One small crystal of {)ale-green beryl was 
 also observed. The apatite is found in small crystals, but not in sutli- 
 cient abundance to enal)ie the vein to be piofitably worked, and th(! 
 hopes entertained that the (juantity of the mineral would increase on 
 going down on the vein were not realized. The black tourmaline 
 has all through the district been mistaken for co;il, and the deposit is 
 connnonlv referred to as a "coal mine.-" 
 
 Mii-a. — 
 
 Ij(v (hifiriini . 
 
 Mica in large sheets is found at a number of places in the parish of Mica. 
 St. D «nat aljout Lake Ouareau. At the time of my visit, in l!-!S7, it had 
 
 \l 
 
 ;L^' 
 
150 .1 
 
 yUKlIM'. 
 
 Ml 
 iir 
 
 
 H'f 
 
 1 
 i '1: 
 
 lllfllnlll'illl 
 • ■lUtll. 
 
 I iiirni't rock. 
 
 not iM't'n found in [)l»icc, Imt wn.s turned up U\ considiTiililf i|UatititieM 
 by lilt! t'iiiniurs wlicn plou;{hiiij{ in iciliiin lirld.s. Spec inn-ns ohtiiined 
 from one t»t' thcsf localities, whoro tho road running clown the west 
 slior<- ot' liiic ( )iiiii't>uu croNseH tho 1 Itli riin;;t> of tlic township of 
 Cliilton, when exuinined proved to lit- phlogopi »'. 
 
 Kifdiin-, Hniiiji \'l I., I. "I /,.'. 
 
 Phluf^opite occurs on this lot, sciitturetl through a pyroxcnt' nuk ton- 
 taining quart/, felspar, and a little tourmaline. Sheets six by eight 
 inches in si/e have been obtained. An opening has been nuide in the 
 deposit and a sni;dl amount of mica shipped. 
 
 Infiisitriiil A'ltrt/i. — 
 
 A .•■mall deposit is mentioned i)y Mr. (iiioux as oi-uurring mar a 
 small lake u few miles north of Chert.sey, where the farmers use it 
 fill' whitewashing their buildings. 
 
 (lani't Rtii'k. — 
 
 iiaiids of highly garnetiferous gneiss are found at many localiiies 
 within this area, associated with rusty-weathering gneiss, ((uartzite, 
 and crystalline limestone. .\t two loi-alities these are associated with 
 bands of granular garnet rock, sufliciently thii-k to be of etnnoniic 
 value. 
 
 'I'lie lirst of these localities is on tiic rear of lot 2U of range \'ll. 
 of the township of Rawdon, where several beds of a rock composed 
 \eiy largely of a red garnet, occur inters! ratified with a tine-grained 
 gariietiferous gneiss and white ([uartzite, the largest of the garnet beds 
 being about two feet thick. Some portions of tlie.se beds con.«ist of 
 almost pure garnet, while in others this niinernl is ini.xed with a little 
 .part/, felspar and dark mica. A few blasts have been jiut in at this 
 locality, but the deposit lu.s not been worked as yet, although an 
 abundance of garnet is to bu obtaine<l. The microscopic characters of 
 the rock are described on page 84 .r. A still purer variety of the garnet 
 rock in beds of considerable thickness occurs on the atljacent lot, No. 
 l21 of range VII. of Rawdcm, but these have not been opened up as 
 yet. The other locality is one mentioned many years ago by Sir 
 William Logan (Report of Progress, 1853-56, p. 4.')), and referred to 
 by him as follows : — 
 
 "On the west side of the crystalline limestone at St. Jt'-nime, beds 
 of garnet-rock are interstratitied among the (juart/ite of the locality. 
 
KCiiMiMIC (JK.OLOiiV. 
 
 IM I 
 
 Thny vjiry in tlicir conipusiticm, mid soniftimos consist of ii ntinilicr of 
 liyiu'irilli ifd f»iiriu'ts wratlicriii;; |ii(ii<, with yf'ilowisli wliitf pi'isnis uf 
 <lii>])Ni(lo, iiinnii^' whii'li arc pn>st>nt siiiiill gniiiis of greeniHli tVls|iur 
 wcathcriii;; opa(|iu' white, a few minute si-iiles of (graphite and still 
 fcwcc and nion^ Ijiilliant 1)1 ick grains snpp(»snd tr) he scliurl. Tn s(»ni<> 
 layeiw thi- irafnels ahnost •■xciudo tJie other iiiiniTals, ixit many varia- 
 tions (iceiir in iht- proportions in which they are disseminated, in 
 paiaUel undulating; iiands, in the thi kness of the four or live feet 
 cnmposin;,' the escarpment in which they are exposed, the hands heinj? 
 sejiarated hy thin divisiinis of <|iiai't/.ite and felspar. < *ii the whole 
 the f^arnets greatly prevail, and vvoulil appeur to he in sutlicient tpiaii 
 tity for oconomic application.' 
 
 ('ri/sfa/lin" /Ami'fifinie. — 
 
 The heasy hands of cryslalliiie limestone which occur in many parts 
 of the area and wlio.se dixtrihuiion has already hci-ii referred to, have a 
 very considerable economic valu(Mis well as a hi^di scieiiiilic interest. 
 .\lthoii;;h ton coarse in uraiii t()aff'or(i a i,'i"id ipiality of marlile, and the 
 local demand tor huildiiij,' ^to|le he iij,' very limited, tiie limestone is 
 ill many i)laces hiiined for lime, the local reiniiremeiits heinj; larjLjely 
 supplied in this way, especially in the remote districts in ihe rear of 
 the area, which lie far from the I'alan/oic liiiie.tonos hordeiin;,' the St. 
 Lawi'eiice. 
 
 Near St. Sauveur, in the Aiijj;meiitalioii of Millo Isles, the coarsely .st. .Sum- n. 
 crystalline hluish-white limestone, wl.icli here appears in very large 
 exposures, has been burnt at inter\als for many years, the suitability 
 of the I'lii'k for the jii-fiduction of lime havinj; been pointed out to the 
 farmers in that settlement by Sir William Lo^'aii in the early years of 
 the Canadian Survey. 
 
 n 
 
 118 
 
 rr>>f,iii;in.' 
 
 hiii'»t. tiH. 
 
 At Lake Ouareau, about the rear-line of the township of (.'liilion, as 
 lias been mentioned (p. -.'5.i), a heasy band of similar liiiievione was 
 discovered formiii!,' the greater part of two islands situated about half 
 way up the lake and iieir its west shore, and also exposed elsewhere 
 in the vicinity. The settlement here wa«, before this discovery, very 
 remote from all known sources of lime, the iiece.s.sary su[»pii»' • of tliis 
 material being drawn from St. .Ii'rome. a distance of forty miles, over 
 roads not always of the best. The inhabitants of the district will now 
 build kilns and burn their own lime. To the west at St. Jovite. in 
 the township of iJe Salaberry, crystallin<' limestone is also burned, anil 
 in course of time the band which has been mentioned as passing down 
 Trembling Lake will probably be similarly utilized. 
 
 Oiiiirc.ui. 
 
 St. .I'Ti'UllO. 
 
 . 
 
i:>-2 J 
 
 Kiiwil<iii. 
 
 I'liiriiil f' 
 liii.i-, 
 
 glKIIKC. 
 
 'I'h*' liiiD'stuiiits III tlir tiiist lit' tlii> Miiriii luini'tliiiMitK in'cii iir'c hIho 
 I'liiiu'd at (I miinlicr nf |ilin<>s. TImto arc kilns (in lot l.'8 of rivn^»! X. 
 lit' Kiiwdon, anil uImi mi lot 'JS ut' ranxo XI. of tli« Naiiii> towtisliip, for 
 \sliirli the very rxlfiisiM- linioMtonc (l<'|)i)sitM of that lucality aro 
 utili/<(l. Till' linn' jiiiiiliifi'd is <ai(l to Ix; rather dark inooionr, hut clean 
 and vi'iv stroiij,', haidi-nin;; int(t a siirt of I'tMiient. On the northern 
 contiiuiatiiin <it' ihr Name litnd in i he townsld|i of (Jatheart, tlin lime- 
 -.tone is liiirned at several points in the vicinity of St. C-'onie. One of 
 the principal kilns is situated on lot w-'t of ran^'e IX., and hnn a capacity 
 of lUtt hushels. To burn this charge, aliout .si.x crords of wood is 
 rei|uired, which is in he iihiained foi' lifty cents a cord ; lirinii heing 
 ccintinued for three days and nij,dits. The lime, which is pure, clean 
 and slroni;, sells for •■jl.UO per harac (nLv hushels). .Another kiln is 
 situated on lot '27 of ran>{e .\I, of the same township. 
 
 The limestones at many other jioints ahove referi'ed to in dtisci'ihin;,' 
 their distrihulion. wmdd also allord al)un(lant supplies of excellent 
 lime. It may lie mentioned, howivcM', iJiat the lime yielded hy these 
 liaurentian limestones is not as a ^iciu^ral rule so suitahle for the liner 
 piasters used in interior work as it is for mortar for hrick and masonry, 
 lieiny usually dirker in colour than that oiitained from the I'aheo/.oic 
 limestones of the plidns, and often somewhat "sandy," on account of 
 impurities contained in the rock. 
 
 Morhh.- 
 
 \ 
 
 .Miiii.l.. In arldition to the limestones ahove mentioned, which have been 
 
 liurnt tor lime, two occurrences of limestone have been worked as 
 marlile. 
 
 The first of these is situated in tht? township of Cathcart, nitar the 
 line between lots S and !• of range \']., and was opened for marble in 
 18S1 by Messrs. (iuibault and Dupuis of t/oliette and Mr. William 
 liurns of Ivaudon. An excavation about .'50 feet by 40 feet was made, 
 and \Miik was then sus))ended. Some .s{)ecimens of marbl(> of a ji;oo(l 
 quality and taking a good polish are said to have been obtained. An 
 examination of the location, however, show.s that the marble, which is 
 medium to rather coarse in grain, is mixed up with bands and strings 
 of a green serpentine and of a gray pyroxene rock, the latter seriously 
 impairing its value as a marble. The (juantity also appears to be 
 limited. The pyroxene, which occurs in the form of a granular 
 aggregate somewhat resembling marble in appearance, is a malacolite 
 having a .specilic gravity of '-V'l'I^ and containing 52-4iS per cent of 
 
1 
 
 KCONfiMIr i.KOLOiiV 
 
 iri;J ,1 
 
 Hilii'ii, witli a little uluiiiiiia urid triici's nt' irmi iiriil iiiaiiL;iiii(tH<>. Tin' 
 htM'iii-htiiii- is (it>r'ist.'<i t'i'uiii the iiltt'iiitiun ut' tliis pyrnxfiD', and uivii Iw 
 He«M to gradually paMN into it in many plac*«M. It is Noniftitues lif^ht- 
 grt't'n and sfinii'tinics dicp^rt-en in i'dIuui', and fr')'i|ucntly luns tlir<in;;li 
 til" |iyr<ixrnc, dividing; it ii|) into fiTian;{ular ari'as scparatrd \>y nar- 
 row wrpiMitino siuiins, ^{ivin;^ tlic r<K'l\ a sonmwliat Hliihin^ appcar- 
 ance. A littln hrown mica, tourmalim- and iron-pyritGH iiro HH«>n in 
 Home specimonH. 
 
 Another marl)lt', ijuitc dill'Trnl in t-liaractcr and a^t', o<;eurs aixiut a 
 mile from St. liin, on l\n' road to Ntnv (ilasj{o\v. 'I'lu' rock Imlonys to 
 the Clia/y t'oiination and is exposed wlicic u small stream tributary 
 to L'Aoluji.in Uivor cuts tliroii>,'li tlic diit't and lays liarc llic undnr- 
 lyini,' rock. The marble is produced iiy tiic altei-ation of tlie Chuzy 
 limestone l)y an inteicolated sluH-f of trap which occu[>ies the hod of 
 tlie stream. It is red in colour and forms a thin layer ovt^r the traps. 
 The mai'hie has been <pi:ir'ried to a limited extent, hut work had Ihm'Ii 
 8U.spende*i at the tim*> of my visit. The trap, wiiich has a sointtwhat 
 unusual composition, has already been referred tu in desei'ibin;c the 
 dykes of tlie area (p. l.'iH .1). 
 
 <l imrlliii.tilr, 
 
 This rock, although it has l»(!en but little used fui' building purpcses, .\ii,,rtliiiHit.% 
 nught in many cases be employed with advantage for (U^corative con- 
 sti'uction. It may bt> obtained in unlimited amount in the Morin 
 area, of any colour fi'om deep violet t(» white. The opalescent varieties 
 occur but sparingly in this district. To judge of its appearance when 
 cut and polished, two large blocks, one of the violet and one of the 
 white \ariety were collected, and six-inch cubes were prepanid from 
 them. Th'.'se wt!re exhibited in the Colonial and Indian Hxhibition 
 held in London in 1880. The violet, variety was collected on the east- 
 ei'n side of range II. of the townslr'p of Morin, and when polished 
 ])resented a hamisome appearance, but was rather dark in colour. 
 The white \ariety, which was taken from the large exposures at New 
 (ila.sgow, took a high polish, and in this state was found to beai' a 
 striking resemblance to marble. It is more dithcult to work than 
 marble, but would be moic tlurable and would retain its polish better, 
 esp(!cially in exposed situations, and might well be employed foi' many 
 purposes in construction. 
 
 On account of its toughness and dui'aliility, this white anorthosite pavini. stone 
 from New (Jlasgow has been extensively used for paving stones in the 
 
 , 
 
I J^n 
 
 Hi 
 
 IM .1 
 
 i^UKIIKC. 
 
 rity (if .^I^^||^«•^I. nsftvially mi stivfts wlicio lliPi'f In n li<>uvy tmltic. 
 A iiiiiiiImt <it' Miiiiill (|iiiiiiii's hii\c Imm-ii ii|ii'nctl in tlii' vicinity of 
 N«w OlitHgdw, whiln II l(ii>,'iM' (iiif in i)p«>nitfMl hImiuI two iiiilt's to tlie 
 iinitli of tlio villiiyc. The Nlonc is hliiNtcd out in liir)(<' blocks mid is 
 tlii-n lirt'SHcd to tin- r('i|iiiifd si/c liy nifiins nt" liir;,'i« liiiiiimciM. Tim 
 iiiduHiry whicli iuiN tiius n|iniii;,' up is Moiiicwlnit <<xtrnHiv(> ; up to the 
 time of my Iiihi viMit in AuKUst, IHH\, •)4 1,000 iinorthosite piivinji 
 lilorks hiiviri;; iM-cn >hipprd lu Monticjil liy mil. 
 
 IH 
 
Ml'MMAK\ iiK AKl'II.KAN UKOI.OfiV. 
 
 Iftfl 
 
 SIMMAHY <»|- AUCII/KAN (JKol.tMiY. 
 
 I. Till' Aifliii'iin rocks iti tliis iiipu iin« tif LauffHtiiiH iiff. luid an* in 
 |)(iil rcl't'iiililf to tln^ (iii'iiv illf Sciitm iitxl in purt tu tlif I'limlii 
 
 IllCllttli (lIM'iHH. 
 
 ■_', TIh' <trt'iiviili' SiM'ios contiiins ynfisscs, as wi'll as linicstoncs and 
 <|uai't/.i(<>H, wliii'h iiri^ ol; ai|uri>us origin, litising llii' clii'iiiiriil coni- 
 pDMition and tlii' Htratigraiiliical attiludt* of Hi'diiiirntary rockn, 
 Willi tlu'st* ant intiniatfiy iiHMooiated, liuwuvcr, other gn<MHH«>.s 
 wliicli art' of igneous origin. 
 
 .'{. Tlie I'lindamcntal (inciss consists largely, if not exclusively, of 
 igiifoiis rocks in wliicli a handing or foliation lias Im'cm induced 
 liy inovtMnents caused Ijy juessure, 
 
 {. IJotli series are penetrated l»y vaiious igneous masses, nf which tlie 
 most important are great intrusions of anorthosite, a rock of 
 the gal)liro family, cliaracte ized l»y a great preponderance of 
 plagioclase. This rock is in pla<cs pt-rfectly massive, l)Ut gener- 
 ally exiiiliits the iri'egular structure which is so often ohservcd in 
 galibros and which is iirought ahout liy a variation in the si/c of 
 the grain or the relative proportion of the constituents fnan 
 place to place. Tn addition to this origitial structure, the rock 
 almost, always shows a peculiar piotodastic, catachistic <ii' granu- 
 lated structure which is especially well seen in the foliated xai'ie- 
 ties. This differs from the structure characteristic of dynamic 
 metamorphism in the great mountainous districts of the world, 
 having hccn produced liy movements in the I'ockniass while this 
 was still deeply buried in the crust of the earth and probably very 
 hot — perhaps near tlie melting ]ioint. 
 
 i). The same gr'anulatcd sti'ucture i.s also stsen in all those gneisses 
 which h.ive been formed from massive igntious rocks by dynaiuic 
 movements. 
 
 (>. The Hne-grained a(|ueous locks of the Laurentian, on the other 
 hand, hav(( been alti- ed chielly by a process of recry-talli/ation. 
 
 7. The "Upper Laurentian" or "Anorthosite (iioup' of Sir William 
 Logan does not exist as an independent geological series — the 
 anorthosite, which was considered to bi' its princijial constituent, 
 
inr, ., 
 
 yUKIlKC. 
 
 lii'irii,' an intrusive rci-k, and its icniaihini; rn(Mnln'is l)cluri;,'inj{ to 
 I lie <iic;i\ I'll! Scries. 
 
 N. In all ciiHes of supposed uncont'inniaiile Mi|ier|»».siti(in of I lie anor 
 llinsite upon tlie hiiuientian >,'iieis,ses, wliidi have i.een carefullv 
 iiiv(rsli;,ai,e(l, the unronl'oiriialiiiit y is found to lie due tointru- 
 * sion. 
 
 '.». Tlie anorlJKisites ,uc proliahly of pre (.'auilirian ajrc, and seen <o 
 liave heen intruded aliout tlio close of I lie i.aui'eiitian. 
 
 1". 'I'lie Canadian .anortliosiles are identical in (rliaracter witli tlie 
 anorlliositi' associati.'d with the Arcluean rocks of the Tnittsd 
 States, Noisvay, i{uH>.ia and K;,'ypt. Tlii! Norw(!},'iaii occurrences, 
 huwcNcr, are pioliahly more recent in aijc than thos(' of (Janada. 
 
If 
 
 ANold llnslIKS OK CANADA. 
 
 ir.; 
 
 Al'I'FAKIX I. 
 
 Iiiii:i( A Ti'iiK l{ i;i,\i INC ro ihk Anoiciikisiiiis ur Canxha. 
 
 Aduiiis, l''ruiik l>.: 'I'Iji- AiKntliositc lincks ut' (.'luiadu, I'inc, lirit. 
 Ass. .\(lv. Sf.. ISSd. 
 
 On I lie ri('s«MMc of Zones of ( 'citain Silicatrs alioiil t lii' < *li\ inc 
 occiiirinij; in tin- .XnortliosiU- |{ocl<s from tlin l!i\rr Sayiimay. 
 Am. Nfiliiriilisl. .Nov., ISS.'), 
 
 — I'li'liniiiiary Itcports to I )ii'('c'tor of ''ic ( Irolo^jical Siir'xry of 
 (winadii on .Xnorlliosilcof Sa;,'iicnay and .Mofin urciis, Uc|i. of 
 llic (icol. Siirx. of Canada, IKS I, I KHn, 1SH7. 
 
 I Iclicr (las Noiianodcr < >licr Laiiii'niian \on Canada. N'ciic^ 
 •lalirltiicli fur .M incraio^fic, iVr., Hcfiiii;,'!' l!and \'lll., 1H!),'$. 
 Tivuisialcd in (/'anailian Hrcord of Science, <)ct., I Nil |, Jan., 
 |S1».-., July, ix'jr,. 
 
 lia(l(l(^l<^y : (ictoloj^y of a |>irlion of llie i,alirailor ( 'oast., 'i'raii*J. liil. 
 and Hi.sf. Soc. of () vhee, |Si>!l. 
 
 — (Jeol();,'y of a porl ion of I lie Sai,'llcnay histiiet. Ihi'lim, |S'_",). 
 
 I)iiil(iy and Mallliew; (leoloj^y of N(^u- I'liinswick. I!e|i. nf ilic 
 (J(M)I. Siii\. of (/'aiiada, IS70 7I. 
 
 IJaylield : Notes on the (Icoloj^'y of tlio Norlii (.'oast of tlic St. 
 Lawrence. 'I'rans. (!eol. Soc. London, Vol. \'., |S.'{.'i. 
 
 Hell, |{(i!)eit, : l!e|)oiton llie (Jeolofjy of Lak(! Iliiroii. IJep, of the 
 Ceol. Siir\. of Canada, IS7(i-77, ;). 1!»K. 
 
 — ( )liser\ at ic'is on t,!ie ( J(^o|o;,'y, .M ini'ialoi^'v, /oolo;,'\' and llolany 
 of llie lialirador ('oast, Hudson l>ay and Strait. I!e|i. of the 
 Ceol. Siirv. (.f Canada, iSSi- ,S4. 
 
 Hij^sby, Jolin : A List ' Minerals and r)ri;anie I'einaiii'^ occiiirini,' 
 in the Caiiadas. Am. Journ. Sci. (I), \'..l. \' I I I., ISL'I. 
 
 CayN^y, Ivl.: L'|. tlie liivcr .Moisie. Trans. Lit. and iiisl. Soc. of 
 <,)uehec. Vol. v., |S(;l>. 
 
 Colien, I'l.: has Laliradoiit fnlirendi- Cestein der K iisti' \on Lahiador. 
 Neues Jai 1>. fur .M ineialoj^de, ISS"), |., p. |S,'{. 
 
 Davies, W. 11. \.. Notes on l'!s(|iiiinau.\ Hay and the. sMrroimdiiii,' 
 Country. Trans. Lit. • .d Hist. Soc. of (^)uel)ec, \'o|, |\'., Isi.i. 
 
 I'iimiions, i''il).: Kenort o' tl>e Ceolo;,'y of the Second i)ist'ictof thi; 
 Stato of Now York. .Mliaiiy, ISIL'. 
 
ir)8 ,1 
 
 giiKriKc. 
 
 l''crri(>r, W . V.: Nottfs on tim Mid'ONcupic (^ImiMctcr of somh' Hocks 
 fVom (li»- ('I'Untitw of i.^uelicr aixl .Moiit-morciicy, collcctnil hy 
 .Ml. A. f. liow, 18!S'J-ltl. lifp. of the (initl. Suivoy of ("uiiiula, 
 lH!)0-i)l, L 
 
 lltill, •laiiH'N : N'otcs oil tJii- (Icoloificjil Position of till' Sci'poiitiuo 
 l.iiiicsioiic of NorUicrii Ni'w ^'o|•l^, rtr. Am. .louin. Sci. (FII), 
 \'ol. .\ll., 1S7(1. 
 
 Iluwcs, (1. W. ; ( )ii ilic I )<'t('iiiiiMiU ion of l''t'l(l.'spiir in tiiin srclion.s of 
 l!oi'l<s. I'loc. Ndtioiiiil .Miisciiiii, \\'aHliiii;,'toii, 1 MS I . 
 
 Iliiul, II. ^'.; ( »l)srr\alions on Supposed (ilacial |)rift in llic Ijaliraijor 
 I'.'iiinsiihi, etc. <^). .1. (1. S. J.in. lH(i4. 
 
 — l'i\l>ioiat ions in tlif Inlciior of (lie Lahiador I'l'iiinsiila. 
 I.iiikIiiii, ISd;!. 
 
 Iliinl, T. SliTiy : Mxaininalions of soiiir l''i'lspaliiic l{ocks. London, 
 I'M i nil. .111(1 Diiiilin I'iiil. M.i-,'., .May, ]«.")."). 
 
 — ( »ii Niiiiir ()i- Lalir.idoritc l!ock. .\in. Jouin. Sii., IH7<). 
 
 — 'I'iii' ( icoloyy of I'liri, llciiiy, New Yolk. (Canadian .Naliiialist) 
 Maivli, ISS.',. 
 
 — ( 'iini|i.iiisoii of (!M.nadiaii .\iiorlliositcs w illi (I.dilads froni Skyr. 
 |)ul)lin <i>iiai(. .louin., .Inly, ISCi.'t. 
 
 — ■ .\'.iiic Rocks. I'ai'l. I. Kcpart: of (ii'oL Survey of I'lMuisyi- 
 \ania. 1S7S. 
 
 ■ I uiniisiii, 1'.: riiiT die i,i)slield<eil des Laiir.idois von der I'aulsinsel 
 in Sal/>;iure. Neiies .lalirl). i'tw .Min. ISSI, II. j-J. 
 
 — UWer eine iieiie .M el In ide /,ui' AufMcllilcs.siin;,' der Silic.ile. I'.ef 
 DelKseii. Clieiii. ( ies. iJellin, I^IM, .\ .\ I \' . 21X 
 
 .Inkes, .1. I>.: .\(ieiieral IJepoit on tli« (ieoloi,deal Survey of New- 
 fdiiiidland, iS.'iU .|0. London, IS|;!. 
 
 Kemp, .1. I'".: Crystalline Limestones, ( )pliieaieites and ■issoeiated 
 Scl.isis of tlie j'ia.sturu Adiroiidat^k.s. liuM. (ieol. Soe. Am,, 
 \ol. \i. iS'.t.-). 
 
 — ( l;il)l)ros of I lie Western Shore of Lake ( 'liaiiipiaill. liull. (Jeol. 
 Soe. Am., \ol. W 1.^1) L 
 
 — ilhisti itions of tlie Dynamic .Mctamorphism of .Vnortliositos 
 and I'elatcd Hocks in tlie Adiroiidacks. Itull. (!eol. Soe. Am., 
 
 v..;. \ii. p. ISS, isih;. 
 
] 
 
 ANOUTIIOSITI-.S (iK I ANADA. 
 
 l.'l!> .1 
 
 
 Ijiilliiiiiiiif : AiioriliositiMil ('liatmu Kiclii'i'. Il*>]i(ii'l of llit^ |)ir('cUii' 
 of llic (l('c)l. Siiiv. i)t' ( 'iUiii la, 188"). 
 
 — l!('|M)it, (>■' »i(u>l();;itNil ( (lisorvatioiis in tlic SnginMiay Kcirioii. 
 I>'' i-. (.1' tlic V,vt>\. Smv, (if Canada, 1881. 
 
 Lawsuii, A. C: 'V\w Aimrtliosylcs ut' llic M iniicsuta f'oast of Lake 
 Supt'i'idi'. (Jt'ol. and Nat. Ili.^t. Smv. of .Miiiiifsola. IJiill. 
 No. 8, 18'.»:{. 
 
 - The Noriaii IJocks of Canada. Scirn.c, .May -Jtltli, Ls'.).'!. 
 
 Ijct'ds, ,\ll)i'i'l I!.; Notes iipiiM llic lilt lioloyy of liic .Adii-ondni'k.s. l.'illi 
 Ann. l!c|). of tlu^ New N'oik Slate .Miisfinn of N';,t. IIIhI., 
 1S7(); also .\nicrican ('licinist, .Mar<li, 1877. 
 
 r,ic'lpiT, • ). M.: |)i(' ainciikanischc a.si rononiisclii' l'i.\|i(Mlil ion ii o'li 
 Lal.iador ill' .luli, hSiU). I'dcriii. .Mittli., 18(;i. 
 
 liOt^aii, W. I")., and Jliint, T. S. : l>c|porl.s of t lie (Ji'ol. Smv . of ( 'anada 
 
 l8.')L>r)8, ISC,;;, isos). 
 
 — <)ii llic ( )ccmrcncc of ( )r;;,iiiic Itcinains in llm iiamcntian 
 Kock.s of Canada. t^>..l.( J.S., .Nov., 18(;|. 
 
 Low, .\. 1'.: ( )n tlic Misfa.s.sini ivxpcdil ion. I!c|i. of t.lic(!col. Smv. 
 of Canada, 188;"), 1). 
 
 — N()t(!.s on .Viiortliosit(! of St. Crliain, l{al l{i\cr, A'c. Simmiai'V 
 l{('[). of tlic (icol. Smv. of Canada, 18'.I(). 
 
 — .Tlic III Ill l*lx|il( ration of the Laliiador I'ciiin.sula, Cana- 
 
 di.'lll Itccoid of Si-iciicc, \'ol, \'l., No. .'i. 
 
 — l!c])oil (III llic ( Icoloj^'v and iv'oiioinic .M incials of the Soul hern 
 I'arl. of I'orliieiif, <^)iiel)e<' and Mont nioreney Coimlics, !'.(,). 
 i!i'|i. of iheCcol. Smv. ..f Canada, 18<.II)-!)1, L. 
 
 McConncll, I!, (i.; Notes on the .\ liol't llo.sit.t^ of llie Towiislli]) of 
 liraiidon. Siininia y Itcji. of llic (!eol. Siirv. of ('anada, 
 187;) 80. 
 
 ( dialski, .1. : Notes on the ( )cem'rcncc of Aiiorthosite on the lliver 
 Saj^uoiay. l!e|ioit. of t he ( loiiiiiiissioncr of ('rown liands for 
 the l»ro\iiicc of (^)ilclicc, I88;i. 
 
 Packard, A. S. : 'I'he Laliiador Coast. London, 18(51. 
 
 — ( )l).s(!r'\ atioiis on the (JlaiMa! I'lieiionicnon of Lahiviflor and 
 Maine, I'i'it, .Mem. I'osl.on Soe. Nat. Hist., \'ol. I., 18(1,"). 
 
 ' — ^ Observations on the hrift. I'lieiioinenoii of i,al)rador. Cana 
 (lian Nat,uiali.sl,, Now Series, \'ol, II. 
 
160 .1 
 
 liCEHEC. 
 
 Puyjaloii, 11. (Ic: Niiti-s on < )coiirr('iR'<' of Aiiortliosite on (hiU' of St. 
 
 Lawrence. Ucport of tiie Coninii.ssionei' of Crown Lands, 
 
 Province of Qiu'l.pc, 188;{-84. 
 Keiclit'l, L. •!.: [.ahrador, Ht'ni(M-kunfi;('n iiIkt land und L' iitc. Pe- 
 
 tcrni. .Mittli., I8(i;5. 
 Hichai'dson, .).; The (Jeoiogy of tlic virinity of Lake St. Jolm. lu'p. 
 
 of the Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1857. 
 
 — The (ieolo<,'y of tlif Lower St. Lawrence. Rep. of the Geol. 
 Surv. of Canada, l8Gl3-(i!). 
 
 UosonhusL'li, II.: Mikrosko[)isclie Physiograplio der nias.sigen Clesteine, 
 188(), p. U)\. 
 
 Kotli, J.: .VUgcnitMnc und rhi'ini.'^clio (Jeolegie, Hd. II., p. 19.^. 
 
 — "Jher das Vorkiinanicn \-on Labrador. Sitz. IJei'lin. .\kad. 
 .K.XVITL. p. Git:, 188:5. 
 
 Selwyn, .\. It. ('.: IJcjiort on the (,^uel)i'c (i roup and the Older Cry.s- 
 stalline Rocks oi Canada. Re[). of the Ceol. Surv. of Canada, 
 1877-78. 
 
 — Summary reports of the (ieol. Surv. of Canada, 1879 80. 1889. 
 
 Sehvyn, A. R. C, and J)aw,son, (J. M.: DesiM'iptivc Sketcii of the 
 Dominion of Canada. I'ulilishcd by (icol. Sui'v. of Canada, 
 188:2. 
 
 Smyth, C. }L, Jr. : < >n (!aljl)ros in the South-western Adironilack 
 Region. Am. .lourn. Sci., July, 1894. 
 
 — Crystalline Limestones and Associated Rocks of Noi'th-western 
 Adirondack Region. Bull. (Jeol. Soc. Am., Vol. V]. 189.'). 
 
 Steinhauer, M. : Note relative to the (Jeology of the Coast of Labra- 
 dor. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, \'oi. TT. 1814. 
 
 \'an llise, C. R. : Correlation Papers, .\icliaan and Ali;()nkian. liull. 
 I'. S. Geol. Survey, No. 8(;, .398. 
 
 Vennor, H. G. : Notes on the Oi'curienoe of Anorthosite. Summary 
 Rep. of the Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1879-80 ; also Rep. of the 
 Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1876-77, pp. 256-268. 
 
 Vogelsang, H. : Sur le Lal)r<adorite Colore do la Cote du Labi'ador. 
 Archives Neerlandaises, T. 111. 18()8. 
 
 Van Werveke, L. : Higenthiindicbc Zwillingsbildungen am Feldspath 
 und Diallag. Neues Jalirb. fiir Min. 1883, 11. p. 97. 
 
 Wichmann, A. : Uber Gcsteine von Labrador. Ze:t.s. d. d. (ieol. Ges. 
 1884. 
 
 Wilkins, D. J. : Notes on the Geology of the Labrador Coast. Cana- 
 dian Naturalist, 1878. 
 
 • '■1 
 
 !f! 
 
 It. 
 
THIO SMKMINli OK TITANIKRIiULS IHON OltEH. 
 
 If.l .1 
 
 APPENDIX IT. 
 
 TlIK Smi:I,TI\(; ny 'riTANIKI'.lMllS 1 1!0\ OHKH. 
 
 As the iiiioi'tliositfs in ditrcreiit }>afts of the liiiureutiiin frpiniciitly 
 ooiitiiin i,noat hodios of ii/m ore which are iiivariiihly rioli in titanium, 
 the (luestioii of tlie possihiiity of smelting sueh ures is one of gicat 
 pmctical importance in the Dominion. 
 
 Seveiiil attempts to smelt these ores liavini; proxcd nnsuccesisful the 
 de{>osits in question ha\'e been looked upon as of hut little value. 
 Some reecint investigations into th(^ eonditions undei' whieh titanifeious 
 iron ores may be protitahly smelted, hy Mr. A. .1. Hossi, have how- 
 e\er an important bearing on the subject, and .Mr Uossi's paper pre- 
 senting the results of hi.s investigation, which appeared in "The Tron 
 Age "for I'V^ljruary tUh and liOth, ISlXi, is accordingly here pivsented 
 in a slightly abridged form. It is possible that some of the less liit,'hly 
 titaniferous of these Canadian anortliosite lion ores might be worked 
 if the practice recounnendecl by Mr. ]{ossi were followed. 
 
 THK S,Mi;i,TlMi OK TIT.WI KKIiOl S IliO.N OlilCS. 
 nv A. .1. ROSSI, NEW VOUK. 
 
 Wi'ucral Connidirii/iiiiis 
 
 In a paper read at the ^b)ntreal meeting of the American Institute 
 of Mining Engineers in February, 1S!).'5,* we have iiad occasion to iicat 
 a subject which has been the canst of much controvei'sy- vi/., thesnielt- 
 ing of titaniferous ores. In this j)a])(>i-, to which we will refei' in what 
 follows, we ha\(' placed ourselves as tln^ chamj)ion !if these inut-h al)used 
 ores, and it was our good fortune in the discussion, shoi't as it ivas. to see 
 our efforts to rehabilitiite the.se ores sustained by persons who occupy 
 a prominent place in the metallurgical and scientific workl. At that 
 time we called attention t.) the fat-'t that these ores had Ix^en smelted 
 successfully in England in ISG8, for a few years, at Norton-on-Tj-ne, 
 by Dr. F(Trbes, quoting the alile paper of AVm. ^I, l5owron,t then the 
 chemist in charge of the works. In it he explains in detail the 
 metallurgical treatment, giving the composition of all the materials 
 chargefl in the furnace (Iti feet diameter at boshes and .")0 feet high), 
 
 "Vol. XXI., p. 832. 
 I.V.I.M.K., Vnl. XT., p. I.-.!). 
 11 
 
162 
 
 t^l'KHKC. 
 
 •Jl 
 
 
 fill 1 tliat of till' resulting sliii;. Ho says; "The uiict'iiaiiit y of tin? 
 importation of tlu- ores " which ciuiic from Norway " llwir U;iiii- 
 nt"<s '" (.'{r) to .'W'l per cent of iron), "find the enormous (|miii(ity of 
 titanic acid they contained "' (JJiS to lU j)er cent ), ''liiivin;^ milittited 
 serioi>ly against the connnircial economy of I lie ])roCfss after a few 
 years' working : ' hut. iis lie adds, "the process, regarded fis fi process, 
 Wfis fi perfect success. " 
 
 It wfis Wrought out in the discussion of our | fipcr thfit : "Titfin- 
 iferous ores fr nn I'fiberg ^Sweden) iiiid hcen leachiy smelted for 
 yefirs ;"" tiifii these ores are of specitil \filue, hoing usufiliy entirely 
 free from phosphoi-us ; " '• that ores containing H to (> per cent of 
 tiifinium (t< ■ .S;l to 10 per cent Tif).,) ha\e hcen regultirly used for fi 
 long time in a L-irge estiil)lislnnent in IVnnsylvanifi with very grctit 
 advfintage : " '• that tlii're were fui'naces using titanifcrous or<>s, with- 
 out heiiit; fiwfire of ii. with bcneticial results. "* These ores occur in 
 hirge deposits in tills country, "some of these dejxisits hti\ing lieen 
 plficed pro\ ideiitiiilly where they would prove the most inviting." I>r'. 
 Forhes litis stated (iiiiihiiticfilly tluit whenever the Rniount of titanium 
 did not exceed about i^ percent {\'^ to II |ier cent Ti()._, ) "no ditli- 
 culty wiis found in worUing the ores clcfiidy and jn'otitably." 
 
 In the saiiie discussion Dr. \V. \\. Phillips of IMiiniiighiiiii. Alti., 
 sumnuirized very clcfirly find leisely our own views on the subject 
 when he saiil : " How long will American metallurgists cling to their 
 opinion tliat tiiese ores ctuinot be proCitfibly treated f " Tluit the 
 verdict I'cconlcd figfiinst tlu'in \\ ;is unjust, b.isi'd enlii'cly on insuiruient 
 grouiuls find ffir fro ii creditfibh^ to the progressive spirit of .\merii-,in 
 metallurgy ; "' " tluit he, for one, bclie\ es tluit in the smelting of 
 titanifcrous ores there is fibundimt ]iii)mise of success." 
 
 As to the special qualities of the metal obtained from them, to 
 whatever cfiuse it might be fittributcil, the absence of phosphorus or 
 some s;"ecific fiction, there seems to be a sort of run-'^rn.iuf! oiiiiiiinu, fiiul 
 the results of our own experiments on a largo scali; on the resistance, 
 properties of chill, i^'c, of mixtures in which entered the pig metfil, 
 tiflbrd finother contribution to tlic truth of this iissertion. "These 
 oi'es yielded in iiiiglaiul ii forge ivon which Ims brought double the 
 market price of common iron. For u.sc fis fi mixtuie to impart the 
 properties of cold toughness to other irons, for mtiking an iron to be 
 mixed with other irons that are not (]uite up to the mfirk for boiler 
 plates, sheets of cold stfinip'n<r and the like, and for extra good irctn 
 generally these ores are most ialuable.""t 
 
 • A.I.M.K.— H. B. Notze, piviJtT, Biiltiimiiv Micting, Ftli. !i. 
 I \V. M. IViuioii, ])!iiicr. 
 
TIIK SMELTlMi oK TITAM HOUoUH IRON OHEH. 
 
 U;:! .1 
 
 \\'c liiivp liiid (ic'Ciision to iiiontioii tho continumis sint'ltinf; for years 
 ill this country, sniiu) 40 or oU yours aj^o, of similur ores tliiit ofciir in 
 lar>{e deposits in the A(lirondivck>i.* We have given oven the phiiis of a 
 furnace of some 15 tons capacity which is standing there yet, and was 
 ori'cteii after the successful running of two smaller stacks. T^ack of 
 railroad <'ciiiiiiuinicativiiis, (he death of the princijia! interested [)arties 
 and the ci\il war caused alone the abandonment of the enterprise at 
 the time, hut in this ca^^e also the e.xtra qualitit^s of the product were 
 attested bv iiiaiiv official government tests. The fact that spf-iniens 
 of iron and steel iiiad(> from the pig metal olitained from these ores 
 received tiie '"reward of a prize medal 't at the World's Fair in 
 London, in ISol, affoi-ds another evidence of this suiicriority, IJefer- 
 eiices could be multiplied. 
 
 lirictly. \N(> tinil : — 
 
 1. That these ores have been certainly smelted in Sweden for years 
 without any iliLliciilty. 
 
 "2. That their metallurgical treatment for a ci'itaiii number of years 
 in England by Dr. Forbes, in a large furnace, has proved a perfect 
 success. 
 
 3. That furiiac.'s were run for years in the Adiit)iulacks witii these 
 oi-es with excellent results. 
 
 4. That tlie metal they yield, either as pig met il. iron or steel, 
 po.ssesses special valuable iju.ilities. 
 
 5. That these ores, which oi'cur in large masses in many States of 
 tiie Union, arc almost invariably '• Bessemer ores," and as such it is 
 asserted lia\e been used in Pennsylvania furnaces with great 
 aihantage. 
 
 n. That when containing very large percentages of titanic acid (as 
 much as 38 to K) per cent and ev(>n 18-GO per cent, like the ilmenite 
 of Canada), and consequently a very small amount of iron (32 to 35 
 per cent, or less), their treatment though perfectly successful, metallur- 
 gically s}ieaking, has not jiro\ed economical as to fuel. 
 
 Obvious as this last observation may appearand applicable as it may 
 be to any kind of uon-titaniferous ores, it has been put forward for a 
 long time as a serious objection against the smelting of these oi'es on 
 the score of economy! Hut, as was ably brought out in the discussion 
 of our paper by Prof. B. J. Harrington of Montreal, ''there are titan. 
 
 * A. I.M.K. -Montreal Meeting, ■•.•3. 
 
 f Ihiill III. 
 
 lU, 
 
It; I .1 
 
 (Jl'KllKC. 
 
 ifci'ons (lies imd titiiiiit'crotis oi-os, and wlioii Mpciiking ot smcltini; tliciii 
 we sliuiiM kt't'j) tlif ilistiru'tiiiii in ininil. Tlit'fc is a groit dciil of dif- 
 ffiriii r iM'twtM'ti an <>i<> ccintiiiinnu 4<1 per cent of titanic acid und (Hie 
 cuntairun^' 10 or even 'JO per cent." It would lie nioro propiT indf'('<i 
 to call an oi'c like the St. I'rhain ore (Canada), which was snii'ltt>d in 
 Canada and wliicli <'ontains IStiO jicr c<'iit of titanic acid, cItiiCHpond 
 inj( to 29 10 por cent titanium and only L'H-I9 p«'rccnt iron, a titanium 
 ore than to call it a!', iron oic. 
 
 Such was the state of the question wiien wo took it n|i in ISO.'i. 
 Contideni, from the work of others, that titanifcrous irop ores had 
 l)een and could lie worked successfully, what we ha\e done in the mat- 
 t»r is t»i pro|iosc ;i new proeess of snieltiiii,' iheiti, su.i,'i;esled to lis liy a 
 protriicted study of the eonipuunds of titanium, wliich we believe to 
 he mote econoinii.il than those followed previously. We experimented 
 with it in I.'*!)- in a very small hlast furnace, an apjiaratus hardly 
 Worth the name, Out at least repi'iiducini; the eonditions iil' wdrkiiiy- 
 and of reduction of a blast furnace a.s to tin- chaii;ini; nt' materials, 
 ore, stone and fuel, in lumps and in layers and blowiiiy hot air under 
 pressin'e tliroui,'li the mass, with the ordinarv and distinct outlets for 
 .sliij^s and pii; metal. Successful as this expciiment was, as we oli- 
 tained seseral hunch'ed pounds of very good metal, tliere could not be 
 any attempt to secure or denionstrate economy under the.se circum- 
 stances. Since then we hMV(> operated on a much lariier scale, in a 
 furnace of a practical caparity, witli restdts wh'eii will be described 
 in this article. I>yt before proceediiii,' further, and in order to enable 
 one to jiicltie of the possil)le eeonomy, it may be necessary to ree;dl 
 br-ielly certain ju'opcrties of the titaiuum compound-i and to explain 
 wh.it the diiVereiit methods of treatment to lie conipai'ed consist of. 
 
 Diff'i'i III .]f> //i(ii/s of Tri'iifiiii'iil "/' Tifuni/i'roiis Orr.-', 
 
 Dr. For-btss treatment, to all a]ipcarvinces, anticipated by tlio,-.e who 
 smt>tted these ores Ix'fore him, in Sweden or' in this eountry, consists 
 in addiriii to the titatuferous or'es, as llu.xes, limestone and i|uai't/ or 
 silica l>earing materials in such (piantities as tt) for-iii. w ith the titanic 
 acid, compounds reproduciiiii- approximately a natural mineral of 
 titanium, known to be fusibl(> at a moderate ternper'atur'e (."1 of the 
 scale of Dana), the s))liene or titanite. a silicotitanate of lime eontain- 
 ing about .S") per' cent of TiO.^, L'") to .'33 per cent of lime and 28 to 
 35 per cent of silica. The silica being generally deficient in titanifer- 
 ous ores, often not exceeding 1 to L' per cent and rarely going above "• 
 or fi per cent, a large amount of ([uartz or silica beai'ing material has 
 
Tin: sMKI.TIN'i; OF TH\NI''Klt()rs IliON OliKS. 
 
 Iti') .1 
 
 to lie added licsidt-s the liiiicstDiii' in urdcr tn MUpply the dt'siivd mid 
 supiMtsi'dly indis|u'iisalilt' pcri't'iitin;!' of .silica in tlif slai;. Tliis taxcil 
 till' t'uiiiat-'L' as to |)rinluctiv<' capacity, actual aiiiount and cust ut' tluxos 
 ic(|uirfid mid eunse(|ueiitly greater consumption of fuel for nidtiiig the 
 excess of slau'. 
 
 <lui' expi'iinit'Mts lia\c siiosvn lis tliat entirely satisfactory results 
 can he secured witlioiit this addition of silica, and that titaiio silicates, 
 so to speak • that is, cnnipouiids in which in u general manner the 
 titanic acid is predominant or constitutes an essential acid element for 
 the slai;. Minielimes to the extent of making the substance practically 
 a lit, mite— ari^ fusiiile and i|uite lluid, at the temiierature ohtdnalile 
 in a hlast fui'iiace in which even tiie l)last is hut veiy moderately 
 heated, when the hasic elemei'ts of the compound are aliimitia, lime 
 and magnesia. Those slairs an- the more fusililc in which the ratio nf 
 the c>xy,t;en of the acid to the oxygen of the liases doc-; not reach over 
 4 : ."> apiiroxim.itely ( 1 ; OTo). The fusibility increases cotiris jmrl- 
 f'lii. as the acid element predominates until certain limits are attained. 
 It diminishes (if not the lluidity) as the basic element increases abosc 
 this ratio, althongh the compound may prove peifectly admissible 
 still as a slag in a blast furnace. Jn this I'espect titano silicates, or 
 even titanites. behave like silicates, but the diH'eroiice lies in the fact 
 that titanites decidedly nioi'c basic than those corresponding to the 
 oxvgeii ratio 4 : .5 are appai'ciitly less fusible than the corresponding 
 silicates: or, more strictly speaking, the diminution in the fusibility 
 seems to increase more rapidly for the titanates than for the silicates 
 with the same increase in tiie basic clement. This is directly in 
 favour of litMiic acid as far as blast furnace practice is concerned, 
 since its presence in a certain ijuantity in an oie will rccjuire the 
 addition of le,>s fluxes than the same ([uantity of silica would demand 
 in order to obtain an ei|U.dly fusible compouiul. if not one of the same 
 oxygen ratio. < hi these experiments we have b.ised lair jirojiosed 
 method of ticatment of titaiiiferous ores, which consists in introducing 
 magnesia to a good amount into the slag by using a inagnesian lime- 
 stone, a dolomite. The alumina from the stone and ash of fuel and 
 that very generally picsent as principal basic constituent of these ores 
 furnished all the amount which is ii'ijuircd to form the tribasic com- 
 pound with the magnesia and lime of the stone and the titanic acid of 
 the ore. In the same manner as magnesia introduced in certain pro- 
 ])oi'lions into an alumina lime silicate renders the latter more lluid 
 and fusible, the addition of magnesia to a titano-silicate of lime and 
 alumina considerably increasts its fusibility and especially its fluidity. 
 This observation is of importance inasmuch as it has been claimed 
 
106 .1 
 
 iVL'KIIKC. 
 
 HOiiiDtiinos tliiit wlit'M iiiiiici'iil.s ooiitHin Ixitli ina^ncHiu inul titiiiiic miii 
 tlitty urt> n-iidorctl iiiori) rct'riiotury. True us tliis may ln' in n ),'cin'ial 
 nianiK'i- lis 1-ugartlN the ciiin|MiuiulH ni titanic jicid ami ma^'itesia, tlio 
 prcHfiict^ of iiiat;ti('sia in a titanifcrouH oro wmild |ii'o\e an adMintai^K 
 wluMi proporly IliixtMl \n itii alumina and lime. >Silica, wliitli is a 
 factor not nccfssary or di-pundrd upun t(» insure (lie tusjlijlitv in a 
 titario-Hilicuto, is to l)o t'oiind in tlie latt<>r in such variuhlf (pnintitips 
 as tlio silica ot' tli«; on's, stone and ash of fuel will make it in each 
 case, without extra addition of i|uart/ or iht* like in luincr jt to a 
 definite jieioentaj^e considered indispensahle. 
 
 In lh(! very sniall furnaco referred to ahove, with a i)last at a icm- 
 perature not over 250 or HOO denroes K. at the most, we ran without 
 any dilliculty sla;,'s of the foilowinj,' composition : SiO.., I4ti;{; TiU.., 
 3K;(;: CaO, -.MraS; Al,,(),„ 7 3C. ; Mg< ), 10-i>7 : KeO, 712. Oxyj^en 
 ratio, I : 3 practically : actually, I : 31. 
 
 The ore .smelted in this small furnace contained only I -."iU to 2 per 
 cent silica and 20 per cent titanic acid, and .still the amount of silica 
 derived only from fuel, Muxes and ores reached about l.'j per cent nf 
 the total. 
 
 Let us apply now the two methods just described to ores, fuel and 
 tluxes of the same compo.sition as those used by |)i', Forbes in Kng- 
 land in his large furnace, the only diHerence b-ing that in our case 
 the stone will be a dolomite, in iiis a calcite with an extra tlux of 
 i|Uart/. 01' silica-bearing materials. .Mr. {{owrou in his paper gives the 
 fohowing aiudysis of all the mateiials actually used in the fuiiiace: 
 
 Ore 
 .sio, .-) 70 
 Tio, .•('.I 20 
 .M.,(», •-'■8!) 
 .M^'O ,si( 
 Mno (inn 
 
 As will be ob.scrvefl, the amount of silica jiresent could not in this 
 case, in any manner, form with the ba.ses, omitting the titanic ;icid, a 
 slag of a composition admissible in a blast furnace. It would corre.s- 
 l)ond to a jiercentage of Si()„, 2114; CaO, ■12-74 ; Al._,(»,., IGUU, and 
 MgO, 2UUU, with an oxygen ratio of 4: d-HO. The most extreme 
 slags we ha-e seen recorded exceptionally reached an oxygen ratio of 
 4 : 6 (or 2 : 3) of oxygen of acid to oxygen of bases. The use of a 
 dolomite containing 7 or' 8 per cent silica would alone raise the SiO.. 
 in the slag to about 13 per cent, diminishing the titanic acid propor- 
 tionally. We give the above merely as an illustration of the possi- 
 
 ( 'iiki', .'( per (lilt iisli. 
 SiO, •_• ."lO 
 .M.o •_' L'.-> 
 
 Calcitf. 
 SiO., n !in 
 CiO .MCn 
 ■MJ), n 40 
 .MkO 4;f 
 
 <M.I l.iicks. 
 Sio.. ."i!l (il( 
 
 .M.O; L'4 ;fo 
 CiiO -J Xi 
 
TIIK NMKLTINii Of TITANIKKUurH IKON t)HKH. 
 
 ItH 
 
 l)ilitifM, ftH wti wuuld not cortMinly smelt lucli poor ores when an 
 jibuiulaiK'o ot' titiinitVroiix ott's ciiri Im' fniinil contiiinitii.' ut least .")ri per 
 oeiit uf iron ami up to <)4 per cfiit and niun-, w itli only I t l<> ll) per 
 eent or less of titiiliie acid. 
 
 Such as it in, wo liu\e found tlie prect din;,' compound peitVetly 
 t'usilile. it melted in a et iieilile, pin ed in cli ireoid, tlirou;;!) uliicli 
 we l)lew cold aif at a jiresMUfc ot •'( or I ounces. It was distinctly 
 crystalli/.eil in liluisli i)lack n«<dles. We may ri-mark here in passinx 
 thiit such a small amount of silica could hardly he expected in a Must 
 fiirniice. With orys containini; "JO per cent of titanic acid and •")() to 
 ;"J."J per cent of iron, such as were smelted in our lai';,'er furnai'es last 
 summer, the sla;; still coiituini'd about I'l per cent of silica and only 
 ;}5 per cent of titanic acid. With richer ores, of an averaj{i) of (iO per 
 cent of iron and 10 per cent of titanic .'icid, not less than |f< per cent 
 .silica could lie expected in the sla;,', with about .'i-' to .'U per cent 
 of titimic acid. If the presence of silica were to be coiisidereil as an 
 important element for the fusibility, these two latter slags laight to 
 be still more fusible. 
 
 I'm/tcrlti fi n/' TiUiiiii' ( '<Jiiijmiiii(/ti, 
 
 The results of the experiments which wc iiaxi! publi-hrd in |S9;{, 
 made either in crucibles or in our vei'v small furnace, have been con- 
 lirmed by the sid»se(|uent ones and by the protracted test we have 
 made tiiis summer in a blast furnace of a practicd capacity. 
 
 Titano-silicates of lime, magnesia and alumina of an oxym-n ratio u£ 
 acid to basic element of 4 : .'<, or still more acid, or slightly more basic, 
 melt readily and prove moie iluid at the temixMiiture reached in a 
 blast fuiiiace working under unfavourable conditions as to heat. We 
 will ((Uote the following examples : 
 
 SiO.^ 11 '.It 1 I SL' 111 (Id I. "i 111 I IS IH) 
 
 Tio.j ss L'li ;fj !i!) -js H 111 .Ml ;u .•>(• 
 
 f'aO :;:! to 21 ii2 'jn on •.'! mi -.'T iio 
 
 .M^O II .Ml '.tr>0 10 illl son 10 INI 
 
 .VI, O3 1.") 00 10 4.") 10 00 10 00 1270 
 
 KiO .") 00 4 .Ml r, Ml 2 <iO 
 
 Oxypii rutin 4 : ;ilo » ; ;? 4 ; 2;t I : 2-.") t : H 
 
 That the fusibility of a titanic compound does not nei'es.sarily 
 depend upon the smaller amount of silica and the high percentage of 
 titainc acid, but bears a more direct relation to the oxygen ratio, was 
 proved by the following expeiiments : — 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 
 O 
 
 .^^^iT 
 
 
 
 :/. 
 
 C/a 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 
 IIIIIM 
 2.2 
 
 lis 10 
 
 U 111.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /a 
 
 A 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 c*] 
 
 ^J-V^ 
 
 7 
 
 m 
 
 ^/"^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^\^ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 "% 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 <>.%■ 
 
 
Ml 
 
 ill 
 
 1G8 .r 
 
 (JUEHKC. 
 
 1. I>y jii'oper mixture of titanic (icid (rutile) and bases we t'onnecl 
 the following compound : .SiO., 61 ; TiO,„ 4405 ; CaO, 25-24 ; 
 AloO.i, 14-40; AfgO, 10-r)0, and FeO, 'vSO, with an oxygen ratio of 
 4 : 4-78. It nielt'^d in the crucible. The fusibility, however, was 
 decidedly atl'ected ; the npjieai-ance was stf)ny and lumpy We repeated 
 the experiment with practically the same results, the only difl'erence 
 being that there was increased fluidity and the fusibility was better 
 when the temperature in the crucible could reach a good white heat. 
 
 2. We mixed together in a graphite crucible impure titanic acid, 
 conmicn i-utile containing about 10 per cent of ferric oxide and O-'JO 
 of silica, with linic, alumina and magnesia in such projturtions as to 
 form a decidedly acid titanate. Heated in charcoal, under a blast of 
 .3 or 4 ounces of cold air, the mass (oOO grams) melted completely. The 
 compound was beautifully crystallized throughout in tine bluish black 
 needles. We i-epeated this experiment several times, and have 
 obtained several pounds of this curious substance, of which we have 
 given specimens to the School of Mines of Paris and New Yoi-k 
 (Cohnnbia College). Its composition, on an aver.ige, was : SiO^, 
 0-72; TiO.,, GfrD:} ; ALO,„ 10-92; CaO, 14-00; .MgO, 7-;i0, and FeO, 
 0-90. What is characteristic and of great importance is that practic- 
 ally all the iron of the oxide of iron of the rutile separated cleanly at 
 the bottom in the shape of a metallic button, a very small i erccntage 
 of the iron only liiuling its way into the slag. The button was 
 decidedly gray iron, No. 3, if not higher yet, in grade. Theie were no 
 signs of the formation of cyano-nitride of titanium where the button 
 touched at the bottom the graphite of the crucible. The oxygen ratit) 
 in this case was prac.ically 4 : 2 (exactly 4 : 1-8G). 
 
 In an(jther experiment we tried to reproduce the mineral orthoclase, 
 on a titanic base, by mixing together proper proportions of rutile, 
 freed from iron as much as possible, and alumina and potash. Oriho- 
 clase has a composition .of SiO.^, ()4-(J ; AL^O.., 18-5; K.^0, IG-'J. ft 
 melts at (i (Dana) and has been found occasionally in crystals in some 
 furnace seoriie in Germany. Its oxygen latio is 4 : l-;5.'}(3: 1). By 
 replacing the 64-6 of silica by such an amount of titanic arid as would 
 contain as much oxygen (8G-4 TiO.^) we have obtained a compound 
 of the t\)llowing com[)osition : TiO.^, 67 to 70; ALO.,, 14-30, and 
 K.jO, 17-00. It melted and crystallized, but not as perfectly as the 
 preceding compound. Its fusibility was cei-tainly less. AlagULsia, 
 alumina and lime appear to form wiih titanic acid con.i)ounds more 
 fusible than others containing, with alumina, eve.i such a percentage 
 of potash as 17 per cent. 
 
TIIK SMKI,T1N(. OK TITANII'ICIiOUH IRON OliES. 
 
 109 J 
 
 JSrit'Hy, the presence of titanic ficid, even in huge excess and with- 
 out silica, ill a substance, is l:ir from bein<i a cause of infusibility 
 u jiiiori if it is judiciously coiiihined vvitii the pioper bases in suitable 
 proportions. 
 
 Within the limit which we have biietly indicated there are, of 
 course, many intermediary mixtures which, according to circumstances 
 and the niatcri.ds available, could form the I)asis of very fusible and 
 fluid slags. 
 
 In our blast furnace ex[)fiinients of last summer the temperature of 
 the blast was not over 100 dtigiees F., and its pressure not more than 
 1 to ij pounds, and still wo had no ti'ouble whatever to i;un from 
 ordinary ores non-titanifi-rous slags of a ratio of oxygen of silica to 
 oxygen of bases of 4 : 0(2: 3) — that is, of such a type as corresponds 
 to the hiittest working with blast at 1400 degrees F. under a pressure 
 of S to 10 pounds, and to the darkest grades of iron most charged with 
 silicon an<l giaphitic carbon. The iron was white, and contained but 
 a few tenths of 1 per cent of silicon. Though high enough to melt 
 the more refractory silicates admissible in a blast furnace, the temper- 
 ature was not surticient to reduco the silica. This has a direct bearing 
 on the snieltini; of titaniferous ores as coi'robor'itint; the observations 
 of Dr. Forbes in his practice and showing that such conditions can be 
 made to prevail in a furnace as will melt the most lefractory slags 
 admissible and reduce the oxides of iron, and still they will not be 
 such as to reduce the silica, and still less the titanic acid. Under these 
 circumstances the furnace cannot be troubled with "titanium deposit.s," 
 as it has been claimed. 
 
 These deposits consist of cyano-nitride of titanium, which supposes 
 for its formation not only the reduction in the furnace of titanic acid 
 to titanium, but the highest tem])eratures and other conditions'. We 
 have experimented considerably on this jiarticular point, and ina^• 'uch 
 as under certain conditions, of which we ma}- have to speak at some 
 future time, and which were intended to secure the formation of this 
 cyano-nitride which we wanted to produce, we faileil to obtain it, we 
 have reasons which justify us in taking excej)tion to the too sweep- 
 ing assertion in regard to the formation of these deposits. Some of 
 the slags lun in our furnace last summer contained as much as .'52 to 
 35 per cent of TiO. J and 16 to 14 per cent of silica, with alumina, 
 lime and magnesia cas bases ; their oxygen latio was 4 : 3. We made 
 a number of analyses of such slags and in all cases we found them to 
 dissolve completely, without any residue, in hydrochloric acid in the 
 cold if very finely pulverized or under a gentle heat. The silica and 
 
 L 
 
I' 
 
 170 .1 
 
 Ql'EHEC". 
 
 titanic acid sepfinitcd in a ^'elatiiiMiis state as the substance was 
 heated. Had tiie titanic acid been merely carried mechanically, even 
 partially, by the sla;.; as so niiuli intusible sand, it would have separ- 
 ated as an insoluble residue. This was never observed, and cei'tainly 
 furnishes the best proof that we bad t(j deal with a tlefinite conijiound, 
 a titaiKi silicate. It explains why compounds eontaininj,' a large 
 amount of a substance infusible jicr xf^ the titanic acid, uuiy prove 
 quite fusible when this titanic acid can be carried into a definite com- 
 bination with the projjer bases, and also explains the tendency of 
 thewe compounds to crystallize. 
 
 It may l)e arj^ued that circumstances may so occp- in the running 
 of a blast furnace smelting uny kind of mm-titaniferous ores that they 
 would lead to an obst>uet"on whosj removal would reijuire forcing the 
 heat and the pressure of tl.e blast, and that these (circumstances in the 
 special case of titaniferois ores would he favourable to the formation 
 of titanium deposits by tie reductioi uf the titanic acid. The ten- 
 dency of our days is to hi«ve in charge of the furnace competent per- 
 sons capable of judiciously proportioning their charges from analyses 
 made from day to day of the materials used, and such accidents have 
 become certainly much nu)re rare. 
 
 At all events this objection has been anticipateil by Dr. Ff)rbes, 
 and, in the pai)er of Mr. Bowron referred to, a ready mode of relief is 
 indicated. He says: "Throw off tiie titanic ore, and using non- 
 titaniferous ore for a while, raise tlie heat and pressure of the blast 
 and run the furnace on easily fusible slags until obstruction is 
 removed ; then resume the use of titaniferous ores." 
 
 The charges of the furnace were as follows : Coke, 2240 lbs. ; ore, 
 2240 Ib.s.; calcite, 1200 lbs.; old bricks, HOO. Making the proper 
 calculations, he finds that from ores, coke ai,d tlu.xes there could be 
 expected a total amount of cinder-making materials of 2;}47'()() lbs. for 
 every ton of ore used in the charges, 2 To tons of ore being re(juired 
 per ton of pig metal with an ore carrj'ing 'M [)er cent of iron. As- 
 suming for convenience sake, and which is practically sutlicient, that 
 all the iron goes into the pig metal, this gives per ton of pig 6456 
 lbs. of slag, and a consumption of 4675 lbs. of Huxes. The resulting 
 slag, as run from the furnace, had a composition from anal3sis by 
 Mr. Howron of: SiO„ 27-83: TiO,„ ;561S; CaO, 24;56 : A1,0..„ 
 y-lS : MgO, 0'60. As will be seen, the amount of silica present, 
 27*83, is still high enough to form with the 918 alumina and 24'36 of 
 lime (independently of any titanic acid as an acid element) a perfectly 
 fusible slag. It would correspond, reduced to a percentage and omit. 
 
*OA«u. ] THE f'ELTINr; OK TITAMFK ' IRON oKKS. 171 ,1 
 
 ting the titanic acid, to a composition of : SiO^, H-8C< ; CaO, 39'29 ; 
 A1,,0;„ 14-80; MgO, 100, with (in oxygen ratio of -1 ; 310, nearly. 
 This is a very fusihlci blast fur-nace slag, not very basic, nnt even 
 correspoiullng to the darkest gi'ades of iron. 
 
 Let us apply exactly the same mode of calculation in our case, 
 assuming the same ore and fuel and the same (juantities of each in 
 the charges, but using a magnesian limestone not any more siliceous 
 than Forbes's calcite, for fairness of comparison. The dolomite chosen 
 has a composition similar to that of the ore we have used this sununer 
 in our larger furnace (except for amount of silica). It contained 
 Si().„ 090 : CaO, 3900; MgO, 1200, and ALO..„ 2 to 3. It is easy 
 to calculate that for every ton of ore and fuel in the charg'S 1000 
 lbs. of such dolomite stone would be sufficient to obtain a slag of the . 
 
 composition SiO._., lOwS ; TiO.,, 49-08; A1.,0,.„ 8-10: CaO, 21 -80, i 
 
 and MgO, 10'21. The total amount of slag from the materials ot' the j 
 
 cliarges per ton of ore would be found to bo 1788-78 lbs. Per ton of j 
 
 pig metal we would have 4919-34 lbs. shig, as against G45G lbs. as 
 before, a saving of 2380 per cent on the amount of cinder to melt, 
 and consequent saving of fuel, and 27o0 lbs. of magnesian stone, as 
 against 4()75 lbs. of tluxes, calcite and bricks, a saving of 41-30 per 
 cent on the amount of tluxes added, although we have assumed the 
 same (juantity of coke to be re(|uired in both cases. 
 
 Of course it is not in our pro\ince, within the limits of this article, 
 to discuss all that could be done in such cases. It would certainly 
 depend on the circumstances which would have been likely to cause 
 the obstruction, and others which could be oid) judged on the sj)ot, 
 and which might occur with any kind of ores. The cause may be the 
 use of an excess of limestone. It is a recorded fact that furnaces 
 smelting non-titaniferous ores have been thus choked uj) by such an 
 excess of lime in the slag, .so that it was too pasty to tap, and infusil)le 
 blocks weighing thirty tons were formed, the removal of which 
 recjuired blasting. But the throwing off of the titaniferous ores for a 
 while and the use of ordinai-y ores in their stead would at once create 
 the ordinary conditions of practice. Furthermore, in the special case 
 considered we could suggest several means which could pi-ove 
 eHicacinus. 
 
 /if as/ Fiiriiiii'r Ti'sfs. 
 
 When we had to make a {practical testi of these titaniferous ores last 
 summer, conditions of economy imposed upon us the necessity of adopt- 
 ing a smaller scale than we would have desired. We decided on liuild- 
 
" 
 
 
 
 iiifj; ji furimcf of uhout I In re tons (liiily cfquicity, a size sutliciontly lai'ge 
 iilicad}' to judyc practically of the aijvaiitage.s of n certain treatment 
 anil to furnisli valuable information, convinced tliat, if we were suc- 
 cessful in these conditions as to I'unniiig of slags, reduction of the ores, 
 Ac, we would he certain tool)tain much more satisfactory and ("specially 
 more economical results in a larger furnace jiroviiled with modern 
 improvements. 
 
 I'or the same reasons we did not judge it necessary to complicate the 
 construction by using a cup and cone, and for simplicity and economy 
 sak(^ we built our furnace open top. We could not in such circum- 
 stances expect to obtain a very high temperatui'e of blast; in short, we 
 placed ourselves in conditions of running rather unfavourable. But as 
 it was important also to determine as much as po«sii)le the relative 
 economy, if any, of the melting of titaniferous and non-titaniferous ores, 
 we decided to run the furnace f<>i' a certain time liist on oi'dinai-y oi'es, 
 such as Lake Superior ha-matites, in ordi>r to study its working and 
 ascertain what we could expect from it as to production, iiuality of pig- 
 metal and amount of fuel required per ton of pig-metal befon' we should 
 l)egin to use the tit miferous ores. J>y sodoing we secured, we believe, 
 a reasoimble basis f iv a useful comparison of the economy of smelting 
 the two classes of ores, or of the difl'erent treatment of the same ores, 
 whatevrr might be the size of the furnace, since in both cases we were 
 phioiiig uurseht's in exactly the same conditions as to appai'atus used, 
 temperature, pressure and \(ihnii(> of blast. 
 
 We give below the composition of the materials which entered the 
 furnace from actual analyses made by the chemist in charge, sup- 
 plementing them by such others as we have had made by diffei'ent 
 analysts in New York, or which have been furnished to us by outside 
 parties. 
 
 Soii-ti/ani/croiis Ores. — Lake L.i/ieritir lla nialtteti. 
 
 Chiiiiist ill cliiiiKc 
 
 SiO, . . 
 Al,(),. 
 CnO... 
 
 MgO . 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 Fe . . 
 
 4T)S 
 
 5 LM 
 
 91(i 
 
 71!l 
 
 (iL'lt 
 
 
 4L' 
 
 is-j 
 
 ()()3 
 
 0(14 
 
 O'OH 
 
 10 
 
 114 L'O 
 
 04 7(i 
 
 From iKirtit's 
 furnishing tin- ore. 
 
 5- (10 4Gr) 
 
 02 
 
 07 
 
 57 W 
 
 04 
 OlltJ 
 (12 00 
 
THE SMELTING OF TITANII'EKOUS IKON ORKS. 
 
 17:5 .1 
 
 
 Ciilriti (fiixnilifi miin). 
 
 PllenilHt 
 in cliiirKc. 
 
 SiO.j 2 8!l 
 
 Ca() .")2-00 
 
 Al.,(), O-no 
 
 .M^O Little. 
 
 Coniiillncillc C'lkr. 
 (7 '38 per e- nt ash. 
 
 S 
 
 SKJ,, , . 
 Al/)„. 
 Ke.,(), 
 OnO... 
 
 ('lii-ini»t 
 in eliiii'jfc, 
 
 . 0'7M 
 
 . 3 !l!l 
 
 . 1 SL' 
 
 I -.-.I I 
 
 117 
 
 llacketMoini, X. ./., Dolomite. 
 
 Titanifi'ronx Ores of l/ie Adirondacks (Essen: County). 
 
 " Mll.l, I'oM)." 
 
 " Sankohd." 
 
 •'CUKNKV.-' 
 
 
 Rich ore. Haljershaw. 
 
 Chcnir^t ill 
 cluiixe. 
 
 v SP 
 
 ti 1 11 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 S 
 
 "a 
 55 
 
 Miildliiij,' >,'<)iiil nri'. 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 5 
 
 
 2-40 
 
 20 03 
 
 3 -.")(» 
 
 ^5 
 s a 
 
 6" 
 
 5 = 
 
 
 SiOo.... 
 
 Tio: 
 
 .\i.,o, . . 
 
 cn();... 
 
 1-0!) 
 10 73 
 
 44 
 trnecs. 
 triifcs. 
 
 13 
 87-20 
 
 none. 
 
 none. 
 03 45 
 1 
 
 3 (17 
 13-38 
 
 i-r,o 
 
 little. 
 0-50 
 
 '82-37' 
 017 
 0-008 
 
 5!>-o0 
 
 1-53 
 10 74 
 
 3 50 
 little. 
 
 0-87 
 
 10 111 
 
 0-53 
 
 13!) 
 
 1(1-52 
 
 4-00 
 
 1-34 
 18-70 
 
 ' '8-25 
 
 0-70 
 15-77 
 7-12 
 8-80 
 3-00 
 
 Mk').... 
 
 1 (!0 
 
 73-02" 
 0-037 
 0-08 
 
 53 -62 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Fe 
 
 '87- 00 
 none, 
 none. 
 02 05 
 
 '70-73' 
 
 
 
 51 22 " 
 
 70-86 ' 
 022 
 028 
 
 51-30 
 
 
 
 71-03 
 
 '5i-44" 
 
 80-53 
 0-74 
 0-30 
 
 62-15 
 
 55 -fH 
 TOO 
 
 46-33' 
 
Mi 
 
 i: 
 
 17 i .1 
 
 (JUEllEr. 
 
 The Clieiipy ore wus also usi'd, hut s|)iiriiii;Iy, omstifth to one sixtli 
 only lioiiiMj lidded to the chiirj;*!, and iioiic hut the poorer ore, this hist 
 ore. wliich occurs iti tlie ■;iioiHSfiid t^iihhio in decidedly stratified rocks, 
 differing in tiiis respect from tlie preceding. It has ahnost identically 
 the Slime composition as certain ores from vSplit Hock and Lake Cham- 
 plain, distant some AQ miles from each other antl analysed by Professor 
 ^^llynal•d some years ago. They occur in the same formation, if wo 
 (piotc I'ightly Professor Kemp, Professor of (Jeolugy at t'olundiia 
 College, who, we understand, intends to pulilish at an early date 
 the results of his investigations on the genesif. of the titaniferous 
 ores of this district. 
 
 The furnace as huilt stands 1*0 feet from I lie hottom of the hearth 
 to the charging platform, the diameter of crucihle is J feet ti incites, 
 its height 2 feet 3 inches, boshes '^ feet high, diameter 1 feet 6 inches 
 at top. The stack is 14 feet 9 inches high, with a diameter of t feet 
 (5 inches at its jmution with the boshes, and "J feet 10 inches to 3 feet 
 at top, the inside capacity of the furnace being then vciy neai'ly L'OO 
 cubic feet. The lining proper was made of P>. furnace fire-bricks 9 
 inches long, with a back lining of bricks 1^ inches, making the total 
 thickness nearly 14 inch(>s. The stack rests on six cast iron pillars 
 bearing r.t the bottom on a cast iion I'ing resting on the masoniy of 
 the foundations, and which bears the ujjper ring supporting the 
 stack. Tlie circle ["ipe is (J inches indianieter, taking the blast from a 
 system of two parallel rows of (l-inch diameter iron siphon )ii])es 
 arranged in an oven heated by a coke lire on a grate atone end. With 
 this arrangement we have not been able to oV)tain practically more 
 than 400' F. as temperature of blast measured at the tuyere's nozzle. 
 Tiie tuyeres, three in mimbor, take tlie blast from the circle pipe 
 through 3-inch diameter drop pipes ha\iiig a diameter of 2 inches at 
 the nozzle, which could be reduced by means of proper bushings, if 
 found advisable, to all dimensions from 2 inches to 1 inch. 
 
 The tuyeres are provided with iron coils lifting them loosely, and 
 whei'e tliis coil passes through the back lining tin; latter was replaced 
 by a i^pecial cast iron hollow box taking the circular shape of the fur- 
 nace, and allowing the coil bearing the tuyeres to pass freely through 
 a circular opening in the box, this opening and the space between the 
 coil and tuyere being rammed in with tire-clay during the run. An 
 independent circulation of water through the coils and boxes insured 
 the cooling. In order to protect the boshes we resorted to a mple 
 special device which proved very satisfactory. I used thick si iron 
 plates made to tit snugly the curve and slant of the boshes between 
 
TIIK SMKLTISli OK Til AMKKIIOl-.S IliuX OHK.S. 
 
 17") ,1 
 
 tlio pilliu's. Those pliitos wore n|)S('t at tlic Indtom ho rh to t'<irm ii 
 sliiillow (•(illccloc foi' water, i-lnscd at l»i)tli ends. 'I'ho water, siijiplit'd 
 I)}' a liirular pi|)U aiouiul the furiiart', sprayed tliiou^di |iiii-hole open- 
 iii;i.s ])r()vi(lt'd for tlie purpose on tlie inside of this feed pipe ami 
 tricklfd down in tine streams on tlie inclined surface of the plates to 
 the ciillector at the hnttom, to he thtM'e wasted 
 
 The bliist was supplied hy a positive rotary blower capable of deli v- 
 ei'ing at a normal speed at least 1000 feet jur minute; more or less 
 could be olitained accordiij^ to the speed of tlu' small steam eiij;ine 
 clriviiiL; it. The delivery pipe was (1 inches in diameter. Wliert; it 
 entered the hot blast oven it svas provided with a release yate valve • 
 control the xoluiiie and pres tire o'' air admitted in the furnace. In n.. 
 case was the volume above oOO cul)ic feet per minute; generally from 
 'M')0 to tot) cubic feet under a pressure of Ui to 20 ounces (1 to 1| 
 pouiiils). In ord.'i to meet p ssible contingencies a by-pasa with 
 special arraiiuement of valves connected the admission pipe and deliv- 
 ery i)i[)e of cold and hot air, .so that in case of .iccidents ha[)peiiing to 
 the oven w(^ would have bsen able to blow in svith cold a!r duiing the 
 repiirs ; but we did not have occasion to use it. 
 
 It was soon fuiind that by (lii\iiig the furnace fast the best results 
 wei'e obtained. The slags, to our surprise, considering the small height 
 of the furnace, did not contain uiiuh iron, no matter whether the ores 
 used were Lake Superior hiematites or tiianiferoiis ore-. P)y (lri\ing 
 slowly tilt! pei'ccntage of iion in the slag could lie kept below '2 j)cr cent 
 (2"r)(j per cent FeO at most), a very small amount indeed. The slags of 
 the large Dowlais furnaces, as .stated b; Percy, carried, in his time, 2 ■ oO 
 Pe< ), and not unfre(|uently 1 • -"iO, 7)')0 per cent I'VO, and e\fn 7 and S 
 jier cent in running as white iron. At the Ki)b\\ N'ale and Itlaena Iron 
 Works, says the same writer, the regular amount of iron carried by the 
 slag reaches o per cent or more, or () oO to 7 jier cent FoO ; it was 
 exceptionally that we had more than this, and we may say that prac- 
 tically, in our condition of running, the I'eductioii of the oxides of iron 
 was ([uite satisfactory. 
 
 As could be ex})ected, the furnace was extremely sensitive to any 
 sudden changes in the bui'den, as well as to disturbances or irregu- 
 lai'ities in the amount or |)ressure of blast. On the other hand, it 
 answered (piickly to any such changes, and some lo hours after the 
 charges had been modified, sometimes less, the expected slag was tapped. 
 Numerous analj'ses proved this to be the case. This feature of the 
 apparatus was very a(h antageous for our purpose, as it allowed us to 
 experiment on almost any composition of slag desired and ascertain 
 rapidly the effect on the running of the furnace. 
 
 <'A 
 
17f; .1 guiuiEi'. 
 
 It I'ould Im« I'lis'ly observed also thiit, tlmugli the Iieiit in tlie fuiimw 
 were HulliiMciit for a HiitiHt'nctory n 'liu'tiim of tlic oxides of iron luid 
 ti. ' meltiii;; cif iilinost any slag, it was not iiigli (^noiigii to irdiut' tiio 
 silica and i-auao tlio niftal to cliargc itself with silica and tjraphite 
 carbon. Tim iron ()l)tained fiom i)oth kinds of ores, titanifoimis or 
 not, was invaiiiil)l\ wliitf, and still during; o'lr run with l^akc Superior 
 hii-niatitcs, not contiiinini,' any titanic acid, wt- so ])roi)ortiuncil our 
 chargos j)urpos«!ly to obtain slai^s so basic and so aluminous that sonio 
 (tf them would hav«* Mppcarcd, a j)ri<iri, to be only admissible in fur- 
 naces in which the greatest heat prevails. Their coni|)ositi()n corres- 
 pL ndtul to that of sla;,'s acconipanyini; tlu- darkest grailcs of iron, most 
 charged with silicon and graj)hite, obtained in furnaces in which the 
 temperature of the blast reachet as high as 1100 degrees I", and its 
 pressure 8 to 10 pounds. I'nder these conditions of workini;, no 
 titanic acid could be reduced. We niad(! a great many analyses of 
 slags during this run, No. 1. witii non-titaniferous hiematitea, their 
 average oxygen ratio being u\er 1:1(1:1). and we ran slags i vtra 
 basic of a r.atio of 1 : (') (1 : 1,',), and siill the iron was wh te. W'v ipiote 
 as types the following : 
 
 sio,, ;'it lu ;!;< t"' .'iiitu;*: 
 
 Al.jt ),, ■_'•_' '.IS •_".' 70 L>'_' .^0 
 
 CaO 'M X7 :«t H(» -JXto-JT 
 
 MpO t .'W 470 1 ,■". tci ,■. II 
 
 I'VO .{MO (!(iO 2 80 t(i .•) 
 
 OxyKi'li ratio t : (> ^-.r, I : 4 40 t.i l t4 
 
 In this run we used as limestone the ealcite of which the analysis 
 has been given above, adding generally a little dolomite, of which we 
 had a large stock. 
 
 The greatest run made in 24 hours with these ores, which contained 
 an average of 6'2 per cent of ircju, was 4600 pounds. These hiematites 
 were not reduced as fast in tin; fun ace as we expected they would be ; 
 driving fast increased the production but not to the extent looked for. 
 The blast was kept at a j)ressur(i of an average of I<) to 18 ounces, its 
 volume fluctuated between #50 and 450 cubic feet. 
 
 When we had ascertained what we could expect fi'om our furnace 
 with ordinary ores, we began to add the titaniferous ores mentioned 
 above in the pi-oportion of four-lifths to fiv(!-si.\ths of Mill Pond oi' ."^an- 
 ford, and one-fifth to one-sixth of Cheney. It had not been the in- 
 tention to use this Cheney ore at all at first, but owing to some mistiike 
 at the mines we had to dispose of some 40 or 4.J tons of it. We pro- 
 ceeded by gr/idual increases of one eighth titaniferous oi'c's in the 
 
 i 
 
 "T 
 

 TMK HMKI,TI\(J (»K TITANIKKROUH IRON OIIKS. 177 I 
 
 ciiiirgiiH, k(!C|)ing the furniice a certain time on each new mixture, until 
 the l)ur(l(Mi nf (ire was all in titanit'erous ores. 
 
 Dining this run, No '2, the mixture averaged 55 to 56 per cent of 
 iron. Our i)es( I'un in L't liours was r)0.'t.") jjounds. .\s will he noticed, 
 as soon as wt- hegaii to tharge the titanit'erous ores the yield of tiie 
 turnaeo increased to a decided extent. It appeired as if the.se orea 
 were more readily reduced than the hicmatites. made iron faster, at 
 least under the conditions under which we were- working. Large 
 lumps not heing admissihle with a tunnel head 'J feet It) inches 
 to 3 feet in diameter, wo hroke all our stov'li, ores and tlukes, 
 from heginning to the end of the tests, to pieces of the size of the Hst 
 or a very large egg. The pressure of this hiast during this run — Nf>. 
 2 — was about the same, 17 ounces on anaveiage, and its volume variiid, 
 as beft»re, between 350 and 400 cubic feet. 
 
 During this run wo changed our stone fron a calcite to a dolomite, 
 or rather a dolomite to which we added enough calcite to bring the 
 percentage nf magnesia in the mixture of stones to u )out ]'_' to 14 per 
 cent. We give below the principal analyses ni' the slags run as types : 
 
 .\t Im'^'Iii Middii' (if '.rowuril I'lid 
 
 iiiiiK. I'oii. of niii. 
 
 Sio,, ;(4 1(1 ■».) M L'7 'Jit 
 
 TiO, l !Ht '.l!MJ 17 IS 
 
 .\l,,(), 22(MI IS L'C. u-4;< 
 
 CiiO ( L'H OH IM IL' 2*_' 71 
 
 -MkO. 10{K» !l-7'.' ir.i"> 
 
 l'\() 3 82 (i^O -1 ;«) 
 
 Oxytroii niti(. J:4-40 4:410 4:3'm) 
 
 When the furnace was fully on titaniferous ores, the on^ inixturo 
 averaged about 52 per cent of iron. It was soon noticed that the 
 furnace could be driven fast with great advantage. .V charge would 
 reach the bottom in less than 15 hours; 12 to 15 hours was the rule. 
 The yield increased consideral)ly. We had runs of 4800, 4000 and 
 5600 pounds in 24 liours, ami t)ur best run in any single day reached 
 as high as 6735 pounds, fully 3 gross tons. The blast was kept at 
 very nearly 18 ounces throughout ; it did not vary to any extent, and 
 the only changes observed wens independent of our control. They 
 were due to the irregularities in the blowing capjiaratus, whicii, owing 
 to the exigencies of the works where these experiments were made, 
 had to be located at a considerable distance from the hot blast oven. 
 The economy of running the furnace fast was clearly apparent and 
 confirmed our views in this respect, views corroborated by A. Pourcel, 
 late technical director of the steel works at Bilbao, Terre Noire, 
 12 
 
178 I i/l'KIIKf. 
 
 Kriiiicc, and I'mt ( 'liiirnci', IOnj,'laMil, iti a Uainr, tVoiii wliich w« 
 (!.\tr<u!t tlu* following' : 
 
 "Mr. HoHHiH idoiiH (•uiui'niing till- tro'itinent of titaiiif«n>us ohjh in 
 tlie blast furnacc'H have struck ii»* from tlii' start, as you an- awar««, us 
 cniirH'ritly loj,»irii|. l''urtli«<rinoro, thoy s«<eni to iiu? to ho suMUnontly 
 lustilird hy flic trii>l, dm a siiia'.I ni-hIc (in IH'tM), which Mr. Hossi Iuim 
 dcsi'rilM'd in detail. * ♦ ♦ 1'|„. ^,,^^y icduciiuii of the titiuiifcroUH 
 ores justificH tlio nxpoctution tl'at with a blast furnace of 300 ccin. 
 (10,500 cul)ic fcL't) capacity, for instance, it will lio |H^8sil>le to roach 
 easily a production of 100 tons of piy iron in 24 hours with ores con- 
 taininj^ r)2 to 5() per cent nit^tallic iron. * ♦ * In conclusion I 
 will say that the formula of slaj; and of moderate temperature of blast 
 (."{00 to too deforces C.) recommended with pr<M»f to sustain his 
 opinion by Mr. IJossi, ouj.;ht toensure the success of the treatment of 
 titaniferous ores from the start, but there is nothinj^ to exclude, a 
 priori, the hypothesiis that, with a rapid driving, by forcing somewhat 
 the j)roduction, it may be possible to produce the same forgo iron or 
 pig iron for open hearth steel (Siemens .Martin furnace) with a 
 tf-mperature iii" blast higher -that is, in the condititms of running 
 eciononiical as to fuel. * * * " 
 
 In oi'dt^r to judge of the relative economy of these three runs, uiuler 
 as nearly as possibh; similar c(».ulitions, we will compare the .^mounts 
 of fuel and stone iei|uired |)er unit of pig metal when the furnace 
 gave the greatest production ir each case. This suj)posps indeed, for 
 the kind of ores or mixtures of ores cnnsidered. the most favourable 
 conditions of running foi each. Hy nuiking preci.sely the same ample 
 allowance of time in oiwh case for stone and coke before each ma.ximum 
 cast of -4 huurs as chargeable to that (-ast, we found the figures given 
 below. 
 
 We feel justified in doing .so by the fact that with titaniferous ores 
 we had two successive casts of 12 hours each of 3325 and 3410 pounds 
 (in all G735 pounds in 24 hours) followed by a cast of 3200 pounds, 
 and in other runs a cast i)f 2100 |K"ind^ in 12 hour.s followed by one 
 of 2G35 pounds (in all 5035 pouiuls in 24 hours), foi- the mi.xture of 
 titaniferous ores and luematite-s, and a cast of 2200 pounds followed by 
 one of 2400 pounds (in 12 hours), in all 4600 pounds in 24 lumrs, for 
 the non-titiiniferous hiematites smelter! alone. 
 
 Run No. I. -Non-titivnifiTdUM IneinatitcH fniin Lake Siiiiciior : 
 
 Hi(f iron IMK) 
 
 Stone II.") 
 
 Ciikf 2 15 UicM 02 |p<r ci'iit iron. 
 
♦o*"'- I Tin: HMKI,TIN(i OK TIT.WIFKHOUS IHOX OIIKS. 17!» J 
 
 Run Nil. 2. Mixtiiri' nf lut'ir vtiti'K ami titiiiiifi'miii" mif. : " 
 
 I'iK inm ,. ...I0« 
 
 Stom- t lit 
 
 Cokit 2 '-'" ' hi'H Mi |i(i (1 lit iruii, 
 
 Itilli No. M. Titiiiiifi'iiiiiH iii'i'K fniiii till' Ailli'ciiKliickM ; 
 V\)t ii'on .1 <N) 
 
 StiMir . ,.(» ih'i I 
 
 Coke I '.t'.i On !< r)2 IHT ornt ifoii, "JO [HI Ti'iit tiliiiiic iiciil. 
 
 llciicp, to siiy (lif least, tlif t,itiiiiifcr<»iis ores, under the Hiimc con- 
 ditions of turiuict- i'iiiiiiiM|u;, did not i'('(|uii'e any iiioie t'u(d pur unit of l 
 pig nictul than excellent non-titanif»!rous ttres ; really, they it'(|uiii' 
 
 deiideilly less, and the proilutition of the furnace was inerea.sed ion |i 
 
 sideraltly. We should reiniiik here that iiin No. 1 was inatle with 
 
 «ires containinj; i\'2 per cent of iron, wliiUs in run No, .'? the amount of • 
 
 iron was not over ^>2 per cent. 
 
 Wh puiposely those the titaniferous ores nut Inn rich and hij,di in 
 titanic acid. Had we used ores such iis are found in \ery large 
 quantities ill that same distri' t, averaging (10 to (V2 per cent of iron 
 and n^acliing even (51 per cent, with only l."5 to 10 per cent of titanic 
 lU'id, the saving on liotli fuel and stone, especially the latter, would 
 have been much more in favcjur of titaniferous ores. If we make tlje 
 calculation for such richer titaniferous ores containing (JO to G4 per 
 cent of iron, of whi(;h we htive given the analyses above, it is easy to 
 see that, even in assuming 100 coke to 100 ore;, in this case some O'jO 
 toO'60 ton only of dolomitic ? le would have been re(|uired per ton 
 of pig metal to obtain a slag containing some 22 per cent of silica and 
 .'JO per cent of titanic ticid with limo 21 per cent, alumina 14 per cent 
 and n:agnesia 10 per cent as bases. With such a reduction in the 
 amount of re,sulting slag to melt and of fluxes to add the economy as 
 t' fuel by rapid driving would have appeared of considerable im- 
 portance. 
 
 We should remark also that if 2 tons of coke tVir 1 ton of pig metal 
 would certainly be considered excessive in a modern furnace, we must 
 not lo.se sight of the fact that the furnace was small and had an open 
 top ; that the temperature of the blast was not over 400 degrees K., 
 and that we were wasting the gases which if utilized cnuld have raised 
 the temperature of the air easily to SOO or 900 degrees h\ We would 
 have desired to obtain the latter figure, and even 1400 degrees V. 
 We have seen open top furnaces 65 to 70 feet high, of a capacity of 
 .'J5 to 40 tons per day, not making a better showing !is to amount of 
 fuel per ton of iron, with fues richer yet than our titaniferous ores 
 were. At any rate, w(> recjuirecl even more than 2 tons of coke for 1 
 
 _. 
 
iA 
 
 180 .P QUEIIKC. 
 
 ton of \)'\)i metal with iiori-titaiiit'crnus (ucs, uiiiI(M' the suiiic coiulitioiis 
 of fmiiiici' work. 
 
 Wo U<'|it, tlu^ fiiniiift' niniiiiit,' until we cxliaustcd oiii' sii|>|)ly of oui, 
 and we wcif alilf lo rmpty it to witiiin 1 fool of tlu- tuytMcs. Wlicii 
 we opt'iioJ it wo found, as usual, in tlio orui'iijit! a small salanian<ior, 
 but no traces of oyano nitride of titanium woro visilile eitli(!r in tlui 
 crucible, the boshes or any part of the fiirnaeo. This could be 
 expected, 'i'lie conditions of runnin<{ of our furnace were not such as 
 to reduce the silica, and still less tlu^ titanic acid. Thouj^li iMU<'h 
 inferior as to heat to those which could bo a(iopt.e<l (a temperatiiri! of 
 yOO deforces V. \>(^\w^ perfectly adnussible with those ores), thoy were 
 rcproducinj.; in a j^'cMK-ral mantu'r those which, with thes" ores, have 
 f»iven very satisfactory results, 'i'he iron contaiiu'd but i) \ t.o "J 
 per cent of silicon and only traces, practically, of titanium. I'\'ir fi'om 
 buildinj;, tlu! ores had cut t.hc lining; several inches, and t,he latU^r was 
 covfM'od with a f,'ood iirotectin;; f^la/inj{ material. We made a great 
 number of analyses of the .'■laf^s durinjj this last run ; others havi; Ikmmi 
 made since in New York. W<i yive nelow the most characteristic ones 
 as types : , 
 
 .sio.j 2«r)!» 1.". :fj II Si.' 1.-. !K( 
 
 Tio.j i-'ti SI :ti -ji; :u '.17 :u:\x 
 
 Ai.,();, KMT ir:.(i IL' lit II •_>:( 
 
 ( v( » -':t (i<» ■-'<• •">•; L> I <Ki •_'•„'■ 10 
 
 MkO Il» -1 'I U!l !I!I7 !t "U 
 
 FoO •'>"•"> <■' UL' I ,"iO C Id 
 
 An examination of tli((S(> jif^in-es shows that the only \arying ele- 
 ments of the analys(!s are the proportions of Si().^ to Ti()._.. Tn tlm 
 lasli slai,'s run the f^eneral conipositjon was, in round numbers, I "i | er 
 cent SiO., .■{.") per cent of TiO ,, 10 to 1 'J per cent of alumina, "Jd t-o LT) 
 per c(>nt of lime, and some 10 per cent of mai^nesia. In all the titanic 
 acid is predominant. 
 
 Those furiuice tests, on a ])ractical scale, have demonstrat.ed, wo 
 believe, t!iat under tht! conditions in which they w(M'e conducted; — 
 
 1. In I fu'.'!iai;o only '20 feet high, with blast at oidy 100 degrees V., 
 under average pressure of 111 to l<S ounces, titaniferous ores containing 
 20 per cent of titanic acid and 52 to 5,'$ por cent iron can bo perfectly 
 reduced, nuiking iron faster and with a consumption of fuel (coke) not 
 any gr«'ater, or even less, per ton of pig metal than othtu' ores free 
 from titanium, with an (HMUiomy as to (piantity of lluxes used. 
 
 2. The titaniferous ores did not build. Tlu; litu>s of the furnace wei'e 
 found cut just as much as is the case with any other ores, non-titan- 
 iferous, after a limited run. No titaniferous deposits were ob".;'rved. 
 
rUK HMKl.TINli OK TITANIKKIIOUS IKON" OIM'.K. 
 
 ISl .1 
 
 ■$. SlagN vt^i'v liiyli in titanic mid, cuntaininj; .'50 to .'{•"» |>«m* cent of 
 'I'iO.. and lintr Ifi per trnt nf silica, with aliiininii, lime and nia^ni'sia 
 as liases, were found |iei't'ei-tly t'lisihle under these condilions ot' low 
 heal. I'hey were Huid, luiininj; li(|uid 10 feet from the furnace on a 
 snake like course. C-'hemit^ally, they weri^ soluhU^ without, re.si(hu> in 
 hy(h'oehlori<' acid ; |)hysically, tlu'y crystalli/ed in ii distinct manner. 
 
 I. W'itJi riclmr ores irontainini.; less titanic acid, with a j^roater 
 tem)iei'ature of the blast, at least SOO <le;rcc((s I''., as it has been done, 
 nnicli moi'e <>conomical rc^snlts mij^ht he lej^ilimately c.xpcctiMl. 
 
 5. It is |iossil)lc to form lluid and fusible compounds with titanic 
 acid by the addition of the propcM- ipiantities and nature of Ihixes, 
 such as a dolomitie stone intrcKhiciiifj; maj^nesia. The latt(M", condtined 
 wit.h alumin.'i and lime, will eontcibutc to render the titano silicat.(> or 
 tit.anatc much mor(^ Ihiid and fusible : cont.rarily to what has beon 
 a.sserl,ed as to tht! ditliculty or im|ii>ssibility of tapping slags I'ontaining 
 a few pel' cent of titanic acid (I t,o "J \>ov ciMit). 
 
 t). There is nothing in tiie promisees which could lead to suppose that 
 a furnace could not \)v, kept running under these conditions for an 
 indelliute perio('. 
 
 /'roprr/ii'n ii/' t/n' froii Oliltd md from Titanifvrous Orrx. 
 
 Whatever may have beon the o])inion of many nu^tallurgists as to 
 iJio advantag(!s, or even the possibility, of smelting these ores, the 
 rofractoiy cliaraotei' of slags containing titanic acid, thore is oiio point 
 on which they soein all to agree, the excellent (|ualities of tiu^ iroc aiid 
 steel obtained from titanic pig metal and th(^ special value of the 
 latter. We refer the I'eiuler for more details on this subject to the 
 authority tpioted in our Montreal pajier and a prcfcoding one read bo- 
 fore the .\merican Chemical Society in 1890.* 
 
 .Speaking of the iron mad(! at Norton-on-Tyne, .1. Deby, late foreign 
 secretary of the .1. I. and S. Inst., says:t "It W(!nt to the armour 
 plates of Hlu'llicld on account of the toughness which this iron not 
 only possesses but, imparts to others in achni.xture." iMr. iSowion, al- 
 luding to the same iron, statics fliat "it connnandtul double the j)rJco of 
 ordinary iron." \ Such (expressions as " wonderfully good " are found 
 in the scientific j)ress in ICngland, i-elating to this titanic iron. It is 
 
 * 'ritiuiiiim ill r>. I''uriiiu'i', Vul. xii. No. 1. 
 I .lownml I. .t S. Inst., •_', p. I'.t, IH77. 
 1 J{()«"iiiii |iii|iir. 
 
i' 
 
 1H2 .1 (/IIKIIKC. 
 
 not our intention in this uiticle to oxuniint! tlm chuhivs nf this siipor- 
 iority. Tn a general inannei- w<! may say that it" it, is due to tlio 
 pnfHonc*' (if titanium i." tliti pi^ metal, very small quantities of this 
 substance are thcti sullicient to secure sucih results. In nur lilast- 
 funiace tests w<> have not heen able to obtain more than a few luin- 
 (IredtliH to one tenth of oru; per cent of titanium. It is met in 
 (|uantilit's vaiyinu; from 0- to I per cent in many pif^s here and in 
 lOngland, to which it seems to impart a " ^rc^atei- tenacity."* The 
 hi^hei' the ^rade of the iron tim jnitrc titanium it is likely lo contain. 
 < >n tie other hand, titanic pig made from ores from St. Urbain, Canada, 
 containing as nmch as 41 to 18 per (UMit of titanic acid, smelted by 
 the Forbes treatment under low temperature and pressun; of blast, 
 (•ontained finly traces - -0-0.'! to Oo, e.xceptionally 0''J() titanium — atid 
 still tilt! (|ualities of the pig metal and iron wnvc "excepti»)nally good " 
 (aruilyst\s nuule at the Paris Schfiol of Mines). 
 
 Hut, if but oniparatively very small amounts of titanium and 
 silicon are found in the pig mental from a cold furnacts, tlu! perc(!ntage 
 of carbon, mostly in the condjined state, is often very high. Analysis 
 of the metal from our .small coke furnace of I8!).'l gave: — 
 
 •Siiicdii (I ;«; t HUM 'H III ok; 
 
 'ritiiniiini Nom? 007 
 
 Coiiili. ciiilKm 2H3.') 2 mt 
 
 <;ni|iliitic ciirlpoti O'J.W 21 
 
 I'iVon the salamander contained only Si, lOo; Ti, 0'0r)4. The 
 metal, though " whitt;,'" has not the ordinary characters of white iron. 
 Its grain is generally very close and line, its fractur*; more steol-like in 
 colour and appearance and it i.s remaikiibly tough and hard. Under 
 special conditions we havi^ obtained pig metal containing : — 
 
 Silicdii 2!1 (J2 iind cvrii OHt 
 
 'ritaiiiimi <t «,-) 0-7« riM 
 
 MiiUhMiicMc 0'34 .... .... 
 
 Carlion 4'.5(! 412 
 
 It was so hard that it could hardly be broken on an anvil with a 
 sledge liainmer. It blunted th(^ hardest drills and we had ditticulty in 
 obtaining samples for analysis. 
 
 Having beeji called upon by a large manufacturing firm to make 
 tests on the chill, strength and resistance of mixtures of cast iron into 
 which (mteriid small percentages of different nxitallic elements, we had 
 occasion to test, on the machine, our white cast iron obtained from 
 titaniferous ores. Squai-e bars of 1 inch section and 12 inches long 
 between supports, broke under a load at the centre of 2700 to 2900 
 
 * IJival Ddciiiiiisii', |). liitl. 
 
TlIK SMKl.TlNfi Oh- TITANIKKKOUS IltOV OHES. 
 
 ISr, .1 
 
 {)(>uiids, wliieli corrrHpoiuls to a iiiikIuIus of ruplurt^, in cro.ss bi'Muking, 
 of 48,600 to 52,200 pounds per sijuant iiuli. 
 
 Ciist ill eliill(!(l molds, thiH iron olI'(;r(!(l ii roiiiarkulilc dtptli ot cliill 
 on tlio test blocks. It liud htiooine so hard tliat drills or cliiselH of tli<- 
 liardfvst stiiel would not touch it. Its resistance to attrition svas 
 exceptional, i^'or many obvious applications these propiM'lies would 
 op(Mi a very exti^nsi ve use for this iron as pi;^ metal, i'iec'es <»f machinery 
 recpiiring sj)e(U( hardness were cast from this material and wei(! wub 
 jected to particui.irly hard and tryinj^ ccjtiditions of wear. They hav(! 
 been found, after a year's sftrvicct, in y^tuA order yet, 
 
 iiy mixing with irons showing a breaking load of '.\'.\'iO pounds |)er 
 square inch and a chill on thi^ test pieces of I 12") inches small per 
 (•(•iitages of this titanic pig metal, ve incrtiased the rii.'iistaiice to break- 
 ing to ."{900 pouiuls and more, corresponding tii a modulus of 70,000 
 pounds per scpiare inch. The depth of the chill was increa.sed to 
 \-'\7r} in(;hes. It compared favourably for rcfsistance with other mix- 
 tures into which Ciiitered certain metallic elements, mixtures much 
 more costly, and with which the chill diojiped to 0S| inch, and in 
 some cases to 0002 inch, making them unlit for the purposes for which 
 they w<!rt^ int(>nded, sti'ong ihough tluiy wei'f!. ll(Mice the simph; 
 addition of this t-itani(! pig iiuital, not moi'e expensive, pi'actically, than 
 any other cast iron, to ordinary mixtures used for specific purp«>se.s, 
 though increasing the hardness anJ the chill of the product in a 
 remarkalile maiUKU', considei'ably i!!ci'(!ase(l al.so its rtssistance to cross 
 breaking, i)ringing it to ecpial tlu; strength obtaiiutd by much more 
 expensive mixtures of which the cost would industrially exclude the 
 use, and which, to all purposes, destroys the chill, an (issential factor 
 in th(! cast! consid«?red. Industrial products w»!re manufactUHMl from 
 these titanic metal mixtures t^o l)(; submitted to the regular tests for 
 strength, which they stood with very satisfactory results. The experi- 
 ments were repeated many times and under different conditions. They 
 dealt with a number of different mixtures, but they are of a more 
 private character, and what we hav(! ijuoted from them is sutiicerit, we 
 believe, for the purpose of this pre.sent article. 
 
 lieferring again to the two [>apers intwitioned abo\e foi- (jualities of 
 the iron and atet^l obtained from this pig metal, we set! that either as 
 such, or as a transformed product, the metal obtained from titanifer- 
 ous ores could command numerous and imjiortant applications owing 
 to its sptMiial i|ualities. 
 
hi! 
 
 ISl ,r 
 
 QURBKC. 
 
 
 !1V. ,! 
 
 Conc/iifiton. 
 
 Til conclusion wo may ivpeat what Wm. I!. I'liillips said in the dis- 
 I'ussion >f our Montreal papor : " Tlie vertlict against tilanit'erous ores 
 lias been based on insufficient ground.' 
 
 1. As anybody who may desire to make tiie experiment can verify, 
 titanic acid can form dofinito compounds, perfectly fusible, if properly 
 rtuxed, containinj; as iimih as ',Ky to 40 to HO per cent of titanic acid, 
 with alumina, limt; and magnesia as bases, and admissibUf as slags in 
 blast furnace work. Larger percentages still, such as 65 per cent can 
 enter into a compound, and it remains fusible. Tlu> objections to the 
 smelting of titaniferous ores on iiccount of the refractory diaracter of 
 the slags are not sustained by our practice, or that of others, or by 
 direct experiments on the properties of these compounds. 
 
 2. In running a furnace under special conditions cf temperature and 
 [iressure of blast, no trouble has been experienced from titanium de 
 posits. We never observed any in our blast furnace tests, and none 
 ar- mentioned by Di'. Forbes in his practice in l^ngland and Norway. 
 
 ■ ' If these special conditions of the lower heat, considered more 
 favoi. Itle in smelting these ores, are held to imply against them a 
 waste of fuel, it is a question whether this is not offset by the smaller 
 amount of cinder to melt, the lesser quantity of liuxes necessary and 
 their indirect effect on the productive capacity of the furnnce, as well 
 as the greater value of the pig metal obtained for sptjcilic and numer- 
 ous applications. This is without taking into account the jiossibility 
 of not .submitting to it by a rapid driving and forcing the production, 
 conditions which, to judge from our tests, could be easily realized with 
 these ores. 
 
 The most economical results are obtained Ijy the introduction of 
 magnesia to an important extent into the composition of the slag, with 
 alumina and lime. Many objections raised against the u.se of these 
 ores have proved, when |)ractically examined, of as little value as those 
 brought forward against the use of nuignesia in a blast furnace. 
 
 We have tried in the above to jiresent the facts as we have observed 
 them, and to state, as near as possible, the conditions in which we 
 have conducted our experiments. We hope that enough has been 
 accomplished to induce others to help us in our efforts to rehabilitate 
 a class of ore, Bessemer in character, which could furnish to the metal- 
 lurgists materials of excellent qu.ility, and available in many districts 
 wliere others prove costly. 
 
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